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TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LOND OWN,

THE

TRANSACTIONS

ees

oval HNNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

FOR THE YEAR

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY C. ROWORTH AND SONS,

NEWTON STREET, HIGH HOLBORN;

SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET,

CAVENDISH SQUARE,

AND BY LONGMAN, GREEN, READER AND DYER,

PATERNOSTER ROW. ee

1878.

a ‘ o

Ooo ~seP ‘

r eo JTUC - -

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

COUNCIL FOR 1878.

(

HENRY W. BartEs, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e., President.

J. W. DouGaLas, Esq.

FREDERICK SMITH, Esq. .- ar 3¢ Vice-Presidents.

Prof. J. O. WESTWOOD, M.A., F.L.S., &c.

J. JENNER WEIR, Esq., F.L.S. .-- .. DLreasurer.

FERDINAND GRUT, Esq., F.L.S. .. .. Librarian.

RAPHAEL MELDOLA, Esq., F.R.A.S.

5 Pall Secretaries.

Wm. L. Distant, Esq. an)

G. C. CHAMPION, Esq.

Rey. A. E. EATON, M.A... 3c 2S Ge CIN

EDWARD A. FITCH, Esq. Gouge

GEORGE LEWIS, Esq. oc <5 :

EDWARD SAUNDERS, Esq. ..

W. E. PooLe.. a oe as .. Resident Librarian,

THE

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

1834—1878.

To the Public. To Members.

First Series, 5 volumes (1834-1849)........ Price £6 0 0 £410 O

Second Series, 5 volumes (1850-1861)...... 8 0 0 65 0)50

Third Series, 5 volumes (1862-1869) ...... PEON O 3 & @

The Transactions for the year 1868........ ib {0 015 0

5 e USI) GoggecoL LZ 0 016 6

rs + 1870 LS eO if ke)

:, : 1871 tf 250, 018 9

is be 1872 ee 120 016 6

i % HE} Ge cOcood 116 0 t 7 ©

9 » Ue eEooodano0o LZ) 1 4 0

x NSB. 56 co66 oC 20 016 6

»» 5 isos oacedc 112 0 jh te 0

op op Wi hooodeacc le 2B) 018 O

%p % IS Sirotecteters 1 @ @ Oa5 20)

Volume 5 of the First Series can no longer be obtained separately ; all

the other volumes may.

Longicornia Malayana may be obtained

separately .. Be 56 ee -. Price £2 12 0 £1 19 O

Phytophaga Malayana, Pt.1, Apostasicera,

may be obtained separately aC ee 016 0 012 0

The Journal of Proceedings is bound up with the Transactions, but

may be obtained separately, by Members gratis.

Members and Subscribers resident more than fifteen miles from London,

who have paid the subscription for the current year, are entitled to receive

a copy of the Transactions for the year without further payment, and

they will be forwarded free, by post, to any address within the United

Kingdom.

Members and Subscribers resident in or within fifteen miles from

London are entitled to a copy of the Transactions for the current year at

half the price to the public, which copy may be obtained on application

to the Librarian: or all such Members or Subscribers who, in addition to

their Subscription for the current year, shall, at or before the April Meeting

of the Society, pay a farther contribution of Half-a-Guinea, shall be

entitled to receive a copy of the Transactions for the year without farther

payment, which copy will be forwarded free by post.

Cova")

CONTENTS.

Explanation of the Plates

Errata - 50 oC

List of Members a AC

Additions to the Library ac

MEMOIRS.

—

. Descriptions of new species of Hymenopterous Insects

from New Zealand, collected by Prof. a gee at

Otago. By FREDERICK SMITH

. Descriptions of eight new species and a new genus of

Cossonides from New Zealand. By D. SHARP.

. Descriptions of some new species and a new genus of

Rhyncophorous Coleoptera, from the Hawaiian Islands.

By D. SHARP

. Descriptions of some Exotic Lamellicorn Beetles. By

J. O. WESTWOOD, M.A., F.L.S., &c.

. On the Lepidoptera of the ‘Amazons, collected by

Dr. JAMES W. H. TRAIL, during the years 1873 to 1875.

By ARTHUR GARDINER BUTLER, DR Gs Jo Atshy Ohno

. Calopterygina collected by Mr. BUCKLEY in Ecuador and

Bolivia. By R. M‘LACHLAN, F.R.S., &e. oc oe

. On the different forms occurring in the Coleopterous family

Lycide, with descriptions of new genera and species.

By CHAs. O. WATERHOUSE

. Description of a new Dragon-fly ( Gynacantha), from

Borneo. By CHAs. O. WATERHOUSE .

. On the natural affinities of the Lepidopterous family

Aigeriide. By ARTHUR GARDINER BUTLER, F.L.S.,

F.Z.8., &c.

. On some Nitidulide "from the Hawaiian Islands. By

D. SHARP .. BC

. On some new genera and species of Tenthr edinide. By

P. CAMERON

. Descriptions of new genera and spec ies of ‘Cler ida, with

notes on the genera and corrections of synonymy. a

the Rev. H. S. GoRHAM

. Remarks on the hairs of some of our British Hymenopter: a.

By EDWARD SAUNDERS .

. Notes on some Hemiptera- Homoptera, with descriptions

of new species. By W. L. DISTANT

. Description of a new species of Chernetide (Psendoscor-

pionide) from Spain. By CHAs. O. WATERHOUSE ..

. Notes on South African insects. By J. P. MANSEL

WEALB, B.A. are AS ve

. On Macropsebium Cotterilli and other new species of

Coleoptera, from Lake Nyassa. By H. W. BATEs,

F.L.S., Pres. Ent. Soc.

. On the larvie of the Zenthr edinide, with special reference

to protective resemblance. By P. CAMERON ..

<TX. On some Longicorn Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands.

By D. SHARP aie

. Notes on Brazilian Entomology. By Dr. Frrrz MiLurr

. New Coleoptera from Australia and Tasmania, in the

Collection of the British Museum. By CHAs. O.

WATERHOUSE oe oe 56 “i

PAGE

Vill MEMOIRS (continued ).

XXII. Note on the colours of British Caterpillars. By Sir JOHN

LUBBOCK, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., &c. -- 239

XXIII. Entomological Notes. By Prof, JAMES Woop-Mason. 259

XXIV. On the genus STE By J. W. Dunning, M. BS

E.L. os AO. G0 : 56 271

XXV. Descriptions of new genera and species of South American

Eumolpide, chiefly from the Amazon region. By

JosEPH S. BALy, F.L.S. 3¢ 281

XXVI. Descriptions of several new ‘species of Myriopoda of the

genera Spherotherium and Zephronia. By ARTHUR

G. BUTLER, F.L.S., F-Z.S., &c: .. 299

XXVII. Notice of a small collection of Coleoptera from Jamaica,

with descriptions of new species from the West Indies.

By CHAs. 0. WATERHOUSE . 303

XXVIII. On the habits and affinities of Apoer ypta and Sycophaga,

of the Hymenopterous family Ayaonide, with deserip-

tion of a new species of Apocrypta from the figs of

Ficus Sycomori of Bgypt. By Sir SIDNEY SMITH

SAUNDERS, ©.M.G. . 313

XXIX. Descriptions of new species of Hem ipter a-Homoptera.

By W. L. DISTANT 321

XXX. Descriptions of new Telephoride from Central and South

America. By CHAS. O. WATERHOUSE 325

XXXI. The prevention of Insect injury by the use of Phenol pre-

parations. By ELEANOR A. ORMEROD Be e- 333

Proceedings for 1878 .. ae oc ac oc aie i

ind exit 20 S6 Oc 30 50 a Ixxvii

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PlateI. .. -. Seepage 36 | PlatelV. .. -- see page 119

elatevlew wet. O0 3 Sil aten Ver ecr. O¢ 3 125

laterite Se 3 347 | Plate Wily =: 56 > 172

ERRATA.

Page 30, line 18 (from top), for “Cyclidinus velutinus,” read “ Cyclidius

velutinus.”

,, ‘108, line 18 (from bottom), for “ Genus 19. alternans, sp. n.,’’ read

“Genus 18. alternans, sp. n.””

», 148, line 6 (from bottom) and page 150, line 14 (from bottom), for

“ Yahrb.”’ read “ Jahr.”

» 222, line 22 (from top), for “Vietorina Frayja,’

Trayja.”

» 222, lines 1 and 4 (from bottom), and page 223, lines 7, 12 and 14

(from top), for “#. Aciphera,” read “£. Aliphera. 2

,, 223, line 8 (from bottom), for “Gynesia,” read “Gynecia.”

» 907, line 1 (from top), after “‘Copidita lateralis,” add “sp. n.”

IN THE JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

Page ii, line 2 (from top), for “Santa Caterina,” read “ Santa Catharina.”

» V, line 6 (from bottom), for “Cherocampa elpenor,” read * Chero-

campa porcellus.”

»» Xxv, line 8 (from top), for ‘“Sonizoneura,” read “Schizoneura.”

» XxXvV, line 10 (from bottom), for “simple egg,” read ‘single egg.”

», xxvi, line 9 (from top), tor “ Vaecuna dryophile,” read “Vaccuna

dr yophila.”

», Xlviil, line 13 (from bottom), for “ affected,” read “ effected.”

PLILIS line 13 (from top), for Waterton’s “Essay s on Natural History,’

read “ Wanderings in South America.’

> vead “ Vietorina

Pist of Members

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

3lst DECEMBER, 1878.

LIST OF MEMBERS

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

Honorary Members.

Burmeister, Hermann, Buenos Aygres.

Guenée, Achille, Chateaudun.

Hagen, H. A., Cambridge, U.S.A.

Leconte, John L., Philadelphia.

Milne-Edwards, H., Paris.

Saussure, H. de, Geneva.

Schiddte, J. C., Copenhagen.

Selys-Longchamps, E. de, Liége.

Siebold, C. T. E. von, Munich.

Zeller, P. C., Stettin.

(vexte :)

ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.

Date of

Marked * are Original Members.

Marked ¢ have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.

Election.

1877

1867

1856

1850

1865

1867

1861

1866

1872

1841

1860

1875

1876

1852

1867

1856

1877

1870

1878

1869

1862

1874

1855

1868

1878

1860

1877

Marked 8. are Annual Subscribers.

Adams, Herbert Jordan, Chase Park, Enfield, N.

Adams, Frederick Charlstrom, Chase Park, Enfield, N.

Archer, F., Little Crosby Road, Crosby, Liverpool.

Armitage, Edward, R.A., 3, Hall Rd., St. John’s Wood, N.W.

Babington, Charles Cardale, M.A., F.R.S., &c., Professor of

Botany, 5, Brookside, Cambridge.

Baly, Joseph S., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Zhe Butts, Warwick.

Barton, Stephen, 32, St. Wichael’s Hill, Bristol.

Bates, Frederick, 15, Northampton Square, Leicester.

Bates, Henry Walter, F.L.S., F.Z.S., PRESIDENT, 40, Bartho-

lomew Road, Kentish Town, N.W.

Beaumont, Alfred, Steps Wills, Huddersfield.

Berens, Alexander Augustus, Spration Grange, Northampton,

and 68, Great Cumberland Place, W.

Bicknell, Percy, Beckenham, Kent.

Bird, G. W., The Dartons, Dartford, Kent.

Blomefield, Rev. Leonard, M.A., F.L.S., &c., 19, Belmont, Bath.

Bond, Fred., F.Z.S., 5, Fainfield Avenue, Staines.

Bonvouloir, Vicomte Henri de, 15, Rue de l’ Université, Paris.

Borrer, William, junr., Cowfold, Sussex.

Boscher, Edward, Bellevue House, Trickenham.

Boyd, Thomas, Surrey Lodge, Hornend Road, Normwood, 8.E.

Boyd, William Christopher, F.L.S., Cheshunt, Herts.

Braikenridge, Rev. George Weare, M.A., F.L.S., Clevedon,

Bristol.

Briggs, Charles Adolphus, 55, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.

Briggs, Thos. Hy., M.A., 6, Old Square, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C.

Broun, Capt. Thomas, Whangarei Heads, Auckland, New

Zealand.

Brown, N. E., Zvy Cottage, near St. John’s Church, Red Hill.

Browne, Rev. Thomas Henry, M.A., F.G.S., Zhe Cedars,

High Wycombe, Bucks.

Bull, R. E., 85, Milton Street, Dorset Square, N.W.

Burnell, Edward Henry, 32, Bedford Ron, W.C.

Butler, Arthur Gardiner, F.L.S., F.Z.5., 10, Avington Grove,

Penge, S.E.

Cameron, Peter, 31, Willow Bank Crescent, Glasgow.

Candéze, Dr. E., Glain, Liége.

Capron, Edward, M.D., Shere, Guildford.

Carmichael, Thomas D. Gibson, Castle Craig, Dolphinton, N.B.

xil

Date of

Election.

1868

1877

1871

1875

1871

1867

1865

1874

1873

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Carrington, Charles, Hllerslie, Lower Merton, S.W.

Carrington, John T., Royal Aquarium, Westminster, S.W.

Champion, G. C., 274, Walworth Road, S.E.

Chapman, Thomas, 56, Buchanan Street, Glasgow.

Charlton, Ernest S., Hesleyside, Bellingham, Hexham.

Clarke, Alexander Henry, 16, Purnival’s Inn, E.C.

Clarke, Charles Baron, M.A., F.L.S., 17, Chowringhee, Calcutta.

Cockle, Captain George, 9, Bolton Gardens, 5.W.

Cole, Benjamin G., Laurel Cottage, King’s Place, Buckhurst

Hill, Hssex.

Cole, William, Zaurel Cottage, King’s Place, Buckhurst

Hill, Essex.

Colquhoun, Hugh, M.D., Anchorage, Bothwell, N.B.

Cooke, Benj., 103, Windsor Road, Southport, Lancashire.

Copperthwaite, William Charles, Zhe Lodge, Malton.

Cox, Colonel C. J., Kordwich House, Canterbury.

Cox, Herbert Edward, Rosenheim, Reigate.

Curzon, E. P. Roper.

Dale, C. W., Glanville’s Wootton, Sherborne.

Dallas, William Sweetland, F.L.S., Geological Society, Bur'-

lington House, W.

Darwin, Charles, LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S8., &c., Down, Beckenham,

Kent.

Dawson, John, Carron, Falkirk, Stirlingshire.

Devonshire, William Cavendish, Duke of, K.G., F.R.S., &c.,

Devonshire House, 78, Piccadilly, W.

Dickson, Professor William, Curator of the University Library,

Glasgow.

Distant, William Lucas, Director of the Anthropological Insti-

tute, SECRETARY, 1, Selston Villas, Derwent Grove, Last

Dulwich, SK.

Dohrn, Dr. C. A., Pres. Entomological Society of Stettin,

Stettin.

Doria, Marquis Giacomo, Strada Nuova, Genoa.

Dormer, John Baptist Joseph Dormer, Lord, Grove Park,

Warwick. ;

Douglas, John William, 8, Beaufort Gardens, Lewisham, 8.E.

Dowsett, Arthur, 16, Worth Street, Brighton.

Druce, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 1, Circus Road, St. John’s

Wood, N.W.

Duer, Yeend, Cleygate House, Esher.

Dunning, Joseph William, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 24, Old

Buildings, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C.

Du Pré, Charles Christian, F.L.8., 17, Pembroke Gardens,

Kensington, W.

D’Urban, W.S. M., F.L.S., Albuera, St. Leonards, Exeter.

Eaton, Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., 51, Park Load, Bromley,

Kent.

Elwes, Henry John, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Preston House, Cirencester.

Emich, Gustave d’, Pesth, Hungary.

Date of

Election.

1876

1878

1874

1865

1875

1870

1869

1855

1876

1874

1865

1875

1855

1874

LIST OF MEMBERS. xill

Enock, Frederic, 30, Russell Road, Seven Sisters’ Road,

Holloway, N.

Finzi, John A., 105, Gower Street, W.C.

Fitch, Edward A., Brick House, Maldon, Essex.

Fitch, Frederick, Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park, N.

Fletcher, J. E., Happy Land, Worcester.

Forbes, W. A., St. John’s College, Cambridge.

Freeland, H. W., M.A., Chichester.

French, Rev. David John, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.H.S., &c.

Fry, Alexander, F.L.8., Zhornhill House, Dulwich Wood

Park, Norwood, S.E.

Fryer, Herbert Fortescue, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

Garneys, W., M.R.C.S., Repton, Burton-on-Trent.

Godman, Frederick Du Cane, M.A., F.L.S., &c., Park Hatch,

Godalming, and 10, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.

Gooch, W. D., Spring Vale, Little Umhlanga, Victoria

County, Natal.

Gorham, Rev. Henry Stephen, Shipley, Sussex.

Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., F.G.8., The Avenue, Surbiton Hill,

Surrey.

Gould, John, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., 26, Charlotte Street, Bedford

Square, W.C.

Gray, John, Claygate House, Esher.

Greene, Rev. J., M.A., Rostrevor, Apsley Rd., Clifton, Bristol.

Greening, Noah, Warrington.

Grube, Professor Edward, Director of the Zoological Museum

of the University of Breslau, Breslau.

Grut, Ferdinand, F.L.S., LIBRARIAN, 9, King Street, South-

nwark, S.K.

Hamilton, J. Lawrence, M.R.C.S., 34, Gloucester Terrace,

Hyde Park, W.

Harding, George, Pendenny House, Downend, near Bristol,

Harford, Henry C., Lieut. 99th Regiment, Cape of Good Hope.

Harold, Baron Edgar von, 52, Barerstrasse, Munich.

Harper, P. H., 30, Cambridge Strect, Hyde Park Square, W.

Higgins, E. T., M.R.C.S., 24, Bloomsbury Street, W.C.

Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Delves House, Ringmer, Lewes.

Holdsworth, Edward, Shanghai.

Horniman, Frederick John, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., &c.,

Surrey House, Forest Hill, 8.E.

Hudd, A. E., 96, Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol.

Janson, E. M., Las Lajas, Chontales, Nicaragua.

Janson, Edward W., 32, Victoria Road, Finsbury Park, N.,

and 35, Little Russell Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

Janson, Oliver E., 32, Victoria Road, Finsbury Park, N., and

35, Little Russell Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

Jekel, Henri, 2, Rue Letort, Paris.

Jenner, J. H. A., High Street, Lewes.

John, Evan, Llantrissant, Pontypridd.

Katter, Dr. F., Putbus, Riigen, North Prussia.

X1V

Date of

Election,

1876

1872

1861

1876

1842

1875

1868

1876

1835

1872 §.

1875

1865

1849

1850 8.

1856

1874

1865

1860

1865 S.

1872

1871 S.

1866

1853

1859

1869

1876

1872

1870

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.

Kaye, Ernest St. G., Jessore, Bengal.

Kirby, W. F., Royal Dublin Society, Kildare Street, Dublin.

Kraatz, Dr. G., President of the Berlin Entomological

Society, Link Strasse, Berlin.

Kuper, Rev. Charles Augustus Frederick, M.A., Zhe Vicarage,

Trelleck, Chepstow.

Lamarche, Oscar, 70, Rue Louvrer, Liége.

Lang, Major A. M., R.E., Thomason Civil Engineering College,

Roorkee, India.

Lendy, Capt. Augustus F., F.L.S., Sunbury House, Sunbury,

S.W.

Lewis, George, 5, Albert Road, Brighton.

Lichtenstein, Jules, Za Lironde, near Montpellier.

Lingwood, Robert Maulkin, M.A., F.L.S., 6, Park Villas,

Cheltenham.

Livett, H. W., M.D., Wells, Somerset.

Livingstone, Clermont, Tudor Lodge, Snaresbrook, E.

Llewelyn, J. Talbot Dillwyn, M.A., F.L.S., Ynisgerwn, Neath.

Logan, R. F., Spylaw House, Colinton, near Edinburgh.

Lowe, W. H., M.D., Woodcote Lodge, Inner Park Road,

Wimbledon Park, S.W.

Lubbock, Sir John, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., High Elms,

Farnborough, Kent.

M‘Intosh, J.

M‘Lachlan, Robert, F.R.S., F.L.S., 39, Limes Grove, Lewisham,

Marseul, L’ Abbé S. A. de, Boulevard Pereire, 271, Paris.

Marsh, John George, 842, Old Kent Road, S.E.

Marshall, Rev. Thomas Ansell, M.A., F.L.8., St. Mary’s

Rectory, Antiqua.

Marshall, William, Zim Lodge, Clay Hill, Enfield.

Mason, Philip Brooke, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Burton-on-Trent.

Mathew, Gervase F., R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.S., H.M.S. “ Cygnet,”

Sea of Marmora.

May, John William, K.N.L., Arundel House, Percy Cross,

Fulham Road, S.W.

Meek, Edward G., 56, Brompton Road, S.W.

Meldola, Raphacl, F.R.A.S, F.C.S., SECRETARY, 21, John

Street, Bedford Row, W.C.

Miskin, W. H., Supreme Court, Brisbane, Queensland.

Mniszech, Comte G. de, 22, Rue Balzac, Paris.

Moore, Frederic, 110, Oakfield Road, Penge, S.E.

Mosse, G. Staley, 16, Stanford Road, Kensington, W.

Miller, Albert, F.R.G.S., 195A, Junkergasse, Berne, Switzer-

land.

Miller, Dr. Clemens.

Murray, Lieut. H., 70th Brigade Depot, Tralee, Ireland.

Murray, Rey. Richard Paget, M.A., Baltonsboro Parsonage,

Glastonbury.

Date of

Election.

1878

1869

1877

1873

1878

1841

1840

1854

1872

1870

1874

1851

Ste ote

LIST OF MEMBERS. XV

Nevinson, Basil George, 19, Torrington Square, W.C.

Newman, T. P., 7, York Grove, Peckham, S.E.

Nottidge, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.

Oberthur, Charles (fils), Rennes.

Oberthur, René, Rennes.

Olivier, Ernest, 25, ewe du Clos, Besancon, Doubs, France.

Ormerod, Miss Eleanor A., Dunster Lodge, Spring Grove,

Islenorth.

Owen, Richard. C.B., M.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., British

Museum, W.C.

Parry, Major Frederick John Sidney, F.L.S., 18, Onslow

Square, S.W.

Pascoe, Francis P., F.L.S., 1, Burlington Road, Westbourne

Park, W.

Phipson, Arthur, 3, Gray’s Inn Square, W.C.

Pictet, Edward, Avenue du Pin, Geneve.

Porritt, George T., F.L.S., Huddersfield.

Power, Henry d’Arcy, F.L.S., 3, Cottage Green, Camberwell,

S.E.

Preston, Rev. Thomas Arthur, M.A., F.L.S., The Green, Marl-

borough, Wilts.

Preudhomme de Borre, Alfred, Secretary of the Entomological

Society of Belgium, 21, Boulevard du Tegent, Brussels.

Price, David, 48, West Street, Horsham, Sussea.

Pryer, H. J. S., Yokohama, Japan.

Puls, J. C., Place de la Calandre, Ghent.

Ransom, William Henry, M.D., F.R.S., The Pavement, Not-

tingham.

Reed, Edwyn C., F.L.8., Museo Nacional, Santiago de Chile.

Reeks, Henry, F.L.S., Manor House, Thruxton, near Andover,

Hants.

Riley, C. V., State Entomologist, Vnited States Entomological

Commission, Washington.

Ripon, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, Marquis of, K.G.,

F.R.S., F.LS., 1, Carlton Gardens, S.W.

Robinson-Douglas, William Douglas, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., Or-

chardton, Castle- Douglas, N.B.

Roebuck, William Denison, 9, Sunnybank Terrace, Leeds.

Rothera, G. B., High Street Place, Nottingham.

Rothney, G. A. J., Calcutta.

Rutherford, David Greig, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.8., &c., Surrey

House, Forest Hill, S.%.

Rye, Edward Caldwell, F.Z.S., Parkfield, Putney, S.W.

Rylands, Thomas Glazebrook, F.L.S., F.G.8., Highfields,

Thelwall, Warrington.

Sallé, Auguste, 13, Zéwe Guy de la Brosse, Paris.

Salvin, Osbert, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., 6, Tenterden Street,

Hanover Square, W., and Brookland Avenue, Cambridge.

Saunders, Edward, F.L.S., Holmesdale, Wandle Road, Upper

Tooting, S.W.

Saunders, G. S., Spencer Park, Wandsworth, S.W.

Saunders, Sir Sidney Smith, C.M.G., Gatestone, Central Hill,

Upper Norwood, S.E.

Saunders, William Wilson, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., Raystead,

Worthing.

Schanfuss, L. W., Ph. D., M. Imp., L. C. Acad., &c., Dresden.

Sealy, Alfred Forbes, Cochin, South India.

Semper, George, Altona.

Sharp, David, M.B., Zecles, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire.

XV1

Date of

Election

1847

1852

1867

1877

1850

1869

1848

1878

1862

1837

1866

1876

1854

1856

1838

1853

1859

1874

1869

1849

1866

1876

1870

1878

1858

18638

1866

1875

1850

1869

1845

1876

1868

1865

1874

1878

1874

1862

1865

mite

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Shepherd, Edwin, 21, Albert Terrace, Clapham Road, S.W.

Sheppard, Edward, F.L.S.,18, Durham Villas, Kensington, W.

Sidebotham, Joseph, Zhe Beeches, Bowdon, Cheshire.

Slater, Joseph William, 3, Bicester Road, Aylesbury, Bucks.

Smith, Frederick, 27, Richmond Crescent, Islington, N.

Smith, Henley Grose, Warnford Court, Throgmorton Street,

E.C

Spence, W. B.

Stainton, Henry Tibbats, F.R.S., F.LS., &c., Mountsfield,

Lewisham, 8.E.

Standon, Richard S., Holmnood Lodge, Surbiton, Surrey.

Stevens, John S., 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Stevens, Samuel, F.L.S., Loanda, Beulah Hill, Upper Nor-

wood, S.E.

Swanzy, Andrew, F.L.S., Sevenoaks.

Swinton, A. H., Binfield House, Waterden Road, Guildford.

Thompson, Miss Sophia, Barn Hill, Stamford,

Thomson, James, 12, Rue de Presbourg, Place de Ul Etoile,

Paris.

Thwaites, George Henry Kendrick, Ph. D., F.RS., F.L.S.,

Director of the Royal Botanic Garden, Peradenia, Ceylon.

Tompkins, H., 28, Tavistock Square, W.C.

Trimen, Roland, F.L.8., Colonial Office, Cape Town, Cape of

Good Hope.

Tuely, Nathaniel Clissold, F.L.S., Mortimer Lodge, Wimbledon

Park, S.W.

Vaughan, Howard, 55, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.

Vaughan, P. H., Redland, Bristol.

Verrall, G. H., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.

Wakefield, Charles Marcus, F.L.S., Belmont, Uxbridge.

Walker, Rev. Francis Augustus, M.A., F.L.8., Dry Drayton

Rectory, Cambridge.

Walker, J. J.. R.N., 7, West Street, Blue Tonn, Sheerness.

Wallace, Alexander, M.D., Trinity House, Colchester.

Wallace, Alfred Russel, F.L.8., F.Z.S., &c., Waldron Edge,

Duppas Hill, Croydon.

Walsingham, Thomas de Grey, Lord, M.A., F.Z.S., &c., Eaton

House, Eaton Square, 5.W.

Ward, Christopher, F.L.8., Savile Road, Halifax.

Ward, Frederick Henry, Springfield, Tooting, S.W.

Waring, 5. L., Zhe Oaks, Norwood, S.E.

Waterhouse, Charles O., British Museum, W.C.

Waterhouse, George R., F.Z.8., &c., British Museum, W.C.

Websdale, C. G., 78, High Street, Barnstaple.

Weir, John Jenner, F.L.S., TREASURER, 6, Haddo Villas,

Blackheath, S.E.

Western, Edward Young, 8, Craven Hill, Bayswater, W.

Westwood, John Obadiah, M.A., F.L.S., &c., Hope Professor

of Zoology, Walton Manor, Oxford.

White, F. Buchanan, M.D., F.L.S., Perth, N.B.

ae Rev. William Farren, Stonehouse Vicarage, Gloucester-

shire.

Wilson, Owen, Crumffravd, Carmarthen.

Woodgate, John, Richmond Road, New Barnet, Herts.

Wood-Mason, James, F.G.S., Curator of the Indian Museum,

Calcutta, and Painswick, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

Wormald, Percy C., 2, Clifton Villas, Highgate Hill, N.

S. Young, Morris, free Museum, Paisley.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

DURING THE YEAR

TOs:

Abeille (L.’), redigé par M. S. A. de Marseul. Nos. 197—211. The Editor.

Actes du Congrés Philloxérique International réuni 4 Lausanne du 6 au 18 Aout,

1877. The Congress.

ALsTOoN (Edward R.) and others. On the Fauna and Flora of the West of

Scotland. I. Mammalia; II, Birds; III. Insects; IV. Vascular

Flora; V. Cryptogamic Flora. [The Insects by Peter Cameron. }

Glasgow, 1876. Rk. M‘Lachlan.

A Contribution towards a complete List of the Fauna and Flora of

Clydesdale and the West of Scotland, compiled under the auspices

of the Society of Field Naturalists. Glasgow, 1876. R. M‘Lachlan.

American Naturalist (The). Vol. XI, No. 12. Vol. XII, Nos. ltoll. 8vo.

Boston, 1877—78. The Editor.

Bere (Carl), of Buenos Ayres. Rémarques sur une nouvelle chenille aquatique.

i The Author.

Paris.

Contribucion de la Fauna Entomologica de Patagonia, Buenos Aires,

1877. The Author.

Descriptions de deux nouveaux Lépidoptéres de la Famille des Arctiadee

(Palustra azolle et Palustra tenuis) Paris. The Author.

Beitrage zu den Lepidopteren Patagonien’s. Moskwa, 1877.

The Author.

El Género Streblota y las Notodontinas de la Republica Argentina.

Buenos Aires, 1878. The Author.

Bertkau (Dr. Philipp). Bericht tiber die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im

Gebiete der Entomologie wihrend der Jahre 1873 und 1874.

Berlin, 1877. - Purchased.

Briost (Giovanni), Ancora sul Marciume dell’ Uva (Albinia Casazze@, Briosi).

The Author.

Il Marciume ed il Bruco dell’ Uva (Albinia Wockiana, Briosi). Roma,

1878. : _ The Author.

Bronenuart (Charles), Note sur des Perforations observées dans deux morceaux

de bois fossile. Paris, 1876. The Author.

Note sur une Aranéide fossile des terrains tertiaires d’Aix (Provence).

Paris, 1877. The Author.

Sur la Découverte d’un Orthoptére coureur de la famille des Phasmiens

dans les terrains supra-houillers de Commentry (Allier). (Proto-

phasma Dumasii). Bruxelles, 1878. The Author.

Note rectificative sur quelques Diptéres Tertiaires, Lille, 1878.

The Author.

Note sur un nouveau genre d’Orthoptére fossile de la Famille des

Phasmiens provenant des terrains supra-houillers de Commentry.

(Protophasma Dumasii.) The Author.

Xvill

Cameron (Peter), On the Hymenoptera of Kingussie. Glasgow, 1876.

The Author.

Notes on the Old World Species of Athalia. Glasgow, 1877.

The Author.

Observations on the Study of the Phytophagous Hymenoptera.

3 Glasgow, 1877. The Author.

Notes on Clydesdale Hymenoptera. Glasgow, 1877. The Author.

A Contribution to the Hymenoptera of Sutherlandshire. Glasgow, 1877. -

: The Author.

Does alternation of Generation or Dimorphism occur in European

Cynipide? - The Author.

Canadian Entomologist (The). Vol. 1X.,Nos.11 &12. Vol. X., Nos. 1 to 9, & 11.

8v0. | London (Ontario), ‘1878 The Editor.

CANDEZE (Dr. E.), Elaterides Nouveaux. Braxeiton 1878. The Author.

CuamBers (V. T,), On the Tongue (Lingua) of some Hymenoptera.

See also “ SocteTIEs (WAsHINGTON).” The Author.

Cresson (E. T.), Notes on the Species belonging to the Sub-family Ichneumon-

ides, found in America, north of Mexico. Philadelphia, 1877.

The Author.

Date (C. W.), The History of Glanville’s Wootton, in the County of Dorset,

. including its Zoology and Botany. London, 1878. The Author.

Detta [C. A. Wilson.], The American Butterfly (Danais Archippus). Ato.

Adelaide, 1878. From the ‘Garden and the Field.’ Vol. IV.,

No. 41. The Author.

Drmocxr’s Special Bibliography. No. 1. The Entomological Writings of

John L. Le Conte. Compiled by Samuel Henshaw. Edited by

G. Dimmock. Cambridge (Mass.), 1878. Geo. Dimmock.

DonckiER DE Donceet (H.), Note sur le Pediculus suis, Lin. Urius, Nitzsch.

Brussels, 1878. The Author.

Eaton (Revd. A. E.), Observations on the Insects collected in Kerguelen Island.

The Author.

Entomologist (The), an Ilustrated Journal of British Entomology. Edited by

John T, Carrington and others. Vol. XI. S8vo. London, 1878.

é T. P. Newman.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine (The). Vol. XV. 8vo. London, 1878.

The Editors.

Gopman (Fredk. Du Cane), Natural History of the Azores or Western Islands.

1870. The Author.

Goss (Herbert), The Insect Fauna of the Recent Tertiary Periods. 1877.

3 The Author.

GkaBER (Dr. Vitus), Die Insekten. 2 Thiel. Vergleichende Lebens-und

Entwicklungsgechichte der Insekten. I. Hafte. Miinchen, 1877.

The Author.

Grove (A. R.). See “ Socrmtrmes (WasHINGTON).”

HerricH-ScnarFrer (Dr. G. A. W.), Systematische Bearbeitung der Schmetter-

linge von Europa zugleich als Text, Revision und Supplement

zu Jakob Hiibner’s Sammlung europaischer Schmetterlinge.

6 Bande. 4to. Regensburg, 1843—1856. J. W. Dunning.

Hupparp (H. G.) and Scuwarz (E. A.), The Coleoptera of Michigan.

Philadelphia, 1878 :— ;

: pies a dar of New Species. By J. L. Le Conte.

. List of Coleoptera found in the Lake Superior Regions. By H. G.

Ifubbarl and E. A. Schwarz.

KIX

3. Contribution to a List of the Coleoptera of the Lower Peninsula of

Michigan. By H. G. Hubbard and E. A. Schwarz.

4. Description of the Larva of Micromalthus debilis, Lec. By H. G.

Hubbard. : The Authors.

: (fein - c 5

Jory (Dr. Emile), Les premiers états du Genre Oligoneuria sont connus. Note

lue 4 la Société d'Etude des Sciences Naturelles de Nismes.

Nimes, 1878. The Author.

Kawau (J.), Die neuen russischen Naturforscher-Gesellschaften. Erste und

Zweite Mittheilungen. Riga, 1872 & 1874. The Author.

Organische einschliisse von Bergkrystall. Moskwa,1876. The Author.

Correspondance. Lettre addressé 4’ M. le Dr. Renard. Zur Abstam-

mungslehre. The Author.

Kinestey (J. 8.). See “ Socretres (WAsHINGTON).”

Krauss (Dr. Hermann), CAGES JENOS vom Senegal gesammelt von Dr. Franz

Steindachner. The Author.

Le Conte (Dr. John L.), The Coleoptera of the Alpine Regions of the Rocky

Mountains. Washington, 1878. The Author.

LicHTENSTEIN (Jules) de Montpellier, Histoire de Phylloxera. The Author.

Considerations Nouvelles sur la Génération des Pucerons. (Homop-

téres Monoiques.) 8vo. Paris, 1878. The Author.

McLacuian (Robert), The Article ‘Dragon. Fly’ in the Ninth Edition of the

* Encyclopedia Britannica.” 4to.. Edinb., 1877. The Author.

A Monographie Revision and Synopsis of the Trichoptera of the

European Fauna. Part VII.. June, 1878. _ The Author.

MacLeop (Jules), Recherches sur l'appareil venimeux des Myriapodes

Chilopodes. Description des véritables glandes venémifiques.

The Author.

MarsEuvt (S. A. de), Coléoptéres du Japon recueillis par M. Georges Lewis.

Enumération des Histérides et des Hétéroméres avec la Description

des espéces nouvelles. The Author.

Naturalist (The). See “‘SoctmTres (HUDDERSFIELD).”

Nature. Nos. 423 to 474 (6 Dec. 1877, to 28 Nov. 1878). London.

The Publishers.

OxtvieR (Ernest), La Chrysoméle des Pommes de Terre. 2éme edition. .

Besancon, 1878. The Author.

OnmeERop (Eleanor A.), Notes of Observations of injurious Insects. Report.

1877. The Author.

Packarp (A.S.), Jun., M.D. See “Socretres (WaAsHINGTON).”

Prancy (V. Collin de), Note sur les Insectes Diptéres Parasites des Batraciens.

Edouard Taton.

Prateau (Félix), Recherches sur la Structure de l’Appareil digestif et sur les

Phénoménes de Ja Digestion chez les Aranéides Dipneumones.

Bruxelles, 1877. The Author.

Note Additionelle au Mémoire sur les Phénoménes de la Digestion chez

les Tusectes (publié en 1874). Bruxelles, 1877. The Author.

PREUDHOMME DE Borre (A.), Notice sur les Espéces des Tribus des

Panagéides, des Loricérides, des Licinides, des Chlenides et des

Broscides, qui se rencontrent en Belgique. The Author.

Queensland. Second Annual Report of the Board appointed to enquire into the

Cause of Diseases affecting Live Stock and Plants.

The Assistant Director oj Kew Gardens.

Rampur (R.), Catalogue Systématique des Lépidoptéres de VAndalousie.

Livr. 2, & Planches 1 to 22. Captain Elwes.

Reep (Edwyn C.), Una Monografia de las Mariposas Chilenos. Santiago de

Chile, 1877. : The Author.

Riiey (Charles V.), On the Larval characters and Habits of the Blister Beetles

belonging to the Genera Macrobasis and Epicauta, Fabr. ; with

Remarks on other Species of the Family Meloide. St. Louis, 1877.

The Author.

On a remarkable new Genus in Meloide infesting Mason-Bee cells in

the United States. St. Louis, 1877. The Author.

Additional Notes on Megathymus Yucce. St. Louis, 1877. The Author.

Further Remarks on Pronuba Yuccasella, and on the Pollination of

Yucca. St. Louis, 1877. The Author.

On the Differences between Anisopteryx pometaria, Harr. and Anisop-

teryx escularia, W.-V., with Remarks on the Genus Paleacrita.

St. Louis, 1877. The Author.

Ropinson (Charles), The Progress and Resources of New South Wales.

; The Author.

Saussure (Henri de), Voyage au Turkestan de A. P. Fedtschenko. Orthoptéres.

S. Petersbourg et Moscou, 1874.

Scottish Naturalist (The). Edited by Dr. F. Buchanan White. Nos. 29 to 32.

8vo. 1878. The Publishers.

ScuppDER (Samuel H.), Additions to the Insect Fauna of the Tertiary Beds at

Quesnel (British Columbia) The Author.

An Account of some Insects of unusual interest from the Tertiary Beds

of Colorado and Wyoming. Washington, 1878. The Author.

Entomological Notes. VI. Boston, 1878. The Author.

President's Address before the Appalachian Mountain Club. J anuary,

1878. . The Author.

See also “Societies (WaASHINGTON).”

SrEBOLD (Carlo de), La Helicopsyche agglutinans in Italia. Lettera seconda

agli Entomologi Italiani. The Author.

Societies (Transactions of Learned).

(Boston, U.S.), Appalachia. Vol. I., No.4. 1878. The Appalachian Club.

Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. XIX.,

Parts I. and II. 1877. The Society.

Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. II., Part IV.,

No. 6 The. Society.

(BristoL), Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society. Vol. II.,

Parts I. and II. The Society.

(Bruyn), Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereines in Briinn.

XY. Band. 1 & 2 Heft. The Society.

(Brussers), Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. Tome XX.,

Fase.2 & 3. Tome XXI., Fasc.1 & 2. 1877. The Society.

(CaN), Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie. Vols. VII—X.

1872—76. The Society.

(CampripcEe (Mass.) U.S.), Psyche. Vol. II., Nos. 389—46. .The Editor.

Rules of Nomenclature as authorized to be published by the Ento-

mological Club of the American Association for the Advancement

of Science. July, 1877. S. H. Scudder.

(Crxcinnatt), The Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Vol. I., No.1. April and July, 1878.

(Davenport (Lowa) U.S.), Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of

Natural Sciences. Vol. II., Part I. The Society. ,|

(FLORENCE), Bulletino della Societé Entomologica Italiana. Anno Nono,

‘Trimestre IV. 1877, Anno Decimo, Trim. I., If., & III.

: The Society.

XX1

Societies (Transactions of Learned).

(GrnEvaA), Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de

Genéve. Tome XXYV., 2de Partie, & Tome XXVL., lére Partie.

The Society.

(Genoa), Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturali di Genova. Vols.

X—XI. The Director of the Museum.

(Guascow), Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Glasgow.

Vol. III., Part IT. The Society.

(Hacsve), Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. XXI. Deel. Aflv. 1—4. 8vo.

*sGravenhage, 1878. ; Dutch Entomological Society.

(HuppERSFIELD), The Naturalist, Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’

Union. Nos. 30—41. 8vo. 1878. The Editors.

(Lonpon), Proceedings of the Royal Society. Nos. 184—189. 8yo.

_ The Society.

Transactions of the Linnean Society. (2nd Series.) Zoology. Vol. L.,

Part VII. 4to. The Society.

Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology). Vol. XIII., Nos 74—76. 8vo.

The Society.

Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society. 1877

Parts III. & IV.; 1878, Parts I.—III. 8vo. The Society.

Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club. Nos. 85—88. 8vo.

The Club.

(Lyons), Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon. Tome XXIII. Année

1876. Lyon et Paris. The Society.

(Mapison (Wisconsin) U.S.), Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of

Sciences, Arts and Letters. Vol. III. 1875—76. 8vo. 1876.

[Containing a Paper ‘On the Catocale of Racine County.’ By

P. R. Hoy, M.D.] The: Society.

(Moscow), Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou.

Année 1877, Nos. 3 & 4. 1878, No. 1. The Society.

(PuinaDEtPuHt, U.S.), Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society

held at Philadelphia for prom oting Useful Knowledge. Vol. XVIL.,

pp. 353—472. 8vo. 1843. The Society.

Transactions of the. American Entomological Society. Vol. VIL.,

Nos. 3 and 4. The Society.

(St. Louis (Missouri) U.S.), ieesnyeg bate of the Academy of Science of

St. Louis. Vol. III., No. 4. The Academy.

(ScuarrHausEN), Mittheilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen

Gesellschaft. Vol. 1V., Heft. Nros.5 & 6. 1878. The Society.

(SrettTin), Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. 39 Jahrg. Nos. 1—9.

The Soctety.

(SypnEy), Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales.

Vol. II., Parts 1I. and III. 1877—78. The Society.

(Toronto), Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for the

year 1877. The Society.

(TovtousE), Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse.

Tomes I—VIIL,, X., XI., Fasc. 2 (1877), et XII., Fase, 1 (1877—78).

The Society.

(Vienna), Verhandlungen der k. k. zool.-botan. Gesellschaft in Wien.

XXVII. Band. 1878. : The Society.

Warwick), Proceedings of the Warwickshire Naturalists’ and Archxologists’

ee cof

Field Clnb. 1876—77. The Club.

(WasuineTon,*U.S.), Bulletin of the United States Geological and

Geographical Survey of the Territories. Vol. III., No. 4

[Containing the following Entomological Papers!:—

The First discovered Traces of Fossil Insects in the American

Tertiaries. By Samuel H. Scudder.

XXll

Societies (Transactions of Learned).

Description of Two Species of Carabide found in the inter- -

glacial Deposits of Scarboro’ Heights, near Toronto, Canada. By

Samuel H. Scudder.

Report upon the Insects collected by P. R. Uhler during the

Explorations of 1875, including Monographs of the Families

Cydnide and Salde, and the Hemiptera collected by A, S. Packard,

Junr., M.D. By P. R. Uhier.

Description of Cambarus Couesi, a new species of Craw-fish

from Dakota. By Thomas H. Streets, U.S.N.] Prof. F. V. Hayden.

Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of -

the Territories. Vol. IV., No. 1.

[Containing the following Entomological Papers:

Descriptions.of New Tineina from Texas and others from

more Northern Localities. By V. T. Chambers.

Tineina and their Food-Plants. By V. T. Chambers.

Index to the Described Tineina of the United States and

Canada. By V. T. Chambers.

Description of Noctuids, chiefly from California. By A. R.

Grote.

A Synopsis of the North American Species of the Genus

Alpheus. By J. 8. Kingsley.

Notice of the Butterflies collected by Dr. Edward Palmer in

the Arid Regions of Southern Utah and Northern Arizona during

the Summer of 1877. By Samuel H.Scudder.] Prof. F. V. Hayden.

Ninth Annual Report of the United States Geological and Geographical

Survey of Colorado and adjacent Territory for 1875.

Prof. F. V. Hayden.

Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey. Vol. IV., No. 3.

[Containing a Paper entitled:

Preliminary Studies on the North American Pyralide. I.

By A. R. Grote.] Prof. F.V. Hayden.

United States Geological Survey. Annual Report of the United States

Kntomological Commission on the Rocky Mountain Locust for the

Year 1877. 8vo. 1878. Prof. F. V. Hayden.

(Watrorp and Hrrrrorp), Transactions of the Watford Natural History

Society and Hertfordshire Field Club. Vol. 1., Parts VII.—xX.

VolSih bart. The Society.

(WELLINGTON, New Zealand), Transactions and Proceedings of the New

Zealand Institute. Vol. IX. 8vo. 1877.

[ Containing the following Entomological Papers:

Insect Architecture, or Notes of the Black Spider-Wasp of

New Zealand. By Walter L. Buller.

Contributions to the Entomology of New Zealand. By

F. W. Hutton.

On Insects injurious to the Kauri Pine (Dammara australis).

By Captain Thomas Broun.

Description of a new Species of Coleoptera. By Captain

Thomas Broun.

Description of a new Species of the Genus Cicindela. By

Captain Thomas Broun.

On the Anthribide of New Zealand. By David Sharp.

On the Colydiidz of New Zealand. By Dayid Sharp.

Descriptions of New Genera and Species of New Zealand

Coleoptera. By Francis P. Pascoe.] ._ The Institute.

(YoxoHama), Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. Vol. V.,

Parts I. & II. 1877. The Society.

XX1ll

Streets (Thomas H.). See “ SocteTmes (WASHINGTON).”

Taton (Edouard), Sur les Diptéres Parasites de la Rana esculenta, L.

The Author.

Tuomson (C. G.), Opuscula Entomologica. Fasciculus octavus. 8vo. Trelleborg,

1877. The Author.

Unter (P. R.). See “ SocreTres (WASHINGTON).”

Untv1 (P. Giotto), La Nuova Teoria di Reproduzione. Osservazioni e Con--

siderazioni del P. G. Ulivi. Firenze, 1878. The Author.

VoLLENHOVEN (S. C. Snellen von), Illustrations of more than 1000 Species.of

North.West European Ichneumonide. ’sGravenhage. 1878.

Sepp’s Nederlandsche Insecten. ‘T'weede Serie. Derde Deel. Nos. 49

- and 50.. Vierde Deel. Nos. 1—6. 4to. ‘sGravenhage, 1877—78.

The Author.

Waker (Rey. F. A.), Addenda to the History of the Parish of Dry Drayton.

The Author.

Catalogue of Lepidoptera Rhopalocera in the Collection of the

Rey. F. A. Walker. The Author.

Catalogue of a Collection of Insects presented to Highgate School by

the Rey. F. A. Walker. The Author.

Weir (J. Jenner), Address delivered to the Members of the West Kent Natural

History Society. The Author.

Westwoop (Prof. J. O.), Rectifications de la Nomenclature de plusieurs espéces

de Phasmides recemment décrites. 8vo. Paris, 1864.

The Author.

Waite (F. Buchanan), Contributions to a knowledge of the Hemipterous Fauna

of St. Helena, and speculations on its origin. The Author.

Wo.taston (T. Vernon), Coleoptera Sanctee Helene. London, 1877.

The Author.

Woop-Mason (Prof. James), Notes on New and Little-Known Mantide.

The Author.

Preliminary Notice of a species of Phasmide possessing all the

structural arrangements needed for Aerial and Aquatic Respiration.

The Author.

Notes on Indo-Malayan Phasmide. The Author.

Description of a new Lepidopterous Insect belonging to the Genus

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WEST, NEWMAN AND CO., PRINTERS, 54, HATTON GARDEN, LONDON.

TRANSACTIONS

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

FOR THE YEAR 1878.

I. Descriptions of new species of Hymenopterous Insects

from New Zealand, collected by Prof. Hurron,

at Otago. By FREDERICK SMITH.

[Read December 5th, 1877. ]

SEVENTEEN new species of Hymenoptera are described

in this paper; one belonging to the Tenthredinide, twelve

to the Ichneumonide, one to the Formicide, one to the

Pompilide, one to the Crabronide, and one to the An-

drenide. As well as I have been able to ascertain, the

number of previously-described species is fifty-one, thus

bringing the total up to sixty-eight. The collection made

by Prof. Hutton consisted of twenty-three species, four

of which have been previously described; two are re-

served for future examination.

TENTHREDINIDA.

Fam. UROCERID ZK.

Xiphydria flavo-picta.

Male.—Length 4 lines. Ferruginous, the head and-

thorax variegated with yellow; the sixth, seventh and

eighth segments of the abdomen black. Antenne black,

with the two basal segments ferruginous. The head

yellow; a broad ferrugmous stripe from the posterior

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PARTI. (APR.) B

2 Mr. F. Smith’s descriptions of new species

margin of the vertex to a little beyond the ocelli; an

angulated ferruginous spot at the sides of the vertex

touching the eyes; and three small ones at the insertion

of the neck. The posterior margin of the prothorax

yellow; the mesothorax with two oblique stripes inclining

inwardly and uniting at its posterior margin, a lunate spot

on each side of the scutum, two ovate ones at the base of

the metathorax and three small ones at its apex, yellow ;

a large oblong spot beneath the wings, and the legs,

yellow ; wings pale fulvo-hyaline and splendidly iridescent ;

the tarsi pale ferruginous.

ICHNEUMONID.

ICHNEUMONIDES.

Cryptus penetrator.

Length 4 lines. Head and thorax black, legs and

abdomen ferruginous. The orbits of the eyes, slightly

interrupted at their summit, the anterior margin of the

clypeus and the mandibles, yellow a ferruginous spot on

the scape of the antennee in front. Thorax: the margins

of the prothorax and the tegulz yellow; the anterior and

intermediate coxz and trochanters yellow in front ; wings

subhyaline and iridescent; the stigma ferruginous. <Ab-

domen smooth and shining, the apical margin of the first

seoment yellow.

OPHIONIDES.

Ophion ferrugineus.

Length 6 lines. Ferruginous, smooth and shining. A

narrow yellow line on the lower portion of the inner orbit

of the eyes and a broader one behind them, not extending

to their summit. Thorax: the tubercles, and a large

spot above both the intermediate and posterior coxze, as

well as the scutellum, bright yellow; the spots above the

posterior coxz are tuberculate; wings hyaline and iri-

descent, the nervures black, the stigma ferruginous. The

apical segments of the abdomen slightly fusco-ferruginous.

Ophion inutilis.

Female.—Length 4 lines. Ferruginous, the eyes and

tips of the mandibles black. Thorax shining; the meso-

thorax finely punctured; the metathorax opaque and

of Hymenopterous Insects of New Zealand. 3

finely rugulose ; wings hyaline and iridescent, the ner-

vures and stigma ferruginous; the legs paler than the

thorax, except the coxe, with the claws and pulvillus

black. Abdomen smooth and shining, darkest towards

the apex.

Paniscus ephippiatus.

Female.—Length 6 lines. Ferruginous, with the eyes,

mesothorax and apex of the abdomen, black. The apical

portion of the antennz fuscous; the tips of the mandibles

black. Thorax: the sternum black; wings hyaline, the

nervures and stigma fuscous; the scutellum prominent,

oblong, narrowed towards the apex, and with the sides

margined; the metathorax finely transversely striated.

The abdomen beyond the first segment fusco-ferruginous,

darkest at the apex.

TRYPHONIDES.

Scolobates varipes.

Female.—Leneth 23 lines. Head and thorax black;

abdomen red in the middle. The inner orbit of the eyes

with a narrow ferruginous line; the mandibles and palpi

pale testaceous; the antenne ferruginous. The wings

fulvo-hyaline, the nervures and stigma ferruginous. The

mesothorax smooth and shining’; the margin of the pro-

thorax laterally white, as well as the tegule ; the scutellum

white; the legs ferruginous; the posterior tibize black at

the base to about one fourth of their length, then one

fourth white, another fourth black, the apical portion

ferruginous. One fourth of the length of the abdomen in

the middle ferruginous; the posterior tarsi black.

Scolobates intrudens.

Female.—Length 3 lines. Black, with pale anterior

and intermediate legs. Mandibles and palpi pale yellow ;

the antennz a little longer than the body. ‘Thorax, sub-

opaque; the wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma black,

the tegule with a white spot; the anterior and interme-

diate coxee and all the trochanters, yellow; the anterior

and intermediate femora and tibiz pale ferruginous; the

tarsi more or less fuscous ; the posterior tibiee pale beneath ;

abdomen shining black; the ovipositor nearly as long as

the head and thorax.

a Mr. F. Smith’s descriptions of new species

Tryphon obstructor.

Length 22 lines. Head and thorax black, abdomen

red and black. The mandibles and palpi pale testaceous,

as are also the anterior and intermediate cox and tro-

chanters ; the legs otherwise red. The thorax opaque,

and with the metathorax, the sides and beneath covered

with a fine, thin, sericeous pile; wings subhyaline, the

nervures and stigma fuscous, the tegule with a white

spot. The three basal segments of the abdomen black,

with their apical margins ferruginous; the following seg-

ments with an oblong quadrate black spot in the middle,

extending to about two-thirds of the length of the seg-

ments.

What I think is probably a variety of this species has

the posterior coxe black.

PIMPLIDES.

Lissonota flavo-picta.

Length 4—5 lines; of the ovipositor 6 lines. Ferru-

ginous, the head and thorax spotted with yellow. Head,

the orbits of the eyes, the clypeus and the mandibles yel-

low, the latter black at their tips. The mesothorax with

two narrow longitudinal lines which widen anteriorly into

an angulated shape, the prothorax with two longitudinal

stripes at the sides, an oblong broad stripe beneath the

wings and all the coxe above, yellow; the scutellum, post-

scutellum, a minute spot on each side of the metathorax

above, another in the middle of its posterior margin, and

a broad stripe on its sides, yellow; the metathorax trans-

versely finely aciculate ; wings hyaline, the stigma ferru-

ginous. Abdomen smooth and shining.

The male is smaller, usually three and a half lines

long, is coloured like the female, but has the face entirely

yellow.

Lissonota albo-picta.

Length 3—4 lines. Ferruginous, with the head black.

The head with the orbits of the eyes white; the mandibles

white at their base. Thorax: a central longitudinal black

line on the mesothorax, and a narrow interrupted white

one on each side of it, which expands anteriorly into a sub-

triangular shape; a large ovate spot beneath the wings,

and two or three small ones before it, two being on the

of Hymenopterous Insects of New Zealand. 5

sides of the prothorax, an oblong spot, at the side of the

metathorax and the scutellum, white; the metathorax

finely wrinkled transversely ; wings hyaline and brightly

iridescent; the stigma and nervures black; the two apical

joints of the tarsi black. Abdomen clavate, with the apical

joints fuscous.

The female is not known, the male resembles that of

L. flavo-picta, but is certainly a distinct species.

BRACONID 2.

RHOGADIDES.

Rhogas penetrator.

Female.—Lenegth 3 lines. Black, with the anterior

and intermediate legs pale testaceous yellow. The an-

tenn as long as the body ; the front and the mandibles

obscurely ferruginous, as is also the thorax above; the

three longitudinal lobes of the mesothorax black; the

scutellum and greater portion of the metathorax also black,

the apex of the latter ferruginous; the metathorax rugose ;

wings hyaline and iridescent, the nervures and stigma

black; the anterior and intermediate legs with the coxee

black, and also the claw-joint of the tarsi; the posterior

coxee very large, and transversely rugose. Abdomen

smooth and shining; the ovipositor about as long as the

insect.

Fam. PROCTOTRUPID 2.

Proctotrupes intrudens.

Female.—Length 24 lines. Black, with the legs fer-

ruginous, the apical joints of the tarsi fuscous. The

mesothorax smooth and shining, as is also the scutellum;

the metathorax coarsely rugose, and having at its base,

in the middle, a deep longitudinal channel, which extends

to half its length; at the commencement of the channel,

on each side, a deep fossulet; the coxz more or less

fuscous or black. Abdomen very smooth and shining;

in some examples the apex rufo-piceous.

Var. the scape of the antennz rufo-piceous.

In some specimens a fine silky down is observable on

the mesothorax.

This species was found among a collection of Coleop-

tera, made by Mr. Wakefield in the Canterbury district.

6 Mr. F. Smith’s descriptions of new species

Spilomicrus quadriceps.

Length 11 lines. Head and thorax shining and nigro-

eneous; abdomen black. Head quadrate, punctured,

most closely so at the sides of the vertex. Thorax punc-

tured, and with a suture crossing between the tegule ;

an impressed curved line runs from the suture on each

side, diverging outwardly to the anterior margin of the

mesothorax; a shorter line running between it and the

tegule; the scutellum punctured; the metathorax pubes-

cent, and having a deep central longitudinal depression;

posteriorly emarginate, the angles of the emargination

produced and acute; wings pale, fulvo-hyaline and iri-

descent; the stigma black, the nervures at the base pale

testaceous; legs black, with the base and apex of the

joints ferruginous. Abdomen black, smooth, shining and

impunctate; the petiole with two longitudinal impressed

lines.

Fam. FORMICID.

Formica Zealandica.

Female.—Length 23 lines. The abdomen black, the

head and thorax blackish-brown, covered with a fine cine-

reous pile, which is most dense on the abdomen; the man-

dibles, the scape of the antenne and the flagellum at their

base and apex pale rufo-testaceous. Thorax ovate, smooth

and shining; the metathorax obliquely truncate; the

femora rufo-fuscous, with their apex, the tibiz and tarsi

pale rufo-testaceous; the tibize usually more or less fus-

cous in the middle. Abdomen ovate, shining, and with

the margins of the segments very narrowly testaceous ;

the scape of the petiole ovate and emarginate above.

Fam. POMPILID ZE.

Priocnemts nitidiventris.

Female.—Length 43 lines. Jet black; the abdomen

smooth, shining and impunctate. The head very finely

and closely punctured, with larger shallow punctures

thinly interspersed; a little cinereous pubescence on the

sides of the face below the antenne; the anterior margin

of the clypeus rounded; the tips of the mandibles ferru-

eimous. The thorax very delicately punctured ; the legs,

with the spines at the apex of the tibie, black, and the

of Hymenopterous Insects of New Zealand. G

tips of the claws of the tarsi rufo-piceous; the wings hya-

line, the nervures black. Abdomen smooth and shining,

with the apical segment, except its extreme base, finely

rugose and opaque.

Fam. CRABRONID.

Rhopalum albipes.

Male.—Length 44 lines. Black; with the posterior

tarsi white. Head subquadrate, a little wider than the

thorax, and slightly shming; the clypeus with silvery-

white pubescence; the scape of the antenn yellow in

front ; an impressed line runs from the anterior ocellus to

the insertion of the antennze. Thorax slightly shining ;

the scutellum, and the enclosed space at the base of the

metathorax, very finely punctured, the latter with a

central impressed line, which unites with a deep fossulet

that extends to the apex of the metathorax, the sides of

which have a little thin white pubescence; the tubercles

yellow; the wings hyaline, the nervures testaceous, with

the costal and the stigma brownish-black; the tips of the

anterior and intermediate femora, the tibiz and tarsi pale

rufo-testaceous, the tibize with a dark stain in the middle;

the claw-joint of all the tarsi rufo-piceous; the posterior

tibize clavate, white at their base, as well as the second,

third and fourth joint of the tarsi. Abdomen smooth and

shining; the petiole clavate.

Fam. ANDRENID.

Dasycolletes hirtipes.

Female.—Length 5 lines. Black; the pubescence

fulvous. The front with long dense pubescence, that on

the cheeks pale fulvous. The mesothorax shining, thinly

pubescent and not very closely punctured ; the pubescence

more dense on the scutellum and metathorax; the wings

hyaline and iridescent ; the legs with fulvous pubescence,

the posterior tibiz with a dense scopa, and also a floccus

on the trochanters ; the apical joints of the tarsi rufo-testa-

ceous. Abdomen shining and impunctate; the apical

margins of the segments slightly testaceous; the fifth

segment with a fimbria of bright fulvous pubescence ; the

apical segment, with an opaque naked space, the sides

pubescent.

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Il. Descriptions of etght new species, and a new genus

of Cossonides from New Zealand. By D. SHarp.

[Read December 5th, 1877. ]

In this paper I have drawn up short descriptions of eight

new species of Cossonides from New Zealand; they are

all from the province of Auckland, and are due to the

researches of Captain Thos. Broun and Mr. Thos. Law-

son. They offer another proof of the excessive difficulty

that exists in dealing satisfactorily with genera in face of

our present very limited knowledge of the existing species

of Coleoptera. Being anxious to avoid making new

generic names, I have allowed myself to do so for one

only of the eight species, Entium aberrans, a minute and

feeble Cossonid, to be placed probably near Pentarthrum

and Sericotrogus in Mr. Wollaston’s arrangement, but

differing from those insects by the approximate anterior

cox and feeble tibial hooks. The remarkable Pentar-

thrum Wollastonianum, and its ally Pentarthrum debile,

might, perhaps, with advantage have been treated asa dis-

tinct genus differentiated from Pentarthrum by the form

of the head, the eyes being remote from the neck ; in that

case the closely-allied Hawaian Pentarthrum prolizum

must have been associated with them. In the case of

Sericotrogus simulans and Sericotrogus setiger, the

characters I have pointed out might be considered to call

for the establishment of two new genera; but as I feel

sure that our knowledge of the New Zealand Cossonides

is yet quite in its early stages, and as I fancy that any

competent entomologist, having these two species before

him, would @ priori "have suggested to him a relationship

with Sericotrog gus subenescens, I have left them with that

species under the one generic name.

Pentarthrum Wollastonianum, n. sp. Perelongatum,

angustum, subdepressum, subnitidum, subtiliter punctatum,

piceo-ferrugineum ; oculis a collo remotis; prothorace sat

elongato, antrorsum fortiter angustato, ad marginem

anteriorem levissime constricto, crebre subtiliter punctato,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 18/8.—PART I. (APR.)

10 Mr. D. Sharp’s descriptions of erght new species

dorso plano; elytris valde elongatis, subtiliter seriatim

punctatis, et transversim rugulosis, apice extremo_brevis-

sime setigero. Long. exc. rost. 33—4} mm., lat. vix

1 mm.

Mas., capite rostroque dilatatis.

Fem., capite rostroque gracilibus.

In this species the head and rostrum of the male are

very thick, and are rather closely and evenly punctured ;

the rostrum is dilated at the extremity, and only a little

longer than the head; in the female the rostrum is rather

slender, and is twice as long as the head; in each sex the

antennz are inserted near the eyes, so that in the female

the portion of the rostrum in front of the point of insertion

is three or four times as long as the part between the im-

sertion and the eyes; the 2nd joint of the funiculus is not

at all longer than the following ones; the thorax is very

little contracted at the base; the sculpture of the elytra is

peculiar, consisting of fine series intermediate between

punctures and striz, with distinct transverse ruge. The

development of the head and rostrum in the male sex

varies much, so that in some individuals it is not much

thicker than in the female.

I have named this very remarkable species in honour of

the able author of the paper, ‘‘ On the4zenera of Cosso-

nide,” published by the Entomological Society of London

four years ago. A large colony of the species seems to

have been discovered recently by Mr. Thos. Lawson at

Auckland.

Pentarthrum debile,n. sp. Elongatum, angustum, sub-

depressum, nitidum, ferrugineum ; oculis a collo remotis ;

prothorace minus elongato, antrorsum fortiter angustato,

ad marginem anteriorem leviter constricto, crebre, fortiter

punctato; elytris sat fortiter punctato-striatis, apice brevis-

sime setigero. Ijong. 23 mm.

This little species in all its characters closely approaches

the Pentarthrum Wollastonianum, but it is very much

smaller, and the sculpture of the thorax and elytra is

coarser, the latter being, however, nearly destitute of

transverse rugee; the form of the head and rostrum is

similar in the two species, but in the male of P. debile,

the incrassation of these parts does not attain such an

extreme point as it does in P. Wollastonianum. The

point of insertion of the antenns is not so near the eye

and a new genus of Cossonides. 11

in P. debile, it being in the male just about the middle of

the rostrum, in the female a little behind it.

For this species I am also indebted to Mr. R. Lawson,

who recently received it from his brother, with the

P. Wollastonianum.

Pentarthrum parvicorne, n. sp. Brevius, subdepressum,

sat nitidum, ferrugineum, fortiter punctatum ; prothorace

elongato, antrorsum fortiter angustato, pone marginem

anteriorem leviter constricto, lateribus versus basin evi-

denter rotundatis et angustatis, crebrius fortiter punctato;

elytris sat fortiter striato-punctatis, interstitiis punctulatis.

Long. 2 mm.

In this species the eyes are prominent and quite near

the neck; the 2nd joint of the funiculus is not longer

than the following ones, the 3rd tarsal joint is distinctly

larger than the 2nd and bilobed, though the lobes are not

large ; the sculpture of the elytra takes the form of series

of rather coarse punctures which are somewhat depressed,

so that the elytra might almost be said to be striate, the

interstices appear a little rough, and on examination with

a very gv od glass are seen to bear excessively short indis-

tinct s*.e; all the portion of the rostrum in front of

the | .ntennal insertion is broader than the posterior por-

tio’, and the antenne are inserted about the middle.

T’e rostrum is thick especially in the male, and in that

scx it is opaque; in the female it is rather longer, more

slender and more shining, and is nearly as long as the

thorax behind the constriction.

Auckland; the male sent by Captain Broun, the female

by Mr. R. Lawson.

Pentarthrum remotum, n. sp. Brevius, robustulum,

subdepressum, sat nitidum rufo-piceum, antennis clava

elongata, nigra; prothorace lateribus rotundatis, antror-

sum angustato, pone marginem anteriorem depresso,

crebrius fortiter punctato, dorso subdepresso, medio ad

basin subfoveolato; elytris prothorace paulo latioribus,

fortiter punctato striatis. Long. 2—2}mm.

This little species is easily recognizable by the club of

the antenne, which is elongate, so that it quite equals in

length all the rest of the funiculus, and it is also darker

in colour than the other joints, and entirely covered

with fine pubescence. In each sex the rostrum is rather

12. Mr. D. Sharp’s descriptions of eight new species

shining; in the male it is very broad; in the female it is a

good deal more slender, though still rather stout ; in each

sex the point of insertion of the antennez is a little before

the middle; the 2nd joint of the funiculus is quite small.

This species was sent me by Captain Broun, from

Tairua, as No. 324.

Pentarthrum brevirostre, n. sp. Brevius, robustulum,

minus depressum, fortiter punctatum; rostro brevi, crasso,

parallelo, opaco; prothorace elongato, lateribus rotundatis,

antrorsum angustato, pone marginem anteriorem depresso,

dense, fortiter, profundeque punctato, subopaco; elytris

sat nitidis, prothoracis latitudine, profundius striatis, striis

sat distincte punctatis. Long. 21 mm.

In this species the club of the antenne is short, stout,

and abruptly marked off, and is either circular or oval

according as it is viewed from above or from one side;

the 2nd joint of the funiculus scarcely differs from the

following ones. I do not know the sex of the individuals

before me, but probably they are males,

I have recently received a pair of this species from

Captain Broun, as No. 43, accompanied by the informa-

tion that they were cut out of a log at Whangarei.

Entium aberrans, n. sp. Perdebile, angustum, sub-

cylindricum, sat nitidum, rufescens, setis tenuissimis, sat

elongatis vestitis ; prothorace angustulo, eylindrico, fortiter

crebre punctato, medio longitudinaliter angustissime Im-

punctato; elytris fortiter seriatim punctatis ; metasterno

elongato. Long. 14 mm. lat. } mm.

The rostrum is more than half as long as the thorax, it

is rather fine and indistinctly punctured, and like the rest

of the upper surface bears fine hairs. The eyes are rather

small, oval, and have their greatest length in the longi-

tudinal direction. The thorax is narrow and cylindric,

being only very little narrowed in front, and scarcely at

all constricted or depressed there, it is coarsely and rather

closely punctured, but the punctures become more sparing

towards the middle, so that they almost leave a smooth

space along the middle line. Elytra elongate and slender,

but distinctly broader than the thorax, not at all striate,

but with very regular rows of coarse punctures, which at

the apex, however, become fine and indistinct. Under

surface sparingly punctured and shining, its sete exces~

sively short.

and a new genus of Cossonides. 13

I have (as remarked above) given a new generic name

to this species; its chief structural characters are as

follows. Body clothed with fine hairs; rostrum stout,

moderately long, subcylindric; eyes moderately developed;

funiculus of antennz composed of five joints, all of which,

except the basal one, are small and slender; the 2nd, how-

ever, being a little longer than the following ones; Insertion

of antennz near middle of rostrum. Scutellum small but

distinct. Front coxee only very narrowly separated, but

middle and hind ones broadly distant. Metasternum very

elongate: lst and 2nd ventral segments elongate. Legs

feeble, with slender feeble, linear tibix, whose apical uncus

is very small. Tarsi small, 4-jointed, Ist and 2nd joints

small and short, 3rd rather larger, with slender and short

lobes.

Sericotrogus simulans, n. sp. Debilis, angustus, minus

elongatus, subtus nigricans, supra pube, depressa, elongata,

vestitus, rufo- obscurus, antennis testaceis clava picea, pedi-

bus rufis, femoribus obscurioribus; rostro nitido, subtiliter

punctato; prothorace lateribus rotundatis, antrorsum

angustato, pone marginem anteriorem leviter depresso,

opaco, dense fortiterque sed parum profunde punctato,

medio versus basin indistincte depresso; elytris minus

profunde striatis, striis fortiter punctatis, interstitio 2° ad

apicem paululum acute elevato; corpore subtus sat fortiter

punctato; coxis anterioribus valde distantibus. Long.

13mm.

This species on account of its colour, sculpture and

pubescence, bears a superficial resemblance to Sericotrogus

subenescens ; but it is really extremely distinct therefrom,

the rostrum is shining and but little punctate, and differs

in structure from that of S. swhenescens, its basal part

being much more constricted; it has also the front cox

much more widely separated.

I have seen but a single individual, which I had formerly

put aside as a very small variety of S. suhenescens. The

specimen is from Auckland, and was sent either by

Captain Broun or Mr. Lawson; probably by the former.

Sericotrogus setiger, n.sp. Gracilis, elongatus, angus-

tus, fusco-rufus, per-opacus, setis robustis, depressis, flavi is,

conspicue vestitus, antennis pedibusque rufis ; prothorace,

elongato, cylindrico, sed in medio dilatato, pone marginem

anteriorem fortiter constricto, obsolete punctato, dorso de-

14 Mr. D. Sharp’s descriptions of new species, &c.

planato; elytris elongatis, minus argute punctato-striatis ;

corpore subtus fortiter punctato. Long. 24 mm.

This peculiar species at first sight reminds one of a

Styphlus or Orthochetes ; 1t departs structurally in several

respects from Sericotrogus subenescens, but may be at

present arranged in the same genus with that species ; it

is of more slender and depressed form; has the rostrum

more slender and the head is very much smaller, so that the

smooth neck is continued forwards almost directly as the

rostrum ; the antennz are more slender, the joints before

the club being bead-like instead of transverse; the lobes

of the 3rd tarsal joint are remarkably largely developed

and distinct; and the hind cox are rather more distant ;

m Sericotrogus subenescens the antennal scrobes are re-

markably well developed, and are continued backwards,

passing to the under surface of the rostrum, while in Ser7-

cotrogus setiger they are quite small and indistinct.

I received a specimen of this species a few months ago

from Captain Broun; it was found by him at Tairua and

labelled 308. A second individual sent by Captain Broun

at the same time, and with the same number, belongs

doubtfully to this species; it 1s more rufescent in colour,

and has the sete of the upper surface less developed, and

shows also other slight differences in sculpture and struc-

ture.

( 15)

III. Descriptions of some new species and a new genus

of Rhyncophorous Coleoptera, from the Ha-

waitan Islands. By D. Suarp,

[Read December 5th, 1877. ]

THE insects described in this Paper are all due to the in-

defatigable efforts of the Rev. T. Blackburn, who is at

present residing in Honolulu, and is, as far as he can find

leisure, bent on ascertaining as thoroughly as possible the

nature and extent of the insect fauna of the group of

Sandwich Islands.

The Polynesian Islands have been hitherto considered

to harbour but very few species of Coleoptera, and it

remains to be seen to what extent Mr. Blackburn’s

investigations will confirm the reports of former observers.

It may be said, however, already, that the poverty of

these Islands in Co oleoptera is not yet to be accepted.

F airmaire, in his Memoir on the Coleoptera of Polynesia,

published in 1849, was only able to report 140 species of

the family from the whole of the Polynesian Islands, and

thought that this number would not be readily increased,

for M. Vesco, so he informs us, required several years of

research in Tahiti before he could discover 100 species,

while Mr. Blackburn has been able, I believe, to amass

between two and three hundred species during two seasons

collecting in the Island of Oahu. Mr. Blackburn, in the

letters I have received from him several times, alludes to

the peculiar poverty of specimens of Coleoptera. Again

and again he has visited a spot where he had formerly

found an individual of some species he desired, without

being able to discover a second example, so that of the

greater part of the species he has discovered he finds it

extremely difficult to accumulate anything approaching to

a series of individuals. This fact is quite in accordance

with the observations of such collectors as have visited.

these islands; it may, perhaps, be ultimately discovered

that the insect inhabitants of this spot having been neces-

sarily confined during a very long period to one small

area, have become less fertile than is the case in localities

where the obstacles to a considerable change of locality

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART I. (APR.)

16 Mr. D. Sharp’s descriptions of some new species

are less insuperable; whether there will ultimately prove

to be any truth in this supposed correlation between

paucity of individuals of a species and small area of

distribution, remains to be seen; at any rate it seems

a priort certain that the probability of breeding between

individuals with but small previous kinship must be

lessened in a ratio with the diminished area of distribution.

The six species for which I have established the genus

Proterhinus are of a very interesting nature, though they

consist only of insects of small size: they appear to me,

as will be seen from the remarks I have made below, to

point out that the position of the anomalous Aglycyderide,

should be at the head of the Rhyncophorous series of

Coleoptera, supposing the arrangement of Dr. Leconte to

be a valid one; and though my very limited knowledge

of the Rhyncophor a scarcely justifies me in expressing an

opinion, it seems to me that the system of this esteemed

American entomologist is very far in advance, and that in

the right direction, of any that has been hitherto proposed

for this most extensive assemblage of beetles.

Besides the Proterhini, I have described ten species

belonging to the family Cossonides ; and as regards these

I wish to say that I have not felt called upon to discuss

the species of the family previously described from this

locality, and for this reason, that I think Mr. Blackburn

will be able to discover numerous other species of the

family, so that a monograph, or anything like it, had better

be deferred for the present, All I need say is, that I

think I am justified in considering all these ten species as

previously undescribed.

The interesting but very complicated question of the

affinities of the Coleopterous fauna of these islands is a

point on which I had better defer comment till my know-

ledge of the species is more complete.

Proterhinus vestitus, n.sp. Fusco-rufus, setis depressis,

aliisque erectis vestitus, antennis tibiisque rufis; protho-

race antrorsum constricto, basin versus angustato, dorso

inequali, fortiter punctato, opaco; elytris “rufescentibus,

plus minusve distincte nigro-signatis, squamulis depressis

plagiatim vestitis, fortiter sed parum conspicue punctatis,

humeris acutis. Long. 2—3 mm.

Antenne red, about as long as head and thorax, rather

slender; Ist and 2nd joints thick, 3rd slender, a good

deal longer than the 2ud, the 9th joint evidently a little

and a new genus of Rhyncophorous Coleoptera. 17

stouter than the 8th, so as to be intermediate in thickness

between it and the 10th. Thorax about as long as broad,

the front part constricted, the sides behind the constriction

curved and much narrowed towards the base; the surface

is coarsely punctured and sparingly clothed ‘with yellow,

short sete; it shows some depressions, which are, however,

rather ill- denned and variable, the most distinct and con-

stant being one near the front, in the middle. Elytra

rather short, reddish, with some irregular black marks,

the most distinct of which form a patchy band across the

middle; they are clothed with patches of pale setiform

scales, and are rather coarsely but somewhat indistinctly

punctured, the punctures being scarcely placed in rows:

the base is emarginate, so that the shoulders are promi-

nent and acute, and quite disengaged from the base of the

thorax: the surface shows, besides the patches of scales,

scattered erect sete. The legs are reddish, with the

thicker part of the femora nearly black. The under sur-

face is rough on the front parts; the basal ventral seg-

ment is coarsely and distinctly punctured, the other four

segments are nearly impunctate.

‘Found on a species of Hybiscus, and also on the candle-

nut tree.

Proterhinus Blackburni, n. sp. Rufescens fere con-

color, setis elongatis, erectis conspicue vestitus, fortiter

rugoso-punctatus, opacus; elytrorum humeris prominulis;

antennis articulo 2° quam tertio crassiore et paulo lon-

giore; femoribus minus clavatis. Long. 1}—2} mm.

First and second joints of antenne only moderately

stout ; 2nd, intermediate in thickness between the lst and

3rd, and slightly longer than the latter. Thorax a good

deal narrower than the elytra, very coarsely punctured,

and bearing erect setee, which render its outline and sur-

face indistinct. LElytra rugose, with fine erect acute sete.

Legs of an uniform red colour,

This species is readily distinguished from P. vestitus

by the different basal joints of the antennze, as well as by

the slighter characters of colour, sculpture and clothing.

I have much pleasure in complimenting Mr. Blackburn,

by giving this species his name.

Proterhinus simplex, n.sp. Minus robustus, rufescens,

antrorsum obscuriore, antennis nigris basi rufo; protho-

race lateribus curvatis, antrorsum hand vel v1x Conchrictos

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART I. (APR.) Cc

18 Mr. D. Sharp’s descriptions of some new species

dense punctato, sparsim aureo-squamuloso; elytris thorace

vix latioribus, fusco-rufoque subvariegatis, crebre pro-

fundeque punctatis, irregulariter aureo-squamulosis, bre-

viterque setosis; humeris acutis sed minus prominulis.

Long. 2mm. Lat. ? mm.

I have seen only two immature individuals of this

species, which were considered by Mr. Blackburn to be

maie and female, but they appear to me to be both

females, the head being in both individuals without a

beak. The species is at any rate distinct from any of

the others here described, even if the sexual distinctions

of the head prove to be the same as in the other species.

The antennz are elongate and black, but with the basal

joimts reddish; the 1st joint is rather stout, the 2nd

moderately stout, and hardly so long as the 3rd; the 9th

is distinctly larger than the 8th. The thorax is about

as broad as the elytra, the sides much curved and a good

deal narrowed towards the front, but without distinct con-

striction; the surface is densely and coarsely punctured,

only indistinctly impressed towards the front, and with

only very short depressed scales. The elytra are coarsely

and distinctly punctured, clothed in an irregular manner

with golden scales, and with very short erect white setz.

t=) d

The legs are uniform red: the femora not very thick.

Proterhinus obscurus, n. sp. Minus robustus, fusco-

rufus, antennis obscuris, indistincte punctatus, griseo-

vestitus, brevissime setulosus; prothorace equali lateribus

valde curvatis, haud sinuatis; elytris thorace vix latioribus,

humeris nullo modo prominulis. Long. 2 mm.

Antenne moderately long, obscure or blackish-red in

colour, 3rd joint distinctly longer than 2nd. Thorax

very dull, very densely and indistinctly punctured, greatly

rounded at the sides, clothed rather sparingly with very

short depressed pale scales. Elytra rather slender and

with the humeral angles quite indistinct; they are coarsely

and deeply but not distinctly punctured, clothed with

pale scales, and with very short white sete: the legs are

reddish, with the femora somewhat obscure. I have seen

only one individual which is a male, and is distinguished

from the P. simplex by its more sordid colour and cloth-

ing, and the less distinct humeral angles of the elytra.

Proterhinus oscillans, n. sp. Minus elongatus et

and a new genus of Rhyncophorous Coleoptera. 19

parallelus, rufus, antennarum clava obscuriore, irrecu-

lariter pallido-squamosus, breviter setulosus; prothorace

medio dilatato, dense indistincteque punctato; elytris

minus elongatis, thorace latioribus, fortiter punctatis,

humeris nullo modo prominulis. Long. 1¢ mm.

The antenne are moderately long, the lst and 2nd

joints moderately stout, the 3rd longer than the 2nd.

The thorax has the surface nearly even, indistinctly punc-

tured, and with very short depressed whitish-yellow

scales; it is much narrowed both in front and behind.

The elytra are not elongate; they are slightly rounded at

the sides and narrowed towards the shoulders, which are

not in the least acute or prominent; they are of a reddish

colour, indefinitely marked with darker, and are coarsely

though not distinctly punctured, and bear pale scales or

depressed setae, and short erect white setw. The legs are

concolorous red, and are rather thick and conspicuously

setose.

The one individual I have seen is a male. The species

differs from Proterhinus obscurus by some differences of

colour, clothing and form; its less elongate elytra, and

the less evenly-curved sides of the thorax, render it pro-

bable that it is a distinct species.

Proterhinus debilis, n. sp. Angustulus, nigro-rufescens,

minus lete variegatus, antennis nigris, apice obsolete

clavatis; corpore setis depressis et “erectis irregulariter

vestito. Long. 1{—1% mm.

This is a small narrow species of dark colour, and dis-

tinguished from the allies here described by the structure

of the antennz, which are less elongate; they have the

Ist and 2nd joints thick, the 2nd being quite like a bead,

about as long as broad, the 3rd is rather more elongate

than the 2nd, the 9th is scarcely different from the ‘sth,

the 10th and the 11th are a little thicker; the thorax and

elytra do not differ in any very conspicuous manner from

the same parts in P. obscurus. I have seen one male and

one female of this species.

Some of the species I have above attempted to describe

I have not found very easy to distinguish from one

another by characters easily conveyed by a description.

P. vestitus is the largest species, with the most variegated

colours, and is readily to be identified by the more uneven

surface of the thorax, and by its peculiar abrupt con-

20 Mr. D. Sharp’s descriptions of some new species

striction at the front part. P. Blackburni is readily dis-

tinguishable by the very long and conspicuous slender

setee, by its more coarsely-sculptured surface, which is

nearly free from scales, and by fs feebler tarsi. It is the

species which departs least widely from <Aglycyderes.

P. debilis is quite distinct by the last three joints of the

antennee being less developed than in the other species.

The remaining three species are not so easy to distinguish

by strongly-marked characters ; though I ‘have seen Y only

one or two individuals of each, T expect that P. oscillans

will be distinguished by its shorter elytra, the humeral

angles of which are not in the least acute or well marked.

P. obscurus and P. simplex are much more similar, but

the latter seems to have the apical joints of the antennze

more developed. As, however, I have only seen the

female of the one and the male of the other of these two

species, their more certain distinction must be left for

future observation.

I now come to the more important question of the

structural characters of these little insects; these prove to

be very remarkable, and have necessitated the creation of

a new collective name for the species. They are, briefly,

as follows :—

Antenne 11-jointed, not geniculate, the lst and 2nd

joints thicker than the following ones, the 10th and 11th

elongate, and separate, slightly broader than the preceding

ones. Head narrow, in the female slightly prolonged in

front, in the male furnished with a shming beak, which is

want as long as the head, and considerably narrower than

it, without oular sutures ; antenn inserted at the sides,

close to the eyes, in an ill-defined groove. Eyes small,

but very prominent, coarsely facetted ; parts of the mouth

minute, and not visible externally, being concealed beneath

by a horny plate, which fills up the little cavity at the

apex of the beak. Anterior coxee minute, globose, en-

tirely embedded in the thorax at a distance from the a

margin, and widely separated from one another; prothorax

without visible sutures, except that there are traces of a

transverse one between the front coxe. Middle coxe

minute, globose and deeply embedded, widely separated ;

sutures between the pieces of the mesothorax and meta-

thorax not visible. Metasternum very short; hind coxe

small, oval, deeply embedded, very widely separated.

Hind body with five ventral segments, the Ist elongate,

2nd, 3rd and 4th subequal, rather short, separated by deep

and a new genus of hyncophorous Coleoptera. 21

sutures, 5th about twice as long as the 4th. LElytra

soldered together, without epipleure, and without fold on

their inner face. Dorsal segments of hind body, except

the last one, formed of excessively fine membrane, so

that their number is difficult to distinguish; the apical

one placed under elytra, obliquely perpendicular in posi-

tion, without groove or mark at the base. Legs robust,

moderately lone ; tibia without apical spurs; tarsi 3-

jointed, the basal joint very short, the 2nd joint very

large, consisting of two broad lobes which are very pubes-

cent beneath; the 3rd joint stout, moderately long, termi-

nated by two separate, rather stout, simple claws.

These characters show a relationship with Aglycyderes

of Westwood and Wollaston, one of the most: anomalous

of the Coleoptera. The chief points in which the insects

I am at present considering depart from Aglycyderes are,

the narrow head, which in one sex is pretest. in front so

as to form a distinct beak, and the large development of

the lobes of the second tarsal joint. The tarsi in Ag glycy-

deres are said to be 4-jointed, but the joimt mtervening

between the 2nd and 4th is so minute, that it should not

be counted unless the Zetramera are considered to have

5-jointed tarsi.

I recently ina a species of Aglycyderes from

New Zealand (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., July, 1876,

p- 28), and made some remarks on its position amongst

the Coleoptera, suggesting that it might be placed as an

aberrant member of the family Colydiide; since then,

however, I have made some fresh investigations in con-

nection with the peculiarities of the insects I am here

treating of, and have felt compelled to change my opinion

and adopt pretty nearly that of Mr. Wollaston, viz., that

a separate family must be formed for Aglycyderes, and I

have no doubt that Proterhinus may be correctly placed

with it. The position of the family, however, is a point

of still greater difficulty. Mr. Wollaston suggested an

approximation to Anthribide, but Proter hinus tends

rather to diminish than increase this affinity.

If Dr. Leconte’s definition of the Rhyncophora as a _

series, distinguished from all other Coleoptera by the

coalescence of * the posterior lateral portions of the head

and prothorax on the median line of the under surface of

the body so as to unite by a single suture” be accepted,

there can, I think, be little doubt that the Aglycyderide

must ania that ee But in that case it must be con-

22. Mr. D. Sharp’s descriptions of some new species

sidered an entirely isolated group, and should be placed

at the commencement of the Rhyncophora, being widely

distinguished from Leconte’s series Haplo gastra by the

minute, embedded and globose front cox, by the more

rudimentary trophi, and by the subtetramerous tarsi.

Though the two species of Aglycyderes would not, from

their facies at first sight, suggest a proximity with Rhino-

maceride asa natural position for the family, this difficulty

is removed by an inspection of the male of Proterhinus,

which has, perhaps, more the appearance of a Rhinomacer

than of any other insect.

Dryophthorus squalidus, n. sp. Piceus, vel fusco-

niger, opacus; prothorace subconico, antrorsum leviter

constricto, equali, dense fortiterque punctato; elytris sat

elongatis, subparallelis, thorace paululum latioribus, sat

profunde striatis vel sulcatis, stris fortiter punctatis, in-

terstitiis sequalibus, planis, haud velutinis, 6° ad apicem

sat carinato-elevato; metasterno elongato. Long. 3}—

4} mm. (exc. rost.)

In the male the rostrum is punctured and opaque till

just before the apex, where there is left a transverse smooth

space; in the female the rostrum is longer, and all the

portion of it in front of the insertion of the antennz is

smooth.

The species is a good deal larger than the European

Dryophthorus lymex -ylon, and the thorax is broader, with

a much less distinct constriction in front: the sculpture j 1s

very similar, except that the interstices are broader in

D. squalidus.

Mr. Blackburn says this is the commonest species in

Oahu, and occurs at a lower elevation than most of the

others.

Dryophthorus gravidus, n. sp. Robustus, niger, vel

piceus, opacus; prothorace antrorsum angustato, lateribus

rotundatis, antrorsum leviter constricto, dense grosseque

punctato, equali; coleopteris latis, haud elongatis, pro-

thorace evidenter latioribus, grosse seriato-punctatis, inter-

stitiis ad basin nullo modo elevatis, ad apicem declivam

evidenter (preesertim secundo) carinatis, 6° versus apicem

carinato-elevato ; metasterno haud elongato. Long. 5—

Oo; mm.

I have seen four specimens of this species; its very

and a new genus of Rhyncophorous Coleoptera. 23

robust build, and large size, and the rows of very coarse

punctures on the elytra, the interstices of which, on the

basal portion, are not in the least elevated, will readily

distinguish it. The sexual differences are much the same

as in Dryophthorus squalidus.

Dryophthorus crassus,n. sp. Robustus, piceus, opacus ;

prothorace antrorsum angustato, lateribus rotundatis, an-

trorsum sat constricto, fortiter punctato, eequali; coleopteris

latis, haud elongatis, prothorace latioribus, minus pro-

funde sulcatis, sulcis fortiter crenato-punctatis, interstitiis

paululum elevatis, lutosis, latis, 6° versus apicem acute

carinato - elevato ; metasterno haud elongato. Long.

43—53 mm.

This species, on account of its large size and heavy

form, resembles Dryophthorus gravidus, but the difter-

ence in the sculpture of the elytra renders the two species

quite easy to distinguish. I have seen a single pair, the

sexual distinctions being the same as in the preceding

species.

Dryophthorus declivis, n. sp. Piceus, opacus; pro-

thorace antrorsum fortiter constricto, lateribus minus

rotundatis, dense fortiter punctato, ineequali; coleopteris

haud latis, sed prothorace evidenter latioribus, versus

apicem planato-declivis, fortiter seriato-punctatis, imter-

stitlis 2°, 4°, 6°que elevatis, 6° versus apicem alte carinato;

rostro ad apicem fortius bidentato. Long. 33 mm.

Rare; I have seen only two males; they have the ros-

trum very rugose except just at the tip. The form of the

apical portion of the elytra reminds one somewhat of the

Tomicides ; both the fourth and sixth interstices coalesce,

to form the acutely-raised apical margin.

Dryophthorus modestus, n. sp. Subgracilis, nigricans,

opacus; prothorace subcylindrico, antrorsum evidenter

constricto, dense fortiterque punctato, disco vix inzequali ;

elytris haud elongatis, prothorace paululum latioribus,

evidenter sulcatis, sulcis sat fortiter crenato-punctatis, .

interstitiis latis, equalibus, minus elevatis ; margine apicali

sat elevato, cum interstitio quarto conjuncto. Long.

3 mm.

This species is just about the size of Dryophthorus

lymexylon ; the thorax is broader in comparison with the

elytra, and the interstices of the elytra are broader than

24 Mr. D. Sharp’s descriptions of some new species

in the European species. I have seen only males of this

species; according to Mr. Blackburn it is rare, and has

been found by him in the stems of a species of fern in

Oahu.

Note.—The sculpture of the species is very much

that of D. squalidus; but independently of its much

smaller size the present is readily distinguished therefrom

by the fact that the apical side margin of the elytra 1s

connected with the fourth interstice instead of the sixth.

Dryophthorus pusillus, n. sp. Subgracilis, nigro-

ferrugineus, opacus; prothorace subcylindrico, antrorsum

evidenter constricto, dense fortiterque punctato, disco vix

inequali; elytris haud elongatis, prothorace paululum

latioribus, sat profunde sulcatis, sulcis minus conspicue

crenato-punctatis, interstitiis vix latis, subaqualibus;

margine apicali fortiter elevato, cum interstitio quarto

conjuncto. Long. 23 mm.

This is the smallest Dryophthorus Mr. Blackburn has

yet brought to light; he informs me it is found in the

mountains of Oahu and is not common. I have seen

only two males. It has the eyes more reduced than is

the case with the other species here described; and may

also be readily distinguished from D. modestus by the

more acutely-elevated apical margin of the elytra.

Dryophthorus insignis, n. sp. | Fuscus, opacus, grosse

punctatus; rostro brevissime setuloso; prothorace antror-

sum profunde constricto, post constrictionem subquadrato ;

fortiter ruguloso-punctato, breviterque (ad marginem an-

teriorem dense) setuloso; coleopteris brevibus, latis, pro-

thorace evidenter latioribus, fortiter seriatim punctatis,

interstitiis 2°, 4°, 6° valde carinato-elevatis et dense setu-

losis, 2°, 4°, que pone basin fere interruptis, czeteris

omnino inconspicuis. Long. 3 mm.

This species is found in rotten wood at a considerable

elevation; it is so readily distinguished from the others

by its acutely-elevated alternate interstices of the elytra,

and by the almost total disappearance of the other inter-

stices, that it is not necessary here to allude more fully

to its other characters. I have received eight specimens

from Mr. Blackburn; in all of them the rostrum is rugose

and opaque till very near the tip; in some of them the

rostrum is a little more slender than in others; whether

and a new genus of Rhyncophorous Coleoptera. 25

these latter individuals are females, or whether I have

only males before me, I am unable to state with certainty.

Pentarthrum prolixum, n. sp. Perelongatum, depres-

sum, ferrugineum, nitidum; capite elongato anterius an-

gustato, oculis a collo remotis; prothorace antrorsum

fortiter angustato, post marginem anteriorem leviter con-

stricto, lateribus mox ante angulos posteriores rotundatis,

sat fortiter et crebre punctato, dorso plano vel obsolete

impresso; elytris elongatis, parallelis, vix striatis sed

regulariter seriatim punctatis. Long. exc. rost. 4—5 mm.

lat. vix 1 mm.

Mas., rostro breviore et crassiore, capite paulo longiore,

antennis paulo ante medium insertis; segmento ultimo

ventrali latius impresso.

Fem., rostro tenuiore capite duplo, longiore, antennis

longe ante medium insertis; segmento ultimo ventrali

fere plano.

The very elongate and depressed form of this Pent-

arthrum, and the form of the head and rostrum, ally it to

a group of species found in New Zealand, viz., P. Wol-

lastonianum and P. debile; the rostrum has a slight con-

striction between the eyes and the insertion of “the an-

tennze, and is a little dilated towards the apex; the series

of punctures form very regular, somewhat depressed rows

but can hardly be correctly said to be placed in strive:

these strie (if they may be so called) are not deeper at

the apex than elsewhere.

I have seen one male and two females of this species;

they were found in the stems of ferns. Mr. Blackburn

informs me that the female is not rare, but that he has

only found two individuals of the male, and that these

were not accompanied by any females; he was thus led to

suppose that what I have considered the sexes were dis-

tinct species, but I do not think such is the case.

Pentarthrum obscurum, n. sp. Angustulum, minus

depressum, piceum vel ferrugineum, nitidum, fortiter

punctatum; prothorace crebre fortiterque punctato, an=

trorsum fortiter angustato, pone apicem leviter constricto,

dorso haud depresso; elytris profundius striatis, striis

fortiter punctatis, versus apicem haud deletis. Long.

2% mm.

The antennz in this species are small, with the 2nd

26 Mr. D. Sharp’s descriptions of some new species, &§c.

joint of the funiculus not longer than the following ones ;

the eyes are contiguous with the neck; the punctures of

the elytra are very distinct and regular, the interstices

being narrow and without rugulosities ; the 3rd joint of

the tarsi is rather small and its lobes but little developed.

I have seen three individuals which, I expect, are all of

the male sex ; they have the rostrum minutely punctate,

almost simply cylindrical, moderately stout, rather more

than half as long as the thorax, and the antenne inserted

just before the middle.

Pentarthrum Blackburni, n. sp. Angustulum haud

depressum, subeylindricum, minus elongatum, rufo-

piceum, nitidum, ‘fortiter punctatum; prothorace conico-

cylindrico, pone marginem anteriorem levissime constricto,

crebre fortiter, profundeque punctato; elytris fere brevibus,

vix striatis, sed seriatim sat fortiter punctatis ; ; interstitiis

sparsim transverse rugulosis. Long. 23% mm.

This species is shorter than P. obscurum, and has the

elytra differently sculptured; and the 3rd joint of the

tarsi is still smaller, being only slightly different from the

2nd. The only individual I have seen I suspect to be a

male; it has the rostrum much as in P. obscurum, but

not quite so finely punctured.

( 27)

Ty: tk a of some Exotic Lamellicorn Beetles.

J. O. Westwoop, M.A., F.L.S., &c.

[Read November 7th, 1877.]

(Plates I. and II.)

Family CETONIIDA.

Subfamily TRICHIDES.

Genus CaLomMETorus, Blanchard.

Catal. de la Coll. Entomologique d. Mus. d’hist. nat.

Paris, t. 1. 1850, p. 43; Lacordaire, Hist. n. Col. ii.

p- 066.

Calometopus Nyasse. (PI. I. fig. 1.)

Fem.—Niger punctatus, capitis clypeo profunde inciso,

pronoto transverse- ovali, nigro, macula utrinque parva

luteo-setosa ad angulos anticos, alterisque duabus majori-

bus angulos posticos occupantibus ; elytris nigris, disco

irregulariter glauco, nigro parce punctaio, maculis duabus

fulvis ovalibus prope scutellum nigro lineatis; maculisque

duabus glaucis prope apicem; lateribus elytrorum sutu-

raque acute carinatis; segmentis detectis abdominis late-

raliter albo maculatis, propygidio lineis duabus transversis

albis; pygidio obscure rufo, opaco, macula cuneata apicali

albo-setosa; pedibus nigris; tibiis posticis apice digitatis:

corpore infra nigro, nitido; lateribus metasterni “et ab-

dominis parum vermiculatis ; setisque griseis parum ves-

titis, segmentis 2 et 3 ventralibus utrinque transversim

griseo subfasciatis.

(Marem non vidi.)

Long. corp. lin. 73.

Habitat Nyassa, Africze interioris. In Mus. Britann.

et Higgins.

Note.—The mandibles are entire at the tip, having a

short setose transverse tooth or spine near the base of the

inner margin (fig. la). The maxille are unarmed on

the inner margin, but are furnished with a long densely

hairy simple terminal lobe. The maxillary palpi were

wanting in the specimen examined (fig. 14). The men-

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART I. (APR.)

28 Prof. J. O. Westwood’s descriptions

tum is deeply notched in front, with the lateral lobes

rounded; it is very hairy, and the labial palpi (of which

the apical joint alone is visible from the outside) are

slender (fig. lc). The curious digitation of the posterior

tibize (whence the name of the genus) appears, from the

corrected description given by M. Lacordaire, to be con-

fined to the female sex. The genus is well characterized

by the small flat glabrous elytra, having the suture and

the lateral margins elevated into strong carine. The

following is the description given by Mr. Blanchard of the

type species of the genus :—

Calometopus senegalensis, Blanch. 1. e.

Niger, capite medio rufo, prothorace omnino rufo seu

obscure ; scuto (scutello ) rufo nigro-limbato; elytris fulvis,

margine externo nigro; sutura carinaque laterali elevatis,

pygidio nigro rugoso maculis fulvis binotato, abdomine

nigyro, maculis lateralibus albis; pedibus fulvis, tarsis tibia-

rumque apice nigris. Variat femina elytris fere omnino

nigris.

‘Long. 13—165 mill.

According to M. Lacordaire the elle is dull black

above, shining beneath, and the female fulvous, with the

forehead, the sides of the elytra beyond the middle, the

breast, abdomen and tarsi black; these colours possibly

being variable in both sexes. As the specimens which

I have seen from Nyassa are uniform in their colours,

I have not hesitated to consider them as forming a dis-

tinct species from the Senegal one.

Genus VALGUS, Scriba.

Valgus furcifer,n. sp.. (Pl. I. fig. 2.)

Niger punctatissimus luteo nigroque squamosus, pronoto

subquadrato, antice supra caput parum rotundato-producto,

angulis anticis lateralibus rotundatis, posticis extus parum

acute productis; disco in medio longitudinaliter paullo

canaliculato, tuberculisque duobus dorsalibus in medio

instructo, margine postico curvato et ad basin scutelli

rotundatim-producto: elytris latis subquadratis, lateribus

deflexis, dorso subplanis; basi fulvescentibus, singulo prope

scutellum nigro 4-striolato, striolis curvatis: fascia abbre-

viata transversa nigra pone apicem scutelli; dimidio postico

elytrorum lutescenti, fascia transversa pone medium nigra,

postice prope suturam extensa; plaga lutescente transverse-

ovata apicali in singulo elytro relicta, maculam nigram

of some Exotic Lamellicorn beetles. 29

includente ; propygidio obscure rufo in angulum acutum

extus utrinque producto, tuberculisque duobus nigro-seti-

geris in medio instructo, spatio triangulari luteo setoso

inter tubercula notato, pygidio etiam in “medio luteo-setosa

apiceque in processum furcatum terminato: pedibus longis

nigris; tibus anticis extus 3-dentatis, denticulisque uous

intermediis armatis ; corpore infra opecure nigro, subtiliter

punctato, squamulis obscure luteis parsim, metasterni

lateribus squamis fulvis densius vestitis.

Long. corp. lin. 5.

Habitat in Sumatra. In Mus. D. Higgins.

Subfamily GOLIATHIDES.

Genus Narycius, Dupont.

Sub-genus CyPHONOCEPHALUS, Westw. Arc. Ent. 1,

p- 1lo.

Type, C. smaragdulus, Westw. 1. c., pl. 33, fig. 2, and

details. (Pl. I. fig. 3 $, fig. 4 ¢.)

The original description of this interesting group above

referred to was founded upon an unique specimen from

the East Indies, contained in the Museum of the Bristol

Philosophical Institution, which, so far as I know, has

remained unique up to the present time. The specimen

is a male of a brilliant green colour, with the clypeus,

horns of the head and tarsi brunneous, and with the

femora and tibiz more opaline. I am now indebted to

J. Wood-Mason, Esq., of the Calcutta Museum, for a

specimen of the male agreeing with the Bristol specimen ;

a second male of a rich dark purple colour, agreeing in

all its characters with the type specimen, and which is

represented in the accompanying figure. With these, Mr.

Wood-Mason transmitted a specimen of the female repre-

sented in fie. 4, of the natural size. Like the females of

almost all Soanatedl males, it is smaller than the other sex.

It will be seen, by comparing the figures of the female now

published of this species (fig. 4) with that of the female

of Narycius opalus, given in my Arcana Entomologica,

vol. 1, pl. 33, fig. 1, and p. 114, and their respective

details, that they are nearly identical, not only in general

form and in the armature of the head (the latter being a

very unusual circumstance in female insects), but also in

the details of the mouth-organs, especially the maxille.

