THE

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

1834—1879.

ete es

To the Public. To Members.

First Series, 5 volumes (1834-1849)...... --Price £6 O O £410 O

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their Subscription for the current year, shall, at or before the April Meeting

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Cais)

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Explanation of the Plates as 5¢ Bic ae ric SEES VALLL

Errata . 50 de ve cic Ac Se vill

List of Members ae a ix

Additions to the Library re are XVii

MEMOIRS.

PAGE

XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

. On a Collection of Lepidoptera from Cachar, N. E. India.

By ARTHUR G. BUTLER, F.L.S., F.Z.5., &c.

. Descriptions of the species of the Lepidopterous genus

Kallima. By FREDERIC MOORE, F.Z.S.

Description of a new genus and species of ‘Rhyncophorous

Coleoptera, allied to Sipalus, found in an orchid house.

By CuHas. O. WATERHOUSE .-

. On the Lepidoptera of the Amazons, collected by Dr. JAMES

W. H. TRAIL, during the years 1873 to 1875. By ARTHUR

GARDINER BUTLER, AIR See hy A Ss Oc Cues aye

. On some Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. ey D.

SHARP .. oe

. On some new or little known British 77) ymenoptera. By P.

CAMERON

. Descriptions of new species of "Hemipter a, collected by Dr.

STOLICZKA during the Forsyth Expedition to eee in

1873—74. By W. L. DisTANT ao oie

. Observations of the effects of low Temperatures on Larve.

By ELEANOR A. ORMEROD, F.M.S.

. Notes on the Cases of some South Brazilian T) ichoptera.

By Dr. Fritz MULLER we

- Morphological Notes bearing on the Origin of Insects. By

J. Woop-Mason, F.G.5., F.L.8., F.Z. a Deputy Superin-

tendent, Indian Museum, "and sometime Professor of Com-

parative Anatomy, Medical College, Calcutta

. Description of a new Goliath beetle from Tropical West

Africa. By D. GREIG RUTHERFORD, F.L.8. .. 6c

. An attempt to point out the differential characters of some

closely -allied species of Chrysomela, principally those con-

tained in Suffrian’s 11th group; also descriptions of some

hitherto uncharacterized forms belonging to the same and

other genera of the family. By JosuPH 8. BALy,F.LS...

. A Decade of new Cetoniide. By J. O. WESTWOOD, M.A.,

F. L.S 5 SoCs ee oe

. Contributions to a knowledge of ‘the Hemipterous Fauna of

Madagascar. By W. L. DISTANT

On some unusual monstrous Insects. By J. 0. WESTWooD,

M.A., F.LS., &c. c

Observations sur les Lépidopteres des ‘les Sangir, et deserip-

tions de quelques espéces nouvelles. By C. OBERTHUR ..

Descriptions of Phytophagous Coleoptera belonging to the

families Chrysomelide and Galerucide, from Peru. By

JOSEPH §. BALY, F.L.S. ete

Descriptions of two new Lepidoptera of the family Sphingide.

By ARTHUR G. BUTLER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., :

vill MEMOIRS (continued).

PAGE

XIX. Descriptions of two new genera and species of Coleoptera

from Madagascar belonging to the families Tenebrionide

and Cerambycide. By CHAs. O. WATERHOUSE... 2¢

XX. List of the Hemiptera collected in the Amazons by Prof.

J. W.H. Trait, M.A., M.D., in the years 1873—1875, with

descriptions of the new species. By F. BUCHANAN WHITE,

MED ERLE Ss 00 oc 56 oie oc ae

_XXI. Descriptions of new genera and species of Tenebrionide from

the Island of Madagascar. By FREDK. BATES .. oe 217

XXII. On the affinity of the genus Polyectenes, Giglioli, with a

; description of a new species. By CHAS. O. WATERHOUSE 309

XXIII. On the natural affinities of the Lepidoptera hitherto referred

to the genus Acronycta of authors. By ARTHUR G.

263

267

BuTLER, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c. .. of 50 are -- 3l3d

XXIV. Descriptions of new Coleoptera from East Africa and Mada-

gascar. By CHAS. O. WATERHOUSE ae 50 so allt)

XXV. On some hitherto undescribed Butterflies inhabiting Southern

Africa. By ROLAND TRIMEN, F.L.S., &c., Curator of the

South African Museum, Cape Town ate oc -. 323

Proceedings for 1879 .. 5c 36 sis 5c 56 i

Index - .. ae sit oe ae O06 60 Ixxxix

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate T. .. -- See page 170 | Plates VI., VIL See page 219-228

latent ier. 90 a 197 | Plate VIII... 5 229-233

Plates III.,1V. .. 3 208 | Plates [X., X... i. 309-312

Plate Vi... 56 », 209-218 | Plate XI. . 317

ERRATA.

IN THE TRANSACTIONS FOR 1878.

Page 193, line 19 (from top), for “ generic” read “ genetic.”

IN THE TRANSACTIONS FOR 1879.

Page 222, line 11 (from bottom), for “‘ Ass. K. Ins.’’ read “ Ann. K. Ins.”

», 227, line 15 (from top), Psychoda auriculata should be under the

heading Diptera.

» 901, line 28 (from top) and throughout paper, for “ Potchefotroom”

read ‘ Potchefstroom.”

IN THE JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS FOR 1879.

Page xix, line 6 (from top), for “ vesicatoria’’ read “ vesicatoria.”

», Xxiv, line 6 (from bottom), foot-note, for “1858” read “ 1878.”

» Xxxiv, line 15 (from top), for “ Schoenk.” read “ Schcenh.”

PLATE XI.

Fig. 4, Lewcoma vau-nigrum is wrongly represented with an internal vein

to primaries.

» 5, Dasychira pudibunda; the first branch of the median yein in the

secondaries has been omitted.

» 8, Gluphisia crenata; the forking of the submedian vein must he

omitted.

Pist of Members

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

3lst DECEMBER, 1879.

LIST OF MEMBERS

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

Ponorary embers.

Burmeister, Hermann, Buenos Ayres.

Guenée, Achille, Chateaudun.

Hagen, H. A., Cambridge, U.S.A.

Leconte, John L., Philadelphia.

Milne-Edwards, H., Paris.

Saussure, H. de, Geneva.

Schiddte, J. C., Copenhagen.

Selys-Longchamps, E. de, Liége.

Siebold, C. T. E. von, Munich.

Zeller, P. C., Stettin.

ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.

Marked * are Original Members.

Marked | have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.

Marked 8. are Annual Subscribers.

Date of

Election,

1877 - Adams, Frederick Charlstrom, 74, Jermyn Street, W.

1877 Adams, Herbert Jordan, Rosencath, London Road, Enfield, N.

1867 S. Archer, F., Little Crosby Road, Crosby, Liverpool.

1856 Armitage, Edward, R.A., 3, Hall Rd., St. John’s Wood, N.W.

Me ¢ Babington, Charles Cardale, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., Pro-

fessor of Botany, 5, Brookside, Cambridge.

1850 Baly, Joseph S., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Zhe Butts, Warwick.

1865 Barton, Stephen, 32, St. Wichael’s Hill, Bristol.

1867 8S. Bates, Frederick, 15, Northampton Square, Leicester.

1861 Bates, Henry Walter, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 40, Bartholomew Road,

Kentish Town, N.W.

1851 Beaumont, Alfred, Steps Wills, Huddersfield.

1876 Berens, Alexander Augustus, Spratton Grange, Northampton,

and 68, Great Cumberland Place, W

1866 Bicknell, Percy, Beckenham, Kent.

1879 Billups, T. R., 4, Swiss Villas, Coplestone Road, Peckham, S.K.

1872 Bird, G. W., The Dartons, Dartford, Kent.

os Blomefield, Rev. Leonard, M.A.,F.L.S., &c., 19, Belmont, Bath.

1841 Bond, Fred., F.Z.8., 5, Fainfield Avenue, Staines.

1860 Bonvouloir, Vicomte Henri de, 15, Rue de lV Université, Paris.

1875 Borrer, William, junr., Cor/fold, Sussex.

1876 Boscher, Edward, Bellevwe House, Tivickenham.

1852 + Boyd, Thomas, Surrey Lodge, Hornend Road, Norwood, S.E.

1867 Boyd, William Christopher, F.L.S., Cheshunt, Herts.

1856 Braikenridge, Rev. George Weare, M.A., F.L.S., Clevedon,

Bristol.

1877 Briggs, Charles Adolphus, 55, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.

1870 Briggs, Thos. Hy., M.A., 55, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.

1879 Brongniart, Charles, M.S.E. and M.S.G. de France, &c.,

Muséum Whistoire Naturelie de Paris, 57, Rue Cuvier,

Jardin des Plantes.

1878 S. Broun, Capt. Thomas, Kawan, Auckland, New Zealand.

1869 S. Brown, N. E., Ivy Cottage, near St. John’s Church, Red Hill,

1862 Browne, Rev. Thomas Henry, M.A., F.G.S., Zhe Cedars,

High Wycombe, Bucks.

1874 S. Bull, R. E., 85, Wilton Street, Dorset Square, N.W.

1855 Burnell, Edward Henry, 32, Bedford Row, W.C.

1868 + Butler, Arthur Gardiner, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 10, Avington Grove,

Penge, $.B.

1878 §. Cameron, Peter, 31, Willow Bank Crescent, Glasgow.

1860 Candéze, Dr. E., Glain, Liége

Date of

Election.

1877

1868

1877

1871

1867

1865

1874

1873

1865

1876

1853

1867

1868

1873

1865

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Capron, Edward, M.D., Shere, Guildford,

Carmichael, Thomas D. Gibson, Castle Craig, Dolphinton, N.B.

Carrington, Charles, Ellerslie, Lower Merton, 5.W.

Carrington, John T., Royal Aquarium, Westminster, S.W.

Champion, G. C., 274, Walworth Road, 5.K.

Charlton, Ernest S., Hesleyside, Bellingham, Hexham.

Clarke, Alexander Henry, 16, Purnival’s Inn, E.C.

Clarke, Charles Baron, M.A., F.L.S., 17, Chowring hee, Calcutta.

Cockle, Captain George, 9, Bolton Gardens, 5.W.

Cole, Benjamin G., Laurel Cottage, King’s Place, Buckhurst

Hill, Essex.

Cole, William, Zawrel Cottage, King’s Place, Buckhurst

Hill, Essex.

Colquhoun, Hugh, M.D., Anchorage, Bothwell, N.B.

Cooke, Benj., 108, Windsor Road, Southport, Lancashire.

Copperthwaite, William Charles, The Lodge, Malton.

Cox, Colonel C. J., Fordwich House, Canterbury.

Cox, Herbert Edward, Rosenheim, Reigate.

Curzon, E. P. Roper.

Dale, C. W., Glanville’s Wootton, Sherborne.

Dallas, William Sweetland, F.L.S., Geological Society, Bur-

lington House, W.

Soin Charles, LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., Down, Beckenham,

Kent.

Devonshire, William Cavendish, Duke of, K.G., F.R.S., &c.,

Devonshire House, 78, Piccadilly, W.

Dickson, Professor William, Curator of the University Library,

Glasgow.

Distant, William Lucas, Director of the Anthropological Insti-

tute, SECRETARY, 1, Selston Villas, Derwent Grove, East

Dulwich, SE.

Dohrn, Dr. C. A., Pres. Entomological Society of Stettin,

Stettin.

Doria, Marquis Giacomo, Strada Nuova, Genoa.

Dormer, John Baptist Joseph Dormer, Lord, Grove Park,

Warwick.

Douglas, John William, 8, Beaufort Gardens, Lewisham, S.E.

Dowsett, Arthur, Kingsgate Villa, King’s Road, Reading.

Druce, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.8., 1, Circus Road, St. John’s

Wood, N.W.

Duer, Yeend, Cleygate House, Esher.

Dunning, Joseph William, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 12, Old

Square, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C.

Du Pré, Charles Christian, F.L.S., 17, Pembroke Gardens,

Kensington, W.

D’Urban, W. S. M., F.L.S., Albuera, St. Leonards, Exeter.

Eaton, Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., 51, Park Road, Bromley,

Kent.

Elwes, Henry John, F.L.S., F.Z.8., Preston House, Cirencester.

Emich, Gustave d’, 6, Sebastian Place, Budapesth, Hungary.

Date of

Election.

1876

1878

1874

1865

1875

1870

1869

1855

1876

1874

1865

1875

1879

1855

1874

1879

1850

1865

1876

1846

877

874

1858

1864

1879

1876

1569

1876

1865

1869

1843

1869

18538

1872

1865

1879

1876

i@2]

LIST OF MEMBERS. Xu

Enock, Frederic, 30, Russell Road, Seven Sisters’ Road,

Holloway, N.

Finzi, John A., 105, Gower Street, W.C.

Fitch, Edward A., F.L.S., Brick House, Maldon, Hssea.

Fitch, Frederick, Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park, N.

Fletcher, J. E., Happy Land, Worcester.

_ Forbes, William Alexander, St. John’s College, Cambridge.

Freeland, H. W., M.A., Chichester.

French, Rev. David John, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.H.S., &c.

Fry, Alexander, F.L.S., Thornhill House, Dulwich Wood

Park, Norwood, 8.1.

Fryer, Herbert Fortescue, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

Garneys, W., M.R.C.S., Repton, Burton-on-Trent.

Godman, Frederick Du Cane, M.A., F.0.8., &c., Park Hatch,

Godalming, and 10, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.

Gooch, W. D., Spring Vale, Little Umhlanga, Victoria

County, Natal.

Goodman, C. H., Kearshrook Lodge, Lesness Heath, Kent.

Gorham, Rev. Henry Stephen, Shipley, Sussex.

Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., F.G.S., The Avenue, Surbiton Hill,

Surrey.

Gosse, Philip Henry, F.R.S., Sandhurst, Torquay, Devonshire.

Gould, John, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., 26, Charlotte Street, Bedford

Square, W.C.

Gray, John, Claygate House, Esher.

Greene, Rev. J.. M.A., Rostrevor, Apsley Rd., Clifton, Bristol.

Grube, Professor Edward, Director of the Zoological Museum

of the University of Breslau, Breslau.

Grut, Ferdinand, F.L.S., LIBRARIAN, 9, King Street, South-

wark, SE.

Harding, George, Pendenny House, Downend, near Bristol.

Harford, Henry C., Lieut. 99th Regiment, Cape of Good Hope.

Harold, Baron Edgar von, 52, Barerstrasse, Munich.

Harper, P. H., 30, Cambridge Street, Hyde Park Square, W.

Harris, John T., Newton Road, Burton-on-Trent.

Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Delves House, Ringmer, Lewes.

Holdsworth, Edward, Shanghai.

Horniman, Frederick John, F.L.8., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., &c.,

Surrey House, Lorest Hill, 8.E.

Hudd, A. E., 96, Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol.

Janson, I. M., Las Lajas, Chontales, Nicaragua.

Janson, Edward W., 32, Victoria Lead, Finsbury Park, N.,

and 35, Little Russell Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

Janson, Oliver E., 32, Victoria Road, Finsbury Park, N., and

35, Little Russell Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

Jekel, Henri, 2, Rue Letort, Paris.

Jenner, J. H. A., High Street, Lewes.

John, Evan, Llwntrissant, Pontypridd.

Joly, N., Prof., Rwe des Chaléts, Toulouse.

Katter, Dr. F., Putbus, Rigen, North Prussia.

X1V

Date of

Election,

1876

1872

1861

1876

1842

1875

1868

1876

1835

1872

1875

1865

1849

1850

1851

1858

1869

1873

1865

1856

1874

1865

1860

1865

1872

1871

1866

1879

1858

1859

1869

1876

1872

1870

D+ ++ DP + w

—-

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.

Kaye, Ernest St. G., Jessore, Bengal.

Kirby, W. F., 5, Union Road, Tufnell Park, N.

Kraatz, Dr. G., President of the Berlin Entomological

Society, Link Strasse, Berlin.

Kuper, Rev. Charles Augustus Frederick, M.A., The Vicarage,

Trelleck, Chepstow.

Lamarche, Oscar, 70, Rue Louvrex, Liége.

Lang, Major A. M., R.E., Thomason Civil Engineering College,

Roorkee, India.

Lendy, Major Augustus F., F.L.8., F.G.S., Sunbury House,

Sunbury, 8.W.

Lewis, George, 5, Albert Road, Brighton.

Lichtenstein, Jules, Za Lironde, near Montpellier.

Lingwood, Robert Maulkin, M.A., F.LS., 6, Park Villas,

Cheltenham.

Livett, H. W., M.D., Wells, Somerset.

Livingstone, Clermont, Tudor Lodge, Snaresbrook, E.

Llewelyn, J. Talbot Dillwyn, M.A., F.L.S., Ynisgermwn, Neath.

Logan, R. F., Spylaw House, Colinton, near Edinburgh.

Lowe, W. H., M.D., Woodcote Lodge, Inner Park Road,

Wimbledon Park, S.W.

Lubbock, Sir John, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., PRESIDENT,

High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.

M‘Intosh, J.

M‘Lachlan, Robert, F.R.S., F.L.S., 39, Limes Grove, Lewisham,

S.E.

Marseul, L’Abbé 8. A. de, Boulevard Pereire, 271, Paris.

Marsh, John George, 842, Old Kent Road, S.E.

Marshall, Rev. Thomas Ansell, M.A., F.L.S., Golconda Estate,

near San Fernando, Trinidad.

Marshall, William, Him Lodge, Clay Hill, Enfield.

Mason, Philip Brooke, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Burton-on-Trent.

Mathew, Gervase F., R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Znstow, North

Devon.

May, John William, K.N.L., Arwndel House, Percy Cross,

Fulham Road, S.W.

Meek, Edward G., 56, Brompton Road, S.W.

Meldola, Raphael, F.R.A.S., F.C.S., SECRETARY, 21, John

Street, Bedford Row, W.C.

Miskin, W. H., Brisbane, Queensland.

Mniszech, Comte G. de, 22, Rue Balzac, Paris.

Monteiro, Senor Antonio Augusto de Carvatho, 72, Rua do

Alecrion, Lisbon.

Moore, Frederic, 110, Oakfield Road, Penge, 8.B.

Mosse, G. Staley, 16, Stanford Road, Kensington, W.

Miller, Albert, F.R.G.S., 195A, Junkergasse, Berne, Swritzer-

land.

Miller, Dr. Clemens.

Murray, Lieut. H., 70th Brigade Depot, Tralee, Ireland.

Murray, Rey. Richard Paget, M.A., Baltonsboro Parsonage,

Glastonbury.

Date of

Election.

1878

.1878

1869

1877

1873

1878

1841

1840

1854

1879

1872

1870

1874

1851

1876

1878

1867

1870

1872

1874

1865

1871

1853

1869

1877

1872

1868

1876

1865

1875

1866

1865

1861

1865

iS EaAe

LIST OF MEMBERS. XV

Nevinson, Basil George, 19, Torrington Square, W.C.

Newman, Thomas P., 7, York Grove, Peckham, 8.E.

Nottidge, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.

Oberthiir, Charles (fils), Rennes.

Oberthiir, René, Rennes.

Olivier, Ernest, 25, Rue dw Clos, Besancon, Doubs, France.

Ormerod, Miss Eleanor A., F.M.S., Dunster Lodge, Spring

Grove, Isleworth.

Owen, Richard, C.B., M.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., British

Museum, W.C.

Parry, Major Frederick John Sidney, F.L.S., 18, Onslow

Square, S.W.

Pascoe, Francis P., F.L.S., 1, Burlington Road, Westbourne

Park, W.

Perkins, Vincent Robert, 54, Gloucester Street, South Bel-

gravia, W.

Phipson, Arthur, 3, Gray’s Inn Square, W.C.

Porritt, George T., F.L.S., Huddersfield.

Power, Henry d’Arcy, F.L.S., 3, Cottage Green, Camberwell,

S.E

Preston, Rev. Thomas Arthur, M.A., F.L.8., The Green, Marl-

borough, Wilts.

Preudhomme de Borre, Alfred, Secretary of the Entomological

Society of Belgium, 19, ewe de Dublin, Txvelles, near Brussels.

Price, David, 48, West Street, Horsham, Sussex,

Pryer, H. J. 8., Yokohama, Japan.

Puls, J. C., Place de la Calandre, Ghent.

Ransom, William Henry, M.D., F.R.S., The Pavement, Noé-

tingham.

Reed, Edwyn C., F.L.S.

Reeks, Henry, F.L.S., Manor House, Thruxton, near Andover,

Hants.

Riley, C. V., State Entomologist, United States Entomological

Commission, Washington.

Ripon, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, Marquis of, K.G.,

E.R.S., F.L.S., 1, Carlton Gardens, S.W.

Robinson-Douglas, William Douglas, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., Or-

chardton, Castle-Douglas, N.B.

Roebuck, William Denison, 9, Sunnybank Terrace, Leeds.

Rothera, G. B., High Street Place, Nottingham.

Rothney, G. A. J., Calcutta.

Rutherford, David Greig, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., &c.

Rye, Edward Caldwell, F.Z.S., Parkfield, Putney, S.W.

Rylands, Thomas Glazebrook, F.L.S., F.G.8S., Highfields,

Thelwall, Warrington.

Sallé, Auguste, 13, Rwe Guy de la Brosse, Paris.

Salvin, Osbert, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., 10, Chandos Street,

Cavendish Square, W., and Brookland Avenue, Cambridge.

Saunders, Edward, F.L.S., Holmesdale, Wandle Road, Upper

Tooting, S.W.

Saunders, G. S., Spencer Park, Wandsworth, S.W.

Saunders, Sir Sidney Smith, C.M.G., Gatestone, Central Hill,

Upper Norwood, 8.E.

Schaufuss, L, W., Ph. D., M. Imp., L. C. Acad., &c., Dresden.

Xvi

Date of

Election.

1875

1864

1862

1847

1852

1867

1877

1869

1848

1878

1862

1837

1866

1876

1854

1856

1838

1853

1859

1869

1849

1866

1876

1879

1870

1878

1858

1863

1866

1875

1869

1845

1876

1868

1865

1874

1878

1874

1862

1865

—-—

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Sealy, Alfred Forbes, Cochin, South India.

Semper, George, Adtona.

Sharp, David, M.B., Hccles, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire.

Shepherd, Edwin.

Sheppard, Edward, F.L.S., 18, Durham Villas, Kensington, W.

Sidebotham, Joseph, The Beeches, Bowdon, Cheshire.

Slater, John William, 18, Wray Crescent, Tollington Park, N.

Smith, Henley Grose, Warnford Court, Throgmorton Street,

E.C

Spence, William Blundell, Rome.

Stainton, Henry Tibbats, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., Mountsfield,

Lewisham, 8.E.

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THE

TRANSACTIONS

EKNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

FOR THE YEAR 1879.

—__@—_

I. On a Collection of Lepidoptera from Cachar, N. E.

India. By Arruur G. BuTier, F.L.S., F.Z.S.,

&e.

{Read December 4th, 1878.]

THE following series of Lepidoptera has recently been

received from Mr. William Grant, who collected the

whole of them in the immediate vicinity of his bungalow

on the Burtoll Tea Estate at Cachar. Eight of the

species are new.

Among the Butterflies the most interesting are a fine

pair of Salpinz splendens—a species hitherto very rare in

collections, a new species of the same genus, a series of

Stictoplea binotata, a pair of S. microsticta, and one or

two less brilliant but rare species of Neptis and Mycalesis.

Among the Moths are several good species belonging to

the genera Macroglossa, Leucophlebia, Syntomis, Kte-

rusia, Attacus and Hypocala, one or two of them being

new to science,

The following is a list of the species :—

RHOPALOCERA. Stictoplea binotata, Butler.

microsticta. Butler.

Salpinx radamanthus, Fabr. Danais septentrionis, Butler.

5, Splendens, Butler. » limniace, Cram.

» Grantii, n. sp. » aglea, Cram.

Trepsichrois midamus, Linn. », plexippus, Linn.

Euploea alcathoé, Godt. 5, chrysippus, Linn,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART I. (APR.) B

2 Mr. A. G. Butler on a

Melanitis Leda, Linn.

5S ismene, Cram.

Mycalesis mineus, Linn.

_ blasius, Fabr.

* lurida, n. sp.

Ypthima Hiibneri, Kirby.

Elymnias leucocyma, Godt.

x undularis, Drury.

Thaumantis camadeva, Westw.

Athyma leucothoé, Linn.

Neptis miah, Moore.

,, Cacharica, n. sp.

Ergolis Ariadne, Linn.

», Mmerione, Cram.

Junonia asterie, Linn.

55 zenone, Linn.

on lemonias, Linn.

3 laomedia, Linn.

Adolias lepidea, Butler.

» sedeva, Moore.

Euripus halitherses, Westw.

Hypolimnas bolina, Linn.

Cethosia eyane, Drury.

- biblis, Drury.

Lampides betica, Linn.

Lyceena squalida, n. sp.

Loxura atymnus, Cram.

Amblypodia camdeo, Moore.

Delias pasithoé, Linn.

‘Terias esiope, Ménétr.

Terias hecabeoides, Ménétr.

Catopsilia pyranthe, Linn.

ie chryseis, Drury.

3 catilla, Cram.

me crocale, Cram.

Synchloé gliciria, Cram.

Papilio Alcibiades ? Fabr.

Papilio Sarpedon, Linn.

.» erithonius, Cram.

» polytes, Linn.

» diphilus, Esper.

» Doubledayi, Wallace.

Hesperia exclamationis, Fabr.

Astictopterus diocles, Moore.

Plesioneura folus, Cram.

HETEROCERA.

Macroglossa nigrifasciata, Butler,

Chzerocampa lineosa, Walker.

Acherontia styx, Westw.

Leucophlebia lineata, Westw.

Syntomis artina, Butler.

3 sargania, D. sp.

Areas lactinea, Cram.

Nyctemera lacticinea, Cram.

Euschema militaris, Linn.

Eterusia magnifica, n. sp.

Numenes siletti, Walker.

Attacus obscurus, nD. sp.

Anzabe sinensis, Walker.

Nemeta bifacies, Walker.*

Anophia olivescens, Guén.

Hypocala violacea, n. sp.

Ophideres fullonica, Clerck.

hypermnestra, Cram.

Patula macrops, Linn.

Argiva hieroglyphica, Drury.

Nyctipao truncata, Moore.

FA letitia, Butler.

Achea melicerte, Drury.

Agathodes ostentalis, Hibn.

Margaronia conchylalis, Guén.

5 maliferalis, Walker.

Hyponomeuta Assamensis, n. sp.

RHOPALOCERA.

Salpinx Grantii, n. sp.

?. Primaries above rich piceous brown, shot with

purple, darkest in the centre and palest at external angle,

a small white subcostal spot just above the end of the cell, a

crescent-shaped lilae spot in the cell, a circular spot on the

first median interspace, two fusiform spots beyond the cell,

and a series of seven spots, the sixth pyriform, parallel to

the outer margin: all these spots lilac with white centres,

an ill-defined lilac spot on the second median interspace,

a submarginal series of eight white dots between the lower

radial and the external angle. Secondaries piceous

* The locality of this species is wrongly given as Brazil; it should pro-

bably be Bengal: it is a Limacodid (not a Psychid).

Collection of Lepidoptera from Cachar, N. E. India. 3

brown, faintly shot with purple, the costal and external

areas broadly paler, two series of pale brown spots parallel

to the outer margin, the first of the inner series white-

centred, costal border whitish; wings below olive-brown,

the primaries with the median area suffused with piceous,

inner border whitish, a pinky-white subcostal spot and

three in an increasing oblique series above each of the

median veins, three or four scattered white dots in an

interrupted discal series parallel to the outer margin, and

six rather larger white dots in a submarginal series be-

tween the lower radial and the external angle ; secondaries

with several white dots at the base, a discal series of ten

white spots, the upper three rounded, in an oblique sub-

apical series, the remainder rather elong rated and parallel

to the outer margin, nine white submarginal dots between

the radial and the anal angle: expanse of wings 3 inches

11 lines.

This species may readily be distinguished from £.

splendens, ?, by the greater width and less brilliant purple

(not blue) shot of the primaries, also in the more numerous

submarginal spots of the primaries, the inner series being,

moreover, larger and lilac, whereas in S. splendens they

are pure white with pale violet borders; the discoidal

spot not present on the undersurface, but an additional

spot beyond the cell, the other spots smaller; no lilac

dots beyond the cell of secondaries. Before the present

collection arrived I supposed an example of S. Grantii

in the Museum Cabinet to be S. splendens, 2, thinking

that the differences in colour and marking were due to sex.

Mycalests lurida, n. sp.

é. Allied to M. lalassis, but the basal half of the

primaries, both above and below, suffused with lurid ochra-

ceous ; the white stripe of the undersurface reduced to a

slender brown- edged squamose white line; the third of

the four ocelli of primaries reduced in size, and only the

two first united : expanse of wings | inch 8 lines.

Neptis cacharica, n. sp.

@. Allied to WV. adipala (P. Z. S. 1872, pl. 32, fig. 8),

but of a more rufous-brown colour, the three oblique : spots

beyond the cell more elongated or less widely separated,

the oblique series below the cell, near external angle, also

more elongated, the first two being only separated by

4 Mr. A. G. Butler on a

the internal vein; the oblique white dashes beyond these

spots replaced by a regular lunulated pale brown stripe ;

the submarginal lunules more regular, with black internal

borders; the inner belt of secondaries wider and more in-

curved towards the costa; the outer belt farther from the

outer margin, consisting of seven, instead of six spots ;

the pale brown submarginal stripe narrower and farther

from the margin; wings below golden-brown, with white

bands, stripes. and spots as above, excepting that the

lunular submarginal series of primaries and the discal

macular belt of secondaries are wider, with their divisions

less distinctly separated; two whitish stripes close to the

outer margin, interrupted upon the primaries by a patch

of the ground- -colour upon the second median interspace,

the outer one diffused and interrupted a second time at

apex, the inner stripe of primaries interrupted by the

veins; the undulated pale brown lunulated stripe of the

upper surface replaced by a whitish stripe ; base of costa

orange; secondaries with the base, a subcostal streak near

the base, and a nearly straight stripe through the second

brown belt (beyond the broad white belt), whitish; body

below white ; tibize and tarsi of second and third pairs of

legs testaceous: expanse of wing's 2 inches 3 lines.

“A well-marked form of this puzzling group, quite dis-

tinct from any named species in Mr. Moore’s collection

or that of the British Museum.

Lycena squalida, n. sp.

Allied to Z. Karsandra, much larger; above greyish-

brown, primaries sprinkled with lilac scales towards the

base; body blackish, antennze with white annulations;

wings below sordid white, with black spots, bordered with

pure white, arranged as in L. Karsandra and allies, but

the discal series of primaries less arched and smaller; a

submarginal series of stone-grey spots, and in front of

them a series of lunules of the same colour: expanse of

wings 1 inch. ;

HETEROCERA.

Syntomis sargania, n. sp.

Allied to S. libera ; wings hyaline-white, with black

veins and margins; primaries with the base, a broad belt

Just beyond the middle, throwing a projecting streak back-

Collection of Lepidoptera from Cachar, N. FE. India. 5

wards below the median vein (so as almost to fill up the

first median interspace), and a second outwards between

the radials, and the apex black ; secondaries with very

broad black outer border ; body black, with a slight

greenish tint; the frons, collar, a line across the meta-

thorax and two belts across the abdomen, one basal and

the other subanal, bright ochreous ; wings below as above ;

body black, anterior coxze, and a subanal belt across the

venter bright ochreous: expanse of wings 1 inch 3 lines.

One female.

Eterusia magnifica, n. sp.

?. Allied to E. tricolor and E. edea; primaries dark

purplish chocolate-brown, crossed before the middle by a

broad irrecular yellowish-white belt, interrupted by ultra-

marine streaks upon the nervures ; a dash across the base,

a large spot at the end of the cell, two spots and a dash

between them crossing the lower half of the disc, and an

irregularly-bisinuated subapical belt, divided by the ner-

vures into seven more or less ovoid spots, white ; the discal

spots with pale blue internal borders; secondaries black,

crossed in the centre by a very broad externally angulated

bright ochreous belt which unites with a white costal streak

running to the base; base, apex, outer border and veins

beyond the ochreous belt brilliant metallic cobalt-blue ;

two small spots beyond the cell, and two between the second

and fourth median branches, white; thorax dark brown,

the main stem of the antenne, crest, two spots at the back

of the collar in the centre, the tips of the tegule, meta-

thorax and two basal segments of the abdomen, blue,

changing in certain lights to green; internal angles of

teoulee white ; remaining segments of abdomen yellow,

with lateral black dots; wings below nearly as above, but

the white spots tinted with ‘sulphur-yellow, all the veins

blue-bordered ; body below dark green, legs brown; cox

white spotted; segments of venter white-edged: expanse

of wings 2 inches 10 lines.

There is a series of this species in Mr. Moore’s collec-

tion.

Attacus obscurus, n. sp.

Allied to A. lunula from Silhet, but much larger,

darker than any of the described species, the white central

belt of primaries much narrower and succeeded by a broad

ashy-grey (not sordid pink) belt, not inarched but angu-

6 Mr. A. G. Butler on a

lated; the maggot-like spot of primaries as long as in

A, vesta; the dise of all the wings blackish-olivaceous ;

internal border of primaries, towards the external angle,

clay-coloured; collar pale testaceous, with whitish pos-

terior border ; secondaries much produced at anal angle:

expanse of wings 4 inches 8 lines to 5 inches 7 lines.

One male and three females. There are also specimens

in Mr. Moore’s collection.

Hypocala violacea, n. sp.

Allied to H. deflorata, much larger; primaries ferru-

ginous, shot with violet, striolated with blackish, a pale

patch at apex, a large quadrate patch at the end of the

cell and the outer border not shot with violet, a small

black-centred greenish ocellus near external angle, fringe

brown; secondaries black-brown, becoming smoky-brown

near the costa, costal border sericeous white, pale spots

and streaks nearly as in H. deflorata, but bright orange

and all separate, fringe red-brown, becoming ochreous at

anal angle; thorax red-brown, speckled with black, and

with a faint lilac gloss; abdomen black, banded with

orange; anal tuft brown, orange at the base; primaries

_ below ochreous, with pale internal area, costal and ex-

ternal borders and apex brownish clay-colour speckled

with black, two abbreviated black belts, the first central,

the second discal ; secondaries ochreous, with the costa

and apical half brownish clay-colour, striolated with black-

ish; a black spot at the base of the median branches, and

an oblique abbreviated black belt from the second median

branch to the anal angle; pectus and base of venter

whitish speckled with blackish, remainder of venter red-

brown, gradually increasing in intensity to the extremity

and speckled with black: expanse of wings 1 inch

10 lines.

Two examples. If there were any doubt as to this

being distinct from highly-coloured and large examples of

H, deflorata, the pattern of the undersurface would at

once decide their entire distinctness.

Hyponomeuta Assamensis, n. sp.

Primaries sericeous greyish-brown, two black divergent

basal streaks; a long black streak divided in the centre by

the discocellulars; a black streak below the cell, and below

it three large black spots nearly in a line; a black internal

Collection of Lepidoptera from Cachar, N. E.. India. 7

spot near the base; four or five short black subcostal dashes

above the end of the cell; one or two black spots on the

median interspaces, and three or four marginal black spots

towards the external angle; secondaries shining grey ;

thorax greyish-brown, spotted with black; abdomen

orange; wings and pectus below silvery-greyish; venter

orange: expanse of wings 1 inch 2 lines.

A single example, slightly rubbed; it comes nearer to

H. confusellus than to any other described species.

Remarks on local Variations of certain Spectes.

Stictoplea microsticta.

The specimens are much dwarfed, and may prove to

be locally constant in their differences.

Athyma leucothoé.

The examples vary much in the width of the white belt

across the secondaries.

Neptis miah.

The specimen sent has the pale lines intersecting the

central band and border of secondaries below distinctly

undulated.

Junonia asterie.

Varies considerably in the intensity of the white belt

on the undersurface.

Terias esiope.

One female has the border of primaries less deeply

sinuated than usual.

Terias hecabeoides.

One of the specimens is unusually large.

Catopsilia pyranthe.

The examples are referable to the broad-bordered form

of the species.

Catopsilia chryseis.

The variety C. nephte, Fabr., is represented at Cachar.

8 Mr. A. G. Butler on Lepidoptera from Cachar.

Papilio Alcibiades.

The male example in the Collection agrees with Bornean

examples, and may prove to be referable to a distinct

though allied species.

Papilio Doubledayi.

The veins more heavily black-bordered than usual.

Cherocampa lineosa.

Smaller and more olivaceous than usual.

CRIs)

Il. Descriptions of the species of the Lepidopterous

genus Kallima. By Freprertc Moors, F.Z.S.

[Read February 5th, 1879.]

Katia, Westwood, Doubleday and Hewits., D. Lep.

p. 324 (1850); Felder, Neues Lep. p. 14 (1861).

Group I. With oblique band fulvous in male, bluish-white

in female.

KALLIMA PARALEKTA.,

Paphia Parulekta, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. E. I. C. pl. 6,

f.4 & (1829).

Male. Forewing with an oblique uniformly narrow

fulvous band, its inner border terminating at posterior

angle; basal area and hindwing deep blue. Female, with

bluish-purple white band ; basal area and hindwing dark

rufous-brown ; discal hyaline spot in both sexes small and

oval.

Exp. 34 ins.

Hab.—Java (Horsfield Coll.).

Ka Luma HEwITSONI, n. sp.

Kallima Paralekta, Doubleday and Hewitson, Diurnal

Lep. pl. 52, f. 3 ¢ (1850).

Female. Similar to A. Paralehta, differing in the

shape of the bluish-purple white band and absence of the

discal hyaline spot.

Exp. 4 ins.

Hab.—Himalaya. In Coll. late W. C. Hewitson.

Although the “ Himalaya” is given by Doubleday and

Hewitson (1. c. p. 325) as the locality of this species, I

doubt its correctness. There is no locality label on the

type specimen,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART I. (APR.)

10 Mr. F. Moore’s descriptions of

Group II. With oblique band fulvous in both sexes.

A. Forewing produced ; oblique below apex.

aa. Discal spot prominent .. Bumrtoni. [Sumatra. ]

Limborgi. [Upper Tenasserim. ]

bb. Discal spot not prominent... Atkinsoni. [Darjiling.]

B. Forewing truncate at apex.

aa. Discal spot prominent .. Boisduvali. [Kussowlee.]

bb. Discal spot not prominent.. Huttoni. { Mussuree. ]

C. Forewing acuminate at apex.

aa. Discal spot prominent .. Ramsayt. [ Nepal. ]

D. Forewing prolonged at apex.

aa. Discal spot prominent .. Jnachis. [ Sikkim. ]

Higeli. [ Cashmere. |

bb. Discal spot not prominent... Buckleyi. [N. W. Himalaya. ]

KALLIMA BUXTONI, n. sp.

Most like the Java species (A. Paralekta). Male,

differs in the intensity of the blue of the upperside, broader

and more oblique band, the inner border of which termi-

nates at its own width above the posterior angle; female,

paler purple-blue, with broad fulvous band, as in male.

Underside, male, dusky greyish-green, vinous tinted and

black speckled, with broad greyish fasciz; female, pale

ereenish-ochreous, vinous tinted; rib line only prominent.

Exp. ¢ 38, ¢ 3% ins.

Hab.—Sumatra (Buxton). In Coll. F. Moore.

KALLIMA ATKINSONI, n. sp.

Female. Outline of wings as in K. Buztoni. Upper-

side similar, the fulvous band narrower; discal hyaline

spot smaller and slender; blue of base and on the hind-

wing of a purplish-violet tint. Underside chestnut-brown,

numerously speckled with dark brown; fasciz greyish.

Exp. ¢ 32 ins.

Hab.—Darjiling. In Coll. #. Moore.

ICALLIMA LIMBORGI.

Kallima Limborgi, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 828.

Differs from K. Inachis, from Sikkim. Male and

female of a deeper and more uniform steel-blue colour

the species of the Lepidopterous genus Kallima. 11

above; the forewing is less angled on the hindward part

of the exterior margin, the apex being more produced in the

male and less so in the female; the discal hyaline spot

small and almost circular; the hindwing also is less con-

vex on the exterior margin and has a much shorter tail.

Underside luteous-brown, purple tinted, and rufous

speckled, brightest in female; rib and basal lines indis-

tinct in male.

Exp. ¢ 33, ? 4 ins.

Hab.—Upper Tenasserim. In Coll. Brit. Mus. and

F. Moore.

KALLIMA INACHIS.

Paphia Inachus, Boisd. Crochard’s Edit. Cuv. Rég. Anim.

Ins, 1D. pl. 139, -fie..3 (1836), 2.

A large, dark, bright violet-blue, prominently-marked

species; the forewing with broad fulvous band extending

to outer margin; the outer borders of hindwing paler and

prominently marked with short brown strigee. Forewing

with a short apical point in male and a very prolonged

one in female; discal hyaline spot larger than in the other

species. Underside ochreous-brown, vinous tinted, mi-

nutely brown speckled; rib line indistinct.

Exp. ¢ 32,2 32 ins.

Hab.—Sikkim Himalayas. In Coll. F. Moore.

Dr. Boisduval gives Nepal as the habitat of the species

which he figures as above. This is doubtless an error.

KALLIMA BUCKLEYI, n. sp.

Compared with its nearest ally (A. Jnachis) this

species has quite a different appearance, the male being

of larger size than the same sex of that species; outline

of wings similar; forewing with a shorter and broader

fulvous band than in any of the other species, the discal

spot blind (having no hyaline centre) in the male, and

present only as a minute slender one in the female; basal

area and the hindwing of a uniform greyish-blue. Under-

side of male dusky purple-brown; bright reddish-brown in

female, with greyish-purple sinuous fasciz; rib line in-

distinct in male.

Exp. & ? 4 ins.

Hab.—N. W. Himalaya. In Coll. F. Moore.

12 Mr. F. Moore’s descriptions of

KatuiMa HUGELI.

Paphia Higeli, Kollar; Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. p. 432,

pl. 9 (1844).

Kallima Inachis, Byes in Royle’s Himalayan Bot.

pl. 10, £3; H. Scheff. Exot. Schmett. f. 7,8 (1852).

May be at once disting

guished by the very pale grey-

blue colour of the basal area of forewing and the hind-

wing. Forewing of female with less prolonged apex than

in K. Inachis. Underside greyish-ochreous, of uniform

tint throughout; frequently black mottled; rib line in-

distinct.

Exp. ¢ 32, 2 34 ins.

Hab.—N. W. Himalaya; Cashmere. In Coll. F.

Moore.

KALLIMA RAMSAY], n. sp.

Distinguished by its very dark and prominent mark-

ings: forewing with short sharp- pointed apex; the upper

or “apical border of fulvous band very irregular; the outer

marginal parallel sinuous line very prominent; a single

large discal hyaline spot; basal area and hindwing very

dark iron- grey blue; female with the exterior margin of

forewing more convex hindward and at posterior angle,

and the exterior border of hindwing fulvous-brown.

Underside chestnut-brown, sparsely speckled, and with

pale ochreous fascize; rib line prominent.

Exp. ¢ ¢ 32 ins.

Hab.—Nepal, District of Katmandu (Gen. Ramsay).

In Coll. F. Moore.

Katia HUTTONI, n. sp.

Distinguished by the forewing being truncated ex-

teriorly and the apex not prolonged; fulvous band narrow

and continued to the marginal angle, its upper or apical

border less undulated being nearly even in some specimens;

basal area and hindwing bright deep dusky vinous blue,

discal hyaline spot minute. Underside deep chestnut-

brown, with greyish-purple fasciz; rib line prominent.

Exp. ¢ ¢ 32 ins.

Hab.—Mussuree, N. W. Himalaya (Capt. T. Hutton).

In Coll. F. Moore.

KaLuima BoIsDUVALI, n. sp.

Of smaller size than the other species here described :

forewing truncated and blunt-pointed at apex; fulvous

the species of the Lepidopterous genus Kallima. 13

band narrow, its inner angular border broadly black ; discal

hyaline spot small but prominent; basal area and hind-

wing uniformly blue. Underside ochreous-brown, nume-

rously covered with dark-brown speckles and strige; rib

and basal transverse lines very prominent.

Exp. 27 ins.

Hab.—Kussowlee, N. W. Himalaya. In Coll. F.

Moore.

Group III. With oblique band white in both sezes..

KALLIMA ALBOFASCIATA.

Kallima albofasciata, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 584.

Both sexes with a prominent cream-white narrow band,

large apical spot, and a dark-bordered hyaline discal spot ;

basal area and hindwing greyish indigo-blue. Underside

greyish-ochreous, sparsely brown speckled ; rib line pro-

minent.

Exp. 32 ins. .

Hab.—S. Andamans. In Coll. F. Moore.

Group LV. With oblique band blue in both sexes.

KALLIMA HORSFIELDI.

Paphia Horsfieldi, Kollar; Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. p. 431,

plixy. 2

This species has a prolonged apex to the forewing, a

broad oblique bluish-white band, and is without the discal

hyaline spots; base of wings very pale blue, the outer

border of hindwing greenish-ochreous. Underside ochre-

ous, with greenish-ochreous fasciz.

Exp. 3¢ ins.

Hab.—N. W. Himalaya ( Hiigel).

I have not yet seen specimens of this species from the

locality given by Hiigel, but I possess a specimen of what

I doubtfully take to be the same from the collection of the

late Dr. Leith, which he stated was captured in Belgaum

(2,260 feet, W. Ghauts of S. India). Specimens “have

also been taken by Mr. Newton and Dr. Smith on the

Matheran Hill, near Bombay.

14 Mr. F. Moore’s descriptions of

Katitima Mackwoop, n. sp.

Upperside pale indigo-blue, the band on forewing very

pale in male, almost white in female. Both sexes with

two prominent hyaline discal spots, the lower spot large.

Underside greenish-grey, with brown transverse band

and outer purplish fascize. Underside ereenish-ochreous,

brown speckled, purplish fascize, and prominent brown rib

line.

Exp. 6 34, 2 32 ins.

Hab. — Ceylon. In Coll. F. M. Mackwood and

F. Moore.

Ka.Liima DOUBLEDAYI, n. sp.

Smaller than A. Mackwoodi. Male: of a dark dull

greenish-erey, the band on forewing paler, with two hyaline

spots. Female, greyish-cyaneous, ‘the band also paler than

in K. Mackwoodi and without hyaline spots. Underside

dull ochreous-brown, markings dark sap-brown.

Exp. ¢ 3}, ¢ 34 ins.

Hab.—Scind Hills, N. W. India. In Coll. of Brit. Mus.

Ka.Liima ALOMPRA, n. sp.

Male. Has most the appearance of K. Doubledayt

from Scind. Differs in being darker, the band also of

a darker and different tint, and the male has only a minute

hyaline lower discal spot, which is slightly more apparent

in the female. Underside greenish-brown, tinted with

purple; rib line prominent, dark brown.

Exp. 3 ins.

Hab.—Burmah. In Coll. F. Moore, and late W. C.

Hewitson.

KaLuima WARDI, n. sp.

Distinguished by having a narrow blue band which

crosses the wing more erect than in any other species,

and the outer black border extends broadly to posterior

margin; it has two oval discal hyaline spots: base of

wing and hindwing of a greenish tint, outer border of the

latter brownish. Underside dark vinous-brow n, grey

tinted basally.

Exp. 3} ins.

Hab. —Calicut, Malabar Coast (Coll. 5. N. Ward).

Also taken at Coonoor by Mrs. Godfrey Clerk.

the species of the Lepidopterous genus Kallima. 15

KALLIMA PHILARCHUS.

Amathusia Philarchus, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental

Entom. p. 56, pl. 27, f. 4 (1848).

Differs from K. Machwoodi in the basal area and the

hindwing being of a deep, dusky steel-blue colour, and in

the absence of the discal hyaline spots.

Exp. 36 ins.

Hab,—Ceylon. In Coll, F, Moore,

ee ne 7

= aimee eae

a = - ety

w ie - nee pa

Ae a, ne i, el * | aw Vat ghe

; avant ve a be Ile

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AP oar AG

Gla :)

ILI. Description of a new genus and species of Rhynco-

phorous Coleoptera allied to Sipalus found in an

orchid house. By Cuas. O. WATERHOUSE.

[Read February 5th, 1879.]

THE species which I describe in this note was exhibited

at the December meeting of this Society. The specimen,

as I then stated, was found alive by Mr. J. C. Bowring,

in his orchid house at Windsor. It is impossible to say

from what locality it was imported, but it was, no doubt,

from some part of India, as Mr. Pascoe possesses a speci-

men of the same species in his collection from Ceylon.

I propose to adopt the manuscript name attached by

Mr. Pascoe to his example, viz., Nassophasis foveata.

NASSOPHASIS, gen. n.

General form that of Sipalus, but narrower and slightly

compressed, with an exposed pygidium, and finely granu-

lar eyes. Rostrum as m Sipalus granulatus, but ‘rather

more curved, with the mouth of Rhyncophorus. Antenne

inserted near the base of the rostrum, the funiculus with

six joints, the 2nd distinctly longer than the Ist, the 3rd

to 6th transverse; the club about twice as long as broad,

compressed, shining, a little narrower at the base den

before the apex; the apex spongy. Thorax subcylindrical,

constricted within the apex, bisinuate at the base. Scu-

tellum small, elongate ovate. Elytra moderately convex,

a little broader than the thorax, somewhat compressed

at the sides, declivous at the apex, leaving the pygidium

exposed. Anterior coxe globular, contiguous; interme-

diate cox slightly separated ; posterior cox widely

separated, Legs as in Stpalus; tarsi of Rhyncophorus,

the 3rd joint broadly cordiform, spongy beneath.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART I. (APR.) c

18 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s description, §c.

The characters may be exhibited thus :—

Sipalus. | Rhyncophorus.

Form and appearance. Eyes finely granular.

Scutellum small.

Rostrum. Mouth pit.

Underside of the body.

Legs. Tarsi.

Pygidium (in form). Pygidium, exposed.

From these characters it will be seen that this genus

should be placed near Sipalus, and between it and Rhyn-

cophorus.

Nassophasis foveata.

Atra, opaca; thorace foveato-punctato, gutta mediana

albi; elytris seriatim foveato-punctatis, guttis nonnullis

circa humeris fascidéque angusta subapicali albis.

Long. 4# lin.

Thorax a little longer than broad, constricted within

the apex, rather straight at the sides, a trifle narrower

towards the base, the whole upper surface covered with

deep fovex, which leave narrow intervals; there is a small

whitish spot on the disk, a little white at the sides. Elytra

rather broader than the thorax, a little narrowed poste-

riorly, convex (but flattened at the sutural region), with

lines of large, deep, elongate fovex, which leave the

narrow intervals elevated; there are some _ half-dozen

whitish spots placed round the shoulders, and a little before

the apex a whitish fascia, slightly ascending at the suture.

Pygidium trapeziform, with some deep punctures.

To-day, Mr. Bowring brought to the British Museum

three living specimens of this species, which he had

taken on an orchid (Aérides Fieldingit) received from the

Khasia Hills. March 18th, 1879. ;

Cer)

IV. On the Lepidoptera of the Amazons, collected by

Dr. James W. H. Train, during the years 1873

to 1875. By ARTHUR GARDINER Butter, F.L.S.,

F.Z.S., &c.

[Read February 5th, 1879.]

Parr I1I.—NOCTUITES.

Dr. Trai obtained 149 species of Noctuites during his

expedition up the Amazons, but four of these were not in

a sufficiently perfect condition for identification; so that

the number may be reckoned as 145, of these species no

less than 55 are forms new to science.

Owing to the recklessness with which some authors

have characterized genera in this tribe, I have been saved

the necessity of describing any; but, at the same time,

this recklessness has caused so much confusion in the

identification and location of species, that hardly a genus

of the New World Noctuttes exists which does not need

more or less revision.

Family BOMBYCOID 2.

Microca&Lia, Guénée.

1. Microceelia discincta, n. sp.

Primaries above whity-brown, feebly mottled with clay

colour; external fourth, excepting at apex, chocolate-

brown, crossed internally by an ill-defined series of small

tawny spots, and limited by a brown-edged transverse

whitish discal line; discoidal spots ill-defined, greyish

with pale margins; a tapering subbasal streak, an oblique

dash near the centre of the costal area and a cuneiform

costal spot beyond the cell chocolate-brown ; two parallel

bisinuated brown lines from the cell to the inner margin ;

a marginal series of whitish-edged black dots; fringe pale

brown, spotted with dark brown; secondaries sericeous

smoky-brown, paler towards the base; fringe whitish,

traversed by an ill-defined brown line: head and thorax

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART I. (APR.) c2

20 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

white ; collar reddish ; abdomen whity-brown ; primaries

below greyish-brown, with a pink gloss, borders whity-

brown, “speckled with darker brown; Roll border towards

apex red-brown with four whitish costal dots; secondaries

whitish, speckled with brown and with a pinky-brown

diffused discal band; marginal line of all the wings black

and undulated ; body whitish : expanse of wings 1 inch

3 lines.

Rio Trombetas, near the Falls, 28th February, 1874.

Family LEUCANIIDZ.

LEUCANIA, Ochsenheimer.

2. Leucania antica.

Leucania antica, Walker, Lep. Het. ix. p. 100,

n. 52 (1856). -

Curimata, Rio Jurud, 30th October; Pupunha, 4th to

6th November, 1874.

3. Leucania dorsalis, var.

Leucania dorsalis, Walker, Lep. Het. ix. p. 98,

n. 43 (1856).

Aveyros, Rio Tapajos, 11th March, 1874.

Family GLOTTULID.

GiscaLa, Walker.

4, Giscala quadricolor.

Giscala quadricolor, Walker, Lep. Het. xv.

p- 1672, n. 1 (1858).

Ceroctena pictipennis, Felder, Reise der Novy.

Lep. iv. pl. cxix. fig. 3 (1874).

Rio Javary, 3rd December, 1874.

Family XYLOPHASIIDZ.

PROMETOPUS, Guénée.

M. Guénée says of this genus: “II faudrait connaitre

de ce genre curieux pour lui assigner une place définitive.

L’insecte parfait offre une assez ‘erande analogie avec les

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. II

Diphtera, dont il différe, du reste, beaucoup par son

organisation, ainsi qu’on pourra s’en convaincre par les

caractéres Gi-dessus. Peut-étre devra-t-il se placer dans

les Notodontides, quoiqu’il ait bien l’aspect d’une Noc-

tuelle.”

Walker adds: “ This genus resembles some of the

Notodontide, and, like some others, may be removed from

the Hypogrammide, but does not well agree with the

characters of any other family of Noctuites.’ Z

After re ading the above, I find it very difficult to point

out’ characters ‘by which Prometopus may readily be dis-

tinguished from Xylophasia, but the discocellulars do

seem to be rather less angulated.

5. Prometopus assuetus, n. sp.

Extremely like Xylophasia sodalis, from Japan.

Primaries whity-brown, clouded with greyish-brown and

with black markings, much as in X. rurea, but more

defined, a large additional subapical black spot near the

costa; secondaries sericeous cupreous-brown, brightest

and “pple on external area; costal margin white; fringe

whitish, spotted with purplish- -brown ; body whity deuaere :

collar and tegule rosy-greyish, trav ersed by arched black

lines; undersurface coloured much as in X. hepatica,

but even darker in colour, the blackish discal line still

more irregular; body whitish: expanse of wings 1 inch

6 lines.

Boa Vista, Rio Purus, 12th September; Pupunhazinho,

Rio Jurud, 8th November, 1874; Rio Jutahi, 20th

January, 1875.

Prometopus ordinarius, n. sp.

Most like Xylophasia verbascoides, but, in marking,

still more like the species of Lithophane ; primaries pur-

plish-brown; the veins, a number of longitudinal lines

between the veins, a number of oblique costal dashes, a

subcostal and an internal longitudinal streak, black, with

pale borders; female, with two whitish lines on the disc,

towards apex; secondaries pearly-white, becoming brown-

ish towards costal and abdominal borders ; outer border

broadly dark brown, with cupreous lustre ; fringe whitish,

varied with brown; ‘body pale red-brown; collar purplish-

slate colour, traversed by pale lines ; tegulz purplish, -

with black submarginal dotted line and reddish fringe ;

undersurface almost as in the preceding species, exhibit-

22 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

ing the normal coloration and pattern of Xylophasia:

expanse of wings 1 inch 3—8 lines.

Curimata, Rio Jurud, 30th October; near mouth of

Rio Jurud, 14th INevemince: near Santa Cruz, Rio Soli-

moes, 9th December, 1874; Boaventura, Rio Jutahi,

24th January, 1875.

PRODENIA, Guénée.

Prodenia inquieta.

Xylina inquieta, Walker, Lep. Het. xi. p. 632,

n, 22 (1857).

Prodenia strigifera, Walker, Lep. Het. xv. p. 1678

(1858).

Juruana, Rio Purus, 24th September; Curimata, Rio

Jurua, 30th October; Barreiras das Araras, Rio Solmoce

15th November; Rio Javary, 3rd December, 1874.

Allied to “ Laphygma” orbicularis ; also very close to

Prodenia ignobilis of Jamaica, but differing: i in ite colour

of its legs.

Dareipa, Walker.

8. Dargida singularis, n. sp.

Primaries above fuliginous-brown, with a faint lilacine

gloss; the margins of the discoidal spots a falciform line

below the cell, an oblique line angulated near the costa,

some dashes upon the apical third of costa, an oblique

apical line and the last branch of the subcostal vein pale

tawny (cupreous when viewed from the side); the ordinary

spots, and a discal series of irregularly-placed, tawny-

edged discal spots, blackish; a transverse pale yellowish

line across the end of the cell; a submarginal series of

dots, and an interrupted marginal line, black ; ; a marginal

series of white points, beyond which the fringe is crossed

by ferruginous dashes; secondaries white, with broad

costal and external blackish borders; body dark brown,

varied with whity-brown and blackish; ; wings below much

paler, the costal borders tinted with pink; discocellular

spots blackish; an arched postmedian stripe on. both

wings, ill- defined and interrupted upon the secondaries ;

primaries with the discoidal area greyish; an irregular

whitish discal line; secondaries aes. the costal area

pinky-brown; a costal dash near the base; an apical

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 23

dusky patch; fringe brown ; body whity-brown, slightly

tinted with pink: expanse of wings 1 inch 4 lines.

Villa Nova de Parentins, 5th April, 1874.

The pattern of the primaries in this species is quite

like that of ‘‘/eliophobus” dissectus, Walker, from Ceylon,

to which it is evidently nearly allied. The two genera

can at once be distinguished by the antennz, which in

Daryida are simple in both sexes; the latter genus should

perhaps be placed near to Dianthecia.*

It is just possible that Sepp’s P. phytolacea may be

D. singularis, but his figure is by far too rough to enable

me to form any decided opinion respecting it.

Family APAMIID 4.

CELENA, Stephens.

9. Celzena fuscata, n. sp.

Primaries above fuliginous-brown, sericeous; costal

border crossed by short blackish dashes; a very irregularly

zigzag black line crossing the wing at basal third, limiting

the central band internally, the latter shi¢htly darker than

the ground-colour, enclosing the reniform spot, which is

white, edged with black, and with a testaceous or white

outer margin; a blackish streak from the reniform spot

to the inner margin; outer margin of the central band

sinuous and black, not crenulated or dentated; a dusky

discal line parallel to, and just beyond, the central band,

and a submarginal line also parallel to it; secondaries

white, pure in the male and sordid in the female, with

greyish apical border, and narrow interrupted blackish

marginal line; thorax fuliginous-brown, abdomen greyish-

brown; wings below altogether paler; primaries ereyish,

the internal . area, reniform spot, inferior border of discal

and submarginal lines, white; the discal and submarginal

lines alone visible, most distinct towards the costa; a

marginal series of triangular black dots; secondaries white,

the costal area sprinkled with brown scales, and crossed

beyond the middle by an ill-defined arched line ; a black

discocellular dot; body whity-brown: expanse of wings

11 to 123 lines.

?. Sapucaia Oroca, Rio Madeira, 15th May; $ Mara-

* “« Dianthecia” graminicoleus is a Dargida,

24 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

pata, Rio Negro, 29th December, 1874; 2? Rio Jutahi,

25th January, 1875.

10. Celzena dentilineata, n. sp.

Coloration of the preceding, but the line across the

basal third of primaries very indistinct, the line limiting _

the central band externally distinctly denticulate-sinuate ;

the upper half of the reniform spot, and sometimes the

whole of it, testaceous or dull red; the line beyond the

central band very indistinct; the fringe much longer;

secondaries darker, frequently suffused with greyish, with

the whole outer border greyish-brown; fringe white or

whitish and longer; primaries below sericeous grey with

grey-speckled whitish costal and external borders and

reniform spot; a dusky costal crescent beyond the middle;

a marginal series of black dots; secondaries sordid white

with grey-speckled costal and external borders, apical half

of fringe streaked and speckled with grey; a minute dusky

discocellular dot and abbreviated discal line; body white:

venter with three or four central blackish dots: expanse

of wings 11 to 134 lines.

Rio Madeira, 18th May; Itatoro, Rio Madeira, 2nd

June; Vista linda, Rio pee 8th October; Tanarid,

9th October: Parieatuba, 10th October; Rio urua, 7th

November; Sh Antonio, Rio Javary, 16th December,

1874.

Allied to C. tepens.

PERIGEA, Guénée.

11. Perigea otiosa.

Perigea otiosa, Walker, ae Het. xv. p. 1693

(1858).

Fazenda, near the Rapids, Rio Tapajos, 14th March,

1874.

var. P. paupera, Walker, l. c.

Rio Madeira, 14th and 27th May; Manaos, 26th and

29th August; Fonteboa, Rio Solimoes, 17th November;

Rio Javary, 3rd December, 1874.

var. ? P. imbella, Walker, p. 1692.

Sapucaia oroca, Rio Madeira, 15th May, 1874.

If the latter be a modification of the preceding, it will

take priority.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons.

12. Perigea hylea.

Phalena-Noctua Hylea, Cramer, Pap. Exot.

p. 48; pl. 312, fig. E (1782).

$ Cmnanier. 16th “April; ? Manaos, 6th November,

174.

This species is new to the Collection of the British

Museum.

Conpica, Walker.

13. Condica cupentia.

Phalena cupentia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. Iie ps, LOS

pl. 252, fie. Hi (1782).

Cindiea palpalis, Walker, Lep. Het. ix. p. 240,

n. 1 (1856).

Rio Jurud, near the mouth, 14th November; Barreiras

de Tunantins, 12th December, 1874.

Family NOCTUID.

AGROTIS, Ochsenheimer.

14. Agrotis repleta.

Agrotis repleta, Walker, Lep. Het. xi. p. 736

(1857).

Rio Purus, 9th September, 1874.

The type of this species is from Mexico.

Family HADENIDZE.

HApENA, Guénée.

15. Hadena aduncula.

Hadena are: Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. iv.

pl. 110, fig. 4

Hadena aperie ns (part), Walker, Lep. Het. xi.

p- 755 (1857).

Rio Jutahi, 18th, 21st and 23rd January, 1875.

One example from Venezuela was with the examples of

H. aperiens, it differs from Amazonian specimens only in

being slightly larger.

26 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

Family XYLINID ZX.

Macusa, Walker.

16. Magusa strigifera.

Magusa strigifera, Walker, Lep. Het. xi. p. 762

(1857).

Rio Jurud, 6th November; Rio Solimoes, 9th Decem-

ber, 1874.

The type from St. Domingo is rather faded.

Macusa dissidens.

Magusa dissidens, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. iv.

pl. 108, fig. 50.

Near Sone “Cmz, Rio Solimoes, 9th December, 1874 ;

Coary, 11th January, 1875.

Allied to WM. orbifera (Xylina orbifera, Walker).

NYSTALEA, Guénée.

18. Nystalea squamosa, n. sp.

Allied to N. superciliosa, much smaller, the primaries

less produced at apex; primaries fuliginous-brown, with

darker discal hastate spots between the veins; costal

border beyond the middle crossed by oblique black

dashes; basal two-thirds, particularly near the internal

border, and the spots on external area, sprinkled with

lilac scales; a central trisimuate black-edged red-brown

stripe from the costa to the first median branch; reniform

spot pale, black-edged, white-bordered, bisinuated in

front ; two slightly sinuous oblique blackish lines just

beyond the cell; a submarginal series of dusky spots,

black near external angle; a marginal series of black

dots ; secondaries white, with broad done brown border as

in N. superciliosa ; body dark brown, thorax sprinkled

with lilacine scales, abdomen with pale hind-borders to

the segments; primaries below sericeous fuligious-brown,

with paler costal and internal borders; secondaries w ite:

with testaceous costal border and brown external border ;

body whity-brown, first and second pairs of legs fuliginous-

brown above: expanse of wings 2 inches | line.

Rio Sapo, 12th December, 1874.

The genus Nystalea seems to me to be quite as closely

allied to Notodonta as to Cucullia, and I think its Noctuid

character very doubtful; the neuration does not help to

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. Zit

solve the difficulty, as in this respect there is no more

than a generic difference between Notodonta and Cucullia,

and not that between Cucullia and Nystalea. In Cucullia

the antenne are simple in both sexes but thickening

gradually towards the base; in Nystalea they are of the

same form, but are pectinated from the base to about the

middle, where the pectinations fade away imperceptibly ;

in Notodonta they are much more strongly pectinated

nearly to the apex. With regard to the pupa the Cucullia

type seerns to be more Bombycidian than that of Noto-

donta; this is also the case with Calophasia: all of these

genera have the discoidal cell of primaries below clothed

with long hair scales. The long bodies, with their terminal

tufts andi hood-like collars, and the wings with their streaky

markings in various shades of brown forcibly recall to

one’s mind such Notodontid genera as Etobesa, Destolmia,

Danima and even Pheosia. Is Cucullia a Noctuid genus ?

and if so—why ?

Family HA MEROSIID 4.

Apuusia, Walker.

19. Aphusia marmorea, n. sp.

Basal half white, Sisal half stramineous, irrorated

with ferruginous ; a blackish band beginning at centre of

inner margin, abruptly enlarged to double its width just

to)

below the third median branch and then narrow ing towards

the costa; an arched ferruginous band uniting with the

to}

centre of the blackish band, whence it runs, slightly

obliquely, almost to the outer margin, interrupted | just

below the last subcostal branch by a longitudinal white

streak and then running inwards to the ‘costal margin ;

base blackish ; a ferruginous spot near the base of inner

margin; secondaries sericeous brown, darkest at apex;

apical half of fringe black, interrupted by silver-grey dots

at the ends of the veins, anal half silver-grey; head and

thorax stramineous, speckled with ferruginous; abdomen

brown ; undersurface sericeous leaden-grey; palpi and

costal margin of primaries yellowish ; inner border of

primaries white : expanse of wings 114 lines.

Rio Jutahi, 31st January, 1 875.

Allied to “‘Agrophila” rudisana and A. transmutata,

which (with the other New World species referred to

Agrophila by Mr. Walker) may be transferred to Aphusia.

28 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

Family ANTHOPHILIDZE.

XANTHOPTERA, Guénée.

20. Xanthoptera botyoides.

Xanthoptera botyoides, Guénée, Noct. u. p. 240,

1024 (1852).

Pupunha, Rio Jurud, lst November; Rio Solimoes,

19th December, 1874.

I found several examples of this species in a supple-

mentary drawer with a MS. label in Mr. Walker’s hand-

writing, bearing the name “ XNanthodes eneocincta;” no

description of the species occurs under this name in the

Museum Catalogue.

Micropuysa, Guénée.

Microphysa fumosa, n. sp.

eines smoky-brown, crossed near the base by an

angular black line; a inane ae edged irregular black line

just beyond the middle; a blackish dot at the inferior

angle of the discoidal all: a marginal series of fusiform

black dots; a slender irregular oblique discal line from

the costa; secondaries pale grey; fringe of all the wings

smoky-brown with blackish basal markings ; head and

thorax blackish, abdomen greyish-brown: posterior legs

above whitish; primaries below slaty-grey; costal border

brown; fringe spotted with brown ; marginal black dots

as Aboree secondaries sordid white, w mali marginal black

dots; discocellulars and an ill-defined discal line dusky ;

fringe brown, spotted with blackish; body below pale

brown: expanse of wings 73 lines.

Rio Jutahi, 5th February, 1875.

The smallest true Microphysa known to me.

Family PALINDIIDJZ&.

Evuuepiporis, Hubner.

Eulepidotis ilyrias.

Phalena ilyrias, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p. 15,

pl. 10, fig. E (1779).

Rio Jutahi, 527th January; Barreira branca, Rio Jutahi,

3rd February; Santarem, 4th February, 1875.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 29

23. [ulepidotis mabis.

Palindia mabis, Guénée, Noct. . pp. 277, 1077

(1852).

Palindia fumata, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. iv.

| A es wae Ue

Manaos, 13th June; Rio Jurud, 3rd November, 1874.

Section PaLInpIA, Guénée.

24, Kulepidotis thecloides.

Palindia thecloides, Walker, Lep. Het. xi. p. 851,

n. 16 (1857).

West bank of Rio Madeira, about 5° 30'S., 16th May;

also 18th and 22nd May; Curimata, Rio Jurud, 30th

October; Rio Jurua, 2nd and 3rd November; Tabatinga,

27th November, 1874; Rio Jutahi, 30th and 31st

January; Barreira branca, Rio Jutahi, 3rd February,

1875.

25. Eulepidotis julianata.

Phalena julianata, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, p. 40,

pl. 8, fig. 4.

Palindia egala, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. mi.

p- 807 (1865).

Rio Madeira, West bank, 16th and 18th May; Ilha das

Araras, 3rd June; Rio Negro, 4th July; Juruapuca,

Rio Jurud, 28th and 29th October; Curimata, 30th and

3lst October; Rio Jurud, 13th November, 1874; Boa-

ventura, Rio Jutahi, 14th January; Rio Jutahi, 21st

January; above Curuem, 29th January, 1875.

26. Eulepidotis spectabilis.*

Palindia spectabilis, Walker, Lep. Het. xv. p. 1767

(1858).

Fazenda, near the Rapids, Rio Tapajos, 4th May, 1874.

Allied to E. guttata and albata of Felder. <A rare

species, not previously in the Collection of the British

Museum.

27. Kulepidotis argyritis, n. sp-

Nearly allied to &. dominicata, but rather larger, the

silvery area at the base of primaries larger; the central

belt concave internally, expanded upon the costal margin,

* Possibly this may be Palindia perlata of Guénée.

30 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

angularly excised in front; the silver patch beyond it

of little more than half the size; the disc brightly shot

with purple; the discal bands blacker, the inner one

much more arched, the outer one very we in the centre,

with well-marked pale external border; markings of

secondaries darker, the patch above the caudal angle

smaller; undersurface altogether brighter in colour: ex-

panse of wings 1 inch 10 lines.

Rio Tutahi, 27th January, 1875.

28. Eulepidotis alabastraria.

Noctua alabastraria, Wiibner, Exot. Schmett.

Zutr. figs. 311, 312.

Palindia testaceiceps, Felder, Reise der Nov.

Lep. iv. pl. 111, fig. 16

Rio Tapajos, 12th March, 1874.

PuryaGionis, Hubner.

29. Phrygionis corinna.

Phalena (Noctua) corinna, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i.

po 7s, pl. 29) fiz. El (1779):

Palindia Enno Felder, Reise der Nov.

Lep. iv. ue EIT ares

Forest near Serra ‘de. uae 3lst March, 1874.

30. Phrygionis dives, n. sp.

Primaries above clay-coloured, tinted with violet, with

the base and costal border bright ochreous; a short black

line, edged externally with metallic bluish- -green across

the costal border near the base; an internally | black-edged

green line crossing the wing at basal fourth, and followed

by a grey line; a second very oblique grey line, followed

by a metallic green line near the middle of the wing; -

discocellulars grey ; three divergent grey lines across the

disc, the central ame with green noteecal border; an exter-

nally black-edged silver submarginal line ; two or three

grey marginal dots near the apex; frmge whity-brown

traversed by three parallel slender brown lines; secondaries

ochraceous, imperceptibly shading into stramineous towards

the base and costa, and into clay. -colour upon the median

interspaces, across the centre of these interspaces there is

a bifid greyish-bordered opaline spot; a partially black

and white-edged marginal orange spot on second median

interspace; margin pale, white near anal angle, externally

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. Sl

edged with blackish-brown ; fringe whity-brown, with a

dark basal line; abdominal fringes w hitish; body ochra-

ceous, the thorax orange in front, the collar crossed by a

pearly line; abdomen paler, with the base and sides whitish ;

wings below pale ochreous, primaries darker towards costa

and : apex ; a red-brown bar across the end of the cell and

a subapical nebula of the same colour; centre of costal

border dull brown ; fringe pale and greyish; secondaries

with a brownish spot at centre of costa; outer margin

white, diffused, with brown external marginal line; fringe

testaceous; palpi ochreous; legs white below, anterior pair

with the femora above brown, and the tibiz and tarsi

ochreous; second pair above ochreous, brightest at base of

tibiz and on the knees, where there is a small external

opaline-white tuft; posterior pair white above, the tibie

very robust and terminating in a tuft of hairs, black inter-

nally and opaline externally ; pectus white; venter pale

creamy-ochraceous : expanse of wings 1 inch 2 lines.

On board the Yeamiaba, 12th August; Rio Jurua, 7th

November, 1874.

This beautiful species, although it has the general

appearance of P. corinna,* is more nearly allied to

P. ceruleilinea of Walker: a brown species, with some-

what similar markings.

31. Phrygionis setosa, n. sp.

ee above dark clay-coloured, glossed with rosy

lilacine; the costal border and apex ochreous, spotted

with metallic blue and black; an irregularly-arched band

(almost like the letter D, but with the lower part cut off)

from basal third to near the outer margin, orange with

metallic blue exterior margin, its interior margin bounded

in part by a sinuated slender blackish line; within the

arched band is a singular maculated black-ede ed marking

like a falciform hook; two subapical longitudinal plum-

bageous streaks; a finely black-edged submarginal silver

line; outer border orange; fringe grey; secondaries

creamy testaceous, becoming rosy-brown near the outer

border and on the median interspaces; outer border

orange, bounded within by a partly black-edged silver

line, which separates into a distinct spot upon the first

* A species occurring at Para has been confounded by Walker with

P. corinna: it differs in having the metallic bands bright blue and the

area between the first and second bands purplish-brown; the external area

also is darker; the central blue line strongly angulated. I propose for

this species the name of P. regalis.

32 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

median interspace, and is surmounted by a second similar

spot tinted with blue; fringe grey, excepting at anal

angle and upon abdominal border, where it is white ;

some scattered erect black bristles upon the inner margin

of the abdominal fold; head and thorax orange; abdomen

sordid flesh-pink, whitish at the sides and with the centre

of the two basal seements orange; undersurface sericeous,

primaries brown, with whitish internal area; secondaries

whitish, with brownish costal border; body whitish: ex-

panse of wings 1 inch.

Rio Tapajos, 12th March; West bank of Rio Madeira,

15th and 16th May; Ilha das Araras, 3rd June; on

board the Yeamiaba, 11th August; Rio Jurua, 4° 40’ S.,

66° 40’ W., 29th October; 6th November; Rio Javary,

5th December, 1874; Boaventura, Rio Jutahi, 26th

January; Boa Vista, Ist February; Barreira branca,

3rd February; Santarem, 4th February, 1875.

This and the following species have the metallic lines

arranged much as in the Geometrid species Palyas aura.

32. Phrygionis metalligera, n. sp.

Primaries pale buff, apical and costal areas faintly

opaline; centre of internal area shot with rose colour,

the dark spots upon it shot with blue; basal area and

costa speckled with dark brown and silver; an irregularly

Q-shaped silver line, from inner margin to subcostal vein,

slenderly black-edged externally, and partially bordered

with cupreous internally, enclosing an oblong interno-

median black-brown patch and several small spots of the

same colour; a curved discal series of five or six black

dots, beyond which is a second abbreviated series of three

smaller dots near external angle; a semicircular silver

line limiting the apical area, internally bordered with

cupreous ; a submarginal series of black dots, each pair of

which is united by a little silver line; two subapical longi-

tudinal silver dashes, the lower one dividing an apical

black spot; fringe at apex spotted with black; secondaries

much paler, nearly white, with darker buff fringe and

margin; a submarginal series of black dots and silver

connecting lines as in the primaries; a reddish spot near

the anal angle partly enclosed by two black-dotted silver

spots, surmounted by a buff and then a silver spot; head

and thorax pale buff, the latter dotted with brown ;

abdomen greyish, whitish at the sides and base, a central

subbasal red-brown spot; undersurface creamy - white,

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 33

glistening ; wings with a few minute marginal black dots

at the ends of the veins, connected on the primaries by a

slender undulated marginal brown line; fringe spotted

with greyish: expanse of wings 103 lines.

On board the Yeamiaba, 11th August, 1874.

Dyoprs, Guénée.

33. Dyops ocellata.

Phalena (Noctua) ocellata, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii.

pl. 276, fig. E (1782).

On board the Yeamiaba, 29th March; Abacaxis village,

12th May, 1874; Rio Solimoes, 8th January; Manaos,

11th February, 1875.

This very beautiful bronze-tinted species is certainly

not congeneric with D. hatuey and D. confligens, the

latter are long-winged insects, with short and thick palpi.

Family PLUSIIDZE.

PuusiA, Ochsenheimer.

34. Plusia includens.

Plusia includens, Walker, Lep. Het. xii. p. 914,

n. 59 (1857).

Rio Madeira, East bank, 5° 50’ S., 18th and 23rd May,

1874.

Since mistakes are best corrected as soon as discovered,

I may here observe that Walker’s P. invicta, from Borneo,

is a Limacodid of the genus Phrixolepia.

BASILODES, Guénée.

35. Basilodes semicuprea.

Plusia (?) semicuprea, Walker, Lep. Het. xv.

p. 1787 (1858).

Rio Jutahi, 23rd January, 1875.

Although this species has the coloration of a Plusia,

its structure is similar to that of B. pepita, as shown in

M. Guénée’s figure.

The type is a worn example without a locality.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART I. (APR.) D

34 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

Family CALPIDZ.

Hapyeia, Guénée.

36. Hapygia smerinthoides.

Corymbia smerinthoides, Walker, Lep. Het.

Suppl. iii. p. 765 (1865).

8 Boa Vista, Rio Jutahi, lst February, 1875.

Carora, Walker.

37. Caroia licormas.

Phalena (Noctua) licormas, Cramer, Pap. Exot. 1.

pl. 74, fig. E (1779).

Bagisara bombycoides, Walker, Lep. Het. xv.

Plino2, nel (1858).

Tabatinga, 29th November, 1874; Serpa, 13th Feb-

ruary, 1875.

Dramuna, Walker.

38. Diamuna severa.

Phalena severa, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 398,

fie. L (1782).

Rio Jutahi, 31st January, 1875.

Not previously in the Collection of the British Museum.

Ecreama, Walker.

39. Ecregma modesta, n. sp.

Primaries above sericeous red-brown, densely irrorated

with rosy-whitish scales, crossed by two widely divergent

darker red-brown lines, the inner one transverse, at basal

third, with pale yellow internal border, the outer one

oblique, discal, with pale yellow external border; two

small blackish spots placed obliquely at the end of the

cell; some dusky streaks upon the external area; secon-

daries similar in colour to the primaries, but becoming

whitish towards the base and with white fringe, no mark-

ings; thorax like the primaries in colour, abdomen rather

paler, antennze brown; primaries below pale pmky-brown,

with creamy-white internal border; secondaries cream-

coloured; body cream-coloured, slightly tinted with rosy-

brownish in front: expanse of wings 1 inch 7 lines.

Ilha Cuxinara, Rio Solimées, 13th October, 1874.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons, au

Near to E. tran{s|ducta, Walker, but differing in

colour and the direction of the inner line upon the

primaries.

Family HEMICERID &.

HEMICERAS,* Guénée.

40. Hemiceras pulverula ?

Hemiceras pulverula, Guénée, Noct. i. p. 382,

1238 (1852).

Rio Taruma, Rio Negro, 31st July, 1874.

This species seems to be allied to Phalena gossypii of

Sepp (Surin. Vlind. pl. 23).

41. Hemiceras metastigma.

Hemiceras metastigma, Walker, Lep. Het. xii.

p. 974 (1857).

Marapata, Rio Negro, 30th December, 1874.

Near to Phalena tetrastigma of Sepp and P. meona of

Cramer. Walker described the species from a very faded

specimen ; the natural colour of the primaries, thorax, and

the margin and subanal spot of secondaries is sericeous

ferruginous, tinted with greyish lilacine.

Hemiceras plana, n. sp.

Primaries above sericeous ferruginous, crossed by three

dark-edged yellow lines; the outer border and the area

between the two first lines dusky; first line near the base,

transverse, not reaching the inner margin; second line

nearly straight, crossing the wing at basal third, third

line oblique, discal; costal margin yellow; a blackish spot

at the end of the cell; secondaries sericeous brown with

darker veins, fringes tipped with white; thorax ferrugin-

ous, abdomen smoky-brown; wing's below sericeous, pri-

maries below rufous isabelline, with whitish Sacral area

and ferruginous fringe; secondaries sandy-whitish, with

abbreviated rufous is Ebeline outer border, and small black

discocellular spot; body sandy-whitish, tinted in front

and behind with rufous: expanse of wings 1 inch 5 lines.

Fonteboa, Rio Solimoes, 17th November, 1874.

This species has the usual subanal thickened spot

common to the secondaries of the males in this genus.

* This genus seems nearly allied to the preceding.

36 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

43. Hemiceras striolata, n. sp.

$ Ferruginous; primaries mottled all over with little

depressed striations; internal and basal areas irrorated

with lilac scales; three pale-edged brown lines, the first,

near the base, irregular, not reaching the inner margin;

the second, at basal third, zigzag ; the third, from apex to

inner margin, straight and oblique; two conspicuous black

dots near the centre of outer margin; secondaries paler,

with golden-glossed whitish costal area and white fringe;

heed and collar mahogany-red, vertex cream-coloured ;

thorax greyish, abdomen pale ferruginous ; undersurface

creamy-whitish, the primaries, excepting towards inner

margin, tinted with rufous, fringe dark ferruginous; secon-

daries, Sir the outer border slightly tinted with rufous;

anal half of venter and upper surface of legs slightly rufous:

expanse of wings 1 inch 5 lines.

Marapata, Rio Negro, 30th December, 1874.

Although I have retained the genera Ecregma and

Hemiceras provisionally in the families of Noctuztes, to

which M. Guénée referred them, I feel pretty sure that

their true affinity is to the Notodontid genera Apela,

Lophopteryx and allies; the structure of the antenne,

thorax, legs and wings are purely Notodontid.

Family GONOPTERID XZ.

Trauspa, Walker.

44, Tiauspa argyria, n. sp.

Primaries silvery-brown, irrorated with rusty-brown,

dotted here and there with black; three lunulated red-

brown stripes, the innermost and outermost almost zigzag

and slightly divergent, the central one less distinct, arched,

with whitish external border; reniform linear, red-brown

with whitish margins; a very irregular submarginal series

of brown-edged white liturz ; secondaries, with the costal

border and apical half of fringe, white; anal angle irrorated

with white and dark brown and crossed by two abbreviated

parallel brown lines; head, sides of thorax, and base of

abdomen white, crest of thorax red-brown ; abdomen pale

brown; wings below greyish-brown, the costal borders

and external border of primaries silvery ; internal area,

abdominal border of secondaries and body below sordid-

white: expanse of wings | inch 9 lines.

Rio Jutahi, 5th February, 1875.

Only a single example obtained.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 37

CosMopHILa, Bozsduval.

45. Cosmophila erosa.

Anomis erosa, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett.

Zutr. figs. 287, 288.

Serpa, in the bush, 24th April, 1874.

Anomis, Hubner.

46. Anomis grandipuncta.

Anomis grandipuncta, Guénée, Noct. i. p. 400,

1266 (1852).

Faro, 10th April, 1874.

Family AMPHIPYRIDZ.

Barypia, Guénée.

47. Barydia japeta.

Phalena (Noctua) japeta, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv.

pl. 346, fig. G (1782).

Manaos, on board the Guajara, 2nd September, 1874.

Very incorrectly figured by Cramer; there are three

pale sandy-yellowish discal spots upon the primaries, the

uppermost one united to a large black spot; even this

spot is incorrectly situated in the figure.

Mr. Walker, not having seen an example of B. japeta,

refers it, erroneously, to the genus Sa/fia.

AMPHIPYRA, Ochsenheimer.

48. Amphipyra purpurascens, n. sp.

Dark greyish-brown, brightly shot with purple, spotted

here and there with bright green, and speckled with black;

basal fourth crossed by parallel undulated black lines; two

widely divergent black-bordered pale brown stripes, forking

from the centre of the inner margin to the costa, the inner

one transverse, undulated, the outer one oblique, angulated

and zigzaz; two or three zigzag interrupted black lines

just beyond and parallel to the outer stripe ; a clear yellow

longitudinal line from this stripe to the end of the cell,

where there are two or three brown-edged black spots ;

four small white costal spots towards apex; an apical pale

yellow spot streaked with ferruginous; a submarginal series

of ereyish-bordered bracket-shaped black liturze, connected

38 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

by longitudinal grey dashes, with small rounded tawny-

bordered mar oinal black dots, the whole together making

a series of anchor- shaped markings; a marginal series of

white dots at the ends of the veins ; fringe alternately

ferruginous and black; secondaries pale smoky-brown,

ih a broad external darker border; basi-costal area

silvery-whitish ; fringe creamy-white, deep ferruginous at

anal angle; palpi and frons purplish-brown; vertex whity-

brown, with dark-brown line; thorax and collar dark

brown, glossed with purple and spotted with black; abdo-

men smoky-brown, with whity-brown basal tufts and a

dorsal tuft of dark greyish-brown close to the base ; pri-

maries below fuliginous-brown, with pale external border;

costa spotted. with pale yellow; a pale yellow apical spot,

and two submarginal series of small pale yellow hastate

spots; an ill-defined angulated darker central belt; secon-

daries sordid white, with broad external fuliginous border;

a series of marginal spots, and the fringe, pale yellow;

basal area, excepting towards the abdominal border,

blotched with fuliginous-brown ; palpi and cox blackish ;

two anterior pairs of leas dark brown, varied with black ;

hind legs sandy-whitish, with a black spot at the end of

each joint; venter pale sandy-yellowish, or whity-brown,

speckled with blackish, and with a black anal streak:

expanse of wings 2 inches 4 lines.

Manaos, 6th January, 1874.

General aspect of Barydia bufo, but at once distin-

guishable by its shorter thicker palpi and narrower wings.

Family ToxocaMPIp&.

ATHYRMA, Hubner.

49. Athyrma misera, n. sp.

Greyish-brown, with a faint lilacine tint; primaries

with whitish veins; three irregular black costal spots, and

a large subapical patch, dotted with white upon the costal

margin, notched externally and margined internally by a

black-edged pale line; a pale pinky belt before the middle,

limited by two dusky-margined pale lines, reniform spot

outlined in white upon a black patch, below it two dusky-

bordered tawny spots; a submarginal series of black dots

and a slender black marginal line; fringe whitish, tipped

with blackish; secondaries with a diffused dusky discal

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 39

belt ; several alternate pale and blackish lines towards the

anal angle; fringe and margin as in primaries; under-

surface fuliginous-brown ; wings with ill-defined darker

discal line; fringe as Ahoree expanse of wings 1 inch

4—5 lines.

Itatoro, Rio Madeira, 2nd June; Rio Purus, 8th

September, 1874.

Bantana, Walker.

50. Baniana projiciens, n. sp.

Fuliginous-brown, the primaries tinted with lilacine, the

costal border and external area whity-brown; an oblique

quadrangular costal black spot near the base, a black dot

followed by a small black spot in the cell and a large

black internal patch, from the inferior margin of which

a flap of black hair scales projects over the cell of secon-

daries; these black markings with slender white margins;

reniform spot dark brown, with a black edge in the male,

white with brown centre in the female, bounded internally

by a very irregular black postmedian line; a central

nebula surrounding the reniform spot and a subapical

nebula upon the costa, dusky; an irregular bisinuated

discal dusky line; a black marginal line ; secondaries

with whity-brown fringe; frons hain vertex and collar

burnt-sienna red ; prothorax chocolate-brown ; under-

surface pale sandy-brown : expanse of wings $ 1 inch;

2 1 inch 2 lines.

$ Aveyros, 12th March, 1874; 2 Rio Jutahi, 5th

February, 1875.

PaxsuLa, Walker.

51. Pesula nigricollis, n. sp. .

Primaries pale sandy-brown, sparsely irrorated with

black ; an indistinct abbreviated transverse subbasal line ;

an irregularly-trisinuated testaceous line, interrupted by

two blackish spots across the basal third ; two black spots

on the discocellulars ; a series of black dots beyond the

cell, followed immediately by a straight mahogany-brown

line, with yellow internal edge, bounding internally a

broad and tolerably regular grey belt; an vddvebinet

zigzag submarginal dusky line; a marginal series of black

dots; secondaries darker than the primaries, with broad

erey external border; outer margin and fringe cream-

coloured; a marginal series of black dots ; body pale

40 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

sandy-brown, with black collar; wings below sandy-

whitish, with discal blackish stripe and black marginal

spots ; primaries clouded with grey; secondaries with

black discocellular spot: expanse of wings | inch 6 lines.

Manaos, 29th August, 1874.

Allied to P. delinquens.

Family HOMOPTERIDZE.

Homoptera, Botsduval.

52. Homoptera (?) zonata.

Homoptera zonata, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. i.

p- 878 (1865).

Mouth of Rio Jutahi, 18th January, 1875.

This species seems more like a Stimmia than a

Homoptera.

53. Homoptera (?) gyrochila, n. sp.

Fuliginous-brown ; primaries tinted to the middle with

lilacine; crossed by three very irregular dusky lines, the

first near the base, the second almost central, interrupted

by a large quadrate blackish spot at the end of the cell,

the third lunulate, imterrupted (with pale outer margin),

limiting the external border; two black dots in the cell

and a marginal series; fringe dark grey; primaries below

ereyish-brown, the costal and outer borders irrorated with

sandy-yellowish; two blackish costal dashes succeeded by

sandy-yellow spots ; secondaries whitish, densely speckled

with greyish-brown, the disc crossed by two nearly parallel

dusky irregular stripes; a blackish discocellular spot; body

sandy-yellowish: expanse of wings 11 lines.

Rio Javary, 7th December, 1874.

Allied to “ Homoptera” quadrisignata, but I do not

feel quite satisfied that this species is rightly located in

Homoptera.

54. Homoptera Trailii, n. sp.

Fuliginous-brown; wings with paler outer border

traversed by a submarginal series of black-edged white

dots, and limited internally by a black undulated line,

which is also triundate on each wing; fringe dark grey,

with a pale basal line; primaries clouded and spotted with

pale brown and blackish; the central area limited on

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 41

either side by slender very irregularly denticulate or

acutely zigzag black lines, a broadly zigzag dark brown

central line; cell closed by three small white spots, the

central one oblong and transverse, the two others small

and rounded ; a dusky costal patch limited externally by

the outer black line; secondaries with shining greyish

basi-costal area; a white dot at the end of the cell; an

irregular dusky central line, followed by an undulated

black discal line; undersurface smoky-greyish, with

dusky external area, blackish on secondaries, and whitish-

spotted border; two nearly parallel wavy discal dusky

lines; primaries with whitish spots, and a cuneiform

blackish spot beyond the middle of the costal border ;

secondaries with dusky-edged discocellular spot : expanse

of wings 1 inch 9 lines.

Pariti, Rio Purus, 5th October, 1874.

Allied to Hl. integerrima, with which it agrees in mark-

ing though not in colour.

H. involuta, of Walker, is a species of Ypsia and H.

ustipennis, a Xylis.

Family HYPOGRAMMID 2.

SAFIA, Guénée.

55. Safia celia.

Phalena (Noctua) celia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv.

p: 109, pl. 346, figs. E, F (1782).

Rio Trombetas, 2nd March, 1874.

S. celia was not previously in the Museum Collection.

YrRIAS, Guénée.

56. Yrias progenies ?

Yrias progenies, Guénée, Noct. iil. p. 23, 1349,

pl. 15, fig. 10 (1852).

Lake Juruty, 2nd April, 1874.

As we do not possess examples of Y. progenies from the

West Indies to compare with the Amazonian specimen,

and as the latter is also a good deal rubbed, I cannot be

certain of the identification; the markings are, however,

very like those of the figure by M. Guénée. The species

has more the aspect of a Deltoid than of a true Noctuid, still

(for convenience sake) I provisionally incorporate it in

this paper, following the arrangement of M. Guénée,

adopted by Mr. Walker.

42 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

Opick, Hiner.

57. Odice acharia.

Phalena (Noctua) acharia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv.

pl. 346, C (1782).

$ Manaos, 6th January; Vista linda, Rio Purus, 8th

October, 1874.

Mr. Trail only took a single pair of this species, which

is new to the Museum Collection. It does not appear to

be congeneric with Yrias, and therefore I adopt Hiibner’s

generic name for it. Whether O. pamphilia is congeneric

I cannot say without seeing it. “ Letis” tncipiens is an

allied species.

CAMPOMETRA, Guénée.

58. Campometra glauca.

Phalena (Noctua) glauca, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv.

plaolil, fie. G 1782).

Rio Jutahi, 20th, 24th and 25th January, 1875.

This, rather than Hadena, seems to be the correct place

for this species; the pattern is very like that of Guénée’s

species.

PHOSPHILA, Hubner.

59. Phosphila (?) tatosoma, n. sp.

Arrangement of markings somewhat as in Amphipyra

sanguinipuncta (Guén. Noct. ii. pl. 18, fig. 2); primaries

purplish-grey, clouded with sienna, and transversely tra-

versed by undulating brown lines; central belt indicated

by two widely divergent irregular fulvous lines broadly

edged with black on both sides, the outer line lunulated

and limiting the external area; a white dot on each side

of the reniform spot; external border broadly dark pur-

plish-grey with pale internal edge, a submarginal irregu-

larly undulated buff line; costal margin interrupted by

white dots; a dentate-sinuate black marginal line, followed

upon the fringe by a pale buff line; fringe beyond the

pale line slaty-grey, interrupted opposite to the veins

by whitish dots; secondaries smoky-brown; two dusky-

bordered indistinct whitish discal lines, which converge

and are angulated towards the anal angle; marginal black

line and fringe nearly as in primaries: body correspond-

ing in general coloration with the wings, the abdomen

with white posterior edges to the segments: a bifurcate

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 43

terminal whity-brown anal tuft; undersurface smoky-

brown; wings crossed by two dusky-bordered indistinctly

whitish discal lines; discocellulars crossed by dusky-

margined whitish angulated spots, beyond which on the

secondaries are two very indistinct dusky streaks; fringe

blackish with slender whitish basal line and whitish spots

opposite to the terminations of the veins; costa of prima-

ries sordid white, crossed by dusky dashes; internal border

whitish; legs grey, the tarsi above blackish, banded with

white, the anterior tibize clothed with long whitish hair:

expanse of wings 1 inch 7 lines.

Mauhes River, 5th May, 1874.

This singular species seems allied to Phosphila ursipes

of Hiibner; but, as I have not seen examples of this

insect, I cannot be sure of its affinity to it; some of the

characters, such as the terminal anal tuft and the fan-like

hairy clothing of the anterior tibize seem to show structural

proximity to the Notodontide, but in all other respects

the species agrees better with the group in which I have

placed it.

CA&NIPETA, Hiibner.

60. Ceenipeta bibitrix.

Cenipeta bibitriz, Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett.

fig. 343.

Lake Maracana, 7th April; Serpa, 22nd April; Rio

Madeira, 16th May; Rio Marmellos, Rio Madeira, 1st

June; Boa Vista, Rio Purus, 12th September; Mamiva,

Rio Purus, 29th September; near Porto Salvo, 3rd

October; Rio Jurud, near the mouth, 14th November,

1874.

This species is new to the Museum Collection; it was

only known to M. Guénée by the figure.

61. Czenipeta polynoé.

Cenipeta polynoé, Guénée, Noct. iii. p. 31, n. 1359

(1852).

Rio Taruma, Rio Negro, 3rd July, 1874.

A single typical example of this species, previously

only represented in the Museum Collection by a damaged

pair of the Central American variety. C. feronia of

Felder is a nearly allied form.

44 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

62. Ceenipeta lilacina, n. sp.

Cenipeta lobuligera (part), Walker (nec Guénée),

Lep. Het. xii. p. 1091 (1857).

Differs from C. lobuligera in its more rounded primaries,

with more numerous undulated brown lines; the pale

stripes on the secondaries less distinct; wings below alto-

gether darker; the secondaries sordid pale buff, the

markings much more sharply defined than in C. lobuli-

gera; from C. colliquens (which has little in common

with Guénée’s species) it differs in its lilacine instead of

ereen or greenish primaries, upon which the lines are

less irregularly waved, and not quite so distinctly undu-

lated ; the secondaries are also paler, less fuliginous, with

much better-defined pale discal streak from the anal

angle; wings below considerably paler throughout: ex-

panse of wings | inch 6 lines.

Sao Antonio, Rio Negro, 5th July, 1874.

Under C. lobuligera, Walker also placed examples of

C. aniloba.

63. Ceenipeta colliquens.

Noctua semigeometra, Heliothis undulata, colli-

quens, Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. figs. 117, 118.

Cenipeta lobuligera ¢? Guénée, Noct. i. p. 32,

n. 1360 (1852).

$ Sepatiny, Rio Purus, 26th September; ? Rio Javary,

4th December, 1874. Not previously in the Museum

Collection.

64. Czenipeta aniloba.

Cenipeta aniloba, Guénée, Noct. ii. p. 33, n. 1361

(1852).

Rio Tapajos, 4° 20’ §., 14th March; Borba, 14th May;

Barcellos, Rio Negro, 30th June, 1874.

65. Czenipeta dimidiata, n. sp.

Primaries with the basal half, up to the first black

discal line, bright pale green; external half and abbre-

viated fascia enclosing the reniform brown, brilliantly

shot with purple; black and brown transverse irregular

lines almost as in C. Jobuligera; secondaries orange,

more or less streaked and clouded with grey in the male;

a broad tapering submarginal black band, uniting with

a marginal series of elongate black spots towards the

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 45

apex ; fringe in the males more or less sordid externally ;

body greyish-brown, posterior margins of abdominal seg-

ments whitish or orange; wings below ochraceous; pri-

maries with the external half purplish-brown, the markings

ill-defined, an ochraceous costal spot; secondaries with

the usual markings, but the central black lines ill-defined ;

pectus and underside of legs white; knees broadly black

above and ochraceous at the sides; tarsi above pale buff,

the anterior pair banded with black, the others with reddish-

brown: expanse of wings 1 inch 4—5 lines.

Abacaxis River, 30 miles from the mouth, 10th May ;

Pariti, Rio Purus, 5th October; Sao Paulo, 26th November;

below Tabatinga, 28th November, 1874.

HypoGraMMA, Guénée.

66. Hypogramma suttea.

Cenipeta suttea, Guénée, Noct. ii. p. 30, n. 1357

(1852).

Mouth of Rio Sapo, 13th December, 1874.

If, as I believe, I have rightly identified this species,

its resemblance to Cenipeta bibitrix is purely superficial,

and the insect is in reality a Hypogramma.

67. Hypogramma damonia.

Phalena (Noctua) damonia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv.

p- 71, pl. 824, figs. B, C (1782).

Phalena sulima, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, p. 175,

pl. 40, figs. 5, 5 C (1791).

Sepatiny, Rio Purus, 29th September; Mabidiry,

30th September; Rio Jurud, 26th October; Curimata,

30th October; Urucaca, Ist November; Rio Jurua,

7th November; Gaviao, 10th November; Rio Javary,

3rd December, 1874; Rio Jutahi, 30th January; Boa

Vista, lst February, 1875.

One of the commonest of all New World Noctuids: it

varies slightly in the more or less strongly-defined black

line upon the white belt of primaries; in some examples

it is very indistinct, giving a different aspect to the

insect.

46 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

Family CATEPHIID &.

STICTOPTERA, Guénée.

68. Stictoptera subaurata.

Stictoptera subaurata, Walker, Lep. Het. xiii.

p. 1132, n. 5 (1857).

Stictoptera phryganoides, Walker, 1. c. xv. p. 1812

(1858).

Nagara steirialis, Walker, |. c. Suppl. 4, p. 1379

(1865).

Rio Negro, 4th July; Marapata, 30th December, 1874 ;

Manaos, 3rd January; Rio Jutahi, 3rd and 5th February,

1875.

CocyTopEs, Guénée.

69. Cocytodes schneideriana.

Phalena schneideriana, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv.

p- 37, pl. 308, fig. A (1782).

Rio Jutahi, 27th January, 1875.

' Allied to C. immanis ; what M. Guénée and Mr. Walker

were about to refer this thick-bodied and altogether robust-

looking moth to the genus Letis I cannot imagine; the

only excuse for Mr. Walker is that he probably blindly

followed M. Guénée, and there being no example of

Cramer’s species in the collection, never afterwards dis-

covered his error.

Family BOLINID.

Bouina, Guénée.

70. Bolina fasciolaris.

Lidia fasctolaris, Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett.

fies. 443, 444.

Near Santa Cruz, Rio Solimoes, 9th December, 1874.

71. Bolina cunearis.

Bolina cunearis, Guénée, Noct. 11. p. 70, n. 1414

(1852).

Maricé, Rio Madeira, 23rd May; Curimatad, Rio

Jurud, 30th October, 1874.

The Amazonian examples are all referable to the more

ia form of the species described by M. Guénée as

var. A.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 47

Family HY POCALIDZ.

Hypocata, Guénée.

72. Hypocala andremona.

Phalena (Noctua) andremona, Cramer, Pap. Exot.

iv. pl. 358, C, D (1782).

Hlypocala filicornis, Guénée, Noct. ii. p. 76,

n. 1421, pl. 13, fig. 7 (1852).

Boa Vista, Rio Purus, 12th September; Rio Jurud,

6th November, 1874; Barreira branca, Rio Jutahi, 3rd

February, 1875.

I have no doubt that H. andremona, as figured by

Cramer, is a highly-coloured form of the widely-ranging

ore :

Hl, filicornis. The examples taken by Dr. Trail agree

in all respects with M. Guénée’s figure.

Family OPHIDERID 2.

OPHIDERES, Boisduval.

73. Ophideres scabellum.

Ophideres scabellum, Guénée, Noct. i. p. 117,

n. 1488 (1852).

Gaviao, Rio Jurud, 10th November, 1874.

A single male of this species, the female of which only

was previously in the British Museum.

Family EREBID.

Vocia, Walker.

74. Vogia amplivitta.

Vogia amplivitta, Walker, Lep. Het. xv. p. 1818,

n. 1 (1858).

Azeta (?) pertinax, Felder, Reiseder Nov. Lep. iv.

pliner fie. A

Aruman, Rio Purus, 9th September, 1874; Boaven-

tura, Rio Jutahi, 24th January, 1875.

Apparently a rare species: it seems quite out of place

in the family to which Walker has referred it,

48 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

Giga, Walker.

75. Gigia obliqua.

Gigia obliqua, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. ii. p.

942 (1865).

Brotis (?) stenogaster, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep.

IV. Plo WO Stig...

Uttary, Rio Purus, 25th September, 1874.

Walker’s type is a rather worn specimen without a

locality.

Buosyris, Hubner.

76. Blosyris despecta.

Brujas despecta, Walker, Lep. Het. xv. p. 1819

(1858).

Abacaxis River, 10th May, 1874.

The fairly perfect example taken by Dr. Trail proves

this species to be a Blosyris allied to B. abadirina; it

may be the Phalena-Noctua scolopacea of Cramer (pl.

174):

77. Brujas helima.

Phalena (Noctua) helima, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv.

p- 40, pl. 309, fig. D (1782).

Manaos, 22nd December, 1874.

Walker is wrong in referring this species to Blosyris ;

it is allied to Brujas posterior from Jamaica.* I am

certain that no specimen ever was (as Cramer asserts)

taken at Sierra Leone.

Letis, Hubner.

78. Letis occidua.

$. Phalena-Bombyz occidua, Linneeus, Syst. Nat

p- 812, n. 14; Clerck’s Icones, pl. 54, figs. 1, 2.

?. Phalena-Noctua corisandra, Cramer, Pap.

Exot. iv. p. 189, pl. 384, figs. A, B (1782).

Para, 6th March, 1875.

This species seems to be rare; we previously only

possessed a much-injured example without locality.

* A nearly allied species, B. rengus, from St. Domingo, is identical

with Letis intracta. Letis incipiens (the species which succeeds it in

the Catalogue) is identical with Xylis (‘ Homoptera’) ustipennis.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 49

79. Letis marmorides.

?. Phalea (Noctua) marmorides, Cramer, Pap.

HxOtea: p. 20,;pl 16, hes. Ky H (bi 09).

On board the Yeamiaba, 26th August, 1874.

Not previously in the Museum Collection: it is allied

to the preceding species and to “ Brujas” maculicollis ;

it may possibly be an extreme variety of L. occidua, &.

80. Letis integra.

Letis integra, Walker, Lep. Het. xiv. p. 1273,

n. 24 (1857).

Syrnia letiformis, Guénée, Noct. ili. p. 158,

n. 1549 (1852).

Mouth of Rio Jutahi, 18th January, 1875.

If Syrnia be a distinct genus from Letis, which I doubt,

the difference exists in its shorter and more strongly-den-

ticulated wings, which, in fact, are the only distinctions

pointed out by M. Guénée; it therefore stands to reason

that Syrnia letiformis is an anomaly. ‘The species is

nearly allied to Letts xylia and L. scops ; Syrnia mines

is also a Letts.

81. Letis alauda.

Letis alauda, Guénée, Noct. i. p. 154, n. 1543

(1852).

$. On board the Yeamiaba, 17th August; Manaos,

22nd December, 1874.

This species is new to the National Collection; it is

somewhat nearly allied to the preceding, but much larger,

and the female is broadly clouded with testaceous, this

colour occupying the whole central area of the secondaries.

82. Letis Traili, n. sp.

?. Allied to the preceding species, but much darker,

with the markings more sharply defined; fuligmous-brown,

irrorated with stramineous; wings crossed in the centre

by six parallel dentate-sinuate dark-brown or black lines,

the area enclosed by which is wholly testaceous in the

secondaries, so as to form a broad central belt, but only

the external border of which is testaceous on the primaries;

basal area of primaries crossed by two irregularly undu-

lated pale-bordered blackish lines; a white costal spot

beyond the cell, between which and the apex are three or

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART I. (APR.) E

50 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

four whitish dots; dise crossed by an ill-defined dentate-

sinuate blackish stripe, bounded externally, on first median

interspace, by a testaceous >-like character; two parallel

zigzag black submarginal lines; discoidal spots brown,

with black margins, the “ orbicular” slightly elliptical in

form, the “reniform” D-shaped; secondaries with brown

discocellular spot, speckled with testaceous and edged with

black; an angular testaceous marking on the basi-abdo-

minal area; dise crossed by a slightly-undulated arched

black stripe, bounded externally at apex by a diffused tes-

taceous patch, and upon the first median interspace by a

dasb of the same colour; two undulated black submarginal

lines; body brown, varied with black, the abdomen with

whitish-bordered black segmental bars interrupted in the

centre by whitish spots; undersurface grey, white, and

black, much as in Z. alauda, the discoidal spots dark and

well-defined, both wings crossed beyond the middle by a

black-bordered angulated white belt; several white dis-

cal spots; fringe varied with white; secondaries crossed

im the centre by three slender parallel irregular brown

lines, the middle one indistinct; basal area greyish-white ;

body below whitish, venter white: expanse of wings

4 inches 4 lines.

Boaventura, Rio. Jutahi, 24th January, 1875.

Dr. Trail, unfortunately, only obtained one example of

this fine species. All the species of Let’s seem to be rare.

83. Letis confundens.

2. Syrnia confundens, Walker, Lep. Het. xiv.

p- 1279, n. 6 (1857).

8. On board the Yeamiaba, 27th August, 1874.

Allied to the preceding, but considerably smaller and

more uniformly fuliginous on the upper surface; the form

of the male at once decides the generic position of this

species.

LATEBRARIA, Guénée.

84. Latebraria janthinula.

Latebraria janthinula, Guénée, Noct. iii. p. 160,

n. 1551 (1852).

Para, 8th March, 1875.

A single example only of this rare and beautiful species.

Following Walker’s Catalogue, it would be necessary

here to introduce Crinodes, referred by that author to the

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 51

Noctuites, but actually belonging, as I find, to the Noto-

dontide ; to the latter family Bardazxima also belongs; it

is closely allied to, if distinct from, Ltobesa.

Family POAPHILID.

Puurys, Guénée.

85. Phurys lineolaris.

Noctua lineolaris, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. Noct.

fio. 454.

Uricurituba, Rio Tapajos, 17th March, 1874.

* Phurys” biangulata of Walker is a Heteropygas; an

example of this species from Santarem was confounded

with P. basilans of Guénée, which it resembles in colour-

ing. PP. contenta, Walker, is identical with Poaphila scita

of the same author, and must be referred to the genus

Hemiceras, being evidently nearly allied to Hl. linea,

Guénée. Phurys garnoti of Guénée, although it has the

general aspect of Trigonodes maxima, seems structurally

more nearly allied to the other species of Phurys.

P. inficita would be better placed in Poaphila.

Family REMIGIID 2.

RemIGiA, Guénée.

86. Remigia latipes.

Remigia latipes, Guenée, Noct. i. p. 314, n. 1774

(1852).

Mauhes River, Ist May, 1874.

CATAMELAS, Rogenhofer.

87. Catamelas caripina.

Catamelas caripina, Felder and Rogenhofer, Reise

der Nov. Lep. iv. pl. 119, fig. 21 (1874).

Uttary, Rio Purus, 25th September, 1874.

A very singular species, in which the undersurface is

fully twice as dark as the upper. It is new to the Museum

Collection.

The Phalena brunnea of Cramer (cclxxxvil. G.) seems

to be a nearly-allied species.

E 2

52 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

EPpIpROMIA, Guénée.

88. Epidromia signata, n. sp.

Pale brownish salmon-colour, sparsely speckled with

black scales; external border of wings olive-brown, diffused

internally, discal area slightly washed with pale lilacine ;

primaries with a black costal dot above the cell and two

spots just beyond the cell; reniform almost pyriform, jet

black with slender white margin; a submarginal series of

indistinct dusky spots; secondaries with sericeous whitish

costal border; a discal transverse series of black dots;

head and collar slightly lilacine; secondaries below and

internal border of primaries pale flesh-coloured; all the

wines with a curved discal series of black dots almost

connected by a series of black lunules immediately beyond

and between them; a pale-edged discocellular black dot ;

venter and sides of pectus pale: expanse of wings | inch

6—8 lines.

?. Mabidiry, Rio Purus, 30th September; Rio Jurua,

31st October, 3rd November; Rio Javary, 6th December,

1874.

89. Epidromia rivularis, n. sp.

8. Pale ferruginous-brown, striolated with grey, with

dark external border; discal area slightly washed with

lilacine, whitish ; reniform 8-shaped, the upper half being

whitish with brown margin, and the lower half jet black

with whitish margin; a crinkled whitish line beyond the

cell on the secondaries dotted internally with black; a

submarginal series of whitish-dotted dusky spots, very ill-

defined on the secondaries ; bases of the sinuations of the

fringe pale; wings below, as in Obrouatis negata, very pale

smoky-brown; the upper surface of legs, outer surface of

palpi and discoidal area of primaries dull red ; wings with

a curved discal series of black dots almost connected by a

series of black lunules just beyond and between them ;

fringe dark brown: expanse of wings | inch 10 lines.

Rio Jurud, 27th October, 1874.

Unfortunately Dr. Trail only obtained one example of

this species.

90. Epidromia negata.

Obroatis negata, Walker, Lep. Het. xv. p. 1635,

n. 1 (1858).

Mamiva, Rio Purus, 28th September; Rio Jurua,

Lepidoptera of the Amazons.

4° 40’ S., 66° 40’ W., 29th October; Pupunha, 5th

November; Gaviao, 10th and 12th November; below

Tabatinga, 28th November; Marapata, Rio Negro, 30th

December, 1874; Sioonvante, Rio Jutahi, 24th ‘and 26th

January; Boa Vista, Ist February, 1875.

The type of this species is somewhat aberrant, the

reniform being represented by a slender whitish-edged

black litura; it is also faded, and thus much resembles a

Toxocampid ; fresh examples are much darker in colour,

and the ten specimens taken by Dr. Trail agree in having

the discoidal spots pale greenish-y ellow. with dusky

margins.

91. Epidromia columba, n. sp.

Pale bronzy-olivaceous; wings with a diffused discal

belt of greyish-lilacine ; an oblique line just beyond the

discoidal cells, ill-defined on the secondaries, but sharply

defined and laky -brown, with an incurved. subangulation

just beyond the reniform spot, on the primaries; a discal

series of black dots united by grey semicircles into a

crinkled line upon the primaries ; an ill-defined submar-

ginal series of whitish dots; primaries with two triangular

black costal spots; reniform spot D-shaped, pale greenish-

yellow with black margin and enclosing an oblique

B-shaped marking ; orbicular punctiform, black; secon-

daries with the costal area pearly-white; abdominal fringe

white ; abdomen pearly-greyish, whitish towards the anus,

undersurface altogether paler than above, primaries pale

sandy-yellowish, with brown external border, black dis-

coidal dots, discal crinkled line as above, and pearly

internal area; secondaries with whitish abdominal area,

apex and outer margin brown, a black discocellular dot

and a discal series of black dots ; body below whitish, legs

pale reddish-brown: expanse of wings 1 inch 8 lines.

Guarda, Rio Solimoes, 22nd October, 1874.

A beautiful soft-looking species, of which unhappily

only a single example was obtained.

2. Epidromia distincta, n. sp.

Soni -brown, with the external fringes and the veins

on the disc of the primaries reddish; a discal series of

black dots united by a castellated whitish line; external

border greyish, limited internally by a very ill-defined

whitish squamose line (the only” traces of which in one

54 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

example are a series of blackish-edged white dots on the

primaries); these wings with small white-edged black

orbicular spot; reniform also black and white-edged, but

very large and excised in front; postdiscoidal area, some

costal spots, a squamose irregular subbasal line, and an

apical spot whitish ash-colour; secondaries with an ill-

defined greyish discal band parallel to the outer margin;

costal area pale sericeous-brown ; anus pale buff; under-

surface pale smoky-brown, with dusky discocellular dots:

expanse of wings 1 inch 10 lines.

Pupunha, Rio Jurud, 5th November; Braga, Rio

Javary, 7th December, 1874.

Only a pair of this striking species was obtained.

93. Epidromia ocellata, n. sp.

Lilacine-brown ; the outer borders of the wings chocolate-

brown, diffused internally ; a discal curved series of white

dots with black internal margins; a submarginal ill-defined

series of whitish dots; primaries with an irregular series

of white dots across the basal area; two blackish costal

dashes above the end of the cell; orbicular wanting;

reniform large and irregular, excised in front at the upper

angle, jet black with a white margin; secondaries with a

black discocellular ocellus with creamy-white iris and

W-shaped pupil; head and collar darker than the thorax,

abdomen paler; primaries below rust-red; internal border

sericeous whity-brown; a dot in the cell, two on the dis-

cocellulars and a discal series, connected externally by

a crinkled greyish-white line, black with greyish-white

margins; a greyish-white apical spot; secondaries whity-

brown speckled with black, suffused with rust-red, which

increases in intensity towards the apical border, which is

as red as the primaries; a discocellular black dot and discal

series as in the primaries; pectus whitish, coxze and external

fringes of the femora and tibiz rust-red; external surface

of the palpi, upper surface of anterior tibiz and the tarsi

above chocolate-brown, the latter banded with white:

expanse of wings | inch 8 lines.

Mamiva, Rio Purus, 28th September, 1874.

Only a single example obtained.

CEROMACRA, Guénée.

94. Ceromacra tymber.

Phalena tymber, Cramer, Pap. Exot. 1. p. 190,

pl. 167, fig. D (1779).

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 55

Itaituba, 15th March; on board the Yeamiaba, 11th

August; on board the Guajara, mouth of Rio Purus,

6th September; Manaos, 7th September; Jurucua, Rio

Purus, 24th September; Hyntanaham, 27th September ;

Rio Jurué, 27th October; Pupunha, 5th November;

Juruapuca, 11th November; Rio Tabatinga, 29th No-

vember; Marapata, Rio Napo, 3lst December, 1874;

Boaventura, Rio Jutahi, 24th January; Rio Jutahi, 5th

February, 1875.

This apparently common species is new to the Museum

Collection.

95. Ceromacra fuliginea, n. sp.

8. Fuliginous, primaries paler than the secondaries,

bronzy; an irregular dusky streak across the basal third,

an angular blackish spot on the discocellulars, and an

angulated dusky discal line a little beyond the cell; a

black subbasal spot; a large sordid white apical spot;

secondaries with whitish costal border; head lilacine;

anal tuft testaceous; wings below pale sericeous greyish-

brown; discocellulars dusky; primaries with whitish

interno-basal border; body below whitish; tarsi above

blackish, banded with white: expanse of wings 2 inches.

%. Chocolate-brown, uniformly coloured; markings of

primaries indistinct, apical spot small and obscure ; under-

Surface fuliginous, the primaries with rather paler internal

border; discocellulars slightly dusky; tarsi above black-

ish, banded with testaceous: expanse of wings 2 inches

1 line.

2. Lagas, mouth of Rio Negro, 5th August; ¢, Sepa-

tiny, Rio Purus, 29th September, 1874.

Before leaving the present family I may note that

Massava scissa of Walker is Isogona continua of

Guénée.

Family FOCILLID &.

All Amazonian or New World forms, referred by Walker

to the first genus of this family ( Zethes), may be placed

under Ephyrodes; as, for instance, Z. guatiens, to which

* Focilla” decolor is nearly allied.

56 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

Mazacyta, Walker.

96. Mazacyla abydas.

Noctua abydas, Herrich-Schiiffer, Auss. Schmett.

App. fig. 565 (1869).

Sepatiny, Rio Purus, 29th September; Pariti, 5th

October; Pupunha, Rio Jurua, 5th and 6th November ;

Pupunhazinho, 8th November, 1874; Boaventura, Rio

Jutahi, Ist February; Barreira branca, 3rd February,

1875.

Mazacyla fusifera is synonymous with Focilla relata.

AZATHA, Walker.

97. Azatha marcellina.

Phalena( Noctua) marcellina, Cramer, Pap. Exot.

iv. p. 48, pl. 312, fig. F (1782).

Rio Purus, 23rd September, 1874.

Not previously in the Museum, but closely allied to

A, retardens.

TavuTosrica, Walker.

98. Tautobriga euspila.

Tautobriga euspila, Walker, Char. Undeser. Lep.

p. 56, n. 93 (1869).

Amphigonia (?) erythropus, Felder, Reise der Nov.

Lep. iv. pl. 118, fig. 25 (1875).

6. Manaos, 13th June, 1874.

The type is a somewhat worn female, without antennz,

from Limas. The genus is, in my opinion, intermediate

in character between Focilla and Milyas; but I must

admit that I regard the Focillide and Amphigoniide as

too closely related for separation; the only structural

difference pointed out by M. Guénée is a slight modifi-

cation of the palpi, scarcely sufficient in some instances

to separate the species generically: no other difference

of the slightest value is indicated.

Focilla Guérint, Guénée, is closely allied to Amphi-

gonia costalis, Walker. Both species would be better

placed in Azatha; as also probably Focilla Ghiliant

(which, however, I have not seen). Amphigonia ? rudis

of Walker is a Nedusia ( Geometrites).

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 57

LACERA, Guénée.

99. Lacera amazonica, n. sp.

Fuliginous-brown, varied with red-brown and shot with

lilacine; primaries darker than the secondaries, greyish

in general tint; crossed by irregular black lines; the costal

border, almost to the apex, sordid whitish, interrupted by

the black lines, and one or two dark-brown dashes; basal

area speckled with whitish; an irregular whitish belt,

bounded by sinuated black lines from the cell to the

inner margin ; reniform greyish, enclosing a small black-

edged caneelh spot, and margined with whitish; a broad

black-bordered oblique lilacine belt from the reniform spot

to the external angle ; secondaries reddish towards external

border; costal area bronzy; an internally white-edged

black spot, in some lights brilliantly shot with ultramarine

blue, at apex; a dusky spot at the end of the cell; base of

the cell and the disc crossed by alternately black and

reddish-brown zigzag lines; two widely-separated alter-

nately black and buff longitudinal dashes between the first

median and the abdominal margin ; a black oblique discal

streak from the anal angle; a macular submarginal black

line; thorax red-brown; abdomen: blackish, with testa-

ceous edges to the segments; undersurface sordid strami-

neous, densely speckled with black, disc and outer margin

clouded with chocolate-brown, and crossed by two or

three undulated black limes; primaries with a_pearly-

white subapical spot ; secondaries with two zigzag blackish

lines forming the edges of an ill-defined dusky belt, which

crosses the cell; a submarginal cinereous belt bounded

internally by an undulated blackish line; apical spot as

above: expanse of wings | inch 10 lines to 2 inches

1 line.

$. Rio Jutahi, 25th January ; 2 Santarem, 4th Feb-

ruary, 1875.

Only a single pair was obtained of this species; it is

nearly allied to ‘‘ Homoptera” pacifica of Walker, but is

structurally better placed in Lacera than in Homoptera.

AMPHIGONIA, Guénée.

100. Amphigonia placida, n. sp.

Greyish-fuliginous, the wings above shot with lilac ;

primaries crossed by three ill-defined dusky stripes, the

two first of which are united, so as to form a loop, upon

58 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

the costai margin, third stripe sigmoidal; secondaries

crossed in the centre by two reddish-brown subangulated

stripes, the lower half of the area between which is pale

ferruginous; two or three white-speckled black spots in

an oblique series parallel to the anal half of the outer

margin, the latter slightly excavated; thorax tinted with

lilacine; undersurface pale fuliginous, the secondaries

whitish, excepting upon the costal and external borders ;

a nearly central transverse dusky line; posterior half of

pectus and the venter sordid white: expanse of wings

1 inch & lines.

Sepatiny, Rio Purus, 29th September, 1874.

This species is shghtly abnormal in form.

TERATOCERA, Guénée.

101. Teratocera erycata.

Phalena erycata, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ili. pl. 287,

D @; iv. pl. 370, E é (1782).

Boa Vista, Rio Purus, 12th February; Paranamirim,

19th April; Rio Javary, 3rd December, 1874.

The genus Rhescipha should properly be placed next

to Teratocera and not in the Limacodide (compare

Trans. Ent. Soc. 1878, p. 72); the palpi are similar

in both genera, although more developed in A. servia and

R. obtusa (not in RA. elegans).

Walker’s two genera Liviana and Leida, referred to

this group, are specifically identical, and are “ Ephyrodes”

scitilinea of the same author, and the male of ** Thermesia”

sigillata.

Family THERMESIID &.

ARGIDIA, Guénée.

102. Argidia ortilia.

Phalena ortilia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 344,

fig. F (1782).

$. Rio Javary, 4th December, 1874.

Probably the one example obtained by Dr. Trail is a

slight variety of Cramer’s species; anyway, it is too close

to describe as distinct upon a single specimen: it is near

to “ Hypenaria” orphna of Hiibner. I-am satisfied that,

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 59

if M. Gueénée is right in referring his A. palmipes to

Argidia, he is wrong in referring HH. ‘ortilia and H., orphna

to Hypenaria.

103. Argidia tarchon.

Phalena tarchon, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. p. 65,

pleis9 fe. © 1779):

Azirista intracta, Walker, Lep. Het. xv. p. 1639,

n. 1 (1858).

Argidia subrubra, Felder, Reise der Noy. Lep. iv.

pl. 118, fig. 28 (1875).

Juruana, Rio Purus, 24th September; near Santa

Cruz, Rio ‘Solimbes, 9th December, 1874.

This species is so nearly allied to A. calus, of Guénée,

that at first I hesitated as to whether or not it was

distinct ; yet this author refers it to Thermesia.

104. Argidia obliterans.

Plaxia obliterans, Walker, Lep. Het. xv. p. 1627,

n. 6 (1858).

Ayrao, Rio Negro, 3rd July, 1874.

This species has all the characteristics of Argidia ; it

differs entirely in form and structure from Plazia, the

type of which is P. macarea.

The Apistis of Felder (part Hiibner) represents typical

Plaxia. I think it very doubtful whether M. Guénée’s

second species, P. hypenoides, is congeneric with P. ma-

carea, as he states that the wings are angular: this is

hardly true of Cramer’s insect.’

105. Argidia subvelata.

9. Hypernaria (sic) subvelata, Walker, Lep.

Het. Suppl. p. 1082 (1865).

3. Argidia aganippe, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep.

iv. pl. 118, fig. 27 (1875).

Pupunha, Rio Jurua, 5th November, 1874.

The single example taken by Dr. Trail differs from

Walker’s type in the coloration of the undersurface of the

primaries, the ground-colour being fuliginous-brown, with

the reniform spot and a broad nebulous costal border, as

far as the second or discal line, bright ochreous. The

type has the ground-colour wholly ochreous, which seems

also to be the case with Felder’s example; Dr. Trail’s

specimen is, therefore, an interesting variety.

60 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

106. Argidia rosacea, n. sp.

Form and general pattern above of A. tarchon, but

clay-coloured, washed with rose-colour, the lines towards

the base and discoidal spots less distinct; wings below

orange, washed with rust-red towards the apex and outer

margin of secondaries; the primaries, with the exception

of a broad costal streak and the internal border, washed

with the same colour; apical border pearly-white, limited

internally by a submarginal oblique brown-edged snow-

white line; apical fringe white, remainder of fringe in all

the wings brown; the extrabasilar and discal lines dark

brown; discoidal spots barely indicated by brown dots;

body ochraceous, legs orange; tibiz of posterior legs

broadly fringed: expanse of wings 1 inch 8 lines.

Uricuri, Rio Purus, 2nd October, 1874.

A single example of this pretty species, which seems

most nearly allied to A. palmipes.

ORTHOGRAMMA, Guénée.

The type of this genus, O. coppryi, was subsequently

described by Walker as Epitausa letabilis. As he had

wrongly identified Guénée’s species, this might have been

considered a venial offence ; but there is no excuse for his

describing the male of the species regarded by himself as

O. coppryt under the name of Archana certa and the

female as Azeta apicifera; the latter and Thermesia

guttularis are species of Orthogramma.

O. vacillans of Walker is identical with Plaxia ingenua

of the same author, and allied to “ Thermesia” scalena of

Felder.

107. Orthogramma pavescens, n. sp.

Very pale olive-brown or stone- colour; wings crossed,

from apex of primaries to middle of abdominal mar on of

secondaries, by a well-marked, externally whitish- edged,

chocolate-brown, straight Tne A area immediately beyond

this line washed with silver-grey; a discal series of con-

nate black and: white dots; fringe grey; primaries with

barely-distinguishable discoidal spots ; head and antennze

chocolate-brown ; undersurface fuliginous-brown ; prima-

ries whitish towards apex and outer margin; a sub-

marginal series of black dots; secondaries crossed by a

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 61

dark wavy discal line; apex dark: expanse of wings

1 inch 8 lines.

Rio Jutahi, 5th February, 1875.

Seems allied to O. livescens of Guénée.

108. Orthogramma lurida, n. sp.

Dull laky-brown; the wings crossed, from near apex of

primaries to near abdominal margin of secondaries, by a

straight dark-chocolate line; primaries crossed transversely

near the base by a falciform dark-brown line; orbicular

spot punctiform, white with brown edge; reniform repre-

sented by two slender opposed bisinuate brown lines ;

costal edge orange ; fringe ochraceous; all the wings with

an arched discal series of elongated ferruginous dots;

secondaries with stramineous costal border; fringe dull

clay-coloured ; palpi and tibize of posterior legs chocolate-

brown; tarsi blackish ; wings below pale clay-coloured,

suffused in the centre, and on external area of secondaries,

with pale smoky-brown; a central dusky line, from costa

of primaries to abdominal margin of secondaries; disco-

cellulars blackish; primaries with a blackish dot in the

cell; inner border pale and sericeous; body below whitish:

expanse of wings | inch 9 lines.

Amazons.

Exact locality and date obliterated.

109. Orthogramma ignilinea.

Thermesia ignilinea, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. iu.

p. 1046 (1865).

Ayrao, Kio Negro, 3rd July, 1874.

Dr. Trail only obtained one example of this rare species ;

the type is a broken specimen.

M. Guénée regards his genera Sanys and Thiona as

nearly allied to Orthogramma; in their slender Geometrid-

like bodies and antenne they much more nearly approach

Thermesia.

THERMESIA, Hubner.

Before proceeding to the enumeration of Dr. Trail’s

specimens, it is most important to correct the numerous

errors, chiefly generic, which Mr. Walker has fallen into

in this group of species.

Thermesia sigillata isa Liviana, T. prospera a Cap-

nodes, T. moniliaris (= Phurys arenosa) a Capnodes,

62 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

T. subrutilans a Capnodes, T. alacris a Liviana, T. tor-

rida a Gerisa (= G. discerpta), T. ignilinea an Ortho-

‘gramma, T.. bipunctata an Ephyrodes, T. guttularis an

Epitausa, T. croceiceps a Dagassa, T. generatriz an Orsa,

TL. arenacea = T. consociau = T. retrahens,* T. vaga an

Egqnasia, T. despecta a Bithiasa, T.transducta an Azazia

(= A. rubricans), T. simplex an Iluza (= I. decisa),

T. finipalpis a Capnodes, T. reticulata = T. scitaria.

Formerly I used to wonder at the facility with which

Mr. Walker would settle the generic and frequently the

specific location of any insect which was shown to him;

I have ceased to wonder now.

110. Thermesia gemmatalis.

Thermesia gemmatalis, Hiibner, Samml. Exot.

Schmett. Zutr. figs. 153, 154.

var. Remigia subsignata, Walker, Lep. Het. xv.

p. 1846 (1858).

Serpa, in the bush, 21st April, 1874.

AZETA, Guénée.

The type of this genus is A. uncas, which is identical

with Hypernaria (sic) continuens of Walker.

111. Azeta turbida, n. sp.

Brownish-ochreous ; the primaries washed with rosy-

lilac, with a large almost semicircular castaneous costal

patch between the cell and apex; three dusky transverse °

lines, the first straight, the second sinuated, the third

oblique, and limited internally by a blackish-edged ochreous

line; a discal series of white-speckled black dots; a blackish-

edged white discocellular lunule; secondaries with two

dusky lines, the inner one oblique, the outer straight and

limited as in the primaries by a dark-edged ochreous line ;

a discal series of white-speckled black dots; fringe dusky ;

abdomen rose -tinted; undersurface fuliginous - brown,

crossed beyond the middle by a dusky stripe; primaries

with pale outer border ; terminal joint of palpi, bases of

tibial spines and tarsal joints cream-coloured: expanse of

wings | inch 9 lines.

Mamiva, Rio Purus, 28th September, 1874.

Allied to A. uncas, only one example obtained.

* This species belongs to one of M. Guénée’s genera, identified by Mr.

Moore, who will probably shortly publish the correction.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 63

PANGRAPTA, Hubner.

112. Pangrapta repugnalis.

8. Pangrapta repugnalis, Hiibner, Samml. Exot.

Schmett. Zutr. figs. 575, 576.

2. Azeta vampoa, Guénée, Noct. i. p. 360, n. 1834

(1852).

$. Azeta rhodogaster, Guénée, |. c. n. 1835.

var. 6, 2, Azeta mirzah, Guénée, l. c. n. 1836.

8. Chabora undulifera, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl.

i. p. 1114 (1865).

8. Serpa, in the bush, 22nd April, 1874.

I have no doubt whatever that the whole of the above

are very slight variations of this variable and common

species.

Walker has described the above as a second genus under

the name of Chabora in the next volume of his Catalogue,

p. 1184.

Azeta quassa has nothing to do with the genus, but is

identical with Massala dimidiata (Suppl. ii. p. 977).

A. hypopyrina, of Felder, belongs to Pangrapta, as also

his A. leucoma.

A. obvertens (= Capnodes turtur, Felder) belongs to the

genus Capnodes.

Heuia, Hubner.

113. Helia calligramma.

Helia calligramma, Hiibner, Exot. Schmett. Zutr.

figs. 157, 158.

Homoptera (?) albirena, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl.

ill. p. 891 (1865).

Pariti, Rio Purus, 5th October; Rio Sap6, 21st Novem-

ber, 1874.

Walker has wrongly referred this species to Cenipeta ;

it seems very close to S. anguinna, of Felder.

Meracectra, Hubner.

114. Metalectra dotata.

Homoptera dotata, Walker, Lep. Het. xii. p. 1067,

n. 32 (1857).

Serpa, in the bush, 24th April; Abacaxis, 12th May ;

Humayta, Rio Madeira, 23rd May; Rio Javary, 8th

64 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

December, 1874; Rio Jutahi, 5th February, 1875; Serpa,

13th February, 1875.

Allied to “ Homoptera” quadrisignata, and perhaps to

‘“‘ H.” zonata, previously noted under Homoptera. (See

p- 40.)

115. Metalectra (?) ypsilon, n. sp.

Slaty-grey varied with testaceous, and with well-defined

black discoidal spots; “reniform” crescent-shaped; a

large pyramidal testaceous patch, interrupted by a black

costal spot (so as to make a Y-shaped marking), imme-

diately beyond the cell of primaries; a partly black-edged

zigzag testaceous line from the Y-shaped marking to the

inner margin; a submarginal series of black and testa-

ceous dots; secondaries with the basal two-thirds testa-

ceous, clouded with sienna-reddish and speckled with

black; submarginal dots as in primaries; undersurface

shining whity-brown, with indistinct traces of the markings

of the upper surface: expanse of wings 1 inch 3 lines.

Tunantins, 23rd November, 1874.

Only one example obtained: the undersurface is not

unlike that of “Homoptera” zonata.

“Homoptera” scitior =H. perpusilla may be referred to

Metalectra.

Muv.evocua, Walker.

116. Mulelocha extranea.

Homoptera (?) extranea, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl.

il. p. 881 (1865).

Mulelocha frontalis, Walker, 1. c. p. 1103.

var. Blanona dives, Walker, |. c. p. 1106.

Mamiva, Rio Purus, 28th September; Sepatiny, 29th

September; Rio Solimoes, 17th October; Urugaca, Rio

Jurua, 9th November, 1874.

Allied to Selenis compacta of Felder, which may even

be an extreme variety of it.

“ Homoptera” ocellata is allied to Mulelocha*, it cer-

tainly has nothing in common with Homoptera; it re-

sembles, in the ocellation of the primaries, Dialithis

dioptica, Walker (= Cyclopteryx (?) macrops, Felder).

* The palpi, however, are much thicker, shorter and curved backwards

as in Metulectra ; to this genus it would be most safely referred.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 65

Tyrissa, Walker.

117. Tyrissa (?) laminata, n. sp.

Pearly-greyish, the primaries with the costal half washed

with chocolate, bose costal area of secondaries tinted with

chocolate ; numerous oblique white- edged black or choco-

late irr egular lines from the costal margin of primaries to

abdominal margin of secondaries 5 fringe chocolate-brown,

costal border of primaries: spotted with whitish ; under-

surface whity-brown; wings crossed by rusty -brown

dentate-sinuate parallel lines; external border purplish-

grey, interrupted in the middle on the primaries ; costal

border white, interrupted by black and red-brown lines

and dashes: expanse of wings 1 inch 1 line.

Manaos, 11th February, 1875.

Only one example was obtained.

118. Tyrissa notiaphila, n. sp.

Wings sordid sandy-yellow, irrorated with grey towards

the base, crossed by four equidistant parallel dark-brown

dentate-sinuate lines; costal edge black, dotted with

white, external third irregularly slaty-grey, intersected

by an irregular undulated whitish line; a marginal series

of black dots. fringe white, dotted with grey; secondaries

with the base white, a greyish curved submarginal erey

stripe, bounded externally by a ZIZZAS mhinehe line; ex-

ternal border es Oe: ; a series of black marginal

dots ; body grey; primaries helow ereyish-brown, aaron Ee

ries white, with greyish-brown costal area; discoidal spots

and edge of outer margin black in all the wings, two

parallel angulated blackish discal lines, the outer one

white-bordered ; body below white: expanse of wings

11 lines.

Ayrao, Rio Negro, 3rd July, 1874.

A single specimen was taken at light during rain.

APPHADANA, Walker.

119. Apphadana liturata.

Apphadana liturata, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. 11.

p. 1094 (1865).

Parentins, 2nd April, 1874.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART I. (APR.) F

66 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

120. Apphadana croceiceps.

Thermesia croceiceps, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl.

iii. p. 1050 (1865).

Rio Jutahi, 3rd January, 1875.

Only a single female example: the type is a male.

Dacassa, Walker.

121. Dagassa vulgaris, n. sp.

Allied to D. eupithecioides and “ Selenis” digna, Felder;

greyish-brown, with darker head and collar; wings suffused

with silver-grey, crossed beyond the discoidal cells by an

oblique tricoloured line, elbowed towards the costa of

primaries, testaceous, with black internal and white ex-

ternal edge; an irregular discal series of whitish-edged

black spots, the three last (near anal angle of secondaries)

large and close together; a subconfluent marginal series

of black linear spots; frige pale testaceous, intersected

by two slender parallel central brown lines and with brown

external edge; primaries with a black-edged »>-shaped

white marking at the end of the cell; an irregular black

line across the cell; costa beyond the middle black, dotted

with white ; secondaries with a black spot at the end of

the cell; undersurface cinereous, body very pale; mark-

ings of the wings nearly as above, but the postmedian

line dentate-sinuate, black, with pale external edge ;

discal black spots confined to the primaries; black line

across the cell, only represented by the orbicular spot,

which is black and punctiform; costa not black, but

dotted beyond the middle with whitish: expanse of wings

11 lines.

Sao Antonio, Rio Negro, 5th July; Mamiva, Rio

Purus, 28th September; Sepatiny, 29th September ;

Aruma, 4th October; Pariti, 5th October; Gaviado, Rio

Jurud, 10th November, 1874.

122. Dagassa juruana, n. sp.

Pale testaceous with a faint rosy tinge; a nearly-

straight fulvous line, margined on both ‘sides by black

lines and bordered internally with whitish across both

wings just beyond the middle; external area suffused

(excepting a patch at apex and a second at external angle

of primaries and the border of secondaries) with dark

ereyish-brown ; an irregular discal series of pale-edged

hastate black spots; a marginal series of depressed trian-

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 67

gular black spots; fringe intersected by a grey line;

primaries with two or three black basal dots ; an irregular

black line across the cell; reniform outlined in black, with

black centre ; secondaries with annular black discocellular

spot; undersurface pale sordid sandy-brownish; markings

dusky, ill-defined: expanse of wings 11 lines.

Rio Jurud, 12th November, 1874,

Only a single example obtained.

The genus “Dagassa chiefly differs from Apphadana i in

its longer and more slender palpi. ‘ Homoptera” dimi-

nutiva of Walker may be added to the genus.

The type of Blanona (B. selenisoides) is Menecina

bifacies.

The genera Mareura and Dazata should be placed near

Mulelocha.

SELENIS, Guénée.

123. Selenis sueroides.

Selenis sueroides, Guénée, Noct. ui. p. 362, n. 183

(1852

Ilha Cisne, Rio Solimoes, 13th October; Rio

Jurud, 13th November, 1874.

RENODES, Guénée.

124. Renodes (?) modesta, n. sp.

Pale sandy-brown, greyish in certain lights, finely irro-

rated with black; wings with a slender undulated blackish

marginal line uniting a marginal series of black spots; a

postmedian oblique fulvous stripe, black-edged internally,

diffused externally; an ill-defined whitish stri ipe Just within

the black edge; outer border sordid, limited internally by

a sinuous dusky line; primaries with the discoidal ne

small and white, the reniform being semi-transparent ;

faleiform blackish line across the basal area; a Hea

costal dash just beyond the cell; undersurface sandy-

whitish ; primaries suffused with greyish in the centre ;

reniform white spot as above; margin of all the wings as

above ; palpi dusky: expanse of wings 1 inch 2—3 lines.

Sepatiny, Rio Purus, 29th September, 1874; Boaven-

tura, Rio Jutahi, 26th January, 1875.

The primaries are rather more angular than in the only

figured species of this genus, but the other characteis

seem to agree.

F 2

68 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

CAPNODES, Guénée.

125. Capnodes sterope.

Phalena (Noctua) sterope, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv.

p- 40, pl. 302, fig. E (1782).

Capnodes obliterata, Walker, Lep. Het. xv. p. 1600,

n. 1 (1858).

Capnodes sufficiens and “ Thermesia” prospera are

allied species; the latter is clearly very similar to

C. anhypa, although distinct.

Aramia, Rio Purus, 4th October, 1874.

126. Capnodes imitans.

Capnodes imitans, Walker, Lep. Het. xv. p. 1606,

n. 17 (1858).

Capnodes exhilarans, Walker, |. c. p. 1609, n. 22

(1858).

Capnodes uncinata? Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep.

iV. gOlemllO stig. MONCSia):

Rio Mauhes, 5° 30’ 8., 29th April, 1874.

If Felder’s insect is distinct, it is one of the most closely-

allied species in existence ; but I think there can be little

doubt that it is a very slight variety of C. imitans.

127. Capnodes pallida, n. sp.

Whity-brown ;_ wings cov rered with short fine black

striations; an ill- ‘defined curved discal series of black dots;

a marginal series of black dots; primaries with a brick-

red spot surrounded by a squamose black zone at base

of inferior discoidal interspace; outer border irregularly

greyish, dusky opposite to the end of the cell; secondaries

with a bright brick-red spot, as in primaries; outer border

irregularly greyish; primaries below smoky- grey, reticu-

lated with blackish ; an ill-defined discal series of black

dots; fringe whitish; secondaries greyish-white, reticulated

with blackish ; discocellulars black; a dusky transverse

postmedian streak, and an interrupted submarginal streak;

outer border narrowly dusky; body sordid white : expanse

of wings 1 inch 4 lines.

Boa Vista, Rio Jutahi, Ist February, 1875.

More nearly allied to the preceding than to any other

species.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 69

128. Capnodes orbiculata.

Capnodes orbiculata, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep.

iv. pl. 118, fig. 14 (1875).

Boa Vista, Rio Purus, 12th September, 1874.

129. Capnodes sobria.

Thermesia sobria, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. 11.

p- 1044 (1865).

Rio Jurud, 3rd November, 1874.

This species is allied to C. obvertens and C. lineus, but

the latter appears to be nearer to C. zrene in its black sub-

apical costal patch.

130. Capnodes senilis, n. sp.

Silver-grey; an irregular band, composed of two nearly

parallel crinkled chocolate-brown lines, just beyond the

middle; discoidal spots outlined in Phocolitee a discal

series of triangular black dots, followed by a zigzag choco-

late line; a nearly marginal series of black dots, united

by a dusky zigzag line; primaries crossed near the base

by an irregular blackish fave ; undersurface very pale, dis-

coidal spots black, punctiform ; ; primaries silvery-brown,

several costal white dots bey eid the middle; a mar oinal

series of black dots; secondaries white with central grey

crinkled line and broad grey border; marginal dots as in

primaries: expanse of wings 11 lines.

Rio Jutahi, 5th February, 1875.

131. Capnodes indigna, n. sp.

Pale earthy-grey, Srithiisd very feeble lilacine tint; wings

crossed in the centre by a slightly oblique wavy pale line

dividing the discocellular spot (on each wing), which is large

and forr ruginous, with interrupted darker edge; a marginal

series of black dots; primaries with a ferruginous spot at

base of costa; an irregular ferruginous band, intersected

by a wavy pale line, across the basal third; a ferruginous

costal spot, divided by the central line, above the reniform

or discocellular spot; a small subapical quadrate ferru-

ginous costal spot; costal margin white-dotted beyond

the middle ; secondaries with a large black spot in the

cell, touching the discocellular spot; faint traces of two

eerics zigzag discal lines, the inner one of which be-

comes sharply “defined as an oblique black line across the

abdominal border; palpi white internally, tarsi above

70 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

black, with white terminations to the joints; undersurface

without ferruginous markings or pale lines; discocellular

spots indicated by two parallel black lunules; body below

whitish: expanse of wings 11 lines.

Sepatiny, Rio Purus, 29th September, 1874.

Capnodes indigna somewhat resembles Bleptina pitho-

salis, Wik. (= Megatomis ferrilunalis, Wlk.), and the

closely-allied B. spurcataiis of the same author; these

two species would be, in my opinion, better placed near

Epizeuxis lituralis.

Capnodes bistriata, n. sp

Pale chocolate-brown, vividly shot with violaceous; a

marginal series of whitish-edged subconfluent semicircular

black spots; an irregular discal series of pale-bordered

confluent olivaceous spots; two irregular yellow-edged

olivaceous lines, the inner one confined to primaries, the

outer one angulated on these wings towards the costa;

discoidal spots yellow, with olivaceous borders; palpi

whitish; undersurface sordid-white, w ings shot with

bronzy-cupreous; borders rather broadly grey; disco-

cellulars outlined in grey; primaries greyish; costa be-

yond the cell white-dotted; secondaries crossed by a

central grey line: expanse of wings 11 lines.

Rio Negro, 17th June; Rio Jurud, 13th November,

1874; Boa Vista, Rio Jutahi, lst February, 1875.

Seems allied to C. pyralicolor, but smaller, and darker

above.

«133. Capnodes lacteigera, n. sp.

Brown, densely mottled with dark-grey and shot with

lilacine; wings with rather pale fringe and margin; a

marginal series of depressed subtriangular black dots; a

zigzag discal series of blackish spots; a slightly-irreg ular

fulvous postmedian stripe, commencing near costa of pri-

maries as the continuation of an oblique milk-white dash,

limited internally, throughout its entire length, by a series

of short black-curved virgulz and dots; discoidal spots

shightly tinted with fulvous, with black margins, the

“reniform” 3-shaped; an irregular black-edged and

partly fulvous-bordered milk-white band across the basal

third of primaries; palpi greyish- brown; wings below

with black marginal dots; primaries grey eee own, with

fo)

cupreous reflections; discoidal spots small and black; two

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. Th

curved parallel greyish discal lines; base whitish; seconda-

ries sordid-whitish, with cupreous reflections; a black dis-

cocellular spot; a curved discal line and the outer border

ereyish-brown; a submarginal dusky stripe limiting the

border; body creamy-white: expanse of wings 1 inch

1 line.

Near Xibaru, Rio Negro, 25th June, 1874.

Apparently allied to Phalena striataria of Cramer,

wrongly referred, by M. Guénée, to Palindia.

134. Capnodes mundicola. .

Capnodes mundicola, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. i.

p- 1075 (1865).

Fuliginous-brown; wings crossed by two black-edged

flesh-coloured lines, zigzag towards costa of primaries ;

discoidal spots small and black; a black-edged zigzag

pinky-whitish marginal line, and a submarginal series of

black-edged spots of the same colour; a dusky transverse

line between the two flesh-coloured lines, externally (and

especially upon the secondaries) edged with whitish ; outer

border irregularly pale; abdomen whitish at base; under-

surface paler, the outer borders very pale, limited internally

by a dusky band; a central dusky line; discocellular

dusky: expanse of wings 1 inch 4 lines.

8. Obydos, 8th March; ?. Mouth of Parana mirina de

Uraria, 5th June, 1874.

Only a single pair obtained; the male is rather darker

than the female: C. linula seems to be allied to this

species, which (excepting in its broader primaries and less

strongly-pectinated antennz) greatly resembles the genus

Bithiasa. Walker’s description is so incomplete that I

have had some difficulty in identifying this species.

Subgenus* Arueisa, Walker.

135. Capnodes turbata, n. sp.

Primaries slaty-grey, with a faint violaceous shot; a

curved and almost semicircular broad belt (covering the

* T disapprove of making subgenera, but when made I prefer to adopt

rather than ignore them. Arwgisa is structurally like Capnodes, but

differs somewhat in coloration.

72 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

basal two-fifths with the exception of the costal border),

a quadrate patch immediately beyond the reniform spot,

an apical spot, a submarginal lunulated line, and the edges

of the marginal black dots, tawny; four parallel zigzag

oblique grey lines in pairs; a sigmoidal black lme beyond

the middle ; secondaries tawny with greyish subcostal area;

two parallel triangulated central blackish lines; a dusky

angular subbasal line; two parallel submarginal greyish

lines; palpi slaty-grey; collar dark fulvous; thorax ful-

vous; abdomen grey; undersurface creamy-white ; pectus

and undersurface of legs snow-white; tarsi above black

with white edges to the joints; primaries with greyish

fuliginous costal border and external half, the latter limited

internally and crossed by two parallel dusky stripes; mar-

ginal black dots as above; secondaries with a minute

blackish discocellular annulus; a dusky line beyond the

middle, a dusky submarginal streak; outer border greyish-

fuliginous; marginal black dots as above: expanse of

wings 1 inch 1 line.

Rio Jutahi, 5th February, 1875.

Only a single example.

C. subrutilans, C. consocia and C. finipalpis belong to

this section of the genus.

GerRIsA, Walker.

136. Gerisa anyx.

Capnodes anyx, Guénée, Noct. iil. p. 378, n. 1866

(1852).

Capnodes rufinans, Walker (nec Guénée), Lep.

Het. xv. p. 1603, n. 7 (1858).

Guajaratuba, Rio Purus, 11th September; Rio Jurua,

26th October; Gaviao, Rio Jurud, 10th and 12th Novem-

ber; Tunantins, 23rd November, 1874.

If I have rightly identified this species, Guénée’s type

must have been a female (not a male); the male is quite

unlike that sex of the nearly-allied G. rujfinans (6 G. dis-

cerpta =? Thermesia torrida, Wlk.), being dissimilar in

form from the female, the primaries much rounded with

very convex inner margin, the discal line terminating on

this margin in a conspicuous white spot, the antennx very

strongly pectinated.

G. anyzx seems allied to “ Capnodes” subguttata of

Felder. |

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. 73

Of other species placed under Capnodes the following

may be removed or sunk as synonymes:—

Capnodes melanea is probably a female Pangrapta, C.

sexplagiata 1s Phalena pueritia of Cramer and belongs

to Capnodes; C. rotundifera is a Gerisa.

PARANYMPHA, Cramer.

Chiefly differs from Capnodes in its more solid and

compact appearance, the primaries with longer and

straighter costal margin and more acute apex. ‘Type,

Phalena (Paranympha) toxea, Cramer.

137. Paranympha albocostata, n. sp.

Clay-coloured, wings crossed by an irregularly-arched

white-dotted dusky line ; a submarginal series ‘of small

black spots and a marginal series of black dots; primaries

with’ snow-white costal edge; a transverse dusky stripe

crossing the wing nearly at the end of the cell; a minute

black dot enclosed in an ill-defined dusky 3-shaped cha-

racter at the end of the cell; secondaries with a circular

purplish spot speckled with blue at the end of the cell;

head dark brown; anterior edge of collar dark brown,

followed by a white transverse stripe; wings below sandy-

ochraceous with black discoidal spots, a dusky discal

streak; submarginal black spots and marginal dots as

above; body below whitish, legs and palpi variegated with

ochraceous, ferruginous, black and white: expanse ot

wings | inch 6 lines.

Boaventura, Rio Jutahi, 24th January, 1875.

Only a single specimen was obtained.

HYpENARIA, Guénée.

Wrongly spelt Hypernaria in all Walker's descriptions ;

before noting Dr. Trail’s captures I shall have to point out

some of this author’s mistakes :—

Hl. ortilia, orphna, tarchon and subvelata may be

referred to Argidia, H. patula is Latebraria contacta,

H, sublineata is an Amphigonia, H. continuens is Azeta

uncas, and H. punctulosa is a small Lacera; H. inter-

ponens is probably H. rosetspila.

74 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

138. Hypenaria pyrochila, n. sp.

Red-brown washed with lilacine, particularly. towards

the costa and base of primaries; wings crossed before the

middle by an irregularly dentate-sinuate brown line, and

beyond the middle by an oblique white-edged brown line,

interrupted by scarlet dots upon the veins, retracted (and

oblique dentate-sinuate above the elbow) towards costa of

primaries; a pale zigzag submarginal line, dotted inter-

nally with white; a marginal ‘pink-bordered crinkled

black line; extreme margin and base of fringe scarlet;

fringe externally dark brown; primaries with an irregu-

larly-undulated brown line towards the base, and between

it and the second line the black-edged pale greenish-

white orbicular spot; reniform confluent with a trifid

atch separated by the median veins, limited by an undu-

lated blackish line; the lower portion of the reniform

part pale greenish, the portion divided by. the median

veins sandy-yellow; secondaries with a subgeminate ovoid

cream-coloured spot at the end of the cell; head and

thorax greyish ; wings below ochraceous, washed (except-

ing at base) with reddish, crossed from just before

the middle by three curved grey lines, the centre one

darkest; discoidal spots small and blackish; body ochra-

ceous, external surfaces of palpi and legs more or less

scarlet: expanse of wings 1 inch 9 lines.

Rio Jurudé, 7th November, 1874.

Seems allied to H. leucospila, chlorospila and angusta.

I have three times gone through the whole of Cramer’s

plates and indices, but have failed to find any species

described or figured by him under the name of HZ. bino-

cula. M. Guénée, however, declares that he describes the

species from the figure; therefore, if we adopt Walker’s

view and call Guénée the author, we have no alternative

but to suppose that he described a mirage.

139. Hypenaria triocellata, n. sp.

Allied to the preceding, but the markings less defined,

excepting the trifid continuation to the “reniform spot,

which is replaced by three unequal increasing black

blind ocelli with whitish irides: expanse of wings 1 inch

11 lines.

Mouth of Rio Jutahi, 18th January; Santarem, 4th

February, 1875.

Lepidoptera of the Amazons. (ls

Nearly allied to Hl. rubripalpis, Ctypansa guttiluna,

and the scarcely-differing Hypenaria exponens.

PLAXxIA, Guénée.

140. Plaxia mormon.

8. Apistis mormon, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. iv.

pl 96; fies 1G:

Uttary, Rio Purus, 30th September; Urucaca, Rio

Jurua, 9th November; Rio Jurud, near the mouth, 14th

November, 1874.

The female is more uniform in tint and paler than the

male, its abdomen also is not red: the species is allied to

P, macarea.

141. Plaxia maculigera, n. sp.

Allied to the preceding; fuliginous-brown, striolated

with black and irrorated with pale lilac; a black-edged

oblique lilac line beyond the middle from near the abdo-

minal margin of secondaries to near the apex of primaries,

the disc immediately beyond this line washed with lilac ;

traces of a sinuated ‘ extrabasilar” brown line; primaries,

with a nearly-circular unequally-bifid bright orange spot,

cut. by the second median branch ; costal margin ochra-

ceous; secondaries with an angular series of black dots

on the disc ; antenne, crest and margins of collar pale

brown; termination of abdomen and sides of terminal

segments ochraceous ; tarsi and venter sandy-yellowish ;

wings below uniform sericeous greyish-brown, having

almost a greasy appearance, striolated with darker brown

and add by two parallel dark-grey beanie ; primaries

with ochreous costa: expanse of wings 2 inches 2 lines.

$. Serpa, 13th February, 1875.

This species agrees in coloration with “ Thermesia”

scalena of Felder.

Felder’s “ Thermesia” (?) infumata, which 1 is evidently

a slight variety of Walker’s “ Hypernaria” anisospila,

seems to me to agree with Hiibner’s Apistis (the type of

which is A. fellearis) ; Plaxia subducta and P. spiloleuca

of Walker may also be placed in the same genus; they

are closely allied to HZ. anisospila ; Hypenaria metastigma

is evidently Hiibner’s A. fellearis. I will not attempt to

decide whether Hypenaria and Apistis are sufticiently

76 Mr. A. G. Butler on Lepidoptera of the Amazons.

distinct to be regarded as different genera until I have to

re-arrange the whole of the Noctuites, and can form a

correct estimate as to what characters are sufficient in this

tribe to constitute a generic distinction.

EMPELATHRA, Walker.

To this genus I propose provisionally to refer Ortho-

gramma vacillans = Plaxia ingenua and the following

species allied to it.

142. Empelathra scalena.

Thermesia scalena, Felder, Reise der Noy. Lep. iv.

pl. 118, fig. 13.

Lake Cararaucu, 17th April; Marapata, Rio Negro,

30th December, 1874.

E. scalena differs from FE. vacillans exactly as Plaxia

maculigera does from P. macarea.

143. Empelathra amplificans.

Empelathra amplificans, Walker, Lep. Het. xv.

p- 1633, n. 1 (1858).

Paricatuba, 17th October, 1874.

This is a rare species in which the apex of primaries is

obliquely truncated, the costal margin is shorter than in

the other two species which I have referred to the genus.

“~

—~I

V. On some Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands.

By D. Suarp.

[Read March 5th, 1879.]

Tuts paper contains descriptions of thirty new species of

beetles found by the Rev. T. Blackburn in the Sandwich

Islands. A like instalment, which I hope shortly to

offer to the Society, will complete the descriptions of the

discoveries made by Mr. Blackburn up to the present

time in the islands. The species described are most of

them very minute insects, and this, unfortunately, will

create a great difficulty in ascertaining at present het:

nearest lence for it is an aid ouelnieel fact that our

knowledge of the Micro-Coleoptera is still quite rudimen-

tary, except in regard to European and North American

forms.

I have felt compelled to establish four new generic

names, viz., Omicrus (Hydrophilide), Monanus ( Cucu-

jide), Aelinsu: ( Colydiide) and Propalticus, this latter

being so peculiar a form that I am quite doubtful what

its affinities will ultimately prove to be, although I have

temporarily placed it with the Mycetophagide.

Clytarlus microgaster is a most remarkable insect, by

reason of the excessive reduction in size of its hind body

or abdomen, which in the male sex is reduced to a small

appendage, reminding one of what exists in some of the

parasitic Hymenopter a. I have not seen the female of

this interesting creature, and expect the hind body must

be at any rate ‘somewhat larger than in the male. I almost

think I might cite this fact as a support of the suggestion

I made (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 15), that the

paucity of individuals of most species of beetles in these

islands is possibly due to a diminution in the reproductive

powers of the species, owing to their long-continued isola-

tion, and the consequent absence of that amount of breeding

between slightly-different forms or races which is so

favourable to fertility of organisms. The minute size of

most of the species of these islands may perhaps also

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART I. (APR.)

78 Mr. D. Sharp on some

be partly due to similar biological influences. Indeed

it is, I believe, owing to deficiencies in the assimilative

and reproductive powers that the organisms composing

insular faunas (7. e., long isolated and small communities )

become so readily exterminated on the occurrence of any

change in the conditions of their lives, or on their having

to compete with introduced strangers.

Of the anomalous Proterhinus, Mr. Blackburn has dis-

covered an additional series of species, including some

extreme forms, which render it highly probable that other

species will be brought to light. Meanwhile, I am so

fortunate as to be able to give some remarks of Dr. Leconte

on the genus, based on an examination he kindly made of

P. vestitus. He says, in a letter to me, “‘ It seems to me

to represent a family easily distinguished from all others

/of the Rhyncophora, and not to have any affinities outside

/of that series. It qiffere from all of them by the absence

_of the first tarsal joint. The form of the dilated joint as

well as its vestiture beneath indicates that it is the normal

3rd joint, and therefore it must be the Ist joint that has

become obsolete. The mouth organs and the ventral seg-

ments are as in many Curculionidae, while the sculpture of

the undersurface of the beak resembles that of E upsalis &.

It differs from Anthribide by the absence of labrum,

covered pygidium, structure of mouth, and many other

respects, though resembling that family in the beak and

antenne. In order to complete the investigation, I took

up Aglycyderes, and studied carefully A. setifer. I think

the Rhyncophorous affinities are very feeble, and that it

belongs rather with the clavicorn series, having relation-

ships with Colydiide more than with any other family.

It differs from that family, especially by the tarsi and the

maxille with but a single lobe. The head above and

beneath does not resemble any Rhyncophore, but does

look very much like certain of the first tribe of Colydiide

(Anchomma, e. g.), the insertion of the antenn under the

frontal margin is also not Rhyncophorous. <Ag/lycyderes

has also perfectly-developed epipleure, the flanks of the

prothorax are separated from the pronotum by a distinct

margin, and there are quite obvious traces of prosternal

sutures. These characters do not exist in Rhyncophora,

and the last two are variable in Colydiide according to

tribe and genus.” Dr. Leconte further adds, “ Should

you wish to print and comment upoR any of these views,

do so without hesitation, as all I wish is to provoke dis-

Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. 79

cussion, until we or some one else puts these troublesome

sy ‘thetic forms where they will be least out of place.”

Dr. Leconte’s opinion is of such great importance, and

the question of the isolation of Proterhinus is of so much

interest in relation to the affinities of the Hawaiian fauna,

that I shall avail myself of his invitation to make some

additional remarks on the question.

It will be gathered from what I have above quoted that

he agrees w ith me in locating Proterhinus as an isolated

and little developed type of Rhy yncophora, while he also

confirms the opinion I expressed (Ann. and Mag. Nat.

Hist., July, 1876, p. 28), before Mr. Blackbun n’s re-

searches had brought Proterhinus to light, that the rela

tionships of the then unique Aglycyderes were with the

Colydiide. It will be seen, however, that, on the other

hand, the Philadelphian savant does not at all oe

my subsequent proposal (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1878

pp- 16, 21) to unite dAglycyderes and Proterhinus in one

family : but, on the contrary, he leaves it to be inferred that

there is no real affinity between the two genera, and on

this point, after careful renewed examination of the insects,

I feel compelled to differ from him.

It is, however, such a bold thing for me to dissent from

a carefully-formed opinion of Dr. Leconte on such a point,

that I must, before stating my reasons, take the opportunity

of quoting the dictum of another most accomplished natu-

ralist, the late T. V. Wollaston. In a letter I received

from tam a few days before his lamented decease, he ac-

. knowledges the arrival of a pair of Proterhinus vestitus

_I had sent to him, and says, ‘‘ Your new member of the

- Aglycyderide is a most wonderful beast, quite one of the

.most extraordinary I have ever seen, but there is no mis-

taking, I think, its affinities.” Although Mr. Wollaston

speaks as if he had not made any complete examination,

it will be seen that he was quite inclined to agree with me

on the point in which Dr. Leconte differs from me.

I consider Aglycyderes and Proter hinus to be allied,

because they have in common a structure of the tarsi,

which out of the whole enormous order of Coleoptera is

peculiar to them, and because they agree in all other

points except those which Dr. Leconte has mentioned,

and of some of which I think he has over-estimated the

importance. or instance, though there is a great differ-

ence in the structure of the head in the males of the two

forms, yet, on comparing together the females, I have

80 Mr. D. Sharp on some

been unable to see any difference of importance between

the two, and the insertion of the antenne in this sex is

likewise extremely similar. It is true that the upper

surface of the prothorax in Aglycyderes setifer is differen-

tiated, although somewhat indefinitely, from the flanks by

a series of projecting serrations, and that in Proterhinus

nothing but the rudiments of such a separation are to be

detected, but Iam unable to consider this as of extreme

importance; for in Aglycyderes Wollastoni the separation

alluded to is considerably more indefinite than it is in

A, setifer; while, on the other hand, although such sepa-

ration is excessively rare in the Rhyncophora, yet it is

sometimes distinct, and, in fact, I have before me, as I

write, a highly-peculiar genus of Anthribide (belonging,

therefore, of course to the Rhyncophora), in which this

lateral border is as highly developed along the whole side

of the prothorax from the anterior to the posterior angles,

as it is in the average of the Coleoptera, and far more than

it is in Aglycyderes. Again, there exist, as stated by

Leconte, in dAglycyderes setifer slight traces of two pro-

sternal sutures, extending outwards from the front coxal

cavities; but yet in A. Wollastoni 1 fail to trace them

more certainly than I think I can in Proterhinus vestitus ;

and in Anthribide sutures extending from the coxal cavi-

ties to the sides of the thorax may often be seen much

_less obliterated. On the other hand, I quite fail to see

anything in the structure of the head and thorax in

Aglycyderes which does not accord with Dr. Leconte’s

definition of Rhyncophora, viz., “ Rhyncophorous Cole-

optera are those in which the posterior lateral elements of

the head and prothorax coalesce on the median line of the

undersurface of the body, so as to unite by a single

suture.” (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XV. 1876, p. x1.)

Nevertheless there does exist an important difference

between Proterhinus and Aglycyderes, as to the direction

which the sexual differentiation of the head has taken.

In one of the sexes of Proterhinus the head is elongated

in front into a well-marked beak, while in that sex of

Aglycyderes in which the head is most extended, the

extension is rather in the transverse than in the longi-

tudinal direction. When we recall how persistent a

character the beak-like extension of the head is in the

Rhyncophor "a—existing in a well-marked form in all the

species except in certain Anthribide—much importance

must clearly be attached to this character.

Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. 81

The impression left on my mind with regard to these

insects may be thus summed up :—

1. In Proterhinus and Aglycyderes we are probably

dealing with very primitive Coleoptera, such, in fact, as

existed before the present great development of the highly-

differentiated families of the order had occurred.

2. That Aglycyderes and Proterhinus may be treated

as one family, to be placed at the commencement of the

families of Rhyncophora.

3. That the distinctions between the two forms are of

such a nature that they may be justly treated as repre-

senting two ultimate divisions of one family: 7.e., the two

forms remain ununited through a considerable number of

repeated and progressively more important syntheses, till

the synthesis of family value is reached! when they unite

to form the family Aglycyder ide.

It may not be amiss here to remark that the few species

constituting this primitive family are all members of

insular faune: Aglycyderes setifer being confined to the

Canary Islands; A. Wollastoni to New Zealand; and the

species of Proterhinus to the Sandwich Islands.

HYDROPHILID A.

OmMIcRUS (new name).

Omicrus brevipes, n. sp. Minutus, latus, subrotundatus,

parum convexus, subtus rufescens, opacus, supra nigro-

piceus, nitidus, nudus, capite anterius rufescente, pedibus

rufis, antennis palpisque testaceis, ils clava fusca; capite

thoraceque fere leevigatis, hoe margine laterali tenuissimo;

elytris parum subtiliter haud dense punctatis, stria sutu-

rali tantum posterius impressa, versus latera parum dis-

tincte seriatim punctatis. Long. 14 mm.; lat. 1 mm.

This little insect has perhaps at first sight more the

aspect of a Cyclonotum than of any other Hydr ophilid

it Is among the smallest of the family, only attaining the

size of a moderate Limnebius: the very short, and rather

stout middle and hinder tarsi, the joints of which are

compressed and adjusted to one another, but are not, I

believe, fitted for swimming, are dheelane fe

Vahu ; widely distributed, but not common. No. 236

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART I. (APR.) G

82 Mr. D. Sharp on some

of Mr. Blackburn. The structural characters which have

justified the formation of a new generic name for this

species may be enumerated as follows :—

Head short and broad, truncate and depressed in front,

so that the small eyes project as subangular projections ;

the short very broad labrum quite exposed. Antennz

9-jointed, the 1st joint elongate, the 2nd rather short, the

three following very small, short and equal, the 6th joint

short and strongly transverse, closely applied to the base

of the 7th joint, this and the 8th and 9th joints forming

a large very compact club. Maxillary palpi formed much

as in Megasternum, the 2nd joint being a good deal in-

crassate, the 3rd and 4th slender, the latter acuminate.

Prosternum short, and unarmed; intermediate cox

approximate, separated by the greatly-elevated meso-

sternal lamina; this lamina is linear, and perfectly on a

level with the metasternum, to which it is amalgamate

without any trace of suture remaining ; the metasternum

not in the least carinate. Legs short, the tarsi extremely

short, the basal joint of the posterior ones quite short,

and not easily distinguished, the 2nd longer than the 3rd.

I am quite unable to find any near ally for this minute

insect; it must be located at present in the Hydrobiides

of Lacordaire between Anacena and Volvulus, but it is

widely separated from each of those genera. In respect

of its hind tarsi it is more approached by Chetarthria,

which is in other respects widely different.

Only three other species of Hydrophilide have been

yet found by Mr. Blackburn, they are—

1. Hydrophilus semicylindricus, Esch.

This species should at present be located as a member

of the genus Hydrobius of the Munich Catalogue: it

departs, however, in some important particulars from our

European species; the posterior and intermediate tarsi

are furnished above with long cilix; the prosternum is

finely carinate along the middle, and the undersides of the

femora are polished, there being on the front and middle

ones merely a small punctate space near the trochanter.

In these respects it agrees with the one or two Australian

allies, from which it is, however, as a species, abundantly

distinct. In the form and development of the mesosternal

protuberance the Hawaiian species agrees with our Euro-

Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. §3

pean Hydrobius convexus, Brullé, in which species there

is likewise a slight ciliation of the hind tarsi.

Found in Oahu, and probably in other islands of the

group.

2. Cyclonotum subquadratum, Fairm.

This species was described by Fairmaire from specimens

from Tahiti. I have had no opportunity of comparing

Hawaiian with Tahitian individuals.

This species is common in vegetable refuse.

3. Spheridium abdominale, Fab. ( Dactylosternum, Woll.)

This widely-distributed insect is one of the commonest

beetles at Honolulu, where it is found, as elsewhere, among

rotting vegetables.

NITIDULID 4.

BracuyPerpius (Munich Cat.).

Brachypeplus tinctus, n. sp. Haud latus, parum con-

vexus, tenuiter pubescens, testaceus, viridi-tinctus, elytris

Jxete viridi-geneis, abdomine medio fusco; capite dense

punctato, oculis magnis; prothorace transversim convexo,

anterius truncato, ‘dense punctato, dorso pone medium

bi-impresso; elytris subtiliter seriatim punctatis, interstitiis

adhue subtilius punctatis, angulo externo late rotundato ;

abdomine nitido, crebrius sat fortiter punctato. Long.

32 mm.; lat. 12 mm.

The antenne are of a dusky yellow colour, with the

club large. The eyes are very large and reach to the

back of the head, the upper surface of which is densely

and distinctly punctured. The thorax is narrower than the

elytra, nearly truncate in front, with the anterior angles

extremely rounded; the sides are rounded, but become a

little less curved near the hind angles, which are rather

obtuse ; the width is slightly ereater at the base than at

the front; the punctuation is "dense and distinct, and is

finer and closer on the front parts than it is behind, and

has a slightly rugose appearance on the disc; just behind

the middle are two distinct impressions. The scutellum

is large. The elytra are long, and leave exposed only the

two apical segments and just the hind margin of the pre-

ceding one ; “the sides are not explanate, and the hind

84 Mr. D. Sharp on some

angles are extremely rounded; the sculpture consists of

series of somewhat indistinct punctures, with a scanty

and extremely fine punctuation on the interstices. The

punctuation of the exposed dorsal segments is rather close

and distinct.

Three specimens have been found in flowers in the

mountain forests of Oahu; the one sent me by Mr.

Blackburn was numbered 191.

This specimen is no doubt a male; the last dor sal plate

is emarginate and the last ventral truncate. There is a

distinct but short, exposed supplementary segment.

In company with these three individuals Mr. Black-

burn found two others, which he considers to be the

female. One of these he has sent as No. 190; it has

the head narrower, and the head and thorax much less

closely punctured. The elytra are rather shorter, and

leave exposed a greater portion of the hind body, and the

exposed dorsal segments are much less punctured. The

apex of the last dorsal segment is depressed in the middle,

but not emarginate, and there i 1s no supplementary segment

visible. Mr. Blackburn is probably right in considering

this to be the female of the male above decenneare ; still the

distinctions are of such a nature that I have not thought it

right to treat the two forms as positively the sexes of one

species at present.

B. tinctus is interesting as making a_ considerable

approach to Gonioryctus, from which, however, it still

remains distinct by the finely-facetted eyes, and the much

less elongated lobes of the third tarsal joint. It should be

placed at the head of the Hawaiian Brach ypepli, before

B. discedens.

Brachypeplus explanatus, n. sp. Latiusculus, parum

nitidus, ferrugineo-testaceus, vix variegatus, antennis

fuscis, articulis 1° et 2° testaceis; oculis parvis; thorace

magno, antrorsum quam ad basin magis angustato, dense

fortiterque punctato, disco profunde quadri-impresso, late-

ribus explanatis; elytris inzequalibus, thorace haud sesqui

longioribus, feaiun explanatis, posterius sat angustatis,

angulo externo perparum rotundato; abdomine acumi-

nato, fortiter, sed parum argute et profunde, punctato.

Long. 44 mm.; lat. 13 mm.

The eyes are small, so that the post-ocular lobe is

large; the thorax is largely developed, its anterior angles

Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. 85

are very rounded and indistinct, the narrowing of the

sides behind the middle is abrupt and well-marked, the

hinder angles are nearly rectangular. The alternate in-

terstices of the elytra are a good deal more elevated than

the others, but this character is rendered less striking by

the inequalities of the surface.

This species is allied to B. tnequalis, from which, how-

ever, it is very easily distinguished by its smaller eyes,

coarser sculpture, and the very explanate sides of the

elytra, and their less rounded outer angles.

Two individuals have been found by Mr. Blackburn on

the mountains near Honolulu; the one sent home was

numbered 189; it exhibits a very distinet exserted apical

segment, and is probably a male.

Brachypeplus protinoides, nu. sp. Haud latus, convexi-

usculus, ferrugineo-testaceus, supra eneo-tinctus, parcius

minus breviter pubescens, sat nitidus; capite thoraceque

parce fortiter punctatis, hoe vix transverso; elytris obso-

lete seriatim punctatis, interstitiis vix conspicue punctu-

Jatis, lateribus nullo modo explanatis, angulo externo late

rotundato. Long. 3 mm.; lat. 14 mm.

This species is somewhat allied to the preceding, but is

smaller and more convex, and the eyes are smaller; the

excessively indistinct sculpture of the wing cases, and the

unusually convex form will readily distinguish it from its

allies. From its form it has some resemblance to Pro-

teinus, a genus of Staphylinide.

The only individual I have seen is in very bad condi-

tion, and shows no supplementary apical segment. It was

found by Mr. Blackburn in the flowers of the koa tree, at

at elevation of about 5,000 feet, on Halea Kala.

CUCUJIDZ.

MonaANUS (new name).

Monanus crenatus, n. sp. Ferrugineus, elytris pedi-

busque parum pallidioridus, angustulus, fortiter punctatus ;

prothorace subquadrato, posterius leviter angustato, late-

ribus «qualiter crenulatis, fortiter punctato; elytris for-

titer seriatim punctatis, pube suberecta, sat elongata

vestitis. Long. 24 mm. ; lat. ? mm.

Antenne about as long as head and thorax, rather stout,

86 Mr. D. Sharp on some

Ist joint but little different from the following ones, being

only slightly longer and thicker than the 2nd; joints 2—8

differing but little from one another, each about as long

as broad; joints 9—11 distinctly larger than the preceding

ones, not transverse, the 11th rather the largest. Head

coarsely punctured, not broad, a little narrower than the

thorax. Thorax a good deal narrower than the elytra,

nearly as long as broad, distinctly narrowed behind, the

sides crenulate, it 1s coarsely punctured, and finely and

indistinctly pubescent. Elytra rather slender, with rows

of coarse punctures, and with a fine but rather elongate

pubescence.

Found rarely in decaying vegetable matter on the

mountains of Oahu; sent as No. 204.

I have seen but a single individual of this species ; it

cannot be placed in any established genus, and as its

position is certain, I have given it a new generic name.

Its structure is similar to that of Psammechus, but the

basal joint of the antennze is less developed, and the apical

joint of the maxillary palpi is not dilated, but acuminate.

The tarsi have the 2nd and 3rd joints strongly lobed

beneath, and the 4th joint small. The position of the

genus at present is clearly therefore between Psammechus

and Telephanus. In appearance the species may be de-

scribed as intermediate between Silvanus and Corticaria.

COLYDIID 2%.

ANTILISSUS (new name).

Antilissus aper, nu. sp. Elongatus, angustulus, paral-

lelus, subeylindricus, fusco-ferrugineus, opacus, parcius

hispidus; prothorace elongato, sulculis angustis, profun-

dis, connexis, ornato; elytris punctato-sulcatis, imtersti-

tiis angustis; antennis pedibusque ferrugineis. Long.

3—4 mm.; lat. 1 mm.

Upper surface of head parabolic in form, the eyes con-

tinuing the outline of the sides, the posterior part bearing

very flat tubercles, the anterior part very indefinitely

sculptured. ‘Thorax elongate and narrow, considerably

longer than broad, nearly straight at the sides, the front

margin with a rather deep, narrow sinuation on each side,

so that the anterior angles are prominent; the surface is

covered with flat tubercles, and peculiar depressions; the

Coleoptera from the Hawatian Islonds. 87

depressed parts are without sculpture, one of them runs

close to the side, with which it is parallel, another less

definite one runs along the middle, and another exists

between the central and the lateral one; these grooves are

connected together, in an irregular manner, in the trans-

verse direction, so that the rough surface is broken up

into several irregular isolated portions, which bear a few

short erect sete, the sides also bear sete. The elytra are

elongate, and are marked by grooves separated by narrow

interstices; these grooves bear deep punctures, or small

depressions, separated from one another by small spaces

only, and from these spaces spring the short erect sete.

The undersurface is coarsely punctured. The tibie are

armed externally with fine sete.

I have received four individuals from Mr. Blackburn,

but have no information about them.

The species cannot be placed in any established genus,

so that I have made a new generic name for it. Its

position should be between Bupala and Cicones, though

in form and sculpture it is nearer to Lado Jelskit. The

following are its characters :—

Antenne small, 10-jointed, the basal joint nearly con-

cealed, the lst and 2nd stouter than the following ones ;

the 10th joint dilated to form a club, the apex of which

bears a conspicuous band of short pubescence. The parts

of the mouth are, as usual in the allies, small and incon-

spicuous, but the last joint of the maxillary palpi is com-

paratively large, elongate and subacuminate. The head

is constricted behind the eyes, so that these are separated

from the thorax. The antennal erooves exist in the

same rudimentary condition as in Cicones. The anterior

coxal cavities are perfectly closed. The metathoracic

episterna are very narrow and linear, and have the appear-

ance of a groove close to the epipleura. The posterior

coxe are e separated by a triangular projection of the basal

ventral segment: first, second and third ventral s segments

of about similar lengths, fourth a good deal shorter, fifth

margined by a deep impression. ‘Legs rather short and

slender ; tibize almost linear, bearing setee externally ;

basal three joints of the tarsi quite small, the basal one

much concealed, the 4th joint elongate. Scutellum small.

88 Mr. D. Sharp on some

MYCETOPHAGID %.

Lirarcus (Munich Cat.).

Litargus vestitus, n. sp. Regulariter ovalis, parum

convexus, subnitidus, subseriatim parum subtiliter pilo-

sulus, testaceus, capite pronotoque infuscatis, elytris fasciis

tribus (prima circa scutellum) irregularibus, plus minusve

conjunctis fuscis. Long. 2 mm.; lat. 1 mm.

Antenne slender, and rather short, yellow, formed much

as in L. bifasciatus, but more slender, the three apical

joints large in proportion to the others, but not transverse.

Head very small, with the eyes comparatively larger than

in L. bifasciatus. ‘Thorax transverse, closely applied to

the elytra and perfectly continuing their outline, a good

deal narrowed in front, moderately closely punctured, but

the punctuation concealed by the rather rough pubescence.

Elytra yellowish, but with large, transverse, irregular and

variable bands, so disposed as to leave eight ‘yellow marks ;

they are not closely punctured, and would be shining,

except for the rather long pubescence. This is moderately

dense, and has somewhat the appearance of being arranged

in rows, but with the intervals also pubescent. Under-

surface and legs yellow. Front coxe but little distant.

Sent by Mr. Blackburn as No. 205; found in the

crevices of the bark of trees in the mountains of Oahu.

PROPALTICUS (new name).

Propalticus oculatus, n. sp. Brevis, latiusculus, parum

convexus, opacus, fere nudus, obsoletissime punctatus,

ferrugineus, supra fuscus, elytris maculis duabus (vel qua-

tuor) } parum discretis, ferrugineis ; antennis tenuibus, clava

elongata, laxe articulata, fusca; prothorace basi utrinque

prope medium sinuato; elytris stris tribus subtilibus; pe-

dibus tenuibus, tibiis anterioribus elongatis, apice calcari

valido armatis, ceteris ecalcaratis. Long. 14—2 mm.;

lat. 3—1 mm.

This minute insect has more the form of Soronta than

of anything else I have seen. The antennz have the two

basal joints rather elongate and moderately stout, the

intermediate joints are excessively slender and minute,

while the three apical ones form an elongate, very slender,

and extremely loosely articulated club; the eyes are very

Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. 89

large and rather closely facetted. The thorax is trans-

verse, and emarginate in front, its width is almost that of

the elytra, the sides are nearly straight behind the middle,

and a wood deal narrowed towards the front, the hind

angles are rectangular, the base and sides are very finely

margined. The scutellum is short and very broad. The

elytra have each three fine strie, which, viewed in a cer-

tain aspect, have the appearance of very fine elevated

lines. The whole of the upper surface is excessively in-

distinctly punctured, and bears an extremely short, almost

invisible, ashy pubescence, which is no doubt very easily

abraded.

This insect was sent by Mr. Blackburn as No. 20;

is beaten from trees on the high mountains of Oahu, ree

and Kauai; its extreme activ ‘ity in leaping renders it diffi-

cult to capture.

The hind legs are not dilated, and I believe the salta-

torial power must arise from the front legs, the anterior

tibize of which are rather longer than the others, a little

thickened towards the extremity and armed with a peculiar

stout spur.

I subjoin the characters, so far as I have been able to

add them, of this most anomalous little beetle.

Antenne 11-jointed, with basal two rather long joints,

then six very slender, subequal intermediate joints, the

terminal three joints forming a very loosely articulated

slender club. Eyes large but not very prominent, en-

croaching greatly on the upper surface of the head.

Labrum large, distinct, transverse, rounded in front,

leaving exposed the points of the mandibles. Mandibles

rather large, with a large basal portion and a moderately

slender apical portion; the latter bifid at the extremity.

Maxille with a rather large, pubescent outer lobe, and an

extremely slender, linear inner lobe; their palpi stout,

3-jointed, the apical joint not at all dilated, three or four

times as long as broad, moderately acuminate, the basal

joint rather stouter than the others; the middle joint

about as long as broad. Labium not observed. Pro-

sternum large, the cox placed at its hind part, very

widely distant from one another, small but not globose,

having an extension in the anterior and outward direc-

tion, their cavities not closed behind. Mesosternum

broad and transverse, quite on the same plane as the

metasternum; middle coxze minute, globose, very widely

separated. Hind cox transverse, very widely separated.

90 Mr. D. Sharp on some

Ventral segments five in number, the basal one in the

middle line as long as the two following together, the

rest subequal. Legs slender, front tibize longer than the

others, and. with a rather large apical spur; tarsi slender

and linear—I think, 4-jointed (possibly 5-jointed); the

penultimate joint simple. LElytra covering the hind body,

leaving, however, the tip of the pygidium visible.

I am sorry I am unable to see accurately the structure

of the tarsi of this minute insect. It is a most difficult one

to classify. I have decided that, on the whole, it will be

at present least ill-placed in the Mycetophagide, although

it has perhaps more the appearance of the Mitidulide.

SCARAB AID A.

Apuoptius (Auctorum plurimum).

Aphodius pacificus (n. sp. ex affinitate Ateni granula-

toris, Har.). Nigricans, parum elongatus, opacus, antennis,

pedibus, capiteque anterius sepius rufescentibus; capite

dense punctato, anterius parum distincte granulato, clypeo

late emarginato, utrinque parum distincte subdenticulato ;

thorace brevi, dense fortiter punctato; elytris subsulcatis,

interstitiis subangulatis, anterius parum, posterius magis

elevatis, obsolete granulatis. Long. 3 mm.

This species is of rather short form. The thorax has

the hind angles very broadly rounded, the punctuation at

its sides is very dense. The sculpture of the elytra is of

an indefinite character and very difficult to describe, indeed,

it varies considerably in its appearance according to the

direction from which it is viewed; there are broad shallow

grooves, at the bottom of which are very fine crenate, or

punctate striz; the intervals can scarcely be described as

convex, as they have an angulated appearance ; along the

middle of each interval is a series of very fine and - very

closely placed granulations, and less definite granulations

may be seen along the lateral portions of the intervals.

The metasternum is very coarsely punctured; the ventral

segments also are coarsely and evenly but not deeply punc-

tured. The basal joint of the posterior tarsus is equal to

the length of the longer spur, and is as long as the three

following joints together. The colour is variable, bemg

sometimes brownish instead of black, and the legs, antennze

and palpi are sometimes blackish, sometimes red. |

This species was sent by Mr. Blackburn as No. 232.

Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. 3)

It was represented in the Lafertean collection of Lamelli-

corns by a specimen labelled “*Oxyomus pacificus Reiche,

Nov. Zealand;” but I have never seen an individual of it

from New Zealand. It is worthy of remark, that all

the other Aphodii found by Mr. Blackburn are species

having a habitat outside of the islands, viz., Aphodius

~ lividus, Ol.; Saprosites pygmeus, Har.; Atenius peregri-

nator, Har.; and Atenius stercorator, Horn. Aphodius

costulatus, Fairm. is probably very closely allied to

A. pacificus; indeed, I at first thought it to be that

species, but after carefully considering Fairmaire’s de-

scription I have thought it more probably that of an

allied species. I am equally i in doubt as to whether the

Oxyomus dilutus, Fairmaire, may not be Harold’s Sapro-

sites pygmeus; if I understand correctly the French

author’s meaning as to the comparative lengths of the

tibial joints and spurs, the two names do not apply to one

species,

CIOID 2.

Cis (Munich Cat. ).

Cis alienus, n. sp. Cylindricus, fuscus, subopacus,

crebrius subtiliter punctatus, pube flavicante, erecta dense

vestita, antennis pedibusque testaceis. Long. 24 mm.

The antenne are small and are pale yellow. The head

is small and much immersed in the thorax, its front margin

distinctly erect, and a little thickened on each side over

the insertion of the antenns. The thorax is a good deal

longer in the middle than at the sides. The punctuation

on the thorax and elytra is fine but very distinct and even ;

the pubescence is rather more conspicuous on the elytra

than on the thorax.

This species is remarkably like the European Cis punctu-

latus, but it is smaller; the antennz are a good deal smaller,

the punctuation is closer and finer, and the pubescence

much longer.

Two specimens found in the mountain forests of Hono-

lulu, and sent as No. 107.

Cis pacificus, n. sp. Oblongus, convexus, haud elon-

gatus, castaneo-testaceus, leevigatus, nitidus; antennis

pedibusque testaceis; prothorace sparsim_ subtilissime

punctulato ; hig ee sim sat fortiter sed subobsolete

punctatis. Long 3 mm.

The front margin “of fie head is very distinctly raised,

and is thickened over the insertion of the antenne, and in

92 Mr. D. Sharp on some

some individuals this thickened portion is developed into a

large angular projection. The species is most remarkably

similar to the European Cis lineato-cribratus, but the

punctuation of the elytra is less distinct and not so regu-

larly arranged, and is, in fact, very nearly the same as in

Cis nitidus. It is evidently a variable species, the largest

individuals being about equal to C. lineato-cribratus, while

others are not half the size. The punctuation of the elytra,

likewise, shows considerable variation.

Found in the mountain forests of Honolulu, and sent

as No. 106.

Cis porcatus, n. sp. Oblongus, angustulus, parum con-

vexus, nigricans, crebre, one punctatus, brevissime,

parceque hispidulus, antennis pedibusque fuscis, illis basi

testaceo. Long. 14 mm.; lat. $ mm.

The antenne have the first joint of the club a good

deal smaller than the following ones. The head has the

front margin angularly prominent over the insertion of

the antenne. The thorax is quite as broad as the elytra,

the anterior border in the middle is distinctly but not

ereatly produced over the head, the sides are much de-

flexed, the basal and lateral margins very fine, the hind

angles are very rounded and indistinct, the surface is

even, is coarsely, closely and deeply punctured, and not at

all shining, it bears excessively short, pale sete or scales,

looking like mere shining, pale points. The elytra are

not so dull as the thorax, their punctuation is irregular

and rather coarse.

This species may perhaps be best compared with the

European Cis fuscatus, but it is not half the size of that

species, is darker in colour, and the sculpture and surface

are more uneven.

Beaten from dry wood in the mountain forests of Oahu

and Kauai; Nos. 32 and 212.

Cis signatus, n. sp. Oblongus, angustulus, parum con-

vexus, opacus, testaceus, thorace, elytrisque nigro-signatis,

prosterno medio, pectore abdomineque nigricantibus,

densissime subtilissimeque punctatus, omnium brevissime

hispidulus ; antennarum clava fusca. Long. 14 mm.;

lat. 2 mm.

This minute species will be easily distinguished by its

excessively dense punctuation, and by the markings of

the upper surface; these latter consist of a large black

irregular mark on the middle of thorax, occupying a large

Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. 93

part of the surface, of a mark on the elytra between the

suture and shoulder, of another mark behind the middle,

and of an infuscation of the posterior part of the suture 5

these marks are no doubt very variable in the extent to

which they are developed. The very dense, very fine,

and very short setee with which the upper surface is

covered may easily be overlooked.

Found on Waianae mountains, Oahu, and sent to me

as No. 36. Specimens, which are apparently varieties of

the same species, have been found on Halea Kala, Maui

Island, and on the mountains of Kauai.

Cis bicolor, n. sp. Angustulus, sat convexus et elon-

gatus, nitidus, fere levigatus, subtus nigro-fuscus, supra

variegatus, capite thoraceque nigris, hoc anterius et pos-

terius albido-testaceo, elytris albido- -testaceis, lateribus

fasciaque mediali ad suturam late Interrupta nigris; pro-

thorace sat crebre et fortiter punctato; elytris basi fortiter

punctatis, apice impunctatis; pedibus antennisque Lee

taceis, illis femoribus, his clava infuscatis. Long. 13 mm.

lat. 2 mm.

The thorax is rather elongate and narrow, distinctly

narrower than the elytra; and the lateral and basal

margins are excessively fine and difficult to distinguish.

The elytra are slightly narrowed towards the shoulders ;

the black mark at their outer margin does not extend to

the apex. The species is readily. distinguished by its

shining surface free from set, and the pale, almost white

elytra, with black marks, as well as by the punctuation of

the elytra. The colour is probably variable, as two

individuals apparently belonging to the species have the

thorax entirely yellow.

Found on the mountains near Honolulu, sent by

Mr. Blackburn as No. 34.

Cis tabidus, n. sp. Oblongus, angustulus, sat convexus,

nitidus fere iaic eatus, nigro-fuscus, ely tris sordide testaceis,

lateribus fé asciaque mediali parum discrete nigris ; thorace

elytrisque parum fortiter et dense punctatis, his ad apicem

fere impunctatis, antennis pee boedNe testaceis, illis clava

fusca. Long. 1% mm.; lat. 3 mm.