30 Prof. J. O. Westwood’s descriptions

If the characters of these females alone were regarded,

I should not hesitate to consider them as congeneric, but

the different condition of the legs of the males of the

two species indicates the necessity for their subgenerical

separation. (Comp. Arc. E., pl. 33, fig. 16, and my

pl. I. fig. 4c.) The mesosternal spine is not, however,

so much porrected in C. smaragdulus as in N. opalus.

Like the male represented in my Arcana Ent., this female

is of a rich green colour.

Subfamily CREMASTOCHEILIDES.

The characters of the two following species were intro-

; ; ‘ :

duced into the Appendix of my Thesaurus Entomologicus

Oxoniensis, but no figures of them have hitherto appeared.

They are, therefore, now added in order to complete the

knowledge of the insects, for which in fact (in this difficult

eroup) representations are quite requisite.

Genus Crciipius, Macleay.

Cyclidinus velutinus, Westw. Thes. Ent. Oxon. App.

p-. 204. (PI. I. fig. 5.)

Totus niger, opacus: capite parvo sub lente puncta-

tissimo, inter antennas bi-impresso; mento et maxillis ut in

Cycl. lugubre formatis: pronoto multo latiori quam longo,

lateribus in medio dilatato-rotundatis, angulis posticis

lateralibus acutis, dorso depresso, utrinque impressione

ovali parum profunda notato; elytris basi latis, dorso

planis, leviter ovali-cicatricosis; pygidio leviter rotundato-

cicatricosis; pedibus subgracilibus; corporis subtus (pree-

sertim ventre ) rudius punctato, guttisque minutis lutescen-

tibus parum irrorato.

Long. corp. lin. 9; lat. humer. elytr. lin. 4.

Habitat 2 In Mus) D. Parry.

Genus CREMASTOCHEILUS, Knoch.

Cremastocheilus crassipes, Westw. Thes. Ent. Oxon.

p. 204. (PL. I. fig. 6.)

Magnus, latus, supra deplanatus, niger, capite punctato,

clypei margine antico parum recurvo, semicirculari, mento

rotundato, postice integro, disco glabro; pronoto lateribus

rotundatis versus caput angustioribus, dorso parum con-

vexo, angulis anticis fere ad oculos porrectis, subacutis,

impressione sat profunda intra angulos notato, angulis

of some Exotic Lamellicorn beetles. 31

posticis in cornu breve retro productis, impressione ovali

intra angulos posticos, margine postico curvato, disco

punctato “punctis preesertim lateralibus m majoribus et ro-

tundo-cicatricosis, breviter setoso; elytris latis, dorso

planis, punctis ovalibus postice incompletis parum pro-

fundis, guttis minutis strigisque brevibus tenuissimis

interdum undulatis prope suturam, albis, parce notatis;

pedibus brevibus latis crassis, fossoriis, tibiis anticis den-

tibus valde obtusis, tarsis tibiis multo brevioribus, articulis

latioribus quam longis.

Long. corp. lin. 84; lat. humer. elytr. lin. 34.

Habitat in California. In Mus. Parry.

This very distinct species belongs to the group with the

mentum entire in the middle of its hind margin, and

which have the anterior tarsi with the terminal joints not

suddenly dilated, but differs from the two species hitherto

described, having the legs short and fossorial (C. Schaumii

and angularis), by having the legs comparatively much

broader and shorter, with the joints of the tarsi broader

than long.

The following additional species of the genus Cremas-

tocheilus has recently been described, and is here added to

complete the bibliography of the genus:—

Cremastocheilus Wheeleri, J. Leconte, in Appendix

H. 10, to Report of Chief of Engineers of the United

States Geographical Survey, west of the 100th me-

ridian. Washington, 1876.

Brownish-black, not shining; head feebly punctured,

much dilated in front, broadly truncate, side angles

rounded. Prothorax subquadrate, a little wider behind,

sinuate on the sides; front angles acute, incurved and

densely hairy on the inner side; hind angles rounded,

expanded posteriorly; middle third of disk depressed,

covered with large shallow punctures; lateral thirds

separated by a shallow i impression more distinct near the

base and tip, very sparsely punctured, rather shining and

quite smooth behind the middle. Elytra with large shal-

low elongate punctures as usual; humeri shining; meso-

thoracic epimera not visible from above in consequence of

the posterior expansion of the hind angles of the prothorax.

Tibize compressed; front pair with two approximate teeth;

middle pair with two distant teeth besides the apical one;

a2 Prof. J. O. Westwood’s descriptions

hind pair with a small acute denticle about the middle.

Tarsi compressed, hind pair two-thirds as long as the

tibiz. Beneath feebly punctured, pubescent with brown

hair; mentum deeply concave, subtriangular, bisinuate

behind, with the side angles produced and rounded; hind

margin feebly notched at the middle.

Length, 10°6 mm. = 0°42 inch.

Northern New Mexico; Lieut. W. L. Carpenter.

In the division of the disk of the prothorax into three

parts, this species seems to be related to C. saucius. The

dividing groove is, however, not well defined, and in other

respects there is no resemblance. The form of the mentum

is quite peculiar, and in a group where specific differences

are of less magnitude, would warrant the establishment of

a separate genus.

Subfamily DyNnasTIpEs.

Genus AMBLYODUS, n. g.

Genus novum Phileuro proximum, Leptognatho et

Actinobolo affine; differt capite cornuto mandibulisque

extus obtuse dentatis.

Corpus sub-breve, subparallelum subcylindricum (Sieno-

dendron parum simulans). |

Caput mediocre lateribus in cornua duo curvata, apice

obtusa elevato-porrectis (pl. II. figs. la, 16).

Mandibule porrectz, lateribus externe dilatatis et ob-

tuse dentatis, dextera 2, seministra 3 dentibus obtusis

armatis; spatio parvo setoso marginis interni, laminaque

motari basali instructee (fig. le).

Maxillee elongate extus longe setigera, lobo apicali ad

basin in spinam curvatam apice denticulatam producto;

parte apicali curvata, apice obtusa, intus inermi vel dente

obtuso armata; palpis maxillaribus mediocribus articulo

ultimo elongato ovali (fig. 1d).

Mentum corneum crateriforme, medio canaliculatum,

basi carimatum punctatum setosum, apice emarginato

(fig. le).

Labium internum: palpi labiales intus mentum inserte

articulo apicali tantum detecto (fig. le).

Pronotum magnum semiovale, latitudine elytris eequale,

antice retusum scabrum, margine postico fere recto, utrin-

que lobo elevato obliquo glabro instructum.

Scutellum triangulare apice rotundato elytra brevia

apice rotundata, convexa.

of some Exotic Lamellicorn beetles. 33

Pedes mediocres, tibiz antics extus 4-dentatis, tibiae

intermediz et postice dentate.

Having in the 4th volume of the Transactions of the

Entomological Society published the characters of some

interesting forms of Lamellicornia allied to Phileurus,

I have the gratification of adding another equally curious

from Nicaragua, collected by Mr. Belt at Chontales. It

appears most nearly allied to Actinobolus (1. c. Pl. II.

fig. 2) in the structure of the maxillze and mentum, but

the front of the head in that genus (ib. fig. 24) is radiated,

whilst the mandibles (ib. fig. 2d) are armed above only

with a short obtuse tooth. The males of Leptognathus *

(ib. fig. 4) have the front of the pronotum rather retuse,

but the front of the head is bilobed in both sexes, and the

mandibles (ib. fig. 4a) have the outer lobe produced to a

fine point, and the inner lobe lar ge, oval and setose, the

maxillz also (ib. fig. 4e) want the strong armature of the

apical lobe.

Species unica, Amblyodus taurus, n. sp. (PI. I. fig. 1.)

Niger, nitidus capitis cornubus glabris supra deplanatis

apice extus elevato-curvatis obtusis, pronoto antice retuso,

-varioloso rugoso; postice glabro utrinque elevato, angulis

posticis acutis punctatis, elytris punctato-striatis.

Long. corp. lin. 11.

Habitat in Nicaragua, Chontales. D. Belt.

Genus PANToDINUS, Burm.

Pantodinus Klugiti, Burmeister Handb. d. Ent. v.

Dee oie Cirle Wl te. 2a;)

No figure of this very interesting insect having hitherto

been published I have taken this opportunity of giving a

representation of it, together with its trophi, from sketches

made by Dr. Burmeister. The genus was founded on

an unique male from Guatemala in Mr. Melly’s Collec-

tion, and was placed by its author in conjunction with the

genera Leptognathus (under the name of Cryptodontes)

* T do not recognize the necessity of rejecting the name Leptognathus,

which I proposed for this genus (in order to avoid the confusion arising

from the use of the name Cryptodon, given to it in MSS. by Latreille, with

that of Cryptodus, given to another Lamellicorn genus by MacLeay ), in

consequence of there haying been a genus of fishes previously named

Leptognathus by Swainson,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART I. (APR.) D

34 Prof. J. O. Westwood’s descriptions

and Xenodorus. De Bréme( Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1844,

pl. 7, fig. 8), in a terminal section of the Xylophila

( Dynastide, M‘1.), immediately preceding the Lucanide.

By M. Lacordaire it was placed with Leptognathus at

the end of the Dynastide, immediately preceding the

Cetontides, with the remark, “ Ces insectes sont, dans le sens

rigoureux du mot, des Dynastides pourvus de mandibules

de Cétonides. Leur cavité buccale a, du reste, des rapports

sensibles avec celle des derniers Phileurides, notamment

des Actinobolus et leur labre est situé comme celui de

Xenodorus du groupe des Oryctides vrais; seulement il

est encore plus petit et moins apparent.” (Hist. d. Coléopt.

lil. p. 462.)

Both sexes of this insect having been received by M.

Candeéze, he has been enabled to study it more completely,

and has come to the conclusion that it ought to be placed

at the head of the Trichiides in the family Cetontide, a

position which, we have seen, was already indicated to a

certain extent by M. Lacordaire.

“‘ Je pense,” says M. Candéze, “que la veritable place

de Pantodinus Klugii est dans les Cétonides, en téte de

Trichides, ou avec les Inca, il représente les Goliathides.

L’insecte a les hanches antérieures coniques et saillantes

comme toutes les Cétonides, tandis que les Dynastides les

ont franchement transversales et enfouies, ce que est pour

Lacordaire et Erichson le caractére fondamental qui dis-

tingue les deux tribus; il a des mandibules en partie

membraneuses, autre caractére essentiel; enfin le chaperon

de la femelle que n’est pas pourvue de la corne que l’on

remarque chez le male est un chaperon de Cétonide et

nullement de Dynastide. (Candéze en Ann. Soc. Ent.

Belgique XVI., p. xh.)

The illustrations of this curious insect, now published,

will materially assist in the jeeminninen of the affinities

of this remarkable species.

Genus Nicacus, Leconte.

Nicagus obscurus, Leconte. (PI. II. fig. 3.)

Ochodeus obscurus, Leconte, Journ. Acad. Philad.

1848, p. 8.

Nicagus obscurus, Leconte, Class. of Coleopt. N. Amer.

1861, p. 130; Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1870, jos us

Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soe. 1S GO spose; een. Deyrolle,

Trans. Ent. Soc. 1873, p. 344.

This remarkable insect was first described by Dr. J.

of some Exotic Lamellicorn beetles. 35

Leconte as an Ochodeus,* and was subsequently placed.

by him as a distinct tribe between the Acanthocerini and

Trogini. Subsequently, however, as we learn from Major

Parry’s note in the Proceedings of the Entomological

Society above referred to, Dr. Leconte intimated his

dissatisfaction as to the correctness of his previously-re-

corded views, suggesting that it might possibly be better

placed among the Lucanoidea,t an opinion subsequently

* The following is Dr. Leconte’s detailed description of this insect :—

“ Nicagus obscurus is the only member of this tribe (Vicagini) known to

me. It is an oval convex insect, more than a quarter of an inch long,

brown, densely punctured, and covered with very short pale hair. It re-

sembles in appearance some of the Sevice, or a nearly smooth Zroxv. It

is found throughout the Atlantic district. The head is rounded, mode-

rately convex, the front finely margined ; the labrum is broadly rounded,

hairy; the mandibles short, pyramidal, not very prominent ; the mentum is

thick, triangular, hairy, pointed in front; the palpi.short, the last joint

oval. The antenne are 10-jointed, the club 3-jointed, longer in the male

than in the female. The anterior cox are large, conical, prominent, the

middle ones nearly contiguous, oblique; the epimera of the mesothorax

attain the coxw. The elytra cover the pygidium. The abdomen has five

free ventral segments. The legs are normal in form; the anterior tibiw

are 4-toothed, the middle and hind ones gradually thickened towards the

tip in the female, but slender in the male, with one small sharp tooth and

some small denticles on the outer face; the spurs of the hind tibiz are

acute in the male, obtuse in the female; the tarsi are long and slender in

the male, but shorter and stouter in the female; the onychium is narrow,

and bears two long bristles, as in Lucanide.

“J have been very much at a loss where to place this curious insect. The

joints of the club of the antennz do not appear to be capable of being

brought into absolute contact, as in other Scarabeide, and the club there-

fore appears pectinate. I was therefore inclined to consider it as allied to

the European salus, among the Lucanide, which genus it resembles

somewhat in form; but the small size of the oral organs, and the triangular

mentum, have induced me rather to place it as a tribe of the Laparostict

Scarabeide, and the position here given it well corresponds both with its

external form and Melolonthine sexual characters. Of its habits I know

nothing.”

+ In the Proceedings of the Ent. Soc., 7th Feb. 1870, p. 111, it is recorded

that ‘‘ Major Parry states that, on his recent visit to this country, Dr. Leconte

presented him with a specimen of this insect, intimating that he was not

satisfied as to the position he had assigned to Vicagus, namely, among the

Scarabeoidea, between Acanthocerus and Trox, and suggesting that it

might possibly be better placed among the Lwecanoidea. The specimen

had been carefully examined by Major Parry and Mr. Charles Waterhouse,

but as regarded the principal character of the antenne of the Lucanoidea,

the immoveability of the leaflets of the clava, it was found that in Vicagus

the leaflets were slightly moveable; in this respect. however, Mr. Water-—

house found it to agree with some Australian species of Ceratognathus,

and, on examining the mouth, he could not detect anything by which it

could be separated from the Lwcanoidea, whilst the penicillate maxille

were alone sufficient to separate it from the Zrogide (ibid. p. ix.). Pro-

fessor Westwood said that he had examined Major Parry’s specimen of

Nicagus obscurus, and without saying to what group of Lamellicorns

the genus was properly referable, he felt clear that it did not belong to

any of the Lucanoid families.”

36 Prof. J. O. Westwood’s descriptions

endorsed by Mr. C. Waterhouse and M. H. Deyrolle.

In this diversity of opinion I have thought it would be

considered of interest to publish a ‘series of figures repre-

senting the structural details of the insect, which I have

been enabled to make upon a dissection of a specimen

presented by Dr. Leconte to Major Parry, amongst

which will be especially considered worthy of notice the

following characters not hitherto remarked upon, namely,

the simple internal margin of the mandibles, destitute of a

molar plate, the entire “condition of the eyes, the finely

crenulated lateral margin of the prothorax, the small size

of the teeth of the outer edge of the fore tibize, except the

two terminal ones, and the remarkable form of the mentum

especially when seen laterally. These characters certainly

bespeak an affinity with some of the small obscure Austra-

han Lucanide, such as Ceratognathus ; but a comparison

of the details here given with those of various genera of

TLrogide, published in my memoir in Trans. Ent. Soc.

vol. IV. pl. 11, especially those of Apalonychus, Westw.

fig. 5, appears to prove (as it seems to me) the near rela-

tionship of Micagus to those insects. In its details, also,

it does not very much disagree with those of Achloa, given

by Erichson, Entomogr aphien, pl. 1, fig. 6. This diver-

sity of opinion will, il think, render my series of illustra-

tions of the characters of the genus acceptable to Coleop-

terists.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

Plate I.

Fig. 1. Calometopus nyass@,the female; 1a,mandible; 1), maxilla, without

the palpus; lc, mentum and palpi; 1d, extremity of posterior

tibia and base of tarsus.

Fig. 2. Valgus furcifer magnified; fig. 2a, the anterior tibia; 2b, propy-

gidium and pygidiwm seen sideways; 2c, the same seen from

behind.

Fig. 3. Cyphonocephalus smaragdulus, the dark purple variety of the

male of the natural size. .

Fig. 4. Cyphonocephalus smaragdulus, the female of the natural size; 4a,

the head of the female magnified, seen from above; 4, the

same seen sideways ; 4c, the maxille without the palpus; 4d, the

mentum; 4¢, mesosternal process.

Fig. 5. Cyclidinus velutinus magnified; 5a, the head and _prosternal

process seen sideways; 5b, mandible; 5c, maxilla; 5d, mentum

of some Exotic Lamellicorn beetles. 37

seen from the outside; 5e, the same seen from within the mouth,

showing the setose labium connate with the inner surface of the

mentum and the labial palpi.

Fig. 6. Cremastocheilus crassipes magnified ; 6a, mentum.

Plate IT.

Fig. 1. Amblyodus taurus slightly magnified ; fig. la, the head seen from

below; fig. 1%, the head and front of the prothorax seen side-

ways; lc, mandible; 1d, maxilla; le, mentum.

ig. 2. Pantodinus Klugii, natural size; 2b, the same seen sideways

without the legs; 2¢, clypeus; 2d, clypeus from beneath, with

the minute labrum in situ; 2e, labrum; 2f, mandible; 2g,

maxilla; 2h, mentum, with terminal bilobed labium and labial

palpi; 27, antenna.

Fig. 8. Vicagus obscurus magnified ; 3a, side of head and eye; 3d, labrum

and mandibles in sitw; 3¢, mandible; 3d, maxilla; 3e, mentum

and labial palpi from beneath; 3/, the same seen sideways;

3g, antenna; 3/, underside of thorax ; 32, underside of abdomen

and base of hind legs; 3, apex of tarsi with bisetose onychium.

V. On the Lepidoptera of the Amazons, collected by

Dr. James W. H. Train, during the years 1873

to1875. By ArTHuR GARDINER BUTLER, F.L.S.,

F.Z.8., &c.

[Read December 5th, 1877.]

(PI. IIL.)

Part Il.—SPHINGES anp BOMBYCES.

Tue moths recorded in the present paper were, almost

without exception, taken by Dr. Trail in the cabin of the

steamer, into which they were attracted by light; and

considering that in this manner no less than 166 species

of Sphinges and Bombyces alone were obtained, it only

shows how much may be done in this way by any col-

lector who really gives his heart to the work.

Of the 166 species here enumerated, no less than 84

prove to be- new to science, and so varied are they in

structure that I have been compelled to erect 18 new

genera to accommodate them; of these 23 new species,

two of which were also new genera, have already been

described and figured in “ Illustrations of Typical Speci-

mens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Collection of the

British Museum. Part I.;” the remainder are described

in the present communication.

HETEROCERA.

Family SPHINGID ZA.

AMBULICINA, Butler.

AMBULYX, Walker.

1. Ambulyx strigilis.

Sphinx strigilis, Linneus, Mant. Ins. 1. p. 538 ;

Drury, Il. Exot. Ent. i. p. 62; pl. 28, fig. 4 (1770).

Pard, 9th March, 1875.

TRANS, ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART I. (APR.)

40 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

CHMROCAMPINE, Grote.

Pacuy iA, Walker.

2. Pachylia ficus.

Sphinx ficus, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 353

Clerck’s Icones, pl. 49, fig. 2 (1759).

Taken at light near Cadajaz, Rio Solimoes, 20th De-

cember, 1874.

SPHINGINE, Grote.

PROTOPARCE, Burmeister.

3. Protoparce carolina.

Sphinx carolina, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 346 ;

Drury, I. Exot. Ent. i. p. 52; pl. 25, fig. 1 (1770).

Tunantins, 26th January, 1874.

This example, and others which we have from Southern

America, are considerably darker than the northern

specimens.

Mr. Trail says that his specimen was taken soon after

emergence from the pupa.

Puryxus, Hubner.

4, Phryxus caicus.

Sphinx caicus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p. 42; pl.

Moyer dy (1779).

At rest on a rock at Obydos, 5th February, 1874.

One male in fine condition.

Family CASTNITDZE.

CastniA, Fabricius.

5. Castnia mimica.

Castnia mimica, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. iv.

pl. 79, fig. 4 (1874).

Coary, Rio Solimoes, 16th October, 1874.

One example of this rare species in good condition.

Family ZYG ANID &.

Eucnuromun®, Butler.

Histima, Walker.

6. Histicea amazonica.

fHistiwa amazonica, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. 1876,

p- 362, n. 5.

Forest at Retencéio, Rio Purus, 8th October; Lago

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. | 4]

cerrado, Rio Jurud, in the forest, 30th October; Taba-

tinga, 30th November, 1874.

Mastigocera, Boisduval.

7. Mastigocera pusilla.

Mastigocera pusilla, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soe.

1876, p. 372, n. 2.

Tabatinga, 29th November; Rio Javary, 3rd Decem-

ber, 1874.

Lamocuaris, Herr.-Sch.

8. Leemocharis fenestrina.

Lemocharis fenestrina, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc.

1876, p. 383.

Off Ilha Jacitara, Rio Solimoes, 12th January, 1875.

Psrupomya, Hubner.

9. Pseudomya tenuis.

Pseudomya tenuis, Butler, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. 1.

pili tig 1

Rapid of Porteira, Rio Trombetas, 2nd March, 1874.

Cosmosoma, Hibner.

10. Cosmosoma tyrrhene.

Euchromia tyrrhene, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schm.

Zutr. figs. 483, 484.

Marsh at Prainha, 17th December, 1873.

Dyc.apiA, Felder.

11. Dycladia lacteata.

Dycladia lacteata, Butler, Il. Typ. Lep. Het. i.

pl, fess.

Rio Jutahi, 5th February, 1875.

12. Dycladia varipes.

Glaucopis (Phacusa) varipes, Walker, Lep. Het. i.

p. 175.

Manaos, 12th June, 1874.

13. Dycladia tenthredoides.

LIlipa tenthredoides, Walker, Lep. Het. vii. p. 1610.

Rio Jurua, 7th November, 1874.

42 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

14. Dycladia militaris.

Dycladia militaris, Butler, Il. Typ. Lep. Het. i.

plelGjne:

Silves, 19th April, 1874.

Marissa, Walker.

15. Marissa eone.

Agerocha eone, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schm. Zutr.

fies. 417, 418.

Serpa, 13th February, 1875.

Hypa, Walker.

16. Hyda xanthorhina.

Eurata xanthorhina, Werrich-Schiiffer, Auss.

Schm. fig. 226.

Prainha, 1st December, 1873.

One damaged example taken by sweeping.

Hyewa, Walker.

17. Hyela astrifera.

Hyela astrifera, Butler, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. i.

plait, tig2-

Braga, Rio Javary, 7th December, 1874.

Eunomiunm, Butler.

CorEMATURA, Butler.

18. Corematura chrysogastra.

Glaucopis chrysogastra, Perty, Delect. pl. 31,

fig. 10.

Rio Madeira, 17th May, 1874.

ScHAsIuRA, Butler.

19. Schasiura mimica.

Schasiura mimica, Butler, Il. Typ. Lep. Het. i.

plealiGs ne.1G.

Barreiras das Araras, Rio Solimoes, 16th January,

1874.

Taken by sweeping amongst maize,

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 43

Tricuura, Hubner.

20. Trichura aurifera.

Trichura aurifera, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soe.

1876, p. 405.

Lower Amazons.

No date or locality distinguishable on the envelope.

Ecprmus, Herr.-Sch.

21. Ecdemus hypoleucus ?

Ecdemus hypoleucus, Herrich-Schiiffer, <Auss.

Schm. fig. 420.

Rio Jutahi, 26th January, 1875.

The single example obtained differs from Herrich-

Schiiffer’s figure in its clay-brown colouration ; it may be

distinct.

ANTICHLORINE, Butler.

PsEUDACLYTIA, Butler.

22. Pseudaclytia opponens.

Pampa opponens, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. i.

TOO:

ene River, 2nd May; west bank of Rio Negro,

16th June; Rio Negro, 4th July; Rio Jurua, 24th

October; Tunantins, 23rd November, 1874 ; Carvoreiro,

Rio Negro, 18th January, 1875.

CERAMIDIA, Butler.

23. Ceramidia obscura.

Ceramidia obscura, Butler, Il. Typ. Lep. Het. 1.

pls 16; fies 5.

Forest near Sobral, Rio Purus, 17th September, 1874.

Family ARCTIID &%.

CHARIDEIN®E, Butler.

ActytTiA, Hubner.

24. Aclytia halys.

Sphinx halys, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 357,

fie. C.

Pupunha, Rio Jurud, 5th November, 1874; Boa

Vista, Rio Jutahi, Ist and 5th February, 1875.

44 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

Hewiura, Butler.

25. Heliura gnoma.

Heliura gnoma, Butler, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. i.

pl. 16, fig. 2.

Rio Padaniry, under the Equator, 26th June, 1874.

26. Heliura lamia.

Heliura lamia, Butler, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. 1.

pl. 16, fig. 3.

Rio Mauhes, 5° 30’ S., 29th April; Tanaria, Rio

Purus, 1st October, 1874.

MeETRIOPHYLE, Butler.

27. Metriophyle lacteinota.

Heliura lacteinota, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soe.

VSG. p. 417.

Rio Purus, near Aruman, 8th September; Jurucua,

Rio Purus, 24th September; Rio Jurua, 23rd October ;

Curimata, 30th October; Rio Jurua, 7th November ;

Gaviao, 10th November; Rio Jurud, 13th November,

1874.

This species much resembles Heliura leneus, but has

the sexes alike as in M. apicalis.

Acriporsis, Butler.

28. Acridopsis marica.

Sphinz marica, Cramer, Pap. Exot. 1. pl. 20,

figs. F, G.

Gepatiny, Rio Purus, 29th September, 1874.

29. Acridopsis pusilla, n. sp.

Allied to the preceding, but much smaller and paler ;

the primaries tinted with pink at the base, the black spots

smaller, the veins whitish; no tint of green in any of the

wings; secondaries with a broader blackish outer border

occupying nearly half the wing; tegule indistinctly

whitish at the edges; hind margin of head carmine;

abdomen brown with a large rosy ventral patch; wings

below very similar to A. marica, but the secondaries with

broader outer border: expanse 1 inch 1 line.

Braga, Rio Javary, 7th December, 1874.

The primaries above much resemble those of Heliura

solicauda, Butler, Hl. Lep. Het. 1. pl. 9, fig. 4.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 45

30. Acridopsis lucis, n. sp.

Intermediate in size between the two preceding, prima-

ries as in Heliura solicauda, secondaries dull black with

a bifid hyaline white spot near the base; the veins, basal

area and costa of primaries and the borders of the thorax

sandy yellow; hind margin of head carmine ; abdomen

brown, greyish below; centre of pectus whitish, cox

rosy: expanse 1 inch 3 lines.

Rio Jutahi, 5th February, 1875.

This insect has somewhat the aspect of Sphinr pierus

of Cramev’s plate 367.

TELIONEURA, Felder.

31. Telioneura brevipennis.

Telioneura brevipennis, Butler, Ill. Typ. Lep.

Het. 1. pl. 16, fig. 9.

Guajaratuba, Rio Purus, 11th September, 1874.

32. Telioneura glaucopis.

Telioneura glaucopis, Felder, Reise der Nov.

Lep. iv. pl. 102, fig. 31. Rio Negro, 18th June;

Rio Purus, near Aruman, 8th September; Jurucua,

24th September; Mamiva, 28th September; Uricuri,

2nd October; Curimaté, Rio Jurud, 30th October

and 14th November, 1874.

AUTOMOLIS, Hubner.

33. Automolis zenzeroides.

Automolis zenzeroides, Butler, Ill. Typ. Lep.

Het. i. pl. 16, fig. 8.

Near Porto Salvo, Rio Jurua, 3rd October, 1874.

Pionta, Walker.

34. Pionia notata, n. sp.

Primaries above black with steel-blue reflections; base

of costal border ochreous; an abbreviated white band

(ochreous on costa) across the end of the cell, and below it

a small round sordid whitish spot; secondaries semihyaline

white, greyish externally, blackish at apical border; body

blue-black, sides of collar and tegulz ochreous, abdomen

brownish at base; wings below nearly as above, but the

secondaries with a large blackish oblong costal patch,

followed by a small ochreous spot; legs and sides of venter

spotted with bright ochreous: expanse 1 inch.

Rio Jutahi, 3rd January, 1875.

46 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

BELEMNIA, Walker.

35. Belemnia cramer.

Belemnia crameri, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Ser. 4,

vol. xv. p. 339.

$ Prainha, 17th November; ¢ in a marshy spot at

Prainha, 8th December, 1873. ;

ANYCLES, Walker.

36. Anycles contenta.

Euchromia (Dipene) contenta, Walker, Lep.

Het. i. p. 258. ;

Para, 5th March, 1875.

37. Anycles rhodura.

Anycles rhodura, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. 1876,

p- 425.

Obydos, in the forest, 23rd March, 1874.

EPANyCcuss, Butler.

38. Epanycles imperialis.

Euchromia (Pampa) imperialis, Walker, Lep.

Het. i. p. 241.

Pupunhazinho, Rio Jurua, 8th November, 1874.

39. Epanycles obscura.

Aclytia obscura, Moschler, Stt. Ent. Zeit. 1872,

Tom, xxxiil. p. 348.

Enpanyeles stellifera, Butler, Il. Typ. Lep. Het. 1.

pl. 16, fig. 10.

Rio Jutahi, 5th February, 1875.

ANDROCHARTA, Felder.

40, Androcharta diversipennis.

Euchromia (Hippola) diversipennis, Walker, Lep.

Het. 1. p. 225.

@ Pupunha, 5th November, 1874.

4]. Androcharta claripennis, n. sp.

Nearly allied to A. parvipennis, but the primaries with

hyaline spots almost as in A. stretchi?, the interno-median

spot only being divided into two; the secondaries rather

larger and without the brown apical margin; metallic

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 47

spots and carmine streaks quite as in A. parvipennis ;

anal clasps not so slender: expanse 1 inch 9 lines.

$ Barreiras de Jutahi, 18th January, 1875.

Episcepsis, Butler.

42, Episcepsis venata.

Episcepsis venata, Butler, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. 1.

p- 49, pl. 16, fig. 7.

Rio Jutahi, near Rio Curnem, 29th January, 1875.

Scepsis, Walker.

43. Scepsis trifasciata.

Scepsis trifasciata, Butler, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. 1.

De 4 Op llGs fas Ie

Jurucua, Rio Purus, 26th September, 1874.

CTENUCHIINA, Butler.

Evuaara, Walker.

44, Euagra ccelestina.

Phalena celestina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 107,

pl. 345, fig. G. (1782).

Lower Amazons.

The locality and date of capture were entirely oblite-

rated on the envelope.

Epipesma, Hubner.

45. Epidesma ursula.

Phalena ursula, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 107,

pl. 345, fig. HE. (1782).

Mamiva, Rio Purus, 28th September ; Rio Sapo, 21st

November, 1874; Rio Jutahi, 19th January, 1875.

THEAGES, Walker.

46. Theages pellucida.

Phalena pellucida, Sepp, Surin. Vind.

Prainha, 6th December, 1873.

48 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

Eucrreon, Hubner.

47. Eucereon varium.

Euchromia (Eucereon) varia, Walker, Cat. Lep.

Het. i. p. 266 (1854).

Eucereon varium, Butler, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. i.

49s mpl. 9 tio onlSai):

Urucuri, Rio Purus, 2nd October; Pupunha, Rio

Jurud, lst November, 1874.

48, Eucereon sylvius.

Sphinx sylvius, Stoll. Pap. Exot. p. 65, pl. 14.

Pupunhazinho, Rio Jurua, 8th November, 1874; Bar-

reira branca, Rio Jutahi, 3rd February, 1875.

49, Eucereon archias.

Sphinz archias, Stoll. Pap. Exot. p. 66, pl. 14,

figs. 9, 10.

Rio Javary, 1st December, 1874.

50. Eucereon arenosum.

Eucereon arenosum, Butler, Il. Typ. Lep. Het. i.

Peole spl: Wiehe. LOIS id):

Jamiry, Rio Madeira, 28th May, 1874.

51. Eucereon reticulatum.

Eucereon reticulatum, Butler, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. 1.

proOn pli. figs 91877):

Hyntanaham, Rio Purus, 27th September, 1874; Boa

Vista, Rio Jutahi, lst February, 1875.

52. Kucereon rosa.

Euchromia (Eucereon) rosa, Walker, Lep. Het. 1.

p- 271 (1854).

Paricatuba, Rio Purus, 11th October, 1874.

53. Eucereon complicatum.

Eucereon complicatum, Butler, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. 1.

HO; ple NG, fe i2a(18rd):

Rio Jurua, 26th October, 1874.

54. Eucereon marmoratum.

Eucereon marmoratum, Butler, Il. Typ. Lep.

ete p- 50; pl. 16, fie: 41Gisn-

Imla, below the Rapids of Porteira, Rio Trombetas,

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 49

Ist March; Rio Negro, 14th June; Ayrdao, 3rd July;

near Aruman, Rio Purus, 5th September; Guajara, 6th

and 7th September; Pedroso, 25th September; Mamiva,

28th September; Mabidiry, 30th September; Mouth of

Rio Sapo, 13th October; Curimata, Rio Jurua, 30th

October; Pupunha, Ist and 5th November; Pupun-

hazinho, 8th November, 1874.

Mr. Trail took twenty examples of this species.

ATYPHOPSIS, n. gen.

Allied to Eucereon, but with the general aspect of

Cercopimorpha; it differs structurally from Hucereon in

the much more transverse discocellulars of secondaries, the

third median and the true radial emitted together from a

short footstalk. Type, A. modesta.

55. Atyphopsis modesta, n. sp.

Primaries pale silky greyish-brown, with black veins

and fringe; secondaries pearly hyaline white, with grey

veins and fringe; body above greyish-brown; head above,

collar and three central segments of the abdomen ochreous,

prothorax tinted with ochreous; anal segments blackish ;

pectus and under surface of legs white; “palpi and upper

surface of legs black: expanse I inch 1 line,

Boaventur: a, Rio Jutahi, 24th January; Santarem, 4th

February, 1875.

LANGUCYS, n. gen.

Allied to Glanycus, but with the body thickly clothed

with hair, projecting greatly in front of the costal margin

of the primaries, the latter being inserted only just in front

of the middle of the thorax, the extremely short and con-

vex inner margin of the primaries, the greater length of

the discoidal cell, the subcostal branches crowded up near to

the costal margin, the median branches more widely sepa-

rated, the longer ‘secondaries with convex costal margin,

short broad triangular discoidal cell with the branches of

the subcostal well “separated at their origins, and the radial

further from the median branches. Type, L. nigrorufus.

56. Langucys nigrorufus.

Glanycus nigrorufus, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. i.

p. 283 (1864).

Trombetas, 28th February, 1874.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART I. (APR.) E

50 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

Neriros, Walker.

57. Neritos psamas.

Phalena psamas, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p. 72,

pl. 234, G. (1782).

Rio Jutahi, near Rio Curnem, 29th January, 1875.

58. Neritos obscurata.

?. Neritos obscurata, Butler, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. 1.

pols pled. Meson ClSiii):

@. Prainha, 14th November, 1873; ¢. Rio Jurua,

31st October, 1874.

Exysius, Walker.

59. Klysius optimus.

Elysius optimus, Butler, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. 1.

Pole ole ade tes SC LS iid).

Rio Jurud, 31st October, 1874.

This species is clearly allied to E. clus of Cramer and

apparently to E. hermia, which (notwithstandmg my note

in Journ. Linn. Soc. 1876, p. 432) appears to be allied to

E., tlus.

AmMALO, Walker.

60. Ammalo chrysogaster.

Halesidota chrysogaster,W alker, Lep. Het. Suppl. i.

p. 312 (1864).

?. Manaos, 10th June, 1874.

Haxesipota, Hubner.

61. Halesidota seruba.

Charidea seruba, Herrich-Schiiffer, Auss. Schm.

fiz. 280.

Mamiva, Rio Purus, 28th September, 1874.

This may be Sepp’s Phalena citrina.

62. Halesidota enone, n. sp. (PI. III. fig. 3.)

Primaries above semitransparent whity-brown, crossed

by wavy grey lines much as in the preceding species, but

with no oblique central line; a more or less marked

blackish spot at the inferior extremity of the cell;

secondaries hyaline white; thorax brown, abdomen

creamy white; primaries below less strongly marked than

above; body sordid white: expanse, ¢ 1 inch 2 lines;

2 1 inch 4 lines.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 51

Pedroso, Rio Purus, 25th September ; Gepatiny, 29th

September; Mabadiry, 30th September; Urucuri, 2nd

October; Ilha cuxinara, Rio Solimoes, 13th October ;

Rio Jurua, 31st October; Pupunha, 5th and 6th Novem-

ber; Prainha, 28th November; near Sta. Cruz, Rio

Solimoes, 9th December, 1874.

PH#GOPTERA, Herr.-Sch.

63. Phegoptera subtilis, n. sp.

Allied to P. breviuscula; primaries chocolate-brown,

darker towards the base and in the discoidal cell, sprinkled

all over with whitish dots and with a distinct spot of the

same colour at the end of the cell; secondaries semi-

hyaline white, becoming ochreous towards the abdominal

margin, a moderately broad greyish-brown border, very

broad but indistinct at costal margin ; thorax chocolate-

brown; abdomen bright ochreous, with chocolate-brown

anal segment; a row of four or five black spots on each

side; primaries below greyer and less distinctly dotted

than above, secondaries with a moderately broad brown

costal border; body below brown, the sides and the

centre of pectus bright ochreous: expanse 1 inch 9—11

lines.

Rio Sapo, 13th and 14th December; Marapata, Rio

Negro, 29th December, 1874; Rio Jutahi, above Rio

Curnem, 29th January, 1875.

EcCPANTHERIA, Hubner.

64. Ecpantheria obliterata.

?. Ecpantheria obliterata, Walker, Lep. Het. 11.

p- 691, n. 5 (1855).

3. Ecpantheria simplex, Walker, |. c. p. 692, n. 7

(1855).

Barreiras de Jutahi, on grass, 14th February, 1874.

Closely allied to, and perhaps not distinct from, . er7-

danus of Cramer.

PSYCHOPHASMA, n. gen.

Allied to Phegoptera, but the palpi and antennze more

slender; the upper discocellular (separated from the lower

by the false recurrent vein) shorter and less oblique; sub-

costal five-branched, the first branch emitted immediately

before the end of the cell, the second from the upper

margin of the third which runs to apex, the fourth and

52 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

fifth from the lower margin of the third; the order of the

branches in point of position being 2, 5, 4, 3; fhe second

median branch emitted nearer to the end of the cell than

in Phegoptera; the secondaries shorter; discocellular

transverse, slightly concave but not angulated; radial

apparently absent, actually emitted from the terminal

third of the third median, thus forming a short furea.

Type, P. albidator, Wlk.

65. Psychophasma albidator.

Halesidota albidator, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. i.

p. 313, 1864.

Rio Jurua, 7th November, 1874.

_ This is the H, vitripennis of Walker and H. erosa of

Herrich-Schiiffer. Halesidota cinerea and H. degenera

appear to agree in structure with P. albidator, and there-

fore may provisionally be referred to Psychophasma.

PrERIcoprn”, Butler.

PHALOE, Guérin.

66. Phalée ithrana.

Pericopis ithrana, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.

p- 286 (October, 1871); Tabatinga, in the forest,

30th November, 1874.

67. Phal6e catilina.

Phalena catilina, Cramer, Pap. Exot 1. pl. 79,

piso Be abla li7e7,9)):

Serpa, in the bush, 22nd April, 1874.

Arctiun”m, Butler.

Kucua€res, Harris.

68. Euchstes aurata.

Euchetes aurata, Butler, Cist. Ent. 1. p. 38

(October, 1875).

Manaos, 6th January, 1874.

MeE.ese, Walker.

69. Melese postica.

Melese postica, Walker, Lep. Het. ii. p. 492

(1854).

Santarem, Rio Jutahi, 4th February, 1875.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 53

Morava, Walker.

70. Motada juruana, n. sp.

Allied to M. lateralis, much smaller; primaries fuli-

ginous brown, paler beyond the middle and at base of

inner margin; an indistinet irregular band across the

basal third and an interrupted angulated discal band dark

brown; a blackish spot on discocellulars ; external angle

sandy yellowish; secondaries sordid white, outer border

and veins dusky, the margin and an ill-defined series of

submarginal spots dark brown; body dark brown, abdomen

clothed with long saffron-yellow hair; wings iellons sordid

white; the costal borders discocellulars, and one or two

spots on the disc dusky; primaries with dusky external

border ; body below dark brown: expanse 1 inch 1 line.

Rio Thee, 7th November, 1874.

Family LITHOSIID 2%.

CIsTHENE, Walker.

71. Cisthene sanguinea, n. sp.

Primaries fuliginous brown, the outer margin and fringe

slightly paler; secondaries carmine, fringe grey; head and

thorax greyish-brown, antenna testaceous; abdomen car-

mine, anus greyish; body below brown, legs whity-brown:

expanse 1] millimetres.

Rio Jutahi, 5th February, 1875.

Allied to C. rufibasis, of Felder.

Cisthene rhodosticta, n. sp.

eee brown, minutely speckled with black; the

basal fourth, a broad discal band with zigzag outer edge

and the fringe pale straw-yellow; a carmine discocellular

spot on the “discal band; secondaries rose-red, the apex

bro oadly dark brown, fringe pale straw-yellow; vertex of

head shining whitish, antennx brown, collar bright

ochreous, thorax dark brown, abdomen testaceous;_ pri-

maries below brown, the base inner border and discal

band straw-yellow, secondaries straw-yellow, apex dark

brown, body dark brown, palpi ochraceous, legs stra-

mineous with a blackish band at the end of fhe tibia,

margins of coxee and abdominal segments stramineous :

expanse 15 millimetres.

Paricatuba, Rio Purus, 11th October, 1874.

Most like C. subjecta, but very different.

54 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

Mapua, Walker.

73. Mepha lacteata, n. sp.

Primaries cream coloured, the veins and a streak on

inner margin dusky; secondaries rosy, apex brown;

thorax greyish, abdomen rosy; wings below cream

coloured, with a tinge of pink; otherwise as above: ex-

panse 16 millimetres.

Rio Javary, 2nd December, 1875.

74. Meepha aurea, n. sp.

Primaries bright golden, crossed by two purplish-black

lines (forming a central band), the outer one S-shaped ;

basal and discal areas longitudinally streaked with black ;

a black marginal line; a large carmine spot at the end of

the cell; secondaries rose-red, apex black, fringe whitish;

thorax testaceous, abdomen rose-red; wings below nearly

as above, the carmine spot of primaries diffused ; no basal

black streaks; secondaries with a yellowish apical spot;

body below pinky-brown, venter black banded: expanse

12 millimetres.

Rio Mauhes, 5th May, 1874.

Allied to M, sesapina.

JOSIOIDES, Felder.

75. Josioides myrrha.

Phalena myrrha, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p. 47,

pla2zo nes (G l/h):

$. Serpa, m the bush, 25th April, 1874.

76. Josioides abscissa.

Hipocrita abscissa, Hiibner, Samml. Exot.

Schmett. i. Lep. iii. Bomb. i. figs. 1—4 (1806).

@. Serpa, in the bush, 25th April, 1874.

J. abscissa is probably a variety of the female of

J. myrrha.

77. Josioides purpurata.

Josioides purpurata, Butler, Il. Typ. Lep. Het. i.

paoosplsl9, fig. 5 Clstn).

Barreiras das Araras, Rio Solimoes, 16th January, 1874.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 5d

78. Josioides mutans.

Josia mutans, Walker, Lep. Het. 11. p. 296, n. 8

(1854).

Lake Agudas, 12th April, 1874.

EupouicHE, Moeschler.

79. Eudoliche achatina, n. sp.

Allied to E. vittata of Moschler, but smaller, with

more nearly the aspect of Nepita frigida; primaries

fawn coloured, sprinkled and bordered with white ; two

transverse white belts across the base ; a white spot at the

end of the cell; two confluent ferruginous spots on the

white border at apex; a blackish streak bounding the

outer border internally and continued along the mner

margin to the second white belt; secondaries greyish-

brown; the borders, base and a spot at the end of the

cell white ; body white, metathorax brown, posterior seg-

ments of abdomen greyish ; wings below white, primaries

with a large brown patch which covers the greater part of

the discoidal cell and the dise ; base of costal area tawny ;

body below white : expanse 21 millimetres.

Rio Jutahi, 5th February, 1875.

80. Eudoliche sordida, n. sp.

Upper side pale greyish-brown, primaries whitish, with

the apex, fringe and several spots on outer margin white ;

a spot at end of cell, a larger one at apex, and one or two

small ones on outer margin black; the fringe opposite to

the black spots brown; head, collar and tegulz white, anus

whitish ; under surface more uniformly grey, not whitish,

but with the white apical patch and marginal spots as

above : expanse 14 millimetres.

Rio Jutahi, 31st January, 1875.

The genus Ewdoliche is allied to Nepita and Doliche.

Eustrrxis, Hubner.

81. Eustixis minima, n. sp.

Primaries cream colour ; five dark brown costal spots,

two or three on the disc, and two (one behind the other)

at the centre of outer margin; secondaries ochreous; a

erey spot at apex; head and thorax cream coloured; an-

tenn, excepting at the base, blackish; abdomen ochreous;

under surface ochreous; wings with a central rosy flush,

which is concentrated upon the veins; primaries with

56 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

brown marginal spots somewhat as above, but connected

by arched lines at apex, where the nervures are also brown;

secondaries with a brown apical spot: expanse 15 mill-

metres.

Rio Jutahi, 31st January, 1875.

Derorera, Stephens.

82. Deiopeia pura.

Deiopeta pura, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1877,

p- 360.

Phalena ornatrix, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 166,

hes sO. Da CWano)):

Sta. Cruz, Rio Tapajos, 17th March, 1874.

M2:NOLENEURA, N. gen.

Neuration of the male unlike that of any Lepidopterous

insect known to me; primaries with the subcostal vein

very thick and widely arched, throwing off its first branch

just beyond the cell, forking halfway between the cell and

the outer margin, each branch forking again, the first to

costa and apex, the second to outer margin, so that prac-

tically the main stem of the subcostal nervure runs to the

centre of the outer margin; discocellular transverse, no

radial veins; median vein with one branch, the first and

second branches starting from the base as independent

veins, but the second connected with the base of the third

by an obliquely recurrent veinlet, the third median at its

extremity joining the subcostal; the submedian and the

first median almost united at their outer extremities ;

secondaries without costal nervure, subcostal continued to

apex, its second branch being emitted from the end of the

cell; discocellulars zigzag; median vein four-branched, the

two last branches being emitted from a footstalk ; antennze

pectinated, legs rather long; primaries of female with the

subcostal vein nearly straight, first branch emitted just

before the end of the cell; second some distance beyond ;

third immediately beyond, forking close to apex; fourth

from the base of the third and below it; upper radial

emitted from the superior extremity of the cell; lower

radial branching from the third median near its base;

discocellular transverse ; secondaries with the second

branch of the subcostal nearer to the first than in the

male, the radial emitted near to it; discocellulars angu-

lated ; median vein as in the male; antennz less strongly

pectinated; otherwise as in the male. Type, MZ. anomala.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. ‘507

83. Menoleneura anomala, n. sp.

Fuliginous brown, primaries crossed (from basal fourth)

by four zigzag dusky bars, most distinct on inner margin ;

secondaries darkest at outer margin ; margins of eyes “and

sides of collar, orange ; abdomen black, ochreous at the

sides, with dentated margin ; under surface uniform rosy

brown ; ; the bases and internal borders of the wings paler:

expanse | inch 4 lines.

é.Gepatiny, Rio Purus, 29thSeptember, 1874; ?.Araras,

15th November.

LYGROTES, n. gen.

Somewhat the aspect of the preceding genus, but the

wing's narrower; the first three subcostal line mcd parallel

and close together ; the two first emitted before the end of

the cell; the third at the end forking halfway between the

cell and apex, and emitting the upper radial from below a

short distance beyond the cell; lower radial and median

branches normal ; diccoeeliulare transverse and _ slightly

concave ; subcostal of secondaries forking beyond the ll

discocellulars concave, radial normal ; second and ad

median branches eed from the icon extremity of

the cell; antennz simple. Type, L. arctipennis.

84. Lygrotes arctipennis, n. sp.

Above silly fuliginous; discocellulars of primaries black ;

median veins and apical half of costa spotted with black ;

fringe of secondaries pale: expanse 1 inch 3 lines.

Caverns near entrance to Lago Macaco, 10th Sep-

tember, 1874.

RaseEviA, Hubner.

85. Reeselia antennata, n. sp.

Allied to A. strigula, general aspect of R. egyptiaca ;

wings above sordid white 5 ee with two central

dark brown lines, the inner one C-shaped, the outer one

widely festooned and spotted with black, three costal

brown spots, the second of which unites with the

C-shaped line, the third triangular, largest of the three,

covering the discocellulars, it and the two lines white-

edged externally; radial and median branches streaked

with black almost to the spots of the outer line; a sub-

marginal series of white-bordered pale brown spots; secon-

daries with pale brown veins; thorax white, the collar

58 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

and tegule striped with brown; abdomen sordid white,

with grey transverse bands; primaries below sandy yel-

lowish, the veins dusky; secondaries white, tinted with

testaceous at the borders; costal area minutely black-

speckled; body below testaceous, base of venter and

femora black-spotted: expanse 18 millimetres.

Tamandare, Rio Solimoes, 10th January, 1874.

The male of R. antennata has its antenne very dis-

tinctly pectinated from the base to the middle; Mr. Trail

took what appear to be worn examples of the female

in the Rio Jurud, 31st of October, and in the Rio Sapé

on the 13th December, 1874.

86. Roeselia Snelleni, n. sp.

Much like &. egyptiaca; primaries pale grey, the

costal and outer borders pale reddish-brown, two central

blackish lines exactly as in R. egyptiaca, the outer one

double below the sinus, which is dotted with black, white-

edged externally; a subcostal black spot near the base;

_a short dusky litura on the costa between the central

lines; a white-edged dentate-sinuate dusky discal line;

secondaries chalky white with brownish marginal line;

body white, collar sordid; primaries below pale brown;

secondaries white with black discocellular spot; costal

area brown-speckled; outer margin brownish; body white:

expanse 17 millimetres.

Rio Jutahi, 26th January, 1875.

Hypsina&, Butler.

AGYLLA, Walker.

87. Agylla mira, n. sp. (Pl. III. fig. 2.)

Allied to A. fasciculata and A. hypotricha ( Salopola

hypotricha of Felder); above silvery white; the costal

border of primaries depressed towards the base and erey-

ish, internal area also greyish ; secondaries with a large

subcostal burnt-sienna trigonate patch from the base to

the end of the cell, upon ita scanty tuft of ochreous hair;

area beyond the subcostal patch yellowish; head, collar,

prothorax and anus greyish; large compressed lateral anal

dark brown tufts; wings below Snare ane without mark-

ings; body white with black terminal anal tuft: expanse

1 inch.

Rio Javary, 5th December, 1874; Rio Jutahi, 27th

January; near Rio Curnem, 29th January, 1875.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 59

Family MELAMERIDZE.

Beprara, Walker.

88. Bepara subapicalis.

2. Pheochlena subapicalis, Walker, Lep. Het. ii.

p- 470, n. 8 (1854).

8. Bepara egaca, Wik. 1. c. Suppl. i. p. 143 (1864).

$, ¢. Forest at Xibaru, Rio Negro, 26th June, 1874.

EPHIALTIAS, Hubner.

89. Ephialtias basalis, n. sp.

Above jet black; primaries with an oblique ochreous

postmedian belt, not reaching either margin but acuminate

at its inferior extremity; secondaries with a transverse

snow-white abbreviated band from the abdominal margin

to the median vein, its lower edge dentated; collar below

saffron-yellow; coxz and venter white: expanse 1 inch

4 lines.

Para, 9th March, 1875.

This species has long stood in the Museum under the

name of ‘* Phintia basalis,” but I cannot find that it has

ever been described; it is allied to #. abrupta, the type

of the genus.

90. Ephialtias pilarge.

Josia (Ephialtias) pilarge, Walker, Lep. Het. ii.

p. 305, n. 28 (1854).

Para, 8th March, 1875.

This is the second example that I have seen of this

species.

91. Ephialtias pseudena ?

Retila pseudena, Boisduval, Lép. Guat. p. 94

(1870).

Urugaca, Rio Jurua, Ist November, 1874.

This species perfectly answers to Boisduval’s description

of examples from Honduras and Mexico.

92. Ephialtias ena.

Retila ena, Boisduval, Lép. Guat. p. 95 (1870).

Fonteboa, Rio Solimoes, 17th November, 1874.

R. enoides of Boisduval seems to be the Josia (Phintia)

lanceolata of Walker, a new genus.

60 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

MITRAD2ZMON, n. gen.

Allied to Sagaris, but the radials of primaries emitted

nearer to the subcostal branches, the discocellulars more -

irregular, the second and third aedbeara branches emitted

from a malls developed footstalk; the subcostal and median

forks of secondaries of equal length, and the discocellular

nervule more transverse. ‘Type, "M. velutinum.

93. Mitrademon velutinum, n. sp. (PI. ILI. fig. 1.)

Upper surface velvety-black ; primaries with a : tolerably

broad oblique postmedian band of cadmium-yellow, w rith

slightly irregular margins, not quite re eaching the costal

margin or the external angle; abdomen oveyish at the

sides; primaries below with the base and inner margin

slightly greyish; venter grey: expanse | inch 8 lines.

Tabatinga, 30th November, 1874; Barreiras de Jutahi,

18th January, 1875.

Size, outward form and general aspect of the Lithosiid

genus Josioides, but quite different in the form of the

thorax and neuration of the wing's.

Scotura, Walker.

94. Scotura venata, n. sp.

Primaries greyish-brown, with the veins white; second-

aries snow-white, costa greyish; outer border broadly

black-brown ; body greyish-brown, with the head orange ;

primaries below uniformly greyish-brown ; secondari 1es

snow-white, with the Contes and outer borders dark

greyish-brow n: expanse | inch 2 lines.

Rio Jurud, 4th October, 1874.

95. Scotura auriceps, n. sp.

Primaries brown, with whitish veins; an oblique white

belt from the costa to the inner margin just beyond the

middle of the wing; secondaries black-brown; body

brown, with saffron-yellow head; under surface nearly as

above: expanse | inch 4 lines.

Teffé (or Ega’, in the forest, 19th October, 1874.

The same species occurs at Para, but was not taken

there by Mr. Trail.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 61

Pacutosta, Butler.

96. Pachiosia flaveolata.

Phalena flaveolata, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 88,

&. C. (1779)

@. Prainha, in the woods, 6th December, 1873; St.

Isabel, 25th June, 1874; $. Rio Javary, 4th December,

1874.

Walker and others supposed this species to be the

female of Micropus longalis, but P. flaveolata is exactly

similar in the pattern of both sexes.

Josta, Hubner.

97. Josia ligula.

Hipocrita ligula, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. i.

Lep. ui. Bomb. 2, figs. 1—4 (1806).

Mouth of Rio Urupuana, Rio Madeira, 4th January,

1874.

98. Josia tenuivitta, n. sp.

Allied to J. ligula, but the orange streaks paler and of

little more than half the width: expanse 1 inch 2 lines.

Serpa, 13th February, 1875.

Bates took this species at Para.

Guissa, Walker.

99. Glissa prolifera. :

Josia (Phalcidon) prolifera, Walker, Lep. Het. ii.

p- 302, n. 22 (1854).

Glissa bifacies, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. 1. p. 186

1864

\ Adsononns nerias, Felder, Reise der Novy.

Lep. iv. pl. 105, fig. 30 (1874).

é. Tunantins, 22nd November, 1874; ¢. Santarem, 17th

February, 1875.

Merancuroia, Hibner.

100. Melanchroia asteria.

Phalena asteria, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 370,

fiona (ly 82)):

ieee (on a shrub “ Cunambe”), 19th February,

Silo.

62 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

Cymoprsis, Felder.

101. Cymopsis fulviceps.

Cymopsis fulviceps, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. iv.

pl. 105, fig. 23 (1874).

Rio Jurua, 4° 40’ 8., 66° 40’ W., 29th October, 1874.

Family DIOPTID ZA.

Hyrmina, Walker.

102. Hyrmina Trailii.

Hyrmina Traitlii, Butler, Il. Typ. Lep. Het. i.

p. 56, pl. 19, fig..9 (1877).

Forest behind Manaos, 26th August, 1874.

Laurona, Walker.

103. Laurona rufilinea.

Laurona rufilinea, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. i.

p. 148 (1864).

8. Serpa, in the bush, 22nd April, 1874.

Family LUSCHEMID ZK.

PHMOCHLAENA, Hubner.

The type of this genus, P. tendinosa, is the only form

mentioned by Walker that can be retained im it; nn, 2

and 3 belong to Oricia, 4 to Josia, 5 to Brycea, 6,7 and

9 to Virbia, 8 to Bepara.

104. Pheochlena solilucis, n. sp.

Bright saftron-yellow, primaries with the borders and

two parallel oblique belts beyond the middle, dark brown ;

a subcostal whitish line at the base; secondaries deeper

in tint, with regular blackish outer border; thorax blackish

with two longitudinal yellow streaks ; abdomen yellow,

with a black dorsal line ; wings below paler than above ;

body whitish: expanse | inch 7 lines.

Barreiras das Araras, Rio Solimoes, 15th November,

1874.

A handsome species, with the general aspect of Oricia

or Micropus, but with the structure of Pheochlena.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 63

Family LIPARIDZE.

Evoria, Walker.*

105. Eloria spectra.

Liparis spectra, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett.

ii. Phal. 2, Vere 2, Hypog. A, figs. 1—4 (1806).

Eloria intacta, Walker, Lep. Het. iv. p. 814, n. 3

(1855).

Prainha, 25th November, 1873.

106. Eloria discifera.

Genusa discifera, Walker, Char. of Het. Lep.

p. 14, n. 23 (1869).

Forest at head of Lripixy, Rio Trombetas, 31st January,

1874; Rapid of Porteira, Rio Trombetas, 2nd March,

1874.

The dilapidated specimen described by Walker is

labelled “ Brazil” (not ‘ Bengal,” as stated by Walker).

PACHYLALIA, n. gen.

Allied to Lelia, but the antenne longer, with rather

shorter pectinations; palpi shorter and thicker; legs

thicker and more hairy; subcostal branches of secondaries

emitted without a footstalk from the superior extremity

of the cell; third median branch and radial from the

inferior extremity, at some little distance from the second

median branch. ‘Type, P. translucida.

107. Pachyleelia translucida, n. sp.

Primaries semitransparent white, with the borders and

three nearly parallel oblique stripes pale sandy brown;

secondaries hyaline white with cream-coloured costal and

outer borders; body sandy brown; primaries below paler

than above, the oblique stripes obsolete: expanse 1 inch

5 lines.

Prainha, 11th November, 1875.

This species, excepting in the antennz, has somewhat

the aspect of a Hepialus.

Caviria, Walker.

108. Caviria substrigosa.

Caviria substrigosa, Walker, Lep. Het. iv. p. 825,

n. 1 (1855).

8. Ayrao, Rio Negro, 3rd July, 1874.

* Identical with Penora, Wlk. p. 821.

64 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

ARCHYLUS, Walker.

109. Archylus nigrisparsus, n. sp. (PI. III. fig. 8.)

Silky snow-white; primaries above with eight black

spots at about the middle as follows: four in an oblique

series, one, smaller above the second and third of the

oblique series, and three, small, below the same spots;

pectinations of antennze fulvous: expanse ¢ 1 inch | line;

? 1 inch 7 lines.

é. West end of Ilha de Perarara, Rio Solimoes,

14th October; @. Barreiras das Araras, 15th November,

1874.

SULYCHRA, n. gen.

Allied to Archylus, but the body more slender; the

primaries narrower; the branches of the subcostal vein

closer together and more parallel ; the extremities of the

cell parallel, the angle of the dtocellnlars exactly in the

middle; the branches of the median vein emitted nearer

together ; secondaries with the discocellulars angulated in

the middle as in primaries ; the second and third median

branches emitted almost from the same point. Type,

S. argentea.

110. Sulychra argentea, n. sp.

Silvery white; the antenneze with brown pectinations ;

the abdomen above orange, banded with black, and sparsely

clothed with white hairs: expanse $ 1 inch 2 lines;

2 1 inch 4 lines.

@. Rio Jurua, 7th November; ¢. Rio Javary, 7th

December, 1874.

This is a small delicate-looking species.

Carama, Walker.

111. Carama pura, n. sp.

Most nearly allied to C. Walkeri, but smaller; the

abdomen pure white; the thoracic tufts less prominent;

the pectinations of the antennz testaceous instead of red-

dish; the frons, prothorax below and anterior tibiz pale

brown: expanse 1 inch 3 lines.

Rio Jurua, 7th November, 1874.

Family NoroponTiIp&.

Eprema, Walker.

Kdema pulchra, n. sp. (PI. IIT. fig. 6.)

Aspect of £. albifrons more like . mumcetes in

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 65

pattern ; primaries silvery-grey, tinted with pinky-

brownish and sulphur-yellow, and irrorated with dark

brown; costal patch broader and less dentated than in

F. albifrons, its lower border sulphur-yellow, bounded by

a broad sepia-brown irregular oblique band or patch; a

transverse dentated line bounding the basal area, which is

pale sulphur-yellow varied with dark brown at the base ;

a second dentated line across the disc, followed by an

undulated submarginal line and an interrupted sinuated

marginal line—all these lines black; inner border yellow,

brown - speckled ; secondaries dark pinky-brown, with

interrupted marginal black line and whity-brown fringe ;

body corresponding in colour with the opposite wing's ;

primaries below dark shining greyish-brown; costal and

apical borders whitish-speckled ; four white costal dots

towards apex; a submarginal series of black dots; fringe

brown, spotted with white at the end of each vein; secon-

daries dark shining greyish-brown, with the costal and

abdominal areas broadly whitish; body below whitish:

expanse 1 inch 9 lines.

Aveyros, Rio Tapajos, 11th March, 1874; Boa vista,

Rio Jutahi, 1st February, 1875.

113. Edema mumetes.

Phalena( Tortrix) mumetes, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i.

pl. 82, A. (1779).

Rio Mauhes, 5° 30’ S., 29th April, 1874; Rio Javary,

7th December, 1874. ,

CALLEDEMA, n. gen.

Allied to Edema, neuration almost identical; antennx

‘less strongly pectinated in the male; body much longer,

projecting more in front of the wings; palpi longer ; ab-

domen of male with long and dense lateral and terminal

compressed pencils of hair scales.

Type, C. marmorea.

114. Calledema marmorea, n. sp.

é. Primaries above dark greyish-brown, crossed (par-

ticularly towards the base) by short blackish parallel lines;

interno-basal area varied with whitish; orbicular spot

small, outlmed in whitish; reniform oblong, somewhat

constricted towards the centre, outlined in ochraceous

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART I. (APR.) F

66 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

yellow, the basal portion of the subcostal and upper radial

veins also of the same colour; apical area to beyond the

middle of the costal margin cut off by a very oblique

silvery-white streak, within which, at apex, is a large

almost lunate patch of white and yellow, spotted with

grey and marked close to apex with two black dots, area

behind this patch crossed by three or four whitish lines ;

apical costa white spotted; an indistinct discal zigzag

pale line; a straight submarginal white line, which

becomes yellow at external angle, and between it and the

margin (which is cream coloured) a regularly zigzag white

line; fringe brown, spotted with white at the termination

of the nervures; secondaries sordid whity-brown, with

silky costal area; a very broad dark brown external border;

fringe white; head above sordid white, spotted with ferru-

ginous; collar burnt sienna; thorax dark greyish-brown ;

tegule pale at the sides; abdomen pale greyish-brown,

whity-br own at base; primaries below fuligmous brown ;

costa from the middle alternately black and white ; apex

white, with one brown lunate spot upon it; outer border

white towards apex and dotted with black, otherwise occu-

pied by white-bordered brown lunules; fringe as above;

secondaries paler than above; body below Sater ; sides of

palpi and upper surface of tibiz blackish, sprinkled with

ferruginous; tarsi black, banded with white; all the legs

throughout densely clothed with long hair: expanse 1 inch

10 lines.

Lake Cararaucu, 7th April, 1874.

115. Calledema sodalis, n. sp. (Pl. III. fig. 7.)

?. Allied to the preceding species, but paler, the pri-

maries with a yellow-edged fusiform oblique marking in

the cell; a longitudinal yellow streak below the cell, ter-

minating at each end in white semicircular markings, the

outer one well defined, tinted with yellow and edged with

black; apical area broader, the silvery streak being more

oblique, the two last peanehtes of the subcostal (as well as

the main branch and upper radial) white instead of yellow ;

apical patch white, more quadrate, its inner area crossed

by a yellowish belt, the lower portion of its outer area

enclosing two grey spots; markings of external border

better defined; secondaries whiter, outer border much

narrower ; body paler, anal segment of abdomen reddish ;

primaries below with the outer and inner borders, the

costal margin and a streak from the cell to the outer

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 67

margin white, a subapical ferruginous transverse streak ;

a submarginal series of black dots; secondaries white, a

brown subcostal basal streak; a dentated blackish patch

at centre of outer border; body below white; sides of

palpi (excepting at their inferior margin) and tibize above

dark brown, tarsi dark brown banded with white: expanse

1 inch 8 lines.

Amazons (exact locality and date entirely obliterated).

LEPTOSPHETTA, n. gen.

Aspect of Sphetta, but readily distinguished by the

much narrower primaries, long falciform palpi which pro-

ject noticeably above the top of the head; antennx

minutely pectinated as in Calledema; body extending a

little beyond the secondaries; hind tibiee and back of

pectus clothed with dense long hair; secondaries below

with a patch of thickened scales over the end of the cell;

cell rather short, median vein four-branched, the last two

branches emitted from a footstalk beyond the cell. Type,

L. rabdina.

116. Leptosphetta rabdina, n. sp.

Primaries above olive-green, changing to flesh colour

towards the internal border ; ; costal border, excepting at

base and apex, occupied by a bright silver streak ; one or

two vague central transverse blackish lines and a black

spot at the end of the cell, a whitish-bordered dentate

sinuate blackish discal line; a marginal series of black

spots; fringe whitish, intersected by. an olivaceous line ;

secondaries grey with a pinky shot, fringe white ; body

sordid whitish, collar and prothorax olive-gr een; abdomen

with a basal Beniecone belt, anal scoments ochraceous ;

palpi ferruginous at the sides; wings below grey, tinted

with lake-red; primaries, with the discoidal area blackish,

costal border sordid lake-red towards the base, sandy

yellowish towards the apex; a marginal series of black

spots, fringe whitish; secondaries with a black patch over

the end of the cell, ‘fringe whitish ; body below whitish,

collar reddish ; anterior ‘lees very slender, brown above,

banded laterally with blackish ; posterior tibie and back

of pectus clothed with long lake-red hair: expanse 1 inch

6 lines.

Rio Jutahi, near Rio Curnem, 29th January, 1875.

F 2

68 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

Rosrma, Walker.

117. Rosema epigena?

Phalena (Bombyx) epigena, Sepp, Surin. Vind.

p- 227, pl. 102 (1848).

Rosema demorsa, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. iv.

pl. 96, fig. 11.

2. Mouth of Rio Sapo, 14th December, 1874.

I have very little doubt that Sepp’s figure is intended

to represent Felder’s species.

Walker erroneously referred the genus Rosema to the

Drepanulide ; it belongs to the Notodontide, being allied

to Phalera, Moresa and Cyphanta.

Erosesa, Walker.

118. Etobesa xylophasioides, n. sp.

Allied to E. xylinoides, the wings slightly broader ;

primaries above whitish, irrorated with reddish-brown ;

the veins, longitudinal lines between them, an irregular

oblique belt from outer border near apex to inner margin

towards the base, a submarginal series of hastate spots

and the greater part of the fringe red-brown; apical third

of costal margin spotted with black; secondaries —red-

brown, paler towards the base; frons and thorax white,

collar and abdomen red-brown; under surface white, a

few vague red-brown streaks on the discs of the wings,

confined in the secondaries to a patch near the outer

border: expanse 1 inch 8 lines.

Rio Jurua, 6th November, 1874.

Tirama, Walker.

119. Tifama chera.

Phalena chera, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. ii. pl. 20,

fig. 4; Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 308, F. (1782).

Tifama simois, Walker, Lep. Het. v. p. 1078

(1855).

Mouth of Rio Purus, 9th October, 1874.

This is also, in all probability, the P. megalops of Sepp.

Walker quoted the wrong figure from Cramer, and, con-

sequently, gave the name of P. sémots, a species of Lima-

codid of the genus Bombycocera, to this insect.

120. Tifama exusta, n. sp. (PI. III. fig. 10.)

Allied to the preceding; primaries above sordid white,

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 69

tinted with flesh colour in the centre, and clouded with

brown; apical third of costal margin and centre of the

veins on the disc alternately black and white; a very

large V-shaped brown-bordered grey patch at external

angle, occupying half the internal and nearly half the ex-

ternal border; a whitish submarginal dash cut by the lower

radial nervure ; a marginal series of brown spots, bounded

internally by a series of hastate white spots from the apex

to the second median interspace; fringe brown, spotted

with white; secondaries greyish - brown with a broad

dusky outer border; fringe sordid white, spotted with

blackish; body brown, head reddish; tegulee with white

external inoederse primaries below oreyish-brown, with a

broad discal <-shaped belt of dark grey; borders whitish;

apical third of costa and outer margin spotted with black-

ish; secondaries white; costal area brown-speckled; a

broad greyish-brown outer border not quite reaching the

costal or abdominal margins; body below sordid whitish,

legs greyish, tarsi black, banded with white above: ex-

panse 1 inch 10 lines.

Rio Jutahi, 5th February, 1875.

CLOSTEROMORPHA, Felder.

121. Closteromorpha modesta, n. sp.

Allied to C. reniplaga, same general form and colora-.

tion; wings above silky, laky-brown; primaries with the

apical area (bounded internally by two white liturz indi-

cating the reniform spot) abruptly darker; reniform spot

and costal border from above it to outer border, washed

with shining plumbageous grey; a pyriform whitish-bor-

dered blackish spot immediately beyond the reniform spot

and occupying about a quarter of the apical area; four

transverse dusky lines, all excepting the second with a

pale border, the first straight and oblique crossing the

basal third of the cell, the second parallel to it but not

continued above the median vein, the third 7-shaped,

terminating at the second median branch, the fourth very

irregular, submarginal, terminating close to the costa in

a small white spot; apical fourth of costal margin spotted

with testaceous; body laky-brown; wings below alto-

gether paler, shining greyish; the primaries with blackish

discoidal area; pectus whitish: expanse | inch 5 lines.

Parentins, Ist April, 1874.

70 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

OLCECLOSTERA, n. gen.

Allied to Ichthyura, but the abdomen very slender; the

primaries with straight outer margin, angulated and ex-

cised below apex; secondaries with considerably longer

inner margin; outer margin angulated at submedian vein;

antennze tolerably long and well pectinated; palpi thick,

compressed, with extremely short terminal jomt; tibie

clothed with long compressed hair; a well-defined anal

scale-tuft to the abdomen. ‘Type, O. irrorata.

122. Olceclostera irrorata, n. sp.

Upper surface ferruginous brown; primaries much

darker than secondaries, the basal area irrorated with

whitish scales; two chocolate-brown oblique central lines,

elbowed towards the costal margin; discocellulars trans-

verse, black; veins on the disc whitish; a disco-submar-

ginal chocolate-brown line, oblique to upper radial inter-

space, where it joins a golden spot, thence to the imner

margin it is sinuated; secondaries with the abdominal

area dusky, the discocellulars, two discal lines and the

outer margin dusky; thorax much darker than the abdo-

men, irrorated with whitish scales; wings below paler

and redder than above, the costal areas of all the wings

irrorated with white scales; two dusky parallel discal

lines; secondaries with the veins and abdominal area

irrorated with whitish scales; body below irrorated with

whitish ; legs clothed with brown hair; venter with a

series of white dots on each side: expanse 1 inch 5 lines.

Boa vista, Rio Jutahi, lst February, 1875.

ORTHOCLOSTERA, n. gen.

Allied to Ichthyura and the preceding genus, differs

from both in its narrow primaries, with straight (or nearly

straight) margins, antenns with long pectinations for

nearly two-thirds of their length; and from the former it

differs also in the absence of a defined anal tuft to the

abdomen. Type, O. peculiaris.

123. Orthoclostera peculiaris, n. sp.

Primaries above purplish-brown, with an interno-basal

brownish patch followed by a central whity-brownish band

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 71

(which tapers obliquely above the median vein and does

not reach the costa), this band followed again by parallel

ferruginous, whity-brown, slaty-grey and dark brown lines

and streaks, which are continued to outer border ; a whitish-

diffused apical dash ; a submarginal series of black dots ;

fringe spotted with slaty-grey; secondaries silky brown,

becoming almost black towards the apex; fringe white,

varied with brown spots; body reddish-brown, with the

sides of the tegul and base of abdomen grey ; primaries

below shining greyish-brown; costal border testaceous

almost to apex, near which it becomes red and is crossed

by two yellow liture, the first of which is continued as an

indistinct paler oblique line across the disc ; a submarginal

series of blackish dots; fringe whitish at base; secondaries

sordid white, crossed by four ill-defined dusky lines, the

fourth of which limits a dusky outer border; costal area

minutely brown-speckled; body below whitish: expanse

1 inch 2 lines.

Rio Negro, 4th July, 1874.

In the structure of its antenn and the general pattern

of the primaries this species approaches Ingura producta,

near to which, perhaps, it ought to be placed; but I do

not think that Ingura ought to be retained among the

Noctuites.

Lepasta, Moeschler.

(Nystalea, Felder ex parte.)

124. Lepasta conspicua, n. sp.

Closely allied to WN. grammodes 2, but smaller, con-

siderably paler, the secondaries and abdomen being greyish

whity-brown, the -v-like band of primaries broader, more

regular and whiter, with the intersecting line ill-defined ;

a comma-shaped marking between the two cuneiform

spots; under surface siky white: expanse 1 inch 3 lines.

Rio Negro, 4th July, 1874.

This species has a remarkable recumbent crest project-

ing backwards from the base of the antennz ; the pectina-

tions of the latter are short, even at the base, and are

composed of little hair pencils; the single example taken

appears to me to be a male, from its possession of lateral

short compressed tufts at the base of the abdomen, as well

as the anal tuft. I therefore doubt the specific identity of

the sexes associated under the name of WV. grammodes.

72 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

Macava, Walker.

125. Magava multilinea.

Magava multilinea, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. u.

p. 503 (1865).

3. Tamandaré, Rio Solimoes, 10th January, 1874.

The type from Limas isa ¢.

Mascuanen, Walker.

126. Maschane erratipennis.

Maschane erratipennis, Walker, Lep. Het. xxvii.

p. 3 (1863).

Rio Jurua, 4° 40’ S., 66° 40’ W., 29th October, 1874.

One example was obtained of this rare species.

127. Maschane simplex.

Maschane simplex, Walker, Lep. Het. xxvii. p. 3

(1863).

Faro, 10th April, 1874.

Also one example of this species.

128. Maschane cesia.

Dylomia cesia, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. iv.

pl. 97, fig. 14.

Rio Javary, 4th to 6th December, 1874.

Three examples were obtained of this species.

Pontana rubrana of Walker (an allied genus to Mas-

chane) is identical with Felder’s Platyodonta calpe.

Family LIMACODID ZA.

Ruescireya, Walker.

General aspect of Torone, but. differing in structure ;

more nearly allied to Hyphorma; palpi elongated com-

pressed, rising high above the head, the terminal joint

fringed with long scales, antepenultimate segment of

abdomen with long lateral brushes of hair ; tibiz frmged

with long hair; primaries hamate at apex, outer margin

sinuated and deeply excised at external angle; second

and third median branches and lower radial of primaries

emitted close together; cell of secondaries short; median

vein four-branched, the radial being emitted from the

inferior extremity of the cell. Type, A. servia.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 73

129. Rhescipha servia.

Phalena ae yx) servia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv.

pl. 321, fig. KE. (1782).

Manas, : 26th Tee 1874.

This genus would perhaps be better placed among the

Psendo-Deltoids, but in these extreme forms it is difficult

to decide. Walker’s type is scarcely distinct.

Datcera, Herrich- Schiffer.

Acraca and Daucrra, Walker.

130. Dalcera abrasa.

Dalcera abrasa, Herr.-Sch. Auss. Schm. 1. fig. 180.

Ilha das Araras, 8th June, 1874.

STATHERINIA, n. gen.

Allied to Scopelodes, but the costa of primaries strongly

arched, the outer margin deeply excised below apex, the

inner margin nearly straight; the subcostal vein four-

branched,* the first two branches running close to the

costa, the third and fourth forming a very long fork, upper

radial emitted from the upper extremity and lower radial

(as a fourth median branch) from the lower extremity

of the cell; discocellulars much less acutely angulated ;

secondaries ample, cell much longer, lower discocellular

much longer; palpi rather longer, quite as densely hairy

and str onely pectinated along their inferior mar gins; legs

considerably shorter. Type, S. semilutea.

131. Steetherinia semilutea.

Oxytenis semilutea, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. v.

p- 1942 (1866).

Boaventura, Rio Jutahi, 24th January, 1875.

Miresa, Walker.

132. Miresa amazonica, n. sp.

Wings and body above pale rufous-brown ; primaries

with a central white-edged dark patch, llacine-greyish in

the cell and beyond it, div ided upon the discocellulars by

a transverse oblone fer ruginous spot, the lower part of the

* In Scops| lodes it is Ave Wianchedk and the first two branches are

emitted at some distance from the costal margin.

74 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

patch contracted, and ferruginous from below the first

median branch; a dentate sinuate discal white line, which

towards apex encircles two or three smail fuliginous

brown spots; a marginal series of small white spots;

secondaries with a marginal interrupted whitish line ;

under surface whity-brown ; primaries opaline beyond the

middle; the border, between the veins, bluish-opaline ;

secondaries with a sandy-brownish oblique central belt ;

outer border slightly opaline; body sandy-yellowish: ex-

panse | inch 4 lines.

Rio Javary, Ist December, 1874.

Somewhat similar to one or two Indian species which I

have seen in Mr. Moore’s collection; it is the first appa-

rently typical Miresa that I have seen from the New

World.

NEOMIRESA, n. gen.*

Nyssia, Walker (nec Guenée).

Walker wrongly applied this name in full consciousness

of the fact; actually stating that it was preoccupied at

the foot of the page (cf. Lep. Het. v. p. 1132).

133. Neomiresa rufa, n. sp.

$. Wings above rufous-brown; primaries with the in-

terno-median and discal areas dark reddish-brown ; a black

spot in the cell; outer and inner margins and veins pale and

sericeous; a <-shaped marking below the cell and behind

it two dots (together almost making a 3), and a series of

discal dots bey ond the cell, metallic silver: secondaries with

a pale sericeous outer margin; under surface paler than

above, with paler shining veins and margins; primaries

with the disc opaline between the veins; body Sericeous :

ee 1 inch.

Sao Paulo, 26th November, 1874.

The smallest species known to me.

134. Neomiresa argentata.

Nyssia argentata, Walker, Lep. Het. v. p. 1134

(1855).

Juruapuca, Rio Jurud, 11th Novewber, 1874.

The single example taken by Mc. Trail is smaller and

altogether brighter in its colouring than Walker’s type.

3 Type, A NV. argentata, ve en

Lepidoptera of the Amazons.

135. Neomiresa nesea.

Phalena (Bombyx) nesea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv.

pl. 305, fig. C. (1782).

Phalena (Bombyx) vidua, Sepp, Surin. Vlind. i.

pl. 6 (1848).

Nyssia fumosa, Walker, Lep. Het. v. p. 1134

(1855).

Rio Purus, above Aruman, 9th September, 1874.

Natapa, Walker.

136, Natada sericea, n. sp.

Wings above silky whity-brown; primaries from near

the base to the middie motiled with tawny ; costal margin

tawny; abdominal area of secondaries hairy ; body rather

redder than the wings; antenn white with greyish-brown

pectinations ; under surface paler, wings sericeous, pri-

maries slightly reddish towards the base ; ; front of pectus,

femora and tibize reddish: expanse 1 inch.

Amazons (exact locality and date obliterated).

This species has the mottled shining character of the

species of Redoa.

Tauimma, Walker.

137. Talima latescens, n. sp.

Allied to 7. postica, from which it differs in its broader

wings, the more uniform gravel-red coloration of the

primaries and body; outer border of primaries slightly

hlacme, wider, limited internally by a slightly concave

but nearly straight oblique chocolate-brown line parallel

to the outer margin; a black discocellular dot; secondaries

sandy-yellow instead of white, with lilacine brownish in-

ternal streak extending nearly to the base; thorax washed

at the sides with llacine; abdomen tinted with lilacine

from the second segment, pale at the sides; anterior tibiz

and tarsi yellow, femora of second pair of legs whitish,

remainder of legs purplish-brown above, ochreous below,

venter sericeous whitish: expanse 22 millimetres.

Boaventura, Rio Jutahi, 24th January; Rio Jutahi,

5th February, 1875.

76 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

Family SATURNIIDA, Walker.

Genus Hyprercuiria, Hibner.

138. Hyperchiria approximans.

Hyperchiria approximans, Walker, Lep. Het. vi.

p. 1311 (1855).

On board the Yeamiaba, Manaos, 30th August, 1874.

This species agrees very fairly with Walker's descrip-

tion.

139. Hyperchiria canitia.

Phalena (Attacus) canitia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv.

pl. 304, fig. D. (1782).

Praia de Rebeiro, Rio Solimoes, 27th November, 1874.

The single example agrees tolerably with Cramer’s

figure.

Walker refers H. canitia to Dirphia, never noticing

how closely allied it is to his Hyperchiria approximans.

These two species would perhaps be more correctly

referred to the genus Dirphia, but this can only be settled

by a careful comparison of the structure of the two groups:

Boisduval appears to have redescribed them as species

of Lo.

140. Hyperchiria io.

Bombyx to, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 560, n. 16

(1775).

Conceicao, Rio Negro, 15th June; on board the Manado,

Santarem, 21st March, 1875. Boisduval has renamed

this H. Fabricit.

141. Hyperchiria stollii.

fo stollit, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belge, xviii.

p- 228 (1875).

Urugaca, Rio Jurua, 9th November, 1874.

Genus AUTOMERIS, Hubner.

142. Automeris scapularis.

Lo scapularis, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belge,

Xvi. p. 236, n. 49 (1875).

Prainha, 9th December, 1873.

143, Automeris serpina, n. sp.

Above rosy-brown, pale; primaries subfalcate ; the extra-

basal line ill-defined, transverse, slightly inarched, but

barely distinguishable above the median vein; discal line

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. (i

oblique, smoky brown, terminating at more than half an

inch from the apex, bordered internally by a diffused

‘ferruginous belt, which expands gradually towards the

costa ; apical area washed with the same colour; a broad

but jidistmet irregular outer border very slightly paler

than the ground colour, a greyish patch edged with a few

dusky dots at the end of the cell; secondaries slightly

ereyer, with the ocellus large, sooty grey, with a central

black spot crossed by an oblique white line, surrounded

by a dull black border, followed by a broad diffused

ochraceous zone; discal line black, semicircular, not un-

dulated, followed by a greyish semicircular belt; thorax

pale chocolate-brown, abdomen testaceous; under surface

of a slightly more sandy tint than above; primaries with

a dull black-bordered, white-pupilled orey central ocellus ;

discal line diffused, oreyish ; ; secondaries with a white spot

at the end of the cell: expanse 3 inches 11 lines.

Serpa, in the bush, 24th April, 1874.

Allied to A. palegon of Boisduval, and apparently in

some respects resembling A. orestes of the same author.

Family BOMBYCID A, Stephens.

Genus ASTHENIA, Westwood.

144. Asthenia lactucina.

Phalena (Geometra) lactucina, Cramer, Pap.

Hxoteat. pl lisa, ties C1779):

Mouth of Rio Urupuana, Rio Madeira, 4th June, 1874.

This genus bears a striking resemblance to the Geometrid

genus Micronia.

Genus PrropHora, Harris.

145. Perophora Trailii, n. sp.

@. Allied to P. Batesti, but smaller and greyer; the

transverse oblique elbowed line darker and _ distinctly

bordered externally by a whitish stripe; primaries with an

oblique hyaline-white discocellular fasciole; secondaries

with the margin sinuated, fringe very short: expanse

1 inch 10 lines.

Ilha Cuxinara, Rio Solimoes, 13th October, 1874.

146. Perophora Bactriana, n. sp.

Allied to P. strigipennis and P. hamata; sericeous

pale reddish-brown, irrorated with blackish: with the

usual oblique elbowed line dark grey; fringe reddish-

brown, intersected by a darker line; primaries with an

78 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

oblique grey spot on the discocellulars, a grey spot above

the latter on the costal border ; a small black spot on the

middle of the cell, below it on interno-median interspace

a €-shaped grey marking, and, nearer to the base, a black

spot; area immediately beyond the discal line slightly

suffused with grey ; secondaries with the discal area

greyish; wings below more distinctly speckled with black ;

elbowed line of primaries broken up into grey spots; grey

discocellular spot as above; secondaries with an arched

discal series of blackish A-shaped markings; abdomen

speckled with black: expanse 2 inches 5 lines.

Emerged on the 27th February, 1874, from a cocoon

found on Bactria in Paramacu forest.

PRISMOPTERA, n. gen.

Allied to Ernolatia, but differing entirely in the neura-

tion of primaries ; the subcostal vein running parallel to

the costal margin throughout its entire length, emitting

only two branches from its inferior margin beyond the

cell (in Ernolatia the second branch bre alks up into three,

so that its subcostal may be said to be five-branched, the

continuation of the main stem being counted); costal

margin considerably more arched towards the apex; outer

margin nearly straight instead of elbowed; anal angle of

secondaries less produced. Type, P. opalina.

147. Prismoptera opalina, n. sp. (Pl. III. fig. 9.)

Wings transparent white with prismatic ‘reflections ;

margins and veins opaque; three pairs of sandy-yellow

spots on the costa; indications of several parallel undulated

central greyish lines; outer border and a submarginal

series of lunate spots indistinctly greyish; secondaries

with a small cadmium-yellow spot on abdominal margin

near anal angle; head above and main stem of antennz

white; pectinations of antenne fulvous; thorax and

collar sordid ochreous, speckled with opaline scales, white

at the sides; abdomen whitish; body below white, front of

pectus ochreous, legs (excepting the tarsi) brownish:

expanse 1 inch 5 lines.

Prainha, 14th November, 1873.

ANTHOCROCA, n. gen.

Allied to Bombyx and Morasuma, but differing from

them in structure just as Prismoptera does from Hrno-

latia; from the preceding genus it differs (as Norasuma

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 79

does from Ernolatia) in its densely-scaled opaque wings,

comparatively slightly shorter antenne, and more promi-

nent thorax. Type, A. domina, Cramer.

148. Anthocroca muscosa, n. sp. (PI. III. fig. 5.)

Allied to A. domina, but the apex and central area of

primaries clouded with bright sap-green; the white discal

spots replaced by lilacine-grey ones; the discal black line

finer; two additional arched convergent brown lines across

the basal half of the wing; secondaries with the discal

line finer, a bright yellow spot above its inferior extremity ;

anal area bright laky-red, with a patch of bright yellow

along the anal third of outer border; body paler than in

A. domina: expanse 2 inches 7 lines.

Mouth of Rio Jutahi, 18th January, 1875.

One of the most beautiful of New World moths.

149. Anthocroca cuneifera, n. sp. (PI. III. fig. 4.)

Brownish flesh-colour (or colour of cork); wings with

a black discal line as in the preceding species; primaries

with a large greenish-yellow ferruginous-bordered costal

cuneiform patch, an oblique A-shaped ferruginous line on

internal area, enclosing one or two yellow spots, and

bounded internally on the inner border by a spot of the

same colour; an arched black line across the base of the

wing; basal third of costal margin black; discal black

line edged with lilacine, and bounded on second median

interspace by a white spot, apical area irregularly yellow,

with a ferruginous internal line ; outer border, excepting

at external angle, irregularly whitish ; secondaries with the

discal line oreyish, becoming abruptly ferruginous below

the first median vein, and bounded above by a bright yellow

spot; anal angle and a series of marginal spots, only divided

by the nervures, bright chrome-yellow ; fringe, excepting

at anal angle, ferrugi inous; collar and tegule sordid

yellowish, the latter with a posterior dusky band ; abdo-

men yellowish along the dorsal region; wings below bright

yellow, clouded here and there with ferruginous, with two

blackish subparallel discal lines; internal area of primaries

pinky-whitish: expanse | inch 9 lines.

Ayrao, Rio Negro, 3rd July, 1874.

150. Anthocroca hiemalis, n. sp.

Primaries above dark purplish-brown, crossed by four

undulated purple lines, two across the basal area and two

80 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

across the disc; post-discoidal area crossed by copper-red

veins; a subapical spot, a small spot on the disc, and the

centre of internal area ochraceous; base whitish; secondaries

olivaceous towards the base; anal angle reddish; outer

border and two converging waved discal lines purple; base

and basal three-fifths of abdominal area whitish; frons

pale reddish, crest dark red, collar yellow, thorax pinky-

whitish, tegule greyish; abdomen whitish, clouded with

ferruginous and gre ey primaries below fuliginous brown,

with the costal margin tawny; subapical area dusky; two

undulated purplish-black discal lines, the inner one not

extending below the second sive iRaD branch ; internal

border whitish; secondaries reddish flesh-colour, with a

white-speckled blackish internal streak; two undulated

purplish-black discal lines, the inner one elbowed towards

the costa, the outer one convex; body below pale red:

expanse 1 inch 6 lines.

Rio Jurud, 6th November, 1874.

Genus Dirputa, Hitbner.

151. Dirphia javarina, n. sp.

Wings above pale pinky-brown; primaries with a broad

central chocolate-brown belt, three times as wide on the

costal as on the inner margin and whitish bordered, its

inner edge oblique and waved, its outer edge straight ;

basal area suffused with phoculetes brown, the base ele

blackish and bounded externally by an oblique whitish

line; a slightly irregular discal brown band, which

becomes abruptly wider above the upper radial; apex

ochreous, diffused; fringe chocolate-brown ; seaoniinies

reddish towards the base ; external area pink, regularly

limited internally and enclosing a regular arched belt

of the ground colour; fringe red- brow n; thorax deep

chocolate-brown, blackish ; abdomen tawny, deep red at

the sides, crossed at the base by two black belts; wings

below paler than above, the costal areas red-brown; two

discal belts; apices ochraceous ; discal belts of primaries

parallel, shghtly simuated; the inner belt of secondaries

straight, the outer one arched and parallel to the outer

margin; body below deep chocolate-brown, anus reddish:

expanse 5 inches 4 lines.

On board the Guajara, Rio Javary, 2nd December,

1874.

Allied to D. avia and D. concolor.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 81

Genus Hyprias, Herrich-Schiffer.

152. Hydrias albidifascia.

Hydrias albidifascia, Walker, Lep. Het. vi. p. 1402

(1855).

Rio Solimoes, 9th December, 1874; Rio Jutahi, 25th

January, 1875.

153. Hydrias rivulosa.

Hydrias rivulosa, Moeschler, Schmett.- Fann.

Surin. p. 47, pl. 10, fig. 39 (1878).

Pupunhazinho, Rio y urua, 8th and 12th November,

1874.

Nearly allied to the preceding species ; Herr Moeschler’s

description is Just published.

154. Hydrias fasciolata, n. sp.

Primaries ferruginous, with a central belt and a sub-

apical streak irrorated with whity-brown; a black-edged

pale brown litura at the end of the cell; a dark-edeed

discal zigzag whitish line; a submarginal series of white-

bordered black spots ; secondaries as in the two preceding

species, but greyer ; thorax and sides of abdomen brown ;

centre of abdomen whitish, crossed by abbreviated black

bars or spots; wings below uniformly pale reddish-brown,

with a submar oinal whitish-bordered grey streak; se-

condaries crossed in the middle by a straight diffused

ereyish streak; body rather paler than the wings: ex-

panse 1 inch 6 lines.

Amazons. No exact locality or date.

155. Hydrias morosa, n. sp.

Fuliginous brown ; primaries with the basal area black-

ish; an irregular white-speckled central belt limited by

two zigzag black lines; a S-shaped submarginal series of

black spots; fringe dark, intersected by a paler line;

secondaries with whitish apical area, bounded within by a

central dusky transverse line; an apical blackish spot ;

thorax darker than abdomen; under surface considerably

‘paler sericeous, especially along the veins of the Wings :

ee 1 inch.

Lake Cararaucu, 17th April, 1874.

156. Hydrias distincta.

Allied to Hydrias noeens, but the wings of a more

uniform pale reddish-brown tint; markings similar, ex-

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART I. (APR.) G

82 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

cepting that there is a large black patch at the base of the

primaries: expanse 1 inch 7 7 lines.

Rio Jurua, 12th November, 1874 (two males).

157. Hydrias plana.

Hydrias plana, Walker, Lep. Het. vi. p. 1402

(1855).

Rio Jutahi, 27th and 30th January, 1875.

H. mollis of Sepp is allied to this species (Surin. Vlind.

pl. 22).

158. Hydrias obsoleta ?

Phalena ( Attacus) obsoleta, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv.

pl. 304, fig. C. (1782).

@. Parana, 6th June, 1874; ¢. Rio Jurua, 6th Novem-

ber, 1874.

What I take for the male is allied to 4. rubiginosa of

Felder.

159. Hydrias melancholica, n. sp.

Allied to HZ. incivilis but altogether darker, the prima-

ries longer and rather narrower, not red at base; the

discal spots of all the wings less black; secondaries with

no red on the subcostal branches, abdominal half of the

wing very slightly paler than the costal area; dotted

white lines similar; under surface altogether darker and

greyer: expanse | inch 5 lines.

Rio Solimoes, 9th December, 1874.

160. Hydrias erebina, n. sp.

Primaries above fuliginous brown, very dark; internal

area paler; a very pale external semicircular apical patch,

crossed by a slightly undulated and centrally angulated

black submarginal line; a slightly zigzag discal’ series

of whitish dots from costal to inner margin, and a second

less distinct but similar series across the basal third of the

wing; secondaries paler brown, sericeous; apex of costal

area blackish, crossed by a whitish spot; body corre-

sponding in colour with the wings, the thorax being dark

and the abdomen lighter; under surface altogether paler,

wings sericeous pale brown, with the veins whitish ; costal

margins and subcostal branches more or less clay-coloured;

subcostal area, excepting at apex, greyish; each wing

with a white costal spot towards apex; primaries with an

oblique apical white patch; a submarginal series of grey-

ish spots; body below tinted with pink: expanse 1 inch 1 ‘line.

Cupari, Rio Negro, 19th June, 1874.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 83

161. Hydrias terranea, n. sp.

Pale “reddish-brown, washed with dull greyish; pri-

maries with a bisinuate discal series of black dots ; fringe

with a paler basal line ;_ secondaries becoming whity-

brown at the base ; rater surface greyish with the wing-

veins whity-brown : eae 1 inch.

Serpa, 13th February, 1875.

Genus Ocua, Walker.

Ocha turpis, n. sp.

Fuliginous brown; primaries crossed by a central

angulated narrow white-edged chain-like band; apical

area sprinkled sparsely with whitish scales; a widely

zigzag submarginal pale line; fringe dark with a series of

white points at the terminations of the veins ; secondaries

rather paler ; with a sinuous abbreviated apical sub-

marginal litura; fringe as in primaries; wings below pale

greyish-brown, sericeous; fringe as above; primaries with

a costal pale yellow spot near apex, and from below this

spot two short whitish squamose streaks ; outer border

rather narrowly whitish, bounded internally towards the

apex by a series of subconfluent spots rather darker than

the ground colour; secondaries with three curved parallel

squamose whitish bands, the central one almost crossing

the wing, the others very short; body below whity-

brown: expanse | inch.

Rio Jurua, 7th November, 1874.

gua, n. sp.

163. Ocha exig

é. Fuliginous brown, with the margins of the wings

paler; primaries crossed by two parallel central elbowed

lines, the interval between which is filled in with blackish-

brown above the median vein; disc crossed by two parallel

undulated brown lines; a submarginal series of black

spots followed by a mar ginal series of brown spots; secon-

daries blackish at apex, crossed by a white apical litura ;

fringe at apex brown-tipped; wings below grey, with pale

reddish-brown veins; body pale reddish-brown: expanse

21 millimetres.

@. Altogether paler; the markings, excepting the

blackish patch from the median to the subcostal vein

between the central lines of primaries much less distinct :

expanse 22 millimetres.

2. Mabidiry, Rio Purus, 30th September 1874 ;

8. Boa vista, Rio Jutahi, 1st February, 1875.

84 Mr. A. G. Butler on Lepidoptera of the Amazons.

164. Ocha pallida, n. sp.

Primaries above pale gravel-red; a pinky-whitish sinu-

ated transverse discal line, interrupted beyond the cell by

a large (internally black-edged) ferruginous spot; frmge

yellowish, spotted with ferruginous; secondaries stra-

mineous; thorax reddish; abdomen pale stramineous,

with dark brownish anus; under surface uniform pale

stramineous: expanse | inch.

Ayrao, Rio Negro, 3rd July, 1874.

Genus Artace, Walker.

165. Artace albicans.

Artace albicans, Walker, Lep. Het. vi. p. 1492,

n. 2 (1855).

Artace punctivena, Walker, |. c. n. 3 (1855).

Rio Taruma, Rio Negro, 31st July, 1874.

166. Artace rivulosa, n. sp.

Wings semihyaline-white, veins spotted with black;

primaries with a black basal spot, then two angular erey-

ish-brown bands; next a broad central belt (interrupted at

discoidal area, and only filled in between the median

veins), then three pale brown parallel wavy discal stripes ;

and lastly, a pale brown external border; a marginal

series of dark brown spots to all the wings; head white,

brown behind ; antennze black; collar sordid white,

brownish ; prothorax white; tegulze white; meso- and

metathorax and abdomen brownish; under surface white,

veins of the wings black towards the base, a marginal

series of pale brown spots: expanse 1 inch 3 lines.

San Antonio, Rio Negro, 5th July, 1874.

This species is allied to A. tridescens (Gastropacha

tridescens of Walker).

Tricypha, Moeschler, is closely allied to Menoleneura

of this paper (p. 56).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Fig. 1. Mitrademon velutinum, p. 60. | Fig. 6. Edema pulchra, p. 64.

> 2 Agylla mira, p. 58. » 7, Calledema sodalis, p. 66.

» 3. Halesidota none, p. 50. » 8. Archylus nigrisparsus, p. 64.

», 4. Anthocroca cuneifera, p. 79. », 9. Prismoptera opalina, p. 78.

», 5. Anthocroca muscosa, p. 79. » 10. Tifama exusta, p. 68.

( 85 )

VI. Calopterygina collected by Mr. BUCKLEY in Ecuador

and Bolivia. By R. M‘Lacuuan, F.R.S., &c.

[Read February 6th, 1878. ]

THE raison détre of this short paper consists in the

recent acquisition by me of a small collection of dragon-

flies (and a few Planipennia) captured by Mr. Buckley

at Intaj, in Ecuador, of which a large proportion are

Calopterygina. On previous occasions I had received

from him a few examples from the same Republic and

from that of Bolivia, taken on former expeditions. The

majority of the specimens proved to pertain to undescribed

species, or to interesting varieties of already-known forms;

hence it appeared to be of scientific value to incorporate

a notice of the whole in a short memoir, as an incentive

to him and to future travellers to pay more attention to

these neglected insects. The discovery of the magnificent

Luthore mirabilis, herein described, is in itself a proof of

the richness of the Northern Andes, and another species

(Lais imperatriz) is scarcely less important.

All the species are peculiarly characteristic of the

regions whence they come, and thus neotropical in aspect.

Some of the species from Ecuador (received formerly )

have already been described, or alluded to, by my friend

and colleague Baron de Selys-Longchamps, in the

* Troisiemes Additions au Synopsis des Caloptérygines,”

published in 1873; and as an acknowledgment, on my

part, of the exactitude of his method of describing, I have

adopted the same (with trifling modifications) in the

present paper. The number of new species herein de-

scribed is only six, and three of these add to the rapidly-

increasing forms of the genus Cora, which could only

claim one species in 1854, but of which eleven are now

known.

Lais imperatrix, n. sp.

?. Of large size. <A true pterostigma in the posterior

wings. Wings broad; postcostal area with three more

or less complete rows of somewhat regular cellules.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART I. (APR.)

86 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan on Calopterygina

Wings hyaline, but having a slight reddish appearance

in consequence of the reticulation being wholly bright red,

excepting the entire marginal nervure, which is black.

Pterostigma very small, slightly longer than broad | (mam.

long), brown, between two blackish nervules in very

mature individuals, slightly dilated on its lower edge.

32—34 antecubital nervules in the anterior wings.

Bright metallic green above and on the sides; labrum

somewhat chalybeous, with a large yellow spot on either

side, clothed with black hairs. Basal two joints of an-

tenn yellow. Sides of thorax with four narrow yellow

lines, Sire become almost entirely filled in with black j in

very mature examples. Under side of thorax varied with

black and yellow, the black predominating in very mature

examples. Legs deep black, the coxz spotted and en-

circled with yellow. Abdomen bronzy-green above to

near the end of the fourth segment, then passing into

black with a violet tinge; sides of first and second seg-

ments yellow (but becoming blackish with scarcely a trace

of yellow in very mature examples).

Length of abdomen ($%),48—50 mm. Length of pos-

terior wing, 41—43 mm.; breadth, 9—10 mm. Expanse

of wings, 87—90 mm.

Hab.—Intaj, Ecuador.

Four ?, all tolerably mature, but one more so than the

others.

This magnificent species is the largest of the genus,

exceeding vp. globifera, and with broader wings. It is

peculiar in structure, especially in having a true ptero-

stigma in the posterior wings (whereas in other species it

is altogether wanting), and there is a thickened nervule

and slight constriction of the median nervure at the point

where it should occur in the anterior wings. At first I

hesitated as to the place of this species (being acquainted

with the 2 only), and was strongly inclined either to locate

it in Heterina, or to form a new generic (or sub-generic)

division for it. I believe, however, that it is really a Lazs

(and in this opinion am strengthened by that of Baron

De Selys, to whom I communicated an example), but

forming a special section, for no Lazs hitherto known has

any trace of a pterostigma in either pair of wings.

Euthore fasciata, Selys.

Two mature ¢ from Ecuador agree with a type from

Venezuela excepting in unimportant particulars. The

of Ecuador and Bolivia. 87

size is very slightly smaller (posterior wing 29 mm.).

The opaque white portion of the wing less extended in-

wardly, and somewhat creamy; in one example the dark

band is narrower, and in the anterior wing finishes about

four cellules before the pterostigma, hence the hyaline

apical portion is somewhat more extended.

Kuthore mirabilis, n. sp.

Nodus somewhat nearer to the base than to the ptero-

stigma, which is brown, much dilated and surmounts

9—13 cellules; 43—50 antecubital and 51—454 post-

cubital nervules in the anterior wings.

8. Wings dilated in the middle; the base up to some-

what beyond the end of the quadrilateral, and the costal

margin up to the nodus, smoky-hyaline; the apical border

from beneath the pterostigma smoky-brown; all the rest

of the wing dark opaque orange-red (or vermilion), the

outer edge of this portion extremely oblique. Labrum

with two large brownish-yellow spots, a spot on each

cheek, and four between the eyes, of the same colour.

Prothorax with two large spots, and the lateral margins,

of the same colour. Thorax with six brownish-yellow

lines on either side. Legs black; the femora brownish

internally. Abdomen bronzy-black, paler towards the

base ; segments 1—4 with a brownish-yellow line on each

side, and a vestige of the same on the fifth.

?. Wings hyaline, tinged with smoky-brownish; in

the anterior wings there is a large (nearly equilateral)

triangular opaque orange-red spot placed so that the

nodus is above the middle of its base (the costal margin

remaining hyaline), externally with a narrow smoky line

not touching its edge in very mature individuals; in the

posterior wings there is a similar spot, but the colour

is changed to reddish-brown, margined externally by

smoky -brown; the other characters as in the ¢.

Length of abdomen: ¢, 38—42 mm.; 2, 34—35 mm.

Length of posterior wing: ¢, 28—32 mm.; 2, 33 mm.

Iixpanse: 6, 62—68 mm.; ¢, 69—70 mm. :

Hab.—Intaj, Ecuador, 6 $ and 6 &, all mature.

Although there are other Odonata that, through the

presence of metallic colours, may rival this in beauty,

there exists, so far as I know, none with the same deep

opaque orange-red coloration.

88 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan on Calopterygina

The reticulation of the wings is more dense than in

other species of Kuthore.

THORE.

Of this genus I have received from Ecuador a large

number of examples of the gigantea group that are ex-

tremely puzzling. It is evident that,much local variation

exists, yet at the same time I do not think it possible

to decide as to which are species or which only varieties,

without strict local observations of their habits, for if

it be found that the most striking forms occur together

in the same locality, and yet keep separate znter se, that

evidence will go far to prove we are dealing with species

and not merely varieties.

Thore gigantea, Selys.

In three ¢ now in my collection the dark terminal

portion of the wings commences at the nodus, but there

1s a somewhat triangular median internal prolongation

towards the base, thus extending within the nodus.

Thore procera, Selys (race of gigantea, according

to Selys).

In his “ Troisiémes Additions,” p. 34, De Selys enume-

rates several forms from Hcuador, obtained by me from a

former collection made by Mr. Buckley. I have since

received many additional examples. The forms are

alluded to as Nos. 1 to 4, and I propose to make some

remarks upon them consecutively.

No. 1.—The dark portion of the wings in the ¢, com-

mencing at from ten to twelve cellules after the nodus in

the examples seen by De Selys. In a longer series this

form shows modifications, inasmuch as the dark portion

varies in its point of commencement from the nodus itself

to about twelve cellules after it. Among these there ap-

pear to me to be two forms, ciffering in size and apparent

breadth of wing. In the larger the Teng th of the poster ior

wings is from 40 to 45 mm., in the smaller from 35 to

38 mm., and the neuration in this smaller form appears

to be less dense as regards the small mtermediate supple-

mentary sectors in the dark apical portion as seen in im-

mature examples. The female varies considerably in

the breadth of the dark band, and I am unable to

apply the examples of this sex to the larger and smaller

of Ecuador and Bolivia. 89

males. The best character whereby to separate gigantea

and procera appears to be, that in the latter the mner

edge of the dark portion of the wings of the ¢ is nearly

regular, whereas in the former it is produced towards the

base, but whether this will stand the test of minute appli-

cation may be doubtful.

No. 2.—Only especially remarkable as a ? with the

colours of the $ as in No. 1. Certainly nothing more

than an abnormal and accidental condition.

No. 3 is the normal ¢.

No. 4—in which the dark portion of the wings. com-

mences midway between the nodus and the pterostigma—

I am not able to re-examine.

Thore picta, Rambur (Saundersii, Selys, olim; cf. Ap-

pendice au “ Troisiémes Additions,” p. 65).

Two ¢ from Ecuador, of which one was formerly seen

by De Selys, and referred doubtfully to this species.

(‘* Troisiémes Additions,” p. 36.) They are remarkable for

their great size, and for the fact that in one the dark ter-

minal portion of the wings is not preceded by a milky-white

band; in the example above alluded to, the length of the

posterior wing is 44 mm.; another, from the same locality

(immature), 1s somewhat smaller (posterior wing 40 mm.),

and shows indications of the white band.

Thore boliviana, n. sp.

8. Distinct from described forms in the coloration of

the wings. In the anterior wings the base is hyaline up

to the end of the quadrilateral, and also on the costal

margin to the nodus, but the wing up to midway between

the nodus and pterostigma is opaque ochreous-yellow, ex-

cepting the costal margin (as far as the principal sector),

which becomes somewhat milky; the rest of the wing

brownish-black, with brilliant purple and green reflections,

the inner edge of this dark portion slightly concave. The

posterior wings similarly coloured, only that the ochreous

part is suffused with smoky -brown, but leaving a not

well-defined paler band, of which the inner edge com-

mences at the nodus and is continued in a very F oblique

manner, the outer edge formed by the inner edge of the

dark apical portion, hence the band is cuneate, broad on

the costa, and reduced to a point on the inner margin:

about fifty antecubital nervules in the anterior wings.

90 Mr. R. M‘Uachlan on Calopterygina

Legs black; the inner side of the femora greyish or

Ww hitish, excepting at the tips.

Length of abdomen, 42 mm. Length of posterior

wing, 56 mm. Expanse of wings, 77 mm.

Chairo, Bolivia. One mature ¢.

Apparently intermediate between 7. picta and T.

Batesi: remarkable for the wings being nearly entirely

opaque ochreous before the dark apical portion.

Thore equatorialis, Selys (race? of albovittata

according to De Selys).

Since the type was described I have received three

other examples from Intaj (all females), that appear to

belong here. All are rather larger (posterior wing

40 mm.). One is mature, without a ‘Vestige of the milky

band; the others immature, as indicated by the ptero-

stigma, which is pale. brown. In these immature exam-

ples the milky band is clearly visible, especially on the

posterior wings, and is margined externally, by smoky

eveyish-brown ; its position and direction as in the type

of equatorialis and not as in albovittata. The ptero-

stigma surmounts from six to nine cellules. The $ of

this species (or race) 1s still a destderatum.

Cora dualis, n. sp.

Wings rather broad ; nodus placed much nearer to the

base of the wing than to the origin of the pterostigma, which

is dark brown, short (24 mm. long), very thick, surmounting

4—6 cellules; 32—35 antecubital and 45—47 postcubital

nervules in the anterior wings; 4—5 sectors interposed

between the first and second sector of the triangle; the

second of the triangle longly and regularly tr ifureate.

8. Wings hyaline, the posterior margin faintly tinged

with yellowish, with the appearance of a whitish spot. on

the anterior margin just beyond the nodus, caused by the

neuration at that point being milky white, instead of

black like all the rest. Liabrum and cheeks brownish-

yellow; nasus with a brownish-yellow spot on either side ;

upperside of head with four brown spots (in two row s)

anteriorly, and the posterior margin with a narrow brown

continuous line; basal two joints of antenne yellowish

above. Prothorax with two very large lateral spots, and

a small median, brownish-yellow ; ‘its lateral margins

of Ecuador and Bolivia. 91

yellow. Thorax bluish (yellowish in some examples),

with five broad black lines on either side of the central

carina. Legs black; femora yellowish internally, ex-

cepting at the tips. Abdomen black, the basal four

segments bronzy ; first segment with a large yellow spot

on either side, second with a broad lateral line, third and

fourth with a yellow lateral spot at the anterior end

(occasionally visible as a point on the fifth), followed by

a narrow line, not extending to the posterior margin. The

tenth segment with a very prominent median tubercle.

2. Wings tinged with yellowish all over; no whitish

spot ; pterostigma pale brown; markings of the head and

prothorax as in the ¢. Thorax black, with five broad

golden-yellow lines on either side. Abdomen marked as

in the $, and with a large yellow spot (sometimes indis-

tinct) on either side of the ninth segment.

Length of abdomen, ¢ 45—47 mm.,?39 mm. Length

of posterior wing, ¢ 37—39 mm., ¢ 37 mm. Expanse of

wings, ¢ 81—85 mm., ? 83 mm.

Hab.—Intaj, Ecuador, 3 ¢ and 2 ¢.

This very large and distinct species appears to me to

combine the characters of Cora and Thore, differing from

others of the genus Cora in (apart from its large size) the

more shortly-petiolated wings, the position of the nodus,

the greater number of interposed supplementary sectors,

the more strongly-curved ends of the sectors, &c.; and the

whitish spot beyond the nodus in the 4 may be taken as

representing the milky band socommonin Thore. Also,

it should be remarked, that the wings of 7’. beata are not

much more dilated than those of C. dualis.

Considering the existence of such species as C. dualis,

C. modesta, C. munda, C. terminalis, all more or less

approaching Thore, it might be advisable to change the

sequence of the subdivisions of the « Légion” Thore from

that of Chalcopteryx, Thore, Euthore, Cora, to Chal-

copteryx, Euthore, Thore, Cie

Cora munda, 0. sp.

Nodus placed slightly nearer to the base of the wing

than to the origin of the pterostigma, which is brown

(brownish-ochreous in somewhat immature individuals),

short (25 mm. long) and very thick, surmounting about

4 cellules ; 29—33 antecubital, and 29 jeubiel

nervules in the anterior wings; 2—3 sectors interposed

o2 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan on Calopterygina

between the first and second sectors of the triangle; the

second of the triangle longly and regularly trifurcate.

?. Wings hyaline, universally tinged with yellowish,

which is more pronounced, and somewhat ereenish on the

anterior margin.

Nasus, labrum and cheeks piceous (yellowish or brownish

in somewhat immature examples). Basal two joints of

antennze yellowish. Top of the head black with a large

fulvous spot on either side anteriorly, connected with a

similar one on either side of the vesicle ; ; posterior margin

with a continuous fulvous line dilated at either end.

Prothorax varied with fulvous and black. Thorax brownish

(golden-brown in immature examples), with black lines,

none of which are very distinct excepting that placed on

either side of the black dorsal carina. Legs black; femora

brown internally, almost up to the tips. Abdomen bronzy-

black with chalybeous and violet reflections; first and

second segments almost entirely yellowish, the second

black in the middle above; third to sixth with a yellow

ring at the anterior end, sometimes almost interrupted

above by a prolongation of the black ground; a yellow

lateral line on the third and fourth segments in the mature

insect, extending to the fifth in immature examples ; an

indication of a yellow spot on either side of the eighth

and ninth segments.

Length of abdomen, 34—37 mm. Length of posterior

wing, 32—344 mm. Expanse of wings, 70—73 mm.

Hab. —Intaj, Ecuador, 3 &.

Apparently allied to C. dualis, but smaller, and with

the colours somewhat different; the wings more strongly

tinged, the neuration less complicated, the nodus nearer

to the origin of the pterostigma (hence the number of

antecubital and postcubital nervules is nearly equal).

Through C. dualis it forms a good example of the gradual

transition from Thore to Cora.

Cora terminalis, n. sp.

Nodus placed midway between the base of the wing

and the origin of the pterostigma, which is dark brown

(paler in the ¢ ), thick, 3 mm. long, its inner edge very

oblique, surmounting 5 cellules; 34—37 antecubital and

29—33 postcubital nervules, ; m the anterior wings. Two

sectors interposed between the first and second sectors of

of Ecuador and Bolivia. 93

the triangle, the second of the triangle longly and regu-

larly trifurcate.

é. Wings hyaline, anterior margin slightly tinged with

greenish-yellow ; the apex (from about the middle of the

pterostigma) brown, slightly areolated with paler (in the

posterior wings this brown portion forms only a rather

large spot under the pterostigma).

Nasus, labrum, cheeks and orbits livid (possibly bluish

in life); head otherwise black, with four bluish-grey spots

between the eyes, two anteriorly and two posteriorly.

Prothorax with two large brown spots. Thorax yellowish

on the sides, varied with black (or, more properly, black

with yellow lines), above black, the ante-humeral and

humeral lines greenish, enclosing a black oval between

them. Legs black; the base of the femora brown in-

teriorly. Abdomen black; first segment broadly yellow

on the sides; second with nee broad lateral lines; third

with a yellow spot anteriorly followed by a very narrow

lateral line; fourth with a similar spot, but with no line.

Appendages distinctly denticulate externally.

2. Wings entirely hyaline, very slightly tinged with

yellowish ; “the anterior margin more distinctly oreenish-

yellow. Front nearly entirely piceous; the cheeks and

orbits livid; prothorax with a brown spot on either side,

and margined with brown. ‘Thorax more distinctly

yellowish, with black lines, the yellow predominating.

Base of abdomen as in the ¢ (mutilated after the third

segment).

Length of abdomen, ¢, 40 mm., ¢ ? Length of pos-

terior wing, ¢, 35 mm.; 2,34 mm. LExpanse of wings,

é5i(¢ mme;, 2, 76 mm,

Hab.—Unduavi, Bolivia, 1 ¢ and 1 &.

The ¢ is very distinct from all described species in

consequence of the brown apex of the wings; the ? readily

separable from that of C. modesta (with which it agrees in

the position of the nodus) by its much larger size, dif-

ferent coloration of thorax, &c.

Cora inca, Selys.

One ¢ from Ecuador, thus referred by De Selys

(‘‘ Troisiémes Additions,” p. 40).

N.B.—It scarcely agrees with the description of the ¢

(from Quito), because the nodus appears to me to be

94 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan on Calopterygina of Ecuador, &c.

placed almost precisely midway between the base of the

wing and the origin (not the end) of the pterostigma.

Note.—The following two species have been recorded

from Ecuador and Bolivia respectively, but are not among

those collected by Mr. Buckley :—

Heterina carnifex, Hagen.

Quito, Ecuador. Selys “ Troisiémes Additions,” p. 15.

Thore Victoria, M‘Lachlan.

Bolivia. M‘Lach. Ent. Month. Mag. vol. vi. p. 28;

Selys “ Secondes Additions,” p. 25, 4; id. ‘* Troisiémes

Additions,” p. 33, #? |

( 95)

VIi. On the different forms occurring in the Coleo-

pterous family Lycidee, with descriptions of new

generaand species. By Cuas. O. WATERHOUSE.

[Read February 6th, 1878. ]

I HAVE for a considerable time devoted my attention to

the difficult Coleopterous genus Lycus and its allies, and

have already published two papers on this family.* I

have been much hindered in pursuing the study of this

group by the great difficulty of determining the genera.

My attention has been especially directed to the Asiatic

species; and with a view to determining the genera to

which the species should be referred I have selected a

series of forms, which I here characterize, but ‘seldom ven-

ture to name as genera, as I think it extremely doubtful

whether they could be maintained as such. I have ex-

amined the various parts, as the palpi, antenne, rostrum,

thorax, scutellum, elytra, &c. of all the different forms, but

find no definite characters upon which to establish genera.

It is evident that the genera (if made) must be charac-

terized by the combinations presented by these parts, and

in the following account I have done this.

I have divided the family into forty-five groups (or

genera), but, doubtless, numerous others would have to

be made, especially among the American species. The

geographical distribution of the species is apparently very

pecuhar. For instance, the genus Calopteron is peculiar

to South America, but there are two species—one from

the Celebes and snobs from New Hebrides—which only

differ in the form of the palpi from those from South

America; but as these organs vary immensely, it is

scarcely safe to establish genera for their reception.

Again, the only species which agrees generically with our

* “Monograph of the Australian species of the Coleopterous family

Lycide.” Trans. Ent. Soc., June, 1877, p. 73.

ow Monograph of the Coleopterous genus Calochromus of the family

Lycide.” Cistula Entomologica, June, 1877, p. 195.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART I. (APR.)

96 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on the different forms

British Pyropterus affints is a species from Borneo, which

I here describe as P. sculpturatus.

The following is my account of the genera so far as they

are known to me.

IT am not acquainted with the following genera:— Celi-

asis, Cast., Cladocerus, Kirsch, Micronychus, Motsch.

Dictyoptera, Latr., 1829, has been applied to various

species, but it is better to omit it altogether, as the name

is preoccupied in Orthoptera by Leach, 1818.

Digrapha is synonymous with Calopteron.

Anarhyneus, Guérin, 1838; no species is given, but

the first species described under this genus is “Anarhy yn-

chus scutellaris, Ey., and this is a Calochromus (1833).

Coptorhinus, Temnostoma and Odontocerus, given by

Guérin (Voy. Coq. p. 72, 1838), have no species assigned

to them, and as the names are all preoccupied in other

orders it is best to drop them altogether.

Section I.—Claws dentate.

Genus 1. Macrorycus, gen. nov.

Antenne compressed, dentate. Rostrum none; apical

joint of maxillary palpi large, triangular. Claws with a

sharp tooth at the apex, scarcely visible in the ¢.

Type, WM. coecineus, sp. n.

Section II.— Claws simple.

Genus 1. CaLocHromus, Guérin, Ann. Fr. 1833, p. 158..

Rostrum none. Thorax with a mesial impressed line,

and with a more or less distinct fold or carina, com-

mencing near the posterior angle and directed obliquely

forwards. Elytra pubescent, with several longitudinal

folds, but with no distinct carine. Legs simple.

Type, C. glaucopterus, Guérin.

Genus 2.

Same as Calochromus, but with the intermediate coxse

dentate, the intermediate femora thickened and with a

tooth beneath, the tibize of the same pair of legs and the

posterior tibiee curved.

Type, C. tibialis, Waterh.

occurring in the Coleopterous family Lycide, §c. 97

Genus 3. LyaistopTerus, Muls., Ann. Soc. Agr. Lyon,

1838, p. 79.

Characters of Calochromus, but with a distinct (but

short) rostrum.

Type, L. sanguineus, Linn.

Genus 4.

Antenne short, compact, dentate, compressed, of equal

width throughout, 3rd joint a trifle longer than broad,

4th to 10th joints transverse. Rostrum distinct, but short.

Thorax rather transverse, quadrangular, disk smooth,

margins reflexed. Llytra flattened, subparallel, with in-

distinct cost, the intervals punctured.

Hab.— Africa.

Type, Lycus scrobicollis, Fahr.

Genus 5.

Rostrum long. Antennz long, not compressed, joints

7—10 with internal angle rather prominent. Thorax

with a longitudinal mesial impression, and a ridge on

each side as in Calochromus. LElytra with four fine

costee. Anterior tibiz with an acute tooth at the internal

apical angle.

Hab.—S. America.

Type, Lycus Lacordairei, Kirsch.

Note.—I have determined this species from description,

but I have little doubt as to the identity. LZ. swecinctus,

Latr., should also belong to this group.

Genus 6. Lycus, Fabr. Mant. Ins. I. 1787, p. 163.

Rostrum long. Antenne compressed and dentate, the

3rd joint as long as the two following taken together.

Thorax smooth on the disk, the sides expanded and re-

flexed. Elytra ample, expanded (more or less) posteriorly.

1. Lycus, Fabr. African species.

2. Lycostomus, Mots. Asiatic species.

3. | American species.

Genus 7. CALOPTERON ?

Rostrum none. Maxillary palpi short and small, apical

joint small, trapeziform. Antenne long, compressed.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART I. (APR. ) H

98 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on the different forms

Thorax with a complete mesial carina. Elytra with four

costx, the interstices with transverse nervures.

Hab.— New Hebrides.

Type, C. notatus, sp. n.

Genus 8. CALOPTERON ?

Rostrum none. Apical joint of palpi very large, long,

knife-shaped. Antennx very compressed, simple. Thorax

with an interrupted mesial carina. Elytra very ample,

quadr icostate, the interstices with transverse nervures.

Type, C. Pfeifferi, sp. n.

Genus 9.

Rostrum very short. Eyes prominent. Antenne long,

slender, very compressed, the basal jomt large, pear-

shaped. Thorax with a mesial carina in front, continued

posteriorly by a mesial channel. Each ely tron with

three strong coste, the third forming a ridge over the

shoulder. Legs very long and_ slender, ‘the femora

scarcely compressed.

Type, Lycus bicolor, Linn.

Genus 10. CaLorpTeron, Guérin, Voy. Coq. 1836, p. 72.

Thorax with complete mesial carina. Antennz long,

compressed, generally broadest just before the apex, not

pectinate. Apical joint of maxillary palpi large, trans-

versely trapeziform. Elytra with four costz, the interstices

with numerous transverse nervures.

Hab.— America.

Type, C. apicalis, Guérin.

See note after Genus 14.

Genus 11. Canta, Newman, Ent. Mag. v. 1838, p. 381.

Thorax with complete mesial carina. Antenne pecti-

nate. Apical joint of maxillary palpi moderately large,

acuminate at its apex. lytra with nine carine, the

interstices with numerous transverse nervures.

Hab.— America.

Type, C. scapularis, Newman.

Genus 12. CeLeres, Newman, Ent. Mag. v. 1838, p. 38

Thorax with complete mesial carina. eee os

nate, the branches springing from the base of each joint.

occurring in the Coleopterous family Lycide, §c. 99

Apical joint of maxillary palpi small, acuminate at the

apex. Elytra with four carine, the interstices with trans-

verse nervures.

Type, C. basalis, Leconte.

Genus 13. Empiectus, Er., Wiegm., Arch., 1847, p. 82.

Rostrum none. Apical joint of maxillary palpi nar-

rowed at the apex. Antenne compressed, simple.

Thorax with a mesial carina divided in the middle into

two.

Hab.— America.

Type, £. bimaculatus, Er.

Genus 14.

Rostrum none. Apical joint of maxillary palpi elon-

gate securiform. Antenne long, each joint with a long

lamellate branch springing from. its apex. Thorax with

a mesial carina, which is double im the middle. Elytra

with nine coste (only four distinct), the interstices with a

row of punctures.

Type, C. tristis, sp. n.

Calopteron sinuatus, Iirsch., is evidently allied to

this.

Note.—Besides the above American forms, there are

numerous others usually placed with Calopteron and Km-

plectus, but which differ so much from each other, and

from both these genera that they should be separated.

See Kirsch. in Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1865, ix. p. 54, where a

very good table is given.

Genus 15. Lyponta, gen. n.

Rostrum none. Teguments thin. Antennz with lone

stout branches to the joints. Thorax subquadrate, with

a mesial impressed line on the disk. LElytra with nine

coste, the alternate ones more pronounced, the first,

second and third not reaching the apex, the fifth and

seventh joining the sixth some distance from the Des

the interstices with transverse nervures.

Type, £. debilis, sp. n.

Genus 16.

Rostrum none. Antenne very slender, simple. Apical

joint of maxillary palpi subquadrate, oblique at the apex.

Thorax shining, even, with only a slight longitudinal

H 2

100 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on the different forms

mesial impression behind. Elytra with nine equal costz,

the interstices narrow with a single line of punctures.

Scarcely pubescent.

Hab.— Asia.

Type, L. gracilis, sp. n.

Genus 17.

Rostrum none. Antenne of ¢ with slender pubescent

branch emitted from each jomt. Thorax even, with

a very slight longitudial impression behind. LElytra

pubescent, with nine nearly equal cost, the interstices

with a single line of punctures.

Hab.— Asia.

Type, L. punctipennis, sp. n.

Genus 18.

Note.— Several N. American species of so-called Kros

should follow here, e. g., KE. lictor, N., KH. alatus, Newm.,

&c.; they are like Genus 17, but have simple antenne.

Genus 19.

Rostrum none. Antenne serrate. Thorax even, with

a mesial longitudinal impression behind. Elytra with

nine cost, the alternate ones more elevated. ‘Thorax and

elytra pubescent.

Type, L. alternans, sp. n.

Genus 20.

Rostrum none. Antenne broad, serrate. Thorax

broad, a little more than a semicircle, with a discoidal

lanceolate areolet, from the lateral angles of which pro-

ceeds an oblique carina which is scarcely noticeable. Scu-

tellum quadrate, truncate at the apex. Elytra with nine

regular nearly equal cost, the interstices with a single

line of punctures. Legs rather short. Thorax, elytra

and legs having a woolly appearance.

Type, LZ. deplanata, sp. n.

Genus 21.

Rostrum none. Antenne broad, dentate. Thorax

rather narrowed in front, the posterior angles acute, with

a very distinet discoidal areolet. Llytra with four dis-

tinct costae, the interstices with two lines of punctures

divided by a very fine costa.

Type, L. obsoletus, sp. n.

occurring tn the Coleopterous family Lycida, §c. 101

Genus 22.

Rostrum none. Antenne not very long, joints 3—10,

with a long compressed branch proceeding from the base

of each. Thorax with seven areolets. Elytra as in

Genus 21.

Type, L. excellens, sp. n.

Genus 23. Eros, Newman, Ent. Mag. v. 1838, p. 382.

Rostrum none. Antenne simple. Thorax with five

areolets. Elytra quadricostate, the interstices with two

lines of foveole, the lines divided by a fine costa.

Type, £. humeralis, Fabr. ; E. aurora, Fabr.

Genus 24. Pxiarycis, Thomson, Scand. Col. v. 1863,

p-. 162.

Rostrum none. Antenne slender and simple. Fore-

head produced between the bases of the antenne. Thorax

subquadrate, with seven not well-defined areolets. Elytra

nearly as in Eros.

Type, P. minutus, Fabr.

Genus 25.

Rostrum none. Antennz dentate. Thorax, five areo-

lets, two small anterior, one mesial posterior lanceolate,

and one large one occupying each side. Elytra with four

strong cost, the interstices with regular distinct trans-

verse costz.

Type, L. costifer, Walker.

Genus 26. Merrioruyncuus, Guérin, Voy. Coq. 1838, °

Det. an

Antenne dentate. Rostrum variable. Thorax with

seven areolets. LElytra with nine parallel costz, the inter-

mediate ones for the most part less elevated, and in some

cases almost disappearing.

Type, M. parallelus, Guérin.

Genus 27.

Rostrum none. Antennz dentate. Thorax with five

distinct areolets. lytra with four costa, the interstices

irregularly punctured.

Type, M. clientulus, C. Waterh.,

102. Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on the different forms

Genus 28.

Rostrum none. Antenne dentate. Thorax with five

distinct areolets. Elytra with four cost, the interstices

with a line of obscure punctures on each side.

Type, M. velutinus, sp. n.

Genus 29.

Rostrum none. Antenne dentate. Thorax rather

broad, with blunt posterior angles, with a mesial lanceolate

areolet. Hlytra parallel, with four cost, the interstices

with two lines of punctures, the lines divided by a very

fine costa.

Type, M. dichrous, C. Waterh.

Genus 30.

Rostrum none. Antenne dentate. Thorax small, with

five areolets. Elytra rather narrow at the base, gradually

enlarged posteriorly, with four coste, the intervals with

rugose punctuation.

Type, M. limbatus, C. Waterh.

Genus 31.

Rostrum none. Antenne dentate. Thorax triangu-

larly produced over the head, with a mesial longitudinal

carina in front, posterior angles acute. LElytra with four

cost, the intervals with two lines of regular quadrate

punctures, the lines divided by a fine costa.

Type, Dict. angulata, Klug.

Genus 32. TAPHES, gen. n.

Insect rather short, having a velvety appearance.

Antenne scarcely dentate, beset with long fine hairs in

the male. Thorax small, transverse, with a large lozenge-

shaped discoidal areolet, its angles nearly reaching the

margins. Elytra rather enlarged posteriorly, quadricos-

tate, the interstices with two lines of punctures (the lines

scarcely divided by any costa).

Type, Z. brevicollis, sp. n.

Genus 33. Pyroprrerus, Muls., Ann. Soc. Agr. Lyon, i.

1838, p. 81.

Antenne simple, the 2nd and 3rd joints small, nearly

equal. Thorax with five areolets. Elytra with four

occurring in the Coleopterous family Lycide, &c. 103

coste, the interstices with very numerous, rather regular

transverse coste.

Type, P. affinis, Payk.

Note.—The only species known to me which agrees

with this is P. sculpturatus, mihi, from Borneo.

Genus 34. CLapopHorts, Guérin, Voy. Coq. 1838, p. 72.

Forehead gibbous, the antennal joints (83—10) furnished

with a more or less long branch. Thorax with seven

areolets. Elytra long, parallel, with four cost, the

interstices with two lines of punctures, the lines divided

by a fine costa.

Type, C. formosus, Guérin.

1. Coste of elytra parallel .. .. C. formosus, Guérin.

2. Coste diverging at the base -- C. restrictus, sp. 0.

Genus 35.

Antenne long, somewhat dentate. -Thorax narrow,

with seven areolets, the two lateral ones imperfectly

divided, posterior angles acute, prominent. Scutellum

somewhat rounded, with a small notch at the apex.

Elytra with seven costz, the first trifurcate at its base,

interstices with a single line of punctures. Legs very

long, compressed.

Type, L. luteolus, sp. n.

Genus 36. Tricuatus, Waterh., Tr. Ent. Soc. 1877,

p. 82.

Like Genus 35, but thorax with a discoidal lanceolate

areolet only.

Type, 7. flavopictus, C. Waterh.

Genus 37.

Eyes very large. Antenne long, with the joints (83—10)

each with a long, compressed branch arising from the

base of each joint. Thorax pubescent, with seven shallow

impressions. Elytra pubescent, with four parallel costa,

the interstices each with a line of obscure punctures on

each side.

Type, £. dispar, sp. 0.

104. Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on the different forms

Genus 38.

Eyes large; forehead with a longitudinal impressed

line. Antenne long, dentate (¢?). Thorax with no

areolets, rugulose on the front margin, with a smooth

mesial anterior line. LElytra very slightly narrowed

towards the apex (where they do not meet at the suture),

with three coste, the first abbreviated posteriorly, the

intervals flat, pubescent.

Type, L. exilis, sp. n.

Genus 39. ATELIUS, gen. n.

Downy. Head prominent, forehead protuberant, eyes

small, antennze longer than the whole insect, very com-

pressed, the jomts 3—10 triangular. Thorax small,

margins incrassate, with a complete mesial longitudinal

carina. LElytra parallel, each with four coste, the inters

stices with two lines of punctures which are generally

confluent transversely.

Type, A. expansicornis, Walker.

Genus 40. SCARELUS, gen. n.

Head as in 39. Antenne much longer than the whole

insect, nearly filiform or slightly compressed. ‘Thorax

trapezoidal, small, with a complete mesial carina. Elytra

parallel, with three coste, the interstices with very

numerous transverse impressions.

Type, S. longicornis, sp. n.

Genus 41. LIBNETUS, gen. n.

Pubescent. Head small; antennex rather short, simple,

thicker about the middle, narrowed to the apex. Thorax

small, trapeziform, margins elevated, no mesial raised

le. Elytra woolly, subparallel, with four coste, the

intervals obscurely and finely punctured.

Type, L. pumilio, sp. n.

Genus 42. Lyrropauvs, gen. n.

Pubescent, woolly. Antennx linear, compact, slightly

compressed, ‘the joints slightly emarginate at the apex.

Thorax trapeziform, margins broadly reflexed, with a

slight indication of a mesial elevated line. Elytra narrow

occurring in the Coleopterous family Lycide, §c. 105

at the base, much enlarged posteriorly, with four scarcely

noticeable raised lines; the surface woolly, extremely

finely punctured.

Type, LZ. fallax, Walker.

Genus 43. Dexorts, gen. n.

Head nearly as in the preceding. Antenne woolly,

thickest at the base, gradually tapering to the apex.

Thorax trapezoidal, with a carina on each side, extending

from the anterior angle to the middle of the posterior

margin where the two carine nearly meet. LElytra flat,

pubescent, parallel, with no coste; the surface thickly

studded with minute obtuse tubercles.

Type, D. insignis, sp. n.

Genus 44. Homauisus, Geoff, Hist. Ins. Paris, i. 1762,

p. 179.

Head rather prominent. Antenne rather short, simple,

the 2nd and 38rd joints small, subequal. Thorax with a

carina on each side near the margin. Llytra parallel,

with 10 lines of punctures, the intervals very narrow, sub-

costiform.

Type, H. suturalis, Vill.

The following are the new species referred to in the

foregoing portion of this paper :—

Macrolycus Bowringit, sp. n.

Niger, opacus; thorace coccineo, lateribus reflexis,

angulis posticis acutis ; scutello nigro; elytris basi thorace

haud latioribus, postice gradatim ampliatis, coccineis,

quadricostatis, costis parum elevatis, interstitiis subtiliter

punctulatis.

Long. 10 lin.

Antenne # the length of the elytra, compressed, rather

broad, strongly dentate. Thorax a little broader than

long, in the middle in front rather angular, constricted a

little behind the middle, the posterior angles diverging

and acute; the anterior and lateral margins broadly re-

flexed, with a short mesial carina in front, and a carina on

each side at the constriction; disk with a longitudinal

mesial impression. Scutellum narrowed towards the apex.

Klytra long, much enlarged posteriorly, each with four

106 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on the different forms

coste, the interstices finely and thickly punctured and

with indications of reticulation here and there.

Hab.— Allahabad (J. C. Bowring, Esq.). Brit. Mus.

This species differs from all the species of this family in

having the claws split at the apex.

Genus 7. Calopteron ? notatus, sp. n.

Flavo-testaceus ; antennis apicem versus, elytris maculis

6 apiceque, et tarsis nigrescentibus ; thorace antice angus-

tato, medio carinato, angulis posticis acutis; elytris asi

thorace haud latioribus, apicem versus sat amplhatis quadri-

costatis.

Long. 44 lin.

Hab.—New Hebvides (J. C. Bowring, Esq.). Brit.

Mus.

Genus 8. Calopteron ? Pfeifferi, sp. n.

Sordide flavus; thorace parvo, antice angustato, haud

areato, carina longitudinali mediana medio interrupta ;

elytris valde inflatis, convexis, cyaneis, nitidis, reticulatis.

Long. 44 lin., lat. elytr. 33 lin.

Head small, semicireularly impressed above. Antenne

long, subparallel, compressed, fuscous, except the basal

and two apical joints, which are yellowish. Thorax nar-

rowed in front, the sides nearly straight, posterior angles

acute, the mesial dorsal carina is not very distinct, and is

interrupted in the middle. Scutellum yellowish, acuminate

at the apex. Elytra very convex, nearly as broad as long,

rounded at the sides, glassy, steel-blue, the extreme base

yellowish ; each elytron with four well-marked costze, the

intervals with regular transverse costz dividing the whole

elytra into quadrangles. Tibia a little fuscous.

Hab.—Celebes (Wallace). Brit. Mus.

Genus 14. tristis, sp. n.

Niger, depressus, opacus; antennis flabellatis articulis

apicalibus flavis; thorace flavo medio longitudinaliter

late nigro, antice rotundato, angulis posticis acutis ; elytris

fere parallelis, flavis, sutura usque ad medium apiceque

nigris, quadricostatis, interstitiis biseriatim punctatis.

‘Long. 5 lin.

Dull black, the base of the palpi and base of the legs

testaceous. Antenne long, flabellate, the two apical

occurring in the Coleopterous family Lycide, &c. 107

joints yellow. Thorax a little broader than long, entirely

rounded in front, scarcely sinuate at the sides, yellow,

with a mesial black stripe, the margins finely reflexed, the

posterior angles slightly directed outwards, acute, disk

with a mesial carina, which divides and encloses an elon-

gate narrow areolet in the middle, and then again becomes

a single carina just before the posterior margin. LElytra

subparallel, a little wider towards the apex, yellow, with

a sutural stripe extending a little beyond the middle, and

the apex black; each elytron with nine cost, the 2nd,

4th, 6th and 8th only distinct, the 4th and 8th the

strongest, the punctures in the imtervals are close and

rather strong.

Hab.—Cuenga, Ecuador. Brit. Mus.

Genus 15. Lyponia debilis, sp. n.

Rubro-fuscus ; thorace limbo elytrisque rufis; antennis

fere nigris; thorace equali, marginibus parum reflexis,

disco linea longitudinali impresso ; scutello piceo; elytris

postice perparum empliatis, quadricostatis, interstitiis,

biseriatim fortiter punctatis, punctis transversis, seriebus

a costis tenuibus divisis.

Long. 42 lin.

Thorax rather flat on the disc, with a mesial fine im-

pressed line (not extending to the anterior nor posterior

margins), the sides gently reflexed. Scutellum pitchy,

truncate at the apex. LElytra with the 4th, 6th and 8th

coste reaching to the apex, the 4th turns towards the

suture a little before the apex, by which means the Ist,

2nd and 3rd are somewhat abbreviated; the 5th and 7th

costze joi the 6th some distance before the apex, the 9th

is only visible at the shoulder when viewed laterally; the

interstices have each a row of strong transverse punctures.

The tegument of the elytra is unusually delicate and

somewhat transparent.

Hab.—China (J. C. Bowring, Esq.). Brit. Mus.

Genus 16. gracilis, sp. n.

Niger, nitidus, parallelus, depressus; thorace nitido

levi; elytris flavis, striato-punctatis, interstitiis angustis,

costiformibus ; tarsis piceis.

Long. 3 lin.

Antennz about as long as the elytra, subfiliform; the

2nd joint distinct. Thorax slightly transverse, rounded in

108 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on the different forms

front, smooth and shining above, the posterior angles a

little prominent, acute. Scutellum truncate at the apex.

Elytra parallel, yellowish, each with ten lines of rather

strong punctures, the intervals very narrow, subcostiform.

Hab.—S. India (M. J. Walhouse, Esq.). Brit. Mus.

Genus 17. punctipennis, sp. n.

Nigro-piceus, supra subtiliter pubescens; fronte flava;

thorace scutelloque flavo; elytris parallelis, flavis sat for-

titer crebre striato-punctatis, interstitiis angustissimis,

alternis parum magis elevatis; ore coxisque testaceis.

Long. 33 lin.

Antenn scarcely as long as the elytra, with long fine

pubescence, 3rd to 10th joints emitting a long slender

branch. Thorax obscure yellow, a little angular in front,

straight at the sides, the posterior angles a little projecting

and acute, above slightly shining, impressed on each side,

and with a short impressed mesial line behind. Scutellum

truncate at the apex. Elytra parallel, obscure yellow, each

with ten lines of closely-set rather strong punctures, the

intervals very narrow, the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th costiform

near the base.

Hab.—Java (J. C. Bowring, Esq.). Brit. Mus.

Genus 19. alternans, sp. n.

Ater; antennis sat latis, dentatis; thorace antice om-

nino rotundato, medio postice longitudinaliter impresso,

angulis posticis acutiusculis ; elytris dimidio basali ferru-

gineo, nono-costatis, costis alternatis minus elevatis, inter-

stitiis uniseriatim punctatis.

Long. 44 lin.

Thorax deeply impressed within the margins, which

are thickened; behind the middle there is a longitudinal

distinct impression. The elytra are subparallel, thickly

pubescent, the basal half ferruginous; each elytron has

nine cost, the alternate ones a little less elevated, the

interstices have a single row of punctures, which are much

obscured by the pubescence.

Hab.—Sarawak (Wallace). Brit. Mus.

Genus 19. misellus, sp. n.

Niger, pubescens; thorace, scutello, elytrisque rufis;

antennis articulo apicali ferrugineo; thorace medio longi-

occurring tn the Coleopterous family Lycide, &c. 109

tudinaliter canaliculato; elytris nono-costatis, costis alter-

natis minus elevatis, interstitiis uniseriatim punctatis.

Long. 3 lin.

Thorax with the margins incrassate, but not much re-

flexed; there is a shallow impression on each side within

the margin, extending also along the base, but not quite

reaching the middle; in the middle there is a clear narrow

channel, which does not quite extend to the front margin.

Each elytron has nine cost, the alternate ones finer and

less elevated, the interstices have a single line of distinct

punctures.

Hab.—Penang (J. C. Bowring, Esq.). Brit. Mus.

Genus 20. deplanatus, sp. n.

Ater, depressus, brevissime pubescens; antennis crassis,

flavis; thorace fere semicirculari, supra antice ruguloso,

medio areola lanceolata instructo ; elytris parallelis, flavis,

apice nigro, nono-costatis, interstitiis regulariter uniseri-

atim punctatis ; pedibus sat brevibus, fuscis, tibiarum basi

et apice unguiculisque flavis.

Long. 4 lin.

Rather a broad, short species. Antenne yellow (except

the fuscous basal joint), not very long, very broad, den-

tate. Thorax nearly semicircular, bisinuate at the base;

the mesial lanceolate areola is narrow, and from the middle

of each side of it there is an indication of a raised line

which does not quite reach the side of the thorax. The

elytra are nearly parallel, yellow, with apical third black ;

each elytron has nine nearly equal costz (the alternate

ones a trifle more distinct), and the interstices have a

single row of distinct punctures. Legs pitchy, the ex-

treme apex of the femora, the base and apex of the tibix,

and the claw joint of the tarsi yellowish.

Hab.—New Guinea, Dory (Wallace). Brit. Mus.

Genus 21. obsoletus, sp. n.

Fuscus; thorace medio areola lanceolata, angulis pos-

ticis acutis; elytris dimidio basali pallide fusco, apice

fere nigro, quadricostatis, interstitiis biseriatim evidenter

punctatis, seriebus a costa tenui divisis.

Long. 4} lin.

Thorax with anterior margin and the sides finely

punctured, the sides reflexed, disk with a well-defined

110 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on the different forms

lanceolate areola, posterior angles acute. Elytra with the

basal half pale fuscous; each elytron with four distinct

cost, the interstices with two lines of distinct black

punctures, the lines separated by a fine costa.

Hab.—Java (J. C. Bowring, Esq.). Brit. Mus.

Genus 22. excellens, sp. n.

Ater, opacus; antennis flabellatis; thorace vix 7-areolato;

elytris dimidio basali pallide fusco, quadri-costatis, mter-

stitiis biseriatim evidenter punctatis, punctis nigris.

Long. 34 lin.

Thorax with the margins scarcely reflexed ; the surface

is divided into seven areolets, but the mesial lanceolate

one only is very distinct, the lines dividing the others are

rather obsolete, and the lateral ones are scarcely noticeable.

The elytra have each four distinct coste, and the interstices

have two lines of black punctures, the lines of punctures

are not divided by any distinct costa.

Hab.—Sarawak (Wallace). Brit. Mus.

Genus 28. velutinus, sp. n.

Ater; thorace, scutello, elytrisque lete rufis, velutinis ;

thorace quinque areato, areola mediana nigra; elytris

obsolete quadri-costatis.

Long. 4 lin.

Elongate, narrowed in front; antennze rather long.

Thorax with the margins incrassate, the five areolets

well defined; elytra very long, velvety, each with four

obscure ues, the intervals Shave each two lines of

punctures (much hidden by the pubescence), which appear

confluent transversely.

Hab.—Sikkim (Dr. Hooker). Brit. Mus.

Genus 28. festivus, sp. n.

Niger; thorace quinque-areato, lineis elevatis rubris;

scutello lateribus parallelis, apice triangulariter emar-

ginato; elytris rubris, quadricostatis, interstitiis, con-

vexiusculis subinterruptis, obsolete biseriatim punctatis ;

unguiculis testaceis. ¢.

Long. 5 lin.

Black, with the elytra deep dull red. Antenne long,

strongly dentate. Thorax somewhat constricted in the

occurring in the Coleopterous family Lycide, &§c. 111

middle, rather short, with five deep areolets, the elevated

lines dull red. Elytra each with four coste, the interstices

slightly convex and transversely interrupted by blunt im-

pressions, and with a line of obscure punctures on each

side.

Hab.—Sumatra (E. C. Buxton, Esq.). Brit. Mus.

Genus 32. Taphes brevicollis, sp. n.

Ater, opacus, brevior; thorace transverso, areolis quin-

que obsoletis; scutello apice truncato; elytris thorace

latioribus, postice ampliatis, lete rufis, quadricostatis,

interstitiis biseriatim foveolato-punctatis.

. Long. 24 lin., lat. elytr. 14 lin.

?. Long. 32 lin., lat. elytr. 12 lin.

Dull black, having a velvety appearance. Antenne

dull, compact. Thorax transverse, a little narrowed in

front, straight at the sides, velvety, surface divided into

five areolets, the central one broad lozenge-shaped, its

anterior angle touching the front margin and the lateral

angles nearly reaching the sides of the thorax. Elytra

broader than the thorax at the base, much broader behind,

red, having a velvety appearance; each with four coste,

the interstices with two rows of large punctures, the rows

not separated from each other by any distinct costa.

$. Antenne with long pubescence; penultimate seg-

ment of abdomen triangularly emarginate.

?. Antenne without long pubescence; abdomen simple.

Hab.—Sarawak (Wallace). Brit. Mus.

Genus 32. Taphes frontalis, sp. n.

Ater, opacus; fronte inter antennas sat acute producta;

thorace tomentoso, transverso, obsolete quinque areato;

elytris opacis, rubris, postice latioribus, quadricostatis,

interstitis biseriatim foveato-punctatis.

$. Antennis longe pilosis.

Long. 34 lin.

Dull black, with a velvety appearance. Antenne of

the male fringed with long fine hair. Forehead between

the antennze rather acutely prominent, as in Platycis

minutus, F., but more acutely. Thorax small, strongly

transverse, a little narrowed in front, the sides straight,

deeply impressed on each side, and with a broad lozenge-

shaped areolet on the disk. Elytra deep dull red, rather

112. Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on the different forms

broad, especially posteriorly, each with four cost, the

interstices broad, with double rows of rather irregular

square punctures.

Hab.— Sumatra (E. C. Buxton, Esq.). Brit. Mus.

Very near to brevicollis, but the formation of the fore-

head is different, the joints of the antennz are more

elongate, and the elytra are of a much deeper red.

Pyropterus sculpturatus, sp. D.

Nigro-piceus, opacus, subpubescens; antennis crassis

thorace parvo, antice angustiori, quinque areato ; elyt tris

rubris quadri-costatis, costis validis, interstitlis carinis

validis transversis numerosis.

Long. 33 lin.

Resembles Pyropterus affinis, Payk., but is relatively

shorter, the sculpture is much stronger and the elytra are

deeper red. Antenne very stout, the 2nd and 3rd joints

small and transverse. Thorax smaller than in affinis, the

margins more thickened, the elevated lines on the thorax

more pronounced and the mesial lozenge-shaped areolet is

much broader. Llytra relatively shorter than in affinis,

the sculpture is similar, but the costze are much more

strong, especially the transverse ones, which are also very

regular.

Hab.—Sarawak. Brit. Mus.

Cladophorus aberrans, sp. n.

Fuscus, pubescens; antennis brunneis, ramis fuscis

brevioribus ; thorace sordide testaceo, medio parum con-

stricto; scutello apice fere truncato; elytris quadricostatis,

interstitiis fortiter transversim punctatis, basi costis inter-

mediis brevibus, humeris brunneo-testaceis; coxis pallidis.

Long. 4 lin.

Antenne brownish, with the apex of each joint, the

branch (which is very little longer than the joint itself)

blackish. Thorax obscure testaceous, a little constricted

in the middle, divided into seven distinct areolets. Elytra

with the shoulders and the basal half of the suture and

lateral margin brownish-yellow; each elytron with four dis-

tinct coste, which, near the base, turn away from the

scutellum; the interstices are strongly punctured with

transverse punctures, in the Ist, 2nd and 3rd interstices

there are short intermediate coste near the base.

Hab.—Avru Is. (Wallace). Brit. Mus.

occurring in the Coleopterous fumily Lycide, § ce. 113

Cladophorus restrictus, sp. 0

Fuscus, pubescens ; antennis longe flabellatis; thorace

septem areolato, lineis elevatis limboque pallidis; scutello

apice emarginato ; elytris basi ipsa anguste sordide flava,

medio parum constrictis, quadri-costatis, interstitiis biseri-

atim: obsolete subtiliter punctatis, costis intermediis basi

apiceque solum perspicuis; femorum basi genubusque

sordide flavescentibus.

Long. 4 lin.

Thorax a little narrowed in front, the sides somewhat

straight; surface divided into seven areolets, the four

anterior nearly equal, the incrassate margins testaceous,

the elevated lines pale pitchy. Scutellum deeply emar-

ginate at the apex. LElytra with the extreme base brown-

ish-yellow, a little narrowed in their middle, each elytron

with four fine coste (of which the 2nd and 3rd slightly

turn from the scutellum near the base), the interstices are

rather finely and obscurely punctured in double rows, near

the base and at the apex a very fine short costa may be

seen between each pair of the complete costz, but those

at the apex are very obscure.

Hab.—W aigiou (Wallace). Brit. Mus.

Genus 35. luteolus, sp. n.

Flavus: antennis infuscatis; thorace antice angustato,

marginibus evidenter punctatis, septem-areato, angulis

posticis valde acutis; scutello subrotundato, postice medio

acute exciso; elytris septem costatis, costa prima basi

trifurcata, 2*, 4° et 67 magis elevatis, interstitus sat for-

titer transversim punctatis.

Long. 54 lin.

Thorax rather long, narrowed anteriorly, a little en-

larged before the posterior angles, which are very acute ;

the anterior and lateral margins are rather strongly punc-

tured; surface divided into seven areolets, but the lateral

ridges scarcely join the mesial lanceolate areolet. Scutel-

lum rounded, with a small acute notch in the middle of

the posterior margin. LElytra opaque, each with seven.

coste, the first dividing into three near the base, the

second, fourth and sixth more elevated than the others,

the interstices strongly punctured with transverse punc-

tures.

Hab.—Aru Is. Brit. Mus.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART I. (APR.) i

114 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on the different forms

Genus 36. Trichalus acutangulus, sp. n.

Flavus; antennis flavo-fuscis ; thorace antice angustato,

marginibus reflexis supra granulato-punctatis, angulis pos-

ticis valde acutis; scutello subquadrato, apice triangu-

lariter emarginato; elytris septem costatis, costa prima

basi trifurcata, 2*, 4* et 6* magis elevatis, interstitiis sat

evidenter uniseriatim punctatis.

Long. 42 lin.

Thorax shining in the middle, with a single mesial

lanceolate areolet, the anterior and lateral margins thickly

punctured. Scutellum not rounded at the sides, trian-

gularly emarginate at the apex. LElytra opaque, each

with seven coste, the first dividing into three at the base,

the second, fourth and sixth much more elevated than the

others, the interstices rather strongly punctured.

Hab.—Dory, New Guinea (Wallace). Brit. Mus.

Trichalus emulus, sp. n.

Elongatus, ater; thorace antice supra granulato ; elytris

basi flavo, tricostatis, interstitiis biseriatim foveato-punc-

tatis.

Long. 5 lin.

Thorax above granulate-punctate in front. Scutellum

rather large, broader than long, yellow, a little fuscous in

the middle, truncate at the apex. Hlytra very long, sub-

parallel, the basal third ochraceous; each elytron with

three distinct coste (besides the three subscutellar cost,

which are distinct), the interstices with two lines of well-

defined transverse punctures, the lines of punctures divided

by a fine costa.

Hab.—Aru Is. (Wallace).

Thorax relatively broader than in the following species

(anceps), and the punctures of the elytra are much more

regular and defined, and the intermediate coste, although

fine, are distinct.

Trichalus anceps, sp. 0.

Elongatus, ater, opacus; thorace antice angustato,

supra antice granulato; elytris basi flavis, tricostatis.

Long. 3 lin.

Antenne very long and compressed. Thorax small,

longer than broad, narrowed in front, above im front

distinctly granular. Scutellum fuscous, concave, sub-

occurring mn the Coleopterous family Lycide, &c. 115

quadrate, scarcely emarginate at the apex (nearly

straight), the angles blunt. [Elytra very long, dull black,

with the basal fifth yellow; the three costs on each are

well marked, and there is a short distinct costa near the

scutellum ; the usual transverse rugulz of the interspaces

are irregular and much broken, for the most part only

appearing like granules; there are no intermediate cost

visible.

Hab.—Batchian. Brit. Mus.

Genus 37. dispar, sp. n.

Elongatus, nigro-fuscus, griseo-pubescens; thorace im-

pressionibus septem notato ; scutello apice exciso; elytris

sat convexis sordide flavis, apice infuscato, costis obtusis

quatuor instructis, interstitiis angustis parum convexis.

Long. 44 lin.

Antenne blackish, with grey pubescence. Thorax

grey-fuscous, with paler pubescence, the elevated parts

paler ; surface divided into seven areolets, the ridges

dividing them blunt and not well defined, there is also a

round fovea within each anterior lateral areolet. Scutel-

lum greyish, with the apex very deeply excised. Elytra

rather convex, brownish-yellow, infuscated at the apex ;

each elytron with four rather broad blunt costz, which

are effaced at the base, the interstices very slightly con-

vex, with a line of obscure punctures on each side

towards the apex.

Hab.—Malacca. Brit. Mus.

Genus 37. conformis, sp. n.

Nigro-fuscus; griseo-pubescens ; thorace limbo fla-

vescenti, disco utrinque bi-impresso; elytris sat convexis,

sordide flavis, apice infuscato, costis quatuor obtusis

instructis, interstitiis obsolete biseriatim punctatis.

Long. 34 lin.

Antenne blackish, with grey pubescence. Thorax

fuscous with the margins dirty yellow; within each of the

four angles there is an ill-defined impression, and in front

there are three short longitudinal carine. Scutellum

very deeply triangularly excised, yellowish. Elytra

brownish-yellow (except at the apex); each elytron has

four rather broad blunt cost, which are distinct to the

base; the interstices with two rows of obscure sub-

confluent punctures.

i116 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on the different forms

his species is very close to the preceding, but the

areolets on the thorax are not defined, and the costzx of

the elytra are distinct to the base.

Hab.—Sarawak (Wallace). Brit. Mus.

Genus 38. exilis, sp. n.

Flavescens, pubescens; thorace antice ruguloso, postice

utrinque impresso, angulis posticis acutis; “scutello apice

truncato; elytris (apice ipso _infuscato) pubescentibus,

singulis costis tribus, quarum ila juxta scutellam postice

abbreviata; antennis pedibusque infuscatis.

Long. 3 lin.

Head with a longitudinal impressed line; antennz

blackish. Thorax narrowed anteriorly, surface rugulose

in front, with a smooth mesial line, transversely impressed

behind and with a shallow impression on each side.

Elytra a little narrowed towards the apex where they

are not united at the suture; each elytron with three

coste; that next the scutellum is only half the length

of the elytra; the third and fourth nearly reach the apex ;

the interstices are flat. Legs and abdomen infuscated,

tarsi yellowish.

Hab.—Sarawak (Wallace). Brit. Mus.

Genus 40. Scarelus longicornis, sp. n.

Elongatus, ferrugineo-flavus, pubescens; antennis lon-

gissumis, filiformibus, nigris; thorace parvo, antice angus-

tato, lme&é mediana elevata; elytris parallelis, depressis,

tricarinatis, interstitiis impressionibus numerosis trans-

versis, apice anguste nigro; pedibus fuscis.

Long. 23 lin.; antennz 34 lin.

Head rather prominent, eyes small; antennz longer

than the whole insect, filiform, the lst and 2nd joints

yellow, the rest black. Thorax with a distinct mesial

elevated line, sides gently reflexed, posterior angles acute.

Scutellum slightly narrowed towards the apex which is

very slightly notched. Elytra a little broader than the

base of the thorax, tipped with black; each with three

cost, the first rather obscure, the interstices with very

numerous transverse impressions. Legs pitchy; tarsi

rather short and stout.

Hab.—Java (J. C. Bowring, Esq.). Brit. Mus.

occurring in the Coleopterous family Lycide, &c. 117

Genus 40. Scarelus orbatus, sp. n.

Fuscus; antennis longissimis, simplicibus, compressius-

culis, parallelis; thorace trapeziformi, fusco-flavo, utrinque

excavato; elytris basi fusco-flavis, parallelis, tricostatis,

interstitiis transversim costulatis.

Long. 2} lin.

Antenne longer than the whole insect, pubescent, not

dentate, parallel, slightly compressed, the second joint

not visible. Thorax small, narrowed in front, dirty-yel-

lowish, with a complete mesial carina. Elytra dirty-

yellowish at the base, with three distinct costs, the

intervals with numerous transverse impressions.

Hab.—Singapore. Brit. Mus.

Genus 41. Libnetus pumilio, sp. n.

Niger, velutinus; thorace trapeziformi, supra excavato ;

elytris dimidio basali flavo, quadricostatis, interstitiis

planis, subtiliter obsolete punctulatis.

Long. 2 lin.

Antenne velvety, three-quarters the length of the

elytra, gradually tapering from the fourth joint to the

apex. Head small. Thorax small, trapeziform, trans-

verse, deeply excavated above. Elytra clear yellow for

a little more than half their length, a little narrowed in

the middle, each with four narrow slightly-elevated costz,

the intervals flat, very finely and obscurely punctured.

Hab.—Ceylon (Dr. Thwaites). Brit. Mus.

Genus 43. Dexoris insignis, sp. n.

Ochraceus, subvelutinus; antennis basin versus obscuri-

oribus; thorace trapezoidali, antice rotundato, subnitido,

supra in partes tres diviso; scutello basi angustato, apice

fere dilobo; elytris parallelis, depressis, tuberculis minutis

obtusis crebre adspersis.

Long. 3 lin.

Dull ochraceous, appearing velvety. Head longitudi-

nally impressed above; eyes black; antennx thickest at

the 38rd joint, eradually tapering to the apex, brown at

the base, becoming yellow towards the tip. Thorax

transverse, somewhat rounded in front, rather straight

118 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on the family Lycide.

at the sides, above with a well-marked oblique carina

on each side, reaching from the middle of the hind

margin to the anterior margin just above the eye. Scu-

tellum narrowed at the base, deeply notched at the apex.

Elytra flat, parallel, velvety, closely beset with minute

blunt tubercles.

Hab.—Sierra Leone. Brit. Mus.

VIII. Description of a new Dragon-fly (Gynacantha),

from Borneo. By Cuas. O. WATERHOUSE.

[Read February 6th, 1878.]

(Pl. IV.)

At the June Meeting of this Society I exhibited and

gave a brief description of perhaps the largest species of

Dragon-fly known, and at the time I promised to give a

fuller description of the specimen. I have not been able

to do so until now, chiefly on account of the difficulty in

getting the plate drawn which was to accompany my

description.

The specimen was lent me by Mr. Hugh Low, who

received it from Borneo.

GYNACANTHA PLAGIATA, C. Waterh., ?, Pl. IV. Proc.

Ent Soe, Oct) 18i75 p. 10:

Head with the vertex and occiput pitchy black; the

face, labrum, base of the mandibles and the back of the

head yellowish. Thorax fuscous, with two broad oblique

fulvous stripes on each side. The abdomen is dark pitchy,

but is doubtless much discoloured; the 8th and 9th seg-

ments above end on their posterior margin in a strong

sharp triangular tooth, that on the 8th being the smaller ;

the superior appendages of the 10th segment very slender

(almost filiform), acute ; the 10th segment beneath with

four short strong acute triangular teeth. The wings are

hyaline, but have a pitchy-brown border along the anterior

margin as far as the stigma, and a broad band of the same

colour across each wing near the apex, that on the posterior

wing extends rather more along the posterior margin than

in the fore wings. The stigma is dark pitchy, that of the

fore wings is 4 mill., that of the hind wings nearly 5 mill.

long.

The neuration of the wings and the remarkable struc-

ture of the apical segments of the abdomen are well repre-

sented in the plate; the abdomen itself, however, is rather

too narrow in the figure, especially in the middle. Legs

black, with the femora piceous except at the apex.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART I. (APR.)

120 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on a new Dragon-fly.

Length of abdomen 2? inches; length of hind wing

34 inches.

Hab.—Borneo.

Note-—Mr. MacLachlan, to whom I am much indebted

for assistance in giving the characters of this species, in-

forms me that he has seen a drawing in the possession of

Baron de Selys-Longchamps representing a species from

Sumatra identical with or closely allied to the one here

described, and he has reason to believe that it is the inten-

tion of that author to found a new sub-genus for the re-

ception of his species (which is also a female), on account

of the formation of the apex of the abdomen.

G, let)

IX. On the natural affinities of the Lepidopterous

family /Egeriide. By Artour G. BUTLER,

AE Se5k« Lcids5) oC:

[Read March 6th, 1878.]

(Pl. V.)

THE Ageriide, or Clear-wing moths have long been left

in peace at the head of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera ;

and, notwithstanding their entire dissimilarity from the

typical Sphingide in all their stages of development,

nobody, to my knowledge, has hitherto attempted to locate

them in a more natural position.

The slight semblance of affinity to certain of the true

Sphinges in the form of the antennz and expansion of

the caudal tuft of some genera of Clear-wings, appears

to be the sole cause of the long association of these two

widely-differing families; but a microscopic comparison

of the antenne of Hemaris (Sesia of British lists) with

those of Sphecia reveals a complete dissimilarity of struc-

tural detail. (See figs. 3, 4.)

The antenne of Hemaris (fig. 3) are neither pectinated

nor laminated, but their anterior surface is crossed at

regular intervals by serried ranks of slightly-curved stiff

hairs; whereas in Sphecia (fig. 4) the anterior surface is

deeply and coarsely laminated, each lamina being set with

short bristles; in this genus, also, the apex of the antenna

terminates in a well-marked pencil of rigid hairs.

The expanded caudal tuft found in A¢geria, and one or

two other genera, is shared in common with other families

beside the Sphingide, and is far more constant among the

members of that group which I am constrained to regard

as nearest to the 4geriide, than it is amongst the typical

Hawk-moths.

So far for the only points which the Sphingide, to a

casual observer, seem to have in common with the

Kgeriide, for I suppose no entomologist who knows

anything of extra-European moths would for a moment

take the transparent character of the wings in some genera

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART IT. (JULY.) K

122

of these two families into consideration.

Mr. A. G. Butler on the

The more

salient structural differences between these groups, in

addition to that noted above, may be roughly summed up

as follows :—

SPHINGID &.

Palpi short and thick.

Lateral margins of the body con-

tinuous. (Cf. fig. 23.)

Posterior legs rather short, thick,

usually with the tibiz smooth and

armed with short spines.

Anterior wings broad and trigonate,

with short discoidal cell.

Posterior mings small, with very

JEGERITD 2.

Palpi medium or long and far more

slender.

Lateral margins constricted behind

the thorax. (Cf. fig. 22.)

Posterior legs long, slender, the

tibize frequently clothed with tufts

or masses of hair, always with

long spines, the tarsi sometimes

adorned with hairy tufts.

Anterior wings narrow, elongate

subpyriform, with long discoidal

cell.

Posterior wings large, with me-

short discoidal cell. dium-sized discoidal cell.

The differences in the perfect insects therefore cover

their entire structure, whilst the larvee of the two families

are as unlike, both in aspect and economy, as any two

representatives of the same order can well be.

Some few years ago, when Mr. Stretch, of San

Francisco, was in England, he and I were somewhat

exercised in mind respecting the affinities of a strange

ttle genus of Clear-winged moths from the New World.

This genus, which I subsequently diagnosed under the

name of Acridura (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th ser.,

vol. xv. p. 398), and referred with some misgivings to

the Zygenoid Arctiide, is without doubt an aberrant

igertid allied to Arauzona, and combining the charac-

ters of the Clear-wings with those of the Pyrales and

Gelechiide.

A careful study of all the genera which seemed to be

allied to Acridura (figs. 5,6) has manifested a gradation of

structure fromthe geriide@ tothe Pyrales on the one hand,

and from the A’geriide to the Gelechiide on the other.

Before entering into identities and similarities of struc-

ture in the imago, it is, of course, extremely important to

ascertain whether the larvee of these three groups exhibit

any similarity in general structure and economy. I

have, therefore, examined into the characters as given

natural affinities of the family Aigeriide. 123

by Mr. Stainton, and find that the following are the only

differences :-—

geriide.—Larve with 16 feet, internal feeders.

Pyralites—Larve frequently (if not always) with 16

feet, either internal feeders or rolled up in leaves.

Gelechiide.—Larve with 16 feet, either internal feeders

or between leaves. .

_ Thus it is clear that some at least of the species in each

of the three groups agree in the number of their feet and

their habits.

The characters of the £gertiide reproduced in the

Pyrales are as follows :—

The long-spined posterior legs in the whole family.

The general form and ornamentation of the body in

Glyphodes doleschallii, several species of Vitessa, the

genus Azochis from South America, and even in the

common Botys urticalis of Europe.

The terminal anal tuft in Phakellura.

The narrow anterior wings in the Cingalese genus

Llurgia.

The transparent wings with black veins, in E’rilusa and

several other genera; but the Pearl-moths are, for the

most part, semi-transparent.

The long anal sheath of Acridura gryllina (fig. 6) is

reproduced in various species of Botys, notably in B. con-

cordalis from the Amazons, B. admixtalis from Ceylon,

B. damasalis from China, as also in Platamonia stenosoma

of Felder (Reise der Nov. Lep. pl. exxxiv. fig. 16) from

the Viti Islands (fig. 12).

The densely-hairy second joint to the antennze of Acri-

dura metallica, of Tinegeria and Arauzona, is found also

in Omphalocera and Piletocera of Lederer’s Monograph

(Wien. Ent. Monatschr. VII.), and occurs in a modified

form in the antenne of Desmia funeralis and Zebronia

jaguaralis. (Cf. figs. 5, 9, 13, 18, with 10 and 11.)

The remarkable antennze of Tarsa bombyciformis (fig.

16), in which the pectinations are fringed with stiff hair

below and terminate in strong curved spines, are almost

reproduced in the European Kurrhypis pertusalis, which,

however, differs in that the pectinations taper to a point

and terminate, not in spines, but in five or six stiff-curved

bristles (fig. 15). In Thersana acuta (which is certainly

a Pyrale), although the antenne are somewhat compressed,

the pectinations taper less than in Kurrhypis, but only

terminate in a single rigid bristle (fig. 14).

K 2

124 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

The lateral tuft-like processes from the subterminal

segment of the abdomen, in males of the gertid genus

Tinthia (fig. 8) occur also in Morocosma margaritaria.

(Cf. Lederer in loc. cit. pl. 14, fig. 7; also fig. 7 of my

plate. )

The tufts and brushes of hair found on the posterior

legs of such genera as Kuryphrissa, Tarsopoda and So-

phona (notably also in Mylittia), are evidently not un-

known among the Pyrales. (See Idia? scopipes of

Felder, in Reise der Nov. Lep. exxxvi. fig. 39; cf. figs.

1, 2, 17, 20, 21.)

Thus I have shown that the whole of the marked

structural characteristics of the 4’geriide are to be met

with among the Pyrales, and therefore it only remains for

me to make good my view of the affinity which they also

exhibit to the Gelechiide.

The difficulty of pointing out the resemblance of the

LEgeriide to the Gelechiide is nothing to that of deter-

mining where the line of demarcation between the two

families is to be drawn; thus Tnegeria (fig. 18) is

apparently a small form of geriid with long slender-

curved palpi, and a hairy second joint to its antenne; it

is, without doubt, allied to Arauzona (fig. 9) and to

Acridura, less nearly to Tinthia, which is close to Aigeria ;

on the other hand, the Gelechiid genus Exodomorpha (fig.

19) (Staintonia, Staud.) is evidently the African repre-

sentative of the New World genus Tinegeria; indeed I

have hitherto only found one structural character to dis-

tinguish them by, namely, the form of the secondaries ;

yet Hxodomorpha chiefly differs from Gelechia in the

hairy second joint to its antennee, and the non-indented

apex of its posterior wings.

I think, therefore, however conservative our views may

be, the similarities of structure occurring between the

Clear-wings and the two groups of moths with which

I have compared them above, will make it necessary for

us to place them after the Pyrales and before the Gele-

chiide,

CHARM AR wWD HE

natural affinities of the fumily Aigeriide. 125

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

. Posterior tarsus of Sophona halictipennis, Walker.

tibia and tarsus of Luryphrissa plumipes, Walker.

”

. Antenna of Hemaris bombyliformis, Linn.

3 » Spkecia apiformis, Linn.

s5 3 Acridura metallica, Butler.

. Acridura gryllina, Butler.

. Body of Morocosma margaritaria, Lederer.

» Linthia constricta, Butler.

. Arauzona basalis, Walker.

. Antenna of Zebronia jaguaralis, Guénée.

Rs » Desmia funeralis, Hibner.

. Body of Platamonia stenosoma, Felder.

. Head of Tinegeria.

. Single pectination of antenna in Lurrhypis pertusalis, Hubner,

> ap 2 Thersana acuta, Walker.

. Part of antenna of Tarsa bombyciformis, Walker.

. Body and posterior legs of dia ? scopipes, Felder.

. Tinegeria ochracea, Walker.

. Heodomerpha diviselia, Walker.

. Hind leg of Botys glaucusalis, g, Walker.

3 » Larsopoda remipes, Butler.

. Body of Sphecia apiformis, Linn.

» Hemaris.

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X. On some Nitidulide from the Hawaiian Islands.

By D. Swarr.

[Read April 3rd, 1878.]

THE beetles enumerated and described in this paper were

collected by the Rev. T. Blackburn in the Sandwich

Islands, and are as complete a series of the species of the

family as he could send me at the time. There are about

twenty species, and they all belong to the tribe Car-

pophilide, to which tribe the portion published of Mr.

Murray’s Monograph of the family is chiefly devoted.

This author, whose decease we have so recently lamented,

has enumerated 234 species as composing the tribe. It

would seem, therefore, that these Hawaiian Carpophilide

are sufficiently numerous to throw some light on the

relationships of the fauna of this isolated group of islands,

and I have no doubt that ultimately they will be of great

use in this respect. At present, the state of the classifi-

cation of the family, and the incomplete knowledge we

have of its exotic members, should prevent any large

generalizations being stated except in a very dubious

manner. Putting aside certain species which are nearly

cosmopolitan, and others, which from their habits are

more easily distributed than is usually the case with

beetles, there yet remains a considerable number of species

which may be considered as undoubtedly indigenous to

the islands; and although I am not able to express at

present any decisive opinion on this point, I think it

probable that these insects will find their nearest allies

in the Indo-Malayan and Austro-Malayan subregions as

defined by Mr. Wallace.

We require information, which is not at present forth-

coming, as to the distribution of the insects among the

different islands of the group, and it will be of much value

if Mr. Blackburn can procure us this knowledge.

We know, also, very little indeed of the Mitidulide of

the other groups of islands of the Polynesian subregion ;

almost all that has been published on this point is con-

tained in Fairmaire’s paper on the Coleoptera of Polynesia,

published in the Revue et Magazin de Zoologie, June,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART Il. (JULY.)

128 Mr. D. Sharp on some

1849, and the preparation of this paper is not such as

to enable it to be utilized for the purposes to which I am

now alluding.

I hope the remarks I have above made on the defi-

ciencies of our knowledge of the entomology of these parts

of the world may fall in the way of some persons who will

try to diminish our ignorance.

Lhope, too, that Mr. Blackburn himself, whose skill and

experience render his residence in these islands of very

special value, may be able to continue his researches in

Oahu, and, if possible, extend them to the other islands of

the group.

The material he has at present transmitted me has not

been sufficiently ample to enable me to decide, in certain

difficult cases, as to the sexual characters of some of the

species, and until this is done, the specific distinctions

themselves are involved in some doubt. It is stated by

all the authors, who have lately treated on the Wtidulide,

that the small supplementary segment at the extremity

of the hind body, which exists in some individuals and

is absent in others of the same species, is characteristic of

the male. I find, however, that this is often incorrect,

and, in some cases, it is the females that are thus con-

structed. In Brachypterus vestitus, Kies., and B. gravi-

dus, Murray, it is certainly the females which bear the

additional segment, and yet, in the closely-allied Amartus

rufipes, Lec., a similar structure is (as correctly stated by

Leconte) characteristic of the male. In the genus Cono-

telus, when an additional segment is extruded, it is

more usually in the female; but this is not invariably

the case, for in some individuals of the other sex, the

usually internal terminal segment may have its apex pro-

truded, while, on the other hand, in the female this

segment is occasionally much retracted; in the case of

Conotelus, therefore, recourse must be had to the form of

the dorsal and ventral plates of the last truly external

segment, if the sexes are to be correctly discriminated

without an examination of the internal organs. These

facts have made me hesitate before forming an opinion

as to the sex of the few specimens I have seen of the

species of the Brachypeplus impressus group.

GONIORYCTUS.

This is a new generic name proposed by Mr. Black-

burn, and adopted by me for three species which are very

litidulide from the Hawaiian Islands. 129

distinct from any others here described. The coarsely-

facetted eyes (a character which will, it appears to me,

prove of great value in the classification of the beetles

called Mitidulide in the Munich Catalogue) will distin-

guish the species from all the other Hawaiian allies here

treated of, except Haptoncus ; while, from the two species

I attribute to that genus, the abbreviated elytra and the

great development of the tarsi most satisfactorily dif-

ferentiate Gonioryctus. I assign three species to the

genus, and of these three the structural characters, by

which I have defined the genus, are least developed in

Gonioryctus monticola. In Mr. Murray’s scheme of

classification, the genus had better find a place near

Brachypeplus and Campsopyga, but I anticipate that

when a classification comes to be made, dealing more

completely with the external parts than does Mr. Murray’s,

the affinities of Gonioryctus will be considered to be more

in the direction of Epurea.

1. Gonioryctus latus, n. sp. Latus, subtus testaceo-

ferrugineus, supra plus minusve infuscatus, sed haud

variegatus et vix eeneo-micans, subopacus, crebre punc-

tatus, tenuiter pubescens; prothorace anterius subtruncato

angulis anterioribus nullo modo prominentibus; elytris

obsoletissime sulcatis, marginibus pone humeros anguste

explanatis. Long. 7—7} mm.; lat. 34—3} mm.

Antenne with jomts 3—5 much elongate, the club very

much developed, being both broad and long. Head

densely punctured, distinctly infuscate and with a slight

brassy tinge. Thorax strongly transverse, the sides

broadly explanate behind; the base truncate, very slightly

emarginate over the scutellum, the hind angles not in the

least rounded ; the surface closely punctured. Elytra not

twice as long as the thorax, with broad but very indistinct

grooves, closely but not distinctly punctured. Exposed

dorsal segments more shining than the rest of the surface,

distinctly but not closely punctured, their pubescence

almost invisible.

In the malethe apical dorsal segment has the apex quite

rounded, while in the female it is emarginate and depressed

between the two angles; the small additional segment of

the male has the hind margin furnished with rather long

pubescence; in the male the apical ventral segment has

the hind margin a little bisinuate and furnished with very

short ciliz, while in the female it is truncate and furnished

130 Mr. D. Sharp on some

with long hairs on each side and with very short ciliz in

the middle.

I have received two males and a female of this species

from Mr. Blackburn as No. 76; he states that it occurs

on the flowers of the palm in the mountain forests.

2. Gonioryctus Blackburni, n. sp. Haud latus, tes-

taceo ferrugineus, thorace abdomineque indistincte fusco-

vittatis; elytris infuscatis, circa scutellum dilutioribus, dis-

tincte sed parum profunde sulcatis, interstitiis angustis,

marginibus pone humeros vix explanatis. Long. 54 mm.

Though very much smaller than Gonioryctus latus,

this species is closely allied to it, but is undoubtedly quite

distinct; the punctuation of the exposed dorsal segments

is sparing and indistinct.

The male has the terminal portion of the apical dorsal

segment more elongate than in G. latus, and its hind

margin quite straight, the small additional segment is

ciliate as in G. latus, and the hind margin of the apical

ventral segment is shaped as in that species.

I have received a single specimen as No. 77, and am

informed that solitary mdividuals are found rarely on

flowers of trees in the mountains.

Obs.—Though I have not myself seen the female of

this species, I am informed by Mr. Blackburn that it has

the apical dorsal segment distinctly tuberculate in the

middle near the hind margin, and that this latter is rounded,

and not emarginate as in G. latus.

3. Gonioryctus monticola, n. sp. Haud latus, ferru-

gineus, fere opacus, tenuissime pubescens, fortiter punc-

tatus; prothorace minus transverso, posterius angustato,

anterius emarginato, angulis anterioribus per-rotundatis ;

elytris thorace haud sesqui longioribus, obsolete striatis,

lateribus late explanatis; segmentis dorsalibus fortiter

punctatis. Long. 5} mm.; lat. 1{ mm.

In this species the elytra are scarcely sulcate, the obscure

longitudinal depressions are, perhaps, more like striz than

in Gonioryctus latus or G. Blackburnt.

The male has the dorsal plate of the last segment with

its apical portion narrower than it is in G. datus, its hind

margin being rounded; in other respects the characters of

this sex are similar in the two species.

I have received a single specimen from Mr. Blackburn

Nitidulide from the Hawaiian Islands. 131

as No. 78, and am informed that the species is very rare,

and is found near the summit of the highest peak in

Honolulu.

Obs.—Mr. Blackburn informs me that in the female

the apical dorsal segment has a large obtuse tubercle with

a faint depression on each side of it, and that its hind

margin is rounded-truncate, and has an elevated border.

The following description embodies such of the cha-

racters of Gonioryctus latus, of Gonioryctus Blackburni,

and of Gonioryctus monticola, as I have been able to

observe :—

Eyes coarsely granulated, angular behind, and_ so

forming the hind angles of the head, which is abruptly

constricted posteriorly, and has a comparatively narrow

neck. Antennal furrows broad, abruptly turned inwards

so as to be subangulate. Antenne with a largely-deve-

loped abrupt three-jointed club. Prosternal process greatly

turned upwards behind the front coxee (less so in G‘. mon-

ticola than in the other two species); its extremity with-

out ciliz. Tibiz not serrate externally, their apical spurs

excessively short; tarsi broad and largely developed, with

peculiarly elongate and narrow lobes. Hind body with

three corneous dorsal segments, of which two-and-a-half

are left uncovered by the abbreviated elytra; the fimbriz

broad, and their inner edge curved.

BRACHYPEPLUS.

The ten Hawaiian species I associate together under

this generic name exhibit so much diversity of facies, that

anyone treating of them without reference to the described

species from other parts of the world would be strongly

induced to treat them as forming four or even five distinct

genera. The variety of the forms grouped together by

Mr. Murray, as forming the genus Brachypeplus, pre-

vents me, however, from forming separate genera for the

Hawaiian insects. I have, therefore, thought it will

prove more convenient to tabulate the characters of these

eroups, and not create any names for them. None of the

groups seem to agree well with any of the subgenera to

which names were assigned by Murray, but I expect from

Murray’s figure of Brachypeplus cuneatus that my Brachy-

peplus impressus group will be found to approximate to

his Austro-Malayan subgenus Selis.

132 Mr. D. Sharp on some

Form flat, rather short and broad; prosternal

process short, a little curved upwards, broad at

the apex, truncate and not ciliate; head trun-

cate immediately behind the eyes, which reach

to the hind angles; tarsi rather largely de-

veloped, lobes of the third joint comparatively

elongate and slender.

Brachypeplus disce~

dens and Brachy-

peplus puncticeps.

Form rather broad and parallel, but only mode-

rately elongate and depressed; prosternal pro-

cess scarcely curved upwards at the apex, which

is very broad and ciliate ; hind portion of head

oblique behind the eyes; tarsi rather broad,

lobes of the third joint rather long.

Brachypeplus ro-

bustus.

Form narrow and very elongate, parallel, not ex-

cessively depressed; prosternal process ne |

curved upwards at the apex, which is broad and

ciliate ; hind margin of head slightly oblique

behind the eyes; tarsi not broad, lobes of |

Brachypeplus

third joint distinct but not elongate. N.B.—

ird joint distinct bu g pices

These characters, with the exception of the

form, are not very different from those assigned

to the Brachypeplus robustus, and the two

may, perhaps, be correctly associated in a first

synthesis.

Form excessively depressed (scarcely thicker than

a sheet of writing paper), parallel and elongate;

prosternal process not curved upwards at the

apex, which is moderately broad and ciliate ;

hind margin of head truncate behind the eyes;

tarsi quite narrow, lobes of the third joint quite

undeveloped.

Brachypeplus in-

Jimus.

Form rather broad and short, much acuminate

at the hind extremity, moderately depressed ;

; Brachypeplus im-

prosternal process short, its extremity slightly

; pressus.

directed upwards, not ciliate; head not quite ——— inequalis.

truncate behind the eyes, which do not extend ( —____ pmatioides.

to the hind angles; tarsi rather broad, but | —_____ penis,

short, with the lobes of the third joint little or ee

moderately developed.

N.B.—This group approaches to the Brachy-

peplus discedens group (by means of Brachy-

peplus aper), from which its distinctive charac-

ters are the less of development of the eyes and

tarsi; the Brachypeplus brevis is the species

in which the diminution of these parts reaches

its greatest extent. The group appears to

approximate to the subgenus Selis of Murray,

which is composed of three species from Batchian

and Mysol.

Nitidulide from the Hawaiian Islands. 133

1. Brachypeplus discedens, n. sp. Latiusculus, haud

elongatus, depressus, dilute castaneus, sat nitidus supra plus

minusve infuscatus et (preesertim in ‘elytris) eeneo-micans,

antennis pedibusque testaceis, illarum clava fusca ; capite

crebre distincte punctato, pone oculos recte truncato,

angulis vix acute prominulis; prothorace fortiter trans-

verso, anterius recte truncato, lateribus pone medium

leviter angustatis sed vix curvatis, ad angulos posteriores

evidenter deplanato, crebre fortiter punctato; elytris

seriatim subtiliter punctatis, interstitiis punctatis ; abdo-

mine crebrius punctato. Long. 43 mm.; lat. 2 mm.

The antenne are rather short, with a broad, not elongate

club. The elytra appear at first sight to be irregularly

and finely punctured, but on a more careful inspection

it is seen that on their disc the punctuation has an arrange-

ment in longitudinal series with intercalated interstitial

series; this may be best observed by looking at them from

the front ; towards the sides and hind angles no such serial

arrangement of the sculpture can be detected. The

exposed dorsal segments are moderately closely punctured,

especially near the sides, their pubescence is extremely

short and indistinct.

The sex of the only individual I have seen is quite

uncertain to me.

2. Brachypeplus puncticeps, n. sp. Latiusculus, haud

elongatus, depressus, fusco-castaneus, sat nitidus, supra

geneo-micans, prothoracis marginibus ferrugineis, antennis

pedibusque rufo-testaceis ; capite dense subtiliter punctato,

pone oculos recte truncato, angulis vix acute prominulis ;

prothorace fortiter transverso, lateribus rotundatis, ad

angulos posteriores minus deplanato, crebre fortiter punc-

tato; elytris seriatim subtiliter punctatis, interstitiis punc-

tatis; abdomine crebrius punctato. Long. 4?mm.; lat.

1? mm.

Closely allied to Brachypeplus discedens, but slightly

more parallel, with the head more densely and finely

punctured, and the form of the thorax a little different,

it being a little less narrowed in front and less flattened

near the posterior angles, so that the curvature of the

sides seems more regular.

I do not know the sex of the only individual I have

seen, but I think it is a male.

Obs.—Mr. Blackburn sent me this and the preceding

species as No. 85, and ‘observed, that “it is not at all

134 Mr. D. Sharp on some

uncommon on the flowers of various trees in the mountain

forests. The ¢ and 2 seem almost indistinguishable; the

two specimens enclosed represent what I consider to be

the two sexes.”

It will be seen that I have treated what Mr. Blackburn

considered to be the two sexes as two closely-allied species,

fancying that the only individual I have seen of each may

be a male; it is, however, quite possible Mr. Blackburn

may be right; when I have had an opportunity of in-

specting more specimens, so as to arrive at a certain con-

clusion as to the sexes, I shall be able to settle the

question.

3. Brachypeplus robustus, n. sp. Sat latus et elon-

gatus, subparallelus, depressus, fere opacus, testaceus sed

plus minusve infuscatus, leviter seneo-micans, antennis

fuscis basi testaceo; capite pone oculos mediocres obliquo,

crebre fortiter punctato; prothorace fortiter transverso,

anterius leviter emarginato, angulis posterioribus fere

rectis, fortiter crebre punctato, disco obsolete tri-impresso ;

elytris opacis, coriaceis, conspicue seriatim punctatis, inter-

stitiis latis, haud punctatis, angulo suturali recto; abdomine

dense punctato. Long. 6 mm.; lat. 2 mm.

In one sex, which I have no doubt is the male, the

apical portion of the last segment of the hind body is less

elongate, and leaves exposed a narrow supplementary seg-

ment; in each sex the hind margins of both dorsal and

ventral segments are nearly truncate.

I have received a pair of this species as No. 84, and am

informed by Mr. Blackburn that he found a small colony

of the species in the chinks of the bark of a living tree

on one of the higher mountains.

4. Brachypeplus Reitteri, n. sp. Elongatus, angus-

tulus, parallelus, haud omnino depressus, fere opacus,

fusco-niger, vel piceus, pedibus sordide testaceis; protho-

race transversim subquadrato, lateribus subrectis, crebre

fortiter punctato; elytris leviter sulcatis, sulcis latis dense

que punctatis, interstitiis angustis, crebre seriatim punc-

tatis. Long. 6 mm.; lat. 1% mm.

In the male the dorsal and ventral plates of the apical

segment are not so elongate as in the female, and leave

exposed a narrow, supplementary anal segment ; the hind

margins of both plates are rather broad and nearly trun-

cate ; in the female the apical dorsal plate is narrow at the

Nitidulide from the Hawaiian Islands. 135

extremity, and shows a small notch there; the ventral

plate is slightly broader at the hind margin, and nearly

truncate.

This species is found on the mountains in the stems of

banana; Mr. Blackburn has sent me one male and three

females, as Nos. 18 and 19 respectively.

I have named this species in honour of Herr Reitter,

who has taken up the study of the Mitidulide, and pursued

it with much ability. His memoir on the European species

of Meligethes is one of the most important recent additions

to our knowledge of European Coleoptera.

5. Brachypeplus infimus, n. sp. Omnium perdepressus,

elongatus, parallelus, subopacus, sine pubescentia, fuscus

vel fusco-testaceus, pedibus dilutioribus; oculis vix ad

angulos posteriores capitis rectos attingentibus, haud

magnis; prothorace transversim oblongo, crebre subobso-

lete punctato; elytris profundius striatis, interstitiis seria-

tim sed vix perspicue punctatis; abdomine subtilissime

punctulato. Long. 34—44 mm.; lat. 1 mm.

The excessively-depressed form of this species distin-

guishes it completely from any other of the Hawaiian

Nitidulide yet found. The punctuation of the head is

close, and is rather coarser or more distinct than that of

the thorax. The thorax is rather strongly transverse, is

truncate in front with the anterior angles rounded, the

sides nearly straight, the base a little rounded so that the

not sharply-marked hind angles are obtuse ; the surface

is moderately closely but rather indistinctly punctured, the

disc more or less flattened or depressed. The striation of

the elytra is very regular, and sharply defined. The ex-

posed dorsal segments are nearly as long as the elytra.

In one of the sexes the apical dorsal segment is less

elongate at the apex than in the other sex, and leaves

exposed a small supplementary segment, and in this sex

the terminal three ventral segments are densely pubescent

on each side; this is, perhaps, the male, but I feel by no

means sure about it.

A pair sent by Mr. Blackburn was numbered 86 ; the

species occurs under the bark of trees in mountain forests.

6. Brachypeplus impressus, n. sp. Sat latus et elon-

gatus, testaceus, irregulariter plus minusve infuscatus,

subzeneo-micans, nitidus, parce pubescens ; prothorace

136 Mr. D. Sharp on some

transverso, antrorsum vix magis quam posterius angustato,

disco profunde tri-vel quadri-impresso ; ; elytris meequa-

libus, SIEEAELY- abdomine sat crebre distincte punctato.

Long. 3 mm.; lat. 1¢ mm.

This seni: is of a yellowish colour, variegated with

fuscous in an irregular and no doubt variable manner.

The head is closely punctured, the eyes only moderate in

size. The thorax is but little emarginate in front, the

sides are moderately explanate, the surface uneven, and

bearing three large impressions on the middle, one in

front of the other two, the front one is more or less dis-

tinctly divided into two; the punctuation is moderately

coarse, but is rendered indistinct by the mequalities of the

surface. The scutellum is infuscate, and is distinctly

punctured. The elytra have depressed series of punc-

tures, and their surface is rendered uneven by ill-defined

depressions. The hind body is rapidly narrowed to the

extremity.

Two specimens of this species have been sent me as

No. 81. I am uncertain as to their sex ; although each

has a distinct exserted supplementary apical segment, I

am not at all sure whether they may not be male and

female.

7. Brachypeplus inequalis, n. sp. Sat latus, testa-

ceus, elytris obscure fusco-variegatis, nitidus parce

pubescens ;_ prothorace transverso, lateribus rotundatis,

explanatis, antrorsum evidenter angustato, disco profunde

tri-vel quadri-impresso ; elytris inzequalibus, striatis ; ab-

domine sat crebre distincte punctato. Long. 3} mm. ;

lat. 15 mm.

A single individual of this form has been sent me by

Mr. Blackburn ; it is so closely allied to Brachypeplus

impressus, that I am not sure whether it will prove

distinct; it is rather larger and broader, and of a more

uniform pale colour; the explanate sides of the thorax

are more developed, especially behind, so that the thorax

appears more narrowed towards the front. I do not

know the sex of the specimen; it has a rounded, not

truncate, hind margin to the apical dorsal segment, and

no supplementary segment is exposed.

8. Brachypeplus omalioides, n. sp. Sat latus, testa-

ceus, plus minusve fusco-variegatus, v1x gneo-micans,

Nitidulide from the Hawaiian Islands. 137

nitidus, tenuissime pubescens; prothorace transverso,

lateribus rotundatis, basi recte truncato, angulis pos-

terioribus nullo modo retrorsum spectantibus; disco tri-

vel quadri-impresso ; elytris vix inzqualibus, regulariter

seriatim punctatis; abdomine crebre punctato. Long.

32-mm.; lat. 13 mm.

This species is closely allied to Brachypeplus im-

pressus, but is undoubtedly distinct, the surface of thorax

and elytra beg much less uneven; the thorax is more

contracted behind, the elytra are longer in proportion to

their breadth, and the dorsal segments of hind body are

more closely punctured. I have before me four in-

dividuals, and if I am correct in considering them all one

species, it is evident that it will prove to be a variable

one.

Sent by Mr. Blackburn as No. 80.

9. Brachypeplus brevis, n. sp. Brevis, latiusculus,

posterius acuminatus, testaceus plus minusve infuscatus,

sat nitidus, parce pubescens; oculis parvis; prothorace

lateribus rotundatis et explanatis, disco quadri-impresso,

minus distincte punctato; elytris brevibus et latis, minus

argute seriatim punctatis, interstitiis alternis magis ele-

vatis; abdomine parce punctato. Long. 3 mm.; lat.

13 mm.

The short, broad form, the small eyes, the elevation of

alternate interstices of the elytra, and the slight punctua-

tion of the exposed dorsal segments, will render easy the

discrimination of this species.

Mr. Blackburn has sent me two individuals which he

considers to be male and female; I have no doubt he is

right in his supposition, though the marks of distinction

are not very conspicuous; in one of the individuals, the

dorsal and ventral plates of the apical segment are a little

less elongate and are more truncate at the apex than in

the other individual, and there is exposed a very small

portion of a supplementary segment; this individual is

probably the male.

The specimens were found by sifting dead leaves at the

foot of a precipitous cliff, and were sent me as No. 82.

10. Brachypeplus aper,u.sp. Latiusculus, testaceus,

fusco-variegatus, opacus, parce pubescens, dense punctatus,

inter puncta reticulatus; prothorace lateribus rotundatis,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART II. (JULY.) L

138 Mr. D. Sharp on some

posterius coarctatis, angulis posterioribus rectis, dorso vix

quadri-impresso ; elytris striatis, striis indistincte crenatis,

interstitiis transversim rugosis; abdomine dense punctato.

Long. 4} mm.; lat. 1) mm.

The sculpture of this species is peculiar and readily

distinguishes it; there are some small and indistinct im-

pressions on the elytra.

The only specimen sent me by Mr. Blackburn was

numbered 83, and appears to be a male; it has a small but

quite distinct supplementary segment visible.

CARPOPHILUS.

Three species of this genus have been found by Mr.

Blackburn. They are all already described ; two of them,

indeed, are amongst the most cosmopolitan of beetles.

The third is considered by Mr. Murray as peculiar to the

Sandwich Islands, but he appears to have described the

species from a unique specimen; and as the specimens

sent me by Mr. Blackburn of the species show a great

deal of variation, I should not be at all surprised if it be

discovered that this third species (Carpophilus macu-

latus, Murray) is not confined to the Hawaiian group of

islands.

1. Dermestes hemipterus, Lin.

Mr. Blackburn states that this species is very rare in

the islands; indeed he has found only three individuals

of it, two of them in a retired valley of the Island of Maui,

and the third in Oahu, on fallen fruit.

2. Carpophilus dimidiatus, Er.

This insect Mr. Blackburn says is almost the com-

’ monest Hawaiian beetle.

3. Carpophilus maculatus, Murray.

This species is also common, and has been found by

Mr. Blackburn both in Maui and Oahu. I am inclined

to think, from what I recollect of the series in the British

Museum, of the very variable Carpophilus vittiger, Murray,

that this species will prove to be extremely closely allied

to it; the C. vittiger is widely distributed in the Malay

Archipelago and India.

Nitidulide from the Hawatian Islands, 139

HAPTONCUS.

This genus was established by Murray on four or five

species from Ceylon and the Malay Islands. It was cor-

rectly indicated by him as a transition form to E’purea;

he indicated, indeed, no character to distinguish it from

that genus, except that two dorsal segments are left, he

says, uncovered by the wing cases in Haptoncus, and but

one in Epurea. I find this character, however, to be

illusory, and to depend on the amount of extension or

contraction of the segments. Nevertheless, the genus

may be maintained at present; for I find that the an-

tennal grooves are less obsolete in Haptoncus than in

Epurea. Epurea luteola, Kr., from Cuba, should then,

for the present, go with Haptoncus, although there is

a difference in the underside of the head, owing to the

greater development of the eyes in the Old World species.

I may here remark that I do not see in what respect

Reitter’s Haptoncus pauperculus differs generically from

Erichson’s. Kpurea luteola. It is described from St.

Domingo, and I have in my collection specimens which

agree entirely with Reitter’s description. Although Herr

Reitter commences his description by the words “ Epurea

lutea (sic) similis,” he has not made any statement as

to the two species being congeneric, though I feel some-

what doubtful whether they are even specifically distinct;

on this point the material at my disposition is not sufficient

to enable me to speak positively.

1. Haptoncus tetragonus, Murray.

Two specimens sent me from Oahu seem to agree

entirely with the Ceylon individuals of this species in the

British Museum Collection. It seems to me pretty certain

that Fairmaire’s Epurea ocularis from Tahiti is the same

species.

2. Haptoncus mundus, n. sp. Testaceus, sat nitidus,

parcius punctatus et pubescens; prothorace antrorsum

evidenter angustato, basi utrinque leviter sinuato, angulis

posterioribus subrectis, nullo modo rotundatis. Long.

2 mm.; lat. 14 mm.

The thorax is narrowed in front, so that it is a good

deal narrower at the front angles than at the hind ones,

L 2

140 Mr. D. Sharp on some Nitidulide, §c.

the width behind the middle is very little diminished; it

is ample at the sides, so that the expanded part there is

rather conspicuous, especially near the hind angles; the

punctuation is sparing and rather coarse. The punctua-

tion of the thorax is similar to that of the elytra but is

scarcely so distinct.

The species is rather closely allied to Haptoncus tetra-

gonus, but is slightly broader; it is unspotted; the thorax

is more ample at the sides, and its punctuation is coarser

and more distant. It is extremely similar to the speci-

mens of Haptoncus testaceus (Murray) in the British

Museum, from Macassar, but is, I think, certainly distinct

on account of the more explanate sides of the thorax.

I have received four specimens from Mr. Blackburn.

I think they. are all females.

(Gace

XI. On some new genera and species of 'Tenthredinide.

By P. Cameron.

[Read March 6th, 1878.]

TAXONUS.

Taxonus longipennis, sp. n.

?. Antenne as long as the abdomen, covered with a

short close pile; the middle joints thicker than the basal

and apical ones; the 3rd and 4th joints nearly equal, the

others becoming gradually shorter; the colour black.

Head black, small, narrower than the mesothorax, the

front depressed, smooth and shining, the sutures scarcely

visible, the clypeus truncated at apex, the labrum rounded.

Thorax red, a small spot on the front of the mesonotum,

the posterior half of the sternum and of the pleurz (except

above) black; the cenchri white. Abdomen much longer

than the head and thorax, rounded, black, with a bluish

tinge; the apex semi-truncated; the saw not exserted.

Legs bluish-black, the tibize and the basal joints of the

tarsi grooved, punctured ; the basal joint of the tarsus is

as long as the other four; the tarsus itself being longer

than the tibia; the calcari are short. Wings longer than

the body, narrow. The first marginal cellule is rather

narrow, longer than the second; the nervure is straight

and issues from near the apex of the long thin stigma.

The first submarginal cellule is small; the second is

double the length of the first, and has a small horny point

near its centre; the third is more than double the length

of the second, and is very slightly wider at the apex than

at the base; the fourth is shorter than the third, and is

considerably widened at the apex. The first recurrent

nervure is received a little in front of the second sub-

marginal cellule ; the second in the basal fourth of the

third. The colour is blackish, with a hyaline space a

little in front of the first recurrent nervure, and another

hyaline band proceeds from the stigma to the other side

of the wings where it becomes narrowed. The pos-

terior wings are blackish at the base, faintly fuscous at

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART II. (JULY.)

142 Mr. P. Cameron on some

the apex and hyaline in the middle. In the apex of the

posterior wings is a well-marked appendicular cellule.

Length nearly 6 lines; alar exp. nearly 14 lines.

Hab.— Brazil.

In many respects this remarkable species differs from

the ordinary species of Tazonus, but more especially in

the form of the abdomen and in the relative lengths of

the cellules in the anterior wings, which agree better with

those of Strongylogaster ; but in the form of the lanceolate

cellule and in the neuration of the posterior wings, and,

perhaps, also in the antennz, it comes nearer to Tazonus.

If it does not belong to that genus there is no other

described in which it can be placed. In some of the

“species of Tazonus there is an appendicular cellule in the

posterior wings.

ZARCA, gen. nov.

Antenne densely pilose, 9-jointed, the Ist a half longer

. than the 2nd, with a slight pedicle at its base, the 3rd the

longest, a quarter longer than the 4th, the succeeding joints

become gradually shorter; the apical is sharply conical,

much thinner than the 8th; the 4th, 5th and 6th are much

thicker than the others; the three apical are closely packed

together. The antenne are placed immediately over the

clypeus, which is very small, and over each is a large,

projecting, somewhat oval tubercle. The palpi are very

long. The eyes reach the base of the mandibles. The

thorax has the sutures deep, the collar well developed:

the scutellum is small, globular, and does not reach the

elevation of the sutures on the mesonotum. The abdomen

is somewhat cylindrical and ends in a sharp point; the

saw projects considerably. The legs are rather long, the

posterior pair being longer than the whole body; the

coxee are large, projecting, the posterior pair reaching to

the fourth abdominal segment, so that the abdomen appears

very short, looking at it from beneath; the tarsi are much

longer than the tibize; its 1st jomt is longer than all the

others, deeply grooved and flattened on the lower surface ;

the 2nd joint 1s a little longer than the 3rd, the 4th is

very small; and the 5th is nearly as long as the preceding

two, and bears single, short claws. Wings with two

marginal and four submarginal cellules. The marginal

are nearly equal, the second having a nervure proceeding

round its upper margin from the stigma to the end of the

new genera and species of Tenthredinide. 143

cellule; the marginal nervure is joined to the third sub-

marginal, and is a little curved. The first submarginal is

not half the size of the second, which is of nearly the same

length as the third, but the latter is very much wider at

its apex than the second, which is of nearly equal width

throughout ; the fourth is longer than the third, and is

much widened at the apex. ‘The first recurrent nervure

is received a little in front of the middle of the second

cellule, the second is joined to the second submarginal

nervure. The lanceolate cellule is petiolate. There is

one medial cellule in the posterior wings; at the apex is

a small curved appendicular cellule.

In the alar neuration this genus does not differ much

from Blennocampa, but otherwise is readily separated by

the pilose antennz thickened in the middle, by the large

projecting coxee (which are as large as in Macrophya),

by the long legs, with the very long basal tarsal joint, and

perhaps, also, in the appendicular cellule in the posterior

wings, although we have some indications of this in some

species of Blennocampa. The pronotum, also, is longer

and more developed, and the lobes of the mesonotum are

better marked.

Zarca apicalis, sp. n.

Pilose, smooth, shining, luteous; the antennz, head,

tibiee, tarsi and apex of abdomen, black. Wings blackish,

iridescent ; the nervures, costa and stigma, black, the last

two parts being very pilose; in the second submarginal

cellule is a horny point. The two anterior tibiz are

sordid luteous, the mandibles are piceous, and the palpi

pale testaceous. The tegule are luteous.

Length 44 lines; alar exp. 123 lines.

Hab.—Brazil (Swainson).

INCALIA, gen. nov.

Antenne of the length of the mesothorax, thickish, but

scarcely thickened towards the apex; densely covered with

a long pile; 7-jointed, the Ist joint is cylindrical, and more

than double the length of the 2nd, and nearly a fourth

shorter than the 3rd, which is the longest; the 4th’ is

about the length of the Ist; the three last are closely

joined together, the 7th being a very little longer than

the others, and conical. The head is rather narrow, trun-

cated behind; the eyes projecting, reaching to near the

144 Mr. P. Cameron on some

base of the mandibles. The antenne are situated imme-

diately over the clypeus, which is small, and broadly but

not deeply incised ; the labrum is large, broad, and semi-

truncated at the apex. The thorax is globular; the lobes

of the mesonotum are very distinct ; the scutellum is broad,

almost truncated in front, narrowed and rounded behind,

and distinctly separated from the surrounding parts, over-

hanging the cenchri. Abdomen longer than the head and

thorax, carinated in the middle above, and semi-truncated

at the apex. Legs moderately long; the posterior tibize

bear a single spine near the middle; the tarsi are a little

longer than the tibie ; the basal joint is longer than all the

others combined; the three following are nearly equal;

the last is as long as the preceding three, and terminated

in long curved sharp single claws. The wings have one

marginal and four submarginal cellules; the first sub-

marginal is small, the second a very little longer, and

receives a recurrent nervure near its centre; the third is

a quarter longer than the second, and forms nearly a

parallelogram, and receives one recurrent nervure; the

fourth is longer than all the rest. The marginal cellule

has a nervure surrounding its upper border, and which

forms at its termination a very small appendicular cellule.

In the posterior wings there is also a surrounding nervure,

ending in ap appendicular cellule, which is slightly better

marked than Ae one in the upper wings. ‘There is one

dividing nervure in the middle cellule (in the posterior

wing) as in Cephalocera.

In some respects this genus comes very near to Cepha-

locera, but it may be at once distinguished therefrom by

the pilose, non-clavate antenne, the last joint especially

being conical, and if anything thinner than the 6th; while

in Cephalocera the 7th joint is thickened out into a dis-

tinct club, the joints being also bare. There is also an

appendicular cellule in the posterior wing, while there is

none in the other.