The front margin of the ey is more or less distinetly

pale; the thorax is nearly as broad as the elytra, and is

but little longer in the middle than it is at the sides. The

94 Mr. D. Sharp on some

punctuation of the elytra is sparing and indistinct, and

though somewhat coarse on the basal portion, becomes

entirely obsolete before the apex. The species is closely

allied to C. bicolor, but is much more obscure in colour,

and has the thorax rather shorter and broader, and the

elytra rather shorter and more parallel, &c.

Sent as No. 214; found on the mountains of Kauai by

beating dry wood.

Cis diminutivus,n.sp. Suboblongus, parum convexus,

angustulus, rufo-testaceus, elytris, pectore abdomineque

fuscis, crebrius parum subtiliter punctatus, crebrius bre-

viter hispidulus, elytris rugulosis. Long. vix 14 mm.

The antenne are short, with rather stout club; the

margin of the front of the head is only to be distinguished

over the antennz, and is there excessively fine; the sur-

face is closely and distinctly punctured. The thorax

is transverse, slightly broader than the elytra, almost

truncate in front, so that the head is not protected, the

sides much rounded, and the hind angles greatly rounded;

the surface is covered with a dense rather coarse punctua-

tion, and with excessively short sete. The elytra are

nearly black in colour, and so form a great contrast to the

head and thorax; they are closely punctured, the punc-

tuation is of an irregular character and has a rugulose

appearance; they bear excessively short sete. The pro-

sternum is infuscate in the middle; the ventral segments

are obscurely yellowish towards the extremity.

This minute species will be readily distinguished by its

conspicuous punctuation from the following one, which

resembles it in size and colour.

Two specimens were found by beating dry wood, near

the summit of the highest mountain in the range, near

Honolulu.

Cis leticulus, n. sp. Suboblongus, parum convexus,

angustulus, ities subleevigatus, “rufo-testaceus, elytris

fuscis ; corpore subtus infuscato, capite prothoracisque

lateribus leete testaceis. Long. 1h mm.

The antenne are short with rather stout club; the

small head is almost without raised margin over the

antenne. The thorax is hardly as broad as the elytra;

it is but little produced over the head, it is distinctly

narrowed behind, and the hind angles, though depressed

Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. 95

and not easily seen, are not rounded, but somewhat

obtusely rectangular: the blackish elytra form a striking

contrast in colour to the head and thorax. The whole

surface is smooth and shining and nearly free from punc-

tuation.

Found near Honolulu; sent as No. 43.

Cis evanescens, n. sp. Suboblongus, parum convexus,

nitidus, -sublevigatus, nigricans, pedibus fusco-testaceis,

antennis basi testaceo, apice fusco. Long. 14 mm.

The antennz are stout, with rather thick short club.

The minute head is without raised margin, but has a

very distinct transverse impression in front. Although

the thorax is but little produced over the head, it is a

good deal longer in the middle than at the sides, and the

front angles are extremely rounded and indistinet ; it is

distinctly narrowed behind, and the hind angles, though

very obtuse, are not rounded. The surface is almost free

from punctuation.

This species seems closely allied to C. leticulus, but in

addition to its black head and thorax, the more obtuse

hinder angles of its thorax characterize it as a distinct

species.

Found on the mountains of Oahu and Kauai; sent as

Nos. 32 and 213.

AGLYCYDERIDZ.

PROTERHINUS (Sharp, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 20).

Preoterhinus nigricans, n. sp. Latiusculus, nigricans,

setis depressis, submaculatim vestitus, setis erectia parum

conspicuis; antennarum articulo basali magno; prothorace

latiusculo, anterius parum distincte Lene lateribus

valde rotundatis, dense profundeque punctato, anterius

impresso; elytris brevibus, basi subplanato, versus humeros

leviter angustatis (his sat acutis), crebre profundeque punc-

tatis. Long. 24—3 mm.

This species differs from P. vestitus in the following

points: it is darker in colour, even the legs and antennz

being blackish; it has the eyes larger, the antennz rather

longer and Surtdeen with lar eer basal jomt, and the punc-

tuation of the paeaiee has a more distinct and definite

appearance, owing, perhaps, to the sete being less deve-

96 Mr. D. Sharp on some

loped. Slight differences in less important points are also

to be observed. The anterior impression of the thorax is

quite distinct, but the lateral impressions are not easily

seen,

Of this species I have also received a pair from Mr.

Blackburn, as Nos. 177 and 178; they were found on the

mountains of Kauai, by beating dry sticks.

Proterhinus collaris, n. sp. Elongatulus, sat convexus,

nigricans, setis depressis conspicue maculatim vestitus,

setis erectis sat conspicuis; antennis elongatis, articulo

basali preesertim elongato; fronte densius squamoso; pro-

thorace elongato, anterius impresso, dense fortiter punctato;

elytris fortiter punctatis, maculis setarum sericatis, basi

emarginatis, sed humeris vix acutis. Long. 3} mm.

This is a pretty little species with elongate thorax, and

irregularly marked with patches of whitish silky setae; the

upper portion of the head is more than usually densely

clothed with yellowish sete; the antennz are blackish,

elongate and slender. The impression on the front of the

thorax is rather distinct, but the lateral ones are scarcely

represented. The hind legs are considerably longer than

in P. vestitus. The tibiee in the middle and the base of

the femora are more or less distinctly rufescent.

I have received a pair as Nos. 175 and 176, and am in-

formed by Mr. Blackburn that the species occurs sparingly

in several localities on Kauai, in dry bark.

Proterhinus humeralis, n. sp. Angustulus; oculis

mediocribus; fusco-rufus, parum distincte variegatus, setis

depressis et erectis vestitus; prothorace elongato, evi-

denter tri-impresso, parum distincte punctato, lateribus

rotundatis, antrorsum minus evidenter constricto ; elytris

basin versus angustatis, humeris acutis antrorsum pro-

ductis, profunde fortiter punctatis, setis erectis parum

conspicuis. Long. 23?—2% mm.

The antenne are very obscure red, getting darker

towards the extremity, they are rather largely developed,

the three terminal joints elongate, and quite distinctly

thicker than the preceding ones; the punctures on the

elytra are deep but not dense, and those on the basal por-

tion, near the suture, are almost arranged in‘ rows.

This is another of the obscure and difficult species allied

to P. vestitus ; it is narrower than that species, however,

Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. 97

and has the thorax much less constricted in front. In its

form it more resembles P. simplex, but may be easily

distinguished by the impressions of the thorax, and by

the humeral angles of the elytra being more produced in

front.

The pair of this species sent by Mr. Blackburn were

numbered’ 169 and 170, and were found on Haleakala,

Maui.

Proterhinus pusillus, n. sp. Minor; oculis parvis ;

fusco-rufus, setis albidis, depressis, et erectis vestitus,

pedibus rufis; prothorace latiusculo, anterius abrupte con-

stricto, basin versus angustato, pone marginem anteriorem

parum distinete impresso, obsolete punctato; elytris idis-

tincte punctatis, humeris haud acutis. Long. 14{—1% mm.

This is the smallest Proterhinus yet found ; it is most

allied to P. vestitus, but independently of its much

smaller size, it may be distinguished by its smaller eyes,

less distinctly impressed thorax, more obscure punctuation,

and the less development of the sete; the scales and sete

with which it is clothed are in the two individuals before

me nearly white in colour; the shoulders are a good deal

more indistinct and more rounded than they are in

P. vestitus. The structure of the antenne is much the

same as in J. vestitus, and this easily distinguishes the

species from the almost equally small P. debilis,

A pair of this species, displaying the usual sexual dis-

tinction, has been sent by Mr. Blackburn as Nos. 181

and 182; they were found in the forests on the Honolulu

range of mountains.

Proterhinus longulus, n. sp. Elongatus, angustulus,

opacus, ferrugineus, elytris vage nigro-signatis, setis de-

pressis sparsim vestitus, setis erectis sat conspicuis; pro-

thorace elongato, parum inequali, indistinecte punctato,

linea longitudinali subleevi sat distincta; elytris elongatis

sparsim sat fortiter punctatis, humeris acutis, prominulis.

Long. 3—33 mm.; lat. 1—1)} mm.

This is a very distinct species, with scanty clothing,

which has little tendency to form spots or bands. The

eyes are small, the antenne moderately long, rather

slender. The thighs are rather more slender, or less cla-

vate, than in most of the other species, and the ventral

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1879.

PART I.’ (APR. ) H

98 Mr. D. Sharp on some

sutures are rather deeper than usual. The dark marks on

the elytra are indefinite, and no doubt variable. The

species seems to be closer to P. simplex than to any of

the others.

A pair of this species was sent as No. 164. Mr. Black-

burn says it is found in a large fern growing on the Hono-

lulu range of mountains.

Proterhinus basalis, n. sp. Latiusculus, parum con-

vexus, nigricans, setis depressis sat dense irregulariter

vestitus, setis erectis sat conspicuis, antennis tibiisque

rufo-obscuris; prothorace latiusculo, anterius breviter con-

stricto, basi fortiter angustato, fortiter sed parum discrete

punctato, subhispido, cr i-impresso; elytris breviusculis, ad

basin transversim depressis, humeris acutis. Long. 3 mm.

About the size of the largest P. vestitus, and somewhat

similar thereto, but broader, and readily distinguished

from it, and the other allies, by the depressed basal por-

tion of the elytra. The scutellum is more than usually

inconspicuous. ‘The antenne are rather long, and slender.

The prosternum, in front of the cox, is somewhat flat-

tened or depressed in the middle, and the undersurface is

not so rugose as in the allies ; the large basal ventral seg-

ment being remarkably free from punctuation.

Three individuals were beaten from dry sticks, at an

elevation of 2,000 feet, on the island of Kauai; the one

sent me is of the rostrate sex, and was No. 166.

Proterhinus sternalis, n. sp. Robustus, breviusculus,

nigricans, antennis, femoribus basi, tibiis tarsisque rufis,

setis depressis, densius irregulariter vestitus, setis erectis

sat conspicuis ; prothorace latiusculo, anterius constricto,

rugoso-punctato, tri-impresso; elytris basi fortiter emar-

ginato, parum discrete punctatis, basi summo utrinque

prope scutellum subtuberculato, sutura subtilissime cari-

nato-elevato, humeris prominulis; prosterno anterius in

medio concavo; tibiis extus longius setosis. Long.

23—3} mm.

This is a very distinct species, though at first sight it

seems similar enough to P. PEGS. The eyes are

largely developed. The tubercle on each side at the base

of the elytra is tomentose like the rest of the surface, and

therefore not very conspicuous; there is also a very

obscure oblique elevation proceeding from each shoulder

Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. 99

towards the suture; there is an indistinct darker patch on

the side of each wing case about the middle, and on this

the punctuation appears coarser than elsewhere.

Found on dead wood in the forests at an elevation of

4,000 ft. on Haleakala, Maui. The pair sent represent

ie sexes; the unrostrate individual is smaller than the

other, with the anterior legs rather shorter, and the lobes of

the 2nd tarsal joint on the front feet unusually developed.

Sent as Nos. 167 and 168.

Proterhinus Leconte’, n. sp. Major; parum dense

griseo-squamosus; prothorace inzquali; elytris basi emar-

ginato, et quasi quadridentato, pone medium valde tu-

berculato elev atis, setis erectis sat conspicuis. Long.

4—43 mm.

The antenne are largely developed, and are about

intermediate between red and black in colour. The eyes

are large. The thorax is constricted in front, and bears

three very large impressions, the anterior one being ex-

cessively large, the sides and front margin are marked by

some curved erect sete. The elytra are emarginate at

the base, with the humeral angles excessively prominent,

and there is a prominent tubercle on each side of the scu-

tellum projecting somewhat forwards as well as upwards;

along the middle of each wing case is a longitudinal

elevation, terminating some distance before the extremity

very abruptly, and so forming a very prominent tubercle ;

the punctures are distant but distinct, and rather evenly

distributed.

Beaten from dead wood in the forests at an elevation of

about 4,000 ft. on Haleakala, Maui. No. 165.

Obs.—This is by far the largest species of the genus

yet found, and is the most highly developed and “most

sexually differentiated, and at the same time seems to

make the nearest approach to Aglycyderes; it may,

perhaps, have to be treated as a distinct genus. The

epipleurz of the elytra are less rudimentary than in the

allies, and the coxe are not so widely separated, especially

in the sex without rostrum. In the other sex the beak is

highly developed. P. sternalis shows an approximation

to Lecontei, however, and if one or two intermediate

species are discovered, as is quite possible, P. Lecontet

will have to remain united in a first synthesis, with its

H 2

100 Mr. D. Sharp on some

more insignificant-looking allies. I have named _ this

remarkable little beetle in honour of the distinguished

entomologist of Philadelphia, who has so indefatigably

and successfully added to our knowledge of the Coleoptera.

Proterhinus paradoxus, n. sp. Oculis minutis; parum

elongatus, ferrugineus, subnitidus, sine setis depressis,

setis erectis elytrorum sparsis, sed conspicuis; prothorace

invequali, anterius conspicue constricto, obsolete punctato,

sparsim hispidulo ; elytris planatis, verse rectangu-

lariter deflexis, omnium fortiter, dense punctatis, humeris

depressis, Inconspicuis; femoribus parum clavatis. Long.

24 mm.

The antenne are rather slender, but have the 2nd joint

thicker than usual; the thorax is rather small, the three

impressions are very large, the anterior one is particularly

indefinite, and cannot be said to be limited laterally, and

it is to this that is due the greater apparent constriction

of the front part of the thorax ; the punctuation is very in-

distinct, and the surface is rendered hispid by curled

suberect setze. The elytra have the whole of the dorsal

portion quite flat, there is an appearance of an obsolete

tubercular elevation at the base on each side near the

scutellum, the lateral portions of the wing cases are placed

quite at right angles to the disc ; the punctuation is very

deep and coarse and close.

Two individuals have been found in the mountain

forests near Honolulu; sent as No. 163.

Obs.—This species is so very distinct that, if con-

necting links are not found, it will have to be treated as a

distinct genus. The minute eyes indicate an inactive life.

The very different sculpture and clothing, and the peculiar

form of the wing cases, are accompanied by a diminution

of the 2nd joint of the tarsi and a remarkable develop-

ment of the sutures of the ventral segments, which are

very coarse and deep. The individual described is pro-

bably the unrostrate sex, but, if so, it has the head

narrower and more rostrate than i in the unrostrate sex of

other species, and I shall not be surprised if it prove that

in this species the sexual differentiation of the head is less

than in the other Proterhint.

Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. 101

SCOLYTIDZ.

HyporHEeNnrmus (Leconte).

I have described one of Mr. Blackburn’s new species

under the above generic name with some hesitation, for at

present it appears there are no systematic characters to

distinguish the genus from Cryphalus. Hitherto the

number. of joints in the funiculus of the antennz have

been used for the purpose, but this has been abandoned

by Leconte, who now includes under the name some

species haying two, and some having more than two

intermediate joints in the antennz. The reason he has

given (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1876, No. 96, p. 355)

makes me think he is correct in this procedure. I have

not, however, called the new species here described a

Cr -yphalus, because I think it quite probable that future

investigations will reveal a sufficient gap between Cry-

phalus | (as represented by binodulus, Ratz., and its allies)

and Hypothenemus eruditus, Westw., with the species near

it, to justify their separation.

Hypothenemus maculicollis, n. sp. _Breviusculus, latius-

culus, subeylindricus, niger, antennis pedibusque fusco-

testaceis, setulis omnium ‘brevissimis, fuscis vestitus ;

prothorace antrorsum fortiter asperato, posterius subtilis-

sime granulato, sub-opaco, medio parum distincte rufo-

maculato; elytris subtiliter seriatim punctatis, posterius

vix retusis. Long. 13 mm.

This species is intermediate in size between //. eruditus

and Cryphalus binodulus ; the sete of the surface seem

to be finer than in HZ. enuditi s, and are very easily removed ;

they are very dense on the deflexed apical portion of the

elytra, and cause the surface there to appear extremely

opaque. The intermediate joints of the antenne are ex-

cessively abbreviated, so that at first sight the globular

2nd joint appears contiguous with the base of the club ; :

but examination with a compound microscope reveals

some very short, broad, indistinctly separated intermediate

joints, w hich are, I believe, three in number: this is the

same structure as is stated by Leconte to occur in the

North American H. dissimilis.

I have received three individuals as No. 39 from

Mr. Blackburn, with the remark “widely distributed.”

102 Mr. D. Sharp on some

Besides the H. maculicollis, Mr. Blackburn has also

found the H. eruditus, Westw.; and as regards this little

mite, I may remark that I think it is probably nearly

cosmopolitan, and it may be expected to have been de-

scribed under various names. I do not consider, however,

that it can be the species intended by Fabricius, under

the name of Bostrichus ruficollis (Syst. El. 11. p. 388), as

Ferrari has suggested (Berl. Zeit. 1868, p. 255). The

little atom can probably live on a great variety of food,

and will pretty certainly be found to vary a good deal in

minor particulars. Cryphalus aspericollis, Woll., from

the Canary Islands and Ascension Island, seems to me

the same species; and also Hypothenemus hispidulus,

Leconte; and it is also quite probable that Stephanoderes

seriatus, Hich., is, as suggested by Leconte, the same

thing.

Mr. Blackburn finds the insect in the bark of a species

of acacia on the plains of Oahu.

CERAMBYCID.

CriyTarLus (Sharp, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 208).

Mr. Blackburn has now discovered two other species of

this remarkable genus of Longicorns; the two are striking

from the great difference that exists between them. Their

divergence from the two species previously described is

in opposite directions, and is so great that if these insects

are treated in the same manner as the rest of the Clytides

have been by modern authorities, they will have to be

considered as two genera, distinct from Clytarlus. In

C. microgaster the femora are much incrassate, the incras-

sation being nearly gradual from near the base to the apex,

with a tendency to an apical knob in addition. ‘The little

C. modestus, on the other hand, has the basal half of the

femora very slender, while the outer half is abruptly in-

crassate. Besides this the hind body is reduced to a mere

appendage in C. microgaster (in the male at least, for

that is the only sex I have seen), while it is well developed

in C. modestus. I find, however, that the two original

species, C. robustus and C. cristatus, by no means agree

in the form of the femora; and the development of the

hind body, as I have described in C. robustus, is liable to

great difference in the sexes of one species. As there are

no doubt other allied species to be discovered in the

Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. 103

Hawaiian Archipelago, I think it advisable, under the

circumstances above mentioned, to leave the question of

generic diversity till more is known of the actually

existing species.

Clytarlus microgaster, n. sp. Niger, antennis pedi-

busque (his ex parte) rufis; fronte, thoraceque sulphureo-

bivittatis; elytris fusco-rufis, maculis setarum pallidarum

numerosis ; pectore ad latera anterius et posterius sul-

phureo-maculato ; pedibus quatuor posterioribus, valde

elongatis, ad apicem nigris, tibiis tarsisque posterioribus

hirsutis. Long. 17 mm.; lat. ad elytrorum basin vix

4 mm.

Antenne of male reaching just to extremity of elytra,

entirely pale red; head black, with two approximate bands

of yellow set on the front, on the vertex with scattered

yellow sete. Thorax longitudinally elevated along the

middle, the elevation not reaching quite to the base, and

with its anterior and posterior parts a little the most

elevated, the posterior portion of the elevation is traversed

by a very fine transverse carina, and the anterior portion

is obscurely granulated. The thorax is black, but is

traversed by two broad and excessiv ely conspicuous bands

of yellow sete; the space between these bands is very

densely punctured and dull, while outside these bands the

surface is glabrous and shining. The elytra are very

attenuate at the extremity, the base and sides are reddish,

but this colour shades gradually into pitchy black ; the

surface is closely punctured (the punctuation becoming

obsolete at the apex), and is marked by numerous

irregular flecks of depressed pale-yellow sete, which are

so irregularly disposed that they are not quite similar on

the ag o wing cases. The undersurface is black, clothed

scantily with whitish sete or hairs, and marked between

the edge of the wing case and the middle with a dense.

patch of sulphur- yellow setee, and with a similar patch at

the apex of the side piece of the metasternum. The hind

body (in the male) is very minute and much arched, the

basal segments are pitchy, the apical ones reddish. The

front lees are pale red, with the femora blackish towards

the apex, and bear pale hairs. The middle and hind

legs are greatly elongated (especially the hinder ones), and

the femora are very peculiar, the base is rather slender,

104 Mr. D. Sharp on some

and at a little distance from it they are slightly bent, and

get gradually thicker, while at apex there is again a slight

additional incrassation, which is very well marked on the

hinder pair, though not on the middle ones; this apical

portion is intensely black in colour, so as to form a remark-

able contrast to the dull-red colour of the basal portion ;

the femora are somewhat scabrous, and bear rather scanty

pale hairs or sete, the black apical portion bearing a

denser black pubescence ; the middle tibiz: and tarsi are

red, with but slight variegation in their colour or in that

of the scanty hairs they bear. The hind tibiz are elon-

gate (just about the length of the wing cases), they are

laterally compressed, and the basal portion is a little

slenderer than the rest; they are clothed with rough,

erect, dense hairs, which are but little developed on the

basal portion, and are there yellowish, while on the lower

part they become black, and are more largely developed ;

the hind tarsi also are hirsute, but the hairs are of a pale

ochreous colour, and so form a striking contrast to the

tibize.

This species was discovered by Mr. Blackburn on one

of the higher mountains of the Honolulu range. Four

visits to the spot of its discovery have been rewarded by

the capture of three individuals; one of these is a female,

and Mr. Blackburn informs me that it has the antennz

a good deal shorter than the male, and a little thicker

near the apex, the elevation of the thorax flat, instead of

saddle-shaped, and the hind tibiz rather more straight.

Whether its hind body is reduced in size in a manner

comparable to that of the male I do not know.

Clytarlus modestus, n. sp. Minor; gracilis, rufo-tes-

taceus, antennis, elytris, pedibusque pallidioribus, fere

nudus, parum nitidus; prothorace dense obsolete punctato,

opaco, medio longitudinaliter parum elevato, carinulis

valde abbreviatis, transversis, tribus, anteriore magis ele-

vato; elytris versus apicem leviter attenuatis, fortiter,

dense punctatis; abdomine nigricante, apice rufescente ;

corpore subtus, sparsim albido-setoso; pedibus elongatis,

eracilibus, femoribus quatuor posterioribus, dimidio apl-

cali abrupte incrassato. Long. 5 mm.; lat. 1 mm.

The thorax is but little longer than broad, it is sub-

cylindric, and has but little basal constriction; in the

Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. 105

middle, in front, there is a small elevation, the summit of

which bears a fine carina, and behind the middle there

are two somewhat similar but less elevated carine.

Two specimens of this fragile little Longicorn were

found by Mr. Blackburn at a great elevation on Haleakala,

Maui. They were apparently both of the same sex, and

I am doubtful whether it will prove the male or the female.

The antennz scarcely extend so far back as the half length

of the wing cases, and joints 6—11 are much abbreviated

in comparison with the three preceding ones. The hind

body is well developed, reaching nearly to the apex of the

elytra. I suspect, however, that this is the male.

@ 107-)

VI. On some new or little known British Wymenoptera.

By P. Cameron.

{Read March 5th, 1879.]

TENTHREDINID A.

HyLoroMa STEPHENSI, Leach.

I nave lately (thanks to Mr. J. E. Fletcher, of Worcester )

had an opportunity of examining some specimens of both

sexes of the Hylotoma Stephensi, Leach, a form which

appears to be very little known.

Stephens (Ill. vii. 19, 14) describes it thus: —Head and

thorax glossy ailleelNieales ; abdomen yellow; legs black,

with whitish pile, and the four hinder femora pale j yellow ;

wings hyaline fuscescent, anterior with the costa to the

stioma, including this last, dusky. Male with the an-

tenn rather long; female with the pleuree yellow.

I may supplement this description by adding that the

pleurz in the ¢ are also sometimes yellow, and that the

sutures of the mesonotum and the posterior tibiz and

tarsi are occasionally, for the greater part, of the same

colour; while, on the ‘other hand, there may be scarcely a

trace of this colour on the pleurze i in the darker-coloured

specimens. The labrum and the two front legs may be

tinged with yellow, and the antenne may be fuscous or

hight, brown.

Mr. F. Smith, in his “ Nomenclature of British

Hymenoptera,” sinks Stephensi as a variety of pagana,

Pz., which differs from it in having the thorax and legs

uniformly bluish-black, and the wings (comparing the

specimens in my collection with Stephensi) are much

darker, and the labrum is black. Mr. Smith may be

correct in this, yet, if Stephens? may not be a good

species, it still must be regarded as a distinct variety; a

variety, too, confined exclusively to Britain, for no con-

tinental author has described pagana as varying in

coloration.*

* Eversman (Bull. Mose. xx. 11) describes a ¢ of pagana having all

the tibiz and tarsi luteous ; Zaddach suggests that this is very possibly a

form of ZZ. fuscipennis, IL-S., or, if not, a distinct species.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART I. (APR.)

108 Mr. P. Cameron on some

Brischke and Zaddach,* in their monograph of the

European Hylotome, appear to regard it as a good

species, but one of which they had seen no examples.

Against the view that Stephenst may be a distinct

species from Pagana must be stated the fact that the

yellow on the thorax and legs is not constant in position

or quantity; so that in the absence of a greater number of

specimens to judge from, and of any information about its

habits, its specific distinctness must be considered doubtful.

But if not a species, I should certainly consider it as a

variety or race rather than an aberration.

Pagana is one of the most widely distributed of sawflies.

It is found all over the Palarctic, also in the Oriental -

region, while in the Nearctic it occurs as far south as

Georgia. .

Mr. Smith (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 375) describes a

species (H. similis sibi) from Japan, which, according to

him, differs only from Pagana in having a yellow spot

beneath the wings. If Stmilis is to be considered a good

species, then Stephens? may well be regarded the same,

if it be not identical with Similis.

The luteous British species of Hylotoma may be distin-

euished as follows :—

A. Legs and thorax entirely bluish-black .. -- Pagana, Pz.

B. Legs more or less luteous.

a. Pleure marked with yellow.

Legs for the greater part bluish-black; hinder

tarsi not annulated with black .. -» Stephensi, Leach.

Legs for the greater part yellow; hinder

tarsi annulated with black “oe .. Rose, L.

b. Pleuree without yellow.

Femora only black at the apex; anterior

wings with a fascia below the stigma.. Cyaneo-crocea, Forst.

Femora quite black, wings without a fascia JMelanochra, Gmel.

NEMATUS NIGRO-LINEATUS, Cam.

Two or three years ago I collected a lot of the leaf-

rolling larve of Nematus crassulus, Dbm., and placed

them in a bottle by themselves. In the following spring

the imagoes of Crassulus duly appeared, and along with

them another and very different species, whose appearance

in the bottle I could not account for, as I had been very

* Schr. Ges. Konig. 1862, 108.

new or little known British Hymenoptera. 109

careful to put in only the Crassulus larve. The strange

insect had such a great resemblance to the common ¢ all-

maker (Nematus pedunculi, or whatever its name may be*),

which forms the hairy pea-shaped galls on Salix aurita,

that I thought it was a stray specimen which had got in

with the other larvee by mistake, but still I could not

identify it as the gall-making species to my satisfaction,

and so I left the matter to be cleared up by renewed

investigation.

The enigma has now been cleared up by that acute

investigator of the habit of insects, Mr. J. E. Fletcher, WIRD

succeeded last year in rearing four specimens out of larvee

living in the rolled-down leaves of Salix viminalis, so that

I must have mixed up the larvee of Migro-lineatus with

those of the commoner species.

Apart from the above-mentioned specimen, I have been

acquainted with Migro-lineatus since June, 1876, when

I captured it among osiers on the banks of the Severn

above Gloucester. I never could identify them with any

of the descriptions. I sent a specimen over to Professor

Zaddach, who returned it as being unknown to him.

still I did not venture to describe it, but inserted it in

my ‘Catalogue of British Tenthredinide,” under the

name of Nigro-lineatus. Now, however, that its habits

are known, it may be described without any hesitation.

Leaving the total diversity of habits aside, the gall-

making N. pedunculi (the species haying the oreatest

resemblance with it), may be known from Nigro- lpabie

by the absence of any white on the pronotum apart from

the tegula, by the somewhat longer and thicker antenne,

those of the é being especially thicker, the 3rd joint,

too, being nearly as lone as the 4th; the mesonotum is

more shining and not so punctured, while the 3rd sub-

marginal cellule is longer, and the 2nd recurrent nervure

interstitiate or nearly so.

Then it differs widely from all the leaf-rolling species

known. WW. leucostictus, Htg., and N. crassulus, Dbm.,

having the stigma and legs almost unicolorous, besides

differmg widely in form, while NN. xanthogaster, F oers., as

the name denotes, has the body marked with yellow, while

the stigma is yellow and the scutellum punctured.

Neither Mr. Fletcher nor myself knows anything about

the larva beyond its leaf-rolling habits, but I hope to be

* See Fauna of Scotland, Hymen. i. p. 43.

110 Mr. P. Cameron on some

able to discriminate it this summer. The following is a

description of the imago.

Black, almost shining. Antennze about a fourth shorter

than the body, black, filiform, the 3rd and 4th joints

about equal, the rest becoming gradually shorter, and

more distinctly separated and truncated at the apex.

Head black, labrum and clypeus white, pilose, clypeus

incised, mandibles piceous at the tips; palpi fuscous; vertex

finely punctured, and covered with depressed pile. Meso-

notum semi-opaque, finely punctured (more distinctly than

on the vertex), scutellum shining, almost impunctate;

cenchri obscure ; pleurze smooth, shining; the edge of the

pronotum and the tegule white. Abdomen a little longer

than the head and thorax, the apex bluntly pointed; cerci

very long, pointing outwardly; sheath of saw projecting a

little bevond the end of the cerci, pilose. Legs white;

the extreme base of coxee, the femora except at the base

and apex, the apex of the posterior tibize and the tarsi black ;

the extreme apex of the anterior tibiz and the apex of the

tarsi fuscous; calcaria short, wings hyaline, costa fuscous,

stigma large, fuscous at base, white at the apex; the 3rd

submarginal cellule is longer than broad; the 2nd recurrent

nervure is received a good bit in front of the 2nd sub-

marginal.

The ¢ is similar in coloration, the antennez are a little

longer, but not much thicker; the underside fuscous, and

the 3rd joint shorter than the 4th, the stigma fuscous.

Length 2—z4 lines; alar. exp. 43—4 lines.

CYNIPID 4.

ONYCHIA.

This genus was first mentioned by Westwood, in Loud.

Mag. 1833, p. 494, then by Walker, in Ent. Mag. ii. 517,

the Evania ediogaster, Rossi, being given by the latter as

the type, but his description does not agree with that

insect, nor has it ever been found in this country so far as I

can learn. ‘The next mention of the genus is by West-

wood, in the Appendix to his Introduction, vol. i. p. 56,

where it is characterized as follows :—

«* Abdomen with the third segment very large, con-

cealing the posterior ones, petiole very short, scutellum

channelled throughout; antennee filiform, 14-jointed in ¢,

13 in 2; cubital areolets three; subcostal nerve not con-

tinued beyond the rib.”

new or little known British Hymenoptera. Pay

An undescribed species indicated (/. c.), under the name

of busta, is given as the type, no mention being made

of ediogaster.

By Dahlbom (Onychia och Callaspidia, 1842, p. 5),

Onychia was used generically for the reception of Evania

ediogaster and two other species, while another genus,

Callaspidia, was created for the reception of the Fig gites

notata, Fonse. Giraud (Verh. z. b. ges. Wien, 1860,

p- 156) followed Dahlbom in his definition of the genera,

while he formed also another genus, Omalaspis, ‘for his

O. noricus. Reinhard (B. E. Z. 1860, p. 238) reversed

this, using Onychia for notata, &c., while the name of

Aspicera, “Dbm., was used for ediogaster, Giraud (J. c.)

himself having suggested either this, or the sinking of

Aspicera, and the using of his own name Bellona, in

preference. All this confusion was caused by ediogaster

having been given as the type in the earlier indications

of the: genus; nor is it certain that the manner in w hich

the names are used by Reinhard (and he is followed by

Thomson and Foerster) can be considered correct. For

it is clear that the description given by Westwood cannot

apply to the species of Onychia as restricted by these

authors. According to the Rev. T. A. Marshall (Ent.

Ann. 1874, p. 120), Onychia biusta isan Omalaspis, a fact

rendered clear from the description, as well as from an

examination of the insect. Onychia then should be

retained for noricus, Gir., niger, Htg. and biusta, W.,

while the Onychia, Reinh., Thoms., would require to be

renamed.

However, I do not see that much good would be done

by now acting in this way, the more especially as Onychia

has been employ ed for so many years in its present mean-

ing. Obviously, too, when a monographer splits up a

genus into several, he has the right to use his own dis-

cretion as to for what species he will retain the original

name, and what for the new genera. Moreover, we have

seen that in the first indication of the genus a type was

given with which the generic deseription did not agree,

while the last type was not and still remains undescribed.

The three genera may be briefly characterized as fol-

lows :—

A. Scutellum ending in a sharp spine .. ee -. Aspicera.

B. Scutellum truncated.

Abdominal petiole short .. oe 56 -- Omatlaspis.

Abdominal petiole long oe aC oC -» Onychia.

112 Mr. P. Cameron on some

Omalaspis, as we have seen, is British, being repre-

sented by dbiusta. I have examined the specimen men-

tioned by Mr. Marshall (/. c.), but it unfortunately is not

in good condition. It is black; the six basal joints of the

antenne and the legs are bright red; the basal three-

fourths of the abdomen at the sides, and the basal half at

the sides and above, dull red. The tegulz appear to be

dull red. The thorax is opaque, the mesonotum is faintly

punctured. Length a little over 1 line.

Om. niger, Htg., differs from it in having the whole of

the antennz red, and the coxe and base of femora black,

while there is no red on the abdomen. Om. noricus, Gir.,

has the first joint of the antennz black and the rest red ;

the abdomen is entirely black, as are also the tegule; the

antenne are stated to be as long as the head and thorax,

while in diusta they are longer, being as long as the head,

thorax and half of abdomen.

Biusta appears to be covered with a faint pale pu-

bescence on the thorax, it being especially long on the

metathorax.

I am glad to be able to record Onychia, Reinh. ( Cal-

laspidia, Dbm., Gir.), as British, and what adds to the

interest of the discovery is that our species appears to be

undescribed. I would propose to call it—

Onychia nigripes, sp. 0.

Antenne as long as the body, filiform, the apical joints

a very little thicker than the basal ; the 1st joint is nearly

double the length of the 2nd; the 3rd is the longest,

being a little longer than the 4th, which is itself somewhat

longer than the 5th; the rest become shorter and thicker

to the last, and also more globular and more truncated at

the apex; the 13th joint is longer than the preceding two,

being nearly as long as the 3rd; the colour is black for

the greater part, the basal half of the joints of the flagellum

being pale testaceous, this colour being especially notice-

able on the apical joints. Head black, roughly punctured.

Thorax black, opaque, roughly punctured; the prothorax

is marked with longitudinal striations. The mesonotum

is deeply fringed with long white hairs. Abdomen black,

smooth, shining; the little ring on the petiole is piceous.

Legs black; the anterior knees, base of all the tibiz and

tarsi testaceous. Wines hyaline, tinged with testaceous

near the nervures.

new or little known British Hymenoptera. 113

The furrows of the mesonotum agree with Dahlbom’s

figure of O. fonscolombe?, while it has also the peculiar

hyaline membrane in front of the scutellum and the fur-

rowed hind tibiz characteristic of the genus.

Length 2 lines; alar. exp. 33 lines.

All the European species of this genus have the scu-

tellum and more or less of the thorax, with the legs,

reddish. It is true that the amount of the red colora-

tion on these parts varies, but so far as I can make out

from the descriptions, the thorax and the legs are never

black together, nor is the red ever entirely absent, al-

though it may vary from sanguineous to brown.

If Dahlbom’s figure (pl. 1, f 8) of Onychia fonsco-

lombet be correct, then there is a considerable difference

in shape between it and our insect. In fonscolombei the

metathorax is longer and not so high, whereas in nigripes

it is straighter. The last joint of the antenne in fonsco-

lombet is represented as being not much longer than the

preceding, but this of course may be a mistake on the

part of the artist.

Onychia rugosus, Ute. (considered by Reinhard to be

a variety of O. Westwoodi, Dbm.), has the thorax all

black, but then the legs are red.

The only specimen of nigripes I have seen was taken

by Mr. J. B. Bridgman at Norwich. It is a female.

ALLOTRIA.

Allotria pleuralis, sp. n.

Antenne a little shorter than the body, the apical half

somewhat thicker than the basal; the first four or five

joints pale yellow, the others black or rather dark fuscous.

Head pale red, the vertex very slightly darker. Thorax:

pronotum, mesonotum and the base of metanotum black ;

the pleurze, sternum and apex of metanotum dark red.

Abdomen black, reddish at the base above, and the basal

half of the sides is more or less dark fuscous red. Legs

pale yellow. Wings clear hyaline, nervures very pale

testaceous; radial cellule small, scarcely longer than

broad.

Length a little over } a line; alar. exp. 14 lines.

This little species comes near to A. longipennis, Htg.,

but that has the whole of the antennz and only the pro-

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART I. (APR.) I

114 Mr. P. Cameron on some

and meso- thorax reddish. A. posticus, Htg., differs from

it in having only the metathorax red. A. castaneus is

distinguished from it by having the body almost entirely

castaneous; it is a larger species ; the antenne are longer,

and the radial cellule is larger and longer.

My five specimens (three from the Clyde, near Newton,

and two from Possil Marsh, all taken in July) show slight

variations in the amount of red on the thorax and abdo-

men.

Allotria Tscheki, Giraud.

Vehr. z. b. Ges. Wien. 1860, 128, 4.

I have several specimens of what I consider to be this

species, taken in Clydesdale—in Mugdock Wood and at

Loch Libo—on the banks of the Ken, above Dalry—and

one near Gloucester. It was bred by Tschek, from an

Aphis, living on Ribes rubrum. It agrees so very closely

with Allotria victriz, Westw., that at first I placed my

specimens along with that species; and Giraud himself

says that Z'schekit might be taken for a variety of victriz,

but that it differs from it in being smaller, in having the

vertex always black, and in having the radial cellule

shorter.

PHANOGLYPHIS.

Foerster. Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien. 1869, p. 338.

This genus is distinguished from the other genera of

Allotrina by having the mesonotum distinctly furrowed,

and one or two depressions at the base of the scutellum.

Hemicrisis, Foer. (/. c.), agrees with it in the former pecu-

liarity, but differs from it in having no depressions at the

base of the scutellum.

The type of the genus is Phen. xanthochroa, Foer.

(1. c., p. 339), which was taken near Liittich.

C. G. Thomson has recently (Opusc. Ent. 1877, p. 811)

characterized the same genus (or subgenus, as he calls it)

under the name of Auloxysta, and describes seven species

from Sweden—one of them (A. rufa) being to all appear-

ances identical with Foerster’s Xanthochroa.

In the collection of the Rev. T. A. Marshall there is a

specimen of a Phenoglyphis, unfortunately not in very

good condition; it is a 6, and agrees very closely with the

description of Xanthochroa, except in so far that it has the

new or little known British Hymenoptera. 115

apical third or so of the abdomen fuscous, while, according

to Foerster and Thomson, the entire body is reddish-

testaceous. The identity of the British specimen is thus

a little doubtful; but as neither Thomson nor Foerster

describes the ¢ of their species, it would be somewhat

hazardous to consider ours as distinct. All the other

species described by Thomson have the bodies black.

PsicuacrA, Foerster, /.c., p. 356.

Psichacra Dalet, sp. n.

Antenne a little longer than the body, red, the four

apical joints fuscous , the Ist nearly double the length of

the 2nd, thickened and semi-truncated at the apex, the

2nd globular, the 3rd a little longer than the 4th, thin,

slightly thickened and truncated, and of a fuscous colour

at the apex; the three following joints a very little shorter

and of the same form and asain ; the next three are a

little shorter, thicker, and rounded at the apex; the last

four are thicker than the preceding, the last being thicker

and longer than the 12th; but there is scarcely a well-

marked club. Head smooth, shinmg. ‘Thorax smooth,

shining, covered with a scattered pile; dull red, the meso-

notum obscured with black in the middle; the pleurz and

sternum for the greater part black. Cup of scutellum

raised, with a projecting rim, the posterior end projecting

over the top like a ridge; at the base of the scutellum are

two deep depressions.

Abdomen shorter than the thorax, -compressed, acute,

thin, black; the belly testaceous. On the second segment

is along hair fringe. Legs red. Wings hyaline, nervures

pale testaceous.

Length 1} lines; alar, exp. 3} lines.

I am not quite sure as to the generic position of this

insect of which I have only seen the female, but as a

whole it comes very near to Psichacra, as defined by

Foerster, and more particularly in the antennz not ending

in a distinct club, and in the form of the scutellum. The

type of Psichacra is longicornis, Htg., of which I have

only seen the . Foerster (/. ¢., p. 356), makes mention

of the female, but gives no particular account of the

antenn in that sex beyond that there is no distinct club.

Thomson (Oef. 1861, 404, 12), quotes Kucoela gracilis,

Dbm., as probably the female of longicornis, Htg. He

116 Mr. P. Cameron on some

describes the antennal club in the female as “ haud dis-

creta,” which agrees tolerably well with Foerster’s descrip-

tion. Gracilis agrees very closely with Dalei in coloration,

it having the « scutello, foveo lanceolata metathorace,

pedibusque rufo-testaceis.”

Gracilis is in the collection of the Rev. T. A. Marshall,

and is, I believe, correctly named by that gentleman,

although the scutellum is black in his specimen. The

antennz are, however, very different from those of Dalez,

the 3rd and following joints being short, thicker and more

globular; the antennz, too, being shorter than the body,

which is much larger, stouter, and not so much compressed

as in the other. The alar neuration is the same in the

two species.*

Whether longicornis be the ¢ of gracilis or not is a

point which I cannot at present determine from the

limited material at hand, but I am inclined to believe

that the two are quite distinct.

P. Dalei was taken by Mr. J. C. Dale at Glanville’s

Wooton, Dorsetshire.

Obs.—Many of Foerster’s genera in this group of

Cynipide are not easily made out, especially with the

males (with one or two exceptions, when the males are

easier identified than the females), and many of the cha-

racters he relies upon for the formation of his genera—

especially those drawn from the form of the antenne—

appear to me to be merely sexual, and not of generic

value. The antennz in the males are very similar in the

Eucoelides, while there is great variation with these

organs in the females.

HeExaco.a, Foerster, l. c., p. 347.

I have taken a specimen of Hezracola hexatoma, Htg.,

at Bonar Bridge, Sutherlandshire, and another in a moist

meadow along the banks of the Allander, near Glasgow.

From this it would appear to be a widely-distributed

species.

* Mr. Marshall, in his list of Cynipide in the Ent. Ann. for 1874,

refers gracilis to the genus Cothonaspis, which, however, is not the case,

that genus, inter alia, not having a hair fringe. Mr. Marshall probably

had mentally confounded gracilis, Dbm., with gracilis, Utg., which is a

true Cothonaspis.

new or little known British Hymenoptera, Liv

I presume that Thomson’s A7editoma hexatoma* is the

same as Hartig’s species of the same name, although

Thomson does not make : any mention of it; at least there

does not appear to be any great difference between the

descriptions of the two authors.

Giraud ¢ describes another species with a 6-jointed club,

which is probably the same, the only difference being that

it has more red colour on the legs.

CHARIPS MICROCERA.

Under the above name, there is in the collection of the

Rev. T. A. Marshall (who has very kindly lent me all his

parasitic Cynipide for examination) a little species which

had belonged to the late A. H. Haliday, by whom it had

been named; but seemingly has never been described by

anyone.

The specimen is old and not in very good condition, so

that it would not be very easy to draw up a proper descrip-

tion from this solitary specimen. Fortunately, however,

I this summer succeeded in capturing eight specimens in

the south of Scotland, thus giving ample material for

determining its systematic position. My specimens were

taken on the banks of the Ken above Dalry, at Colvend

on the Kirkcudbright coast, and one example near Dum-

fries. Curiously enough all I have taken are males, that

being likewise the case with Haliday’s specimen.

In Foerster’s generic arrangement it comes into his

family “ Figitoide,” and in the table given (1. c.) at

pp- 363, 364, would belong to {¢ d.d. k, and comes therefore

nearest to Sarothrus, from which it differs in the perfectly

smooth, shining, unfurrowed thorax. Déecera, the next

genus to Sarothrus, may be known by the absence of a

hair fringe on the second abdominal segment, Charips

having one, while, on the other hand, Diecera has two

holes at the base of the scutellum.

Antenne as long as the body, 14-jointed, the 3rd_ joint

curved, longer than the 4th. Kyes bare; mesonotum

and scutellum smooth, shining, glabrous; the former

without any furrows, the latter without any depressions at

the base; somewhat oval in shape, and, compared to the

® Ocf. 1861, 388, 5.

+ Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien. 1860, 143, 25.

118 Mr. P. Cameron on some

size of the thorax, comparatively large. Abdomen with

a slight hair fringe on the base of the second segment.

Wings with the radial cellule small, a very little longer

than broad; the margin of the wings with a long hair

fringe. In the general form of the antenne (except,

perhaps, that the joints are broader and more rounded),

head and scutellum, and in the neuration of the wings,

Charips agrees with Sarothrus.

Black, smooth, shining, antennz pale testaceous, the

basal joint black, the apical joints sometimes pale fuscous.

Legs pale testaceous, the cox, the femora and tibiz in

the middle obscure fuscous, the abdominal hair fringe

dark fuscous. - The alar nervures pale testaceous.

Length a little over a } ofa line; alar. exp. 1 line.

CHALCIDID ©.

MEGASTIGMUS PICTUS.

Torymus pictus, Foerster, Beitr. z. Mon. d. Pter.

p: 3l.

Megastigmus strobilobius, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forstins. 11.

p- 182.

Megas. pictus, Mayr, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien. xxiv.

TSSe

This rare species is British. I have examined two

specimens—one taken by the Rev. T. A. Marshall, in

England, and another captured near Dumfries by myself.

According to Ratzburg, it lives in pine cones, probably

as a parasite of Tortrix strobilana. It appears to be

rather an uncommon insect, for Mayr had only seen three

specimens.

The other British species of this genus known to me

are— WM. stigmaticans, Fab. = giganteus, Walk., which is

a parasite of Cynips Kollari.

M. dorsalis, Fab. = Bohemanni, Ratz. = xanthopygus,

Foer., a common and very variable species, in many oak

galls.

M. aculeatus, Svederus (sec. Thoms.) = collaris, Boh.

=transversus, Walk. = punctum, Foer.= veaillum, Ratz.

This is a parasite of Trypeta continua, Meig., a dweller

in the berries of the rose.

new or little known British Hymenoptera. 119

To rYMUS AZUreUs.

Torymus azureus, Boheman, Vet. ac. Handl. 1833,

369; Mayr, 7. c. p. 100, 11; Thomson, Hymen.

Scand. iv. 84, 5.

Torymus chalybeus, Ratz., lc. 1. 179.

For specimens of this unrecorded British species I am

indebted to Dr. Buchanan White, who bred them from

the larvee of Hupithecia togata, found in pine cones near

Perth.

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tal iP wine mali ivneby gr Asie Tie GUAR xa Dy oo ,

Patch ty “Weeks aly, Aaa GE elt OeP ECE gs ii ealae ae

i’ i Can de 29 thie ate nap Ginik os nays minpees cb a bee: eit Pe

VII. Descriptions of new species of Hemiptera, collected

by Dr. SrouiczKa during the Forsyth Expedition

to Kashgar in 1873—74. By W. L. Disrant.

{Read April 2nd, 1879.]

Tue following descriptions will hereafter appear at some-

what greater length and with more comparative detail and

figures in the general work on the scientific results of the

expedition, now in course of publication at Calcutta. I

cannot, however, allow this opportunity to pass without

recording my sense of the obligation I am under to

Dr. O. M. Reuter and Dr. Sahlberg for very valuable

and cheerfully-accorded assistance in determination of

some species belonging to the obscure groups which they

have made their especial study.

Dalpada confusa, n. sp.

Luteous, thickly covered with green punctures. Head

emarginate in front with the sides reflexed, and some

small indistinct ochreous markings at base. Antenne

pitchy, each joint luteous at base, basal and apical joints

smallest, 2nd shorter than 5rd, 3rd and 4th subequal.

Rostrum just passing posterior coxe, with the tip pitchy.

Pronotum somewhat transversely gibbous at base in a line

with lateral angles, after which it is abruptly deflexed

towards head, lateral angles prominent, subacute, lateral

margins denticulated for about half their length from apex ;

the punctuation is very dense along the lateral margins

and at pronotal angles. Scutellum somewhat gibbous at

base, deflexed towards apex, where it is more sparingly

punctured. Corium with a faint impunctate longitudinal

line on disc, extending from base to about two-thirds its

length, rather widened at apex. Membrane extending

beyond apex of abdomen, pale fuscous with the nervures

dark brown for half the length from base, followed by a

row of four brown spots and a marginal row of six spots of

the same colour, the two outer ones being long and linear.

Underside of body luteous, with the pectoral and abdo-

minal margins broadly punctured with green, sparingly on

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.— PARTI. (APR.)

122 Mr. W. L. Distant’s descriptions of

abdomen, and more densely on prosternum ; legs luteous,

thickly spotted with brown; tarsi luteous, apical joint

pitchy.

$. Long. 14 mill.; lat. pronot. ang. 64 mill.

@. Long. 15 to 16 mill.; lat. pronot. ang. 74 mill.

Murree.

Palomena Reuteri, n. sp.

é. Green; head, anterior border of pronotum, basal

half of scutellum and membrane, bronzy. Head obscurely

rugulose, very thickly and strongly punctured with black,

central lobe slightly shorter than the lateral ones. Ros-

trum luteous, with the tip black. Antenne luteous, apical

joint somewhat fuscous, 3rd joint distinctly longer than

the 2nd, rather shorter than the 4th, 5th longest. Prono-

tum obscurely rugulose, very thickly and strongly punc-

tured with black, with two slightly waved, lateral, linear

impunctate foveze situated a little behind the anterior

margin; lateral angles somewhat prominent and rounded.

Scutellum thickly covered with deep black punctures,

slightly rugulose at base. Corium thickly and deeply

punctured with black. Abdomen above black, thickly

and finely punctured with the connexivum luteous, punc-

tured with black. Body beneath pale luteous, slightly

clouded with greenish. Legs greenish, tarsi luteous.

?. Second joint of antennz distinctly longer than the

3rd, 2nd and 4th subequal. Abdomen beneath, with

some irregular obscure black markings.

Long. 11 to 12 mill; exp. pronot. ang. 6 to 7 mill.

Murree.

Menida distincta, n. sp.

Luteous, covered ‘with strong greenish-black punctures.

Head luteous, with the lateral margins and four longitu-

dinal furrowed punctured lines greenish-black. These

lines are much more distinct on the ante-ocular portion

of the head. Eyes dull ochreous. Antenne pilose, with

the 2nd joint shorter than the 3rd, 4th and 5th subequal,

rather longer than 3rd; first 3 joints luteous, apex of the

Ist, and apical half of the 3rd, black, 3rd and 4th joints

black, narrowly luteous at base. Rostrum luteous, apical

joints pitchy. Pronotum with an anterior submarginal

line of greenish-black punctures, and two irregular trans-

verse ocellated punctured marks of the same colour on

anterior portion of the disc. Seutellum with a large

new species of Hemiptera. 123

central subbasal greenish-black spot, and two small and

somewhat indistinct ones of the same colour situated on

the lateral margins a little before apex. Membrane trans-

parent, whitish. Abdomen above black, connexivum

luteous, spotted with black. Underside of body and legs

luteous, sparingly and distinctly punctured with black.

Tarsi pitchy.

Long. 6 mill.

Murree, Sind Valley.

Eurydema Witkinsi, Osch. in litt.

Pale luteous, somewhat thickly and coarsely punctured ;

head with the anterior portion of the submarginal lateral

borders, and a large triangular marking at base ; pronotum

with two large discal subquadrate linear markings, elon-

gated exter iorly ; scutellum with the base and two central

forked lines extending therefrom to about middle, and two

ro)

spots on lateral margins a little before apex ; corium with

two claval streaks; a linear spot on centre of outer margin ;

a transverse-waved fascia, extending from base of mem-

brane for two-thirds across corium, and a rounded sub-

apical spot, shining green. Abdomen above luteous,

apical segment black, connexivum with a row of large

green spots. Underside of body pale luteous. Abdomen

with a marginal row of spots situated on the outer edge

of each segmental suture, and a submarginal row of trans-

verse slightly-waved linear markings, situated on centre

of each segment, greenish-black. Sternum with some

irrecular markings of the same colour. Legs pale luteous,

streaked with greenish-black, and femora obscurely annu-

lated with the same colour near apex. Antenne black,

2nd joint about as long as Ist and 3rd together, 4th some-

what dilated, about equal in length to 5th. Rostrum

luteous, pitchy at base and apex.

Long. 7 mill.

Yangihissar.

Dr. Reuter informs me that this species has been sent

under the above unpublished name from Turkestan. I

therefore conserve it. In most specimens the markings

on the pronotum are not perfectly subquadrate, but dis-

jointed; I have, however, thought it best to describe the

specimen submitted to Dr. Reuter and returned as above.

Arocatus pilosulus, n. sp.

Testaceous, pilose. Head with the central portion

124 Mr. W. L. Distant’s descriptions of

black. Antenne black, pilose, 2nd joint rather the

longest, 3rd and 4th subequal. Rostrum pitchy. Pro-

notum obscurely punctured, distinctly rugulose on pos-

terior portion; anterior portion crossed with a transverse

black submarginal band, and an obscure pitchy band on

posterior border. Scutellum pitchy, with the tip red, and

with two large round fovez at base. Corium suffused

with dull-pitchy shadings. Membrane pitchy opaque,

outer border pale transparent. Underside of body testa-

ceous, strongly suffused with pitchy shadings. Sternum

with a submarginal row of three black spots, placed one

on prosternum, one on mesosternum, and one on meta-

sternum. Legs pitchy, pilose. The corium is more

densely pilose than other parts of the upper surface.

Long. 6 mill.

Murree.

Phytocoris Stoliczkanus, n. sp.

Uniform pale ochraceous. Head with a V-shaped mark,

consisting of small transverse striz, commencing from near

base of antenne. First joint of antennze almost as long as

head and pronotum together. Pronotum with two slightly-

raised transverse callosities extending across and occupy-

ing the anterior border. Scutellum with the base some-

what raised and gibbous, a waved transverse cordate line

near base, and a faint pale longitudinal central line near

apex. Hemielytra sparingly clothed with a few minute

blackish hairs. Membrane with bright prismatic re-

flexions.

Long. 6 mill.

Murree, Jhelam Valley, Sind Valley.

Calocoris Stoliczkanus, n. sp.

Ochreous clouded with brown, and sparingly clothed

with pale yellowish pile. Antenne brownish, 2nd, 3rd

and 4th joints with the apices pitchy. First joint robust,

2nd somewhat suddenly thickened towards apex, 3rd and

4th very slender, 4th not much more than half the length

of the 3rd. Cuneus somewhat paler in colour than corium,

brownish and pilose at base, and with a small pitchy spot

at apex. Membrane pale fuscous clouded with brown.

Underside pale obscure ochreous, clothed with fine pale

yellow pile, and a somewhat obscure stigmatal row of

small brown spots. Legs mutilated. The pronotum is

new species of Hemiptera. 125

faintly angulose, and the scutellum somewhat more plainly

strigose.

Long. 8 mill.

Murree.

I have placed this species in the genus Calocoris, though

as Dr. Reuter writes me, after his own examination, ‘‘ Ca-

locoris, vel n. gen.”

Calocoris Forsyth, n. sp.

Brownish testaceous. Antenne with the 1st joint not

quite so long as head and pronotum, 2nd slightly and

gradually thickened towards apex, 3rd pale luteous at base,

4th wanting. Head with a deep central longitudinal in-

cision between the eyes. Pronotum, rugulose faintly

anteriorly and more distinctly towards posterior border.

Hemielytra slightly pilose, somewhat paler towards costal

margin, and with extreme outer margin somewhat obscure

pitchy. Membrane pale fuscous, somewhat clouded. Scu-

tellum obscurely and transversely strigose. Underside of

body castaneous. Fore legs ochraceous, tibiz with a

longitudinal row of small brownish spots. Other legs

wanting.

Long. 7 mill.

Murree.

Reduvius (Harpiscus) Reuteri, n. sp.

Black, shining, trochanters and bases of femora san-

guineous.

Allied to R. morio, Kol. Dr. Reuter has kindly com-

pared the two species for me, and writes :—R. (Harpisco)

morioni, colore similis, sed major et in omnibus latior,

magis nitidus, pedibus pilis exsertis longis destitutis,

capite pronoti lobo postico tantum paullo ‘jongiore, tro-

chanteribus basique ipsa femorum rufis divergens. Obs.—

Gula nigra, ut in morione.”

Long. 20 mill.

Sind Valley.

Gerris (Limnotrechus) Sahlbergi, n. sp.

Head thickly covered with olivaceous pubescence, with

a small black spot on vertex. Antennz ochraceous,

Ist joint longest, 2nd and 3rd shortest and subequal,

4th rather longer than 3rd, thickly covered with greyish

pile. Pronotum ochraceous, pubescent, anterior third,

126 Mr. W. L. Distant’s descriptions of Hemiptera.

lateral borders, and a central longitudinal line olivaceous ;

the last is testaceous on anterior portion of pronotum.

Hemielytra brownish testaceous, with the nervures oliva-

ceous. Underside of body covered with greyish pile,

except lateral borders, apex and central portion of abdo-

men, which are ochraceous. Legs ochraceous, fore femora

with an outer longitudinal black fascia.

Long. 10 mill.

Neighbourhood of Leh.

Halobates (?) orientalis, n. sp.

Brownish ochraceous, finely pilose. Antenne with the

1st joint curved, robust and about the length of head and

pronotum together; remaining joints more slender, 2nd

and 3rd subequal, 4th a little shorter than 3rd. Pronotum

with a central pale longitudinal line and a large rounded

fovea on posterior portion of disc. The rostrum is 5-

jointed. ‘The first two joints are very robust, somewhat

fused together, the 2nd minute and much shorter than the

Ist, the 3rd much the longest, rather less robust than 1st

and 2nd, 4th small, slender and black, 5th ochreous,

very slender and hair-like, rather shorter than 4th.

Sternum clothed with greyish pile.

The eyes are large, semi-globular and castaneous, situ-

ated at base of lateral margins of head. ‘The pronotum is

about the length of the head, but broader, truncate in

front and rounded behind; mesonotum and metanotum

hardly distinguishable, much longer than pronotum, and

gradually and regularly widened posteriorly. Legs ochre-

ous, fore femora much thickened.

Long. 7 to 8 mill.

Jhelam Valley.

I have placed this species provisionally in the genus

Halobates, to which it has great affinity; its anatomical

peculiarities and sexual appendages will hereafter be

figured.

€ 127 +)

VIII. Observations of the effects of low Pennants

on Larve. By ELEANoR A. OrMEROD, F.M.S.

[Read April 2nd, 1879. ]

Durine the course of the recent severe winter, the un-

usually long duration of low temperature, with the occa-

sional fall much below the average, suggested it would be

a good opportunity for observing whether—(according to

the popular idea that frost “kills the grubs” )—the larvae

exposed to the full rigour of cold were > materially injured

by it.

I was only able to procure specimens of a few kinds,

but in every case, whether Coleopterous larve in the

ground, under bark, or in unprotected galls; Lepi-

dopterous larvee or pupze in wood, in the ground, or

exposed to the air; several species of Cynipideous

larvee in galls; and a few insects in various stages on

bark; and (passing on to the Acarz), in the case of the

bark mites, and also of the Phytopti of the filbert bud-

galls, I scarcely ever found the slightest appearance of

injury from the frost beyond temporary suspension of the

powers of movement.

I had the opportunity of making the observations in

connection with daily notes of the temperature, and should

be glad if a few of the details, given as shortly as possible,

are of sufficient interest for me to be allowed to offer them.

During December the minimum shade temperature at

four feet from the ground varied, on eighteen successive

nights, from as low as nine to no higher than twenty-nine

degrees: during January, from ten degrees and a fraction

to thirty degrees on twenty-five nights, and during this

time the minimum on the grass read down (omitting

fractions) on various occasions to nine, eleven, thirteen,

sixteen and seventeen degrees,—twice to eighteen,—six

times to twenty degrees, whilst the frost penetrated so

deeply into the eround, that during several days in

December, and from the 12th of January to the 6th of

February, the earth thermometer showed a temperature

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART II. (JULY.) K

128 Eleanor A. Ormerod’s observations

of only thirty-two degrees and a fraction, at one foot

below the surface. In other words, the air temperature

was much below freezing-point for a large proportion of

the time, and the soil frost-bound for nearly a foot down,

its condition being made worse for animal life by the occa-

sionally melting snow soddening, and re-freezing on the

surface. |

In the case of the larvee of the Ceutorhynchus sulcicollis

(the cabbage and turnip gall weevil), I had a large

number of cabbage plants brought in for examination on

the 4th of February from a spot where they had been

exposed to the full severity of the weather, with the galls

either on the ground level or an inch or two beneath it.

Of these I examined thirty-seven simple or compound

galls containing one to four larvz apiece, and found that

with a single exception every larva was alive and healthy.

On opening the galls the larvee were usually lying quite

torpid in the slightly-curled position natural to them in

repose, and uncurled gradually, and regained power of

movement under the action of warmth. Some recovered

immediately, others in one or two minutes, and such as

still remained motionless whilst in the cold gall, or on the

blade of a knife, moved again when breathed upon or other-

wise warmed. I also noticed that the larve in such of

the galls as had been nearest the surface, or completely on

the ground level, were generally the slowest to recover.

The seventy or eighty larvee which I examined were of

all sizes, from the minutest observable by the naked eye

lying in the still-forming gall to full-, or nearly full-

grown specimens, almost ready to leave the hollowed

chambers in which they lay amongst the rubbish and

rejected matter of their workings.

On thawing back into their normal physical condition

their normal instincts appeared also in full play, for on

being placed on soft earth they made their way (as usual

on removal from their galls) into the soil, and I found (by

subsequent examination) formed their oval earth-cases as

in ordinary circumstances. I also found specimens of

Ceutorhynchus sulcicollis larvee on the 9th of February

in turnip galls which had been fully exposed to the

severity of the weather; these were in full health after

the temporary thaw, in every gall that I opened.

In the case of Coleopterous larve in earth I found

those of Otiorhynchus sulcatus, on the 26th of January,

contained in earth in flower-pots (frozen so hard as to

of the effects of low temperatures on larve. 129

require blows of a hammer to break it) lying perfectly

stiff and motionless, the surface temperature at the spot

having stood at various heights, from eighteen to twenty-

eight degrees, on the ten previous nights. On examining

again on 1F ebruary 7th after the thaw, I found the larve

(with one exception) perfectly well, and recovering power

of movement on being placed in moderate warmth.

Larvee of Scolytus destructor, motionless in elm bark

about two feet from the ground, on the 5th of February

were also perfectly healthy in almost every case, and

recovered power of movement on being brought into a

warm room after lying for the night in a temperature of

about forty-three degree S.

Of Lepidopterous larvee I was only able to observe a

very few specimens, but I found a caterpillar, apparently

of the Cabbage Moth—Mamestra Brassice—(but from

the ill-defined colouring, not distinguishable with cer-

tainty from that of Triphena Pronuba), perfectly well and

thriving when dug up during the frost, and again, on the

Ist of March, at a depth of only two or three inches under-

eround, Larve of Zeuzera Asculi on the 7th of Feb-

ruary, and a few days later were well and active in holly

stems, of which one was only thick enough to allow good

accommodation for the larva, and consequently could have

given little protection from cold.

Of Pieris pup I had only just enough to show Pieris

Napi torpid with cold when brought in, but recovering

power of contortion next day and continuing healthy and

lively on disturbance. Another pupa-case (much faded

but apparently also of P. Nap7), was quite full of healthy

Ichneumonideous larve, motionless at first, but, like the

other larvee, shortly recovering power of movement.

In the case of Cynipideous larvee of various species

J found inguilines of Cynips Kollara generally alive and

well; the larva of C. Kollari itself was of course only to

be met with exceptionally, and I noticed in one specimen

(and in a very slight degree in some of the inquilines)

that the grubs were not as fat and firm as in their autumn

state ; the segments near the head especially looking as if

their contents had been absorbed, and flaccid and i impres-

sible to touch. The Jarvee of the Quercus cerris (acorn-

gall) appeared well, and were of particular interest from

this being the second winter they have passed in the

larval state. I found the specimens beneath one of the

Lucombe oaks at Kew in the autumn of 1877, and they

K 2

130 Eleanor A. Ormerod’s observations, §c.

appear to be of the Andricus glandium of Giraud; but at

present, from this singular duration of the larval condition

(which is mentioned by Dr. Gustav Mayr in the case

of his own larval specimens), we have not secured the

imago as an English species.

I also found a scale insect of Aspidiotus conchiformis

on apple bark, with its large eggs apparently perfectly

uninjured; a very few specimens of Yhrips, alive and

uninjured; and also specimens of a few other insects in

various stages, but not in sufficient numbers to be note-

worthy. The Acari appeared to be even less susceptible

to cold than the insect larvee.

On the 24th of January (when the highest temperatures

had been below thirty-two degrees for some days and the

minima at night ranging between eighteen and twenty-

seven degrees), I found two species of the bark mite

apparently uninjured, the larger ones in very great num-

btrs, and rousing’ into activity on being brought into the

warm room, and the smaller also perfectly recovering. I

am not able to differentiate the species with certainty, but

they were fully-developed specimens: in the one case

with the single claw characteristic of the common Acarus

geniculatus, and in the other with the claw trifid and

heterodactylous.

I also found enormous quantities of the Calycophthora

avellane of Amerling (the Phytoptus of the filbert and

hazel bud-galls), on the 2nd and 3rd of February, in per-

fect health, inside the diseased bud growths, and in such

great numbers that the masses might even be detected by

the naked eye, and amongst them I was fortunate enough to

find a good specimen of the egg with the young Phytoptus,

showing well under a high power, through the transparent

pellicle. I much regretted not being able to find more

kinds of insects for examination, but (in all I saw) the

effects of the cold appeared to pass away on the insect (in

whatever stage) being thawed, leaving it, as far as appeared,

in its ordinary condition.

CBr

IX. Notes on the Cases of some South Brazilian Trichop-

tera. By Dr. Fritz MULLER.*

[Read May 7th, 1879.]

LirTLe is known about the cases of extra-European

Trichoptera. A short account of those observed by me

in Southern Brazil may therefore be of some interest.

Of the seven families into which Trichoptera are at

present divided, only five have as yet been found here,

viz., Sericostomatide, Leptoceride, Hydropsychide, Rhya-

cophilide and Hydroptilide., ‘These may be grouped into

two main divisions according as their pupe are active

or inactive. In the first group, comprising the Sericos-

tomatide, Leptoceride and Hydropsychide, the case of

the pupa is provided with small openings at either end,

through which a continual current of water passes moving

from the anterior to the posterior extremity. The pupa

is in incessant activity to maintain this current; this is

done, at least in most species, principally by the ‘append-

ages at the end of the abdomen, which may be seen playing

in the opening at the hind-end of the case. In the second

group, containing the Rhyacophilide and Hydroptilide,

the larva spins a cocoon cidsf:d all around, in which the

pupa lies quite motionless. a This cocoon is either free

within the case (Rhyacophilide), or confluent with the

walls of it (Hydroptilide). ‘The fixity or mobility of the

cases does not afford a distinctive character of the two

last-named families; for there are not only Rhyacophi-

lideous larvee living in portable cases and Hydroptilideous

larvee living: in fixed ones, but there are even cases fixed

and movable at the same time, being fastened by a long

flexible string (Rhyacopsyche).

* Figures and full descriptions of the cases mentioned in the following

notes have been sent for publication to the “ Archivos do Museu Nacional

do Rio de Janeiro.”

{Some additional notes appear in the Report of the Proceedings of the

Meeting of the Entomological Society, held on the 2nd April, 1879; cf.

Proceedings, pp. vi—vili.—ED. |

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART II. (JULY.)

132 Dr. Fritz Miiller’s Notes on the Causes

SERICOSTOMATID &.

This family, as far as I know, is here represented only

by the curious genus Helicopsyche, of which I have seen

about half-a-dozen species. The case of one species is

remarkable for the first built portion of it being straight.

When preserved in adult specimens, this oldest portion

peeps out from the top of the heliciform case like a little

chimney. Most of the larvae of Helicopsyche are rather

sluggish animals, often resting motionless on the same

spot for the whole day; they then retire into their cases

after having fixed them temporarily with some threads of

silk, a custom which is to be observed also in various

Leptocerideous larvee. In none of our species have I

seen branchizw, which, according to Brauer, exist im

Helicopsyche ceylanica. Before passing into the pupa

state, the larva shuts its case with a flexible. corneous

covering, provided in most of our species with a long,

simple transverse slit; in one species the margins of the

slit are serrated, and in another species there is no slit at

all, but a sieve-like spot near the centre of the covering.

As to the pup, Brauer says, that those of H. ceylanica

have a pair of hook-bearing corneous patches at the basis

of the abdominal segments from the second to the sixth,

and there are also five pairs in his figure. This would be

very, strange, for the number and shape of these patches

is generally very constant within the limits of the same

genus, and in all our species «* Helicopsyche there are four

pairs only, situated at the b sis of the third, fourth, fifth

and sixth abdominal segments; each patch bears near its

posterior end two or three short, rather blunt teeth, which

are directed backwards. There is also, as usually, a pair

of corneous patches at the end of the fifth abdominal seg-

ment, armed with strong, sharp, curved teeth, which are

directed forwards.

One of our species of Helicopsyche lives on rocks wetted

by the spray of waterfalls; it is by far more lively than

the other species. The waterfalls, which are of very

frequent occurrence in all our mountain rivulets, are

generally frequented by three more species of Trichopte-

rous larve, belonging to three different families (Leptoce-

ride, Hydropsychide and Hydroptilide). Now the pup

of those four widely-different species agree in their feet of

the second pair of legs being deprived of the fringes of

of some South Brazilian Trichoptera. 133

long hairs, by the aid of which the pupe of other Tri-

choptera swim to the surface of the water when they are

about to undergo their final transformation.

In those species of Helicopsyche, which I have bred,

the perfect insects used to emerge from the pup soon

after sunset.

LEPTOCERID.

Of M‘Lachlan’s first section of this family I have not

yet seen here any species.

SECTION II.

Two of our genera appear to belong to this section.

Genus I.

(Near Odontocerum, though distinguished by numerous

differences. Antennz not dentate; eyes of the ¢

very large, meeting on the vertex in one species and

nearly so in another; radius of the anterior wings

confluent at its apex with the first apical sector, &c.)

The case of the larva is a slightly-curved, cylindrical,

firm tube, built with sand grains; the tail-end is closed

with a transverse wall, having at its upper or dorsal margin

a rather large oval or semicircular opening. Before its

change the larva cuts a portion of the tail-end of its tube

and then fixes the ventral side of either end and closes

them by a single stone (in one species), or by a wall built

of several fragments of stone (in a second species), in such

a way that there remains at the ventral side of each

extremity a narrow crescentic slit, the ventral margin of

which is beset with a row of teeth. It is curious that the

manner of closing the tail-end should be quite different in

the larva and in the pupa cases. The pupa has five pairs

of corneous patches at the basis of the abdominal segments

(from third to seventh), each of the patches bearing a single

blunt tooth, and there is the usual pair of patches at the .

end of the fifth segment, having two short sharp teeth.

The perfect insects emerge from the pup in the even-

ing, generally later than Helicopsyche. On this occasion

the fasciculate branchie of the pupa are shed, like those

of E’phemeride, and this is the most remarkable feature of

the genus; for it appears, that in most Trichoptera the

134 Dr. Fritz Miiller’s Notes on the Cases

branchiz of the pupa subsist in the imago in a rudimentary

condition.

There are here two species of this genus, differing much

in size, the larvee of which live in clear rivulets; a third

species of larva, building unusually short and wide tubes,

of which I have seen but very few specimens in the River

Itajahy, probably belongs to the same genus.

Genus II. GrumicHa, of Saint Hilaire.

The wings having no median cell, the insect cannot be

placed in M‘Lachlan’s fourth section, while, by the mode-

rate length of the antennz and the presence of the apical

fork, No. 2, in all the wings it is excluded from Section III.

Thus I place it here, though it shows no particular relation

to Odontocerum. (Spurs 2, 2,2. Discoidal cell closed,

and radius connected to the first apical sector by a trans-

verse nervule in all the wings. Apical forks, Nos. 1, 2, 3,5

in the anterior, 1, 2, 5 in the posterior, wings.) The well-

known black Dentalium-like tubes of the larve are fre-

quent in some of the larger tributaries of the Itajahy. The

larve are remarkable for the tibize of the hind legs con-

sisting of two joints. The tail-end of the tube is closed

with a transverse wall, having a central circular opening.

Before its change the larva fixes the mouth-end of its tube

by a petiolated disc to some stone or to other tubes of the

same species. Clusters of more than a hundred specimens

are sometimes found. The mouth-end of the tube is closed

with a circular covering, provided with a transverse open-

ing beneath its centre.

SECTION III.

Genus I. TrerracEentTrRON, Brauer.

One species of this New Zealand genus is extremely

common here. The larva, which, like those of Grumicha,

have two-jointed tibiz on the hind legs, lives in sticks of

wood, fragments of branches, of petioles of Cecropia

leaves, &c. These are hollowed out in convenient lengths,

and a semicircular piece is cut away from the ventral side

of the mouth-end, so that ‘the dorsal side projects, pro-

tecting the larva when crawling about; besides this, for

more protection, a small stone is fastened to the project-

ing dorsal side, which closes the entrance when the larva

retires into its case, and covers its head when feeding.

of some South Brazilian Trichoptera. 135

Near the end of the boring a small hole is gnawed

through the wall of the stick ‘for the issue of the respira-

tory current. For its transformation the larva fixes the

ventral side of the mouth-end of its case to some stone or

tree (preferring the latter, when obtainable), and closes

the entrance with a stone; the interior of the stick is

clothed with a silken tissue, forming a cylindrical cocoon,

closed with a sieve at Bilis end; ; the centre of the

anterior sieve is attached to the stone, which serves as a

covering. It often happens that the larve find hollow

sticks ; “but even then they gnaw, before their change, a

quite purposeless hole through the wall of the stick. (See

KXosmos, “ Gratulationsheft zum 70 jiihrigen Geburtstage,

Ch. Darwins,” p. 395, fig. 6.) The pup agree in the

number and arrangement of the corneous patches of the

abdomen with those of Helicopsyche, but each patch is

armed with from four to six sharp hooks. The branchize

of the pupa are not shed in the final transformation ; they

can easily be seen in the imago when it is put into spirits

of wine immediately after issuing from the pupa.

Sometimes tubes of Grumicha are met with, which,

instead of a corneous covering, are shut with a stone

(such were, e. g., the tubes described by Hagen in Stettin.

entom. Zeit. 1864, p. 226), and these, on examination, are

found to contain pup, not of the maker of the tube, but

of an intruding TJ'etracentron. I do not know whether it

is a distinct species.

In some small mountain rivulets I have found tubes of

various smaller Leptoceride ( Setodes (?), Grumichella, §c.)

tenanted by intruders, which have the curious habit of

fastening to the mouth-end of the tube bits of wood or

sticks, sometimes much longer than the tube, and conceal-

ing it almost completely. T have not yet seen the imago,

but the larvee agree (e.@., in the two-jointed tibiee of the

hind legs) with “those inhabiting hollow sticks.

Genus II. GruMICHELLA, nov. gen.

(Very nearly related to Leptocerus. The neuration of

the anterior wings is quite the same; in the posterior

wings apical fork No. 1 is wanting, while Nos. 3

and 5 are present in oi sexes. Proportion of the

joints of the maxillary palpi 10, 15, 20, 9, 17.)

The larvee inhabit waterfalls and rapids of mountain

rivulets. But for size their tubes closely resemble those

136 Dr. Fritz Miiller’s Motes on the Cases

of Grumicha, which are thrice as long. It is rather

curious that those almost identical tubes should belong to

species quite different in their larval, pupal and imago

states.

The tubes of Grumichella show two interesting con-

trivances, by which they are adapted to their peculiar

habitat—1, from the wall which closes the tail-end of the

tube, and which has, as in Grumicha, a central circular

opening, there projects, on the ventral side of the opening

a short, stout, triangular tooth or spur, which, being in-

serted into minute crowiees of the rocks, probably serves to

give hold to the tubes; 2, the little petiole or foot-stalk of

the dise, by which the nae case is fastened, does not

proceed, as in Grumicha, from the margin of the tube,

but from the corneous covering. The pupa cases being

usually fastened with the mouth-end turned upwards to

perpendicular rocks, along which a thin sheet of water is

pouring down, if the tubes were fastened, the pup, after

having loosened the covering, would hardly be able to

creep ‘out of their tubes, and, if they succeeded in doing

so, the tender, fragile creatures would almost infallibly be

crushed. But now, after loosening the covering which

remains fastened to the rock, they are within their tubes

safely carried away by the water to some quiet place,

where they may with leisure creep out and undergo their

final transformation. The pupa is remarkable for its last

abdominal segment being unusually long (as long as the

three preceding ones), ‘and tapering towards the end.

Number of dorsal patches as in Helicopsyche, each patch

armed with two short, sharp teeth.

Genus IIT. Sreropes (?).

There are here three species agreeing in general appear-

ance and in the neuration of the anterior wings (one of

them even in colouring) with Setodes punctata and viridis ;

but the posterior wings are broader.

The larvee, the ee of which are longer than in

any other Leptocerideous larva known to me, live in

narrow, cylindrical, straight or slightly-arcuated leathery

tubes. Before its change the larva considerably shortens

its tube, the ventral side of either end of which is then

fixed by means of a disc, usually bilobed, and the ex-

tremities closed with coverings having a central circular

or elliptic opening. The appendages at the end of the

of some South Brazilian Trichoptera. 137

2; the number of the

dorsal patches is as in Grumichella, &c., those at the basis

of the 4th, 5th and 6th segments have two or three teeth,

but those at the basis of the third and at the end of the

fifth segments have two pairs of teeth, those of one pair

being much smaller.

In one of the three species the slightly-arcuated brown

tubes are covered with very fine sand; the larve of this

species swim very well, their hind legs being furnished

with long fringes. The imago is the most beautiful

Trichopterous insect I have ever seen.

In the second species the straight tubes are covered

with narrow bits of wood or other vegetable fibres ; those

on the back are arranged longitudinally, projecting con-

siderably beyond the mouth-end of the tube; those on the

sides and beneath are disposed in an oblique direction.

In the third species to either side of the back of the

straight tube there are fixed a row of bits of wood, pro-

jecting laterally, and generally decreasing towards the

tail-end.

abdomen of the pupa are very long;

Genus LV.

From the great length of its hind legs I suppose that

a little larva, which makes curious nearly cylindrical

cases with the seeds of Callitriche, must be placed in this

section.

SECTION IV.

The cases of the three species of this section, with the

larvee of which I am acquainted, differ from those of all

other Leptoceride by their inner silken tube being much

flattened, the height being equal, or nearly so, to half the

breadth. The external aspect of the cases is yet much

more flattened and broad; for they are covered with bits

of leaves, which laterally project more or less beyond the

inner tube.

In the largest species the cases of adult larve are

usually made of four leaves (sometimes there are but

three), two forming the ventral and two the dorsal side ;

the anterior dorsal leaf is produced far over the ventral

one, so as to protect the larva when moving about.

This species lives in rivulets. The case of the pupa is

fixed at the mouth-end, either extremity of the interior

tube being closed with a sieve.

In the smallest species, which lives on trees between

138 Dr. Fritz Miiller’s Notes on the Cases

the leaves of Bromelie, there are generally five or six bits

of leaves on the ventral, and one more (six or seven) on

the dorsal side of the tube. Before its change the larva

closes the mouth end by fastening one more bit of leaf to

the ventral side.

This is also done by the third species, intermediate

between the other two in size as well as in the number of

leaves used in the construction of its case; there are

generally three or four on the ventral and four or five on

the dorsal side. This species lives principally in very

small rivulets; with hardly any water, trickling along a

declivitous rocky ground.

To the different habitat of these three species corre-

sponds a remarkable difference in the feet of the pupz.

In the first species there are not only dense fringes of

long hairs on the second pair, but similar hairs, though

much less developed, exist also on the feet of the fore-legs.

These fringes are rather rudimentary in the third species,

and completely wanting in the Bromelia species, which in

this respect agrees with the waterfall Trichoptera.

The pupz have more dorsal patches than any other of

our Leptoceride; for there is a pair on the eighth ab-

dominal segment also, and besides this, there is on the

back of the ninth segment a pair of long spear-shaped

horny processes.

The first species emerges from the pupa in the evening,

as most Leptoceride do, but the Bromelia species usually

during the first hours of the afternoon (at least in cap-

tivity). The branchie of the pupa subsist, in a rudi-

mentary condition, in the perfect insect.

The three species agree, not only in the construction of

their cases, in the structure of their larvee and pupz, but

also in the neuration of the wings and other characters of

the perfect insects (in all the wings the radius is confluent

at its apex with the first apical sector; in the posterior

wings the discoidal cell is open, the apical forks Nos. 2,

3 and 5 being present). It would be most unnatural to

separate them into two genera, and yet they differ in the

number of spurs. In the Bromelia species there are

2,4, 2 in both sexes, while the other two have 2, 4, 4.

In any other respect the intermediate species resembles

more closely to the Bromelia species than to the larger

one, with which it agrees in the number of spurs.

of some South Brazilian Trichoptera. 139

HYDROPSYCHID 4.

Genus I. MAcronEMA.

The larva of one species is extremely common, being

met with almost everywhere under large stones. The

larva makes a very rude dwelling with “irregularly-accu-

mulated and loosely-connected stones. The case of the

pupa is by far more solid and regular, at least when

viewed from within. The inner room is oval, the surface

smooth, and the stones of the wall firmly councered: At

either end a few small openings may be detected, leading

through the wall. W ithin the case there is a cylindrical

silken cocoon, which is loosely connected with, but may

be easily separated from, the walls of the stone-case, and

which has a transverse sieve at either end.

Genus II. Tryopes (?).

Cases similar in general appearance to those of Tinodes

maculicornis are very common on rocks exposed to the

spray of waterfalls. They consist of a soft silken ribbon

interwoven and covered with microscopical algz, diatoms

and mud, and curved into a semicylinder. These canals

without a basal wall can hardly be called “tubes.” The

larva is remarkable for its very long spinneret, which

projects beyond the head. I have not yet seen the imago.

Genus ITI.

I do not know the imago ; in the pupa I found 2, 4, 4

spurs. The cases, of which I have seen but very few

specimens in the River Itajahy, are interesting on account

of their close resemblance to those of the Hydroptilideous

genus Peltopsyche ; indeed, before I had an opportunity of

examining the larve and: pupz I supposed them to be

some new species of Peltopsyche, or even unusually large

specimens of Peltopsyche Maclachlani. They are flat,

elliptical, smooth, buff-coloured shields, with a All

opening at either end, fixed to the upper side of stones,

140 Dr. Fritz Miiller’s Notes on the Cases

Genus IV. RuyacopHyLax, nov. gen.

(Appears to be nearly related to Smicridea, but the

number of spurs is different, being 1, 4, 4 in the %,

and 1, 4, 2 m the ¢.)

This is, no doubt, as to the cases, the most curious of

all our Hydropsychide, The cases themselves are rather

rude canals, covered with irregularly-interwoven vegetable

fibres, but at its mouth-end each case has a large funnel-

shaped verandah, covered with a very beautiful silken net.

The larve live in the rapids of various rivulets, and the

entrance of the verandah is invariably directed towards the

upper part of the rivulet, so as to intercept any eatable

things brought down by the water. Generally, a more or

less considerable number of larvee build their cases close

together, so as te form transverse rows, on the upper side,

of stones. Lately, I saw, on a large stone, about half-a-

dozen parallel rows, at some distance from one another;

one of them, being about 0.2 m. long, must have been

composed of about thirty cases. Before the end of the

larval period the vegetable fibres are replaced by small

stones, and the verandah is destroyed, either by the larva

or by the current of the water. One day, when I was

taking to my house a stone with beautiful Rhyacophylax

cases, some of the larve left their houses, crept to the

edge of the stone and then descended, suspending them-

selves in the air, like spiders, by a thread of silk. The

larvee of Grumichella, also, may be seen suspending them-

selves in the water in a similar way. Such a faculty must

prove highly serviceable to larvee living in rapids, where

they might otherwise be easily swept away by the current.

RHYACOPHILID 2.

Genus I.

(Spurs of a ¢ pupa 2, 4, 4.)

The larva lives, principally,.without any case, between

the entangled: stems of various Podostemee, which

densely cover the stones in the rapids of the Itajahy

and its tributaries. It is carnivorous, fragments of insect

larvee (Hydropsychide, Perlide, &c.) being found in its

intestines, and its anterior legs are armed with very

of some South Brazilian Trichoptera. 141

powerful and curious forceps; the femur is very thick, and

has on its distal inferior angle a stout process, resembling

the thumb on the hand of a crab; the tibia and tarsus are

extremely short, so that the curved claw impinges against

the process of the femur. The cocoon of the pupa, also,

is not protected by a regular case ; sometimes there are

some loosely-connected stones Seoul it, but at other times

it appears to lie, without any special protection, between

the Podostemee. The feet of the first and second pair of

legs are provided in the pupa with strong well-developed

claws, which I have not yet seen in any other Trichopterous

pupa. They are, probably, very useful to the pupa of

this species, which has to make its way between the

densely-intricate stems of Podostemee.

Genus II.

The larvee of some smaller species of Rhyacophilide build

portable cases, agreeing with those of most Hydroptilide

in not showing any difference between the two extremities.

They are built of stones, oval, with a flat bottom, on either

end of which there is an opening; the stones generally

being of comparatively large size, the external aspect is

often very irregular. As the two doors of these little

stone-houses are in the flat bottom, they would not freely

admit the water necessary for respiration, when the larva

is at rest, and there are special contrivances for the access

of water varying in the several species. In one species,

frequenting small mountain ‘rivulets, small passages are

left between the stones of the dorsal side of the house.

In another species, which often covers by countless

thousands the stones in clear streams, an upright cylin-

drical chimney, made of grains of sand, rises from the

middle of the house; its height sometimes equals, or even

exceeds, the length of the house. When the larva is about

to change, the bottom and chimney are removed, the

borders of the vault are fixed to the stone, on which it

lives, and then a cocoon of the usual form is spun.

HYDROPTILID 4.

In Hagen’s list of South American Neuroptera (Synopsis

of the Neuroptera of North America, 1861, p. 299), no

“species of this family is mentioned, and yet it will probably

142 Dr. Fritz Miiller’s Notes on the Cases

prove to be one of the most numerous Trichopterous fami-

lies in this country, including the most varied and remark-

able larval cases.

Genus I.

There are here various species, the cases of which

resemble more or less closely the well-known cases of

Phrixocoma pulchricornis, being much compressed from

the sides and opened by a narrow slit at each end. They

are either naked, or covered with very fine sand, or with

aleze or diatoms, which in one species are arranged in an

extremely elegant manner. The cases of the pupe are

fixed either along the whole ventral margin or at the two

ends, or in one species, abounding on the rocks of water-

falls, at one end only.

Genus II.

Very minute, nearly cylindrical, coriaceous, brown

tubes; covered with very fine sand, which in the pupa

state are fixed at either end to the underside of stones,

showing generally two adhesive discs on the anterior, and

a single one on the posterior end. They are common

almost everywhere.

Genus III. DrauLus LapIsLAvui.

Strongly-compressed oval cases, elegantly covered with

- diatoms, with a narrow slit at each end, and having on

the dorsal margin two (or, as I have seen in one specimen,

three) cylindrical chimneys. The observation of living

larvee of this and of the first genus leaves no doubt as to

the use of the chimneys. Those inhabiting cases opened

only by a slit at each end are seen moving incessantly, and

working very hard, in order to maintain a current of water

through these narrow passages; those of Diaulus, on the

contrary, may remain motionless for a very long time, the

water necessary for respiration having a free access through

the chimneys. The cases of the pupe are fixed in an

upright position along the whole ventral margin on the

upper side of stones, and often these little houses form

large villages of a rather picturesque aspect.

Genus IV. LAGENOPSYCHE.

An approximative idea of the cases may be formed by

imagining the bottom of a bottle to be cut away and then

of some South Brazilian Trichoptera. 143

its under part to be compressed until the opposite sides

touch each other, thus transforming the wide circular

opening into a narrow slit. The mouth of the bottle

represents the mouth-end of the larval case, and the

long narrow slit at the tail-end is held in an upright

position, In one species (L. hyalina) the case is quite

colourless and perfectly hyaline; in a second species

(L. Spirogyre) it has a dark violet, or brownish, or

blackish, colour, darker towards the mouth-end. For

transformation the case is placed on one of its broad sides,

and then fixed on either side of each end by means of

petiolated dises; at the mouth-end of the larval case

there are two dises in both the species, and as many exist

at the opposite end in LZ. Spirogyre, but in L. hyalina

there are four, the petioles dividing before they expand

into discs. After having fixed its case the larva turns its

head towards the broader end of it, so that the mouth-end

of the larval case becomes the tail-end of the pupa case,

and vice versd. L. hyalina lives in small rivulets under

stones, L. Spirogyre in slowly-moving or even standing

waters filled with Spzrogyra, Callitriche and Heteranthera

reniformis ; the larve are to be met with among the

Spirogyre, on which they seem to feed; the pup are

fixed to the under side of the leaves of Callitriche or

Heteranthera. The perfect insects emerge early in the

afternoon.

Genus V. RuyYACcOPSYCHE HAGENII.

The larve live in rapids of mountain rivulets. The

brown coriaceous cases of younger larve are nearly

cylindrical and widely open at each end, afterwards they

are widened in the middle, corresponding to the increasing

thickness of the abdomen of the larvee; from one end

there proceeds a string of silken threads, generally about

as long, but sometimes even more than twice as long as

the cases, by which the latter are fastened to the upper side

of stones. Thus the larva is secured against being carried

away by the current, and at the same time by the mobility

of its case its pasture ground is greatly enlarged, and the

more so as it can issue indifferently at either end of its

tube. It feeds on microscopical alg. Before its change

the string is much shortened and thickened, being thus

transformed into a rigid footstalk, able to sustain the case

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART 11. (JULY.) L

144 Dr. Fritz Miiller’s Notes, &c.

in an upright position. The case of the pupa is some-

what compressed, oval or club-shaped, rounded at the

upper, attenuated at the lower, end. The pupa emerges,

for its final transformation, at the upper end of the case.

Genus VI. PELTOPSYCHE.

The larve live in larger tributaries of the Itajahy, pre-

ferring rapids. One species (P. Maclachlan?) has as yet

been found only in one single rapid near the mouth of the

Warnow. ‘The cases resemble in shape, colour and size

the well-known ege-cases of Nephelis, and are fixed, often

in very large numbers, to the upper side of stones; they

are made of a brown, Gonihes tough, coriaceous substance.

Their upper wall forms a rather flat elliptical shield,

smooth in P. Maclachlani, transversely striated in

P. Sieboldit; the basal wall is very thin, and firmly

glued to the underlying stone, so that it can hardly be

separated without being torn. At either end of the case

there is a small circular opening. In most Hydroptilide

the abdomen of the older larvee is much swollen; in

Peltopsyche it is so in a quite extraordinary degree,

filling nearly the whole case. The very slender anterior

part ‘of the body is bent and hidden beneath the huge

abdomen, of which it appears to be only an insignificant

appendage. The pupz are remarkable for the unusually

great difference which the complicated corneous patches

on the back of the abdomen show in the two species.

The perfect insects differ from all known Trichoptera by

the antenne of the $, some of the basal joints of which

are produced into long processes exhibiting a complicated

structure, very different in the two species, and which

I have not a been able to unravel in a satisfactory

manner. Irom what I have seen, I am led to suppose

that these strangely modified basal joints of the antennze

may be odoriferous organs.

( 145°")

X. Morphological Notes bearing on the Origin of

Insects. By J. Woov-Mason, F.G.S., F.L.S.,

EZ. Ss Dare Superintendent, Indian Museum,

and sometime Professor of Comparative Anatomy,

Medical College, Calcutta.

[Read May 7th, 1879.]

1§. THErR position relative to the eyes* and mandibles

seems to point to the antennee of Machilis as being homo-

logous with the antenne (IIL) proper of Crustacea. These

appendages are, in MW. maritima,f composed, as usual, of a

peduncle and of a flagellum: the former consists of a

single joint, which is rather broader than long, and slightly

enlarges from its insertion to the end of the basal third,

where it is thickest, and where a conspicuous sutural mark

shows that it is made up of two primitively distinct and

separate joints; near its apex, on the inner and inferior

side, arises a short conical process, terminating abruptly

in a small blunt papilla, from which spring one or two

hairs. When the insect is at rest, the antenne are laid

back upon the sides of the thorax, bending at the junction

of the peduncle with the setaceous subsegmented flagellum :

the first jot of this—little more than half the thickness

of the peduncle—is of uniform breadth throughout, almost

twice as broad as long, its breadth being to “its length as

8:5 about, and it is slightly excavated at that part “of its

wall which, when the antennz are directed straight for-

* Immediately beneath each of the eyes is a conspicuous black and

rounded ocellus-like elevation, which may represent the simple eyes of

Peripatus; they are clearly not identical with the fenestre of Blatta,

which are, perhaps, the scars of the lost antennules. It seems to me doubtful

whether the antenne of Blatta and Machilis homologize with those of

Glomeris, in which, while the antennz occupy the place of the fenestre, a pair

of horse-shoe shaped membranous depressions, singularly like the antennary

fossee of a cockroach, is in the position of the antennz in Blatta.

+ For the benefit of any one who may wish to obtain specimens of this

primitive form of insect for dissection, I may state that the species

abounded at the end of April and the beginning of May, 1878, on the

huge fallen blocks of Corallian rock that ‘thickly strew the beach under

the ruins of Sandsfoot Castle, and on the slabs of stone from the Cornbrash

cliffs of the backwater, near Weymouth. All these ancient forms have a

remarkably wide distribution.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART I. (JULY.) L 2

146 Prof. J. Wood-Mason’s Morphological Notes

wards, comes into apposition with the papilla-bearing pro-

cess of the peduncle.

In an Indian species of Lepisma the antenne are fur-

nished, at the extremity of their two-jointed peduncle,

with a minute movably-articulated appendage, exactly cor-

responding in position to the papilla in Machilis, and as

firmly chitinized as the basal joint of the flagellum.

Let us see what light lower, that is to say, less modified,

air-breathing arthropods throw upon the nature of these

rudiments in the Lepismatide.

It will, doubtless, be in the recollection of many of the

members that Sir John Lubbock exhibited at the November

Meeting of this Society, in 1866, and shortly afterwards

very fully and carefully described in the ‘ Transactions of

the Linnzan Society of London,’ a remarkable addition to

the fauna of these islands in a new form of Myriopoda,

the most striking morphological feature of which un-

doubtedly is the possession by it of biramous antennz.

In Pauropus, as this curious little creature is named, in

allusion to the paucity of its locomotor pairs of members,

the two antennary branches, one supporting one and the

other two many-jointed flagella, are themselves supported

upon a peduncle of four jomts—a number which has, pro-

bably, resulted from the secondary segmentation of two

primitive joints, as, in fact, is indicated in Lubbock’s

‘figure of a larval stage, though nothing is said about the

number of the joints in the accompanying text.