Beyond the non-clavate antennez I see no reason why

this genus should not be included among the Cimbicina,

if Cephalocera and Syzygonia are to be included among

them. Jncalia forms a connecting link with the Hylo-

tomina.

Incalia hirticornis, sp. n.

2. Pilose, shining, purplish-black; thorax (except meta-

thorax above) luteous; head deep metallic blue; the

new genera and species of Tenthredinide. 145

clypeus, labrum and mouth pale luteous. Wings deep

purplish-black, with a few small ‘‘ bulle,” z. e. transparent

spots. Legs densely pilose.

Length 5 lines; alar exp. 12+ lines.

Hab.—Kga, Brazil.

DreLocera, Curtis.

The antenne are short, 3-jointed ; the 1st joint double

the size of the 2nd, truncated at its apex; the 3rd is the

longest, and is grooved and keeled on the underside.

Head narrower than the pronotum; the frontal sutures

and antennal foveze deep. Wings with one marginal, and

four submarginal cellules, the former with a small appen-

dicular cellule at its apex. The first submarginal cellule

is small; the second long, narrow, and a little curved ;

the third small, not much longer than the first; the

fourth is longer and very much wider than the three

preceding. ‘The second cellule receives two recurrent

nervures. The lanceolate cellule and the posterior wings

are as in Hylotoma. The legs are short and thick, the

tibize have no spines, nor calcaria, and are a little longer

than the femora ; the tarsi are a fourth shorter than the

tibiz. The first tarsal joint is as long as the succeeding

three, which are of equal size, and have the apices trun-

cated; the last is as long as the preceding two, and is

shaped like a closed fist, and bears on each side short

single claws. The patella are hollow leaf-like conical

expansions. The abdomen is broad, thick and truncated.

Dielocera sulcicornis, sp. n.

?. Luteous, smooth, shining, three irregular spots on

the vertex, the mesonotum (except two irregular luteous

spots in front), metanotum, the basal third of the back

of the abdomen, the sides of the posterior tibize and of the

basal joints of the posterior tarsi, black. Wings blackish,

clear hyaline at the marginal cellule. The cenchri are

large and clear white.

Length 53 lines; alar exp. 13 lines. ;

Hab.—Prainha, Lower Amazons. November (Prof.

ranll).

The above description refers only to D. sulcicornis,

for the typical D. Lllisi? differs from it in many respects,

and I think that sw/cicornis may well be regarded as the

146 Mr. P. Cameron on some

type of a new genus. Both belong to Klug’s section i,

which is distinguished by having four submarginal cellules,

the marginal having also an appendicular cellule. Klug

describes one species as having the antenne forked in

the ¢, and in another species he describes the antennz

as Pranovaad in the 2; but he makes no mention of the

structure of the tarsi, nor of the absence of calcaria. Klug

further says, that the species placed by him in this section

are not very naturally related beyond the similarity in the

alar neuration, and even with this the situation of the

recurrent nervures does not agree in all the forms.

Compared with sulcicornis, D. Ellisit has the antennez

longer and thinner, the clypeus has a much deeper in-

cision, and it is Blee emarginated at the sides, the

abdomen is longer and rounded at the apex ; the tibice

have short, sharp spurs, the tarsi are of the normal

form, as are also the patellee, while the claws are long,

sharp and bifid. The appendicular cellule is shorter and

narrower.

Dielocera (?) crassicornis, sp. n.

?. Black, smooth, shining, the mesonotum with the

scutellum red; the anterior tibiz piceous in front.

Wings infuseated, clearer at the apex.

Length 3} lines; alar exp. 6? lines.

Similar to Hylotoma ephippiata, K1., but larger; the

antenn not reddish at the base, the anterior legs with

only the tibize pale in front, &c. The basal jomt of the

tarsus is as long as all the others combined.

Hab.— Amazons.

This species apparently also belongs to Klug’s second

section, but it differs from D. Ellisti and sulcicornis in

the first and second submarginal cellules receiving each a

recurrent nervure instead of the second receiving both ;

the antennz are thicker in proportion, thick, pilose, and

not grooved. The calcaria are moderately long.

Obs.—It seems to me that the insect which Curtis

described (Trans. Linn. Soc. xix. 250) as the ¢ of D.

Ellisit has no relationship with that species. This con-

clusion I base on the great differences between the two,

and besides, the evidence which Curtis gives of their con-

nection is not very decisive. He says (p. 249), “On

looking over this collection I saw two insects which were

stated to be the two sexes, taken from a nest in an accom-

new genera and species of Tenthredinide. 147

panying box, in which also I found a ? fly.” Farther on

(p. 251) he mentions that there were only three males to

twenty females. The ? belongs to Klug’s second section,

while the ¢ belongs to the fifth; that is to say, it has

only three submarginal cellules. In the ¢, also, the cly-

peus is not nearly so deeply notched; the head is bluish-

black, with the exception of the mouth, the meso- and

metathorax bluish-black above, the posterior tibize are pale

red; the first tarsal joint is longer. Besides the above-

mentioned differences in the alar neuration in the ¢, the

wings are clear hyaline instead of having three distinct-

clouded bands. No doubt, as Curtis points out, the sexes

in some species of Tenthredinide ditfer very much, but

I know of no case where we have so many different marks

of distinction, while in the other species of the Hyloto-

mides we have not, so far as I can remember, any great

diversity in coloration, and certainly none in structure.

Although, then, I cannot consider them to be the sexes

of the same insect, still they agree so closely in their

generic characters that I think they may both be placed

in the same genus. It is clear that the ¢ must be regarded

as the type of the genus, as the descriptions of the mouth-

organs, &c., were taken from four female specimens. The

$ I propose to name

Dielocera Curtisi, sp. n.

$. Bluish-black, the mouth, palpi, basal joint of antenne,

pronotum, thorax beneath, and legs red; the tibiz and

tarsi pale white at the base; the posterior tarsi with the

tips fuscous. Wings clear hyaline. Antenne forked,

densely pilose.

Length 53 lines; alar exp. 11 lines.

Hab.—Brazil.

The Hylotoma formosa of Klug resembles this species

in some respects, but it has the posterior legs black, and

the wings are clouded at the middle and apex.

Dielocera carbonaria, sp. n.

2. Antenne compressed, sabre-shaped, bare, the two

basal joints very closely united, the second very small and

truncated at the apex. Epistoma carinated, the carina

spreading out on each side above the antennz ; the cly-

peus large, with a shallow emargination ; labrum small.

Wings with one marginal and three submarginal cellules ;

148 Mr. P. Cameron on some

the first submarginal is very long and narrow, receiving

two recurrent nervures, one near its centre, the other a

little in front of the first submarginal nervure ; the second

cellule is not much shorter than the first above, but is very

much shorter on the lower side; the second submarginal

nervure is very much curved, and from near its upper

part there issues a short prolongation, where the curve

bends down towards the base of the wing (a similar pro-

jection is present in Drelocera crassicornis, m., as well as

in the very different genus Pterygophorus). The legs

have longish spurs. The marginal cellule is appen-

diculated.

Black, smooth, shining, scarcely pubescent, the anterior

tibie and tarsi fuscous in front. Wings clear hyaline,

blackish at the base, fuscous at the apex, and a broad

irregular fuscous band proceeds across the middle from

the stigma. The apical half of the posterior wing is

fuscous ; the costa, stigma, and nervures are black.

Length 34 lines; alar exp. 9 lines.

Hab.—Villa Nova, Brazil.

Except in having only three submarginal nervures this

insect agrees very well otherwise with D. crassicornis.

D. Curtisi differs from it in having the second submarginal

cellule very much smaller; the first and second submar-

ginal nervures are scarcely curved, the incision in the

clypeus is deeper and narrower. ‘The cheeks are more

projecting, and the calcaria are shorter. Carbonaria

appears also to come near to the genus Themos, Norton,

but that has not the marginal cellule appendiculated.

I hope to prepare shortly a generic revision of the

South American Hylotomides.

TRAILIA,* gen. nov.

= Hylotoma, section 8, Klug. Yahrb. p. 249.

Antenne about half the length of the body, densely

pilose, the second basal joints small, of nearly equal SIZE 5

the third slightly thickened at the middle, the apex

conical. Head small, front carinated, the carina spreading

out on each side. Wings with one marginal (which has

* J have named this genus after my friend Professor Trail.

new genera and species of Tenthredinide. 149

no appendicular cellule) and three submarginal cellules.

The first submarginal cellule is long and narrow, and

receives near its apex one recurrent nervure; the second

is shorter and broader than the first, and is a fourth longer

on the upper than on the lower side, through the second

submareinal sloping towards the base of the wing, and

it receives a recurrent nervure near its apex. The lanceo-

late cellule and the posterior wings are as in Cyphona.

This genus comes near to Cyphona, but differs in its

long, densely pilose antenne, in having only three sub-

marginal cellules, and in its more globular head.

Trailia urcacensis, sp. n.

?. Antenne black, the basal joint pale luteous. Head

pale luteous, the tips of the mandibles piceous. Thorax

and abdomen pale luteous, except a small black spot over

the anus; pilose: the sheaths of the saws projecting.

Legs pale luteous, the tarsi and apical half of posterior

tibize blackish; the spurs long and curved. Wings

hyaline, clouded at the apex; the costa and stigma black,

and densely pilose.

Length 23 lines; alar exp. 5} lines.

Hab.—Ur caca, Rio Purus, Amazons. November (Prof.

Trail).

Trailia analis, sp. n.

?. Luteous, pilose, the antennz (except the two basal

joints), the head (except the mouth), the greater part of

the mesonotum, the anal segment, the apex of posterior

tibize and the posterior tarsi, black; the mandibles are

piceous. Wings hyaline with a yellowish tinge; the

costa and stigma pilose, pale luteous; the base and the

apex of the wings from the stigma deeply infuscated.

Length 4 lines; alar exp. 9 lines.

Hab.—Braazil.

The antenne are longer than in the preceding species,

and have the apices more sharply pointed. The calcaria

are pale luteous.

Trailia compressicornis, sp. Nn.

2. Luteous, and covered with a fine, close whitish pile,

the antenne, the head (except the mouth), the tibia and

tarsi, black. Wings deep black; the tegule and costa at

150 Mr. P. Cameron on some

the extreme base, luteous. At the apex of the first sub-

marginal cellule is a large, black horny point.

Length 3} lines; alar exp. 9 lines.

Hab.—Braazil.

The antennz are strongly compressed and only slightly

pilose; the head is small, and closely attached to the

pronotum, and the front is only slightly carinated.

Trailia nigro-lineata, sp. n.

?. Pale reddish, the antennz (except the two basal

joints beneath), the head (except the part below the

antennz ), and a line on the outer side of the four posterior

tibiz and tarsi, black. Wings blackish, hyaline at the

apex, and there is an irregular clear line in the first sub-

marginal cellule; the costa is luteous at the base.

Length 43 lines; alar exp. 9? lines.

Hab.— Bahia.

Comes near to Hylotoma precox, Kl. (also from

Bahia), but it is readily known from it by the reddish

pleurz and sternum, the hyaline apex of the wings, and

the black-lined tibiz and tarsi.

The antennz are a little compressed, and moderately

covered with a pale pile. The anterior tibiz have the

extreme apex black on the outside, and the two posterior

nearly the whole. The posterior tarsi are black, the

anterior only black at the apex. The mandibles are

piceous.

RUSOBRIA, gen. nov.

= Klug’s, section 4, of Hylotoma. Yahrb. p. 245.

Antennz somewhat compressed, densely covered with

long hair. LEpistoma keeled. Wings with one marginal

(having an appendicular cellule) and three submarginal

cellules; the first submarginal cellule long, and it receives

a recurrent nervure; the second small, receiving also a

recurrent nervure. The lanceolate cellule is contracted,

the basal nervure being very short. ‘The posterior wings

are as in Cyphona. The calcaria are long.

In the form of the antenne and of the head Rusobria

agrees with Zratlia, but differs otherwise in having an

appendicular cellule, and in having the lanceolate cellule

constricted. ‘The antennz in the males are forked (teste

Klug).

new genera and species of Tenthredinide. 151

Rusobria megaptera, sp. 0.

?. Shortly pilose, smooth, shining, red; the antenne,

head, the abdomen (except the basal segment), the pos-

terior coxee, femora and base of tibize, the middle coxe at

the apex, a line on the femora, and on the base of tibie,

black ; the tibize and tarsi clear white; the apical joint

of the tarsi blackish. Wings yellowish; the apical third,

and the posterior, except the upper basal and middle

parts, black. The nervures (except on the black parts of

the wings), costa and stigma, yellow.

Length 43 lines; alar exp. 11 lines.

Hab.—Brazil (Swainson).

The antennz are, properly speaking, fuscous, as is also

part of the abdomen; but this is probably owing to the

original black colour having faded through age.

Rusobria carinata, sp. n.

¢. Pilose, shining, luteous, the antenne, the head

(except the part below the antenne), the greater part of

the mesonotum, the sternum at the sides and the lower

parts of the pleurze, and the three apical segments of the

abdomen, black. - Wings hyaline; the basal part, a broad

band across the middle from the stigma and the apex,

black ; the posterior wings are black only at the base and

apex. The mandibles are blackish; the stigma, and the

costa at the base and apex are also black. The scutellum

is yellow. The epistoma is very sharply carinated.

Length 34 lines ; alar exp. 8 lines.

Hab.— Brazil.

Rusobria leucosoma, sp. un.

?. Pilose, luteous, the head (except below the antennz),

the greater part of the mesonotum, with the basal half of

the scutellum, the apex of posterior tibize and tarsi, as

well as the two apical segments of the abdomen, black.

Wings hyaline, blackish at base and apex; the stigma is

yellow; the mouth white.

Length 3 lines; alar exp. 7} lines.

Hab.— Amazonia.

Very similar to the preceding species, but smaller; the

152 Mr. P. Cameron on some Tenthredinide.

mandibles white; the pleure and sternum luteous, the

hinder tarsi black; and the wings hyaline in the middle,

with only two blackish stripes.

I have to express my indebtedness to my friend Mr.

Frederick Smith for the examination of the above-de-

scribed species, and to Professor Trail for presenting me

with D. sulcicornis and T. urcacensis, both captured by

himself.

(153)

XII. Descriptions of new genera and species of Cleride,

with notes on the genera and corrections of

synonymy. By the Rev. H. 8S. Gornam.

(Continued from Trans. Ent. Soc. 1877, Pt. IV.)

[Read April 3rd, 1878.]

List oF New GENERA AND SPECIES.

Dolichopsis, nov. genus. Colyphus marginatus.

rr haplocnemodes. 5 flammeus.

% cyanella. Thanasimus pallipes.

Thriocera, nov. genus. 3 pilosellus (Kiesenwet-

Paratillus, nov. genus. ter).

5 basalis. Clerus cylindricus.

5 analis. », concinnus.

Opilo eburneo-cinctus. Stigmatium cinereum.

Colyphus limbatus. 3 ustulatum.

VI.—CORYNETIDES.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

A. Prothorax lobed at sides Oc 56 oc s. Pylus:

AA. Prothorax rounded at sides.

a. Elytra rough, tomentose ete a0 oe -- Prosymmus.

aa. Elytra smooth, or little hairy.

b. Eyes distinctly cut out.

c. Palpi, apical joint elongate triangular.

. Elytra widened, club serrate ve ye -- Corynetes.

ss club simple .. fe Bt -. Thriocera.

dd. Elytra subeylindric .. Ye an oe -» Paratillus.

ec. Palpi apical joint oval, truncate bc 5.3 -. Necrobia.

eee. Palpi apical joint cylindric .. ee ee -. Lebasiella.

bb. Eyes scarcely cut out.

e. Palpi hatchet-shaped at apex.. ee 30 -. Notostenus.

ee. Palpi cylindric, eyes fine,—very small ais -- Laricobius.

33 5 AA moderate oc «+ Dolichopsis.

eee. Palpi acuminate, eyes coarse .. an we -» Opetiopalpus.

Pytus, Newman.

Type, P. fatuus, Newm.

Pylus anthicoides, Newm. Entom. 1842, p. 402, G.

and H. Cat. p. 1756. This appears to me identical with

a species described by M. Chev. [Mém. 1876, p. 42] as

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART II. (JULY.) M

154 Rev. H. 8. Gorham’s descriptions of

** Pilus quadrimaculatus,” but the latter is from “ Africa

merid.,” and I have it myself from*South Africa. Pos-

sibly the locality of Newman’s species, “ Port Philip,” is

a mistake. Anyhow, it seems strange both should have

been referred to Pylus, from which they differ con-

siderably ; the funiculus of the antenne have the joints

3—8 subfiliform, the eyes well cut out, and_ finely

facetted, the pronotum scarcely constricted, and even, and

with the sides not lobed, &c. I have, therefore, joined

Anthicoides, Newm., with Corynetes pectoralis, Klug, as

anew genus, Thriocera.

Pylus bicinctus, Newm. Entom. 1842, p. 364, G. and

EM e.p. 1756:

This = Necrobia pinguis, White, Cleride LV. p. 63,

West. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 52. It is not satisfactorily

placed here, though undoubtedly nearer to Pylus than to

Necrobia.

The eyes are finely facetted, obviously cut out. The

palpi are widened and truncate at their apex, the maxillary

pair longer and less triangular than the labial. It will

form the type of a new genus.

Prosymnvs, Castelnau.

Type, P. cribripennis, Cast.

Norostenvs, Spinola. [ De}. ]

Type, WN. viridis, Thunbg.

A singularly inapplicable name for the insect now

accepted as the type of Thunberg’s description, of which

the pronotum is depressed, and of equal width with the

elytra. Stenonotum would be the orthographical term,

and is not, as far as I am aware, employed.

DOoLICHOPSIS, gen. nov.

Type, D. haplocnemodes.

Caput angustum, antice depressum, oculi vix pro-

minentes, paululum excayati, antennz 11 articulate,

articulis duobus basalibus robustis; tertio filiform1,

secundo sesqui longiore; 4—8 obconicis, tribus ultimis

clavam oblongam formantibus. Palpi subfiliformes, apice

subacuminato. Pronoto antice angustato, apice recte

truncato, basi tenuissime marginato, fortiter punctato,

new genera and species of Cleride. 155

haud constricto vel impresso. Elytra subcylindrica

apicem versus, modice attenuata, haud striata, punctata.

Tarsi, 4-articulati, art. tribus basalibus lamellatis. Un-

guiculi simplices, basi incrassato.

Dolichopsis haplocnemodes, n. sp.

Viridi-subzneus, elongatus, antice posticeque attenuatus,

sparse fortiter punctatus, antennis, palpis tarsisque fusco-

nigris, illis funiculo rufo-testaceo.

‘Long. 3 lin.

Head depressed, with a slight impression on the crown,

epistoma produced, subrostrate deeply punctured, eyes

moderately granulate, rather more finely facetted than in

Notostenus viridis. Prothorax with the sides a little

rounded and narrowed in front, disk even, convex and

very strongly punctate. Elytra a little wider at the base

than the thorax, the apical third evenly contracted to the

apex, thickly, deeply, but irregularly punctured, punctures

confluent. Underside sparingly punctured, pitchy or

greenish fuscous. Legs fuscous, tibiz greenish above.

Antenne with the joints of the funiculus bead-shaped, or

little longer than wide (with the exception of the third),

the club has the first two joints transverse, the apical one

as long as wide, rounded at the apex.

Hab.— Prom. Bon. Spei.; coll. Fry.

Obs.—This species bears a striking resemblance to

Haplocnemus, Steph., from which, of course, the clavate

antennee, and lamelle to the tarsi, furnish sufficient dis-

tinction.

From Notostenus, Spin., the narrow and subcylindric

form, less laxly-jointed club of the antennee, subrostrate

head, &c. will remove it.

Dolichopsis cyanella, n. sp.

Cyanea, elongato-oblonga, rugose punctata nitida, pilis

nigris erectis sparse vestita, thorace antice angustato,

antennis basi apiceque fuscis, articulis 2, 3, 4 testaceis,

tarsis fuscis.

Long. 24 lin.

Elongate, sides somewhat parallel, but with the head-

less produced than in the preceding species. Head and

thorax distinctly and coarsely punctured, the latter has

M 2

156 Rev. H. 8. Gorham’s descriptions of

the sides rounded, faintly crenulate, contracted behind and

narrowed in front. Elytra closely and deeply punctured,

the punctures being frequently confluent transversely, and

not striate, suture a little raised. Underside shining,

sparingly punctate. Legs fuscous, with a blue tint, tarsi

fuscous, first three joints bilobed and lamellate ; lamellze

paler fuscous. The antenne are of moderate length,

basal joint stout, blackish, spotted at apex with yellow,

the club has the first two joints transverse, the apical one

oblong.

Hab.—Prom. Bon. Spei.; coll. Gorham (e Mus.

Saunders).

Laricopius, Rosenhauer.

Type, L. EFrichsoni, Rosenh.

These singular Jittle Clerids have much the appearance

of Latridii or Corticarie. A species in Mr. Fry’s col-

lection, possibly identical with Utwratus, Costa, is from

France; but while Z. Erichsonz is included in the Cata-

logue of French Col. of M. A. Grenier, Chevrolat, Rev.

et Mag. 1874, p. 28, records a nov. sp. as in his col-

lection, from Nice. In his Mémoire, 1876, p. 7, he

notices that M. Peragallo had taken L. E’richsoni at

Nice with quite black elytra; this, I presume, is the same

as the supposed n. sp.

LEBASIELLA, Spinola.

Type, L. lepida, Klug.

THRIOCERA, gen. nov.

Type, Z. pectoralis, Klug. [| Corynetes. |

The species for which I propose this genus is certainly

more nearly allied to Corynetes than to Necrobia, but has

a different facies, and the structure of the antenne, parti-

cularly of the apical joint, is very different. In this

respect, a second species from South Africa, which I am

inclined to join with pectoralis, viz. Pylus anthicoides,

Newm. (= Pylus 4 maculatus, Chev.) differs still more,

the apical joint of this latter being oblong-elongate and

equal in length to the two preceding (vide note, sub

‘ Pylus, ante).

new genera and species of Cleride. 157

Thriocera pectoralis is a variable species both in size

and colour. The eyes are finely facetted, finely setose,

and broadly cut out; palpi with the terminal joint elon-

gate, subsecuriform. Antenne with joints 3, 4 and 5,

elongate, especially so in 7’. anthicoides, where they are

filiform; the 8th, or joint before the club, is very short

in proportion. Of the club itself, the first joint is obconic,

but symmetrical (in Corynetes the same joint is more

acuminate internally); the second subquadrate, faintly

obeonic; the terminal rounded at the apex, equally com-

pressed throughout, not acuminate on either side, longer

than wide, closely applied to the 10th, or joint preceding.

T. pectoralis, Klug, is a black insect with red antennze

and legs, bluish-black elytra, with a central-curved white

fascia. Sometimes the base of the elytra are red—this

is the type; sometimes only the shoulders are red—this

is the form described by Chevrolat as Clerus scapularis.

(Rev. et Mag. 1874, p. 47.)

T. anthicoides, Newm.; quadrimaculatus, Chev., loc.

cit., is a yellow insect, with two black patches on each

elytron, and the disk of the thorax black. It differs

from pectoralis in having longer antennz, and in having

coarsely-punctured elytra. Both are from South Africa,

Natal, &c.

PARATILLUS, gen. nov.

Type, P. carus, Newman [ Clerus carus, Newm. Entom.

1840, p. 15. Tillus id. G. & H. Cat. p. 1724).

Head with the eyes little prominent, scarcely wider than

thorax, excavated, rather finely facetted. Antenne long,

three-jointed club, joints 9 and 10 a little produced trian-

gularly internally ; apical, ovate. Thorax faintly mar-

gined on the sides, elongate, subdepressed, deeply and

sparsely punctulate, with a central elongate fossa. Tarsi

four-jointed, basal joint concealed by the second above.

Abdomen of six segments.

Hab.— Australia, Tasmania, Nova Caledonia.

I have felt great difficulty in ascertaining the true posi-

tion of this genus. The tarsi indicate affinity with the

latter section of the Enopliides, the antenne and palpi

with the Corynetides. The species described by Newman

appears to vary somewhat. ‘The type form has the head

158 Rey. H. 8. Gorham’s descriptions of

black, thorax rusty-red, elytra bluish-black, with a narrow,

raised, white, impunctate fascia. My specimens are from

Adelaide.

The form from Tasmania has the thorax pitchy-black,

excepting at the base; two other forms seem worthy of a

distinct name, but may prove to be mere local varieties.

Paratillus basalts, n. sp.

P. cari, proxime affinis, elongatus, nigro-piceus; protho-

race, pedibus, antennarum basi, palpis, elytrorumque basi

rufo-ferrugineis.

Long. 3—34 lin,

Distinguished from P. carus, Newm., only by the elytra

being red at the base, and the remainder being rather

more pitchy-black.

Hab.—Moreton Bay; coll. Pascoe and Gorham.

Paratillus analis, n. sp.

P. cari, iterum proxime affinis, elongatus rufo-ferru-

gineus, nitidus elytris, apice exceptis, pectoreque nigro-

subcyaneis, pone medium fascia angusta alba, antennarum

clava fusca,

Long. 22 lin.

Head and thorax as well as abdomen clear ferruginous

red. The apex of the elytra indeterminately red, this

colour extending further up the suture and sides. Fascia

less raised than in carus, and with a few punctures; in all

three species the base of the tibie is darker than the rest

of the legs.

Hab.—Nova Caledonia; coll. Gorham (Saunders).

With regard to Tillus bipartitus, which formerly I was

inclined to think would belong to this genus [vide

“ Cistula Ent.,” 1876, p. 62], a further examination has

convinced me it should form a new genus near Thana-

simus.

CoryneETES, Herbst.

Type, C. ceruleus, De Geer.

Differs from Mecrobia, not only in the structure of the

antenne and palpi, but as Thomson points out (Skand.

Col. x. 119—120), the eyes are hairy; though it can

scarcely be said they are glabrous in Necrobia, short setz

being just visible.

new genera and species of Cleride. 159

Corynetes abdominalis, Fab. G. and H. Cat. p. 1757;

considered as synonymous with his pallicornis by Spin.

(11. 96), though apparently differing in having the whole

abdomen red, Specimens which I refer to this species

in Mr. Fry’s collection from Natal have two segments at

the apex of the abdomen pale red. Hence I imagine

C. abdominalis, Fab., analis, Klug, and pallicornis, Sp.,

will prove to be one species.

Corynetes ovatus, Spin. (Gay, Hist. Chil. iv. 411).

This little species varies from testaceous, with a minute

black shoulder spot, to ferruginous red, with the disk of

the thorax, elytra (the margin and an apical vitta yellow)

and underside of the breast and abdomen black. It is of

doubtful location, the eyes are scarcely emarginate, small

and prominent, the sides of the thorax crenulate.

I suspect the yellow specimens (which are rather larger)

to be a distinct species.

Corynetes pectoralis, Klug, G. and H. Cat. 1758 =

Thriocera, Gorh., q. v. ante.

Corynetes mysticus, Bohem. From the description,

probably congeneric with pectoralis, but I have not seen it.

Necrosia, Latreille.

Type, WV. ruficollis, Fab.

Necrobia aspera, Newman, G. and H. Cat. p. 1758, is

simply N. rufipes, Fab.

NV. glabra, Champollion, G. and H. loc. cit.—a nonde-

script insect, perhaps not pertaining to this family.

Necrobia eximia, White, Cler. p. 63, belongs to the

Clerides, having five joints to its tarsi, the labial palpi

only securiform, and the apical joint of the antenn

falciform. In brilliancy of colour it resembles Aulicus

sculptus (cf. Cistula, 1876, p. 84), from which, however,

it may at once be distinguished by being almost glabrous.

It is best associated with Thanasimus, as placed in the

Munich Catalogue. The type is in my own collection,

from that of Mr. Saunders.

160 Rev. H. 8. Gorham’s descriptions of

OPETIOPALPUS, Spinola.

Type, O. scutellaris, Panzer.

Opetiopalpus morulus, Kiesen. (in lit.). I think this

species, found by Mr. G. Lewis, in Japan, at Nagasaki,

will prove identical with O. obesus, White ( Westw.).

APPENDIX A.

Tillus Lewisit (Kiesenwetter, in lit.)

I think this is probably notatus, Klug, but having

never seen an authenticated specimen of the latter I am

unable to say certainly. The antenne have three joints

at the base, and a portion of the fourth testaceous. The

thorax red, with a large triangular black spot occupying

the front margin, and its apex in the centre of the disk.

Base of the elytra and breast red, a white fascia below the

middle, narrowly connected with the basal red, at the

suture, by the extension of the yellow, which there margins

it. Thighs pitchy, tibize and tarsi red.

Hab.— Nagasaki (G. Lewis).

I have a specimen from Laos (Mouhot), which agrees

with this, in the exception of having a pale spot near the

apex. One from Mysol (Wallace), has the black rather

more extended on the sides of the thorax, and the apex of

elytra white, and is, I believe, identical in other respects.

Opilo eburneo-cinctus, n. sp.

Niger, nitidus, ore, antennis, palpis, pedibusque piceis ;

thorace parce punctato, medio profunde sulcato, antice

transversim impresso; elytris prope basin rubro-tinctis,

fascia mediana angusta, paululum elevata, alba; usque ad

fasciam grosse subseriatim punctatis, hine inde fere

leevibus.

Long. 3 lin.

Allied to O. Pascot?, Gorh. (Cist. Ent. 1876, p. 71), but

smaller, and differing from it in the breast not being red,

in the raised and unpunctured white fascia, &c. It also

somewhat resembles Paratillus basalis. but cannot be

confused with that genus if the structure of the thorax

and the strongly securiform palpi are noticed,

Hab.—New South Wales; coll. Pascoe.

new genera and species of Cleride. 161

Colyphus limbatus, n. sp.

Niger, nitidus, capite antice, palpis, prothorace subtus,

coxis et femoribus pallide flavis; elytris nigro-cyaneis,

crebre punctatis, pube brevi micante vestitis albo-margi-

natis ; pronoto levi, oblongo-quadrato, antice transversim

impresso, margine antico utrinque albo-notato.

Long. 33 lin.

Head and thorax of equal width, epistoma and mouth

yellow, tip of the mandibles and of the palpi black.

Antenne black, but the basal joint with a yellow line

beneath. Thorax longer than wide, the sides between

the anterior constricted line, and the depressed and con-

stricted portion of the base, rounded; a whitish spot on

each side the front margin continued round the anterior

angles. Elytra a little wider than thorax, sides parallel,

very slightly widened towards the apex, subdepressed,

bluish-black, with a violet tinge, very narrowly margined

from the shoulder to apex with yellowish-white, this

margin is of even width. Legs pitchy, femora, with the

exception of the extreme tip, pale yellow.

Hab.—Venezuela [Thieme ].

This species, which appears to agree with the general

characters of Spinola’s genus Colyphus, was sent me by

M. R. Oberthur, who remarks that it appears to vary a

good deal in the colour of the thorax, and the suture of

the elytra.

With respect to the genus Colyphus, the characters by

which Spinola has separated it from Systenoderes are un-

satisfactory, the differences given in the text (pp. 131, 134)

may be summarized as lying in the form of the body and

prothorax ; and that Colyphus has well-developed appen-

dices to the tarsi, while Systenoderes has the two first

with rudimentary plates beneath, and the claws without

teeth ; yet in the Plate V., fig. 5, Colyphus is shown

with enlarged tarsus, without plates to the two basal

joints; while, according to my observation, Systenoderes

umenus has claws with a dentiform enlargement of their

base, much as shown in the same plate. The fact is,

these subdivisions of the genus Cleronomus are dependent

on nothing further than the form and general appearance

of the body. They may, perhaps, be useful, as the species

are distributed from Venezuela to Montreal, if we include

thoracicus, Say. Colyphus limbatus has well-developed

lamelle to the first four joints of the tarsi, the claws

162 Rey. H. 8. Gorham’s descriptions of

simply thickened at the base, the joints of the antennze

gradually shortened, and acuminate internally to the tenth,

the apical one twice as long and compressed, a little falci-

form, all the joints laxly articulate.

Colyphus marginatus, n. sp.

Niger, capite thoraceque nitidis, hoc lateribus, illo epis-

tomate flavis, elytris subopacis crebre fortius punctatis,

fumeis, vitta submarginali flava.

Long. 3} lin.

Head very shining, impunctate, tips of mandibles black,

palpi touched with dusky; thorax quadrate, strongly con-

stricted in front, base margined, the entire sides widely

yellow, disk depressed, shining, very obsoletely punctured.

Klytra dull smoky-black, closely and confluently punc-

tured, a yellow vitta of even width runs from the shoulder

to the apex, leaving the margin narrowly dark ; the suture

is very narrowly yellow in the middle. Legs black, tro-

chanters yellow.

Hab.—Mexico ; in my own collection (Saunders).

Colyphus flammeus, n. sp.

Niger, capite thoraceque nitidis, hoc lateribus et infra,

illo epistomate testaceis; elytris aurantiacis, apice late

margine reflexo, et regione scutellari nigris.

Long. 3} lin.

Of the size and form of C. marginatus; antenne

black, joints 6—10 triangular, about equal in length,

acuminate internally, apical compressed, acuminate.

Thorax quadrate, deeply impressed with a constricted

line in front, between which and the base the sides are

tumid and rounded. Elytra subopaque, thickly and finely

punctured, with the exception of a third at the apex, a

scutellar patch, and the limb narrowly; they are of a rich

orange-yellow, paler internally.

Hab.—Mexico. In my own collection (Saunders).

Obs.—Both this and marginatus might be referred to

Cheyrolat’s genus Derestenus, which appears to me to

differ only in having the antennz subserrate, without any

distinct club.

Thanasimus pallipes, n. sp.

Nigro-piceus, nitidus, antennarum basi, palpis, pedibus

gro-piceus, nitidus, asi, palpis, pedibus,

elytrorumque maculis quatuor magnis pallidis; elytris

new genera and species of Cleride. 163

obsolete punctato-striatis pube depressa parce vestitis,

tibiis anticis et intermediis basi, posticis totis, tarsisque

piceis.

Long. 13—2 lin.

Head deeply inserted in the thorax, eyes coarsely granu-

late, scarcely emarginate, antennz more than half the

body’s length, club fuscous, terminal joint elongate, apical

portion pale and acuminate. ‘Thorax short, transverse

widest in the middle, much narrowed behind, base finely

constricted, transversely impressed in front. Elytra nearly

twice as wide as the thorax, humerus and base pitchy, as

well as a broad central fascia, the entire margin and

suture being of the same colour; hence, leaving on each

two roundish pale spots, somewhat irregular in shape, the

anterior of which is largest; there are about nine striz on

each elytron, impressed with large, but obsolete punctures,

which are also irregular in form; they are also clothed

with long hairs, and a few more erect sete. Legs pale

whitish-yellow ; all the tarsi, the knees of the anterior and

middle pair, and the posterior tibize, pitchy-brown.

Allied to 7. anthicoides, Westwood, apparently rather

larger, and differing in the colour of the legs, &c.

Hab.—Philippines: Bohol, Luzon (Semper).

Thanasimus pilosellus (ISiesenwetter, in lit.), n. sp.

Elongatus, subparallelus, niger, elytrorum dimidio basali

fasciaque subapicali, rufo-piceis antennis pedibusque nigro-

piceis ; his tibiis, illis funiculo dilutioribus; capite thorace-

que nitidis.

Long. 2? lin.

Head and thorax shining, almost impunctate, eyes

finely granulate, cut out, the incision clothed with shining

yellow hairs; antennze of moderate length, gradually

thickened, so that the last four or five form a lax club;

the basal joint and club dark; the intermediate pitchy-

red. Thorax about as long as wide, sides rounded, at the

widest part as wide as the eyes, constricted above the

middle, the base margined ; the disk is rather uneven

below the constricted line, and deeply impressed on each

side. LElytra a little wider than the head and thorax, sides

parallel subrugosely punctate-striate, the striae and punc-

tures continued to the apex. The whole upper surface is

here and there clothed with erect black sete, the elytra

have the basal half rusty-red, intersected by an indistinct

164 Rey. H. 8. Gorham’s descriptions of

darker fascia; their apical half pitchy with an ill-defined

reddish fascia, and the apex itself of this colour, these

parts having yellow shining hairs. Legs pitchy, tibie

rusty-red.

This insect bears some resemblance to Thanasimus

bipartitus, Blanch., but does not attain the size of the

larger examples of that species.

It was discovered by Mr. G. Lewis at Nagasaki, Japan.

I have preserved the name by which it was returned by

Herr Kiesenwetter, who has described the Japanese

Malacodermata, but who, I believe, has not described any

Cleride from Japan.

Thanasimus rufimanus, Gorh. (Cist. 1876, p. 74) =

Aulicus chrysurus, Chev. (Rev. et Mag. 1874, p. 48).

Aulicus ochrurus, Chev. (Mém. 1876, p.16 = Aulicus

albofasciatus, Gorh. (Cist. 1876, p. 85). M. Chevrolat’s

Mémoire bears the date “15 Mars, 1876.” I may remark,

however, that the note upon the title page implies that it

was the end of 1876 before it was in the hands of the

public. My own paper was published in August of the

same year.

Clerus vulpinus, Gorh. (Cist. 1876, p. 81) = Clerus

meaicanus, Cast. (Rev. Silb. iv. 44).

Clerus Silbermanni, Chev. (Mag. Zool. 1843, p. 21),

Clerus assimilis, Chev. (1. c. p.17), Clerus semiochraceous,

Chev. (Rev. et Mag. 1876, p. 41), Clerus Boucardi,

Chev. (Mém. 1876, p. 13). These all appear to me to be

mere varieties of C. mexicanus, Cast.

Clerus cylindricus, n. sp.

Nigro-fuscus, cylindricus, antennis (clava fusca) palpis,

pedibusque rufis; elytris rufo-piceis gutta basali, annu-

loque in singulis ante apicem flavis.

Long. 34 lin.

Head fuscous, labrum testaceous, mandibles black.

Thorax oblong, faintly but thickly punctured, fuscous

shining, anterior margin rufous, subpilose. Elytra thickly

obsoletely punctate, shining sparsely pubescent, mottled

with yellow and brown, all the markings ill-defined and

probably subject to more or less diffusion ; underside fus-

cous, legs pale rufous.

Hab,—Guatemala (alt. 5,000 ft. Salvin).

new genera and species of Cleride. 165

Clerus concinnus, n. sp.

Niger, thorace crebre subtiliter punctato, postice

attenuato; elytris basi fulvo-tinctis, juxta scutellum tuber-

culo atro-piloso instructis, medio anguste flavo-fasciato,

antennis articulis duobus basalibus, ore, tarsisque testaceis.

Long. 2 lin.

Smaller than any other species of this genus known to

me, and probably not truly belonging to ‘it: the terminal

joint of the antennz is quadrate, compressed, not acu-

minate ; the prothorax is rather shining near the base,

and is there raised into an elongate tubercle.

Hab.—Guatemala, Chinautta (alt. 4,100 ft. O. Salvin).

Stigmatium cinereum, Nn. sp.

Cinereo et fusco variegatum ; thorace, capite elytrisque

angustiore, eneo-sericeo, medio indistincte carinato, antice

et postice concinne constricto; antennis basi apiceque

testaceis, pedibus pallidis, femoribus et tibiis fusco-annula-

tis, genubus etiam fuscis, tarsis rufis.

Long. 3—34 lin.

A species forming a link between Omadius and Stig-

matium, the structure of the thorax and coloration of the

legs being rather that of the former, while the width of

the space between the eyes leads me to place it in the

latter. The head is testaceous in front and in the ocular

sinus, while the crown and space between the eyes is ashy-

grey, eyes large ; thorax nearly parallel, bronzed, shining.

Elytra with the humeral angles right, narrowed to apex,

which is subacute, punctate-striate for half their length,

thickly clothed with ashy scales and darker spots, the

principal of which form an undulate central fascia; sub-

costate in the middle with the sutural region flattish ; this

character, with the brassy-looking thorax, will best dis-

tinguish this species from any other known to me. It is

not easily to be compared to any other, yet the differences,

especially in the marking, are hard to express.

Hab.—Dorey, New Guinea (Wallace), Andaman Isles;

coll. Fry and Gorham.

Stigmatium ustulatum, n. sp.

Nigro-piceum, nitidum, thorace elongato, antice et

. . 3 . x. . . 5 ee .

postice constricto, disco imzquali, medio carinato, elytris

fascié mediana, alterdque ante apicem latiore argenteo-

166 Rev. H. S. Gorham’s descriptions of

sericeis, basi rufis fortiter punctato-striatis, pedibus anterio-

ribus et intermediis rufis nigro-tinctis, posticis nigris.

Long. 53 lin.

A very distinct species, in colour a little like mutclle-

color, White, but narrower, parallel,and in form resembling

Omadius. Eten black, labrum pale yellow, crown Obeoe

letely punctured and w rinkled. Thorax black, shining, with-

out scales, carinate below the anterior constricted fae. and

having a broad oblique fossa on each side the carina, hence

the disk appears to have about four tubercular callosities.

Elytra red at the base as far as the first fascia ; externally

however, this is bordered with brownish-black above.

The fascize are of whitish silky down on a red ground, the

intermediate space and apex being black, without scales or

hairs. Antenne black, two basal joints yellow. Palpi

yellow, apical joints fuscous. Legs, two front pairs rufous

stained with pitchy, hind pair black, tarsi fuscous at base,

red at apex; trochanters red.

Hab.—Borneo, Sarawak (Wallace). In my collection.

APPENDIX B.

A list of Clertde collected by Herr Semper in the

Philippine Islands :—

Cylidrus cyaneus, Fab., E. Mindanao.

Tillus Semperanus, Gorh. (Cist. Ent. 1876, p. 62),

Bohol.

Gastrocentrum, pauper, Gorh. (Cist. Ent. 1876, p. 63),

Luzon.

Callimerus gratiosus, Gorh. (Cist. Ent. 1876, p. 66),

E. Mindanao.

Callimerus pulchellus, Gorh. (loc. cit. p. 67).

Callimerus insolatus, Pascoe (Gorh. 1. ¢.), Luzon,

KE. Mindanao.

Callimerus latifrons, Gorh. (1. ¢. pp. 67, 68).

Opilo mollis, Li., Bohol and Luzon.

Thanasimus anthicoides, Westwood, Bohol, Luzon, &c.

Thanasimus pallipes, Gorh., Appendix (Trans. Ent.

Soe. 1878, ii. p. 162).

Stigmatium encaustum, Gorh. (Cist. Ent. 1. ¢. p. 93),

Bohol.

Stigmatium Philippinarum, Gorh. (1. c.), Luzon.

new genera and species of Cleride. = led

Stigmatium subfuscum, Gorh. (1. ce. p. 94), E. Min-

danao.

Stigmatium centrale, Gorh. (1. ¢. p. 94), E. Mindanao,

N. E. Luzon.

Stigmatium tapetum, Gorl. (1. c. p. 95), Mindanao.

Omadius aurifasciatus, Gorh. (1. ¢. p. 102), E. Min-

danao.

Omadius nimbifer, Gorh. (1. ¢.), E. Mindanao, Luzon.

Omadius vespiformis, Gorh. (1. c. p. 103), KE. Min-

danao.

Omadius notatus, Gorh, (1. c.), E. Mindanao.

Omadius posticalis, Gorh. (1. c. p. 105).

Tenerus Mindanaonicus, Gorh. (Trans. Ent. Soe.

Lond. 1877, iv. 407), Mindanao.

Necrobia rufipes, F., passim.

Necrobia rujicollis, F., Zamboanga.

@ 169. -)

XIII. Remarks on the hairs of some of our British

Hymenoptera. By Epwarp SAuNDERs.

[Read March 6th, 1878.]

(Pl. VL)

I wAveE recently been examining rather closely some of

our British aculeate Hymenoptera, and have been much

struck with the varieties which appear in the structure

of their hairs, and as I do not see that any detailed

account has been given by any one of these peculiarities,

I propose to give the result of the observations that I have

made. I know that Reaumur, Mr. Frederick Smith, and

others have noticed the existence of plumose hairs on

some of the species, but I cannot find that the different

variations have anywhere been brought together in a

special notice like the present, which I think they deserve.

I hoped at first, from the well-marked character of these

variations, that they would have been useful in the classi-

fication of the genera, &c.; but although the presence of

branched or plumose hairs seems to characterize the sec-

tion Anthophila, and to divide it naturally from its allies,

yet so far I have found no characters which will serve for

further divisions within the section, notwithstanding the

great diversity in the structure of the hairs themselves,

and also in their relative positions on the insects. I have

now examined the hairs of one or more species in almost

all the genera of our British Acu/eates, and find that in

the Heterogyna, the Fossores and the Diploptera, they

are all simple, or in some cases twisted, whereas in the

Anthophila plumose or branched hairs may always be

found, although sometimes mixed with simple ones. This

rule holds good even in genera like Prosopis, Ceratina,

&c., where the insects have scarcely any hairs, still what

there are, maintain the character of the family in being

branched or plumose.

As a rule, the most beautifully-branched hairs may be

found round the posterior sides of the metathorax, but in’

some genera, such as Macropis, Dasypoda, and in some

species of Andrena, they occur on the scope of the hind

legs, and in Chelostoma are found on the pollen-brush of

the body. The diversity in the shape of the pollen hairs

TRANS, ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART II. (JULY.) N

170 Mr. E. Saunders’ remarks on the hairs of some

is very striking, for, in some species they are simple, in

others rigid and branched, in others rigid, straight and

spirally grooved, in others branched and flexuous; and

these different styles of pollen hairs occur in species the

metathoracic hairs of which may be almost identical: for

instance, in Megachile, Osmia and Chelostoma the hairs

of the metathorax are very similar, but in Megachile the

pollen-brush of the abdomen is composed of beautifully

rigid spiral hairs; in Osmia, of simple ones; whereas in

Chelostoma they are long and flexuous, with branching

filaments.

The following varieties of hairs, I think, may be easily

distinguished :— :

Ist. Simple hairs occurring occasionally on various

parts of the body and on the scope of some

species of Andrena, &c., and the pollen-brush

of Osmia and Anthidium (fig. 1).

2nd. Simple hairs, with a slight swelling above the

base, occurring on the scope of Andrena

albicans, 2, &c. (fig. 2).

3rd. Rigid, straight, spinose hairs, spirally grooved,

forming the pollen-brush of Megachile, post

tibiee of Andrena albicans, $, &c. (fig. 3).

4th. Serrate or very shortly-branched hairs (to be

found on the thorax and body of most of the

species), the apices of the branches in the

hairs of the scope of Dasypoda, ?, are more

or less clubbed (figs. 4, 16).

5th. Hairs with long branches (to be found in every

variety—the most beautiful round the meta-

thorax of Colletes, Eucera, Apis, &c.) (figs.

5%, Os

6th. Rigid,somewhat spinosely-branched hairs (scopze

of Macropis, &c.) (fig. 7).

7th. Long flexuous hairs, with branching filaments

(pollen-brush of Chelostoma, floccus of An-

drena, &c. &c.) (figs. 8, 9).

8th. Somewhat rigid hairs, with one or two short

tooth-lhke branches near the apex or with

several branches mostly projecting on one

side, sometimes almost fan-shaped (tibiz of

and ¢ Andrena albicans, Colletes cunicularia,

and most of the Andrenide (figs. 10, 11, 12,

12a).

of our British Hymenoptera. Lal

9th. Somewhat spirally-grooved hairs, dilated and

flattened at the extremity, sometimes very

short (on the inner side of the hind tibiz of

Andrena, Megachile, &c.) (fig. 13).

The interesting question now remains as to what the

use of these peculiar hairs can be. If my observation is

correct that they exist only in the Anthophila, then I

think there is a strong inference that they are of some

use in the collecting of pollen, although they equally

occur on the parasitic bees, such as Nomada, &c. It is

also remarkable that the parts specially adapted for col-

lecting pollen should bear such differently-shaped hairs in

various species. Thus the pollen hairs of the brush of

Megachile, with their long spiral shapes, would hardly

seem to be useful for the same purpose as the flexuous

and branched ones of the brush of Chelostoma. Still we

know that it is by means of these brushes that they carry

home most of their pollen, and no doubt in some way each

species finds its own brush especially serviceable. What

1 should much like to find out is, whether the species that

frequent the same flowers have similarly-formed pollen

hairs. I have been trying to arrive at this by the exami-

nation of the pollen grains on the hairs, but in many

cases I find two or more kinds present, and my knowledge

of their shapes is not sufficient to know what species they

belong to. They seem to stick to the hairs anywhere,

sometimes on the sides, and sometimes on the points of the

branches. I hope that by further study of this subject the

uses of these characters may be arrived at, as I feel sure

they must in some way play an important part in the

economy of the insects under consideration.

I have found a quarter-inch power the most useful for

examining the hairs.

Since reading the foregoing, I have noticed that the

hairs on the scope of the 2s of the Andrenide seem to be

arranged on a definite plan, and that this arrangement is

similar in all the species. The outer side of the tibiz is

covered with simple, or in some cases branched, hairs,

such as those figured in figs. 4 or 7; the inner side, or side

towards the body, is covered with spiral hairs with dilated

apices, like those in fig. 13; between the sides, on the edges,

is a series of hairs, such as those figured 10, 11, 12, 12a,

varying much according to the species. The arrangement

of the hairs on the tarsi seems to be somewhat similar.

N 2

172

Fig. 1.

12,

Mr. E. Saunders on British Hymenoptera.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Simple hair.

. Hair, with slight swelling near the base, as found in scope of

Andrena albicans &.

. Straight spiral hair, stomach of Megachile argentata.

. Ordinary plumose hairs off Megachile maritima, found also on

the metathorax and body of many species.

. Branched hair, metathorax of Colletes cunicularia.

Do. do. Colletes succincta.

Do. scopa of Macropis labiata 9.

. Hair, with filamentary branches; pollen-brush of Chelostoma.

Do. tuft on metathorax of Andrena dorsata.

. Hair, with branches on one side only, off scopa of Andrena

Afzeliella 9.

Do. do.

Rigidly-branched hair from scopa of Colletes cunicularia 9.

12a. Do. do.

13,

14.

15.

16.

Spiral hair, with flattened and dilated apex, off inner side of scopa

of Andrena varians.

Metathoracic hair of Prosopis communis.

Scopa hair of Cilissa leporina 9, showing pollen grains adhering.

Portion of a hair off scopa of Dasypoda hirtipes 9, showing the

club-shaped ends of the branches.

XIV. Notes on some Hemiptera-Homoptera, with de-

scriptions of new species. By W. L. Disrant.

{Read May Ist, 1878.]

Tue following descriptions of a few Homopterous insects,

belonging to the families Str¢dulantia and Cercopina, may,

perhaps, be best introduced by a few remarks concerning

the geographical distribution of the latter. It would,

indeed, be difficult to find a better example of the un-

certainty of all generic calculations as to geographical

distribution than is afforded by the family Cercopina.

Fabricius included all the Cercopina in the genus

Cercopis, which would thus exhibit almost a world-wide

range. Germar, in 1821, separated this into two great

divisions, Cercopis and Aphrophora, with the first of

which we wili now only deal. In 1839, Burmeister

included in Cercopis insects which were common to Java,

Asia, Europe, Central America and Brazil. In 1843,

Amyot and Serville restricted Cercopis to insects which,

as then known, were common only to Java, China and

the islands included in the Australian region, and insti-

tuted the genera Tomaspis, Rhinalaux, Triecphora,

Monecphora and Sphenorhina; the genus Tomaspis

being restricted to insects from South and Central

America. In 1866, Stal had sank the genera T'riec-

phora, Monecphora and Sphenorhina, and placed them

in the genus Jomaspis, under which he had also de-

scribed insects from Africa and the Indian and Malayan

region, thus giving the genus a home in the Neotropical,

Ethiopian and Oriental regions. In 1870, however, Stal

founded his genus Phymatostetha, which included all the

Eastern species of Tomaspis he had described, and so the

last-named genus now only includes representatives from

the Neotropical and Ethiopian regions. As for the genus

Cercopis, it is now almost lost in the genera Cosmoscarta

and Phymatostetha. I think any entomologist who con-

siders these facts will acknowledge how empirical it is to

draw great conclusions in geographical distribution from

generic calculations alone.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART II. (JULY.)

A ~ Mr. W. L. Distant’s Notes on

STRIDULANTIA.

Genus PLarypLeuRA, Amyot and Serville.

Platypleura andamana, n. sp.

Tawny, pubescent. Face moderately convex, trans-

versely suleated, with a deep central longitudinal furrow;

luteous, with two short black basal lines on each side

of vertex. A narrow black fascia, extending from eye to

eye, immediately in front of ocelli. yes brilliant, casta-

neous, broadly pilose behind. Pronotum deeply furrowed,

with frontal edge and two small foves, placed close to-

gether near centre of hind border, pitchy. Mesonotum,

with two large obconical spots, extending backwards from

fore border, midway between which there is a discal dart-

shaped mark, and two dots wide apart near hind border,

black; there are also two other somewhat obscure black

marks situated on fore border on outer sides of the large

obconical spots. Metathoracic cross, with its fore borders,

pitchy. Abdomen above with segmental sutures black,

clothed with luteous pubescence; anal appendage pitchy,

castaneous. Underside with legs ochraceous. Rostrum

extending to second abdominal segment ; ; its tip, two spots

on the sixth abdominal segment, knees and tarsi, piceous.

Tegmina dark brown, with pale semi-opaque mark-

ings, especially on the apical half. Basal third thickly

covered with pale pubescence, and containing five dark-

brown spots, of which the most prominent are two which

are subcostal, situated beyond the medium of this space, and

a third one below the basal of those two spots. Remainder

of tegmina less pubescent, with a number of whitish spots,

of which the most prominent are a transverse row stretch-

ing across from near costa to inner border, immediately

beyond the basal third pubescent space; another more

waved row beyond middle confluent near costa, where

they are very visible below; a subapical marginal row of

five whitish oblong spots, arranged on the nervures of

which the apical A are dull brown; and an outer

marginal row of six dark-brown spots, also arranged on

the nervures of which the lowest is the largest; a dull

whitish fusiform spot on inner angle, which is very dis-

tinct on underside, Wings castaneous, with a dark-

brown marginal border, and some suffused dark-brown

discal streaks extending across the wings.

2. Long. 22 mill.; exp. tegm. 84 mill.

Andaman Isles.

some Hemiptera-Homoptera. 175

This species is allied to the Madagascar form, P. guttu-

data, Sign.; the tegmina are, however, much narrower

and much less arched on the costal edge near base, the

lateral edges of the thorax differ in being pointedly acute,

the rostrum is longer, ground colour much darker and

markings different, though the general pattern is much

followed.

Genus Tospna, Amyot and Serville.

Tosena albata, n. sp.

General colour and markings of 7’. melanoptera. White;

but tegmina with five longitudinal whitish fasciz situated

between the veins commencing near base, two of which

amalgamate with the broad central transverse band, and

a subapical row of five irregular longitudinal fasciz of

the same colour, the first of which is placed at about one-

third the length of outer border from the apical point of

tegmina, and the last is fused into the central band near

the inner margin. Wings as in JZ. melanoptera, but

with a submarginal row of nine whitish fasciz, com-

mencing near costa, of which the seventh and ninth are

the largest, the last very much so; two-thirds of the outer

border narrowly edged with the same colour.

$. Long. 59 mill.; exp. tegm. 132 mill.’

N. W. Himalaya.

This species is also smaller than 7’. melanoptera, with

the tegmina narrower and rostrum quite reaching the first

abdominal segment, which is not the case in the males of

that species. The apices of the femora are not luteous.

CERCOPIDA.

Genus CosMOSCARTA, Stal.

Cosmoscarta andamana, 0. sp.

Sanguineous, thickly and finely punctured ; tegmina,

with a broad band across centre and apex broadly, black:

these bands are united at inner margin, in some specimens

very broadly so. Wings sordidly hyaline, with the veins

much darker; base slightly sanguineous. Femora, tibize

and tarsi, piceous, hind tibia armed with an acute spine.

Long. 9 mill.; exp. tegm. 24 mill.

Andaman Isles.

Allied to C. heros, Fab., with which, however, it

cannot be confused.

176 Mr. W. L. Distant’s Notes on

Genus Tomaspis, Amyot and Serville. Stal. Hem.

Af. iv. p. 56.

A. Posterior tibia armed with two spines.

Spines long, robust.

Tomaspis modesta, n. sp.

Fuscous, shining; head, pronotum and scutellum some-

what coarsely punctured, teomina very thickly and finely

punctured. ace convexly_ tumid, somewhat obscurely

transversely suleated with central keel very distinct, pale

fuscous. Head rounded in front, ocelli prominent. Head,

pronotum, scutellum and underside of body dark fuscous.

Lateral edges of thorax above and below with legs, pale

fuscous. Abdomen above dull reddish. Wings sordidly

hyaline. Posterior tibiae armed with two strong spines.

Long. ex. tegm. 10 mill.; exp. tegm. 29 mill.

Mongo-ma-lobah, W. Aiea.

Tomaspis Monteironis, n. sp.

Black, shining, thickly and finely punctured; abdomen,

femora and rather more than basal half of tibia, san-

guineous. Lateral borders of abdomen beneath, with a

seomental row of large quadrate black spots. Face

robustly and convexly tumid, distinctly transversely

suleated; central keel faintly indicated. Pronotum with

two small obscure intra-ocular depressions near fore

border, behind which are two transverse and somewhat

deflected striz. Wings sordidly hyaline, bases of wings

above, and wings and tegmina below narrowly san-

guineous. Posterior tibi armed with two strong spines.

Long. ex. tegm. 9 to 10 mill.; exp. tegm. 23 to 26

mill.

Delagoa Bay (Monteiro).

Tomaspis conspicua, ii. sp.

Black, shining, thickly and finely punctured; tegmina

with a large central oblong sanguineous spot. Abdomen

and legs dull reddish; apices of tibiz and tarsi piceous.

Face robustly and convexly tumid, distinctly transversely

suleated, central keel faintly indicated. Pronotum with

two intra-ocular distinct rounded impressions near an-

terior border, behind which are two transverse somewhat

deflexed striz. Wings sordidly hyaline, bases of wings

some Hemiptera-Homoptera. 177

above, and of wings and tegmina below, dull reddish.

Posterior tibize armed with two strong spines.

Long. ex. tegm. 10 mill.; exp. tegm. 26 mill.

Nyassa.

As may be seen from the above description, 7. con-

spicua is Closely allied to 7. Montetronis, from which,

however, it can be easily distinguished, not only by the

prominent spot on the tegmina and the absence of the

spots on the lateral abdominal edges below, but also by the

following structural characters. The pronotum is broader

and more convex, and the frontal borders of the scutellum

very much more raised and distinct. The sculpture of

the upper surface of the head is also different.

aa. Upper spine of posterior tibie small, obscure.

Tomaspis binotata, n. sp.

Black, shining, thickly and finely punctured. Scutellum

somewhat transversely strigose. Tegmina with a median

irregularly-rounded spot situated at about two-thirds the

length from base, and a larger, somewhat fusiform claval

streak commencing at base, bright fulvous. Head

rounded in front. Face convexly tumid, faintly and

transversely sulcated, keel distinct. Eyes fulvous. Legs

obscure, livid. Wings sordidly hyaline. Posterior tibize

armed with two spines, the upper one of which is very

small and obscure.

Long. ex. tegm. 9 mill.; exp. tegm. 23 mill.

Isubu, W. Africa.

B. Posterior tibie armed with one spine.

Tomaspis nyass@, is sp.

Black, shining, thickly and finely punctured, pronotum

with traces of a central longitudinal impression, which

appears as an elevated ridge at base. Corium, with a sub-

median oblique fascia, extending from about costal edge to

claval suture, where it is somewhat narrowed, an apical

transverse fascia semicircular in shape, rounded externally

and profoundly dentated about the centre, almost extend-

ing from costa to inner margin, and a large streak, which,

commencing at base, occupies about one-half of the claval

area, Sanguineous. Abdomen, excepting apex, legs, ros-

trum, excepting base, sanguineous. Wings sordidly

178 Mr. W. L. Distant’s Notes on

hyaline, with the base narrowly sanguineous. Eyes pale

fulvous. Face convexly tumid, transversely and distinctly

suleated, central keel distinct and prominent. Posterior

tibize armed with one spine near apex.

Long. ex. tegm. ¢ 15 mill.; exp. tegm. ¢ 38 mill.

a 218 mill. bs 2? 42 mill.

Nyassa (Simon).

The ¢ is much less brightly coloured than the ¢.

Genus SPHENORHINA, Amyot and Serville.

Dr. Stal has included in the genus Tomaspis the genera

Triecphora, Monecphora and Sphenorhina. I quite agree

with him in sinking the two first named, but the last seems

so well marked a genus, and one so easily recognized, that

I consider it at least convenient to retain it.

Sphenorhina distincta, n. sp.

Black, shining, thickly and finely punctured. Head,

thorax and scutellum slightly pilose. Reticulated portion

of tegmina somewhat ferruginous, corium black, shining.

Abdomen and posterior legs (tarsi excepted, which are

black), sanguineous. Wings obscure hyaline, somewhat

fuscous at outer borders. Posterior tibize armed with a

strong spine; scutellum large, transversely striated.

Long. ex. tegm. 6 mill.; exp. tegm. 18 mill.

Irazu (Rogers). 6-7,000 ft. Coll. Godman and Salvin.

This species is somewhat allied to S. metallica, Walk.

Sphenorhina plagiata, n. sp.

Testaceous; thorax black, with the anterior and lateral

edges and a transverse central band testaceous. Eyes

luteous. Pectus and abdomen black, the last with the

posterior segmental edges and the anal appendage obscure

testaceous. Legs testaceous, with a pitchy streak on

femora, commencing at base. Pronotum and tegmina

thickly and finely punctured. Wings obscure hyaline.

Posterior tibiz armed with two spines, one near the base

small, the second a little past middle long robust.

Long. ex. tegm. 8 mill.; exp. tegm. 18 mill.

Costa Rica. (Van Patten.) Coll. Godman and Salvin.

This species above has somewhat the appearance of

Locris transversa. Thunb., from S. and KE. Africa.

some Hemiptera-Homoptera. 179

Sphenorhina septemnotata, n. sp.

Fulvous, shining, tegmina with seven small orange spots,

three in a transverse line near base, two near middle, and

two near apex. ‘There is also a small orange patch at

base. Wings pale hyaline; hind tibiz armed with two

spines, first small near base, the second long, robust a

little past. middle.

Long. ex. tegm. 6 mill.; exp. tegm. 20 mill.

RR. Susio, Costa Rica (Rogers). Coll. Godman and

Salvin; Distant.

Sphenorhina grandis, n. sp.

Sanguineous. Tegmina with a very broad black border,

which, commencing about one-third from base, is carried

along costa, continued round apex and along inner edge

to about one-third of its length, when it is gradually

narrowed and carried upwards along claval suture to near

base. This border is widest at apex and inner border.

Wings fuscous, hyaline. Fore legs black; hind femora,

abdomen above (excepting near lateral borders) and

below, antennz and eyes sanguineous. The tegmina

are very thickly and finely punctured, the pronotum some-

what pubescent and obscurely and finely punctured.

Posterior tibiz armed with one strong spine.

Long. ex. tegm. 15 mill.; exp. tegm. 50 mill.

New Granada.

Sphenorhina Bogotana, n. sp.

Head, pronotum and scutellum, sanguineous; tegmina

luteous, apical third pitchy, which is continued as a sub-

costal streak towards base. A sanguineous submedian

longitudinal fascia commencing at base and continued to

near apex, when it is abruptly deflexed and terminates on

inner margin. Wings fuscous, hyaline, shining, narrowly

sanguineous at base. Abdomen above and below, legs

and coxee, black; hind femora somewhat paler. Face,

eyes and antennz, sanguineous. Posterior tibie armed

with one spine.

Long. ex. tegm. 11 mill.; exp. tegm. 33 mill.

r Aey

XV. Description of a new species of Chernetide

(Pseudoscorpionide) from Spain. By Cuas.

O. WATERHOUSE.

[Read Feb. 6th, 1878.]

At the May Meeting of the Entomological Society

Mr. Grut exhibited a large species of Chelifer which he

had received from Mr. Sydney Klein, who had taken the

specimen in North Spain, in the crevices of rocks by the

sea shore. .

As the species appears to be undoubtedly new, I have

thought well to describe it.

I sent a drawing of the specimen to Dr. Ludwig

Koch, who has recently published a monograph of the -

Chernetide, and he pronounces it to be distinct from his

Garypus litoralis, the only species to which I thought it

could possibly be referred.

Dr. Koch throws some doubt on the species belonging

to the genus Garypus, because it has not the cephalo-

TRANS. ENT. SoC. 1878.—PART Il. (JULY.)

182 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on Chernetide.

thorax so much produced anteriorly as in the species

produced by him. I think, however, that it would be

unadvisable to propose a new genus for it on such slight

erounds, and I, therefore, place it for the present in that

genus.

I propose to name it—

GARYPUS SAXICOLA.

Total length 7 millm., total length of palpus 11 millm.

The whole of the upper side is ashy-grey, the divisions

between the abdominal segments and the whole underside

are much paler, approaching to white; the palpi are rather

darker than the upper surface of the body, and are tinged

with greyish-purple, the apical joint rather more brown;

the legs are pale testaceous.

The cephalothorax is broadest behind, narrowed in

front, with a scarcely-perceptible mesial longitudinal im-

pression in front. ‘Two eyes on each side, placed on a

slight swelling.

‘Mandibles “shining, pitchy-testaceous, beset with a few

long bristles. Palpi ‘with the coxal joint short pear-shaped,

testaceous, thickly but very finely granular, beset with a

few very short fine bristles; the femoral and tibial joints

a little enlarged towards their apex, thickly and very finely

granular, the former very nearly 4 longer than the tibial

joint; the last joint very nearly twice as long as the

femoral joint, extremely finely granular, the finger about

4 longer than the swollen part, rather ‘strongly ¢ oranular

end beset with some fine bristles. The abdominal seg-

ments are divided in the middle, closely, finely, but dis-

tinctly granular in the same manner as the cephalothorax.

Hab.—Spain. Brit. Mus.

I have been using a compound microscope, with a low

power (14 inch), to give the sculpture. With this glass

the granulation of the cephalothorax and abdomen and

fingers of the palpi are easily seen, but the sculpture of

the femoral and tibial joints of the palpi is only seen by

looking very carefully.

The specimen from which I have taken my description

lived until September last; it caught house-flies which

I placed in the box with it, and I noticed that the flies

died very quickly when only held even by one pair of

claws fixed in the thorax.

(183+)

XVI. Notes on South African insects. By J. P.

Manse. WEALg, B.A.

[Read April 3rd, 1878.]

On some insects found on Acacia horrida, and pro-

tected by resemblances to various parts of that tree.

Foliage imitators.—The foliage of Acacia horrida is bi-

pinnate ; at the base of each leaf on the foot-stalk is a

somewhat ovate gland, which yields a gummy secretion.

The young leaves which appear after rain, irrespective of

the season of the year, have their pinne closely appressed ;

they are brilliant golden-green in colour, with a tinge of

orange-crimson, and shine very brightly from the exuda-

tion of a kind of gummy varnish, which becomes hard

towards noon in hot weather, and, I believe, protects them

from the excessive evaporation they would otherwise

suffer. The thorny stipules in this stage are coloured

nearly the same as the foliage, but with age, in dry dis-

tricts, become white, assuming different shades of colour,

and also different sizes. The leaves, when full grown,

have a brilliant gloss. Towards night they droop and

close their leaves, as also in wet weather during the day.

From the broken nature of the foliage, and the open

situations in which these trees are generally found, it is

evident that under a clear sky and a brilliant sun the

effects of chequered direct light with that reflected from

the foliage must dazzle the eye. These extremely white

lights on the foliage of most South African shrubs are

painfully conspicuous to the painter.

The brilliant silvery ornaments which render so many

of our South African insects objects of peculiar beauty,

and which would apparently make them extremely con-

spicuous, under these circumstances admirably disguise

them.

As instances of foliage imitators among Rhopalocerous

and Heterocerous larve, Acridiide, Locustide, Manti-

de, Hemiptera and Arachnida, may be mentioned the

following species :—Cenobasis amena, Feld., a small

moth allied to Limacodes, Gynanisa Isis, mentioned in

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART II. (JULY.)

184 Mr. J. P. M. Weale’s Notes on

Darwin’s “ Descent of Man” (Vol. II., p. 132), Phane-

roptera .zebrata (Locustide), a species of Locustide

belonging to the genus Saga (?), the larve of Lycena

otacilia (Trim.), and L. amarah, the larvee of Harpax spi-

nocula, and other Mantide, Epeira vigilans, Blackm., &c.

The eggs of Gynanisa Isis, and of several other large

Saturnian moths, are usually hard, bright, and easily seen,

and are attached to conspicuous parts of the outer

branches of the tree. I am inclined to think that they

are not subject to many enemies. In the first stage the

young larve are sienna-brown in colour, and harmonize

in tint with the young twigs on which they may be found

for some time clustered. ‘Their colour is nearly the same

as that of the larva of a species of Cucullia, which closely

resembles the bark. Later the larva becomes green-

coloured with white markings, and small protuberances

tufted with darkish sete. When it has acquired a con-

siderable size it assumes those splendid silver and gold-

tipped spines which make it such a conspicuous object on

removal from the tree. The larva of Saturnia Apollonia,

though smaller in size, closely resembles that of G. Isis,

but the dark markings, being replaced by crimson, add to

its beauty. In its earlier stages the small sete on the

dorsal protuberances produced a painful irritation on the

skin, a peculiarity apparently not possessed by G. Isis.

The caterpillars of this last species I believe to be eaten

by several birds, and I know that they were formerly

much relished by the Fingo tribe, to whom they are

known as “ Y-goinya,” or, as they are called by the

colonists, “ Kaffir oysters.” I may mention that my son

declared that they were very good when roasted over the

fire.

The females and larvee of some Orthopterous insects, as

also the males in a less degree, are adorned in a similar

manner with white enamel-like markings. In a species of

Pneumora I have generally found the young on Schotia

speciosa, the foliage of which affords even a better refuge

to these green, red and silvery insects, than does that of

the Acacia. Several species of an Orthopterous insect

belonging to the genus Saga (?) have the abdominal seg-

ments laterally marked with silvery white in loops, the

insects sometimes being rufous, or of different shades of

green. It is said to feed on other Orthoptera, especially

Truxalids, to which it bears a general resemblance, but

South African insects. 185

although of a fierce disposition this statement requires

confirmation.

A silvery coloration of the underside effectually protects

at least three native butterflies when at rest, viz., Nym-

phalis Jahlusa, Iolaus Silas and 1. Sidus. These butter-

flies are extremely rapid on the wing and fly generally in

the brightest sunshine, but their flight is usually short.

The best representations of protective resemblance to

the young foliage are offered by the larvae of Cenobasis

amena, Feld. (a small moth allied to Limacodes), and of

Lycena amarah and L. otacilia. The first of these is a

most lovely object; the tufted tubercles with which it is

adorned, and the loop-like markings on the sides, disguise

it effectually. From observing one on the still dewy tree

in the early morning, I am inclined to think that the

enamelled spots of blue and white, which shine on its back,

are advantageous in disguising it while feeding. The

Imago of this and of another species are colour protected,

while the pupa case fastened to the branch resembles an

excrescence of the bark.

The larva and mature form of a Harpazx allied to

HI. spinocula, two spiders and two small caterpillars also

have a general resemblance to the young foliage.

The Orthopterous insect Phaneroptera zebrata deserves

instead the specific name of ‘‘ pinnatifoliata,” for in every

stage it is most difficult of detection, and though very

abundant I have heard it singing towards dusk on a

branch close to my face and yet found it extremely difficult

to see the insect.

An undetermined Hemipterous insect has a general

resemblance in colour to the foliage, and when viewed

obliquely, its colour and markings cause it to strikingly

resemble the scarred petioles and petiolules of the leaves.

Various small geometric caterpillars which feed on the

foliage are in like manner disguised. The larva of a

moth, probably a species of Psyche, strips the leaflets to

form cases: in addition to the leafy protection the case is so

tough that I imagine few could open it. A small cater-

pular, referred to in the ‘‘ Descent of Man” ( Vol. I., p. 416), |

packs the flowers and leaflets on its back by means of

short setee which secrete a glutinous substance. This

caterpillar, when placed in a box with leaves and flowers,

showed a preference tor coloured objects by detaching and

fixing on its back pieces of pink paper from the lining of

TRANS, ENT. soc. 1878.—PART II. (JULY.) O

186 Mr. J. P. M. Weale’s Notes on

the box. I believe there are more than one species which

do this, as I found one on a Rhus with the flowers of that

shrub similarly packed.

Imitators of thorns, excrescences, dead foliage, stems,

bark, &c.—The larvee of two moths. one of which is

allied to Pyralis, form cases which exactly resemble the

thorns of the Acacia and of Celastrus buxifolius.

Sometimes a leaflet is attached to the extremity of the

thorn. Those larvee found on the Acacia are very much

attacked by Ichneumon-flies, in spite of the deceitful

appearance of their case. Indeed, I have found that

most protected larve are thus persecuted by parasites.

The moth of this species is commonly found in the day-

time nestled among some of the accumulations of dead

leaves abundant on this tree, and which are often made use

of by various insects for nests. The Acacia is liable to so

many diseases and distortions from fungoid growths or

boring insects that considerable collections of débris are

found on its branches, and these are taken advantage of

by various insects more or less darkly-coloured, particu-

larly Hemiptera and spiders. Among the most curious

of these is Pephricus paradoxus, which closely resembles

some of these bundles of dried pinne. Pyrops marginata,

West., when mature is commonly found on the branches,

but its true food plant is Rhynchosia pinnata.

A species of Mantis (Popa spurea, Stal), found on

various shrubs, is of different shades of brown, and in its

different stages of growth, especially when immature, re-

sembles dead stalks.

A Phasmid (Palophus Haworthii, G. R. Gray), found

near Cradock, like many of these insects, resembles a dead

stick. Several spiders, such as Epeira vigilans, and a

species of Cerostus, resemble the dead fragments of bark

and broken stems. Pycnacantha hystrix, Thor., a spider

found on grass near a thorn tree, bears a wonderful re-

semblance to a dead thistle head, whieh deception is aided

by the motionless position of the Arachnid when captured,

and is such as.to deceive the most careful observer.

Among the insects commonly found are several which

wonderfully resemble the droppings of birds, and their

coloration, as might have been anticipated, is extremely

variable. The pupx of Pieris agathina and P. poppea,

the larvae of which feed on species of Loranthus, have

this resemblance, while a small Mantis (Oxypilus annu-

South African insects. 187

latus, Serville = Capensis, Saussure), an undescribed

species of Thomisus, an Epeirid, a species of Zilla, and

a small moth (Acontia formosa), extremely variable in its

colour, are always found in conspicuous positions, and by

the attitudes they assume are difficult to distinguish from

the real droppings. The little Mantis in particular,

though extremely active on being disturbed when fright-

ened or on the watch for prey, doubles all its limbs

together and bends back its abdomen in such a manner as

to appear quite inanimate.

Floral. imitators.—None of these are peculiar to the

Acacia, unless it be a species of Longicorn beetle, and

I am inclined to think that this is not protected by its

yellow-coloured bands. Harpax spinocula, and another

species of T'homisus, extremely variable in colour, are

found on the flowers of this and many other yellow

blossoms of different orders, such as Composite, Liliacee,

&c. The flower-packing larva I have already mentioned.

I may also state that the blossoms are often frequented

by small Lamellicorn beetles having very long hind legs

which project from the blossoms. Similar insects are

also found on many Composite, and in the same situation

may be found spiders which thrust up their forelegs in|

such a manner as to be hardly distinguishable from the

beetles. From the frequency with which I have found

these insects associated together I can hardly doubt that

the attitude assumed by the spider is imitative.

Mimicry of ants by spiders of the genus Salticus.—

It is well known that among spiders of the genus Salticus

there is a group ( Attus, Walck.), of which the resemblance

to ants is wonderfully close. As I am not aware that any

explanation of this curious similarity has been given, I

now make known my observations on some of the species.

An ant of the genus Crematogaster, and another belong-

ing to Camponotus, are each of them imitated by spiders,

and in both cases, but especially in the first, I have noticed

the spiders mingling with the ants-on apparently friendly,

or at least neutral, terms. The small black Crematogaster

is imitated by a spider of the same size and appearance, |

being smooth and shiny. It was very curious to notice

the spider curving its long forelegs after the manner of

the ant’s antenn, turning up its abdomen exactly like the

stinging Crematogaster, and occasionally halting, and

then again speeding along the branches. In fact, so close

1838 Mr. J. P. M. Weale on South African insects.

in appearance and habits are the two creatures, that I

have frequently lost sight of the spider, or captured an

ant in mistake.

The Salticus which imitates the Camponotus is larger

and hairy, like the ant. Both these ants are fond of

sweet secretions, and visit the glands of the Acacia, and

also various kinds of Homopterous insects, the Cremato-

gaster being particularly attentive to different species of

Akeres, and it was on a diseased orange tree that I first

noticed the friendly terms on which the spider lived with

the ants. A great many small flies and other insects fre-

quent trees thus diseased, and in such numbers that I

have little doubt they may seriously diminish the food of

the ants.

The Orthoptera referred to in this paper have been

identified by Mr. J. Wood-Mason. An explanation of

the mimicry of ants by spiders has been suggested by

Mr. Meldola. (See Proc. Ent. Soc., April 3rd, 1878,

p: Xiv.)

(SEG)

XVII. On Macropsebium Cotterilli and other new

species of Coleoptera, from Lake Nyassa.

By H. W. Bares, F.L.8., Pres. Ent. Soe.

(Read June 5th, 1878.)

Mr. H. B. Corrert1y, who has recently returned from a

prolonged visit to Lake Nyassa, and who was the com-

panion of Captain Elton on his adventurous journey of

exploration overland from Lake Nyassa to Zanzibar, col-

lected a few insects during his leisure hours in these little

known regions. One of them, which he has kindly added

to my Collection is a romorleable new form of Longicorn

beetle, allied to Necydalis, but of gigantic size for this

group, and showing Prionid affinities in the separation of

the epistome. I venture to submit a description of this

interesting insect, adding those of four other species

from the same region, taken by other travellers.

Anthia vitticollis.

A. omostigme (Chaud.) affinis. Minus convexa, nigra

vix nitida, thorace vitta antico-laterali elytr orumque mar- ,

gine flavo-tomentosis ; ely tris punctulato- -striatis, inter-

stitils vix convexis spar sim setifer o-punctulatis.

$. Thorace postice bilobato-producto, antice paulo ro-

tundato-dilatato ibique quam lobis vix latiori.

2. Thoraee breviter cordato, angulis anticis distincte

productis.

Long. 20—24 lin.

A fine and distinct species, belonging to the group

with spotted thorax, and differing from A. thoracica in the

spot not being broad and rounded but narrow and vitti-

form, as in A. omostigma. The shape of the thorax is

also very different, the anterior dilated part in the ¢

being but slightly rounded and not much broader than

the ‘posterior lobes. These latter, in fully developed

examples, are oblique at the apex, the external angle

ae and the central dividing line deeply cleft. The

is distinguished also by the “sides of the thorax being

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART II. (OCT.) E

190 Mr. H. W. Bates on the

gently rounded and gradually narrowed posteriorly, with

the anterior angles much advanced beyond the anterior

margin.

Lake Nyassa; apparently abundant. Sent home in

large numbers by Mr. Thelwall.

Anthia alternata.

A, Fornasinii (Bert.) affinis, at differt elytrorum inter-

stitiis alternatim griseo- -pubescentibus. Niger, capite

thoraceque grosse sparsim punctatis, hoc (ut in 1 A, Forna-

sini?) antice -fortiter subangulatim dilatato, postice sinuatim

fortiter angustato et declivi; ; elytris versus basin angustatis,

humeris mali Ss, versus nan tute valde rotundato-dilatatis ;

interstitiis alternatim griseo-pubescentibus.

Long. 21 lin. ¢, 9.

Von Harold has recently described an allied species,

A, Hildebrandti, from Zanzibar, as having the alternate

interstices of the elytra higher and broader ; but in this

all the interstices are smooth, with the exception of the

usual lateral punetures near the striae. In A. alternata

the interstices 1 (sutural), 3, 5, 7, are elevated, widened

and glabrous, whilst the alternate ones and the lateral

margin are depressed, narrow and densely covered with

yellow-grey hairs arising from punctures.

Lake Ny assa (or R. ‘Shiré ?). Brought by Mr. E. D.

Young from his Expedition of 1867. It appears not to

have been met with by recent collectors on Lake Nyassa.

Plocederus hamifer.

Oblongus, latus, robustus, nigro-fuscus, palpis, pedibus

et antennis piceo-rufis; his (¢) corpore plusquam duplo

longioribus, articulo 11™° longissimo, 3” extus valde

4—6 brevius spinosis, 1™° grosse transversim rugato ;

thorace transverso, transversim irregulariter plicato, spina

laterali valida, hamata, tuberculo anteriori conico ; ely tris

subtiliter coriaceis utrinque leviter bicostatis, apice bi-

spinosis; corpore subtus fulvo-pubescenti; femoribus grosse

transversim rugatis.

Long. 1 in. 8 lin.

A large robust species, brownish-black in colour, opaque

except on the elytra, which are faintly shining. The

thoracic spines are long, acute and recurved backwards,

and the femora are crossed from base to apex with flexuous

ridges. The antennz are more than twice the length of

Macropsebium Cotterilli, &c. 191

the body, dark chestnut-red and glabrous; the short,

curved, clavate basal jot is transversely ridged like the

femora, the 2nd to 6th are sparingly punctured; the 11th

joint is slender and nearly one-fourth the length of the

entire antenna.

Lake Nyassa. From Mr. E. D. Young.

Callichroma Nyasse.

Gracile, cyaneum vel viridi-eneum, supra nitidum,

subtus argenteo-sericeum, femoribus et tibiis 4 anticis (his

basi exceptis) femoribusque posticis dimidio basali, rufis ;

antennis ¢ corpore longioribus, articulo basali apice extus

spinoso, tertio sequenti paulo longiori, 3—10 lateraliter

sulcatis, apiceque subtus incrassatis; thorace medio levi,

Jateribus subtiliter sparsim striatis; elytris elongato-sub-

parallelis subtiliter punctulatis et minute strigulosis, sed

nitidis, glabris; femoribus posticis abdomine paulo longi-

oribus, gradatim clavatis.

? Antenne corpore vix breviores.

Variat: tibiis omnibus femoribusque posticis chalybeo-

nigris ; elytris lateribus violaceis.

Long. 9—10 lin.

A moderately narrow and elongate species, differing

from the typical Callichrome in the slightly clavate hind

femora. The other characters are those of the genus, and

the hind tibiz are compressed and flexuous along their

upper edge as in the typical species. Th ead is nearly

smooth, having only a few faint longitudin»! strie. The

thorax is rather longer than is the rule in 1e genus; the

lateral spine less acute, and the other lateral prominences

wanting. The anterior and posterior transverse constric-

tions also are very slight and marked only by a few fine

furrows. The scutellum is scutiform and nearly smooth.

Lake Nyassa. From Mr. Thelwall’s collection.

MacroPsEBIUM, nov. gen. (Sub-fam. Necydaline.)

Gen. Psebio (Pascoe) proxime affine. E' maximis hujus

subfamiliz. Corpus elongato-oblongum, supra planatum.

Caput exsertum ; epistoma brevissimum, a fronte sutura

profunda separatum, fere articulatum ; Beal supra (¢)

separati, minus subtiliter granulosi; palpi graciles, articulis

terminalibus lineari-compressis. "Antenne: (3) corpore

dimidio longioribus, articulis 3—11 subsqualibus, im

laminas lineares compressis; 1° brevi, crasso, difformi.

Pp 2

192 Mr. H. W. Bates on the Macropsebium Cotterill, &c.

Thorax insequalis, lateribus grosse unituberculatis. HElytra

abbreviata (metathorace vix longiora) apice angustata,

singulo fere triangulum formanti, apice unispinoso. Pedes

compress! ; tibia antics curvate ; ; postice flexuosze.

A remarkable African form of Necydalis, agreeing with

the typical genus in the non-dilated terminal joints of the

palpi, broad and posteriorly tapering mesothoracic epis-

terna, salient anterior coxe, with atrophied prosternum,

and sockets elongated laterally and opened behind. In

the excessively short muzzle and very long antennz it

agrees with the genus Psebium.

Macropsebium Cotterilli.

Castaneo-rufum, subopacum, elytris castaneo-nigris

politis; capite, thorace, antennarumque articulis 2 basalibus

obscurioribus; corpore subtus, capite, thorace et scutello,

rufo-hirtis ; pedibus breviter ali pilosis, antennis nudis ;

elytris supra planis, minutissime punctulatis, bicarinatis.

Long. (ad abdominis apicem) 15 lin. (ad alarum apicem)

Slime

The separation of the epistome from the head in this

remarkable species is more complete than in the majority

of the Priontde. The labrum is depressed between the

base of the mandibles, and bears two long tufts of rufous

hairs. The general colour of the insect is chestnut-red, with

the head and thorax rather darker, opaque and minutely

reticulate-punctate ; the elytra are dark blackish-brown

and highly polished, although finely punctured. Each

elytron forms a curvilinear triangle, the apex of which at

the inner side is prolonged into a stout spine. The ample

metasternum is clothed with long, furry, rufous hairs, and

similar hairs, but shorter, clothe all other parts of the

body except the elytra and the antenne ; the latter being

minutely granulate and opaque from the third joint.

The excessively flattened antennal joints are slightly

dentate at their apices on one side. The abdomen is

broad and sessile.

Lake Nyassa. Discovered by H. B. Cotterill, Esq.

C193" )

XVIII. On the larve of the Tenthredinide, with special

reference to protective resemblance. By

P. CaMERON.

{Read June 5th, 1878. ]

THE purpose of the following paper is to show that the

theory promulgated by Wallace,* in explanation of the

colours and markings of caterpillars, namely, that edible

larvee are coloured so as to be invisible as much as possible,

and inedible ones so as to be easily seen, holds good with

the larve of saw-flies. I purpose also showing that

caterpillars and saw-fly larves have the same style of

coloration and arrangement of the markings both in the

edible and inedible larvee, that is to say, that the former

are green, either entirely so, or if they bear any markings

these take the form of white or pink continuous lines

along the back or sides, while the latter have contrasting

colours; the markings are usually irregularly -arranged

dots, and they feed in exposed positions where they are

readily noticed.

I need scarcely pomt out how widely different the

Tenthredinide and the Lepidoptera are, how they belong

to two different orders, differing profoundly in almost

every detail of structure, and having no very close generic

affinity with each other.

Let us first consider those saw-fly larvee, whose bodies

correspond in coloration with the substances upon which

they are usually found. Many of these have flat bodies,

and rest when feeding upon the lower side of the leaf. In

every case they are uniformly green, with the head faintly

brownish, or it may be green, like the rest of the body.

A beautiful example of the flat green larvee we find in that

of Camponiscus luridiventris, which seems indeed to have

been specially formed for this mode of life, bemg very

broad and flat. We have other instances in the luteus

group of the genus Nematus, which feed on the lower

surface of the alder leaves, and in Nematus pallescens,

* See Darwin’s “ Descent of Man,” 2nd ed. p. 325.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1878.

PARD ii (OCT)

194 Mr. P. Cameron on the

whose body corresponds in coloration with the leaf of

Salix cinerea, its food plant. These larve are very

sluggish.

Another group of harmless larve feed along the margin

of the leaf. They have cylindrical bodies, the Galeur

green, or if they bear any markings, these take the form

of whitish or pinkish dorsal or lateral stripes. We have

said that they feed along the outer edge of the leaf.

Necessarily, in feeding, they ¢ cause indentations in the leaf.

The indentations are very regular, are cut clean as if by a

pair of scissors, in shape they are oval or semi-circular.

When feeding, the larvee keep their bodies closely pressed

to the leaf, aad if there be a curve, either a natural one or

made by themselves, they follow its shape. We may

point out as examples of this habit, Nematus miliaris,

N. fagi, N. fallax, and others.

It is a matter of familiar observation to collectors of

Lepidoptera, that most caterpillars, which feed on grass or

narrow-leaved plants, are green, either entirely so, or with

white or reddish continuous stripes, and so it is with the

saw-fly larvee. In Nematus it is the case with V. capree,

NV. conductu' which feed on carices and grasses respec-

tively, with JV. fallax, which is attached to ‘the little trail-.

ing willow Salix Susca, with N. rumicis on Rumex, N.

mysoitidis on clover, Taronus glabratus on Polygonum,

and many others. In the Ent. M. Mag. XI. p. 66, the

Rev. John Hellins relates how similar in coloration the

larva of the moth Erastria fuscula and that of a saw-fly,

which feeds on the same grass, are to each other, and he

proceeds to say that “ he will leave it to some one else to

guess which of the two is the first wearer, and which the

mimic of the colours of their common dress.” But it is clear

that here we —<ve no case of. mimicry, but rather-that both

acquired the same garb through its being that which

afforded them the ereatest protection, similar habits and

similar surroundings having led to identity in coloration.

It is equally well known to Lepidopterists that pine-feed-

ing caterpillars assimilate very closely in coloration with

the pine leaves. This is so well known that I need

scarcely quote instances; it occurs with widely different

families of moths. The same thing occurs with the saw-fly

larve. I may mention as examples Nematus Erichsoni,

Lophyrus virens, and many others.* One of the finest cases

* They feed resting perpendicularly, which is seldom the case with

larvee attached to broad-leaved plants. -

larve of the Tenthredinide. 195

of protective resemblance I have seen was with a species

of Nematus on the juniper. It could scarcely ise seen, so

much did its body resemble the leaves. I need scarcely

say that many caterpillars of moths on the juniper have

the same colour.

We have seen that the innocuous larve are either flat

or cylindrical, the former feeding on the flat surface and

the latter along the edge. It is equally so with those

whith smell badly.* Curiously enough, the flat larvee in

both the groups are uniformly green, and have the same

sluggish habits, but there is a marked difference in their

ways of feeding. I have said that the edible ones feed on

the under side of the leaf. They eat the leaf quite

through, so that in a short time it becomes full of square

or roundish holes, the creature resting always on the un-

eaten portions. Now the others rest on the upper side.

They do not eat the leaf through and through, but only

the upper cuticle, so that when the larve have been feed-

ing for any period, the leaf becomes quite white, and the

larvee are then not difficult to see. Now we find that

larvee which have this habit are either covered with a

slimy secretion, as some species of Eriocampa, or they

emit bad odours, as is the case with some Nematides.

The larva of Nematus leucotrochus,f for instance, which

feeds on the hawthorn, has an exceedingly bad smell. I

tried this larva with a Carabus to see if the beetle would

eat it, but it would not do so, although afterwards it ate a

bit of a worm.

The inedible larvee which feed along the edge of the

leaf are very different in coloration and habits from the

green margin feeders described above. Many of them

have a greenish tinge, but it is seldom or never of the

same tint as the leaf. Frequently it is bluish or sea-

green, or it may be whitish. Instead of the white or

pinkish stripes they bear irregular dots and marks, which

* Although I have not made many experiments with the foul-smelling

larve to see if they are rejected by insectiverous animals, still I think it

is allowable to conclude from the bad secretions they give out that this is

actually the case.

+ These larve are very difficult to rear. I have only bred three females,

which unfortunately died in the cocoons before they got entirely rid of

the pupal skin. They are thus not easily identified, but the specimens

appear to agree in every respect with N. leucotrochus. Brischke and

Zaddach figure (Schr. Ges. Konig. XVI. pl. 6, f. 5) a species of similar

habits and coloration under the name of JV. zanthopus, but as the descrip-

tion has not yet appeared, I can’t say whether it is the same as mine or

not.

196 Mr. P. Cameron on the

do not form regular lines. The markings are usually

black and orange, and often fore and aft the body is

orange or yellow. Instead of keeping their bodies close

to the leaf and following its outline they stick them out

into the air, so that they assume the form of a U, the

turned-up tail re aching to the head and frequently above

it. Some of them bear black marks on the belly, between

the ventral legs, and also glands, which they can protrude

at will, and from which exude a foetid odour. To make

them even more conspicuous, several of them feed on the

same leaf, while they keep the posterior part of the body

in a state of continual agitation. Most of them are un-

eaten by birds, and they are also proof against the attacks

of insects, for a cockroach would not eat some larve of

Nematus pavidus with which I supplied it, after having

subjected it to a fast of some days, while it devoured

those of N. miliaris.

I think that the habit these insects have of whipping

the body about is not so much to frighten birds as to

intimidate ichneumons from depositing eges in their

bodies. I once observed a Tryphon endeavouring to lay

its eggs in some larvee of Cresus septentrionalis, which

at that time were very common on an alder bush. It

tried it on several larvee. In one case five larvee were on

the same leaf, and whenever the parasite approached them

in a moment they were in a state of considerable agitation,

and the intruder was driven away by the active lashing of

their bodies. It, however, succeeded with a solitary larva

which was rather inactive, being apparently about to

moult. I may here remark, that every saw-fly larva which

I have found “stung,” ze. with ichneumon eggs on its

body, had them invariably on the fore region of the eee

generally on the thorax, frequently even on the he

circumstance readily understood when we consider that

the posterior part of the body can be easily moved away,

while the anterior part can only be removed by the creature

letting go its hold of the leaf. The only way it can do

this with sufficient swiftness to escape the ovipositor

of the ichneumon is by dropping to the ground at once.

And this we find to be the case with many Tarvee, especially

with those attached to grasses and other low-growing

plants, e.g., the larvee of Dolerus, Tenthredo, which drop

down on the slightest occasion. On the other hand, larvee

attached to trees do not readily drop down, but then we

have seen that some of them can protect themselves by

larve of the Tenthredinide. 197

means of the flexible abdomen, and others, as we shall see,

have especial means of protection.

Take, for example, the larve of Trichiosoma ; these are

among the largest in the family. They are white, which

contrasts well with the ereen of the leaf, and, as they feed

openly, they are readily observed. They have the faculty

of ejecting from lateral pores an acid greenish liquid to

some distance and in some quantity. “L have no doubt

that this is as much a protection against ichneumons as

against birds. We know, indeed, from the observations

of Lewis (quoted by Westwood, Intr. ii. 108), that the

larva of Perga (an Australian genus closely allied to the

Cimbicides) carries in its mouth a yellowish gummy

matter, which it can vomit in some quantity when there

is any occasion for it. That it is of some protection

against ichneumons is shown by Lewis finding an ich-

neumon which preys on the larvae with its Tees and

wings covered and glued together by this gummy matter.

Most of the larve of the Cimbicina feed on trees

during the day, and they hold on very firmly to the leaf.

They are in coloration white or greenish-white, without

any distinct marks, and in some cases are covered with a

whitish exudation. An exception to this rule is found in

Abia sericea, which is found on Scabiosa succisa, usually

in the evening. it is of a drab colour, with orange

lateral marks. When alarmed it drops at once to the

ground * in the form of a ball. I always, when searching

for this lary e, was much puzzled to find it when it had

dropped down to the ground. Frequently when found I

have lost it again by removing my eye for a moment, and

yet it could not have changed its position. Indeed, most

larvee which fall readily to the ground in the form of a

ball are difficult to find.t

It is curious to see how different the larve are in the

same genus—even a small and how interesting it is

to find that these differences are explained by their habits,

and especially as regards their means of protection.

Take, for instance, the genus Cresus. Two of our

species have very distinctly-marked larve. C. varus, on

the contrary, although it has the form and habits of

* It feeds also on the under side of the leaf, while the tree-feeders rest

on the upper side.

+ This habit of falling down to the ground and remaining there motion-

less, rolled up into a ball, is analogous to the “shamming dead” of perfect

insects.

198 Mr. P. Cameron on the

C. septentrionalis (vide supra), is much less active, has

no coloured marks on the belly; it has the ventral glands,

but they are rarely protruded, nor has it (so far as I can

judge) a very bad odour; indeed, I could not’ feel any

rom some specimens which I examined last year. Above

all, the larva of varus is of the same green as the alder

leaf upon which it feeds, and has no markings beyond

some slight black lines along the sides. It is thus less

noticeable than the other larve, is more solitary in its

habits, and hence we can understand how it is not so

active, nor has such a bad smell as the others.

I have stated before that many pine-feeding larvee are

coloured to resemble the pine leaves—either entirely

green, or green with a white lateral stripe. But this is

not the case with all of them. Lophyrus pint has a pale-

coloured larva with round black marks on the sides. It

feeds, too, in companies, frequently two or three dozen, if

not more, being found on the same shoot; so that in this

way they form, when massed together, very conspicuous

objects, the more especially as they strip the branches

almost completely of their leaves. The distinction of the

pint and virens larvee is readily explainable by the fact

that the former exudes abundantly a resinous secretion,

which sticks firmly to the hand, while the latter does not

give out any.

Many of the brightly-coloured saw-fly larvie have hairs

on the body, each issuing from a raised tubercle. These

hairs, however, are not very thickly distributed over the

body, generally about a dozen or so to a segment, so that

they do not in any way obscure or hide the coloration.

The larva of Nematus ribesti is a case in point, and it

is not eaten by birds. A more conspicuous example

is found in the larva of Cladius viminalis, which 1s

orange with black markings, and they feed in a row,

three or four lying abreast and almost touching each

other. All the larvae, however, of this class are not

brightly coloured. Thus, most of the larvae of Cladius

are pale coloured, or dark coloured on the back and white

at the sides.

While there are no hairy larve among British saw-

flies comparable,—for instance, to caterpillars like the

tiger moth,—there are some Tenthredous larve provided

with longish stiff-branched spines, which give their

bearers a very curious appearance. ‘These spines are

black (as a rule) on the back, with green ones along the

larve of the Tenthredinide. 1S))

sides, and they project straight from the body. The

ground colour of these larve is green, and the spines

are never so thick as to hide the coloration of the body.

With some species there are some little white lines

between the rows of spines. The larve feed on the

upper side of the leaf; they are very sluggish and rarely

measure more than four lines. I believe these spines

standing up from the green body tend to conceal the

larvee, which do not look like living creatures at all; and

this inanimate appearance is increased by the small re-

treating head. One or two species have the spines pale

green.

There are many other points of similarity between the

larvee of the Tenthredinide and Lepidoptera which, if

time permitted, I should have liked to discuss, as well

as some others belonging more particularly to the Hy-

menopterous section. L- may, however, say, that all the

conclusions arrived at by Weismann, in his work * on the

origin of the forms and colours of caterpillars of the

Sphin gide apply with equal force to the Tenthredinide.

That being the case, the cause or causes which produced

the general similarity in the markings of the larvae of

saw-flies and of caterpillars must have been the same, and

that natural selection was one of the most proficient of

them will now, I think, be admitted by the majority of

naturalists.

I may add, further, that when young the larve of

saw-flies are green and devoid of distinctive markings,

just as we find among moths.

® Studien zur Descendenz-Theorie, ii.

@e20n" )

XIX. On some Longicorn Coleoptera from the Hawaiian

Islands. By D. Suarp.

{Read June 5th, 1878.]

I sHauy record in this paper the species of Longicorn

Coleoptera ( Cerambycide, Munich Cat.), found by the

Rey. T. Blackburn in the Hawaiian Islands, and describe

the new forms. The species altogether are nine in num-

ber, and although when all the islands of the group have

been carefully searched there will almost certainly be some

additional species discovered, yet as the Cerambycide

form one of the best known of the families of Coleoptera,

it will be worth while to see what light these insects throw

on the nature of the fauna of this isolated group of islands.

My very imperfect knowledge of this enormous family

of beetles would not justify any considerable reliance being

placed on my views on this point, but as I have received

from my friend H. W. Bates, the most worthy present

President of the Society, considerable assistance in the

study of these specimens, I feel sufficient confidence to

venture on some provisional observations.

The species are, as I have said, altogether nine in

number, and I will remark on them seriatim.

1. Parandra puncticeps appears to be a very distinct

species of a highly remarkable genus; the Purandre are,

in fact, the least differentiated of the Longicorns; that is

to say, the characteristics of the Longicorns are on the

whole less developed in these insects than they are in any

others that are generally admitted as forming part of the

family.

2. Stenocorus simplex, Gyll. This species is very

widely distributed in the Malayan and Polynesian Islands,

and has even been found in Ecuador ; it is therefore pretty

certainly a species which is easily conveyed by natural (or

possibly artificial) means over large tracts of ocean.

3. Astrimus obscurus, n. sp., n. gen. This insect

belongs to the same group of genera as the Stenocorus

simplex on which I have just remarked, and is excessively

closely allied to a species found in the island of Formosa.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART II. (OCT.)

202 Mr. D. Sharp on some

4. Sotenus setiger belongs also to the same group as

the two preceding species ( Callidiopsides, Lacord.). I

cannot find that it has any very close ally, and I expect it

will prove a quite endemic species of the group which is

largely represented in the Australian and Austro-Malayan

regions, and has also some members peculiar to North

America.

5 and 6. Clytarlus robustus and C. cristatus. These

are two very remarkable species, and I expect they will

prove to be very isolated, yet I think they may be naturally

placed in the extensive and world-wide distributed group

Clytides, Lacord.

7. Micracantha nutans seems to be a distinct species

of a genus, with numerous species in the Australian and

Austro-Malayan regions.

8. Lamia nutator, Fab. This species is said to be

found in Australia as well as other Polynesian Islands.

9. Cerambyx araneiformis, Lin. This is a widely-

distributed species in South and Central America, and

the Hawaiian individuals are so reduced in size as to form

a very distinct variety.

It thus seems that the Hawaiian Islands have some

very distinct forms peculiar to themselves; that notwith-

standing their isolation certain species have been introduced

into them from points of land which are excessively distant

—thousands of miles, in fact—and that the nearest relatives

of the Hawatian Longicor ns are found in the very distant

islands occupying a south- -westerly position relatively to the

group itself.

ParanprRa, Munich Cat.

Parandra_puneticeps, n. sp. Nigro-picea, antennis

pedibusque dilutioribus, pernitida ; mento bre evissimo, in

utroque sexu sine pubescentia ; antennis angulis internis

haud vel vix acutis; capite fortius sat enelane punctato ;

prothorace fortiter transverso, nitidissimo, parce.punctato,

medio fere omnino levi, versus basin leviter angustato,

lateribus pone medium obsolete angulatis, angulis posteri-

oribus rectis, nullo modo rotundatis : ely tris latiusculis,

parce subtiliter punctatis, interdum transversim subrugosis.

Long. 19—26 mm. ; lat. 6}—8} mm.

This Parandra is of peculiar form, being flatter and

more parallel than is usual in its allies, and with the

thorax for its whole width closely applied to‘the base of

the elytra. Thesexual distinctions are greatly diminished,

Longicorn Coleoptera. 203

the male mandibles showing but little or even no difference

from those of the female, so that at first it seems difficult

to distinguish the sexes; this may, however, be easily

done by examining the apical ventral segment. This is

quite short in the male, and its hind margin is very gently

and evenly rounded, and its surface is covered rather

sparingly with obsolete, transverse, granular punctures.

In the female the length of this segment is considerably

greater, and its hind margin is obscurely truncate in the

middle; the punctures are less obsolete, and the abundant

cilize of the hind margin are twice as long as in the male.