Siz John Lubbock did not fail to remark the singularly

close resemblance which the antennze of Pauropus bear to

those of many Crustacea; “in their bifid character, and

in the possession of long, jointed appendages,” they “ offer,”

he says, ‘* peculiarities “which can be found, so far as I am

aware, among no other terrestrial Articulata, and which

remind us strongly of the types presented by the antennz

of certain Crustacea;” and other writers, such as Rolleston,

have recognized in them a peculiarity by which “‘a very

distinct affinity i is shown to exist between Myriopoda and

Crustacea.”

If for the movable appendage present in the Indian

Lepisma, and for the reduced representative of it in

Machilis, were to be substituted a fully-formed flagellum,

in other words, if these rudimentary structures were re-

stored to what I believe to have been their pristine condi-

tion, it is obvious that we should then have in each case

antennz in all essential particulars like those of Pauropus,

or like the antennz proper (IIT) of such a Crustacean as

bearing on the origin of Insects. 147

the female of the common Cyclops of our freshwaters, or

as an ordinary Zoéa, in both of which latter, as in the

larvee of the former, the antenne similarly consist of a

proximal or basal two-jointed portion, the protopodite or

peduncle, terminated by two branches, the endopodite and

exopodite.

As I had good reasons for believing that the ancient,

cosmopolitan, and little-modified group of the cockro aches

is directly descended from some extinct form of which

the Lepismatide are the only existing representatives

that we know of, I thought that, by carefully tracing the

development of the antennz in some species of it, I should

probably find a vestige of a second antennary branch

occupying the place of the rudiments in Machilis and

Lepisma. Nor have I been disappointed. In ripe em-

bryos of Blatta (Panesthia) Javanica, which are still

invested in a larval skin, the one, probably, that is cast

by the young cockroaches at the moment of quitting the

marsupium of the mother, the antennz in all essential

particulars resemble those of Machilis, consisting of a

many-jointed flagellum borne upon a two-jointed peduncle,

from the apical joint of which arises a relatively huge

somewhat compressed conical process, in the precise place

of the papilla-bearing tubercle in Machilis. ‘This process

seems quite as entitled to be considered a distinct part as

is the simple one-jointed antennary (III) endopodite of

many Zoéas. It is probably cast off with the skin the

young insect sheds on leaving the body of the mother,

and to which it appears to belong; be this as it may, no

vestige of it is to be detected in the smallest active

‘larvee’ of the same species yet examined by me.

There seems to me little doubt that we have here to do

with an ancestral phase of the antennz, a phase in which

those appendages each consisted, to use the terminology

employed in carcinology, of a proximal two-jointed proto-

podite, carrymg at its extremity a long many-jointed

exopodite, and a short and simple rudimentary represen-

tative of an endopodite. The ancient condition of things,

of which we thus get a passing glimpse in the embryonic

history of this cockroach, may be presumed to have been

inherited from some extinct form closely resembling the

much less modified Lepismatide, in which also an endo-

podite is present, though it is reduced to the merest rudi-

ment. In short, in the lowly Pauropus we have antennz

with two fully -developed branches; in the higher Lepisma-

tide the inner of these two branches is reduced to a mere

148 Prof. J. Wood-Mason’s Morphological Notes

rudiment, which, however, persists throughout life; and

in the still higher cockroach even this is absent in adult

life, being only seen as a transient condition in the embryo.

Bie.

Fig. 1. Machilis (Petrobius) maritima. Mandibles, viewed from above ;

a, exopodite, b, endopodite, 1, 2-13, 4, the three joints, 7, median

chitinous plate to which the great flexor muscles are attached.

2§. The mandibles (fig. 1) of Machilis have been figured

in outline, and briefly described by Sir John Lubbock, but

both he and all other writers have apparently overlooked

bearing on the origin of Insects. 149

the important fact that these appendages are jointed and

articulated to the head just as in the Chilognathous

myriopods. The joints, however, are not mov able, but,

on the contrary, quite stiff, the process of modification

suggested below having apparently already commenced.

The posterior ball-shaped condyle of mandibulated insects,

clearly foreshadowed in the myriopod, is here fully formed

and provided with a distinct neck; it is a process of the

minute basal joint (1, fig. 1), which is indicated by a dis-

tinct inflection of the integument; the second joint (2 +3)

answers to the second and third in the myriopod; and the

third and apical free one (4) has a well-devy eloped molar

tuberele at the base of its long, knife-shaped incisive pro-

cess, which is obscurely toothed, or, rather, crenulated, on

the inner extremity ; it is marked off from the preceding

joint by a conspicuous constriction as well as by a circum-

ferential inflection of the integument. The two basal joints

form almost the whole of the side of the head, as in the

Chilognatha, that is to say, roughly speaking, the part

corresponding to the so-called ‘gena’ in Blatta; they ter-

minate where the apical Joint begins, at a point approxi-

mately answering to the position of the ‘ginglymus’ in

Blatta. The great flexor muscles are inserted into the

inner face of the outer wall, and pass thence through a

cleft in the opposite wall of the second joint to be attached

to a median chitinous plate ; so that, just as m Chilog-

nathous myriopods, the two mandibles come away attached

together when it is attempted to dissect out either one of

them.

In the ripe embryos of ‘ Blatta’ (Panesthia) Javanica

previously alluded to, two deep folds* are to be seen in

the integument of the ‘back’ of the mandible, between

the base of the apical crushing and cutting part of the

appendage and the condyle; they pass across s both sides of

* Folds not of the larval skin previously referred to, but of the integu-

ment of the enclosed appendage, in the interior of which the definitive

non-jointed mandible is plainly visible by transmitted light, and is almost

ready for use. In all the ametabolous Insects, the mandibles and the

claws of the feet are never for a moment useless to their possessors, but

are continuously in use from birth to death, the portion of the thin exuvium

that covers the parts being worn away by use, and the new jaws and claws

exposed, before the moult takes place. In both the species of Peripatus

dissected by me, not one only but two pairs of these reserve jaws are

present, that is to say, there are two claws in different stages of develop-

ment in the interior of each of the functional ones. This phenomenon

appears to be universal in Arthropoda, Thorell (‘Monograph of Argu-

lide’) having observed it in Argulus, and Hollis (‘Journ, Anat. and

Phys.’), in some of our indigenous terrestrial Isopeda.

150 Prof. J. Wood-Mason’s Morphological Notes

the mandible more or less distinctly, and the apical one of

the two is continuous with the outer margin of the fleshy

setulose flap that projects from the inner margin of the

jaw in all Blattide ; moreover, the part from which the

ball-shaped condyle is given off is indicated as a separate

piece by a distinct inflection of the integument; so that,

counting this last as the first, the two folds as the second

and third, and the part of the mandible that succeeds

these, and that becomes firmly chitinized at the same time

as the condyle, namely, the cutting and crushing apical

part, as the fourth joint, we have indicated in the mandible

of this embryo cockroach the same number of joints as in

that of Chilognathous myriopods, or one less than in that

of Machilis, in which the second, answering to the second

and third of the myriopod and to the two folds in Panesthia,

may have resulted from the coalescence of two primitively

distinct joints.

The setulose flap above-mentioned seems rather to be a

mere process of the third segment than a distinct part,

such as an endopodite, and it is, besides, quite unrepre-

sented in the far less modified Machilis; its apex, m

embryo as in adult, is received into a notch specially pro-

vided for it in the proximal end of the molar process. It

is present as a minute, white, fleshy, naked, and obviously

useless rudiment in the nearly related and only slightly

more specialized Mantide, but, so far as I have yet dis-

covered, in no other Orthoptera,* nor in any Neuroptera,

except, perhaps, Termes.

In both ‘larvee’ and adults of Panesthia Javanica a

faint groove crosses the ‘back’ of the mandible at the

base; in this Oriental species, eight abdominal terga only

are in both sexes visible from above without dissection ;

but some South American forms are so far less modified

than this as to have, in the male, at any rate, ten, the

full number of terga externally visible, and it is a signifi-

cant fact that, in the only one of these I have as yet had

an opportunity of examining, the groove is deeper, and at

bottom of much lighter coloration than the surrounding

chitine. This groove appears to. be the remains of the

joint between the third and apical segments of the for-

merly four-segmented mandibles.

* Of these, the Phasmide, at any rate, would appear to differ from the

Mantide and Blattide in that, in the female, the opening of the uro-

genital chamber lies between the tenth tergum and the eighth, instead of

the seventh, sternum, and in the male between the tenth tergum and the

tenth, instead of the ninth, sternum.

bearing on the origin of Insects. 151

After prolonged study of numerous dissections and

preparations, I have arrived at the conclusion that the

mandibles of Blattide are compound structures, each

made up of three (or four) such joints as are to be seen in

Machilis; and I believe that the process of modification

by which the head and mandibles of such an insect as

Machilis have become converted into those of Blatta may

have been somewhat of this nature; the basal joints have

eradually shortened and coalesced with one another until

little more was left of them than the ball-shaped condyle;

pari passu with this change the walls of the head have

eradually completed themselves behind the shortening and

retiring basal joints of the jaws, so as eventually to form a

‘oena; and finally, a ‘ginglymus’ articulation was formed

by a process sent off from the front of the head to meet

a cupped process of the base of the mandible* of the

same side.

3§. Are the mandibles of insects and myriopods, like

the jaws of Peripatus, modifications of walking-legs? I

think not. In the cockroaches, a notch at the extremity

of the mandibles on the inner side sharply divides the

crushing and cutting portions of those appendages from

one another ; in the embryos a curvilinear sutural mark

extends from the bottom of this notch, and separates the

two parts off from one another still more definitely; this

is seen better marked in all the species of Lepisma (sce

Lubbock’s figure of the mandibles of L. saccharina), a

form in many respects intermediate between Blatta and

Machilis, and in some of the species of which the apical

portion of the mandible closely resembles that of Blatta.

In Machilis, the notch becomes a deep fork, widely sepa-

rating the two parts, and from its bottom there extends

basewards a distinct inflection of the integument. This

peculiar feature in the structure of the apical joint seems

to me only explicable on the hypothesis that the mandibles

of these insects and of myriopods have resulted from the

direct modification of such a biramous appendage as is

seen in the earliest (Nauplius) condition of many crus-

taceans, the two or three basal joints attached to the head

representing the protopodite, aad the molar and incisive

* The ‘ginglymus’ is still incomplete in the ripe embryos with which

I have worked, and I do not think it is completed till after birth, probably

not till the first extra-ovular moult has taken place and removed all

traces of segmentation in the mandibles. ‘The embryonic development of

the mandibles in Llatta repeats the historic development perfectly.

152 Prof. J. Wood-Mason’s Morphological Notes

portions of the terminal free joint, the endopodite and

exopodite respectively of the embryonic crustacean man-

dible. If the view here see aed be correct, the possi-

bility of the occurrence of a mandibular palp in insects

and myriopods is altogether excluded, the extremities of

both the branches of the primitive member entering into

the formation of the functional jaw; and the peculiar

appendages found on the inner side of the mandibles in

many Coleoptera acquire a definite morphological signifi-

cation, I refer to the ‘prostheca’ of Kirby and Spence,

and to the structures homologous with it in beetles other

than Staphylinide. In the ‘ Devil’s Coach-horses’ ( Goérius

olens), in Staphylinus erythropterus, and other ‘ Rove-

beetles,’ and in the sub- ~aquatic Heteroceride, no molar

process is developed; but in its place, movably articu-

lated to the jaw, 1s a membranous ciliated appendage not

unlike the endopodites of Scolopendrella. I am con-

vinced that this is an endopodite, and that it answers to

the molar branch of the jaws in Blatta and Machilis. It

has its homologue in the diminutive Trichopterygiide in

the firmly-chitinized quadrant-shaped second mandibular

joint, which is used in a peculiar manner ™* in crushing the

food. It is represented by the membranous inner lobe of

the mandibles in the Goliath beetles of Southern Asia,

which inner lobe frequently becomes indurated and grooved

internally so as to function as a feeble crusher of the soft

food of these insects, in many Phytophaga, and in Donacia,

which is considered by some to bridge the interval between

these last and the longicorns; in some of which, as, for

instance, in Batocera, a wrinkled papilliform scar remains

to mark its former presence.

4§. One of the most interesting and remarkable features

in the whole organization of the att ‘hysanura is the presence

of abdominal appendages, which, in Machilis, are movably

articulated to the hinder margin of the sterna of the eight

antepenultimate somites, a pair to each somite. Sir John

Lubbock was, I believe, the first to put upon record the

important fact “that each of the four posterior legs bears

an appendage on the basal segment closely resembling the

* Mathews, ‘Monograph of Trichopterygiide.’

f It is probably represented also by the movably- articulated and firmly-

chitinized appendage, shaped like the terminal joint of one of the palpi,

which I have discovered on one of the mandibles in Australian, Asiatic,

African and South American Passalide. But in this case the large

molar surface of the mandible must be a process of the cutting portion,

bearing on the origin of Insects. 153

eight anterior ventral appendages;” but the precise position

on the legs which these appendages occupy appears never

to have been indicated ; they are articulated to the upper

Hig. 2:

ES.

C ep SS

Fig. 2. (A) Metathoracic leg of Machilis maritima; (B) leg of Scolo-

pendrella sp.; (C) fifth thoracic appendage (XI) of Penéus

Dobsoni ; a, exopodite; b, endopodite; ep, epipodite; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

the five joints of the ambulatory branch of the limb, which in

(A) and (C) is here considered to be an endopodite, but in (B)

an exopodite.

and outer edge of the legs at a point where a distinct

angulate suture indicates that the coxa is composed of

154 Prof. J. Wood-Mason’s Morphological Notes

two parts, a long and broad distal one—the true coxa

and a short proximal one, divided by an evident suture

into two. It is clear that these answer to the distal of

the two sclerites which are interposed between the

coxa and the sternum in Blatta, and which, in my

opinion, are both basal joints of the leg. In Machilis,

owing to the softness and delicacy of the integument at

the setting-on of the legs, and to the presence of the

long pleural prolongations of the thoracic terga, a third

sclerite, answering to the basal one in Blatta, is difficult

of demonstration ; but in Lepisma, a leg, when torn from

its attachment, carries away with it three short joints, the

basal one of which, as it lies im situ, is overlapped by the

triangular part of the sternum. Some of the least modi-

fied of Blattide have preserved almost perfectly the con-

dition of things seen in Lepisma; but in the more

modified forms, such as Panesthia, the basal sclerite of

the legs is, as often happens in arthropods, immovably

articulated, though not confounded, with the sides of the

sternum, while the two distal sclerites are ankylosed together

and show a tendency to become united to the coxa; the

consequence is, that the leg bends at its base, not between

the sternum and its true basal joint, but between this

latter and the following joint. The appendage, then, in

Machilis is articulated to the outside of the limb at the

junction of the three-jointed basal with the five-jointed

apical portion; it has, in fact, the same relation of

position to it as has the precisely similar, and, as I[

believe, morphologically identical, exopodite to the five-

jointed endopodite and to the protopodite in such a

crustacean as Penéus; the only difference being that

Machilis appears to have one more joint in its proto-

podite—a difference which may be accounted for on

the supposition that Machilis is descended from some

crustacean form* in which a three-jointed protopodite is

found.

“The basal segment [of the maxillary palpi] has a

process regarded by Latreille as representing the cylin-

drical appendage of the posterior legs.”+ I cannot, how-

ever, regard this as anything but a mere process of the

basal joint; a comparison of the two posterior gnathites

* The Phyllopoda, some of the existing members of which have a

distinct head like the insects and myriopods. .

+ Lubbock, ‘Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura,’ 1873,

p. 202.

bearing on the origin of Insects. Sa

and of the thoracic sternum and its appendages of

Macehilis with those of Blautta and Lepisma appears to

me rather in favour of the view that the thoracic exopo-

dites of the former, if represented at all in its maxill,

are represented by the whole palp in both pairs, and that

the outer of the three lobes into which the less modified

second pair is on each side divided perhaps answers to a

thoracic leg, while the middle and inner ones are pro-

cesses of the two terminal joints of the protopodite, the

first joint * of this having coalesced with its fellow of the

opposite side to form the great azygous basal plate, the

‘submentum ’ of Blatta.

The presence of a similar appendage on the inner,

instead of the outer, side of the very base of the first free

joint t of all the legs except, according to Lubbock, the

first pair in the my riopod g oenus Scolopendr ella,t suggests

the suspicion that the limbs of myriopods are not strictly

homologous with those of insects, but that they correspond

with the rudimentary appendages of Machilis, and are

consequently exopodites, the appendages of the legs in

* The following pair or pairs of sclerites have not coalesced to form a

‘mentum’ as in Llatta, the two inner lobes of the jaw of which have been

lost in the greater coalescence of parts that has taken place therein, the

outer one alone remaining as the paraglosse.

{+ This is here the fifth from the distal end of the limb. Two short

joints, represented in this small and excessively-fragile creature by two

scarcely perceptible folds, seem to be interposed, as in Scolopendra,

between this first free basal joint and the sternum, and the appendage

springs from the notch between the two folds and the first free basal joint

of the limb. Scolopendrella differs from all myriopods known to me,

and agrees with Peripatus and all insects in having legs terminated

by two curved claws. In many of the legs of my specimens of Peripatus

(P. Moseleyi, with 21—22 pairs of walking-legs, from 8. Africa), I find,

between the first joint and the foot-cones, on the under or inner side, a wart

larger than the rest and terminating in a smooth and very low papilla, dis-

tinctly marked off from the wart by a circular groove. It occupies the same

position relatively to the leg, and may represent the endopodite of Scodo-

pendrella. Scolopendrelia has very remarkable antenne; they may be

compared each to a series of glass cups strung upon a delicate hyaline

and extensible rod of uniform thickness throughout; so that, like the body

of the creature, they shrink enormously when the animal is irritated or

thrown into alcohol, and they then possess scarcely two-thirds the length

they have in the fully-extended condition, their cup-like joints being

drawn close together, one within the other. Peripatus, Japyx, many at

not all) Homoptera, and the §. Asiatic relatives of our common Glomeris

have all more or less extensible antenne.

t This curious myriopod is common all over Painswick Hill, Glouces-

tershire, where it lives beneath stones which have long lain, as their

weathered or lichen-covered tops testify, deeply buried in the turf. The

rarer and still more fragile Campodea lives in similar situations. I ob-

tained all my specimens of both genera in the months of April and May.

156 Prof. J. Wood-Mason’s Morphological Notes

Scolopendrella representing the legs of insects, which

would appear to be endopodites.*

The appendages of the legs, both in Machilis and

Scolopendrella, appear to be quite immovable, and I feel

sure that they are nothing but functionless rudiments.

Those of the abdomen, in Machilis, on the contrary, are

movably attached; the last and longest pair of them is

invariably used in ordinary locomotion, and it is by their

aid, at all events, that the sudden and powerful forward

leaps f which the creature executes on being touched are

effected; the rest, though they frequently move forwards

and backwards wath the hindermost pair, only sueceed in

planting themselves upon such projections of the surface

over which the insect is passing as happen at the com-

mencement of the strokes to come within reach of their

shorter length. In their position of rest in the living

insect they all slope downwards and backwards; but when

a stroke is to be made they must be brought from this

position to one in which they slope in the opposite direc-

tion, that is to say, forwards.

These appendages are commonly said to be attached to

the posterior margin of the sternum, but a comparison of

the sternum and appendages of the second abdominal

somite with those of the metathorax shows that this is not

the case. In Machilis, or, better, on account of its larger

size, in such a cockroach as Panesthia javanica, the mcta-

thoracic sternum is made up of a short and soft anterior

portion covered by the preceding somite, and of a hard

and triangular posterior portion, to each side of which are

articulated the two short basal joints that carry the five-

jointed limb. Let us suppose the two limbs to be alto-

gether aborted, rudimentary exopodites to be added in

their proper place, and the two basal joints to be indis-

tinguishably fused together, but to remain limited off from

the sternum by a distinet suture and divided from their

* Tt should not be forgotten that, in the Mysis-stage of some prawns,

it is the endopodite, and not the exopodite, of the thoracic members which

is small and simple: —‘‘ Die funf neuen Fusspaare sind zweiistig, der

innere Ast hurz, einfach,—de r aiissere linger, um ende geringelt ”—

Fritz Miller, ‘ Fir Darwin,’ S. 41, fig. 31. If such a long exopodite were

to grow up into a five-jointed ambulatory limb, the simple endopodite

persisting, we should have precisely the condition of things we see in

Scolopendrella.

¢ Supposing that all animals which now fly are descended from ances-

tors that jumped, it is interesting to find this wonderful saltatorial ability

and the beginnings of wings in “the Crustacean-like pleural prolongations

of the thoracic terga of these ‘ Urinsekten.’

bearing on the origin of Insects. 157

coalesced fellows of the opposite side by a fissure extending

to the apex of the triangular sternum; finally, suppose

the integument of the limb-bases internally to the exopo-

dites to be pierced by apertures leading into glandular

pouches ; and we shall have arrived at an under standing of

the structure of the second abdominal sternum (fig. By) in

Machilis ; the second abdominal somite, in fact, closely

resembles the metathorax deprived of its five-jointed limbs.

The abdominal appendages of Machilis, therefore, are not

articulated to the sternum but to a sclerite, which repre-

sents the basal joints of a thoracic limb—to a protopodite,

in fact. In the somites anterior to the eighth the endo-

podites appear to be entirely absent, but in the eighth and

ninth of the female they are represented by the long

jointed styles, two to each somite, constituting. the (oan

elements of the ovipositor (figs. 6 and 8).

In Lepisma, the appendages of the abdominal somites

anterior to the eighth are represented, as Lubbock cor-

rectly considers, by a group of stiff yellow seta; internally

to these, on eh ede is, according to the same author,

“a second similar group nearer the median line, which

appears to represent a second process, formed by a pro-

longation of the ventral margin of the penultimate seg-

ment.” It is clear that each of these more mesial pairs

of fringes are the remains, not of the prolongations

referred to, but of a pair of such rudimentary movable

endopodites as I find, in the male, attached to the upper

(dorsal) side, close to the inner margin of the prolonged

protopodite (fig. 5) at about the same level as the longer

and indistinetly-segmented exopodites. These rudimentary

endopodites are clearly homologous with the posterior

elements of the ovipositor im Machilis and Lepisma.

5§. When specimens of Machilis maritima are plunged

into alcohol a single or a double pair of oval and peduncu-

lated bladder-like bodies is protruded, apparently, from

the posterior edge of the sternum, but, in reality, from the

apex of the coalesced basal joints of the limbs (imme-

diately internally to the rudimentary exopodites, where

such are present) of each of the abdominal somites from

the first to the seventh, both inclusive. When first thrust

out they are as bright and, to the naked eye, as clear as

little globules of Canada- balsam, but they rapidly become

clouded and eventually opaque-white under the action of

the alcohol. The bladders are everted glandular pouches,

each provided with a powerful retractor muscle, divided

158 Prof. J. Wood-Mason’s Morphological Notes

at its distal extremity into at least four branches, which

traverse the glandular tissue and are inserted into the

inner surface of the thin, smooth, and delicate epithelial

membrane constituting the wall of the protruded bladders.

Whether the bottom of the hilus-like depression seen at

the extremity of each of them is prolonged into a tube

opening into, or ending blindly in, the body-cavity, I have

not yet been able to make out, but when the bladders are

drawn in their external surfaces become the walls of glan-

dular pouches, each opening to the exterior by a pore, which

is defended by a chitinous operculum fringed with sete on

its free margin.

| | } P \

GR ND i

Fig. 3. Machilis maritima; sternum with appendages of 2nd abdominal

somite; st, sternum; yp, the coalesced basal joints of the

right member; 0, the fringed opercula covering the external

apertures of glandular pouches supposed to be homologous with

the nephridia, renal pouches, or segmental organs of worms;

a, the exopodite, or outer branch of the member. This sternum

only differs from a thoracic sternum in the absence of ambulatory

legs (endopodites), and in the presence of glandular pouches.

The second to the fifth somites are each provided with

four such pouches, viz., two opening close together near

and internally to each exopodite ; but the sixth and seventh,

as also the first, which has lost its exopodites, have only a

single pair.

bearing on the origin of Insects. 159

In an inland species with short antennze (apparently

Machilis (Forbicina) polypoda) which I have found in

considerable numbers on Painswick Hill, Gloucestershire,

there is but a single pair of these pouches to each of the

somites that in the littoral species has two.

These structures were first observed by Guérin,* who

apparently only knew them in their everted condition in

alcoholic specimens, and who, from their somewhat

similar form and position, not unnaturally regarded them

as branchiw, analogous to those of Isopod Crustacea.

Burmeister ¢ objects to this interpretation, and considers

that they must have some other signification, internal

breathing organs — namely, trachese — being already

present.

In Mecoletia, the abdominal exopodites are said by

Nicolet to be “‘accompagnées chacune au cdté interne

dun petit corps, vesiculeux et ovale faisant probablement

partie des organes de la respiration.”{ These are, doubt-

less, identical with the structures observed by Guérin and

myself in Machilis.

Campodea§ has five or six pairs of relatively larger

glandular pouches.

I am inclined to look upon these pouches as renall|| or

segmental organs, especially as I have observed, on the

ventral or inner surface of all the conical foot-protuberances

of Peripatus, in a position therefore answering as nearly as

possible to that of the openings in Machilis, a slit-like pore,

with swollen and slightly-everted mouth, leading, no doubt,

into the segmental organs§ discavered by Hutton,** and

traced by him into the legs.

The recently-everted pouch in Machilis is covered with

* Ann. d. Sc. Nat. 1836, p. 374.

+ Handb. d. Entom., Bd. ii. 1839, p. 455.

t Lubbock, ‘Monograph of Collembola and Thysanura.’

§ Already observed by Meinert (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1867, ser. 3, vol.

xx. p. 375).

|| It is a significant fact that no Malpighian vessels have yet been

detected in any Thysanuran except Zepisma, in which these glandular

pouches appear to be entirely absent; Meinert says, ‘I have failed to

discover Malpighian vessels, nor do I think they exist either in Japya or

in other Thysanura.”’

4 The aperture of the apparently homologous slime-glands, in the embryo

of P. capensis, occupy the same position (teste Moseley in Phil. Trans.).

** Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [Two papers on Peripatus, by Mr. Hutton,

are contained in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. XVIII. pp. 861—369, and XX.

pp. 81—83.—Ed. ]

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART II. (JULY.) M

160 Prof. J. Wood-Mason’s Morphological Notes

a film of liquid, the secretion of the gland, its microscopic

appearance being precisely that of an object examined

under the microscope before the spirit from which it has

been taken has had time to evaporate from its surface, and

a minute drop of fluid being left upon a piece of glass

applied to it. In the worms the secretion of the segmental

organs is carried out of the body by currents created by

the cilia with which the walls of the excretory canals are

clothed, but in Machilis, and probably in Peripatus also,

by the eversion of the pouches, no arthropod possessing

cilia on any part of the body at any period of its existence.

In the first abdominal somite the apertures of the glands

are placed much nearer to the middle line than elsewhere,

and it is clear that the ventral tube or sucker of the

Collembola (which bear much the same relation to the

Thysanura as the Brachyura do to the Macrura amongst

Crustacea, or as spiders to scorpions amongst Arachnida)

has resulted from the coalescence, or rather the partial co-

alescence, of this pair of glands, for it everywhere exhibits

traces of having once been a paired organ:—‘‘ In Podura,

Lipura and the allied genera, this organ is,” according

to Lubbock,* ‘a simple tubercle, divided into two halves

by a central slit; in other genera, as, for instance, in

Orchesella and Tomocerus, the tubercle is enlarged and

becomes a tube, divided at the free end into two lobes.

In the Smynthuride and Papiriide the organ receives

a still further and very remarkable development; from

the end of the tube the animal can project two long

delicate tubes, provided.at their extremity with numerous

glands.” Similarly, the first maxille in myriopods, and

the second in insects, have coalesced to form a labium,

different pairs of abdominal appendages, the springing

apparatus of the Collembola, the originally paired sexual

apertures, the single aperture of all insects, &e.

The glandular pouches are absent from the two genital

somites in Machilis, having possibly united to form the

apertures and ducts of the genital and accessory genital

* Lubbock, ‘ Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura,’ p. 68.

+ It is interesting to find in the lowest insects (Thysanura) traces of the

former duplicity of the sexual aperture. Meinert says of Japyx,—* The

sexual orifice rests on the posterior margin of the ventral shield of the

eighth ring, and the deeply bifid vagina of the female can be protruded

from the latter ;’’ and of Campodea,—“'The sexual orifice is behind the

eighth ventral shield, in a conical protuberance, which is simple in the

male, but in the female almost bifid.” Lapyx and Campodea are in this

respect intermediate between the rest of the insects and the myriopods,

bearing on the origin of Insects. 161

glands; however this may be, the remarkable difference

in the position of the genital openings exhibited by the

different groups and, very generally, by the opposite sexes

of Arthropoda is intelligible on the hypothesis that all the

members of the sub-kingdom have descended from some

worm-like creature, provided in every somite of its body

with a pair of segmental organs or nephridia, and that

different pairs of these organs have, in different descend-

ants of this hypothetical ancestor, been converted into the

genital aperture and ducts.

The gonapophyses of female Blattide are homo-

logous, part for part, with the appendages of the eighth

and ninth abdominal somites in the female of Machilis.

No one has, so far as I know, ever suggested that the

exarticulate setose styles (fig. 4) movably attached to the

hinder extremity of the ninth abdominal sternum in the

males of most Blattide are homologous with the abdo-

minal appendages of the Thysanura, and yet the resem-

blance between the two is very striking; nor have any

representatives of them yet been discovered in the fe-

males. Some months ago, while dissecting a species of

Blattide, I detected at the extremities of the outer

branches of the posterior bifid pair of appendages beneath

the skin that was about to be cast, a small bud, with the

skin that had shrunk away from it drawn out into a

shrivelled and curled filament, and I dissected specimen

after specimen of the same species, until I found the fully-

evolved appendages shown in fig. 9, a. The append-

ages are reduced to mere rudiments in the eighth somite.

(Fig. 7, a.) For further information see the rather full

explanations of the accompanying woodcuts.

M 2

162 Prof. J. Wood-Mason’s Morphological Notes

Fig. 4. ‘Blatta, sp. The ninth sternum of the male: st, the sternum,

which is colourless, or nearly so, and, when in situ, covered by

that of the preceding somite ; the coloured and setose portion

posterior to it represents the bases (protopodites) of the mem-

bers which have coalesced with the sternum and with one

another at p’ in the middle line, where a narrow streak of

lighter coloration than the surrounding chitine marks the

junction; a, the exopodites ; the endopodites (0 in fig. 5) have

been lost in the coalescence of the basal joints of the members

with one another; /, lateral sclerites apparently homologous

with those which carry the spiracles in the spiraculiferous

somites of the body.

bearing on the origin of Insects. 163

Fig. 5. Lepisma, sp. The appendages of the ninth abdominal somite in

the male : p, the coalesced basal joints (protopodite) of one side

carrying two branches, a, the exopodite, and b, the unmodified

endopodites, which, with its fellow, answers to the posterior ele-

ments of the ovipositor in the female, but which is lost in the

same segment in male Bluttide in the coalescence of the two

protopodites with one another and with the sternum (fig. 4);

these endopodites are unquestionably represented in the pre-

ceding somite by a pair of whisps of long setz, which whisps

homologize with the more mesial of the two pairs of fringes

of stiff yellow sete in the somites anterior to the eighth, from

which we may confidently infer that the ancestors of Lepisma

possessed two-branched appendages, like those of the ninth, to

all the somites of their abdomen.

The sternum and the basal parts of the protopodites are not

shown in the figure.

164. Prof. J. Wood-Mason’s Morphological Notes

Fig. 6. Machilis maritima, 9. The sternum with appendages of the

eighth abdominal somite: st, sternum; p, the coalesced basal

joints (protopodite) of the limb of one side supporting two

branches, a, the exopodite, and b, the endopodite, here modi-

fied so as to form one of the four elements of the tubular

ovipositor. The inner margins of the enlarged and produced

exopoditic portions of the protopodites are represented as

diverging from one another more than they do in the living

insect to permit of the mode of insertion of the endopodites

being seen.

bearing on the origin of Insects. 165

ALR.

Fig. 7. ‘Blatta, sp. Appendages of the eighth sternum or anterior gona-

pophyses, in a specimen of the apterous female which appears

to have undergone the last ecdysis. No part of the sternum (st)

is shown in the figure; }, the setulose endopodites (knife-blade-

like processes of Prof. Huxley), answering to the two long:

many-jointed, and setulose styles forming the anterior elements

of the ovipositor (4, 6) in Machilis; in an earlier stage than

that here figured they are distinctly two-jointed; they are articu-

lated, not to the sternum, but to the inner ends of two pieces

(the protopodites) which are attached to the sternum and are all

but confounded with it; externally to the endopodites two short

and depressed teat-shaped and sparsely setulose appendages,

which evidently homologize with the exopodites of Machilis,

and the discovery of which, and of their homologues in the

succeeding somite, establishes the perfect morphological identity

of the gonapophyses of female Blattide with the ovipositor of

Machilis and of Lepisma, are attached to the posterior margins

of the same two pieces, from which they are marked off by a

faint circumferential inflection of the integument. In the earlier

stage above referred to, the endopodites at their bases as dis-

tinctly curve inwards and backwards as the homologous parts

in Machilis are seen to do in fig. 6. The dotting is intended

to represent the epidermis and subjacent tissues, which have

contracted in the spirit and shrunk away from the chitinous

cuticle,

166 Prof. J. Wood-Mason’s Morphological Notes

Fig. 8.

——

—s as

= ——— =

EERE SS OS LS

LEO

REEL

perl

~SEt

a tlie

——

Cer err er ee EF

ri)

Fig. 8. Machilis maritima. The sternum with appendages of the ninth

abdominal somite in the female: st, sternum; 7, the coalesced

basal joints (protopodite) of one of the limbs, supporting, as in

the preceding somite, two branches, a, the exopodite, and 0d, the

endopodite, modified so as to form the long, jointed, and setulose

posterior elements of the ovipositor and articulated to the base of

the protopodite on the upper (dorsal) side of this, which is pro-

duced into a large operculiform plate that meets its fellow in a

straight suture in the middle line and carries at its extremity

an exopodite. In female Blattide, the great boat-shaped

seventh sternum does duty for the operculiform productions

of the exopoditic portions of the protopodites of both the

genital somites in Machilis.

Fig.

bearing on the origin of Insects. 167

Fig. 9.

Un.

9. ‘ Blatta, sp. Appendages of the ninth abdominal somite, or

posterior gonapophyses, of the female, drawn from the same

specimen as fig. 7, and viewed from the dorsal or upper side, so

as to show the triangular endopodites (/) answering to the pos-

terior elements of the ovipositor in Machilis and Lepisma ;

a, the exopodites, which are as firmly chitinized and as deeply

coloured as, but relatively even larger than, the obviously homo-

logous ‘styles’ of many male Plattide (fig. 4, representing

the sternum, with appendages of the ninth abdominal sternum

in the male of the same or an allied species) ; p, the coalesced

basal joints (protopodite) of the biramous limb of one side:

the part of this that carries the exopodite is produced much as

in Machilis (fig. 8), but instead of meeting its fellow of the

opposite side in the middle line, so as to conceal from their

origin the endopodites that are attached to its own and to its

fellow’s base, meets its fellow only at the inner extremity, where

it is expanded and strongly spined, so as to resemble, and, per-

haps, to serve as, a forceps; the dotted lines represent the inner

margins of these produced exopoditic portions of the protopo-

dites as seen from the ventral or under side, in which view the

endopodites can only be seen meeting in a straight median suture

in the triangular hiatus bounded by the margins here shown in

dotted outline.

In a much earlier stage than the one here depicted, the exopo-

dites are represented by minute buds only, which increase with

each successive ecdysis. In many Blattide which are much

more modified than this, as, for instance, in Panesthia Javanica,

no vestiges of exopodites appear to be present in either sex, at any

stage, on either the eighth or the ninth abdominal sternum

The sternum is not shown in this figure.

5 - :

= )

: - ri

; es 2 —

= ee

o- \ = =~

‘

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XI. Description of a new Goliath beetle from Tropical

West Africa. By D. Greig RUTHERFORD,

SS:

[Read October 2nd, 1878. ]

(PI. 1)

Ceratorrhina Batesti.

Oblongo-quadrata, nigra velutina; elytris utrinque

euttis septem albis.

Long. 32 mill., lat. 15 mill.

$6. Head quadrate, crown deeply hollowed, sides sinu-

ate ; clypeus acutely produced at the lateral angles, and

with a small recurved bifurcated horn in the middle; very

finely punctured and covered with small tufts of black hair.

Thorax with the sides dark brown, covered with a fine

velvety pile, very closely punctured with minute depres-

sions; sides strongly produced in the middle and abruptly

sinuated immediately behind the prominence.

Elytra more densely clothed with velvety-purplish pile,

each elytron with two smooth carinz, the outer one sinking

into a large depression towards the base, the inner one

parallel with the suture ; seven ovate, more or less rounded

tawny-white spots on each elytron, placed one in the middle

towards the base, three in a line near the lateral margin,

and three also in a line and nearly parallel to the suture.

Beneath, brownish-black, smooth, shining, mesosternal

process densely, and abdomen sparsely, punctured. Head,

sternum, interior of abdominal channel and anal segment,

reddish-brown, edged with fine black pubescent fringe ;

legs black, smooth, sparsely punctured, coxe and ex-

tremities of tibiae reddish-brown.

Described from one specimen taken on Mount Cama-

roons by the Rev. Q. W. Thomson, at an elevation of

about 3,000 feet.

In Mus. F. J. Horniman.

I can find no species bearing any affinity to this remark-

able Goliathide, with the solitary exception of C. Say?,

Westw., with w en it seems to be related chiefly through

the conformation of the head and the carinated structure

of the elytra, a character somewhat rare in this genus.

The quadrate form of the body, however, and the spotted

elytra, separate it very widely from C. Sayi.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1879.—PART II. (JULY.)

170 Mr. D. G. Rutherford on new Goliath beetle, §c.

[ Mote, by H. W. Bates.—Mr. Rutherford having

left England for West Africa before the above description

was printed, and therefore without having an opportunity

of supplementing it, I venture to do this for him, having

been entrusted by Mr. Horniman with the type and also a

specimen of the ¢, received afterwards from the same

locality, for examination. 1. The ¢ specimen appears to

me imperfect with regard to the armature of the back part

of the crown, where in C. Sayi there is a quadrangular,

nearly horizontal plate, dentiform at its anterior angles.

In C. Batesii the whole upper surface of the head is

deeply concave, but the hind part of the crown (which

limits the concavity) shows a fracture in its middle, making

it probable that there should be a horn or spine here,

similar in position to that of C. Mireus. 2. The affinity

with C. Say? relates only to the shape of the forked horn

and the produced incurved angles of the clypeus, to the

short sternal process, and the spined outer edge of the

four hind tibiz in the ¢. In most other essential points

of structure the two insects are very different. The chief

points are the remarkably short and simple anterior tibiz

in the 6, which resemble those of C. aurata and quadri-

maculata, but are still shorter and more dilated, owing to

the much-compressed ridge along their outer edge. In

C. Say? the tibiz are elongate, slender, and trispinose on

their outer edge. The black velvety pile of C. Batesii is

composed of conspicuous but short black hairs, quite

different from the compact silkiness which appears like

part of the integument in C. Sayi and Passerinit.

3. This combination of peculiarities renders it impossible

to locate the new species in any of the subgenera that

have been proposed for the Ceratorrhine. 4. The ¢ has

remarkably short and stout anterior legs, the tibiz being

broad, and armed with three short and broad teeth on their

outer edge. The clypeus is much shorter and more

rounded than in the 2 of any other Ceratorrhina, and its

lateral and front edges are uniformly and strongly elevated,

rendering the surface concave. ‘The spines on the outer

edge of the four hind tibiz are replaced by strong and

broad triangular teeth. |

JeAbyeIND) I

1. Ceratorrhina Hornimani, &.

Trans. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. 202.

C. Batesii, &.

. C.4-maculata, Oliv. @.

Trans. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. 201.

os to

Galzies)

XII. An attempt to point out the differential characters

of some closely-allied species of Chrysomela,

principally those contained in Suffrian’s 11th

group ; also descriptions of some _ hitherto

uncharacterized forms belonging to the same

and other genera of the family. By JOSEPH

S. Baty, F.L.S.

[Read June 4th, 1879.]

(PI. IL.)

My principal object in bringing the present paper under

the notice of the Society is to point out that Chrysomela

speciosa and its closely-allied forms, belonging to the

llth group of Suffrian’s monograph, possess good

structural characters, by the aid of which they may be

readily separated into their respective species. Hitherto,

owing to their great similari ity in form, sculpture, pattern

and coloration, * these insects have been a constant source of

perplexity to the student, and are mixed up in our collec-

tions in apparently hopeless confusion.

Since the promulgation of the Darwinian theory, the

ideas of most naturalists on the limits of a species have

been greatly enlarged, whilst their views as to its proper

definition have been much modified; the conviction is

now almost universal, that in the diagnosis of an animal,

structural differences (as far as practicable) should be

insisted upon, to the comparative exclusion, beyond

certain limits, of the minor points of pattern, colour

and similar characters, formerly so constantly employed

for the purpose.

Most animals, placed under favourable conditions of

life, viz., abundant food, genial climacteric influences, the

absence of enemies and the like, increase rapidly, and,

unchecked by natural obstacles, spread quickly over a very

wide area. Should these conditions be highly favourable

* In the group before us the individuals of a species not only vary in

these respects amongst themselves, but the same colours and pattern are

repeated in several closely-allied forms, so that, without strict attention to

structural differences, it is quite impossible to separate them.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879,—PART Il. (JULY.)

172 Mr. J.S. Baly on the differential characters

and in excess of the requirements of the species, the super-

abundant vital force thus acquired would seem to expend

itself in throwing off innumerable varieties, some so dis-

similar in habit to the parent form as to be considered by

many naturalists specifically distinct.

Slight alterations in the conditions; differences of

climate, lessened food supply, the imroads of enemies, and

other causes too numerous to mention, will check this

exuberance of life, and some of the weaker varieties (un-

fitted to stand against these changes) will die out, whilst

those which remain, in accommodating themselves to

their new surroundings, will undergo further modification

and eventually attain specific rank.

Not unfrequently the individuals adapt themselves so

entirely to their new state of life that the requirements

and means of existence are equally balanced; and the

animals will then continue unchanged for an indefinite

leneth of time, or so long as this balance remains un-

disturbed.

Lastly, the environment of a species is often so adverse

to its wellbeing that it gradually succumbs, and, after a

more or less prolonged struggle for existence, dwindles

away, and finally dies out.

Every intermediate stage will, as a matter of course, be

found between these extremes; but, assuming the doctrine

of development to be true, it must be obvious that every

animal must live under one or more of the above-named

conditions, and it must be equally obvious that the imme-

diate surroundings of an animal must determine its per-

manence as a species, its development into fresh forms,

or its final extinction; the vital energy of an animal

being governed by the favourable or unfavourable con-

ditions, or, in other words, the local peculiarities of the

spot in which it lives.

It must happen that a widely-spread species, stretched

over an extended district, will be exposed to varying

influences, some favourable, others adverse to its neces-

sities or requirements of life, and it may be readily con-

ceived that each individual, in accommodating itself to its

immediate locality, will undergo various modifications,

and depart more or less from the parent form. At one

point such departure will be but slight, and not extend

beyond the limits of a local variety or race; at another

the divergence will be greater, and culminate in the deve-

lopment of structural characters, of sufficient importance

of some species of Chrysomela, §c. 173

to separate the individual from the original type, and

develop it into a distinct species; in a third, from

adverse causes, the species may be on the eve of total

extinction.

I have omitted all mention of sexual selection, which

doubtless plays an important part in the gradual modifi-

cation of animals, more especially in the ‘development of

sexual differences; but I have said enough to show that,

in the minds of all who hold the above views, the concep-

tion of a species and of its limits must stand on a broader

basis than the one entertained by the older naturalists.

Individuals will occasionally be met with (as, for example,

in Ch. sanguinolenta and allied forms), so closely on the

border-line between variety and species, and presenting

such slight differences of structure, that they may be

placed, aah almost equal justice, under either head; with

these exceptions, the absence of structural characters will

reduce an individual, differing only in minor particulars,

to the subordinate rank of a variety (local or otherwise)

of a previously-known specific group.

In the vertebrate and higher animals good characters

are often found both in the skeleton and in the soft internal

organs; in the invertebrate and lower forms of life, the

softer parts are generally unavailable for use, and cha-

racters must be sought in the outer surface of the body.

In insects the part of the body where these characters

reside vary in almost every family. In the Chrysomelide

they are found in the tarsi, the palpi, the margination and

shape of the sides of the thorax, in the arrangement of the

punctuation of the elytra, in the apical segment of the

abdomen, and more rarely in the antenne; lastly, the

telum or ¢ organ* (in many groups quite useless as a

* The telum or g organ may be separated into the following parts:—

(1) the body, a hollow corneous tube, variable in length, and more or less

curved longitudinally, the convexity of the curve being upwards ; its lower

surface is prolonged anteriorly into (2) the apew, the variations in form of

which afford valuable diagnostic characters ; its upper or convex surface is

shorter than the lower and terminates anteriorly in (3) the valve, a corneous

or semi-corneous plate, continuous at its base with the surface of the body,

but free at the sides and apex ; when sufficiently rigid to retain its shape

after death, it is frequently of use in separating “closely- -allied species ;

lastly (4), the duct, a slender, apparently tubular body, lying in the cavity

of the telum ; this last is often short and entirely hidden from view, but fre-

quently extends beyond the anterior margin of the valve or even beyond

the apex of the telum itself ; it is sometimes slender and filiform, at other

times more robust and rigid ; its apex is very variable in form.

In medium sized or large Coleoptera the telum can always be extracted

without the slightest injury to the specimen; the mode I adopt is as

174 Mr. J. S. Baly on the differential characters

means of diagnosis) varies greatly in form in the present

family, and often affords most important aid in the separa-

tion of allied species. I will only add, that I have included

in this paper the descriptions of some Chrysomelide con-

tained in my cabinet, apparently new to science.

SYNOPTICAL TABLE of the Species belonging to Suffrian’s 11th group,

described or mentioned in this paper.

I. Apical joint of maxillary palpus broadly truncate.

A. Sublateral groove of thorax interrupted in its middle third.

a. Elytra oblong or oblong-ovate; sides parallel

in the ¢, usually dilated posteriorly in

the 9.

MALES.

1. Apex of anal segment of abdomen tri-

lobate, the lobes obtuse, equal in length speciosa.

. Apex of anal segment concave-emar-

ginate, bisinuate, the intermediate lobe

shorter than the angles of the emar-

gination,—

* Apical joint of maxillary palpus

broader than the penultimate... nivalis.

** Apical joint of maxillary palpus

narrower than the penultimate.. gloriosa.

3. Apex of anal segment bisinuate, the

intermediate lobe produced, angulate.. difrons.

iw)

FEMALES,

1. Apex of anal segment of abdomen bi-

sinuate, trilobate, the intermediate lobe

scarcely longer than the lateral ones,

obtuse a a oO +. speciosa.

2. Apex of anal segment bisinuate, trilo-

bate, the lateral lobes very short, the

medial one produced, subangulate .. gloriosa.

3. Apex of anal segment obtusely rounded,

obsoletely bisinuate .. an «. nivalis.

4. Apex of anal segment angulate -. bifrons.

b. Elytra regularly oval, not dilated behind the

middle in either sex aD 08 -. sulcata.

B. Sublateral groove of thorax entire ar -. “%intricata.

follows :—After the removal of the abdomen from the body, which I

readily effect by the insertion of a needle into the hinder acetabula

(between the coxze and the basal margin of the abdomen), I moisten its

under surface with a little water or spirit, and extract the telum with a

fine pair of forceps ; having done so, I mount the latter on a strip of card,

and, with the aid of gum, refix the former in its original position.

of some species of Chrysomela, &c. 175

II. Apical joint of maxillary palpus obtusely truncate or obtuse.

A. Sublateral groove of thorax obsolete, or nearly so alcyonea.

B. Sublateral groove of thorax distinct, entire.

* Body narrowly elongate, sides of elytra parallel,

or nearly so, in either sex .. oe -» cacalie.

** Body elongate, dilated posteriorly in both

SexeS . ots si Sc aye .. elongata.

*#* Body elongate, oblong-elongate or oblong-

ovate; sides of elytra subparallel or parallel

in the ¢, usually dilated posteriorly in

the 9.

o. Body exceeding 4 linesin length .. ~- tristis.

oo. Body not exceeding 4 lines in length.

MALES.

ft Anal segment of abdomen truncate, apex

of telum hastate.. a5 ar -+ elegans.

tf Anal segment truncate, obsoletely bi-

sinuate; apex of telum angulate, its

extreme apex produced, subcuneiform. speciosissima,

FEMALES.

¢ Elytra ovate, distinctly dilated posteriorly speciosissima,

tt Elytra broadly oblong-ovate, scarcely

dilated behind the middle ve -. elegans.

Chrysomela speciosa, Fabr.

Syst. Ent. i. p. 101; Suffr. Mon. p. 172.

Elongata ¢; minus elongata et postice paullo ampliata 2;

thorace evidenter, minus crebre punctato, lateribus intra

marginem longitudinaliter excavatis, sulco rude et fortiter

foveolato-punctato, basi magis fortiter excavato, medio

interrupto; elytris sat crebre aciculato-punctatis, inter-

spatiis rugulosis.

Mas.—Tarsorum anticorum quatuor articulo basali

dilatato, semi-ovato, illo tarsi postici longiori, semi-

elongato-ovato ; abdominis segmento apice trilobato, lobis

equilongis ; ¢telo elongato, curvato, lateribus apicem

versus paullo attenuatis, apice dilatato, subspathulato,

apice ipso abrupte deflexo ; valvula rigida, recurvata.

Fam.—Abdominis segmento anali apice obtuse angu-

lato, utrinque leviter sinuato.

A. Lete metallico-viridis, elytris vittis duabus, basi et

apice confluentibus, una subsuturali, und sub-

marginali, rufo-aureis aut aureis.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART II. (JULY.) N

176 Mr. J. 8S. Baly on the differential characters

B. Metallico-viridis, ceeruleo tincta, elytrorum vittis

eenels.

C. Metallico-viridis, elytrorum vittis nigro-cyaneis.

Ch. phalerata, Germ. Faun. Eur. 16, tab. 13.

D. Cupreo-aut aureo-enea, viridi tincta, elytris rufo-

aureis, lineé angusté suturali, limbo inflexo

vittaque discoidali eneis.

Ch. superba, Oliv. Encycl. Meth. v. p. 705.

E. Metallico-viridis, linea angust&é suturali, limbo in-

flexo vittaque discoidali metallico-ceruleis aut

nigro-ceruleis.

F. Ceruleo-nigra aut nigra.

Ch. venusta, a, b, Suffr. p. 175.

Ch. nigrina, a, b, Suffr. p. 176.

G. Viridi-cyanea aut cyanea, elytrorum signaturis

obsoletis.

Ch. punctatissima, Suffr. p. 174.

Long. 34—6 lin.

Hab.—Kuropean Alps.

Thorax nearly twice as broad as long; sides nearly

straight and parallel from the base to beyond the middle,

thence rounded and converging to the apex; disk dis-

tinctly punctured, the lateral margin bounded within by

a broad, coarsely and irregularly-punctured longitudinal

space, the hinder third of which is deeply excavated ;

the middle third is on a level with the disk, and ae

anterior third, which is dilated inwardly on the disk, only

shi@htly depressed. LElytra broader than the thorax, sub-

elongate and nearly parallel in the ¢; more oblong and

dilated posteriorly in the ¢; convex, strongly and rather

closely aciculate-punctate; interspaces granulose, irregu-

larly wrinkled, more strongly so on the outer disk and

behind the middle.

Ch. speciosa is more widely spread and is more variable

in size, colour and degree of punctuation than any other

species in the sub-group to which it belongs.

It agrees with gloriosa, bifrons, nivalis and sulcata, in

the broadly truncate apical joint of the maxillary palpus,

and in having the lateral sulcation of the thorax more or

less broadly interrupted in its middle third. Good diffe-

rential characters exist some of which will be found in

the table given above, and others will be pointed out in the

descriptions of each species.

of some species of Chrysomela, &c. fC |

The apical jomt of the maxillary palpus is equal in

width, or nearly so, to that of the penultimate. It differs

in this respect from bifrons and nivalis, in both which

insects it is broader than the penultimate. The same

character separates it from glortosa, in which species the

terminal joint is narrower than the preceding one. In

the ¢ sex of speciosa and gloriosa, the basal joint of the

two anterior pairs of tarsi agrees in length and dilatation;

in both it is longer than in nivalis. The trilobate apex

of the anal segment of the abdomen in the ¢ is very

-similar to that of sulcata, but the great difference in

general form in the two species will prevent them from

being confounded with each other, even when the longi-

audiral grooves on the elytra in the latter insect are

wanting. The form of the apex of the segment in

the ¢ approaches very closely to that of the gloriosa, but

in the present insect the extreme apex or space between

the sinuosities is very slightly produced and very obtuse.

Chrysomela nivalis, Suftr.

Lin. Ent. p. 16, var. y—2; ignita Kuster. Kaf. 13, n. 90?

Elongata, fere parallela ¢; minus elongata, postice

ampliata ¢, rufo-cuprea, subtus sneo tincta; thorace

subecrebre punctato, lateribus intra marginem profundius

punctatis, basi excavatis, apice leviter depressis; elytris

thorace latioribus, parallelis $, postice ampliatis ?, con-

Vexis ; subopacis, minus fortiter punctatis, punctis acicu-

latis, interspatiis granulosis, leviter rugulosis.

Mas.—Palporum maxillarium articulo ultimo quam.

penultimo latiori, apice late truncato. Tarsorum omnium

articulo basali dilatato, breviter semi-ovato, illo tarsi

postici paullo longiori; abdominis segmento ultimo apice

concayo-emarginato, fundo breviter Tobato ; telo modice

elongato, curvato, apice semi-ovali.

Fem.—Abdominis segmento ultimo obtuse rotundato,

utrinque obsolete sinuato.

Long. 4—5 lin.

Hab.—Swiss Alps; Pyrenees.

Thorax nearly twice as broad as long; sides parallel at

the base, rounded and converging from the middle to the

apex ; disk more closely punctured than in Ch. speciosa,

the sides excavated in a similar manner, but more sparingly

impressed with coarse punctures than in that species, the

puncturing being finer and less separable from that of the

N 2

178 Mr. J. 8S. Baly on the differential characters

disk. Elytra broader than the thorax, the sides parallel

in the 4, dilated posteriorly in the ?, convex, subnitidous

or more rarely nitidous, finely but distinctly punctured,

the punctures aciculate ; interspaces granulose, finely and

irregularly wrinkled. "Thorax more closely punctured

than in any of the other species of the subsection; the

elytra more finely punctured, their general surface being

at the same time less nitidous and more finely wrinkled.

All the specimens I have seen of this insect (some

twenty in number) are extremely uniform in coloration ;

they are all a coppery-red, more or less tinged with

geneous beneath ; they belong to Suffrian’s var. y and 6.

I have never met with any of the other varieties given by

Suffrian, and cannot help suspecting that they belong %

some other species.

The short basal joint of the four anterior tarsi, together

with the broader apical joint of the maxillary palpus, will

separate the ¢ of nivalis from the same sex of gloriosa,

the only one with which it might be confounded ; the

¢ may be at once known by the obtusely rounded and

obsoletely bisinuate apical segment of the abdomen.

Chrysomela gloriosa, Fabr.

Ent. Syst. 1. p. 324; Syst. Eli. p.440; Suffr. p. 165.

Elongata, postice vix ampliata, convexa; thorace utrin-

que intra marginem incrassatum profunde et irregulariter

foveolato-punctato, basi profunde, apice minus evidenter

excavato, disco subcerebre punctato, baseos medio vitta

brevi impresso (héc vitté interdum obsoleta); elytris sat

fortiter punctatis, punctis aciculatis, interspatiis rugulosis.

Mas.—Abdominis apice late concavo-emarginato, fundo

leviter bisinuato, medio breviter lobato, lobo obtuso; telo

robusto, sat elongato, regulariter curvato, apice lingui-

formi.

Fam.—Abdominis apice utrinque concayo-emarginato,

apice ipso distincte producto, obtuse angulato.

A. Viridi-metallica, thorace cyaneo tincto; elytrorum

linea suturali vittaque discoidali utrinque abbre-

viata cyaneis.

B. Cyanea, elytrorum linea suturali vittaque discoidali

nigro-ceruleis aut ceeruleis.

C. Cyanea, elytrorum signaturis obsoletis.

Long. 4— lin.

Hab.—Swiss Alps.

_ of some species of Chrysomela, & c. 179

Thorax similar in shape and punctuation to Ch. speciosa ;

middle disk sometimes impressed on the basal margin with

a short longitudinal fovea (this fovea is ill-defined and often

entirely obsolete). Elytra punctured as in the preceding

species.

The ¢ may be known from the same sex of all the

other species of the subsection (nivalis excepted) by the

form of the anal segment; from the latter insect the narrow

terminal joint of the maxillary palpx, together with the

longer basal joint of the four anterior tarsi, will separate

it; “the apex of the anal segment in the @ is nearest in

shape to speciosa, but the medial lobe is produced and more

distinctly angulate.

Chrysomela bifrons, Fabr.

Elongata ¢, oblongo-elongata, postice paullo amphata ?;

thorace tenuiter sed distincte punctato, lateribus intra

marginem rude foveolato-punctatis, basi et apice excavatis ;

elytris sat crebre, subfortiter punctatis, punctis aciculatis ;

interspatiis nitidis, leviter rugulosis; palporum maxil-

larium articulo ultimo quam penultimo latiori, late

truncato.

Mas.— Tarsorum anticorum articulo basali semiovato ;

illis tarsorum posteriorum quatuor longioribus, semi-

elongato-ovatis ; abdominis segmento ultimo bisinuato,

lobo intermedio paullo producto, angulato; telo sat elon-

gato, curvato, apice non deflexo, lateribus parallelis, ad

apicem oblique convergentibus, apice antrorsum pro-

longato, anguste cuneiformi, apice ipso obtuso.

Foem.—Abdominis segmento ultimo subangulato, apice

extremo obtuso

A. Supra late cuprea, subtus cyanea.

Ch. bifrons, Fabr. Ent. Syst. i. p. 314; Syst.

El. 1. p. 432.

B. Viridi-znea, subtus viridi-cyanea, thoracis basi ely-

trorumque sutura vittaque discoidali cyaneis.

Ch. vittigera, Suffr. Mon. p. 166.

C. Viridi-metallica, zeneo tincta.

Ch. enescens, Suftr. (?) 1. c. p. 161.

D. Metallico-purpurea.

Ch. luctuosa, var. (?)

Long. 4—54 lines.

Hab.—Italian Alps, Pyrenees, A.; Swiss Alps, B., C.

and D.

180 Mr. J. S. Baly on the differential characters

Thorax twice as broad as long; sides parallel at the

base; thence rounded and converging to the apex; disk

finely punctured, sides more deeply excavated at the base

than in Ch. speciosa, coarsely punctured. Elytra broader

than the thorax, parallel in the é, slightly dilated poste-

riorly in the &, ‘rather strongly aciculate-punctate ; ; inter-

spaces nitidous, less strongly wrinkled than in allied

species, basal joint of the anterior pair of tarsi in the ¢

semiovate, scarcely longer than broad, gradually im-

creasing in length in the two hinder pairs, in the third

twice as long as broad.

All the specimens agreeing in coloration with Suffrian’s

description (which is probably that of a local form) came

from Italy; the other varieties of colour were brought

from the Swiss Alps. I have received the species from

Miierkel’s collection under the names of vittigera and

pretiosa, Suttr., and luctwosa, Duft.

In punctuation this insect more closely resembles Ch.

speciosa than any of the other species of the subsection;

both sexes may be at once separated by the peculiar form

of the apex of the anal segment of the abdomen. In the

larger females, the elytra are more parallel and less dilated

posteriorly than in fully-developed specimens of speciosa,

but this character in a long series of individuals would

probably be found inconstant; from nivalis, with which

it agrees in the broader apical joint of the maxillary

palpus, the different relative length of the basal joint of

the tarsi in the three pairs of lees will at once distin-

guish it.

Chrysomela sulcata, Gebl.

Mem. Mose. vi. 1823, p. 123.

Anguste elongato-ovata, metallico-ceerulea aut viridi-

eenea, thorace sat fortiter, subcrebre punctato, lateribus

incrassatis, sulco longitudinali intus marginatis, sulco

medio interrupto, basi magis profunde excavato, rude

foveolato-punctato; elytris ovatis, subcrebre aciculato-

punctatis, interspatiis rugulosis; utrisque sulcis latis lon-

eitudinalibus tribus, leviter excavatis, instructis.

Var. A. Elytrorum sulcis obsoletis.

Ch. basilea, Gebl. Mem. Mose. vi. 1823, p. 122.

93 Germ. Ins. Spec. Nov. 1823, p. 594.

Mas.—Tarsorum anticorum quatuor articulo basali

of some species of Chrysomela, &c. 181

dilatato, breviter semi-ovato, illo tarsi postici paullo lon-

giorl; paldporum maxillarium articulo ultimo late trun-

cato, quam penultimo latiori; abdominis segmento anali

trilobato, lobis obtusis, fere aequilongis; telo elongato,

curvato, apice linguiformi, apice ipso paullo deflexo ;

ducto quam telo breviori, dorso canaliculato, apice bifido.

Foem.—Palporum raxillarium articulo ultimo ad pen-

ultimum equilato aut vix latiori; abdominis segmento

anali apice angulato-rotundato, integro.

Long. 4—5 lin,

Hab.—Eastern Siberia, Lake Baical; Mongolia.

Thorax nearly twice as broad as long; sides thickened,

straight and nearly parallel from their base to beyond the

middle, thence rounded and converging to the apex, the

hinder angles acute, the anterior ones moderately pro-

duced, obtuse; disk rather strongly and somewhat closely

punctured, a very narrow longitudinal line on the middle

disk (sometimes obsolete) free from punctures; the lon-

gitudinal space bounding the thickened lateral margin

deeply excavated from its base nearly to its middle,

shghtly excavated in front, less broadly interrupted in

the middle than in speciosa; its whole surface much more

coarsely and irregularly punctured than in its congeners.

Eilytra regularly oval, not dilated behind the middle,

convex, aciculate-punctate ; interspaces irregularly but

less coarsely wrinkled than in speciosa and its allies;

each elytron with three broad, shallow, ill-defined longi-

tudinal sulcations, which extend nearly the whole leneth

of the disk; in some specimens these grooves are much

less distinctly marked, in others (Ch. basilea, Gebl.) they

are entirely obsolete.

When these sulcations are present, they alone will

separate the insect from its allies; when absent, the

narrow elongate-ovate form of the body , and the regularly

ovate elytra, not dilated posteriorly in either sex, will at

once distinguish the species from all others of the same

sub-group.

The apex of the anal segment of the abdomen in the

is similar in shape to that of speciosa; in the ¢ it closely

resembles bifrons, but is rather shorter and less distinctly

angulate.

The two forms of the above insect stand in our cabinets

under different names, given them in the same paper by

182 Mr. J. S. Baly on the differential characters

Gebler in 1823. They agree so closely in all essential

characters, and the sulcations of the elytra are so variable

in degree and definition, that without hesitation I have

placed them under the same specific head.

The specimens of var. A. are usually rather smaller

than those belonging to the typical form.

Chrysomela intricata, Germ.

Ins. Spec. Nov. 1824, p. 596; Suffr. Mon. p. 180.

Anguste oblonga ¢, oblongo-ovata postice paullo am-

pliata $, viridi- ‘aut erorilesemetaillie - thorace trans-

verso, rude rugoso-punctato, lateribus intra marginem

longitudinaliter sulcatis; elytris subcrebre punctatis, inter-

spatiis irregulariter rugosis.

Mas.—Abdominis segmento anali apice concayo-emar-

ginato; telo brevi, robusto, curvato, apice obtuse angulato.

Fem.—Abdominis segmento anali apice obtuse rotun-

dato.

Long. 4—5} lin.

Hab.—Swiss Alps; Styria.

The character given in the Synoptical Table so com-

pletely separates this species from its congeners that a

detailed description is quite unnecessary.

Chrysomela alcyonea, Suftr.

Mon. p. 156.

Ch. speciosa, var. K. alcyonea, Kraatz. Berl. Ent.

Zeit. 1859, p. 283.

Elongata, parallela 3, thorace transverso ; disco punc-

tato, lateribus intus non ah VIx excavatis, sails variolosis;

elytris sat crebre aciculato-punctatis, interspatiis rugu-

losis; palporum maxillarium articulo ultimo ad penultimum

latitudine vix eequali, breviter ovato, apice obtuso.

Mas.— Tarsorum articulo basali semiovato, duobus

anticis fere sequilongis; tertio longiori; abdominis seg-

mento anali apice concavo-emarginato; telo brevi, robusto,

curvato, apice obtuso ; ducto oracili, Alera, quam. telo

longiori.

Viridi-metallica, fronte, thoracis lateribus, tibiis abdomi-

nisque segmentis apice aureis; elytris aureis, linea suturali

of some species of Chrysomela, &c. 183

vittaque lata discoidali cyaneis; limbo externo viridi-

eeneo,

Long. 33 lin.

Hab.—South of France ; Styria.

Thorax nearly twice as broad as long; sides straight

and nearly parallel from the base to beyond the middle,

thence obliquely converging and slightly rounded to the

apex, the anterior angles. acute, the anterior margin deeply

concave-emarginate ; disk distinctly punctured, the sides

coarsely variolose, punctate, irregularly wrinkled, Elytra

nitidous, rather strongly punctured; interspaces irregularly

rugose.

This insect, considered by Dr. Kraatz and others as a

small variety of Ch. gloriosa or speciosa, is nevertheless a

good species. The male (the only sex known to me) is

separated from speciosa by the much smaller size, the

ovate apical joint of the maxillary palpus, by the absence

(or nearly so) of the lateral excavations on the thorax, by

the concave apex of the anal segment of the abdomen, and

lastly, by the entirely different shape of the telums; in

the present species this organ is very short, robust, regu-

larly curved, obtuse at the apex, its slender and filiform

duct extending considerably beyond the apex of the telum

itself.

Chrysomela tristis, Fabr.

Elongata fere parallela ¢; magis oblonga, postice paullo

ampliata 2; thorace tenuiter sed distincte punctato, late-

ribus rotundatis (basi parallelis ¢) intra marginem longi-

tudinaliter sulcatis, sulco integro, rude foveolato-punctato ;

elytris sat crebre aciculato-punctatis, interspatiis rugulosis;

palporum maxillarium articulo ultimo ad penultimum vix

aequilato, apice obtuse truncato.

Mas.— Tarsorum anteriorum quatuorarticulis basalibus,

fere eequilongis, modice dilatatis, semiovatis. Tarsi postici

articulo basali longiori; abdominis segmento ultimo ob-

tuse truncato, bisinuato, apice vix producto; te/o modice

elongato, curvato, apice semiovato; ducto ad teli apicem

eequilongo, apice paullo dilatato.

Foem.—Abdominis segmento ultimo obtuse angulato,

utrinque obsolete sinuato.

A. Viridi-metallica aut viridi-eenea.

B. Viridi-znea, elytris cupreis.

C. Olivacea, viridi tincta.

184 Mr. J. S. Baly on the differential characters

D. Cyanea aut metallico-cerulea.

E. Cees aut nigra.

Ch. luctuosa, Duft. “(sec Suffrian).

Long. 43—5 lin.

Hab.—Swiss Alps, Dieppe, Turkey (Jelski).

Thorax nearly twice as broad as long; sides moderately

rounded in the ¢, parallel behind the middle in the ¢,

thickened, bounded within by a deep entire longitudinal

groove, the surface of which is coarsely foveolate-punctate ;

disk finely but distinctly punctured. LElytra narrowly

oblong in the ¢, broader and dilated posteriorly in the

other sex; convex, rather closely impressed with aciculate

punctures; interspaces rugulose.

All the specimens I have seen of this species—twenty-

six in number—agree in having the coloration of the

elytra of a uniform tint, all markings being obsolete.

I have, therefore, excluded Suffrian’s varieties a, b, c;

a bluish-black specimen sent to me by Dr. Suffrian as

Ch. luctuosa, Dutt., belongs to the present species; another,

metallic blue, from Miierkel’s collection, bearing the same

name, is a variety of Ch. bifrons.

In addition to the structural characters, the larger more

robust form in both sexes, together with the more oval

shape of the elytra in the ? sex, will separate this insect

from its allies in the same subsection.

Chrysomela cacalie, Schrank.

Suffr. Mon. p. 150.

Ch. tusstlaginis, Suftr. ?

Anguste elongata, thorace disco sat remote, irregulariter

punctato, ad latera rude rugoso; lateribus incrassatis, intus

longitudinaliter excavatis; elytris parellelis, minus nitidis,

sat crebre punctatis, interspatiis aciculato-rugulosis; pal-

porum maxillarium articulo ultimo quam penultimo an-

eustiori, ovali.

Mas.— Tarsorum articulo basali modice dilatato, semi-

ovato ; duobus anticis fere equilongis ; tertio paullo

longior1; abdominis segmento anali concavo-emar einato,

bisinuato, lobo intermedio obtuse angulato ; : telo modice

elongato, curvato, lateribus parallelis, apice oblique-

convergentibus, apice ipso vix incurvato, sat valde pro-

ducto, sublinguiformi.

of some species of Chrysomela, &c. 185

Fem.— Abdominis segmento anali apice bisinuato,

lobo intermedio producto, angulato.

A. Viridi-metallica aut viridi-cyanea, thoracis basi

elytrorumque lined suturali vitt&aque lata vel

plaga subhumerali ceruleo-metallicis.

B. Tota czeruleo-metallica.

Long. 4—5 lin.

Hab.— European Alps.

Thorax half as broad again as long ; sides parallel and

slightly sinuate behind the middle, slightly dilated and

rounded in front, the hinder angles very acute; disk

rather strongly and irregularly, but not closely punctured ;

sides coarsely and more closely rugulose-punctate ; lateral

margin broad, thickened, impressed with a few coarse

punctures, bounded within by a deep, entire, longitudinal

coarsely-punctured groove. lytra much broader than

the thorax, parallel or nearly so in both sexes, less convex

than in most of the other species, distinctly punctured,

the interspaces aciculate, irregularly wrinkled.

This species is most nearly allied structurally to Ch.

speciosissima ; its larger size, narrower form, the parallel

sides of the elytra in both sexes, together with the greater

elongation of all its parts, more especially of the apical

lobe of the telum, will separate it from that species.

Ch. tussilaginis, Suftr., is considered by Dr. Kraatz as

a variety of this species. I have given the synonyms

with doubt, as Suffrian says, “ hinten etwas erwettert,” but

a specimen labelled tusst/aginis from Miierkel’s collection

is equally parallel with the typical form.

Chrysomela elongata, Zeigl.

Suffr. Mon. p. 146.

speciosissima, var. Kraatz, Berl. Zeit. 1859, p. 286.

Elongata, postice in utroque sexu distincte ampliata,

convexa, thorace fortiter irregulariter punctato, lateribus

incrassatis, intus suleo longitudinali rude foveolato mar-

einatis 5 ely tris sat fortiter aciculato-punctatis, interspatiis

leviter rugulosis ; palporum maxillarium articulo ultimo

quam penultimo angustior1, ovato, apice obtuso.

Mas.— Tarsorum articorum articulo basali modice dila-

tato, semiovato; illis tarsorum posteriorum longioribus,

longitudine inter se fere ewqualibus; abdominis segmento

186 Mr. J.S. Baly on the differential characters

anali late concayo-emarginato; telo modice elongato, valde

curvato, apice vix recurvato, linguiformi.

Fom.— Abdominis segmento anali leviter concavo-emar-

ginat 0.

A. Viridi-aut ceruleo-metallica.

B. Viridi-cyanea, linea suturali vittaque discoidali

ceruleis.

Long. 3}—33 lin.

Hab.—Swiss Alps.

Thorax more than half as broad again as long; sides

very slightly rounded, nearly parallel from the base to the

middle, anterior angles acute, sebmucronate ; upper surface

coarsely punctured, sides thickened, bounded within by an

entire, deeply excavated, coarsely and irregularly-punctured

sulcation. Elytra broader than the thorax, ovate, dilated

posteriorly, coarsely and closely punctured, the interspaces

rugose.

Ch. elongata, placed by Kraatz under speciosissima,

is a distinct and well-marked insect; its elongate form,

narrow in front and dilated posteriorly in both sexes, will

at first sight distinguish it from any allied species; the

linguiform telum will separate it from the ¢ of specio-

sissima, and the concave apex of the anal segment of the

abdomen from the ¢ of the same species.

Chrysomela speciosissima, Scop.

Ent. Carn. p. 231; Suffr. Mon. p. 142.

Oblongo-elongata, convexa; thorace lateribus rotunda-

tis, basi parallelis, rarius a basi ad medium convergentibus,

disco evidenter, ad latera foveolato-punctato; lateribus

incrassatis, intus sulco lato, rude punctato marginatis ;

elytris fere parallelis $, postice paullo ampliatis ?, sat

crebre aciculato-punctatis; interspatiis leviter rugulosis;

palporum maxillarium articulo ultimo ad penultimum vix

sequilato, ovato.

Mas.—Tarsorum articulis‘basalibus a pede primo ad

tertium longitudine perparum increscentibus; abdominis

segmento anali leviter concavo-excavato, obsolete bisinuato;

telo modice elongato, regulariter curvato, lateribus paral-

lelis, apice oblique convergentibus, apice ipso paullo recur-

vato, modice producto, subcuneiformi.

of some species of Chrysomela, &c. 187

fraem.— Abdominis segmento anali obtuse truncato.

A. Viridi-metallica aut viridi-cyanea, thoracis basi

elytrorumque linea suturali vittaque discoidali

cyaneis.

Jey, Elytris olivaceo-seneis aut seneis, signaturis ut

in A,

C. Tota viridi-metallica aut viridi-zenea.

D. Nigra, ely tris cupreis.

E. Tota nigra.

F. Tota cuprea.

Long. 34—4 lin.

Hab.— Switzerland, Spain, Italy, South of France.

Thorax nearly twice as broad as long; sides usually

rounded, parallel at the extreme base, more rarely straight

and converging from the base to beyond the middle; disk

distinctly punctured ; sides thickened, bounded Aina by

a coarsely-punctured longitudinal excavation. Elytra

broader than the thorax, oblong, parallel in the é, slightly

dilated posteriorly in the 2, convex, aciculate-punctate,

interspaces finely rugulose.

Ch. speciosissima is very similar in all its parts to

Ch. cacalie, It is, however, smaller, much shorter and

broader in proportion to its length ; the elytra of the 2

are also less parallel, being slightly dilated posteriorly.

Chrysomela elegans, Avagona.

De Quib. Coleopt. 1830, p. 27.

Ch. Genet, Suffr. Mon. p. 147.

Anguste oblongo-ovata ¢; magis ovata 2, convexa;

thorace distincte hic illic disperse punctato, lateribus in-

crassatis, intus sulco integro, rude varioloso-punctato

marginatis ;_elytris fortiter aciculato-punctatis, punctis

substriatim “dispositis ; interspatiis nitidis, ad apicem vix

rugulosis, sparse irregulariter impresso-strigosis, sparse

tenuiter punctatis; palporum maxillarium articulo ultimo

ad penultimum fere zequilato, ovato, apice obtuso.

Mas.— Tarsorum articulo basali modice dilatato, semi-

ovato, illis tarsorum posteriorum duorum paullo longiori-

bus; abdominis segmento anali apice obtuse truncato ;

telo robusto, valde curvato, apice reflexo, lateribus paral-

lelis, apice abrupte dilatato, hastato.

188 Mr. J. 8. Baly on the differential characters

Fem.—Abdominis segmento anali apice late obtuso.

A. Viridi-metallica, fronte elytrorumque vitta dis-

coidali, antice ampliata, postice abbreviata, rufo-

aureis.

B. Viridi-cyanea, neo tincta, supra aureo-enea, ely-

trorum linea suturali vittaéque discoidali cyaneis ;

limbo externo viridi-metallico.

Long. 3—34 lin.

Hab.—Piedmontese Alps, Pyrenees, Lombardy.

Antenne filiform, six outer joints rather more robust

than the four preceding ones. Thorax one-half broader

than long; sides rounded and converging in front, parallel

behind the middle; disk distinctly ‘and rather strongly,

but (as a rule) less closely punctured than in Ch. specio-

sissima ; lateral margin thickened, bounded within by a

deeply impressed, coar insely punctur ed longitudinal groove.

Elytra oblong and broadly rounded at the apex in “the on

oblong-ovate i in the 2, convex, rather strongly punctured,

the punctures obsoletely arranged in irreeular longitudinal

strie ; interspaces smooth and shining, ‘sometimes faintly

wrinkled towards the apex; in var. B. the whole surface

is distinetly wrinkled.

Chrysomela guttata, Gebl.

Mem. Mosc. v. 1817, p. 316.

Ch. exanthematica, Weid. Germ. Mag. Ent. iv.

1821, p. 178.

», musiva,Gebl. Ledeb. Reis. ii. 3, 1830, p. 215.

5a Ss Motsch. Schrenck. Reis. 1. 1860,

p. 210.

» speculifera, Redt. Hugel. Kaschm. iv. 1848,

p- 558.

» subenea, Motsch. Schrenck. Reis. nu. 1860,

p. 229, t. 11, f 13.

» consimilis, Baly. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874,p.172.

Var. A. Ch. musiva, var. Gebl. Led. Reis. 1830.

» nigrogemmata, Motsch. Schrenck. Reis.

il. 1860, p. 228.

Hab.—FEastern Siberia, Japan, Northern India.

This purely Asiatic and widely-spread species has been

described by different authors under various names. It

of some species of Chrysomela, &c. 189

varies somewhat in size and degree of punctuation, also

slightly in coloration ; the latter. (usually cupreous) being

occasionally tinged with metallic blue. Var. A. has the

outer limb of the elytra broadly edged with rufous. Spe-

cimens from Japan are larger and more coarsely punc-

tured than those from Continental Asia. The duck-billed

shape of the ¢ organ and the form of the apex of the

anal segment of the abdomen in the ¢ are constant in all

the specimens I have examined.

Chrysomela marginata, Linn.

Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 371.

Ch. songorica, Gebl. Bull. Ac. Petr. i. 1843, p. 39;

Bull. Mosc. 1859, iv. p. 25.

», sulcata, Fisch. Cat. Col. Karal. 1843, p. 25;

Suffr. Mon. p. 82

Mas.—Telum curvatum, subspathulatum, apice vix

recurvato, mucronato ; ducto filiformi, teli apice longiori.

Hab.—Kurope, Eastern Siberia.

Ch. songorica, Gebl. (sulcata, Fisch.), from Eastern

Siberia, cannot be considered as more than a local form

of Ch. marginata; the specimens are usually rather larger,

paler coloured and less metallic, and their elytra are often

more strongly punctured and the strize more deeply sul-

cate, but they vary greatly in all these respects; the form

of the ¢edwm is similar in both.

Chrysomela Vishnu, Hope.

Gray, Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 30 (type in Brit. Mus.).

cingulata, Baly, Journ. Ent. 1. 1860, p. 97.

Mas.—Telum linguiforme, vix curvatum.

Hab.—India, Nepal.

The present species closely resembles the preceding,

and might, at first sight, be taken for a local variety; it

differs, however, in the following particulars :—the apical

joint of the maxillary palpus is less ovate and more

broadly truncate, the el half of the antennz is more

slender, the third joimt being relatively longer than the

fourth; the sides of the thorax are also more strongly

punctured ; the punctures on the elytra are placed at un-

190 Mr. J.S. Baly on the differential characters

equal distances, but arranged in a more regular line on

each stria; and, lastly, the shape of the ¢edwm is entirely

different.

Chrysomela flavomarginata, Say.

Journ. Acad. Philad. ii. p. 452; Suffr. Stet. Ent. Zeit.

1858, p. 387.

Mas.—Telum oblongum, curvatum, apice recurvato, in

mucronem breviorem antrorsum producto.

Hab—Louisiana, Colorado.

Closely allied to Ch. marginata. The elytra have the

punctures more irregularly placed on the strix, the latter

on the outer disk and at the apex being sometimes entirely

lost. The ¢e/um, although formed on the same general

plan, is shorter, its sides are more parallel, its apex more

distinctly recurved, more obtusely angled, and the apical

process is broader and shorter; the duct is stouter, more

rigid, and is not produced beyond the apex of the telum.

In all other respects this species agrees closely with

Ch. marginata, of which species in alte probability it was

originally an offshoot.

Chrysomela Adamsi.

Oblongo-ovata, convexa, nigro-aut viridi-cyanea,

nitida ; thorace evidenter punctato, lateribus incrassatis,

sulco longitudinali lato, fortiter, irregulariter punctato,

intus marginatis ; elytris rufis, sat fortiter subseriatim

punctatis.

Long. 33—4 lin.

Hab.—Oo Bay, Chinese Tartary (Adams); Eastern

Siberia (Schrenck. )

Head remotely punctured, the puncturing rather closer

on the clypeus; apical joint of palpus rather broader

than the penultimate, its apex truncate. Thorax rather

more than twice as broad as long; sides straight and

parallel behind the middle, rounded and converging in

front; disk moderately convex, distinctly punctured :

lateral margin broad, thickened, bounded within by a

broad (sometimes interrupted) longitudinal depression, the

surface of which is coarsely and. irregularly punctured.

Elytra rather broader than the thorax, subparallel, their

apices (conjointly) regularly rounded; above convex,

of some species of Chrysomela, §c. 191

coarsely punctured, the puncturing on the inner side

arranged in ill-defined irregular strive.

Scarcely more than half the size of C. grossa, to which

insect it is nearly allied. It may be known by the shape

of the thorax, the sides of which in grossa are rounded

and converging from base to apex ; in the present species

they are straight and parallel behind the middle.

Chrysomela rufo-marginata.

Ovata, convexa, subtus cum antennis nigra, cupreo vix

tincta; supra cuprea; thorace nitido, minute, ad latera

magis fortiter punctato, utrinque basi intra marginem late-

ralem longitudinaliter foveolato; elytris fortiter et regula-

riter punctato-striatis; aneo micantibus, limbo exteriori

sordide rufo.

Long. 33—4 lin.

Hab.— Mesopotamia.

Head very minutely but not closely punctured ; clypeus

transverse, depressed, more distinctly punctured than the

upper face; antennz rather slender, not half the body

in length, black, the basal joints obscure rufo-piceous,

Thorax rather more than twice as broad as long; sides

rounded and converging from base to apex, the anterior

angles subacute; above convex, very finely and rather

distantly punctured, the puncturing rather closer and

more distinct at the extreme base, a longitudinal space

between the disk and outer margin coarsely punctured ;

lateral margin not thickened, separated from the disk at

the base by a longitudinal fovea and again at the apex by

a faint, ill-defined depression. Elytra ‘rather broader than

the thorax, convex, the highest part of the convexity being

behind Nar middle; each elytron with eleven strongly-

punctured striz, the first abbrevi ated, the punctures on

each stria placed at irregular interv als, the third and

fourth, fifth and sixth and seventh and eighth rows obso-

letely approximating in pairs; interspaces plane, sparingly

impressed with minute punctures; outer limb obscure

rufous, the rufous colour entirely covering the outer inter-

space. About the same size and somewhat similar in

form to Ch. lamina, elytra punctured as in that insect ;

it may be easily separated by the different shape of the

thorax and by the difference in its lateral margination.

TRANS, ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART II. (JULY.) O

192. Mr. J. S. Baly on the differential characters

Genus AmBrostoma, Motsch.

Schrenck. Reis. m Amurlande, ii. p. 208.

Metasternum margine antico utrinque sulcato, apice

immarginato; ceteris ut n Chrysomela.

The single character given above, as separating this

genus from Chrysomela, is of more importance than would

at first sight appear. In Chrysomela and its allies the

apex of the metasternum is regularly margined for its

-whole extent. In Doryphora, Calligrapha, and all the

other American forms (one or two small genera excepted),

the anterior margin is bordered within, on either side, by

a deep sulcation, the apex itself being immarginate; this

form of margination is found in the present genus and

also in Humela, Paralina, and some Australian genera,

showing their closer connection with what may be called

the American type than with the European.

1, Ambrostoma quadri-impressa, Motsch. Bull. Mose.

1845, 1. p. 109; Schrenck. Reis. 11. 1860, p. 227,

tasealglies tell

Hab.— Mongolia.

2. Ambrostoma fortunei, Baly, Journ. Ent. i. 1860, p. 94

( Chrysomela).

A. chinensis, Motsch. Schrenck. Reis. ii. 1860,

p. 228.

Hab.—Northern China.

3. Ambrostoma mahesa, Hope, Gray, Zool. Mise. 1831,

p- 30 ( Chrysomela, type in Brit. Mus.).

A. nepalensis, Motsch. Schrenck. Reis. 1. 1860,

p- 228.

Hab.—Nepal.

Genus Crosita, Motsch.

Schrenck. Reisen. ii. p. 189.

Corpus ovatum, apterum aut alatum. Thorax lateribus

incrassato-marginatis. H/ytracoadnata aut libera. Meta-

sternum apice elevato-marginatum. Pedes, tarsorum arti-

culis subtus glabris, nitidis, utrinque serie unica e setulis

rigidis marginatis; articulo secundo apice concavo, angulis

acutis; tertio profunde concavo-emarginata, lobis acutis ;

of some species of Chrysomela, Sc. 193

in ¢ tarsorum anticorum quatuor pulvinis integris; articulis

secundo et tertio ut in Chrysomeld formatis.

Three species belong to the above genus, which is

purely Asiatic, and is well separated from Chrysomela by

the peculiar structure of the tarsi.

A. Corpus apterum.

1. Crosita altaica, Gebl. Mem. Mosc. 1823, p. 117

( Chrysomela).

Ch. insignis, Fischer, Cat. Col. Karal. 1843, p. 20.

Fab.—Altai, Turcomania.

2. Crosita’ Faldermanni, Krynick. Bull. Mose. 1832,

p- 170 (Chrysomela).

Ch. Mazximovitschi, Zubkoff. Bull. Mose. 1833,

p. 337.

Fab.—Turcomania.

B. Corpus alatum.

3. Crosita czlestina.

Klongata, subparellela, subtus nigro-cerulea, supra

metallico-cerulea, nitida, thorace transverso, lateribus

rotundatis; disco minus crebre punctato, intra marginem

lateralem profunde longitudinaliter sulcato, margine ipso

incrassato; elytris thorace latioribus, oblongo-ovatis, fortiter

punctato-striatis, striis bifariam dispositis, interstitiis sat

fortiter, subcrebre punctatis.

Mas.—Abdominis apice obtuse truncato; ¢elo robusto,

regulariter curvato, apice obtuse truncato; tarsorum anti-

corum articulis modice dilatatis, pulvillis integris.

Long. 4—44$ lin.

Hab.—Northern China, India, Persia.

Head remotely punctured; front impressed on either

side, just above the clypeus, with a shallow coarsely-punc-

tured fovea; clypeus depressed, more closely punctured

than the upper face; apical jomt of maxillary palpus not

broader than the penultimate, subovate, its apex obtuse ;

antenne filiform, less than half the length of the body.

Thorax twice as broad as long; sides rounded, converging

at base and apex, the anterior angles subacute; disk mode-

rately convex, distinctly and somewhat closely punctured ;

194 Mr. J. S. Baly on the differential characters

lateral margin thickened, broader in the middle, narrowed

at base and apex, bounded within by a deep, well-defined,

slightly-curved longitudinal groove. Elytra broader than

the thorax, oblong-ovate, convex, the basal margin thick-

ened; each elytron with ten rows of longitudinal striae,

the first abbreviated before the middle, the third and

fourth, fifth and sixth and seventh and eighth, approxima-

ting in pairs; interspaces as strongly punctured as the

strize, in some specimens rendering the latter indistinct.

Do rYyp hora approxim ata.

Late ovata, convexa, rufo-picea, nitida, thorace distincte

punctato ; elytris regulariter punctato-striatis, olivaceis,

piceo limbatis, limbo submarginali fulvo.

Long. 5 lin.

Hab.—Parana.

Head very minutely punctured; antennz more than

half the length of the body, very slightly compressed and

dilated towards the apex; the 4th to the 10th joints

nigro-piceous, the basal joint stained above with the same

colour. Thorax rather more than twice as broad as long ;

sides sinuate at the base, dilated and rounded before the

middle, the anterior angles mucronate; disk finely and

distinctly but not very closely punctured. Scutellum

shining, impunctate. Elytra rather broader than the

thorax, broadly rounded at the apex; each elytron with

eleven rows of distinctly impressed punctures, the first

short, the tenth deeply sulcate, the eleventh, on the ex-

treme outer margin, less strongly marked than the. rest;

interspaces near the suture on the outer margin and

towards the apex obsoletely convex; the whole limb on

each elytron rufo-piceous, bounded within by a narrow

flavous line, which is less defined along the suture than

elsewhere. Mesosternal spine nearly equal in length to

the metasternum.

Somewhat similar to D. bilimbata, but at once sepa-

rated by its much broader form, more strongly punctured

elytra, and the piceous coloration of its body and thorax.

Doryphora Godmani.

Rotundato-ovata, sat valde convexa, cuprea, nitida ;

thorace remote, tenuiter punctato; elytris tenuiter sed

distincte punctato-striatis ; vitta interrupta sublaterali

of some species of Chrysomela, &c. 195

fasclisque interruptis tribus, una subbasali, secunda prope

medium tertiaque ante apicem castaneis.

Long. 43—4? lin.

Hab.—Trinidad.

Head very finely and distantly punctured; clypeus

transverse, well defined, faintly depressed, rather more

strongly so on either side, more strongly and closely punc-

tured than the fr ont; antennz about half the Tength of

the body, very slightly thickened towards the apex, the

basal joint beneath, together with the second at. its

extreme apex, piceous ; mandibles robust, rather larger in

the ¢, abruptly angled in the middle in both sexes,

coarsely punctured. Thorax more than twice as broad as

long; sides straight and parallel from the base to far

beyond the middle i in the ¢, then rounded and converging

to the apex, the anterior angle acute, the hinder one

slightly produced, very acute; in the ¢ the sides are less

straight and parallel in front, being rounded from just

before their middle; apical border deeply excavated ; disk

transversely convex, faintly excavated on either side, finely

and remotely punctured. Elytra broader than the thorax,

quadrate-ovate, broadly rounded at the apex, above

convex; each elytron with eleven rows of fine but distinct

punctures, the first short, those on the outer disk rather

confused; interspaces plane, impunctate; each elytron with

a submarginal irregularly interrupted castaneous vitta

and three (also interrupted) concolorous fascize, one just

below the basal margin, one across the middle, and a third

some little distance before the apex ; these fascie, which

externally joi the submarginal vitta, are feeenetl of

_irvegular spots and probably in some specimens are nearly

obsolete. Sternal spine acute, equal in length to the

metasternum.

Nearly allied in form to D. e@stuans, rather larger than

that species, the sides of the thorax more parallel.

Doryphora fulvopustulata.

Ovata, ad apicem attenuata, convexa, picea, nitida,

capite thoraceque subnitidis, «neo tinctis, antennarum

articulis ultimis duobus albido-flavis; thorace sat fortiter

eranuloso, subcrebre punctato; elytris subseriatim punc-

tatis, granulosis, utrisque pustulis levibus sex, duobus

196 Mr. J. 8S. Baly on the differential characters

infra basin, duobus prope medium duobusque ante apicem,

fulvis ornatis.

Long. 5 lin.

Hab.—Columbia, Medellin.

Head granulose, distinctly punctured; labrum rufo-

piceous. Thorax more than twice as broad as long; sides

straight, converging from the base towards the apex,

abruptly rounded at the latter, the anterior angles strongly

mucronate, the hinder ones acute ; disk faintly excavated on

either side, granulose, subopaque, impressed with round

shining punctures, rather larger and more crowded at the

sides than on the middle disk. Elytra broader than the

thorax; sides subparallel from the shoulder to below the

middle, thence obliquely converging and conjointly form-

ing at the apex a distinct angle; above convex, gibbous

just before the middle, thence obliquely deflexed to the

apex; surface subopaque, rather strongly punctured, the

punctures arranged in irregular longitudinal striz, inter-

spaces granulose ; each elytron with six slightly-raised,

shining, impunctate fulvous spots, two at the base, the

first on the humeral callus, extending upwards to the

basal margin, the second rather lower, placed near the

suture; two placed obliquely about the middle, one on

the outer, the other on the inner disk; and lastly, two

others, also obliquely placed halfway between the middle

and the apex; these spots standing exactly under each

other, form two longitudinal rows on Y each elytron.

Very nearly allied in form and coloration .to D. brun-

neipennis, Jacoby, but scarcely more than half the size,

more strongly punctured, and easily to be separated by the

fulvous spots in the elytra, which, being slightly thick- .

ened, shining and impunctate, stand up in strong contrast

to the opacity of the general surface. In one of my speci-

mens of D. brunneipennis I find very faint indications of

spots arranged in a similar manner, but they are not

thickened, and are subopaque and sculptur ed in a similar

manner to the rest of the disk.

of some species of Chrysomela, &c. 197

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IL.

Fig. 1. Ch. speciosa: a, telum; }, apex of ditto; ¢c, palpus; d, apex of

bB)

”

aaa

Cae

iy ee

6. 5,

ga,

Oh es

10:°*%,

fee

foe's

13. 4,

ee,

anal segment of ee g and 9.

gloriosa: a, telum; b, apex of ditto; ec, palpus; d, anal

segment of abdomen, ¢ and 9.

bifrons: a, telum; 0, apex of ditto; c, apex of elt segment

of abdomen, $ and 9.

nivalis: a, telum; ), apex of ditto; ce, palpus; d, anal seg-

ment of abdomen, ¢ and 9; @¢, anterior tarsus, ¢.

intricata: a, telum; 0b, apex of ditto; c, palpus; d, anal

segment of abdomen, ¢ and 9.

alcyonea: a, telum; 0, apex of ditto; c, palpus; d, apex of

anal segment of abdomen, ¢.

tristis : a, telum; 0, apex of ditto; c, apex of anal segment,

g and @.

cacali@: a, telum; b, apex of ditto; c, anal segment of

abdomen, ¢ and ¢.

speciosissima : a, telum; 0, apex of ditto; c, palpus; d, anal

segment of abdomen, ¢ and 9.

elegans: a, telum; 0b, apex of ditto; ec, palpus; d, apex of

anal segment of abdomen, g¢ and 9.

sulcata: a, telum; 0, apex of ditto; ec, palpus ; d, apex of

anal segment of aldeatens d and @.

cinctipennis: a, telam; 0, apex of ditto.

marginata: a, telum ; 0, apex of ditto,

vishnu: a, telum; 0, apex of ditto.

15. Underside of tarsus of Crosita.

16. Apex of metasternum of Ambrostoma.

17. Apex of telum of Ch. elongata,

XIII. A Decade of new Cetoniide. By J. O. WEst-

woop, M.A., F.L.S., &c.

[Read June 4th, 1879.]

(Plates III. and IV.)

Genus novum, NYASSINUS.

Caput mediocre, clypei apice reflexo; in mare angustato.

Mandibulz late curvate apice obtuso, intus lobo setoso

instructa. Maxillee lobo apicali elongato curvato, apice in

dentem acutum producto, lobi interni apice bidentato.