Of this latter sex I have two individuals before me, one

small the other large: the smaller of these individuals

shows in its mandibles no greater development than does

the female; while in the larger specimen their apical

portion is somewhat elongate and curved, showing thus

the first stage of the development which is so remarkable

in many species.

Sent from Oahu as No. 88.

Crresium, Munich Cat.

Stenocorus simplex, Gyll.

I have seen four individuals of this species, only one of

which isa male. This individual is only half the size of

the females, and is remarkable by the middle tibia having

a large prolongation inwardly at the extremity. In the

female there is a slight scooping out of the imner side of

the tibia near its extremity. The male has also the apical

ventral segment shorter than the female, and its hind

margin forming a gentle continuous curve, while in the

female the more projecting middle part of the hind margin

is subtruncate. In the male individual there is also a

large exserted supplementary apical segment. The an-

tenn of this specimen are scarcely so long in proportion

to the body as they are in the females; and there are also

some slight differences of colour and sculpture. I think

it probable, however, that these are really the sexes of one

species, but I hope Mr. Blackburn may decisively settle

the point. It is worthy of remark that Fairmaire con-

sidered the specimens found in Tahiti to represent three

species, but as he did not distinguish the sexes, I am

unable, at present, to form any opinion as to whether the

union of his three species into a single one, as has been

done by the more recent authors, is correct. This species

204 Mr. D. Sharp on some

is said to have an excessively wide distribution, but I am

not myself able either to confirm or to limit this opinion.

I will make still one other remark about these Hawaiian

individuals, namely, that when the intermediate coxal

cavities are looked at from behind they are seen to possess

a distinct: outward transverse prolongation, although

Lacordaire states that they are closed externally.

I have not any information as to the distribution of this

species in the various islands of the group, but I believe

all my four specimens are from Oahu.

ASTRIMUS (new name).

Astrimus obscurus, n.sp. Fusco-niger, griseo-pubescens

et setosus, opacus; prothorace subdepresso, disco in-

eequali, sed vix. discrete bi-impresso, opaco, tomentoso, et

setoso, lateribus in medio prominulis sed haud tuberculatis,

basi constricto ; elytris thorace paulo latioribus, fortiter

punctatis, punctis versus apicem minoribus, angulo suturali

acute prominulo. Long. 113 mm., lat. 3 mm.

This species has much the : appearance of the Stromatium

eroup; its sculpture and colour are much obscured by the

pubescence and sete. The elytra are slightly broader

than the greatest width of the thorax; this latter has an

criss GE tubercule in the middle, some distance in front

of the hind margin, and near this obscure elevation the

surface is more depressed and densely pubescent ; on. the

outside of this depression the surface is very obscurely

elevated. The middle coxal cavity is not really closed,

although it is very nearly so. The projecting point of the

side of the metasternum, which helps to close the cavity, 1s

not shining, neither is it turned out from the plane of the

rest of the metasternum, and, therefore, it is but little

conspicuous.

Mr. Blackburn has sent me a single individual as

No. 87; it is, I believe, a male.

I think it probable that Fairmaire’s Tahitian Stromatium

hirtum will prove closely allied to this insect. I give

below its structural characters.

Form rather depressed, surface pubescent. Head with

the front very short, mandibles short, conspicuously hairy

externally; eyes coarsely facetted, largely and deeply

emarginate, their lower lobe not appr oaching so near to the

mesial (longitudinal) line as the upper one does ; antennal

tubercles distinctly elevated, and with a quite distinct

Longicorn Coleoptera. 205

free angle above the bulb of antenna; antenne a little

longer ‘than body (in the male?) pubescent and slightly

pilose, none of the joints with sharp angles, Ist joint

rather stout, but little more than half as long as the 3rd

joint; joints 4 to 11 not differing much from one another.

Ligula (?); terminal joints of palpi distinctly dilated.

Anterior cox globose, very little prominent, their cavities

without external prolongation, but with the suture of its

closing quite distinct, their posterior portion open; middle

coxal cavities with a very small external prolongation.

Legs rather short and stout, femora much thickened, but

without distinct slender basal portion. Surface of thorax

rather flattened and uneven, without distinct prominences

or marks.

I am indebted to Mr. Bates for an insect from Formosa,

which is extremely closely allied to this Astrimus obscurus,

but is a little larger and paler in colour. I should, how-

ever, have considered the two to be conspecific, were it

not that an undoubted, though minute, difference exists

in the external prolongation of the intermediate cotyloid

cavities ; the anterior prolongation of the side of the

metasternum 1s conspicuously shining, and is deflexed

from the plane of the rest of the metasternum. As I have

not been able to assign the species to any named genus,

I have given it a new generic name, and enumerate its

characters above. It cannot, I think, be very much mis-

placed in Lacordaire’s Callidiopsides, although the an-

tennal tubers are rather strongly elevated and distinctly

angulated.

SOTENUS (new name).

- Sotenus setiger,n. sp. Fulvo-testaceus, fere unicolor,

sat nitidus, vertice summo transversim scabroso ; protho-

race subgloboso, sed dorso sat planato, leviter ineequali,

nitido, fere nudo, punctis paucis setigeris irregulariter

sparsis ; elytris punctis profundis sat magnis, subseriatis

ornatis, seriebus alternis setis erectis, fenuibus elongatis

munitis. Long. 114 mm., lat. 3 mm.

This insect is rather remarkable on aecount of the

sculpture of the back of the head and of the punctuation of

the elytra; the general form, appearance and colour are

somewhat ee Lioderes Kole but Sotenus setiger is

more robustly formed.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 18/8.—PART III. (OCT.) Q

206 Mr. D. Sharp on some

A single individual, which I think i is a male, has been

sent me “by Mr. Bleck burn as No. 41. It was found, I

believe, in the island of Oahu.

The following are the structural characters of this

species :—

Form rather robust and subparallel, not broad nor de-

pressed. Head very short, vertex scabrous and a little

inflated; eyes coarsely facetted, reniform, their upper

parts very widely separated, the interval in fact being as

broad as the whole width of the vertex; space between

insertion of antennz moderately broad. Antenne rather

stout, not spinose, but pilose beneath, a little longer than

body (in the male no doubt), Ist joint stout, hardly so

long as 3rd; 3rd not sulcate, but rather flattened above ;

4th joint shorter than the following ones, equal to the

10th in length, 10th and 11th subequal. Mandibles very

short; ligula membranous, apical joints of palpi rather

strongly securiform. Front coxe globular and rather

prominent, their cavities completely rounded externally,

open behind, rather widely separate. Intermediate coxal

cavities very complete externally, so that no outward pro-

longation of the coxa can be seen. Middle and hind

thighs only moderately long, but pedunculate ; tarsi rather

stout, tibie without carinz. Llytra quite rounded at

extremity.

The position of this form is in the Section A. of the

Cérambycides vrais sylvains of Lacordaire, and though

I cannot find that it has any close affinity with any known

forms, it had better be placed in his “ Group XV. Caili-

diopsides.”

CLYTARLUS (new name).

Clytarlus robustus,n.sp. Nigricans, pectore, pedorum

basi, tarsisque rufescentibus, antennis fuscis, apice dilutiore ;

prothorace subcylindrico, elytrorum basi multo angustiore,

posterius declivo-constricto, medio longitudinaliter sub-

elevato, elevatione prasertim anterius et posterius con-

spicuo, densissime fortiter que rugoso vel scabroso-punctato,

opaco, dorso parcius albido-setoso; elytris humeris promi-

nulis, ad basin sat latis, versus apicem angustatis, ibidemque

acuminatis, parte basali rufescente, ante medium plaga

obliqua nigra, irregulariter punctatis, maculisque parvis

setarum albidarum. depressarum; tarsis intermedius et

posterioribus albido-setosis. Long. 11—13 mm., lat.

3—35 mm.

Longicorn Coleoptera. 207

This species has along the middle of the thorax an

elevation which is only distinct in front and behind, and

commences abruptly near the front margin, so that when

looked at from the front the thorax appears tuberculate

close to the front margin. The elytra are rather coarsely

sculptured, but the sculpture is indistinct and obsolete at

the extremity; their colour is not easy to describe, is

yellowish, suffused with black in such a way as to form

some marks, the most conspicuous of. which is a black

band on each in front of the middle, the two marks when

united forming a conspicuous V-like mark behind the

shoulders ; the wing cases are also flecked with small spots

ro)

of white pubescence, which, however, are wanting from

the black band, and therefore render it still more con-

spicuous ; there is also a large but indefinite black mark

near the extremity of each.

I have a pair of this species before me; the male is

considerably larger than the female, and has a greater

development of the middle and hind legs.

Mr. Blackburn has sent me this species. as No. 100,

and informs me that in the middle of 1877 he captured

half a dozen specimens running with extreme rapidity on

some fallen trunks of trees high up on a mountain in the

island of Oahu, about six miles from Honolulu; and wn

soon after he found a single mutilated individual,

another locality, again high up on a mountain Hass

twenty-five miles from Honolulu.

Clytarlus cristatus, n. sp. Angustulus, gracilis, ru-

fescens; prothorace medio longitudinaliter elevato et

scabroso, elevatione anterius per-conspicuo, utrinque sub-

suleato, dorso, parcius albido-squamoso; elytris gracilibus,

etiam ad humeros haud latis, versus scutellum singulo

subelevato, variegato-setosis; femoribus intermediis et

posterioribus ad apicem fuscis, apice summo conspicue

albido-vestito ; tarsis posten oribns albido-hirsutis. Long.

8 mm.; lat. 13 mm.

This species, though very distinct from C. robustus,

much resembles it in most of its characters. The basal

portion of the elytra is irregularly covered with white

hairs or scales, and there are pale yellow ones along the

suture, and also some of this colour about the basal

portion of the sides; the white scaled basal portion of the

wing cases is follow ed by an irregular band covered with

fine dark hairs, and behind is an indefinite small trans-

Q 2

208 Mr. D. Sharp on some

verse band of pale hairs; all the apical portion is chiefly

clothed by dark hairs, except that along the suture, and also

at the apical portion there are scanty, irregularly-distri-

buted pale hairs: there are no white hairs at all on the

middle tarsi.

A single male individual has been sent from Oahu as

No. 100. by Mr. Blackburn.

These two species possess the three characters the com-

bination of which in a Cérambycid vrai sylvain entitles

the possessor to enter, according to Lacordaire, his group

of Clytides, viz., antennez not surpassing the extremity of

the elytra, a laterally unarmed thorax, and a basal joint to

the hind tarsus longer than the two following together.

I give below their characters.

Ligula membranous, mandibles short, terminal joints

of palpi very little dilated, but obliquely truncate at tip.

Front of head vertical, nearly at right angles with the

extremely short vertex; antennal tubers not very distant,

rather elevated, with a deep depression and channel

between them. Antenne rather short and slender, differ-

ing but little in the two sexes, not extending to the

extremity of the elytra; Ist jot moderately long and

stout; 2nd, not so extremely abbreviate as is usual in

the family, but distinctly shorter than the 10th joint;

3rd, equal in length to the Ist, but only half as thick;

Ath, nearly equal to 8rd; 4th—7th, each a little shorter than

its predecessor; 8th, 9th and 10th, subequal and distinctly

shorter than the Binen ones; llth, a little longer than

10th. Eyes finely facetted, rather prominent, but not

large, of an excessively dna kidney form, departing in

fact but little from the circular form, except that there

is a well-marked notch filled with pale pubescence on

their upper and inner edge contiguous with the insertion

of the antenna. Front coxe ‘elobular but distinctly

exserted, so as to project a wood deal beyond the pro-

sternal process, their cavities very open behind, but with

only a very small prolongation externally; prosternal

process not reaching quite so far back as the hind part

of the coxe, and therefore without the least widening

at its apex. Mesosternum rather large, very similar

indeed to that of Cerambyx liciatus, Linn., its posterior

prolongation having but little difference of plane or level

from the front part ; its articulation with the middle

of the metasternum imperfect; middle cox rather large,

globose, their cavities externally with a large opening,

Longicorn Coleoptera. 209

which, however, does not reach far outwards. Meta-

sternum quite short. Hind body small and slender, but

dissimilar in the two sexes; in the male placed on a very

different level to the metasternum, but a good deal

arched; in the female larger, and at the base auch less

discontinuous with the metasternum—in this sex with

exserted elongate membranous apical segments. Elytra

of peculiar form, with truncate base and well-marked

shoulders, with fei sides much deflexed, narrowed to-

wards the apex so that they are there acuminate: they are

produced beyond the extremity of the hind body, and at

their termination have a divergence or opening between

them, beyond which the wings project as a slender con-

tinuation, simulating a short ov ipositor of some orthop-

terous insect. Anterior legs short; middle and hind ones

elongate, the latter remarkably so, the thighs slender at

their extreme base, but with an elongate apical thick

part, which is more developed in the male than in the

female; tibize laterally compressed, so as to be very

slender viewed from behind, and yet appearing rather

stout when looked at laterally, thinner at the knee than

at the apex, a little sinuate when their inner face is

looked at. Hind tarsi with elongate and slender basal

joint, it being twice or three times as long as the two

following together; 3rd joimt very deeply bilobed, the

lobes quite slender: the clothing of the under side of the

basal joint the same as the upper side, but that of the two

following joints remaining as usual in the family.

Micracantua, Munich Cat.

Micracantha nutans, n. sp. Fusco-nigra, ochraceo-

griseoque tomentosa, setis erectis, tenuibus parcius

adspersa; antennis nigris, griseo-variegatis, parcius nigro-

setosis, fronte unicolore densissime ochraceo-tomentoso ;

prothorace transverso, punctis paucis magnis adsperso,

irregulariter tomentoso, mox pone angulos anteriores

utrinque tuberculato, basi subconstricto, margine basalt

_disereto ; elytris ochraceo-tomentosis, pone medium fascia

irregulari albida sat distincta, punctis magnis profundis

ad basin numerosis; pedibus tomentosis haud distincte

variegatis. Long. 9—114 mm., lat. 35—4} mm.

The setze on the surface of this insect are pale on the

sides of the body, although black on the back; the punc-

tures of the elytra, though very distinct on the basal por-

210 Mr. D. Sharp on some Longicorn Coleoptera.

tion, become sparing and obsolete, the clothing consists of

a somewhat mottled or patchy clay-coloured” tomentum,

more or less mixed with small white or grey patches,

which, however, may be quite overlooked unless a careful

examination is made; the pale and somewhat obscure

transverse band on -the elytra is placed just behind the

middle, and consists of an oblique fascia on each, the

sutural portion being rather nearer to the front than the

marginal portion. The male seems to differ from the

female only by a rather greater development of the legs

and antenne.

Three specimens of this species have been sent by Mr.

Blackburn as No. 90; it is occasionally found by him in

his house at Honolulu, and he considers it is probably

attracted by light.

Oopsis, Munich Cat.

Lamia nutator, Fab. This species shows a well-marked

sexual variation in colour, the pubescence in the female

being clay colour, while in the male it is nearly white ;

the general colour of the surface in the female is more or

less distinctly ferruginous, while in the male it is nearly

black; in this latter sex the legs and tarsi are stouter

than in the female.

This is one of the commoner insects in Oahu; it is the

No. 22 of Mr. Blackburn’s parcels. Fairmaire has de-

scribed three other species from Tahiti, but has given no

differential characters, and it may perhaps prove that they

are not sufficiently distinct from the common Fabrician

species, which is reputed to occur also in Australia.

Lacocuirus, Munich Cat.

Cerambyx araneiformis, Lin. I have received three

individuals as No. 89 from Mr. Blackburn, which must

be referred to this species, although they are of very small

size (13 to 17} mm. long.), and the dilatation and clothing

of the male anterior tarsi and tibiz is but little different

from what exists in the female. This species is in tropical

America one of the commonest and most widely-distri-

buted Longicorns; it has been recorded by Fairmaire as

occurring in Tahiti, without any remark as to a diminu-

tion in its size there.

Giez.)

XX. Notes on Brazilian Entomology. By Dr. Frirz

MULLER.

{Read June 5th, 1878. ]

Odours emitted by Butterflies and Moths.

Two years ago I ventured to suggest* that all those

various pencils, tufts or manes of hairs, all those chalky,

silky or velvety spots of peculiar scales, as well as the

recurved margins or, other pouches enclosing pale buff or

white down, which dis stinguish the wings of the male sex

in many butterflies, might be odoriferous organs. This

suggestion might then have been justly censured as too

rash, being founded on the actual observation of odours in

four species only, and I felt, of course, the necessity of

testing this view by examining as to their odours all living

butterflies I might be able, to procure. I will here give

the results hitherto obtainec, enumerating those speciest

in which distinct odours couid be perceived, and I hope

the facts to be given will fully justify my suggestion.

Odours, as well as colours, may have been acquired by

butterflies either for protection or as an attraction between

the sexes. Protective odours appear to be in most cases

equally strong in both sexes, or sometimes stronger in the

females; they may exist in the caterpillar as well as in

the perfect insect. When capable of voluntary emission,

they are emitted as soon as the animal fears some danger,

e.g., When it is seized, and this may im some cases serve

to distinguish them from sexual odours.

Sexual odours may be divided into two classes.

Firstly, those which give notice to the opposite sex of

the existence of, and lead it the way to, the odoriferous

animal. Such odours must exist in many female moths

which attract the males from great distances. Among

butterflies the males appear to be guided more by tlie

colour than by the odour of their females.

* Jenaische Zeitschrift fiir Naturwissenschaft, xi. p. 99.

¢ Iam much indebted for the names of the butterflies mentioned in this

paper to Prof. A. Gerstaecker and Dr. O. Staudinger.

TRANS. ENE. SOC. 1877.

PART 1m (OCT)

212 Dr. Fritz Miiller’s Notes on

Secondly, those odours which do not serve as a guide,

but as an excitement to the opposite sex. They appear to

be by far more frequent in the males, though occurring

also in some females. Odours of both classes will of

course be agreeable to the attracted or allured sex: but in

the first class the odour of the female is agreeable to the

male because it is the odour of his female; while in the

second class the odour emitted by the male is agreeable

to the female, males with that peculiar odovr having been

preferred. The two classes may, of course, oraduate into

each other.

Colours, whether acquired as an attraction by the males

or for the sake of protection by the females, are often

transmitted to the opposite sex; wita sexual odours of

butterflies this seems but very seldom to be the case.

I shall not enter into minute descriptions of the

odoriferous organs,* nor mention those very numerous

species, which, though evidently possessing such organs,

emit odours too faint for human noses; the only object of

this paper being to state that there are a large number

of male butterflies provided with special organs for the

production and emission of peculiar odours.

BUTLERFLIES.

Family 1. NYMPHALID %.

Subfamily 1. Danaina.

A. Danais group.

Danais Krippus, Danais Gilippus,t Lycorea [sp.?]

and Jtwna litone have a pair of finger-like hollow pro-

cesses at the end of the abdomen, into which they can be

retracted; they bear a tuft of black hairs, radiating in

every direction and emitting a rather disagreeable odour,

when the processes are fully protruded. This odour is

extremely strong in Lycorea and Jtuna, less so in D. Gil-

eppus, and rather faint in D. Hrippus, differences exactly

* A series of papers describing odoriferous organs of various butterflies

and moths have been sent for “publication to the “ Archivos do Museu

Nacional do kio de Janeiro.”

{ Kirby (Synon. Catal. of Diurn. Lepid. 1871, p. 7) doubts whether

D. Gilippus may not be a variety of D. Hrippus. But the caterpillars

are quite different ; those of Hrippus have two, those of Gilippus three,

pairs of “ tentacles.” The microscopical structure of the “sexual spot” of

the male also shows considerable differences.

Brazilian Entomology. P23)

corresponding to the different sizes of the tufts in the

several species. The male of Jéuna sometimes protrudes

his tufts, when he is seized, so that in this butterfly the

odour may serve both to repel enemies and to allure fe-

males. The well-known “ sexual spots,” or rather pouches,

on the first median nervure of the hind wings of D. Erip-

pus and Gilippus, which are much larger in this latter

species, appear to be, By their microscopical structure,

scent-producing organs ; but as they open only by a nar-

row slit, odours could hardly be freely emitted. There is

one curious circumstance, which may perhaps throw some

light on their as yet very doubtful function; the scales,

though perfectly preserved everywhere else, are often

wanting at the entrance of the pouch, as if they had been

scoured away by something introduced into the slit. It

would be worth while to see whether this be the case with

other species of Danais also. Might not the tufts be

introduced into the pouches to be impregnated there with

odoriferous matter ?

B. Lthomia group.

The males have a tuft or pencil of long hairs near the

anterior margin of the hind wings,* which in all our

species emits a more or less distinct odour. The odour

is rather strong’and most agreeable, resembling vanilla,

in Dircenna Xantho, rather faint in Ceratinia Eupompe

and Ithomia Sylvo; it is still more so in Mechanitis

Lysimnia, where I perceived it distinctly in but few

males. In Thyridia Megisto the odoriferous tuft is not

limited to the male sex ; it exists in the females also, but the

hairs are shorter and less numerous and the odour emitted

is much fainter than in the males. The males have a well-

defined brown spot, covered by the tuft; this is hardly

distinguishable in the females. As the tuft exists in all

the males of the group—which contains about a dozen of

genera with more than two hundred species—as it is

wanting in almost all the females, and as in Thyridia

Megisto it is much less developed in the female sex, there

can, I think, hardly be any doubt that it has been ac-

quired as a sexual attraction by the males of the common

* There are two widely-separated tufts in the male of a small species

of this group, resembling in size and colour Cyllopoda dichroa, one of

our Glaucopide.

214 Dr. Fritz Miiller’s Notes on

progenitor of the group, and that it has been but recently

transmitted to the females of Thyridia.

Subfamily 2. SaTyrinz.

The males of Antirrhea Archea have highly-developed

odoriferous organs, and emit a strong odour; there is a

most elegant mane of pale buff hairs on the under side of

the front wings, and opposite to it the hind wings bear an

odoriferous spot, which has caused a considerable modifi-

cation of the neuration of the wing.* <A second much

smaller odoriferous spot exists in the angle between the

submedian and internal nervures.

In the allied genus Pierella no trace of odoriferous

organs could be found nor any odour perceived.

Subfamily 4. Morpnina.

The wings of the males are known to be generally

provided with tufts of hairs or with spots of peculiar

appearance, which probably will prove to be odoriferous

organs. The only genus, the wings of which are deprived

of such or eans, is Morpho. In compensation the males

of all the species of Morpho which I have caught

(M. Hercules, Epistrophis, Adonis, Cytheris, Menelaus,

Achilles) are able to protrude from the end of the abdomen

a pair of hemispherical bodies covered with short hairs,

which produce a very distinct odour. In the splendid

M. Adonis and the allied M. Cytheris this odour is most

agreeable, resembling vanilla.

Subfamily 5. BRASSOLINE.

Pencils of hairs, capable of being erected voluntarily,

or spots of peculiar scales are present on the hind wings

of most genera. ‘Their position varies much, even within

the limits of the same genus. In the males of various

species of Caligo, Dasyophthalma and Opsiphanes, I

found that very distinct odours were emitted by these

pencils or spots, the odour being particularly strong in a

species of Dasyophthalma.

* See Butler, Catal. Satyrid. Br. Mus. 1869, Pl. V. fig.3. In Butler’s

fizure of the mane (“plaga pectinatim cirrata”) the hairs appear to be

directed backward, while the contrary is the case; they are inserted along

the submedian nervure and directed forward.

Brazilian Entomology. 215

‘Subfamily 6. AcRAIN®.

On crushing either sex of Acrea Thalia, a disgusting

odour is perceived, which probably renders it unpalatable

to most insectivorous animals; there appear to be no special

organs for the emission of odours.

Subfamily 7. HeLiconrnz.*

The butterflies of this subfamily also possess a disgust-

ing odour, and both sexes are provided with special organs

for its emission. In the male they are situated between

the anal valves, in the female on the dorsal side of the end

of the abdomen. The odours emitted appear to be gene-

rally stronger in the female sex.f

Subfamily 8. NyMpHALIN&E.

A. Epicalia group.

Unusually strong odours are emitted by the males of

Myscelia Opis and Epicalia Acontius. Both of them

have a large odoriferous spot on the upper side of the

hind wings, and opposite to this a similar spot, covered

by a mane of black hairs, is situated on the front wings

of Epicalia Acontius. It is very remarkable that the

odoriferous organs, which are so highly developed in

Epicaltia Acontius are completely wanting in Epicalia

Numilia, and it is yet more remarkable that they closely

resemble in various particulars those of Antirrhea Archea,

though they were no doubt independently acquired in

both species. In both these butterflies the posterior

margin of the front wings and the anterior margin of the

hind wings are much dilated; in both of them a mane

of long hairs is inserted on the, under side of the front

wings, along the submedian nervure, covering an odorife-

rous spot ( which is well developed in £' picalia, but most

rudimentary in Antirrhea), and opposite to the mane

there is a large odoriferous spot on the hind wings, the

central part of which fills the angle between the two sub-

costal nervures, extending into the three adjoining cells ©

* T have lately shown (Stettin. Entomol. Zeitung, 1877, p. 492) that the

genera Colenis and Dione cannot be separated from Heliconius and

EHueides.

t For a full description of the odoriferous organs of the female Heli-

coning, see a paper in Zeitschrift fur W issenschaftliche Zoologie, vol.

XK Pelt

216 Dr. Fritz Miiller’s Notes on

of the wing. If we knew only these: two species of

Nymphaline and Satyrine, we should unhesitatingly

assume that their odoriferous organs, situated on the

same place, composed of the same parts, and in the same

position, were inherited from common progenitors ; and

yet this would be a great mistake.

B. Ageronia group.

In the male of Ageronia Arethusa a rather strong

odour is emitted by two large brown spots, situated

between the wings, one on the under side of the front

wing, occupying the basal half of the cell between the

submedian nervure and first median nervule, the other

on the upper side of the hind wings. The microscopical

structure of the scales and the wing-membrane of these

spots differs but little from that of the rest of the wings.

In Ageronia Amphinome and Feronia neither odours

nor odoriferous organs could be detected.

Didonis Biblis is, so far as odours are concerned, the

most interesting of all butterflies that I know. The male

is able to emit as many as three different odours. On

seizing a Didonis of either sex, it protrudes on the dorsal

side of the abdomen, between the fourth and fifth seg-

ments, a pair of hemispherical protuberances, covered

with greyish hair-like scales and producing a strong,

rather disagreeable odour. ‘The male has a second pair

of similar protuberances between the fifth and sixth seg-

ments of the abdomen, covered with white hair-like scales.

These white protuberances he never exposes when caught;

they emit an agreeable odour, comparable to that of

heliotrope, and are of so elegant an appearance that they

probably serve at the same time as an ornament. A very

different musk-hke odour is produced by a black spot,

which is situated on the under side of the front wings

of the male near the base between the median and sub-

median nervures. This odour is very faint; it is con-

venient to remove the abdomen before trying to perceive

it. I may add that the hind wings of the male also have

a very small greyish spot near the base, which is wanting

in the female.

Ce Apatura group.

A distinct odour issues from the tuft of black hairs

which distinguishes the hind wings of the male sex of

Prepona Laertes and several other allied species.

Brazilian Entomology. 217

Family 3. LYC NID &.

It is well known that the males of very many species

of Thecla have a “sexual spot” on the disc of the front

wines, and that sometimes (e.g., in the males of 7’.

Acmon) the neuration of the wing is greatly altered by

the presence of this spot. In the male of 7. Atys an

unusually strong odour is produced by this ‘ sexual spot,”

and more or less distinct odours by various other species,

the names of which I do not know.

Family 4. PAPILIONID.

Subfamily 1. Prerinz.

The front wings of the male Leptalis Thermesia have a

chalky oval spot on their under side, and opposite to this

there is a dark-brownish spot on the upper side of the

hind wings. Both these spots emit a very strong odour,

disagreeable to human noses, but probably not so to his

females. A similar, though much fainter odour has been

observed in the male Leptalis Astynome and L. Melite.

A very delicious perfume is produced on the upper

side of the wings of the male Daptonoura Lycim-

nia. It is rather faint and often hardly distinguish-

able when the butterfly is caught. In this case it may

easily be rendered distinct by keeping the living animal

for some time with the wings closed. On the whole

upper surface of the wings there are, among the ordinary

scales, in the males of this species (as in many species of

Piers. Hesperocharis, Archonias, Pereute, &c.), number-

less peculiarly-formed odoriferous scales or “ plumules,”

as they were called by Bernard Deschamps. In Dapto-

noura Lycimnia these * plumules” are club-shaped and

fringed with fine hairs at the end.

When a female of Daptonoura Lycimnia (and various

other butterflies, Callidryas, Anartia, &c., behave in the

same manner) is willing to admit a male, she expands her

wings horizontally, lifts a little the end of the abdomen

and exposes her copulating organs. Then the male is

seen to hover above and to fly around her; but often, far

from accepting the offer of the female, which, after a long

courtship, finally surrenders herself to his wide. he sud-

denly flies away without returning. What may be the

cause of his thus abandoning her at the decisive moment?

218 Dr. Fritz Miiller’s Notes on

The only thing which he could not perceive, whilst chasing

after the female, is that part of her sexual organs which

is now for the first time exhibited to him. Now, these

copulating parts of the female, when protruded, emit a

yeculiar odour, and it is probably the individual odour of

the several females which determined the decision of the

male. In Daptonoura Lycimnia this odour is rather

faint, though quite distinct. It is very different from that

emitted by the wings of the male.

The male of Daptonoura Ilaire is also provided

with ‘plumules” on the upper side of the wings, but no

odour was here perceived. At the same time he has a

tuft or pencil of brown hairs at the end of the abdomen,

on the ventral side. This tuft is not retractile, but applied

to the ventral margin of, and_ partially hidden between,

the anal valves; it may be made to radiate in every direc-

tion and then emits a rather strong odour. This tuft of

hairs exists in the female also, but it is much shorter, and

I could not perceive any odour produced by it.

The males of most species of Callidryas have a chalky

spot on the upper side of the hind wings, near the base

and the anterior margin; sometimes it is covered by a

mane of long hairs, and sometimes the front wings also

have a similar spot opposite to that of the hind wings.

I perceived a musk-like odour issuing from this spot and

mane in Callidryas Cipris, C. Argante,and C. Trite. It is

unusually strong in Cipris, very distinct in Argante,

rather faint in Z’rite. In several males of this last species

which I caught two years ago I could not perceive any

odour, while I find it to be quite distinct in all those

which I have lately examined. Are those butterflies pro-

ducing a more powerful perfume in 1878 than they did in

1876, or have my olfactory organs, by contimual exer-

cise, become more acute in the meantime? According

to Boisduval, the chalky spot is wanting in the male

Callidryas Eubule, and, indeed, it may easily be over-

looked through hardly differmg in colour from the rest of

the wing; but it exists, and is easily discovered by its

opacity after denuding the wing. It emits a faint musk-

like odour,

The females of Callidryas Argante, Eubule, and pro-

bably also of other species, show on either side of the

protruded copulating organs a small, shining, circular spot,

from which a very strone pecuhar odour issues, In which

some volatile acid seems to predominate.

Brazilian Entomology. 219

Subfamily 2. PaPILionin®.

When special-organs for emitting odours are developed

in the males of this subfamily, they are placed along the

anal margin of the hind wings, which is then usually

recurved, It can be expanded, and the odoriferous organs

exposed by moving the wings strongly in a forward direc-

tion. In some species a very strong odour is emitted by

the upper side of the wings of the male without any

special organs having been found (but I must add, that

I have not yet compared microscopically the wings of the

two sexes). This is the case with Papilio Polydamas‘and

Hyperion. In P. Polydamas there appear to be two sets

of males emitting equally strong, but quite different,

odours. This would be analogous to the case of the two

sets of differently-coloured females in some species of this

genus. P. Polydamas is generally the most common of

our Papilios, but in the last summer it has been rather

rare, and I have examined but a small number of living

males; thus, on examining a larger number, intermediate

odours may be found.

In Papilio Scamander or Grayi* the black hairs exist-

ing in both sexes on the upper side of the hind wings, are

much more developed near the anal margin in the males,

which emit a strong, most agreeable odour, issuing from

these hairs; the females are scentless.

In the male Papilio Protesilaus the hairs near the

anal margin of the hind wings are developed to a long

black beard, which is hidden by the recurved margin of

the wing, and exhales, when uncovered, a very strong, or

rather disagreeable, odour. Beard and odour are wanting

completely i in the female sex. fi

In the male Papilio Nephalion the pouch formed by the

recurved anal margin of the hind wings is filled with an

(=) - .

astonishing quantity of white silky down. In a male

* This butterfly visited in large numbers the flowers of a red Salvia,

in the highlands of the province of Santa Catarina, near S. Bento. Some

specimens agreed with oisduval’s description of P. Scamander, others

with that of Papilio Grayi, and most of them were intermediate between

the two.

+ Felder (Species Lepidop. 1864, p. 57) states that among a large num-

ber of specimens of Papilio Protesilaus, Agesilaus and Telesilaus he

could not find any female. In 1876 Pap. Protesilaus (var. Telesilaus)

was extremely common, both on the river Itajahy and on the highlands of

Curitibanos, and I think I have caught more than a hundred specimens,

among which there were but two females.

220 Dr. Fritz Miiller’s Notes on

which I lately caught I perceived a faint agreeable odour

on opening the pouch.

Family 5. HESPERIDZE.

The Hesperide agree with moths in many particulars,

which are not to be found in any other butterflies. Thus,

as in many moths, the tibiee of the hind legs are provided

in the males of various species with a large pencil of long

hairs. It can be hidden in a furrow on the ventral side

of the body, between thorax and abdomen. In Plesio-

neura Eligius, and in a species of Achlyodes, I perceived

a very faint odour issuing from the pencils when they were

expanding.

MOTHS.

In butterflies, as we have seen, the odoriferous organs

of the males in most cases are dev eloped on the wings; in

but few genera (Danais, Lycorea, Ituna, Morpho, Biblis)

they were found on the abdomen, and, in some //esperide,

on the hind legs. With moths the case appears to be

very different. Though not wanting on the wings, these

organs seem to occupy much more frequently the abdomen

or ‘legs.

A musk-like odour is known to be produced by several

male sphinx moths; I have observed it in Macrosilia

Anteus and two other species. It is emitted by two

pencils of pale hairs on the ventral side of the abdomen,

which can be hidden in longitudinal grooves on the first

two abdominal segments. To see them in the living nb

he must be held with the ventral side turned upward, s

that he can freely move his wings. As soon as he ee

to flutter, the pencils will expand, and when the wings

cease to move, they will be laid down again into their

grooves.

The males of the Glaucopide are provided with two long

hollow retractile filaments, generally beset with hairs, which

they can protrude from the ‘end of the abdomen, on the ven-

tral side; sometimes they exceed the body in length, and

are then rolled into an elegant helix. They emit, in most

cases, a distinct odour, which is very strong in some

species (¢. g., Belemnia inaurata). ‘Two similar filaments,

pr oducing a strong odour, exist in the male of a Crypto-

lechia. 1 have seen retractile pencils, tufts of hairs, or

hairy protuberances, some of them emitting distinet

Brazilian Entomology. 221

odours, at the end of the abdomen of various other male

moths, of which I do not know the names.

Pencils or tufts of hairs appear to be of rather frequent

occurrence on the legs of male moths, e.g., among the

Erebide and Geometride, and in two or three cases odours

were observed to issue from them.

In one of our largest Krebide the tibie of the hind legs

are much dilated in the male, and densely covered with

peculiar hairs, capable of being voluntarily erected ; they

emit a faint but distinct odour.

As I know as yet but a very insignificant part of our

moths, a vast number of other odoriferous contrivances

may be expected to be found among the extremely

numerous species of these insects.

Sounds made by Butter flies.*

I know here four species of Ageronia(Feronia, Fornaz,

Amphinome and Arethusa), all of which are rather com-

mon in certain localities where their food-plants (Dales-

hampia) abound. I have frequently heard the noise made

by them and can fully confirm Mr. Darwin’s statement,

that this noise is produced, almost exclusively, when two

are chasing each other. Sometimes a short, clicking

noise is made, when an Ageronia is caught in the net.

On October 30th, 1876, at the mouth of the Rio Trom-

budo, a tributary of the Itajahy, I saw two butterflies

chasing each other, which produced a loud clicking noise,

and settled from time to time in the manner of Ageronia,

with the wings expanded horizontally, on dry stems of

Tagnara (bamboo). I, of course, imagined them to be

some species of Ageronia, but after having succeeded in

catching one of them, found that it was Kunica Margarita.

I may observe that the neuration of the wings of that

butterfly bears a rather close resemblance to that of

Ageronia, so that, indeed, it may be more nearly allied to

that genus than is generally assumed.

On February 21st, 1877, at the foot of the Serra de

Itajahy, I heard a noise resembling that of Ageronia, but

* The following notes are supplementary to a paper by Mr. Meldola,

entitled “ Entomological Notes bearing on Kyolution,” in Ann. and Mag,

of Nat. Hist., Feb. 1878.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART II. (OCT.) R

299 Dr. Fritz Miiller’s Notes on

rather louder, produced by two small brown butterflies,

which seemed to be Eupt ‘ychiea, but which I did not

succeed in catching.

It has been sug crested that the production of sound by

Ageronia is connected with the existence of a small mem-

branous sac at the base of the front wings, which in the

living insect is filled with air when the costal nervure is

compressed. But this sac also exists in several other

butterflies, which seem to be incapable of producing

sounds, e.g., Pyrrhogyra Edocla and Callicore Eluina.

If I remember rightly, in unica Margarita the sac is

wanting.

Insects distinguishing Colours.

@ colours, most of the visiting

insects perfectly distinguish the first honey-filled flowers,

as I have ascertained by a long series of observations on

some species of Lantana. In some species the difference

in colour between the fresh flowers and the older ones is

but very trifling, a small yellow circle surrounding the

entrance to the tube of the corolla during the first day and

disappearing afterwards.

A specimen of Victorina Frayja was lately observed

settling on the flower of a rose-tree painted on a wall; the

painter was much pleased by seeing his skill thus acknow-

ledged by that butterfly.

In flowers with changing

Mimicry.

In some years, as I stated in 1871, Mechanitis Lysimnia

is here hardly more common than the imitating Leptalis

Astynome ; but in most years M. Lysimnia is extremely

abundant and LZ. Astynome rather rare.

When I descended in a canoe the western branch of

the Itajahy (December 16th, 1876), small white butterflies

were very common on the banks of the river: all appeared

to be of the same species. I caught about a dozen, and

on examining them at home found them to be Leptalis

Nehemia, which so wonderfully mimics a Péeris, that

even Boisduval was deceived and described it as Pieris

Nehemia. Now, in his ease, the model must have been

either by far more rare than the copy, or entirely wanting.

On the Itajahy we have three species of: 'ueides, viz.,

E. Pavana, Isabella and Aciphera; all of them are rare,

and £. Pavana extremely so. This last species closely

resembles Acrea Thalia; FE. Isabella resembles Mechanitis

Lysimnia and Heliconius Eucrate, while E. Actphera

Brazilian Entomology. 223

mimics Colenis Julia. I, therefore, formerly thought

that the three rare species of E'weides mimicked the three

common species of <Acrea, Mechanitis and Colenis.

Afterwards, after finding that the several species of

Eueides possess a very strong and repugnant odour, I

had become somewhat doubtful, and at Sao Bento I

found that FE. Aciphera was extremely common, so

common, indeed, that repeatedly I caught as many as

eight specimens in the net at once, whereas C. Julia was

so rare that I have only seen two or three specimens

altogether. Thus, judging by their relative abundance,

an observer on the Itajahy might consider E’. Aciphera

to be a mimic of C. Julia, while an observer at Sao

Bento might take C. Julia to be a mimic of 4. Aciphera.

Correlation of Habit with Protective Resemblance.

Any number of cases might be given. The case which

has most struck me is that of the caterpillar of a small

moth belonging to the curious Cochliopod group. This

caterpillar has long lateral processes, overlapping each

other, and imitates in a truly wonderful manner a dry

leaflet of the food plant Cassia multijuga with the apical

half gnawed off. Now, when gliding along slowly and

smoothly, as Cochliopod larvae are accustomed to do, it

has the strange habit of making curious waving move-

ments from side to side, just as a dry leaf moved by the

wind. A dry leaf marching in a straightforward manner

would be a strange thing, and might rouse the attention

of some intelligent bird, whilst it would not look at a leaf

moved by the wind.

Another curious instance is that of the caterpillar of

our Brazilian ‘‘leaf-butterfly” (Siderone strigosus); when

very young it feeds on the tips of the lanceolate leaves of

a Casearia, sparing the mid rib, on which it rests. This

habit of resting on the denuded ribs of leaves is common

to various young caterpillars (Protogonius, Adelpha,

Gynesia), and they are thus very well protected. When

somewhat larger, the aeepliee of Siderone strigosus

(and of Siderone Id@, which live on the same plant) bite

small pieces from the ‘leaf, fastening them to the mid rib,

with their margins rolléd in, and the brown colour which

these bits of leaf soon assume excellently conceal the small

brown caterpillar which sits between them; at last the full-

grown larva itself perfectly imitates a rolled dry leaf.

Ree

€ 225 )

XXI. New Coleoptera from Australia and Tasmania,

in the Collection of the British Museum. By

Cuas. O. WATERHOUSE.

[Read July 3rd, 1878.]

Tue British Museum Collection has lately received some

additions from Tasmania, which have led me to examine

some groups of Lamellicorns and Heteromera with a view

to their determination. Some interesting new genera and

new species have thus been brought to light, of which

J here append descriptions.

RUTELIDA.

SAULOSTOMUS, gen. nov.

Mentum narrowed at the insertion of the palpi, with

the anterior margin truncate. Labrum with the margin

gently arcuate and not produced in the middle. Tarsi

rather short and robust, the first four joints subequal,

scarcely as long as broad, the first joint a little the longest.

Claws simple. Antenne 10-jomted. LElytra with a mem-

branous border.

Closely allied to Schizognathus, but without the mesial

production to the mentum and labrum. It differs from

Amblyterus in having short tarsi with simple claws.

Schizognathus and the other genera of Brachysternine

have a mesial projection to the labrum, the absence, there-

fore, of this would seem to exclude the present insect from

this subfamily. There is, however, no other place for it,

and it must be regarded as a slightly aberrant form. The

presence of the membranous border to the elytra exclude

it from the true Rutelide, and the 10-jointed antenne

from the Anomaline.

Saulostomus villosus, sp. n.

Piceus, nitidus, fulvo-pubescens; corpore subtus pedi-

busque flavo-testaceis; thorace transverso, sneo-tincto,

TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1878.—PART lI. (OCT.)

226 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on new Coleoptera

laxe sat fortiter punctato ; elytris brevibus, quadratis,

striis nonnullis geminatis sat fortiter impressis, Interstitiis

irregulariter punctato-r ugosis.

Long. 63 ln.

Clypeus pitchy-yellow, rather thickly and distinctly

punctured, quadrangular, a little transverse, the margins

reflexed, finely margined with brown. Thorax one-third

broader than long, convex, shining, clothed with long

hair, not very thickly but rather strongly punctured, the

sides gently rounded, the base sinuate on each side. Scu-

fella with a few punctures. Elytra with four pairs of

striz, those at the sides rather obsolete, the surface of the

interstices very uneven. The under side of the insect is

clothed with long, thick pubescence. The points of the

teeth on the anterior tibi and the spines on the legs are

pitchy.

Hab.—Tasmania; Melbourne.

HoMOTROPUS, gen. nov.

Characters of Schizognathus, but with the clypeus con-

cave, deflexed and entirely rounded on the three free sides.

Antennal club composed of three very long lamelle.

Labrum very short and transverse, with a smail but pro-

minent projection in the middle. Mentum narrowed in

front of the insertion of the palpi and emarginate in

middle of the anterior margin. ‘Tarsi short and stout.

Thorax with sides and base margined.

The principal character here is the emargination of the

margin of the mentum. In this respect there is an

approach to Amblyterus, but that has slender tarsi, &c.

The elytra do not appear to have any membranous border;

it should, therefore, be placed at the commencement of the

Adoretine, according to Lacordaire’s arrangement; but,

as in all other respects, in the general form, in the form

of the palpi, it agrees better with the Brachysternine, I

prefer placing it at the end of that family.

Amblochilus, Blanch., is placed with doubt by Lacor-

daire at the end of the Brachysternine, the difficulties

being that Blanchard says nothing about the labrum, and

states that the antenne are 9-jointed. The labrum is

transverse, with a small mesial tooth-lke projection.

The antennz appear to me to have only 9 joints; the

7th jomt is slightly indicated, but is not, I think,

Jrom Australia and Tasmania. 22a

separate from the 6th. It appears to me to be correctly

placed as Lacordaire has it, and is closely allied to Homo-

tropus, above described, agreeing with this also in having

no membranous border to the elytra. It is the internal

claw that is the more slender, not the external, as stated

by Blanchard.

Homotropus luridipennis, sp. n.

Niger, nitidus, breviter oblongus; clypeo rotundato,

ereberrime subtiliter ruguloso; fronte irregulariter punctu-

lata; thorace longitudine 2 lations convexo, nitido, laxe

punctulato, lateribus sat rotundatis, mar ginatis, basi

utrinque leviter sinuato, marginato; seutello utrinque

punctato; elytris luridis thorace vix latioribus, latitudine

haud longioribus, lineis nonnullis parum elevatis, inter-

stitiis crebre fortiter rugoso-punctatis; antennis pallide

piceis; pedibus piceis; corpore subtus longe piloso.

Long. 54 lin.

This insect forcibly reminds one of some of the smaller

Macrophylle among the Melolonthide.

The elytra are very rugose; each elytron has several

well-marked channels, those on the dorsal region being in

pairs with a narrow ridge between them; the more elevated

parts as well as the extreme margin are brown. The

clypeus has a slight notch, or emargination on each side.

Hab.— Australia (Argent).

MESyYST@CHUS, gen. nov.

Mandibles simple, straight on the inner edge, rounded

on the outer, concave above. Labrum free, slightly

transverse, rounded in front, beset with bristle-like hairs.

Mentum elongate ovate, narrowed at the apex, thickly

beset with. long stiff hair; palpi short, the apical jomt

narrowed towards. the apex. Clypeus entirély rounded in

front, margined. Antennz 10-jointed, the 6th and 7th

transverse, the 8th, 9th and 10th forming a long, stout,

slightly-arched club. Tarsi rather long and slender; the

claws subequal, the inner one a trifle shorter than the

outer; the larger claw of the anterior pair split before the

apex.

This genus is closely allied to Amblyterus, but differs

in having the mentum more regularly narrowed in front

and not truncate, and only the larger claw of the anterior

228 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on new Coleoptera

tarsi is split, whereas the large claw to all the tarsi is split

in Amblyterus. Lacordaire says that this claw is not

“fissile” in the anterior pair, but this is evidently a

mistake; he states, also, that the labrum is very prominent

in the middle. I have only dissected one specimen, and

in that it is not prominent at all in the sense in which the

term is used with regard to the species of this family.

I do not trace any membranous border to Mesystechus,

and it is so slight in Amblyterus that it is seldom visible.

Mesystechus ciliatus, sp. n.

Oblongus, convexus, nitidus, flavo-piceus ; fronte tho-

raceque nigro-eneo variegatis; scutello piceo, punctulato ;

elytris fortiter -striato-punctatis, apice crebrius rugoso-

punctatis, suturd marginibusque piceis; antennis pedi-

busque piceis, femoribus flavo-piceis.

Long. 43 lin.

Clypeus densely rugulose, with the fine reflexed margin

pitchy-black. Head blackish, with a spot in front

yellowish, thickly and rather strongly punctured, less so

on the vertex. Thorax one-third broader than long,

convex, pitchy-yellow, not very thickly but rather

strongly punctured; the sides arcuate, a mesial line and

an irregular patch on each side (all sub-confluent) bronzy-

black. Elytra a trifle broader than the thorax, a little

longer than broad, with two double lines of rather strong

punctures on the dorsal region of each, and four lines on

the sides; the broad interstices with strong punctures,

which have a tendency to form irregular lines. The

margins are beset with short stiff hairs. The under side

is variegated with brownish-black, moderately pubescent.

Hab.—Moreton Bay (Diggles).

DIAPERIN 2.

ENNEBQUS, gen. nov.

Labial palpi widely separated at their base, the apical

joint rather large and acuminate at the apex. Internal

lobe of the maxillz unarmed, apical joint of palpi arcuate

on the inner side. Mandibles bifid at the apex. Labrum

moderately prominent. [Eyes oblong-ovate when viewed

laterally, nearly round when viewed from above, coarsely

granular. Antenne a trifle longer than head and thorax

together, rather slender, 2nd joint a little shorter than the

from Australia and Tasmania. 229

Ist, the 3rd joint elongate, the 4th to 6th diminishing in

leneth, 7th a little longer than broad, 8th as broad as long,

9th and 10th forming distinct but not a large club. Tho-

rax transverse, narrowed in front, lobed in the middle of

the base. Elytra convex, at the base the same width as the

thorax, arcuate at the sides; the epipleural fold gradu-

ally narrowing to the apex, a little concave at the extreme

base, slightly convex posteriorly, not separated from the

elytra by a sharp edge. ‘Tarsi slender, moderately long,

pubescent below, the basal joint of the posterior pair

long, as long as the 2nd, 3rd and half the 4th taken

together. Prosternum horizontal, parallel. Mesosternum

sloping anteriorly.

This insect is regularly oval, convex and finely pubes-

cent. It appears to be allied to Platydema, but the

antenne are more like those of Heterophyllus. I think

it should be placed before this latter.

Ennebeus ovalis, sp. n.

Ovalis, convexis, piceo-niger, subtiliter pubescens et

punctulatus; antennis pedibusque piceis.

Long. vix 2 lin.

Regularly oval, convex, very finely pubescent. Head,

thorax and elytra very thickly and extremely finely punc-

tured; the elytra not punctate-striate. Thorax at the

base twice as broad as long, narrowed in front, the anterior

angles very little prominent, blunt, the sides almost recti-

linear, finely margined, the base gently lobed in the middle.

Scutellum small and semicircular, only seen with great

difficulty. llytra at the base fitting close to the base of

the thorax; the sides arcuate, continuous in outline with

the sides of the thorax, broadest a little before the middle,

finely margined, pitchy at the apex.

Hab.—'Tasmania.

This insect has somewhat the form of Rhizobius litura

among the Coccinellide, but the elytra are still more

exactly adapted to the base of the thorax.

MORDELLIDZ.

Tomoxia flavicans, sp. n.

Nigra, supra dense flavo-sericea; elytris apice nigris ;

corpore subtus plus minusve sericeo.

Long. 3 lin,

230 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on new Coleoptera

Head very broad. Antenne rather short, the 5th to

10th joints broad, the 7th to 10th a little broader than

long, narrowed at their base. ‘The mesial lobe of the

base of the thorax is rather broad and nearly straight.

The elytra are moderately attenuated posteriorly, clothed

with yellowish pubescence, with a transverse band across

the middle, and the apex blackish. The band on the

elytra ascends a little on the suture. The first four joints

of the antenne are slightly pitchy. The under side of the

insect ig clothed with yellowish pubescence, the sides of

the metasternum and abdomen being dark, with a silky

spot on the side of each segment.

Hab.—Clarence River, E. Australia.

Mordella aterrima, McLeay (Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.

Wales, ii. p. 309). “ Length, 3 lines. Elongate, satiny

black, with a white spot on the side of the basal segment

of the abdomen.”

I know of only one Australian species which agrees

with this brief description, and that is a Tomozia.*

Hab. Moreton Bay.

Mordella multiguttata, sp. n.

Atra, velutina; capite, pectore femoribusque flavo-

griseo-pubescentibus; thorace guttis undecim (5 ad mar-

ginem anticam, 2 discoidalibus, et 4 basalibus), singulo

elytro maculis septem (2 basalibus, 3 ante medium, 1

majore ad medium, altera ante apicem), abdomineque

maculis plurimis flavo-tomentosis.

Long. 4—54 lin.

Closely resembles MM. leucosticta, Germ., and of the

same form and size. ‘The thorax has eleven yellow spots,

five on the anterior margin, of which the central one is

cuneiform and the two on each side are joined together

on the margin: there are two ovate spots on the disk,

and four on the posterior margin, the two outer ones

being much the larger. Each elytron has seven spots,

one close to the scutellum, one close to it in the middle

of the base, three small ones arranged in a triangle *.”

before the middle, a large spot in the middle close to the

suture, and a large subapical one in the form of an

oblique S. There are also two large yellow spots on

* Mordella Mellissiana, Woll., from St. Helena, is a Mordellistena.

from Australia and Tasmania. 231

each side of the abdominal segments, and one on each

side of the base of the aculeus. The antennz and palpi

are pitchy at the base.

Hab.—Moreton Bay.

I think that there is no doubt that MZ. abdominalis,

Blessig (1861), and M. octomaculata, McLeay (1872), are

synonyms of leucosticta, Germ. (1848). MM. 14-maculata,

McLeay, is easily distinguished by the narrow transverse

fascia across the disk of the thorax.

Mordella communis, sp. n.

Nigra; capite thoraceque flavo-griseo-sericeis hoc vitta

mediana punctoque utrinque nigris; scutello flavo-griseo;

singulo elytro margine basali angustissime guttisque sep-

tem griseo-sericeis; corpore subtus plus minusyve griseo-

sericeo.

aes

Long. 23 lin.

The elytra have the extreme base narrowly bordered

with yellowish-grey pubescence, from which are emitted

three very short stripes (or elongate spots), one close to

the suture, one in the middle of the base, and the third on

the shoulder. A little way from the base there is a small

round white spot, and about the middle are two irregular

spots, the one nearer the suture, a little higher than the

outer one; near the apex, and close to the suture, is a

larger white spot. The grey: pubescence on the under

side forms a white stripe close to the margin of the elytra

on the meso- and metasterna; there is also a spot on the

middle and one at the side of the basal segment of the

abdomen, and a smaller one on the side of the second and

of the third segments. The anterior femora are obscure

pitchy.

Hab.—N. W. Coast of Australia and Tasmania.

The Tasmanian specimens do not seem to differ from

the type specimen, but there are two examples in the

Museum Collection from Sydney, which appear relatively

a trifle shorter and with less broad thorax; the markings

are more tinged with yellow, relatively larger, and the.

inner one of the pair in the middle of the elytra is more

distinctly V-shaped; these may prove to be a distinct

species.

Mordella elegans, sp. n.

Fusco-nigra, latior; capite thoraceque aureo-sericeis,

hoc vitté medianaé maculdque utrinque nigris; scutello

232 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on new Coleoptera

aureo-sericeo; singulo elytro maculis quinque, una basali

brevi juxta suturam, altera in medio basis, duabus fere ad

medium, altera ante apicem majore aureo-sericeis ; corpore

subtus plus minusve aureo-sericeo; labro, antennarum

basi, palpis, pedibusque anticis piceis.

Long. 2 lin.

Resembles M. communis, but is relatively shorter and

more robust, and the spots on the elytra are much larger.

The golden pubescence on the elytra forms a very narrow.

border along the base, an elongate spot on each side of

the suture beneath the scutellum, an elongate spot in the

middle of the base, and there is a very all spot above

the shoulder; about the middle of each elytron there are

two spots, the outer one round, the inner one elongate and

oblique (nearly forming, with its fellow on the other

elytron, a V-mark); there is also a large spot before the

apex. The whole of the under side of the insect is clothed

with yellow pubescence, except a spot on the side of the

metasternum and the sides of the abdomen, which, however,

has a spot on the side of each of the seements. The

anterior legs, and the intermediate femora, the labrum,

base of the antenne and palpi are pitchy.

Hab.—S. Australia (Bakewell).

There is a specimen in the Museum Collection, also

from 8. Australia, which differs from the above in having

the scutellar spot replaced by a fine sutural line, which

joins the inner of the two spots at the middle of the elytra.

This may be a mere variety of elegans.

Mordella trivialis, sp. n.

Elongata, nigra; capite thoraceque flavo-sericeis; elytris

humeris maculA lunata flavo-sericea, fascia mediana tenui

fortiter dentata, maculaque subapical albidis ; corpore

subtus plus minusve griseo-sericeo ; antennarum basi,

palpis, pedibus anterioribus femoribusque intermediis

piceis.

Long. 24 lin.

This species much resembles J/. communis, but is a

little more elongate, and the markings on the elytra are

different. Head and thorax uniformly clothed with yellow

pubescence. LElytra with a short lunate spot on the

shoulder; there 1s a trace of white on the suture below

the scutellum ; there is a very narrow white fascia a little

before the middle of the elytra; it commences on the

Jrom Australia and Tasmania. 233

margin, some way from the shoulder, is directed obliquely

downwards, then turns at an acute angle obliquely

upwards (not to a level with the starting point), and then

turns at an acute angle downwards, and joins the suture.

The aculeus is very long.

Hab.—S. Australia (Bakewell).

Mordella ornata, sp. n.

Nigra, aureo-sericea; thorace medio paulo infuscato ;

elytris lateribus apiceque fusco-nigris, fascia ante apicem

aureo-sericea.

Long. 2+ lin.

Black, but almost entirely clothed above and below with

golden pubescence. The thorax has the disk rather

darker. Elytra with the margins and apical third brownish-

black, with a fascia composed of four united spots (two on

each elytron) at a little distance from the apex, the outer

spots the smaller. The abdomen has the usual sub-lateral

dark spots.

Hab.—N.W. Coast of Australia.

This species is a moderately robust one, not very much

attenuated posteriorly. The head is not very broad and

is moderately narrowed in front; the antennz are rather

slender and have the 5th to 10th joints about as long as

broad. There is the appearance of a small dusky spot

within the shoulder, and a dusky stripe parallel with the

suture, on one of the examples, but are wanting in the

second.

Note.—There is in the Museum Collection a single

specimen closely resembling the above, but pr obably_ a

distinct species. The thorax is partially clothed with

golden pubescence, with a broad sutural stripe and a spot

on each side obscure fuscous, all ill-defined. The elytra

are fuscous-black, with a fine sutural line and an oblique

stripe extending from the shoulder to about the middle of

the elytron g colden. Length 2 lin.

Mordella bella, sp. n.

Fusco-nigra, angusta; capite thoraceque aureo-sericeis 3.

elytris sub-purpurascentibus, singulis macula juxta basin,

suturee parte basali, fasciisque duabus angustis (und ante

medium dentaté, alterd ante apicem), aureo-sericeis ;

antennis, palpis, pedibus anterioribus, femoribusque inter-

mediis pallide piceis.

Long. 14 lin.

234 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on new Coleoptera

The antenne are pale, but dusky at the apex. There

are no distinct markings on the thorax. The elytra have

a purple gloss; on each there are the following golden

markings: an elongate spot on the suture at the scutellum, a

triangular spot in the middle of the base (extending a little

over the shoulder), a narrow fascia just before the middle,

commencing on the margin, is directed obliquely backwar ds

for a short Ghee. al fen turns obliquely at a right

angle forwards to a level with the starting point, and then

turns again backwards at an acute angle and joins the

suture; there are also two lunate spots at some distance

from the apex, which, with the corresponding pair on the

other elytron, form an interrupted fascia.

Hab.—S. Australia (Bakewell).

This species much resembles JM. elegans, but is much

smaller and narrower, and has two spots at the apex of

each elytron, instead of one, &c.

There is a specimen in the Museum which closely

resembles this species, but has the spot in the middle

of the base of the elytra more elongate; the spot below

the scutellum divides posteriorly, and the mesial -band

appears more strongly zig-zag; the thorax also is obscurely

marked with fuscous, and the anterior legs are less pale.

This may be a mere variety. It measures 14 lines.

There are also two examples which resemble the above,

but which are black, with the suture of the elytra only

golden-pubescent ; the base of the antennz, the palpi and

the anterior legs are pitchy. Long. 24 lin.

These are probably a distinct species, but the examples

being in bad condition I do not venture to describe them.

Mordella ruficollis, sp. n.

Nigra; capite thoraceque flavo-rufis; elytris basi an-

eustissime, macula parva juxta basin, sutura usque ad

medium, fascia mediana angusta eee W_ formanti,

maculaque ante apicem griseo-albo-sericeis ; antennarum

articulo basali, palpis, femoribusque anticis rufo-flavis ;

corpore subtus pedibusque plus minusve griseo-sericeis.

Long. 13 lin.

Head and thorax pale red, with yellow silky pubescence.

Antenne rather long, the 4th to 10th joints distinctly

longer than broad. Scutellum silvery. Elytra black,

with the following silvery-white aes the bass

narrowly bordered with white, with an elongate spot in

from Australia and Tusmania. 235

the middle of the base of each elytron joined to the basal

border; suture white as far as the middle, where there is

a narrow fascia in the shape of a well-marked W; near

the apex there is a second fascia composed of two lunate

marks, one on each elytron. The whole of the under side

and the legs are more or less clothed with whitish-grey

‘pubescence, which is rather more white below the shoulders

and on the sides of the abdominal segments.

Hab.—Tasmania (Atkinson).

Mordella limbata, sp. n.

Nigra, vix purpurascens, supra aureo- sericea ; thorace

linea Snedhaen punctoque utrinque nigris; elytris margl-

nibus, apice, punctoque reniformi utrinque ante apicem

nigris ; corpore subtus femoribusque griseo-aureo-sericeis.

‘Long. 13 ln.

Black, clothed above with golden pubescence, leaving

on the thorax a complete mesial line, and a round spot on

each side of the disk black. The elytra are clothed with

golden pubescence, the margins and apex black, and an

elongate-oval black spot cut out of the side of the golden

pubescence and confluent with the black of the margin.

The palpi and the anterior femora are obscure pitchy.

Hab.—Sydney (Salting).

Mordella humeralis, sp. n.

Nigra; capite thor aceque flavo-sericeis, hoe vittaé mediana

lata maculaque magna utrinque nigris; elytris’sub-purpuras-

centibus, vitta humerali obliqua flavo-picea, aureo-sericea,

post medium guttis quatuor (2—2) transversim positis

albidis.

Long. 13 lin.

The dark markings on the thorax are not so well defined

as in some of the preceding species. The elytra have on

the shoulder an oblique slightly curved yellow stripe, ex-

tending from the humeral angle towards the suture to a

little before the middle of the elytra, where it then turns

upwards and joins the suture ; this stripe is covered with

golden pubescence. At some distance from the apex of

each elytron there are two golden silky spots, one on the

margin, the other between it and the suture, a little

directed obliquely upwards. ‘The under side and the pos-

terior femora and tibize are more or less clothed with

236 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on new Coleoptera

yellow pubescence; the abdomen has a spot on the side of

the first and second segments, the margins of the third and

fourth, and the entire fifth segment clothed with purple

pubescence. The aculeus is rather short.

Hab.— Australia.

Mordella obliqua, sp. n.

Fusco-nigra, griseo-flavo-pubescens; elytris fusco-nigris,

plaga basali triangulari griseo-flavo-pubescenti.

Long. 23 lin.

Rather an elongate, narrow species. Thorax convex

and rather less broad than any of the above described.

Elytra rather long, clothed with yellowish pubescence,

with the sides pitchy-black. A line drawn from below

the shoulder to the suture a little way from the apex

would be the line of demarcation between the yellow

pubescence and the dark margins. The abdomen is

fuscous-black, with the usual silky spots on the sides

of the first, second and third segments. The base of the

antenne and the anterior femora are slightly pitchy.

Hab.—S. Australia (Bakewell).

This species has somewhat the appearance of an Anaspis.

CERAMBYCID.

Zoédia elegans, Sp. Te

Nigra, griseo-pubescens; thorace lateribus acute tuber-

culato; antennis, femorum basi, tibiis tarsisque rufis;

elytris macula discoidali cuneiformi picea, linea alba mar-

ginata et nigro-circumdata.

Long. 33 lin.

Whether or not I am justified in naming the specimen

from which this diagnosis is taken must be a matter of

opinion. It has been recently received from Tasmania,

but I am uncertain whether or not it may be a variety

of Clytus v-album, Boisd.

The type of Z. triangularis from Melbourne is now in

the British Museum, I can, therefore, say for certain that

it differs from that not only in having the head and thorax

black, but in having the head more hollowed between the

antennze and without any distinct longitudinal channel,

the sculpture is altogether a little finer, especially on the

head and thorax, and the tubercle on the side of the

from Australia and Tasmania. 234

thorax is more acute and the two small tubercles on the

disk are more distinct. The spot on the disk of the

elytra is pale ferruginous, not triangular; it is bordered

above by a fine white line, which, commencing on the

margin, approaches the suture slightly obliquely until it

nearly reaches it, when it turns somewhat suddenly

upwards and joins the suture some little way below the

scutellum ; the region around the spot is velvety black as

in the other species. This spot on the elytra agrees more

with the figure of Z. divisa, Pascoe (Journ. Ent. I.

p- 362, t. xvi. f. 1), but I think that the Tasmanian

example cannot be referred to that species, not only on

account of the difference of coloration but the phrases

‘head canaliculate between the antennz” and “ prothorax

swelling out at the middle into an obtuse knob” do not

well accord with it.*

Lastly, there is the doubtful ** Clytus v-album,” Boisd.

(Voy. d. PAstr. p. 485, t. ix. f. 23), which appears (and

I think correctly) as a Zoédia in the Munich Catalogue.

The figure of this insect is so very bad that it is impos-

sible to say what it is, and, consequently, it might be

intended for a colour variety of the Tasmanian specimen

in question, and the description does not help one at

all; for example, the femora are said to be fuscous

with the base paler, and the first joint of the antennz is

*‘tout-a-fait de la couleur des cuisses;” “ corselet petit,

garni de petits tubercules pointus.” The thorax having

only the lateral tubercle and two very small ones on the

disk in the Zoédia known to me.

* Since the above was in print, Mr. Pascoe has kindly brought me his

type specimen for comparison, and it proves to be distinct from elegans,

in which the lateral tubercle of the thorax is distinctly more acute than in

divisa, &e.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART III. (OCT.) 8

XXII. Note on the colours of British Caterpillars. By

Sir Joun Lupsock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., &c.

[Read February 6th, 1878.]

THE interesting problems presented by the colouring of

Lepidopterous ‘larve have been the subject of valuable

communications from several distinguished naturalists,

especially Darwin, Wallace, Jenner Weir, A. G. Butler,

M‘Lachlan, Meldola and Weismann.* Their observations

indicate that, as a general rule, caterpillars which are

dull-coloured and have a smooth skin, or are nocturnal in

their habits, are greedily eaten by birds. On the other

hand, spiny and hairy caterpillars are spared, and are

often brightly coloured. Certain species, such as Deile-

phila Euphorbia, Abraxas Grossulariata and Zygena

Filipendule are distasteful to birds, and in these cases

brilliant colouring serves as a warning, and, consequently,

as a protection. Lastly, there are a few species, such as

Cherocampa Elpenor and C. Porcellus, which appear to

frighten birds by their resemblance to small reptiles, a

resemblance singularly heightened by the curious eye-like

spots on the thorax.

I am not aware, however, that anyone has taken a

general view of Lepidopterous larve from a statistical

standpoint. It might be urged, even while admitting the

foregoing explanations, that they were exceptional cases.

I have, therefore, thought that it might be worth while

to examine the larve as a whvle to see what cases there

might be, if any, which would not fit in with the pre-

ceding theoretical views. In the following tables I have

given all the butterflies and the larger species of moths.

Let us first consider the butterflies. We have in this

country 66 species,f out of which 18 are spiny, and two

may fairly be called hairy. I do not speak of mere ~

pubescence, but of true hairs and spmes. Now, out of

these 20 species 10 are black, two greyish, six brown or

* T have myself published some remarks on the same subject in last

year’s ‘‘ Fortnightly Review.”

{ For working out these numbers, and especially for the preparation of

the tables, I am greatly indebted to Mr. Meldola.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1878.—PART UI. (OCT.) 8 2

240 Sir John Lubbock oz

brownish, one greyish-green and only one (L. Sybilla)

green. Thus, while green is so preponderating a colour

among smooth- skinned or ordinarily pubescent caterpillars

(i out of the 66 species of butterflies being of this colour),

only a single spiny species is thus coloured.

Now, let us look at these numbers under a different

aspect. Out of 66 species 10 are black; and, as we have

already seen, all these are spiny or hairy. The larva of

Parnassius Apollo—a species reputed to have been taken

in this country—is stated to be black, and is not hairy or

spiny; but, as it has red spots and blue tubercles, and the

neck is furnished with a yellow forked appendage, it is

probably sufficiently protected. The larva of Papilio

Machaon is also marked with black and is provided with

strongly-scented tentacles, which probably serve as a pro-

tection.

There are some other colours, which are instructive

from the present point of view. Take brown, for example.

There are 16 species of this colour, and 66 these, seven

are hairy or spiny.

Red and blue are rare colours among caterpillars.

Omitting minute dots, we have six species which are

more or less marked with red or orange, viz., d. Aglaia,

VAntiopa; Ne tEucina, “C. Alsus, P. Crategi and

P. Machaon. Of these, two are spiny, two hairy, and

one protected by scent-emitting tentacles. The orange

medio-dorsal line of C. Alsus is not very conspicuous,

and has been omitted in some descriptions. The larvee

of Papilio Podalirius and Parnassius Apollo—two species

formerly reputed British—are also marked with red, and

these are likewise provided with tentacles. Blue is even

rarer than red; in fact, none of our butterfly larvee can

be said to exhibit this colour. The caterpillar of P. Apollo

is figured as having blue tubercles.

Ne ow, let us turn to the moths. Of these caterpillars I

have tabulated the Sphingide, Cocliopide, Procride,

Zygenide, Nolide, Lithoside, Euchelide, Chelonide,

Lipar ide, Bombycide, Drepanule and Pseudo-Bombyces

—these groups comprising nearly all our larger species.

The Hepialide, Zeuzeride and Seside have been omitted,

because these larvee are all internal or subterranean (dens

and are devoid of any striking colour.* This leaves

* See some remarks on this subject in a paper by Mr. Meldola, “On a

certain Class of Cases of Variable Protective Colouring in Sa in

“Proc. Zool. Soc.’ for 1873, p. 159.

the colours of British Caterpillars. 241

122 species, out of which 68 are hairy or downy; and of

these, 48 are marked with black or grey, 15 brown or

brownish, two yellowish-green, one bluish-grey, one striped

with yellow and black and one reddish-grey. Of the two

yellowish-green hairy species, which might be regarded

as exceptions, Z. Lonicere is marked with black and

yellow, and WN. albulalis is variable in colour, some speci-

mens of the caterpillar being orange. This last species

is also marked with black, so that neither of these species

can be considered of the green colour, which serves as a

protection. Thus, among the moths tabulated, there is

not a single hairy species of the usual green colour. On

the other hand, there are 50 species with black or blackish

caterpillars, and of these, 48 are hairy or downy.

In eleven of our larger moths the caterpillars are more

or less marked with red. Of these three are hairy, one is

an internal feeder, four have reddish lines, which probably

serve for protection by simulating lines of shadow,* and

one (D. Luphorbie) is medible. Of the remaining two,

fo)

Calocampa exoleta (not included in the tables) has a red

line on the side of the body. The last, D. livornica, is

rare,-and I have never seen the caterpillar, but, to judge

from figures, the reddish line and spots would render it

not more but less conspicuous amongst the low herbage

which it frequents.

Seven species only of our larger moths have any blue;

of these four are hairy, the other three are hawk-moths.

In one (A. Atropos) the violet colour of the side stripes

certainly renders the insect less conspicuous among the

flowers of the potato, on which it feeds. In C. ‘Nerii

there are two blue patches, which, both in colour and

form, curiously resemble the petals of the periwinkle, on

which it feeds. In the third species, C. Porcellus, the

bluish spots form the centres of the above-mentioned ocelli.

Among the Geometride the caterpillars are very often

brown, and closely resemble bits of stick, the similarity

being much increased by the peculiar attitudes they

assume. The large brown caterpillars of certain Sphingide

are night feeders, concealing themselves on the ground by —

day, and it is remarkable that white species, such as

S. Convolvuli, which feed on low plants, turn brown as

they increase in age and size; others, like the Smerinth?,

* The oblique stripes on the sides of the sphinx larvee may serve a

similar purpose.

242 Sir John Lubbock on

which frequent trees, and cannot therefore descend to the .

ground for concealment, remain green throughout life.

Omitting these, we find in the table 23 brown n species, of

which 12 are hairy, and two have extensile caudal filaments.

Three at least of the others, though not Geometride,

closely resemble bits of stick, and ‘place themselves in

peculiar stiff attitudes. The others are small species.

It has been suggested to me by Mr. Meldola that in

certain instances hairs may serve as a protection, instead

of acting simply as signals of distastefulness. This appears

to be the case with such species as Pecilocampa Populi,

which has a fringe of long hairs along the sides, just

above the legs. In these cases the insects rest by day on

lichen or bank. to which they assimilate in colour and

marking, and in such situations would stand a chance of

detection, in spite of their protective colouring, if they

stood out in bold relief, and cast a sharp shadow. The

hairs may thus have been acquired for the purpose of

shading off the sharp outline of the caterpillars, an analo-

gous function being probably fulfilled by the row of fleshy

protuberances along the sides of Lasiocampa quercifolia,

and species of Catocala.

Thus, summing up the caterpillars, both of the butter-

flies and moths, out of the 88 spiny and hairy species

tabulated, only one is green (L. Sybilla), and even this

may not be protectively coloured, since it has yellow warts

and white lateral lines. On the other hand, a very great

majority of the black and brown caterpillars, as well as

those more or less marked with blue and red, are either

hairy or spiny, or have some special protection. The

general review, then, which I have here very imperfectly

attempted, contre, i in a remarkable manner, the views of

the eminent naturalists to whom I have referred.

Note.—In the following tables the general ground

colour of the dorsal surface of the full-grown caterpillar

is indicated in the respective columns by an asterisk.

Special markings and their colours are described in the

column headed ‘ Remarks.” Larvae merely pubescent

are not considered hairy.

243

the colours of British Caterpillars.

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Sir John Lubbock on

252

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TRANS. ENT. soc. 1878.

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the colours of British Caterpillars

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Sir John Lubbock on

256

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257

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CS)

XXII. Entomological Notes. By Prof. JAmEs Woop-

Mason.

1. On the difference in the form of the Antenne between

the Males of Idolomorpha and those of other genera

of Empuside, a subfamily of Mantide. [Read

August 7th, 1878. |

ANTENN# are by Burmeister said to be pectinated when

the joints have long processes on one side, like the teeth

of a comb, and to be bipectinated when such a process

issues from each side of the joint.

“ Antenne bipectinate” have been ascribed to the

males of all the Empuside by every entomologist who

has written about them.

Burmeister,* in 1839, proposed the family name E’m-

puside for those species of Mantodea in which “ the head

is prolonged into a conically-ascending process, and in

which the males have the antennz bipectinated (doppelt

gekimmt); he recognized two leading and co-ordinate

genera, Blepharis and Empusa, to the former of which

he referred only the widely-distributed and well-known

B. mendica,t while the latter, divided according to the

absence or presence and the degree of development of the

foliaceous lobes on the legs and different parts of the

body, into the three subgenera or sections, Gongylus,

Empusa, and Idolomorpha, is made to receive all the rest.

The Gongyli are accordingly Empuse, in which the four

posterior femora have three foliaceous lobes at the apex,

and the pronotum is also expanded leaflike; the Empuse

have a single lobe at the apex of each of the femora; the

Idolomorphe being distinguished from them by being

* Handb. der Entomol. Band. ii. 8. 544 et seq.

+ It extends from the Canaries throughout N. Africa, Syria, and Arabia

to the banks of the Indus.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART IV. (DEC.) U

260 Prof. J. Wood-Mason on the difference in form

devoid of all traces of such lobes. Of the species dis-

criminated by Burmeister, all have the antenne truly

bipectinated in the males but three—Hmpusa capensis

(an Idolomorpha with lobed legs), which is described

from females only, and the two species of [dolomorpha, of

which neither the sex, nor any particulars that will enable

one to guess at this, are given in the descriptions.

By Serville* the antenne of the males of Empusa (in

which are also included species placed by modern writers

in Gongylus and Idolomorpha) and of Blepharis, the

only two genera admitted by him, are described as

“ayant leur six ou sept (Empusa) dix (Blepharis)

premiers articles simple; les autres pectinés de deux

cotes; chaque rameau ¢troit linéaire, termine en pointe

obtuse (Kmpusa), élargi, arrondi au bout (Blepharis).”

Of Serville’s species, E. purpureipennis (= E. capensis, B.)

and E. defoliata belong both, without a doubt, to [dolo-

morpha; but both having heen founded on panels speci-

mens, the author could, of cour se, have had no opportunity

of observing the structure of the antennz in the males.

M. de Saussuret recognizes five. genera in this group,

viz., Blepharis, Idolum it Gongylus, Empusa, and Idolo-

morpha, to the ‘males of everyone of which he attributes

bipectinated antennee. He, like Burmeister, failed to dis-

cover any characters distinguishing Empusa and Idolo-

morpha, and adopted Burmeister’s original definition of

the latter, which, as Stal has recently shown, does not

embrace all the species naturally belonging to it, some,

such as I. Wahlberg (and, I may add, 7. capensis), ‘having

the four posterior femora, and even the abdomen more or

less lobed, as in Kmpusa, and yet differing from the spe-

cies of that genus, and at the same time. agreeing with

3urmeister’s Idolomorphe in the structure of the head, in

the form of the genual lobes of the four posterior legs,

and, I may add, in the unipectinate character of the an-

tennze in the males. We accordingly find him describing

in the same work the two sexes of J. capensis as Empusa

* Hist. Nat. des Orthopt. 1839, pp. 140—148.

+ Mélanges Orthopt., i., 8me fasc. p. 327.

{The male of Jdolum diabolicum (Blepharis domina, H. Wood-

ward, Q. J.G. 8. 1876, vol. xxxii, pl. ix, fig. 3, ¢) was unknown to de Saus-

sure, but a fine specimen from the White Nile in the National Collection

enables me to state that the teeth of the antennal pectinations are similar

in form to those of Blepharis mendica, its near ally.

of antenne between the males of Idolomorpha, &c. 261

capensis* (correctly identifying with it Serville’s EL. pur-

pureipennis, to which I. Wahlbergi may eventually also

have to be added as a synonym), and a male insect with

lobeless legs as Idolomorpha defoliata, Serville; but fail-

ing, in both cases, to notice anything remarkable about

the antennz of the male.

M. C. Stal, in his recently-published “ Systema

Mantodeorum,” gives as a leading character of the sub-

family, “ amuse marium bipectinate,” and, from the fact

that in the dichotomous table of genera he distinguishes

between the “ dentes pectinis elongati, angusti, compressi,”

of Gongylus (?), Empusa, srl Idolomorpha, and the

“‘dentes breviores, lati, subrotundati, basi coarctati” of

Blepharis, may be presumed to have examined the an-

tennz with some care ; but from his failure to remark so

striking and important a character as the unipectinate

condition of the male antennze in Jdolomorpha, a genus

which, be it remembered, he was the first to establish on

a firm basis, by detecting and pointing out the characters

which really distinguish it from the closely similar E’m-

puse@, we can only conclude, either that this acute ento-

mologist satisfied himself with a careful examination of

the male antenne of Blepharis and of some species of

Empusa (of Gongylus, 6, he had none), or that he took

his description of the differences between the two kinds

of teeth on trust from Serville, who uses much the same

words in describing them.

There can be no doubt, then, that the antenee of the

males in all the Empuside have been hitherto univer sally

regarded by the best and most careful entomologists as

bipectinate organs, bipectinated in the sense that each

joint bears two distinct processes, and they have this

structure in all the species belonging to the genera Ble-

pharis, Idolum, Gongylus, and Empusa; but in Idolo-

morpha, though apparently doubly-combed, they are in

reality unipectinate, having, that 1s to say, only one process

to each joint. All those entomologists, therefore, who have

taken the antennze of male /dolomorphe to be bipectinated

must have been the victims of a sort of optical delusion, of

* M. de Saussure says of this species, “V’extrémité des ailes et souvent des

élytres passe au vose.” At the April Meeting of the Society I exhibited

some coloured drawings made by J. P. Mansel W eale, B.A., from the

living insect, in which these parts are represented as bright rose-red,

especially on the under surface.

262 Prof. J. Wood-Mason on the presence

the possibility of which anyone may easily convince him-

self who will glance at the antennz of I. capensis, 6, first,

from above, shifting his gaze from side to side, so as to get

a sight of the outer edges of the teeth, when the organs will

appear to be bipectinated, but to have the two apparent

rows of pectinations subparallel with one another instead

of widely divergent at their free ends as in the truly

bipectinated group; and then directly from the side, when

they will appear to have but one row of teeth. The teeth

are in fact alternately straight (a) and curved at the base(0),

the latter forming the apparent inner, and the former the

outer, row of teeth.

The accompanying diagrams, drawn by the aid of the

camera lucida, exhibit the two different forms of male

antenne.

la. Bie; 1.

io, 2

Fig. 2.

b ia

Fig. la. Five con-

secutive joints of left

antenna of J. capen-

sis, @, viewed isome-

trically.

Fig. 1. Two consecu-

tive joints of left an-

tenna of Zdolomorpha

capensis, g, seen from

the end.

Fig. 2. A single joint

of right antenna of G'on-

gylus gongylodes, &,

seen from the end.

of a Stridulating Apparatus in certain Mantide. 263

2. On the presence of a Stridulating Apparatus in certain

Mantide. [Read October 2nd, 1878. |

In the Mantide, as in all other orthopterous insects, a

stout, stiff, hard, and tubular longitudinal ridge-like

thickening, termed the principal nervure (/), divides the

tegmina into two unequal portions, which, supposing the

wings to be extended at right angles to the body, as in

flight, may respectively be described as anterior and

posterior.

The smaller anterior portion, technically called the

marginal field (am), is bounded in front by another stiff,

hollow thickening—the so-called marginal nervure (m),

constituting the anterior boundary of the organ, and, when

viewed from above, usually appearing to be more or less

distinctly bevelled in front. On closer inspection, how-

ever, this apparently-bevelled edge is seen to be a thin,

narrow, and deflexed lamellar expansion (m') of the

neryure.

Fig. 1. Hierodula simulacrum, 9. The left tegmen, h, 2, the principal

nervure dividing the organ into a larger posterior portion, made

up of a discoidal (D) and an anal (A) area, and into a smaller

anterior portion, the marginal field (M); m, m, the marginal

neryure; m’, m’, its lamellar expansion.

In such a species as Hierodula simulacrum, when the

wings are fully extended, the marginal field of the teg-

mina slopes downwards and forwards so as to form with

the posterior portion (p + A) of those organs an angle of

about 130°; but when they are firmly closed, the former

is then bent down almost at right angles to the latter,

and the consequence is that the lamellar expansion of

264 Prof. J. Wood-Mason on the presence

the marginal nervure, which, as we have seen, is also

deflexed, comes to be directed nearly ‘edge-on’ towards

the sides of the insect’s body.

In Hierodula simulacrum it is perfectly unmodified, but

in certain other species of the same genus* and in all the

Empuside the lamellar fore margin of the tegmina, now

bent down at right angles to the marginal field, is, in

males and females alike, converted along a greater or

lesser portion of its length into highly indurated, erect,

and hard-, smooth-, and blunt-poimted teeth, which are

most highly developed in that part which, in the closed

organs of flight, is presented ‘ edge-on’ to the abdomen.

Fig. 2. Hierodula (Sphodromantis) gastrica,f Stal, 9. A portion of

the fore margin of the left tegmen, viewed from in front so as

to show the deflexed and toothed lamellar expansion of the mar-

ginal nervure. The arrow is supposed to be pointing in the direc-

tion of the apex of the wing, towards which, also, the minute setzx,

inserted, one on the apical side of each tooth, are all directed.

Drawn to scale under a Ross’s 3-in. objective. Letters as before.

T have carefully examined a number of insects taken at

random ( Corydalis, Pneumora,é , many Dragon-flies, &c. ),

and I find that, whenever the fore margin of the tegmina

is serrated or prickly, the points of the serratures or

prickles are all invariably sharp and directed towards the

apex of the organs, just as in a blade of grass, which, as

everybody knows, can easily be drawn through the hand

in one direction, but in the other offers a resistance that

* Hierodula (Sphodromantis) gastrica, from Damara Land; WH.

(Sphodropoda) dentifrons, from Australia; H. (Rhombodera) laticollis,

from Java and Amboina; #. (2#.) atricoxvis and H. (R.) pustulifera,

from an island in Torres Straits, &c.

t+ When I received this specimen from my late correspondent, Professor

Stal, the teeth were all but entirely hidden by a tenacious incrustation,

their smooth, polished (and worn ?), and brown-coloured tips being alone

visible.

of a Stridulating Apparatus in certain Mantide. 265

cannot be overcome without tearing and lacerating the

skin. Such a mere prickly edge would obviously be

useless as a rasp, for, although a scraper could be passed

easily enough over it, backwards, the sharp opposing

points of the prickles would prove an insurmountable

obstacle to its return in the opposite direction.

In all the above-named Mantide, on the contrary, the

serrated tegmina fulfil all the conditions of a good rasp, m

that the teeth are all erect and blunt- and smooth-pointed,

so as to allow a scraper to traverse them equally easily in

both directions—forwards as well as backwards.

I have never doubted that the toothed fore margin of

the tegmina in these Mantide serves in some way or

other as a sound-producing apparatus, and I have else-

where* briefly drawn attention to it, and suggested that

it might work by being scraped across the prominent

corresponding nervure of the wings; but I have since

seen reason for abandoning’ this idea, ‘aa I now consider

that the sounds may more probably be produced by the

rubbing of the abdomen against the toothed edge,—a

view to which the structure of the tegmina in the female

of Gongylus gongylodes—one of the E’mpuside—lends

some support. In this species, in the males, the edge

of the tegmina is toothed all along as in all the other

species that have come under my notice; but in the

females, the marginal field of whose abbreviated tegmina

is so oveatly dilated for the greater part of its length as

to extend far beyond and below the level of the insect’s

body, and to be, consequently, quite out of reach of it,

the teeth only commence to be developed where the

marginal field becomes sufficiently narrow to bring them

within reach of the abdomen. With this single apparent

exception, the apparatus appears to be equally well-

developed in the two sexes of all the species in which it

has been met with.

I have not as yet detected any ridge or ridges specially

modified to serve as a scraper, nor would such seem to be

needed; least of all in the case of the Empuside, the

postero o-lateral angles of whose abdominal segments are

produced into more or less conspicuous foliaceous lobes.

It will naturally be asked,f ‘* How is it that nobody has

* P. Z. S. 1878, p. 583.

+ As was done Oy my distinguished friend Professor Westwood, when

I mentioned these observations to him,

266 Prof. J. Wood-Mason on the presence

ever heard the Mantide stridulate, these insects being

common enough where good observers have been and

still are?” to which I reply, that the species in which

the stridulating apparatus occurs are few in number; that

a ‘Mantis’ is a cautious, timid, and reserved creature, re-

quiring much coaxing and persuasive manipulation to

induce it to perform; and that somebody has at last been

found who has heard a ‘ Mantis’ stridulate, and whose

evidence is at once confirmatory of my interpretation

of the structures as a stridulating organ, and of my later

view as to its modus operandi. .

During the recent meeting of the British Association

at Dublin I chanced to get into conversation with Mr.

J. Tate, an engineer, who is at present home on

furlough from India, and who had been stationed while in

that country at Sukkur in Sind. As it seemed to me

probable that this officer’s professional duties might occa-

sionally have carried him into the desert, I inquired

whether he had ever met with Kremiaphila,—a singular

genus of Mantide, the members of which are more pro-

foundly modified for a desert life than any other animals

known to me,—and, if so, whether he could furnish me

with any information as to its habits. He replied, that

he had never met with any insects at all answering to my

description; but added, without further questioning on my

part, that he had frequently seen the more ordinary kinds

of ‘ Mantis,’ and that he still had a particularly vivid recol-

lection of one which flew into the billiard-room one night

and was placed upon the green table to make sport for

the assembled company, who were all much amused, and

apparently not a little astonished, at the creature’s curious

antics, but especially at the “ hissing noise which it kept

making ” without, as my informant confidently believes,

the slightest visible movement of the organs of flight.

If the tegmina were similarly modified in all the

species of the family, any attempt to trace the steps by

which the modification has originated would be hopeless ;

but in one of the two groups in which I have detected

the apparatus we fortunately have a number of species

with unmodified tegmina; in the handling of living and

alcoholic specimens of some of which a rustling noise is,

as I have noticed, produced whenever the fore margin of

the tegmina is accidentally rubbed across the legs or

across the projecting anterior nervures of the wings.

This circumstance seeming to suggest that a careful

of a Stridulating Apparatus in certain Mantide. 267

examination of some of those species might furnish at

least a clue, I have accordingly examined the tegmina of

H. vitrea and of several other species, and I find that

the fore margin of those organs, though smooth and entire

to the naked eye, appears under a lens or under a low

power to be minutely and irregularly serrated or jagged;

the teeth, which are very variable in number, arrange-

ment, and size, being sometimes microscopically small, are

all directed outwards and slightly forwards towards the

extremity of the organ, just as im the more distinct and

regular serratures of the same part in many Dragon-flies,

but instead of being rough and sharp, as in these, they

are smooth and blunt, often even more or less bulbously

enlarged at the extremity, where each is furnished with a

minute brown seta, which is also directed towards the

point of the wing. In the Indian Hierodula coarctata,

the teeth are more highly developed and their points

extend distinctly beyond the sete, which project straight

outwards from their apical side. There is little doubt

that the teeth in this species serve to some extent for the

production of sound. On reference to my drawing (fig. 2)

of a portion of the tegminal edge of the African Hl. gas-

trica, in which the apparatus is more highly developed

than in any other species of the genus, it will be seen

that each of the teeth is in-that species also furnished in

identically the same position with a similar seta; and the

Australian FHierodula dentifrons is so far intermediate

between these two that it is rather less modified as to its

tegmina than the latter.

Similar setee are also present in all the Empuside,* in

which they are inserted immediately at the base of the

hard, polished, and brown-coloured terminal tubercle.

They cannot form an essential part of the apparatus;

but they are of importance as clearly showing that the

teeth of the rasps are morphologically identical with the

microscopically small blunt serratures seen in such a ‘form

as the Malayan Hierodula vitrea, and must consequently

have originated from similar small and variable beginnings.

* In several evidently old specimens of Zdolomorpha capensis, however,

they are absent from the teeth of what I consider to be the functional part

of the rasp, having apparently been rubbed off by the action of the scraper.

268 Prof. J. Wood-Mason on the

3. Ona saltatorial ‘ Mantis.’ [| Read October 2nd, 1878. ]

At arecent meeting of the Zoological Society, Mr. H. O.

Forbes, F.Z.S., kindly placed at my disposal some speci-

mens of Mantide*, which he had collected rather more

than a year previously in Portugal, on the banks of the

Tagus, and he excited my interest by telling me that one

of the species had the power of * hopping like a grass-

hopper.” At the following meeting of the Society he pre-

sented me with the promised EGC amongst which was

a nymph of an Ameles, nearly allied to A. Spallanzania,

remarkable, as I ‘fersmal on examination, for its relatively

long and powerful hind legs, and, even in its dried and

shrivelled condition, for its “somewhat thickened posterior

thighs. I then applied to Mr. Forbes for further par-

ticulars about it, and this is the reply that I received to

my inquiries :—

“The Ameles I obtained on the 9th of December, 1876,

in the open spaces in the pine forests, bordering the south-

west of the large bay, into which the Tagus opens out just

above the city. It was swept from among the Cistus

(various species) and the scrub oak (Quercus fruticosa),

especially from the latter. I brought several species

(specimens) home alive to our rooms in the hotel, and

placed them under a beli-jar, some fifteen to eighteen

inches in height, in which there was erected a sprig of

rosemary. The Mantises preferred, however, to sit almost

on the bottom of the case, on one of the least elevated of

the twigs which were scattered over it. When irritated or

moved ‘suddenly, they would hop up three-fourths of the

height of the jar, alighting on a twig of the erect branch

of rosemary, assuming fhe attitude a the Iris oratoria.

On the few occasions I saw either catch its prey, it leapt

on the flies ; but I had not often the satisfaction of seeing

it seize them. When left alone for a while, they invari-

ably made for the lower part of their prison.”

Being doubtful, from the use in it of the word “ species”

for “specimens,” whether the above account was intended

to apply to other species besides, or to the Ameles alone,

I put a question to this effect to Mr. Forbes, from whom

I have received the following explicit reply :—

* Empusa egena, Q immature; and Jris oratoria, 9 adult; besides

the subject of the present note.

Hatching Period of Mantide in Eastern Bengal. 269

“TI spoke of the Ameles alone. In confinement the

creature, when left quiet, generally sat motionless on a

twig near the bottom of the case, but when irritated or

stirred by a twig, or when the case was moved suddenly

so as to frighten the Mantis, it would then hop up, much

in the way a grasshopper does.”

I have watched the habits of so-called larvae and pupz,

as well as adults, of Mantide belonging to several genera

and species, and have even bred two or three species from

ege-masses laid by females kept in confinement, but have

not hitherto met with a single one possessing the slightest

ability for executing the considerable leaps* observed by

Mr. Forbes in this Portuguese Ameles ; all having been

remarkable rather for the slowness and deliberateness

and cautiousness of all their movements, particularly the

young.

4. On the Hatching Period of Mantide in Eastern

Bengal. | Read October 2nd, 1878. |

In Europe, according to de Saussure, the eges of Mantis

and Ameles, laid in September, are not hatched till the

following June, development being arrested by the cold of

winter; and the young attain the adult condition in about

three months, undergoing in that short period of time a

series of not less than seven ecdyses, the first of which

takes place at the moment of hatching, the second twelve

to fifteen days later, the third fifteen to twenty after that,

and the rest at intervals, the precise length of which has

not been ascertained, owing to the difliculty of rearing

these animals in captivity. Copulation takes place, and

the egg-capsules are deposited, in August or September,

after which all the insects die off, and no more are to be.

* Mr. F. P. Pascoe, F.R.S., recently obtained a specimen of the same

species in Spain, and noticed that it possessed a similar power.

t Mission Se. au Mex. et dans l’Amér. Cent., Recherches Zool., VIme

part, Orthopt. pp. 219, 220.

270 Prof. J. Wood-Mason on Hatching of Mantide.

seen till the following summer. ‘“ Mais,” says the author,

‘*sous les tropiques, les choses se passent sans doute autre-

ment. On trouve déja l’indice de ce fait dans le midi de

VEurope chez les Empusa, qui hivernent a Vétat de larve

et se transforment au printemps suivant.”

A Mantis sp., which I had had in confinement in my

house at Calcutta for about a week, laid, during the night

of July 16th—17th, an egg-capsule, from which I found

the young emerging early on the morning of August the

4th. <A Schizocephala bicornis, captured about the same

time as the Mantis, and confined in the other compart-

ment of the vivarium, deposited an incomplete egg-mass

on the very same night, but the young did not quit the

egos till August 16th.

G27.)

XXIV. On the genus Acentropus. By J. W. Dunnina,

M.A., F.L.5S., &c.

[Read August 7th, 1878.]

In the “ Transactions” for 1872, the Society did me Ca

honour to publish a paper “ On the genus Acentropus,” 1

which, after reviewing the arguments on the mestion

whether the genus was properly referred to the order

Lepidoptera, discussing its true position in that order, and

collecting the scattered observations on the habits of

Acentropus, I proceeded to consider how many known

species there were of the genus; and the conclusion to

which my arguments tended was, that A. niveus, Hansoni,

Garnonsti, badensis, germanicus, Neve, obscurus and

latipennis, were all referable to the same species.

In the “ Tijdschrift voor Entomologie” for 1876, p. 1,

Heer Ritsema, writing in June, 1875, whilst agreeing

that Garnonsti, badensis, germanicus, Neve and obscurus

were not entitled to specific rank, and that A. latipennis

was identical with Zancle Hansonz, nevertheless thought

there were two distinct species, of which, whilst the males

were undistinguishable, one (A. niveus, Oliv. = A. Gar-

nonsi?, Curt.) has a female with rudimentary wings, and

the other (A. latipennis, Mosch. = Zancle Hansoni, Ste.)

has a female with fully-developed w ings.

In the Proc. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xxxu, I criticised the

reasoning upon which this conclusion was based, and

ventured to hazard a conjecture that if Ritsema would

persevere in breeding the insect he would obtain both

forms of female from larvee collected at the same spot.

In the Tid. v. Ent. for 1878 (pp. 81—114), Ritsema

returns to the subject, and has now published a life-history

of Acentropus in its various transformations. In this

article the author abandons his former position, describes

and figures the fully-winged and the rudimentarily-winged

females as two forms of one and the same insect, and has

arrived by direct observation at the vee conclusion to

which I had theoretically arrived in 1872. This memoir,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART IV. (DEC.)

272 Mr. J. W. Dunning on the

though published only in 1878, is dated “ December, 1875 ;”

it contains the result of the author’s experiments from

1870-75 and no later; so that my prediction of 1876

was no prediction at all, as Ritsema had in fact done in

1875 the very thing which, in ignorance of his observations

of that year, I had prophesied he would do.

The following is a short recapitulation of Ritsema’s

experiences (Tijd. v. Ent. xxi. pp. 81—92) :—

On the 14th June, 1870, he first captured the insect

(a dozen, all males), at a fish-pond called Kolkje, not far

from the village of Overween, near Haarlem, where it had

been previously found by Weyenber eh. On that occasion

he searched in vain for larvee, but a fortnight later he

found, on Potamogeton crispus, in the angle of the leaves

against the stem, some white silken cocoons which con-

tained the empty skin ofa pupa, having on each side three

prominent stigmata. On the 14th i uly, he found in

similar webs some unhatched pupz; and on the same day

a full-grown larva which was busy spinning up. In

August he collected more larvee, which, however, differed

considerably in size; he placed them in an aquarium on

P. crispus, and they remained in the larva state throughout

the winter.

At the end of March and in April, 1871, he collected

more larvee, and placed them with the others. At the

end of April some of them began to spin, whilst others

had not attained half their orowth. But about the middle

of May, Ritsema went om home, and on his return,

plants, larvee and pupz were all dead. He had, however,

sent a full-grown larva to Heer Brants, which, in the latter

half of June, produced a female moth, furnished with rudi-

mentary wings; and this was all that resulted in the season

of 1871.

On the 12th May, 1872, Ritsema went again to the

Kolkje, and found not ae ‘larvee and pupe in sufficient

numbers, but specimens also of the male imago. Several

male moths having previously emerged from the pup,

on the evening of the 26th } May a female was observed

moving quietly over the Potamogeton, under water; this

also had only rudimentary wings. On the ne day

Ritsema left home, and on his return there was a repe-

tition of the catastrophe of the previous year—plants,

larvee and pupz were all dead; there were, however, in

the aquarium several dead moths, all males but one, and

the one female possessed only rudimentary wings.

genus Acentropus. Pe

Nothing more was done in 1872, and nothing at all in

the following year. But in the Sunes of 1874 Ritsema

was staying ‘at Velp, near Arnheim, and in the latter half

of August he collected thirty nee all males, and found

both larvae and pup on Potamogeton crispus. Shortly

before, a fully-winged female Acentropus was captured

by Rather Aghina, in the neighbouring Dominican con-

vent at Hniissen:; it came in the evening to the light of a

lamp, and flew wildly round over the falhile.

Upon this Ritsema writes (p. 87):—* It is to be noted,

also, that in the places where I had collected numberless

males of néveus, I had not found a single similarly nor-

mally-winged female, and from larve from one of these

places had bred only rudimentarily-winged females; thus

it will be seen that the circumstances were very apt to

corroborate my idea that the two forms of female did not

belong to one species, and to incite me.in the following

year to breeding from larvee from the Kolkje, in order to

endeavour to obtain proof of my idea.”

Accordingly, on the 20th April and the 4th May, 1875,

Ritsema again went to the Kolkje, and collected some

five-and-twenty larvee; on the 20th May he obtained two

more full-grown larvee and. fifteen pupe. On the last

occasion he also found three dead moths, one male and

two females, both with rudimentary wings. During the

journey home, a female hatched, in the bottle in which the

larvee and pupz were earried, and this, too, had only

rudimentary wings. When placed i in the aquarium, she

swam with the help of the long fringes of her middle and

hind legs, in an almost perpendicular position, with the

head upwards, pushing and jerking round, until at last

she fixed herself, by her fore feet and by curving her

abdomen, under water on the stalk of one of the plants.

Later in the evening, by lamp-light, this female was seen

swimming round over the surface of the water, keeping

the tip of her abdomen turned upwards. On the 29th

May, ten moths hatched, three males, and seven females,

all with rudimentary wings; they always emerged in the

evening, and the females swam round and round, both

on aaa in the water. On the Ist June, two males and.

two females hatched, the latter with rudimentary wings;

and on the following morning the males were seated

above the surface of the water upon the stems of the

plants, and the females under water on the Potamogeton

274 Mr. J. W. Dunning on the

leaves, holding themselves fast by their fore feet, and

having the abdomen bent round the leaf. On the leaves

were discovered numerous oval greenish-yellow eggs,

placed in regular rows side by side; and on the 16th

June the first larvee came out of these eggs, others con-

tinued to hatch for about a week, but half the eggs were

attacked by a fungus and proved unproductive.

Altogether, from the larve and pupze (forty, more or

less) collected at the Kolkje, Ritsema bred eighteen

moths, five males and thirteen females. Of these females,

and af five more, captured at the same locality, making

eighteen in all, not a single one had fully-developed wings,

though amongst them there was some difference observ-

able in the extent of eu OPE Ne of those organs.

But on the 3rd July, 1875, Ritsema went again to the

Kolkje, and in addition to twenty-six males he found a

normally-winged female Acentropus floating dead upon

the water, and soon took four more in the same situation.

On careful examination these females were found to agree

with Aghina’s specimen captured at Huissen. On the

8th July he went again to the fishpond, and found more

normally-winged females, thirteen in all. Thus far, then,

of these females from the same pond, exactly one-half had

rudimentary wings, and the other half were fully winged.

Upon this Ritsema writes (p. 92):—* The discovery at

the Kolkje of normally-winged females which agree with

A. latipennis, had shaken my faith in the existence of two

species which should each have its own form of female,

and made me incline to Dunning’s view (the existence of

one species with two forms of female), a view which was

supported by a thorough examination of all the specimens

collected by me, as well males as females, and was shared

by our Micro-Lepidopterist, P. C. T. Snellen.”

Of the larvee born in June, from eggs laid by the rudi-

mentarily-winged females which had come from hibernated

larvee, some were fully grown in August, and began to

spin up, having thus taken about six weeks to attain their

full size. On the 23rd August a male imago appeared,

and on the following day a ‘second male ; and these were

all the moths which “emerged from that batch of eges in

1875. The rest of the larve hibernated. The larve

taken out of the pond on the 8th July produced four

moths between the 17th August and the 15th September;

of these, three were males, and one was a female with

genus Acentropus. 275

rudimentary wings, but she died without having laid any

egos,

Here the author’s record ends; for the paper (dated, as

already mentioned, in December, 1875) tells us nothing

of his observations in 1876 or 1877. And the result

seems to be, that out of thirty-seven females from the

Kolkje in 1875, some captured and some bred, but all

from the same pond, nineteen had rudimentary wings, and

eighteen were fully winged.

“The mode of life and the different states are described

on pp. 983—105 of the Tijdschrift.

The oval yellowish-green eges are laid under waiter, in

regular contiguous rows, on the under side of the leaves of

Po otamogeton. In a fortnight, or thereabouts, the young

larvee emerge, and soon begin to feed. Ritsema says

(p. 95), that “in the course of a few days some of the

larvee bore into the stalk, or the mid-rib of the leaves, and

therein gnaw passages. At what period of their existence

they abandon these passages I cannot exactly say, but it is

only in their youth that they remain therein.” The greater

part of the Jarvee remain upon the leaves, bend the upper

end thereof down, or bite a more or less semi-circular

piece out of the edge, spin it fast on the dise of the leaf,

and bestow themselves in the habitation thus formed, feed-

ing on the leaf that falls within their reach. Later on,

the larva forms a dwelling by spinning together two leaves,

usually at the upper end along the edges. The larvee

never leave the water voluntarily. When young they

grow very slowly, afterwards more quickly but unequally,

so that they gradually begin to differ remarkably in. size.

After about six weeks some attain their full size, and spin

up. The cocoon is placed below the surface of the water,

against or partly on the stem of the plant, usually in the

axils, but sometimes on the under side of a leaf ; it is

white and stiff, covered on the outside with pieces Of leaf,

or by the leaf in the axil of which it rests.

The pupa is of a clear brown colour, darker on the

upper than the under side, having three pairs of protube-

rant conical stigmata or spiracles, a pair on each of the

2nd, 3rd, and 4th abdominal segments. The female pupa

is distinguishable from the male pupa by its stouter build,

and by a slight difference in the knobs or hooks on the

under side a the anal segments, and is furnished with

full-sized wing-cases in both the forms of female; but in

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART IV. (DEC.) x

276 Mr. J. W. Dunning on the

a pupa which will produce a female with rudimentary

wings only a small part of the wing-case is occupied, as

may be clearly seen shortly before the moth emerges,

when the wings are easily distinguishable by their darker

colour. The duration of the pupa state of existence 1s

about three weeks.

The greater part of the larvae, however, hibernate ; this

they do in various stages of growth, and about the end of

March they become active and spread themselves over the

food-plant: by the end of April some spin up, and about

the middle of May the first brood of the imago begins to

appear. A second brood appears in July, and a third in

August and September. The spring brood are all from

hibernated larvee, which may be the offspring of any of

the three broods of the preceding year. The summer

brood, also, are all from hibernated larve, and Ritsema

conceives that it is to this brood, and this alone, that the

normaliy-winged female belongs, and that the larvae which

are their offspring all hibernate; whilst the autumn brood

is from larve the offspring of the spring brood of the

same year, some of which thus rapidly mature, whilst

others of them hibernate (cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. 257).

Hence it follows that amongst the larve hibernating in

any winter there are or may be offspring of all the three

broods of the previous year.

I do not quite gather whether the author supposes the

females of the summer brood to be always amply winged,

or whether both forms of female occur in this brood.

But, however this may be, the theory that the female

with rudimentary wings belongs to the spring and autumn

broods, and that the amply-winged female belongs exclu-

sively to the summer brood, requires further examination. -

If this be the true view, it would seem that rapidity of

larval growth is unfavourable to the alar development of

the female imago: it is the larvee which hibernate earlier

in life, and take the longest time to feed up in the spring,

which produce the brood of females with fully-developed

wings.

Ritsema did not meet with an. absolutely apterous

female, but the partially-winged and the amply-winged

forms were equally fertile and productive.

The imago is described at length (pp. 100—105) by

Snellen. Of males he had before him fifty-eight speci-

mens captured and bred by Ritsema, varying in expanse

of wing from 11—16 mm., the majority ranging about

genus Acentropus. 270

13 mm., and the smallest examples having the fore wings

more sharply pointed than the larger ones. Of females,

he had before him twenty-two specimens, seven with

developed wings and fifteen with rudiments only, the

rudimentary wings varying in length from one quarter to

one half the length of the abdomen: all the females were

larger and more stoutly built than the males, and the

fully-wi nged females were 17—18 mm. in expanse. After

an elaborate examination of the insect in all its parts, and

whilst admitting that one cannot be astonished at Olivier’s

having taken it for a Phryganea, Snellen thinks that,

when once its Lepidopterous affinities were pointed out

by Westwood, “ obscure ideas respecting the distinctions

of the orders of insects, and perhaps a love of contra-

diction” (p. 106), must have been the main causes for

contending that the creature is Trichopterous. “ The

more accurately the perfect Insect is examined, the

stronger root does the conviction take, that we have to do

with a pretty normally-formed moth, which has compara-

tively much less congruity with a Phryganid than have

some other Lepidoptera, e.g., the Micropterygina. <Al-

though there are only rudiments of a sucker, the form of

the labial and maxillary palpi plainly shows relationship

with the Pyralid genera, Chilo, Scirpophaga and Scheno-

bius; the form of the wings, moreover, agrees with that

of the two last-named genera, the clothing of the wings is

perfectly Lepidopterous, and finally, when the neuration

is looked to, it is seen most plainly that this is wholly and

indubitably that of the Pyralide.” The supposed absence

of spurs on the mid- and hind-legs, which suggested the

name Acentropus, would have been a wide departure from

the Pyralid type; but now that the spurs have been

shown to exist, this difficulty is removed. And I ima-

gine it may now be regarded as finally settled, that the

Acentropodide must take their place as a family of

Pyralidina.

Snellen mentions (p. 108) that two English specimens,

and five Russian received from Baron von Nolcken, have

passed through his hands, and he can come to no other

conclusion than that all belong to one species, which

he holds to be Olivier’s Phryganea nivea. As to the

seven species of von Nolcken, Snellen remarks that all the

arguments as to specific distinctness based on the females

with perfect wings and the females with rudimentary

wings must fall to the ground before the observations

K 2

278 Mr. J. W. Dunning on the

of Ritsema, and that Hansoni, Ste., Garnonsti, Cutt.,

Neve, Kol., badensis and g ger manicus, Nolek., must all

be united as synonyms with niveus, Oliv. He then pro-

ceeds (p. 109) to discuss the claim of Méschler’s latipennis,

and shows (as Brown had previously noted) that three

out of the six points of difference relied on by Moschler

and Herrich-Schiiffer are precisely the points in which

the sexes of A. niveus differ from one another, whilst the

other three are not really differences at all, but each occurs

in specimens that are undoubtedly niveus, and each in

others that are undoubtedly datipennis ; and he adds, that

a male of latipennis from Sarepta, which he received from

Staudinger, was found, on examination, to differ in no

single part from Dutch males of niveus. “ It is, indeed,

somewhat more broad and stumpy-winged than the smallest

niveus ; but, compared with the largest specimens, which

are connected with others by the gentlest transitions, I

find that the latter are even more stumpy-winged than

latipennis.” Finally, Snellen concludes (p. 110) that the

claims of latipennis to specific rank have nothing but loose

screws to rest upon, and that the opinion is w ell-founded

that all the hitherto-described forms of Acentropus com-

pose but one species.

Ritsema yields to Snellen, and, in addition to figures of

the egg, larva, pupa (PI. V.) and male imago, with

numerous details, he figures (Pl. VI.) both the amply-

winged and the rudimentarily -winged female as two forms

of Acentr opus niveus. [Some of the numbers on Pl. VI.

do not correspond with the explanation of the figures on

pp- 113, 114 of the text. |

On the question of the presence or absence of ocelli

(vide Tr. Ent. Soc. 1872, p. 129) Ritsema is silent.

Snellen speaks of their absence; whilst, as to tibial spurs

or spines (vide 7b. p. 130), Snellen corroborates the ob-

servations of Nolcken, Speyer and Westwood, that the

spurs, though small and difficult to discover, do really

exist.

It will be remembered that Reutti observed (vide ib.

p- 188) that the wingless female swims on her back under

water by night, that coition takes place in the water, the

female laying hold of the male and dragging him down

with her. Ritsema, however, says (Tid. p. 95) that “the

pairing appears to take place soon after the emergence of

the moths, on the surface of the water;” and he suggests

(p. 89, n.) that the pair observed by Reutti had been

genus Acentropus. 219

alarmed by something or other, or that the female had

dived down for the purpose of getting rid of the male.

Ritsema, however, never saw an actual case of copula-

tion, though he was once very near it. But I will give

his own words (p. 89, and compare Ent. Mo. Mag. xii.

257):— At last fortune favoured me, at least so far that,

in the evening of the Ist of June, two males and two

females hatched, the latter with rudimentary wings; but

it was so stormy that evening that 1 feared I should be

unable to observe the copulation if it took place. When

in the course of the evening I visited the aquarium, which

stood in the garden, it was impossible to hold the lantern

for more than a moment, which, however, was just suffi-

cient to see that the males were very nimbly hovering

round the females, chasing them on the surface of the

water. As the storm continued its violence, I visited the

aquarium no more that night. But I had seen enough to

make me suppose that copulation takes place, not zn, but

on, the water, and that the female dives down to lay her

egos upon the food-plant.”

Ritsema assumes that Reutti’s account is the result of

a single observation, and omits to notice that Reutti’s

statement is confirmed by Wallengren. It may be that

the latter author merely reproduces. the former’s statement

without acknowledgment and without haying verified the

fact. But if so, ant stands the matter ?

Ritsema’s momentary glance by lantern light on a

stormy night was the one solitary opportunity he had of

making any observation on this subject, and all he can

say is, not that he saw them zz copula on the water, but

merely that he saw enough to make him suppose that the

act takes place on the surface of the water. Even if his

momentary peep revealed them iz copuld on the surface,

there is nothing to show that the next moment the female

did not, as Reutti says, draw down the male with her.

And, granted that the act was completed on the surface,

we have only one observation by Ritsema against one by

Reutti. The most that can at present be said is, that

Reutti’s observation has not been confirmed by Ritsema.

The larve and pupz live in the water, so that all the

moths are born in the water. And Ritsema tells us that

the first female found in his aquarium was quietly crawl-

ing over the Potamogeton, under water; that another

female, born in a bottle of water and thence turned into

the aquarium, swam about freely and came to rest on the

280 Mr. J. W. Dunning on Acentropus.

plant below the surface; whilst the other females which

he bred were observed swimming both on and in the

water; and lastly, that the female dives down to lay her

eggs under water on the Potamogeton leaves, and that,

after laying them, she remains under water on the leaves.

In short, the female with rudimentary wings dwells prin-

cipally under water ; and though the male is not quite so

amphibious, he seems to have no objection to a dive (vide

Tr. Ent. Soc. 1872, p. 138). Reutti, as reported by

Heinemann, says that the female swims on her back

under the water; and on this point there is a direct con-

flict between him and Ritsema, for the latter says that in

the evening the female comes to the top and swims about

on the surface, with her abdomen turned upwards. And

it seems more probable that she should thus attract the

males, which sit sluggishly by day on any object near the

water and fly briskly in the evening over the surface of

the water. But having’ thus attracted her mate, there is

nothing in Ritsema’s observation to negative Reutti’s

account of her drawing him down into the water with

her. The subject requires further investigation as regards

the wingless female; whilst, as regards the winged form,

no one has yet been fortunate enough to detect her in

Jlagrante delicto.

On the main point, the specific identity of the two

forms, I think no reasonable doubt remains; but it is to

be hoped that Heer Ritsema will continue his observa-

tions, since there are many, and I am one, who will be

Prnened with nothing short of absolute demonstration, by

breeding both forms of female from the same batch of

egos, or, which would be equally conclusive, rearing: lati-

pennis females from eggs laid by a niveus mother.

( 281 )

XXYV. Descriptions of new genera and species of

South American WKumolpide, chiefly from

the Amazon region. By Josepu 8S. Baty,

EES.

{Read August 7th, 1878.]

List OF. SPECIES.

Eulampra (a. g.) Batesi. Lamprospherus biplagiatus.

Chrysodina nigrita. ” pulcher,

Chalcoplacis femorata. ” generosus,

fp elephas. 3 ruficeps.

Fy hirticollis. °C lateralis.

‘ ingenua. Colaspoides dorsata.

3 alternata. sp ornata.

A nitidicollis. op Deyrollei.

Chalcophyma echinata. Trichochalcea (n. g.) rugata.

5 cupreata. Typophorus zeneipenuis.

Lamprospheerus diversicornis. Paria vittaticollis.

on fulvitarsis.

Genus EULAMPRA.

Corpus elongato-ovatum, convexum. Caput breve, in

thoracem fere immersum, oculis distantibus; antennis

corporis dimidio vix longioribus, robustis, articulis ultimis

sex compressis et dilatatis. Thorax latus, convexus.

Elytra thoracis basi vix latiora, ad apicem paullo attenuata,

substriatim punctata. Pedes robusti, breviores; femoribus

paullo incrassatis ; t/biis simplicibus : ; unguiculis appendi-

culatis. Prosternum elongatum, ad apicem dilatatum,

lateribus sinuatis, apice concavo-emarginato, angulis pos-

ticis acutis; disco longitudinaliter concavo; episterno

antico margine antico recto, angulo externo ad. thoracis

angulum anticum non producto.

Type, Kulampra amazona.

Eulampra differs from Spintherophyta in its more

elongate body, thickened antennz in the ¢ sex, thickened

thigs, and in the different form of the prosternum.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART IV. (DEC.)

282 Mr. J.S. Baly’s descriptions of new genera

Eulampra Batest.

Elongato-ovata, convexa, nitida, subtus rufo-fulva piceo

tincta, supra late cuprea, antennis (basi fulva excepta)

nigris; thorace sat fortiter punctato; elytris sat fortiter

subseriatim, ad apicem striatim-punctatis, interspatiis mi-

nute punctatis, ad apicem inter strias leviter convexius-

culis.

Long. 23 lin.

Hab.—Amazons ; ; collected by Mr. Bates.

Head short, rather coarsely punctured, front broad;

eyes distant, bordered above with a sunken orbit; clypeus

transverse, obliquely inflexed, pentangular, its anterior

margin subangulate-emarginate; antenne rather more

than half the length of the body, robust, the six outer

joints thickened, compressed and dilated, gradually in-

creasing in width from the sixth to the tenth ; the eleventh

rather narrower than the tenth, ovate, its apex angulate,

acute ; five lower joints fulvous, the six outer ones black;

labrum fulvous. Thorax twice as broad as long; sides

straight and parallel from the base to the middle, thence

obliquely rounded and converging to the apex, the hinder

angles posteriorly produced, very acute; basal margin

deeply concave on either side, the medial portion br oadly

rounded; disk transversely convex, obliquely deflexed on

either side at the apex; surface impressed with deep

round punctures, scattered over the disk, rather crowded

on the sides, interspaces sparingly impressed with very mi-

nute punctures. Scutellum semirotundate-ovate. Elytra

very slightly broader at the base than the thorax, slightly

attenuated ‘towards the apex, oblong-ovate, convex, not

depressed below the base, deeply but not very closely

punctured, the punctures indistinctly arranged in longi-

tudinal strize, which become much more defined at the

apex; interspaces very finely punctured, plane, obsoletely

convex between the apical striz. Body beneath rufo-ful-

vous, more or less stained with piceous; thighs thickened.

Chrysodina nigrita.

Ovata, convexa, nigra, nitida, antennis basi rufo-piceis,

thorace fortiter, remote punctato; elytris thorace latiori-

bus, fortiter seriatim punctatis, interspatis planis, impunc-

tatis.

Long. 14 lin.

Flab.— Para.

Head perpendicular, wedge-shaped, vertex coarsely

and species of South American Eumolpida, &c. 283

strigate-punctate, front shining, impunctate, impressed in

the middle with a fine longitudinal groove; clypeus wedge-

shaped, coarsely rugose- punctate : its anterior margin

angulate-emarginate, . its apical mar ein obsolete ; antennse

more than half the length of the body, rufo-piceous, the

five outer joints thickened and slightly compressed, black.

Thorax twice as broad as long; sides straight and obliquely

converging from the base nearly to the middle, thence

rounded and converging to the apex, the anterior angles

acute; basal margin oblique on either side, the medial lobe

not’ produced, regularly rounded; disk convex, strongly

deflexed on either side at the apex, sparingly impressed

with deep punctures. Scutellum pentagonal, not longer

than broad, the apical angle very obtuse. Elytra rather

broader than the thorax, convex, broadly but elie de-

pressed transversely on the outer disk below the humeral

callus, rather deeply punctate-striate, the punctures rather

distantly placed on the striz, those on the transverse

depression larger and deeper than elsewhere ; interspaces

plane, impunctate,

Chalcoplacis femorata.

Rotundata, valde convexa, subgibbosa, subtus nitida,

rufa, prothorace, femoribus anticis apice, posticis quatuor

basi et apice, tibiis tarsisque nigris; supra subopaca,

metallico-olivacea, antennis dimidio cor poris vix longiori-

bus, fulvis, extrorsum nigris; capite thoraceque minute

eranulosis, hoc suberebre punctato; elytris viridi-cyaneis,

minute granulosis, subseriatim punctatis.

Long. 24 lin.

Hab.— Amazons; collected by Mr. Bates.

Head deeply immersed in the thorax, closely granulose,

very finely but not closely punctured, lower face sparingly

clothed with very short sericeous hairs; front impressed

with a very fine longitudinal groove; clypeus depressed,

subpentangular, its apex obtuse, its anterior margin con-

cave-emarginate ; antennz about half the length of the

body, the five outer joints very slightly thickened, black,

the six lower ones pale fulvous; labrum and palpi fulvous,

the apical joint of the latter, together with the jaws, black.

Thorax nearly three times as broad as long; sides rounded

and converging from base to apex, the hinder angles acute,

the anterior ones obtuse; disk minutely granulose, covered

(but not very closely) with small but distinct round pune-

284 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s descriptions of new genera

tures. Elytra scarcely broader than the thorax, very

convex, finely but distinctly substriate-punctate.

Chalcoplacis elephas.

Breviter oblongo-rotundata, valde convexa, subgibbosa ;

subtus nitida nigra, pedibus abdomineque rufo-testaceis;

supra metallico-olivacea, subopaca, antennis (basi rufa

excepta) nigris; thorace granuloso, ad latera sub fortiter,

disco minute punctato; elytris granulosis, evidenter sub-

remote punctatis, punctis prope suturam subseriatim

dispositis.

Long. 4 lin.

Hab.— Brazil.

Head short, granulose, rather sparingly punctured,

upper face ‘longitudinally depressed; clypeus semiovate,

more closely punctured than the front, its apical margin

obsolete, its anterior border slightly sinuate; jaws and

antennee black, the five lower joints of the latter, together

with the labrum, rufo-testaceous. Thorax twice as broad

as long; sides straight and slightly converging from the

base to beyond the middle, thence obliquely rounded and

converging to the apex; basal margin oblique and slightly

bisinuate on either side, the medial lobe slightly produced,

obtusely rounded; upper surface granulose, impressed on

either side with round punctures, the disk finely punctured.

Scutellum semiovate, granulose, impressed in the centre

with a small fovea. Elytra rather broader than the thorax,

sides parallel from the shoulder to below the middle,

thence regularly rounded to the apex; above convex, sub-

gibbose before the middle, granulose, sparingly and finely,

but distinctly punctured, the punctures near the suture

arranged in irregular longitudinal striae.

Chalcoplacts hirticollis.

Rotundata, valde convexa, obsolete gibbosa, nitida,

subtus nigra, pedibus abdominisque apice rufo-fulvis;

supra metallico-ccerulea, antennis fulvis; capite subopaco,

viridi tincto; thorace minute punctato, pilis adpressis

fulvis vestito, lateribus subopacis, metallico-viridibus ; ely-

tris sat fortiter, confuse, ad apicem subseriatim punctatis.

Long. 23 lin.

Hab.— Amazons.

Head deeply buried in the thorax, plane, sparingly

and species of South American Eumolpide, &e. 285

clothed with very short adpressed fulvous hairs; very

finely granulose, front impressed with a fine longitudinal

groove; clypeus transverse, depressed, distinctly punc-

tured; labrum, palpi and antenne fulvous, the last more

than half the length of the body, filiform, the five outer

joints indistinctly thickened, stained at their apices with

black. Thorax nearly three times as broad as long; sides

rounded and converging from base to apex, very indis-

tinctly angled behind the middle, the hinder angles acute,

the anterior ones subacute; disk shining, very minutely

but not closely punctured, metallic blue; the lateral border

opaque, minutely granulose, metallic green, the apical

marein also narrowly edged with the same colour. Scu-

tellum subpentangular, metallic green, sparingly clothed

with adpressed sericeous hairs. Hlytra scarcely broader

than the thorax, convex, rather strongly punctured, the

punctures placed without order over the general surface,

but arranged in longitudinal rows at the apex and along

the extreme outer border, each puncture with a single,

very short adpressed hair, visible only under a deep lens;

the extreme apex tinged with metallic green; inflexed

limb concolorous with the disk, nearly plane, concave only

at its base.

Chalcoplacis ingenua.

Rotundata, valde convexa, subgibbosa, subtus cum

antennis fulva, nitida, prothorace mesosternoque nigris;

supra subopaca, metallico-viridis, minute granulosa; capite

thoraceque minute punctatis; elytris coeruleo tinctis, prope

suturam sat reculariter, seriatim, ad latera magis confuse

punctatis.

Long. 2 lin.

Hab.—Amazons; collected by Mr. Bates.

Head deeply immersed in the thorax, very finely granu-

lose, sparingly clothed with adpressed fulvous hairs, finely

but not closely punctured, front impressed with a very fine

longitudinal groove; clypeus wedge-shaped, its anterior

border concave-emarginate, its apex ill-defined; rufo-

fulvous, stained at the apex with metallic green; labrum

and palpi fulvous ; jaws piceous; antennee scarcely more

than half the length of the body, pale fulvous, filiform, the

five outer joints indistinctly thickened, stained at their

apices with piceous. ‘Thorax more than twice as broad

as long; sides rounded and converging from base to apex,

286 Mr. J.S. Baly’s descriptions of new genera

rather more quickly converging near the latter, all the

angles acute; disk minutely ¢ eranulose, finely but distinctly

punctured. Elytra scarcely broader than the thorax, very

convex, more strongly punctured than the thorax, the

punctures arranged in nearly regular striz on the imner

disk, less ree ularly placed tow: ards the outer margin; inter-

spaces plane, finely granulose; inflexed limb concave.

Chalcoplacis alternata.

Rotundata, valde convexa, subgibbosa, nitida, subtus

nigra, abdomine obscure rufo ; anes cyanea, antennis

brevioribus fulvis, articulis 7™°, 9™°, 10™° et 11™° nigris;

thorace minutissime, subremote punctato, lateribus viridi

tinctis ; ey ues minute subseriatim punctatis.

Long. 2 22 lin.

Hab.— Amazons, Cayenne.

Head deeply buried in the thorax, plane, subopaque,

very finely punctured, tinged with metallic green; clypeus

wedge-shaped, the sutural lines separating it from the

face very fine, sometimes entirely obsolete; labrum and

mouth black; antennz scarcely half the length of the

body, the five outer joints very slightly thickened ; fulvous,

the 7th, 9th, 10th and 11th joints black. Thorax nearly .

three times as broad as long; sides rounded and con-

verging from base to apex, more quickly converging

before the middle, the anterior angles obtuse, the hinder

ones acute; disk very finely and rather remotely punctured,

the extreme lateral margin narrowly edged with sages

green. Elytra slightly “broader than the thorax, very

convex, subgibbose, rather more distinctly punctured than

the thorax, the punctures arranged in irregular longitudinal

striz ; inflexed limb concave.

Chalcoplacis nitidicollis.

Subrotundata,valde convexa, nitida, nigro-snea, coeruleo

tincta, tarsis fulvis; supra lete viridi-snea, labro anten-

nisque rufo-fulvis, his extrorsum nigris; thorace disco

minute et sparse punctato, lateribus magis crebre et

magis fortiter punctatis; elytris sat fortiter, subseriatim

punctatis.

Long. 23 lin.

Hab.— Cayenne.

Head rather strongly but not very closely punctured,

and species of South American Eumolpide, &c. 287

the vertex nitidous, the lower face granulose, lower por-

tion of front with a longitudinal depression; clypeus not

longer than broad, slightly depressed, subpentangular, its

anterior margin obsoletely bidentate ; antennz two-thirds

the length of the body, five outer joints slightly thickened,

black; jaws also black; labrum and palpi “Eesiollaiaine:

Thorax rather more ‘dere twice as broad as long; the

apical margin deeply excavated ; sides nearly straight and

very slightly converging from the base to just behind the

middle, thence obliquely rounded and converging to the

apex, the anterior angles produced, acute, the hinder ones

thickened, subacute; disk convex, nitidous, distantly and

minutely punctured, sides near the lateral margin granu-

lose, rather closely covered with large round punctures.

Scutellum semirotundate-ovate, its apex acute, its surface

sparingly impressed with minute punctures. Elytra

slightly broader than the thorax, convex, rather strongly

punctured, the punctures arranged in ill-defined longitu-

dinal rows, which are most distinct and regular on the

sides and apex; inflexed limb nearly plane, its middle

portion slightly oblique.

Chalcophyma echinata.

Rotundata, valde convexa, nitida, subtus picea, cupreo

micans, tarsis sordide fulvis; supra cuprea, antennis fulvis,

articulis intermediis piceis; capite crebre impresso-strigoso,

labro piceo-fulvo ; thorace lateribus angulatis, disco rude

rugoso, crebre et profunde foveolato ; scutello semirotun-

dato; elytris rude punctatis, punctis ad apicem striatim

dispositis, interspatiis tuberculis acutis numerosis, nec non

prope suturam et ad apicem cretis brevibus longitudinalibus

instructis, femoribus posticis quatuor subtus unispinosis.

Long. 2 lin.

Hab.— Amazons.

Head rotundate, front and upper face impressed with

a longitudinal groove, closely covered with fine impressed

strige ; clypeus campanulate, its apex acute, its anterior

border truncate ; labrum and palpi piceo-fulvous ; antennze

slender, filiform, fulvous, the 5th, 6th and 7th joints,

together with the apex of the 11th, pale piceous. Thorax

nearly three times as broad as long; sides angulate just

below the middle, thence obliquely converging to the apex,

the latter acute; disk convex, closely covered with large

round deeply -impressed foveze, their interspaces coarsely

288 Mr. J.S. Baly’s descriptions of new genera

rugose. Elytra broader than the thorax, slightly attenu-

ated at the apex, very convex, slightly excavated trans-

versely behind the humeral callus, the latter thickened ;

coarsely punctured, the punctures arranged in longitudinal

rows at the apex ; interspaces closely covered with large,

somewhat compressed, acute tubercles, which here ‘and

there on the inner disk and at the apex coalesce, and

form longitudinal costz.

Chalcophyma cupreata.

Subrotundata, valde convexa, nitida, subtus nigra, me-

tasterno pedibusque nigro-cyaneis, tarsis fulvis, anticis

piceo tinctis; supra lecte cuprea, antennis piceis, basi

fulvis; antennis nigris, his basi labroque fulvis; capite

impresso-strigoso, sat fortiter punctato, clypeo viridi-zneo ;

thorace lateribus viridi-metallicis, obsolete bidentatis, pro-

funde punctato, punctis ad leer sat crebre dispositis,

disco sparsis, hie illic irregulariter congregatis; elytris

valde convexis, pone basin “leviter eibbosis, “fortiter, sub-

seriatim punctatis, interstitiis duobus intra latus subcos-

tatis, limbo laterali extremo limboque inflexo metallico-

viridibus.

Long. 12 lin.

Hab.— Amazons, Santarem.

Head short, rather deeply punctured, face impressed

between the eyes with a longitudinal groove, whole sur-

face closely covered with impressed striga, those on the

upper face obliquely converging to the medial groove;

clypeus rather broader than “long, trigonate, its anterior

border obsoletely sinuate; labrum and palpi pale fulvous,

the j Jaws black; antennze ‘allen more than equal to ‘he

body in length, filiform, the three lower joints fulvous,

the rest piceous. Thorax near ly as broad as the elytra;

sides rounded and diverging from the base to the middle,

thence obliquely converging to the apex, obsoletely biden-

tate, the anterior angles acute; disk transversely convex,

very deeply’ and coarsely foveolate-punctate, the fovez

rather crowded on the sides, more scattered and collected

in irregular patches on the disk, the interspaces smooth,

very faintly strigose near the anterior angles; the general

surface bright cupreous, the lateral margins edged with

bright metallic green. Elytra very convex, subgibbose

below the base, very strongly punctured, the punctures

arranged in ill-defined longitudinal strie, placed in re-

and species of South American Eumolpide, &c. 289

gular rows at the apex and on the lateral margin, the two

outer interspaces thickened and subcostate. Four hinder

femora, each armed beneath with an acute tooth.

Lamprospherus diversicornis.

Rotundatus, valde convexus, niger, nitidus, antennis

piceis,, articulys) 8¥¢seb 9=° fulvis; 6°, 72° lO? ven Mee

nigris, tarsis nigro-piceis; thorace minus nitido, minute

granuloso, fortiter punctato, punctis ad latera concinne-

disco disperse-dispositis ; elytris subseriatim punctatis.

Long. 13 lin.

Hab.— Amazons (Bates).

Head granulose, subopaque, impressed with large, shal-

low, round punctures ; clypeus semiovate, its apical margin

Bbsolere: its anterior edge obtusely bidentate ; antennz

half the length of the body, the five outer joints slightly

thickened ; ‘pale piceous, the 6th, 7th, 10th and ith

black, the 8th and 9th fulvous. Thorax scarcely more than

twice as broad as long; sides obliquely rounded and converg-

ing from base to apex, all the angles acute; basal margin

oblique and slightly sinuate on either side ; upper einhice

finely oranulose, subnitidous on the middle disk, impressed

with large round punctures, crowded on the sides, rather

more distant on the middle disk.. Scutellum semirotun-

date-ovate, its apex acute. Elytra broader than the thorax,

slightly attenuated towards the apex, convex, punctate-

striate, the punctures less regularly placed on the inner

disk ; interspaces plane, very minutely punctured, slightly

convex near the lateral margin; inflexed limb oblique.

Lamprospherus fulvitarsis.

Subrotundatus, valde convexus, subgibbosus, subtus

metallico-viridis, nitidus, tarsis fulvis; supra minus nitidus,

nigro-plumbeus, szepe viridi micans, antennis nigris, basi

sordide fulvis; thorace remote, minute punctato; elytris

subseriatim punctatis.

Long. 24 lin.

Fini em

Head remotely punctured; front impressed with a fine

longitudinal groove ; clypeus wedge-shaped, more closely

punctured than the upper face, its anterior margin slightly

290 Mr. J.S. Baly’s descriptions of new genera

sinuate, metallic green; antenne slender, filiform, the

two lower joints obseure fuly ous, the rest black ; labrum

metallic green. Thorax more than three times as broad

as long; anterior margin deeply concave; sides straight

and slightly converging from the base to behind ‘the

middle, “thence obliquely converging to the apex, all the

angles acute; basal margin oblique and slightly bisinuate

on either side, the medial lobe broadly and obtusely rounded ;

disk very minutely granulose, sparingly impressed with

minute punctures. Searelluc subtrigonate, its sides

rounded, its apex acute. HElytra scarcely broader than

the heirs. very convex, obtusely gibbose before the

middle, slightly excavated near the base close to the

scutellum, finely but distinctly punctured, the punctures

arranged in ill-defined longitudinal rows; interspaces

plane; inflexed limb horizontal, plane.

Lamprospherus biplagiatus.

Rotundatus, valde convexus, niger, nitidus, antennis

piceis, basi obscure fulvis; pedibus piceis, tarsis piceo-

fulvis ; thorace suberebre punctato ; elytris sat fortiter punc-

tato- striatis, interstitiis ad latera et ad apicem convexis ;

utrisque plaga magna subrotundata, ante medium posita,

ornatis.

Long. 14 lin.

Hab.—Amazons (Bates).

Head piceo-zeneous, coarsely punctured ; clypeus much

longer than broad, wedge-shaped, subpentangular, its

apical angle obsolete, its anterior margin bidentate; an-

tenne more than two-thirds the length of the body,

filiform, the four lower joints obscure fulvous, the rest

piceous ; ; labrum fulvous, its anterior border deeply emar-

ginate; jaws nigro-piceous. Thorax nearly three times

as broad as long; sides obliquely rounded and converging

from base to apex, very oblique before their middle, all

the angles acute; basal margin oblique and obsoletely

bisinuate on either side; disk deeply punctured. Scu-

tellum semirotundate, its apex acute. Elytra rather

broader than the thorax, attenuated towards the apex ;

convex, rather strongly punctate-striate, the interspaces

plane, convex at the apex and near the lateral margin ;

each elytron with a large subrotundate rufous patch,

extending from just below the basal margin nearly to the

and species of South American Eumolpide, §c. 291

middle; inflexed limb oblique, concave at its extreme

base.

Lamprospherus pulcher.

Rotundatus, valde convexus, nitidus, subtus piceus,

abdominis apice pedibusque rufo-fulvis; supra rufer, an-

tennis fulvis, harum articulis 7™°, 10™° et 11™° infuscatis ;

thorace distincte, subremote punctato, apice et lateribus

nigro-piceis; scutello elytrisque nigris, his seriatim punc-

tatis, utrisque vitta lata a basi ad longe pone medium

extensa margineque apicali rubris.

Long. 14 lin.

Hab.— Amazons; collected by Mr. Bates.

Head strongly but not closely punctured, obscure rufous,

tinged with metallic green; sparingly clothed with fine

adpressed silky hairs; clypeus subcampanulate, its an-

terior margin slightly concave; antennz slender, filiform.

Thorax more than twice as broad as long; sides rounded

and converging from base to apex, all the angles acute,

the hinder ones produced slightly backwards; disk dis-

tinctly but not closely punctured, obscure rufous, the apex

and sides, together with the extreme basal margin, tinged

with metallic green. Scutellum semiovate, shining black,

with a metallic tinge. Elytra broader than the thorax,

convex, punctate-striate, black, each with the extreme

apical margin, together with a broad vitta extending from

the base to far below the middle, rufous.

Lamprospherus Jenerosus.

Rotundatus, valde convexus, nigro-piceus, rufo tinctus,

nitidus, capite thoraceque obscure rufis, hoc disci medio

remote punctato, anguste piceo limbato, antennis nigris,

basi sordide fulvis; elytris sat fortiter, subseriatim punc-

tatis.

Long. 12 lin.

Hab.—Amazons; collected by Mr. Bates.

Head rather coarsely but not very closely punctured ;

clypeus longer than broad, pentangular, its apical angle

acute, its anterior border bidentate ; antennz nearly two-

thirds the length of the body, the five lower joints obscure

fulvous or fulvo-piceous, the rest black. Thorax nearly

three times as broad as long; sides rounded and con-

verging from base to apex, all the angles acute; basal

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART IV. (DEC.) x

292. Mr. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of new genera

margin oblique on either side, slightly sinuate on each

side the medial lobe, the latter obtusely rounded ; upper

surface shining, obscure rufous, narrowly edged with

piceous, middle of disk remotely punctured. Scutellum

semiovate. Elytra strongly but not closely punctured,

the punctures arranged in longitudinal rows on the sides

and towards the apex, less regularly placed on the imner

disk, interspaces plane. The colourmg of the under

surface varies in intensity in different individuals, i in some

specimens the legs and apex of abdomen being rufo-

piceous.

Lamprospherus ruficeps.

Rotundatus, yalde convexus, nitidus, subtus niger, ab-

dominis apice pedibusque rufis; supra metallico- coeruleus,

capite rufo, vertice eyaneo tincto, antennis pallide fulvis ;

thorace sat fortiter, minus remote punctato ; elytris fortiter

seriatim punctatis; metallico-purpureis, apice extremo

rufo.

Long. 13 lin.

Hab.—Amazons; collected by Mr. Bates.

Head rather coarsely punctured; clypeus ill-defined, its

anterior margin obsoletely bidentate; antennz scarcely

more than half the th of the body, slender, filiform,

pale fulvous, the apical joints stained with piceous. Thorax

nearly three times as broad as long at the base; sides

rounded and converging from base to apex, the anterior

angles acute, slightly recurved, the hinder ones subacute ;

the basal border distinctly margined, oblique and very

obsoletely bisinuate on either side, the medial lobe obtusely

rounded ; disk rather strongly but not closely punctured.

Seutellum trigonate, its apex acute. Llytra convex,

metallic pur ple, the extreme apical margin rufous ; ant

more strongly punctured than the thorax, the punctures

arranged in longitudinal rows at the sides and towards

the apex, rather less regularly placed on the imner disk;

interspaces plane, obsoletely convex near the apex, thick-

ened and subcostate near the lateral margin.

Lamprospherus lateralis.

Rotundatus, convexus, rufo-fulvus, nitidus, capite rufo-

piceo, zeneo tincto, antennis pedibusque fulvis; thorace sat

fortiter punctato; elytris subseriatim, ad apicem seriatim-

punctatis, limbo laterali (apice excepto) a basi ad apicem

and species of South American Eumolpide, §c. 293

ampliato, limboque inflexo nigris; pectore medio abdo-

minisque basi piceis.

Long. 13 lin.

Hab.— Amazons, Para.

Head trigonate, strongly punctured, face impressed

between the eyes with a longitudinal groove; clypeus

wedge-shaped, its apex acute, its anterior margin sinuate ;

antennz four-fifths the length of the body, slender, fili-

form. Thorax more than twice as broad as long; sides

rounded and converging from base to apex, the anterior

angles acute; above transversely convex, deeply but not

closely punctured. Scutellum semiovate, its apex acute.

Klytra broader than the thorax, narrowed towards the

apex, convex, rather strongly -punctate-striate, the striz

not well-defined on the anterior disk, arranged in double

rows behind the middle, but forming only single rows at.

the extreme apex. Apices of hinder tibize incurved in

the ¢.

Colaspoides dorsata.

Late ovata, valde convexa, sordide fulva, nitida, thorace

subremote sat fortiter punctato; elytris fortiter seriatim

punctatis, plaga magna communi a basi fere ad apicem

extensa, utrinque emarginata, picea instructis.

Var. A. Elytrorum plagaé plus minusve obsoleta.

Long. 14 lin.

Hab.— Amazons, Para.

Head finely but distinctly punctured, impressed 01)

either side above the eye with a few fine strigz ; clypeus

trigonate, its anterior margin truncate; eyes black;

antennee filiform, pale fulvous. Thorax twice as broad as

long; sides rounded and converging from base to apex,

toe) (SPE)

all the angles acute; disk strongly but not closely im-

pressed with oblong punctures, interspaces sparingly

impressed with very minute punctures, only visible under

a strong lens. Scutellum semirotundate, its apex acute.

Elytra convex, broader and more strongly punctured than

the thorax, the punctures arranged in ill-defined longitu-

dinal rows ; interspaces plane ; “the piceous patch on the

dorsal surface is often less distinct, being sometimes sepa-—

rated in four ill-defined spots, two on each elytron, and

sometimes nearly obsolete ; m some specimens the lateral

margin of the ely tron is edged with piceous.

This insect closely resembles in general form and size

the species belonging to the oe Lamprospherus.

294 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s descriptions of new genera

Colaspoides ornata.

Ovata, convexa, castanea, nitida, antennis extrorsum

nigris; thorace subfortiter punctato ; elytris fortiter, sub-

crebre. punctatis, pallide castaneis, dimidio antico (margine

externo excepto), et utrinque plaga ovali subapicali, flavis

ornatis.

Long. 32 lin.

Hab.—Byrazil.

Head coarsely punctured, front impressed with a longi-

tudinal groove; clypeus scarcely broader than long, its

apical margin obsolete, its anterior border concave, pro-

duced on either side into a short tooth; jaws nigro-piceous ;

five outer joits of antennze slightly compressed, black.

Thorax more than twice as broad as long; sides rounded

and converging from base to apex, all the angles mucro-

nate; disk subremotely impressed with distinct but not

coarse punctures, the interspaces minutely punctured.

Scutellum semirotundate-ovate, its apex acute. Klytra

broader than the thorax, slightly attenuated towards the

apex, rather strongly punctured, the punctures arranged

in irregular longitudinal strive; imterspaces finely punc-

tured.

Colaspoides Deyrollet.

Ovata, convexa, nigro o-picea, nitida, abdominis limbo

pedibusque piceo-rufis, capite fortiter punctato, vertice

obscure rufo, labro antennisque rufo-fulvis; thorace sat

fortiter punctato, margine apicali, vitta discoidali et

utrinque macula prope marginem lateralem obscure rufis;

elytris nigris, sat fortiter subseriatim punctatis, utrisque

fascia ata, vix infra basin posita, ad suturam abbreviata,

altera prope medium, antice et postice erosa, ad suturam

abbreviata plagaque subapicali trigonata, ad marginem

adfixa, flavis ornatis.

Long. 4 lin.

Hab.—Brazil, New Friburg; a single specimen, formerly

in the collection of the late A. Deyrolle.

Head rotundate, vertex coarsely but not very closely

punctured ; interspaces on either side indistinctly elevate-

strigose, front i impressed with a large round fovea; clypeus

not larger than broad, pentangular, the apical margin

obsolete, the anterior bone: bidentate, its surface closely

covered with coarse deep punctures. Thorax twice as

broad as long ; sides straight and nearly parallel from the

and species of South American Eumolpide, §c. 295

base to just behind the middle, thence obliquely rounded

and converging to the apex, all the angles mucronate ;

upper surface deeply but not closely punctured, the punc-

turing finer on the middle disk; mterspaces minutely

punctured. Scutellum semiovate, acute, its disk obscure

rufous. Elytra broader than the thorax, ovate, slightly

attenuated at the apex, convex, strongly but rather distinctly

punctured, the punctures confused on the inner disk,

arranged in ill-defined longitudinal rows on the sides and

apex, the interspaces minutely punctured ; each elytron

with three large yellow patches, one at the base, trans-

verse, separated from the basal and lateral margins by a

narrow line, but abbreviated some distance before reaching

the suture, its hinder border erose; a second near the

middle, much narrower, commencing just within the outer

margin and terminating on the inner disk, at about the

same distance from the suture as the former one, its

anterior and posterior edges irregularly erose; lastly, a

third, subapical trigonate ; inflexed limb obscure rufous.

Genus TRICHOCHALCEA.

Corpus anguste oblongo-ovatum, valde convexum, pube

sericea vestitum. Caput thoraci insertum ; face perpen-

diculari ; oculis rotundato-ovatis, intus leviter emarginatis;

antennis corporis dimidio vix equilongis, basi iene,

articulis 5 ultimis paullo incrassatis; palpis articulo ultimo

acuminato. Thorax transversus, lateribus marginatis.

Elytra oblonga, thorace latiora, convexa, rugosa, confuse

punctata. Pedes breves, robusti; femoribus subampulatis,

onticis incrassatis, subtus angulatis ; ¢éb¢is a basi ad apicem

ampliatis, compressis, anticts basi incurvatis; unguiculis

appendiculatis. Prosternum oblongum, fere planum, basi

truncatum; episterno antico antice convexo, sulco inter

episternum et prosternum distincto.

Type, Trichochalcea rugata.

The present genus belongs to the second division of the

family; it agrees with Meroda in the appendiculated claws

and in the form of the thickened anterior pair of legs, but

differs in the pubescence clothing the upper surface “of the:

body, and in the absence of the notch on the outer edge

of the four posterior tibize ; the same characters, together

with the appendiculated claws, separate it from T'ypo-

phorus and its allies.

296 Mr. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of new genera

Trichochalcea rugata.

Anguste oblongo-ovata, valde convexa, cuprea, nitida,

eriseo sericea, antennis labroque piceo-fulvis; capite

thoraceque crebre rugosis, hoc transverso, lateribus

rotundatis; elytris oblongis, rude rugosis, irregulariter

transversim. elevato-strigosis.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab.—Braazil.

Head short, closely rugose-punctate, front impressed

with a longitudinal groove; clypeus not distinctly sepa-

rated from the upper face, its anterior border truncate ;

labrum and palpi obscure rufo-fulvous, the latter stained

with piceous; jaws black; antennz scarcely half the

length of the body, the boca joint thickened, subclavate,

the 2nd short, nodulose, the 3rd to the 6th slender,

filiform, nearly equal in length, the five upper ones

shorter, thickened, slightly compressed and forming a

‘slender elongated club; all the joints stained with

piceous. Thorax twice as broad as long; sides rounded,

converging in front, the hinder angles mucronate, the

anterior ones acute; apical margin produced anteriorly,

sinuate on either side, the basal border margined, very

sliehtly oblique and faintly bisinuate on either side; disk

convex, slightly excavated on either side at the base,

surface closely rugose-punctate, rather sparingly clothed

with adpressed griseous hairs. Scutellum semirotundate-

ovate, slightly concave, its surface granulose-punctate.

Elytra broader than the thorax, oblong, convex, rather

closely covered with adpressed eriseous hairs, very

forming very irregular transverse rugz and wart-like

excrescences, which cover the whole surface. Legs short,

robust, the anterior pair strongly thickened, the under

surface of the anterior thighs angulate ; all the tibize

increasing in thickness from base to apex, compressed

and tricarinate, the anterior pair incurved at the base.

Typophorus enetpennis.

Subelongatus, subeylindricus, niger, nitidus, pedibus

fulvis, coxis, genubus, tiblis apice, tarsis et mesopectore

pallide piceis, capite thoraceque rufo-testaceis; antennis

(basi fulvé excepta) nigris; elytris viridi-eneis, distincte

and species of South American Eumolpide, &c. 297

punctato-striatis, punctis apicem versus minutis; femori-

bus posticis subtus dente minuto armatis.

Long. 14 lin.

Hab.—Amazons, Para.

Head smooth and shining, sparingly impressed with a

few very minute punctures, only visible under a deep

lens; front between the eyes impressed with a small

fovea; clypeus not distinctly separated from the face ;

antenne filiform, five lower joints obscure fulvous, the

rest black. Thorax not broader than long, subcylindrical,

sides slightly rounded, nearly parallel at the base, slightly

converging at the apex; disk shining, nearly impunc-

tate, impressed with a few very fine punctures, only

visible under a strong lens. Scutellum semi-ovate, rufo-

piceous. LElytra much broader than the thorax, oblong,

convex, transversely impressed below the basilar space,

finely but distinctly punctate- striate, the punctures near

the apex very minute ; interspaces plane, impunctate ; 3; on

either side of the apical segment is an ill-defined rufo-

piceous patch; outer edge of all the tibiz frequently

stained with piceous.

Paria vittaticollis.

Elongata, subcylindrica, piceo-fulva, nitida, antennis

extrorsum piceis; thorace levi, impunctato, medio vitta

nigra, a basi fere ad apicem extensa instructo; elytris

ang uste oblongis, convexis, infra basin transversim exca-

vatis, tenuiter punctato-striatis, utrisque prope suturam,

macula basali subrotundati flavo-fulva extus nigro mar-

einata ornatis; lineé suturali nec non macula parva ob-

longa disco medio vix pone medium sita, nigris.

Long. 2 lin.

Hab.—Bahia; collected by Mr. Edwin Reed.

Head exserted; face perpendicular, vertex smooth, im-

punctate, its middle portion with a very fine, ill-defined

raised longitudinal line; front impressed on either side

with a longitudinal groove; eyes subreniform; antenne

more than two-thirds the length of the body, filiform, the

five outer joints stained with piceous. Thorax scarcely

longer than broad; sides rounded and diverging from the

base to behind the middle, thence nearly straight and

very slightly converging to the apex; basal margin nar-

. 5 .

rowly edged with piceous; disk shinmg, impunctate, a

D>?

298 Mr. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of new genera, §c.

narrow vitta extending from base to apex, black. Scutel-

lum pale piceous. Elytra much broader than the thorax,

narrowly oblong, convex, transversely excavated below

the basilar space, finely punctate-striate, the punctures at

the base near the suture, those on the transverse depres-

sion, and those on the lateral stria, larger and more deeply

impressed than the rest; the fulvous spot at the base of

each elytron is only a few shades lighter in colouring than

the general surface, and in some specimens is scarcely

visible ; it is bounded within by the black sutural line,

and externally by a short, curved, black vitta, which com-

mences on the basal margin, and terminates on the sub-

basilar excavation.

e259")

XXVI. Descriptions of several new species of Myriopoda

of the genera Spherotherium and Zephronia.

By Artuur G. BuTuer, F.L.S., F.Z.S8., &c.

{Read August 7th, 1878. ]

THE following species have been added to the National

Collection since the beginning of the year 1877, and

several of them are of great interest, being quite abnormal

in structure.

SPHHROTHERIUM, Brandt.

Spherotherium crassum, ni. sp.

Pale castaneous; the dorsal segments for the most part,

with their posterior margins, dusky or blackish; the

second to seventh dorsal segments with blackish lateral

wings; mouth, front of head, eyes and legs greenish.

Head smooth, shining, slightly depressed on each. side

of the central area, deeply sinuated in the centre behind ;

coarsely punctured, densely in front and sparsely towards

the back; nuchal plate rather short, rugulose, with a

series of punctures on each side of the anterior margin ;

dorsal segments dull; first dorsal segment with broad

and thin lateral lamine, having a well-defined marginal

ridge; second to eleventh segments rugose in front; last

seoment finely punctured behind, slightly compressed,

with well-marked marginal rim.

Length 1 inch, 3 lines; width 7 lines.

Fianarantsoa, Madagascar (Rev. W. D. Cowan).

Seems to be allied to my S. stigmaticum, but differs in

the rugose anterior portion of the dorsal segments and the

absence of the embossed triangular spot on the last seg-

ment. The differences of colour may be due to the speci-

men having been sent over in sawdust damped with spirits

of wine.

Spherotherium angulatum, n. sp.

Dark reddish castaneous, with the anterior portion of -

each of the dorsal segments ochraceous; under surface,

legs and antennz testaceous; eyes greenish testaceous-

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART IV. (DEC.)

300 Mr. A. G. Butler’s descriptions of several

Head shining, rugose in front, smooth, with a few scat-

tered coarse punctures towards the back, regularly and

rather broadly sinuated behind; nuchal plate moderately

long, smooth, with a series of rather coarse punctures

along the anterior margin; dorsal segment smooth and

shining, their anterior portions densely covered with coarse

but very shallow punctures; first dorsal segment with

scarcely a trace of lateral lamine, but with coarse sub-

marginal punciures and a strongly- defined marginal ridge ;

second to eleventh segments with the anterior portion of

their lateral wings fincly and densely punctured, and with

a distinct marginal rim; terminal seement with its pos-

tertor third slightly compressed, so as to form a rounded

projecting central point, which gives the profile outline a

distinctly angular appearance, also sparsely and finely

punctured; marginal rim linear.

Length 1 inch, 3 lines; width 8 lines.

Rockhampton, Queensland. (Two examples, dry and

in spirits. )

General aspect of the enlarged figure of S. converum,

as given by Dr. Koch (Die Myri iapoden, tab. xiv. fig. 27),

but much redder; the lateral laminee of the first dorsal

seoment reduced to a minimum, the head smoother, the

front of the nuchal plate less angular, and the last dorsal

segment with distinctly angular profile outline.

Spherotherium lamprinum, 0. sp.

os, antennz

Dark reddish olivaceous; under surface, legs,

and eyes greenish; front of head blackish ; anterior bor-

ders of the dorsal seoments and a few scattered irregular

blotches rather paler than the ground-colour,

Brilliantly polished; head rugose in front, coarsely and

sparsely punctured towards the back; deeply sinuated

behind, with the anterior edge of the sinuation bracket-

shaped; nuchal plate short, smooth, slightly depressed in

the centre; first dorsal segment et broad and thin

lamin, having a thick anterior marginal ridge; second

to eleventh segments with the anterior margins of their

lateral wings very oblique, with distinct terminal or

apical rims; last segment unusually oblique, with linear

marginal rim.

Length 10 lines; width 5 lines.

Fianarantsoa, Madagascar (Rev. W. D. Cowan).

Differs from medium-sized examples of S. neptunus in

new species of Spherotherium and Zephronia. 301

its redder colour, much more brilliantly-polished surface,

shorter nuchal plate, and the much more oblique anterior

edges of the lateral wings of the dorsal segments.

Spherotherium reticulatum, n. sp.

Piceous; the borders of the segments reddish casta-

neous; head, nuchal plate, and anterior ridge of the first

dorsal segment spotted with black; under surface, legs

and antennze testaceous; eyes green.

Head smooth, shining; coarsely punctured, densely in

front and sparsely towards the back; deeply sinuated

behind as in the preceding species; dorsal segments

covered with impressed reticulations; first dorsal segment

with gradually-formed lateral laminze and strongly- -defined

marginal ridge, thicker towards the front; dorsal segments

gradually increasing in length from the second to the

ninth and then gradually decreasing, so that the inferior

margin of the Myriopod, when viewed in profile, 3 is dis-

tinctly convex; anterior margins of the lateral wings very

oblique, with linear marginal rim.

Length 84 lines; width 43 lines.

Madagascar. (Two examples.)

Zephronia larvalis, n. sp.

Pale olive green, clouded (near the back of the dorsal

seoments, on the head and along the front of the nuchal

plate) with dark green; posterior borders of the segments

reddish, traversed by submarginal yellow lines; front of

head lilacine-reddish, nuchal plate also reddish, with

yellowish margins; under surface, lees, antennz and eyes

pale green; last dorsal segment with an irregular blackish

central spot.*

Head smooth, sparsely but very coarsely punctured,

deeply sinuated behind, and with a distinct protuberance

in front of the sinus; nuchal plate rather short, wth a

strongly-defined anterior ridge, the impression behind

which is coarsely punctured; posterior portion of the

nuchal plate with rather abruptly convex outline and with

two well-marked central tubercles divided by an abbre-

viated impressed longitudinal line; first dorsal segment

with a well-defined, thickened marginal ridge, behind

which runs an oblique and flat surface, continuous with

* Perhaps an individual peculiarity.

302 Mr. A. G. Butler’s descriptions, &c.

the lateral laminz, and forming an angle behind with an

impressed transverse band which bounds the anterior edge

of the superior surface of the segment; remaining seg-

ments with their lateral wings less oblique than usual ;

terminal segment rather short, oblique, with no marginal

rim.

Length 74 lines; width 33 lines.

Torres Straits (Rev. J. S. Macfarlane).

The very unusual peculiarities in the structure of the

head, nuchal plate and first dorsal segment will readily

distinguish this species from all others hitherto made

known to science.

Zephronia atrisparsa, n. sp.

Pale olivaceous, mottled with dark green and sprinkled

all over with small round black spots; posterior margins

of the segments reddish; legs, antennz, eyes and head

dark green.

Head rugose in front, smooth, shining and sparsely

punctured towards the back, its posterior margin slightly

concave but not distinctly sinuated ; nuchal plate smooth,

very broad, sparsely punctured, and with an irregular

series of coarse punctures along its anterior margin ; first

dorsal segment unusually depressed, with a strongly-

defined transverse impressed line, the marginal ridge of

lateral laminz feebly developed; all the dorsal segments

coarsely but sparsely punctured, excepting along their

posterior borders; lateral wings with very oblique anterior

margins; terminal segment short, rounded, rugulose,

with scarcely a trace of a marginal rim.

Length 1 inch, 2 lines; width 5 lines.

Bombay (Dr. Leith).

Readily separable from Z. nigrinota by its much

shorter and broader nuchal plate: it is also much more

heavily spotted with black.

€2303'"*)

XXVIII. Notice of a small collection of Coleoptera from

Jamaica, with descriptions of new species from

the West Indies. By Cuas. O. WATERHOUSE.

[Read September 4th, 1878. ]

THE present paper has reference to a small collection of

Coleoptera from Jamaica, made in that island by Mr.

J. J. Bowrey, and recently exhibited at the Westminster

Aquarium.

The collection contained sixty-five species, some of

which are rare, and several new to science. The types of

the new species will be found in the British Museum

collection. There are, moreover, nine species, which,

although perhaps new, I have not ventured to describe, as

I am in doubt on this point.

The following is a list of the species : —

Cicindela trifasciata, Fabr. Helops propinqua, sp. n.

Casnonia limbata, sp. n. Hoplonyx uniformis, sp. n.

Belonuchus agilis, Er. Copidita lateralis, sp. n.

Lioderma 4-gentatum, Fabr. Caryoborus sp.

Dermestes sp. Prepodes amabilis, sp. n.

Chelonarium sp. as vittatus, Linn.

Cyclonotum sp. AS sphacelatus, Oliv.

Neleus interstitialis, Esch. Lachnopus aurifer, Fabr.

Phaneus belzebul, Fabr. Pachneeus litus, Germ.

Trox suberosus, Fabr. Molicorynes longimanus, sp. n.

Lachnosterna fervida, Fabr. Sphenophorus sericeus, Fabr.

Antichira meridionalis (Reiche). Parandra levis, Latr,

Rutela glabrata, Fabr. Sternodontes damicornis, Linn.

Cyclocephala cerea, Burm. Mallodon sp.

5 tetrica, Burm, Elateropsis lineata, Linn.

Ligyrus juvencus, Fabr. D fuliginosus, Fabr.

Strategus titanus, Fabr. Achryson surinamum, Linn,

Phileurus valgus, Fabr. Chlorida festiva, Linn.

Gymnetis lanius, Gory. Eburifga tetralacta, White.

Psiloptera torquata, Dalm. Elaphidion irforata, Fabr.

Polycesta depressa, Linn. 5p spinicorne, Drury.

Fornax sp. Hypermallus transversus, White.

Chalcolepidius Silbermanni, Cyllene crinicornis, Chevr.

Chevy. Neoclytus Hopei, Lap. & Gory,

Pyrophorus plagiophthalmus, Ptychodes trilineatus, Linn.

erm. Lagochirus araneiformis, Linn.

Photinus sp. Colaspis smaragdula, Oliy.

Photurus sp. Graptodera plebeja, Ol.

Calopteron bicolor, Linn. Omophoita 10-notata, Dej.

Apate muricata, Fabr. Cerotoma denticornis, Fabr.

Epitragus sp. Eurypepla brevilineata, Bohem,

Taurocerus cornutus, Fabr. Daulis sanguinea, Linn.

Zophobas morio, Fabr. Procula Douéi, Muls.

Helops mutabilis, sp. n.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1878.—PART IV. (DEC.)

304. Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s Notice of a small

GEODEPHAGA.

Casnonia limbata, sp. n.

' Wigra, nitida; elytris piceis, macula subapicali limboque

pallide flavis, dimidio basali fortiter seriatim punctato ;

antennis fuscis, basi obscure testaceis; pedibus flavis,

eenubus infuscatis.

Long. 34 lin.

Closely allied to C. pennsylvanica, but relatively shorter.

Head distinctly shorter and broader, but otherwise of the

same form. ‘Thorax a little shorter and a little more

swollen in the middle. Elytra a little more parallel,

obscure pitchy, with a very narrow margin and a subapical

triangular spot on each yellowish; the punctures forming

the lines at the basal half are much stronger than in

pennsylvanica, the punctures nearly touching each other

near the base.

BOSTRICHID 4.

APATE MURICATA, F.

Mr. Bowrey found this'species on the cashew tree.

HETEROMERA.

TAUROCERUS CORNUTUS, Fabr.

Among Mr. Bowrey’s insects was a very fine male

example of this species, which differs in the form of the

cephalic horns from that figured by Olivier. These horns

curve outwards, and near the apex are somewhat dilated

and deeply excavated above, the extreme apex being acute.

FHlelops mutabilis, sp. n.

Niger, nitidus, oblongus; supra cyaneus, elytris vel

seneo-viridibus vel purpureis; capite crebre evidenter

punctato; thorace minus nitido, parum transverso, de-

pressiusculo, crebre subtiliter punctulato, lateribus medio

parum arcuatis; elytris thorace vix latioribus, fortiter

striatis, striis fortiter punctatis, interstitiis sat convexis.

Long. 43—5} lin.

Allied to H. ceruleus, and somewhat of the form of

that species, but relatively shorter and more parallel sided.

collection of Coleoptera from Jamaica, &e. 305

Antenne as long as the elytra, very slender, the 4th to 8th

elongate, nearly equal, the 9th a trifle shorter, 10th

elongate, but a little wider at its apex, 11th a trifle

shorter, arched on the inner side. Head moderately

thickly punctured, the punctures in the middle distinct,

those on the vertex and clypeus much finer, Thorax

about one-third broader than long, very little convex,

rather dull, very finely but moderately thickly punctured,

the anterior angles a little prominent, the sides slightly

arcuate in front of the middle, scarcely sinuate before the

posterior angles which are nearly right-angles, there is a

slight punctiform-impression on each side close to the

base. Scutellum semicircular, with a few fine punctures.

Elytra scarcely broader than the thorax, sub-parallel,

rather flattened on the back, the strize nearly all equally

strong, the punctures in them strong and not very close

together, the interstices gently convex, those at the sides

a little more so. Legs moderately robust, shining.

Anterior margin of the prosternum with coarse punc-

tures.

The colour of the elytra varies, and is sometimes blue,

violet or green. ‘The male has the middle of the 1st, 2nd

and part of the 3rd segments of the abdomen impressed.

“Found on Pimento.

Flelops propinquus, sp. n.

Niger, nitidus, supra cyaneus; eapite subtiliter punctu-

lato; thorace crebre evidenter punctato, angulis anticis

paulo porrectis, posticis rectis; elytris convexiusculis ;

striatis, striis fortiter punctatis, interstitiis sat convexis.

Long. 23 lin.

Very close to the preceding, but smaller, more convex,

and the thorax is much more distinctly punctured. The

sides of the thorax are nearly straight, a little narrowed

in front, the anterior angles very prominent and acute.

Scutellum smooth. Ely tra rather convex, rather more

rounded at the apex; strize very deep, and all equally so,

the punctures in them very strong and a little closer

together than in the preceding species, the interstices not

visibly punctured. Sides of the 1st and 2nd, and part of

the 3rd segments of the abdomen strongly and moderately

thickly punctured.

306 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s Notice of a small

Hoplonyx uniformis, sp. n.

Oblongus, niger, supra opacus, subtus nitidus ; capite

crebre subtiliter punctato; thorace levi, postice haud an-

gustato, angulis posticis rectis, basi utrinque sinuato ;

elytris thorace parum latioribus, sat parallelis, convexis,

striatis, striis haud profundis seriatim punctulatis, inter-

stitiis parum convexis; femoribus subtus ante apicem

dente obtuso armatis.

Long. 64 ln.

General appearance of H/. striatus, but with the thorax

nearly the width of the elytra. Antennz rather short,

three-fifths the length of the elytra. Head finely and

closely punctured. “Thorax about two-fifths broader than

long, convex, with no visible punctuation, a little narrowed

in one the anterior angles obtuse, the sides behind the

middle straight, posterior angles right-angles, the base is

trilobate, the lateral lobes slight, the mesial one stronger.

Scutellum more shining, very finely punctured. The

strie of the elytra are rather’ ‘ine but well marked, the

punctures in them are small and not very close together.

The anterior femora have a tooth below, near the apex,

but the tooth is not prominent, it is rather the result of

an emargination at the apex. :

Copidita leta, sp. n.

Flavo-testacea, nitida, tenue pubescens; oculis nigris ;

fronte violaceo tinctaé, crebre punctato; thorace crebre

subtiliter punctato, supra ineequali, obsolete quinque fusco-

maculato, postice pices ei ante medium bene rotun-

dato; elytris thorace } latioribus, pallide violaceis sutura

marginibusque testaceis ; ; pectore abdomineque griseo-

eeneis.

Long. 53 lin.

Forehead distinctly and rather thickly punctured.

Thorax very thickly and rather finely punctured, a trifle

longer than broad, with five very slight impressions

above, the sides are very strongly rounded in front, con-

stricted in the middle and immediately before the posterior

angles. The elytra have scarcely any trace of cost, the

punetuation is fine, distinct, thick, but not crowded.

Hab.—St. Domingo.

collection of Coleoptera from Jamaica, &e. 307

Copidita lateralis.

Pallide flava, tenuissime griseo-pubescens; oculis nigris;

elytris vitta laté marginali pallide griseo-violacea.

Long. 5 lin.

Head rather broad, finely but distinctly, and. rather

thickly, punctured. Antennz a little shorter than the

elytra. Thorax a little broader in front than the head

including the eyes, a trifle longer than its greatest width,

moderately narrowed posteriorly, very thickly, finely and

obscurely punctured, the sides in front of the middle are

rather strongly rounded. Elytra two-fifths broader than

the thorax and four times longer, convex, very closely and

finely-rugosely punctured; each elytron has three Coste,

two on the back and one lateral, the greyish-violet stripe

commences at the second dorsal costa and extends to the

margin.

Hab St Domingo, Jamaica.

Copidita elegans, sp. n.

Elongata, flavo-testacea, tenue pubescens; oculis nigris;

thorace creberrime evidenter punctato, basi angustato,

lateribus antice bene rotundato; elytris tricostatis, cre-

berrime subtiliter punctulatis, linea tenui laterali violacea.

Long. 33 lin.

ised ele more narrow and elongate than any of the

preceding, with longer and more slender antenne, and

with the thorax more narrowed behind. Head very

closely and rather finely and distinctly punctured, with

two shallow impressions between the eyes. Thorax dis-

tinctly longer than broad, very closely and (compared

with its allies) rather strongly punctured; strongly nar-

rowed behind the middle, almost constricted, very promi-

nently rounded at the sides in front. LElytra closely and

very finely punctured, with a bluish-violet narrow stripe

extending from the shoulder nearly to the apex.

Hab.—St. Domingo.

Copidita tenella, sp. n.

Flavo-testacea, breviter griseo-pubescens ;. oculis ni-

eris; thorace longitudine haud latiori, leviter convexo,

aoc versus paulo. aneustato, lateribus antic rotundatis;

elytris creberrime punctulatis, griseo-nigris, violaceo-

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART IV. (DEC.) Z

308 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s Notice of a small

tinctis, sutura marginibusque tenue testaceis; abdomine

basi griseo.

Long. 34 lin.

Very close to C. lateralis, but differs (besides in colora-

tion) in the form of the thorax, its greatest width being a

little more removed from the anterior angles: the sides

also at this part are slightly angular; the punctuation is

less close, more distinct and rather stronger. The elytra

have the same cost, the punctuation is rather stronger

and more distinct, the pubescence appears rather shorter

and less silky.

Hab.—St. Thomas (Lieut. T. W. Sawyer).

Copidita simplex, sp. n.

Pallide flava, tenue griseo-pubescens; oculis nigris ;

thorace leviter convexo, zequali, postice parum angustato,

lateribus antice leviter arcuatis; elytris vitta lata laterali

. higro-grisea.

Long. 33 lin.

Very close to the preceding, but differs in having the

thorax a trifle narrower, more gradually widened in front,

and to a much less extent. In C. lateralis the enlarge-

ment at the anterior part is rather sudden, but not quite

so much so as in C. leta.

Hab.—St. Bartholomew.

Copidita lineata, sp. n.

7Eneo-cyanea, nitida; elytris zneis, subtiliter rugulosis,

lineis nonnulis tenuibus albis ; tibiis tarsisque piceis.

Long. 32 lin.

-Shining, bluish-green. Head very closely, finely but dis-

tinctly punctured, with three small shallow foves between

the eyes. Thorax at its greatest width a little narrower than

the head across the eyes, as long as broad, gently narrowed

behind, shining, very delicately punctured on the disk,

very thickly and -distinctly punctured towards the sides,

there is a distinct fovea in the middle of the posterior

margin, the sides are gently rounded in front of the

middle. Elytra rather “dull, very finely rugulose-punc-

tulate, the suture and two fine lines on each elytron are

marked by white pubescence, there is also near the base

an indication of another white line.

Hab.—Jamaica ( Gosse).

collection of Coleoptera from Jamaica, §c. 309

Copidita rubricollis.

Brevior, nigro-cyanea; thorace flavo-rufo; elytris cya-

nels, subopacis S, crebre pegs sutura, linea tenui dor-

sali marginibusque albis

Long. 3 lin.

Head black, tinged with ceneous, distinctly and rather

thickly punctured; eyes not much prominent; antenn

rather short. Thorax reddish-yellow, a trifle longer than

broad, gently convex, very lightly impressed on each side

of the disk, moderately narrowed behind, moderately

thickly and distinctly punctured, rounded at the sides

in front. Elytra three times as long as the thorax, and

a quarter broader, violet-blue, with strong crowded punc-

tuation; the suture, a fine dorsal line and the margins

white; there is a well-marked blunt lateral costa.

Hab.—St. Thomas (Gosse).

RHYNCHOPHORA.

Prepodes amabilis, sp. n.

Statura P. vittati, niger, nitidus; elytris sutura vitta

lata longitudinali marginibusque lzte aureo-viridibus, vel

eyaneis, humeris magis angulatim productis.

Long. 10—12 In.

Form of P. vittatus, but with the humeral angles of the

elytra more prominent; the punctuation of the elytra is

rather stronger and there is less rugosity at the apex.

The elytra have the suture, a broad stripe and the mar-

gins bright metallic pale golden-green or pale bluish.

The sides of the body and of the prosternum are also

metallic blue.

Var. 1. Elytra without stripes: each puncture of the

elytra with a small green scale in the middle.

Var. 2. Elytra with a blue sutural stripe, and orange

dorsal and lateral stripes.

If this species varies as much in colour as does P. vit-

tutus, there will be little to separate it but the more pro-

minent shoulders and the stronger punctuation. The

punctures on the elytra have each a small blue scale. in

the middle, which does not seem to be the case in vittatus.

The following notes on the varieties of P. vittatus will

be useful :—

1. Head, thorax and elytra entirely clothed with grey-

ish-white, or pale green-golden scales; the suture “pale

Z, 2

310 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s Notice of a small

green or white, the dorsal and lateral stripes pink, the

lateral stripe elongate and generally united to a subapical

spot.

2. Head, thorax and elytra not entirely clothed with

scales. Hlytra with a sutural pale green or white stripe,

the dorsal stripe pink, vermilion or ochre; the lateral

stripe vermilion or ochre, varying in length.

3. Like the above (No. 2), but with a short stripe be-

tween the dorsal stripe and the subapical spot.

4, Sutural stripe absent; with two dorsal stripes, the

outer one more or less abbreviated, sometimes united at

the base with the inner stripe ; there is BE a subhumeral

stripe and a short subapical spot.

I think it doubtful whether the following is to be con-

sidered as a distinct species or not. It appears to be dis-

tinct, but having only a single example I should not

venture to name it.

Prepodes vittatus, var. (?)

Black ; a spot at the posterior angles of the thorax, the

scutellum, the suture of the elytra and a lateral stripe

white.

CRYPTORHYNCHIDZE.

SOPHORORHINZ.

MOo.icoryNeEs, gen. n.

Rostrum very long, gently curved, the antennal scrobes

commencing near the apex and extending to the eye.

Antenne very long and slender, the scape very slightly

clubbed at the apex; the Ist joint of the funiculus short

obconic, the 2nd long and slender, twice as long as the

Ist, the 3rd to 7th rapidly diminishing in length, the

club small and not distinctly jomted. yes moderate, not

prominent, moderately separated above and below. Tho-

rax. gently convex, narrowed in front, the ocular lobes

moderately prominent. Scutellum distinct. LElytra a

little broader than the thorax at the base, gradually

narrowed posteriorly, rounded at the apex, gently convex.

Prosternum deeply channelled; mesosternum very deeply

channelled, the sides much elevated and prominent in

front, the channel not closed posteriorly, so that the ros-

trum when at rest reaches the anterior margin of the

metasternum. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th abdominal segments

collection of Coleoptera from Jamaica, §e. 311 |

equal, the sutures straight. Legs long, especially the

anterior; the anterior cox very large “and prominent ;

femora not carinated, furnished with an acute tooth beneath

about one-third from the apex; tibiz curved, spurred at

the apex; tarsi spongy beneath; the Ist and 2nd joints

of the anterior pair with additional long hair, the Ist joint

rather long and slender, the 2nd joint as long as broad

(in the ¢ it is one-third longer than broad), the 3rd joint

transverse, bilobed.

Molicorynes longimanus, sp. n.

Fuscus, plus minusve sabuloso-squamulatus ; rostro

subtiliter ruguloso-punctato, antennis gracilibus ; thorace

antice arcuatim-angustato, crebre fortiter punctato, punc-

tis squamiferis; elytris basi thorace paulo latioribus, pos-

tice paulo arcuatim- angustatis, fortiter striato- -punctatis,

interstitiis per-parum convexis, dense squamosis, humeris

obtusis, gutta parva pallida notatis.

Long. corp. 64 lin., rostr. 34 lin.

In form between Balaninus and Macromerus. Ros-

trum densely and rather finely rugulose-punctate, smooth

at the apex, a little widened and flatter at the base,

funiculus of the antenne sparingly set with stiff hairs.

Thorax a little longer than broad, broadest at the base,

gradually narrowed. in front, densely and strongly punc-

tured, the larger scales have a tendency to form a stripe

on each side “extending from the eyes to the shoulders.

Elytra moderately convex, gradually but not much

narrowed to the apex, which is obtuse, no anti-apical

calosity ; the scales are very dense posteriorly, those on

the shoulder form a paler spot, and there is a tendency to

form an oblique patch on each elytron a little before the

middle. The legs are long, especially the anterior pair,

the scales form a small patch on the outer side of the

femora.

(318)

XXVIII. On the habits and uffinities of Apocrypta

and Sycophaga, of the Hymenopterous

family Agaonidie, with description of a

new species of Apocrypta from the figs of

Ficus Sycomori of Egypt.

By Sir Sipney Surry Saunpers, C.M.G.

[Read November 6th, 1878.]

t. COQUEREL has described and figured three very

Se insects, which he named Apoer ypta paradoxa,

A, perplexa and Sycocrypta coeca, in Guérin’s “ Révue

de Zoologie” for 1855 (2e série, tome vii. 365 and 462),

obtained from the figs of Ficus terragena in the Island of

Mauritius. Conceiving these insects to be in an imma-

ture condition, he sought for them repeatedly during

several successive months and always found them in the

same condition, exhibiting the three types by hundreds

mixed up together. They were all destitute of eyes or

ocelli, whereof he could find no trace whatever (aucun

vestige), nor of wings or elytra; neither was he able to

discover any mamilley or palpi, although armed with

powerful mandibles.

Finding that these strange beings retained the same

forms for a long period, and observin ing in one of them a

certain resemblance to the Scleroderma ee Latreille (which

the Sycocrypta, in the structure of its head and thorax,

serves to suggest, although essentially differing, not only

in the antenna: , legs and ‘abdomen, but more especially i in

not being aculeate), Dr. Coquerel considered them to

belong to the Heterogyna of Latreille, upon whose supposed

pmiiee he comments; speaking of these insects as being,

in his opinion, “ les femelles aveugles et aptéres de quelque

male ailé et inconnu;” and as “étranges parasites, con-

damnés a une obscurité éternelle, renfermés quwils sont

dans une cavité close de toutes parts, privés @ailleurs des

organes de la vue.”

‘In company with them he also found a considerable

number of supposed Chalcidites, which, as he observes,

“selon toute apparence s’étaient développés a leurs

dépens,” and living promiscuously (péle-méle) with the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.— PART IV. (DEC.)

314 Sir §. S. Saunders on the habits and affinities

aforesaid; being met with, like the former, among the

viscid matter surrounding the seeds (‘drupes”), as well as

within the same (“dans l’intérieur des drupes elles-mémes,”

Poon).

These supposed parasitic associates were furnished with

eyes and wings, and some of them had been seen hovering

about the figs in the first instance. How they were to

obtain their eventual liberation from such closed prison

without their blind victims being simultaneously emanci-

pated when the figs burst or decayed; or how these latter

captives, condemned to perpetual durance and obscurity,

were to deposit their ova in other figs; is not explained.

Dr. Coquerel describes and figures this Chalcis ? (sic)

under the name of C. explorator ; in whose wing the short

curvate vein emanating from the anterior margin (or more

precisely from the cubitus) shows a close aflinity with

Blastophaga; whereof one species (the B. Sycomort) is

figured and described by Professor Westwood, together

with the allied genus Sycophaga (of which S. crassipes

is the type), in our Transactions for 1837 (Vol. IL.,

pp- 220, 222, Pl: XX. fs. 4. and 5); but Coquerel’s

insect differs from Blastophaga in the structure of the

antenne, as well as in the length of the ovipositor,

which he describes as about twice the length of the

body; whereas it is very short in the latter, “being less

than half as long as the abdomen. ‘The mouth-parts

are not adverted to by Dr. Coquerel; but mm Blasto-

phaga the mandibles are furnished with a remarkable

appendage (Westwood, loc. cit. fig. 4, b—f), which is

not found in Sycophaga, to which Coquerel’s supposed

Chalcis is more closely allied in its antennz and ovi-

positor.

Walker, in his “ Notes on Chalcidie” (Part IV. p. 60),

pronounces this to be an Jdarnes, and repeats Coquerel’s

figures of Apocerypta and Sycocrypta; speaking of these as

exhibiting the most aboriginal structure of the Agaonide,

which he characterizes in the agoregate as the most rudi-

mentary form of the Chalcidie. He subsequently refers

to Idarnes as allied to Blastophaga and Sycophaqa, and

as resembling the latter in having “a long oviduct”

(p. 64).

But Blastophaga (as the name implies) is not of

carnivorous habits; it is described by Gravenhorst as

piercing the germs of the fig with small round holes, the

interior of which germs is devoured by the larvae, and

of Apocrypta and Sycophaga, §c. 315

wherein he believed they undergo their metamorphosis.*

Hasselquist, also, in his “ Iter Paleestinum” (edited by

Linneus in 1757), says of his Cynips Ficus, oermina

excavata ab illo reperi, et in quovis fere oermine unum

reconditum.” The like habit applies to Sycophaga, as

shown by some of the specimens now exhibited, where

several are seen emerging from the seeds of the syca-

more fig.

The Cynips Carice of Hasselquist, found in the same

figs with his C. Ficus, was considered by him as possibly

the other sex of the latter (an precedens ex altero sexu?

An diversa species? Iter, p. 425); although he minutely

describes the oviduct of each; the comparative length of

which (given in the C. Cartce only) is stated to be “ cor-

pore duplo longior.” These were subsequently united by

Linneus in his 10th edition of the “ Systema Nature”

(1758), wherein he refers to Hasselquist’s Nos. 111 and

112, under the name of Cynips Psenes.

Hasselquist’s specimens were obtained near Smyrna,

from the * Ficus Carice orientalis” (Linn. loc. cit.) ; but

those of Gravenhorst, all females, were derived from the

Ficus Carice of the Tyrol; and, in describing his Blasto-

phaga grossorum, @,trom that locality, he expresses his

inability to pronounce an opinion as to its generic identity

with the aforesaid, having never seen Hasselquist’s speci-

mens, nor found a sufficiently accurate description thereof.

Professor Westwood has since shown (loc. cit.) that

the Cynips Sycomori, 2, of Egypt (ticketed as such

in the Linnean cabinet with Hasselquist’s No. 113 by

Linneus himself), is a true Blastophaga. But in the

B. grossorum the oviduct is described as “longitudine

dimidize aut tertize partis abdominis,” and in B. Sycomort

as ‘“abdominis dimidii fere longitudine ;” that of Cynips

Carice, Hasselq., being, as aforesaid, twice the length of

the body: his C. Ficus is stated to be entirely red (corpus

totum rufum), all the examples of C. Psenes in the Lin-

nxan cabinet being rufescent, with an elongate oviduct ;

whereas, in the European species, the females, as de

scribed by Gravenhorst, and as exemplified in specimens

from Montpellier, received from M. Jules Lichtenstein,

are glossy-black (nigroenius, Gr.). Thus, the B. gros-

* “ Tisquisitio de Cynipe Psene Auctorum, et Descriptio Blastophage

novi Hymenopterorum generis.’ Beitrage zur Entomologie; Breslau;

Part I. 1829.

316 Sir S. S. Saunders on the habits and affinities

sorum of Europe must be regarded as perfectly distinct

from the Oriental type represented by the Cynips Psenes

of Linneeus.

In none of these instances is any clue afforded to the

males. But the Montpellier specimens were associated

with many apterous individuals, somewhat approximating

to the Sycocrypta of Coquerel; while an allied species of

Apocrypta (now exhibited) has been recently found in

the sycamore figs of Egypt, consorting in broods with the

Sycophaga crassipes; as Coquerel’s Apocrypte were met

with in the Mauritius figs of Micus terragena in company

with his Zdarnes: and the habits of all, as emanating from

the seeds, being identical, it would seem to be conclusively

shown hereby that the apterous forms are, in reality, the

males, and not, as Coquerel conceived, the females of some

unknown males; thus leaving his /darnes equally without

a partner: nor does it appear that any other species of

this genus or family has hitherto been wedded to a recog-

nized mate.

In another allied genus, the Sycobia of Walker (Notes

on Chaleid, p. 60), found in the figs of the Ficus Indica of

Hindostan, a brood of “ neuters?” or “workers?” has

been described, which are apterous (* Ale nulle”), with

“long curved mandibles like those of Scleroderma,” and

having “some resemblance to Apocrypta and Sycocrypta

in the structure of the abdomen,” furnished “ with two

apical appendages which equal it in length and resemble

the cerct of the Dermaptera.” They have eyes and

8-jointed (?) antennee, with the 1st jot much incrassated.

The same inferences point to these as the males.

In the Montpellier specimens, associated with Blasto-

phaga grossorum ¢, Gr., the abdomen of the males is

sharply deflexed and entirely concealed by doubling be-

neath the thorax; whereas in Coquerel’s Sycoc) -~ypta it 18

turned upwards instead of downwards, passing over the

thorax and projecting far beyond the head ( Vextrémité

bilobée du thorax répose sur le sol, ’abdomen se dirige

en haut, et dépasse de beaucoup la téte.” Coq. I. e.

p. 424). In the aforesaid males of Blastophaga, it con-

sists of a large globose basal distention, constituting four

segments; W iach are followed by ane. more, forming a

short tube, gradually tapering to an obtuse apex ;* “the

* Dr. Coquerel. while assigning five segments to the globose section of

the abdomen in his Sycocrypta, considers its attenuated prolongation to

of Apocrypta and Sycophaga, &c. 317

head, however, is not elongate-oval, posteriorly truncate,

as in Sycocrypta, but nearly circular, rather broader at

the base and notched in front at the insertion of the an-

tenn, which are very short, triarticulate, fleshy, and

tumid at the apex; their mouth being furnished with

short, powerful mandibles, strongly bidentate at the ex-

tremity, while exhibiting distinct black eyes placed on

each side of the disc. The thorax is much elevated and

compact throughout, somewhat broader than the head ;

the posterior tibie being strongly outcurved, and the

thorax thus raised and adjusted by the posterior tarsi.

Their colour is stramineous at first, becoming rufo-fulvous

when desiccated; and their total length, with the abdo-

men extended, is about 2 mill.; that of Sycocrypta coeca

being stated at from 4 to 43 mill.

No Blastophage, nor any species corresponding with

Sycocrypta or Apocrypta perplexa, were met with in the

Keyptian sycamore figs, in company with the other type

furnished with the peculiar caudal processes, considered

by Dr. Coquerel as bronchial appendages, the large

trachere abutting thereon; and, in accordance with the

5 . . .

analogies witnessed in other instances, this Egyptian

species, differing from A. paradoxa in the structure of the

antenna, thorax, tibiz: and abdomen, as described in the

sequel, and domiciled in broods with Sycophaga cras-

sipes, ¢, must obviously be regarded as its male.

Their life history appears ‘to be as follows: Among’

hundreds of sycamore figs examined during the months

of September and October, all the females found in these

figs were denuded of their wings; being apparently

hibernating females of the previous year, ‘which obtain

access to the interior by a minute hole which they make

in the so-called “eye” of the fig, for the purpose of deposit-

ing their eges in the seeds from within. For thus pene-

trating themselves through the exterior, their acute falcate

mandibles are admirably adapted. Hvery small unripe

green sycamore fig contained from three to six of these

dead or effete wingless females. Possibly those figs not

thus attacked fall off the tree; to provide against which,

as well as to promote maturity, caprification is said to be

resorted to in the case of the domestic fig. Towards the

consist of five more; ascribing eight segments to A. paraudowxa, and only

four or five (quatre a cing) to A. perplexa.

318 Sir 8. 8. Saunders on the habits and affinities

end of October the new brood appears. When the figs

ripen in November, the young and active females gnaw a

series of small Roles round the original aperture, and issue

therefrom ; but eventually the entire tuft of stamens falls

in, and affords a readier means of egress. The Arabs

are accustomed to make an incision in each fig at an

earlier period, apparently for a similar purpose, in leu

of caprification ;* and in such slit figs, when ripe, no

winged females are met with, which avail themselves of

such opening to evade, leaving the males only, which are

found dead within. Few of these have escaped mutila-

tion in their legs or caudal appendages from the potent

mandibles of their blind comrades. They are apt to

assume at times a crouching attitude by aiine their

abdomen beneath the thorax (like the Blastophage); their

compressed segments being entirely concealed thereby, the

caudal appendages widely, projecting on either side, and

the posterior legs extended backwards; thus appearing as

if cut in half.

SYCOPHAGA CRASSIPES, Westw., Mas.

Flavo- eer elgnees aptera, coeca.

-Long. corp. 24—34 “mill.

Ald orainis segmentis laxis nonnunquam usque ad 43

mill. productis.)

Caput elongatum, compressum, latum, pone mandibulas

transverse depressum, angulatum, posticé emarginatum ;

disco stitis rufis 5, maculaque irregulari prope antennarum

basin nigra. Antenne albide, carnosee, 3-articulate, an-

ticé utrinque porrecte; articulo basali valdé dilatato,

compresso; 24° brevi, subtrigono; apicali duplo longiore,

ovato-conico. Mandibule robuste, tridentate, dentibus

erassis. Maville nulle. Palpi obsoleti. Oculi desunt.

Thorax capite dimidio longior, gibbus ; prothorace capi-

tis fereé magnitudine, subtis SIN aRTENIO. lateribus oblique

fissis, rufo-striatis; mesothorace parvo, scutiformi; meta-

thorace vix majore, posticé latiore, rotundato. Ale nulle.

* While this paper is passing through the press, the following account

of the operation performed by the Arabs on these figs has been received :—

“ An incision, not very deep, and about half an inch long, is made with a

small knife across the centre of the fig, so that a little of the milky juices

may exude; this canses them to ripen very rapidly, makes the fruit much

better, and ‘allows the insects to escape from within. This cutting process

- is effected when the fruit is very small and green. Figs which have not

undergone this operation would be quite unfit to eat.”—H. HASELDEN.

of Apocrypta and Sycophaga, §c. 31g

Pedes breves ; trochanteribus magnis; femoribus parum

incrassatis; tibiis parvis, apice dilatatis, spinosis; tarsis

tenuibus, 5-articulatis ; articulo basali longiore; 2%° 3°.

et 4'° brevissimis; extimo elongato, unguiculis magnis

valdé recurvis, pulvillo acuminato subtts producto.

Abdomen elongatum, flexile, laxum, compressum, seg-

mentis 7; basali parvo, semicirculari; 2° anticé profundé

emarginato; reliquis latitudine longitudinis, retractilibus;

podice caudula longiusculd, exarticulata, flexili, basi ro-

busta, deindé compressa, deniqué filiformi, posticé deflexa,

apud trachearum aditum affixa, disco marginibusque

glabris, utrinque munito ; genitalibus seepé prominulis,

dilatatis, subtts retro Aeiloae,

Habitat cum Sycophagd crassipede commixtis, in

Agypti Ficus Sycomori grossis.

BLASTOPHAGA GROSSORUM, Grav., Mas.*

Straminea (vel rufo-fulva postquam desiccata sit), aptera,

oculis nigris, abdomine basi ventricoso.

Long. corp. 2 mill.; lat. 3 mull.

Caput subrotundum, posticé latius, convexum, anticé

truncatum, fronte angularitér excavato, disco levissimé

punctato ; oculis lateralibus, subrotundis. Antenne bre-

vissimex, albide, carnose, ail marginem anticum ubi exca-

vatum insert, 3-articulate; articulo 1™° parvo, eylindrico ;

2° pauld elongato, dimidio basali latere excavato; extimo

tumido, apice ‘obtuso, latiore, setis parvis paucis instructo.

Mandibule crass, subquadrate, apice interne bidentate,

externé ciliate.

Thorax capite duplo longior, pauld latior; compactus,

gibbus; metathorace utrinque pr rofundé excavato, spiracula

sat conspicua, posticé truncato, appendiculato. Ale nulle.

Pedes antici robusti; femoribus crassissimis; tibiis bre-

vibus, apice valde dairies angulis semicirculariter pro-

cena, acutis; tarsis brevissimis, 2 -articulatis; articulo 1™°

parvo, basi elongato, constricto, apice dilatato; 2°° maximo,

inflato, feré ut quatuor in uno conjunctis, unguiculis magnis.

Pedes intermedii tenuissimi, lineares ; tarsis clongatulis,

* Femina (secundum Gravenhorstii diagnosin). Color nigroznius,

nitidissimus ; fossa capitis rufa; ore ferrugineo; antennis fuscis (12- artic

apicali porrecta; pedibus piceis, femoribus “plus minus fuscescentibus,

coxis et trochanteribus fuscis; terebra rufa (cateris omissis).

320 Sir S. 8. Saunders on Apocrypta, &c.

5-articulatis, unguiculis tenellis. Pedes postici robusti ;

femoribus ut in “aniticis valdé incrassatis; tibiis brevibus,

excurvis, apice dilatatis, angulo externo biuncinnato ; tarsis

pe atieulats. articulis mediocribus, basali et extimo longi-

oribus, unguiculis validis.

Abdomen elongatum, subter thorace plicatile ; basi tho-

racis latitudine, ‘medio latius; segmentis 7; basalibus 4

valdé inflatis, sensim deflexis; reliquis tubulum tenue,

rectum, compressum, apice obtusum, constituentibus, intra

quod ¢ Pemakibas retractilibus.

Hab.—Europ4 meridionali, in Ficus Carice grossis.

Gravenhorst considered the females of his B. grossorum

to conrepoue with Pontedera’s unnamed species (Anth.

lib. 2, p. 172, tab. xi.); but certainly not coinciding with

either the Cynips Ficus or the C. Carice of Hasselquist,

which he thought distinct inter se. Pontedera speaks of

finding both sexes of his species; defining the females as

having an exserted ovipositor; whence his figures, as

wanting this organ, have been supposed to represent the

males ; “but he appears to have mistaken mutilated females,

reft of their oviduct, for the other sex.

Gravenhorst has not described the mouth-parts in the

female of B. grossorum, as not distinctly visible; with the

exception of the outlying appendages, which he supposed

to be palpi, but which Professor Westwood, in treating of

B. Sycomori, 2, has shown to be affixed to the hase of

the mandibles. In the Montpellier specimens the mandu-

catory organs of the female agree with those of B. Syco-

mort; the mandibles being subquadrate and bidentate at

the apex (like those of the male), externally ciliated, and

furnished at the base, towards the mner angle, with an

elongate, corneous, exarticulate, compressed spatula, trans-

versely 5- to 7- serrated, projecting obliquely backwards

under the head, eradually increasing in width and termi-

nating in a broad rounded apex.

These remarkable appendages, nearly as wide as the

mandibles themselves to which they are firmly attached,

and more elongate, may possibly serve to relieve the latter

by facilitating their opening when clogged with the viscous

juices of the “fig; the sharp transverse serratures in these

spatulee —with the interstices sloping

towards the thorax, affording a ready means of propelling

the same, and, w ith them, the inner region of the man-

dibles, by the action of the dilated anterior tibize.

Cr o2 it.)

XXIX. Descriptions of new species of Hemiptera-

Homoptera. By W. L. Disranrt.

[Read November 6th, 1878.]

My friend, Mr. F. Moore, having submitted his fine col-

lection of Indian Homoptera to me for identification, I

found, in addition to many rare insects, the three follow-

ing new species of Cercopide. I have also added diag-

noses of some other undescribed Homopterous forms from

the collections of Mr. F. J. Horniman and my own.

Fam. CERCOPID Zi.

Genus CosMoscarTa, Stal.

Cosmoscarta borealis, n. sp.

Pilose. Head and pronotum luteous ; antenne black;

abdomen and tegmina roseate ; ocelli black, placed much

nearer to each other than they are from eyes. Face

tumid, much compressed, transver sely strigose, and deeply

and broadly suleated in front. Eyes prominent, luteous,

thickly covered with irregular blackish markings. Pro-

notum deflexed towards head, on which portion is a

raised central longitudinal line, and an irregular fovea

behind eyes (much more distinct in some specimens than

in others); wings pale fuscous. Pectus, cox and femora

luteous, fore and intermediate tibia black, hind tibiae

luteous with apex black. Apex of rostrum, tarsi and

strong, spine near apex of posterior, tibize black.

Long. ex. tegm. 6 mill.; exp. tegm. 17 mill.

Khasia Hills; W. Yunnan. Coll. Moore; Distant.

Allied to the Bornean species C. semtrosea, Walk., from

which, in addition to other characters, it can be at once

distinguished by the colour of the pronotum and fore and

intermediate tibie.

Cosmoscarta Mooret, nu. sp.

Black, shining, irregularly pilose. Tegmina thickly al

finely punctured, with the base, both ‘above and below,

ecarmine. This coloration consists of a narrow straight

subcostal streak of about 3 mill. in length, and a br oader

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART Iv. (DEC.)

322 W. L. Distant’s descriptions of

claval streak of about the same length, gradually rounded

and narrowed at its termination. Wings fuscous, costal

edge for about half the length narrowly tinged with car-

mine. Jace transversely wrinkled and with a distinct

central longitudinal impression. [Eyes luteous. Pronotum

with a distinct central longitudinal ridge from its anterior

border to dise. Posterior borders of scutellum, metanotum

and abdominal segments; apex and lateral borders of ab-

domen carmine. Anterior legs dull reddish, femora armed

with a strong spine. Intermediate legs pitchy, posterior

legs mutilated. _Mesosternum armed with two very large,

thick, conical teeth.

Long. ex. tegm. 13 mill.; exp. tegm. 35 mill.

Sikkim. Coll. Moore.

Allied in appearance to C. Charon, White, from which

it principally differs by the narrower tegmina and the red

basal patch to same; the wings in C. Charon are also

almost black.

Genus PHYMATOSTETHA, Stal.

Phymatostetha insignis, n. sp.

Head, pronotum, scutellum and base of tegmina (ex-

tending as far as apex of scutellum) sanguineous,

remainder of tegmina black clothed with white pile.

A black point in each lateral angle of the pronotum and

two central parallel somewhat indistinct lines of the same

colour, extending from base to about the disc. Fore

femora and tibize sanguineous, tarsi pitchy.

Long. with tegm. 7 mill.

Ceylon. Coll. Moore.

Owing to the type being carded in an unexpanded

state, it is impossible to give more than the above general

outline in delineation of this small but striking species.

Phymatostetha binotata, n. sp.

Piceous. Head, face, lateral edges of pronotum, borders

of tegmina and two rounded spots on same (one placed a

little above claval suture about one-third from base, and

the other midway about one-third from apex), pale san-

guineous. Seutellum black, narrowly bordered with red.

Abdomen above, shining, purplish-black. Kyes, legs and

under side of body leek Legs pilose, ines some-

what castaneous. Wings fuscescent, bases narrowly san-

new species of Hemiptera-Homoptera. 323

guineous. Hind tibize armed with two strong spines, one

near base small, other about middle strong, robust. Face

faintly and transversely strigose. Pronotum rugulose,

with a faint central longitudinal ridge.

Long. ex. tegm. 14 mill.; exp. tegm. 35 mill.

Sadia, North of Brahmaputra, 350 ft. (Chennell).

Coll. Distant.

The nearest allied species is Phy. trisertata, Butl., from

which it differs by the much narrower tegmina as well as

the different pattern of same.

Fam. FULGORID 2.

Genus APHANA, Guérin, Burm.

Aphana novemmaculata, n. sp.

Head, pronotum and mesonotum dull reddish; eyes

luteous. Pronotum, with four spots on anterior border

and the same number on anterior border of mesonotum

and one on its apex, black. Metanotum and abdomen

above black, the last with the apex broadly luteous. Teg-

mina, with almost two-thirds of basal portion, dull reddish,

remainder Iuteous; nervures and costal border green.

Two somewhat indistinct transverse whitish bands, one

near base and the other near extremity of the dark portion

of tegmina. Wings with apical third luteous, remainder

bright red, on which are some irregular black spots.

Face, rostrum, sternum and legs dull reddish, apex of

rostrum and tarsi black, the posterior tarsi reddish at

base. Posterior tibize armed with strong spines. Under

side of abdomen dull luteous. A somewhat rectangular

hollowed space between eyes. Pronotum and mesonotum

transversely rugulose.

Long. ex. teem. 13 to 14 mill.; exp. tegm. 43 to 47 mill.

Mongo-ma-lobah,W. Africa. Coll. Horniman; Distant.

Genus Potypicrya, Guérin.

Polydictya maculata, n. sp.

Head, face, rostrum, pronotum and scutellum luteous,

the last with a few pitchy markings. Tegmina black,

with a basal patch, a short subcostal streak, and a number

of irregular spots (mostly situated on basal third of teg-

mina, but a few extending to commencement of apical

third) luteous—these spots are inconstant in number and

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART IV. (DEC.) AA

324 Mr. W. L. Distant’s descriptions, Sc.

size—nervures reticulated, those of apical third brownish.

Wings hyaline, with the nervures black and the inner

and outer margins broadly of the same colour, much

more widely so at apex, and rather paler on inner margin.

Abdomen above reddish, with the basal third Pee

Under side of body luteous; abdomen with dull reddish

shadings and two large obconical black spots on apical

seoment. Anterior and intermediate legs black, with

bases of femora luteous; hind coxe and femora luteous,

the last with a black subapical band, and the apex, tibize

and tarsi reddish.

The pronotum has two fovex on disc, separated by a

raised central longitudinal line; the tegmina and wings

have the nervures very closely reticulated, very indis-

tinctly, however, on the central hyaline portion of the

wings; the Abdomen has a central longitudinal keel ; ros-

trum reaching a little beyond posterior cox ; legs some-

what pilose; hind tibize armed with a marginal row of

five spines, of which the basal two are small and obscure.

Long. ex. tegm. 20 mill. ; exp. tegm. 49 mill.

Isubu, Mongo-ma-lobah, W. Africa. Coll. Horniman ;

Distant.

Gi 325.)

XXX. Descriptions of new Telephoride from Central

and South America. By Cuas. O. WATER-

HOUSE.

[Read November 6th, 1878. ]

In an interesting collection of Coleoptera, recently re-

ceived by the British Museum from Medellin, in Columbia,

is a species of Telephoride, belonging to the genus Chau-

liognathus ; and while ascertaining whether it had been

yet described, I found in the collection several interesting

species hitherto unnoticed, and which I, therefore, here

characterize. The new species are :—

Chauliognathus Haversii, n. sp. Chauliognathus janus, n. sp.

rH sodalis, n. sp. - dimidiatus, n. sp.

5 togatus, n. sp. 0 pallidus, n. sp.

55 excellens, n. sp. 5 sulphureus, n. sp.

distinguendus,n.sp. | Xenismus (gen. n.) nigroplagiatus,

. expansus, n. sp. n. sp.

Chauliognathus Haversii, sp. n.

Niger, opacus ; thorace ochraceo, gutta mediana nigra

notato; elytris medio fascia fere alba ornatatis ; abdominis

segmentis flavo-marginatis.

Long. 5 lin.

Antenne moderately stout. Thorax reddish-yellow,

scarcely as broad as long, quadrangular, rather flat, the

margins narrowly reflexed, the front margin arcuate, the

sides nearly straight, all the angles rounded, disk with a

black spot in the middle. LElytra at the base rather

broader than the thorax, a little broader below the shoulders

and then much narrowed to the apices which are separately

rounded, dull black, finely rugulose, with a pale yellow

slightly undulating fascia across the middle not quite

touching the margins.

Hab.—Uruguay (Thos. Havers, Esq.).

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART IV. (DEC.) AA2

326 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s descriptions of new

Chauliognathus sodalis, sp. n.

Niger, opacus, brevissime pubescens ; thorace lateribus

ely trisque ochraceis; ano rufo. ¢, &.

Long. 8—10 lin.

Var. 1. Elytris apice late nigris.

Var. 2. Elytris plaga scutellari triangulari apiceque

late nigris.

Head rather long, shining in front, not very much

narrowed posteriorly. Thorax one quarter broader than

long, a little narrowed in front, with the lateral margins

strongly reflexed, all the angles much rounded, the anterior

margin and the sides arcuate, black with the sides yellow.

Elytra yellow, with a trace of black at the scutellum, nearly

parallel. Antenne very stout and compressed.

Var. 1. Elytra with the apical third black, and not

quite so parallel as in those with unicolorous elytra. ¢, &.

Var. 2. Elytra with a large triangular scutellar pateh

and the apical third black. 2

Hab.—Oaxaca, 8. Mexico.

In the Museum collection there are four specimens of

an insect which I believe to be Telephorus adultus, Cas-

telnau (N. Hist. Anim. Art. I. p. 271), which nearly agree

with variety 2 in coloration, but differ in having the

antenn shorter and very slender ; the abdominal segments

are bordered with yellow, and the elytra are not pubescent

but strongly and closely punctured.

Chauliognathus heros, Guérin, var.

Elongatus, niger, opacus; thorace flavo, medio gutta

nigra Raeitor 2 abdomine ferrugineo, segmentis 1° et 2° ad

latera eutta nigra notatis, seg mentis 3 et 4° nigris.

Lone. 10 lin:

This variety differs from the ordinary form of C. heros,

Guérin (Réy. Zool. 1843, p. 18), in having the elytra

entirely black instead of yellow at the base.

A second specimen of the ordinary form received with

the above has the abdomen ferruginous, with four black

spots on each side.

Hab.—Kcuador (Buckley).

Chauliognathus togatus, sp. n.

Elongatus, parallelus, niger, opacus; thorace rufo ma-

C=) ) Pp 2 ot: >

Telephoride from Central and South America. 327

culé mediand nigra; elytris rufis apicem versus paulo

angustatis, abdomine rufo.

Long. 10 lin.

Var.—Elytris basi fascia angusta utrinque abbreviata

et post medium fascia recta nigris.

Long. 11 lin.

Head not very long; the sides are nearly parallel imme-

diately in front of the eyes and then obliquely converge ;

the neck is obliquely and not very much narrowed pos-

teriorly ; densely pubescent. The antenne are more or

less ferruginous below. Thorax one quarter broader than

long, a little narrowed in front, strongly reflexed at the

sides, the angles and the sides rounded, especially the

posterior angles, red, with a black spot in the middle,

which is sometimes transverse. Klytra scarcely broader

than the thorax, flat, straight at the sides, a trifle narrower

at the apex than at the base, dull red, pubescent. Abdomen

red.

A variety has a narrow, transverse scutellar spot, and a

straight fascia, rather behind the middle of the elytra,

black.

Hab.—Oaxaca, 8. Mexico.

Chauliognathus excellens, sp. Nn.

Niger, supra sat nitidus subtus opacus; thorace ochra-

ceo, nitidissimo, impunctato, lateribus late reflexis; elytris

purpureo- -nigris, nitidis subtilissime coriaceis et brevis-

sime pubescentibus ; ; abdomine ferrugineo.

Long. 14 lin.