Mentum oblongum subquadratum, extus gibbosum, et

pone basin paullo constrictum. Prothorax subhexag onus,

angulis posticis obtusis retroproductis, canali dorsali

impressus. Elytra oblonga, extus pone basin emarginata,

singulo carina submedia notato ; tubercula ordinaria

spiraculifera prominentia. Abdomen maris infra basi

impressione ovali parum profunda notatum. Pedes breves

crassi, tibiis anticis extus fere inermibus presertim in

mare, in foomina prope medium parum angulatis. Tarsi

5-articulati. Corpus supra plus minusyve villosum. Pro-

sternum omninoinerme. Mesosternum parvum angustum

apice obtusum vix prominens.

This new African genus differs from Genuchus, Lisso-

genius and Scaptobius in the simple condition of the

anterior tibis, which in the females alone exhibit the

slightest approach to a central tooth on the outer mar gin

by a small angulation. From Cenochilus it differs in

having the upper lobe of the maxille simple, ter minating

In a sharp sickle-shaped point. The five-jointed tarsi

remove it from Callynomes, and the structure of its

sterna separate it from Cymophorus and its allies.

The two species here described have been discovered in

the neighbourhood of Lake Nyassa.

Species 1. NMyassinus maculipes. (Pl. ILL. fig. 1.)

Obscurus; fuscus, luteo, brunneo nigroque variegatus ;

pedibus luteo-fulvis, tibiis in medio nigro- -maculatis tar-

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART II. (JULY.)

200 Prot O. Westwood on a

sorum articulis apice nigris, podice emarginato, in medio

supra albo.

Long. corp. fere lin. 6.

Habitat ad ripas lactis Nyassa. In Mus. Hopeiano,

Oxoniz, Parry, Higgins, Janson, Fry

This species is more variegated tan N. lugubris, but

the colours are greatly confused together. The head is

punctured: the prothorax is subhexagonal, with a deep

longitudinal central depression, the Saree of which is

marked with numerous very fine curved and longitudinal

strigee ; there is a small tubercle on each side, about one-

third of the distance from the anterior angle. The lateral

angles are sharp and the posterior angles are prominent,

produced backwards and_ slightly elevated, leaving a

depression within the posterior angles. The posterior

margin is emarginate on each side, and rounded and

entire in front of the scutellum. The dise is black and the

sides ferruginous, varied with luteous villosity. The elytra

have the shoulders very prominent, rounded, elevated,

and fulvous, with a deep round impression within the

_ humeral angle, terminated within by the curved and raised

carina, which extends nearly to the apex of the elytra, ter-

minating in the ordinary subapical tubercle ; the sutural

space between the carinze is deeply impressed, with its sides

eradually elevated and marked with cicatricose punctures;

towards the subhumeral impression it is black, followed

by a luteous, transverse, villose fascia ; towards its extremity

it is darker, but varied with ferruginous and black. The

apical tubercle of each elytron is conical and fulvous, with

a small point on the outside of each. There is also a

raised lateral tubercle on each elytron beyond the middle,

outside of the carina. The lateral margins of the abdo-

minal segments are exposed and rounded, the two ordinary

spiracular tubercles conical, and the podex emarginate at

its extremity and white in the middle. The legs are

fulvous varied with black, the tibie having a black central

fascia, and the tarsi are fulvous with the joints black at the

ends. The middle of the ventral surface of the abdomen

is clothed with white pile, through which a few oblong

cicatricose punctures are visible.

Nyassinus lugubris. (Pl. ILI. fig. 2.)

Obscurus saturate ferrugineus, nigro variegatus liuteoque

setosus, clypeo luteo nitido, pedibus fulvo-brunneis, podice

Decade of new Cetoniide. 201

rotundato ; elytris punctis oblongo-ovalibus cicatyicosis im-

pressis; carina alternatim fulvo 1 nigroque variegata.

Long. corp. lin. 54.

Habitat cum precedente. In Mus. Hopeiano,Oxonix,&c.

This species very closely agrees with WV. maculipes. It

is, however, much less varied in its colouring, and has the

upper surface of the body more regular with the tuber-

cular prominences less visible. The clypeus of the male

is much narrowed, recurved, fulvous and glossy. The

thorax agrees in shape with that of the preceding species,

the disc marked with very fine parallel strigz; the elytra

are similar in form and sculpture to those of NV. maculipes,

but less distinctly tubercular, and with the carine less

sharply defined, the ordinary subapical tubercles are con-

colorous, each terminating in a point with a smaller point

on the outside of each, the spiraculiferous tubercle near

the extremity of the abdomen acute and the podex ob-

scurely luteous, with a slight central longitudinal raised

line; the body and legs beneath are fulvous-red, the

metasternum black in the middle and the four basal seg-

ments of the abdomen white, except at the sides; they

are but slightly impressed in the males.

Scaptobius Parrianus. (PI. IIL. fig. 3.)

Subelongatus et angustus, castaneo-piceus, setis luteis

brevissimis indutus ; capite inter oculos carina brevi parum

elevata instructo; pronoto punctato, in medio longitudi-

naliter impresso, et striolato, lateribus in medio subrotun--

datis parum serratis, angulis posticis retroproductis; elytris

haud tuberculatis, singulo costis duabus punctatis distinctis

notato; epimeris luteo setosis, tiblis anticis latis, fortiter

3- dentatis, tarsis 4-articulatis.

Long. corp. lin. 54.

Habitat Transvaal. In Mus. Parry.

This species differs from S. capensis, as well as from

S. pentarthrius and S. caffer, im wanting the tubercles

on the elytra. S. pentarthrius, moreover, has 5-jointed

tarsi, and S. caffer a very different shaped prothorax.

From 8S. aciculatus and Natalensis it differs in its more

elongate and narrow form, with the cost of the elytra

more strongly marked, the anterior tibiz: much broader

and more strongly 3 3-dentate, the central impression of the

middle of the pronotum more distinct, the epimera luteo-

setose, and the head with a slight elongate tubercle

202 Prof. J. O. Westwood on a

between the eyes. The mentum is wider than long, with

the front margin nearly straight, the sides rounded, the

base terminating in a central triangular flat tooth and the

middle of the dise with a deep longitudinal impression.

The disc of the pronotum is finely punctured, the hind-

part marked with fine parallel striga. The abdomen is

convex, with a transverse deep impression at the base of

the penultimate segment.

Phymatopteryx glaberrimus. (Pl. III. fig. 4.)

Castaneus fulvo variegatus, nitidissimus levissimus, sub-

planus; capite punctato, pronoti disco subplano, 1 impres-

sionibus 8 rotundatis, mediis duabus majoribus punctatis ;

scutello elongato levi fulve utrinque linea punctorum

notato; elytris castaneis, sutura elevata fulva, singulo linea

longitudinali curvata profunde impressa media, e basi ad

tuberculum subapicale extensa, tuberculisque tribus luteis

(in singulo) in lineam curvatam positis.

Long. corp. lin. 42.

Habitat prope lacum N’gami. In Mus. Parry.

This beautiful little sect is rather smaller, flatter and

more glossy than Phymatopteryx sculptilis, Westw. Thes.

Ent., Pl. VILI. fig. 1. The pronotum is elegantly varied

with fulvous, the anterior angles being almost destitute of

punctures; the excavated depressions of the pronotum are

smaller than in Ph. sculptilis, the central anterior one

being scarcely impressed, although it is punctured; the

posterior angles are rounded, within which the surface is

punctured. “The elytra are very glabrous and almost des-

titute of punctures; the tliree olabrous luteous tubercles

beyond the middle of each elytroa form a curved live rather

than arranged in a triangle, as in Pn. seviptilis. The podex

has two fulvons apical carine. The lees are castaneous,

with a patch of fulvous in the middle of each tibize.

I cannot avoid expressing the doubt which I have long

entertained, that Dr. Burmeister’s Uloptera planata is

congenerous with Png ymatopteryx, entirely agreeing, as it

does, therewith, except in the maxillary palpi being secu-

riform. ‘* Palpis maxillaribus securiformibus inter omnia

Melitophila hoc genus potissimum notatur,” are the words

of Dr. Burmeister, whose type UJ. planata was described

from the collection of M. Buquet as an inhabitant of

Cayenne.

I have given figures of the details of the mouth of

Decade of new Cetonide. 203

Ph. sculptilis in my Thesaurus, and of those of Ph. gla-

berrimus in the accompanying figures, both agreeing in

the form of the maxillary palpi. If my conviction be

correct, the description, therefore, of the maxillary palpi

and the locality of Ul. planata are both incorrect, and my

genus Phymatopteryex must be expunged. If, on the

contrary, Dr. Burmeister’s descriptions should prove to

be correct, it will be a singular instance of two such

remarkable and otherwise identical forms occurring in

South America and Africa; Ph. seulptilis being a native

of Guinea and Ph. glaberrimus of Lake N’gami.

Epixanthis maculitarsis, Burm. Handb. i. p. 586.

CRITE tie.)

Lata depressa, nigra, velutina, clypei apice furcato,

pronoto leviter punctato; margine omni tenul lineaque

media fulvis, elytris fasciis tribus undulatis fulvis, fasciis

1 et 2 linea fulva longitudinali connexis margineque pos-

tico tenui fulvo; pedibus nigris, tarsis fulvis articulis

apice nigris.

Long. corp. lin. 9; lat. hum. elytr. lin. 43.

Habitat Madagascar. In Mus. Hopeiano, Oxoniz.

This curiously-marked species from Madagascar has

not hitherto been figured. It is broad and depressed and

of a velvety-black colour, destitute of gloss; the head is

small and thickly punctured, the front produced conically,

terminating in two small points. The antenne are dark

pitchy. The prothorax is broad, with the sides nearly

rounded in the middle, behind which they are nearly

straight and parallel. The disc is slightly punctured.

The entire margin of the pronotum is narro wly fulvous ;

the hind margin entire, and gradually rounded in front of

the scutellum, and there is a narrow fulvous central line,

‘widening as it joins the fulvous hind margin. The scu-

tellum is obscure with the centre fulvous. The elytra

are singularly marked, being divided into areas by narrow

fulvous marks, which may ‘be described as forming three

irregularly-curved transverse bars, the first broken towards

the “lateral margin, and the first and second united by

a narrow, curved longitudinal line extending from the

shoulders. The third of these transverse fascie is also

broken in the middle, the suture and hind margin being

also narrowly fulvous. The ground of each elytron is

velvety-black, with two fine longitudinal impressed lines

204 Prof. J. O. Westwood on a

on each. The undersurface of the body is black and

glossy, with fulvous sete and a few punctures on the

abdominal rings. The mandibles are furnished with a

very narrow blade, acute at the tip, with an inner slightly

setose lobe and with a broad robust molar plate. The

maxillee have both lobes simple and thickly setose, and

the mentum is broad, subhexagonal and emarginate in

-front. The mesosternum is very shortly and but slightly

produced into a short broad point in front.

Pygora ignita. - (Pl. LV. fig. 1.)

Oblonga subdepressa leevissima nitidissima lete aureo-

viridis, elytrorum apice lateribusque igneis; prothorace

subconico truncato, vittis duabus longitudinalibus impressis

chalybeeis; elytris linea parum curvata subsuturali pro-

funde impressa, altera discoidali, tertiaque punctata pone

medium, pedibus castaneis aureo-viridibus.

Long. corp. lin. 7; lat. humer. elytr. lin. 4.

Habitat Madagascar. In Mus. Higgins.

This beautiful insect is remarkable not only for its

briliant colour, but for the highly-polished surface, the

head is finely punctured, the antennz fulvous, the clypeus

emarginate ; the prothorax is gradually widened from the

head to the hind angles, being but very slightly angulated

in the middle of its lateral margins. Its hind margin is

but slightly emarginate in front of the scutellum, which

is golden-green. The sides of the pronotum, next the ante-

rior angles, have a series of dark punctures, and towards

the hind angle a fine impressed line. On the disc on each

side is a deep longitudinal steel-blue impression; the

scutellum has its base covered with minute semicircular

transverse lines.

Theelytra are highly polished with a very deep impressed

line on each side of the suture, having a series of punctures

in the deepest part; these two lines are wider apart about

the middle of the suture, and succeeded by another nearly

straight line of the same kind, between which and the

lateral margin is a third much’ shallower line formed of

impressed punctures. The legs are light chestnut, with a

golden-green gloss. The body beneath is golden-green,

with black punctures, the abdominal rings being but

slightly punctate. The maxillary lobes are simple, the

mentum oblong, emarginate in front, and the metasternum

is broad, short and obtusely rounded in front.

Decade of new Cetoniide. 20

Anochilia Hydrophiloides. (Pl. IV. fig. 2.)

Ovalis convexa nigra, nitida, capitis clypeo bifido, ely-

trorum singulo striis 6 punctatis notato.

Long. corp. lin. 10; lat. humer. elytr. fere lin. 5.

Habitat in Madagascar. In Mus. Higgins.

This species has very much of the general appearance

and size of Hydrophilus caraboides. It is entirely black,

oval, very polished, but slightly punctured, and each

elytron is marked with six punctate striz. The head is

finely punctured, the clypeus produced and deeply notched,

with a sharp elevated line extending nearly from the ex-

tremity of each side to the eye. The pronotum is convex,

scarcely angulated in the middle of each lateral margin,

and almost impunctate. The hind margin in front of the

scutellum is emarginate, the scutellum is glabrous. The

elytra are convex, each marked with six punctured strie,

of which the two most outward ones are abbreviated. The

apex of the elytra is also punctured. The podex is covered

with extremely fine transverse lines. The legs are black,

the anterior tibiz but moderately tridentate. The maxil-

lary lobes are simple and strongly setose, the mentum cup-

shaped, deeply impressed on the outside near the base, and

with a very deep notch in front; the mesosternum is pro-

duced into a strong obtuse point, directed obliquely down-

wards towards the forelegs.

Anochilia herbacea. (PI. IV. fig. 3.)

Oblongo-ovalis, opaca velutina viridis, aureo parum

tincta, elytris punctato-striatis, pedibus nigris, tarsis cas-

taneis.

Long. corp. lin. 74; lat. humer. elytr. fere lin. 4.

Habitat in Madagascar. In Mus. Higgins.

This insect is of an uniform velvety rather dark-green

colour, tinged with fulvous on the hind part of the thorax

and scutellum. The head is thickly but finely punctured,

with the clypeus rather deeply notched in front, the an-

tenne are black; the prothorax is nearly semicircular, the

lateral margins being scarcely angulated in the middle,

and the hind margin but slightly emarginate in front of

the scutellum. It is considerably convex, and its hind

part is rather thickly punctured, the scutellum is impune-

tate, and each of the elytra is marked with six longitudinal

striz ; the first next the suture is bent rather outwardly in

206 Prof. J. O. Westwood on a

the middle; the second extends from the base of the elytra

to the inside of the subapical tubercle; the third and fourth

extend from the base, but do not quite reach the tubercle,

and the fifth and sixth are gradually shorter, all these

striz having punctures in their deepest part; the legs are

black, with the tarsi pitchy. The maxillary lobes are

simple, and densely setose, the mentum broad, with the

fore margin deeply emarginate, and the mesosternum is

broad, rounded at the sides, and obtuse in front. The

anterior tibis are strongly tridentate.

Liostraca (?) rufo-plagiata. (Pl. IV. fig. 4.)

Oblonga subparallela depressa, nigra nitidissima, elytris

profunde striatis, singulo plaga magna laterali ferruginea

ante medium notato.

Long. corp. lin. 5}.

Habitat Madagascar. In Mus. Higgins.

This species has the prothorax large, wide, and but

shghtly narrowed from the middle of the straight lateral

margins to the eyes, the head being wide, and the humeral

angles of the elytra not very greatly produced, so that the

insect has a more parallel appearance than usual. The

head is very finely punctured, with the clypeus rounded,

its fore-edge slightly emarginate. ‘The pronotum is very

glossy, having the lateral and posterior margins with a

slender raised edge, it is subdepressed, and has its anterior

portion, especially at the sides, punctured. The elytra

are glossy and black, finely punctured at the base, the

sides near the shoulders considerably emarginate, each

elytron having a large lateral ferruginous patch between

the shoulders and the middle, and four deep strie, of

which the lateral one is formed of deep punctures; the

podex is black, with a raised central longitudinal line.

The maxillee have the terminal lobes simple, and strongly

setose, the mentum is cup-shaped, deeply notched in the

middle of the fore margin, and the mesosternum is pro-

duced into a triangular prominent point between the

middle legs. The fore tibize ave strongly tridentate.

Gametis (?) clytus. (PI. IV. fig. 5.)

Elongatus gracilis clytiformis, niger, velutinus, pro-

thorace fere circulari, punctato, undique albo tenue

marginato; scutelli apice albo; elytris macula laterali

Decade of new Cetoniide. 207

ferruginea lineis que tribus plus minusve interruptis trans-

versis albis ; pedibus clonpan

Long. corp. lin. 65 ; lat. humer. elytr.

Habitat in Madagascar. In Mus. fee ae

This curious species, which I have referred with much

doubt to the genus Gametis, might be easily mistaken,

both from its general form and markings, for a species of

the Longicorn genus Clytus. It is black and velvety,

the head and prothorax finely punctured, the former

clongated, with the clypeus emarginate. The pronotum

is nearly circular, the anterior angles being only slightly

advanced behind the eyes; it is black, velvety and finely

punctured, having a narrow edging of white extending

entirely round, leaving, however, “the posterior lateral

angles black and slightly raised. The scutellum is black,

with the posterior part white, with a very fine raised

central line. The elytra are nearly flat, narrow, with the

humeral angles prominent and rounded at the base: they

are finely punctured, and each is marked with a fine

impressed dongitudinal line next the suture, not reaching

the extremity; beyond the middle this is accompanied by

a second line, and the basal half of each elytron is also

marked with two very fine longitudinal impressed lines ;

between the shoulders and the middle of each side there

is a ferruginous marginal spot, within which is a slender

interrupted transverse white fascia, followed by a second

much abbreviated one; a third, angulated in the middle,

is placed at a little distance beyond the middle. The

legs are long and slender, the anterior tibiz tridentate,

the middle and hind pair with a small tooth beyond the

middle. The body beneath is black, the deflexed sides of

the prothorax and metasternum and terminal segment of

the abdomen ferruginous. The underside of the hind

femora and the margins of some of the abdominal seg-

ments are white. The maxille have their two lobes

simple and thickly setose, the mentum is elongate-cup-

shaped, with the anterior margin rather deeply emarginate.

The prosternum is armed with a deflexed spine in front.

The metasternum is small and but slightly produced into

a short triangular point.

The very narrow form and the nearly circular pronotum,

not emarginate in front of the scutellum, removes this

species from Stenotarsia.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART I. (JULY.) P

208 =Prof. J. O. Westwood on new Cetoniide, ec.

Pl. IIL. fig.

651 ene.

oy ues

ye aites

elites

nates,

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

. Nyassinus maculipes: 1a, mandible; 1, maxilla; le,

mentum and labial palpi; 1d, the same seen sideways.

Tyassinus lugubris: 2a, head of male ; 2, the same seen

sideways; 2c, head of female; 2d, the same seen side-

ways; 2¢, anterior tibia and tarsus of male; 2/, the same

of the female; 27, mesosternum; 2h, the same seen

sideways.

. Scaptobius Parrianus : 3a, mentum seen externally.

. Phymatopteryx glaberrimus: 4a, mandible; 4b, maxilla;

4c, mentum and labial palpi.

. Epixanthis maculitarsis, Burm.: 5a, mandible; 5A,

maxilla; 5c, mentum and labial palpi; 5d, meso-

sternum ; 5e, the same seen sideways.

. Pygora ignita: 1a, maxilla; 1b, mentum and labial

palpi; 1c, mesosternum ; 1d, the same seen sideways.

. Anochilia Hydrophiloides: 2a, maxilla; 2b, mentum

and labial palpi; 2c, mesosternum ; 2d, the same seen

sideways.

. Anochilia herbacea: 3a, maxilla; 3+, mentum and

labial palpi; 3c, mesosternum ; 3d, the same seer

sideways.

. Liostraeca (?) rufo-plagiata: 4a, maxilla; 4b, mentum

and labial palpi; 4c, mesosternum; 4d, the same

seen sideways.

. Gametis (?) clytus: 5a, maxilla; 5d, mentum and

labial palpi; 5¢, prosternal point and base of head;

5d, mesosternum ; 5¢, the same seen sideways.

( 209°)

XIV. Contributions to a knowledge of the Hemipterous

Fauna of Madagascar. By W. lL. Disrant.

[Read June 4th, 1879.]

(PL. V.)

Two of the first Hemipterous insects described from this

large island and peculiarly-interesting zoological province,

were Plataspis Coccinelloides by Laporte in 1832 and

oe Goudoti by Bennett in 183 Blanchard and

Guérin both also added to our know le a of this Hemip-

terous fauna; and Coquerel also described several species.

It was, however, Dr. Signoret, in the years 1860-61,

who first contributed any general knowledge on the sub-

ject. In two papers devoted respectively to the Homoptera

and Heteroptera he enumerated most of the known species

and described many new forms. These were subsequently

nearly all re-described by Dr. Stal in his “ Hemiptera

Africana,” in which work, and also in his later “ Enume-

ratio Hemipterorum,” several new species were charac-

terized. Further slight additions to our knowledge have

been made by Vollenhoven, Walker and myself. These

authors are almost our whole authorities, and though, in

the following paper, twelve other species are described,

yet all combined will possibly give but a poor summary

of the Hemiptera of this rich entomological fauna. We

must await M. Grandidier’s great work for further

information.

For these reasons it is futile to attempt any elaborate

generalisation as to geographical affinities of the whole

Hemipterous fauna, the following merely refers to the

insects described in this paper.

One genus, Ulpius, is peculiar to Madagascar, according

to our present knowledge.

Two genera, Agonoscelis and Mictis, are also found in

the Ethiopian, Oriental and Australian regions.

Three genera, Mygdonia, Enithares* and Platypleura,

are only found in the Ethiopian and Oriental regions.

* This genus has probably a wider range.

PART I. (JULY. ) P2

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.

210 Mr. Ww. L. Distant on the

The genus Piezosternum is common to the Ethiopian

and Neotropical regions, whilst Pantoleistes has hitherto

been. recorded from the Ethiopian only.

Agonoscelis bicolor, n. sp. (PI. V. fig. 6.)

Head black, with three small reddish spots at base, two

situated a little in front of eyes, and one about centre of

basal border ; lateral lobes longer than the central. Pro-

notum dull sanguineous, thickly and strongly punctate

and irregularly rugulose, with a broad black border, which,

commencing at lateral angles, extends about halfway

along lateral margin, when it is suddenly reflexed and

extends transver sely across disc to near centre. Scutellum

black, with a small obscure spot at centre of base, and

apex broadly dull sanguineous; thickly punctate and

strongly, transversely and irregularly rugose. Corium

dull sanguineous, with the lateral border, which gradually

widens from base and bifurcates at apex, enclosing a tri-

angular space on apical margin; black, thickly punctate

and rugulose. Membrane pitchy black, fuscous at tip,

which extends considerably beyond apex of abdomen.

Body beneath pale reddish, with the following black

macular markings; a linear slightly-curbed series on each

side, commencing one on prosternum, one on mesosternum

and one on metasternum, is continued along the abdomen

one on each segment—a central row of six, arranged in

pairs, on disc of abdomen, a small stigmatal series, and a

large marginal subtriangular series arranged one at each

. e to)

segmental incisure. Legs and rostrum black.

The body is sparingly and the legs strongly pilose.

Long. 12 mill.

fntanaaacine

Piezosternum rubens,n. sp. (PI. V. fig. 8.)

Olivaceous, thickly and finely punctured. Head paler

in coloration with the ocelli red; in front of the ocelli are

two short black strize situated’on each side of inner margin

of the lateral lobes, and a central fuscous longitudinal

fascia. Antenne black, Ist joint robust, olivaceous on

inner margin, 2nd about twice as long as 3rd, 4th

almost as long as 2nd and 3rd together, luteous at

apex, 5th and 2nd subequal. Pronotum with the lateral

margin black and a central longitudinal impunctate im-

Hemipterous Fauna of Madagascar. Zien

pression which is also continued through the scutellum to

near the apex which is pitchy. Inner claval margin and

base, base of costa and a subcostal streak to corium (the

last extending through half its length) pitchy. Membrane

brassy. Abdomen above red with biuish reflexions, con-

nexivum olivaceous with a broad black fascia at the mar-

ginal incisures. Body beneath pale olivaceous, marginal

borders of prosternum, mesosternum and metasternum,

a central longitudinal line extending through sternal keel

to apex of abdomen, segmental borders, stigmata and a

stigmatal row of short fasciee somewhat thickened at each

end, black. Rostrum pitchy-olivaceous, reaching a little

beyond apex of sternal keel. Legs olivaceous, somewhat

pitehy.

Long. 20 to 21 mill. ; exp. pronot. ang. 10 to 11 mill.

Antananarivo.

Allied to the African species. P. calidum, Fab.

Abdomen above bluish-green.

Ventral keel about reaching anterior coxe. P. ealidum, Fab.

Abdomen above red.

Ventral keel not reaching anterior coxe. P. rubens, Dist.

All the black markings beneath in P. rubens are much

broader, and the posterior margins of the pronotal angles

less excavated than in P. calidum.

Mygdonia elongata, n. sp. (Pl. V. figs. 2, 2a, 26.)

Black. Head clothed with fine yellowish pubescence.

Antenne very dark castaneous, apical jot somewhat

paler. First and 4th joints longest, subequal, 2nd longer

than 3rd. Pronotum granulose and rugulose, with the

lateral angles produced transversely, broadly and sub-

acutely, and two submarginal basal tuberculous points

parallel to basal angles of scutellum. Scutellum. trans-

versely and irregularly rugulose, with the apex narrowly

and obscurely fuscous. Corium thickly and finely punc-

tured, faintly tuberculate. Membrane opaque. Abdomen

above body beneath and legs concolorous, tarsi castaneous,

Ist joint thickly covered below with yellowish pile.

The body and legs are very faintly pilose. Scutellum

with the breadth and length subequal. Body beneath

with second segment much the broadest, its apex produced

posteriorly and forming anterior half of a large raised

tubercle deeply sinuated on disc, which occupies the greater

212 Mr. W. L. Distant on the

part of the discal portion of third segment. There is also

a faint transverse linear tuberculous ridge on dise of basal

margin of the second segment. The posterior femora are

gradually thickened, curved at base, unarmed, faintly

tuberculous along inner margin, about as long as posterior

tibize and tarsi together. The posterior tibize are dilated

on each side, outwardly from base to about half their

length, inwardly gradually widening from base and apex

to a broad acute tooth about the middle. Intermediate

femora slightly dilated beneath near apex with a strong

subapical spine. Coxe gradually widened apart; anterior

close together, intermediate much wider apart but less so

than posterior.

Long. 28 mill.; exp. pronot. ang. 11 mill. ; exp. body

at base of cor. 8 mill.

Antananarivo.

I possess one small ¢, measuring only 25 mill., in which

the tuberculous ridge on disc of basal margin of second

segment is almost obsolete.

This species cannot well be confused with M. tuber-

culosa, Sign., the only other African species to which the

genus Is now restricted.

?. Antenne relatively shorter and brighter castaneous,

pronotal angles somewhat less prominently produced, pos-

terior femora very slightly thickened and posterior tibiz

not toothed internally.

Mictis expansa,n. sp. (Pl. V. figs. 1, 1a.)

3. Above purplish-brown. Head and anterior margin

of pronotum pitchy, clothed with ochreous pubescence.

Antenne bright castaneous, apical joint excepting base

black. First joint longest, 2nd a little longer than 3rd,

4th and 2nd subequal. .Pronotum rugose and granulate,

the lateral angles much produced into acute processes,

directed somewhat upwards and forwards with the

margins faintly crenulated. Anterior lateral angles much

more distinctly crenulated. Scutellum transversely and

coarsely wrinkled. Clavus much streaked with pitchy, in

some specimens concolorous. Corium thickly and finely

punctate. Membrane brassy-black. Abdomen above

black, with two luteous spots on base of fifth segment.

Body beneath concolorous (in other specimens somewhat

darker). Coxe, trochanters, tibiz and apices of femora

somewhat pitchy; tarsi luteous.

Hemipterous Fauna of Madaqascar. 20a

|] g

The body and legs are faintly clothed with ochreous

pile. Abdomen beneath with a large subconical tubercle,

situated on apex of first and base of second segment, the

second segment much widened posteriorly and "extending

ina rectangular process nearly across third segment, which

is gibbous “and shehtly and posteriorly produced at apex.

The posterior femora are unarmed (with the exception of

two small tubercles on inner margin near apex), CUry ved

and thickened, about as long as tibia and Ist joint of tarsi

together. The posterior tibie are dilated internally into a

broad tooth a little above centre of inner margin. A sub-

marginal, transverse, linear ridge at base of pronotum.

Long. 27 mill.; exp. pronot. ang. 15 mill.

Antananarivo.

?. Abdomen somewhat dilated on both sides. Abdo-

men beneath unarmed, but second segment slightly pro-

duced and rounded at central basal portion over third

seoment, which is somewhat hollowed on dise. Hind

femora very little thickened, and hind tibiz only slightly

dilated on inner margin.

This species has somewhat a likeness to the forms com-

prised in the genus Prionolomia, Stal, but differs at once

from that genus in the relative lengths of the Ist and 4th

antennal joints. After a thorough examination, I have

placed it in the genus Mictis, from all other species of

which it is easily differentiated by the expanse of the

pronotal angles.

Parabrachytes, nov. gen.

First joint of antenne a little shorter than 2nd, longer

than head; Ist, 3rd and 4th joints subequal ; apices of

2nd and 3rd joints incrassated, that of 2nd joint much

more strongly so and pectinated; pronotal angles mode-

rately dilated and somewhat rounded; abdomen moderately

dilated on each side; femora spined near apices.

This genus could be included in Stal’s division Brachy-

taria, by having the Ist joint of the antenne shorter than

the 2nd, and by the rostrum reaching only just beyond

anterior coxe, not to middle of mesosternum, but it differs

in having the Ist joint longer than the he ad, as in Stal’s

division, Daladeraria. It is allied to Brachytes, from

which it differs by the much greater relative length of the

Ist to 2nd joints of antenne, “by the inerassated apices of

214 Mr. W. L. Distant on the

the 3rd and 4th joints, the moderately-produced pronotal

angles, &c.

Parabrachytes coloratus,n. sp. (Pl. V. fig. 3.)

Head luteous, strongly emarginate between the anten-

niferous tubercles. Antenne black, pilose (apical joint

less strongly so). First joint with the base strongly, its

apex and base of 2nd joint narrowly, luteous; Ist joint

a little shorter than 2nd, 3rd rather shorter than 4th,

apices of 2nd and 3rd joints incrassated, 2nd more so

than 3rd. Pronotum black, thickly and coarsely punc-

tured, the lateral angles slightly prominent and acutely

rounded. Scutellum black, transversely rugose, slightly

gibbous at base. Corium castaneous, thickly punctured,

lateral margins narrowly black. Membrane black. Ab-

domen above dull reddish, with a toothed mternally black

margin; connexivum alternately black and _luteous.

Body beneath black, femora luteous clouded with black,

tibia black with bases luteous, tarsi pitchy. Rostrum

pitchy, extending a little beyond anterior coxe. Fore

and intermediate femora, with two rows of spines, in-

creasing in size on nearing apex; hind femora faintly

spined, | two or three visible near base, and one long and

slender near apex.

?. Differs from the ¢ in having the basal portion of

upper surface of head black, 1st joint of antenne wholly

luteous, apical joint pale fascous. Abdomen above bright

red.

6, Long. 21 mill.; exp. lat. ang. pronot. 74 mill.

Max. lat. abd. 10 mill.

?. Long. 22 to 24 mill.

Antananarivo.

Parabrachytes obscurus, 0. sp.

Dull ochreous, tinged with fuscous, thickly and strongly

punctured. Antennze with the apical joint black, robust ;

remainder luteous, apices of 2nd and 3rd and_ base

(narrowly) of 4th joint black. Apex of 2nd jomt very

strongly incrassated, apex of 3rd slightly so. Pronotum

in structure much as in preceding species. Scutellum

transversely rugulose, with the base somewhat gibbous ;

black, basal angles, lateral margins and apex ochreous.

Membrane pale brownish, with the base and some discal

spots fuscous. Abdomen above red, with a marginal row

Hemipterous Fauna of Madagascar. 215

of three black spots on each side; connexivum dark cas-

taneous, with two luteous streaks at base and one near

apex. Body beneath dull castaneous, stigmata pale

luteous. Legs luteous, femora much suffused with black,

tibix with the base, apex and intermediate spots of the

same colour. Rostrum reaching a little beyond base of

mesosternum. J*emora spined as in preceding species,

but hind femora more strongly so.

Long. 18 mill.; exp. pronot. ang. 7 mill. Max. lat.

abd. gy mill.

Antananarivo.

Pantoleistes grandis, n. sp. (Pl. V. fig. 5, 5a.)

Black, sparingly pilose; apex of head and base of

rostrum narrowly,—subcentral portion of Ist joint of

antenne and basal two-thirds of 2nd joint,—central

transverse fascia on margin of anterior border of posterior

lobe of pronotum,—apices of femora,—bases and apices of

tibize and posterior lateral borders of dilated first, second

and fourth abdominal seements,—luteous. Clavus, basal

and apical angles of corium and membrane fuscous.

The Ist joint of the antennez is a little longer than the

head, 2nd more than half the length of the Ist, remainder

mutilated. The anterior lobe of the pronotum is deeply

bilobed by a longitudinal central incision. The third

abdominal segment is the most amply dilated. Hind

femora more slender than anterior or intermediate.

Long. 30 mill.

Fianarantsoa.

Ulpius Sai. n. sp. (PI. V. fig. 4, 4a.)

Black. Antenne with Ist joint black, slightly shorter than

head and pronotum together, 2nd and 3rd joints luteous,

slightly and narrowly black at base. Pronotum with two

large subconical tubercles at base of posterior lobe, which

are strongly pilose in front; a deep, central broad longi-

tudinal fovea, extending through disc of anterior and

posterior lobes. The base of the pronotum and posterior

sides of tubercles dull, luteous; lateral angles subpro-

minent. Scutellum black, corium much suffused with

luteous; membrane fuscous, paler at base. Dilated por-

tion of abdomen above streaked and shaded with casta-

neous, and obscurely spotted with same colour beneath.

Underside of body, legs and rostrum black.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.— PART II. (JULY.) Q

216 Mr. W. L. Distant on the

The colour is shining, but the luteous markings vary

in intensity in different specimens. Legs strongly pilose,

the hairs arranged in tufts on femora. The dilated lateral

borders of the posterior segments of the abdomen are

broadly produced upwards.

Long. 19 mill.

Fianarantsoa.

Ulpius bicolor, nu. sp.

Head luteous, with a basal streak behind eyes, and an

apical streak in front of antenniferous tubercles, black.

Rostrum black, with 1st jomt and base of 2nd luteous.

Pronotum with the anterior lobe black, posterior luteous,

with two large raised tubercles at base. Scutellum black.

Corium luteous, with apical angle and membrane fuscous.

Dilated portion of abdominal segments above and below

castaneous. Abdomen beneath and legs black; coxe,

apices of femora and bases of tibize luteous.

Antenne with Ist and 2nd joints black, remainder

fuscous. The pronotum has a deep, broad central longi-

tudinal fovea on disc of anterior and posterior lobes; the

lateral angles are slightly prominent. Legs strongly

pilose, hairs arranged in tufts on femora. Apex of mem-

brane pale, obscure, hyaline.

Long. 19 mill.

Fianarantsoa.

Ulpius festivus, n. sp.

Head luteous, post-ocular portion above black. Antennz

black, antenniferous tubercles luteous. Rostrum with

basal jomt luteous, remainder black. Posterior lobe of

pronotum and corium reddish. Membrane, abdomen and

legs black ; the coxv, apices of femora and bases of tibize

are luteous, the mesosternum is also of the same colour.

The membrane is bluish-black, with the apex fuscous

hyaline.

Long. 16 mill.

Antananarivo.

Closely allied to the preceding, but smaller, the femora

much less nodulated, the pronotal tubercles somewhat

smaller and more obtuse. The colour of the antenne, of

the dilation of the abdominal segments, and general hue

above is different. ‘

Enithares maculata, n. sp. (Pl. V. fig. 7.)

Pale, obscure, luteous, with the following fuscous

Hemipterous Fauna of Madagascar. 217

macular markings, viz., a median transverse fascia on

disc of pronotum, two large somewhat rounded spots at

base of scutellum, a small spot on each clavus at apex,

and a larger spot on margin of each corium near apex.

Membrane obscure creamy-white. Abdomen beneath

pitchy, median carina dull luteous. Legs luteous, tibie

outwardly punctured with black.

Long. 14 to 17 mill. Max. lat. 64 to 74 mill.

Antananarivo.

The macular markings from an examination of a long

series are very constant, but differ in one specimen by

having the spot on margin of corium dilated into a

triangular patch which quite reaches apex, and in one

other specimen all the markings are exceedingly indistinct.

It is at once separated from the other Madagascarene

species, £. blandula, Sign., by the macular markings and

its much greater size.

Platypleura Madagascariensis, n. sp. (Pl. V. fig. 9, 9a.)

Head, pronotum, mesonotum, metanotum and tegmina

very closely resembling in marking and colour P. guttu-

lata of Sign. Wings also somewhat resembling that

species, but darker Cectaneourt with a broad submarginal

band and apical third dark fuscous, the last sometimes

containing some pale linear streaks; outer margin pale

obscure whitish. The face is oreenish-ochreous, broad,

deeply and transversely sulcated, with a black, central

longitudinal impression widened in the middle to a deep

fovea. Abdomen above black, dises of first, second, and

third segments with fulvous = =-shaped markings. Pro-

sternum and mesosternum greenish-ochreous, with the

submarginal borders and some central markings black.

Metasternum black, with the basal margin pale luteous.

Drums ereenish-ochreous, broadly margined with black.

Abdomen beneath greenish-ochreous, w ith the lateral and

transverse seomental margins black. ‘Legs pale castaneous,

bases of tibia and undersides of fore femora black. Ros-

trum greenish-ochreous, apical joint fuscous, almost reach-

ing first abdominal segment.

é. Long. 28 mill. ; exp. tegm. 92 mill.

Tamatave.

This species, though in general appearance and colora-

tion closely allied to P. guttulata of Sign., is et easily

218 Mr. W. L. Distant on Fauna of Madagascar, &c.

separable and structurally very distinct. Besides its larger

and more robust form the following are the differentia

specifica.

Abdomen above fulvous.

Drums slightly overlapping and unicolorous.

Rostrum reaching posterior coxe. PP. guttulata, Sign. 3g.

Abdomen above black.

Drums not overlapping and margined with black.

Rostrum about reaching first abdominal segment. P. Madagas-

cariensis, Dist.

( 219 )

XV. On some unusual monstrous Insects. By J. O.

Westwoop, M.A., F.L.S., &c.

[Read June 4th, 1879.]

(Plates VI. and VII.)

A. INSECTS WITH EXTRA DEVELOPMENT OF WINGS.

In the various classifications of monstrous or abnormal

productions of Nature which have been proposed by phy-

siologists, a large and important division has comprised

those individuals which possessed more than the ordinary

structures of the type of the species. To such individuals

the name of *‘ Monstra per excessum” has been applied.

By M. Lacordaire they were termed ‘ Monstres poly-

méliens,” from which the term of Pol olymelianism may be

applied, to distinguish this form of monstrosity. Among

the articulated animals (to which the name of ‘Arthropoda

is now applied) this kind of monstrosity is of compara-

tively moderate extent. In fact, no specimen has hitherto

been described in which more than a single head or a

single body has been found in the individual monster, the

monstrosity being confined to an extra number of legs and

antennz, or joints of those organs. Of both of these ab-

normities the number of instances has been considerable,

but additional! wings or portions of wings are of such rare

occurrence that no such instance is recorded by Lacor-

daire or other writers on Entomology.*

From this circumstance it may be inferred that there is

a greater analogy between the legs and antennz of an

* M. Isidore Geoffroy Saint Hilaire divides Polymelian monsters into

five genera: 1, Pygomélians (where the additional members are affixed to

the pelvic region) ;+ 2, Gastromélians (to the belly); 3, Votomelians (to

the back); 4, Cephalomélians (to the head), and Melomelians (to the

other members). “Tous les cas observés jusqu’a ce jour, parmi les

insectes appartiennent a la Mélomélie et l’on en connait déja un assez

grand nombre, gui tous portent sur les antennes et les paites.”’ Lacordaire,

Introduction ii. p. 444.

+ M. Lacordaire considers the statement of Paullin, ‘“‘ Ephemer. des Curieux de la Nature,”

Dec. iii. Ann. iii. p. 316, that he had observed a fly which had a third wing implanted on

the podex, as unworthy of credit.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART III. (DEC.) R

220 Prof. J. O. Westwood on some

Arthropod than between those organs and the wings, and

this, we know, is physiologically the case. Still, however,

the instances which I am able to produce in this com-

munication prove that the principle of extra development

is as applicable to the wings as to the other limbs of

insects.

The first specimen I have to describe is a Gonepteryx

Rhamni (Pl. VI. fig. 1), which possesses an extra im-

perfectly-developed hind wing. It was taken by Mr. J.

Woodgate, of Richmond Road, New Barnet, Herts.

Looked at from above, the left hind wing is evidently

broader than the right; in fact, the right-hand true wing

is scarcely more than two-thirds of the normal size. In

fig. la this double right-hand hind wing is represented

from above, and in fig. 14, from beneath. From both

points of view it is evident that the normal anterior margin

of the wing, indicated by the costal vein, a, properly

developed, is shown in the supplemental wing in fig. 14, a,

whereas in fig. la the costal part of the true wing, with

its costal vein, a*, is imperfectly developed ; the postcostal

vein, with its two branches, 5! and 6%, are normally

arranged in the true wing, as are also the discoidal vein, c,

and the median vein and its three branches, d', d? and d°.

In the supplemental wing (fig. 1) the veins, except the

costal one, are more or less abnormal; the subcostal, 0,

has only one branch, if we except a very slight indication

of bifurcation close to its extremity; the discoidal vei, c,

is, in like manner, imperfectly bifurcate at its extremity,

which does not reach the outer margin of the wing, and

the median vein, d, has only one branch, and is connected

with the subcostal vein by two oblique discocellular vein-

lets closing the cell, and it is upon these veinlets that the

characteristic orange patch, seen both on the normal and

supplemental wing, is seen. From this description I

think we are warranted in concluding that the true wing

has been sacrificed, and that in the supplemental wing

nearly the whole (except the costal portion) has been

partially aborted. In the specimen only two legs exist

on the side of the monstrous wings, but I was not able to

examine it sufficiently, for fear of injury, to determine

whether a third leg had been broken off. If not, could

the extra wing have replaced the wanting leg ?

The second specimen to be here noticed is a Vanessa

Urtice (Pl. VI. fig. 2), which was in the collection of the

late J. F. Stephens, and of which I published a figure in my

unusual monstrous Insects. 221

** Butterflies of Great Britain, 1855,” pl. vu. fig. 1. It

was captured by Mr. Doubleday at Epping, and is now

in the British Museum. The supplemental wing is here,

as in the former specimen affixed at the base of the

costal portion of the right hind wing, but here it is im-

planted on the upper side of the wing, and consequently

hides the outer costal and postcostal portion of the true

wing when seen from above; whereas in G. Rhamni, it is

affixed on the under surface of the wing, and is therefore

partially hidden by the costal portion of the true wing

when seen from above. The supplemental wing is here

much less developed than in the former case as shown in

figure 2b, where the costal vein a is not fully developed,

the subcostal vein 6} is destitute of its branch, the discoidal

vein is entirely wanting, but the median vein has its three

branches, d'!, d? and d, the last two, however, being

united together previous to arriving at the hind margin of

the wing, where in the true wing the most prominent ‘point

of the margin is produced.

The third specimen here represented (Pl. VI. fig. 3) is

a male Hipparchia Janira, taken last year near Oxford,

and now in the Hopeian Entomological Museum. On the

upper side there is no apparent monstrosity, the uniform

brown colour of the wings not allowing any irregularity

to be observed. On the underside the case is different, as

we here perceive on the left-hand hind wing an orange

streak with a moderately-large eyelet let in between the

subcostal and median portions of the wing, of which there

is no trace in the right-hand hind wing, and on carefully

examining the veins it is found that there is one vein

which docs not normally exist as shown in fig. 3a (the

abnormal) and 34, the normal wing; moreover, “it is upon

this extra vein and its neighbourhood that the fulvous

colour and the extra eyelet is found; and as in no yarieties

of the male of this species are the hind wings orange

coloured, we are led to the inevitable conclusion that this

left-hand hind wing has been supplemented by that precise

portion of an additional fore-wing which bears the discoidal

veins and the large eyelet near the tip of the normal fore-

wings.

B. INSECTS WITH IMPERFECTLY-DEVELOPED HEADS.

The other cases of insect monstrosity which I propose

to bring before the notice of the Society are those in

which the perfect insect retains some portion of the outer

R 2

222 Prof. J. O. Westwood on some

covering of the larva, the pupa not having had sufficient

strength entirely to get rid of the larva skin, so that the

perfect insect has its head, for instance, enveloped not only

in the cephalotheca of the pupa but also in that of the

larva. ‘This form of monstrosity constitutes all Lacor-

daire’s fifth division “ Monstres par arrét de developpe-

ment” (Introd. 11. p. 441), of which he was only

acquainted with two instances (p. 442), viz., Mueller’s

Phalena Heteroclita and Wesmael’s Nymphalis Popult,

noticed below.

COLEOPTERA.

CYBISTER LIMBATUS.—A specimen of this water beetle

was captured by Mr. J. C. Bowring, swimming in water

at Hong Kong, having the head of the imago replaced

by that of the larva. The specimen is represented in

Pl. VII. figs. 1 and la. It is noticed by Mr. F. Smith,

«Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,” ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 34, and by

myself as a species of Dytiscus in the “ Entomol.

Monthly Mag.,” No. 82, p. 239. The specimen is now in

the British Museum. The anterior part of the head of

the larva is broken off, but the very narrow neck has pre-

vented the development of the widened jugulum of the

Imago.

HYDATICUS BIMARGINATUS.—Dr. John L. Leconte in-

formed me that a specimen of this beetle retaining the

head of the larva is in the collection of Dr. Helmuth, of

Chicago.

CALYPTOCEPHALUS FASCIATUS (G. R. Gray, in Griff.

Ass. K. Ins., pl. xxxix. f. 5).—PI. VII. fig. 2 represents a

specimen of this Brazilian species of Malacoderms which

has not had sufficient strength to throw off the prothoraco-

theca of the pupa, which still remains as a large white

regular-shaped scale concealing the head and prothorax

when seen from above. Fig. 2a shows the lateral view of

the anterior part of the body, showing the prothorax dis-

engaged except at its anterior part.

LEPIDOPTERA.

GASTROPACHA QUERCIFOLIA.—A specimen of thismoth,

having the head entirely enveloped in the cephalotheca of

unusual monstrous Insects. 223

the larva, is represented in Pl. VII. fig. 6. It was in the

collection of the late J. F. Stephens, and is now pre-

served in the British Museum.

Bompyx mori.—A small specimen of this species was

exhibited by Mr. F. Bond at the Entomological Society

of London, February 20, 1871, retaining the larval head.

It has been presented to me by Mr. Bond, and is now in

the Hopeian Entomological Museum at Oxford. It is

represented, enlarged in PI. VII. fig. 5. It has the

wings crippled, but the head is entirely enveloped in the

head of the larva as represented in fig. 5a, front view,

ie 56 seen sideways, showing the minute eyes of the

arva.

VANESSA ATALANTA.— PI. VII. fig. 4 represents

the front of the body and head of a specimen of the Red

Admiral butterfly which still retained the fractured cephalo-

theca of the larva covered with its minute conical tubercles,

and which are represented as seen sideways in fig. 4a.

The specimen was bred by a metropolitan collector, and

was very perfect. It was lent to me for delineation by

Mr. F. Bond, by whom it was exhibited at the Entomo-

logical Society of London on the 6th February, 1871.

It was a male, as shown by the feathery anterior legs in

fig. 4a. The hind part of the larval head was split, and

partly lost. On looking obliquely through this slit at the

point *, the light is seen through it, proving that the

inclosed head of the animal did not occupy the anterior

part of the skull of the caterpillar beyond the *. The

inclosed portion which has oozed through the slit in the

larval skull forms a convex hard mass of a_ blackish

colour, tessellated with small luteous dots and marks, and

which appears to me to be the skull of the true pupa.

On the underside there are no traces visible of the antennz

cases (ceratothece), but a shapeless blackish mass is inter-

posed between the skull of the larva and the front of the

chest and fore-legs of the imago.

In an elaborate memoir, published by Dr. Hermann A.

Hagen in the 2nd volume of the ‘ Memoirs of the Museum

of Comparative Zoology’ at Harvard College, Cambridge,

Mass., on some insect deformities, the following instances

224 Prof. J. O. Westwood on some

of perfect Lepidopterous insects with the larval head are

described :—

PHALHNA HETEROCLITA SUBCRISTATA Of O. F. Mueller,

Faun. Fredrichsalen, p. 47, and in the Mém. de Mathém.

et de Phys. Acad. R. Sciences Par 1774, vol. vi. pp.

508—511, pl. 1. This imsect (regarded by Mueller

as a distinct species, by Hagen, Bibl. Ent. 1. 556, as

Bombyx dispar, by myself as one of the Noctuide,

Introd. ii. p. 356, and by Lacordaire as a Noctuelle,

Introd. ii. p. 442) appears rather to be a specimen of

Bombyx Psilura monacha, as quoted by Werneburg,

Beitr. z. Schm. 1. 376, and cited by Hagen, p. 6.

Mueller gives a precise description of the head of his

specimen, which was entirely enveloped in that of the

larva, which he says consisted of “une membrane mince,

qui a Vaide d’une loupe, laissait entrevoir une liqueur

transparente agitée d’un mouvement continuel.” The

moth lived ten days, thus enabling its captor to observe

this movement, which he repeats a second time: “ On

voit clairement le mouvement peristaltique de la liqueur

sous la membrane triangulaire aussi bien que le mouve-

ment des organes de la bouche,” thus proving, as Dr.

Hagen suggests, that “the insect must have been an

imago with the head of the caterpillar preserved; not

opvly with the skin covering the head of the imago pre-

served, but with a real head of the caterpillar, in which

the circulation of the blood was still taking place and the

maxillary organs were still moveable, a condition of the

parts contrary to all our present knowledge of the

anatomy and development of insects.

NYMPHALIS POPULI.—The late Professor Wesmael, of

Brussels, captured a specimen of this species near that

city, of which he published an account and figure in the

Bull. Acad. Bruxelles, 1838, tom. iv. p. 359, with a

coloured figure of the insect reproduced in Ann. Sci.

Nat. ser. 2, vol. vil. p. 191, and Hagen, ut supra, p. 8,

and plate, figs. 10,11. The specimen was fully developed,

except that the head was still entirely enveloped in the

bicornuted cephalotheca of the larva, which the butterfly

ineffectually endeavoured to get rid of by a quick motion

of the fore-legs, trying to push it off. In dissecting the

left side of the head, Prof. Wesmael discovered underneath

the external skin a second one, much thinner than the

outer, and beneath the second one the well-developed eye

unusual monstrous Insects. 225

of the imago ; and underneath the head of the caterpillar,

and just above the skin of the chrysalis was the left

antenne coiled up, but without an apical knob,—it was

covered by a very fine membrane, to a great extent

diaphanous.

Morpuo EuRYLocHUs.—I am indebted to Dr. H. A.

Hagen for the very beautiful drawing of a specimen of

this butterfly (reduced to half its natural size, copied in

PL. VII. fig. 3), of which a full-sized figure and descrip-

tion were published by him in his article in the Harvard

College Memoirs above referred to.

In this specimen the cornuted head of the larva is per-

fectly preserved in shape and colour ; beneath the head

the mentum is broken off near the prothorax, its lateral

sutures are separated and the mentum hangs down as a

kind of trap-door, being united with the head only by a

small anterior lobe. ‘The opening is large enough to

show that the head of the larva is empty inside. The

skin between the head and prothorax is still preserved in

the shape of a contracted ring, which is open only for

a small space beneath where the mentum is separated.

The large dorsal plate of the prothorax is present and

covers loosely the thorax of the imago, on the left side

the external third is wanting. Dr. Hagen was not able

to state whether any part of the skin of the chrysalis,

either beneath the dorsal plate of the prothorax on the

middle and on the right or on the entirely free left side of

the thorax is present.

VANESSA ANTIOPA.—Professor Zeller has described in

the Isis, 1839, p. 259, a specimen of this butterfly retain-

ing the head of the caterpillar in the usual vertical posi-

tion. Having cut off a part of the left side a hollow space

between the head of the caterpillar and the remaining

parts of the insect was noticed; behind the head, and

not connected with it, the two anterior plates of the

chrysalis are retained.

Pieris RAP#.—A chrysalis of this species is described

by Dr. Hagen, p. 10, in which, in casting off the skin of

the caterpillar, only the thoracic part of the chrysalis was

developed, the head of the caterpillar was still present,

but its sutures were separated. The dorsal split of the

skin reaches to the first segment of the abdomen, and the

226 Prof. J. O. Westwood on some

skin of the abdomen is retracted, but still present. A

similar specimen has also been observed by Mr. 8. H.

Scudder.

ZYGENA EXULANS, var. Vanadis.— Dr. Staudinger

(Stettin. Ent. Zeit. 1861, xxii. p. 359), describes a larval-

headed male of this species. The mouth parts of the larva

were immovable in the living insect, the head was fastened

to the prothorax, and moved only by the motion of the

latter, which was fully developed beneath with its legs.

Dr. Staudinger believed it impossible that the head of the

imago was enclosed in this larval head.

SMERINTHUS TILIA.— Prof. Van der Hoeven, Tijdshr.

v. Natur. Gesch. vu. p. 279, mentions a caterpillar of this

species which had not been able to cast off in the last

moult the skin covering of the spine of the tail.

SPHINX, sp.—Dr. Hagen, op. cit. p. 11, mentions a

sphinx captured by M. Trouvelot, having the head of

the caterpillar.

Bompyx MortI.—In the Tijdschrift voor Nat. Gesch.

1840, vol. vii. pp. 257—270, pl. 1, an interesting series of

observations are published by J. J. Bruinsma, on chrysa-

lids of the common silkworm, which had been taken out

of the cocoon, having the upper part of the larval skin

still remaining; one of which was subsequently trans-

formed into a moth with the caterpillar head still remain-

ing, the head of the caterpillar covering exactly the place

where the head of the moth should be, so that nothing

was to be seen of it, nor of its antenne or eyes. The

right part of the head was taken off, and beneath it the

right antenne was discovered, well formed, but coiled up.

In taking off more of the skin, a well-formed eye of the

perfect insect appeared. Several other chrysalids of the

silk moth were also described and figured, retaining the

head of the larve. Other specimens of the silk moths

retaining the head of the larve (observed by Mr. Ein-

dohven) were described in a supplemental note by Van

der Hoeven, who also drew attention to a memoir by

J. Jonston, in his Hist. Nat. de Insectis, Amstel. 1657,

p- 123, and 1768, p. 176, concerning a male and female

B. mori. In both the head of the larva was retained,

covering the well-developed head of the imago.

unusual monstrous Insects. 227

ZERENE ADUSTA.—Dr. Hagen, op. cit. p. 13, records

the transformation of a caterpillar of this species into a

chrysalis which still retained the head of the larva.

Borys Fuscauis.—Mr. Stainton exhibited to the

Entomological Society of London a specimen of this

moth with the head covered by part of the puparium ; it

was flying briskly when captured, the antennz and haus-

tellum were free, and the case of the latter projected

downwards, like the rostrum of a Panorpa.

The deductions of Dr. Hagen, arising from the con-

sideration of the preceding cases, are of considerable

physiological importance, to which, however, I have not

considered it necessary in this place to do more than

allude thus briefly.

Psycnuopa AURICULATA.— Mr. Curtis (Brit. Ent.

pl. 745) has represented in his figures of the genus

Psychoda certain biarticulate appendages, two of which

are attached to the anterior margin of the thorax of

certain individuals of that genus. ‘They seem to repre-

sent two biarticulated palpi, and were pointed out to him

by Mr. Haliday. ‘ They seem,” says Mr. Curtis, “to be

the analogues of those developed in the pupz (as figured

by Bouché, pl. 2, fig. 22), and it may be by accident that

they are united to the prothorax or absorbed in their

change to the imago, otherwise it would be difficult to

explain the reason why they are not common to the

genus.”

From this circumstance Mr. Haliday named one species

of the genus Psychoda auriculata.

The following case of the accelerated development of

the imago is referred to by Lacordaire amongst his

instances of imperfect Eedysis, resulting from “ précocité

de développement” (op. cit. p. 443):—

According to Majoli (Giornale di fisica del regno italico,

Pavia, 1803, t. v. p. 399, cited in Meckel’s Deutsches

Archiv. fur Physiologie. t. 11. p. 542, not quite correctly by

Lacordaire, Introd. i. p. 443, and by Dr. Hagen, from the

original in Mem. Mus. Compar. Anat. Harvard Coll. t. ii.

No. 9, 1876), the caterpillars of Bombyx mori are occa-

sionally transformed after their fourth moulting without

228 Prof. J. O. Westwood on some monstrous Insects.

spinning any cocoon. . The perfect moths which are pro-

duced from these individuals exhibit a curious mixture of

the parts of the imago and those of the larva ; the head

being small, furnished with two black compound eyes, the

thorax is incomplete, having the third segment similar to

the third ring of the larva; the abdomen also resembles

that of the larva after its fourth moult both in form and

the number of its segments. ‘The hind wings are long

and narrow, and the antennz are greyish coloured, the

fore-wings somewhat elongated and narrow, and the hind

wings shorter and narrower (le ali superiori alquanto

lunghe e ristrette, le inferiori pid corte e strette). The

cause of this irregular transformation is supposed by

Majoli to be an excessive warm temperature in the breed-

ing room, which prevents the caterpillar from producing

the exudation of the fluids necessary for the formation of

the chrysalis and obliges it to transform directly into the

moth.

A somewhat similar instance of irregular development

in a moth (Orgyia antiqua ?) was exhibited at the

November Meeting of the Entomological Society, in

which the larva skin had only been partially shed, whilst

other parts of the insect had assumed the imago state,

and others showed the pupa skin.

DIPTERA.

ERISTALIS TENAX.— This specimen (Pl. VII. fig. 7),

which is in the Hopeian Collection, is remarkable at first

sight for the two frontal horns or processes arising from a

transverse portion of the head-case of the larva, which is

one of the rat-tailed species found in manure water. ‘The

head itself of the imago is distinct ; but, as shown in figs. 7a

and 70, it is enveloped in the delicate pellicle or cephalo-

theca of the pupa.

ERISTALIS NEMORUM.— This specimen, the head of

which is represented in fig. 8, is also in the Hopeian

Collection, to which it was. presented by Sir Sidney

Saunders, agrees with the preceding in having retained

the head-case and two elongated appendages of the larva

on assuming the imago state.

Ghzagu)

XVI. Observations sur les Lépidopteres des tles Sangir,

et descriptions de quelques espéces nouvelles. Par

C. OBERTHUR.

[Read September 3rd, 1879.]

(Plate VIII.)

I. Papilio Sangira, Oberthiir. (Pl. VIII. fig. 1.)

Le Papilio Sangira se place 4 cété du Papilio Tele-

phus, Wallace (Papilionide of the Malayan region, pl. 7,

fig. 4).

Il en différe par sa taille plus petite, et aussi parce que

les taches qui traversent Vaile inférieure, et forment dans

Telephus une bande maculaire non interrompue, sont

tout-a-fait séparées et trés réduites dans Sangira.

En dessous, les différences du dessus sont reproduites.

De plus les taches rouges dans Telephus sont jaunes dans

Sangira.

L’abdomen de Sangira est exactement comme celui

d’ Eurypilus; cest-a-dire, noir en dessus, avec une bande

latérale blanche, puis une autre noire, et enfin blane en

dessous. L’abdomen de Telephus est blanc en dessus et

en dessous avec une bande noire latérale.

Il. Papilio Krusensternia, Eschscholtz.

Cette magnifique espéce, dont la ¢ a été appelée

Rumanzovia par KEschscholtz (Kotzebue Reise, pl. 2,

fig. 4, a, b), et Descombesi par le Dr. Boisduval (Species

général, p. 197), est 4 Sangir @une trés grande taille et

parée de vives couleurs.

La ¢ varie beaucoup pour l’extension ou Voblitération

des parties carminées en dessus. Certains exemplaires

ont une belle tache carminée a la base des ailes supé-

rieures, oti les nervures la divisent en 2 ou 3 parties; puis

aux ailes inférieures on voit une large tache rose a l’angle

anal et une série 4 peu pres complete de grosses taches

roses intra-nervurales.

Dans dautres exemplaires, au contraire, les parties

noires recouvrent le carminé a la base de Vaile supérieure,

et réduisent beaucoup le rose aux ailes inférieures.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART III. (DEC.)

230 M. C. Oberthiir’s observations sur

Je posséde le Descombest type de Boisduval, provenant

de Manille. Il est plus petit et moins puissamment déve-

loppé qu’a Sangir.

III. Idea Godmani, Oberthiir.

Différe de Leuconoé, dont elle est une magnifique forme

eéographique trés constante et trés caracterisée, par la

réduction des taches noires, qui dans Godmani sont fort

rétrécies et dont quelques-unes sont oblitérées; et surtout

est bien distincte du type Leuconoé de Manille par la

teinte blane-de-lait de ses 4 ailes. Un trés faible lavis

jaunatre se remarque, cependant, a la base des ailes de

VIdea Godmani; dans Leuconoé type, ce lavis jaune

pénétre jusqu’au dela du milieu méme de Vaile supérieure

et est fort accentué.

J’ai di désigner par un nom cette superbe varieté

eéographique, plus importante méme que la varieté

d’ Urvillei @Azea, Boisduval; et j’ai été heureux de

dédier cette Jdea 4 Véminent entomologiste Anglais

dont les travaux scientifiques sont justement appréciés

et les collections si célébres.

IV. Euplea Depuiseti, Oberthiir. (Pl. VIII. fig. 2.)

Se place prés de Kadu, Eschscholtz; plus grande que

cette espéce; le fond des ailes noir avec un reflet central

bleu foncé brillant, décoré de 2 bandes paralléles au bord

extérieur de taches bleu-clair trés brillantes, avec l’extré-

mité ou le centre blanc. Ces 2 bandes a Vaile supérieure

sont formées de taches pour le bande extérieuwre d’abord

presque contigiies, assez larges, puis intra-nervurales et

plus petites; et pour la bande intériewre Vabord voisines

les unes des autres, sagittces et s¢parées par un espace

sans tache des 2 inférieures, dont la dernicre beaucoup

plus egrosse, le supérieure trés réduite, quelquefois absente

dans le ¢.

A Vaile inférieure, le ¢ porte une grande tache brun-

clair, finement soyeux, et commune a ce sexe dans beau-

coup Wespéces congénéres. Les 2 rangées de taches bleues,

plus petites dans le $ que dans la ?, sont la reproduction

de celles du dessous, dont elles transparaissent.

Dessous d’un brun profond, avec reflet bleu chatoyant

reproduisant en blanc, sur lequel se joue un reflet bleuatre,

les taches du dessus. _ Ces taches sont plus petites et plus

arrondies en dessous qu’en dessus.

les Lépidoptéres des iles Sangir, &c. 231

De plus a Vaile supérieure en dessous, on remarque une

L X\ ve Z x Q | 8

bande de taches intra-nervurales placées 2 4 2 trés prés et

Pane aT a z l

le long du bord extérieur. Cette bande n’existe en dessus

que par transparence.

J’ai dédié cette belle Hunlaa, une des plus remarquables

| peat Seige ae

du genre assurément, comme témoignage de mon amitié

cordiale 4 M. Depuiset, naturaliste a Paris.

V. Limenitis Bruijni, Oberthiir. (Pl. VIII. fig. 3.)

Taille de Camilla; noire en dessus avec 4 taches

blanches a Vaile supérieure et une rangée maculaire

blanche intra-nervurale, droite, assez prés de la base et

faisant suite aux 4 taches de Vaile supérieure lesquelles

sont placées 2 a 2 et représentent une bande interrompue.

A Vaile supérieure, on remarque 2 éclaircies longitudi-

nales, un peu ondulées brun-clair, entre lesquelles sont

3 longues et étroites petites taches blanchatres; a l’aile

inférieure 3 rangées maculaires brun-clair assez réguliére-

ment espacées sont paralléles au bord extérieur.

Kin dessous les ailes sont agréablement variées de noir,

brun-clair, blane et fauve. Aux supérieures on voit un

trait large blanc longitudinal dans V’intérieur de la cellule

discoidale, puis les 4 taches blanches du dessus sont re-

produites, ainsi que les bandes claires qui en dessous sont

extérieurement marquées de blanc. Au milieu on dis-

tingue 5 taches blanches, dont 4 se confondent souvent

en 2, traversées au milieu par le trait médian-nervural et

joignant le bord extérieur.

Aux inférieures, on compte parallélement a la frange et

en commencant par le bord extérieur, une bande brune,

une blanche, une brune, une blanche, une noire, une fauve,

une noire, une blanche joignant, prés l’angle anal la 4°

blanche, enfin une plus large, irrégulicre, noiratre, sur-

montée d’un peu de fauve et joignant la 3° brune, encore

une blanche joignant le long du bord anal la 2° blanche et

pour finir, prés de la base, une brune que surmonte un

croissant blanc.

Dédiée a M. A. A. Bruijn, ancien officier de la marine

hollandaise, naturaliste zélé et a qui la science doit les

plus précieux renseignements sur le faune des régions pa-

poue et malaise. M. Bruijn profite du commerce im-

portant quil entretient par ses navires avec les iles de

YOcéanie, pour faire récolter toutes espéces d’objets d’his-

toire naturelle et spécialement des insectes. Les ento-

232 M. C. Oberthiir’s observations sur

mologistes ne sauraient porter assez de reconnaissance au

savant distingué qu’anime une ardeur aussi éclairée pour

le progres des sciences.

VI. Cyrestis Eximia, Oberthiir. (Pl. VIII. fig. 4.)

Trés remarquable espéce ne ressemblant 4 aucune de

celles qui sont jusqu’a présent connues. Ailes brun-fauve

un peu rougeatre en dessus avec l’apex des supérieures

noiratre marqué d’une petite tache blanche et séparé de

la partie fauve de l’aile par une large tache blanche de-

scendant de la céte aux 2/3 de Vaile. L’aile inférieure

entiérement fauve avec un petit point blanchatre, ou

jaundtre, au milieu du bord antérieur et a la téte ex-

térieure (une ligne noiratre.

Une double ligne, au milieu de la quelle est un rang

serré de lunules intra-nervurales assez larges, fauves aux

ailes inférieures, noiratres aux supérieures, marquées cen-

tralement de noir, descend du haut de la céte de Vaile

supérieure en dehors de la grande tache blanche, jusqu’a

Vangle anal de ’inférieure. Dans l’avant derniére nervure,

se trouve une solution de continuité de cette bande lunu-

laire et la lunule est un peu au-dessous de la derniére

anale et de l’antepénultiéme, au dessus d’un petit liséré

bleudtre quelquefois centralement marqué d’un petit crois-

sant noir. Des bandes, généralement assez fines descen-

dent de la céte vers le bas des ailes; quelques-unes sont

arrétées 4 la nervure inférieure de la cellule discoidale ;

d’autres descendent dans l’aile inférieure. Une seule (celle

qui est surmontée de la petite tache blanchatre ou jaunatre)

nait de laile inférieure et n’est pas le prolongement de

celles des supérieures. Le bord des ailes est suivi d’une

double ligne noire centralement plus claire. <A Vaile in-

férieure une double ligne noire centralement fauve coupe

la cellule discoidale ; cette double ligne est entourée large-

ment de fauve-brun pale extérieurement limité de noiratre.

Ces limites noiratres, comme l’entourage fauve-brun pale, se

prolongent du haut en bas de Vaile, en dessus et en dessous

de la cellule.

Dans la cellule de Vaile supérieure, sont 2 doubles lignes

noires centralement fauves, entourées de fauve brun pale

limité de noiratre et séparées par un espace assez large

fauve. Ces bandes, sauf 2, s’arrétent 4 la nervure in-

férieure de la cellule discoidale. Le dessous reproduit

exactement le dessus, mais en beaucoup plus pale.

les Lépidopteres des tiles Sangir, &c. 233

L’aréte du thorax et de ’abdomen est noire entre 2 lignes

fauve pale.

VII. Diadema Lassinassa, var. gigas, Oberthiir.

Ne différe des individus ordinaires que par une taille bien

supérieure. 3 ¢ dépassent en grandeur les plus grandes

? de Queensland. A Célébes, les Papillons sont géné-

ralement plus grands que dans les autres iles voisines ;

aux Sangir, qui forment un petit archipel au nord de

Célébes, la taille des Papillons semblerait encore aug-

mentée, du moins pour Papilio Krusensternia et Binder

Lassinassa.

Rennes, Aout, 1879.

XVII. Descriptions of Phytophagous Coleoptera belong-

ing to the families Chrysomelidee and Galeru-

cide, from Peru. By Josery 8. Baty, F.L.S.

[Read October Ist, 1879.]

RECENTLY a small portion of the collection of Phytophaga,

brought over by Mr. Thamm from Chanchamayo, Peru, fell

intomy hands. On examination, I found many interesting

species, apparently new to science. The majority of these,

with the addition of some others from the same part of

the world, previously in my collection, are described in

the present paper.— September, 1879.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

Doryphora anchoralis. Stegnea (n. g.) nigripes.

. Thammi. Eugonia (n. g.) dimidiatipennis.

on decipiens. Longitarsus peruvianus.

Leptinotarsa Kirschi. Asphera Thammi.

Notozona Jansoni. a discofasciata.

Epitrix carinata. », limbifera.

Haltica facialis. Cidionychis signifera.

Pelonia elegantula. a pulchra.

Nephrica basalis. Monoplatus fulvus.

Cyclophysa (n. g.) albicornis. Omotyphus Erichsoni.

Disonycha pulchella. Octogonotes limbatus.

3 Erichsoni. Cerichrestus Thammi.

Lactica Jacobyi. Diabrotica limbifera.

» clypeata. 3 setifera.

5 peruviaua. Monocesta sublimbata.

Hermzophaga nitidissima. 3 approximata.

Trichaltica Thammi.

Doryphora anchoralis.

Oblongo-ovata, convexa, nigra, nitida, pedibus nig‘ro-

eenels 5 capite thoraceque subopacis, obscure nels, “hoe

tenuiter punctato; elytris flavo-fulvis, limbo inflexo punc-

tisque numerosis, germinato-seriatis, ad latera et ad apicem

confuse dispositis, nigris ; sutura postice fasciisque. duabus

extrorsum abbreviatis, und ante medium transversa, altera

pone medium obliqua, viridi-zneis.

Long. 6 lin.

Fab.—Chanchamayo.

Head finely punctured, labrum piceous; antennz nearly

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1879.

PART IV. (DEC.) S

236 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s descriptions of

half the length of the body, black. Thorax more than

twice as broad as long; sides nearly straight and slightly

diverging from the base to the middle, rounded anteriorly,

converging towards the apex, all the angles mucronate ;

disk opaque, distinctly punctured, flattened and slightly

excavated on either side, distinctly but not evenly punc-

tured. Elytra broader than the thorax, regularly convex,

flavo-fulvous, the inflexed limb black; disk impressed

with numerous black spots, arranged in double rows on

the anterior half of the inner disk, placed without order on

the sides and apex; a metallic-green vitta, occupying the

hinder half of the suture, and two concolorous fasciz, the

first before the middle, abbreviated long within the lateral

margin, the second oblique, placed behind the middle,

attached at its inner end to the sutural vitta, abbreviated

externally, but approaching much nearer to the lateral

border than the anterior one; mesosternal spine equal in

length to the metasternum, slightly curved, very acute.

Doryphora Thammi.

Late ovata, convexa, nigra, nitida, supra seneo-nigra,

subopaca, thorace quam longo fere triplo latiori, utrinque

late depresso, disco vage, ad latera distincte punctato ;

elytris ante medium valde convexis, hinc ad apicem

declivibus, profunde punctatis ; utrinque vitta lata sub-

laterali, a humero fere ad apicem extensd, basi oblique

truncata, hinc ad apicem eraduatim attenuata, flava

ornatis.

Long. 6 lin.

Hab.—Chanchamayo.

Head sparingly punctured; thorax nearly three times

as broad as long; sides parallel from the base to just

beyond the middle, thence obliquely rounded to the apex,

anterior and posterior angles mucronate ; disk very finely

punctured, broadly depressed on either side, where the

punctures are rather coarser and more distinct. Elytra

much broader than the thorax, subquadrate-rotundate,

slightly narrowed towards the-apex ; above very convex,

the highest part of their convexity being before the middle;

(from the middle to the apex they are obliquely deflexed ;)

surface deeply impressed with coarse punctures, the inter-

spaces between which are irregular, granulose, and obso-

letely thickened; at the base on the suture is a-nitidous

space, the rest of the surface is subopaque; on each

Phytophagous Coleoptera, §c. 237

elytron, close to the lateral margin, is a broad flavous vitta

which extends from the shoulder nearly to the sutural

angle; from its obliquely truncate base it gradually narrows

to its apex. Mesosternal spine robust, acute, equal in

length to the metasternum.

This insect, which is very similar in form to D. histrio

and its allies, closely resembles in pattern and coloration

certain species of Mesomphalia coming from the same

part of the world; it also somewhat agrees, in the pattern

of its elytra, with D. insularis, Jacoby, but its general

form, broader thorax, and coarsely-punctured elytra, will

separate it from that species.

Doryphora decipiens.

Ovato-rotundata, convexa, nigra-senea, nitida; antennis

(basi excepta) nigris; thorace utrinque prope marginem

excavato, remote tenuissime punctato ; elytris regulariter

punctato-striatis, vitté intra suturam, altera submarginali

apice coéuntibus, limboque basali inter has vittas fulvis.

Long. 4 lin.

Hab.—Chanchamayo.

Head very minutely granulose, finely punctured, front

impressed with a faint longitudinal groove ; antenne half

the length of the body, black, the base piceous. Thorax

more than twice as broad as long; sides straight and

obliquely converging from the base to beyond the middle,

thence rounded, and more quickly converging to the apex,

the anterior angles acute; disk transversely convex, dis-

tinctly excavated on either side near the lateral margin,

surface very minutely and remotely punctured. LElytra

broader than the thorax, each impressed with two regular

rows of punctures, the first short, their interspaces plane ;

the fourth and tenth interspaces, confluent at their apices,

together with the basal limb between them, fulvous.

Mesosternal spine shorter than the metasternum, robust,

its apex obtuse.

Leptinotarsa Kirschi.

Ovata, convexa, nigro-picea, nitida, capite thoraceque

rufo-piceis, hoc disperse tenuiter punctato, antennis basi

excepta, nigris; elytris regulariter punctato-striatis, flavis,

s 2

238 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s deseriptions of

sutura, margine exteriori, limbo inflexo et utriusque vittis

quatuor nigris, cyaneo tinctis.

Long. 4 Ain.

Hab.—Chanchamayo.

Head finely punctured; antenne half the length of the

body, the four lower joints obscure fulvous, stained with

piceous, penultimate joint of maxillary palpus clavate,

terminal one narrower than the preceding, truncate.

Thorax more than twice as broad as long; sides straight

and parallel, rounded and converging from before the

middle to the apex, the anterior angles mucronate; disk

transversely convex, distinctly punctured. Scutellum

wedge-shaped, rufo-piceous. lytra slightly broader than

the thorax, subquadrate-ovate, convex, each impressed

with ten longitudinal rows of punctures, the first short;

interspaces obsoletely convex, sparmgly impressed with

very minute punctures; flavous, each with a sutural line,

narrowed towards the apex, the outer margin, abbreviated

at the extreme apex, the inflexed limb and four vitte, the

latter placed on each alternate interspace, black, tinged

with cyaneous.

Notozona Jansont.

Oblongo-ovata, valde convexa, pallide fulva, nitida,

elytris tenuiter punctatis, ceeruleo-nigris.

Long. 33 lin.

ei Pera:

Vertex shining, impunctate; encarpe separated by a

process of the front, bounded above and within by a

broad groove; antenn filiform, nearly equal to the body

in length; eyes shining black. Thorax rather more than

twice as broad as long; sides rounded, obliquely converg-

ing in front, the anterior angles slivhtly excurved, acute,

the hinder ones rounded ; disk impressed in front of the

basal margin by an ill- defined transverse groove, finely

punctured, Elytra ovate, convex, finely and somewhat

closely punctured, bluish-black, a a faint metallic tint.

E'pitrix carinata.

Ovata, valde convexa, nitida, subtus obscure picea,

supra viridi-cyanea, pube subrecta grisea vestita, antennis

(basi picea excepta) nigris; thorace distincte punctato,

hic illic irregulariter crenulato, sulco basali recto; elytris

Phytophagous Coleoptera, &c. 239

basi paullo elevatis, sat fortiter punctato-striatis, setis sub-

erectis griseis vestitis.

Long. 13 lin. =

Hab.—Peru.

Head rather longer than broad, trigonate; vertex finely

rugose, front impressed on either side near the eye with a

deep round foveolate puncture; interocular space sepa-

rated from the front by a narrow, rather strongly raised,

oblique line; carina linear, very strongly elevated, and

forming a keel-like longitudinal ridge, which extends up-

wards to the front; encarpz obsolete ; antennz more than

half the length of the body, filiform, the second joint oval,

equal in thickness to the basal one, equal in length to the

third; the four lower joints piceous, the rest black.

Thorax twice as broad as long; sides obliquely converg-

ing from the base towards the apex, the anterior angles

thickened, broadly and very obliquely truncate, the hinder

ones acute; basal margin sinuate on either side the medial

lobe, the latter regularly rounded; disk convex, irregu-

larly wrinkled, distinctly punctured ; basal groove straight,

entire. Scutellum small, semiovate-rotundate. [Elytra ob-

long, convex, the humeral callus thickened, the basilar

space on each elytron distinctly elevated; surface rather

strongly punctate-striate, the interspaces smooth, clothed

with long, suberect hairs.

Haltica facials.

Late ovata, valde convexa, nitida, subtus obscure nigro-

genea, supra viridi metallica, antennis nigris; clypeo

trigonato, utrinque triangulariter excavato, medio longi-

tudinaliter carinato; thorace basi lobato, lateribus basi

rectis, deinde ad apicem oblique rotundato-angustatis ;

disco levi, sulco basali trisimuato; elytris infra basin

leviter transversim excavatis, subseriatim punctatis.

Long. 2 lin.

Hab.—Chanchamayo.

Vertex shining, impunctate; front separated from the

face by a deep groove; encarpx transversely oblong-ovate,

not contiguous; clypeus triangular, raised, its disk exca-

vated, the excavation forming two large triangular rugose

spaces, separated on the medial line by the strongly-raised

linear carina; antennz filiform, equal to the body in length.

Thorax nearly twice as broad as long; sides straight and

240 Mr. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of

parallel from the base to the middle, thence slightly

rounded and narrowed towards the apex; the anterior

angles very broadly and very obliquely truncate; the

hinder angles produced, acute, basal margin rather

strongly lobed; disk convex, shining, the basal sulcations

trisinuate, produced on either side to the lateral margin,

the latter broad, its surface rugulose. Scutellum nigro-

ceneous, trigonate, its apex obtuse. Elytra much broader

than the thorax, subquadrate-ovate, attenuated at the

apex; above very convex, slightly excavated on either

side below the basilar space, finely but distinctly punc-

tured.

Pelonia elegantula.

Anguste elongata, rufo-fulva, nitida, antennis, basi

exceptis, tibiis tarsisque nigris; thorace subquadrato,

lateribus paullo rotundatis, disco levi; elytris elongatis,

tenuiter punctatis, metallico-violaceis, utrisque limbo,

basi excepto, rufo-fulvo.

Long. 2—2+ In.

Hab.—Chanchamayo.

Head not longer than broad, trigonate, eyes large,

prominent, black; antenne filiform, three-fourths the

length of the body, the three lower joints rufo-fulvous,

stained above and at the apex with piceous, the under-

surface of the three upper joints also piceous. Thorax

subquadrate; sides moderately rounded; all the angles

produced, subacute; disk shining, impunctate. LElytra

broader than the thorax, parallel on the sides, moderately

convex, finely punctured.

Nephrica basalis.

Elongato-ovata, convexa, subtus cum capite piceo-fulva,

antennis piceis; supra fulva nitida, scutello rufo-piceo,

oculis profunde emarginatis; thorace minute punctato,

sulco basali obsoleto ; elytris subcrebre tenuiter punctatis,

utrisque plaga subquadrata transversa, ad suturam an-

guste, ad marginem lateralem late abbreviata, piced

ornatis.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab.—Peru.

Encarpz well defined, thickened, contiguous; carina

obsolete ; clypeus impressed on either side with a deep

Phytophagous Coleoptera, §c. 241

fovea, its anterior surface thickened; space between the

antenne also thickened; eyes deeply notched, the notch

extending more than halfway across the disk ; antennze

filiform, about half the length of the body, the 2nd joint

short, the 3rd, 4th and 5th ‘equal i in length, each twice as

long as the 2nd. Thorax twice as broad as long; sides

slightly rounded and converging from the base towards

the middle, the anterior angles slightly produced, thick-

ened, obtuse; the hinder angles acute, produced slightly

backwards ; hinder margin obtusely truncate, obliquely

sinuate on either side within the lateral angle; upper

surface slightly flattened on the hinder disk, finely punc-

tured; sides distinctly margined; on either side some

little distance within the margin is a longitudinal groove,

the space between which and the margin itself is thick-

ened and forms a broad longitudinal elevation, the apex

of which, just before reaching the anterior border of the

thorax, curves for a short distance abruptly inwards on the

disk. Elytra narrowly ovate, convex, finely punctured.

Genus CYCLOPHYSA.

Corpus sub-rotundatum, valde convexum. Caput tri-

gonatum; antennis filiformibus; ocwlis elongatis, reni-

formibus, intus profunde rotundato-emarginatis; encar-

pis contiguis; clypeo elevato, apice cuneiformi; palpis

maxillaribus articulo penvltimo incrassato, ultimo brevi,

conico. Thorax transversus, basi bi-impressus, lateribus

subrectis, angulis anticis oblique truncatis, margine basali

utrinque bisinuato. lytra confuse punctata; limbo

inflexo horizontali, concavo. Pedes robusti, breves;

Jemoribus posticis valde, anticis quatuor modice incrassa-

tis; t¢béis a basi ad apicem incrassatis, dorso late canalicu-

latis, anticis quatuor muticis, posticis spina validé arma-

tis; tarsorum posticorum articulo basali duobus sequenti-

bus xquilongo. Unguiculis divaricatis, appendiculatis.

Prosternum anguste oblongum, coxis anticis equialtum.

Mesosternum transverso-quadratum, apice emarginato.

In the deeply-emarginate eyes, and in many other

characters, Cyclophysa agrees with Nephrica, v. Harold;

but it differs so entirely in the form of the body, which

closely resembles that of a Spheroderma, that I do not

hesitate to separate it from that genus.

242 Mr. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of

Cyclophysa albicornis.

Subrotundata, valde convexa, flava, nitida, antennis

(articulo basali excepto) albidis, articulis ultimis duobus

infuscatis ; thorace tenuiter suberebre punctato; elytris

magis distincte confuse punctatis.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab.—Peru.

Head trigonate, not longer than broad; front im-

pressed on either side close to the eye with a single fovea;

encarpe subquadrate, contiguous; clypeus thickened, its

apex wedge-shaped and running upwards between the

antennse as far as the anterior margin of the encarpe ;

antenne robust, filiform, nearly equal to the body in

length, joints cylindrical, the second short, the third nearly

twice its length, the fourth as long as the two preceding

united ; eyes elongate, their inner margin deeply rotun-

date-emarginate. Thorax nearly three times as broad as

long; sides nearly straight, obliquely converging from the

base towards the apex, * the hinder angles acute, the an-

terior ones thickened, broadly and obliquely truncate ;

anterior margin moderately concave, faintly bisinuate ;

disk transversely convex, finely punctured “(when seen

under a strong lens very faintly wrinkled); on either side

at the base, at some distance from the lateral margin, is a

distinct depression, the outer edge of which is well defined

and thickened, running obliquely upwards and inwards

for a short distance on the disk. Hlytra broader than the

thorax, the shoulders broadly rounded; sides narrowly

margined, slightly dilated before the middle, the inflexed

limb concave, its outer edge produced downwards and

slightly outwards; upper surface very convex, more

strongly punctured than the thorax.

Disonycha pulchella.

Elongato-ovata, convexa, picea, nitida, abdomine sordide

fulvo, thorace albido; disco lacteo, orbitis internis clypeoque

flavis; thorace transverso, lateribus rectis, obliquis, angulis

anticis obtuse truncatis ; disco levi, utrinque basi foveo-

lato; elytris tenuiter punctatis, metallico-violaceis, limbo

exteriori lacteo; utrisque fascia vix pone medium macu-

lisque tribus, duabus intra basin, transversim positis, prima

Phytophagous Coleoptera, §c. 243

magna, subovata, prope suturam, secund& minori infra

callum humerale tertiaque apicali flavis.

Long. 3% lin.

Hab.— Peru.

Head subrotundate; vertex shining, impunctate, dark

piceous ; encarpx subquadrate, oblique, contiguous at

their inner angles; carina obsolete; eyes black, distinetly

sinuate within : antennee filiform, the 3rd joint twice the

length of the ond ; the eight lower joints piceous, the rest

broken off. Thorax nearly three times as broad as long

at the base; sides straight, slightly converging from base to

apex; the anterior angles obtuse, the hinder ones acute ;

basal margin transversely truncate, obliquely truncate on

either side near the outer angle; disk shining, impunctate,

impressed on either side at the base with a large ill-

defined fovea. Scutellum trigonate, its apex obtuse.

Elytra narrowly ovate, not dilated posteriorly, convex,

not depressed below the basilar space, finely punctured.

Disonycha Evrichsont.

Elongato-ovata, convexa, nigra, nitida, antennis basi

piceis; thorace levi, basi leviter transversim sulcato,

angulis anticis sordide albidis; elytris tenuissime punc-

tatis, fascia basali, secunda prope medium tertiaque apicem

versus, flavo-albis, his fasciis vix intra marginem lateralem

abbreviatis.

Long. 34 lin.

Hab.—Peru; Banks of Napo.

Vertex smooth, impunctate; front impressed on either

side with a deep groove, which, after running along the

upper half of the inner orbit of the eye, curves inwards to

the carina; encarpe obsolete ; carina raised, linear, con-

tinuous with the front; eyes sinuate-emarginate ; antennz

filiform, moderately robust, the 2nd joint short, two-thirds

the length of the Ist; the 3rd nearly equal in length to

the two preceding united. Thorax twice as broad as

long; sides slightly converging and very slightly rounded

from the base towards the apex, the anterior angles thick-

ened, dirty white; the hinder angles armed with a fulvous

tubercle; above shining, impunctate, impressed at the

base with a shallow transverse groove, which extends

nearly across the disk, and is more deeply impressed and

more distinct at either end. Elytra broader than the

244 Mr. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of

thorax, narrowly ovate, not dilated posteriorly, mode-

rately convex, very finely punctured; shining black, each

elytron with three yellowish-white facie, the first subbasal,

its hinder border obliquely curving outwards and down-

wards from the suture towards the outer margin, the second

placed across the middle, gradually narrowed towards the

suture, and the third (the sides of which are nearly

parallel), rather more than halfway between the middle

and the apex.

Lactica Jacobyi.

Anguste ovata, convexa, rufo-fulva, nitida, antennis

(basi excepta), scutello abdomineque nigris, pedibus flavis,

piceo tinctis, pectore piceo; elytris tenuiter subcrebre

punctatis, minute granulosis, viridi metallicis, limbo in-

flexo nigro.

Long. 2 lin.

Hab.—Chanchamayo.

Face trigonate; vertex and front subopaque, excavated

on the sides; encarpz obsolete; carina raised, ill defined;

antenne nearly equal to the body in length, the four

lower joints obscure rufo-fulvous; the 2nd joint two-

thirds the length of the 3rd; labrum black; apical joint

of maxillary palpus very acute; eyes large, subelongate,

sinuate within. Thorax nearly three times as broad as

long at the base; sides straight, obliquely converging

from the base to the apex, the anterior angles obliquely

truncate, the hinder ones produced, obtuse ; disk shining,

closely covered with very minute striz, only visible under

a very deep lens; basal groove deeply impressed, its

anterior margin sinuate. Scutellum large, not longer

than broad, trigonate. Elytra broader than the thorax,

ovate, convex, finely granulose, impressed, but not closely,

with fine punctures. Legs pale yellow, the whole of the

four anterior thighs, the apex of the hinder one, the

apices of the tibiz, together with the tarsi, pale piceous.

Lactica clypeata.

Elongato-ovata, convexa, fulva, nitida, subtus griseo-

pubescens; oculis, antennis, femoribus apice, tibiis tar-

sisque nigris; thorace transverso, levi, suleo basali pro-

Phytophagous Coleoptera, §c. 245

fundo; elytris thorace paullo latioribus, lateribus parallelis,

modice convexis, levibus.

Long. 34 lin.

Hab.—Chanchamayo.

Head longer than broad, subeuneiform ; vertex and front

closely punctured on either side; eyes black, slightly

sinuate within; encarpe thickened, contiguous; clypeus

wedge-shaped; carina elevated, linear; antenne filiform,

about three-fourths the length of the body, the 2nd joint

short, the 3rd one-half longer than the 2nd, one-third

shorter than the 4th; two lower joints piceous, the rest

black. Thorax twice as broad as long at the base; sides

obliquely converging and very slightly rounded from the

base towards the middle, anterior angles broadly and

somewhat obliquely truncate, slightly produced laterally

into an acute tooth; basal margin feebly lobed, bisinuate

on either side; disk nitidous, very minutely punctured

(the punctures only visible under a deep lens), basal

sulcation deep, entire. Elytra rather broader than the

thorax, parallel on the sides; above moderately convex,

slightly flattened along the suture, not excavated below

the basilar space; nitidous, impressed with very minute

punctures, even less distinct than those on the thorax.

The larger size, together with the form of the clypeus,

will separate the above insect from similarly-coloured

species.

Lactica peruviana.

Ovata, convexa, cyanea, nitida, pectore abdomineque

nigro-piceis, antennis pedibusque pallide flavis; elytris

tenuissime subremote punctatis, metallico-ceeruleis.

Long. 24 lin.

Hab.—Peru.

Face triangular; vertex and front shining, impunctate;

encarpe subrotundate, contiguous; carina broad, strongly

elevated; antennz four-fifths the length of the body, pale

yellow, the three lower joints stained with piceous; extreme

apex of terminal joint also piceous; eyes rotundate-ovate,

slightly sinuate within. ‘Thorax twice as broad as long;

sides straight, slightly converging from the base towards

the apex, the anterior angles broadly and obliquely trun-

cate; disk shining, impunctate, basal groove deeply

impressed, its middle portion dilated posteriorly. Scu-

246 Mr. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of

tellum longer than broad, trigonate, dark metallic blue.

Elytra broader than the thorax, convex, very minutely

punctured, interspaces smooth and shining, impunctate.

Hermeophaga nitidissima.

Breviter ovata, valde convexa, nitida, piceo - -niera,

pedibus fulvo-piceis, femoribus dorso nigro-piceis; supra

cyaneo-viridis, nitidissima, antennis piceis basi fulvis ;

thorace quam longo fere dimidio latiori ; lateribus rectis,

parallelis, antice eviter sinuatis, angulis anticis acutis,

extrorsum curvatis, disco levi, tenuissime remote punctato ;

elytris convexis, infra basin leviter transversim excavatis,

tenuiter seriatim punctatis.

Long. 1} lin. |

Hab.—Chanchamayo.

Head trigonate; vertex shining, impunctate; encarpse

thickened, contiguous, subquadrate ; ; carina oblong, thick-

ened, abruptly terminating on the clypeus; eyes prominent,

rotmndate- ovate, entire ; Siaeaee piceous; antennee with

the second joint ovate, nearly as stout and nearly as

long as the first, the latter equal in length to the fourth,

the three lower joints obscure fulvous. Thorax one-half

broader than long; sides straight, parallel from the

base to beyond the middle, thence very slightly sinuate to

the apex; all the angles acute, the anterior ones produced

distinctly outwards; basal margin faintly lobed in front

of the scutellum, nearly straight on either side; disk

convex, very minutely and sparingly punctured; basal

suleation broad, terminating on either side, some distance

within the lateral margin. Scutellum trigonate, its apex

obtuse. Elytra much broader than the thorax, subquad-

rate-ovate; above very convex, excavated transversely

below the basilar space, very finely and rather distantly

punctate-striate ; interspaces nitidous, impunctate.

The above species has entirely the facies of a Diphau-

laca; it has, however, the apices of the four anterior

tibie each armed with a minute spine: in Diphaulaca

these spines are absent. Although differmg somewhat in

habit (caused by the transverse depression below the base

of the elytra), it agrees in all essential characters with

Hermeophaga, and must be placed in that genus; the

same remarks apply to D. columbica and some allied

species described by von Harold from Columbia.

Phytophagous Coleoptera, §c. 247

Trichaltica Thammi.

Ovata, convexa, rufo-fulva, nitida, oculis, antennis (basi

piceaé’ excepta), abdomine, elytrorum dimidio_postico,

femoribus anticis quatuor apice, posticis fere totis, tibiis

tarsisque nigris ; thorace levi, basi profunde transversim

suleato; elytris pube suberecté griseé vestitis, fortiter

punctato-striatis ; interspatiis convexis, ad latera sub-

costatis..

Long. 24 lin.

Hab.—Peru.

Head trigonate; encarpz well defined, contiguous, sub-

rotundate; carina raised, linear; antennz nearly equal to

the body in length, filiform, the three lower joints piceous,

the rest black. There nearly twice as broad as long ;

sides straight and very slightly diverging from the base

to the middle, thence obliquely converging and slightly

rounded to the apex; the anterior angles thickened,

obliquely truncate, the hinder ones produced into a dha

acute tooth; disk convex, smooth and shining, impressed

just im front of the basal margin with a deep transverse

groove, which abruptly terminates on either side, some

distance within the lateral margin. LElytra broader than

the thorax, convex, clothed with, rather coarse, long, sub-

erect griseous hairs ; each elytron with ten rows of deep

punctures, the first short ; interspaces on the inner half of

the anterior disk subconvex, distinctly convex on the

hinder disk, those on the outer disk more strongly raised

and subcostate.

So nearly allied in form and coloration to Fugonia

dimidiatipennis, that for a time I placed it with that

species.

Genus STEGNEA.

Corpus ovatum, convexum. Caput exsertum ; encarpis

contiguis; carind elevata; antennis filiformibus; oculis

integris ; palpis maxillaribus articulo ultimo conico,

acuto. Thorax transversus, margine basali leviter lobato ;

disco ad basin sulco profundo, utrinque longe intra mar-

ginem lateralem desinente, impresso. lytra modice

convexa, infra basin non depressa, punctato-striata. Pedes

mediocres; coazs anticis ovatis, non elevatis ; Semoribus

posticis incrassatis; ¢ébcis anticis quatuor apice muticis;

tarsorum posticorum articulo basali sequentibus tribus

equilongo; wnguiculis appendiculatis. Prosternum ad

248 Mr. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of

coxas equialtum, postice transversim dilatato, apice medio

postice porrecto, dorso carinato, retrorsum ad metasterni

apicem producto; acetabulis anticis integris ; mesosternum

apice concavo-emarginato, medio occulto. Allied to Cre-

pidodera, separated by the unarmed apices of the four

anterior tibiz and by the form of the prosternum.