Head long, muzzle broadest at the first third of its

length, then obliquely narrowed anteriorly and truncate

at the apex, with a few extremely fine punctures; the

neck very slightly narrowed posteriorly. Thorax one

third broader than long, with an impressed line within

the posterior margin. Elytra at the base a little broader

than the ora rather widened below the shoulders,

purplish-black, extremely finely coriaceous, with Mery

short pubescence.

Hab.—Medellin.

Chauliognathus tripartitus, Chevr., var.

Niger,.nitidus; elytris flavis macula magna communi

328 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s descriptions of new

ante apicem nigra; abdomine flavo nigro-guttato; tibiis

posticis basi flavescentibus.

Long. 64 lin.

This variety differs from the Mexican examples of ¢tri-

partitus in having a large black spot or transverse band

a little before the apex of the elytra, instead of having the

whole apical half of them black.

Hab.— Guatemala.

Chauliognathus distinguendus, sp. n.

Niger, subopacus; thorace flavo, medio nigro ; elytris

flayian aerenii scutellari, plagaque subapicali nigris.

Long. 7 lin.

Head not very long, obliquely narrowed behind the eyes,

oblique narrowed in front of the antennee; mandibles yellow

on their outer margin. Thorax yellow, opaque and black

on the disk, reflesed at the sides, the anterior angles

rounded, the sides scarcely arcuate, the posterior angles

distinct, but very obtuse, the base oblique on each side,

gently emarginate in the middle. Elytra yellow, scarcely

as broad as the thorax at the base, a little broader in the

middle, narrower at the apex, each elytron with a black

spot at the scutellum, and a large subapical triangular

black patch, which nearly unites with the corresponding

spot on the other elytron.

Hab.—Guatemala.

Var. Each elytron with a round black subapical spot

close to the suture.

Chauliognathus distinguendus, var. ?

Niger, subopacus, pubescens; thorace flavo, guttis qua-

tuor nigris; elytris flavis, basi maculisque duabus rotun-

datis post medium nigris; abdominis segmentis anguste

flavo-marginatis.

Long. 8 lin.

Head not very long, narrowed in front of the antenne,

obliquely narrowed behind the eyes. Thorax yellow, one

quarter broader than long, rather strongly reflexed at the

sides, anterior angles much rounded, the front and sides

gently arcuate, the base oblique on each side, emarginate

in the middle. LElytra at the base a little broader than

the thorax, a little broader in the middle, narrower again

at the apex, yellow, dull, finely pubescent, the base black;

Telephoride from Central and South America. 329

and on each elytron there is a round black spot close to

the suture, rather behind the middle. The segments of

the abdomen are narrowly bordered with yellow.

Hab.—Oaxaca, 8. Mexico.

This may prove to be a distinct species from C. distin-

guendus, as the head appears rather longer.

Chauliognathus axillaris, Fischer.

I have just made a careful examination of the type

specimen of Cantharis flavipes, Fabr. (Spec. Ins. 1781,

I. p. 259), im the Banksian collection at the British

Museum, and said to come from China. I find it to be

identical with a common Brazilian Chauliognathus, a dark

form of that described by Fischer (Mem. Mose. 1823,

VI. p. 254), as Telephorus axillaris.

The following remarkable species is allied to the fore-

going :—

Chauliognathus expansus, sp. ni.

Fusco-niger; capite opaco, clypeo ochraceo notato ;

thorace opaco, longitudine 2 latiori, anguste flavo-cincto,

lateribus leviter rotundatis parum reflexis; elytris basi

thorace paulo angustioribus, medio duplo latioribus dein

ad apicem angustatis, depressis, flavis, dimidio apicali

fusco-nigro, marginibus angustissime flavis, apice ipso

flavo acute dentiformi, lateribus medio plaga sub-vitrea

notatis; Coxis, femoribus tibiisque posticis ochraceis,

nigronotatis.

‘Long. 7 lin.; lat. elytr. med. 44 lin.

This species is remarkable on account of the flat lozenge-

shaped elytra, which are in the middle rather more than

twice as broad as at the base, and on account of the semi-

transparent patch on the lateral margin, their surface is

rather closely punctured, and towards the apex are some

minute tubercles intermixed; the pitchy-black patch occu-

pying the apical half of the ely tra leaves the extreme mar-

gins “and apex yellow and emits a slender branch which

runs along the side, between the vitreous spot and the

margin. ‘Each elytron terminates in an acute spur.

Hab.—Braail.

Chauliognathus janus.

Niger; antennis sat brevibus tenuibus, apicem versus

rifedecntibuss thorace amplo, nitido; elytris medio paulo

330 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s descriptions of new

ampliatis, nigris vel fascié recté ante medium, apiceque

extremo dient 3 tibiis posterioribus basi piceis ; “alates

flavo, ad lateras nigro-guttato.

Long. 83 lin.

Allied to C. flavipes, Fabr. Head and thorax very

shining. Thorax one third broader than long, a little

narrowed in front, the angles obtuse, the sides very

slightly arcuate, reflexed. Elytra at the base scarcely as

broad as the thorax, considerably widened a little behind

the middle, punctured at the base, dull and closely rugose

behind, with a well-defined yellow fascia before the middle;

the extreme apex is also yellow.

Hab.—Kcuador ( Buckley ).

In a second example the yellow band of the elytra is

wanting, but there are two minute yellow dots on the

left ely tron where the band would be.

Chauliognathus dimidiatus, sp. n.

Elongatus, angustus, niger, opacus; thorace quadrato,

elytrisque dimidio basali rufo-ochraceis; corporis subtus

segmentis pallide flavo-cinctis, ano flavo. 6, ¢.

Long. 4{—8 lin.

Head very long; antennz long and very slender. Tho-

YAaX a MS broader than long, quadrangular, scarcely

narrower at the base, reddish-yellow, dull, the front and

lateral margins gently reflexed, the anterior angles much

rounded, the sides rather straight, posterior angles rather

obtuse. Elytra long, parallel, a very little naeromed at

their apices, densely and finely i tees with the basal

half reddish-yellow.

The male has the ereater part of the sternum and the

margins of the abdominal segments pale yellow.

The female has less yellow beneath.

fTab.—Mexico.

Chauliognathus pallidus, sp. n.

Elongatus, gracilis, testaceus, opacus; antennis, tibiis

tarsisque fuscescentibus, femoribus piceo-flavis. ¢.

Long. 5 lin.

Head shining, rather long, eyes very prominent, the

forehead with a longitudinal impression between the an-

tenne. Antenne very long and slender, fuscous. Thorax

quadrate, rather flat but uneven above, not quite as broad

Telephoride from Central and South America. 331

as the head across the eyes, very nearly as broad as long,

the anterior angles rounded, the sides nearly straight, in-

crassate but not reflexed, the posterior angles distinct.

Klytra a little broader than the thorax, a trifle narrower at

the apex, finely coriaceous, sparingly pubescent, visibly

punctured towards the apex. Legs long and slender, the

ro)

femora obscure yellow, the tibize and tarsi dusky.

Hab.— Mexico.

Var.—Legs uniform yellowish.

Chauliognathus sulphureus, sp. n.

Elongatus, gracilis, flavescens ; capite, thorace, antennis

pedibusque fuscis ; ; elytris sulphureis, apiceni versus angus-

tatis. ¢.

Long. 7} lin.

Closely allied to the preceding, but besides the difference

of coloration, the thorax is a little less narrow, as broad as

long, with the sides distinctly but not broadly reflexed ; the

elytra are more densely clothed with fine pubescence,

narrowed towards the apex, finely coriaceous, with no

visible punctuation towards the apex, as in the foregoing

species. The legs are very long and slender, fuscous, with

the coxe and base of the femora yellow.

Hab. Amazons (Bates).

XENISMUS, gen. n.

Characters of Telephorus, but with the head evenly

convex above, and with a distinct well-defined transverse

labrum, which is about four times as broad as long,

separ ated from the epistoma by a curved line, the anterior

border parallel to the posterior.

I have not been able to find any Telephorid, nor, indeed,

any Malacoderm, with the peculiarity presented by the

part which I have above alluded to as the labrum, and I

am in doubt as to whether this part should be termed the

labrum or clypeus. The solidity of its texture, and its

close contact at the ends with the cheeks, incline me to

consider it the clypeus (in which case the labrum would be

so reduced as to be invisible), but the presence of a distinct

clypeus is also foreign to the Telephoride, with which

the species must, however, undoubtedly be associated.

Xenismus nigroplagiatus.

Flavus, nitidus; elytris fortiter (apicem versus subtilius

’ y

332 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s descriptions, ce.

rugosis, dimidio basali (lateribus exclusis) nigro; pectore

eriseo-nigro.

Long. 6} lin.

Head rather short and large, very little narrowed be-

hind the eyes (which are black), gently convex, extremely

polished, not impressed between the antennz; the maxille

and the tip of the mandibles black. Antenne slender and

not very long. Thorax as broad as the head across the

eyes, one quarter broader than long, extremely polished,

not narrowed posteriorly, the anterior margin and the sides

(which are gently reflexed) nearly straight, the posterior

margin very slightly emarginate in the middle, all the

angles equally rounded. “Ely tra at the base scarcely

broader than the thorax, distinctly broader at the posterior

two-thirds, narrowed at the apices, yellow, with a black

patch extending from the base to the middle but leaving

the sides yellow, the black portion is shining and very

rugosely, almost reticulate-punctate, the yellow portions

are closely and strongly punctured and slightly pubescent.

The coxe and the metasternum are blackish.

Hab.— Ecuador (Buckley).

XXXII. The prevention of Insect injury by the use of

Phenol preparations. By HE Lreanor A.

ORMEROD, F.M.S.

[Read November 6th, 1878. ]

I FEEL some hesitation in venturing to withdraw your

attention for a short time from more scientific matters to

that of the Psila rose, too well known for the injury it

causes in our carrot crops, under the name of “rust;” but

after noting for many years the means generally used, and,

ordinarily, with little success for keeping it in check, I

have this year been fortunate enough to stop its ravages

so completely that, perhaps, I may be allowed to say a few

words on the subject, looking on it as the type of a class

of injurious insects very difficult to deal with practically, —

whose life, in all but the imago state, being carried on

beneath the surface of the earth, show their presence only

by its results when it is often too late to apply a remedy,

and, generally speaking, difficult to find an application

that will destroy the insect without injuring the plant.

On the 19th of June I found the carrots in my garden

perishing under the worst attack of Psila rose that I ever

met with. Instead of being simply limited to a number

of larval bormgs towards the extremity of the root, the

plants were in some cases killed, in others were destroyed

fully half-way up; the larvee were unusually fine and

numerous, and the constantly-increasing injury to the plot

might be traced by the daily-altering state of the plants,

which were given up as hopeless by the various gardeners

I consulted.

It occurred to me that a fluid application I was then

experimenting with, known as “ Little’s Soluble Phenyle,”

of which the ingredients were stated to be a distillation of

tar, similar to creosote, and pine oil, and which I had found

injurious to insect life, whilst beneficial to vegetation,

might be of service, and after watering the plants for a

few days with it in a dilute state, the application took

effect thoroughly.

In less than a fortnight the attack had ceased spreading,

and some of the infested plants showed signs of recovery ;

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1878.—PART IV. (DEC.)

334 Eleanor A. Ormerod on the prevention of

in another week healthy foliage was showing, contrasting

with the deep orange-coloured leaves characteristic of the

insect attack to the root, and from that time till the 12th

of August, when they were raised for examination,

sacrificing good and bad together for comparison, they

continued to grow luxuriantly with no return of attack of

the “rust” fly.

Taking the roots in the mass, they showed how sudden

the check had been to the insect life. Where the grubs

had died from the application of the phenyle, whilst ‘there

was Just sufficient life left in the root to recover, though

it was truncated by the loss of the imsect-injured portion,

it had grown in width, and might be seen as sketched at

fiz. 1, sometimes with a morsel of the gnawed extremity

still attached.

Those that had sprung from seed (even in the very

centre of the most infested part), after the application of

the “soluble phenyle” were absolutely untouched by the

larvee, and healthy, as also those that had been preserved

similarly from attack, and the only notable presence of

“rust” was in a root, so far from the experimental appli-

cation as probably to have escaped the remedy, and the

foliage was so exceedingly luxuriant, and clear brilliant

green, that the experiment was stated to be quite satis-

factory by the gardeners I asked to examine it, not

ae ne to trust my own opinion.

I should feel litile doubt for the future of checking the

attack of the rust insect by a timely application, but ‘from

some experiments carried on by leaving pupee of Otior hyn-

chus sulcatus in soil soaked with the “soluble phenyle”

(little, if at all, diluted), and by which they were only

exceptionally injured, it appeared that the larve were got

rid of either by starvation or the unwholesome state of

their food when saturated with the chemical fluid, not by

external application; and the question arose, whether

phenol compounds pars a in sufficient quantity to destroy.

insect life might be objectionable in food roots.

I had, therefore, a proper analysis made of some of the

roots, and it appeared by fractional distillation with water

that a minute quantity of a tarry volatile substance was

separated, this being possibly carbolic acid or a homologue

of that substance, the quantity obtained being too small

for more precise examination.

The pectin and sugar were stated to be unaltered, and

the ash showed nothing beyond what usually exists.

insect injury by the use of phenol preparations. 335

The results showed that the absorbed substance or sub-

stances were so small in quantity that, though (in the

most extreme cases) perceptible to taste and smell before

cooking, the quantity, even in these instances, was not

sufficient to make the roots prejudicial to the health; and

with regard to the taste, I may mention some cabbages

similarly treated, and given to my gardener and his wife

for special observation, were pronounced everything that

could be wished.

I cannot help feeling a hope that this experiment may

be followed up into something of general utility.

In all cases I have found the “ soluble phenyle” bene-

ficial to vegetation; and, looking at the degree to which

larval health is affected in many cases merely by the diffe-

rence in the watery or condensed state of the sap, and the

general refusal of larvee to feed at all unless the food is to

their taste, it appears that a fluid so thoroughly distasteful

as this—not simply soddening from the outside but cireu-

lated by the vegetative action exactly in the young and

erowing tissues most liable to insect attack—might be of

much service at har dly appreciable cost, except the wages

of a labourer for occasional application, and might even

be brought to bear on the Phylloxera.

ahi on eal 2

a i. tis yo

a7 Tes tan

iL oe

“—

=) —_

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

FOR

1878.

February 6, 1878.

H. W. Bartss, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.

The President nominated Prof. J. O. Westwood, Mr. J. W. Douglas and

Mr. Frederick Smith as Vice-Presidents.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

donors.

Election of Members. °

Mr. Richard S. Standon, of Holmwood Lodge, Surbiton, and Mr. T. W.

Wonfor, of 88, Buckingham Place, Brighton, were ballotted for and elected °

Members.

Heahibitions, &c.

Mr. Jenner Weir exhibited three specimens of an Atypus taken on a bank

near Lewes; they were stated to erect a pile of small pieces of chalk in

front of their burrows. Mr. Weir also exhibited a remarkable spider from

Madagascar, and a small living spider (Philodromus), marked and coloured

in imitation of lichen, which he had beaten out of trees in the New Forest.

Sir Sidney Saunders stated that the diypus was A. Sulzeri, Koch.

Mr. M‘lachlan exhibited a small collection of dragon-flies of the genus

Euthore, in illustration of a paper entitled “ Calopterygina collected by

Mr. Buckley in Ecuador and Bolivia.” The collection contained a fine

series of both sexes of a new species, Muthore mirabilis.

Mr. Meldola exhibited a remarkable specimen of Leucania conigera taken

at Willesden. ‘The colour and markings of the fore wings were reproduced

on the lower half of the left hind wing.

Mr. Meldola then read the following extracts from a letter from Dr. Fritz

Miller to Mr. Charles Darwin, dated from Santa Caterina, Brazil, 27th

November, 1877 :—

«My children lately caught on the flowers of Calonyction (sp. ?) a Sphinx-

moth, the proboscis of which is 22 centimetres long. As I think that you

would be glad to see this curious proboscis I send it to you. * * * %*

During the month of October I have watched for some weeks the butterflies

visiting a Lantana near my house, the flowers of which are yellow the first

day, orange the second, purple the third day, and falling off on the morning

of the fourth. Eight out of eleven species of butterflies (Heliconius apseudes,

Colenis Dido, C. Julia, Dione Juno, Hesperocharis Anguitia, Eurema Leuce,

Daptonoura Lycimnia, and Callidryas Cipris) never touched an orange or

purple flower, limiting their visits exclusively to the yellow ones. Two

specimens of Pieris Aripa (or Hlodia?) proceeded in the same way, whilst

a third specimen of this Pieris inserted its proboscis indifferently into yellow

or orange flowers. ‘Three specimens of Danais Krippus evidently preferred

yellow flowers, but sometimes also tried orange flowers, and one of them

even once put its proboscis into a purple flower; a fourth specimen of

Danais visited yellow flowers only. Lastly, I saw three specimens of

Hesperide, but as I did not catch them, and as the species most closely

resemble each other, I do not know whether they belonged to the same

species; two visited exclusively yellow flowers, the third indifferently

flowers of any colour—yellow, orange, or purple. These observations, of

which a full account will be published in the ‘Archivos do Museo Nacional

do Rio de Janeiro,’ confirm those by Delpino on Ribes awrewm and Caragana

arborescens. If the flowers lasted but one day the flower-

= heads would be by far less conspicuous; if they lasted

= three days without changing colour, butterflies would lose

much time in visiting honeyless, already-fertilized flowers.

*k Yesterday I caught, for the first time, the male

of a Sphinx-moth which exhaled a strong musk-like odour ;

as you know, this is also the case with the males of the

European S. convolvuli and S. ligustri ; but nobody has as

yet, so far as I know, indicated the odoriferous organ. It

is formed by two pencils of hairs situated on the ventral side

of the base of the abdomen, and when at rest are perfectly

hidden by the scales (hairs ?).

“T do not remember whether I have already called your

attention to an interesting secondary sexual character ob-

servable in several species of Callidryas and some other

Pierine. The costal margin of the anterior wing is sharply

serrated in the males, while it is smooth in the females. In

Callidryas Philea some females have the wings smooth, others serrated, but

Scent-fans of

Sphinx-moth.

in a far less degree than in the male. This may be a sort of weapon in the

battles of the males. Whether in Papilio Grayi, P. Cleotas, P. Corebus,

and their allies, the serrated margin of the fore wings is limited to the male

sex I do not know, not having yet caught females of these rare species.”

Mr. Meldola exhibited the proboscis of the Sphinx referred to in the above

letter, and also the wings of a male specimen of Callidryas Argante, showing

the serrated margin. He remarked that he was indebted to Mr. Darwin for

having kindly placed the letter and specimens at his disposal. With

reference to the length of proboscis of Sphinx-moths, it was stated that in

the British Museum there is a South-American specimen of Macrosila

eluentius, the proboscis of which is 23:5 centimetres (= 94 inches) long.

Both Mr. Darwin (‘ Fertilization of Orchids,’ 1862, p. 198) and Mr. Wallace

(‘Quarterly Journal of Science,’ Oct. 1867) had predicted the existence in

Madagascar of a moth with a proboscis sufficiently long to reach into the

nectar of Anagrecum sesquipedale, the nectary of which orchid is from ten to

fourteen inches in length. This prediction, although not at present specially

fulfilled with regard to Madagascar, has been since shown to have a great

amount of probability by the discovery of a Sphinw in South America with

a proboscis 25 centimetres (= 9°8 inches) in length. This specimen was

also captured by Fritz Miiller (see ‘ Nature,’ vol. viii., p. 223), and has been

since identified as Macrosila cluentius (see ‘ Nature,’ vol. xvii., p. 221). The

selective discrimination of flowers of certain colours referred to in the fore-

going letter appears to afford additional proof of the fact that sects can

distinguish colours—a fact of the utmost importance to the theory of Sexua

Selection. With reference to the serrated costal margin of the fore wings of

butterflies, Mr. Meldola stated that this character had been shown to exist

in the genus Prioneris by Mr. Wallace (Trans. Ent. Soc., ser. ii1., vol. iv.),

and in the genera Amynthia and Pyrrhosticta by Mr. A. G. Butler, but

that, so far as he knew, it was now made known in Callidryas for the

first time.

Mr. A. G. Butler stated that in many of the exotic Notodontide he had

observed a fan-like tuft in the males. With reference to the Sphingide of

Madagascar, he stated that he had measured the probosces of all the speci-

mens in the British Museum, and none of them exceeded five inches in

length. Mr. Butler further remarked that the whole of the Old World

species of butterflies separated under the Hiibnerian genus Catopsilia, the

whole of the New World species separated under the genus Phebis of

Hubner, all the species of the true Callidryas, Boisd., and one species only

of the genus Aphrissa, Butler, have the serrated costa in the male sex.

Aphrissa Godartiana, Swainson, although closely allied to A. Hartonia,

Butler, being similar in colour and pattern, but differing chiefly in size and

the shortness of the wings, has a strongly serrated costa, whilst A. Hartonia

has the costa smooth. With regard to the object of the serrated margin,

Mr. Butler stated that he was disposed to accept Fritz Miller’s explanation

that it may be of use in the battles of the males.

Mr. Bates remarked that in Prioneris the serrated costal margin exists

in both sexes.

The Secretary called the attention of the members to the approaching

International Entomological Exhibition to be held at the Royal Westminster

Aquarium in March. He also exhibited, on behalf of Capt. Elwes (who

was present as a visitor), a series of coloured illustrations of butterflies,

printed from nature by a new process invented by Dr. Seriziat, of Collioure

(Pyrénées Orientales), France. The inventor states that the “colouring

matter is fixed by means of a special adhesive and a press; the bodies are

painted in water-colours after nature.”

Mr. G. C. Champion exhibited twelve species of the genus Cetonia, taken

by Mr. J. J. Walker, of H.M.S. ‘Swiftsure,’ at Besika Bay, Salonica,

Pirzeus, and other Mediterranean localities. He also exhibited a specimen

of Anthicus bimaculatus, a rare British beetle, taken near New Brighton by

Mr. J. T. Harris, of Burton-on-Trent.

Mr. J. W. May exhibited a specimen of Carabus intricatus tien at

Fulham.

Mr. H. Goss called attention to the occurrence of sexual dimorphism in

Erebia Medea, and exhibited specimens of both forms of the female. He

stated that he had obtained specimens of both forms nearly every year for

the last sixteen years from Silverdale, Lancashire, and that one form was

quite as common as the other. The principal difference between the two

forms consisted in the colouring of the discal band. In one form, which

Mr. Goss believed to be the typical form, the discal band was bluish ash-

colour, and in the second or diverging form it was ochreous-brown, or in some

specimens whitish ochreous.

Papers read.

Sir John Lubbock read a paper ‘On the Colouring of British Cater-

pillars.” Starting from the principles laid down by Darwin, Wallace, and

others, that dull-coloured, green, and smooth-skinned caterpillars are eaten

by birds, &c., while spiny, hairy, and brightly-coloured species are rejected,

the author proceeded to show by a statistical method of tabulation that no

hairy caterpillars are green, while, on the other hand, a large majority of

black and brightly-coloured caterpillars are hairy.

Mr. Jenner Weir expressed his warm approval of the method by which

Sir John Lubbock had treated the subject, and remarked that the results

obtained forcibly illustrated the antagonism between green coloration and

hairy protection. He further stated that during the past summer he had

seen the larvee of Huchelia Jacobee in great profusion on Senecio, which

plant had been completely stripped of its leaves over a large area of the

New Forest. This great abundance of the caterpillar he regarded as a

natural experiment on a large scale illustrating the truth of the doctrine

advocated.

Mr. J. W. Douglas asked whether the bright colours of the caterpillars

actually frightened away birds. He remarked that it was well known that

the Shrikes impaled brightly-coloured and hairy insects, such as bees.

Sir John Lubbock stated that the bright coloration or hairy covering of a

caterpillar acted simply as a warning that the species was inedible. It was

clearly an advantage to a distasteful species to be recognized as such before

being pecked at by a bird, and not after being seized, in which case the

larva, although perhaps not killed at the time, would in all probability

ultimately die of the wounds inflicted. Thus by the action of Natural

Selection had bright colours and hairs become associated with distasteful

qualities.

Mr. M‘Lachlan stated that in 1865 (Trans. Ent. Soc., ser. 3, vol. ii.) he

had called attention to the fact that some flower-frequenting caterpillars

were of the same colours as the flowers on which they fed. He remarked

that this was especially the case with the genus Hupithecia. Mr. M‘Lachlan

also called attention to the fact that the larvee of many Sphingida, such as

Acherontia Atropos were known to present two distinct forms or coloured

varieties.

Mr. Butler remarked that he could fully endorse Sir John Lubbock’'s

view of the function of the oblique stripes on the sides of Sphina larve—

that these markings were intended to represent the shadow-lines cast by

leaves. He mentioned that he had recently had an opportunity of ob-

serving Sphing ligustri under conditions most favourable to this deception.

Mr. Butler further remarked that many of the exotic larve belonging to the

genera: Sphina and Smerinthus were dimorphic. With reference to colour

being influenced by food-plant, he stated that he had observed this fact in

connection with species of Mamestra.

Sir John Lubbock stated, with regard to dimorphic larve, that Weismann

had shown that in such cases one form generally retained the characters of

the young larva, while the other form diverged from it at a certain stage

of growth. The dark-coloured varieties generally existed in those species

which fed on low-growing plants, under which conditions the dark colour

served as a protection to the caterpillar when hiding by day.

Mr. H. Goss said that he had long been familar with two forms of the

larva of Cherocampa elpenor, and that the green and brown varieties were

about equally common, the former colour not being in any way confined to

young larvee.

Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale remarked that in South Africa the ordinary

form of larva of Acherontia Atropos feeds generally upon Solanaceae, while

the dark form, which is rarer, he had found only on species of Lantana.

The larva of Cherocampa capensis feeds on the wild vine, and is green,

shaded with oblique stripes of pale violet; it has two eye-like spots on the

thoracic segment, but they are very small, and would in this case hardly be

serviceable to the insect in frightening away birds; the general coloration

of the caterpillar is probably protective. Another Chwrocampa larva feeding

on the wild vine is dark-coloured, but with very large eye-like spots, which

give it a grotesque appearance. Mrs. M. E. Barber, in a paper read before

the Linnean Society, mentioned the larva of a species of Cherocampa which

feeds on Convolvulacea, and which in its younger stage is green, but

becomes dark coloured prior to burrowing, at which period it may be seen

wandering about the ground. The species is extremely abundant. The

larva of Anthereaa Tyrrhea is so abundant in some seasons that the thorn-

trees (Acacia horrida) are stripped of their foliage over miles of area. The

caterpillar is conspicuously marked with black, white and yellow; when

touched it jerks its head backwards and ejects a quantity of a nauseous

green fluid. Mr. Weale stated that he had never seen it attacked by birds,

although it is often infested with ichneumons. The moth—to judge by the

number of wounded specimens—is attacked largely by some night-flying

animal, probably bats. Many of the larvae of Sphingide when seized have

a habit of doubling up the body and then jumping a considerable distance

with a spring-like action. ‘This is especially the case with species having

eye-like markings, and it is probable that if attacked by birds in a hesitating

manner, such species might effect their escape amid the grass or foliage.

Mr. Meldola stated that, in the December number of ‘ Kosmos,’ Fritz

Muller had recorded a number of most interesting observations bearing

upon the subject of the coloration of caterpillars. The larvee of Dione Juno

and Acrea Thalia live gregariously, and are brown in colour; they are

covered with spines, but, being of dull colours, their spiny protection (which

in the case of D. Juno is very imperfect) would not preserve them unless

they were distinguished as inedible at the right time, and not after being

seized, in accordance with the principles laid down by Mr. Wallace. It is

suggested that the social habits of the larvee which lead them to congregate

in large numbers make up for their want of colour, since their offensive

odour then gives timely warning to an approaching enemy. The caterpillars

of Colenis Julia and Dione Vanill@ are equally wanting in bright colours,

but are solitary in their habits, and these species rest on the under side of

the leaf when feeding. On the other hand, the caterpillars of Heliconius

Eucrate, Colwns Dido and C. Isabella, which are of solitary habits and

which freely expose themselves, are very gaudily coloured, and therefore

most conspicuous. As examples of nearly allied larve, of which some

species are gregarious and others solitary, Fritz Miller mentions Morpho

and Brassolis, which are gregarious, while Opsiphanes and Caligo are

solitary. The larva of Papilio Pompeius also is gregarious, and those of

vil

P. Nephalion, P. Polydamas and P. Thoas are solitary. These and

analogous cases are adduced by the author in support of Dr. Weismann’s

conclusion that the “ form-relationship ” of caterpillars is more governed by

external conditions than by their “ blood relationship,” so that if a group of

insects be classified by their larval characters we should have a totally

different arrangement to that which would be given by a classification of

the perfect insects. Fritz Miller sums up his observations with some

remarks, of which the following is a free translation :—‘'The caterpillars

which live alone and lack the bright colouring as a sign of offensiveness

must hide themselves, as those of C. Julia and D. Vanilla. The spiny

covering is much less a protection against birds than against smaller

enemies, and they may by the protective habit of living together diffuse

around themselves an offensive atmosphere, even to man, and thus gradually

becoming shorter (as with D. Juno), the spines of these caterpillars become

useless, and finally are altogether dropped.” With reference to the conclu-

sions that caterpillars can become adapted to their environment quite inde-

pendently of the perfect insect, as worked out in a most masterly manner by

Dr. Weismann, Mr. Meldola stated that in his belief the principle had been

laid down, if not in detail, at least broadly, by Darwin, in the ‘ Origin of

Species.’ It is there stated (1st ed., p. 440) that when an animal, during

any part of its embryonic career, is active, and has to provide for itself,

“The periid of activity may come on earlier or later in life; but whenever

it comes on, the adaptation of the larva to its conditions of life is just

as perfect and as beautitul as in the adult animal. From such special

adaptations the similarity of the larvee or active embryos of allied animals

is sometimes much obscured.”

Mr. Bates, in conclusion, asked the Society to return their thanks to

Sir John Lubbock for his interesting paper, and remarked that the dis-

cussion to which it had given rise had elicited much valuable information.

The President pointed out that every marking on a enterpillar must have

some meaning with reference to external conditions, and that a large

and almost untrodden field in this direction yet lay open to the working

entomologist.

The following papers were communicated by Mr. C. O. Waterhouse :—

“Description of a new Dragou-fly (Gynacantha) from Borneo.” “ Description

of a new Species of Cheruitide (Pseudoscorpionide) from Spain.” “On

the different forms occurring in the Coleopterous Family Lycide, with

Descriptions of new Genera and Species.”

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part LV. of the * Transactions’ for 1877 was on the table.

Vili

March 6, 1878.

H. W. Bartss, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

donors.

Election of a Member.

Mr. John Woodgate, of Richmond Road, New Barnet, Herts, was

ballotted for and elected a Member.

Exhibitions, ée.

Mr. F. Moore exhibited, at the request of Sir W. H. Gregory, late

Governor of Ceylon, a large series of beautifully executed drawings,

by native artists, of the transformations of the Lepidoptera of that island.

These drawings were made under the supervision of Dr. Thwaites, and

represent the life-history of many species hitherto unknown. Mr. Moore

expressed a hope that the Government of Ceylon would accede to the

proposition of having them published.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited four parts—relating te Entomology—of the

great Russian work, Fedtschenko’s ‘ Travels in Turkestan ;’ they consisted

of two parts on Hymenoptera, &c., one on Coleoptera, and one on Arachnida.

The President called attention to the excellence of some of the plates,

drawn, engraved, and coloured in Russia.

Mr. H. Goss exhibited a small collection of fossil insects obtained by

Mr. J. 8. Gardner, F.G.S., from the Bournemouth Leaf-beds (Middle

Eocene). The collection comprised numerous elytra of Coleoptera, chiefly

Curculionide and Buprestide, also wings of an schna and other

Neuroptera, &c.

Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale read the following :—

* Notes on South African Insects.”

“ Variation in Pieris Severina and P. Mesentina.—In the paper J had

the honour of reading before this Society in July (Trans.. Ent. Soc., 1877,

p- 265), I remarked upon the variations of tint in some Pieride@ according

to season. J wish now to point out that Cape specimens of P. Severina

show in the female a tendency to vary on the fore-wing from a minute spot

at the extremity of the discoidal cell to a broad bar extending theuce from

the costa. In thirty-eight specimens in my collection the mode in which

this occurs is well illustrated. At first a slight dark projection occurs on

the costa, while the discoidal spot is at the same time sometimes enlarged.

In other examples an intermediate dark marking occurs, until at last all

these markings become united in a dark band. In one specimen exhibited

this band is widened so much that Iam dubious whether the specimen

belongs to P. Severina or to P. Mesentina, although in most cases a reference

to the under side readily decides it. In similar manner on the hind wings

the nervures are sometimes fairly defined by black, and a small black mark

sometimes defines the outer border of the discoidal cell. In most cases,

however, these markings are absent. ‘The males show in the fore wing a

similar tendency to vary. In the female of Pieris Mesentina the black

band at the extremity of the discoidal cell is never absent, and is usually

connected with a distinctly dark-bordered costa, but it is in some cases so

narrow and broken as barely to join the costa. In the hind wings the

markings exceptionally present in P. Severina are here normally present.

The hind marginal black border in P. Severina is broader, darker and less

broken than in P. Mesentina, and the apex of the fore wing is generally

marked with three distinct yellowish spots; while in P. Mesentina the

border is paler and more broken: in the hind marginal border of the fore

wing the apical spots are sometimes absent, and in the hind wings there is

generally a distinct row of pale spots, which in P. Severina are barely

indicated. The general colour of the female P. Mesentina is lighter than

that of Severina, the ground colour being sometimes white; but, as I have

said, the ground colour of both forms varies with locality and climate.

I have thought these remarks worth recording, because, as we before saw in

the males of Papilio Merope, a small black dot is sometimes present at the

extremity of the discoidal cell, while in Papilio meriones there is present a

broad black bar, and it has been from the encroachments of such slight

variations that Mr. Trimen was led to suspect the true position of the

female.

“Termes trinervius.—In an account of the first living specimen of the

South-American Ant-eater (Myrmecophaga jubata) in the Zoological

Gardens, Professor Owen remarks, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological

Society,’ that attempts had been made to feed this animal with living

ants and their larve, but that they appeared thoroughly distasteful

to it, and he concluded that these insects were refused on account

of their secreting formic acid. During my residence in the Cape Colony

my attention was attracted to the soldiers of the commonest species, Termes

trinervius, on account of the apparently meaningless manner in which they

ran about, thrusting at every object with their lance-pointed heads. I often

placed my finger close to them, but never received any kind of wound,

whereas most of the other kinds with which I am acquainted bite severely.

One day while watching them with a glass I noticed a small ant come in

contact with one, and it immediately seemed disabled. On examining it

I saw a gummy kind of liquid adhering to it, and accordingly put a portion

of the nest and a number of Termites into a bottle for examination. On

opening the bottle [ noticed a strong acid odour, and on testing it litmus

paper was discoloured. On examining the insect under the microscope

I observed that the cephalic projection was perforated at the extremity

and communicated with a duct. On touching the same part of living

specimens a small drop of acid and gummy matter was traceable on the

finger. Termes trinervius is the common food of the Cape Ant-bear

(Orycteropus Capensis) and I believe also of the Aardt-wolf (Proteles

eristatus). Another species of Termes has, I think, a similar secretion,

but in a less degree. ‘The soldier of this species is armed with prehensile

mandibles, and has no cephalic projection.

“Larve of Hesperid@a.—In glancing over the pages of the ‘ Revue et

Magazin de Zoologie’ for 1875 I noticed a paper by Dr. Burmeister on the

larvee of Hesperide@, and as I have myself discovered and reared those of

Pyrgus Elma and Ismene Florestan in Kaffraria, I thought it might be

of interest to make a few remarks on this subject. Both the Cape species

cover themselves up in a fold of the leaf, and from what Dr. Burmeister

states I imagine the same is the case with those of South America. Of the

four species figured by him three are greenish, and one conspicuously

marked. The larva of Zsmene Florestan is ringed with purplish brown and

pale Naples yellow, but the cuneate head is bright reddish yellow with black

spots. That of Pyrgus Elma is pale green and somewhat whitely pubescent

—in fact, exactly the colour of the under surface of the leaves of its food-

plant (Abutiton gonucratiacum)—but its head is blackish. Both caterpillars

feed principally during the night, and in feeding their heads are the only

conspicuous parts of their body. Here is a case in which a protective

resemblance in larvee is apparently useless.”

The President remarked, with reference to the secretion of formic acid

by the cephalic process of soldier Termites, that although he had carefully

studied species of Termites having similar processes, he had never observed

such secretion.

Papers read, dc.

My. EK. Saunders read a paper entitled “ Remarks on the Hairs of some

of our British Hymenoptera.” The author had examined microscopically the

hairs of one or more species in almost all the genera of British Aculeata,

and had come to the conclusion that the presence of branched or plumose

hairs is characteristic of the Anthophila, although this character is of no

further value for making divisions within this section. ‘The hairs of the

Fossores, of Heteroyyna and the Diploptera, are all simple, or in some cases

twisted. Mr. Saunders distinguished nine distinct varieties of hairs, and

suggested that the plumose hairs of the Anthophila may be of use in

collecting pollen.

Mr. F. Smith remarked that he had first observed beautifully plumose

hairs in bees from Australia,

Mr. M‘Lachlan suggested that the branched hairs might serve the double

purpose of assisting in the collection of pollen, and also of interlocking the

hairs of the bees together so as to preserve pubescence.

Mr. Saunders stated that plumose hairs were found also amoug the

burrowing species of Crustacea ; but if this character were for the purpose

of keeping the bees clean from sand, &c., one would have expected to find

it in the Pompilide, and in the species of Fossores which burrow just as

much as the Anthophila.

Mr. A. G. Butler read a paper “On the Natural Affinities of the

Lepidopterous Family Afgeriide,” in which he showed that the structural

characters of these insects presented no resemblance to the Sphingida,

- with which they had hitherto been allied; but that they were more related,

on the one hand, to the Pyrales, and on the other to the Gelechiide.

Mr. M‘Lachlan pointed out that the effect of this arrangement would

be to place between the Sphingidw and the Avgeriide the whole of the

Bombyces, Geometre and Noctu@, and part of the Pyrales.

Mr. Jenner Weir stated that he perfectly agreed with Mr. Butler's

conclusion as to the want of affinity between the geriide and Sphingide.

The President remarked that an argument in favour of Mr. Butler’s

view was to be found in the fact that nearly the whole of the Aigeriide had

been made to depart from their congeners in appearance through the action

of mimicry, their narrow transparent wings having been modified in

imitation of various Hymenopterous insects.

Mr. Peter Cameron communicated a paper “On some new Genera and

Species of Tenthredinide.”

The Secretary read a paper by Mr. A. H. Swinton entitled “ The Biolog

of Insecta, as determined by the Emotions.” The author had collected a

large number of observations showing the various means by which insects

express fear, love, rivalry, &c. The present paper dealt chiefly with cases

of simple muscular contractions and secretions.

Mr. J. W. Slater suggested that the red secretion of Timarcha might

possibly be found to owe its colour to alizarine derived from its food-plant.

The President requested that authors would communicate the titles of

their papers to the Secretary at least twelve days before the meeting at

which they are to be read, in order that advertisemeuts might be inserted in

the proper journals.

Copies of Professor Westwood’s ‘ Address delivered at the Anniversary

Meeting,’ on January 16th, were on the table, for distribution among the

Members.

April 3, 1878.

H. W. Bares, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.8., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

donors.

Election of a Member.

Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, of Dunster Lodge, Spring Gro*e, Isleworth,

was ballotted for and elected a member.

Exhibitions, déc.

Mr. McLachlan called attention, with reference to Mr. Mansel Weale’s

observations on Termes trinervius made at the last meeting of the Society,

toa statemeut in Hagen’s “ Monographie der Termiten ” (‘ Linnea Kntomo-

logica,’ xiv., p. 86), given on the authority of Osten-Sacken, respecting

Termes Rippertii of Cuba, the soldiers of which species are said to exude a

drop of clear liquid from the point of the head when handled. Mr.

McLachlan said that it was interesting to find that Mr. Mansel Weale’s

observations had confirmed those formerly published.

My. F. Grut exhibited, on behalf of the Rev. T. A. Marshall, a collec-

tion of insects made by the latter in the Windward Islands, and read a

letter which accompanied the collection.

Mr. F. Smith exhibited a series of specimens of a species of “ Har-

vesting Ant,” sent to Mr. Darwin from Florida, U.S., by Mrs. M. Treat.

On comparison, the Ant appears to be identical with the species from Texas,

Myrmica barbata, the M. molifaciens of Buckley. Three phials containing

ants were sent, one containing specimens gradating from large soldiers to

small workers, all having acutely dentate mandibles. A second phial

contained ants varying in size, but all with mandibles having rounded

teeth; in the specimens in the third phial the teeth were obsolete.

Mrs. Treat’s letter did not make it clear whether intermediate forms of

teeth are to be found in nests, or whether it is to be understood that three

distinct races exist in colonies, each being thus constituted for the per-

formance of distinct functions. Mr. Smith stated that he had entered

into correspondence with Mrs. Treat, and hoped shortly to obtain further

information.

Mr. Alexander A. Berens exhibited a pair (male and female) of Thestor

Mauritanicus, Staud., taken ou the Atlas Mountains, in Algeria, in

April.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited a coleopterous larva (probably a Buprestis or

Longicorn) belonging to the tribe known as “ coffee-borers,” sent from

Zanzibar by Dr. Kirk. He also exhibited a portion of a stem which had

been bored into by the larva, and which was especially remarkable on

account of the presence of a series of holes nearly equidistant, and bored

in a direction perpendicular to the main gallery. These holes, which

opened a communication between the inner gallery and the outer air, were

of a conical shape, the inner opening being the widest, and Mr. M‘Lachlan

suggested that they were made by the insect for the purpose of ventilating

the gallery.

Mr. Smith remarked that he had bred numbers of a Longicorn beetle

(Saperda populnea), and had frequently observed in the shoots of the aspen,

in which the insect undergoes its transformations, similar small holes,

which in this case are made by a parasitic Hymenopterous insect.

Mr. W. C. Boyd exhibited a specimen of Pterophorus letus, taken at

Deal in June, 1869. He stated that the specimen agreed very closely with

the continental P. letus, as does another specimen taken at the same place

by Mr. Purday in 1877, but that it differed from the species taken in

Norfolk by Lord Walsingham (two specimens of which were exhibited for

comparison), which had been returned by Prof. Zeller as being “ probably

P. letus:”

Papers read.

The Secretary read a paper, communicated by the Rey. T. A. Marshall,

entitled “‘ Notes on the Entomology of the Windward Islands,” in which

the author gave a list of the species which he had captured in Barbadoes,

Martinique, and Antigua since June, 1877, together with remarks on habits,

and descriptions of new species.

The Rey. H. S. Gorham communicated ‘ Descriptions of new Species of

Cleride, with Notes on the Genera and Corrections of Synonymy.”

Dr. D. Sharp communicated a paper “On some Nitidulide from the

Hawaiian Islands.”

The Secretary read a paper, by Mr.J. P. Mansel Weale, entitled “‘ Notes

on South African Insects,” and exhibited drawings made by the author in

illustration. The paper related to insects found on Acacia horrida, and

protected by resemblances to various parts of that tree; species resembling

birds’ excrements, and also some remarkable cases of mimicry of ants by

spiders of the genus Salticus, were likewise referred to.

Mr. Wood-Mason exhibited and made remarks upon the insects referred

to in the foregoing paper, and supplied the names of the Mantide and

Phasmide. He also suggested that the resemblance of a Mantis to bird-

droppings might be of use to the insect for purely aggressive purposes, since

flies were known to be attracted by such droppings. In conclusion, Mr.

Wood-Mason mentioned a case of mimicry of ants by spiders which he had

observed in India.

XIV

Mr. Meldola stated, with reference to the imitation of ants by spiders

mentioned by Mr. Mansel Weale, that in his belief the remarkably inte-

resting cases made known in the present paper could be better explained as

instances of aggressive mimicry by the spiders for the purpose of obtaining

food. There is no reason to suppose that the ants are themselves free from

persecution by insect foes; thus it would be no advantage to the spiders to

resemble them for mere protection. It is stated that the ants visit the trees

for the purpose of feeding on the sweet secretions, and that large numbers

of flies are attracted with the same object. Now the ants are not predatory

on the flies, and can thus mingle with the latter without causing alarm.

The spiders by mimicking the ants would thus be enabled to obtain an

abundant supply of food, and, not being actually a foe to the ants, would

be allowed to live with them on the friendly terms mentioned by the

observer.

Mr. A. H. Swinton communicated a paper “On Display and Dances

by Insects.”

My. J. W. Slater communicated the following paper :—

“ On the Secondary Sexual Characters of Insects.

“To prevent any misunderstanding, it may be well to premise that by

“secondary sexual characters’ I mean parts conspicuous in one sex—

generally in the male—and either wanting or very slightly developed in

the other; but which, at the same time, take no share in the process of

reproduction, or at most one quite subsidiary. In many cases, indeed, it is

still doubtful whether the parts in question subserve any function at all in

the economy of the species. The origin and the purpose of these organs,

or portions of organs, has accordingly given scope for much controversy and

for a variety of theories. ‘To one of these theories, of recent origin, I wish

to direct particular attention. For the sake of convenience the appendages

under consideration may be divided into the following classes :—

Projections of the thorax, above, below, or at the sides.

Ridges, tubercles, horns or other extensions of the fixed parts of

the head.

Prolongations, enlargements, and complications of the antenne,

mandibles, and palpi.

Special modifications ef the legs.

“Tt will be at once obvious that peculiar developments of the two latter

classes are much more easily accounted for than those of the two former.

Any theory which professes to give an account of the functions of the

antenne must be able to explain why these organs are in such a multitude

of cases longer and more complicated in the male sex than in the female,

whilst the contrary arrangement 1s, I believe, never met with; why we find

them more highly developed in nocturnal species than in their nearest

diurnal allies; in monophagous groups—especially if their food be rare or

somewhat difficult to discover—than in such as are polyphagous; and

in the sluggish species than in such as are eminent for their locomotive

powers.

“The sexual differences in the mandibles and legs need scarcely occupy

our attention, since in a very large number of cases their functions have

been traced beyond room for doubt, and it is admitted that male insects

in which these parts are pre-eminently developed must have an advantage

over such as are less highly endowed, and must have a greater chance

of leaving a numerous progeny. It has doubtless been remarked how

completely the anterior legs of Hucheirus simulate the mandibles of

Lucanus.

“ But it is with the sexual developments of the thorax and of the

fixed parts of the head that we must mainly concern ourselves, as

they are still an unsolved riddle. Naturalists of the new school can

scarcely sit down in content and regard the thoracic horns—e.g., of the

Dynastide or Scarabeide—as mere lusus nature, or as existing simply

to excite the wonder and curiosity of man. Are they weapons? ‘Their

shape, their position, the sparing mobility of the parts to which they

are attached, and the general difficulty with which they could be brought to

bear upon an enemy are strongly opposed to this supposition. Though

popularly known as ‘horns,’ they offer in all these respects a decided

contrast to the horns of the Mammalia, which are formidable just in

proportion as the head of the animal bearing them is capable of rapid and

powerful motion.

“Let us take certain extreme cases: in several African and Indian

Onthophagi, such as O. rarus, pyramidalis, amplecticornis, Elliotti, bonassus,

hippelaphus and unperator, a pair of processes almost like calliper compasses

spring from the angles of the occiput and extend backwards over, and in

one case lying flat upon, the thorax and elytra. Or, again, Peperonata

Haringtoni, which has its thorax prolonged behind in the form of a hook

with the point downwards, by which the insect could easily be suspended.

Anything worse adapted for weapons could not easily be devised.

“ But further, male insects fitted with these so-called horns, have never

been seen to use them in fighting, whether with rivals or with enemies of

other species. Our worthy President, Mr. Bates, who has examined several

species of horned Coleoptera, finds no decided evidence, from their mutilated

or broken condition, of their having been thus used. I have seen many

hundred living specimens of Oryctes nasicornis in heaps of spent tan, and

have repeatedly and carefully watched their proceedings. But I never saw

the horns used as weapons. Indeed I have no note of ever having witnessed

a fight between two males of this species.

XV1

“Tt has been suggested that these horns may either prevent the insects

in question from falling on their backs—a position well known to be very

embarrassing to beetles—or at least enable them more easily to regain their

feet. This might hold good with the Onthophagi above mentioned. But

the question then arises, why the males should be better provided in this

respect than the females ?

‘‘Are these horns mining tools? In some species, such as Typheus

vulgaris, their structure and position favour this supposition, and the males

seem to take a part in the formation of the burrows for their eggs. But

in others the horns are very ill adapted for mining either into soil or

rotten wood.

«A theory which has been recently put forward regards these projections

in common with all horns, tusks, crests, manes, tufts, &c., distinguishing

the male sex not merely in insects, but throughout tho animal kingdom, as

mainly excrementitious products—as a channel through which Nature

relieves herself of superfluous matter. In female animals, it is contended,

any excess in nutriment is utilized in the formation of ova, but in the males

it is consumed in the production of the class of appendages which we are

considering. This view is, if I do not misunderstand him, to some extent

sanctioned even by Dr. Leconte, who speaks of ‘ Vegetative growth of the

organs of sense, indicated by pectinate or flabellate antenne, or excessive

length of the palpi’ (Silliman’s Journ., 1867, xliv., p. 42). It is also main-

tained, though not by Dr. Leconte, that these horns occur chiefly, if not

exclusively, among vegetable-feeders, inasmuch as ‘their diet contains an

excess of saline matter in proportion to its other constituents.’ We have

in this last suggestion a perfect complication of errors. Vegetable food,

and especially wood, is not richer but poorer in mineral salts than is animal

food, and as the frontal and thoracic horns of insects contain merely 6:06

per cent. of mineral matter, they would not offer a convenient channel for

the removal of such substances from the system.

‘Further, there is no necessary connection between these secondary

sexual characters and any particular kind of diet. The Dynastide, the

Lucanide, the Longicornes, and the Buprestide agree very closely in their

diet, all feeding upon wood in various stages of decay. Yet while the male

Dynastide are, above all other insects, endowed with horns, and the

male Lucanideé with enlarged jaws, the male Longicornes have merely an

extension or occasional complication of the antenne, or sometimes of the

palpi, and the male Buprestid@ are devoid of any of these secondary sexual

characteristics.

“ Further, parts of this nature are not invariably present in the male and

absent in the female. The growth of horns may be approximately equal in

both sexes. Thus, in Phaneus lancifer, the frontal horn is almost as well-

developed in the female as in the male. In certain species of Onitis the

Xvli

female has a tubercle on the head, whilst the male has none, though

furnished instead with a pair of horns on the lower surface of the thorax.

Another case mentioned last year at a meeting of this Society shows that a

female insect may have a decided frontal horn which is entirely wanting in

the male. (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1877, xvii.)

“As the theory we are examining is not limited to insects, I may perhaps

be permitted to point out that if it were in accordance with facts, such

secondary sexual characteristics would be less striking in the males of

polygamous birds and mammals than in those of monogamous species, and

would be increased by emasculation—the very reverse of what is actually

observed.

“ Duly weighing such facts, I think we are driven to the conclusion that

the theory of horns and similar projections and enlargements being mere

excretory growths—-means of getting rid of certain refuse matter supposed

to be connected with the male sex rather than with the female, and with a

vegetable rather than with an animal diet—is utterly inadmissible. It would

perhaps be nearer the truth were we to say that these horns, crests, &c., like

the higher and brighter coloration so common in the male sex were the

result of a more intense vitality.

“Another theory proposed is that nocturnal habits promote what may be

called monstrous developments of different parts of the system. But to

this view we may at once take the preliminary objection that nocturnal

habits should have a similar effect upon both sexes. It must be,

indeed, admitted that a far larger proportion of species are provided with

horns and ridges among the Dynastide and Scarabeide than among the

diurnal Cetoniide. But, on the other hand, there are abundance of nocturnal

sroups in which these secondary sexual characters are altogether wanting.

“« Are they ornaments attractive to the females, as seems to be the opinion

of Mr. Darwin, and are they a result of the action of ‘sexual selection’ ?

Tt must be remembered that in many of the horned Coleoptera the growth

of these parts varies extremely. In Oryctes nasicornis there are males in

which the horn is so completely obsolete that they might be regarded as

specifically distinct from the long-horned type, if we had not a complete

series of intermediate forms filling up the interval. I never, indeed, noticed

that the hornless or short-horned males seemed less acceptable to the females

than were their long-horned contemporaries. Nevertheless Mr. Darwin’s

view seems certainly less open to objections than the theories I have already

mentioned.”

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part V. of the ‘ Transactions’ for 1877, containing index, title-page, &c.,

was on the table.

XVill

On the Expression of the Emotions by Insects. By A. H. Swrnron,

(Read March 6th, 1878.)

LAMARCK, as is known, defined Insecta as sentient animals that obtain

from their sensations perceptions only of objects, simple ideas they are

unable to combine to form complex ones, which more intelligent animals

not only do, but retain notions thus formed. Since the promulgation of this

definition, deeper insight has been gained by the investigations of De Geer,

John Hunter, the Hubers, Kirby, J. Rennie, Burmeister, Goureau, Miller,

Siebold, Westring, Landois, and others, as may be seen in the masterly

resumé by Darwin and his coadjutors (‘ Descent of Man,’ vol. 1., chap. x.)

The fuller development and partial localisation of the sensorial organs

of touch, taste, smell and sight in larvee, and of hearing in imagos, having

reacted on the nervous system, has led to the production of emotions

cognate with the passions, such as fear, love, rivalry, and maternal care.

The intensity of these stimuli is indicated by contractions, secretions,

battles, display, and dances, vocal and instrumental music, wing beating, or

(in the perfect state) migrations.

Simple muscular contractions indicative of fear are evinced by larve,

pupe, and perfect insects, and may result from touch, taste, sight, or

hearing. ‘Thus, when touched, larvee contract or roll up, and certain pups

wriggle. Many Coleoptera on touch turn lethargic, forcibly contracting

their legs and antenne. This is characteristic of hemispherical kinds,

such as Byrrhus, Rhyncophora, Coprinide, and Phytophaga ; also of

elongate species, such as the Klateride. Some also depress their heads

slightly (Necrophayga), or withdraw them into grooves (Curculionidae).

Others, instead of contracting the legs, rigidly extend them when alarmed

(Geotrupes stercorarius), or, porrecting the anterior, contract the hind legs

(Geotrupes levigatus); others again partially withdraw them on alarm

(Geodephaga), while the Lucanide under these circumstances stand paralysed,

gaping with their mandibles. Hemiptera and many Neuroptera, on touch,

similarly contract their limbs, the latter with many Lepidoptera retaining

their wings motionless. Among Hymenoptera, Chrysidida@, on seizure,

couvolute the abdomen, while others turning on their back extend the

intermediate legs. ‘These spasmodic symptoms not uncommonly result

from sight or hearing. ‘Thus lepidopterous caterpillars jerk the head to

a passing cloud-shadow (Callimorpha), and I remember even on approaching

a minute coleopteron near London, that its limbs contracted, and it fell

down before I could reach it. Many species of Lepidoptera similarly eiude

the collector.

Muscular contractions on touch or sight, accompanied by an emission of

x1x

liquids or odours from secretory glands likewise indicate fear. Certain

coleopterous larvee thus stimulated drop saliva or exude volatile fluids from

two or more dorsal tubes (Linea tremule), smelling of naphtha, and some

(Lucanus) have a strong odour of guano. In certain lepidopterous cater-

pillars the tubes are protrusible, emitting scents like fennel, &c. (Papilio,

Danais). Vegetable feeding genera of Coleoptera when seized exude amber

drops at the leg-joints (Prosearabeus, Meloé, Chrysomela), or a glutinous

fluid from the body (Brachynotus); others drop red saliva (Timarcha), or

diffuse a musk-like odour from metathoracic glandular organs, as the

Longicornia (Aromia, Dorcacerus, Ceragenia, Lophonocerus, Acanthoptera) ;

others again diffuse perfumes often powerful (Lamellicornia), redolent of a

scent like Russian leather (Osmoderma), or musk (T'richius). Carrion

beetles (Silphid@) when handled disgorge nauseous saliva, but some emit a

musky odour (Necrophorus, Fab.) On alarm communicated by touch or

sight, Geodephaga and Staphylinide eject volatile secretions from erectile

anal tubes, sometimes vapourising with explosion (Brachinus, Ancho-

menus, Pausside). ‘The odour they diffuse is that of vinegar or ratafia

(Calosoma calidium, Lathrobium), aud is sometimes powerful (Cicindela

metallica, Bois.) In Hydrodephaga and Heteromera the secretory ducts are

similar in position, and the odour nauseous (Gyrinus, Blaps). ‘The ejection

is accomplished in the Staphylinide by reversion of the abdomen. Species

of Carabus when handled eject caustic saliva. Hymenoptera on touch

diffuse pungent scents; many Lormicide one of formic acid, some of

ordure (LE. fetens, F.) Mutillide and Andrenideé give an odour of garlic ;

Bembex, Sphex and Crabro of ether, and Cimbex of musk. The hemipterous

secretory glands, similarly situated exterior to the insertion of the posterior

legs, on seizure emit foetid effluvia, smelling of cucumber, thyme (Lygeus,

Hyoscyami), or peaches (Hnoplops scapha): homopterous Cicade on alarm

squirt a clear fluid from the anus. Orthoptera on being handled drop

brown saliva (Acridiida, Locustina), or emit scent from small anal glands

(Gryllotalpa, Blattide), and one Neuropteron of the genus Chrysopa gives

out a smell of ordure. Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera (Danais, Huplwa, Acrea)

on seizure at the thorax exude clear white or yellow liquid, as do some

Heterocera (Arctia), while others (A. Atropos) diffuse scents from expansible

tufts of hair or ‘fans.’ The male Pieris napi smells of thyme. Both

Lepidoptera and Diptera drop red, orange, or white saliva, especially on

emerging from the cocoon.

To facilitate the union of the sexes, the male insect is usually smaller,

nimbler, or more agile on the wing than the female, or occasionally the

converse, such exceptions occurring in all orders. Love is expressed in a

similar manner to fear, the mandibles, palpi, antenna, or fore tarsi becoming

secondary sexual characters, which with the anal appendages may become

masculine modifications for the purpose of seizing the female, or vice versa.

Thus male Coleoptera aud Orthoptera communicate their desire by a bite,

Lepidoptera by strokes of the antenne or palpi; Hymenoptera and

Neuroptera employ the three means, while certain Diptera (Hmpis) toy

with the tarsi. Trichoptera seize on the wing. In the Formicide antennal

touch is used as a means of communication.

Secretions also tend to promote intercourse, especially in Lepidoptera,

where ‘fans’ diffusing volatile oils characterise the males, and are extended

during sexual union (Acidalia). ‘Their situation and scent varies. In

certain Sphingid@e (A. Atropos) they are inserted at the base of the abdomen

between the chitinous integumental arcs, lying in a pouch when not in use,

but rising to a stellate form as this part compresses previous to the emission

of a squeak. ‘These ‘fans’ are stained of an orange colour in the species

under consideration by glands situated at their insertion; they diffuse a

pungent odour resembling that of jessamine. ‘The male Sphinw Convolvuli

redolent of musk is also stated by Passerini to possess these appendages.

(See likewise ‘Proc. Ent. Soc.,’ February 6th, 1878, p. 1.) Fans exist

also in many male Noctuina (Acronyncta, Leucania, Mamestra, Phlogophora)

attached to a muscular arm about 2/”” long, and concealed in a pouch

beneath the first five dorsal arcs with their secretory glands at the fourth.

Their scent, usually of an orange colour, smells of turpentine (Xylophasia),

vinegar (Mamestra), or ratafia (Leucania). In Phlogophora these fans are

black. In other Noctuina they are at the anus (Apamea), or at the upper

part of the second pair of tibize, which are grooved (Catecala). Among

Geometrina the fans are placed on the posterior tibiz of the males of

Boarmia and Tephrosia, and on the submedian fore-wing vein in Macaria

liturata, Cidaria prunata, C. testata, and C. populata. In these the

secretion is orange-coloured, smelling of vinegar or turpentine ( Macaria) ;

in Acidalia the fans are on the hind tibia, and the secretion is white.

In Herminia, a genus of the Pyralina, the male carries two fans on each

fore leg, one inserted at the lower end of the tibia, and the other beneath

the first tarsal joint.

Simple anger is manifested by Mandibulata and Haustellata on touch ;

Coleoptera and Orthoptera by threatening, and Hymenoptera by assailing

with their mandibles or by threatening with sting or ovipositor, Hemiptera

by pricking with their rostrum. NRivalry, again, although essentially a

masculiue attribute, is sometimes displayed by the female. On enclosing

Orthoptera in the larval, pupal, or perfect state, males and females fight

indiscriminately with their mandibles (Gryllide, Locustida, Acridiide), or

with their raptorial fore-legs (Jlantide). Female Arachnida have been

subsequently observed to devour the slain. Longicorn Coleoptera, males

and females, amputate one another's legs and antenne with their mandibles,

as do Malacoderma (Telephorus, Meloé) when enclosed together, while

Rhyncophora (Scolytus, Leptorhynechus) push with their mandibulate

kal

rostrums. Hymenoptera fight or combine in war; social Aculeata

(Bombus, Cerceris) attack intruders, and wrestle together for the female,

while the queen hive-bee (Apis mellifica) fights and destroys the fertile

nymphs, and their workers destroy the males in summer. Social Hormicide

attack on the wing (Myrmica), combine in war (Formica rufa, F’. Hercu-

lanea), or employ their slave-making instinct in colonising their nests with

alien species (ormica sanguinea, Polyergus rufescens). The winged males

of the solitary Mutille, when contesting with the female, will devour rather

than relinquish her. Lepidoptera, especially the males, attack their own

sex, rising in the air, and striking or breaking each other’s wings; some

(Cynthia) have even been observed to dart after birds or a passing shadow.

Male Diptera (Tipula, Dolichopus) dash in one another's faces.

Maternal care is displayed by female insects which oviposit, hatch, tend

and directly or indirectly provide for their larvee. In placing their eggs,

some species are influenced by smell (Musca vomitoria) and others by sight,

such as Trichoptera, which I have known to attach their ova to a fly’s wing

in mistake for moisture. Some Orthoptera (Blatte, Mantid@), provident for

their larve, lay their eggs in a case, while certain Lepidoptera (Liparis)

snip with pincers an anal tuft to cover them; other species glue them

together. Cicada, Tenthredinide, and some Longicorn Coleoptera, in

order to insert their ova, cut twigs with serrated ovipositors, and other

tribes use it as a drill. ‘The females of Hossores and Lamellicorn beetles

employ their mandibles or fore legs for the purpose of excavating holes in

friable earth wherein to deposit their eggs. Kirby and Spence mention

three instances of females sitting on their ova and tending their young, viz.,

the genera Forficula, Perga, and Acanthosoma. This trait is more

developed in the Arachnida (Clubiona, Lycosa, Epeira). Some sterile

Formicidae, again, superintend the sun-hatching of their nymphs, and other

Hymenoptera tend their young, singly (Mellinus, Epipone), or in company

(Apis, Bombus, &.), but pregnant insects more often provide instinctively

for their posthumous larve by constructing a simple nest and storing it

with food.

Xxll

May 1, 1878.

H. W. Bares, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.8., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

donors.

Mr. Dunning drew attention to the fact that the present meeting marked

the forty-fifth anniversary of the foundation of the Society.

Election of a Member and Subscriber.

Mr. Henry John Elwes, F.L.S., F.Z.S., of Preston House, Cirencester,

was elected an ordinary Member. Mr. Peter Cameron, of 31, Willow Bank

Crescent, was elected a Subscriber.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. W. L. Distant exhibited a specimen of the Hemipteron Tetroda

bilineata, Walk., as a remarkable instance of immunity from the effects

of damp, the same having been kept in a relaxing-pan for more than

four months.

Mr. Distant also communicated a paper. entitled ‘“ Notes on some

Hemiptera-Homoptera, with Descriptions of new Species,” in which he

drew attention to the uncertainty of generic calculations as to geographical

distribution ; the Homoptera affording a good illustration in the family

Cercopida, especially the genus Cercopis.

The President remarked that the old coleopterous genus Buprestis had,

like Cercopis, at one time almost ceased to exist, through the generic

subdivision it had undergone.

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part I. of the ‘ Transactions’ for 1878 was on the table.

XxXlli

June 5, 1878.

H. W. Bares, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

donors.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. John A. Finzi exhibited a remarkable female specimen of Anthocharis

cardamines, taken in Darenth Wood, Kent. The under side ouly of one

fore wing possessed an orange patch.

Mr. F.. Grut exhibited a specimen of an immature Mygale from South

Africa.

Mr. D. Greig Rutherford exhibited a series of large cocoons sent by

Mr. George Thomson from Mount Camaroons, West Africa, formed by the

caterpillars of a species of Bombyx allied to Anaphe Panda, Bdy. ‘They

were taken at an elevation of 5000 feet above the level of the sea, and

judging from the nature of certain twigs and pieces of native cord fastened

to their exterior covering appeared to have been found attached to fences or

to the eaves of houses. The cocoons are light brown in colour and very

irregular in shape, rather flattish, and vary in diameter from four to seven

inches. Each cocoon contains from 130 to 150 separate cocoons, each

enclosing a larva or a chrysalis in various stages of development, the least

mature being near the centre of the aggregate mass. ‘l'o some of the

cocoons were attached a case containing what appeared to be the larva of

some species of ichneumon or dipterous parasite. All the smaller cocoons

are firmly bound together by layers of a coarse silken material, this aggre-

gation being enveloped by a thin brown lining almost of the consistency of

parchment, the whole forming a compact mass, which again is surrounded

by a loose silken tissue, while a strong covering of the same material envelops

the whole. From this it would appear that 4A. Panda, like some other

species of Bombycida, is social, and that the caterpillars unite in considerable

numbers in order to form an aggregate cocoon of sufficient strength to

preserve the chrysalis from the attacks of enemics, and probably also against

extreme changes of temperature.

Mr. M‘Lachlan pointed out the dipterous or hymenopterous nature of

the larvee found in the cases attached to the small interior cocoons, and

which were found to be living at the time of exhibition.

Mr. Wood-Mason stated that he had taken such larve from Orthoptera

and from caterpillars.

Mr. H. T. Stainton stated that the two small ermine moths (/Zypono-

meuta padella and H. evonymella) of this country were distinguished from

one another by the fact that the larve of one species spin up gregariously in

XXIV

close proximity, while those of the other species scatter themselves before

spinning up.

Mr. Rutherford next exhibited a specimen of a Papilio which appeared

to be a true case of so-called “‘ hermaphroditism” occurring between Papilio

- Cynorta and P. Boisduvalianus, the left side of the wings showing the

markings (somewhat interrupted) of the former, and the right side those of

the latter species. ‘This specimen seems to confirm the suspicion that the

two forms are but the sexes of one species.

Mr. Meldola exhibited photographs of two species of tropical Orthoptera

allied respectively to Pterochroza illustrata and P. ocellata, Serville, which

had been sent to Mr. Darwin by Dr. Zachurias, of Chemnitz, on account of

the very perfect lea‘-like appearance of the fore wings, this “ protective

resemblance” extending to microscopic detail. ‘The hind wings were orna-

mented with ocellated spots, probably acquired through sexual selection.

Mr. Meldola also exhibited some beetles of the genus Spermophagus and

their cocoons, which had been found in a packet of seeds of Cassia neglecta

sent from Brazil by Dr. Fritz Miller to Mr. Darwin. The full-grown larvee

had emerged from the seeds, leaving the latter in a damaged condition,

and had spun the small cocoons from which the beetles had issued, these

insects having reached this country alive. Mr. Meldola next exhibited the

proboscis of a Sphinx-moth caught by the narrow tube-like nectary of a pale

yellow Hedychium. ‘This specimen had also been sent from Brazil by

Dr. Fritz Miiller, who states that Sphinx-moths are frequently found caught

in this manner. Mr. Meldola, in conclusion, stated that he had been

requested by Dr. Fritz Miller to ask the Members of the Entomological

Society to aid him in his microscopical examination of the scent-producing

organs of Lepidoptera by sending to him, addressed to Blumenau, Santa

Catharina, Brazil, wings of butterflies, especially of such species as are not

found in that country, the names of the insects in all cases to be given.

Sir Sidney Saunders communicated the following notes by M. Lichten-

stein :—

* On Phylloxera vastatrix and other Plant-lice.

«Our learned President, Prof. Westwood, had the goodness to mention

in his Address for the past year my comments on the genus Phyllowera.

He justly criticises my having given to the sub-genus established for the

grape-root louse the name ‘ Rhizaphis,’ Planchon, which dates from 1868,

and not Peritymbia, Westw., which is five years older. In my next work,

which will shortly appear, this oversight shall be corrected.

“T now beg to submit to the Hntomological Society some new ideas

about the cycle of life of Aphidians. ‘Ten years’ breeding of large numbers

of root- and leaf-lice has led me to the following conclusions :-—

“Like all insects, Aphidians are always oviparous. The females are

always apterous. That which has so often been termed a ‘ winged female,’

XXV

and has been thought to be viviparous, is only a larval form, and like all

larvee it produces without any fecundation (as it is sexless) the subsequent

form.

“While, however, a larva is generally monothalamous, and gives birth

only to another larva, pupa, or winged form, the aphidian larval form is

polythalamous and produces many germs.

“On the other hand, aphidian females are also very often (in Phyllowera,

Tetraneura, Vaccuna, Sonizoneura, Pemphigus) monothalamous, that is to

say they lay only a single egg, while all insects which have only one larva

produce a large number of eggs. e

“It is perhaps not easy to imagine a larval form more perfect in its

organization than the adult female form, yet this is the case. We know

already many genera (Lampyris, Drilus, Psyche), where the female looks

quite like a larva, while in aphidians we get a larva more perfect in

appearance than the imago, as it has wings and rostrum, which are often

absent in the perfect female. But there is always this difference—the larva

has no accompanying male form and produces no eggs, but only buds or

gemmations. The egg is fecundated only by external influence, the bud

or gemmation develops without any external aid. ‘The gemmation can

assume the most variable forms of maggot, nymph, &c., the egg keeps

always the known ovoid form more or less spherical; the gemmation can

even assume the form of an egg, and actually does so in some few aphidians

(I know of no other instances except in Phyllowera), but the faculty of

developing?without any fecundation, and being the produce of a larval form

without any corresponding male, indicates the true nature of that pseud-

ovum. The biological cycle of the aphidians consists of the usual four

stages of life, viz. first and second larvee, nymph, and imago, but each of

these stages is subdivided into four moults, and terminates by a form

capable of gemmation, and having the appearance of a female imago.

I would suggest for them the name of Pseudogyne. These Pseudogynes

appear generally apterous in the first and third stages, and winged in the

second and fourth. In this last stage they furnish the sexual forms, and

their gemmations are true pupe, from which male and female forms shortly

issue to copulate, and after fecundation the female lays its simple egg, and

the cycle begins again.

“T shall have the honour to forward shortly to the Society the complete

relation of the history of Phylloxera (Peritymbia) vastatrix, wherein the

present ideas are more fully developed; but I thought that it would perhaps

interest my colleagues to have this preliminary communication of the results

of my breedings.

“The last discovery I have made is that of the sexual forms of Pemphigus

spirothece. J obtained the winged pupiferous Pseudogyne trom its galls in

December, and it deposited its pupx in a glass tube on the 19th of that

XXV1

month. Males and apterous females without rostrum issued from the pup

very shortly afterwards and copulated. The female laid in the tube a single

egg, which it surrounded with a white cotton-like secretion. The young

louse, constituting the first stage of the new cycle, made its appearance

about the 20th of April. It is now sucking at the leaf-stalk of the poplar,

and has already formed its spiral galls. I do not know, however, what

becomes of it from May to December, and hope to be able to complete its

history.

«“Vaccuna dryophile, which I also followed up from the egg since

“November last, has given me to-day the winged Pseudogyne of the second

stage. I notice that it is of a bright yellow colour, while the autumnal

Pseudogyne of the fourth stage was dark green.

“ Phylloxera vastatrix, which passes the winter in the larval form of the

third generation, has laid pseud-ova during the last fortnight.

“ Phylloxera coccinea has already made its galls, or at least has curled

the point of the leaf of Quercus pubescens, and is at its second moult.

“T have not yet found any Phyllovera Quercus ; but the Quercus coccifera,

whereon it begins its life, exhibits as yet no young leaves.

“Tn Cynipide I observed Neuroterus lenticularis laying its eggs (gem-

mations) in an oak-bud, which I carefully enclosed in a muslin bag on the

5th of April. <A fortnight afterwards the leaves showed the well-known galls

of Spathegaster baccarum, and to-day I have seen five examples of the latter

flying in the muslin bag, where I expect they will copulate, and perhaps

reproduce the Neuroterus galls. According to my theory, Neuwroterus

lenticularis would be the second stage larval form, or Pseudogyne of the

Spathegaster baccarum. ‘This has already been discovered and published

by Dr Adler, of Schleswig. My observation confirms only that of the

learned countryman of Fabricius, published last year.”

Mr. Park Harrison exhibited some pieces of chalk found in some old.

shafts at Cissbury, and having peculiar grooved markings on them.

Mr. Harrison exhibited the specimens to the Society, in order to learn

whether the markings could have been made by insects, and after some

discussion he was informed by the President that it might be taken as

the opinion of the Society that the grooved markings were decidedly not

the work of any insect.

Papers read, dc.

The Secretary read a paper communicated by Dr. Fritz Miller, entitled

“Notes on Brazilian Entomology,” in which the author gave the results of

his observations on the odours emitted by butterflies and moths, as well as

facts bearing on various other subjects more or less connected with the

theory of Evolution.

XXV11

-Mr. Meldola, in illustration of the foregoing paper, exhibited the wings

of Antirrhea Archea, showing the “ scent-fans” sent over from Brazil by

the author of the paper, and likewise a specimen of Mycalesis Drusia, Cram.,

captured by himself in the Nicobar Islands in 1875, and displaying the

“scent-fans” of the hind-wings in a very conspicuous manner.

The President remarked that when collecting on the Amazons he had

often observed the strong odour of vanilla emitted by certain butterflies.

Without a more complete examination of the evidence, however, he was not

prepared to admit that the tufts of hair or manes on the wings, &c., of

butterflies were the scent-secreting organs.

Mr. Wood-Mason stated that no exception could be taken to Dr. Miiller’s

view from a morphological standpoint, since the hairs, which are modified

scales, are In communication with the fluids contained in the tissues of the

wing, and thus might easily secrete odours.

With reference to the odours emitted by other insects, Mr. M‘Lachlan

remarked that when in Sydney he had found, in the bush round that town,

a cockroach which gave out a most powerful smell. He also referred to the

well-known odour of Chrysopa, which is emitted by two or three British

species of the genus. No special scent-secreting organ has, however, as

yet been detected in these insects.

Mr. Distant stated that he had recently received from the Andaman

Islands some cockroaches, which likewise emitted a strong odour.

Dr. Sharp communicated a paper ‘On some Longicorn Coleoptera from

the Hawaiian Islands.”

Mr. Peter Cameron communicated a paper “On the Larve of the

Tenthredinide, with special reference to Protective Resemblance.”

Mr. H. W. Bates read a paper ‘‘ On Macropsebium Cotterilli and other

new Species of Coleoptera from Lake Nyassa.” The author exhibited a

specimen of the remarkable Longicorn beetle above referred to, which

is of special interest on account of its possessing some characters of the

Prionide.

Notes on the Entomology of the Windward Islands. By the Rev. T. A.

MarsHaun, M.A., &e. (Read April 3rd, 1878.)

Tue insects I have collected since June, 1877, are on the point of

being sent (with some exceptions) to the Entomological Society, and it

seems that a few notes on the subject of West-Indian Entomology may

be an appropriate and not uninteresting accompaniment. I spent ten days

only in Barbados, and may dispense with any further mention of that

island, as I found nothing in its burning hot cane-fields and noisy unsavoury

XXVili

villages, crowded with 180,000 negroes, except what I had afterwards better

opportunities of taking elsewhere. .I spent the whole of September in

Martinique, and the rest of the time up to the present date in Antigua.

Martinique, the largest and most picturesque of the Antilles, with lofty

voleanic mountains, an attractive flora, including forests of almost Brazilian

magnificence, well watered, moderately peopled, cultivated only as to about

three-fifths of its surface, and without mosquitoes, appears at first sight the

beau-ideal of a tropical island, and I anticipated great entomological success

from its exploration. I have since, however, adopted much more moderate

views of the productiveness of that and other West Indian islands. ‘Trinidad,

which I have not yet visited, is reported to possess a much more luxuriant

fauna; but it may be regarded by the naturalist as forming rather a

continuation of the continent, than as one of the Antilles. My quarters in

Martinique were fixed at Bourg du Précheur, a village at the foot of

Mt. Pelée, from which various romantic gorges lead up to the peak, and

were selected for the scene of operations. By repeatedly camping out on

the mountains, and by daily assiduity, I succeeded in obtaining a good

many of the local species, but the meagre results are not a little surprising

to a European, who learns for the first time that splendour of vegetation is

not uniformly accompanied with a proportionate luxuriance of animal life.

The climate at the elevation of a few thousand feet becomes very supportable,

subject to the drawback of sudden discharges of buckets full of rain, which

at the summit of the Pelée and the Pain de Sucre even assumed the form of

hail. A strong party is desirable in exploring these fastnesses, as the

cutlass must be laboriously used, as well to force a path through the

primeval forest as to chop up poisonous serpents (Bothrops lanceolatus,

Wagl., belonging to the family of the Crotalide), which are dangerously

common in Martinique. In various excursions I saw six, and one was

killed by a Frenchman in my company. The knowledge of their

existence and the necessity of constant caution are decided drawbacks to

enjoyment.

The island of Antigua, which I have had much more leisure to examine,

is of a different, and less attractive character. It is not of volcanic, but of

secondary formation, and therefore less elevated; nevertheless, a range

of inferior mountains crosses its southern side. The vegetation is of a

much less striking character; the woods which clothe the hill-sides consist

of smaller trees, and the plains are overrun with a thorny acacia, cactuses,

and other growths adapted to a soil destitute of running water. The

majority of the insecis are minute, and if they form (as they are said to

form) an outlying colony of the fauna of Guiana, they are stunted and

degenerate, representing the species of the American mainiand in the

same sort of way as the outer Hebrides represent those of Great

Britain,

SOX

I have taken some pains to collect thoroughly, and among the obscurer

species of orders too often neglected, which I send home, undescribed forms

are very likely to occur.

Much has been said of the difficulty of preserving collections from the

ants in tropical countries. After losing many of my best captures,

I adopted the principle of the hanging-cupboards or larders used in the

West Indies. A large shelf or tray is suspended from the ceiling by a wire

passing through a funnel which is filled with oil. The security thus

obtained is perfect, provided the boxes placed on the shelf are kept shut to

prevent the entrance of flying Blatte. Cabinets and boxes containing old

dry specimens offer no attractions to ants, and are as safe as they would be

in Europe. The rapidity with which insects dry in this climate, and their

immunity from mould and damp, are considerable advantages. <A large

and handsome Lepisma (L. collaris, ¥.) abounds in Antigua, devouring

entomological specimens as well as books; but it may be excluded from the

former without much difficulty. ‘There are but few species of ants here,

and all are minute except Odontomachus, which fortunately does not enter

houses. ‘Two species only, the red and black, of which I am anxious to

learn the names, are formidable to the entomologist, and especially the

all-prevailing red ant. The blacks confine themselves to the floor for

the most part, and, notwithstanding their agility, do not climb. The red

species perambulates walls, ceilings, and furniture, night and day, having a

special penchant for exploring holes and crannies. It will attack living

insects if imprisoned, making its way through the corks of test-tubes, and

into boxes even in the collector’s pocket. In one night a powerful

crustacean (Gecarcinus ruricola, L.), which I kept in a cage, was totally

dismembered and cleared out by the red ants. The crab must have shot

his limbs successively, as they were attacked, until nothing but the carapace

remained. ‘The sudden concentration of a force of thousands of ants upon

a given point, remote from their nest, is difficult to explain, unless we

suppose that the first discoverer of a prey does not stay to regale himself

selfishly, but hastens to give notice by some occult means to the community

of which he is a member. ‘This requires confirmation, but the sequel may

be witnessed any day. The enterprise is conducted with equal promptness

and intelligence. ‘Two lines of march are at once established, one hastening

empty-jawed to the scene of plunder, the other returning loaded, so long as

a single morsel remains. Some imperfect proceedings of this kind are

attempted by European ants, but nothing on so grand a scale or with so

complete an organization.

A too limited knowledge of names prevents me from specifying many of

the insects I have taken, but such as I have ascertained shall be mentioned

here. The species not known to me I send, together with a few duplicates,

to the Entomological Society.

XXX

COLEOPTERA.

These insects are very scarce, and large families of them altogether

wanting. In Antigua, especially, one might live for weeks without

suspecting the existence of any beetles. Minute researches alone produce

a few insignificant species, and a few more, mostly Longicorns, fly at night

and are attracted by lamps. I have never yet seen a coleopterous insect

abroad in the daytime, except the common Cicindela.

Tropidosternus lateralis, F. In one of my cattle-ponds, Antigua.

Pederus thoracicus, Ky. On the summit of Mt. Pelée, Martinique.

Passalus interruptus, F. In rotten timber, forests of Martinique.

Asaphes decoloratus, Say. Flying by night, commonly. Antigua.

Chalcolepidius sulcatus, F. Four specimens of this fine imsect taken in

the forests of Martinique.

Adelocera subcostata, Cand. One, flying by night. Antigua. Hitherto

known as from Guadaloupe.

Pygolampis vittiyera, Sch.? The so-called ‘vers luisant” of Martinique.

Both sexes shine equally, and exhibit a beautiful effect, like falling stars,

among the trees on the mountains. See Newm., ‘ Zoologist,’ p. 42.

Rhynchophorus paimarum, L. Common in Martinique in the dead stems

of Areca oleracea, 11. The larve are called “ grou-grou,” and are eaten by

the negroes and the lower class of French. I saw a hat full so disposed of

during my ascent of the Pain de Sucre. ‘They are eaten both raw and

roasted. In the latter case a sharp stick is run through their heads, and

they are held in the fire to wriggle and sputter until cooked. One cannot

watch a native bolting these hot greasy morsels, only half dead, without

considerable emotion.

Exophthalmus festivus, Sch. Not uncommon in Martinique.

Pasandra brunnea, F. Forests of Martinique.

Trachyderes succinctus, F. Flying about the tops of orange trees in a

convent-garden. Martinique.

Teniotes scalaris, F. Forests of Martinique.

Chlorida festiva, F. One specimen, flying by night. Antigua.

Elaphidion glabratum, F.; Eburia decemmaculata, F.; Amniseus pre-

morsus, F.; Achryson circunflecum (var. pallens), F. Common in Antigua,

flying by night.

Coccinella immaculata, F. Common. Antigua.

Chilocorus nitidulus, F. In abundance on a single tree. Martinique.

ORTHOPTERA.

The commonest is a moderate-sized locust (Aeridium flavofasciatwn,

DeG.), which occurs uninterryptedly from June to March, and I presume

all the year round. One or two smaller species I have not yet examined.

XXX1

Phalanyopsis annulipes, Serv., is common in my house, and is a curious and

beautiful species, performing the same functions as the house-cricket in

Europe. Its feeble chirp, uttered at considerable intervals, may be heard

throughout the night, and I have learned to distinguish it from that of the

small musical toad, and other nocturnal sounds. Both sexes are apterous.

It is imperfectly described by Serville from the larva only. A species of

Brachytrypes is frequent here under stones, forming burrows like those

of Gryllus campestris. Platyphyllum coriaceum, L., I met with twice in

Martinique. Conocephalus mawillosus, Serv., and Phylloptera cassinifolia,

Serv., both fly to lamps at night in Antigua. About six species of Blattide

are very conspicuous, and two of them (Periplaneta Americana, L., and

Panchlora Madere, F.), if not more, are common household pests. The

latter is known here as “ the drummer,” from its making a very peculiar

noise at night, resembling that of a very distant Nightjar. I have not yet

discovered how this sound is produced, for the insects are silent if they find

themselves observed, and those which L kept in confinement were uniformly

mute. A species of Bacillus occurs on the mountains both here and in

Martinique: I have both sexes from Mt. Pelée. Lastly, an apterous

Forficula, with white rings on the antenne, inhabits Antigua, being every-

where frequent under stones.

HYMENOPTERA.

The Tenthredinide and Cynipide are not to be found. The Ichneu-

monideé seem to be very scantily represented, and the absence of these

and other parasitical tribes may account for the astonishing numbers of

Lepidoptera. Two species of Ichneumonidae have fallen in my way—

Henicospilus flavus, ¥., which is somewhat common, and one of the Campo-

plex group, rufous with a black metathorax and no areolet, probably

constituting a new genus. Hvania levigata, Latr., may be found wherever

cockroaches harbour. Of the Braconide I have taken a new Chelonus,

which swarmed on flowers in July, and a nondescript pale fulvous insect

allied to it, and which flies only at night. Two fine Bracons occurred in

the forests of Martinique, a new Spathius, and a single minute Microyaster.

A single Chalcis occurred in August, being the only specimen of that

numerous family which I have seen. The Oxywra are absent, except a

single Gonatopus from Antigua, and the same remark applies to the

Chrysidide.

Sphex crucis, St. F. Not uncommon in Martinique.

Pelopeus lunatus, F. Abundant, forming its nests on the roofs and walls

of buildings, provisioned with paralysed spiders, usually all of one species

in the same nest. Martinique and Antigua.

Monedula signata, Latr. Frequents the sandy shores of Antigua, and has

the habits of Bembea in the South of Europe. It flies with inconceivable

XXXil

velocity, in the hottest situations only, and is best captured by seeing it enter

a burrow, and then digging it out, if the operator can endure the sun’s rays

for a sufficient time.

Scolia (Colpa) rubida, St. F., is one of the commonest of Hymenoptera,

on flowers, in Martinique and Antigua. ‘lhe undescribed male strikingly

resembles canescens, Scop. ‘To hazard a conjecture as to the origim and

habits of this abundant species I suspect it would be found to be a parasite

of the dark brown Lamellicorn of which I send home specimens (No. 10),

and which is the only beetle found in Antigua of sufficient size and

frequency, for Philewrus is much too rare.

Plesia hemorrhoidalis, ¥. (male aud female). I had the good fortune to

secure a pair of these insects in Martinique. ‘The male is undescribed.

Odontomachus unispinosus, ’. ‘The largest ant I have seen in the West

Indies. It forms small colonies under stones in woods. In one of these

were the winged sexes, but they all escaped. Many winged ormicidea,

including a large Ponera, habitually visit my lamps at night, but 1 cannot

refer them with certainty to their respective workers. Martinique and

Antigua.

Formica sex-guttata, F. Common. I have taken the male and female

from a nest. Antigua. ;

Formica castanea, Latr. Forms large nests in rotten wood. Workers

only found. Martinique.

Myrmica melanocephala, ¥. -A minute and active species, which is a

pest in houses in Martinique, and destroyed some valuable specimens of

mine. Apparently not found in Antigua.

Aphanogaster vorax, F.2? Perhaps the name of the common red ant.

None of the Formicide hibernate here; they are to be found feeding their

larvee, and actively employed at all seasons, though in diminished numbers

from November to March.

Pepsis rubra, Drury. Very abundant in Antigua and Montserrat, but

not in Martinique. A splendid insect, conspicuous for its scarlet wings.

The red colour is due to scales, which are liable to be rubbed off, as in

Lepidoptera. In old abraded specimens of the female the wings are almost

hyaline. ‘The undescribed male differs in having the wings blue-black, with

only a small red patch in the middle, and is lable to vary much in size,

some dwarfish individuals not exceeding four lines in length. These

males have a singular habit of congregating towards sunset in large

numbers, apparently for no other object than to sleep in company, on the

branches of trees and shrubs. I counted over seventy ‘in one of these

swarms, without a single female, and fresh arrivals were taking place every

moment. A larger Pepsis, blue-black, with white tips to the wings, takes

the place of this species in Martinique, but I only succeeded in capturing

one specimen. A third species, also from Martinique, has a little red on

XXXIil

the wings, and the antenne tipped with yellow. Of this I took a single

female. A fourth species, with luteous antennee, and otherwise blue-black,

occurs rarely in Antigua, and may be the male of ruficornts or luteicornis, F.;

but the described sex I have not seen.

Tachytes bella, St. F. Inhabits sandy places in Antigua, commonly.

Tiphia Cayennensis, St. F. Three specimens from Martinique.

Tiphia ephippium, F. A large species, having a square testaceous patch

on the mesothorax. ‘T'wo females from Antigua.

Polistes cinctus, St. F. The common wasp of Martiniquo, and found

more rarely in Barbados. Not known in Antigua.

Polistes Poeyi, St. F. An elegantly marked species, which takes the

place of the preceding in Antigua. ‘The male appears in January, and is

undescribed. It differs from the worker only in being more slender and in

having longer antenne. ‘The nests of both these species are identical in

structure, though the cells containing cinctus are necessarily a trifle larger.

I brought away a nest of cinctus from Martinique, and several of the nests

of Poeyi are now (March 6th) in progress in my stable, and attached to the

blades of the American aloe around the house. A small species with yellow

bands like an Odynerus, and auother entirely black, complete the Diploptera

which I have met with.

Of bees there are few species. Apis mellifica, L. (introduced), is frequent,

both in a domesticated and a wild state; in the latter case living in the

trunks of trees. I have also collected the following species, and have reason

to think that im Antigua, at least, there are hardly any more :—

Megachile lanata, F. Common. I once found them clustering together

on a shrub, like honey-bees when swarming. Antigua.

Megachile rufipennis, F. Rather common, building its nest in the locks

of doors, and other inconvenient places in houses.

Mesoplia azurea, St. F. Four specimens on flowers, Martinique. Had

I not been driven from my station by the intolerable sunshine, I might

have taken several other species of bees at the same spot.

Xylocopa grossa, Drury. ‘The commonest species in Martinique. A

smaller species also occurs, of which I took some females, and also, I believe,

the fulvous male. None of this genus are found in Antigua, and an

Anthophora (also to be met with in Martinique) completes its meagre list of

Apide.

N&UROPTERA.

The dragon-flies are well represented, being bred in profusion in the

stagnant pools of Antigua. They include Libellula wnbrata, L., abdo-

minalis, Ramb., one or more red species, and a pale green one having the

abdomen banded with black, &c. The last is very common in Barbados.

I have noticed three or four species of Agrion, and two of Myrmecoleon.

XXXIV

One of the latter genus has a black fascia on the hind wings. Ulula

senex, Burm., is not uncommon, and seems to be the only example of the

Ascalaphide. A small Mantispa (undescribed ?) occasionally visits my lamps

at night, and with this species I connect an apterous form found twice

under stones, which is probably a pupa. Termes destructor, F’. (?), is the

only species of white ant found in Antigua, and probably in Martinique.

Its black, rough, porous nests, resembling certain fungoid growths, are

usually attached to trees, but the timber of buildings, and even furniture,

are not exempt from its ravages. Long covered ways, extending from floor

to ceiling, were lately to be seen in one of my churches; and I have been

cautioned more than once against sitting upon chairs and sofas known to be

no longer safe, owing to their excavating the legs. A little heap of sawdust

on the floor every morning exhibits the progress of their labours during the

night. Kerosine oil is used here for their destruction, and arsenic is still

more efficacious, as the insects themselves diffuse it throughout the colony,

by preying upon the poisoned bodies of their companions. ‘Their nests are

the resort of such carnivorous insects as exist here, and in the centre of one

of them | captured a large Scolopendra. ‘The winged sexes appear in July

and August, at which time I met with them in some numbers, flying on

the sea-shore, as well as in houses, but only after sunset.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Of Rhopalocera I have obtained only nineteen species, of which seventeen

belong to Antigua, and are, I believe, all that are to be found in the island,

except one. ‘This last is a large butterfly of rapid flight, black, with white

spots, which I saw once on the mountains, but was unable to approach.

Almost all the species are very abundant, constituting the principal

entomological feature of the country; hundreds are often in sight at the

same moment. Iam ignorant for the most part of the names of tropical

butterflies, but the following identifications are perhaps correct :—

Papilio Polydamas, L. On mountains in Antigua; commoner in

Martinique.

Danais Erippus, Cram., and Dione vanilla, L. Abundant in Antigua

and Martinique.

Anartia jatropha, L. Moderately common in Antigua; not seen in

Martinique.

Eurema Lisa, Boisd. In profusion in Antigua; not in Martinique,

where its place is taken by a different species of Hurema.

Colanis Delila, '. Common in Martinique.

Thymele Proteus, LL. In woods in Antigua and Martinique.

Several fine Sphingide are abundant, including 8. Carolina, Drury, the

larvee of which find their favourite plant on my ground; 38. cingulata, F.;

at least two Deilophila ; and the insect described as Zygena Panthalon, F.

XXXV

The number of moths, great and small, exceeds computation, but of them I

am not qualified to speak. Strongly suspecting that there must be some

of the minuter kinds unknown to Science, I have often regretted my inability

to make them an object of pursuit. I have, however, occasionally detained

a few of my nightly visitors when remarkable for structure or beauty, and

if specimens are desired by any English lepidopterist, I shall gladly

endeavour to secure more.

HETEROPTERA.

Of some forty or fifty species which I have seen, the following are all at

present identified :—

Leptoscelis lunata, ¥. Not common in Martinique.

Spartocera mesta, F. Abundant in Martinique and Antigua.

Lygeus aulicus,F. Common. Feeds on the Asclepias Curassavica (Negro

Ipecacuanha). Barbados, Antigua and Martinique.

Dysdercus suturalis, F. Common. Antigua.

Alydus cruentus (or pilosulus?), H.-Sch. One specimen. Antigua.

Aceratodes meditabundus, F. Martinique.

Pentatoma obsoleta, Dallas. Antigua.

Cimex prasinus, L.? Indistinguishable from Huropean specimens.

Martinique and Antigua.

Stenopoda cinerea, Lap. Flying by night; lurks beneath stones during

the day. Antigua.

Euagoras rubidus, Le P. & Serv. Common in Antigua; may frequently

be seen sucking the juices of butterflies. It lays long tubular or rather

fusiform eggs, agglutinated in a mass to the leaves of plants; each egg is

biarticulated, or furnished with a whitish cylindrical prolongation, which

does not contain any part of the embryo. ‘The young scarlet larve are

hatched in about eight days.

Stagnant ponds here produce two species of Anisops, and two of Corizxa ;

the latter fly abundantly by night. I have also noticed the cast skins of a

large water-bug, probably Belostama, but the living insects were not to be

found. <A pale, mealy-looking Cicada, two or three [latoid insects, a

Liburnia (perhaps saccharivora, Westw.?), and a few minute Cicadula,

comprise the Homoptera.

DiIprerRa.

With the exception of Culea, Simulia, and two species of Musca, Diptera

are exceedingly scarce in the islands I have visited. In Martinique the

so-called mosquitoes (Culices) are nearly absent, so that the inhabitants sleep

without the proteetion of gauze curtains, while in Antigua those insect-

furies never cease from harassing. Probably the rapid mountain-streams of

XXXVl

Martinique are not favourable to gnat-larve, while the stagnant ponds and

tanks of Antigua are congenial to them in a high degree. ‘The whole tribes

of Chironomide, Tipulida, Empide and Tabanide seem unrepresented.

Horses and cattle are indeed infested with an wodes of large size (imported

originally from Puerto Rico), but they enjoy complete immunity from

dipterous plagues and blood-suckers. At a hovel in the mountains of

Martinique I took a single Bibio, with black wings and testaceous thorax.

In the same island occurred one Asilus, and several of a cognate genus

having a peculiar neuration. The following Diptera I may venture to

name :—

Hemetia seamaculata, Meq. On flowers, Martinique; one from Antigua.

Eristalis vittatus, Meq. Common; Martinique and Antigua.

(Volucella?) obesa, F. Rather scarce; Martinique.

Lucilia putrida, F. Not common; Martinique and Antigua.

Lucilia macellaria, F. This fly exists in considerable numbers, and, in

conjunction with a red-tailed Sarcophaga, frequents carrion. The house-fly,

which swarms everywhere, and especially near sugar-mills, answers the

Fabrician description of M. occidua, except that he states it to be “ triplo

minor” than M. domestica. It is, however, rather larger and far more

importunate.

A good-sized Tachina occurs in Antigua, but is very rare. In Martinique

I found a species of Dexia. The Anthomyiide are not represented. The

smaller Muscide are few in number; I have noticed a Drosophila which

feeds on paste; and the Agave Americana is inhabited by an Oscinis. The

Pulicide ave reasonably common, and among them the notorious Sarcopsylla

penetrans, Westw., inhabits the interstices of boarded floors; I have taken

the male in my house.

ARACHNIDA AND Myrriopopa.

In Martinique I took a fine series of Mygale versicolor, Walck. The

blue and red hairs which adorn this species during life considerably mitigate

its repulsiveness. In resides in holes of trees, spinning a silken curtain,

or door, to close the entrance, and is an inoffensive and rather sluggish

animal. Antigua produces, instead of this, Cteniza nidulans, Walck. In

Martinique I captured two large specimens of Phrynus marginemaculatus,

Koch. Uniting several of the attributes of crab, scorpion and spider, to a

diabolical disposition, these beings are perhaps Nature’s masterpiece of

hideousness. They are found clinging to the under-surface of stones, and

when molested run backwards and sideways with great celerity, presenting

their spiny pincers at the enemy, while the first pair of legs, useless in

progression, is thrown over the back. ‘These singular organs are 52 inches

long im one of my specimens. In Antigua occurs a much smaller kind,

P. pumilio, Koch, There are two species of scorpion, one an elongate pale

XXXVil

yellow species, found in old buildings the other smaller, dark brown, and

with a stout tail, peculiar to the mountains. The former is somewhat like

the description of Scorpio Americanus. Polydesmus Drurii, Newp., and

Tulus Beauvoisii, P. Gerv., are frequent in rotten timber in the forests of

Martinique. For another species of Polydesmus, common here and in

Barbados I can find no name. I have taken several species of Scolopendra,

which, notwithstanding their size (4—6 inches in length), are difficult to

identify. On the 5th February I collected some individuals of S. platypus,

Brandt., one being a female with white young ones, 4% lines long. These

have twenty-one pairs of legs like the adults, and are in all respects

perfectly formed. When all the Scolopendre were inclosed together in a

tin box the young ones had the instinct to select their own mother, and to

attach themselves, to the number of thirty or forty, to her under-side and

legs. The colours of this species fade after death, and it may be remarked

that the descriptions of authors, usually made from examples preserved in

alcohol, convey no idea of the colours during life. The head and antenne

of platypus are of a bluish green; the body pale brown, with the hinder or

reflexed margin of each segment bluish; the legs are lemon-yellow, except

the hindmost pair, which are pale brown. After death the whole animal

becomes dull ferruginous. A species of Scolopocryptops (a genus destitute

of eyes), which I captured in the forests of Martinique, appears to be a novelty,

and as I have at hand the description of it which I prepared, I may as well

’ give it here :—

Scolopoeryptops Antillarum, n. sp.

‘Dark ferrnginous. Antenne 17-jointed; joints 1—7 stout; 1—3 glabrous,

flattened, quadrilateral; 8—17 of much smaller diameter, pilose,

cylindrical, tapering to the apex, but not diminishing in length.

Labrum transverse, feebly convex, sparsely and not deeply punctured,

as broad as the head, subhexagonal, anteriorly depressed, and the sides

produced into blunted angles. Cephalic shield punctate. Segments

minutely and sparingly punctulate, laterally margined, and with faint

indications of three longitudinal strie, interrupted. Segment 2 very

short, annular; the alternate segments throughout shorter than the

others, except the last, which exceeds the penultimate in length, is

bidentate at the hinder angles, and rounded between them, at the

apex. Preanal plate semi-elliptical, depressed laterally, irregularly

and feebly punctulate. The two hindmost pairs of legs elongated.

The femoral joint of the last pair subcylindrical, canaliculated

beneath, unarmed above, and with a single sharp tooth on its

inferior surface about one-third from the base-—a character which

distinguishes the species from those described by Walckenaer and

Gervais. Length 3 inches.

XXXV1I1

The left antenna, as frequently occurs in these animals, is aborted,

having only thirteen joints, and the apical joints, by way of compensation,

are somewhat stouter.

Found in rotten timber, Mt. Pelée, Martinique.

Scolopendra Guildingii, Newp., a small species remarkable for the

structure of its hindmost pair of legs, is found in Antigua.

July 3, 1878.

H. W. Batzs, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.8., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

donors.

Election, of a Member and Subscriber.

Mr. Basil George Nevinson, of 19, Torrington Square, W-C., was ballotted

for and elected an ordinary Member. Mr. John A. Finzi, of 105, Gower

Street, W.C., was ballotted for and elected a Subscriber.

Exhibitions, de.

Mr. F. P. Pascoe exhibited a selection of insects of all orders, as well as

of Arachnida and Myriopoda, from a collection recently made during a tour

through Algeria and the South of Spain. Among the specimens exhibited

were Scorpio funestus from the desert, Geophilus rubro-vittatus, Tarisa

dimidiatipes, Platyblenmus umbraculatus, Anthocharis nouna, Typhlopone

oranensis, &c. He also called attention to a remarkable Myriopod, having

the cylindrical body of the Julid@, but with only one pair of legs to each

somite.

Mr. W. C. Boyd drew attention to the food-plant of Klachista cerussella,

which has always been reputed, both in this country and on the Continent,

to feed in the leaves of Arundo phragmites. He stated that although he

could not positively assert that the insect never feeds on this reed, he

much doubted its doing so, as the Arundo does not usually come into leaf

till the larva of Elachista is half-grown. All the specimens which he had

bred were found in the leaves of Phalaris arundinacea, a grass which

somewhat resembles A. phragmites before the flower appears; hence, no

doubt, the mistake.

Mr. H. T. Stainton remarked that although Mr. Boyd had shown that

the Hlachista larva undoubtedly feeds in Phalaris arundinacea, it must still

be regarded an open question whether it does not also feed in Arundo

phragmites.

XXXIX

Mr. W. L. Distant exhibited an Homopteron which had been sent to

him for identification, through Dr. Sharp, from Mr. Lawson, of Auckland,

New Zealand. The species was Ricania australis, Walker, and Mr. Lawson

wrote that it had been observed last year on the dahlia for the first time.

The markings of the New Zealand specimen were, however, much darker

than those of the Australian ones, and therefore if, as possible, the insect

had been introduced from Australia, its arrival must probably have taken

place some time ago to allow for the process of melanism which had ensued.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir exhibited two specimens of Leucania turca, with

several pollinia of Habenaria bifolia attached to the trunk of each, these

being the only two out of fifty specimens which had the pollinia thus

attached. He had been able to satisfy himself, by comparison, as to the

species of orchid from which the pollinia had been removed. Mr. Weir

also exhibited a specimen of Hipparchia hyperanthus, in which the ocelli

on the under side of the fore and hind wings were unusually large, oval, and

with the central white spots ovate and acuminate outwards. ‘The specimen

was taken in the New Forest, and was the first of the species observed at

the latter end of June.

Prof. Westwood called attention to a note in ‘Nature’ of June 27th

(p. 226), reprinted from the ‘ American Naturalist’ for June, and relating

to the manner in which Lepidoptera escape from their cocoons. The

article referred to is by Dr. A. 8S. Packard, who records his observations on

Actias luna, and describes and figures the cocoon-cutter by means of which

this moth cuts its way out. Prof. Westwood claimed priority for the

‘Transactions’ of the Society where similar observations are recorded by

Capt. Hutton (1st series, vol. v., p. 85), who describes “ the method by which

Actias selene cuts its way through the cocoon,” and also calls attention to an

instrument which he names the “ wing-spur.”

Prof. Westwood also stated that he had recently heard of injuries done

to potato crops by insects which had not hitherto been considered injurious,

viz. Cetonia aurata, which had been found stripping the leaves, and a

lepidopterous larva (probably a species of Botys) which bored into the stem.

My. Jenner Weir stated with reference to the organs at the base of the

fore wings in the large Bombycide, that he had distinctly heard a clicking

noise in the cocoon of Attacus polyphemus just before the emergence of the

imago, caused without doubt by the creature’s sawing asunder the silk

threads with the organs in question. He had not heard the same noise in

the cocoons of Attacus cynthia nor in those of A. cecropia.

Mr. Dunning read the following :—

Note on Spiders resembling L lowers.

“ At recent meetings of the Society we have had brought to our notice

several interesting cases of resemblance between insects and plants, the

suggestion being that the insects thereby obtain protection from foes, or

that in some other way the resemblance is advantageous to them in the

struggle for existence. ‘The following observations, made by my friend

Mr. Thomas Nottidge, of Ashford, appear to afford other instances of the

same class of phenomena, in which spiders are the possessors of the pro-

tective or imitative resemblance :—‘ On the 11th May, 1878,’ Mr. Nottidge

writes, ‘in the beech woods on the escarpment of the chalk between West-

well and Charing, Kent, I noticed the number and variety of the insects

that visited the blossom of:the wayfaring tree, Viburnum, and on taking the

blossom in my hand, I found a spider most beautifully disguised both for

protection and for the easier capture of her prey. The spider was all over

of a pure creamy white, the exact tint of the flower, and her abdomen

exactly resembled the unopened buds—of which there were many in each

cyme of blossom—not only in colour, but also in size and shape. Nearly

every bunch of blossom was occupied by one or more of these spiders, the

young and half-grown ones being just like the full-grown ones in colour.

The male was not so well disguised as the female, having a few black dots

on his back and some black about the head and jaws. Many of the spiders

had captured insects, and one had got a large drone-fly, which was still

alive, and which after a long fight escaped. ‘These spiders are hunters, not

web-spinners; but I was amused to observe that one which I took in my

hand ran up ‘to the highest point at once, and holding up the abdomen let

a thread run out on the gentle breeze—the sun was shining and the thread

was quite visible—until it touched a twig about sixteen inches from my

hand; he then let himself drop from my hand and ran up the thread to the

twig; I thought this mode of escape was adopted by spiders only as a

dernier ressort. I had no means of carrying off one of these spiders. What

becomes of them later in the summer? for as soon as the white blossoms

are gone, his colour would be a great disadvantage.’

“T was unable to accept an invitation to see these spiders in situ,

but two or three weeks later I received a further communication from

Mr. Nottidge. ‘On the 10th June,’ he writes, ‘at Petersfield, Hants,

I found a white spider, very similar to, if not identical with, the one

I described to you; he was in the blossom of the wild guelder-rose. He

differed from the one I found near Westwell in having reddish brown spots

on the side of the abdomen, but they were not sufficiently distinct to

interfere with the completeness of his disguise. ‘There were many bushes

of the mealy Viburnum close by, but the blossom was over. On the same

day, and in the same locality, I found a very similar spider on the blossom

of Orchis maculata, but in this case the spots on the sides of the abdomen

were large, of a dark red-brown colour, and very sharply defined; and when

the spider stood in his usual position, with his head downwards, these spots

very closely resembled in size, shape, relative position, and—at a yard’s

xli

distance—even in colour, the dark purple pollinia of the flowers. I found

many specimens of the spider on Orchis maculata, one on each spike of

blossom, but I searched in vain for one on the dwarf orchis (O. ustulata),

although this is much like O. maculata, but its pollinia are not dark in

colour. Can it be that as the season advances this spider changes colour,

and that by each successive change it is specially adapted to live concealed

on the blossom of some special plant ?’”

Mr. Dunning exhibited three living specimens of the spiders captured by

Mr. Nottidge at Petersfield, on the guelder-rose and on Orchis maculata.

Apparently they were all females of T’homisus citreus, a common species on

flowers, the sexes of which are so dissimilar in size and colour that they

have been described as distinct species.

Mr. Jenner Weir remarked that he had lately been observing the habits

of the same species of spider in the New Forest, and that he had seen it

sometimes station itself in the centre of a composite flower, with its legs

expanded like the exterior rays of the flower, and sometimes in the flowers

of orchids, with its legs extended horizontally. It appears to be able to

destroy even the honey-bee, which he had found dead in its clutches.

The Secretary read a note by Mr. J. Haselden, communicated by Sir

Sidney Saunders, relating to the habits of the honey-bee (Apis fasciata ?)

in Egypt.

Paper read.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse communicated a paper “On New Coleoptera from

Australia and Tasmania in the Collection of the British Museum.”

August 7, 1878.

H. W. Bates, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.5., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

donors.

Exhibitions, de.

A communication was read from Mr. M‘Lachlan, to the effect that, in

the writer's opinion, the larva referred to by Prof. Westwood, at the last

meeting of the Society, as boring in the stems of the potato, was in all

probability that of a Noctua, Gortyna flavayo, polyphagous in the stems of

a variety of herbaceous plants—foxgloves, thistles, burdock, &e.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited some living specimens of Teretrius pictpes, found

on oak palings at Upper Norwood—parasitic on Lyctus oblongus—running

in and out of the burrows during the hot sunshine; also specimens of

Pachnobia alpina, male and female, bred by Mr. Clark, who found

the pups under Vacciniwn on the highest parts of the mountains above

Rannoch, N.B.

Mr. Enock exhibited some remarkable varieties of British Lepidoptera,

recently described and figured elsewhere.

Mr. Rutherford stated that he had been successful in rearing certain

larvee associated with the cocoons of a moth allied to Anaphe panda,

exhibited at a previous meeting. ‘They proved to be those of an ichneumon

ascertained by Mr. F'. Smith to be Cryptus formosus, Brullé, parasitical

also on Anaphe reticulata. A number of specimens of the insect, both

preserved and alive, were exhibited.

Mr. Rutherford also exhibited a series of colour-varieties of an African

butterfly, viz. Aterica Meleagris, Cram., as illustrative of the principle of

protective assimilation. He remarked that all the species belonging to the

genus Aterica were shade-living and extremely local in their habits, with the

solitary exception of Meleagris, which he had never found in shady places,

but always in bright sunshine. He had never observed it settle on leaves,

but always on the ground, and with closed wings, the under side of which

have such a resemblance to the colour of the soil that he had always

experienced the greatest difficulty in detecting the butterfly when at rest.

That this was no mere chance resemblance was evident from the nature of

the illustrations exhibited. Thus, the under sides of the wings of two

examples from Senegambia were of a dull brown colour, the soil of that

region consisting of reddish sand and ferruginous clay, while specimens

from Calabar and Camaroons had their under sides coloured light brown,

with numerous small white spots, the soil of these countries being composed

of light brown clay and small quartz pebbles. Similarly, examples from

Natal and the Mozambique coast approached in colour those of Senegambia,

that of the soil being nearly the same. Specimens taken at Magila, in the

Ussambara country, were of two varieties, one of a dull red colour, that of

the soil, and the other brownish, with white spots, the habit of the insect

being to settle both upon the ground and also upon granite boulders, with

which that region abounds. Five examples from the banks of the Atbara,

in Nubia, showed all the varieties occurring in other localities, this being

accounted for by the colour of the various deposits of sediment likely to be

made by a river passing through such a series of geological formations

as occur between Abyssinia and Nubia. It would thus appear that

A. Meleagris, through some original resemblance in the coloration of its

wings to certain conditions of soil, has been able to resist the attacks of

its natural enemies, and thus, meanwhile departing from the habits of the

family to which it belongs, had acquired the power of distributing itself

throughout a large area of country.

xlii

Mr. Jenner Weir considered that Mr. Rutherford's views might be

extended to the colour variations of Hipparchia semele.

Mr. Wood-Mason referred to the many cases of protective resemblance

exhibited in the Mantide.

Major Elwes considered that too much stress was laid on “ protective

resemblances,” and from a study of the birds of Northern India, had come

to the conclusion that the colour variation showed neither for nor against

the theory.

Mr. Distant adduced some instances of what appeared to be protective

coloration, and stated that he thought in many cases, without further

knowledge, the term “assimilative coloration” would be as correct as the

designation of “ protective resemblance.”

The President alluded to the beautiful protective adaptation of coloration

in the wings of the lepidopterous genus Mallia.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir exhibited five specimens of Argynnis Paphia, which

he had captured during the month of July in the New Forest, Hampshire.

The first was a singular aberration of the male, having two well-defined

white spots on the upper wings and two faint white spots on the lower

wings; he had heard of similar specimens having been taken in former

years, and one other was observed in the present year. ‘The second was a

normal specimen of the male, introduced for comparison with the third and

fourth males exhibited. With regard to these two, Mr. Weir remarked

that it was well known that a melanic variety of the female of Paphia

known as Valezina was observed every year in the New Forest, and it

appeared to him that if he carefully examined a sufficient number of males

he might find some which, although not strictly Valezina, yet showed a

tendency to melanism. After examining a large number, he found two

males much darker than usual; the ground colour of the wings was redder,

and the four enlarged nervures were very much more deeply edged with

black. He was of opinion that these were potentially males of Valezina,

and that from such males the female of that dark variety would be more

likely to originate than from a male of the ordinary colour. The fifth,

specimen was a true Valezina, and he remarked that this year Argynnis

Paphia was unusually scarce, yet the proportion of Valezina was much

greater than usual; certainly not less than ten per cent. of the females

were so coloured, the usual proportion not being greater than about one

per cent. He had himself captured eleven Valezina, and had seen three

others, and he had not altogether seen one hundred and forty females, if so

many. Mr. Weir was confident that the melanism extended to a great

extent over the whole of a brood, as eight of those taken were found within

a few yards of each other; and in another spot he and his friends had

captured fourteen within a short distance of each other; at the same time

none were seen in other woods where the species was common. It might

xliv

perhaps be argued that the melanic variety was confined to particular

woods, but such did not appear to be the case, as in spots where he and his

friends had seen Valezina in former years none were to be found this year.

The female of Argynnis Paphia when startled usually flies up into a

neighbouring tree, and does not wander about, as does the male. He had

seen a female in the act of oviposition, and each egg was laid singly low

down in the moss-covered stem of the oak; but as far as he was able to

judge, all the eggs were deposited within a few yards of each other.

The President remarked that some seasons were probably more favourable

than others for the production of dark Paphias, still the dark forms might

make a new subspecies.

Papers read.

Mr. J. Wood-Mason read a paper ‘On the Difference between the form of

the Antenne in the Males of Jdolomorpha and other Genera of Empusida,

a Subfamily of Mantide.”

Mr. Dunning read a paper ‘‘ On the Genus Acentropus.”

Papers were also contributed by Mr. Butler, ‘ Descriptions of several

new Species of Myriopoda of the genera Spherotherium and Zephronia,”

and by Mr. Baly, ‘‘ Descriptions of new Genera and Species of South

American H'umolpida, chiefly from the Amazon Region.”

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part II. of the * Transactions’ for 1878 was on the table.

September 4, 1878.

FREDERICK Situ, Esq., Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

donors.

Election of a Member and Subscriber.

Mr. David Price, of West Street, Horsham, Sussex, was ballotted for and

elected an Ordinary Member. Capt. Thomas Broun, of Whangarei Heads,

Auckland, New Zealand, was ballotted for and elected a Subscriber.

Exhibitions, de.

Mr. D. G. Rutherford exhibited two specimens of an Orthopterous insect,

Palophus Centaurus, Westw. (originally described from Old Calabar), taken

on Mount Camaroons, at an elevation of 6000 feet. The species is nocturnal

in its habits, and is remarkable on account of its very perfect resemblance

to the twigs of the tree which it frequents.

xly

Mr. Meldola stated that, while on the subject of protective resemblance,

he would remark with reference to Mr. Rutherford’s exhibition of Aterica

Meleagris, made at the last meeting, and Mr. Jenner Weir’s suggestion that

a similar mode of variation might be found to hold good in Hipparchia

Semele, that having recently obtained a long series of this last butterfly from

the sand-hills at Southport, in Lancashire, he had compared the under sides

with those of a series from the chalk at Caterham, but no perceptible

difference of colour could be observed.

Mr. Weir remarked that he had detected ina British collection some

specimens of H. Semele which had been taken in Jersey, and that these

were darker than specimens from the chalk. With regard to moths, he

stated that it was well established that certain species, such as Gnophos

obscurata and Hubolia bipunctata, exhibited a tendency to local variation in

colour.

Mr. W. C. Boyd stated that he had observed specimens of Hepialus

lupulinus from Margate to be whiter than usual.

Mr. EF. Smith exhibited a specimen of the so-called “locust-tree” (Hymenea

coubaril), from British Guiana, forwarded to Dr. Sharp by Mr. Harper. On

opening the fruit it was found to contain three living specimens of a weevil

(Cryptorhynchus stigma, Linn.), a cocoon containing the chrysalis of a moth,

together with the remains of one or more such cocoons, and lastly a small

parasitic hymenopteron (an ichneumon allied to Chelonus). The small

puncture by which the eggs of the weevil were probably introduced could

be seen in the shell of the nut, but no trace of any other opening. Mr. Smith

also stated that Mr. Harper was taking steps to secure information con-

cerning the curious “ trap-door bee,” the habits of which had formed the

subject of an article in ‘ Household Words’ many years ago (vol. il., p. 858).

Mr. Smith likewise exhibited a specimen of Melolontha vulgaris, which had

quite recently been found alive under turf at the bottom of a tin box in which

the larva had been placed last April, thus making it appear probable that

this inseet assumes the perfect state under ground a long time before

making its actual appearance.

Mr. G. C. Champion exhibited a series of Spercheus emarginatus taken

at West Ham, Essex.

Mr. John Spiller, who was present as a visitor, exhibited some seeds

which, when first received, had the peculiar property of jumping about, and

read the following note concerning them :—

«The ‘jumping seeds’ were in full activity at the time of coming into

my possession in 1871, and continued to exhibit their remarkable move-

ments for a period of at least three months. ‘They were publicly shown at

one of a course of lectures on magic delivered at the London Institution in

January, 1872, by the late Mr. John Cargill Brough. ‘he seeds resemble

xlvi

in appearance those of a convolvulus, rather large in size, and enclosing the

larvee, to the movements of which the jumping action is ascribed. When

placed in the palm of the hand or taken into a warm room they became

very lively and travelled considerable distances, hopping about almost like

cheese-maggots. In neither of the two seeds shown did the larva undergo

further development, but I have been favoured with some interesting

particulars by Mr Charles Breach, of Oxford Road, Chiswick, from whom

I received these curious specimens.

«A parcel of them came over from Mexico in 1871, having been collected

by Indian children on the mainland east of the Gulf of California and near

the town of Alamos. When first received the paper-bag was opened over-

night and left on the table, but by the next morning the seeds had mostly

escaped and were found distributed about the floor of the room. A good

mauy were given to friends, but those which Mr. Breach reserved for him-

self were kept in a tin case, and when this was opened some months later a

number of small moths flew out, but it is to be regretted that none of these

were preserved. They are said to have been about five-eighths of an inch

long and dark grey in colour. Mr. Breach assumes that the eggs were

deposited in the seed-vessel of the flower and subsequently became enclosed,

the young larve boring into the seeds as they ripened. The weight of the

seeds in their present condition is rather less than one grain and a half

each.”

Mr. S. Stevens stated that he had possessed some of the “ jumping seeds,”

and had bred the moths from the enclosed larve, which had turned out to

be a species of Tortrix, Carpocapsa saltitans (see also Trans. Ent. Soc.,

2nd series, vol. v., p. 27).

The Secretary exhibited a photograph of Prodryas Persephone, Scudder,

a fossil butterfly in a wonderfully perfect state of preservation, found in the

tertiary formations of Colorado. The photograph had been forwarded to

the Society by Mr. Scudder.

My. F. Smith stated that having recently had occasion to refer to the

Linnean Collection in the apartments of the Linnean Society at Burlington

House, he much regretted to find that this invaluable collection, containing

a large number of the original type-specimens of that illustrious naturalist,

had been allowed to fall into a state of complete neglect, and after con-

sulting with the Council he had thought it advisable to mention the fact to

the Members of the Entomological Society, in order that the Society,

through the Council, might take immediate steps to secure the future

preservation of the collection. The motion was then formally put to the

meeting and carried unanimously.

xlvii

Papers read.

Mr. A. H. Swinton communicated a paper ‘On the Vocal Music and

Wing-beating of Insects.”

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse read a paper entitled “ Notice of a small Collection

of Coleoptera from Jamaica, with Descriptions of New Species from the

" West Indies.”

October 2, 1878.

H. W. Bates, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

donors.

Election of a Member and Subscriber.

Mr. Thomas Nottidge, of Ashford, Kent, was ballotted for and elected a

Member. Mr. J. Lawrence Hamilton, M.R.C.S., of 84, Gloucester Terrace,

Hyde Park, was ballotted for and elected a Subscriber.

Mr. F. Smith stated that since the last meeting of the Society, when he

had informed the Members that, in his opinion, the Linnean Collection in

the apartments of that Society at Burlington House had been allowed to

fall into a very neglected condition, he had brought the subject under the

notice of Sir John Lubbock, who had agreed that if such was the case

the collection should at once be seen to, and immediate steps taken for its

future preservation. In order to effect this, Sir John Lubbock had, with

Mr. Smith’s perthission, forwarded the letter in which the subject had been

mentioned by Mr. Smith, to the President of the Linnean Society, who had

promised that the Collection should be at once attended to. ‘This being the

case, Mr. Smith did not think that it would be necessary for the Council

or Members of the Entomological Society to take any further steps in the

matter. .

Mr. M‘Lachlan then read the following

Report on the Linnean Collection.

“T have heard, with not less astonishment than regret, that at-the last

meeting of this Society (at which I was not present), held on the 4th ult.,

a resolution was passed which virtually amounts toa vote of censure on

those oflicers of the Linnean Society who have charge of the so-called

Linnean Collection of Insects.

“Upon the testimony of Mr. Frederick Smith, Vice-President of this

Society, and chairman at the meeting above mentioned, it was decided that

xlvill

the collection had been allowed to fall into a state of complete neglect, and

that immediate steps be taken to remedy such a state of affairs. The

meeting in question was held at a time of year when few members are in

town, and, so far as I know, Mr. Smith was the only one present who has

had occasion to consult the collection. It has been to me a painful duty

(from causes I refer to lower down) to have to study a portion of the

collection many times during more than fifteen years, and I visited it only —

a few months ago. Therefore, as an old member both of this and the

Linnean Society, I considered it my duty to make an independent attempt

to reconcile Mr. Smith’s statement with my own previous experience, which

was utterly opposed to his, as set forth in the reasons upon the strength of

which the resolution was passed. I examined, two days ago, nearly the

entire collection, and saw nothing whatever to justify the step taken by this

Society. I believe the collection is in the same condition as it has been for

probably a quarter of a century. There are not the slightest signs of deart,

Psoci, or Anthrent, and, in this respect, it will compare favourably with the

collections possessed by most of us. There are, here and there, and

especially in one or two drawers of Hymenoptera (the only portion of the

collection inspected, as I am informed, by Mr. Smith), traces of mould,

and, in some cases, of recent growth, but only to an extent that the

application of a brush would at once remove it, and suffice for the most

minute examination of external structure. I have stated that the ‘ mould’

appeared to be recent, but I do not wish to infer thereby that the

predisposing causes have been equally recent. Mr. Smith cannot be

ignorant of the fact that the spores of the Fungi producing what is

commonly known as ‘mould’ may rest dormant for several years, until

some exciting cause force them into activity. In my own experience

I have had painful proof of this. Some specimens -obtained from a

certain old collection would occasionally show signs of ‘mould,’ although

placed under the same conditions as a multitude of others not affected in

any way; and at last I think a cure was affected by the application of an

arsenical solution. I mention ‘this because I feel sure that the traces of

fungoid growth noticed by me do not result from recent neglect.

« And this brings me to a point at which it is advisable to touch upon

the history of the Collection and its present scientific value. We all know

that the unworthy son of an immortal father allowed, from sordid reasons,

the collection formed by Linne to pass out of his native land. We all know

that the Swedish Government (becoming too late aware of the treasure

they were losing) sent a frigate after the vessel conveying the collections to

England, but in vain. Now, supposing these collections not to have been

tampered with by the younger Linné (of which there is no proof), the fact

that they ever left the shores of Sweden cannot be sufficiently deplored.

As you all know, they came into the possession of Sir J. HK. Smith, a

xhx

botanist of renown, and I believe the botanical portion was religiously

respected by him. Not so the entomological. Sir J. E. Smith had himself

a collection of insects (mostly British), and these were added. Furthermore,

there is evidence that the labels on the insects, even if in what is

believed to be Linné’s own handwriting, are not to be relied upon, and

there is strong reason for supposing that Sir J. E. Smith (or possibly some

early officer of the Linnean Society) applied certain labels to better

examples of what were supposed to be the same species, destroying the

(probably mutilated) originals. Such a supposition is warranted in the case

of some specimens in the groups in which I am especially interested.

“Of the history of the early years of its actual possession by the

Linnean Society little, I think, is known. As to its later history, I can

confidently affirm that it has been most carefully attended to. Its scientific

value (I speak now, as always, only of the insects) is quite another matter.

The amount of evident tampering is so great as to induce me to think

it might be an absolute benefit to science if it were destroyed, so great

is the danger that students, not thoroughly acquainted with its history,

take for granted that the fact of a label in Linné’s handwriting attached to

a particular specimen entitles that specimen to be considered a ‘type.’ It

can enly be so regarded if the original description and collateral circum-

stances favour such an idea, and any value the collection may now possess

can only remain if it be studied in conjunction with Linne’s own annotated

copies of his works, and those of other authors in his Library, in the

possession of the Linnean Society.

‘In conclusion, it appears to me that the more generous course for

Mr. Smith to have pursued would have been to postpone action until some

other members of this Society were present capable of appreciating the

subject, or in the first instance to have communicated privately with the

Librarian, or some member of the Library Committee of the Linnean

Society which is responsible for the welfare of the collection.”

Mr. Stainton stated that he could fully endorse the conclusions which

had been arrived at by Mr. M‘Lachlan, as he had examined the collection

on the previous day, and had not been able to detect any appreciable

deterioration in it since the year 1848, when he first had occasion to

consult it. Mr. Stainton further remarked that if Mr. Smith’s examination

had led him to an opposite conclusion he had undoubtedly adopted the

proper course in bringing the matter under the notice of the officials of the

Linnean Society.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. Jenner Weir exhibited specimens of Hipparchia Semele from the

_ New Forest, Lewes, the Rigi, and Russia, showing a tendency to vary in

: H

colour on the under side in accordance with the nature of the soil of the

district in which the specimens had been taken.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited the eggs and young larve of Ascalaphus

longicornis, found by Mons. EK. L. Ragonot in the Forest of Lardy, not far

from Paris, apparently the northern limit of distribution of the species.

The eggs were arranged, after the manner peculiar in the family, in two

rows ona dried grass stem, to the number of forty-six or twenty-three in

each row. He had some of the young larve still living, but was uncertain

as to whether he would be able to rear them.

Mr. M‘Lachlan also exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Edwin Birchall, a much-

worn example of Heliothis scutosa, which had been captured by Mr. W. H.

Campbell, of Londonderry, in the north of Co. Donegal, Ireland, on the

19th August last. He alluded to the sporadic habits of this and allied

species, and its rarity in the British Islands.

Mr. Rutherford exhibited, and communicated a description of, a new

species of Goliath beetle, from Mount Camaroons, allied to Ceratorrhina

Sayi, Westw. He also exhibited a specimen of a West African butterfly,

Romaleosoma Ruspina, Hew., nearly a third of the wings of which, on both

surfaces, along their outer margin, and beginning a little below the apical

angle of the primaries, were entirely destitute of scales, with the exception

of the nervures, which were sparsely covered with them. The symmetry of

the transparent portion of the naked wings seemed, he thought, to preclude

the idea that the butterfly had been partly denuded of its scales, either

intentionally or by accident; and he inclined to the conclusion that the

appearance it presented was due to some abnormal physiclogical condition

occurring either in the larva or chrysalis.

Mr. G.C. Champion exhibited specimens of Amara infima, from Chobham,

Surrey, this rare insect not having been recorded since 1857, when Dawson

first added it to the list of British Coleoptera.

Mr. W. A. Forbes exhibited a collection of insects from Switzerland,

taken at the latter end of June in a valley in the neighbourhood of

Chamouni, at an elevation of 5000 or 6000 feet.

Papers read, de.

Mr. D. G. Rutherford communicated a “ Description of a new Goliath

Beetle from Tropical West Africa.” The insect had been named Cera-

torrhina Batesit.

Mr. J. Wood-Mason read a note “ On a Saltatorial Mantis,” and exhibited

a specimen of the insect, which had been captured on the banks of the

Tagus. He also read notes “ On the hatching period of Mantide in Eastern

Bengal,” and “On the presence of Stridulating Apparatus in certain

Mantide,” this being the first discovery of such an organ in that family.

The author exhibited, in illustration of the last note, a large Mantis, showing

the serrated fore margin of ths tegmina by means of which the stridulation

is effected.

Mr. Wood-Mason also stated that it might interest the members of the

Society to hear that in the course of his anatomical work he had discovered

a remarkable case of viviparity in the Orthoptera, in a large cockroach

belonging to the genus Panesthia, the species of which inhabited the

tropical forests of Southern Asia and of Australia, where they lived in

the rotten wood of fallen trees. ‘The species in question was P. Javanica,

from the abdominal brood-pouch of the female of which he had extracted

young white specimens of 6° mm. in length, and these, from their being

already provided with legs, antenne, black eyes, and the full number of already

hard-tipped gnathites, as well as from their size, he judged were just on the

point of birth when the mother was thrown into the aleohol. He further

suggested that the curious and as yet unexplained habit evinced by several

European species of Blattide of carrying their egg-capsules about with

them for a week, or even for so long a period as a fortnight, before depositing

them, might possibly be explicable as the retention of a vestige of a lost

viviparity.

November 6, 1878.

H. W. Batss, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

donors.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. F. Smith called attention to a passage in Mr. M‘Lachlan’s “ Report

on the Linnean Collection,” read at the last meeting (vide also Ent. Mo. Mag.

for November, p. 140), wherein the author states, as the result of his

examination of the collection, that ‘‘ there were no traces of mites, Psoci,

or Anthrent.” Mr. Smith was of opinion that this statement might lead to

the belief that he had affirmed that the collection was actually attacked by

mites, Psoct, and Anthreni, and as this was not the case he mentioned the

subject in order to remove any erroneous impression.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited a specimen of Chauliognathus excellens,

a new beetle from the United States of Columbia.

Mr. H. T. Stainton exhibited a new horn-feeding Tinea reared from

horns from Singapore, 7’. orientalis, allied to the well-known large species

from South Africa, of which the larvee fed in the horns of living buffaloes

and antelopes, and which had been described by Zeller under the name of

Vastella, and subsequently by himself under the name Gigantella, both

names referring to the extraordinary size of the insect in the genus Tinea.

The specimens now exhibited were reared by Mr. Simmons, of Poplar, who

found them in his greenhouse, and was quite at a loss to account for their

appearance till Mr. Stainton suggested they were horn-feeders, when he

remembered a piece of horn placed on a shelf and forgotten, but which

when examined showed evident traces of having been eaten, and from

which pupa-skins had been obtained.

The Rev. H. S. Gorham exhibited the following rare beetles, taken

in the neighbourhood of Horsham, Sussex :—Platypus cylindrus, Fab.,

Lathrobium pallidum, Nordmann, Achenium humile, Nicolai, and Cryphalus

abietis, Ratzeburg. [Coloured figures of the three first named will be found

in Janson’s ‘ British Beetles,’ figs. 99, 112, 1138.]

Mr. H. Goss exhibited male and female specimens of a rare dragon-fly,

Cordulia Curtisi, taken at Popesdown, Christchurch, Hampshire. Mr.

M‘Lachlan made some remarks on the geographical distribution of this

species. (See also Ent. Mo. Mag. for Sept. 1878, p. 92.)

Mr. Meldola exhibited a male specimen of a moth from Jamaica,

belonging to the genus H’rebus, and which was remarkable on account of

its possessing large scent-fans or tufts on the hind legs. Although the

function of these tufts had only recently been made known through the

researches of Fritz Miller, this species had been named FH. odorus (Phalena-

Bombyx odora) by Linneus. (See also Sloan’s ‘Jamaica,’ vol. i1., p. 216).

Mr. J. Wood-Mason exhibited specimens in alcohol of Gongylus trachelo-

phyllus, Burm. (male and female), and of G. gongylodes, Linn. Saussure

was of opinion that the former species was a variety of the latter, but

Mr. Wood-Mason, after examining numerous specimens of both, had found

good characteristic differences, and concluded that they were specifically

distinct—a view which was corroborated by the difference in the colour of

the under side of the prothoracic expansion, a distinction which he had

long suspected, but of which he had only recently obtained good evidence.

Knowing that Sir Walter Elliot, during his long residence in India, had

superintended the execution, by native artists, of a multitude of coloured

drawings of animals belonging to all groups, and thinking it probable that

there might be amongst these some coloured sketches of Gonyylus, he

applied to him for the loan of any drawings of Orthoptera he might still

have in his possession, a request to which Sir Walter Elliot, with his usual

generosity, at once acceded. Amongst these Mr. Wood-Mason had found

a coloured drawing of the under surface of Gongylus gongylodes, which

conclusively proved that the insect is coloured so as to resemble a flower

with a white corolla, thus differing remarkably from the other species, in

which the prothoracice shield is of a pale bluish violet inclining to mauve,

and acquiring a reddish tinge towards the margins. Both species have the

same black-brown transverse prosternal blotch. G. gongylodes was restricted

lin

in its distribution to the neighbourhood of Bangalore in Mysore and Ceylon ;

one specimen, however, is in the National Collection from the Dharwar

district South Mahratta country, obtained many years ago by Sir Walter

Elliot himself. G. trachelophyllus, on the other hand, was only known to

Mr. Wood-Mason from Midnapur, from the base of the Karakpur Hills

near Monghyr. In 1871 he had received a specimen from Pegu, which

was obtained by the late Mr. 8. Kurz during a botanical tour in that

province. This specimen differed but slightly from the typical form, the

colour of the prothoracic shield being a bright blue-violet, and its resem-

blance to a flower deceived for the moment the practised eyes of Mr. Kurz.

Mr. Wood-Mason hoped before long to be able to give coloured figures of

these anthomimetic Mantida.

Mr. W. L. Distant stated that Waterton recorded in his ‘Essays on

Natural History,’ the resemblance of the rattle of the rattlesnake to an

orthopterous insect, and suggested that this, by deceiving and attracting

birds, might be of service to the reptile in the same manner that the floral

resemblance of Gonygylus serves to secure for these insects a supply of food.

Mrs. Randolph Clay (who was present as a visitor) exhibited a living

specimen of Zopherus Brémet, from Yucatan, Mexico, which had been

worn by her for many months as an ornament, during which time the

insect was stated to have taken no food. (See also ‘The Queen,’ 24th

August, 1878.)

Sir Sidney Saunders exhibited specimens of Blastophaga Psenes, Linn.,

male and female, employed in the process of caprification, received from

M. Jules Lichtenstein, of Montpellier. Also specimens of Sycophaga

crassipes, Westw., from the Sycamore figs of Egypt, together with certain

apterous associates corresponding with Apocrypta of Coquerel (but speci-

fically distinct) recently found in the same figs.

The Secretary read a Report from Her Majesty’s Consul at Taganrog,

which had been sent to the Foreign Office and transmitted to the Socicty

through the Board of Trade. The Report related to the destruction of

the corn crops by Anisoplia austriaca in the neighbourhood of Myriapol,

and in various districts in Berdiansk, Kharoff, Poltava, Ekaterinoslaff,

Kheyson and Bessarabia. Cleonus punctiventris and Anisoplia crucifera

were also reported to be spreading in the provinces of Kiero and Podolia.

The total damage done by these destructive Coleoptera is estimated at

two million roubles. A Sub-Committee was appointed to draw up some

observations on these beetles for the use of Her Majesty’s Consul.

Papers read.

Miss E. A. Ormerod communicated a paper ‘On the Prevention of

Insect-injury by the use of Phenol Preparations,” and exhibited drawings

and specimens showing the destruction of carrot crops by Psila rose.

liv

Sir Sidney Saunders communicated a paper ‘‘ On the Habits and Affinities

of Sycophaga and Apocrypta of the Hymenopterous family Agaonida, with

description of a new species of Apocrypta from the figs of Ficus Sycomeri of

Egypt.”

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse communicated ‘ Descriptions of new Telephoride

from Central and South America.”

Mr. W. L. Distant communicated ‘“ Descriptions of new Species of

Hemiptera- Homoptera.”

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part III. of the ‘ Transactions’ for 1878 was on the table.

December 4, 1878.

H. W. Batss, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

donors.

The President read a list of the Members of Council and Officers

recommended for election at the Annual Meeting.

Election of a Member and Subscriber.

Mr. T. P. Newman, of 7, York Grove, Peckham, was ballotted for and

elected a Member. Mr. J. Walker, R.N., of Blue Town, Sheerness, was

ballotted for and elected a Subscriber.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. H. T. Stainton exhibited a series of fine specimens of Glyphipteryx

Schenicolella taken by Mr. Threlfall near Witherslack last summer. ‘They

were flying over cotton-grass in little swarms just before sunset—literally

by hundreds—and were mistaken at the time for G. Fscheriella. ‘The

species was first recorded by Mr. Thomas Boyd in the ‘ Entomologists’

Weekly Intelligencer, vol. iv., p. 144.

Mr. Wood-Mason exhibited and made remarks upon a stridulating beetle

belonging to the Rutelide.

Prof. Westwood exhibited a male specimen of Hpinephele Tithonus

having the right hind-wing much paler than the general ground colour of

the other wings ; likewise a variety (gynandromorphic) of H. Jurtina, viz., a

male specimen, having the under side of the left hind-wing partly male and

partly female in character, the two portions being separated by an orange

streak, and presenting the appearance of a male wing with a portion of a

female wing letin. An enlarged coloured diagram of the last insect was

exhibited, and also similar diagrams of the following specimens ;—

- Amale Perrhybris Pyrrha (from Mr. Hewitson’s collection) having

the under side of the right hind-wing coloured like the female, which mimics

a species of Heliconia.

2. A specimen of Nymphalis Populi with larval head.

3. A specimen of Dytiscus marginalis (original in British Museum)

with larval head, and one of Helophilus pendulus similarly deformed, two

specimens of this last example of imperfect development being in the Hope

Collection at Oxford.

Prof. Westwood remarked with regard to monstrosities that although in

such cases among the higher animals the head parts often appeared

duplicated, this very rarely appeared among the Arthropoda. He was

inclined to regard gynandromorphism as the result of the coalescence of

two ova in the female insect, and the subsequent suppression of all the

characters of the one sex but those retained in the imago.

Mr. H. T. Staton raised the question whether many cases of gynan-

dromorphism might not be explained by atavism, 7.e., by partial reversion

to ancestral characters.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited a series of cases of the larvee of Trichopterous

insects forwarded to him by Dr. Fritz Miller, of Blumenau, Santa

Catharina, Brazil. Several of the forms, of minute size, were evidently

those of Hydroptilide. Another form was in black, slightly curved,

tapering tubes of horny texture, and pertained to Setodes or something

allied thereto. Another (of uncertain location) of considerable size was

composed of nearly entire small leaves arranged longitudinally. Lastly,

there was one, composed of pieces of leaves, which Dr. Miiller stated had

the peculiar habit of occurring on trees in the water that collects between the

leaves of Bromelie, in which tadpoles, the larve of dragou-flies, and other

aquatic animals were also to be found. In connection with this latter habit

Mr. Bates informed him that rain-water collects at the bases of the leaves

of these plants and remains there for nine months out of the twelve.

There was also a photograph of a number of cases stated by Dr. Miller to

belong to some species of Hydropsychide, of which the: larve ‘ make a

funnel-shaped entrance to their houses with a net of which no spider need

be ashamed.” Generally many of them build close together, so as to

intercept anything eatable which may come down the rivulet. Concerning

some other cases which Dr. Miller referred to the Trichoptera, Mr.

M‘Laehlan was doubtful if such was their true position.*

The Rey. A. Eaton suggested that they might possibly ete to the

Diptera, the larve of some aquatic species of which were iaianr to

manufacture somewhat similar cases.

* A more detailed account of these and some other cases of caddis-flies will be

published by Dr. Miller in the ‘ Archivos do Museo Nacional de Rio de Janeiro.’

lvi

Dr. Fritz Miiller also sent enlarged outlines of the neuration of various

Lepidoptera, in order to point out the homologies that appeared to exist with

that of the Trichoptera, of which an outline of the wing of Glyphidotaulius,

copied from Kolenati’s ‘Genera et Species Trichopterorum,’ was placed

side by side with those of the Lepidoptera. Mr. M‘Lachlan called

especial attention to the neuration of Castnia Ardalus as delineated by

Dr. Miller, and compared it with that of Hydropsyche as figured in his

‘Revision and Synopsis of European Trichoptera.. He stated that it had

long been his opinion that in a linear arrangement the orders Lepidoptera

and Trichoptera should not be widely separated.

Mr. Stainton called attention to the great resemblance existing between

the neuration of Micropteryx in the Micro-Lepidoptera and that of certain

Micro-Trichoptera.

Prof. Westwood was not convinced of the existence of that amount of

homology insisted upon by Dr. Fritz Miller and the preceding speaker,

and said that it was desirable that the supposed homologising nervures

should be coloured, so as to be more readily traceable.

Mr. Wood-Mason asked Mr. M‘Lachlan whether he had noticed any

homology between the maxille of Lepidoptera and Trichoptera. The latter

stated in reply that there was considerable resemblance in the form of the

maxillary palpi of Micropteryx and some other Micro-Lepidopterous genera

and those of Trichoptera, especially in the excessive development of these

palpi as compared with the labial, these latter being usually the most

prominent in Lepidoptera.

The Rey. A. Eaton exhibited a piece of ‘“‘ Kungu cake” from Lake

Nyassa. According to Livingstone and others this substance is used

extensively as food in the region referred to, and is made by the natives of

large quantities of a minute insect, whose habit is to fly in dense cloud-like

flights often similar in appearance to columns of smoke. These subsiding

upon the herbage along the borders of the lake accumulate to a considerable

depth, and are then collected en masse, pressed into cakes, and dried for

consumption. Until now the “ Kungu fly” has been conjectured to be a

species of the Hphemeride; but on actual inspection it proves to be a

minute representative of the Culicide, and (so far as can be ascertained

from the material at hand) of the genus Corethra. Its wing measures

2-5 mm. in length. Drawings of details accompanied the specimen. These

are intended for publication in an account of Capt. Elton’s journey from

Lake Nyassa to the north-eastward, which is in the press, the specimen

exhibited having been entrusted to Mr. Eaton by the editor of this work,

the Rev. H. Waller, of Tywell. The condition of the compressed

examples precludes an exact determination of the species being made from

them. It is possible that ‘‘ Kungu cake” in other localities may be com-

posed of other materials.

lvii

Mr. W. L. Distant remarked that he had learnt from Mr. Chennell that

Erthesina fullo, a very common Eastern Hemipterous insect, was largely

eaten by the Naga Hill tribes of N E. India.

Mr. Meldola stated that while on the subject of insect-food fe would

mention that Mr. S. Stevens had forwarded to him a query by Mr. J.

Watson respecting the chemical composition of the bodies of insects,

which, since they furnish all the materials necessary for the food of those birds

that, like swallows, feed on the wing, must contain, in addition to carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen, the requisite nitrogen and phosphates. Mr. Meldola

remarked that chitine, the substance composing the horny external portions

of the bodies of insects, had been shown by analysis to contain about

6 per cent. of nitrogen. With regard to phosphates he stated that,

although he was sure the ash of the bodies of insects did contain these

salts, he was unable to find any direct statement to this effect, and at his

request, therefore, Mr. William Cole had been good enough to burn some

insects, and to test the ash for phosphoric acid, which he had succeeded

in finding.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse forwarded for exhibition a living Cuwrculio

found by Mr. J. C. Bowring in his orchid-house at Windsor. The insect

was identified by Mr. Pascoe and Professor Westwood as one of the

Calandride.

The Secretary then read the following :—

Report of the Sub-Committee appointed to consider the communication from

the Board of Trade, dated 2nd November, 1878, regarding the ravages

of Anisoplia austriaca at Taganrog.

“We have investigated the matters referred to in the official corre-

spondence placed in our hands, and report thereon as follows :—

“The insect Anisoplia austriaca belongs to a group of beetles

(Rutelid@) allied to our common cockchafer, but is of very much smaller

size. We have been unable to find any record of the complete Natural

History (ab ovo) of this, or any very closely allied species. There can be

no doubt, however, that the eggs are deposited in the earth at the roots of

corn or grasses, that they soon hatch, and that the larvee feed upon the

roots. How long a period elapses before the pupal state is assumed

we know not. In the cockchafer three years are stated as the usual time.

In the smaller species we think that two years may be the outside limit;

and that in the autumn of the second year of its existence the larva

either forms a cocoon, in which it remains quiescent until the following

spring, when it assumes the pupal state, or, as is more probable, it assumes

that state in the autumn, and the perfect insect may be developed soon after-

wards, but remains in the cocoon until the following summer.

lvili

« All accounts, however, we have been able to refer to concerning this

and congeneric species agree (as does the information furnished by Mr.

Carruthers) in attributing the chief damage to the perfect insect, which

feeds upon the green corn in the ear. In some parts of Germany

Anisoplia agricola is reported to do considerable damage to rye in the same

manner.

“In the year 1867 Pfarrer Josef Orth published a letter in the

Hungarian ‘ Pester Lloyd’ with reference to the appearance, in June, of

extraordinary numbers of this Anisoplia austriaca in the Banate, a

Danubian province of Hungary; and his letter is reproduced and commented

upon by Herr A. von Pelikan in the article entitled “ Ueber Getreide-

Verwiistunzen durch Anisoplia,” published in the ‘ Verhbandlungen der

k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien,’ vol. xvii. (1867),

pp. 693—696.

“ Pfarrer Orth states that a very long cord, several fathoms long, was

stretched across the field, a horse beg attached to each end, and in this

way the cord was drawn across the field so as to disturb the beetles from

their food, which they left and flew away. In one way or other one hundred

men were engaged upon this service collecting the beetles and putting them

into pots, the beetles being afterwards destroyed. He enters into an

elaborate calculation as to the numbers so destroyed, which he estimates at

some 6,720,000 individuals.

“« We think it is impossible to place too high a value upon the laborious

process of destroying the perfect insects, but there are some other matters

in connection with it that merit serious consideration. First, we think it

highly desirable that rotation of crops (which is probably less attended

to in the grain-producing plains of Southern Russia than here) should be

enforced, and that it might be advisable to revert to the grain-crop only

after the lapse.of the second year. Secondly, we cannot place too high an

importance upon the encouragement of insectivorous birds, such as Rooks,

Starlings, &. If such birds be allowed unrestricted access to newly-

ploughed fields which have been recently under grain, they will probably

effect more good in a few days by destroying larvee and pupe than could

possibly be done by collecting the perfect insects. Finally, we belicve

there is no reason to apprehend the recurrence year after year of such

multitudes of the beetles.

“ Pfarrer Orth (in the letter above quoted) says it is always present in

the Banate, but only sparingly in moist seasons, and he does not appear to

have had any former experience similar to that of 1867. In the present

state of entomological science it is impossible to accurately account for

visitations like this, which occur with many insects, injurious or otherwise.

It may be that the pupal condition is prolonged indefinitely, or until cireum-:

stances favour its determination: by this reasoning (which is warranted by

lix

what we know to be the case in some other insects) the pupse might be

accumulated from year to year, and the perfect insects from these accumula-

tions burst forth simultaneously.

(Signed) R. M‘Lacutan, F.R.S.

Cuas. OwrEn WATERHOUSE.

December 4th, 1878.”

Paper read.

Mr. A G. Butler communicated a paper ‘* On a collection of Lepidoptera

from Cachar, N.E. India.”

ANN UAE ME BEEN G,

January 15, 1879.

H. W. Barss, Hsq., F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.

Mr. J. W. Dunning, one of the Auditors, read an abstract of the

Treasurer's Accounts for 1878, showing a balance of £30 14s. 7d. in favour

of the Society.

The Secretary read the following :—

Report of the Council for 1878.

The Council, in accordance with the Bye-Laws, begs to submit the

following Report ;—

During the year 1878 the Society has lost four Members by resignation

and two by death, while fourteen new Members and Subscribers have been

elected. The losses by death are Mr. William Chapman Hewitson, the

well-known Lepidopterist, and Mr. T. W. Wonfor, Curator of the Brighton

Free Library and Museum.

The ‘ Transactions’ for 1878 (exclusive of the ‘ Proceedings’) form a

volume of 385 pages, containing six plates, of which two are coloured.

Although the volume is smaller than that of last year, it again shows a

favourable increase in the number of memoirs, of which it contains thirty-

one, many of them being of wide biological interest. In our ‘Journal of

Proceedings’ will likewise be found recorded many valuable communications

and discussions.

With respect to finances, the Council has the satisfaction of stating

that the Society’s income for the year has been sufficient to meet the

expenditure. The following is an abstract of the Treasurer's account :—

RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS.

Balance in hand - - - £10)| Rent, Office, and Meeting Ex-

Contributions of Members - 207 peuses - - : - £112

Sale of Publications - - 77| Publications” - - = - Ia

Interest on Consols - - - 9|Library - - - - = 13

Donations - - - =) 25

£328 £298

During the year thirty-one town Members have availed themselves of

the regulation by which, on extra annual prepayment of half-a-guinea,

they become entitled to the ‘Transactions’ for the year free by post. In

1876, when this bye-law was passed, twenty-eight Members subscribed,

and in 1877 there were twenty-four subscribers, so that the past year shows

an increase which may be considered as an acknowledgment on the part of

the Society of the advantages thus held out.

As will be seen on reference to the published list, the Library has

received a large number of donations. The Society is indebted to Mr.

J. W. Dunning for a copy of Dr. Herrich-Schaffer’s ‘ Die Schmetterlinge

von Europa,’ a work in six vols., quarto, with many valuable plates.

The Librarian reports that greater use has been made of the Library

during the past year than the preceding one, 131 volumes having been

borrowed. ‘Thus the advantage arising from the operation of the bye-law

which made the Library daily accessible to Members is once more forcibly

confirmed.

In conclusion, the Council has the satisfaction of pointing to the

increasing interest in the meetings evinced by our Members and their

friends, the attendance-list showing that the twelve ordinary meetings held

during the year 1876 were attended by 322 Members and Visitors, while

at the same number of meetings during 1877 there were 334 attendances,

and during the past year there were 341 attendances.

11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.

January 1th, 1879.

Mr. M‘Lachlan proposed and Mr. Wood-Mason seconded the adoption

of the Council’s Report. .The motion was put to the Meeting and carried

unanimously.

An address was delivered by the President.

Sir Sidney Saunders and Mr. EK. Boscher were appointed scrutineers.

Ixi

The following Members of Council were elected for 1879: Henry

Walter Bates, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; William L. Distant; Rev. A. EK. Katon, M.A.;

Kdward A. Fitch; Ferdinand Grut, F.LS.; Raphael Meldola, F.C.S.;

Edward Saunders, F'.L.S.; Frederick Smith; J.Jenner Weir, F.L.S., F.Z.S.;

Joseph W. Dunning, M.A., F.L.S.; Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P.,

V.-P.R.S.; Samuel Stevens; James Wood-Mason, F.G.S.

The following officers were then elected :—President, Sir John Lubbock,

Bart, M.P.; Treasurer, J. Jenner Weir; Librarian, F, Grut; Secretaries,

R. Meldola and W. L. Distant.

Mr. H. T. Stainton proposed a vote of thanks to the President for his

services during the past year, and moved that his address should be printed,

The motion was seconded by Mr. M‘Lachlan, and carried unanimously.

A vote of thanks to the other officers for their services was proposed

by Mr. J. W. May, seconded by Mr. Pascoe, and carried unanimously.

Messrs. Jenner Weir, Grut, Meldola, and Distant replied.

The President returned thanks to the Auditors, on whose _ behalf

Mr. Dunning replied, and the meeting then adjourned to February Sth.

}xil

STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS

From lst JANUARY To 31st DEcEMBER, 1878.

Audited and found correct, |

January 8, 1879.

Receipts. x Pavments.

£ 8. d. £ s. d.

To Balance from last Account 9 18 1} By Rent and Office Expenses 111 10 7

Subscriptions - = = lGomlogeg Printing - : - - 148 18 2

Admission Fees 2 = AWG 1K) (0) Colouring, Engraving, &c. 24 3 10

Arrears” - = - Se) Ayes) Binding Books - = 6) 4550,

Donations < = = By 3) 0 Purchase of Books - = OmLoBist

‘Transactions,’ sale of, &e. 77 1 7 se ae

Consols, being interest on : £297 16 6

£297 9s. 9d. : >, gil @ Balance in hand at 30 14 7

31st Dec. 1878

£328 11 1 £328 11 1

Liabilities to date. Assets.

Lisa: ; £ os. d.

Printing Part IV. - - 24 7 O| Consols : - - - 297.9 9

Arrears - - (say) 1010 0

J. W. Dunnine.

Wm. Come.

Epwarp A. Fircu.

J. JENNER WEIR, Treasurer.

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

GENTLEMEN,

In accordance with time-honoured custom in this

and other Scientific Societies of the metropolis, | commence the

Presidential Address of the. year with a brief notice of the lives

and labours of those members who have been lost to us by death

during the period that has elapsed since the previous anniversary.

‘Happily the list on the present occasion is a short one; but it

contains the name of one who during his life time occupied a

prominent position in the Entomological world, and whose loss

has created a void in an important branch of our science which

is most distinctly felt. I allude to our deceased member,

Mr. Wituiam CHapman Hewirson.

Mr. Hewitson was born at Newcastle-on-Tyne in the year

1806: he was consequently seventy-two years old when he died

on the 28th of May last. His health from childhood upwards

was always delicate, and his later years were spent in a continual

struggle with his constitutional infirmities. Yet he lived to an

age which exceeded the proverbial three score years and ten,

and we may be permitted to believe that the prolongation of his

life and activity was in great measure due to the beneficial effects

of a pursuit which affords so constant a supply of novelty and

interest to keep the faculties in healthy employment. But in his

case there were superadded the favourable circumstances atten-

dant on a position of affluence, and the wise habit which he

cultivated of restricting his studies and work, in extent and

amount, to what he could leisurely accomplish. As is so often

the case with Naturalists whose devotion to their pursuit is of

life-long duration, his tastes declared themselves at an early age.

He appears first to have given his principal attention to the

British Lepidoptera, his name frequently occurring in Stephens’

‘ Illustrations,’ beginning with the year 1828, in connection with

lxiv

notes of captures near Newcastle, York, &c., of butterflies and

moths. The tendency of his mind then—as throughout his life—

was rather in the direction of the artistic enjoyment of natural

objects than their intellectual study, and of esthetic qualities it

was colour much more than form which attracted him. This

peculiarity of mental character, if we apprehend it rightly,

furnishes the key to the appreciation of all his subsequent work,

its merits and its deficiencies. With such inclinations, it is

natural that he should have been attracted in his youth by the

beauty of birds’ eggs, and have employed his great artistic skill

in figuring them. ‘Thus, his first published work was the well-

known ‘Coloured Illustrations of the Eggs of British Birds,’

of which the first part appeared in April, 1831, and which has

maintained its hold on public favour ever since, and reached the

honours of a third edition.

At this time Mr. Hewitson was a poor man, following his

profession of Surveyor, in the course of which he was employed

in surveying portions of the lines of some of our great railways

then in course of construction. Successive bequests by deceased

opulent relatives gradually improved his position, and enabled

him to indulge freely his now confirmed passion for the Diurnal

Lepidoptera. In 1844 he visited Switzerland and made a collec-

tion of Alpine butterflies, an account of his captures of which

appeared in the ‘ Zoologist’ for 1845. Soon after he took up his

residence at Hampstead, in order to be near the metropolis, and

entered ardently into the formation of a collection of exotic

butterflies. Henceforward he became a considerable purchaser

of specimens from all parts of the world, and to the same extent

contributed to the encouragement of the many Natural History

expeditions, to various countries, which from this epoch rapidly

succeeded each other. Thus he helped, with others, to render

the scientific voyages of Dyson to Honduras and Venezuela

possible in 1845—7, and afterwards those of Mr. Wallace and

myself, commencing in 1848 and extending over a series of years.

But it must be recorded that at the commencement his assistance

was but sparingly rendered, and that it was only in the later

years of his life that he sent out travellers at his own cost, and

received as a reward of his munificence those splendid series of

new and beautiful species which rendered his collection famous,

and which, but for his enterprise, might have till now remained

* Ixy

unknown in the shades of their almost inaccessible tropical

forests.

In 1846 he commenced, with his friend Edward Doubleday,

the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ the text of which was con-

tinued and completed by Professor Westwood after the death of

Mr. Doubleday. This grand work, no doubt, gave a great

stimulus to the scientific study and the collection of this group

of insects—a stimulus which was continued by its immediate

successor, the ‘ Illustrations of Exotic Butterflies,’ undertaken by

Mr. Hewitson as sole author in 1851. In this latter work the

great defect of the ‘Genera’—the absence of figures of under sides

—was avoided; but the exquisite beauty and fidelity of colouring

and outline were maintaimed and even improved upon. The

work was continued in quarterly parts with great regularity for

twenty years, terminating with its fifth volume in 1871. The

drawings were all made on the stone, and the pattern coloured

by the author himself, great pains and expense being employed

in keeping up a high standard of workmanship on the part of the

colourists. Long before the completion of this chef @auvre, he

commenced another similar work, devoted to the family Lycenide,

entitled ‘Illustrations of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ the first part of

which appeared as the commencement of an illustrated catalogue

of the family, published by order of the Trustees of the British

Museum, but which these authorities declined to continue. Of

this seven parts were successively published, the work remaining

unfinished at the time of his death. These two works, simul-

taneously carried on, were insufficient to keep pace with the large

and rapid accession of new species with which his collection was

enriched, his reputation and his means ensuring him the lion’s

share of all new arrivals from collectors in various parts of the

world. Numbers of short descriptive papers appeared from his

pen for many years in the different Natural History periodicals

of the metropolis ; and he published besides. many smaller works

in octavo form without figures, on the Hesperide and on a Equa-

dorian and Bolivian butterflies.

The text which accompanied the various iconographic works

which I have described is almost solely confined to the bare

descriptions of the species. Of Entomology, as a branch of

Biological science, our deceased member seemed to have no con-

ception. In judging, therefore, of his position as an Entomologist,

Ixvi

we must consider him chiefly as an iconographer ; but in this

useful sphere he was facile princeps. I am not aware that he

advanced any views as to classification, and he rarely even

described new genera. The structural characters of the fasci-

nating objects of his study he for the most part ignored; and it

was amusing to those who knew him, to observe how persistently

he declined to accept the great aid to classification and estimate

of natural affinities afforded by the form of the anterior legs, on

which his contemporaries were founding a really natural arrange-

ment of the Diurnal Lepidoptera. In a similar way he set his

face against the teachings of Geographical Distribution and the

formation of varieties and races under the influence of local

conditions. His generally accurate delineation of the nervures

arose, not from an appreciation of their real scientific importance,

but from their relations to the colours and markings in figuring

the species. The serious students of the Order have, however,

reason to feel deeply grateful to him for his attention to this

feature, especially in the groups Danaide and Heliconide.

The death of Mr. Hewitson, as I observed at the commence-

ment of this notice, has caused a distinct void in the Entomo-

logical world. His charming residence at Oatlands, where house

and grounds displayed so eloquently the pure and refined taste of

their owner, who had planned all himself, was a place of occa-

sional resort which many will long feel the loss of. But it is chiefly

in the cessation of his published works, of the emulation of which

he was the centre and the stimulus to travellers and collectors,

which was supplied by his encouragement and expenditure,

that will, I fear, for some time to come be felt, in lessened zeal

in the study of exotic Lepidoptera.

Two other members whose loss we have to regret are

Mr. T. W. Wonror, of Brighton, and Mr. N. C. Turty, F.L.S.,

of Wimbledon Park. Mr. Wonfor, who had only recently been

elected, was known chiefly as a Microscopist and contributor in

various branches of Zoology to the ‘ Proceedings of the Brighton

and Sussex Natural History Society,’ and to other periodicals of

general science. Mr. Tuely, whose death has occurred since the

commencement of the year, had paid considerable attention to

the Diurnal Lepidoptera and contributed notes at various times,

including the description of a new species, on the butterflies of

the Sandwich Islands, in the ‘ Mntomologist’s Monthly Magazine.’

Ixvil

With these, our obituary record properly closes, but I cannot

avoid a passing allusion to the great loss which our science has

sustained during the past year, in the death of Professor Srau of

Stockholm, who, though not one of our members, was well-known,

either personally or by his works, to many of us. An account of

of his life and labours has appeared from the pen of Dr. Signoret,

in the ‘ Annals of the Entomological Society of France’ for 1878,

p- 177, to which I must refer you for authentic details. When

Stal visited this country some sixteen years ago, he was known

almost solely as a Coleopterist, being then engaged on _ his

important monograph of the American Chrysomele, but since then

he devoted himself with great zeal and success to the study of the

Hemiptera. Dr. Signoret gives a list of eighty-seven memoirs

which were the result of this indefatigable Entomologist’s labours

during a period of twenty-five years. According to our associate,

Mr. Distant, whose opinion on such a subject carries authority,

‘Professor Stal’s death is the greatest loss that systematic

Entomology has sustained for many years.”

Turning now to the proper subject of this Address,—the

present state and progress of Entomology,—which I regret to

be obliged to treat in a very limited and inadequate manner, I

will first pass in brief review our own position and labours.

As yon will have learnt from the Council Report, our Society

continues to make the steady though slow progress which has

marked its career for some years past. The balance between

deaths and resignations and new elections leaves the increase on

the year of eight members. I find by the valedictory address of

M. Reiche, ex-President of the Entomological Society of France,

in January, 1878, that our sister Society across the channel has

not for some time received any annual increase. The number of

members has remained steady at about four hundred, which an

experienced observer like M. Reiche considers likely to be the

maximum, the gains and losses having balanced each other for

several years past. I have no doubt that most of us would be

glad to point to a total of four hundred members in our own

Society, even with the same drawback of small prospect of

increase; but our numbers, even with the considerable

augmentation of the last fifteen years, at present barely: reaches

two hundred and thirty. A Society like ours, constituted on the

plan of the old chartered Societies of the metropolis cannot I

Ixvil

fear, adequately perform its functions with so limited a number

of members, unsupported by other aid than that supphed by our

moderate subscription. The cost of comfortable West-end

lodgings, with capacious room for meetings, and the maintenance

of a library, leave a wholly insufficient balance out of an income

of £300 a year to spend on publications, which I venture to think

are by far the most important part of the work of such a Society as

ours. So well is this latter fact understood in Germany, that the

Entomological Societies there set forth the publication of papers

as their leading object and, acting up to this, they publish

volumes, of very respectable bulk, which are given in return for

subscriptions less than one-half (in the case of our town members,

one-third) of ours. I allude especially to the Societies of Stettin

and Berlin, the former of which possesses more than six hundred

members and the latter about three hundred and fifty. In the

French Society the subscription is nearly as high as ours, and the

permanently large numbers is probably due to the high estimation

in which its Annales are held, for the quantity, excellence, and

particularly for the variety of their contents. It is the same cause

which attracts so many members to the German Societies just

mentioned, namely the satisfactory quid pro quo which is returned

forthesubscription. I knowitis difficult to effect reforms in matters

such as these. There is perhaps only one alteration that could

bring about a more satisfactory state of things with us, and that is

the introduction into our ‘Transactions’ of a greater variety of

subjects; such as would be likely to attract to our fold the

notoriously large number of Entomologists in the United Kingdom

who hold aloof from us. We want, besides the excellent papers

descriptive of new exotic species which have too exclusively filled

our pages, records of observations on the habits, life-histories,

and geographical distribution of insects; on local variation, its

causes and results; narratives of Entomological excursions and

captures; observations on structure, functions and instinct;

relations of insects to flowers; and in short, on all such subjects

as are interesting to the greater number, as distinguished from

descriptive papers which are interesting only to the lesser

number. In saying this, [ am fully aware of the difficulties that

le in the way of obtaining these good things. Our Secretaries

and Council would be very glad to get fairly well-written and

original papers on any of these subjects, but they do not come.

lxix

The reason of this, no doubt, lies in a state of things which has

often been lamented: namely the too-exclusive deyotion of our

native Entomologists to the formation of purely British collections.

The exhaustion of our limited insular fauna and the extreme

unlikelihood of the discovery of new species, seem to teach no

lesson to the purely British collector, and he goes on collecting,

observing, and recording what has been collected, observed, and

recorded over and over again. Some, it is satisfactory to notice,

break through the artificial limits imposed by the majority, and

extend the range of their excursions and observation to the

continent. The ice once broken this way, a boundless field of

interesting study lies before them ; for, by exchange and a trifling

outlay of pocket-money, large collections can be formed and the

mind expanded by the study of the whole Palearctic Fauna, of

which that of the British Isles is only a half-starved fragment.

Even if it were only for the pleasure of tracing the wonderful

local variations, the formation of sub-races and races of our

common Hnglish insects, some of them of surprising beauty, over

the wider continental area, one would think that every intelligent

Entomologist with us would be eager thus to extend his studies.

And it could be done with no more expenditure of time and very

little more of money than the present exclusive pursuit of home

productions. Many, of course, would plead that they collect

insects only for pure amusement, caring nothing for science. To

such we have nothing further to say. But we believe and hope that

there are very many British collectors and observers of insects

who are able and willing to take a higher view of their pursuit,

and if we could only induce a sufficient number of these to take a

more general interest in the study, to write papers for us, and

join us, the reciprocal good effect which we aim at, viz., the

‘the enlargement and improvement of our ‘Transactions,’ and

thereby the further increase of members and means, would be

produced, thus, as we hope, elevating the status of Entomology

in this country.

Notwithstanding, however, the smallness of our numbers and

means, we have reason to be well-satisfied with our labours

during the past year. The monthly meetings have been

numerously attended and their interest well kept up. Our

‘Transactions,’ though rather less in bulk than usual, contain

an average number of papers, in which most of the orders of

lxx

Insects are represented, and even the Arachnida and Myriapoda.

In the variety, which I have just mentioned as a_ great

desideratum, the volume will be declared superior to many of its

predecessors. We have papers by Sir John Lubbock and

Mr. Cameron on larve of Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera

(Tenthredinide), with reference to the much-debated subject of

protective resemblance. We have also a paper full of interesting

observations on the Insects of Southern Africa, by Mr. Mansel

Weale; one, of a similar character, by that philosophical

observer Dr. Fritz Muller, on Brazilian Butterflies and Moths,

and one containing original and suggestive observations on the

hairs of some of our British Hymenoptera, by Mr. Edward

Saunders. We have further, in the fourth part, just published,

an important paper on several hitherto unobserved points of

structure and function in the Mantide, by Mr. Wood-Mason,

whose instructive expositions on this and other subjects have

formed an interesting feature of our Evening Meetings throughout

the year; and lastly, we have a paper on Economic Entomology

by our lady member, Miss Ormerod. The other papers are

systematic and descriptive, but one of these may be excepted as

including considerations of more general interest than dry

description, namely, that of Mr. Butler on the natural affinities of

the Lepidopterous family, Hgertide, in which the novel view is

put forth, supported by adduced facts, that the true position of

these ‘‘clear-winged Sphingide”’ is not, as hitherto supposed,

near the hawk-moths, but at the other end of the sub-order,

between the Pyrales and the Gelechude. Questions like these,

involving the true appreciation of the natural affinities of large

croups, are of true scientific importance, and it is to be hoped that

Mr. Butler’s hypothesis will be well discussed by Lepidopterists.

Abroad, as well as at home, the progress of Entomology

appears to me to have been marked by the profusion of published

papers on descriptive Entomology rather than by the appearance

of works of more important character, such as great monographs

or philosophical treatises. This Address would, however, be very

incomplete if I were to omit mention of the steady continuation of

those two valuable serial works, Mr. W. H. Edwards’ ‘ Butterflies

of North America,’ of which the 7th part of the 2nd volume

has appeared, and which contains a vast and growing mass of

original information regarding the lfe-histories, and especially

lxxi

the dimorphic, polymorphic and seasonal variation of species;

and Mr. M‘Lachlan’s monograph of the Trichoptera, which when

finished on the plan its author proposes, will be as near as

possible a perfect model for this class of works. To these two I

might add, as of a similar elevated character, Saussure’s

‘Melanges Orthopterologiques’ and Reuter’s Hemiptera, both of

which have been continued during the year.

New Entomological Societies still continue to be formed; the

latest being that of Munich, in 1877, which already consists of

seventy-three members, and publishes its Transactions in half-

yearly parts of about eighty pages each, containing beautifully

coloured plates, and given for an annual subscription of six

shillings. The Museo Civico of Genoa, founded by our eminent

associate the Marquis Giacomo Doria, has become, through its

handsomely got-up ‘Annalh,’ one of the most considerable of our

publishing institutions. The numerous and important papers on

our Science appearing in this periodical relate chiefly to the

insects of the Eastern Archipelago and Tropical Australia, in

which the Genoa Museum is exceedingly rich, owing to the

acquisition of part of the large Collection formed by the Count de

Castelnau, and the great stores accumulated by Signor D’Albertis

during six years of travel in those regions, as well as part of Dr.

Beccari’s collection made in New Guinea and the neighbouring

islands. The authorities of the museum have had the wisdom to

entrust the examination and description of these collections to

the specialists of different countries, and hence their ‘Annali’

have been enriched with a series of excellent monographs of

many difficult minor groups; and their museum has_ been

inereased in value and importance by the accurate naming of

the species.

It is not my intention to review in further detail the Ento-

mological literature of the year, information regarding which the

earnest student will naturally seek for, not in a general notice

like the present, but in the Zoological Record and similar

exhaustive works. As in previous years its collective volume is

immense. But if we except a few contributions of limited extent,

on subjects of general: biological interest, similar to those I have

named from our own Transactions,—such as Sir John Lubbock’s

elaborate and instructive experiments on the mental qualities of

ants, bees, and wasps (of which a continuation has appeared in

Ixx

No. 75 of the ‘ Linnean Journal’) ; Mr. Herbert Goss’s papers on

Fossil Entomology (in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine) ;

the observations by Mr. J. E. Fletcher and Mr. P. Cameron (in

the same periodical), confirmatory of Dr. Adler’s disputed state-

ments as to alternation of generations in the Cynipide ; and the

valuable review of the present state of our knowledge of the

senses of insects in the ‘ Mittheilungen des Muncher Entomo-

logischen Vereins’ (1878, p. 1), by Dr. Forel,—the mass of printed

matter of the year relates to purely systematic Entomology, to

genera, species and varieties, and their technical characters.

After glancing over a large number of the publications of 1878,

and examining in detail some of the principal papers, I think I am

not wrong in making the observation that there is a growing

tendency in describers to confine themselves to their trade of

mere description, and to neglect those general remarks on distri-

bution, natural affinities, and even classification which we used

formerly to see very generally at the head of descriptive papers.

A describer now generally gives us nothing but his diagnoses and

descriptions, the size, sex and locality of his specimens, and

appears then satisfied : he has secured what he calls his ‘‘ types,”

which he and his fellow-specialists then value so much more

highly than undescribed specimens. We have not even had so

much this year of those discussions which used to occupy so large

a space on nomenclature, and the results of work done in

searching for reasons for changing names—or changing them back

again. I have met, however, with two or three papers on this

subject, and in regard to them I am tempted, in passing, to make

a quotation. In one of these papers, after reading over logical

areuments adduced for altermg many names that have been in

universal use, in some cases for eighty years, I came at last to a

species about which the author says—‘‘ Il n’y a pas de motifs

pour changer ce nom ;” ‘‘ there are no reasons for changing this

name!” This was something to be thankful for; he would be

clad to find an excuse for changing the name, but could not:

I quote the expression, as it seems to throw light on the spirit

which animates this class of workers in our science.

But reverting to the prevailing exclusively descriptive character

of the Entomological literature of the day, I think a reason for it

may probably be found in the constantly increasing magnitude of

the task of the describer or the general collector—a task imposed

lxxil

on him by the prodigious influx of new species from countries

year by year opened up by the growing facilities of communication

and travel. The world for the Entomologist is larger than it

used to be, and Nature proves to be a hundred times more prolifie

and varied in her forms than used to be thought possible. Thus

our best working Entomologists are led to abandon general views,

both from lack of time to work them out, and the consciousness

that general views on the relations of forms and faunas are

liable to become soon obsolete by the rapid growth of knowledge.

I will cite a few instances, to show how naturally this result is

brought about. A passing reference need only be made to

tropical countries, which yield a continued stream of species and

genera previously unknown, the affinities of which are a puzzle

requiring long study to unravel. A more instructive case is that

of Australia, the number of whose known insect productions,

especially Coleoptera, has prodigiously increased during the last

ten years, the new discoveries necessitating a revision of the views

previously entertained regarding the nature of the fauna of this

part of the world. In the family Carabide, which has been better

worked than most others, the recent additions amount to hundreds

of species, having often a near, but very peculiar, relationship to

forms of the same family in North Temperate Regions. It

could never have been anticipated that, next to the Palearctic

Region, Australia would be richest in species and genera of the

great Feronia group in this family, and all generalizations on the

subject ten years ago would therefore have been since falsified.

It is the same with many Oceanic Islands. Ten years ago, with

regard to New Zealand, the statement was acquiesced in that

these islands had an extremely scanty insect Fauna, and that

what they did possess belonged to the Australian type. You may

all have remarked how large a part of our own ‘ Transactions,’

and other periodicals of the Metropolis, has of late years

been occupied by descriptions of New Zealand insects; the

known number of which is still rapidly increasing, thanks to

the researches of persevering collectors, like Hutton, Brown,

Wakefield, Fereday, and Lawson. According to our present

knowledge, the Insect Fauna is quite distinct from that of

Australia, and its origin must be accounted for by a totally

distinct set of causes.—Again; an isolated oceanic rock like

St. Helena, when examined by a skilled Entomologist like our

: L

Ixxiv

late honoured associate Wollaston, yields its unexpected tribute

of new forms by the score—forms so anomalous, especially in

the genus Bembidium and in the Cossonide and Anthribide, that

their discovery introduces quite a new element into our studies.

I may say the same of the Sandwich Islands, the Coleoptera of

which are now being investigated seriously for the first time by

the Rev. T. Blackburn. Already some dozens of new forms have

been discovered, whose relationships to those of other parts of the

world form a most intricate problem. What has thus been done

in the last two or three years in two Oceanic Islands, like

St. Helena and Oahu of the Sandwich group, will surely be

repeated in scores of other islands of the same class, whenever

they shali be visited by intelligent and industrious collectors.

Thus here, as in tropical regions and in Australia, new material

arrives faster than it can be digested ; and Entomologists limit

themselves for the present to describing it. Much as they have

been discussed, the nature and origin of the Faunas of Oceanic

Islands have not yet been satisfactorily explained ; and after the

general principles have been settled, the modifications will have

to be studied which have produced the specialities of each separate

case. But when these principles are settled, they will throw

more light on the origin of species and the adaptation of their

structure and instincts to new conditions than any other branch

of investigation.

I have entered into these details with a view to explain, in

some manner, why all our principal systematists confine

themselves, as [ believe they do, more strictly than was formerly

the case to the mere description of species and genera. But Ido

not excuse them; on the contrary, I think it is a loss to science

that systematists—or those who devote that minute study to

structure and relationship which is required to enable them to

classify and describe their collections—fail to give us those

general results of their observations which would throw light on

the genetic relations of forms. This subject lies at the foundation

of the greatest problem in Biological science,—that of evolution,—

and none but systematists, such as I have just described, are in

a position to work it out.

All our knowledge of natural affinity in Biology, or the true

blood-relationship of forms, has been due to the labours of

systematists and ‘‘ species-describers ” not always consciously,

lxxv

but through their endeavours, persisted in with prodigious

industry and keenness, to discover characters which may enable

them to classify satisfactorily the objects of their study. It has

fortunately happened that the instinctive perception of truth

(less clear and strong in some than in others) has been such

that no classification has satisfied them, until it has become a

natural one: thus without knowing it, or intending it, their

labours have gradually tended to the abandonment of artificial

systems and the discovery of arrangements which express the

true genetic relations of forms. _ |

This end, however,—a natural classification,—has only been

worked out in a general way, seldom in the minor groups or

families, or even in the orders, and to attain this is the task

which it is incumbent on the systematic Entomologist to

accomplish.

It was my intention to have continued this subject a little

further, and to have said a few words on the difference between

the systematic and physiological value of characters; also on the

error which systematic Entomologists commit in undervaluing

and putting out of sight those characters which, although

indicative of relationship, fail to satisfy their need of means to

define their groups absolutely; as modern Coleopterists have

done, for instance, with regard to the tarsal system. I had also

intended to point out certain groups of insects in which a

satisfactory natural arrangement has been nearly attained, and

to have cited an instance in which it could be shown that the

work had been done solely by systematists. But time has failed

me, and [ am compelled to bring this somewhat discursive

Address to a close.

It remains only to thank you for the indulgent consideration

you have shown to my shortcomings, and the uniform loyalty

you have displayed during the period of my occupation of the

Presidential chair; and to congratulate you on the choice of a

successor under whose auspices the Society will continue with

fresh vigour its career of solid usefulness.

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INDEX.

NotTre.—Where the name only of an Insect or Genus is mentioned, the

description will be found on the page referred to.

The Arabic Figures refer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions ;’ the

Roman Numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’

PAGE PAGE

GENERAL SUBJECTS.... Ixxvii HYMENOPTERA ........ Ixxxii

IARAGHINTD AN scceicieiee 22) Lexx! WHPTDORMTHBIAG « ccieielere sie) LXexcxc

COGDEOPTHRAY a... cece! UxXoxvilnl Mian TOR OMAN esretereterete oe) LXSXORVIT

DE TB Aw esesyearcleveleles everen UKEXOKATI NEUROPTERA .......... IXXXVil

JEUSNUOSMBIRAL GA gcooao0G IbotS-abl ORTHOPTERA .....-....IXXXVill

GENERAL SUBJECTS.

Annual Meeting, lix.

Caterpillars, discussion on colours of, iv.

Emotions, expression of, by insects, xviti.

Floral simulation by Mantide, lii.—by spiders, xxxix.

Fossil insects, viii, xlvi.

Homology of neuration between Zrichoptera and Lepidoptera, discus-

sion, lvi.

Insect injury, prevention of, by the use of phenol preparations, 333.

Insects, chemical composition of, lvii.—distinguishing colours, 222, ii.—

used as food, lvi, lvii.

International Entomological Exhibition at Westminster Aquarium, iv.

‘ Jumping seeds,’ xly.

Linnean Collection of Insects, xlvi, xlvii, li.

Mimicry, 187, 222, xiv.

Odoriferous organs of Lepidoptera, 211, ii, xxvii, lii.

Plant-lice, M. Lichtenstein’s notes on life-history of, xxiv.

Proboscis of Sphinx-moths, length of, ii.

Protective resemblance, 183, 193, 223, xxiv, xlii, xlv, lii, liii,

Report of Sub-Committee on Anisoplia austriaca, lvii.

Secondary sexual characters of insects, xiv.

G ixsxvur™)

GENERAL SUBJECTS — continued.

Serration of costal margin of wings of butterflies, ii.

Sounds made by butterflies, 221.

South African insects, Mr. Mansel Weale’s notes on, 183, viii specimens

exhibited, xiii.

Windward Islands, Rev. T. A. Marshall’s notes on entomology of, xxvii.—

collection from, exhibited, xii.

ARACHNIDA.

Arachnida of Windward Islands, xxxvi.

Atypus Sulzeri, specimen from Lewes, exhibited, i.

Epeira vigilans, a foliage imitator, 184.

Garypus saxicola, 182.

Philodromus, a species resembling lichen exhibited, i.

Pycnacantha hystrix, resemblance to thistle head, 186.

Scorpio funestus, specimen exhibited, xxxviii.

Spiders mimicking ants, 187, xiii, xiv; resembling flowers, xxxix.

COLEOPTERA.

Achenium humile, from. Horsham, exhibited, 1i1.

Amara infima, from Chobham, exhibited, 1.

Amblyodus, 32.—A. taurus, 33.

Anisoplia austriaca and A. crucifera, ravages caused by, lili; report on,

lyil.

Anthia alternata, 190.—A. vitticollis, 189.

Anthicus bimaculatus, from New Brighton, exhibited, iv.

Astrimus obscurus, 204.

Atelius, 104.

Aulicus ochrurus, 164.

Brachypeplus, 131.—B. aper, 187.—-brevis, 187.—discedens, 133.—im-

pressus, 135.—inequalis, 136.—infimus, 135.—omalioides, 136.—

puneticeps, 1383.—Reitteri, 1384.—robustus, 134.

Cenia, 98.

Callichroma Nyasse@, 191.

Calochromus, 96.

Calometopus Nyasse, 27.—C. Senegalensis, 28.

Calopteron, 97, 98.—C. natatus, 106.—Pfeifferi, 106.—( ?) tristis, 106.

Carabus intricatus, from Fulham, exhibited, iv.

Carpophilus, 188.— C. dimidiatus, 188.— maculatus, 138. From the

Hawaiian Islands.

Casnonia limbata, 304.

Celetes, 98.

Cerambyx araneiformis, from the Hawaiian Islands, 210.

Ceratorrhina Batesit, specimen exhibited, 1.

Cetonia, species from Mediterranean countries exhibited, iv.—C. aurata,

destructive to potatoes, xxxix.

Chalcophyma cupreata, 288.—C. echinata, 287.

(GMbS< 9)

COLEOPTERA—continued.

Chalcoplacis alternata, 286.—C. elephas, 284.—femorata, 283.—hirti-

collis, 284.—ingenua, 285.—nitidicollis, 286.

Chauliognathus axillaris, 329.—C. dimidiatus, 330.—distinguendus, 328.

excellens, 327.—specimen of, exhibited, lii—C. expansus, 329.—

Haversii, 325.— Heros, 326.—Janus, 329.—pallidus, 330.-- sodalis,

326.—sulphureus, 331.—togatus, 326.—tripartitus, 327.

Chrysodina nigrita, 282.

Cladophorus, 103.— C. aberrans, 112.—(?) luteolus, 113.—restrictus, 118.

Cleride, descriptions of new genera and species, 153.—species collected in

Philippine Islands, 166.

Clerus concinnus, 165.—C. cylindricus, 164.—Silbermanni, 164.—vul-

pinus, 164.

Clytarlus cristatus, 207.—robustus, 206.

“ Coffee-borer,” larva from Zanzibar, exhibited, xii.

Colaspoides Deyrollei, 294.—dorsata, 293.—ornata, 294.

Coleoptera; new species from Australia and Tasmania in the Collection

of the British Museum, 225.—Notice of a small Collection from

Jamaica, with descriptions of new species from the West Indies,

303.—Of the Windward Islands, xxx.

Colyphus flammeus, 162.—C. limbatus, 161.—marginatus, 162.

Copidita elegans, 307.—C. lata, 306.—lateralis, 307.—lineata, 308.—

rubricollis, 309.—simplex, 308.—tenella, 307.

Corynetes, 158.—C. abdominalis, 159.—mysticus, 159.—ovatus, 159.—

pectoralis, 159.

Cossonides, descriptions of eight new species and a new genus from New

Zealand, 9.

Cremastocheilus crassipes, 30.—C. Wheeleri, 31.

Cryphalus abietis, from Horsham, exhibited, li.

Cryptorhynchus stigma, specimens exhibited from fruit of “locust tree”

of British Guiana, xlv.

Cyclidius velutinus, 30.

Cyphonocephalus smaragdulus, 29.

Dermestes hemipterus, from the Hawaiian Islands, 138,

Deworis, 105.—D. insignis, 117.

Dolichopsis, 154.—D. cyanella, 155.—haplocnemodes, 155.

Dryophthorus crassus, 23.—D. declivis, 23.—gravidus, 22.—insignis,

24.—modestus, 23.—pusillus, 24.—squalidus, 22.

Dytiscus marginalis, drawing of deformed specimen exhibited, lv.

Emplectus, 99.

Ennebeus, 228.— EH. ovalis, 229.

Entium aberrans, 12. }

ros, 101.

Eulampra, 281.—E. Batesi, 282.

Eumolpide, descriptions of new genera and species from South America,

281.

Gonioryctus, 128.—G@. Blackburni, 130.—latus, 129.—monticola, 180.

Haptoncus, 139.—H, mundus, 139.—tetragonus, 139.

(sale)

COLEOPTERA—continued.

Helops mutabilis, 304.—propinguus, 305.

Homalisus, 105.

Homotropus, 226.—H. luridipennis, 227.

Hoplonyx uniformis, 306.

Lamellicornia, description of some exotic species of, 27.

Lamia nutator, trom the Hawaiian Islands, 210.

Lamprospherus biplagiatus, 290.—L. diversicornis, 289.—fulvitarsis,

289.—generosus, 291.—lateralis, 292.—pulcher, 291.—rujiceps,

292.

Laricobius, 156.

Lathrobium pallidum, from Horsham, exhibited, lii.

Lebasiella, 156.

Libnetus, 104.—L. pumilio, 117.

Longicorn Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands, 201.

Lycide, the different forms occurring in the family, with descriptions of

new genera and species, 95.

Lyctus oblongus ; Teretrius picipes parasitic upon, xli.

Lycus, 97.

Lygistopterus, 97.

Lyponia, 99.—(?) alternans, 108.—(?) debilis, 107.—(?) deplanatus,

109.—(?) excellens, 110.—(?) festivus, 110.—(?) gracilis, 107.—

(?) misellus, 108.—(?) obsoletus, 109.—(?) punctipennis, 108.—

(?) velutinus, 110.

LIyropeus, 104.

Macrolycus, 96.—M. Bowringii, 105.

Macropsebium, 191.—M. Cotterilli, 192.— Specimen from Lake Nyassa,

exhibited, xxvii.

Melolontha vulgaris, duration of pupal state, xlv.

Mesystechus, 227.—M., ciliatus, 228.

Metriorhynchus, 101.

Micracantha nutans, 209.

Molicorynes, 310.—M. longimanus, 311.

Mordella bella, 233.—M. communis, 231.—elegans, 231.—humeralis, 235.

—limbata, 235.—multiguttata, 230.—obliqua, 236.—ornata, 233.

Necrobia, 159.—N. aspera, 159.—eximia, 159.—glabra, 159.

Nicagus obscwrus, 34.

Nitidulide, from the Hawaiian Islands, 127.

Notostenus, 154.

Opetiopaipus, 160.

Opilo eburneo-cinctus, 160.

Pantodinus Klugii, 33.

Parandra puncticeps, 202.

Paratillus, 157.—P. analis, 158.—basalis, 158.

Paria vittaticollis, 297.

Pentarthrum Blackburni, 26.— P. brevirostre, 12.— debile, 10.—

obscurum, 25.—parvicorne, 11.—prolivum, 25.—remotum, 11.—

Wollastonianum, 9.

@ ees)

COLEOPTERA—continued.

Platycis, 101.

Platypus cylindrus, from Horsham, exhibited, lii.

Plocederus hamifer, 190.

Prepodes amabilis, 309.—P. vittatus (war. ?), 310.

Prosymnus, 154.

Proterhinus Blackburni, 17.—P. debilis, 19.—obscurus, 18.—simplea,

17.—vestitus, 16.

Pylus, 153.—P. anthicoides, 153.—bicinctus, 154.

Pyropterus, 102.—P. sculpturatus, 112.

Rhyncophora, descriptions of new species and a new genus from the

Hawaiian Islands, 15.

Rutelide, a stridulating species exhibited, liv.

Saperda popuinea, bred from aspen shoots, xiii.

Saulostomus, 225.—S8. villosus, 225.

Scarelus, 104.—S. longicornis, 116.—orbatus, 117.

Sericotrogus setiger, 13.—S. simulans, 13.

Sotenus setiger, 205.

Spercheus emarginatus, from West Ham, exhibited, xlv.

Spermophagus, specimens from seeds of Cassia neglecta, from Brazil,

exhibited, xxiv.

Stenocorus simplex, 203.

Stigmatium cinereum, 165.—S. ustulatum, 165.

Taphes, 102.—T. brevicollis, 111.—frontalis, 111.

Telephorida, descriptions of new species from Central and South America

325.

Teretrius picipes, living specimens exhibited, xli.

Thanasimus pallipes, 162.—T. pilosellus, 163.—rufimanus, 164.

Thriocera, 156.—T. anthicoides, 157.—pectoralis, 157.

Tillus Lewisii, 160.

Tomoxia flavicans, 229. :

Trichalus, 103.—T. acutangulus, 114.—emulus, 114.—anceps, 114.—

(?) conformis, 115.—(?) dispar, 115.—(?) ewilis, 116.

Trichochalcea, 295.—T. rugata, 296.

Typophorus eneipennis, 296.

Valgus furcifer, 28.

Xenismus, 331.—X. nigroplagiatus, 331.

Zoidia elegans, 236.

Zopherus Brémeti, living specimen exhibited, liii.

DIPTERA.

Corethra, a species used as food, lvi.

Diptera of Windward Islands, xxxv.

Helophilus pendulus, drawing of a specimen with larval head exhi-

bited, lv.

Psila rose, prevention of injury caused by, 333.

(. Izxext

HEMIPTERA.

Aphana novemmaculata, 323.

Cosmoscarta Andamana, 175.—C. borealis, 321.—Moorei, 321.

Erthesina fullo, a species used as food, lvii.

Hemiptera-Homoptera, descriptions of new species, 321.—notes on some,

with descriptions of new species, 173.

Heteroptera of the Windward Islands, xxxv.

Phyllorera vastatri# and other plant-lice, xxiv.

Phymatostetha binotata, 322.—P. insignis, 322.

Platypleura Andamana, 174.

Polydictya maculata, 323.

Ricania australis, from New Zealand, exhibited, xxxix.

Sphenorhina Bogotana, 179.—S. distineta, 178.—grandis, 179.—pla-

giata, 178.—septemnotata, 179.

Tarisa dimidiatipes, exhibited, xxxviii.

Tetroda bilineata, specimen exhibited, showing immunity from effects of

damp, xxii.

Tomaspis binotata, 177.—T. conspicua, 176.—modesta, 176.—Mon-

teironis, 176.—Nyassa@, 177.

Tosena albata, 175.

HYMENOPTERA.

Ants (Crematogaster and Camponotus) mimicked by spiders, 187, xiv.—

“Harvesting ants” (Myrmica barbata), specimens from Florida,

exhibited, xii.

Apocrypta and Sycophaga of the family Agaonida, the habits and affi-

nities of, with description of a new species of Apocrypta, from the

figs of Ficus Sycomori of Egypt, 313.

Blastophaga grossorum, 319.—B. psenes, exhibited, liii.

Cryptus formosus, specimen exhibited parasitic on Anaphe Panda, xlii.

—C. penetrator, 2.

Dasycolletes hirtipes, 7.

Dielocera, 145.—D. carbonaria, 147.—(?) erassicornis, 146.—Curtisi,

147.—sulcicornis, 145.

Formica Zealandica, 6.

Hymenoptera, descriptions of new species from New Zealand, 1.—Remarks

on the hairs of some of our British species, 169.—discussion, xi.—

Of the Windward Islands, xxxi.

Ichneumon, a species of, allied to Chelonus, exhibited from fruit of

“locust tree’ of British Guiana, xlv.

Incalia, 143.—T. hirticornis, 144.

Lissonota albo-picta, 4.—L. flavo-pieta, 4.

Ophion ferrugineus, 2.—O. inutilis, 2.

Paniscus ephippiatus, 3.

Priocnemis nitidiventris, 6.

Proctotrupes intrudens, 5.

( *bcxxi 7) >)

HYMENOPTERA — continued.

Rhogas penetrator, 5.

Rhopalum albipes, 7.

Rusobria, 150.—R. carinata, 151.—leucosoma, 151.—megaptera, 151.

Scolobates intrudens, 3.—S. varipes, 3.

Spilomicrus quadriceps, 6.

Sycophaga érassipes, 318.—exhibited, iii.

Taxonus longipennis, 141.

Tenthredinide, the larve of, with special reference to protective resem-

blance, 193.

Trailia, 148.—T. analis, 149.—compressicornis, 149.—nigro-lineata,

150.—ureacensis, 149.

Tryphon obstructor, 4.

Typhlopone oranensis, exhibited, xxxviii.

Xiphydria flavo-picta, 1.

Zarca, 142,—Z, apicalis, 143.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Acentropus, Mr. Dunning’s note on the genus, 271.

Aclytia halys, from the Amazons, 43.

Acontia formosa, a case of protective resemblance, 187.

Acrea Thalia, remarks on larva of, vi.

Acridopsis lucis, 45.—A. marica, 44.—pusilla, 44, From the Amazons,

Actias luna and A. selene, mode of escape from cocoons, xxxix.

Ageriide, the natural affinities of the family, 121.—discussion, xi.

Agylla mira, 58.

Ambulyx strigilis, from the Amazons, 39.

Ammalo chrysogaster, from the Amazons, 50.

Androcharta claripennis, 46.—A. diversipennis, 46. From the Amazons.

Anthere@a Tyrrhea, remarks on larva, Vi.

Anthocharis cardamines, a variety exhibited, xxiiii—_4. nowna exhibited,

XXXYlii.

Anthocroca, 78.—A. cuneifera, 79.—hiemalis, 79.—muscosa, 79.

Antirrhea archea, specimen exhibited, showing “ scent-fans,” xxvii.

Anycles contenta, 46.—A. rhodura, 46. From the Amazons.

Archylus nigrisparsus, 64.

Argynnis Paphia, varieties exhibited, xliii.

Artace albicans, 84.—A rivulosa, 84. From the Amazons.

Asthenia lactucina, from the Amazons, 77.

Aterica meleagris, specimens exhibited, showing local protective colour-

ing, xlii.

Attacus polyphemus, clicking sound heard in cocoon of, before emergence,

ROKK,

Atyphopsis, 49.—A. modesta, 49.

Automeris scapularis, 76.—A. serpina, 76. From the Amazons.

Automolis zenzeroides, from the Amazons, 45.

Belemnia Crameri, from the Amazons, 46.

Bepara subapicalis, from the Amazons, 59.

(ixxcay, )

LEPIDOPTERA—continued.

Bombyx, cocoons of a species from W. Africa, allied to Anaphe Panda,

exhibited, xxiil.

Brassolis, remarks on larve, vi.

Butterflies, remarks on serration of costal margin in certain species, ii.

Cenobasis amena, larva, a foliage imitator, 183.

Caligo, remarks on larvex, vi.

Calledema, 65.—C. marmorea, 65.—sodalis, 66.

Callidryas argante, specimen exhibited, showing serration of costal

margin, iil.

Carama pura, 64.

Carpocapsa saltitans, seeds tenanted by larvx exhibited, xlv.

Castnia mimica, from the Amazons, 40.

Caterpillars, Sir John Lubbock’s note on the colours of British species,

239.—discussion, iv.

Caviria substrigosa, from the Amazons, 63.

Ceramidia obscura, from the Amazons, 43.

Cherocampa Capensis, remarks on larva, vi.

Cisthene rhodosticta, 53.—C. sanguinea, 53.

Closteromorpha modesta, 69.

Colenis Dido, Isabella and Julia, remarks on larve, vi.

Corematura chrysogastra, from the Amazons, 42.

Cosmosoma tyrrhene, from the Amazons, 41.

Cymopsis fulviceps, from the Amazons, 62.

Daleera abrasa, from the Amazons, 73.

Deiopeia pura, from the Amazons, 56.

Dione Juno and Vanille, remarks on larva, vi.

Dirphia javarina, 80.

Dycladia lacteata, 41.—D. mititaris, 42.—tenthredoides, 41.—varipes,

41. From the Amazons,

Ecdemus hypoleucus ? from the Amazons, 43.

Ecpantheria obliterata, from the Amazons, 51.

Edema mumetes, 65.—E. pulchra, 64. From the Amazons.

Hlachista cerussella, remarks on food plant, xxxviii.

Hloria discifera, 63.—EL. spectra, 63. From the Amazons.

Elysius optimus, from the Amazons, 50.

Epanycles imperialis, 46.—L. obscura, 46. From the Amazons.

Ephialtias basalis, 59.—E. ena, 59.—pilarge, 59.—pseudena, 59. From

the Amazons.

Epidesma ursula, from the Amazons, 47.

Epinephele jurtina and tithonus, varieties exhibited, liv.

Episcepsis venata, from the Amazons, 47.

Erebia Medea, specimens exhibited, illustrating sexual dimorphism, iv.

Erebus odorus, specimen from Jamaica showing “ scent-tufts,”’ exhibited,

lii.

Etobesa xylophasioides, 68.

Euagra calestina, from the Amazons, 47.

Eubolia bipunctata, remarks on variation of, xlv.

@ bsxy)

LEPIDOPTERA— continued.

Eucereon archias, 48.—E. arenosum, 48.—complicatum, 48.—marmo-

ratum, 48.—reticulatum, 48.—rosa, 48.—sylvius, 48.—varium,

48. From the Amazons.

Euchetes aurata, from the Amazons, 52.

Buchelia Jacobee, remarks on profusion of larva, iv.

Eudoliche achatina, 55.—L. sordida, 55.

Hustixis minima, 55.

Glissa prolifera, from the Amazons, 61.

Glyphipteryx Schenicolella, from near Witherslack, exhibited, liv.

Gnophos obscurata, remarks on variation of, xlv.

Gynanisa Isis, remarks on larva, 184.

Halesidota enone, 50.—H. seruba, 50. From the Amazons.

Heliconius Eucrate, remarks on larva, vi.

Heliothis scutosa, specimen from Ireland exhibited, 1.

Heliura gnoma, 44.—H., lamia, 44. From the Amazons.

Hepialus lupulinus, remarks on variation of, xlv.

Hesperida, remarks on larve of Pyrgus elma and Ismene florestan,

by Mr. Mansel Weale, x.

Hipparchia hyperanthus, variety exhibited, xxxix.— H. semele, remarks

on variation of, xlv.—specimens exhibited, showing local variation

in colour, xlix.

Histiwa Amazonica, from the Amazons, 40.

Hyda xanthorhina, from the Amazons, 42.

Hydrias albidifascia, 81.—H, distincta, 81.—erebina, 82.—fasciolata,

81.—melancholica, 82.—morosa, 81.—obsoletu? 82.—plana, 82.—

rivulosa, 81.—terranea, 83. From the Amazons.

Hyela astrifera, from the Amazons, 42.

Hyperchiria approximans, 76.—H. canitia, 76.— Io, 76.— Stolii, 76.

From the Amazons.

Hyrmina Trailii, 62.

Tolaus sidus and I. silas, remarks on, 185.

Ismene florestan, remarks on larva, x.

Josia ligula, 61.—J. tenuivitta, 61. From the Amazons.

Josioides abscissa, 54.—J. mutans, 54.—myrrha, 54.—purpurata, 54.

From the Amazons.

Lemocharis fenestrina, from the Amazons, 41.

Langucys, 49.—L. nigrorufus, 49.

Laurona rufilinea, from the Amazons, 62.

Lepasta conspicua, 71.

Lepidoptera, of the Amazons, collected by Dr. J. W. H. Trail, 39.—of

Ceylon, drawings exhibited, viii.—of the Windward Islands, xxxiv.

—homology between wings of, and those of Neuroptera, discussion,

lvii—mode of escape from cocoons, xxxix.—odoriferons organs of,

PALI. shi, eoeqiatils Ihe

Lepidopterous larva (Gortyna flavago ?) destructive to potatoes, xxxix,

xli.

Leptosphetta, 67.—L. rabdina, 67.

@ isoan) >)

LEPIDOPTERA—continued.

Leucania conigera, variety exhibited, i.— Z. turea, specimens exhibited

with attached pollinia of Habenaria bifolia, xxxix.

Lycena amarah and L. otacilia, remarks on larve, 184.

Lygrotes, 57.—L. arctipennis, 57.

Menolenewra, 56.—M. anomala, 57.

Mepha aurea, 54.—M. lacteata, 54.

Magava multilinea, from the Amazons, 72.

Marissa eone, from the Amazons, 42.

Maschane cesia, 72.—M. erratipennis, 72.—simplex, 72. From the

Amazons.

Mastigocera pusilla, from the Amazons, 41.

Melanchroia asteria, from the Amazons, 61.

Melese postica, from the Amazons, 52.

Metriophyle lacteinota, from the Amazons, 44.

Miresa Amazonica, 73.

Mitrademon, 60.—M. velutinum, 60.

Morpho, remarks on larve, vi.

Motada juruana, 53.

Mycalesis drusia, specimen exhibited, showing “ scent-fans,” xxvii.

Natada sericea, 75.

Neomiresa, 74.—LV. argentata, 74.—nesea, 75.—rufa, 74.

Neritos obscurata, 50.—N. psamas, 50. From the Amazons,

Nymphalis jahlusa, remarks on larva, 185.—. Populi, drawing of

specimen with larval head, exhibited, lv.

Ocha exigua, 83.— 0. pallida, 84.—turpis, 83.

Olceclostera, 70.—O. irrorata, 70.

Opsiphanes, remarks on larve, vi.

Orthoclostera, 70.—C. peculiaris, 70.

Pachiosia flaveolata, from the Amazons, 61.

Pachnobia alpina, from Rannoch, exhibited, xii.

Pachylelia, 63.—P. translucida, 63.

Pachylia ficus, from the Amazons, 40.

Papilio cynorta, hermaphrodite specimen, exhibited, xxiv.—P. Nepha-

lion, Polydamas, Pompeius and Thoas, remarks on larve, vi.

Perophora Bactriana, 77.—P. Trailii, 77.

Perrhybris Pyrrha, drawing of specimen with larval head, exhibited, lv.

Phegoptera subtilis, 51.

Pheochlena solilucis, 62.

Phaléeé catilina, 52.—P. ithrana, 52. From the Amazons.

Piryxus caicus, from the Amazons, 40.

Pieris agathina and P. poppea, remarks on pupx, 186.—P. mesentina

and P. severina, variation of, in $. Africa, vill.

Pionia notata, 45.

Prismoptera, 78.—P. opalina, 78.

Prodryas persephone, a fossil butterfly from Colorado tertiaries, photo-

graph exhibited, xlvi.

Protoparce Carolina, from the Amazons, 40.

LEPIDOPTERA—continued.

Pseudaclytia opponens, from the Amazons, 43.

Pseudomya tenuis, from the Amazons, 41.

Psychophasma, 51.—P. albidator, 52.

Pterophorus letus, from Deal, exhibited, xiii.

Pyrgus elma, remarks on larva, x.

Rhescipha servia, from the Amazons, 73.

Reselia antennata, 57.—R. Snelleni, 58.

Romaleosoma ruspina, a variety exhibited, 1.

Rosema epigena? from the Amazons, 68.

Saturnia Apollonia, remarks on larva, 184.

Scepsis trifasciata, from the Amazons, 47.

Schasiura mimica, from the Amazons, 42.

Scotura auriceps, 60.—S. venata, 60.

Sphinx larvee, dimorphism of, v.

Sphinx-moths, proboscis exhibited, caught by nectary of Hedychium,

xxiv.—length of proboscis of, iii.—odoriferous organ of, il.

Stetherinia, 73.—S. semilutca, 73.

Sulychra, 64.—S. argentea, 64.

Talima latescens, 75.

Telioneura brevipennis, 45.—T. glaucopis, 45. From the Amazons.

Theages pellucida, from the Amazons, 47.

Tifama chera, 68.—T. exusta, 68. From the Amazons.

Tinea orientalis, a new horn-feeding species, exhibited, li.

Trichura aurifera, from the Amazons, 43.

MYRIOPODA.

Geophilus rubro-vittatus, exhibited, xxxviii.

Myriopoda of Windward Islands, xxxvi.

Scolopocryptops Antillarum, xxxvii.

Spherotherium angulatum, 299.—S. crassum, 299.—lamprinum, 300.

—reticulatum, 801.

Zephronia atrisparsa, 302.—Z. larvalis, 301.

NEUROPTERA.

Ascalaphus longicornis, eggs and larve, exhibited, 1.

Calopterygina, collected by Mr. Buckley in Ecuador and Bolivia, 85.

Cora dualis, 90.—C. inca, 93.—munda, 91.—terminalis, 92.

Cordulia Curtisi, from Hampshire, exhibited, lii.

Euthore, specimens exhibited, i.—L. fasciata, 86.—mirabilis, 87.

Gynacantha plagiata, 119.

Lais imperatriz, 85.

Neuroptera of the Windward Islands, xxxiii.

Termes Rippertit and T. trinervius, remarks on secretion from head,

ix, xii.

(2 ixxxcvan >)

NEUROPTERA — continued.

Thore equatorialis, 90.—Boliviana, 89.—gigantea, 88.—picta, 89.—

procera, 88.— Victoria, 94. From Ecuador and Bolivia.

Trichoptera, cases of larve from Brazil exhibited, lv—homology of neu-

ration between, and Lepidoptera, lv.

ORTHOPTERA.

Antenne, difference between the forms of, in the males of Zdvlomorpha

and those of other genera of Hmpuside, 259.

Gongylus gongylodes and G, trachelophyllus, specimens in alcohol exhi-

bited, lii.

Harpax spinocula, a foliage imitator, 185.

Mantida@, a saltatorial species, 268.—exhibited, 1.—hatching period of, in

Eastern Bengal, 269.—stridulating apparatus in certain species,

263.—exhibited, ].

Orthoptera of the Windward Islands, xxx.— photographs of tropical

species, showing “ protective resemblance,” exhibited, xxiv.

Cxypilus annulatus, a case of “ protective resemblance,”’ 186.

Palophus Centaurus, from Mt. Camaroons, exhibited, xliv. — P.

Haworthii, resembles a dead stick, 186,

Panesthia, a viviparous species of, li.

Phaneroptera zebrata, a foliage imitator, 185.

Platyblemmus umbraculatus, exhibited, xxviii.

Pneumora (sp. ?), habits of young, in S. Africa, 184.

Popa spurea, resemblance to dead stalks, 186.

Pterochroza, photographs exhibited, xxiv.

Saga, remarks on a species from 8. Africa, 184,

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