Stegnea nigripes.

Anguste ovata, convexa, fulva, nitida, pectore piceo

tincto; pedibus antennisque (his basi femoribusque basi

exceptis) nigris; thorace remote et minute punctato,

sulco basali sat profunde impresso ; elytris tenuiter punc-

tato-striatis, strus fere penitus deletis; interstitiis tenuiter

punctatis, prope latera subcostatis.

Long. 12 lin.

Hal. —Chanchamayo.

Vertex shining, impunctate; encarpz subtrigonate,

contiguous; carina narrowly hastate; antenne rather

more than half the length of the body, filiform, the four

lower joints fulvous, the rest black; eyes entire, subrotun-

date, black. Thorax about one-half broader than long ;

sides straight and parallel from the base to beyond the

middle, thence obliquely converging towards the apex,

the anterior angles obtuse, the hinder ones acute; disk

convex, very minutely punctured (the punctures only

visible under a deep lens), basal groove deeply impressed.

Klytra ovate, convex, not depressed below the basilar

space, very finely punctate-striate, the striae on the middle

disk obsolete ; interspaces finely punctured, thickened and

subcostate below the humeral’ callus and on the lateral

margin.

Genus EUGONIA.

Corpus ovatum, convexum. Caput exsertum, facie

trigonatum ; carind lineariformi; encarpis transversis,

vix contiguis; oculis magnis, prominentibus; antennis

filiformibus ; palpis maxillaribus subfiliformibus, articulo

ultimo acuto. Zhorax transversus, lateribus rotundato-

ampliatis; margine basali medio late transversim, utrinque

oblique truncato ; disco convexo, basi sulco transverso,

utrinque paullo intra marginem abrupte desinente, im-

presso. Scutellum cunciforme. lytra modice convexa,

punctato-striata. Prosternum medio angustatum, postice

transversim dilatatum, acctabulis anieis Chace Pedes

Phytophagous Coleoptera, &c. 249

sat elongati ; coxis anticis elevatis, subrotundatis; femo-

ribus posticis leviter incrassatis ; ¢éb¢is ad apicem obsolete

canaliculatis, anticis quatuor muticis; unguiculis appen-

diculatis.

Hugonia ought to stand near Crepidodera; it may be

separated from that genus by the unarmed apices of the

four anterior tibize and by the slender hinder thighs.

Eugonia dimidiatipennis.

Ovata, modice convexa, rufo-fulva, nitida, oculis, an-

tennis, abdomine pedibusque (femoribus anticis quatuor

basi et infra, posticis basi, exceptis), nigris ; thorace con-

vexo, levi, impunctato; elytris modice convexis, infra

basin non depressis, punctato-striatis, striis ante medium

uniseriatim, pone medium confuse biseriatim punctatis,

striis prope apicem penitus confusis; subopacis, sordide

rufo-fulvis, a medio ad apicem cxruleo-nigris,

Long. 2 lin.

Hab.—Chanchamayo.

‘

Vertex shining, impunctate ; encarpx transverse, well

defined, carina strongly elevated ; antenne filiform, three-

fourths the length of the body, the basal joint rufo-fulvous,

the rest black. Thorax twice as broad as long; sides

rather broadly margined, rotundate-ampliate; basal mar-

gin transversely truncate, obliquely truncate on either side

near the hinder angle; disk shining, impunctate, somewhat

swollen, impressed transv ersely at the base by a deep

sulcation, which terminates abruptly on either side just

within the lateral margin. Elytra broader than the

thorax, oblong-ovate, moderately convex, rather strongly

punctate-striate on the anterior disk, the punctures (which

are of equal depth and strength to the apex of the elytra)

are arranged in a single row on each stria; posteriorly

they become confused and form irregular double rows;

at the apex the striae themselves are confused and entirely

lost; interspaces on the outer and hinder disk thickened

and convex.

Longitarsus peruvianus.

Elongato-ovatus, fulvus, nitidus, capite nigro, antennis

(basi flava excepta) scutello, pectore abdomineque piceis,

pedibus flavis; thorace lateribus basi rectis, ante medium

250 Mr. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of

oblique rotundato-angustatis, angulis anticis obtusis;

elytris (sub lente) tenuissime punctatis.

Long. 1 ln.

Hab.—Chanchamayo.

Head trigonate; vertex and front nitidous, impressed

on either side, near the eye, with deep punctures; encarpz

not distinctly separated from the front, oblong, con-

tiguous; carina raised, linear; antennz slender, filiform,

nearly equal to the body in length, the 2nd joint nearly

equal in thickness as the Ist, scarcely shorter than the

3rd, oval; the 4th to the 7th nearly equal, each more than

one-fourth longer than the 3rd. Thorax nearly twice as

broad as long; sides straight and parallel behind the

middle, thence obliquely rounded and slightly converging

towards the apex, the anterior angles obtuse, the hinder

ones acute; hinder margin slightly sinuate on either side

the middle, thence obliquely truncate to the lateral angle;

disk transversely convex, its surface (when seen under a

deep lens) obsoletely rugulose. Scutellum trigonate, its

apex acute. LElytra broader than the thorax, ovate, con-

vex, faintly excavated below the basilar space, the latter

on each elytron obsoletely thickened; surface smooth and

shining, impressed with very minute piceous punctures,

only visible under a deep lens.

OCNOSCELIS CYANOPTERA, Erichs.

Weigm. Archiv. 1847, I. p. 174.

Mas.—Femoribus anticis incrassatis; ¢/b¢is anticis qua-

tuor ad apicem incurvatis; ¢arsorum articulo basali dila-

tato, semiovato.

Var. A. Corpore fulvo, supra cyaneo vix tincto.

Both sexes of the above species are in the collection

brought over by H. Thamm. In one specimen of the

male the thorax is more coarsely punctured and has on

either side, near the lateral margin, an ill-defined, slightly-

raised tuberosity ; in another, the body is fulvous, slightly

tinged above with metallic blue.

O. purpurata, Evichs., placed by Baron v. Harold as

the 6 of the present species, differs (judging from Erich-

son’s description) in its bifoveolate thorax and in having

the intermediate tibiz alone incurved; it is probably

the $ of another species.

Phytophagous Coleoptera, §c. 251

Asphera Thammi.

Ovata, postice vix ampliata, convexa, sordide fulva

nitida, pectore piceo, abdomine piceo tincto, scutello capite

pedibusque (clypeo femoribus que anticis quatuor basi

exceptis), nigris; thorace transverso, flavo-fulvo; elytris

tenuissime punctatis, nigro-cyaneis, limbo exteriori et

utrisque maculis duabus, un4 prope medium transversim

ovata, secunda ante apicem, subrotundata, flavis.

Long. 4 lin.

Hab.—Peru.

Vertex smooth, impunctate; front impressed on either

side near the eye with several large round punctures;

encarpx subquadrate, contiguous; lower portion of cly-

peus with a strongly-raised transverse ridge; carina

elevated, linear, extending downwards to the transverse

ridge of the clypeus; antenne filiform, about four-fifths

the length of the body, the lower surface of the basal

joint with a fulvous stripe. Thorax more than twice as

broad as long; sides parallel at the extreme base, thence

rounded and converging to the apex, the apical angles

thickened, produced anteriorly, subacute; disk trans-

versely convex, minutely punctured (the punctures only

visible under a deep lens), the lateral margin broad,

reflexed. Scutellum not longer than broad, trigonate.

Elytra broadly ovate, convex, faintly depressed below the

basilar space; nigro-cyaneous, very minutely punctured,

a large transversely ovate patch on the middle, a second

smaller and subrotundate near the apex, together with the

outer limb, fulvous. Hinder tibia armed before the apex

with a small acute tooth; basal joint of hinder tarsus

equal in length to the following two united, claw joint

strongly inflated.

Asphera discofasciata.

Elongato-ovata, modice convexa, nigra, nitida, facie

inferiori, thorace abdomineque sordide fulvis, antennis

piceis; thorace fulvo, nitido, macula transversa discoidali

nigra; elytris tenuissime punctatis, metallico-purpureis,

limbo exteriori fasciéque prope medium fulvis.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab.—Peru.

Encarpe and clypeus piceo-fulvous, the latter con-

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART IV. (DEC.) ut

252 Mr. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of

tiguous, separated from the face by a deep transverse

groove; carina raised, elongate; labrum black; antennze

filiform, four-fifths the leneth of the body, the basal joint

beneath fulvous, the 3rd joimt twice the length of the

2nd. Thorax twice as broad as long; sides straight and

parallel at the base, thence slightly rounded and obliquely

converging towards the apex, the apical angles thickened,

produced anteriorly into a conic obtuse tooth; upper sur-

face nitidous, the sides broadly margined, middle disk

with an irregular transverse purple patch. Scutellum

trigonate. Hlytra broader than the thorax, oblong-ovate,

moderately convex, slightly excavated below the basilar

space, nitidous, very minutely punctured, the punctures

only visible under a strong lens; metallic purple, the

outer limb and a broad transverse band across the middle

fulvous. Hinder tibia slightly emarginate before its apex ;

hinder claw swollen.

Asphera limbifera.

Elongato-ovata, convexa, subtus pallide picea, nitida,

femoribus apice, tiblis tarsisque nigro-piceis; thorace

abdomineque sordide fulvis; supra fulva, antennis piceis,

scutello elytrisque metallico-purpureis, his limbo exteriori

fulvo.

Long. 3} lin.

Hab.—Peru.

Vertex smooth, impunctate; encarpe subtrigonate,

contiguous; carina narrow, wedge-shaped ; clypeus thick-

ened; antenne filiform. Thorax twice as broad as long;

sides obliquely truncate at the extreme base, thence

rounded and converging to the apex; apical angles thick-

ened, produced anteriorly into a subconic obtuse tooth ;

disk shining, impunctate, lateral border broadly mar-

gined. Scutellum not longer than broad, trigonate.

Elytra narrowly oblong, not dilated posteriorly, convex,

flattened along the suture, slightly depressed below the

basilar space, very minutely punctured. Hinder tibia

slightly emarginate before the apex; hinder metatarsus

equal in length to the following two joints united; hinder

claw only slightly thickened.

CGdionychis signifera.

Anguste ovata, modice convexa, nigra, nitida, capite

piceo, clypeo flavo, antennis extrorsum nigris; thorace

Phytophagous Coleoptera, §c. 253

elytrisque sordide flavis, his tenuissime punctatis, macula

irregulari scutellari, vittd brevi humerali, maculdque inter

medium et apicem, prope marginem posita, nigris,

Long. 3 lin.

Hab.—Chanchamayo.

Head scarcely broader than long ; encarpx contiguous;

lower portion of clypeus traversed by a strongly-raised

transverse ridge; carina strongly elevated, linear, ter-

minating anteriorly on the transverse ridge; antennz

filiform, the five lower joints piceous, the rest black.

Thorax nearly twice as broad as long; sides rounded and

slightly converging from the base to the apex, the hinder

angles acute, the anterior ones armed with an obtuse

excurved tooth; disk shining, very minutely punctured,

very faintly wrinkled, impressed just in front of the basal

margin with an ill-defined transverse groove; lateral

margin broadly reflexed, finely rugulose. Elytra broader

than the thorax, oblong-ovate, convex, minutely punctured,

piceo-flavous; an irregular patch surrounding the scu-

tellum, a short vitta on the humeral callus and an oblong

spot on the outer disk halfway between the middle and

the apex, black.

Gdionychis pulchra.

Anguste ovata, postice paullo ampliata, convexa, nigra,

nitida, abdomine thoraceque fulvis, hoc leevi, lateribus late

reflexo-marginatis, a basi ad apicem rotundato-angustatis ;

elytris crebre punctatis, metallico-viridibus, subviolaceis,

limbo exteriori apiceque late fulvis:

Var. A. Elytrorum dimidio postico fulvo.

Long. 3—4 lin.

Hab.—Peru; also Ecuador: var. A. Ecuador.

Vertex sparingly punctured; front separated from the

encarpz by a deep transverse depression; encarpx large,

thickened, contiguous; carina subhastate ; clypeus obliquely

elevated on either side, nigro-piceous, a large patch on

each side flavous; antenne filiform, black, the three lower

joints stained beneath with pale piceous; the 3rd and

following two joints nearly equal in length, each twice as

long as the 2nd; apices of jaws piceo-rufous. Thorax

nearly three times as broad as long; sides broadly margined,

rotundate-angustate from base to apex, the anterior angles

mucronate ; basal margin deeply excavated; disk trans-

T 2

254 Mr. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of

versely convex, the lateral margin broadly reflexed ; surface

smooth, impressed (when seen under a deep lens) with

very minute punctures. Scutellum as broad as long, tri-

gonate. LElytra oblong-ovate, very slightly dilated pos-

teriorly, convex, slightly excavated below the basilar space ;

granulose, closely impressed with fine but distinct punc-

tures; apical margin of elytra entire. Basal joint of hinder

tarsus rather shorter than the following two united.

The more elongate form, more distinctly-punctured

elytra, together with the entire apical margin of the latter,

will separate this insect from sagulata and precincta,

Erichson.

Monoplatus fulvus.

Aneguste ovatus, convexus, fulvus, nitidus, antennis

(basi exceptis), piceis, oculis nigris; thorace distincte

subremote punctato, basi transversim sulcato; elytris

regulariter punctato-striatis.

Long. 2 lin.

Hab.—Chanchamayo.

Head trigonate; vertex and front thickened, the latter

produced anteriorly into a wedge-shaped elevated space,

which extends downwards between the antennz ; encarp

obsolete; carina raised, linear; eyes prominent, shining

black; antenne filiform, four-fifths the length of the body,

the 3rd, 4th and 5th joints each equal in length to the Ist,

each more than twice the length of the 2nd, the three

lower ones fulvous, the rest piceous. Thorax nearly twice

as broad as long; sides straight and parallel at the base,

slightly dilated and rounded before the middle, the anterior

angles obliquely truncate, produced laterally into a very

short acute tooth, the hinder angles acute; disk distinctly

but not closely punctured, impressed at the base with a

deep transverse groove, which terminates abruptly on

either side, at some distance within the lateral margin.

Elytra oblong-ovate, convex, slightly flattened along the

suture, very faintly depressed below the basilar space ;

each elytron with eleven regular rows of distinct punctures,

the first and last three interspaces plane, remotely impressed

with a few very minute punctures.

This insect is about the same size and coloration, and

has a remarkable resemblance to several of the common

Kuropean species of Crepidodera.

Phytophagous Coleoptera, §c. 255

Omotyphus Erichsont.

Ovata, valde convexa, picea, nitida, subtus sparse

sericea, supra setosa, pedibus anticis quatuor, tibiis pos-

ticis antennisque sordide fulvis, his ad apicem subincras-

satis, articulis 7° 8*° 9°° niero-piceis, femoribus posticis

apice tarsisque pallide piceis; thorace transverso, rugoso-

punctato, disco pone medium transversim depresso, | ante

medium quadrituberculato; elytris convexis, infra basin

profunde arcuatim, pone medium minus profunde trans-

versim excavatis, profunde punctato-striatis, interspatiis

convexis.

Long. 2 lin.

Hab.—Chanchamayo.

Head much longer than broad, subcuneiform; vertex

rugose-punctate ; encarpe thickened, pyriform, separated

by a deep groove; clypeus transversely depressed across

its middle, “its hinder half obliquely elevated ; antennze

about half the length of the body, their five outer joints

distinctly thickened ; the 2nd one short, ovate, the 3rd

more than twice its length, distinctly longer than either

the 4th or 5th, these latter equal. Thorax one-half

broader than long; sides parallel, bisinuate, the anterior

and posterior angles thickened, prominent ; disk rugose-

punctate, clothed with adpressed piceous hairs, the hinder

disk transversely depressed, the anterior disk with four

distinct tuberosities placed transversely on its surface, the

two lateral smaller than the intermediate ones. Elytra

much broader than the thorax, quadrate-ovate, convex,

obliquely excavated below the basilar space, transversely

excavated (but much less distinctly) below the middle,

strongly punctate-striate, the interspaces thickened, sub-

costate; surface clothed with long, suberect piceous hairs.

Octogonotes limbatus.

Anguste oblongus, niger, subtus sparse, supra dense

sericeo pubescens; capite thoraceque aureo-sericeis, hoc

quam longo fere duplo latiori, lateribus parallelis, ante

medium leviter angulatis, piceo-nigro, disco deplanato,

arcuatim excavato; elytris sat fortiter punctato-striatis,

interspatiis rugulosis; nigro-sericeis, limbo laterali late

fulvo, hoe limbo nec non linea suturali aureo-sericcis.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab.—Chanchamayo.

256 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s descriptions of

Head longer than broad, wedge-shaped, clothed with

adpressed sericeous hairs; antennee filiform, slightly thick-

ened towards the apex, the two outer joints fusco-fulvous ;

encarpx thickened, separated (their extreme apices -ex-

cepted), by a wedge- -shaped fovea; labrum _piceous.

Thorax nearly twice as broad as long; sides parallel ;

disk densely clothed with adpressed aureous hairs, closely

covered with round shallow punctures, surface obliquely

excavated on either side, transversely excavated on the

middle of the hinder disk, these excavations conjointly

forming an arcuate depression, which extends entirely

across the thorax. Scutellum trigonate. Elytra much

broader than the thorax, oblong, ‘parallel on the sides,

their apex regularly rounded; disk convex, depressed

along the suture, rather strongly and regularly punctate-

striate, the interspaces finely rugulose-reticulate.

Cerichrestus Thammi.

Elongatus, modice convexus, sericeo pubescens, pedibus

flavis, tibiis apice tarsisque infuscatis; capite rude rugoso ;

thorace fulvo, aureo-sericeo, lateribus rectis, disco pone

medium transversim depresso; elytris thorace latioribus,

subelongatis, modice convexis, pube suberecté grisea

vestitis, fortiter punctato-striatis, interspatiis nitidis, ad

latera et ad apicem convexiusculis.

Long. 14 hn.

ffab.—Chanchamayo.

Head scarcely longer than broad, trigonate, nearly

glabrous, the lower face alone being sparingly clothed

with eriseous hairs; vertex and front coarsely rugose-

punctate; encarpee and carina obsolete; clypeus trans-

versely trigonate, obliquely elevated, its surface shining

impunctate ; antennee filiform, nearly ‘two-thirds the length

of the body. Thorax nearly one-half broader than long ;

sides str ou slightly diverging from the base to the apex,

obsoletely ‘thickened just behind the anterior angle; disk

transversely depressed behind the middle, clothed with

aureo-sericeous hairs. Elytra elongate-ovate, subparallel

on the sides, moderately convex, slightly flattened along

the suture, clothed with suberect eriseous hairs, strongly

punctate-striate ; interspaces on the outer disk and apex

slightly convex.

Phytophagous Coleoptera, §c. 257

Diabrotica limbifera.

Subelongata, nitida, subtus flava, femoribus dorso, tibiis

anticis extus, posticis quatuor totis tarsisque nigris; supra

nigra, capite (antennis exceptis) flavo-testaceis; thorace

profunde bifoveolato, lateribus anguste flavo-albis; elytris

irregulariter punctatis, rugulosis, limbo exteriori anguste

flavo-albido.

Long. 2 lin.

Hab.—Chanchamayo.

Head longer than broad, wedge-shaped; encarpe trans-

verse-quadrate, contiguous; eyes large, prominent, black ;

antenne slender, filiform, the 2nd joint about half the

leneth of the lst, one-third shorter than the 4th; basal

joint (its apex excepted) fulvous, the rest entirely black.

Thorax one-fourth broader than long; sides straight and

parallel from the base to beyond the middle, thence very

slightly converging towards the apex; disk distinctly but

not closely punctured, impressed on either side with a

large deep fovea, the space between them depressed.

Klytra broader than the thorax, oblong, very slightly

dilated posteriorly, convex, flattened along the suture,

very faintly depressed below the basilar space, irregularly

punctured, interspaces rugulose.

Diabrotica setifera.

Obovata, convexa, nitida, nigro-enea, pedibus piceo-

eeneis, coxis femoribusque anticis quatuor flavis ; antennis

(basi picea excepta) nigris; thorace transverso-quadrato,

lateribus parallelis, ante medium obsolete angulatis,

disco minute punctato; elytris viridi-zeneis, thorace

multo latioribus, postice ampliatis, convexis, minute

remote punctatis, setis erectis sparsissime vestitis.

Long. 13 lin.

HHab.—Chanchamayo.

Head trigonate ; vertex metallic green, impunctate ;

encarpe thickened, transverse, contiguous; clypeus trian-

eular, coarsely punctured, clothed with long silky hairs ;

carina ill defined; antennze equal to the body in length,

slender, filiform, the 2nd joint four-fifths the length of the

3rd, the latter rather shorter than the 4th. Thorax one-

fourth broader than long; sides straight and parallel,

obtusely angled before the middle, thence slightly con-

258 Mr. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of

verging to the apex; the anterior angles thickened,

obtuse, the hinder ones acute; disk very finely granulose,

finely and remotely punctured. Scutellum trigonate, its

apex acute. Elytra much broader than the thorax, sub-

quadrate-ovate, dilated posteriorly, broadly rounded at

the apex, convex, remotely punctured, very sparingly

clothed with erect griseous hairs, visible only at the apex

and on the lateral margin.

The erect hairs on the elytra will distinguish this insect

from any known species of the genus.

Monocesta sublimbata.

Aneuste oblonga, subtus nitida, picea, fusco pubescens,

femoribus fusco-fulvis; supra nigra, opaca, griseo-sericea,

facie inter oculos thoraceque fusco-fulvis, hoc rugoso,

transversim excavato, fascia discoidali nigra; elytris

rugosis, obscure viridibus, limbo submarginali limboque

inflexo obscure rufo-fulvis.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab.—Chanchamayo.

Head wedge-shaped; vertex rugose; encarpz thickened,

subquadrate, contiguous; jaws shining black; antenne

about half the length of the body, the basal joint fulvous.

Thorax three times as broad as long ; sides rounded, con-

verging towards the apex, hinder angles obtusely rounded ;

disk broadly and deeply excavated, transversely rugose, a

transverse patch on the disk, its hinder margin emarginate

in the middle, black. Elytra narrowly oblong, convex,

densely clothed with short adpressed sericeous pubescence,

closely rugose.

Monocesta approximata.

Elongato-ovata, convexa, pallide rufo-picea, fulvo-

sericea, subtus nitida, supra opaca, oculis antennisque

nigris; thorace ante medium profunde transversim ex-

cavato; elytris rugosis, lateribus parallelis, dense fulvo-

sericels.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab.—Chanchamayo.

Head trigonate, not longer than broad, vertex and

front rugose, the former with a transverse black patch ;

encarpee ill defined, lower portion of clypeus elevated into

Phytophagous Coleoptera, &c. 259

a strong transverse ridge; antennee more than three-

fourths the length of the body, the 3rd joint shorter than

the 4th, the latter distinctly longer than the 5th; the

basal joint fulvous, the rest black. Thorax nearly three

times as broad as long at the base; sides rounded and

converging from the base to the apex, sinuate just behind

the anterior angle, the latter obtuse, hinder angles acute ;

upper surface rugose, clothed with adpressed fulvous hairs,

the anterior disk deeply and broadly transversely exca-

vated. Elytra broader than the thorax, parallel on the

sides, convex, rugose-punctate, densely clothed with short

adpressed sericeous hairs.

From M. nigricornis, Clark (to which insect the pre-

sent species is most nearly allied), it may be known by the

more parallel form, by the more deeply excavated thorax,

and by the different relative length of the joints of the

antenne.

ie in . BETTe ae it =z PERS» F ual

Hale Pei iby B79 hex a We aha ath ty ;

iD cite i, ney Se aay oan :

ahve Sl eb A ee anes ae :

‘ a bi ot ole Jay ecu fa Li i spe EAA i

4 Sepa yy oy At “lp Ag oti ie a Le eae

Sean B Ms ny i. rer eri. ae pitta ae

Scalia Mil ; OT en ae aes tt ey Y rth

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sete GAVRY, Vy ?

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G26.)

XVIII. Descriptions of two new Lepidoptera of the

family Sphingide. By ArtHur G. BUTLER,

S55) Z::5<6ce:

[Read October Ist, 1879.]

THE following new species have recently been added to

the collection of the British Museum :—

Angonyx borneensis, ni. sp.

Allied to A. assamensis, slightly larger, the primaries

above silvery-grey, clouded on inner margin and disc

with snow-white, a white line running obliquely from the

centre of the disc to near the apex, where it joins a black

line running to the apex; two large black spots separated

only by the upper discocellular veinlet at the end of the

cell; a dentate-sinuate slender brown line across the disc

and partially defining the limits of the discal white nebula,

a corresponding parallel but abbreviated line at external

angle, the lowest -sinuation being black; secondaries

purplish-brown with darker outer border sparsely sprinkled

with grey scales; abdominal area testaceous, limited in-

ternally by a black longitudinal streak ; body silvery grey,

the sides of head, thorax and the tegule dark olivaceous,

edged externally with snow-white ; under surface ruddy-

greyish with cold grey outer borders to the wings;

primaries with the outer border dark, deeply dentated

internally, its lower half bounded by cream-coloured

sagittate spots ; basal three-fifths of mner border cream-

coloured ; upper half of outer border bounded internally

by an oblique dull red streak; an oblique blackish spot

across the costal border near apex, a blackish streak on

discocellulars ; secondaries with pale abdominal area;

a subanal marginal brown spot, bounded internally by

a cream-coloured spot; base of palpi and front of anterior

coxee white, hinder edges of posterior segments of venter

rose-red, spotted with projecting white scales at the sides ;

anus white: expanse of wings 2 inches 2 lines.

Hab.—Borneo.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART IV. (DEC.)

262 Mr. A. G. Butler’s descriptions, &c.

This species appears to be not uncommon in Borneo,

although until this year I never saw it. It is very

similar in pattern to A. assamensis, but differs entirely in

colour.

Angonyx vigens, n. sp.

Same size and form as the preceding; primaries above

pale greyish-brown, tinted with rose-colour and clouded

with green; a bright green patch from base to second

third of internal area, a whitish nebula about the centre

of the disc with similar (but less vivid) oblique line run-

ning to apex, to that of the preceding species; a subpyri-

form inverted black spot at the end of the cell, followed

immediately by a straight transverse black belt, which

crosses the wing from cosia to inner margin; two pale-

edged recurved dusky lines across the basal area, a pale-

edged black spot at base of costa, a crenulated blackish

discal line, most distinct at costa and inner margin, a

black spot close to external angle ; secondaries nearly as

in the preceding species, but more purple in tint, the

outer border limited internally by indistinct red spots;

body purplish-brown, clouded with green; the sides of

head, thorax and the tegulze dark olivaceous, edged

externally with lilacine, green and white: under surface

much like the preceding species, altogether redder, the

apical fourth of costal border of primaries whitish; ex-

ternal border less prominent, less strongly dentated, only

bounded internally by a pale ochraceous angulated spot

near the inner margin; disc distinctly red “and limited

internally by a black line elbowed upon the costa; the

subapical costal oblique spot greyish, outlined and inter-

sected by black lines, a whitish wavy streak across the

outer border; secondaries rosy-grey, with the outer border

whitish internally, indications of three parallel blackish

lines, between which the veins are white, across the disc ;

body rosy-grey, with markings as in A. borneensis: ex-

panse of wings 2 inches.

Hab.— Philippines.

This beautiful species probably replaces A. borneensis

in the Philippines.

( 263 )

XIX. Descriptions of two new genera and species of

Coleoptera from Madagascar belonging to the

families Tenebrionids and Cerambycide. By

Cuas. O. WATERHOUSE.

[Read October Ist, 1879. ]

THE two insects described in this paper have recently been

added to the British Museum from Madagascar. The

first is a Heteromerous insect, which is very remarkable, as

being closely allied to two strictly American genera. The

second is one of the Longicornia, for which I have been

obliged to propose a new genus.

TENEBRIONID.

PYCNOCHILUS, nov. gen.

Form and appearance of Delognatha. Submentum

nearly as in Phrenapates, with its lateral lobes porrect

and partially covering the base of the mandibles. Men-

tum trapezoidal, concave; the anterior angles obtusely

rounded and elevated, the anterior margin obtusely emar-

ginate in the middle. Ligula at least as long as broad,

narrower than the mentum, subparallel at the sides, reeu-

larly rounded in front; palpi short, the 2nd joint sub-

globose, the apical joint very slightly curved, cylindrical,

a little narrowed at the apex, as long as the two preceding

together. Outer lobe of the maxillze somewhat parallel

(only a little narrower at the base), less flat than in Delo-

gnatha, curved inwards at the apex, which is obtuse,

and set with eight or ten stiff, curved bristles; the inner

lobe is not much shorter than the outer one, narrow,

ciliated; the first three joints of the palpi are subequal,

about one-third longer than broad; the apical joint is as

long as the two preceding taken together, cylindrical.

Labrum transverse, deflexed in front, the anterior border

arcuate. Mandibles with three teeth at the apex. Eyes

as in Phrenapates, but not laterally prominent. Basal

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART IV. (DEC.)

264 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s descriptions of

joint of the antennz moderately elongate, club-shaped, the

2nd to 5th joints moniliform, the 6th to 10th transverse,

gradually becoming wider, the 11th joimt subrotundate,

flattened. When in repose the antennez are received into

a channel beneath the eye. Other characters as in Delo-

gnatha,

This genus should be placed between Phrenapates and

Delognatha 3 it is particularly interesting on account

of the species of both the allied genera Berne South

American.

Pycnochilus advenus, sp. n.

Elongatus, subcylindricus, piceus vel nigro-piceus, niti-

dus; capite thoraceque subtiliter sat crebre -punctulatis ;

elytris fortiter striatis, strus fortiter punctatis, interstitiis

bene convexis, leevibus.

Long. 43—6 lin.

é. Head very wide, with a deep impression above the

eyes, with two slight approximate tubercles on the fore-

head, and with a more prominent tubercle above the base

of each mandible, the transverse space between the last

tubercles is on a lower level than the frontal tubercles ;

the punctuation is very fine and moderately thick, the

sides of the head are rounded. Thorax in front a little

wider than the head, very little narrowed posteriorly, one-

quarter broader than long, more sparingly punctured than

the head, the anterior angles a little prominent, acute.

Scutellum very small, rounded behind. Elytra very

deeply striated, the strize strongly and closely punctured.

?. The mandibles less porrect, with an obtuse tooth

above near the base. Head less broad, and with the

tubercles nearly obsolete.

Hab.— Antananarivo (Mr. Kingdon).

CERAMBYCID 2.

OPSAMATES, nov. gen.

Head channelled between the antennal tubercles, with

no mesial carina, cheeks extremely short. Antenne of

the female reaching to the middle of the elytra; the basal

joint obconic, the 3rd a very little longer than the first,

twice as broad at the apex as at the base, the apical angle

slightly prominent; the 4th to 8th joints of about the

two new genera and species of Coleoptera, &c. 265

same length as the 3rd, but narrower at the base, and

with the apical angle very gradually more produced; the

10th joint a little narrower, the 11th narrow, lanceolate,

constricted before the apex. Eyes widely separated above

and below, semicircularly emarginate in front, coarsely

eranular. Thorax tubercular above, with a single short

spine at the side. Scutellum slightly concave, scarcely

narrowed towards the apex, which is rounded, LElytra

subparallel, the surface uneven, obtuse and unarmed at

the apex. Legs short, femora compressed, spines at the

apex of the tibize very short and seen with difficulty ;

tarsi as in Plocederus, but much shorter, the claw joint

very slender at the base, but rather broad at the apex.

Mesosternal process not very broad, slightly narrowed

posteriorly and emarginate at the apex. Prosternal pro-

cess very narrow, arched posteriorly.

The position of this genus is somewhat doubtful. It

appears to belong to the true Cerambycide of Lacordaire.

The obtuse tubercles on the thorax, the form of the

scutellum, the wrinkled elytra (which have no spine at the

apex), and the arched prosternum are, however, somewhat

foreign to this family. On the other hand, the general

form and the structure of the antennze most nearly

approach Prosphilus. The ligula is membranous and is

completely bilobed, crescent-shaped. On the whole, it

seems best to place the genus before Taurotagus.

Opsamates dimidiatus, sp. n.

Niger, nitidus, parce pubescens; antennis flavo-ferru-

gineis, articulis duobus basalibus nigris, thorace dorsim

tuberculis obtusis quinque instructo, elytris dimidio basali

flavo, inequalibus, discrete punctatis. ¢.

Long. 13 lin.

Head very short, the eyes a little prominent laterally,

not surrounding the insertion of the antenne so much

as in Plocederus. Thorax slightly transverse, a little

broader than the head, with sparse (but rather long)

black pubescence, with a not very prominent tubercle in

the middle of the side, and a slight angular prominence

immediately in front of it, with seven tubercles above ;

there is also a very small tubercle behind the lateral

tubercle. Elytra one-third broader than the thorax,

parallel, together rounded at the apex, with rather more

‘

266 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s descriptions, &c.

than the basal half yellow, the surface wrinkled or with

numerous confluent impressions, and with rather strong

punctures scattered in the impressions, each puncture has

a very short black hair. Legs short and compressed, the

posterior femora scarcely reaching beyond the middle of

the second abdominal segment; tibiz with an obscure

pitchy spot on the outer edge near the apex.

Hab.—F ianarantsoa (Mr. Shaw).

( 267 )

XX. List of the Hemiptera collected in the Amazons by

Prof. J. W. H. Traizr, M.A., M.D., in the

years 1873—1875, with descriptions of the new

species. By F. Bucnanan Wuuirte, M.D.,

H:E.5:

[Read November 5th, 1879.]

PART I.

Fam. HY DROMETRID ZL.

HyYpDRoMETRA, Latr.

(Limnobates, Burm.)

1. H. metator, B. W., Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) xiv.

486, 9.

Hab.—Urugaca, Rio Jurua (November 1, 1874). One

specimen.

2. H. mensor, n. sp.

Testaceo-brunnea, oculis rufo-brunneis, tibiis ad apicem

tarsisque fusco-brunneis. Capite parte anteoculari parte

postoculari fere 14 longiore; pronoto ante marginem

posticum tuberculis 2 subelongatis instructo; hemelytris

dimidio abdominis tegentibus.

$. Long. 113—123$ mm.

Hab.—Manaos (August, 1875). Two specimens, “at

light,” on board the steamer. The much smaller size will

at once distinguish this from £7. metator.

Fam. VELIIDZ.

VELIA, Latr.

3. V. virgata, B. W., Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) xiv.

486, 11.

Hab.—lIgarapé da Caxocira, near Manaos (June 4,

1874), and Manaos (August, 1875). ‘Two specimens,

“at light,” on board the steamer.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PARTIV. (DEC.) U

268 Dr. F. B. White’s list of

NEovELIA, B. W.

4, N. Trailii, B. W., Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) xiv.

487, 12.

Hab.—Manaos (August, 1875). Two specimens, “ at

light.”

MicroveE.ia, Westw.

5. M. mimula, B. W., Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) xiv.

487, 13.

Hab.—Manaos (August, 1875). One specimen, “at

light.”

Fam. HEBRIDZ.

Mesoveia, M. & R.

6. M. Mulsanti, n. sp.

Sordide flavo-testacea, subopaca, plus minus fusco-

nebulosa; clypeo, ocellis, pronoto marginibus angustissimis

foveisque lobi antici et lobo postico, scutello marginibus

et maculis literam C simulantibus in utroque latere disci

plage anticz sitis, hemelytris venis, tarsis articulo ultimo,

necnon spinulis pedium plus minus nigro-brunneis; an-

tennis articulis 1° 2°que ad apicem, 3° 4°que totis, tibiis

ad apicem, tarsorum articulo 1° et articulo 2° ad apicem

fusco-brunneis; hemelytris albidis, corio cellule interioris

dimidio apicali, clavo margine apicali et margine interiore

pone medium necnon macula discali fuscis; capite antice

albo-piloso, macula utrinque prope basin antennarum fusca,

et macula minore utrinque pone illas nigro-brunnea; pro-

noto lobo postico linea longitudinali flavo-testacea notato,

angulis posticis emarginatis; scutelli plaga antica fovea

semicirculari utrinque instructa; hemelytrorum membrana

vena fusco-brunnea subsinuata, ex apice cellule interioris

corii ad angulam apicalem interiorem membrane currente

et membranam a clavo separante, instructa, (membrana

interdum obsoleta); corpore subtus albido-testaceo, albo-

piloso.

Long. 4 mm.

Hab.—Rio Purus (September 24, 1874). Two speci-

mens.

Rather closely allied to the only other known species

of the genus, the European furcata, M. & R. In one

specimen the clavus is much prolonged posteriorly, being

larger than the corium, and is separated from the lone

and broad membrane by a curved vein; in the other

the Hemiptera collected in the Amazons, §c. 269

example the clavus is reduced to one-fourth the size, and

there is no trace of the membrane nor of the vein that

bounds the clavus.

I have dedicated this species to the distinguished founder

of the genus, M. Mulsant, of Lyons.

Fam. GERRIDZE.

Hypropsatss, Er.

7. H. regulus, B. W., Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) xiv.

488, 14.

Hlab.— Labria, Rio Purus (September 16, 1874).

Several specimens.

Limnoconvs, Stal.

8. L. hyalinus, F., Hydrometra hyalina, F., Syst. Rhyn.

258,4; Limnogonus hyalinus, Stal. Hem. Fabr. 1.

133, 1.

Hab.—Manaos (1874). Four specimens.

9. L.? lotus, B. W., Journ. Linn. Soe. (Zool.) xiv. 488, 15.

Hab.—Manaos (1874). Six specimens.

This and the following do not altogether agree with

Stal’s definition of the genus, but may be placed in it,

at least in the meantime.

10. L.? lubricus, B. W., Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) xiv.

489, 16.

Hab.—Rio Purus (September 24, 1874) and Manaos

(August, 1875). Three specimens.

Fam. NAUCORID &.

PELocorRIS, Stal.

11. P. impicticollis, Stal, Enum. Hem. 5, 144, 2.

Hab.— Montealegre (November, 1873) and Camané,

Rio Javary (December 6, 1874). Two specimens.

12. P. procurrens, B. W., Journ. Linn. Soe. (Zool.) xiv.

489, 17.

Hab.—Montealegre (November, 1873). One specimen.

270 Dr. F. B. White’s list of

Fam. BELOSTOMATID.

ZAITHA, A. & S.

13. Z. zelotypus, n. sp.

Oblongo-subovata, sordide testacea; pronoto precipue

disco Rise oe hennmcocac halon hemelytris fusco-brunneis,

margine antico dilute pallido-testaceo fusco-brunneo-macu-

lato; scutello fusco-brunneo leviter violaceo-micante ; capite

pedibusque fusco-brunneo-maculatis ; pronoti disco linea

angustissima longitudinali flavo-testacea ornato. Pronoto

latitudine antica 3 breviore, lateribus distincte sed leviter

et late sinuatis, margine postico late simuato; membrana

9-nervosa; tibiis oR dilatatis.

Long. 11 mm., lat. 53 mm.

Hab.—Montealegre (November, 1873). One specimen.

Closely allied to Z. micantula, Stal, and perhaps only

a variety thereof, but seems to differ in the colour, form

of pronotum, number of the membrane-nerves, and in the

smaller stature.

Fam. NEPIDE.

RanatTra, Fab.

14. R. annulipes, Stal, Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1854, 241,

1, and 1861, 204, 5.

Hab.—Para (February 25, 1875). One specimen.

Though the back of the abdomen is blackish, and not

sanguineous fuscous as described, I think I am right in

the determination of this specimen.

15. R. rabida, n. sp.

Brunneo-grisea, abdomine dorso concolore; pedibus

obsolete brunneo-annulatis; stigmatibus concoloribus dorso

pellucentibus; fronte convexiusculo; prosterno anterius bi-

suleato; femoribus anticis pone medium intus unidentatis,

extus ibidem et prope apicem inermibus, margine inferiore

prope apicem subsinuato; femoribus intermediis posti-

cisque subeequilongis, his ad medium segmenti penultimi

abdominis porrigendis; metasterno convexo posterius

dilatato et leviter carinato, margine postico triangulari

apice truncato, basin coxarum posticarum vix superante ;

Lod

the Hemiptera collected in the Amazons, &c. 271

segmento primo ventrali inter coxas longe prominulo ;

aidotheces app on are ys corpore eequilongis.

Long. 27 mm., lat. 2} mm.

Fab. —Lages, mouth of Rio Negro (August 3, 1874).

One specimen.

Distinct from the other described American species in

the form of the metasternum, more slender stature, &c.

Fam. NOTONECTID 2.

ANISOPS, Spin.

16. A. amnigenus, n. sp.

Sordide testaceo-albidus, levis, nitidus, pilis longis

pallidis sparse vestitus; pedibus flavescenti-albidis plus

minus Penne oumntecatic: ; abdomine fusco-atro; oculis

griseo-brunneis magnis posterius ad marginem posticum

capitis conjunctis (8 ) vel fere conjunctis (¢); vertice

leviter convexo-prominulo in medio anguste longitudina-

liter suleato; fronte leviter convexo prominulo;- pronoto

( )anterius obsoletissime carinato; tarsis anticis in utroque

sexu dimeris; tibiis tarsisque posticis pilis pallidis et fuscis

instructis.

Long. 5—54 mm.

flab.—Manaos, August, 1875.

Two specimens, not in the best condition for describing.

Hence I have not been able to describe minutely the

coloration of the underside or of the legs.

MarrTarEGA, gen. nov.

Corpus oblongum, cylindricum. Caput magnum, supra

subquadratum, margine antico pronoto latius; vertice

anguste triangulari, convexo-prominulo; fronte lineari

convexiusculo. Oculi maximi supra visi suboblongi,

per dimidium posterius longitudinis conjuncti, margine

postico rotundato-producto ‘et pronoto incumbente ; ad

latera visi semilunares, margine postico bisinuato; infra

visi triangulares. Antenne articulo 1° brevissimo

latiore quam longior; 2° crasso, longo, cylindrico; 3°

cylindrico, 2° longiore sed multo graciliore, seriebus

duabus _ pilis longis instructo, pilis. seriel posterioris

capitulatis; 4° dimidio 3' equilongo, graciliore, cylin-

drico. Rostrum quadriarticulatum, articulis 1° 2°que

brevibus, transversis, 3° 1° 2°que simul sumptis wqui-

272 Dr. F. B. White’s list of

longo, 4° brevi, conico. Labrum triangulare acutum,

medium articuli 2' rostri attingens. Pronotum breve,

transversum, longitudine media fere triplo latius; margine

antico bisinuato; margine postico late et leviter sinuato ;

marginibus lateralibus acutis oblique sinuatis; lateribus

prothoracis excavato-concavis. Scutellum mediocre tri-

angulare apice acuminato. Metanotum scutello fere duplo

longius. Hemelytra membranacea, nec membrana nec

sutura clavi distinctis. Ale desunt. Pedes spinulis

nonnullis instructi; tarsis anticis monomeris (¢) vel di-

meris (¢); tarsis intermediis monomeris; tarsis posticis

dimeris; femoribus, tibiis et tarsis posticis inter se sub-

eequilongis.

Resembling Anisops in general appearance, but very

different in structure.

17. M. membranacea, n. sp.

Sordide testaceo-albida, hyalina, nitida; oculis pallide

rufo-brunneis; hemelytris hyalinis vittis 2 longitudinalibus

pereurrentibus opacis albidis, una exteriore externe angus-

tissime nigro-marginata ad aream marginalem sita, altera

interiore pone medium fureata; labro, articulo 3° rostri

(marginibus exceptis), femoribus ad basin, tarsis ad

apicem piceo-brunneis; rostro articulo 4° piceo-nigro;

corpore subtus et tibiis tarsisque posticis longe nigro-

pilosis.

Long. 4—43 mm.

Hab.—Manaos (1874) and Rio Purus (September 24,

1874). Several specimens.

Fam. CORIXID &.

Corixa, Geoff.

HETEROCORIXA, subgen. nov.

Caput pronoto anterius paullo latius; margine postico

bisinuato; vertice longitudinaliter obtuse carinato. Oculi

magni triangulares marginem posticum capitis haud attin-

gentes; angulo inferiore longe producta subacuta; an-

gulo exteriore marginem posticum capitis fere attingente.

Pronotum breve vertice subzequilongum. Membrana

hemelytri sinistri membranacea, linea suture distinctis-

sima; membrana hemelytri dextri coriacea, corio con-

color, linea suture haud discreta.

the Hemiptera collected in the Amazons, &e. 273

Unfortunately, all the specimens I have seen are &s,

pad therefore I know nothing of the structure of the

$ abdomen, and cannot say whether it is asymmetrical or

whether a strigil exists. Though the facies of the insect

is quite that “of Corixa, the form of the eyes and the

structure of the left hemelytron brings it into relation

with Sigara, and the short pronotum somewhat resembles

that of Cymatia. When the structure of the 3 is ascer-

tained, it may be necessary to give Heterocorixa generic

rank,

18. C. (H.) hesperia, n. sp.

Nigro-fusca, subnitida, punctis et signaturis vermicu-

latis pallido-testaceis dense notata; pronoto lineis trans-

versis 5 angustissimis fusco-nigris; clavo ad angulum

interiorem subtestaceo lineolis irregularibus obliquis fusco-

nigris notato; embolio et area “marginali corll opacis

innotatis ; membrana dextra corio concolori i, margine

apicali subinnotato; membrana sinistra pallide fusca in-

notata, margine antico fusco-brunneo, linea suture an-

guste fusco- “brunnea ; abdomine dorso sordide testaceo

fusco-nebuloso; pectore pallido-testaceo; ventre sordide

testaceo, segmentis 4°, 5°, 6°que ad angulos posticos

fusco-maculatis. Tarsis anticis tibiis anticis haud duplo

longioribus, cultratis, acutis; tarsis intermediis unguiculis

sublongioribus; tarsis posticis fusco-pilosis.

2 Long. 54 mm., lat. 2 mm.

Hab.—Prainha (November, 1873). Five specimens.

SIGARA, Fab.

19. S. fuscata, Stal, Eugen. Hem. 268, 138.

Hab.—Prainha (December, 1873) and Ilha das Araras,

Rio Madeira (June, 1875). Two specimens which pro-

bably belong here, though not exactly agreeing with Stal’s

rather short description.

20. S. selecta, n. sp.

Brunneo-fusca, capite et scutelli disco dilutioribus,

subtus pedibusque testaceo-albidis; hemelytris maculis

pallidis indistincte irroratis, area marginali pallide fusca

maculis 4 fusco-brunneis notata; hemelytris interdum

sparsissime fusco-brunneo-punctatis.

Long. 5 mm.

Hab.—Manaos (August, 1875), “at light.” Many

specimens.

274 Dr. F. B. White’s list of

These and the following species of Sigara form a group

distinguished by several characteristics. The scutellum is

larger, being as long or longer than the head seen from

above; the pronotum is very short, much shorter than the

head or the scutellum, and somewhat crescentic in shape ;

and at the base of the clavus is a pale V-shaped mark, of

which one limb rests on the basal margin, and the apex

fills the inner basal angle. Many of Dr. Trail’s specimens,

having been preserved in alcohol, are not in the best con-

dition for determination, as when dried the pronotum and

hemelytra get more or less distorted. The most evident

distinction between the species are the markings of the

hemelytra, the comparative stature, and the shape of the

head. The species just described (S. selecta) can be

readily separated from the others by its larger size and

indistinctly-mottled hemelytra.

21. S. signata, n. sp.

Dilute fusco-grisea, subtus pedibusque griseo-albidis ;

clavo sutura, margine interiore et vitta discali, corio

lineolis longitudinalibus nonnullis plus minus fractis irre-

gularibusque aurantio-rubris.

Long. 3 mm.

Hab.—Rio Purus (November, 1873). Nine specimens.

Readily distinguished by the orange-red markings, which

vary in intensity, and are in the form of dots and blotches,

and not in regular bands.

22. S. socialis, n. sp.

Brunneo-fusca, capite, subtus pedibusque fusco-albidis;

clavo marginibus irregulariter, corio lineolis longitudi-

nalibus plus minus indistinctis, area marginali maculis

3 fuscis; membrana elytri sinistrorsi leviter infuscata ad

apicem corii macula fusca notata; femoribus posticis

subtus vitta et serie punctorum fuscis s@pissime notatis ;

vertice subquadrato, margine postico longitudine media

subeequilongo.

Long. 21—22 mm.

Hab.—Rio Madeira up to Sao Antonio da Boa Vista

(June, 1874); Anana, Upper Amazon (September, 1874);

Urubu Caxoeira, Rio Jurué (November, 1874); Rio

Trombatas (March, 1875); and Manaos (August, 1875).

Very many specimens, “at light,” &c.

Varies very much in the degree of coloration and

markings. In some cases the hemelytra have only pale

the Hemiptera collected in the Amazons, §c. 279

fuscous longitudinal lines; in others the lines are not only

more distinct, but are connected here and there by cross

bands, and on the right hemelytron are joined before the

apex byacurved band. It is possible that more than one

species may be included, but as I have failed to find

structural differences, I have not ventured to separate any

but the following, and even it as only a more persistent

variety.

S. socialis, var. sobrina.

eee typicis similis sed paullo major ac dilutior ;

membrana sinistrorsa vix infuscata; femoribus posticis vix

fusco-notatis.

Long. 3 mm.

Hab.—Urugaca, Rio Jurud (November, 1874). Many

specimens.

24. S. seducta, n. sp.

S. sociali, var. sobrine persimilis, sed statura paullo

majore, colore luteo-brunnea, et vertice paullo trans-

versiore videtur distincta.

Long. 3 mm.

Hab.—Rio Jurud (October and November, 1874).

Many specimens, “at light.”

It is with much hesitation that I have given this

specific rank. At first sight it looks quite different from

any form of socialis, but this is chiefly due to its yellow-

brown colour and rather larger size. Beyond these there

is no very tangible character by which to separate it. It

is as variable as soczalis in the markings of the hemelytra,

these being in some examples almost unmarked, and in

others adorned with longitudinal and transverse fuscous

bands and lines of variable intensity. The head between

the eyes seems to be more decidedly transverse than in

socialis.

25. S. simulans, n. sp.

Fusco-brunnea, capite, pronoto, scutelloque disco dilu-

tioribus; corpore subtus griseo-albido; clavo marginibus

irregulariter, corio lineolis longitudinalis (in hemelytro

dextro prope apicem anastomosantibus) area marginali

maculis 3, membrana ad apicem corti macula 1 obscu-

rioribus ; membrana hemelytri sinistrorsi dilutissime

brunneo-fusca; femoribus posticis subtus vitta longi-

276 =Dr. F. B. White’s list of the Hemiptera, §c.

tudinali et serie punctorum brunneis signatis; vertice

transverse oblongo, margine postico longitudine media

breviore.

Long. 33 mm.

Hab.—Upper Amazon (October 13, 1874) and Tonan-

tins (December 12, 1874). Three specimens.

In many respects like S. socialis but rather larger,

hemelytra apparently thicker, and vertex differently

shaped. Sometimes the frons has between the eyes two

brown spots.

XXII. Descriptions of new genera and species of Tene-

brionide from the Island of Madagascar. By

FREDK. BATEs.

[Read November 5th, 1879.]

Durine the past few years some extensive collections,

abounding in novelties, have been received from the

Island of Madagascar. Of the new Tenebrionide, two

species have been described by C. O. Waterhouse in

“ Cistula Entomologica,” Vol. 2, pt. xx. p. 365; and

others have been briefly characterized by Fairmaire in

the “ Bull. Soc. Ent. de France, 1875,” pp. xxxili, xxxiv,

and in ‘‘ Petites Nouvelles Entomologiques,” No. 173,

June 1, 1877, p. 137.

In the following paper I have more fully described

these latter, as well as all the remaining new species, the

whole of which are contained in my own collection.

The collections formed at Antananarivo and Fiana-

rantsoa are especially rich in the curious genus Dolicho-

derus, the number of species of which are here raised

from six to seventeen. I have found it necessary to gene-

rically separate the Madagascar species that have hitherto

been placed in the genus Camaria, which genus will,

I believe, be found to be restricted to the New World.

I have also found it necessary to detach several mem-

bers from the genus Tetraphyllus, and erect them into

new genera.

It is much to be deplored that the practices of some

describers are still very loose in regard to genera. Species

from the most diverse parts of the globe are, on the

assumption of mere superficial resemblance, thrown into

genera to which they do not belong. Would they but

give a little more time to an examination of generic

characters, these errors would be avoided.

It will at once be seen how such careless work tends to

vitiate all generalizations based on the geographical dis-

tribution of genera. It may, I think, always be regarded

as a safe practice to endeavour to adjust generic limits to

geographical habitats.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART IV. (DEC.)

278 Mr. F. Bates’s descriptions of

NYCTEROPIN ZA.

DoLicHoDERUws (Klug), Castelnau.

1. Body entirely black; eyes not laterally projecting beyond their orbit.

A. Prothorax with a transverse impressed line near the base; basal

margin not thickened n° -- 1. acuminatus, Klug.

A.A, Prothorax thickly margined at the base.

B. Elytra distinctly produced (mucronate) and divaricate at

apex.

C. Elytral mucro elongate, narrow, not impressed above;

antenne of sexes similar.

a. Species smaller (74 lines), uniformly shining black;

base of elytra keeled nearly up to the scutellum.

2. mucronatus, Di. sp.

a.a. Species larger (83 lines), obscure black; base of

elytra keeled only at the shoulders.

3. puncticeps, 1B. sp.

C.C. Elytral mucyo short, broad, impressed above; antenns

of sexes dissimilar,

b. Head and prothorax dull black; elytra gently con-

vex, lustrous black .. 4. politipennis, n. sp.

b.b. Uniformly black, a little nitid; elytra strongly

convex, almost gibbous 5. heterocerus, n. sp.

B.B. Elytra not produced, nor divaricate, at apex.

D. Propectus not transversely grooved.

E. Prothorax finely and more or less uniformly punc-

tured.

F. Prosternum distinctly impressed down the

middle between the cox; anterior femora

with a short tomentose line down the inner

face in the ¢.

ce. Prothorax not tumid.

6. lucifugus, n. sp.

c.c. Prothorax tumid var. ? twmidicollis.

F.F. Prosternum convex between the cox; an-

terior femora without tomentose line in

the 4.

d. Prothorax with minute shining specks, or

granules, scattered between the punctua-

tion; lateral margins obsolete at the

middle ; episternum of mesothorax very

feebly punctured; punctured lines on

elytra very faint 7. longicornis, Fairm.

d.d. Prothorax without minute shining specks

between the punctuation; lateral mar-

gins entire; episternum of mesothorax

coarsely punctured; punctured lines on

elytra very distinct.

8. approximatus, n.sp.

E.E. Prothorax with a cluster of variolate punctures

nearer the apex; sides subangulate near the

base .. Oc -. 9. distinctus, n. sp.

D.D. Propectus with several broad deep transverse grooves

in front of the prosternum; prothorax massive, pa-

rallel-sided, distinctly broader at apex than at base.

10. pectoralis, n. sp.

new genera and species of Tenebrionida, &c. 279

2. Body black, tinged with eneous; ee laterally projecting beyond their

orbit . ee -- ll. connexus, 0. sp.

3. Body partly or entirely of brilliant eerie colours.

G. Prothorax and elytra concolorous, or nearly so.

H. Elytra gently convex.

e. Species smaller (6 to 6} lines); prothorax subcylindric;

lateral margins obsolete; apical angle indistinct; eyes

laterally projecting beyond their orbit; colour golden-

brassy or brassy-green po 4s pulchri ipes, 0. sp.

€.e. Species larger Oo lines); prothorax narrowing anteriorly

from behind the middle; ; lateral margins distinct

throughout; apical angles distinct; eyes normal ;

colour golden-sneous, with strong violet reflections.

13. atro-e@nescens, Fairm.

H.H. Elytra gibbous .. do . 14. gibbipennis, n. sp.

G.G. Head and prothorax dull indigo-blue, or bluish-black; elytra

glittering coppery-eneous.. 15. dimidiatus, C.O.Waterh.

D. Klugii, Casteln., is not known to me; judging from

the brief description given it most nearly approaches D.

longicornis, Fairm. D. Klugii, Sol., most nearly ap-

proaches my D. mucronatus, but it is very considerably

larger, and (judging from the figure given) the apex of

the elytra is more produced and much more strongly

divaricate and pointed. Solier’s species must be quite

different from Castelnau’s, as a comparison of the two

descriptions, and the figure given by Solier, will amply

prove.

I have not seen any species that will at all accord with

Castelnau’s description of D. striatus.

Dolichoderus acuminatus, Klug.

This species may readily be distinguished from all the

following by the head longer and more narrowed in front,

and not squarely truncated on a level with the insertion of

the antenne ; the prothorax not thickly margined at the

base; the anterior femora in the ¢ broadly channelled

and coarsely pilose on their inner face.

Dolichoderus mucronatus, n. sp.

@. Entirely (including legs and antenne) black, very

nitid; head quadrate, a little narrowed in front of the

eyes, very broadly truncated in front, somewhat finely

and not very closely punctured ; epistoma extremely short,

nearly smooth, the suture distinctly impressed : prothorax

moderately convex; sides eradually (and shghtly cur-

vedly) expanded from apex to near the base, thence be-

280 Mr. IF’. Bates’s descriptions of

coming more rapidly incurved : apex truncate, front angles

small but distinct and acute ; base distinctly wider than

apex, broadly rounded; hind angles very obtuse ; very

finely and not closely punctured; lateral margins obsolete

in the middle: elytra as wide at base as base of prothorax ;

gently convex; widest before the middle; strongly and

somewhat sinuately attenuated behind; apex prolonged,

forming a very distinct mucro, which projects beyond the

abdomen by a length equal to the fourth ventral segment ;

finely seriate-punctate; intervals delicately alutaceous ;

base rather deeply emarginate, keeled at each side for

more than half the width of each elytron, this keel strongly

thickened at the shoulder, beneath which is a well-marked

oblong depression rounded in front; humeral angle acute

but not dentiform: prosternum distinctly impressed down

the centre between the coxee.

é. Not known to me.

Long. 74 lin.

Precise locality unknown.

Dolichoderus puncticeps, n. sp.

?. Larger than the preceding and entirely opaque;

head strongly and thickly punctured; epistomal suture

obsolete; prothorax relatively shorter than in the pre-

ceding, more convex, and having several impressions

along the base within the margin; lateral margins faint

(except at the base) but visible throughout; base of elytra

keeled only at the shoulders; elytral mucro as long as in

the preceding, but more obtuse at the apex; prosternum

convex between the coxe; legs and abdomen shining

black ; antennz pitchy black, and longer than in the

preceding.

$, Not known to me.

Long. 8? lin.

Precise locality unknown.

Dolichoderus politipennis, n. sp.

$. Head and prothorax dull black and obscurely punc-

tured; elytra lustrous jet black and delicately seriately

punctured ; head quadrate, but little narrowed in front of

the eyes; broadly and slightly sinuately truncated in

front; epistomal suture well marked; antennary orbits

rather convex, nearly smooth and shining; prothorax

moderately convex; a narrow margin at apex and the

thickened basal margin smooth and shining black; sides

new genera and species of Tenebrionida, §c. 281

slightly narrowing to the front from behind the middle ;

posteriorly more “gradually curvedly contracted than in

the two preceding species; base a little wider than apex,

truncated, with an impression at the middle within the

margin in front of the scutellum ; lateral margins very

faint except at the base; front angles very small and

indistinct ; elytra gently convex, as wide at base as base

of prothorax ; base but little emarginate, entirely keeled ;

humeral angle not prominent; sides channelled for a

short distance from the humeral angle; strongly sinuately

narrowed from behind the middle to the apex, which

is strongly divaricate, the mucro being short, broadly

rounded at apex, and distinctly impressed above ; pro-

sternum broadly and rather strongly impressed down the

middle between the cox; antenne and legs pitchy

brown; the former elongate, flattened, perfoliate; joint 3

produced (but rounded) within at the apex, 4—6 broadly

produced and angulate within, 7 less strongly so than

4—6; tibiw, especially the front and hind, stro ngly thick-

ened at the apex.

?. Antenne shorter; joints 3—7 obconie, scarcely per-

foliate nor flattened ; the tibi but little thickened at the

apex.

Long. 94 lin.

Fianarantsoa.

Dolichoderus heterocerus, n. sp.

$. Near the preceding; head and prothorax less obscure,

the elytra much less nitid; head more narrowed in front

of the eyes, more sinuately truncated in front; antennary

orbits more convex; sides of prothorax more parallel;

elytra much more convex; the mucro shorter, less divari-

cate, scarcely impressed above; legs and antenne of a

clearer brown; the latter still more flattened, more per-

foliate, the middle joints more produced on The inner side;

3 elongate securiform ; 4—6 approaching wedge-shaped;

prosternum regularly suleated between the coxee.

?. Antennee and tibiz as in the preceding.

Long. 8—10 lin.

Fianarantsoa.

Dolichoderus lucifugus, n. sp.

$. Head and prothorax dull black; obscurely (some-

times obsoletely) punctured, the former a little narrowed

282 Mr. F. Bates’s descriptions of

in front of the eyes; less squarely truncated in front,

antennary orbits less convex, more rounded, and epistomal

suture less strongly marked than in the two preceding

species; prothorax very convex; slightly curvedly nar-

rowed from behind the middle to the apex ; base scarcely

wider than apex, broadly rounded; front angles indistinct;

lateral margins well marked; elytra not produced nor

divaricate at apex, very finely seriate-punctate, of a more

shining black than the head and prothorax ; base arcuately

emarginate; keeled only halfway across each elytron;

humeral angle prominent and acute; sides not channelled

near the base; abdomen shining black; episternum of

mesothorax coarsely punctured; prosternum broad and

impressed between the cox; legs and first 7 joints of

antenne shining pitchy-brown; joints 3—7 of antenne

obvonic, not perfoliate; legs very stout, the tibis strongly

thickened at the apex; anterior femora with a short to-

mentose line down their inner face.

?. Antenne and legs less robust; the former scarcely

so long as in the ¢; the tibiz not perceptibly thickened

at the apex; the front femora without tomentose line

down the inner face.

Long. 74—8 lin.

Fianarantsoa.

Var. ? tumidicollis.

This only differs in the larger, more tumid, and cushion-

like prothorax; the stronger punctuation of the under

surface; the prosternum not impressed between the coxee;

the femora rather strongly wrinkled on their underside ;

and the legs and antennz of a more pitchy hue.

Long. 8—8? lin.

Fianarantsoa.

I have only seen the ¢.

Dolichoderus longicornis, Fairmaire.

Bull. Ent. Soc. de France, 1875, p. xxxiv.

Body entirely shining silky black; legs and antennz

shining pitchy-brown; head as in D. lucifugus, but the

punctuation a little more distinct; prothorax rather

strongly convex, but little narrowed anteriorly, base

scarcely wider than apex; lateral margins visible only

at base and apex; front angles small, subobtuse; base

broadly rounded ; finely and clearly but not closely punc-

new genera and species of Tenebrionitde, &c. 283

tured, with numerous minute specks or granules scattered

on the intervals; elytra gently convex; “pase emarginate,

not keeled up to the scutellum ; humeral angle prominent

and acute; sides expanding to ‘behind the middle, thence

rather rapidly, but scarcely sinuately, narrowed to the

apex, which is not produced nor divaricate; more or less

finely seriate-punctate, the intervals minutely punctulate

and sometimes delicately rugulose; abdomen shining

black; episternum of mesothorax faintly punctured ; pro-

sternum not concave between the coxz; legs and antenne

as in the preceding species, except that the anterior

femora have not the tomentose line down their inner

face.

The ? has the antenne and legs less robust, joint 3

of the former shorter; and the tibix not thickened at the

apex.

Long. 7—7} lin.

Antananarivo.

Dolichoderus approximatus, n. sp.

Very near to the preceding, but the upper surface is

not of a silky black; the antennary orbits are less promi-

nent and more rounded; the head is more uneven, and

the punctuation though shallow is large and coarse; the

sides of the prothorax are a little more rounded, the lateral

margins well marked throughout, and there are no minute

bright specks or granules scattered between the punctua-

tion; the elytra are a little less convex, the lines of

punctures are rather coarse and are placed in lightly-im-

pressed striz ; the intervals impunctate; and the episterna

of the mesothorax are coarsely punctured.

Long. 8 lin.

Fianarantsoa.

Dolichoderus distinetus, n. sp.

Shining black, head short, broadly truncated in front,

finely and obscurely punctured; prothorax very convex,

a cluster of rather large shallow punctures on the disc

nearer the apex than the base, the rest of the surface being

very nitid and minutely and remotely punctulate; apex

truncate, front angles not at all prominent ; lateral margins

distinct throughout ; sides slightly and somewhat sinuately

expanding from the apex to beyond the middle, thence

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—FART IV. (DEC.) Bes

284 Mr. F. Bates’s descriptions of

abruptly obliquely narrowed to the base; base not wider

than apex; elytra gradually narrowing from behind the

middle to the apex, which is not produced ; finely seriate-

punctate, intervals impunctate ; base strongly emarginate,

keeled only halfway across each elytron ; “humeral angle

scarcely prominent; prosternum broadly sulcated between

the cox; abdomen shining black; antennz and legs

shining pitchy y-brown.

ong 74 lin.

Antananarivo.

A single example, apparently a ?.

Dolichoderus pectoralis, n. sp.

Head and prothorax dull black; the former very short,

obsoletely punctured, sinuately truncated in front; anten-

nary orbits very obliquely rounded ; prothorax massiv @,

unequally convex, quadrate, sides subparallel, obliquely

narrowed at base and apex; apex distinctly broader than

base, front angles not at all prominent, lateral margins

very distinct throughout; indistinctly punctured ‘and

closely minutely granulose ; elytra shining black, gently

convex, gradually tapering from behind the middle to

the apex, which is not produced; base arcuately emar-

ginate, and keeled nearly up to the scutellum; humeral

angle prominent and acute; delicately seriate-punctate,

the intervals very finely alutaceous and very minutely

granulose; prosternum wide and concave between the

cox; propectus with three or four strong transverse

grooves or channels in front of the prosternum ; abdomen

shining black; legs and antennz shining pitchy-brown.

Long. 9—10 lin.

Antananarivo.

Dolichoderus connexus, ni. sp.

Bronzed-black, shining on the elytra; head and pro-

thorax finely but ‘distinctly punctured ; the former broadly

truncated in front; epistomal suture well marked; an-

tennary orbits convex and smoother and more nitid than

the rest of the head; eyes prominent, projecting laterally

beyond their orbit ; prothorax rather strongly convex,

subquadrate, sides more contracted at base than at apex;

front angles not at all prominent; base broadly rounded ;

lateral margins obsolete except at the base; elytra cently

new genera and species of Tenebrionide, §c. 285

convex, finely and irregularly seriate-punctate, narrowing

from behind the middle to the apex, which is slightly

divaricate but not produced; base arcuately emarginate,

keeled only at the shoulders; humeral angle not promi-

nent; legs shining pitchy-brown; antennz reddish- brown.

The has the hind tibie a little flexuous and thickened

at the daar

Long. 5—53 lin.

Ten ree

Dolichoderus pulchripes, n. sp.

Golden-brassy or brassy- green, excepting the head,

which is darker and duller; the apex of the elytra tinged

with violet colour. Head broadly sinuately rounded in

front, finely, closely and rugosely punctured; epistomal

suture well marked; antennary orbits prominent; eyes

projecting laterally beyond ee orbit ; prothorax rather

strongly convex, subcylindric, a little narrowed anteriorly

from behind the middle ; front angles not at all prominent;

base broadly rounded; lateral margins obsolete; finely

and not at all closely punctured ; ely tra as in the pre-

ceding species, except that the apex is a little produced

and the base is keeled nearly up to the scutellum; legs of

a lovely metallic-violet colour; antennz reddish-brown.

The hind tibiz in the ¢ are very distinctly flexuous,

and thickened at the apex.

Long. 6—6} lin.

Antananarivo.

Dolichoderus gibbipennis, n. sp.

Dark neous, shining on the elytra. Head and pro-

thorax very finely and not at all closely punctured, the

former broadly (but not sinuately) rounded in front;

epistomal suture rather faintly marked; antennary orbits

moderately convex, obliquely rounded, nearly smooth and.

shining; eyes noniaale prothorax subcylindric, slightly

contracted at base and apex; base and apex of about equal

width ; front angles not at all prominent; base somewhat

sinuately truncated; lateral margins well marked at the

base; elytra ovate, gibbous, sharply attenuated behind,

the apex a little produced but not divaricate; finely seriate-

punctate; base arcuately emarginate and entirely keeled ;

286 Mr. F. Bates’s descriptions of

underside dark shining eneous; legs and antennz

pitchy-brown.

Long. 62 lin.

Antananarivo.

I know only the ¢.

Dolichoderus atro-enescens, Fairmaire.

This species—briefly characterized by Fairmaire in the

“Petites Nouvelles Entomologiques,” June 1, 1877,

No. 173, p. 137—is of a beautiful golden neous,

strongly suffused with violet colour, most nitid on the

elytra.* The head is rather strongly, closely and slightly

rugosely punctured; the epistoma is convex, its suture

well marked; antennary orbits moderately convex and

narrowly rounded; eyes normal; the prothorax is convex,

rather finely and closely punctured and faintly rugulose ;

the sides are but little narrowed anteriorly; the base is

wider than the apex; the lateral margins are faint but

visible throughout; the front angles prominent and acute;

the elytra are gently convex, widest before the middle,

the apex a little produced and slightly divaricate; the

lines of punctures are fine, somewhat irregular, and are

placed in very lightly-impressed striz, the intervals being

very delicately rugulose ; the legs are pitchy-brown, with

a tinge of violet colour on the femora.

Long. 9 lin.

Precise locality unknown.

Nycteropus levisternus, Fairmaire.

« Pet. Nouv. Ent.” No. 173, June 1, 1877, p. 137.

Very near WN. anthracinus, Klug. The form is rela-

tively narrower, more cylindrico-elliptic ; the sides of the

prothorax more gradually narrowed anteriorly ; the lateral

margins apically more expanded and flattened; the base

more strongly bisinuate, so that the angles appear more

prolonged, and repose on the shoulders of the elytra ;

scutellum less rounded behind; the lines of punctures on

the elytra are almost obsolete, but the intervals are dis-

tinctly punctulate and very delicately rugulose; the legs

are stouter and are violet-black, the upper surface is

entirely dark shining green, the underside shining black ;

* M. Fairmaire has it “supra niger, obscure cyanescens, modice

nitidus.” Suspecting the colours to be obscured by stains, I gave the

specimen a bath of chloroform, when the true colours became revealed.

new genera and species of Tenebrionidea, &c. 287

the prosternum is broadly impressed between the cox,

broadly and squarely truncated behind, with the angles a

little turned up.

Long. 74 lin.

Precise locality unknown.

It appears to me that there are two species of Nycte-

ropus confounded in collections under NV. anthracinus,

Klug.

In the one (NM. anthracinus, Klug) the colour is

shining black, usually with a tinge of green or dark

blue; the head more strongly and rugosely punctured,

the groove at each side less clean and distinct; the epis-

tomal suture faint but visible; the prothorax a little less

convex, and less rounded at the sides behind the middle ;

the elytra are not so convex at the base, and the sides are

more obliquely narrowed behind ; the flanks of the meso-

thorax are distinctly rugose punctate; the prosternal

process is nearly plane, and is very distinctly prolonged

and somewhat broadly truncated behind.

Long. 74—104 lin.

In the other (NV. confusus, n. sp.) the colour is entirely

shining black; the head finely and not at all rugosely

punctured ; the groove at each side is clearly and deeply

impressed and extends nearly up to the anterior border ;

the epistoma is completely confounded with the front; the

flanks of the mesothorax are quite smooth; the prosternal

process is not produced and is rounded behind, and there

is a well-defined groove extending round the sides of its

hinder half and partly inclosing a well-marked round

depression.

Long. 74—85 lin.

CNODALONIN 24.

Three out of the following four new genera have hitherto

been confounded with Camaria. ‘They may all at once

be distinguished from that genus by the epipleural fold of

the elytra rapidly expanded at the base, completely attain-

ing the humeral angle.

PsEUDOCAMARIA, Noy. gen.

Mentum trapezoidal, strongly convex down the median

line, not notched in middle of front margin; last joint of

288 Mr. F. Bates’s descriptions of

maxillary palpi broadly securiform; mandibles curved at

outer edge; head rhomboidal; front gently declivous to

the epistoma; epistoma broadly and deeply emarginate in

front, the suture well arched and‘very strongly impressed ;

antennary orbits angulate, reflexed; eyes large, reniform,

not depressed above, not laterally projecting; antenne as

long as the head and prothorax ; joint 3 elongate, obconic;

4 obconic but much shorter and stouter than 3; 5 broader

than 4 and subtriangulate; 6—10 still larger and wider,

depressed, subequal, not transverse, a little contracted

basally, squarely truncated at apex; 11 larger than 10,

obliquely rounded at apex; prothorax transverse, but

little convex, entirely margined save the apex at the

middle; lateral margins strongest, a little reflexed and

feebly crenulated; apex arcuately emarginate, front angles

obtuse; base broadly lobed in the middle; sides curvedly

contracted anteriorly, subparallel posteriorly ; hind angles

acute and outwardly directed; scutellum curvilinearly

triangular; elytra considerably wider than prothorax,

almost gibbous (allernata), or gently convex (consobrina);

a little dilated behind the middle; shoulders broadly

rounded ; apex (conjointly) narrowly rounded ; epipleural

fold entire behind, rapidly expanded at the base and

reaching up to the humeral angle; prosternum strongly

compressed before the coxe, as if longitudinally keeled ;

the process horizontal, triangulate and acutely pointed

behind, not deeply penetrating the mesosternal cavity,

which is in form of an open U, having its sides vertical,

and horizontal on the top; intercoxal process curvilinearly

triangular, but not pomted at the apex; legs, especially

the anterior, elongate, slender; front tibiz a little flexuous ;

Ist joint of hind tarsi as long as 2nd and 3rd together;

the last as long as the three preceding united. .

Type. —Camaria alternata. Fairmaire, Bull. Soc.

Ent. de France, 1875, p. xxxii.

Pseudocamaria consobrina, n. sp.

Easily distinguishable from alternata by its more oblong

form; the elytra regularly convex, the intervals being

more (¢) or less (¢) strongly transversely rugose, the

colour (of the elytra) green, or brassy-green, running into

golden and purple on the sides, base and apex. Head

and prothorax dull purplish-black, the former finely,

clearly and remotely punctured ; the punctuation on the

latter is larger and closer but more obscure ; joints 5—10

new genera and species of Tenebrionide, &c. 289

of the antennze are more contracted at the base, on the

inner side; the sides of the prothorax are less strongly,

and more obliquely, contracted anteriorly, a little dilated

posteriorly, the margins less distinctly crenulated; the

prosternal process is more convex, and is not pointed be-

hind; the punctuation, &c. on the abdomen and flanks of

metasternum is stronger; the pro- and meta- sterna are

shining black, without any tinge of violet; the femora are

bluish-black ; the tibice, tarsi and antenna: reddish-brown,

clearest on the former. In alternata the pro- and meta-

sterna are black, with distinct violet reflections; the femora

cyaneous, the tibize nearly of the same colour.

The ¢ is narrower than the ?; joints 6—10 of the

antenne distinctly narrower; the apical emargination of

the epistoma distinctly angulate; the intervals on the

elytra more coarsely rugose, and the prosternal process

more lobiform, and obtuse, behind.

Long. 103 lin.

Fianarantsoa.

Tn the following three genera the eyes are more or less

depressed above, and are laterally very prominent; the pro-

thorax strongly transverse and quadrate, the front angles

prominent ; and the epipleural fold of the elytra does not

extend beyond the level of the fourth ventral segment.

ACTANORIE, nov. gen.

Mentum trapezoidal, finely carinate down the median

line, anterior margin entire; mandibles curved at the

outer side ; head short, front rapidly sloping to the epis-

toma; this latter broadly truncated in front, the suture an-

culate, strongly impressed ; eyes a little depressed above ;

the antennz and palpi are wanting in the unique example

before me; prothorax unequally convex; apex subsinu-

ately emarginate, front angles large and prominent but

obtuse; all the margins reflexed, the lateral irregularly

crenulated; base feebly bisinuate, hind angles obtuse;

sides very ‘feebly rounded in the middle, sinuately con-

tracted at the base; scutellum curvilinearly triangular ;

elytra considerably wider than prothorax ; strongly con-

vex, sides a little dilated behind, entirely margined and

reflexed ; apex (conjointly ) narrowly rounded ; shoulders

broadly rounded, prominent; the surface (excepting the

sutural region at the base) uneven by reason of numerous

large foven ; prosternum strongly abbreviated before, and

290 Mr. F. Bates’s descriptions o

not abruptly elevated between, the coxa; the process

horizontal, lanciform, bisulcate between the coxee ; meso-

sternum horizontal, vertical in front, the cavity V-shaped ;

intercostal process triangular and narrowly rounded at

APEX 5 legs less elongate than in the preceding genus;

tarsl wanting.

Type-—Camaria undaticollis. Fairmaire, Bull. Soc.

Ent. de France, 1875, p. xxxiil.

THETTEA, nov. gen.

Mentum trapezoidal, regularly convex, not keeled down

the median line; epistoma broadly truncated in front, the

suture angulate and strongly impressed; front somewhat

rapidly sloping to the epistoma ; antennary orbits promi-

nent; antenne rather short and slender, thickening out-

wardly, scarcely depressed; joints 3—7 obconic ; ; 3 elon-

gate; 4—6 subequal in length, but gradually broader ;

8—10 still larger and wider, “subtriangular ; ; 11 twice ane

length of 10, apex obliquely vounded ; “prothorax but little

convex, well margined throughout except at the middle of

the apex ; lateral margins entire ; ; front angles distinctly

sharper than in the pr eceding genera; sides slightly, and

obliquely, widened to behind ‘the middle, thence obliquely

narrowed to the base ; base feebly bisinuate, hind angles

subrectangular; scutellum curvilinearly triangular; elytra

much broader than the prothorax, gently and regularly

convex, dilated posteriorly ; shoulders prominent, broadly

rounded; prosternum abbreviated before, and abruptly

elevated between, the coxz; the process rather short, lan-

ceolate ; mesosternum vertical in front, its cavity widely

U-shaped ; rs of intercoxal process narrowly rounded ;

legs slender ; tarsi very long and slender, the three first

joints of the anterior dilated: the last joint of the posterior

not equal in length to the three preceding united.

Thettea tenuitarsis, n. sp.

Head and prothorax bronzy-black, finely, obscurely and

remotely punctured ; scutellum black; elytra brilliant

coppery-zneous on the intervals, vivid green down the

strie ; strongly striated, the striz closely set with very

distinct, clearly impressed, rounded punctures ; intervals

equal, moderately convex, impunctate, delicately rugulose ;

underside black, moderately mitid ; epipleural fold with two

or three irregular rows of very distinct punctures down

new genera and species of Tenebrionide, §c. 291

the middle; flanks of metasternum feebly punctured ;

abdomen minutely punctured and finely longitudinally

striolate ; legs and antennz chestnut-brown, the tibize

finely and not closely punctured.

Long. 63—7 lin.

Antananarivo.

DROCLEANA, nov. gen.

Mentum strongly projecting at the middle, strongly

tricarinate, notched at apex ; last jomt of maxillary palpi

subcultriform ; mandibles robust, strongly angled at the

outer side; eyes rather strongly depressed above; antennze

about equal in length to the head and prothorax ; joints

1—6 obconic; 3 elongate; 4—6 gradually shorter and

stouter ; 7—10 much lar eer and broader, depressed, sub-

trianculate, slightly perfoliate, i inner apical angle a little

produced : 11 much longer than 10, broadly rounded at

apex 5 head large, oently and regularly declivous to the

anterior border; trapezoidal in front; sides of epistoma

and antennary orbits continuous ; epistoma broadly and

feebly emarginate in front; the suture angulate and

lightly impressed; antennary orbits obtusely rounded,

but little elevated; prothorax broadly emarginate at apex,

front angles prominent, obtuse ; base feebly bisinuate, hind

angles rectangular; lateral margins a little reflexed,

thickening apically ; front and hind margins faint, obso-

lete at the middle; scutellum triangular; elytra very

large, oblong, convex, laterally compressed ; a little

dilated posteriorly ; shoulders obtusely rounded ;_pro-

sternum not abbreviated before, nor abruptly elevated

between, the coxee; the process narrow, trisulcate between

the cox, smooth and broadly triangulate behind, not

deeply penetrating the mesosternal cavity, which is in the

form of an open V ; intercoxal process broadly rounded

in front; legs rather long and slender ; last joint of hind

tarsi equal in length to the three preceding united.

Type.— Camaria chalcoptera, Klug.

To this genus also belong Camaria violacetpennis,

CaO. W. aterhouse, and C. parvicollis, Fairmaire.

Drocleana (Camaria) parvicollis, Fairm., “‘ Pet. Nouv.

Eint.;> No, 173, June 15,1877, p. 137.

Smaller than chalcoptera; less convex; the elytra dark

reddish-brown, or brunneus, tinged with sneous; not

“292 Mr. F. Bates’s descriptions of

laterally compressed, more gradually declivous behind,

the striz much less distinctly punctured, the intervals

more convex and a little more strongly punctured; head

finely but much more distinctly punctured ; the prothorax

is relatively smaller, not at all rounded at the sides, the

apical angle more acute, less obscurely punctured; the

outer joints of the antennz are narrower, 7—10 not

apically produced at the inner side; prosternal process

more horizontal, more compressed behind the COX 5

intercoxal process much less broadly rounded at apex.

Long. 14} lin.

Porphyrhyba, Fairm. |. ¢. p. 137.

Mentum trapezoidal, pilose, finely carinate down the

median line, not notched in front; last jomt maxillary

palpi cultriform ; head strongly transverse, much narrowed

in front of the ey es, sides slightly curvedly contracted to

the anterior angles; epistoma broadly and squarely trun-

cated at apex, the suture arched and very strongly

impressed ; front a little convex; eyes large, broad,

obliquely produced above, nearly attaining the epistomal

suture; antenne longer than head and prothorax ; jomt

3 elongate obconic; 4—6 gradually shorter and wider;

7—11 much wider, strongly depressed, rather densely

clothed with short decumbent black hairs, triangulate

(except 11) and becoming gradually more transverse ;

11 largest and broadly rounded at apex; prothorax tra-

peziform, finely margined throughout, apex feebly arcuately

emarginate, the angles acute; base bisinuate, produced in

the middle, forming a distinct lobe in front of the scu-

tellum; hind angles rectangular, a little depressed ;

scutellum rather large, as long as it is wide at the base,

curvilinearly triangular; elytra much wider than the pro-

thorax, appearing subquadrate, gibbous, shoulders very

prominent, with a depression behind; base sinuately

emarginate; sides broadly rounded at ie shoulders, sub-

parallel behind them to behind the middle, thence rapidly

contracted to the apex; prosternum a little abbreviated

and slightly compressed before, and not abruptly elevated

between, the coxze ; the process very wide, flat, horizontal,

broadly rounded behind, and closely fitting into a corre-

sponding cavity in the mesosternum; this latter short,

horizontal, vertical in front; imtercoxal process broad,

arching to the apex, which is very narrowly rounded ;

new genera and species of Tenebrionide, &c. 293

epipleural fold of the elytra abbreviated behind, expanding

to the shoulders, the outer edge sinuate; legs slender,

thighs parallel, tibize straight; first jot of middle and

hind tarsi long, in the latter longer than the last joint.

Porphyrhyba violaceicolor, Fairm. |. ¢. p. 137.

Above entirely (except the scutellum, which is cyaneous)

of a beautiful shining purplish-violet, with golden reflec-

tions ; head and prothorax finely and not at all (except

on the epistoma) closely punctured; scutellum finely

longitudinally keeled, irregularly punctured; elytra regu-

larly punctate-striate, the striz very lightly impressed,

the punctures very distinct, rounded, closely set; intervals

equal, plane, finely and not closely punctured ; 5 mader side,

legs, antennee and oral organs, black; femora and tibi

closely and distinctly punctured.

Long. 6 lin.

Tetraphyllus, Cast. et Brullé.

This genus stands greatly in need of revision. I do not

here enter into the question raised by Dr. Miiklin (who

places the species ordinarily recognized as belonging to

Tetraphyllus under Damatris), because it is not yet

clearly ascertained what would come under Tetraphyllus

as recognized by him. I have in my possession specimens

obtained from old French collections (I believe from M.

Reiche’s), labelled “ Tetraphyllus Reaumuri, Cast.,” and

“ Tetraphyllus Latreille?, Lap. et Brullé,” the former being

Hemicyclus grandis, Hope, and the latter a species of

Artactes, Pascoe. However this may be, there is no

doubt that the list given in the Munich Catalogue

(p. 1997) represents a heterogenous assemblage of diverse

generic forms; and I offer no apology for “making the

new genera that follow.

Taking formosus as the type of the genus Tetraphyllus,

we find the mentum (when dissected out) to be trapezoidal

(z.e., apex wider than base and sides sloping), very promi-

nent and convex, but scarcely carinate down the centre,

and impressed at each side; there is also a distinct, fine

short carina at each side, obliquely directed from the apex

to the middle of the sides, the space beyond this, forming

the anterior angles, being inflected; last joint of maxillary

palpi subcultriform ; ; antenne with the five last articles a

little depressed, eradually larger, subtriangulate (except

294 Mr. F. Bates’s descriptions of

the last), apically a little produced, but rounded, within ;

eleven a little larger than ten, ovate; labrum but little

extruded, the membranous hinge scarcely visible; head

rather large, not strongly transverse, not narrowed nor

shortened in front of the eyes, deeply imbedded in the

prothorax, perfectly plane, or flattened, and gradually

sloping from the vertex to the anterior border; a well-

marked longitudinal furrow extending down the middle

of the front and nearly across the epistoma; antennary

orbits not prominent (convex), obliquely rounded, the

sides continuous with the sides of the epistoma; this latter

rapidly narrowed to the front, the angles rounded and

convex above,* the apex lightly emarginate, the suture

angulate, faintly impressed, and terminating at each side

at some distance from the apical angle; eyes above large,

rounded, not at all depressed, not projecting, nor forming

a conical outline, laterally; the head, behind the eyes,

being abruptly and strongly contracted; prothorax very

finely punctured, strongly transverse, deeply arcuately

emarginate in front, front angles scarcely depressed ; base

much wider than apex, sides a little curvedly contracted

at the base, the apex as strongly margined as the sides;

the sides of the elytra are somewhat rapidly, curvedly

expanded direct from the basal angle; the flanks of the

prothorax and of all the sterna, and the epipleural fold,

are perfectly smooth and impunctate; the prosternum is

abbreviated before, and is abruptly elevated between, the

coxee, but this abbreviation does not extend nearly up to

the cox; the prosternal process is moderately wide, pro-

longed and gradually tapering behind ; intercoxal process

wide, apex broadly rounded.

There may be slight modifications of the above characters

in some of the species, but nothing that will at all affect or

lead to the confounding of them with any of the following

new genera.

Tetraphyllus pyropterus, Fairm. |. ¢. p. 137.

Very near formosus, from which it differs in being

smaller, the elytra a little more gibbous, and having a

more rounded outline, the colour bright coppery, with

scarcely a tinge of green; the antennary orbits a little

* In some species (acerbus, Coq., &c.) the front angles of the epistoma

are elevated, forming a large, blunt, recurved tooth, the space between

being rather deeply, arcuately emarginate. Perhaps this may be sexual.

new genera and species of Tenebrionida, &c. 295

angled at the sides at their junction with the epistoma;

this latter having the front angles toothed (or tubercled),

and strongly emarginate between; underside less opaque ;

and the prosternal process smoother.

Long. 54 lin.

Tetraphyllus Fairmairii, n. sp.

Smaller and more oblong-ovate than formosus; the

sides of the elytra more gradually rounded from the basal

angle, more dilated posteriorly; the convexity on the back

extending nearer to the apex; the elytra are consequently

more abruptly declivous behind; the strize much more

deeply impressed, the fourth and fifth uniting much

nearer the apex; the intervals more convex and finely

but distinctly punctured; underside more nitid; prosternal

process more sharply tapered behind, the sides completely

suleated near the margin, an oblong depression between

the coxe.

Long. 52 lin.

The elytra more swollen behind will also serve to

distinguish this species from acerbus, Coq.

Tetraphyllus tuberculipennis, n. sp.

Very distinct from any of the described species by the

elytra gently and regularly convex; the intervals termi-

nating apically in oblong tubercles.

Head and prothorax dull black; epistoma scarcely

emarginate in front, the suture arched and plainly im-

pressed; frontal furrow not extending beyond the epis-

tomal suture; head very finely and remotely punctured ;

prothorax ample, but little convex, finely and not closely

punctured, very deeply arcuately emarginate in front;

front angles not acute; base very feebly bisinuate ; sides

rather strongly curvedly contracted anteriorly, very feebly

narrowed at the base; scutellum shining black; elytra

broadly oval, regularly and not at all strongly convex,

eradually declivous behind; sides regularly and gently

rounded from the basal angle to near the apex; finely

and cleanly striated, the strix uniting by pairs at the

base; five and six abbreviated and terminating at the

intrahumeral depression; posteriorly the first stris ex-

tends to the apex, two and three are united higher up,

whilst four and five, six and seven, cight and nine unite

296 Mr. F. Bates’s descriptions of

by pairs at some considerable distance from the apex; the

intervals are equal, very remotely punctulate, and show

traces of a keel down their middle, and terminate in a well-

marked more or less oblong tubercle; the sutural interval

is continued along the base to the fifth, the elytra being

basally depressed immediately behind it ; the colour is vivid

metallic-green, and brilliant coppery in alternate longitu-

dinal stripes, but less clearly defined than in acidefer Us,

Coq.; underside dull black; legs chestnut-red; antennz

a little paler; prosternal process lanceolate, thickened at

the margins and sulcated at each side.

Long. 3i—4 lin.

Antananarivo.

CHEMOLANUS, nov. gen.

Differs from Tetraphyllus in having the mentum dis-

tinctly carimate down the median line, front angles not

inflexed; head much shorter, especially in front of the

eyes ; the front convex and rapidly sloping to the epis-

toma; this latter smaller, convex, very broadly truncated

in front, the suture strongly arched, very deeply and

strongly (especially at the middle) impressed, and termi-

nating at each side at the anterior border at the point

where the truncation of the epistoma ends. Antennary

orbits convex; eyes distinctly depressed above, laterally

more prominent and*showing a conical outline; there is

also a well-marked groove bordering their inner edge;

prothorax less transverse, trapeziform, much less deeply

emarginate in front; front angles less acute, depressed;

sides obliquely narrowed from base to apex, not rounded

nor incurved at the base; lateral margins much finer ;

base and apex indistinctly margined at each side, not at

all at the middle; prosternum shorter, abbreviated nearly

up to the coxw; the process very much wider, plane,

broadly triangulate behind, and rather closely fitting into

a corresponding cavity in the mesosternum; intercoxal

process more narrowly rounded at apex.

It may be added that the membranous hinge of the

labrum is largely exposed, forming, with the labrum itself,

a sort of muzzle.

The head is of precisely the same form, &c. as in the

genus Camariodes.

Type.— Tetraphyllus consobrinus, Fairm.

new genera and species of Tenebrionide, &c. 297

CHARIANUS, nov. gen.

Differs from Tetraphyllus in the mentum strongly and

more regularly convex, not at all carinate; the larger and

more extruded labrum, the membranous hinge entirely

visible; head much narrowed and shortened in front of

the eyes, and swollen behind them; eyes above narrower,

inwardly prolonged and contracted, more distant from

the prothorax; antennary orbits smaller, more convex,

more rounded; epistoma convex, broadly and squarely

truncated in front, front angles distinct, sides short but

distinct and not continuous with the sides of the anten-

nary orbits; the suture strongly transversely impressed

and sending off at each side, at an obtuse angle, a more

finely-impressed line, which terminates at the junction of

the antennary orbits with the sides of the epistoma; pro-

thorax squarer, much less deeply emarginate in front,

front angles more obtuse; base more bisinuate, not much

wider than the apex; sides much more gradually expanded

to behind the middle, thence more strongly, abruptly and

incurvedly contracted to the hind angles; side margins

a little reflexed and finely crenulate; apical margin very

fine, almost obsolete; elytra obliquely widened from the

base to the shoulder where they become angulate; sides

distinctly compressed, and subparallel, at the middle,

dilated behind; the striz very distinctly punctured; epi-

pleural fold not rapidly expanded at the base, not nearly

attaining the humeral angle; prosternum abbreviated

direct up to the coxz; the process shorter and acutely

triangular; intercoxal process much narrower; triangular,

pointed at apex.

It may also be added that the head, the prothorax and

its flanks, are closely studded with ‘deeply and clearly

impressed, rounded punctures: th= flanks of the meso-

and meta- sterna, the epipleural fold and the legs are also

very distinctly punctured, the latter somewhat densely so.

Type.— Tetraphyllus purpuratus, Coq.

AMARSENES, nov. gen.

Head as in the preceding genus, but the eyes above are

not perceptibly contracted ; the antenne* are very short ;

* In my examples of Charianus, the antenne are, unfortunately,

wanting.

298 Mr. F. Bates’s descriptions of

joints 3—5 obconic; 3 elongate; 4—5 gradually shorter ;

6—10 slightly depressed, triangulate, subserrate within,

becoming gradually shorter and broader; 11 larger,

obliquely rounded. The prothorax is more curvedly

contracted anteriorly; gradually, and but very slightly,

narrowed posteriorly; apex more sinuately emarginate ;

side margins broader, more reflexed, not crenulate at the

edges; the elytra are much more oblong, more gradually

declivous behind; sides gradually expanding direct from

the base to near the apex ; epipleural fold as in Tetra-

phyllus. The prosternum and its process and the inter-

coxal process do not materially differ from the same parts

in Charianus, like which genus, too, the head, prothorax

and the flanks beneath, are (but less thickly) studded with

well-marked rounded punctures.

Amarsenes ( Tetraphyllus) oblongo-camelus. Fairmaire,

c. p. 137.

Oblong-ovate; head and prothorax obscure eneous

with purplish reflections; brighter and czrulescent on

the front part of the former; elytral intervals brilliant

coppery neous, rather broad! ly czrulescent down the

strie; head rather finely and not densely punctured,

faintly transversely impressed between the eyes; prothorax

more strongly punctured and having several light irregular

depressions along the base, on the sides and at each side

of the disc; lateral margins reflexed, dark blue, shining ;

scutellum elongate, bright cyaneous, with several trans-

verse impressions on the sides; elytra gibbous on the

middle, shoulders scarcely prominent, sides a little com-

pressed at the middle, dilated behind; broadly striated,

the striz closely set with fine transverse punctures which ,

become rounded towards the apex of the elytra; the

second and seventh striz unite close to the apex three to

six, and four to five, unite at gradually receding distances ;

basally only one to two and seven to eight are united ;

there is also the usual short stria by the scutellum ; the

intervals are moderately convex and nearly smooth; me-

tasternum and abdomen brilliant golden zeneous, the latter

suffused with purple; prosternal process shining black,

smooth, a little bent down and compressed behind the

cox; legs and basal joints of antennz shining cyaneous ;

the former very distinctly punctured.

Long. 9 lin.

new genera and species of Tenebrionidea, §c. 299

Nesogena gigantea (Fairm. 1. 1.), n. sp.

Oval-elliptic; greenish-bronzed or brown-bronzed, less

nitid on the prothorax ; head bluish-green and coppery,

very nitid, irregularly punctured, a groove at each side

the front connected posteriorly (between the eyes) by an

arched impression 3 prothorax moderately convex, feebly

emarginate in front, sides very strongly curvedly expanded

from the apex to behind the middle, ~ thence subparallel to

the base; front angles obtuse, the hind directed back-

wards ; moderately and irregularly punctured, most

closely so on the sides, smooth down the median line;

lateral margins rather broad, bluish, coarsely rugose-

punctate ; the usual coarsely rugose-punctate line across

the middle of the base, close to the margin; scutellum

blue, punctured, triangular with the sides sinuate;

elytra ample, moderately convex, broadest before the

middle, a little narrowed behind, apex (conjointly) rather

broadly rounded, sides broadly margined, bluish, a little

sinuous, and narrowing at base and apex; punctate-

striate, the strize well marked, the punctures very small,

except at the base, and crenating the sides of the inter-

vals; these are convex, finely punctured, delicately alu-

taceous, most closely so at the sides: underside more or

less bright coppery-seneous; flanks of prothorax longi-

tudinally undulately wrinkled; prosternum honaenral

produced and narrowly conical (mucronate) behind ; les

bluish-black; antennze long, tapering outwardly, the basal

joints dark shining brown, the rest paler.

Long. 12—12% lin.

Nesogena speciosa, Ni. sp.

Near Batesii (Fairm. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1875, p. 190),

but smaller; the prothorax chalybeate-blue, sometimes

blended with violet, more strongly and more closely

punctured, the transverse basal impression shallower ; ues

sides more abruptly (less curvedly), narrowed anteriorly

the elytra brilliant (especially in the ¢ ), purplish- -coppery,

becoming golden-seneous at the margins, base, suture and

down the striae the striz distinetly Brocton! more strongly

crenating the sides of the intervals; lees aad basal joints

of antemne uniformly dark shining brown.

These differences appear s slight, but they are constant

throughout a series of examples.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART IV. (DEC.) ¥

300 Mr. F. Bates’s descriptions of

The ¢ has the form more oblong, the antennez longer,

the intervals on the elytra rougher, and the femora are all

pilose beneath on their basal half.

Long. 10 lin.

Antananarivo.

Nesogena rutilia (Fairm. i. 1.), n. sp.

Also near Batesit, but the form is much more oblong

and parallel; the prothorax metallic coppery-zeneous,

more or less tinged with purple, especially at the sides;

sides more obliquely narrowed anteriorly ; the elytra nar-

rower, more parallel, of a bluish-violet colour, or bluish-

green, passing into palish-purple at the base, sides and

suture; the reflexed margins golden with purplish re-

flections, narrower, not sinuous nor distinctly expanded at

the middle.

The ¢ has the intermediate femora only pilose beneath.

Long. 104 lin. Width of elytra across the middle

4} lin.; in Batesii they are 54 lin, across.

Nesogena lucida, n. s).

Near speciosa, but smaller, more elliptic, much less

convex, still more (especially the prothorax) brilliant, the

basal angles of the prothorax produced, acute and out-

wardly directed.

Head brilliant emerald-green, finely and not closely

punctured; epistomal suture and the furrow at each side

the front strongly marked, these latter not distinctly con-

nected behind ; prothorax golden-brassy, of the most

intense brilliancy, entirely (and broadly at the sides)

bordered with emerald-green, which border is inwardly

finely edged with blue and purple; minutely and remotely

punctured, transversely wrinkled at the sides, close to the

margin ; the usual furrow along the middle of the base ;

hind angles produced, acute, ‘outwardly directed; scu-

tellum bluish-oreen, irregularly punctured; elytra very

feebly convex, golden-coppery on the back, passing into a

beautiful palish-purple with violet reflections on the sides

and apex, the outer interval andthe lateral margins of a

brilliant emerald-green; sides sinuate, broadly margined,

expanded at the middle ; punctate-striate, most strongly

so at the sides and apex, where also the intervals are

narrower and somewhat convex; intervals minutely punc-

tulate and indistinctly alutaceous; underside brilliant

new genera and species of Tenebrionide, §c. 301

metallic golden-green, suffused with purplish-coppery at

the sides ; legs. and antenne shining chestnut-brown ;

labrum dull reddish- brown ; prosternum not distinctly

produced, nor narrowly conical, behind, as it is in all the

preceding species.

Long. 84 lin.

Coquerel, in the description of his NM. (Adelphus)

Guérinii, gives the legs and antennz as obscure bronzed-

violet, the “prothorax very convex and very brilliant, with

the hind angles directed backwards; the elytra very con-

vex, and very brilliant coppery-red.

Nesogena venusta, ni. sp.

Ovato-elliptic; very gently convex; elytra greenish

coppery-brown passing into purplish-brown at the sides

and apex; head and prothorax fiery-purple with green

reflections, the sides of the latter distinctly green; head

finely remotely punctured, the groove at ‘each side the

front not at all connected behind ; prothorax minutely

remotely punctured, the sides narrowing in a curve from

base to apex, more rapidly so at the apical half; hind

angles not produced nor outwardly directed, base very

eently bisinuate ; sides rather finely margined, and not

coarsely punctured nor rugose immediately within the mar-

gin; scutellum of the same colour as the prothorax, finely

punctured, acutely pointed behind; elytra large, much

broader than the " prothorax, cently convex, sides mode-

rately margined, not sinuate, scarcely rounded at the

middle ; rather ‘finely but somewhat deeply punctate-

striate, intervals convex, finely and remotely punctulate,

and rather closely alutaceous; underside brilliant bluish-

ereen and purple; femora shining reddish-castaneous, the

base and apex metallic-ereen reflecting purple; tibize

purplish-violet, the base and apex metallic bluish-green ;

Ist joint of the tarsi and basal joints of antennz metallic-

purple; prosternal process a little produced and rounded

behind.

Long. 93 lin.

Nesogena Fairmairiiz, n. sp.

Oblong-elliptic ; moderately nitid ; of a beautiful silky

bluish-ereen, slightly bronzed down the back and on

the prothorax ; the margins of the prothorax, the base,

suture and lateral margins of the elytra, violaceous ; head

yi 2

302 Mr. F. Bates’s descriptions of

rather strongly punctured, more or less rugosely so be-

tween the eyes, the impressions at each side the front

distinctly connected behind; prothorax moderately con-

vex, of the same form as in gigantea, but the base is a little

more sinuate, the punctuation irregular but rather large,

lightly but distinctly impressed down the median aie :

scutellum blue, or bluish-black, acutely pointed behind,

impressed down the middle at the base ; “ely tra moderately

convex, oblong oval; sides scarcely sinuate, not broadly

margined; moderately punctate-striate, the intervals a

little convex, sparsely and very minutely punctulate and

delicately but rather closely alutaceous; underside bril-

liant golden- -ereen; legs and basal joints of antennez dark

shining Chest brome prosternal process as in gigantea.

All the femora fringed beneath in the ¢.

Long. 10 lin.

Fianarantsoa.

Nesogena castaneipes, Nn. sp.

Similar in coloration to Matrmazriz, but more seneous,

the prothorax relatively longer and narrower, the sides

expanded from the apex to nearer the base, thence

parallel to the hind angles; base scarcely at all sinuate ;

the elytra less oblong, more rounded at the sides, more

convex, especially near the base; the prosternum closely

curved round the coxz ; and the size much smaller.

Head finely irregularly punctured, not very closely nor

rugosely so on the front, the groove at each side indis-

tinctly connected behind; prothorax punctured as in the

preceding; scutellum blue, pointed behind, punctured ;

elytra rather finely but somewhat deeply punctate-striate,

the intervals rather convex, less closely alutaceous than in

the preceding ; underside brilliant golden- -green, a little

coppery at the sides; flanks of pr othorax nearly smooth,

not coarsely longitudinally wrinkled, as it is in all the

preceding species; prosternum closely curved round the

coxe; legs and basal joints of antennz shining casta-

neous ; palpi piceous; apex of epistoma, and labrum, dull

red.

Long. 7} lin.

Fianarantsoa.

Nesogena geniculata, n. sp.

Near varians (Fairm. 1. c. p. 190).—Oblongo-elliptic,

elytra shining coppery-brown, a little senecous down the

new genera and species of Tenebrionide, &c. 303

sutural edge and the striw; clearer on the prothorax,

which is also bronzed-green at the margins and down the

median line: head (except the front, ‘which is reddish-

coppery) shining green; sparsely (except behind the eyes)

and finely punctured, the side grooves obscurely con-

nected behind; prothorax relatively narrower than in any

of the preceding species, gradually contracted in a curve

from base to apex; base feebly bisinuate, the impression

across the middle strongly marked; finely and remotely

(except at the sides) punctured; scutellum green, or

greenish-coppery; elytra rather finely but deeply punctate-

striate, the intervals convex, finely punctulate, &c.; sides

feebly sinuate, the reflexed margins bronzed-green ; under-

side bright coppery-eneous tinged with pur ‘ple ; ; flanks of

the prothorax faintly long oitudinally wrinkled ; prosternum

conical, but scarcely produced, behind ; fenOel shining

reddish-castaneous, the base and apex metallic bluish-

ereen ; the tibie (especially at the base), tarsi, and basal

joints of antennze tinged with metallic-green.

Long. 7—7$ lin.

Watasarati ivo.

Nesogena varicolor (Fairm. i. 1.), n. sp.

Ovate, or ovato-elliptic, convex ; elytra green, or bluc-

ereen, passing into brassy-green, golden, golden-zeneous,

or purplish golden-coppery, the sides usually more or less

purple deepening at the margins and (more especially) at

the apex into violet, or dark ereenish-violet ; the head,

prothorax and scutellum are all equally variable in colour ;

head moderately punctured ; prothorax strongly curvedly

contracted anteriorly, subparallel, or slightly expanded,

posteriorly ; moderately punctured: elytra more or less

oblong-oval, rather finely punctate-striate, the intervals

but little conv ex, finely remotely punctured and alutaceous;

sides scarcely sinuate, moderately margined ; unders ide

brilliant, varying from green to purple and violet ; legs

and basal joints of antenne chalybeate-blue, shining :

flanks of prothorax faintly longitudinally wrinkled ; pro-

sternum curved round the coxw, not at all prominent

behind, sometimes impressed beeen the cox.

The $ has the antenne longer, the intermediate and

hind femora villose beneath on their basal half.

Long. 9—10 lin.

Fianarantsoa.

304 Mr. F. Bates’s descriptions of

Nesogena Haagi, nu. sp.

Near todolimbata, Fairm., but more elliptic, of a bronzed-

coppery, almost obscure ; the margins of the prothorax,

the strize and the pofened margins of the elytra, blue, or

obscure violaceous; the sides of the elytra are not at all

violaceous, but are of the same colour as the back; the

striz are shallower, the intervals less convex, more closely

and more intricately alutaceous; the underside, including

the epipleural fold, is brilliant brassy-green, or bluish-

green; the flanks of the prothorax much more faintly

wrinkled ; the femora are red, or testaceous-red, with the

base and apex, the tibiw, and the basal joints of the

antenne, dark cyaneous.

In both species the prosternum is curved round the

cox, and is not at all prominent behind.

Long. 9—10 lin.

Fianarantsoa.

Nesogena Coquerelii, viridicuprea, cresus, and, possibly,

eneipennis, form a group distinguished by the squarer,

broader-shouldered, more convex, and more parallel-sided,

elytra ; and still more especially by having the flanks of

the pr othorax more or less closely and coar rsely punctured

and rugose. In none of the preceding species is there

any trace of punctuation on this part. N. viridicuprea

is excessively variable in colour, ranging from violet-black

to metallic-green and fiery-coppery. “My examples are

all from Antananarivo.

NV. cresus (Fairm. i. |.) is exceedingly near to viridi-

cuprea, and is only distinguished from it by the form a

little less robust and less broad-shouldered ; the prothorax

less conical, z.e., more rounded at the sides, and more

parallel behind the middle; the punctuation, and the

punctured strize, a little finer; the legs, antennze and mouth

organs clear shining red; and the colour green more or

less suffused with violaceous.

Long. 6—8 ln.

Fianarantsoa.

Nesogena testaceipes and intermedia, have also the

flanks of the prothorax rugose-punctate; but they are

distinct from all the other species by the anterior tibiz

having the outer apical angle produced into a large acute

tooth. .

In none of these species have I seen the femora pilose

beneath; but I observe, in some examples, the hind tibice

new genera and species of Tenebrionide, §c. 305

to be distinctly and closely fringed with hairs on. their

inner edge, in viridicuprea and cresus; whilst in testa-

ceipes and intermedia there is a tuft of curled hairs at the

apex of the hind tibize within. In both cases I take the

characters mentioned to indicate the ¢.

PSILONESOGENA, nov. gen.

Head (leaving out the muzzle) subglobular, constricted

behind forming a short neck; muzzle very long ; anten-

nary orbits narrow, prominent, conical; ristgma quad-

rate, plane, parallel-sided, squarely truncated in front ;

labrum very large, expanding outwardly, lightly emargi-

nate in front; mentum as in Wesogena; mandibles fine,

strongly incurved and deeply cleft at the apex;* maxillary

palpi elongate, slender, the last joint very obliquely trun-

cated; eyes large, approximate above (more so in the $

than in the 2), not closer beneath than in Nesogena,

bordered within by a groove which is prolonged up to

the epistomal suture ; antenna very long, slender, joimt

1 exposed to the root, swollen; 2—3 obconic; 2 short;

3 as long again as 2; the rest very long, subequal, be-

coming gradually filiform; prothorax a little transverse,

convex, strongly rounded anteriorly, a little constricted

posteriorly ; apex truncate and very finely margined ;

front angles obtuse and much depressed; base feebly

sinuate and strongly margined, the angles obtuse and

depressed; lateral edges fine but sharp and distinct; scu-

tellum rather large, triangular; elytra depressed above,

nearly as wide again as the prothorax at the base, elon-

gate, subparallel from the shoulders, which are rounded

and prominent above; strongly sinuately narrowed and

pointed at apex; legs elongate, slender, unarmed; tarsi

simple, slender, elongate, pilose beneath, the 1st joint of

all (but more especially the middle and hind) long ; meso-

sternum of the same form as in Wesogena, but loss open

and less concave in front; prosternum rather narrow and

convex between the cox, and curved round them in the

$, a little produced and narrowly conical behind in the $;

epipleural fold expanded at the base, not extending to the

apex of the elytra; intercoxal process narrowly rounded

* In some species of Wesogena (e. g. intermedia, Fairm.), the mandibles

have a similar form, and show indications of a fissure at the apex.

306 Mr. F. Bates’s descriptions of

at the apex. The ¢ has the intermediate and hind

femora thickly pilose beneath on their basal half, and has

six abdominal segments, the fifth being ciliate along its

lower edge, and the sixth membranaceous and deeply

emarginate at apex.

A very remarkable genus, presenting the most intimate

relations with Nesogena and its allies on the one side, and

with the Lagriide, through’ Statyra, on the other. It

has completely the facies of this last genus, but the simple

penultimate joint of the tarsi; the prothorax wider than

long, its pronotum distinctly separated from its flanks;

joints 4 to 11 of the antenne subequal in length, &c., will

serve to distinguish it. The form of the pro- and meso-

sterna at once separates it from Strongylium; whilst. its

fuller and larger eyes approximate above, its long narrow

form, and depressed elytra, will separate it from Nesogena.

The sexual characters are as in the majority of the

species of Nesogena, with the addition of a sixth ventral

segment in the ¢. I observe in some species of Statyra

the anterior femora are pilose beneath. The additional

abdominal segment in the ¢ is also found in the Statyrinz

(Leconte), and also, according to Lacordaire, in certain

American forms in the genus Strongylium.

It seems to me that the character insisted upon by

Lacordaire as separating the Lagriide from the Tene-

brionide, viz., the prominency and contiguity of the

anterior coxe, completely fails us at the present time ;

for I can see no material differences in these respects

between Statyra and the majority of the- species of

Nesogena. I think this prominency, where it occurs (in

Trachelostenus, Lagria, Eutrapela, Arthromacra), 1s

more apparent than real, and its appearance is owing to

the prosternum not being elevated between the cox, and

up to-a level with them (as it is in Statyra). Leconte,

in his “ Classification of the Coleoptera of North America,”

p: 246, relies upon the protuberant anterior cox, the

dilated penultimate joint of the tarsi, and the different

larvee. ‘The second of these points is shared by too many

of the Tenebrionide to be of any value; and as for the

last pomt see Lacordaire, “ Genera des Coléops,” p. 564,

note 1.

Psilonesogena hybrida, n. sp.

Elongate, narrow, depressed on the elytra; head shining

black, a little zneous on the front, between the eyes,

new genera and species of Tenebrionide, §e. 307

where it is also (in the ¢) longitudinally impressed and

finely rugose-punctate ; epistoma smooth, impunctate ;

labrum coarsely rugose-punctate on its apical half; pro-

thorax shining greenish-black, not visibly punctured ;

scutellum black, obliquely impressed at each side; elytra

metallic brassy-green, purple at the apex, the sides also

tinged with purple; strongly punctate-striate, the middle

and outer strive abbreviated behind; intervals a little con-

vex, impunctate, nearly smooth: underside, legs, and basal

joints of antenne, pitchy-black, shining.

Long. 63 lin.

Antananarivo. .

Nore.—The Nesogena purpureo-limbata, of the Catal.

Dej. and Munich, is the same as NV. todo-limbata. Fair-

maire.

7 =

( <a ee

is « aay")

XXII. On the affinity of the genus Polyctenes, Gi-

glioli, with a description of a new species. By

Cuas. O. WATERHOUSE.

[Read October Ist, 1879.]

(Plates IX. and X.)

THE genus Polyctenes was originally described by S. Gi-

glioli in the “ Quarterly J ournal of Micr oscopical Science”

(Vol. IV. 1864, p. 23), the name having been proposed

by Prof. Westwood. It was described as belonging to

the Dipterous family Myctertbiide. In the year 1874,

ror, Westwood, in his ‘* Thesaurus Entomologicus Ox-

oniensis,’ > redescribes the genus, placing it under the head-

ing of Anoplura, but states that a slight examination con-

vinced him that it had no affinity w ith Nycteribia, whilst

a more careful investigation showed that it possessed a

haustellum very similar in form to that of the genuine

Hemiptera-Heteroptera. From this I infer that Prof.

Westwood considers that the genus has rather affinity

with the Hemiptera than the Diptera. The affinity,

however, with the Hemiptera appears to me to be quite

untenable; in fact, there are only two characters, viz., the

form of the rostrum, and the fact that the species appear

to undergo the “metamophosis dimidiata,” which seem to

link it with this order. On the other hand, the habits of

the insects, which are parasitical upon bats, and the pecu-

liar form of the claws, resemble those of the Dipterous

family Hippoboscide. i think, however, that the question

is satisfactorily decided by comparison with some allied

species.

In the British Museum collection there is an insect

which I believe to be from Colombia, which, in its general

characters, resembles Polyctenes, but which possesses a

pair of wings, and is evidently allied to the Lippoboscide.

This insect has the abdomen without divisions into seg-

ments, in which it resembles Hippobosca; but it is w ithout

eyes, and the general form of the head, with the curious

fringe or comb of spines to the posterior margin, approach

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART IV. (DEC.)

310 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on the

Polyctenes. It should be observed, that although the

presence of such distinct divisions between the seoments

in the abdomen of Polyctenes gives it a somewhat different

appearance from most of the genera of Hippoboscide,

some traces of the divisions are found in Leptoptena.

As the Colombian insect does not agree with any known

genus, I propose a new genus for its reception.

TEUCTENODES.

Without eyes. Head below, with a series of long spines

arranged like a comb along the posterior margin. Abdo-

men not divided into séoments. Wings well developed.

I think this genus may provisionally be placed in the

family Polyctnenide, that family being placed after the

Hippoboscide, or at least near Strebla, with which genus

it most nearly agrees in the neuration of the wings.

Fuctenodes mirabilis.

Pitchy-testaceous, the head above rather darker than

the rest of the insect; the legs testaceous. The head

above is beset with long, stiff bristles, which are more

crowded together towards the posterior angles, with finer

hairs interspersed ; below, in front of the mouth cavity,

there are a number of short, sharp black s spines, which are

slightly bent and directed backwards ; in the middle there

is a narrow channel, which has posteriorly on each side

where it opens into the mouth cavity a small obtuse tuber-

cular projection. The posterior margin has a fringe of

long, nearly black, closely-set spines, ‘The mouth cavity

is ovate ; ; oneach side of it there is a longitudinal straight

ridge, and these two ridges are joined together at the

base by a third. In the middle of the cavity is a rhom-

boidal plate, which is possibly the base of the rostrum,

but I am unable to trace the rostrum itself; if present, it

is hidden in the anterior channel.

Prothorax, with shorter, stiff hairs scattered over the

back and sides; it 1s emarginate in the middle of the base.

The mesothorax appears as a_ scutellum, transverse,

rounded posteriorly, with some stiff hairs, four of which

‘on the margin are very long. The wings are pale tes-

taceous, with yellow nervures. The prosternum is flat,

with a short ridge on each side anteriorly, and a mesial

impressed line which extends the entire length and is

affinity of the genus Polyctenes, Giglioli, §c. 311

continued nearly to the apex of the metasternum ; on each

side there is a deep longitudinal cavity, into which the

anterior legs can be withdrawn. The mesosternum can

be traced ‘by viewing the insect laterally, but it is not

visible below. The metasternum is flat, with some stiff

hairs on the posterior margin, and two longer ones at

each lateral angle. The abdomen has rather closer and

darker hairs below than the rest of the body; at the base

there is a somewhat raised triangular portion, which seems

to represent the basal segment.

Length 3 mm.

The specimen from which the foregoing description is

taken was mounted on the same card as a specimen of

Strebla vespertilionis from Colombia.

Polyctenes lyre.

Most nearly allied to P. molossus, G. & W., but much

more elongate and narrower, uniform pale pitchy-yellow.

The anterior portion of the head smooth and shining, with

three or four stiff bristles on the margin near the posterior

angles. The antennz apparently with two small joints at

the base, the 3rd joint very long, compressed, concave,

or channelled on the inner side, the 4th joint about two-

thirds the length of the 3rd and more slender, the 5th

joint elongate fusiform. The anterior portion of the head

below, with five or six cultriform spines placed obliquely

near the posterior angles. ‘The posterior portion of the

head above smooth and shining, with a ridge on each side

of the disk; the ridge which margins the sides anteriorly

turns away posteriorly from the hind angles, and is set

with stiff bristles which inerease in length as they approach

the hind angles ; the basal margin is closely set with short

cultriform spines. This portion of the head is concave

below, with the anterior margin set with cultriform

spines, the sides with stiff bristles which become longer

posteriorly ; at the posterior angle there is a conical

process which terminates in a very long stiff bristle.

The prothorax above has short stiff hairs scattered

over the surface, the basal margin has a row of cultriform

spines which are pitchy in colour. The dorsal plates of

the mesothorax are studded with minute hair-bearing

tubercles. The abdomen is sculptured in the same

manner. The prothorax is concave below on each side,

so that the anterior legs are entirely hidden in the cavity

312. Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on the genus Polyctenes.

when retracted; the prosternum is elongate-ovate, with a

mesial impressed line.

Length 3°5 mm.

The specimen from which this description is taken was

found by my colleague, Mr. Oldfield Thomas, on a bat

(Megaderma lyra) ‘received from Secunderabad, in the

Madras Presidency.

Since the above descriptions were written, my colleague,

Mr. Oldfield Thomas has found at the back “of ‘the head of

a bat (Megaderma spasma), from Java, two specimens of

anew Polyctenes. I propose to call it

Polyctenes spasme.

This species is closely a allied to P. molossus, Giglioli,

from China. The head is widest at the posterior angles,

eradually narrowed ales The antenne are rela-

tively shorter, not extending to the back of the head.

The thorax is rather angular at the sides, a little before

the middle; the disk has a shght oblique ridge on each

side; the ace has no fringe of cultriform spines, but has

only fine hairs. The dorsal plates of the mesothorax are

rounded at the sides and posteriorly, with the mesial

longitudinal line node them moderately deeply im-

pressed. The metathorax has also a longitudinal im-

pressed line. The legs resemble those of P. lyre, the

intermediate and posterior tarsi being three-jointed as in

that species; the claws are formed in the same manner.

The prosternum is truncate in front, parallel at the sides,

obliquely narrowed between the anterior legs. The

meso- and meta- sterna are nearly as in P. lyre.

( 318e)

XXIII. On the natural affinities of the Lepidoptera

hitherto referred to the genus Acronycta of

authors. By Arruur G. BUTLER, PSs

1a Asebn (46

[Read November 5th, 1879.]

(Plate XI.)

Tr is a generally-recognized fact amongst Lepidopterists

that whilst the structure of the perfect insects decides to

what genera they are referable, the larval characters are

of greater importance as deciding in what family they

ought to be placed; thus Mr. Bates, i in his classification

of the Butterflies, founded his families entirely upon

characters supplied by the early stages.

A short’time since Mr. F. Moore called my attention

to the fact that the genus Diphtera (Ochs.) contained

two series of species allied by structure, coloration, pattern

and larval characters to genera already existing in the

two widely-differing families Arctiide and Notodontide ; ;

the European D. "ludific a representing the Notodontid

type and being nearly allied to Harpyia, Dicranura

and other genera of ‘ Puss-moths,” and D. orion repre-

senting the Aretiid type near to Ecpantheria and

Ardyces.

Upon mentioning the above rather startling facts to

Lord Walsingham “he very kindly offered to ‘bring his

preserved bags of D. orion to the Museum for me to see,

and as they stand in the same drawer with the greater

part of his beautiful series of larvee of Acronycta, I was

enabled, with his lordship’s permission, whilst verifying

the conclusions arrived at by Mr. Moore, to examine into

the natural affinities of Acronycta.

The family Bombycoide, so far as I can ascertain, was

instituted by Dr. Boisduval and adopted by M. Guénée

for the reception of a series of Noctuiform moths having

Bombyciform larve; but the genus Acronycta as

characterized by M. Guénée contains larve appertaining

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART Iv. (DEC.)

314 Mr. A. G. Butler on the natural affinities of

in character to both tribes: on looking over Lord W ar

singham’s series I was not a little startled to find larvie

agreeing in all respects with those of the families Ape

Liparide and Notodontide in addition to two of a Noctuid

type; for although the larvee of Acronycta psi and tridens

had long been familiar to me by breeding, and I had

several times met with one or two of the others which I

had failed to breed, the fact of their perfectly Bombyciform

character had never before been prominently brought to

my notice.

Seeing, then, the heterogeneous material constituting the

genus Acronycta, the first thing which I felt bound to do

was to look into the structural characters of the moths

themselves. After examining the neuration of all. the

species in the National C ollection I was at first staggered

to find that the differences between them in this respect

were barely sufficient to separate them generically from

one another, and I was almost inclined to think that Dr.

Boisduval had been justified in instituting the family

Bombycoide for their reception; seeing, however, that

differences of greater importance existed in the palpi, if

was led to examine the wing-veining of all the families to

which the various larvee of Acronycta naturally allied

them; the result was most satisfactory, as it clearly

demonstrated that this type of neuration was a common

one, repeating itself with shght modifications in all these

groups of Moths.

The neuration of Acronycta (auct.) is as follows :—

Primaries, costal vein terminating at about the third

fourth of costa; subcostal five-branched, the first two

branches being emitted before the end of the discoidal

cell, the second united by means of a short oblique cross-

vein to the third which is trifurcate ; upper radial emitted

from the anterior extremity of the cell and close to the

origin of the third subcostal branch; lower radial emitted

close to the third median branch so as almost to form a

fourth median nervule; upper discocellular consequently

very long, concave; lower discocellular very short (or even

absent). Secondaries, with the costal and subcostal veins

united at their origins, the subcostal bifurcate, sometimes

emitting its branches at the end of the cell, sometimes

(Acronicta (sic) Ochs.) beyond it, from a short footstalk ;

radial emitted from near the centre of the discocellulars,

but in some species more nearly approximated to the

median branches than in others; upper discocellular angu-

the Lepidoptera referred to the genus Acronycta. 315

lated, always longer than the lower, the latter oblique ;

remaining veins normal.

From. this type of neuration the genus Kcpantheria

(Arctiide)* differs in the emission of the second subcostal

branch of the primaries at some distance beyond the end

of the cell, and, as a natural consequence, in the absence of

the little cross-vein uniting it to the third branch; in the

secondaries, moreover, the radial is emitted close to the

third branch of the median vein. As these differences

are not so great as those existing between many genera

associated under the same family, and as Diphtera orion

and its allies is intermediate in structure, I see no reason

why Hiibner’s genus Pharetra should not be reinstated

for the reception of A. rumicis, auricoma and allies, and

placed in the Arctiide.

In the Liparide, the genus Leucoma, though so broad

in the wing that nobody would naturally suspect it of

affinity to Acronycta, differs in its neuration in only two

important points, that is to say, in the position of the

cross-veinlet uniting the second and third subcostal

branches of the primaries and in the slight displacement

of the second median branch, which is emitted farther

from the end of the cell; the difference in the structure of

the antennz not being of more than generic importance,

I would propose the removal of A. leporina, the type of

Acronicta (sic) Ochs., to the Liparide.

A, aceris differs from A. leporina not only in the

ereater size of its secondaries and thicker shorter palpi

(the palpi of A. leporina being markedly slender and long

as compared with the other species), but its larva is ex-

tremely like that of Dasychira: a comparison of the wing-

structure of A. aceris with that of Dasychira shows only

one difference, that is, in the slight displacement of the

radial of secondaries, which is emitted much nearer to the

origin of the third median branch. I would, therefore,

place A. aceris, as type of Hiibner’s genus Artomyscis,

near to Dasychira.

A. megacephala, both in its larval character and colora-

tion, much resembles some of the genera allied to Pygera;

if we compare it with Pygera and | “Symmer tsta we find that

it differs from the former in the displacement of the lower

radial of primaries, and from the latter in the displacement

* Possessing the same thickened but simple antennz as in Acronycta.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART IV. (DEC.) Z

316 Mr. A. G. Butler on the natural affinities of

of the second subcostal branch, the cross-vein being

absent: this species, therefore, should be referred to the

Notodontide as type of a genus near Symmerista.

A, psi and tridens, which have Notodontid larvee, are

referable to the genus Triena, Hiibner, and the nearly-

allied form A. strigosa to the genus Hyboma of the same

author: they may be placed next to Gluphisia, which

differs in neuration in the slightly-irregular form of the

second subcostal branch of primaries (which is, however,

similarly situated and united in the same way to the third

branch); it differs, also, in the second and third median

branches of secondaries being placed upon a short foot-

stalk.

A, alni appears to be referable to the Noctuites, the

caterpillar much resembling both in colour and in its

clavate hairs the larva of T%nolius, the latter, however, is

a semi-looper, and, therefore, not nearly related to it: this

species is the type of Hiibner’s genus Jocheera.

A. ligustri seems to be a Noctuid, the larva being

smooth, green, with yellow longitudinal lmes, and a few

scattered long hairs;* the neuration agrees with Mamestra,

and I should place it provisionally with that genus.

The Acronycte, then, will be distributed as follows :—

ARCTIIDA.

Pharetra, Hiibner.

P. rumicis, P. auricoma and allies.

LIPARID.

Acronicta, Ochs.

A. leporina, A. simplex.

Artomyscis, Hiibner.

A. aceris, A. hastulifera, &c.

NoOroponTID&.

Genus —?

A. megacephala and allies.

* Hubner’s figure makes these hairs more prominent than they really

are.

the Lepidoptera referred to the genus Acronycta.

Triena, Wiibner.

T. psi, T. tridens and allies.

Hyboma, Hiibner.

HI, strigosa.

J. alnz.

Tribe NocTulIrtTeEs.

Jocheera, Hiibner.

Mamestra, Ochs.

M. ligustri.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XI.

Fig. 1. Acronicta leporina, Zinn., neuration.

la. ry a » palpus.

2. Trixna psi, Linn., neuration.

AGS sss a 3» palpus.

3. Ecpantheria leta 9, Walk., neuration.

4, Leucoma vau-nigrum 9, Fadr., neuration.

5. Dasychira pudibunda 9, Linn., neuration.

6. Pygzra bucephala, Zinn., neuration.

7. Symmerista amazonica 9, Butl., neuration.

8. Gluphisia crenata ¢, Hsper, neuration.

9. Tinolius eburneigutta, Walk., larva.

317

@ 319.)

XXIV. Descriptions of new Coleoptera from East

Africa and Madagascar. By Cuas. O.

WATERHOUSE.

[Read November 5th, 1879.]

I HAVE to submit to the Society this evening descriptions

of some beautiful Coleoptera from Hast Africa and

Madagascar. One is a species of Sternocera, the second

is a remarkable new genus of Longicorns from Mada-

gascar.

The following are the descriptions :—

BUPRESTIDZ.

STERNOCERA PULCHRA.

Thorace cupreo, albo-fasciculato; elytris viridi-zncis,

vitta obliqua purpurea, sub humero macula fulvo-tomen-

tosa.

Long. 22 lin.

A most beautiful species, perhaps most nearly allied to

S. funebris, Bohem. Thorax bright coppery, very deeply

and closely foveate, each fovea with a short tuft of yellow-

ish-white soft hair; the extreme lateral and basal margins

blue. Elytra bright green, strongly and thickly punctured,

the punctures irregular in form and not arranged in

recular lines, filled with extremely fine pale pubescence ;

beneath each shoulder there is an elongate orange tomen-

tose spot; on each elytron there are the following purple

markings or shades, viz., a spot in the middle of the base,

a stripe placed a little behind the orange spot, on the

margin directed obliquely upwards, and a rather broad

streak commencing on the margin a little behind the

middle of the elytra, directed for a short distance obliquely

upwards and then suddenly bent downwards, obliquely,

towards the suture. These purple marks are only visible

in certain lights. The underside of the insect is coloured

with purple, golden-green and blue-green, and has some

patches of fine pale pubescence.

Hab.—Mountains of Usangara. Coll. Brit. Mus.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1879.

PART IV. (DEC.)

320 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s descriptions of new

CERAMBYCID..

CHLIDONINE.

CHLIDONES.

Head distinctly broader than the thorax, nearly round,

evenly arched from the neck to the clypeus, cheeks ex-

tremely short. Eyes very widely separated, not very

finely granulated, semicircularly emarginate above. An-

tenn placed in a pit in the emargination of the eye (the

margins of this pit not raised above the level of the fore-

head), extending to the middle of the elytra, slender; the

basal jomt elongate, subcylindrical ; the 2nd joint very

small, the 3rd as long as the 1st, but much more slender,

a little swollen at the juncture with the 4th, which is of

the same form and length; the 5th is a quarter longer;

the 6th to 9th joints are a little shorter than the 3rd, not

quite so cylindrical; the 10th and 11th joints are a little

shorter. Thorax narrower than the head, twice as long

as broad, somewhat flattened above, moderately constricted

before the middle and before the base. Scutellum parallel

at the sides, rounded at the apex. Elytra a little broader

than the head, but rather narrowed in the middle, flat

above at the base, square-shouldered, declivous at the

apex. Prosternum rather narrow, regularly arched ;

- mesosternum between the cox broader than long, flat,

but sloping a little anteriorly; metasternum about as long

as broad, its parapleuree very narrow, gradually narrowed

to the apex, concave. Legs very long, the femora very

gradually and slightly thicker in the middle. Tarsi

slender, the basal joint of the intermediate pair longer than

the three following taken together.* Abdomen in the

female gradually acuminate to the apex, the intercoxal

process narrow, acuminate, the basal segment long, the

following segments decreasing in length.

This genus is one of the many remarkable forms occur-

ring in Madagascar, for which it is extremely difficult to

find a satisfactory position. Its general appearance is

something between Cylindrepomus (Lamiide) and Scle-

thrus, but its affinities appear to be with the Z%llomor-

phine, or Clytine, and I propose to place it after this

latter family.

* The posterior pair are wanting.

Coleoptera from East Africa and Madagascar. 321

Chlidones lineolatus, n. sp.

Elongatus, angustus, niger, opacus ; antennarum arti-

culis apicalibus basi, femorumque apice ferrugineis, thorace

lateribus linea obliqua et utrinque ad basin puncto parvo

albis, elytris abdomineque lineolis nonnullis abidis.

Long. 83 lin.

Head thickly and rather strongly punctured, with a fine

impressed longitudinal line in front. Thorax thickly and

strongly punctured, with a smooth line in the middle (not

reaching the base or apex) and a shorter smooth line on

each side; there is a round white spot on each side at the

base, and a white line on each side, these two lines are

united below by a white line in front of the cox. The

elytra are rather thickly punctured, dull velvety except at

the shoulders and apex; each elytron has a short white

line at the scutellum, a spot in the middle, and an oblique

white line beyond the middle. There is a white line at

the side of the mesosternum, a broader band of white

along the anterior border of the metathorax, a short line

on the parapleurz ; the abdomen has a short white line on

the intercoxal process, an oblique line on each side of the

basal segment (these last jomed together at the apex of

the segment), and a band of white at the apex of the

second segment.

Hab.—Fianarantsoa (Mr. Shaw).

(32300)

XXV. On some hitherto undescribed Butterflies inhabit-

ing Southern Africa. By RoLanp TRIMEN,

F.L.S., &c., Curator of the South African

Museum, Cape Town.

[Read December 3rd, 1879. ]

Or the eleven species described in this paper three

(Amauris dominicanus, Libythea Laius, Myrina ficedula)

are Southern representatives of tropical West African

forms; two (Debis Indosa and Eurema Scheneia) are

near allies of other South African species; and three

(Precis Tugela, Neptis Goochit and Pierts Hemus)

present characters linking them to both Southern and

Western forms. The most interesting species is Lach-

noptera Ayresit, which is very distinct from L. Lole—

hitherto the only known representative of the genus.

Junonia Bodpis is so evidently a form of the widely-

ranging and variable J. Orithyia of Southern Asia, that

it is not without hesitation that I award it species-rank ;

but, as it is sufficiently different to be readily dis-

tinguished from the Asiatic butterfly, and as the case is

analogous to that of J. Cebrene and J. none, it seems

desirable that the African insect should bear a name of

its OWn.

Family NY MPHALID/, Swains.

Sub-family Danainz, Bates.

Genus AMaAuRIS, Htibn.

Amauris dominicanus, sp. nov.

Danais Niavius (Linn.), var., Trimen, Trans. Linn.

Soc. xxvi. pp. 511, 521, pl. 42, f. 6 (S).

Hxp. al. (4) 344—4 in.; (2) 348—31) in.

Black, with semi-transparent white patches and spots.

Forewing: inner-marginal white patch, large, roughly

semi-circular, not extending to base or anal angle or into

discoidal cell; sub-apical oblique white bar broad, its

extremities not attaining quite to costal or hind-marginal

edges; a very oblique elongate white spot in outer half of

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART IV. (DEC.)

324 Mr. Roland Trimen on

discoidal cell;, another (longitudinally) close to costa,

immediately before sub-apical bar; 2 small rounded spots

close to apex; a sub-marginal row of 3—4 small spots

just below sub-apical bar, succeeded by a hind-marginal

row of smaller spots. Hindwing: one large white patch

occupies the greater part of the area, leaving only a

narrow basal, a linear costal, and a broad hind-marginal

(much widened at anal angle) border, diminishing gradu-

ally along inner-margin to base. UNDERSIDE.—Similar,

but the white markings all larger and with suffused edges

—notably the hindwing patch, which covers the whole

inner-marginal and anal-angular region, and leaves only a

rather narrow brown border at apex and along upper part

of hind-margin. Forewing: apical region beyond bar

brown. Hindwing: two small white spots at base.

In the ¢ the nervures are strongly clouded with black,

as well as the inter-nervular rays, in the large white patch

of both wings; in the ? this character is either wholly

wanting or very faintly indicated.

Closely allied to A. ZTE Linn., but seems con-

stantly to differ as follows, viz.: (1) tts size is consider-

ably larger, the West African form expanding only 34 to

32 inches; (2) the great extent of the white patches

(especially that of the hindwings, which in Miavius does

not extend beyond the extremity of the discoidal cell)

readily distinguishes it. In the clouding of the nervures

and inter-nervular rays the 6 Dominicanus exceeds the

& Mavius, but the reverse appears to be the case with

the ¢s.

Hab.—Natal (D’ Urban and vicinity).—M. J. M‘Ken,

Ki. C. Buxton and R. Trimen.

Quilimane, E. Africa. —Col. J. H. Bowker

(1878).

Zambesi.—Rev. U. Rowley [in Mus. Hope.

Oxon. |

Sub-family SATYRINA.

Genus Drpis, Westw.

Debis Indosa, sp. nov.

Debis dendrophilus, Trimen, var., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1868,

p- 285.

Exp. al. 2 in. 9 lin.—3 in. 14 lin.

$. Dark-brown; the forewing with white spots, the hind-

wing with ochre-yellow disk and black ocelli. Forewing:

Butterflies of Southern Africa. 325

white spots rounded, of various sizes, forming two irregular

transverse rows in outer half of wing; those of the mner

row arranged so that 4 constitute a narrow oblique bar

commencing on costa just beyond middle, a Sth is below

and rather before the 4th and much smaller, and the 6th

large and sub-ovate between 2nd and Ist median nervules

about as far from base as the costal commencing spot of

the row; the outer row sinuated, consisting of 7 spots of

which the lst and 3rd are minute, and the 5th and 6th

about equal in size and largest; an ochreous tinge over

basal region most pronounced on inner-margin. Hind-

wing: entire disk ochre-yellow; a brown suffusion over

basal and inner-marginal region and narrowly along costa ;

a moderately broad hind-marginal border of dark-brown,

traversed by two parallel lunulated pale-brown streaks of

which the outer is well-marked; beyond middle a row of

5 black ocelli with minute bluish-white centres; of these

the first (close to costa) and the 2nd (between 2nd _ sub-

costal and radial nervules) are widely separated from

each other and from the other 3 (which lie between the

3rd median nervule and anal angle) and-the 4th is

the smallest and usually bipupillate. UNDERSIDE.—

Hindwing and base and apex of forewing pale-brown,

varied with dull cream-colour, and streaked with dark-

brown. Forewing: 4 )bluish-white, irregularly-shaped

spots in discoidal cell near its extremity, and a 5th

(minute) just beyond cell; the 2nd and 38rd white spots

of outer transverse row (close to apex) ringed with

yellow, and the 3rd also with an inner black ring so as to

constitute a perfect ocellus; the apical pale-brown, extends

along great part of hind-margin and is traversed by 2

parallel slichtly-sinuated dark-brown sub-marginal streaks.

Hindwing: basal region crossed by 3 extremely irregular

dark-brown strize, of which the outermost is greatly in-

terrupted but joins the innermost by a longitudinal streak

running between sub-median and internal nervures; an

independent short striz marking extremity of discoidal

cell; ocelli more elaborate than on upperside, all in yellow

rings outwardly brown-edged and containing a more or

less incomplete internal blue iris; occasionally a sixth

small ocellus situated between the Ist and 2nd, but usually

only a very faint circular spot there ; the 3 lower ocelli

surrounded by dark-brown clouding; the 2 sub-marginal

brown striz conspicuous on the pale ground.

?. Like the ¢, but duller and paler in colour; the

326 Mr. Roland Trimen on

white oblique costal bar of forewing very much broader.

On underside of forewing the two inner bluish spots in

discoidal cell are enlarged and confluent, forming a short

rather wide bar indented outwardly.

Intimately allied to D. dendrophilus, Trimen (Trans.

Ent. Soc. 3rd Ser. i. p. 399, and Rhop. Afr. Aust. 11.

p- 191, pl. 3. f 8), but at once known by the very con-

spicuous white spots of the forewings, particularly those

of the inner row, which in D. dendrophilus are always

small and ochreous and externally ill-defined or suffused,

and in some specimens almost indistinguishable from the

general ochreous clouding. The continuous costal bar

formed by the conjunction of the upper 4 spots of this

row is the most striking feature of this character; it is

quite constant in the male, and much developed in the

only female that I have seen. The larger size and darker

eround-colour, as well as the much brighter ochre-yellow

of the hindwings, are also very noticeable in Indosa ;

while the underside of the hindwings is paler and more

variegated. The ocelli are larger and more conspicuous

than in Dendrophilus, and are much more constant in

number (5) and position; the species just named pos-

sessing frem 5 to 7, but more commonly 6 or 7 on the

upperside, but invariably 7 on the underside.

Hab.—Natal (Tunjumbili, 1867; Pinetown, 1879;

Tlovo;, 1879). Gk. Wrimen; Col: J. aoe

Bowker, F. P. Payn.

Transvaal (Leydenburg District), T. Ayres

[in South African Museum].

Sub-family NymMpHaLin&, Bates.

Genus LacunopTera, E. Doubl.

Lachnoptera Ayresii, sp. nov.

Exp. al. (¢) 2 im. 43 lin.; (2) 2 in. 75 lin.

$. Warm fulvous-ochreous (a faint rosy-violaceous sur-

face-gloss) with fuscous markings. Forewing: beyond

middle a conspicuous transverse bar from costa to 3rd

median nervule, exteriorly irregularly dentated, interiorly

suffused and emitting two linear rays (along costa and

sub-costal nervure respectively) towards base ; about mid-

way between this bar and apex a similar much smaller

bar, not extending below lst radial, exteriorly confused

Butterflies of Suuthern Africa. 327

on costa with some narrow apical fuscous clouding; be-

yond middle, extending from 5th sub-costal nervule to sub-

median nervure, a somewhat irregular row of 6 variously-

shaped spots, of which the Ist (touching apical fuscous)

and last are larger than the rest, and about equal in size;

near hind-margin a well-marked, strongly-lunulated

streak, from just before apex to extremity of sub-median

nervure; between 2nd radial and 2nd median nervules

this streak is interiorly broadly suffused, so as to form a

conspicuous irregular marking; a sub-marginal streak,

touching the lunulated streak at extremities of nervules ;

hind-margin itself unequally clouded with fuscous; a very

faint linear streak closing discoidal cell, preceded by traces

of another. Hindwing: sexual badge glossy leaden-grey,

occupying costal-apical area, covering both sub-costal

nervules but not reaching radial or anywhere extending

to edge of wing; about middle, disconnected traces of a

thin transverse streak; beyond middle, an irregular row

of 4 sub-linear lunulated marks, preceded (between 2nd

median nervule and sub-median nervure) by 2 small

rounded spots; lunulated and sub-marginal streaks as in

forewing, but the former presenting no suffused marking ;

hind-margin free from any fuscous clouding. UNpDsER-

SIDE.— Soft ferruginous-ochreous, clouded with violaceous

in parts; the markings chiefly fulvous-ochreous and in-

conspicuous. forewing: inner marginal area, as far as

a little above lst median nervule, pale yellow-ochreous ;

all the markings corresponding to those of the upperside

almost obliterated, except the last spot in the transverse

row, which is fuscous and conspicuous; in discoidal cell

2 irregular fulvous-ochreous rings; beyond them, an in-

terrupted transverse streak of the same colour, meeting

(between Ist median nervule and sub-median nervure) a

similar interrupted streak from costa a little beyond mid-

dle; just above posterior angle a slight hoary-grey clouding.

Hindwing: a fulvous-ochreous irregular streak before

middle, from costal to below sub-median nervure ; a short

linear streak of the same colour closing discoidal cell;

about middle, an indistinct similar transverse streak,

bounded exteriorly by a sinuated interrupted series of

white spots; these spots immediately succeeded by some

dusky-violaceous clouding, which completely surrounds

2 faintly white-centred fulvous-ochreous ocelli (in narrow

rings of the ground-colour) between Ist sub-costal and

radial nervules, as well as 2 other similar ocelli between

328 Mr. Roland Trimen on

2nd median nervule and sub-median nervure; beyond

these, a broken irregular line of lunular marks, succeeded

by lunulated and sub-marginal streaks corresponding with

those of the upperside—all fulvous-ochreous; a hoary-

violaceous clouding about upper hind-marginal area.

¢. Duller and paler than &, and without violaceous

gloss; all the fuscous markings more pronounced. Fore-

wing: from lower extremity of first costal bar, an irregular

interrupted streak extending to about middle of sub-median

nervure ; 2nd costal bar prolonged to 3rd median nervule

by 2 small elongate spots; all spots of discal row larger

than in 4; two cellular streaks distinct, the inner one

extending below cell and a little over 1st median nervule.

Hindwing: about middle, an irregular interrupted streak

(continuous of that m forewing) extending and gradually

attenuating as far as sub-median nervure beyond middle ;

3 black spots (of which the 2 upper are large and the

costal one somewhat suffused) take the place of the leaden-

grey badge of the 6; these spots are continuous of the

discal row of the forewing, and the costal one is anteriorly

bounded by a whitish lunule. UNbrrstpE.—Very dif-

ferent in colour from that of the 3, being very pale dull

greyish-ochreous, with a strong brassy-greenish gloss ;

nearly all the markings indistinct. Forewing: last spot

of discal row large and conspicuous. Hindwing: the in-

terrupted series of white spots wanting; ocelli with small

but conspicuous white centres; an additional (5th) ocellus

next costa.

In outline this Lachnoptera differs from the only

species hitherto known, ZL. Jole (Fab.), the forewings

being more produced apically and the hindwings more

angulated at the extremity of the 3rd median nervule.

The male differs from the ¢ Jole on the upperside in

both colouring (which is brighter and yellower) and

marking ; the forewings presenting two costal blackish

bars and a blackish suffused marking on the lunulated

sub-marginal streak, and the hindwings having a much

smaller sexual badge. On the underside the South

African form has the markings far less distinct, and the

white stripe of the hindwings is interrupted and macular ;

the latter wings also want the ocellus which in Jole is

situated between the sub-costal nervules. The female

differs greatly in appearance from the butterfly which the

late Mr. Hewitson referred (I believe rightly) to that sex

of Jole, which I noted as “fuscous; all the outer area of

Butterflies of Southern Africa. 329

the wings dull-white, with the spots and streaks strongly

and blackly marked; markings of the underside agreeing

with those of Jole 3.”

This interesting new species I have named after its

discoverer, Mr. B. Ayres, of Pinetown, in Natal, who

took a single male in that locality. Mr. W. D. Gooch,

who brought the specimen to my notice, subsequently

took another ¢, and also the 2 above described, at his

farm on the coast of Natal, and has lately most liberally

presented me with these specimens.

Hab.—Natal (Pinetown and Little Umhlanga). B.

Ayres, W. D. Gooch.

Genus Eurema, E. Doubl.

Eurema Scheneia, sp. nov.

$. Pyrameis Hippomene, Boisd., Trimen, ‘ Rhop. Afr.

Aust.,” i. p. 121 (1862.)

Exp. al. (¢) 1 in. 11 lin.—2 in.; (2?) 2 in. 3—6 lin.

Brownish-black ; both wings with a band of ochre-

yellow: the forewing with small white spots in apical

portion.

$. Forewing: band from costal edge a little before

middle to inner-margin just before anal angle, narrowest

on costa and widening downward, slightly arched outward ;

about midway between band and apex, 3 small spots form

a thin transverse costal streak, the spot on costal edge

being ochre-yellow, and the other two spots white ;

parallel to hind-margin a row of 5—6 small white spots

between costa and 2nd median nervule, the spot next

costa geminate; costa from base to ochre-yellow band

dull-ferruginous. Hindwing: band hind-marginal, much

narrower than that of forewing, extending only from apex

to 3rd median nervule, traversed longitudinally by an

indistinct lunulated ferruginous-brown streak; a little

before band two suffused transverse black streaks, con-

vergent, but not extending below 3rd median nervule ;

anal angle acuminate, and anal-angular portion produced;

a long, ferruginous, whitish-tipped tail at extremity of

3rd median nervule ; another (not whitish-tipped and only

half as long) on Ist, and an acute dentation on 2nd

median nervule; between 3rd and 2nd nervules a very

330 Mr. Roland Trimen on

imperfect blue-dotted black ocellus edged outwardly by an

ochre-yellow lunule, and immediately below it a similar

but almost complete ocellus; close to hind-margin some

indistinct black lunulate marks, that at anal angle pre-

ceded by a pale-bluish streak. Cilia white between

nervures. UNDERSIDE.—Hindwing and apical portion of

forewing variegated with ochreous and ferruginous-brown

and with lilac-blue irrorations. Forewing: band much

paler than on upperside, and white on costa; apical white

markings as on upperside, but fuscous-edged, the streak

from costa wider and immediately preceded by some lilac-

blue ivroration; in discoidal cell, a black ferruginous-

central spot ina bluish-white ring, and a similarly-coloured

transverse bar (touching inner edge of yellowish band)

whose white edges are irreeularly prolonged below cell to

sub-median nervure; hind-margin edged with ochreous-

and ferruginous- brown; a lilac-blue submarginal streak,

indistinct towards apex, near which it is preceded by

3—4 lunules of the same colour. Hindwing: a pale-

ochreous spot at base enclosing a blackish-centred dull-

whitish ocellus in a ferruginous-brown ring ; the following

dark ferruginous-brown markings, viz., 1 roughly trian-

gular on costa next to basal spot; another elongated and

elbowed on costa a little beyond the first ; and 2 in dis-

elongated, both ringed with a bluish-white line; marking

eo of cell a similarly-coloured much longer mark-

, blunt superiorly and pointed inferiorly, crossed by

lke nervules ; near inner-margin on dise much lilac-blue

irroration, and a little near costa towards base ; beyond

middle a very irreeular pale-brown streak, bordered on

both sides by dark ferruginous-brown, and becoming very

zigzag and broken near inner margin; apical hind-mar-

oinal 1 region pale-ochreous shaded with brown and glossed

with miolaccous: sub-marginal lunules linear, black, edged

outwardly with yellow, inwardly with lilac ; the ocellate

spots imperfect, but beyond and above “them much

greenish-blue irroration, and immediately before them a

strongly-festooned black streak, which becomes ferru-

einous-brown and finally obsolete in its extension towards

apex.

. Duller and paler than ¢; apical region of forewing

less produced and blunter, the tails of hindwing broader

and with blunt tips.

Butterflies of Southern Africa, 331

Very closely allied to E. Hippomene (Hiibn.),* and to

the butterfly described and figured under the same name

by Boisduval, in his “ Faune Entomologique de Mada-

gascar, &c.,” p. 43, pl. 8, figs. 3, 4. In outline and

marking, £. Schencia would appear (judging from Bois-

duval’s work only, for I have no examples of the Masca-

rene species) to be more intimately related to Boisduval’s

insect than to its South African congener, the true Hip-

pomene of Hiibner. From the latter, Scheneia is best

distinguished by (1st) the very much longer (and ferrugi-

nous instead of black) tails of the hindwings; (2nd) the

narrower (especially in hindwings) and more deeply-

coloured yellow bands; (3rd) the two suffused transverse

black streaks on dise of hindwings, which are wanting in

Hippomene; and, as regards the underside, by (4th) the

costa of forewing near base being faintly dusted with

bluish scales instead of conspicuously barred with whitish ;

(4th) the decidedly ferruginous and lilac-glossed general

colouring ; and (6th) the absence in hindwings of both

the costal white patches and the two or more ocelli in

superior half of discal region.

Hab.—Cape Colony: Bathurst (Plant, 1870); King

William’s Town (Col. J. H. Bowker, 1872

and 1876, and J. P. Mansel Weale, 1877).

Kafirland: Bashee River (Col. J. H. Bowker).

Natal: D’Urban (J. Sanderson, 1867, C.

Morland, 1859, and W. D. Gooch, 1874),

Transvaal: Potchefotroom (Skill, 1876), Ley-

denburg District (T. Ayres, 1879).

Genus JUNONIA, Hiibner.

Junonia Bodpis, sp. nov.

Junonia Orithyia (Linn.), Wallengr. K. Sv. Vet.—

Akad. Handl. 1857, p. 27, n. 1. Trimen, Rhop. Afr.

Aust. i. p. 327 (1866).

Exp. al. (6) 1 in. 93 lin.—2 in. 1 lin.; (2) 2 in. 1—34

lin.

$. Black; hindwing mostly shining violaceous-blue ;

forewing with sub-apical creamy-whitish oblique bar.

* Hypanartia Hippomene, Hibn., Samml. Ex. Schmett. ii. pl. 25

(1806).

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1879.—PART IV. (DEC.) AA

332 Mr. Roland Trimen on

Forewing: costa edged with creamy-white, which is

widest and suffused about middle; in discoidal cell two

transverse fulvous strie, of which the outer (marking

extremity of cell) is the better marked ; between them a

blue stria; immediately beyond cell occasionally traces of

another blue stria; sub-apical whitish bar narrow near

costa, strongly indented by ground-colour just below

2nd radial, divided into 4 by crossing nervures—its two

lower and much broader divisions vertically y intersected

by a more or less suffused black streak; near apex a short

creamy-whitish narrow costal bar; between this and the

lower part of the sub-apical oblique bar, a small blue-

centred black ocellus in a fulvous ring; a similar, usually

rather larger, ocellus (commonly suffused with ‘fascous)

adjoins lower extremity of the oblique bar; between the

latter ocellus and inner-margin, close to posterior angle,

a sub-quadrate violaceous-blue patch; just before hind-

margin two parallel creamy-whitish streaks (of which the

outer is very thin and sometimes nearly obsolete), broken

into spots by the clouded-blackish nervures, and shot with

blue at and a little above posterior angle. Hindwing:

blue occupies entire discal portion, infringing a little the

outer part of discoidal cell, whose extremity is usually

marked by a strong black streak; inner-marginal border

fuscous; 2 ocelli like those of forewing on disc, one

between 2nd sub-costal and radial nervules, the other

between Ist and 2nd median nervules; of these, the

upper ocellus is often minute and without the fulvous

ring; the two hind-marginal whitish strize less broken

than in forewing and preceded by a fuscous one, but

much suffused by the discal blue. UNpbrrstpE.—Dull

cream-colour, Forewing: basal portion ochre-yellow,

which does not reach, however, either costa or inner-

margin; blue cellular striz, represented by whitish ones,

black-edged on both sides; oblique bar rather paler than

ground-colour, strongly black-bordered anteriorly; ocelli

ill-defined, their wings much paler, the lower one larger

than on upperside; a fuscous space below the latter.

Hindwing : two thin, inconspicuous, crenulated, fuscous,

transverse streaks from costa to inner-margin, one before,

the other a little beyond middle; of these, ‘the outer is

externally bordered by an ill- defined argillaceous fascia ;

in discoidal cell two slightly-paler transverse strie, thinly

fuscous-edged ; ocelli usually very faintly indicated with

fuscous, but between them traces of two other faint ones,

and spore the 2nd sub-costal the indication of a 5th;

Butterflies of Southern Africa. 333

fascous mark at anal angle. In both wings, two parallel

sub-marginal fuscous lines, the outer continuous and lunu-

lated, the inner broken into small cuneiform marks.

?. Fuscous ; all the ocelli much larger, but especially

those of hindwings; blue of hindwings much smaller in

extent, and both ‘duller and paler. Forewing: a minute

ocellus usually confluent with the lower edge of upper

ocellus, and an imperfect one touching its upper edge.

Hindwing: the much- enlarged ocelli have great violaceous

centres (often with a white dot in the middle), inwardly

bordered with pink and outwardly with black; the upper

ocellus commonly includes a minute inferior pupil ; above

and below the lower ocellus occasionally some black

irroration ; blue space not violaceous, not infringing on

discoidal cell, and much narrower in its superior portion ;

black pretty evenly occupying almost the basal half of the

wing. Unprrsipe.—As in ¢, but with the markings

(especially ocelli of hindwing) more distinct.

Cilia whitish, varied in forewing with fuscous at the

extremities of the nervures.

A very close ally of the South Asiatic J. Orithyia-

(Linn.), but appearing to differ from it constantly in the

particulars now to be mentioned. As regards the ¢,

J. Bodpis has (1st) the narrower sub- -apical bar of the

forewings and the adjacent pale markings much yellower

in tint ; and (2nd) the black streak intersecting the lower

part of the bar between the 2 ocelli is never wanting

and usually very strongly marked; while (3rd) the fulvous

strie and rings of the ocelli are well pronounced; (4th)

the blue of the hindwings, besides being decidedly vio-

lacecus in tint, occupies a considerably smaller space,

being replaced by black in the basi-costal region to a little

beyond the branching of the sub-costal nervure; and (5th)

the underside colouring is duller and more inclining to

argillaceous. The ° Bodpis presents similar differences

from the ¢ Orithyia, except that the blue of the hind-

wings, though deeper in tint, is not violaceous, and,

though occupying a smaller space (the basal black being

considerably broader), the difference in area is not so

marked as in the és.

Compared with Orithyia from Ceylon and Southern

India (Bangalore), the ¢ of which expands only 1 in.

84—11 lin., and the @ 1 in. 93 lin.—2 in. 1 In.

Boipis i is considerably the larger ; ieee fac ther Kastward,

especially in China, the Asiatic species is fully as large

AA 2

334 Mr. Roland Trimen on

as, and even larger than, the African. The wings of the

& Boopis are proportionally longer ; but I have not seen

any specimen in which the forewings are sub-falcate, as is

the case with some of the Chinese examples of Orithyia.

Hopffer’s J. Orithya from Querimba (Peters’ “ Reise

nach Mossambique,” Ins. und Myriop., p. 380) is pro-

bably referable to J. Bodpis.

Hab.— Transvaal: Potchefotroom (W. Morant, 1872,

and T. Ayres, 1872 and 1879), and pectoral

(W. Morant, 1872).

Zambesi (¢ in ‘South African Museum).

Damara-land (J. A. Bell, 1862).

Genus Precis, Hiibn.

Precis Tugela, sp. nov.

Exp. al. 21n.-5) lin. (é ); 2m. 11 lin. (2).

6. Dark brown, with broad ochre-yellow discal band.

Forewing: band commencing on costa, curved convexly

outwardly, its edges irregular (especially the inner one,

which is deeply indented by ground-colour just below 3rd

median nervule); from near apex to above sub-median a

discal row of 6 small black spots, the lower three of which

are in the yellow band just beyond its middle line; the

Ist and 2nd of the row are white-centred (the latter con-

spicuously), and the 6th accompanied inferiorly by a black

dot; costa near base scaled with ferruginous-rufous; in

discoidal cell 3 black-edged irregular strive, of which the

basal one is rufous-tinged and imperfect—the central one

distinctly rufous in its upper portion—and the outer one

of the ground-colour defining extremity of cell; along

hind-margin, 2 very indistinct paler lunulated striz, the

inner rather more apparent than the outer, being slightly

dusted with whitish. Hindwing: band commencing

narrowly on costa, but suddenly broadening between sub.

costal nervules, and continuing widely almost to inner-

margin beyond middle; it is rather paler than in forewing,

but similarly contains exteriorly a row of small black spots,

all 6 of which are conspicuous on the ochre-yellow; hind-

marginal lunulated striz rather more distinct than in fore-

wing, especially near anal angle where they are sprinkled

with bluish-white scales continuous of those which cover

the long anal-angular projection; hind-margin distinctly

edged with rufous-ochreous. Cilia very narrow, dull-

brown generally, but white just below projection of fore-

Butterflies of Southern Africa. 335

wing. Unprersipr.—Varied with ferruginous-brown and

pale ochre-yellow ; a conspicuous patch of the latter in

forewing on costal border beyond middle; the sub-marginal

lunulated stria lilac-white, suffused ; the small black spots

of discal row all white-centred except the 4th and Sth of

the forewing; a dark-brown streak curving inwardly,

commences suffusedly on sub-apical projection of forewing

and runs to anal-angular projection of hindwing.

?. Closely resembles é. Forewing: costa narrowly

suffused with ochreous throughout, the ferruginous-rufous

towards base and in disco- cellular strix more distinct than

in $; 3rd spot of discal row (as well as Ist and 2nd)

white-centred. Hindwing: 3rd spot of discal row

minutely white-centred. UNnprerRsIpE.—That of one

example marked as in 6, and with the pale-ochreous

patch of forewing very conspicuous, but with bronzy

greenish-grey replacing the ferruginous-brown, and the

common dark stripe very strongly marked; w hile that of

a second example is wholly pale-ferr uginous with violace-

ous and bronzy reflections, with the common streak and

the discal spots faintly marked in dull cream-colour. In

outline of forewing the sub-apical projection is very long,

and dusted with bluish-white, while in the ¢ it is quite

short and without irroration.

In colourmg and marking this species bears a very

strong resemblance to P. Elgiva (Hewits.), but is at once

distinguishable (1) by the hindwings presenting a row of

simple black spots of small size on the upperside instead

of the multicoloured ocelli; and (2) by the deep indenta-

tion of the ochre-yellow band of the forewing on its inner

side. In outline, P. Tugela has the projections of the

wings in both sexes (bk ++ particularly in the ? as regards

the forewings) very much longer. The species to which

Tugela seems actually most nearly allied (setting aside

the colour of the transverse band) are P. Pelarga (Fab.)

and P. Kowara (Ward) from West Africa; both of

which present almost the same outline of wings, descrip-

tion of spots in discal row, and inner indentation of the

band on the forewings.

I know of only three examples of this butterfly, viz.,

a é taken by myself in Natal (at Krantzkop, Tunjumbili,

in 1867), and two ¢s from the Transvaal (Leydenburg

District), in a fine collection formed by Mr. T. Ayres, and

lately acquired by the South African Museum. It is

probable that the species is not so rare as it might appear

336 Mr. Roland Trimen on

to be, for undoubtedly it would readily be passed over as

as P. Elgiva by many collectors. The great variation in

the underside colouring is a feature highly characteristic

of the genus and of several allied groups.

Hab.— Natal (Tunjumbili); Transvaal (Leydenburg).

—R. Trimen; T. Ayres.

Neptis Goochii, sp. nov.

Exp. 1 in. 43 lin.—1 in. 9 lin.

Fuscous, with pure-white bands and spots. Forewing:

a longitudinal white bar, divided transversely about its

middle, occupying lower half of discoidal cell; a small

spot immediately beyond extremity of cell; sub-apical

costal bar broad, even, abruptly truncate on radial

nervule; close to outer extremity of this bar a small

spot, in a longitudinal line with that just beyond ex-

tremity of cell; large spot on disc between 3rd and Ist

median nervules about the same size as costal bar, but

less elongate and more rounded ; inner marginal marking

rather small, acuminate superiorly; five almost parallel,

thin, sub-marginal white streaks, of which the innermost

is indistinct and more widely separated from the rest,

more irregular, and the outermost also indistinct. Hind-

wing: central band broad, even, extending to inner-mar-

ginal edge, but not to costa, being abruptly rounded off

just below the Ist sub-costal nervule ; ; five sub-marginal

streaks much as in forewing, but more distinct, the inner-

most less irregular and more remote from the 2nd.

UwnversipE.— Ground-colour much paler, almost grey;

markings corresponding with those of upperside, but sub-

marginal streaks broader and more conspicuous. Sore-

wing: cellular longitudinal bar not or but very indis-

tinctly transversely divided. Hindwing: basal portion

with 3 curved transverse white stripes (much as in

NN. Agatha, Cramer, but not nearly so conspicuous), of

which the first is on costal edge, and the third near

central band and less distinct than the others.

This butterfly is allied to NW. Melicerta, Drury (nec

Cramer), and to WV. Saclava, Boisd., but is considerably

smaller than those species. It agrees with the former

insect in possessing the longitudinal white bar in the

discoidal cell of the forewings (which character at. once

separates it from Saclava, but differs markedly (1st) i in

the short, compact, undivided costal bar of the forewings ;

Butterflies of Southern Africa. 337

(2nd) in the broad, even, supertorly-rounded band of

hindwings ; and (3rd) in having four (instead of three)

parallel hind-marginal white lines. Other characters

separating it from Saclava are the small size and acumi-

nated form of the inner-marginal white marking of the

forewings, and the entirely -different colouring and. pattern

of the underside.

Mr. W. D. Gooch, after whom I have named this

species, met with four specimens in the neighbourhood of

his plantation (Spring Vale) on the coast of Natal. No

other examples have come under my notice; but it is not

unlikely that the butterfly may escape observation from

its resemblance to the not uncommon N. Saclava.

Hab.—Natal; Little Umhlanga (W. D. Gooch, 1874,

&c.).

Family ERYCINIDZA, Swains.

Sub-family LinyTrHaz1nm®, Bates.

Genus Lisytuea, Fab.

Libythea Latus, n. sp.

Exp. 1 in. 103 lin.—2 in. 2 lin.

$. Dark brown, glossed with bronzy-yellow reflections ;

with pale fulvous-ochreous bars and spots. Forewing: a

longitudinal bar from base occupies lower half of discoidal

cell, widening gradually to its abrupt extremity just above

origin of lst median nervule; immediately beyond bar

(sometimes touching or even merged in it) a large, roughly-

sub-quadrate spot, which is widest interiorly, and anteriorly

reaches to end of discoidal cell; a little beyond and below

this spot, a larger paler sub-ovate spot, the upper part of

which is traversed by the 2nd median nervule; on outer

portion of inner-margin a very faint pale-ochreous cloud ;

an irregular, oblique, : sub-apical row of 3 white spots—of

which the Ist is nearest middle, largest, exteriorly elon-

gated and crossed in its upper part by the sub-costal

nervure—and the others are together apart, of about equal

size, one above and the other below the 2nd radial nervule.

Hindwing : costal margin rather broadly dull-whitish from

base as far as a quadrate, pale, whitish-ochreous spot about

middle, lying between costal nervure and Ist sub-costal

nervule ; below and beyond this spot, just above 2nd sub-

costal nervule, a small ochreous spot; beyond middle, a

338. Mr. Roland Trimen oz

straight transverse bar formed of 4 contiguous spots (of

which the Ist is largest and the 4th smallest and less dis-

tinct than the rest), extending from just below 2nd sub-

costal nervule, not far from apex to Ist median nervule,

not far from its origin. UNbDrERstbeE.— Hindwing and

apex of forewing very variable in tint and clonding; the

prevalent ground-colour being glossy-grey, trrorated and

hatched with black and fuscous. Forewing: paler than

on upperside, the bars and spots larger; discoidal cell

filled by much enlarged and united bar and spot; a small

whitish spot immediately beyond upper part of extremity

of cell; 2nd and 3rd spots of sub-apical row united in one

crescent-shaped marking. Hindwing: in two specimens

the upperside costal spot and discal bar represented by

2 irregular whitish transverse rays, interiorly broadly

bordered and in parts intruded on by dark-brown clouding

—a similar patch of the clouding being present on hind-

margin about extremity of radial nervule; in a third

example, only the whitish ray near base is indistinctly

represented, while the whole discal region and lower half

of discoidal cell (up to base and a straight line through

the cell) is dull fuscous-brown ; and in the fourth example

the whole surface is almost uniformly grey, the rays being

faintly shown by a glossier paler clouding, and the inter-

mediate parts by some ochreous tinting—at extremity of

cell an ill-defined blackish spot.

@. Similar to ¢, except that the markings generally are

larger, especially the bar across hindwing. UNDERSIDE.—

More uniform than in ¢, and nearly resembling that of

the 4th ¢ example above described, but with a decided

glaucous-green tint both in hindwing and in apical region

of forewing; any trace of paler bars in hindwing being

obsolete, or nearly so.

In the ¢ the forewings are more prolonged apically

than in the 2; but the hindwings are alike in both sexes,

the costal prominence beyond middle being very slight,

while the projection at the extremity of the 1st median

nervule is very well developed, forming a broad tail or

process 3/5 inch in length. The palpi of the ¢ are longer

and more attenuated than those of the ¢.

This Libythea is very nearly allied to LZ. Labdaca,

Westw., a native of Sierra Leone, which is only known

to me by the description and figure in the ‘ Genera of

Diurnal Lepidoptera” (vol. 11. p. 413, note, pl. Ixviii.

f.6). The South African form may, however, be readily

Butterflies of Southern Africa. 339

distinguished by the more produced and angulated fore-

wings and by the greater prominence of the projection in

the hindwings. The markings of the upperside are all

larger, paler, and more fulvous than in Labdaca; in the

forewings the conspicuous disco-cellular bar is a feature

wanting in the West African species, which, moreover,

possesses a dull-fulvous irregular marking (between large

discal spot and sub-median nervure) absent in Lazus; and

in the hindwings, the transverse bar is nearly straight

instead of arched or concave interiorly, as in Labdaca,

and the separate spot between the sub-costal nervures is

peculiar to Latus. As regards the underside, the brief

diagnosis of Labdaca (l.c.) applies fairly to that of the

more strongly-marked és of the South African insect;

but there is so much variation shown in the colouring of

the under-surface of the wings in the ¢ that this point is

not one of the first importance.

The genus Libythea, so widely distributed over the

earth, yet containing so very few species, was not appa-

rently known to possess any African representative until

Westwood (/. c.) mm 1851 described and figured the species

from Sierra Leone already mentioned. In 1866, I de-

scribed (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., Ser. III. Vol. V., p. 337)

as L. Cinyras a scarce Libythea, inhabiting Mauritius

and Madagascar, and noted at the same time that Mr.

Waller, of the Zambesi Mission, had shown me a Libythea

taken near the Shiré River, which I judged from recol-

lection might be the same species. Since the discovery

of the South African Libythea, however, and especially

looking to the fact of its occurrence at Quilimane, not

far north of the Zambesi Delta, I have little doubt that

Mr. Waller’s specimen was probably referable to Lazus,

and not to Cinyras.*

* The African Libythe@ appear to be distinguished by the prominence

and situation of the projecting point on the hindwings from most others

of the genus, both Labdaca and Laius possessing it at the extremity

of the Ist median nervule; while in the European and American species

the chief projection of outline is not great and is at the anal angle itself

(end of sub-median nervure). The only specimens of the Madagascar and

Mauritius Z. Cinyras that I have seen are both too much broken to tell

the real form of the hindwings in this respect ; but the species is evidently

so nearly allied to the species of the Continent of Africa, that probably

it has the same outline of wings. The Indian Myrrha and Lepita have

rounded hindwings ; but Wallace (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 3385)

notes that the Ceram Z. Narvina resembles the African Labdaca; and

L. antipoda, Boisd., from Macassar, Luzon and New Caledonia, is figured

by Felder with a decided projection in the same situation as that presented

by the African species.

340 Mr. Roland Trimen on

In December, 1869, Mr. Walter Morant sent me the

first evidence of the occurrence of a Libythea in Natal,

in the shape of a coloured drawing of a ¢ taken by him

on the 9th of that month at Avoca, Victoria County; but

I heard nothing more of the species until 1873, when the

late Mr. E. C. Buxton met with it near D’Urban, and

sent me a photograph and a much-injured ¢ specimen.

Mr. J. H. Bowker, F.Z.S., in September, 1878, landed

at Quilimane, and there took six examples of the same

species, which he forwarded to the South African Museum;

and he and Mr. P. F. Payn, of D’Urban, have subse-

quently taken several specimens of both sexes at Pine-

town, Illovo, and other localities in the coast region of

Natal. From these latter specimens, mostly in fine con-

dition, my description is drawn up.

Mr. Morant noted his example as taken “ on the top of

a small tree in a waggon-road through thick bush;” while

Mr. Bowker describes the individuals captured by himself

in April, 1879, as taking short flights, like those of a

“ Skipper,” from one flower to another.

Hab.—D’Urban, Umgeni Railway Station, Pinetown,

Avoca, and Illovo, Natal. Colls. S. African

Museum, E. C. Buxton, P. F. Payn, and R.

Trimen.

Quilimane, East Africa. Coll. 8. African

Museum.

Family LYC ANID, Steph.

Genus Myrina, Fab.

Myrina ficedula,* sp. nov.

Loxura Alcides, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., — Planches,

No. 22, f. 3 (1836). Trimen (pars), Rhop. Afr.

Aust. il. p. 219, n. 125 (1866).

Papal) im. 25-7 lines (9) Fin Se eliae

Black, with very large discal space of intense metallic

ultramarine-blue in both wings ; forewing with an apical

hind-marginal ferruginous patch. Forewing: blue occu-

pies inner-margin and discoidal cell, but is rather widely

* The larva of this insect feeds on Ficus natalensis, and also on the

cultivated fig (F. ), and the butterfly is itself fond of sucking

the ripe figs.

Butterflies of Southern Africa. 341

bordered with black costally (most widely beyond ex-

tremity of discoidal cell), and outwardly from 3r ‘d median

nervule to anal angle; ferruginous patch oceupying hind-

margin from apex to sub- “median nervure, irrecularly

convex inwardly, very broad on discoidal nervules, nar-

rowing abruptly at apex, but more gradually to its lower

extremity. Hindwing: blue fills entire disc and discoidal

cell, and is bordered to a moderate width with black along

costa and hind-margin (the apical portion being broadest,

and the hind-marginal narrowest) ; inner-marginal border

broadly fuscous up to 3rd median nervule, but blue-scaled

alone sub-median nervure; anal-angular lobe and _ tail

ferruginous, densely grey-scaled ; edging base of lobe

superiorly, and sometimes extending for a little distance

along hind-margin, a fine streak of blue scales; on lobe

a spot of unirrorated ferruginous. UNpDERsIDE.— Ferru-

ginous-brown, 1 most parts very finely and densely irro-

rated with yellowish and grey scales; in both wings

(better defined in hindwing) an ochreous- -yellow line

closing discoidal cell, and a transverse streak of the same

colour beyond middle. Forewing: the streak only extends

from near costal edge to between 3rd and 2nd median

nervules; costa thinly edged with yellow; a conspicuous

cloud of yellow scales occupies costa between streak and

apex; inner-margin pale-grey, gradually fading into

ground-colour superiorly ; hind-marginal border darker

ferruginous, not (or very thinly) irrorated. Hindwing :

darker ferruginous before transverse streak; the streak

itself weli-defined, continuous from costa to below Ist

median nervule, miler it 1s slightly broken and abruptly

angulated, and is thence white to inner-margin and along

its “edge to base; between this portion of the streak and

anal angle, dense greyish-white irroration ; a thin greyish

line along hind-margin, indistinct superiorly ; spot on

lobe conspicuous, tinged with crimson.

2. Blue much less brilliant; its area much smaller, so

that its black-bordering is broader, especially in hindwing,

where, in apical region, this is maee than inner-marginal

fuscous. Hindwing : : hind-marginal streak of blue scales

more marked, extending to 3rd ‘median nervule or a little

further. UNDERSIDE.—Quite as in 6.

This very beautiful Lycenid is recognized at once from

its congener, the West African M. Stlenus, Fab. ( Alcides,

Cram. ), by (st) the greatly-enlarged field of blue, and

(2nd) the ferruginous bar along hind-margin of fore-

342 Mr. Roland Trimen on

wings from apex. Judging from Cramer’s figure (Pap.

Exot. i. t. 96, D, E), M. Stlenus has only a slightly paler

fascia near the hind-margin of the forewings, with no

trace of ferruginous ; and the underside is generally much

darker than in M. ficedula, and without yellowish clouding.

Boisduval’s figure purports to represent Loxura Alcides

from “ Guénée ;” it is evidently that of rather a small ¢.

In pattern and colouring (only the upperside being

depicted) it agrees fairly with the Southern form, except

that along hind-margin the ferruginous border has a narrow

black edging, and that the outline of the hind-margin of

the forewing is not elbowed. If the locality of Boisduval’s

example be correctly recorded, it would appear that

M. ficedula, or a very near ally, inhabits Western Africa

in company with MM. Stlenus.

Hab.—Cape Colony:—Knysna (R. Trimen, 1859);

Grahamstown (Mrs. F. W. Barber, 1867,

and R. Trimen, 1870); King William’s Town

(W. S. M. D’Urban, 186 ); Fort Warden,

Kei River (J. H. Bowker, 1873).

Kafirland :—Bashee River(J.H. Bowker, 186 );

Natal :—Udland’s Mission Station and Great

Novdsberg (R. Trimen, 1867); D’Urban

(coll. J. H. Bowker, 1878).

Transvaal:—Leydenburg District (T. Ayres,

1879).

Family PAPILIONID 22, Leach.

Sub-family PieRInz, Swains.

Genus Pieris, Schr.

Pieris Hemus, sp. nov.

Pieris Poppea, Trimen [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust. i.

p- 321, n. 215 (1866).

Exp. al. (é) 2in. 1—7 lin.; (2) 2 in. 23—64 lin.

8. White, with black hind-marginal spots on nervures.

Forewing: base slightly irrorated with fuscous; a broad

basal suffusion of orange-red spreading over rather more

than half of discoidal cell; costa edged with fuscous,

which is widest (and white-scaled) near base, but very

narrow about middle of wing; apex rather widely bordered

with fuscous; 4 hind-marginal spots, of which the Ist

Butterflies of Southern Africa. 343

sometimes joins apical black, and the 4th (at end of 1st

median nervule) is always minute. /indwing: base

slightly fuscous ; a faint orange suffusion, fading out-

wardly into yellow in basal region; 6 hind- marginal spots

of small size, of which the Ist (at end of 2nd sub-costal

nervule) is minute, and the 2nd and 6th smaller than the

3 others. UNpbrErsipE.— Forewing: no basal fuscous,

and only some faint fuscous scales along edge of costa ;

orange-red suffusion brighter and spreading nearer to

extremity of discoidal cell; in place of apical fuscous

3 small marginal nervular spots, of which the first is a

little before apex at end of 2nd subcostal nervule. Hind-

wing : white, very faintly tinged with yellowish near base

and inner margin ; costa at Aad for a little distance from

base bordered with orange-red; hind-marginal spots (espe-

cially the Ist) larger and rounder than on upperside.

2. More or less universally suffused with pale creamy-

ochreous, into which the basal orange-red (which is much

duller than in ¢) gradually fades; on the discs the

nervures are all more or less clouded with whitish; bind-

marginal spots much larger thanin ¢. Forewing: apical

fuscous crossed by 2 or 3 ochreous internervular rays;

a minute spot at extremity of sub-median nervure.

UNvERsSIDE.—In the paler specimens almost as white as

in $, but in the darker ones more or less tinted with

creamy-yellow generally. Forewing: orange-red suffu-

sion fills discoidal cell, and faintly extends inner mar-

ginally almost to posterior angle; hind-marginal spots not

enlarged as on upperside, but | blacker and rounded.

This beautiful Pieris is a ey near relation of the

West African P. Rhodope, Fab. (= Poppea, Cram.),

and of the Malagasy P. Phileris, Boisd.; it is, perhaps,

not quite so closely allied to P. Ag gathina, Cram. As far

as the és are concerned, the very conspicuous orange-red

basal suffusion of the forewings on the upperside readily

distinguishes P. Hemus from all the three species named ;

Rhodope and Phileris having only a very faint and much

smaller orange-yellow tinge, while in Agathina there is

none at all. The fainter basal suffusion in the hindwings

is also wanting in all the three allied forms. On the

underside, Hemus has none of the rich ochre-yellow of

Agathina, but its white is less pure than that of Rhodope

and Phileris ; the hind-marginal spots, however, are

smaller than in the two latter, and agree very closely

with those of Agathina; and the basi-costal orange-red

344 Mr. Roland Trimen on

of the hindwings is bounded (as in Agathina) by the

costal nervure, instead of extending suffusedly beyond it

as in Rhodope ; while the wide suffusion from the base of

the forewings is but little wider and if anything less

bright than in Agathina, though very much brighter and

broader than in the other two species.

With respect to the ¢s, that sex of P. Phileris is not

known to me;* but, as regards the remaining species,

Hemus is more like Agathina than Rhodope in either ot

its forms. It is best distinguished from Agathina by (1)

the broader red suffusion from base ; (2) the white cloud-

ing of the nervures on disc; (3) the broader apical fuscous

and larger hind-marginal spots in the forewings; and on

the underside by (5) the much paler and less yellow hind-

wings and apex of forewings, especially white on the hind-

marginal edge. Both forms of Rhodope, but particularly

that in which the forewings are white (Poppea, Cram.),

are specially characterized by the enlarged hind-marginal

spots of the upperside, which in the forewings form broad,

elongated nervular rays; but on the underside the corre-

sponding spots are quite as in Hemus excepting that they

are slightly larger.

In both sexes of Hemus the wings are thinner and

weaker in structure than in Agathina, but not so delicate

and semitransparent as in Rhodope and Phileris.

Hab.—Cape Colony: King William’s Town (W. 8.

M. D’Urban, 1861, and R. Trimen, 1878) ;

Kei River (J. H. Bowker, 1875).

Trans-Kei; Bashee River (J. H. Bowker,

1863).

Zambesi (In Coll. W. C. Hewitson, 1867).

* The butterfly associated with the ¢ Phileris by Boisduval, and figured

in Faune Ent. de Madag. etc., pl. 2, f. 5, as the @ of that species ay pears

to belong to a different section of the genus Picris.

Butterflies of Southern Africa. 34

Sub-family PAPILIONIN A, Swains.

Genus Papitio, Linn.

Papilio Ophidicephalus, Oberth. Etudes d’Entomologie,

p-. 13 (1878).

Papilio Menestheus (Dru.), ae [ part.], Rhop. Afr.

Aust. 1. p. 320, pl. 2, fie. 1 (1866).

This is the Southern ne of Papilio Menes-

theus, Drury, but is a much larger form, no example of

either sex of the West African butterfly that I have

measured expanding more than 5, inches across the

wings. Apart from size, Ophidicephalus is best recog-

nized by (1st) the more decided yellow, inclining to

sulphureous, of the markings; (2nd) the greater size

of all the markings, but especially the width of the

transverse band of forewings near costa and the con-

tiguity and outwardly-truncate form of its component

spots 3 ( (3rd) the more conspicuous ocelli of the hindwings

and irroration of the dise between those markings ; (4th)

the much longer and basally much broader tails. In the 4,

the discal silky clothing is barely seen on the 3rd median

nervule of the forewings; and the disco-cellular oblique

marking of the same wings in both sexes is not separated

into two distinct spots. The dentation of the stripe of

the hindwings which borders the costal ocellus is much

more prolonged and acuminate.

Two male examples lately acquired by the South African

Museum, which were taken by Mr. T. Ayres in the

Leydenburg District of the Transvaal, are in some respects

intermediate between the Southern and Tropical Western

forms, though nearer to the former. In size, colouring,

and development of hindwing, ocelli and tails, they are

quite like Ophidicephalus ; but in the forewings the

transverse band is as narrow as in Menestheus (except at

its costal commencement where it is somewhat broader),

and its component spots are all separated from each other

except the first three, though they preserve the outwardly

truncate form characteristic of Ophidicephalus. In one

specimen, moreover, the oblique marking of the discoidal

cell in the forewings is divided into two parts, but_the

upper part remains much larger than the corresponding

mark in Menestheus.

Mr. Druce (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1875, p. 416) has

noted that the variety figured by me ‘seems to take the

346 Mr. Roland Trimen on Butterflies, &c.

place of the typical form in South Africa.” Colonel J.

Bowker was the first to bring to notice this very

fine Papilio, having forwarded specimens from the Trans-

Kei Territory, in 1862. Col. Bowker has since informed

me that he has noticed the butterfly once or twice about

King William’s Town. I observed a single specimen on

the coast of Natal, and the late Mr. M‘Ken forwarded

to the South African Museum an individual taken near

D’ Urban in 1866.

Hab.—Cape Colony: King William’s Town (Col. J.

H. Bowker).

Trans-Kei: Bashee and Tsomo Rivers, &c.

(Col. J. H. Bowker).

Natal: D’Urban (J. M. M‘Ken); between

D’ Urban and Verulam (R. Trimen, 1867).

Transvaal: Leydenburg ('T. Ayres, 1879).

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

FOR

S79.

February 5, 1879.

Sir Jonn Lussock, Bart., M.P., V.-P.R.S., President, in the chair.

The President nominated as Vice-Presidents of the Society for the year

Mr. H. W. Bates, Mr. J. W. Dunning, and Mr. Frederick Smith.

Donations to the Library were then announced, and thanks voted to

the donors.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. H. J. Elwes exhibited a collection of Lepidoptera from a small

island at the mouth of the Amur River, in Siberia.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited a specimen of Gasteracantha Cam-

bridget, a remarkable spider from West Africa, recently described by

Mr. A. G. Butler.

Mr. G. C. Champion exhibited a specimen of Harpalus oblongiusculus,

taken by Mr. J. T. Harris, in May last, at the Chesil Bank, Weymouth.

The Secretary read a note from Mr. A. H. Swinton, calling attention

to a passage in a paper by Mr. Wood-Mason, published in the last part of

the Society’s ‘Transactions’ (part iv., p. 265), wherein the author asks,

* How is it that nobody has ever heard the Mantid@ stridulate?” Mr.

Swinton referred to Kirby and Spence’s ‘Introduction to Entomology’

(7th ed., p. 493), where it is stated, on the authority of M. Goureau, that

Mantis religiosa, “when alarmed and having put itself in an attitude of

defence, rubs the sides of the abdomen against the interior borders of the

wings and elytra, so as to produce a noise like that of parchment rubbed

together.”

The Rey. A. E. Eaton remarked, apropos of the homologies of wing-

nervures (see Proc. Ent. Soc., 1878, p. lvi.), that in the anterior wings of

most of the Hphemeride, three primary groups of longitudinal nervures

could be distinguished, the foremost proceeding directly from the thorax ;

the hindermost issuing from, or terminating in, a curved or angulated

prominent fold interjacent between the first group and the hinder part of

the base of the wing close to the wing-root; and an intermediate group

which does not attain to the thorax, but either terminates in the wing-

membrane close to the base of the wing, or is annexed to the hinder veins

of the first group. The equivalents of the intermediate group in their

ultimate ramifications constitute the “apical forks” of Mr. M‘lachlan’s

system. Mr. Eaton exhibited drawings of wings of Trichoptera and

Tineina, in which the three groups of nervures were distinguished by colour,

and the ‘apical forks” were shaded and numbered, in correspondence with

their homologies.

Mr. Meldola communicated the following note on a remarkable case of

mimicry observed by Dr. Fritz Muller:—“I have just reared from the

caterpillar state ten specimens (being five males and five females) of Huetdes

pavana. This is one of our rarest butterflies, and I think I have not yet

caught more than half-a-dozen, all of which were females. These resemble

Acrea thalia so closely that before they are caught they can be distinguished

only by the club of the antenne being yellow, while it is black in Acrea.

Now in the male of Huetdes pavana the club of the antenne is black also,

and this has no doubt been the cause of my never catching any male.

I know of no other case in which the males of a mimicking butterfly

resemble more closely the mimicked one than the females do, while the

inverse is well known to be of rather frequent occurrence.”

Papers read.

Mr. A. G. Butler communicated a paper “On the Lepidoptera of the

Amazons collected by Dr. James W. H. Trail during the years 1873 to

1875. Part iii., Noctuites.”

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse communicated a ‘ Description of a new Genus

and Species of Rhyncophorous Coleoptera allied to Sipalus found in an

Orchid-house.”

Mr. F. Moore communicated “ Descriptions of the Species of the Lepi-

dopterous Genus Kallima.”

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part iv. of the ‘ Transactions’ for 1878 was on the table; as were also

copies of the President's Anniversary Address delivered at the last Meeting.

March 5, 1879.

J. W. Dunnine, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair.

Before proceeding to the business of the evening, Mr. Dunning said

that it was his melancholy duty to announce the death of Mr. Frederick

Smith, one of the Vice-Presidents of the Society, who had only at the

preceding meeting been re-appointed to that office. He died on the 16th of

February, at the ripe age of seventy-three. Appointed Curator about 1843,

elected a Member in 1850), President in 1862 and 1863, Mr. Smith had

throughout been one of our most useful associates. A constant attendant

at our meetings, his readiness to communicate his knowledge to others was

unfailing, and what he did communicate was not second-hand information,

but was almost invariably the result of his own personal observation. His

entomological work in connection with the British Museum was known to

all, and to his colleagues in that institution his loss would be irreparable.

For a whole generation he has occupied the position of the British

Hymenopterist, and in his knowledge of our indigenous species and

acquaintance with their habits he stood without a rival. Retiring and

unassuming in manner, he possessed a quiet sense of humour, and amidst

the warmth and unrestraint of a social gathering exhibited a capacity for

entertaining others which was probably unsuspected by many who knew

him only in this room. Blameless in private life, a conscientious public

servant, earnest and laboriously painstaking in his work, Frederick Smith

had gained the esteem of all, and the Chairman felt that he was truly

interpreting the feelings of others when he said that the Society had lost a

valuable Member and his colleagues a faithful friend.

Donations to the Library were then announced, and thanks voted to

the donors.

Election of a Foreign Member and Subscriber.

M. Ch. Brongniart, of the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, 57, Rue Cuvier,

Paris, was ballotted for and elected a Foriegu Member.

Mr. John T. Harris, of Newton Road, Burton-on-Trent, was ballotted for

and elected a Subscriber.

Hahibitions, de.

Sir Sidney Saunders exhibited a series of bees belonging to the genus

Halictus from Greece. Among them were several remarkable new forms of

the males.

Mr. Wood-Mason, with reference to the extract from Kirby and Spence’s

‘Entomology’ read by the Secretary at the last mecting, stated that he had

since carefully re-examined Mantis religiosa, but that he had found both ~

wings and tegmina to be perfectly unmodified; no rasp was developed on

the anterior margin of the tegmina, and no structure that is not to be found

in any orthopterous insect could be detected on the inner margin of either

pair of wings, the parts said by Goureau to be rubbed. In fact, it is

perfectly clear that the sounds which Goureau caused the Mantis to emit

were nothing more than such a rustling noise as any Orthopteron can make

by shuffling all its organs of flight together, or by the friction of the sides

of the abdomen against the posterior inner margins of the wings and

tegmina by such a rapid up-and-down movement of the abdomen as should

be particularly easy and natural to a member of a group of insects, many

of which (e. g., Mantis, Hierodula, and all the HKmpuside) habitually carry

the abdomen strongly recurved over the thorax throughout their larval life.

To enable the insect to bend the body upon itself in this fashion, the first—

and sometimes also the second—dorsal segment of the abdomen is peculiarly

emarginate. Both dried and alcoholic specimens of immature Hmpuside

are invariably received in this attitude, (__) , and cannot be straightened

without breaking the interarticular membranes of the abdominal segments,

the dorsal muscles being so strongly contracted and rigid. The attitude

probably acts protectively by enabling the insect to diminish the amount of

surface visible to an enemy, the short and stout forms and species with a

broad exfoliated abdomen (like the Hmpusid@) alone assuming it; the long,

slender, and filiform species being apparently already sufficiently well

protected by their resemblance to sticks and stalks. It is interesting to

find this larval trait continued on into adult life in the South-American

Acanthops, according to De Saussure, whose statement I can corroborate so

far as to say that I have always seen dried specimens of the female in the

attitude described by him whenever they have been pinned as caught,

without any attempt at “setting” on the part of the captor :—

«Au repos ces insectes (dcanthops) se donnent par leur posture une

ressemblance de plus avec des objets vegétaux. Chez les femelles la base

du ler segment dorsal de l’abdomen est échancrée, ce qui permet a l’abdomen

de se rejeter en dessus et de prendre une direction verticale; dans ce mouve-

ment il entraine les organes du vol et les oblige de se placer a angle droit

sur le prothorax; les élytres étant trop étroits pour recouvrir le large

abdomen, formant alors avec les ailes comme un faisceau de _ folioles

chiffonnées, enveloppant un fruit folliculé. Chez les males les élytres et

les organes du vol étant plus grands, et ne se rejetant pas en haut, ils

derobent entierement l’abdomen, et par leur superposition ils figurent une

feuille a bords sinués. La nuance de ia couleur feuille-morte varie d’un

individu a l’autre comme les feuilles desséchées.” *

* <Mém. Mexique,’ tom. ii, 1, p. 149.

The following are M. Goureau’s observations referred to by Mr. Swinton

at the last meeting :—

“Ta Mante réligieuse habite les céteaux les plus exposes au midi des

environs de Besangon, c’est le point le plus septentrional de la France

ou je l’ai rencontrée. J’ai gardé et nourri une de ces Mantes pendant

plusieurs jours en la tenant renfermé dans une boite et en lui donnant des

mouches. La premiére fois que je la renfermai, je l’irritai en la touchant

avec une plume, et en méme temps je fis entendre un petit sifflement.

Dans la crainte d’étre saisie par un ennemi, a ce que je suppose, elle se

mit aussitot eu etat de défense; elle releva verticalement son long corselet,

porta ses pattes anterieures en avant, comme pour saisir sa proie, elle etala

a demi ses ailes et ses elytres, et fit mouvoir son abdomen de haut en bas

par un mouvement assez rapide, pendant ce mouvement, les cdtés du ventre

frottaient contre les bords interieurs des ailes et des élytres, et produisaient

un bruit analogue a celui qu’on obtient en froissant du parchemin. Depuis

ce premier mouvement jusqu’au dernier jour ou je l’ai gardée, chaque fois

que je la visitais et que je faisais entendre le méme sifflement, elle prenait

aussitot son attitude defensive, et ne la quittait que lorsqu’elle jugeait le

danger passé. Cette expérience semble prouver que l'on peut instruire

certaines insectes a comprendre la signification des sons et leur apprendre

a répondre a un appel qui leur est fait, ce qui peut étre trés utile dans les

expérieuces sur l’audition ; elle prouve en outre que les Mantes jouissent de

la propriété de produire une stridulation analogue a celles des Copris,

Geotrupes, Cychrus, Necrophorus, &c.” *

Mr. W. Cole called attention to a statement in Dr. Kerner’s essay “ On

Flowers and their unbidden Guests,” respecting the cause of blossoms being

as a general rule untouched by caterpillars. Dr. Kerner presumes that

flowers contain certain principles distasteful to larve, and are so protected

from their attacks. Mr. Cole suggested that the majority of caterpillars

neglect flowers as food rather with a view to their own safety than because

the blossoms repel them by exhibiting unwelcome taste or odours. Most

larve find concealment among leaves and twigs which they resemble in

colour and markings, and it would be to their disadvantage to wander on

to brilliant flowers, where their natural protective clothing would lose its

special value. Flowers can hardly be essentially distasteful to these

creatures, because many species of caterpillars, and even entire genera,

feed commonly ou parts of the inflorescence; but in the habits and

colouring of these, other modes of deceiving their enemies or escaping from

them can in most cases be detected.

Mr. M‘Lachlan said he had pointed out long ago the fact that many

larvee varied in colour in accordance with that of the flowers on which they

* Ann, de la Soc, Entom. Fr,,’ tom, x., Bull, p. xvii., xviii,

vil

fed, and he was disposed to think there was something in the idea that

they found protection thereby.

Mr. Meldola saw no objection to Dr. Kerner’s statement, from the point

of view of vegetable physiology, since it is quite possible for flowers to secrete

special chemical compounds quite distinct from anything found in other

parts of the plant. With regard to larvee which feed upon flowers to which

they are adapted in colour, it is not improbable that such adaptation may

result from the actual presence of the colouring matter of the flower in the

tissues of the larve, the digestive organs of which may have become

modified by natural selection, so as to permit of such permeation of

unaltered colouring matters. In the case of green caterpillars unaltered

chlorophyll had been detected spectroscopically in the tissues.

Mr. H. J. Elwes mentioned a case of injury done to a species of

Sternbergia by some larva feeding in ihe bulb. Mr. M‘Lachlan suggested it

was probably that of the dipterous genus Merodon, which is known to

attack bulbs of various plants.

Papers read.

Dr. Sharp communicated a paper “On some Coleoptera from the

Hawauan Islands.”

Mr. Peter Cameron communicated a paper ‘‘On some new or little-

known British Hymenoptera.”

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part V. of the ‘ Transactions’ for 1878, containing index, title-page, &c.,

was on the table.

April 2, 1879.

J. W. Dunnine, Esq., M.A., F.L.8., Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

donors.

Exhibitions, de.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited the cases and sixteen species of Brazilian

caddis-flies, with the insects bred from the larve that manufactured some

of them, sent to him by Dr. Fritz Muller, from Santa Catharina. Included

were the cases exhibited at the meeting of the 4th December last. Some

extracts (with notes) from Dr. Fritz Muller’s letters are here given :—

“ Helicopsyche. Iu some cases of one of the species you will see, well

preserved, the oldest part of the case, which peeps out like a chimney from

the conical top. ‘There are here two or three other species of Helicopsyche,

one of which lives on rocks continually wetted by the spray of waterfalls:

VAL

the pupa of this species is deprived of the long hairs which exist, in other

species, on the first four joints of the fore and middle legs, and which the

pupe, after leaving the case, use in swimming to the surface. On the

rocks it is, of course, neither necessary nor possible to swim. Should not

Brauer’s Setotricha be a Helicopsyche? the neuration of the wings is very

similar to that of our species.* In the pupa of Helicopsyche ceylanica,

Brauer (‘ Voyage der Novara,’ Neuroptera) describes the first joint of the

maxillary palpi in either sex as being much shorter than the second; but

this is not the case with our species, which in their maxillary palpi agree

with Setotricha. Perhaps there may not be any real difference in this

respect between H. ceylanica and the Brazilian species. Brauer’s figure of

the palpi of Helicopsyche looks as if there were something wanting at the

base. ‘There are several other differences between the larve and pupe of

Helicopsyche I have examined and Brauer’s description of H. ceylanica ;

whether they be real or not I am unable to decide. ‘The anterior margin

of the pronotum of the larva is armed, in our several species, with a row

of strong spines, straight or curved at the end. ‘The branchie described

by Brauer I have been unable to find in any of our species. The hooks at

the apex of the abdomen are quite different from Brauer’s description.

The lateral tubercles of the first segment of the abdomen are beset with

pairs of microscopical spines. In describing the legs of the pupa, Brauer

says that the skin of the pupa bears but few hairs; if indeed the fore and

iniddle legs of the pupa were hairless, or nearly so, H. ceylanica would

probably not live in the water, but on wet places, where the pupa is not

obliged to swim. According to Brauer there should be a pair of horny

plates, armed with hooks, on the back of abdominal segments 2—6; in our

species these exist only on segments 83—6, but there is a second pair on

segment 5, with the hooks curved in.an opposite direction. Brauer's figure

of the apex of the abdomen shows it as deprived of appendages. I cannot

help thinking this must be an error; all our species have well-developed

appendages bearing the usual four long hairs.

“The pupe of aspecies of Hydropsyehide living on the same rocks

here likewise have hairless legs, and this is also the case with the species

of Leptoceride which inhabits Bromelia, while, in a closely allied species +

living in rivalets, the hairs on the fore and middle feet are well-developed,

as you will see by the pupa-skins I send you.

* I have already called attention to the probability that Setotricha may be

allied to Helicopsyche, in my ‘ Reyision and Synopsis of European 'Trichoptera’

(pt. v., p. 269, Nov. 1876).—R. M‘L.

+ This insect belongs to Section iv. of Leptoceride, according to the system

adopted in my * Revision and Synopsis of European Trichoptera.’ It probably

forms a new genus allied to Anisocentropus and Ganonema. ‘The cases of it, and of

that inhabiting the Bromelia, are formed of large pieces of leaves (or entire small

leaves) attached flatly in a longitudinal manner.—R. M‘L.

vill

« Of the other species I send you, one agrees in almost every particular

with Brauer’s description of the New Zealand genus Tetracentron, so that

I presume it will belong to that genus.* The larva lives in hollow sticks

of wood; but, where the black Dentalium-like tubes abound, it sometimes

usurps the tubes of this latter species. The tubes described by Hagen

(Stett. Zeit., 1864, p. 226, No. 23) as Leptocerus ? grumicha, Vallot, must

have been inhabited by strangers, for they were closed by stones, whereas

the legitimate owners make a circular corneous operculum, with a sub-

central opening. ‘Though these black tubes are extremely abundant in

some places, I have only a few ill-preserved insects, which I hope to replace

by better ones. +}

«There is another smaller species which also lives in the tubes

made by different Trichoptera, and which has the curious custom of

fixing to the mouths of the usurped cases sticks of wood. Even to

a practised eye it is often difficult to discover them among the irregular

straggling sticks. I have not yet bred the insect of this species, but

judging from the structure of the larve it must be nearly allied to

Tetracentron.

‘“‘ Hydroptilide. The cases of my former letter, which you were inclined

to doubt as belonging to Trichoptera, are those of Hydroptilide. I have

often reared the imago. The family appears to be very rich here. I already

know the larve of eleven or twelve species. The most curious of them are

two species which, no doubt, form a new genus (Peltopsyche). The larve

live in fixed flat shield-like cases, resembling the egg-cases of Nephelis,

transversely striated in one species (P. Sieboldi), smooth in the other

(P. Maclachlani). The antenne of the male are very curious, and very

different in the two species. Spurs 2.4.4. The antenne of P. Sieboldi

are 18-jointed in the male, and the number is probably the same in

P. Maclachlani ; in the female the joints are more numerous. {

“Ohimarrha? The larve of some Rhyacophilide (Chimarrha ?) live in

movable cases. These larvee remove the ventral wall of their houses

before fixing them to some stone.

‘The number of species of Trichoptera that I have seen here, either in

the larval or perfect state, is about forty.”

* Tt does agree with Tetracentron in almost every particular.—R. M‘L.

+ These black tubes have probably been described as actual shells of Dentaliwm.

Vallot (Mem. Acad. Dijon, 1855) cites doubtfully Dentaliwm corneum, Gmelin, which

has since been referred as the case of a Trichopterous insect, as identical therewith,

and renames it Phryganea grwnicha. ‘The insects sent by Dr. Fritz Miiller belong

to the Leptoceride, but to an undescribed genus of uncertain affinities.—R. M‘L.

+ The structure, and especially the habits, of Peltopsyche difter so much from

other Hydroptilide that one is tempted to doubt if it really belong to the family.—

R. M‘L.

In connection with the habits of the Mantidse—a subject which had

been recently brought under the notice of the Society by Mr. Wood-Mason

and others—Mr. Stainton remarked that on March 20th, 1866, he received

a letter from Mr. Moggridge, jun., stating that he had forwarded a cater-

pillar “and also a curious grasshopper (?).” The latter was enclosed in a

box, from which, on being opened, there jumped out a little creature which

he had no difficulty in recognising as a young Mantis. It was of a whitish

green colour, and may possibly have been the young larval form of Mantis

religiosa. It was placed back in the box, and the next morning again

examined, the long anterior segment of the thorax and the peculiar anterior

legs leaving no room for doubt that the specimen, in spite of its hopping

movements, was a young Mantis. It was again turned out of the box, and

again made little jumps, not such springs as would be taken by a grass-

hopper, but still there was that in its movements which quite justified

Mr. Moggridge, who, although a first-rate botanist, has not yet turned his

attention to Entomology, in calling it ‘a curious grasshopper (?).” De Geer

observes (vol. ili., p. 401) that “les Mantes approchent beaucoup des Sau-

terelles, quoiqu’elles ne puissent pas sauter.” Mr. Stainton was of opinion

that this peculiar motion of the baby Mantis is one of those cases to which

Mr. Darwin has called attention, viz., that the relationship and affinities of

animals are often more expressed in the embryonic than in the adult form.

Sir Sidney Saunders exhibited a bag, said to be the production of a

large species of spider, brought from the Fiji Islands by Mr. Henry Selfe,

engineer on board a steamship trading between those islands and New

Zealand. <A similar specimen is said to be in the Auckland Museum.

The natives are stated to split bamboos and to place the pieces in the form

of a bag in the track of the spiders, and when covered by these the slips of

bamboo are drawn out. It is believed that the natives make cloth of these

webs. This information was obtained from another Englishman who had

resided four years in these islands.

The Chairman pointed out that, supposing subsequent inquiries to

confirm these statements, this would probably be the first known case of

an articulate animal being made to manufacture directly a fabric useful

to man.

The Secretary read the following note by Mr. J. W. Slater :—

“On Insects destroyed by Flowers.”

“Whilst it is generally admitted that the gay coloration of flowers is

mainly subservient to the purpose of attracting bees and other winged

insects, whose visits play so important a part in the process of fertilization,

it seems to me that one important fact has scarcely received due attention.

Certain gaily-coloured, or at least conspicuous, flowers are avoided by bees,

or, if visited, have an injurious and even fatal effect upon the insects.

Among these are the dahha, the passion-flower, the crown-imperial, and

especially the oleander. ‘That the flowers of the dahlia have a narcotic

action both upon humble-bees and hive-bees was first poited out, I believe,

by the Rev. L. Jenyns, in his ‘ Observations in Natural History’ (p. 262).

He meutions that bees which visit these flowers are ‘soon seized with a sort

of torpor,’ and often die unless speedily removed. He quotes also a writer

in the ‘ Gardener's Chronicle,’ who pronounces the cultivation of the dahlia

‘incompatible with the success of the bee-keeper.’ I find it also recorded

that the passion-flower stupifies humble-bees: that bees of all kinds avoid

the crown-imperial and the oleander, and that the honey of the latter is fatal

to flies. I cannot call to mind that I ever saw a butterfly or a moth settled

upon the flowers of this shrub in Hungary and Dalmatia, where it is very

abundant. It seems not unimportant to ascertain whether the above-

mentioned phenomena have been verified by other observers; whether any

other insects, in such cases, undertake the functions generally exercised by

bees, and whether other flowers have a similarly noxious or deadly action

upon insects.”

Papers read, &c.

The Secretary also read a paper communicated by Miss E. A. Ormerod,

entitled “ Observations on the Effects of low Temperatures. on Larvee,” in

which the authoress comes to the conclusion that of all the species belonging

to different Orders examined during the severe frosts of the past winter,

none were materially injured by the low temperatures to which they were

subjected. Specimens in illustration of the paper were exhibited.

Mr. Stainton remarked that although he fully agreed with Miss Ormerod

that insects did not suffer directly from cold, yet he knew of two instances

during the past winter in which a great loss of insect-life had ensued, owing

to the leaves tenanted by mining larve having been killed by the severe

frost. It was the habit of the larva of Lithocolletis messaniella to feed up

during the winter months in the leaves of the evergreen oak (Quercus Ilex),

and the effect of the extreme cold had been to kill the leaves of many trees

of Q. Llex, which were now quite leafless, although others similarly placed

seemed to have escaped unhurt. Where a leaf containing a mining larva

had been killed, the latter, unless capable of quitting the leaf to seek fresh

food,—a power which no larva of the genus Lithocolletis possessed,—had

necessarily died of starvation. On those trees of @. Ile which had escaped

injury from the cold, Mr. Stainton had found that these larve were much

less developed than was usual at this period of the year, and hence he

anticipated that the moths which should appear at the end of April would

be delayed beyond their usual time. The other instance he had noticed

was that of the larva of Tischeria marginea, which fed up during the winter

months in the leaves of the bramble; in the neighbourhood of Lewisham

almost every leaf of bramble had been totally killed by the frost, and of

course the in-dwelling larvee had perished for lack of food.

Mr. M‘Lachlan stated that it was generally believed that wet winters

were far more destructive to insect-life than dry cold ones, however severe.

Mr. W. Cole asked whether the insects observed by Miss Ormerod were

actually frozen throughout, since it seemed to him improbable that the vital

fluids in the tissues could be solidified without causing death. It was

known that when the protoplasm of the leaves of trees was actually frozen

the leaves were killed.

Miss Ormerod stated that some of the larvee observed by her enclosed in

frozen earth were in a state of brittleness when taken out, but nevertheless

recovered on being thawed.

Mr. M‘Lachlan was of opinion that animals might be frozen throughout

into a state of perfect rigidity, and yet recover when thawed. He instanced

the case of a fish which had been found in this condition imbedded in ice,

and which had recovered on thawing.

Mr. W. L. Distant communicated a paper containing ‘ Descriptions of

new Species of Hemiptera collected by Dr. Stoliczka during the Forsyth

Expedition to Kashgar in 1873-74,” to form portion of the general work on _

the scientific results of the Expedition, now in course of publication at

Calcutta.

May 7, 1879.

J. W. Dunnine, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to donors.

Election of a Foreign Member.

Prof. N. Joly, of Rue des Chalets, Toulouse, was balloted for and

elected a Foreign Member.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. H. J. Elwes exhibited a fine collection of Lepidoptera from Asia

Minor, and read the following note ;—

“On a Collection of Butterflies from Asia Minor.”

“For the collection which I now exhibit I am principally indebted to

Dr. Staudinger, of Dresden, who has recently worked up the results of his

own and other collectors’ work in Asia Minor, and has been good enough

to send me advance sheets of the paper he has written on them.

“There is nothing in the situation, climate, or vegetation of Asia Minor

which would lead one to expect much difference in its insect fauna from

that of other parts of the Mediterranean region ; but notwithstanding that

large parts of the country are still quite unexplored, the material at hand

is enough to show that Asia Minor probably contains a larger number of

species of Rhopalocera than any other part of the Palearctic region.

«The only districts in which the insect fauna has been at all carefully

studied are, first, those of the Eastern Taurus, above Tarsus, where Joseph

Haberhauer spent two seasons in collecting. The climate of the plains in

this part of Asia Minor is excessively hot, moist and unhealthy during

summer and autumn, whilst that of the mountains is drier and cooler. The

whole of the ‘l'aurus ranges west of Messina remain unvisited by a naturalist,

and will certainly be found extremely rich and interesting, especially in

Lycia and the neighbourhood of Adalia. Secondly, the environs of Broussa,

in the north-west, have been well worked by Mann, who spent the seasons of

1851 and 1868, and found the fauna extremely rich. In the west, north, and

north-east, Lederer and Kindermann have made several collecting tours,

the neighbourhood of Amasia being found not only the richest locality in

Asia Minor, but, as far as I am able to judge, it is for its situation one of

the richest in the world. Dr. Staudinger also visited Amasia in 1875, and

collected most of the species now exhibited. The high ranges of Armenia

and Lazistan will doubtless prove very rich, though the climate is much

colder and damper than in the south and centre of the country.

«A olance at the collection will show that the majority of the species

are identical with, or very nearly allied to, those of Southern and Central

Europe; but in addition to the European species, of which not many

are absent, we have a number peculiar to Asia Minor, or only found to

the east of it. Taking the genera first, we find that the only Kuropean

ones not found in Asia Minor are Aineis (Chionohas), Nemeobius, Triphysa,

and Cyclopides, the last of which, as well as Charawes and Danais, are

nearly sure to be found on the south coast, though not as yet discovered.

In place of these we have the following, which do not occur in Europe

generally :—Doritis, a purely Levantine genus; Zegris, only found in

Spain and 8.K. Russia; Vhestor, only on the coast of France and Spain ;

Cigaritis, a N. African and Syrian genus; and T’haleropis, peculiar to Asia

Minor. An analysis of the genera gives the following results :—Total

number 37, against 44 in the whole of the Palearctic region, of which

about thirty are found in Europe generally, and three or four more in

various parts of the Mediterranean subregion.

“Of these thirty-seven genera, seven—viz., Doritis, Thais, Legris,

Anthocharis, Thestor, Cigaritis, Thaleropis—are peculiar to or highly

characteristic of the Mediterranean subregion; two, Parnassia and Colias,

are characteristic of Alpine and Arctic regions generally ; seven—namely,

Leucophasia, Polyommatus, Melanargia, Satyrus, E’:pinephele, Cenonympha,

and Spilothyrus—seem to be most characteristic of Europe and _ the

X11

Palearctic region generally, whilst the remainder are cosmopolitan in their

distribution.

‘As regards the species, the most remarkable facts are the large

number of Lycena aud Satyrus, no less than forty-three of the former and

eighteen of the latter being included, so that about two-sevenths of the

whole number is made up of these genera, which appear to reach their

highest development in the country. The only dominant genus in Europe

which is not well represented in Asia Minor is Hrebia, of whice we have

only four kinds against twenty in some districts of Central Europe; other

species, however, probably remain to be discovered. An analysis of the

species gives the following approximate results :—

Species.

Species peculiar to Asia Minor, of which about half are very nearly

allied to Kuropean species - = : = s 5 - 26

Species peculiar to Asia Minor and countries to the east and north-east

of it, as S. Russia, N. Persia, Syria - : - - - - 18

Species common to Asia Minor and Southern or South-Eastern Europe 40

Species common to Asia Minor or Kurope—many of these found also

in Western Asia - - - - - : s EG

Species found very generally over the whole Palearctic region - - 51

196”

Dr. Wallace exhibited a collection of Lepidoptera made by his son in

the United States of Columbia.

Mr. W. L. Distant exhibited a West African specimen of the large

water-bug, Hydrocyrius Columbi@, Spin., common also to Madagascar and

the Neotropical region. Similar in general appearance to the genus

Belostoma, Hydrocyrius is at once recognised by the possession of two fore

tarsal claws; and in reference to the use of the tarsal claws generally,

Mr. Distant read extracts from a letter received from Mr. George Thomson,

of the Calabar district. That gentleman had forwarded a drawing of

H. Columbia, and stated that when he first obtained the insect he placed

it in a large basin of water, but observing it to float helplessly on the

surface, he placed a few small stones on the bottom, and to these it at

once clung tenaciously. On being afterwards transferred to a fish-globe,

Mr. Thomson describes it as *‘ clinging most furiously to the stones,” and

when lifted as “ raising a stone as large as a small hen’s egg.” Mr. Distant

thought the insect was probably a denizen of rapid currents, and by its

tarsal claws thus prevented itself from being swept away.

The Secretary exhibited a specimen, in alcohol, of a trichopterous insect,

showing tracheo-branchie, sent from Brazil by Dr. Fritz Miiller, who

communicated the following note concerning it :—

“T send you enclosed a trichopterous insect belonging to the family

Leptoceride, which shows very distinctly the branchiz lately discovered in

X1V

the imayo stage of this order by Dr. Palmen,* of Helsinberg. As these

branchie cannot be readily seen excepting immediately after transformation,

I think many members of the Entomological Society may not yet have seen

them. I may add that Dr. Palmén’s view, that the branchie persist in all

those Trichoptera the larvee and pup of which possess them, does not hold

good. At least in one species of Leptoceride I have observed that they are

cast when the pupa undergoes its final transformation.”

Mr. M‘Lachlan said that the discovery by Dr. Palmen of branchize in

the perfect insects of many Trichoptera was an extension of the observations

originally made by Newport,+ and after him by Gerstacker and others, as to

the existence of branchie in the imagos of various Perlide. Dr. Palmeén

appeared to be of opinion that these persistent branchie serve no functional

purpose in Trichoptera, and alludes to them more particularly as proving

that the branchial system of the larva and the stigmatic system of the

imago have no genetic connection, since in the imago branchiz and stigmata

may exist side by side. Mr. M‘Lachlan further alluded to the existence

of marked branchial filaments in the image of various other genera of

European Trichoptera not especially. alluded to by Dr. Palmen, such as

Diplectrona, Plectrocnemia and allies, Ptilocolopus, &c., and thought they

might yet be found to serve a functional (respiratory) purpose. The insect

sent by Dr. Fritz Miller showed two or three branchial filaments on each

side of most of the abdominal segments.

Dr. Wallace remarked, in reply to an inquiry of Mr. Sheppard’s about

his silk-worm experiments, that he had experimented with nearly every

kind of silk-worm which had been introduced into Europe, and that he had

come to the conclusion that the only one which would pay to cultivate in

this country was Bombyx Mori. It was true that the Ailanthus moth and

others would produce a silk; but inasmuch as manufacturers, brokers and

silk-merchants had invested large sums in the produce of 6. Mori, they

were not disposed to look with an eye of favour upon any other produce,

which certainly would require much alteration in machinery and in the

arrangements for business now extant. Moreover, the product of B. Mori

was a very superior article to that produced by any other worm. It was

true that in India, China and elsewhere native products were prepared

from cocoons of indigenous moths, as, for instance, the Tusser-silks from

Antherea Paphia; Moonga-silk from Antherea Assama; Pongees, from

China and Japan, from the cocoons of the Ailanthus moth and of B. Pernyi;

likewise a very valuable silk from the Japanese oak-feeding B. Yama-Mai ;

and he thought that the cocoons of the species feeding on the gum-trees

near Adelaide, New South Wales, which were exhibited that evening to the

Society, might be utilised in a similar manner. But none of these silks

* «Zur Morphologie des Tracheensystems,’ 1877.

+ Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1344. Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. p. 425 (1851).

were adapted to the machinery now in use in Europe, and therefore it

would be better to allow native industry to collect the produce and fabricate

the silks in the countries where produced. “ With regard to my experiments

with the B. Mori,” Dr. Wallace further remarked, ‘they go to indicate

that a good profit may be expected from the production of grain. It is

well known that for years past the silk-producing countries of Southern

Europe have been unable to produce healthy grain—i. e. eggs free from

disease—for the next season’s crop; they have therefore gone elsewhere for

sound grain, and have even sent as much as a million pounds sterling in

one year to Japan for this purpose; but the grain of Japan no longer

serves their purpose. ‘The temptation of high prices drew from Japan at

first all their best stock, and that which is now left is in consequence much

deteriorated ; disease has also visited even Japan, so that Japanese grain

cannot be relied upon. Other countries, therefore, are now contributing

their supplies, notably North and South America, Switzerland, Northern

Germany, Cashmere, Australia, &c.; but Australia labours under a serious

disadvantage,—although she can produce magnificent cocoons and a most

healthy grain, yet the different seasons of different hemispheres prevent

the Australian grain produced in December and January from obtaining

the necessary rest and hyemation which would ensure a proper incubation.

The fine and temperate climate of England gives us a great advantage in

producing healthy grain. It is notorious that our climate during the last

fifty years has altered, being hotter and drier than formerly, at least in the

months during which silk-worm culture is carried on, viz. July, August and

September. I have found uo difficulty in carrying out my education at

Colchester, and have produced a very healthy grain. I have planted about

two acres of land with mulberry trees, and as these grow up my experiments

will be further developed. 1 oz. of grain will, if properly cultivated,

produce from 80 to 100 oz., and the retail price of an ounce of good grain

is 21s., consequently if 1 oz. only produced 50 0z., which were disposed of

at 10s. per oz., there would be a large margin of profit. I have sent my

grain to North and South America, Italy and elsewhere, and it has been

pronounced very good and free from disease. At the present time, when

low prices and bad harvests press very heavily upon agriculturists, I think

that the subject of sericiculture, from the grain-producing point, ought to

be seriously considered. As to the production of cocoons, this might be

done; but as grain production pays so much better, 1 would advise that to

this most serious attention should be paid.”

Mr. Meldola exhibited, on the part of Sir John Lubbock, specimens of

three species of moths belonging to the family Bombycide, with eggs,

cocoons and larvee, sent from South Australia, together with some notes on

their life-histories, by Mr. George Francis, of Adelaide. These moths, the

larvee of which are siated to feed on the native gum-trees, were respectively

XV1

a species supposed to belong to the genus Gastropacha, Opsirhina feroens,

Wlk., and Anapea (Oxleyi, Newm.)? The first-named species, which is

said to be rather rare, forms a tough green silken cocoon. The Opsirhina

was captured on October 25th, 1878, and laid eggs which hatched twenty

days afterwards: the caterpillar (full-grown?) ‘is about 32 inches long,

with a curious horn on its head,” and appears abundantly only every few

years: it spins a cocoon of white silk. ‘The caterpillar of the Anapea

(specimens of which, preserved in spirit, were exhibited) is described as

being, when alive, of ‘a bright emerald-green, with red and pink markings

on the back, and yellow, black and white streaks on the sides. They have

no abdominal legs, but a sort of soft adhesive cushion by which they crawl

and adhere to things.” ‘They are further stated by Mr. Francis to possess

“a set of four little battlements of darts, which, when quiescent, lie flat

down, but when the insect is irritated they stand up and are pushed forcibly

against anything that approaches them, and they sting just like a nettle.”

The male larva is smaller than the female, the latter growing to about an

inch in length, while the former does not exceed five-eighths of an inch,

and possesses all the brilliant colours, the female having no red markings,

but only white, yellow and green, with a little black. They appear about

the middle of August on the Mallu gums, make their cocoons in four or

five weeks, and the moths emerge in January: they open the top of the

cocoon by cutting a circular orifice. The little cocoons, being very hard, are

used as whistles by the country children. ‘The moths are not very common

near Adelaide, but are met with on the hills abundantly.

Dr. Wallace, after examining the cocoon of the Gastropacha, stated that

it looked very promising as a source of silk.

Mr. Meldola pointed out, with regard to the Anapea, that this insect,

according to Mr. Francis’s statement, displayed the remarkable and

exceptional character of sexual difference of colour and marking in the

larval condition.

Mr. M‘Lachlan read the following note, extracted from a letter, dated

April, received from his nephew, Mr. W. J. Wilson, Assistant Engineer,

P.W.D., located on the Anapshahr Branch of the Ganges Canal, near

Meerut :—

“We have had an enormous flight of locusts here. I have seen them

several times before, but never in such numbers, and they have unfortunately

chosen this as their breeding ground. ‘They appeared early last month,

and covered a tract of country about fifteen miles long by two or three miles

in breadth, and move gradually northwards up the Anapshahr Branch.

They laid their eggs all over the place, and these hatched in large numbers

before the end of the month, the ground being now covered with little black

larvee about three-eighths of an inch long. They cannot fly, and now is

the only chance of destroying them. ‘The plan which has, I believe, been

XV1l

found successful is to dig trenches about one foot deep and sweep the larve

into them. They can walk and also hop about six inches. When a

sufficient number are in the trench the earth is filled in. I have spoken

to many villagers about it, but being fatalists they appear very callous.

I hope to get the collectors to take up the matter, as I cannot do much by

myself. The locusts did considerable damage to peas and mustard crops,

but not much to grain, which is now being cut. Sugar-cane and indigo are

being sown, and the young larve will cause much damage to these crops

unless they are got rid of. ‘There are such enormous numbers of them

that anything but united action on the part of the villagers is useless, since

a man may clear his own field, but unless the neighbouring fields are also

cleared it will be as bad as ever in twelve hours.”

Papers read.

Dr. Fritz Miller communicated a paper entitled “ Notes on the Cases

of some South Brazilian Trichoptera.”

Mr. Wood-Mason read ‘“‘ Morphological Notes bearing on the Origin of

Insects,” and exhibited microscopical preparations in illustration.

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part I. of the ‘ Transactions’ for 1879 was on the table.

June 4, 1879.

H. W. Bares, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to donors.

Among the donations, the Secretary called attention to a copy of the

first volume of Mr. W. H. Edwards’s ‘ Butterflies of North America,’ which

the author had had specially coloured for presentation to the Society.

Mr. J. W. Dunning, on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of his

election into the Society, presented to the Library a copy of Doubleday,

Westwood, and Hewitson’s ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ for which

a vote of thanks was proposed by Sir Sidney Saunders, seconded by Mr. S.

Stevens, and on being put to the meeting was carried by acclamation.

Election of Members and of a Subscriber.

Mr. J. Walhouse, F.R.A.S., of 9, Randolph Crescent, Maida Vale, was

ballotted for and elected an Ordinary Member. Senor Antonio Augusto de

Carvatho Monteiro, 72, Rua do Alecrion, Lisbon, was ballotted for and

elected a Foreign Member. Mr. C. H. Goodman, of Kearsbrook Lodge,

Lesuess Heath, Kent, was ballotted for and elected a Subscriber.

XVill

Hahibitions, de.

Mr. M‘Lachlan called attention to a notice by Prof. F. A. Forel,

published in the ‘ Procés-Verbaux de la Societé Vaudoise des Sciences

Naturelles’ (seance du 5 Decembre, 1877), concerning certain sculptured

markings on cretaceous pebbles from the shores of Lac Leman. Various

theories had been propounded to explain the cause of those markings, such

as the action of Alge, Mollusca, &e. Prof. Forel had, however, come to

the conclusion that they were mainly due to the action of larve of

Trichoptera, which formed galleries over the surface, and there were

larger and deeper depressions in the places where the cases were fixed.

Mr. M‘Lachlan had received from Prof. Forel, through Capt. Marshall

Hall, certain of these larvee in alcohol, and two plaster casts of small blocks

(exhibited), one of Jurassic limestone, the other of ordinary white chalk, the

latter being one of several placed in the lake by Prof. Forel on the 12th

March, and taken out on the 26th November following, and on which he

had scratched his initials; these scratches had been deepened in some

places by the action of the larvee, which apparently were those of the genus

Philopotamus in the family Hydropsychide.

Mr. Meldola suggested that the depressions in the pieces of chalk and

limestone might have been produced by the solvent action of the water

charged with carbonic acid, which issued from the galleries of the larve,

a circulation of oxygenated water being necessary for their respiration, and

after being used for this purpose the effluent water would naturally contain

more carbonic acid than before its entry into the galleries; but this

explanation would not hold good if the casts themselves had been directly

acted upon by the larve.

Papers read, éc.

Mr. J. 8S. Baly communicated a paper entitled “ An Attempt to point

out the Differential Characters of some closely-allied Species of Chrysomela,

chiefly those contained in Suffrian’s 11th group; also Descriptions of some

hitherto uncharacterised forms belonging to the same and other Genera of

the Family.”

Prof. Westwood communicated two papers, entitled “ A Decade of new

Cetoniide,” and “On some unusual Monstrous Insects.”

Mr. W. L. Distant read a paper entitled ‘Contributions to our

Knowledge of the Hemipterous Fauna of Madagascar.”

Sir Sidney Saunders communicated the following notes from M. Jules

Lichtenstein, of Montpellier, describing the metamorphoses of the blister-

beetle, which, after repeated failures for many years, he had recently

succeeded in rearing from the egg. The most remarkable circumstance

connected with these transformations or “ hypermetamorphosis” (as in

X1X

Sitaris, Zonitis, and other Meloide*), is the retrogression to an antecedent

larval form, developed within the ‘‘ pseudo-chrysalis,” thus constituting a

pseudo-nymph stage (No. 6), intermediate between that of the pseudo-

chrysalis (No. 5) and the true nymph (No. 7):—

**Montpellier, 27 Mai, 1879.

“J'ai reussi a élever le Canthuris vesicatorix jusqu’au bout, et comme

jai fait tout l’élevage en tubes de verre j’ai pu suivre jour par jour les

métamorphoses et recueillir toutes les dépouilles. Il y en a sept:—

No. 1. Le triongulin, brun avee une ceinture blanche (meso- et meta-

thorax et 1 segment abdominal), 2 soies caudales, yeux trés marqués; il

mange l’ceuf, ou la larve jaune sur le miel, de la ‘ Ceratina’; mais il n’attaque

ni lVceuf ni la larve s'il n’y a pas le miel approvisioné a cété; son instinct

lui indique probablement que son existence n'est assurée que s'il y a le

miel tout prét pour sa seconde forme.

“No. 2. Larve blanche, sans soies caudales et avec les yeux obsolétes:

celle-ci ne mange que du miel.

“No. 8. Autre larve comme la precedente, mais un peu plus grosse;

yeux encore plus obsolétes; machoires plus larges ; ne mange que du miel.

“No. 4. Autre larve tout-a-fait aveugle; avec machoires trés larges et

un peu brunatres; ongles forts propres a fouir; apparence d’une larve de

Scarab@oide. Elle s’enfonce sous terre. Ces 4 larves ont eu besoin de

cing @ six jours chacune pour grossir et changer de peau. Aprés s’étre

enfoncée sous terre cette 4° larve s’est changée en—

“No. 5. Pseudo-chrysalide ou Pseudo-nymphe (?) ayant l’apparence d’une

pupe de dipteére, avec six petits mamelons a la place des jambes. Cette

Pseudo-chrysalide est immobile et blanche; elle exsude de temps en temps

de son corps des petites goutelettes d'une liqueur hyaline. Elle reste neuf

mois ainsi sans changement. Le 15 Avril j’ai vu apparaitre—

“No. 6. Une nouvelle larve blanche tres semblable au No. 4, mais sans

ongles et sans machoires cornées. Cette larve s’agite lentement dans sa

loge souterraine pendant 15 jours, et puis elle se change en—

les Coléopteres, avec tous les membres visibles mais emmaillotés. Ses

segments abdominaux sont garnis de poils épineux.

“Apres un repos de 15 jours cette nymphe a rejetteé une derniére

pellicule; le pigment s'est coloré en vert, et l'insecte parfait a fait son

apparition le 23 Mai. Je Vai encore vivant anjourd’hui et mangeant des

feuilles de fréne.

“Tl y a 20 ans que je cours apres ce resultat. Vous pourriez com-

muniquer de ma part cette nouvelle découverte a nos collegues. Je crois

que c’est la premicre Cantharide elevee artificiellement.”

* « Memoire sur l’Hypermétamorphose et les meeurs des Méloides,” par M, Fabre,

Ann. Sc, Nat., 4e Serie (Zoologie), tome vii, 1837,

Note.—This communication is accompanied with rough sketches of

some of these stages, showing that the second and subsequent larval forms

still retain effective legs, whereas they are described as “ purely vestigiary ”

in Sitaris.« The habits of this particular Ceratina have yet to be explained,

as this genus of bees is accustomed to nidificate in briars, which would not

seem to admit of the Cantharis larva quitting its domicile to burrow under-

ground for its ultimate transformations.

Mr. Meldola communicated the following translation of a paper by

Dr. Fritz Miller, + published in ‘ Kosmos,’ May, 1879, p.100:— _

“Ttuna and Thyridia; a remarkable case of Mimicry in Butterflies.” }

“The genera Jtuna and Methona were erected by Doubleday in 1847,

and placed between Hutresis and Thyridia in the family Heliconide, from

which they were subsequently removed, with [thomia and its allied genera,

and transferred to the Danaide. Methona has since been united with Thy-

ridia, Hibn., next to which genus Ituna still stands in Kirby’s ‘ Synonymic

Catalogue’(1871). These two genera appear, therefore, to have been always

regarded, and are still recognised, as closely allied. Their resemblance, how-

ever, is not due to consanguinity, but has been acquired through imitation,

and is remarkable, inasmuch as the insects have not only deceived casual

collectors, but even skilled observers, after careful comparison. The

resemblance of the genera named is the more worthy of notice since it

occurs between insects both belonging to the group of butterflies which are

protected by distastefulness. The explanation which applies in ordinary

cases of mimicry—and no other has, so far as I know, been offered—cannot

obtain for this imitation among protected species.

* Ituna, Ilione and Thyridia Megisto, the wings of which are here repre-

sented (Figs. 1 and 2), are with us two rather rare butterflies. In addition to

the similarity of the wings, which is to be found in the arrangement of the

transparent yellowish spots and of the black veins and bands which intersect

and divide these spots, and also in that of the white spots which ornament

the black wing-borders, may be added the long yellow antenne and the

black and white marking of the body in both species. Both butterflies

* Fabre, loc. cit., p. 335. Valery Mayet, Ann. Soe. Ent. de France, Ser. 5,

tome 5, 1875, p. 86.

+ {I am indebted to Mr, Charles Darwin for drawing my attention to this paper,

and to Dr. Ernst Krause, of Berlin, one of the Editors of ‘ Kosmos,’ for permission

to reproduce it in our ‘ Proceedings,’ as also for having kindly placed at my disposal

electrotypes of the wood-cuts.—R. M.}

t “This paper, as also that on Epicalia Acontius (‘ Kosmos,’ iv., p. 285) was in

our hands before the appearance of Wallace’s paper on the colours of plants and

animals, which explains why the author has not taken Mr. Wallace’s later views

into consideration.”—Note by the Editor of « Kosmos.’ ;

Xx1

show, like the Ithomie, a preference for the small white flowers of an

Adenostemma, which grows on the borders of woods and on the edges of

forest-paths; but they also visit other flowers, especially white ones, of the

same order (Composite), such as Vernonia, Mikania and Baccharis. I do

not remember to have seen them on flowers of other orders.

“The characters by which Doubleday separated the genus Jtuna from

the apparently similar Methona and Thyridia are such as would not prevent

these genera from being regarded as most closely related, and the differences

to which I am about to refer may appear very insignificant; they become

of importance, however, from the fact that they recur in long series of allied

species, one group of which agrees with Jtwna and the other with Thyridia ;

it thus appears that the Danaide long ago underwent separation into two

groups, one being related to Itwna and the other to Thyridia, so that these

two genera must have undergone a correspondingly ancient separation.

Fie. 2.

Fig. 1. Wings of Itwna Ilione,

Fig. 2. Wings of Thyridia Megisto, 3

The wing-veins are numbered according to Herrich-Schiffer’s system.

| Under side.

“In the next place, on the hind wings in both sexes, between two of the

veins, there are always two white spots situated between the nervures

1b and 2 (i. e., between the submedian and first branch of the median), but

in Thyridia these spots are double. The wing-cell between these two

nervures appears double, as indeed it is. Originally, as shown by moths

and the pupee of butterflies, the wings of butterflies had three veins on the

inner margin, the forémost of which (1c) has disappeared, although some-

times to be found in a rudimentary condition. Thus, in Acrea Thalia, for

example, the course of this yein on the bind wing is indicated by a row of

XX1l

black hairs similar to those marking the courses of the other well-developed

nervures. In many other cases there is scarcely anything of the missing

vein (le) to be seen, but its former existence is indicated by the markings

of the wings, which make the cell between the veins 1b and 2 appear double.

In other cases this indication of the original state is also lost, and the cell

which was formerly double shows the same number of spots as the others.

The wing-cell in question, as in T’hyridia, still appears double in Dircenna,

Ceratinia, Mechanitis, Melinaa, and in all the allies of the Ithomie; on the

other hand it is single in Lycorea and Danais, as in Itwna (and also, judging

from figures, in Hestia and EHuplea).

‘“A second distinguishing character between the genera tuna and

Thyridia consists in the presence of a small ‘ basal cell’ (Wurzelzelle), as

Herrich-Schaffer calls it, at the base of the hind-wing in /twna, and-also in

Lycorea and Danais, but which is wanting, on the other hand, in Thyridia

and in all the allies of the Ithomiz. Herrich-Schaffer made use of the ‘ basal

cell,’ where he found it, as a family character. Thus, by its absence or

presence, he distinguishes between the families Heliconide and Danaide,

which latter he limited to the genus Danais; if he had not therefore over-

looked the certainly very small ‘ basal cell’ in Ztuna and Lycorea, he would

have separated these genera from the Ithomize and have associated them

with Danais.

Fie. 3. Fie, 4.

Basal portion of the hind-wings of Ituna Ilione (Fig. 3) and Thyridia

Megisto, 3 (Fig. 4).

PC, precostal; C, costal; SC, subcostal veins; WZ, basal cell.

“Tn the next place, in the production of odour, the male Thyridia allies

itself to the Ithomie, [tuna to Lycorea and Danais. The males of Ithomia

and its allies are known to possess an odoriferous ‘ tuft of hair on the upper

side of the hind-wing on the subcostal vein” (Herrich-Schaffer), and this

character served that author for distinguishing the genus. In Thyridia

Megisto the odour of this tuft is very powerful, and it is the only species

known to me in which the character acquired by the male has been trans-

ferred to the female; in the latter it is certainly much less developed and

emits a weaker odour. In Jtuna this tuft is wanting on the hind-wings:

on the other hand, as shown by Doubleday, the males have two finger-shaped

processes at the end of the abdomen, which can be protruded and withdrawn

at pleasure. They carry a tuft of stiff black hairs, which can be spread out

like a round brush, and emit what appears to me to be a strong repugnant

aoe

XX111

smell of snuff. ‘These scent-brushes at the end of the finger-shaped pro-

cesses are similarly found in Lycorea, and also (although less developed and

smelling weaker) in Danais Gilippus and D. E'rippus, in which species they

appear to have been hitherto overlocked.

“Thus, on the ground of the foregoing characteristic differences, and

especially of the former, which, being obviously of no advantage to the

species, may be taken as sure indications of a common origin, the Ithomiz

and the true Danaide (Danais, Lycorea and Itwta—Hestia and Huplea,

I know only from figures) must be regarded as two groups which long

ago underwent separation, and which are at least as far apart as, perhaps,

the Acreinz and the Maracuja butterflies. These last groups are also

distinguished by the wing-cell between the veins 1) and 2 of the hind-

wing, which is double in the Acrwinz as in the Ithomis, and single in the

Maracuja group as in the Danaide. ‘The caterpillars of Acrseinz accord

completely in character with those of the Maracuja butterflies, but not with

those of the Danaid and Ithomie; the former so well known as living on

Asclepiadacee have on the back two (Danais E'rippus), three (D. Gilippus),

or four (Huplea Midamus) pairs of long, thread-like, unprotrusible ‘tentacles.’

The Jthomia caterpillars, which feed on Solanaces or the nearly-allied

Scrophulariacez, are either entirely without appendages or have below the

spiracles fleshy spherical protuberances (Mechanitis Lysimnia).*

“Tf, in accordance with all characters, Thyridia is thus related to

Ithomia, and Ituna to the Danaides (if the latter is not, as in Kirby’s

‘Catalogue,’ separated from Lycorea by the Ithomian genus Athesis), the

resemblance of these two genera could only be ascribed to descent from a

common ancestor if they had preserved the original colouring and marking

of the ancestors of all the Ithomiz and Danaide. But this cannot be

maintained. If the progenitors of these two groups had possessed wings

with large transparent spaces, it is improbable that such a large number of

the existing species of the said groups should have reverted to a still earlier

type of wing completely clothed with scales. It might be maintained, with

equal right, that Lycorea and the various Ithomiz, so similar to this genus

in marking and colouring, indicate the original marking and colouring of

the groups in question.

« A case of acquired resemblance—one of imitation or mimicry—is thus

presented. But which of the two species, Ltuna Llione or Thyridia Megisto,

is the original form, and which the mimic? On this point there should

surely be no doubt. Does not a species which serves as a model occur

* The caterpillar represented by Boisduval (Spec. Gen. Lepidopt., pl. 4, fig. 9),

ascribed to Stalachtis (Nerias) Euterpe, appears to be that of a Mechanitis; in

hairiness it resembles that of MW. Lysimnia. A glance at this figure and figs. 10

and 11 of the same plate, which represent caterpillars of true Danaide, shows

immediately the great difference between the caterpillars of the Danaide and

Ithomiz.

XX1V

always in countless swarms, while the mimic is a hundred times more

rare? Does not the model bear the hereditary colouring of its genus and

family, while the mimic appears in borrowed plumes? And, finally, is not

the model unpalatable on account of its repulsive taste and odour, being for

these reasons safe from foes, while the mimic finds protection in its disguise,

without which it would be devoured as a tasty morsel? It is much to be

regretted, however, that all these characters sometimes leave us in the lurch.

‘The imitating species may, at least in some districts, be more common

than its model. If both the latter and its mimic extended into a new

district the conditions might be more frequently unfavourable to the model

and favourable to the rarer species, and thus the original proportional

numbers might be reversed; indeed, this may happen, in course of time,

in the old habitat of the species. In the province of Santa Catharina,

Archonias (Huterpe) Tereas is common in the forest-paths almost throughout

the entire year, while its model, Papilio Nephalion, is, on the other hand,

a rare butterfly. Occasionally the relative numbers of different species

change very considerably in successive years, and may be entirely reversed

in comparatively adjacent districts. Here in Itajahy Colenis Julia is far

commoner than the deceptively similar but smaller H'weides Aliphera; some

months ago, however, to the north of our province on the high land at Sao

Bento, I found Huetdes Aliphera in such numbers that I sometimes caught

eight with a single sweep of the net, whilst in the course of a week I saw

Colenis Julia but two or three times.* Indeed, it is conceivable that the

model species may become extinct while the mimicking species remains

unaffected. Thus, according to Mr. Trimen and Mr. A. G. Butler,} Papilio

Antimachus and P. Zalmoxis might be imitations of gigantic extinct or

still unknown species of Acre@a. In the case of the [tuna and Thyridia,

under consideration, both species are rare, at least in Santa Catharina, and

their relative numbers give no clue, therefore, as to which is the model.

“The second indication, viz., that the model species bears its own

characters, and the mimic acquired ones is found with ease and safety in the

fact that the more widely-separated the groups to which the two species belong

the further does the imitating species depart from the ordinary characters

of its allies. Thus, if certain locusts (Scaphura) are disguised as wasps

(Pepsis)—if others (Phylloscyrtus) are disguised as beetles, while others

again are disguised as spiders {—there cannot be the least doubt, in such

* [See also Trans. Ent. Soc., 1877, p. 223.—R. M.]

4 Raphael Meldola, ‘‘ Entomological Notes bearing on Evolution,” Ann, Mag. Nat.

Hist., Feb. 1858, p. 157.

t I have never seen this disguise mentioned; I observed it on one occasion. An

insect, which I at first took to be a spider, but which nevertheless had a strange

appearance, was resting on a leaf; I looked at it on all sides without being clear as

to what it was until it jumped up and flew away. ‘The most remarkable feature in

it was the long spider-like legs.

XXV

cases, Which is the imitating species, as the object of the disguise is

immed)2tely apparent.*

«« with many other species, also, which are less widely separated such

charact?8 are of great service. Thus the black dArchonias Tereas, with the

white ‘Spots on the margin of the fore-wings and the rose-red of the hind-

wings’ Presents a strange appearance among its congeners, whilst Papilio

Nep*halion belongs to a long series of similarly coloured species, so that

whelre this Papilio is rare and the Archonias common, we cannot for this

rep Pha regard the latter as the model of the former.

“The more closely related are the two species which resemble one

another, the more alike were they ab initio, and the more uncertain in

consequence ‘is this second indication of mimicry; it becomes perfectly

useless in cases where the nearest allies of the two species are without a

common, peculiar, sharply defined form of marking and colouring. Col@nis

Julia and Hueides Aliphera will again serve as examples. In the genus

Colenis, near the fiery-red Julia, there stands the green Dido, and other

species with still different colours and form of wing, whilst in the genus

Eueides, the spotted Isabella and the Acrea-like Pavana stand near the

fiery-red Aliphera.

“Of the two genera under consideration, Thyridia possesses a rather

larger number of similar allies (Dircenna, for instance) than does [tuna, and

we might perhaps consider the latter to be the imitating species since, with

respect to flowers, it appears to possess the taste of the Ithomie, and not

that of the blood-related Danaide.

“ With regard to the third and last indication of mimicry, viz., that the

model is protected from enemies by unpleasant taste and odour, whilst

the imitator is without such protection, and thus derives benefit from its

resemblance to the distasteful model, it is to be remarked that model and

mimic could be distinguished from one another with certainty if all distasteful

species possessed for insectivorous birds, as well as for us, a repulsive odour,

and if also butterflies malodorous to us did not occur as mimics.

“The Ithomie of the Amazons and their allies (e, g., Mechanitis), as

Bates observed, are imitated by so many butterflies belonging to the most

different families that they may certainly be correctly regarded as quite safe

* And yet this seemingly impossible misconception has occurred to a German

Professor. Prof. Vitus Graber, in his recent interesting book, ‘ Die Insekten,’ which

is rich in new facts and ideas (but which certainly misrepresents foreign species and

much else), speaks (vol. ii. 1, p. 72) of “ certain sand-wasps which, in order the more

readily to deceive their prey, the genus of crickets, Sphacura, disguise themselves in

the form of their victims.” The ‘genus of crickets, Sphacura,”’ must certainly be

the locust genus, Scaphura. ‘The author has distorted the name as well as the fact.

Wasps do not resemble locusts, but the latter mimic wasps, which certainly carry in

locusts (but not in the perfect state) for their young, and never Scaphwra, as far as

IT have seen. ‘Their deceptive resemblance to wasps serves them as a protection.

XXVi

from the pursuit of birds on account of their distastefulness and yet, + far as

I know, a repulsive smell has not yet been detected in them.* The odour

emitted by the odoriferous tufts of the males is generally very fiint and

far from being unpleasant, but is rather like that of vanilla or roses, so that

the cause of the distastefulness cannot be sought therein, the less sq since

it emanates from the wings, which are not eaten. We have thus numerous

imitators taking for models species without any distastefulness recogniz able

by us. ,

‘‘On the other hand, among the numerous mimics which appear *°"ore

(Itajahy) suddenly in swarms twice in the year are Acrea Thalia and the?

much rarer Hueides Pavana, which possesses the same odour-emitting °

appendages at the extremity of the abdomen and the same repulsive smell

as the remainder of the Maracuja butterflies. Of the same nature is the

resemblance of the three related and similarly smelling species, Hueides

Aliphera, Colenis Julia, and Dione Juno, of which the odoriferous power is

certainly possessed in the highest degree by the smallest species, although

this appears ‘to have been acquired, in most part at least, subsequently.

Further, the strongly smelling Huetdes Isabella and Heliconius Hucrate

have either individually or together acquired a resemblance to Mechanitis

Lysimnia, which (apart from the extremely faint, and to us scarcely per-

ceptible, odour of the male) is to us inodorous; and, among the numerous

butterflies which sufficiently resemble the three above-named species as to

be occasionally mistaken for ‘them are species belonging to the [thomia

group (Melina) and to the tree Danaides (Lycorea).

“ Thyridia and Ituna both belong to the class of cases in which

the two species which resemble one another appear to be equally well

protected by distastefulness. The former belongs to the Ithomia group,

the distastefulness of which has been just referred to, and the latter

to the Danaides, which play the same part as models of imitating species

in the Old World as the Ithomize in the New. They appear even after

death to defy the ravages of time and the attacks of mites, &c., by virtue

of their distastefulness. Last year Mr. Raphael Meldola exhibited to

* [The fact that no odour has been detected cannot be considered as conclusive

evidence that none is emitted. Just in the same manner as there are sounds and

colours both above and below the limits of our sensual perceptions, so there may be

odours inappreciable by our sense of smell.—R. M.]

On what authority does Prof. Delbeuf state (‘ Kosmos,’ vol. ii., p. 106) that “the

Heliconidee (the subject treated of referred to Ithomia, not to Heliconius) when in

danger emit a disgusting fluid, which makes them the most distasteful of all food’’?

It probably proceeded from the pen of one of the numerous followers of Bates and

Wallace, who so easily tread the path laboriously beaten out by these unsurpassed

observers of mimicry and protective resemblance. [Here follows a severe criticism

of Mr. A. W. Bennett's objections to the explanation of mimicry by natural selection ;

vide ‘ Nature,’ vol. iii., p. 30. ]

XXv1

the Entomological Society the remains of an old Indian collection which

had been destroyed by mites, &c., ‘the surviving specimens all belonged

to protected genera (Huplea, Danais and Papilio), proving that the quality

which rendered these insects distasteful was, to a certain extent, retained

after death.’ *

“ Now what does the mimicry of protected species signify? What

advantage can it be to the rare Mueides Pavana to be so wonderfully like

the common Acrea Thalia, and what benefit can one species derive from

resembling another, if each is protected by distastefulness. Obviously,

none at all if insectivorous birds, lizards, &c., have acquired by inheritance

a knowledge of the species which are tasteful or distasteful to them—if an

unconscious intelligence tells them what they can safely devour and what

they must avoid. But if each single bird has to learn this distinction by

experience, a certain number of distasteful butterflies must also fall victims

to the inexperience of the young enemies. Now if two distasteful species are

sufficiently alike to be mistaken for one another, the experience acquired

at the expense of one of them will likewise benefit the other; both species

together will only have to contribute the same number of victims which

each of them would have to furnish if they were different. If both species

are equally common, then both will derive the same benefit from their

resemblance—each will save half the number of victims which it has to

furnish to the inexperience of its foes. But if one species is commoner

than the other, then the benefit is unequally divided, and the proportional

advantage for each of the two species which arises from their resemblance

is as the square of their relative numbers.} For instance, let us suppose

that in a given region during one summer 1200 butterflies of a distasteful

species have to be destroyed before it becomes recognised as such, and that

in this region there exist 2000 individuals of one (A) and 10,000 of

another (B) distasteful species. If they are quite different each species

* ‘Nature,’ vol. xvi., p. 155. ‘Kosmos,’ i., p. 442. [Proc. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. xii.]

+ Let a, and a, be the numbers of two distasteful species of butterflies in

some definite district during one summer, and let n be the number of individuals

of a distinct species which are destroyed in the course of a summer before its

distastefulness is generally known. If both species are totally dissimilar, then each

loses n individuals. If, however, they are undistinguishably similar, then the

a, 2 an -, ; ;

! , and the second —-*—. The absolute gain by resemblance is

a, + a,

an an

4a Uta,

a, nN Mh : . ith tl , f

for the second, —-1——. This absolute gain, compared with the occurrence o

a, + a,

hy N

the species, gives for the first, 1, ST ACreEay and for the second species,

l 1 2

first loses

1 A

; and in a similar manner

therefore for the first species m —

a, n

1,——_“" __, whence follows the proportion, 1, :1,= a3: aj.

7 a, (4 + 4)’

XXV11

will lose 1200 individuals; but if they are deceptively alike, then this loss

will be divided among them in proportion to their numbers, the first (A) will

lose 200, and the second (B) 1000. ‘The former (A) accordingly gains

1000 (or 50 per cent.) of the total loss, and the latter (B) only 200 (or

2 per cent.) of this number. Thus, whilst the relative number of the two

species is in the ratio 1:5 the advantage derived by those possessing

the resemblance is 25: 1.

“Tf two species are concerned, of which the one is very common and

the other very rare, then the advantage falls almost entirely on the rarer

species. If, for example, dcr@a Thalia were a thousand times commoner

than Hueides Pavana, the latter would derive a million times greater benefit

from the resemblance of the two species, whilst for the der@a the benefit

s practically nil. Thus Hueides Pavana might by natural selection be

converted into one of the most exact mimics of Acr@a Thalia, although it

is just as distasteful as the species imitated.

“On the other hand, if two or even several distasteful species are about

equally common, resemblance brings them a nearly equal advantage, and

each step which the other takes in this direction is preserved by natural

selection—they would always meet each other numerically so that finally

one would not be able to say which of them has served as the model for the

others. In this manner are explained those cases where several allied

distasteful species (e. g., Colenis Julia, Hueides Aliphera, and Dione Juno)

resemble one another—cases where such resemblance cannot be regarded

as inherited, and yet where neither of the species appears to claim to have

served as a model for the others.

“To this category Ituna and Thyridia may belong, although the first

has probably made the greater step in passing from the former dissimilarity

to the present resemblance of the two species.”

With reference to Dr. Fritz Miller's remarks on the inexperience of

young birds, Mr. Jenner Weir stated that from the numerous experiments

which he had made on the subject of larvee which are eaten or rejected, he

had always been profoundly impressed with the utter disregard paid by birds

to larvee which were inedible. He had never but once seen a distasteful

larva even examined by a bird. When, day by day, he had thrown into his

aviary various larvee, those which were edible were eaten immediately ;

those which were inedible were no more noticed than if a pebble had been

thrown before the birds. It was Mr. Weir's opinion that the experience of

birds in this respect had become hereditary in the species, and was not the

result of the experience of individual birds, but was rather to be regarded

as an act of ‘unconscious cerebration.”

Mr. Bates, whilst acknowledging the great value of the numerous facts

adduced from his own personal observation by Dr. Fritz Miller, could not

agree with him im his proposal to separate, as a distinct family, /éwna and

XX1X

Lycorea (with Danais) from Thyridia and the remainder of the Ithomia

group; the characters mentioned by him only went to prove that Jtwna

and Lycorea were the connecting links between Danais and the Ithomie,

thus justifying the views of those Lepidopterists who first defined

this important group nearly twenty years ago. With regard to the still

incompletely solved problem of mimicry, he could not see that Dr. Miiller’s

explanations and calculations cleared up all the difficulties. ‘The numerous

cases where species which are themselves apparently protected by their

offensive secretions evidently mimic other species similarly protected still

form a great stumbling-block. The excessive complexity of the question

must be evident to all who read Dr. Fritz Miller’s writings on this subject.

The phenomena with regard to the Heliconide, stated broadly, were

these :—In Tropical South America a numerous series of gaily-coloured

butterflies and moths, of very different families, which occur in abundance

in almost every locality a, naturalist may visit, are found all to change their

hues and markings together, as if bythe touch of an enchanter’s wand, at

every few hundred miles, the distances being shorter near the eastern

slopes of the Andes than nearer the Atlantic. So close is the accord of

some half dozen species (of widely different genera) in each change that

he (Mr. Bates) had seen them in large collections classed and named

respectively as one species. Such a phenomenon was calculated to excite

the interest of the travelling naturalist in the highest degree. Although

the accordant changes were generally complete, cases occurred in which

intermediate varieties were still extant, and the study of these had given

him, when he was in South America, the clue to an explanation which,

however, does not embrace the whole of the problem.

July 2, 1879.

Sir Joun Lussocr, Bart., M.P., V.-P.R.S., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors,

Election of a Member.

Mr. Vincent Robert Perkins, of 54, Gloucester Street, South Belgravia,

was ballotted for and clected an ordinary Member.

Exhibitions, de.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited living specimens of Tillus unifasciatus and

Teretrius picipes, from the same fence, at Norwood, where these insects were

captured last year, this being the fourth season of capturing the first, and

the third season of taking the second species in this locality. (See also

Proc. Ent. Soc., 1878, p. xli).

XXX

Mr. M‘Lachlan made a further communication respecting the sculptured

pebbles from Lac Leman. He had received from Prof. Forel an actual

water-worn limestone pebble from the lake, which did not, however, show

any distinct sculpturing, but on it were the covered channels formed by

Trichopterous larve. A number of the perfect insects forwarded (with

larve and pupe) by Prof. Forel proved to be Tinodes lurida, Curt., a

common insect generally on the margins of lakes and rivers.

Mr. W. L. Distant exhibited a specimen of Papilio Hystaspes, Feld.,

taken by Mr. R. E. Cole at sea during a calm, thirty miles from Singapore

and nine miles from the nearest land. This butterfly, found both at the

Philippine Islands and Malacca, is generally considered as a variety or local

race of Papilio Helenus, Linn., round which are also grouped a number of

other closely allied forms. Mr. Distant suggested that if, as in this case,

one of these forms could be found so far at sea during a calm, it could easily

be realized how in such a region of sudden storms involuntary migration

must frequently take place, and the differences in the conditions of the new

habitats might be sufficient to produce the many constant but varietal

forms of this species.

Mr. William Cole exhibited a remarkable variety of Pyrameis cardut,

taken at Buckhurst Hill, Essex, in June.

The Secretary exhibited, on the part of Lord Walsingham, some speci-

mens of a species of Tipulide (Bittacomorpha clavipes, Fabr.), remarkable for

possessing greatly enlarged tarsal joints, captured at Pitt River, California.

Sir Sidney Saunders communicated the following additional explanation,

received from M. Jules Lichtenstein, of Montpellier, respecting the rearing

of the blister-beetle, Cantharis vesicatoria :—

(1). L’espéce de Ceratina qui m’a servi a lélevage, est la grande

C. chalcites de Germar — egregia de Gerstiker. Elle niche dans les tiges

séches de sureau (Sambucus ebulus, L.).

(2). La larve qui succéde a la pseudo-nymphe (a) rejette complétement

la peau de la pseudo-nymphe (b); ce qui la distingue des ‘ Sitaris’ et

‘ Zonitis, qui gardent la peau de pseudo-nymphe (c) completement, et de

‘ Meloé, qui la garde a moitié. Vous avez parfaitement raison dans votre

appreciation de cet état. C’est une phase de la transformation de la pseudo-

nymphe (d)* en vraie nymphe.

“Je vous réponds de suite pour que vous puissiez donner ces renseigne-

ments a nos collégues de 2 Juillet.”

Note.—M. Lichtenstein further explains, in a communication to the

Académie des Sciences (‘Comptes Rendus,’ No. 21, 19 Mai, 1879), that

the Ceratina is not the ordinary victim of the Cantharis, which, he suggests,

is probably usually reared in the cells of bees burrowing in the ground,

such as the Halicti, Andrena, &e., stating also the means which he adopted

* (a, b, c, d) * Pseudo-chrysalide,” Fabre.

xk)

for availing himself of the stored cells of the Ceratina for this purpose, the

“ Scarabeoide” larva having been transferred to. a glass tube containing

about four inches of moist earth, wherein it immediately buried itself,

constructing a cell against the side of the tube, and thus facilitating his

subsequent observations. 8

August 6, 1879.

J. W. Dunninea, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Exhibitions, de.

Mr. Phillips exhibited living specimens of both sexes of Spercheus

emarginatus, taken at West Ham.

Mr. Stainton exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Grigg, of Bristol, larve of

Riéslerstammia Eralebella, a genus of which the larvee had hitherto been un-

known. These were obtained from lime trees near Bristol, feeding externally

on the leaves, quite exposed. ‘They were very transparent, showing the

whole of the interior of the larvae, and with the segments deeply incised.

When full-fed they turned down the edge of the leaf and spun the cocoon

within the fold thus made, just like the larvee of the genus Ornia.

Miss Ormerod read a paper entitled ‘‘Sugar-cane Borers of British

Guiana, and exhibited specimens of the insects referred to in different

stages of development. The first—a moth stated to be a Proceras (sp. ?)—

was the most destructive, and the other insects were Coleopterous belonging

to the genus Calandra—C. sacchari and C. palmarum. Miss Ormerod

made the exhibition on behalf of the Colonial Company, who were anxious

to receive any information as to available and practical methods of dealing

with these attacks.

Mr. W. L. Distant stated that these insects had long been recorded as

destructive to the sugar-cane in the West Indies, and that the circumstances

were almost the same on the plantations in the Straits Settlements at

Malacca, where the usual remedy, and possibly the only one, was searching

for and burning the infested canes, thus gradually diminishing, and possibly

eventually to a great extent extirpating, these destructive insects.

Mr. Swinton contributed the following note :—

“At page xii. of the ‘Proceedings of the Entomological Society of

London’ for 1877, contained in the third issue for that year, I find the

following observations recorded :—‘ Mr. Meldola stated that... . the larva

of Liparis auriflua, which feeds upon hawthorn, sloe, apple, oak, &c., and

which possesses the well-known property of ‘‘ urticating,” could be adduced

as an example of a larva feeding on non-poisonous plants, and yet elaborating

XXxXil

poisons by chemico-physiological processes.’ Mr. M‘I.achlan remarked that

the received opinion, on the other hand, was that ‘the urticating property

was due to mechanical irritation, the numerous brittle hairs of the larva

entering the skin.” Mr. Dunning and Mr. Waterhouse raised the question

whether the hairs thus penetrating the skin might not possess some

poisonous quality. i

“On the penultimate and ante-penultimate segments of the Gold-tail

Moth, Liparis auriflua, will be seen dorsally two scarlet conical and trun-

cated tubercles, which superiorly present a keyhole-shaped orifice. These

when the caterpillar contracts its tubercles, which it does in the fashion of a

sea anemone, enlarge by the constriction to a triangular shape, and a colour-

less liquid wells up to their rim. A pencil-point dipped in this chalice and

applied to the cheek or eyelid will at once renew the said burning sensation,

and leave little doubt as regards the caustic property of the fluid. The

larva then in this instance poisons its lances, and if a magnifying power be

applied, the drops of moisture conglobing on the hairy armature are revealed

to view, squirted from the hinder craters, by constriction we may presume,

since touch immediately produces a contraction in the hinder segments of

the caterpillar.”

The following communication was received from Mr. R. M‘Lachlan :—

“ Correlation of Mutilation in the Larva with Deformity in the Imago.

“Tn the ‘Comptes Rendus,’ of the Belgian Entomological Society

meeting of the 5th July (1879), is a notice by M. Melise on this subject, and

of more than ordinary interest. M. Mélise operated upon ten selected

silkworms by cutting off the right metathoracic leg of each of them. All

went through their transformations, and the operation caused, apparently,

little inconvenience, for they recommenced feeding almost immediately after-

wards. The effect on the moths produced from these larvee was as follows :—

One was deprived of three tarsal joints, but the claw was developed. Three

were deprived of three tarsal joints, and of the claw also. Three had only

the femur and tibia. One had the leg ‘amputated’ in the middle of the

femur. The two others had only a stump, scarcely a millimétre in length.

M. Meélise adds that in not one of the moths was the leg absolutely absent,

and that the variation in the amount of deformity probably resulted from

the difficulty of performing the amputation in the larve at precisely the

same place in each. In the case of insects with incomplete metamorphoses

parallel experiments have often been made, and with similar results; but

with Lepidoptera they have been so few as to render confirmatory evidence

of the statements of other experimenters of much value.”

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part II. of the ‘Transactions’ for 1879 was on the table.

XXXII

Sugar-cane Borers of British Guiana. By li. A. OnmERop, F M.S.

[Read August 5, 1879.]

THE insects now exhibited are specimens, in various stages, of the

so-called “‘ Sugar-cane Borers,” which have recently been doing great harm

to the crops in British Guiana. ‘The sugar-canes, some of which when

received, contained the larve still alive, and some of the specimens in spirit,

are forwarded by Mr. D’Urban, of Exeter; the others are the property of

the Colonial Company, who have large interests in that colony and the

adjacent West Indian Islands, and whose plantations have been suffering

severely from attack. The specimens are exhibited to-night by desire of

the Company, who would be much gratified to receive any information as

to available practical methods of dealing with these attacks, and also for

information as to the species of the moth, which is one of the most injurious

of the three insects causing the damage.

This moth is stated to be a Proceras, but, as far as I can see, it differs

in the imago state from the Proceras sacchariphagus (which appeared as

a destructive visitation in Mauritius in 1856) in not having black spots

on the borders of the wings, and the larve also have larger spots than

those figured and accompanying the excellent paper given by Professor

Westwood on the subject in the ‘ Gardener’s Chronicle’ (July, 1856), and

differ in other particulars as to habits. I have had careful search made in

the collections at the British Museum; but no similar moth has, I am

informed, yet been found there.

Speaking on behalf of the Colonial Society, we should feel greatly

obliged if any lepidopterist would be kind enough to give the correct name,

either to myself or to the Secretary of the Colonial Society, 16, Leadenhall

Street. This moth is stated, from observations taken on the Leonora

Plantation, Demerara, and also on the Berbice Estates, to lay its eggs on

the tender inner leaf of the cane; these soon hatch, and the grub sustains

itself on the soft tissues till its jaws are sufficiently strong.to enable it to

penetrate into the heart of the cane itself, where it drives galleries, princi-

pally upwards, fifteen, eighteen, or more inches in length, several of these

galleries being found in one cane. ‘The entrance hole is stated to be

thoroughly closed by eawereta, which serve as a protection against the ants,

and the larva is said to be remarkably active, letting itself down on removal

from its burrow by a thread some inches long, up which it returns with

facility, and also making much use in locomotion of its caudal extremity.

The pupa is not mentioned, excepting a single note of the empty husk being

found in the gallery, and mention of a larva being noticed (also inside

a cane just at the point of pupal change), differing from the Proceras

o 7

XXXIV

sacchariphagus, which is described as making a silken cocoon amongst the

cane-leaves, and a single chrysalis of a moth was found in a living state in

one of the young cane-shoots among Mr. D’Urban’s specimens.

This moth causes injury by attacking the young canes, and the

treatment applied is to cut back the cane below the surface of the ground,

covering the plant with mould and adding a handful of lime. ‘The amount

of injury is the cost of cutting the canes, and throwing back the crop

a month or more, and also the damage both to the quantity and quality

of the juice from the tainted larval gallery. This injury, however, is said

by one of the chief planters in the Demerara district to be as nothing

compared with the effects of the Calandra sacchari, the orange-brown weevil,

about half-an-inch long, with darker streaks on the thorax and elytra, of which

specimens, together with the larvee and pupal cocoons, are now shown,

corresponding with the description of this weevil given by Gyllenhal

(Schoenk., Gen. et Spec. Cureal., iv., p. 891), from a specimen from

St. Vincent. The history of this weevil has been given by the Rey. L.

Guilding with.that of the Calandra palmarum in the ‘ ‘Transactions of the

Society of Arts.’

The larva of this beetle is said in the notes now received to riddle the

heart of the matured canes to an incredible extent, destroying a large

portion of the substance so as to leave only the outside rind, without,

however, absolutely killing the leaves at the head of the cane, so that in

cutting away suspected plants many escape notice. On opening a fair-

looking cane, the contents would be found to be a mass of decayed and

decaying matter, the greater part having been converted into ewcreta

resembling sawdust, with the pupal cocoons lying in the mass, these

cocoons being formed by the Calandra sacchari grub twisting the fibre of

the cane round and round till it makes a kind of winding-sheet enveloping

it during the pupal changes. Quoting from Mr. D’Urbau’s letter, he says,

“The weevil-grubs . . . . . have the power of turning themselves

round and round, and so making a sort of cocoon by rolling themselves up

in the fibre of the cane.” Various stages of development are found in one

cane. The perfect weevil is described as running with great swiftness as

well as flying to an immense distance, and is attracted at once and in great

numbers by the exposure of putrid cane or cabbage-palm. The injury

caused by this weevil is very serious, not only from the destruction of

the cane, but also, notwithstanding the care used to remove suspected

specimens, some escape notice from the insect presence not always showing

externally ; and the result from their decayed contents is a discoloured,

sticky, and very disagreeably smelling syrup, instead of the clear yellow

juice usually delivered by the rollers.

The third enemy, the great black cane-weevil, known in its larval state

as the “ groo-groo worm,” eaten by the natives, and now exhibited, with its

XXXV

magnificent cocoons, is stated to be much less destructive than the other

two borers, and is considered to follow them. Mr. Everard Im-hurm, the

Curator of the British Guiana Museum, George ‘Town, writes me, ‘‘'The

moth and the small weevil attack the canes first; the former the young

canes, the latter the older canes; and if I am not mistaken it is only after

these two have weakened the canes anes the C. palmarum enters, and finally

destroys the whole inside of the stem.’

Other “ borers” may exist, but these are the chief ones, and have been

causing serious damage, their especial presence in this season conjecturally

arising from, or being ascribed to, the use of strong chemical manures, and

the long droughts and hot weather which have, as one of their effects, in

ereat part driven from the fields the enormous multitudes of ants which

are in ordinary seasons attracted by the dew in the hollow between the

cane-leaf and its stem, and carry off the eggs and young larve of the

borers. It has been well suggested by one of the chief planters in

Demerara that as drought appears to be the cause of the trouble it would

be well to join together and arrange the methods of irrigation, so as to keep

the canals and small drains supplied, and thus guard against the natural

enemies of the borers being driven away. Experiments were also being

tried as to the efficacy of steeping suspected cane-cuttings in water for

forty-eight hours. This, it was considered by the manager of the plantation

on which it was being tried, killed the larva without injuring the cane, and

the obvious remedies of destroying cane-rubbish, and the. larvee, as far as

they could be reached, were also being practised. A circular has also been

addressed to the planters requesting information, the points required heing

carefully specified, and also giving these suggestions.

On being applied to by the Colonial Company, and by Mr. Walker,

late Assistant Secretary and Lieutenant-Governor of the Colony, on

the subject, I suggested—instead of using water as a steep, which

possibly would only temporarily stupify the grubs—that the mixture

mentioned at p. 15 of the ‘Second Annual Report of the Queensland

Board’ might be found serviceable. ‘This consists of common carbolic

acid and water (the proper strength not yet decided, but 1 th. of acid to

100 gallons of water recommended). ‘This mixture, under the name of

“ pheenique,” is used (the proportion not given) in the Mauritius, the canes

being steeped in it for ten to twelve hours, and it is stated to be an

infallible remedy for the “ Poa blane” of that island; in Queensland

Dr. Bancroft mentions steeping the canes for twenty-four hours without

injury to the plant. Looking to the apparent attraction by scent, and also

to the fact that the young canes were a special subject of attack, and to the

known powers of spirit of tar as a deterrent, I suggested that this might be

mixed with earth or ashes and used as a dressing, or ‘ soluble phenyle ”—

which I have been experimenting very much with and found very useful

XXXVI

in these matters of iusect deterrence—might be used with ashes, or

possibly be worth experimenting with dilute as a steep.

I also suggested, besides, the manifest means of destroying all rubbish

containing or attracting Calandra, or larve generally, that some pits of

water with a few putrid canes in them, such as are described as at once

bringing them on exposure, might serve as traps on a large scale, with only

the expense of a boy to watch and destroy the weevils as they accumulated.

The beetles appear easy of attraction, and in the case of our English

Calandra, I have trapped them by myriads in this way. As some fear

was expressed by one of the managers that in destroying the infested canes

they would do harm by also destroying the ants on the plant, I suggested

that probably this amount of loss would be quite immaterial, and that it

was of the greatest importance to destroy the borer larvae wherever

attainable; but it appears to me that destruction should be by burning,

not simply crushing, as—so far as I understand the operation—the eggs

and smaller larvae would be very likely to escape.

Other points have, of course, been entered on; but, as far as I am able,

1 have endeavoured to give those that appear of most importance, and any

suggestions that may be kindly offered will be most gratefully received.

September 3, 1879.

J. JENNER WEIR, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Treasurer, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Exhibitions, ée.

Mr. Philip B. Mason exhibited specimens of Harpalus oblongiusculus,

Dej., taken in August, 1879, at Portland. One specimen had been

captured there last year by Mr. Harris; but at least a score had now been

taken in this locality, thus confirming the claim of this species to a place

in the British list. Mr. Mason also exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Gameys,

of Repton, specimens of Huplectus ambiguus, Reich., showing the difference

between this and the var. “duplo minor” described by Thomson. The

variety exhibited, which has not been before recorded in Great Britain, was

taken at Repton in flood refuse during the late spring. )

Miss EK. A. Ormerod read the following :—

“ Notes on the Prevention of Cane-borers.

“The specimens I have now the pleasure of showing are forwarded by

Mr. D’Urban, of Exeter, as examples of the injury caused by the so-called

XXXV11

‘cane-borers’ (in this case the Calandra palmarum) to the sugar-canes of

Demerara.

“One piece shows the commencement of the attack, ‘the preparatory

holes made for it. to insert its eges’ (as stated in observations from the

colony); the second shows the complete destruction of the inside fibre of

the cane, and in the third piece the cane is completely hollowed out.

“'These specimens were accompanied by two living larvee of the cane-

weevil, which formed their cocoons whilst on the way, and which it will be

noticed have availed themselves for the purpose, of the packing material ;

the inside of the cocoon which I have opened being, as usual, of fine cane-

fibres, but the outside consisting, in one case almost entirely and in the other

partially, of the straw or grass (still with a few empty ears on it) in which

the cane was packed. The difference in material is rather interesting, as it

gives means of tracing the method of plaiting and arranging longitudinally

as well as merely twisting the fibres. The pupa was found to be dead

shortly after the specimens were placed in my hands, and is now shown

with the cocoon from which I removed it.

« A single specimen of lepidopterous pupa was also sent over, lying in

the central gallery it had hollowed in a small cane-shoot little more than a

quarter of an inch in diameter. This pupa was singularly active when

I received it, moving at will for about an inch along its gallery; but

though placed in an evenly warm and moderately damp atmosphere, and

left undisturbed, excepting occasional examination for certainty that all was

in order, I fear it is dead.

“May I be permitted now to mention that after the last meeting

I communicated the results of the discussion on the borers to the Secretary

of the Colonial Company, who expressed his thanks for the attention that

had been kindly given to the subject, as well as his hopes of further

valuable information from Mr. Distant and others of our Members. Such

suggestions as were then made he was about to forward to the colony, and

at the same time he stated he would direct specimens of the lepidopterous

borers in proper condition to be sent for examination.

“T have since received* copies of reports from Mr. Im-Thurm, the

Curator of the British Guiana Museum, in George Town, giving some

information in addition to what was then sent. ‘This consists chiefly of

further details of the working of the Proceras (or what are conjectured to be

Proceras) larvee on piercing into the canes; a short note of the quality of

the cane-tops cleared in cutting out grubs being sufficiently good for the

products to pay all expenses, which is a very material point in a remedy ;

a sketch of the injury done by the various borers; and also, what I wish

most particularly to call attention to, as it seems possibly to account for the

unusual amount of attack of all the species of borers at once. I gather

from afew words that the practice of burning off the remains of the standing

XXXvill

crop of canes on the field has been introduced during the last five years, and

there are notes also of the presence of borers in fields which have been burnt

off whilst in another locality close by, where this treatment was not applied,

the canes throve, borers were absent, and ants were present in myriads.

“T will now give some of these notes from the documents sent over;

and first as to the working of the Pruceras larva from the Uitolugt

plantation, the writer says :—

“¢T have omitted to remark that the first-mentioned borer (the

Proceras larva) weaves no cocoon about itself before it enters its second

state; but about it can be found a very fine silken web, almost invisible to

the naked eye, and that it does not eat out much of the heart of the cane,

but that when it goes into the cane it eats round the joint (the place

where its first hole into the cane is almost always to be found) in such a

way that the circulation of the sap of the plant is interrupted, after which

the top of the cane (or whole of the part of it above this hole) decays, and

finally falls off, while the part of the cane under the hole of the insect, or

between the hole and the ground, throws out shoots from every eye, and

the plant is ruined. The first indication of this borer being present is

when the centre leaves of the plant begin to turn white; but any one.

searching for the animal in a cane stool that has already turned that colour

will invariably be disappointed, find the mischief to the plant done, and

the insect gone. It generally attacks the best working cane of a stool,

a good healthy cane being, as a rule, softer than one partially stunted, and

consequently more easily bored into.’

“The report of the Managers of the Great Diamond Plantation gives

some good notes, in few words, of the general characteristic of the attacks

of the three chief cane-borers :—

“ «1st. The lepidopterous larva (presumably of the Proceras) has only

been found hitherto in growing canes and above ground.

“«Qndly. The larva of the Calandra palmarum is found in rotten canes ;

cane tops after they are old, though still growing; and in the stools below

ground. The cocoons in which these insects lie in the chrysalis state are

nearly always to be found at the extremity of the cane top deepest in the

ground.

« <3rdly. The larva of the Calandra sacchari, which is distinguishable

from the C. palmarum by its smaller size and colouring of dark brown and

yellow ochre, instead of black, but similar in habits, and in forming an

intricate and strong cocoon woven of fibre to protect it whilst in the pupal

state.’ j

“With regard to the cutting out of infested cane, and the value in

product paying expenses, it is noted ;—

““¢ Besides the burning alluded to previously, a gang of men has been

employed cutting out such young canes as show sigus of the attack of the

XXX1X

insects, and these have been thrown into canals and sunk under water.

A good many insects are killed in this way, but a great many escape. . In

dry weather it might be preferable to make them into heaps on the downs,

and, after being allowed to dry a little, covered with dry trash or grass and

burnt. This cutting out was commenced some six weeks ago; and during

that time 246 acres have been gone over, and although experience is so short,

it may be safely said that the young cane-stumps look stronger than they

have done for a long time past, although they have had very dry weather on

them lately. Fifty punt loads of tops and water-sprouts, which had shown

signs of the attacks of the borers, have been brought home and ground, and

the juice showing a density of 10424, after being neutralized by lime, was

set up and distilled. Sufficient rum and megass were obtained to pay all

expenses.’

“The note which follows, with regard to amount of ant presence, is very

important :—

«“« Ants are of very great service, and it is satisfactory to notice that

they are on the increase. These devour the insects when in the chrysalis

state. It is thought that the continuous droughts have had more to do

with the scarcity of ants than anything else, and with two consecutive wet

seasons, no doubt they will be almost as numerous as ever; but at the same

time it is thought that for many years past they have not been seen in

such quantities as formerly, which, however, may be put down to the fields

being burnt off for five consecutive years.’

“This view is strongly confirmed by the account of some experiments

earried on at the Rose Hall Plantation on 100 acres of cane :—

«On week ending the 3rd of May a twenty-acre field of canes was set

fire to and cut down, after all the canes had been sent to mill; the rubbish

from the field was also thoroughly cleared. Two twenty-acre fields adjoining

were also in turn burnt and cut down; and two other fields near were next

reaped after the canes had been ground. On the three fields which were

burnt on the ground the spring of cane in the first was weak and

unhealthy, ants few, and canes attacked by Proceras; on the second and

third the spring was good, but ants similarly not numerous and canes

attacked by Proceras; whilst the fourth and fifth fields in which the cane

was reaped threw up healthy shoots, “an army of ants” appeared on every

bed, and there were no signs of any stool having been attacked by any of

the borers.’

« The writer from this draws a very correct conclusion :—

‘“¢«Tt is evident that to burn fields in which the small red or black ants

are to be found in abundance is a mistake, as large numbers of the best

friends of the canes must inevitably be destroyed by the fire. To entice ants

and other insects known to be antagonistic to grub-life is of vital importance,

and uo trouble should be spared in getting them into the cane-fields.’

«From these notes it appears to me that a process of certain destruction

to the natural enemies of the borers has in some cases been going on, by

which the ants and their nests are swept off the fields together. In

cultivation spreading over great areas, as in sugar-cane culture, it is the

natural balance that must chiefly be looked to for protection. Clearing off

infested canes by every available means is most important, whether by

cutting off, grubbing up, or any other means, and utterly destroying these

infested pieces, including amongst them rotten cane thrown aside, which is

notably attractive to Calandra. But though no way is so thorough as

destruction by fire for the perfect clearance of these infested canes, they

should not on any account whatever be burnt on the surface of the fields.

A few straggling ants burnt on the heaps are of no account; but if the

remains of the standing crop are burnt in the fields, so as to spread the fire

over the surface, or in any other situation whatever where the fire can

destroy the ants’ nests, it is a loss by each nest destroyed of so much

skilled protection to the cane crop.”

Mr. M‘Lachlau stated that the lepidopterous larva proving so destructive

was probably no other than that of the moth noticed by Fabricius in 1794

as “ Phalena saccharalis,” and which had been commonly noticed since his

time in various West Indian and South American plantations. He agreed

with Miss Ormerod that the only probable means of lessening the amount

of damage was to be sought in the practice of uprooting and burning all

infested canes the moment they showed signs of the presence of the larva ;

not by burning them on the ground, but by collecting them and destroying

them by fire outside the plantations, by which means the risk of destroying

the uatural enemies of the borer, would be avoided. From the accounts

just read it appeared probable that the Calandra only came in after the

canes had been rendered unhealthy, or were destroyed, by the larva of the

moth, and thus acted the part of scavengers, completing the work commenced

by the moth.

Mr. Jenner Weir exhibited a pair, male and female, of Cicada montana,

taken in the New Forest, in July, 1879.

Paper read.

M. Ch. Oberthur communicated the following paper :—‘ Observations

sur les Lepidopteres des iles Sangir et descriptions de quelques espéces

nouvelles.” Coloured drawings of some of the new species described were

exhibited.

October 1, 1879.

Sir Joun Luppocr, Bart., M.P., V.-P.R.S., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors,

The President alluded to the loss which the Society had sustained by

the death of Mr. William Wilson Saunders, F.R.S., who had been President

in 184], 1856 and 1857.

The President then announced that Lord Walsingham, in conjunction

with other gentlemen, had placed at the disposal of the Council the

sum of £100, to be awarded in two prizes of £50 each for the following

subjects :—

1. The best and most complete life-history of Sclerostoma syngamus,

Dies., supposed to produce the so-called “gapes” in poultry, game, and

other birds.

2. The best and most complete life-history of Strongylus pergracilis, Cob ,

supposed to produce the “ grouse disease.”

No life-history would be considered satisfactory unless the different

stages of development were observed and recorded. ‘The competition was

open to naturalists of all nationalities. The same observer might compete

for both prizes. Essays in English, German, or French were to be sent to

the Secretary of the Society on or before October 15th, 1882.

Mr. M‘Lachlan said that, with the greatest respect for the liberal offer

made to the Society by Lord Walsingham, he nevertheless considered the

Council had not held sufficiently in view the objects for which the Society

was instituted when they entertained his offer. The Society was now (as

almost always) languishing for want of funds sufficient to enable it to

efficiently carry out its purpose—the advancement of entomological science ;

and he thought that if this were properly brought undnr the notice of Lord

Walsingham he might be willing to modify his offer so as to bring it within

the scope of the aims of the Society. By accepting the offer as it stood he

thought the Council had exposed the Society to the risk of ridicule. The

subject belonged more properly to the Linnean or Zoological Societies. It

was true that the subjects in which the Society was specially interested did

not consist exclusively of Insects, but they were limited to that division of

the Animal Kingdom classed under the comprehensive term Arthropoda,

and in no case could the Entozoa come within that division.

Mr. Stainton remarked that when he heard an announcement made

from the chair, in which the Latin names of the species occurred, he fully

expected that, for the information of the younger members who were

present, the President would have stated to what order of insects they

belonged. If the creatures in question were not insects, he could not

xii

conceive what the Entomological Society had to do with them. Insects,

Crustacea, Arachnida, and Acari came properly under the charge of the

Society, but the Entozoa were quite foreign to its scope, and fell more

strictly within the province of the Linnean or Zoological Societies, with

which latter Society he believed Lord Walsingham to be connected. It

was a case he considered of wltra vires, and when he used that expression

he was in hopes that he should induce a lawyer whom he saw present to

rise and say a few words on that text.

Sir John Lubbock stated that the offer for these prize essays had first

been made to him by Lord Walsingham, and, as President of the Society,

he did not take upon himself to refuse what appeared to him a valuable

opportunity of extending the knowledge of an obscure group of Annulosa,

but had forwarded the letter to the Secretary, to be laid before the Council,

by whom the offer had been accepted. He fully agreed with Mr. M‘Lachlan

and Mr. Stainton that these Entozoic parasites could in no way be regarded

as coming within the scope of Entomology proper; but he was of opinion

that in accepting Lord Walsingham’s offer a useful precedent was established

for receiving future support from others who might be disposed to extend

similar aid to the investigation of subjects coming more strictly within the

province of the Society. In conclusion, the President stated that the

Council were in the hands of the Society, if any member chose to put

the objections raised to the acceptance of the offer in question into the form

of a resolution.

Mr. Stainton said that he had no intention of moving aay resolution on

the subject. He thought the Council was the proper body to deliberate

on the matter; but if a suggestion were made to Lord Walsingham that

the development of Entozoa was a subject which came very properly in the

province of the Zoological or Linnean Societies, but that to the Entomological

Society the matter was altogether foreign, his lordship would be found quite

ready to transfer his proposal to one of those Societies.

Mr. Pascoe observed that the subject was one which should be settled

entirely by the Council.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse remarked that in accepting this offer the Council

could not be considered to have claimed for the Society any special knowledge

of the subjects proposed for competition ; they were simply placed in the posi-

tion of having to award a certain sum placed at their disposal for essays, the

quality of which they would be at liberty to refer for determination to any

competent authority, whether in the Society or not. Ifthe prizes had been

offered by the Council, or to members of the Society only, there would have

been good grounds for objecting to their acceptance, but as the competition

was open to any person, whether a member of the Society or otherwise, the

Council were only the means of communication between Lord Walsingham

and the essayists, to which no objection could be raised.

xin

Election of a Member.

Mr. Philip Henry Gosse, F'.R.S., of Torquay, Devonshire, was ballotted

for, and elected an Ordinary Member.

Exhibitions, éc.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited specimens of an Hemipterous insect just

received from a gentleman residing near Canterbury, and which, it was

stated, was causing great damage to hops, being known to the growers as

the ‘‘needle-nosed flea.” It was stated that hitherto it had only appeared

in a restricted area, but this year it occurred over many acres. ‘The insect

proved to be Anthocoris nemorum, and Mr. M‘Lachlan suggested that it

was on the hops in search of Aphides or other small insects, its habits being

carnivorous, so far as is known. Hence the hop-growers were possibly asking

advice as to the destruction of what might be one of their best friends.

Mr. M‘Lachlan also exhibited examples of the larve of one of the

Embide, found by Mr. Wood-Mason at Jubbulpore on his return to

Calcutta, crawling on the ground in the open, and also occurring under

loose bricks; the latter habit being quite in accordance with that most

generally attributed to the family, although one species (Oligotoma Michaeli,

M‘Lach.) had been found in a hot-house near London, in all its stages, and

apparently injuring orchids. The species sent by Mr. Wood-Mason was

probably Oligotoma Saundersi, Westwood.

Mr. M‘Lachlan further called attention to the sculptured stones on the

shores of Lake Leman, alluded to at two previous meetings (vide Proc. pp. xvill

and xxx), and which it had been suggested by Prof. Forel might be merely

due to the action of Trichopterous larve, apparently those of Tinodes weneri

(larida, Curtis). Mr. M‘Lachlan had recently examined multitudes of these

stones on the shores of Lake Neuchatel, and under peculiarly favourable con-

ditions, because recent engineering works had lowered the level of the lake,

and exposed many interesting phenomena. The stones, which (as in those of

Lake Leman) were limestone, were very strongly sculptured, but in differing

degrees, so as to lead one to suppose that all might not have been acted

upon by the same agents, or that differences in the texture of the stone

occasioned variety in the sculpturing. He was doubtful as to the ability

of any Trichopterous larvee to occasion the sculpturing, and thought it more

probably the result of the work of Mollusca, but there still remained much

uncertainty as to its exact nature.

Mr. Waterhouse, with reference to injury done to hops, stated that he

had recently inspected a hop garden in Sussex, in which great mischief

had been done by a species of Homopteron (Huacanthus interruptus),

probably assisted by an Hemipteron (Lygus). These punctured the leaves

in which holes were afterwards formed, so that the surface was destroyed,

xliv

and the supply of nourishment to the plants thus prevented. He was of

opinion that Huacanthus was likely to have been the cause of the damage

complained of by Mr. M‘Lachlan’s correspondent.

Mr. Pascoe exhibited an apparently new genus and species of Acridiide,

remarkable for its aquatic habits. It was seen in some numbers hopping

about on the surface of a pool near Para.

The Rey. A. EK. Eaton exhibited larve, pups, and cases of Hydroptila

(restricted) collected near Val d'Illiery, Vallais, and Sixt, Haute Savoie.

The larve at first roam at large, caseless; when they become corpulent

they construct oval-cylindrical cases of fine mud. They abound on rocks

suffused with an extremely thin film of water resulting from the spray and

dribbling of trickling streamlets, especially in places exposed to the sun.

Mr. Eaton had found other undescribed species on the Rhine, in the Cantal

and in the Pyrenees. The only named species was described by Schneider

from Messina in ‘Stet. Ent. Zeit.’ (vi., p. 346, 1845), and was referred

with a query to Phrivocoma by Eaton in ‘ Trans. Ent. Soc.,’ 1873 (p. 137,

pl. ii., fig. 2), under the supposition of its having 0.2.4 spines; but it is

actually a normal Hydroptila with 1.3.4 spines.

Sir John Lubbock exhibited a specimen of Orchesella rufescens, taken

in Kent, being a species of Collembola new to Britain.

Mr. E. Boscher exhibited a coloured drawing showing the extreme forms

of two varieties of the caterpillar of Smerinthus ocellatus, found feeding

respectively on Salix viminalis (osier) and 8S. triandra (French willow).

When the subject of the coloration of caterpillars was brought before the

Society last year (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1878, pp. iv—vii), several cases of

dimorphic Sphinx larve had been mentioned; but, so far as he was aware,

the present variety of S. ocellatus had not been recorded. The larve

feeding on S. viminalis were remarkable on account of their possessing a

double row of brown spots along the side, and were most conspicuous on

account of their bright green colour against the dark foliage of the osier,

whilst those feeding on S. triandra were rather difficult to find, as they

assimilated in colour to the leaves of that plant.

Mr. Wood-Mason communicated the following note :—

“The specimens of Narycius (Cyphonocephalus) smaragdulus, figured on

pl. i. fig. 36, fig 4 9, of ‘Trans. Ent. Soc.,’ 1878, were obtained by

Mr. W. Davison at Vythrey, Wynaad, Southern India. A specimen of the

male has been received during my absence from Col. R. C. Beddome, who

obtained it on the slopes of the Nilgiris, Ootacamund.”

Papers read, de.

Mr. J. 8. Baly communicated a paper containing ‘ Descriptions of

Phytophagous Coleoptera belonging to the Families Chrysomelide and

Galerucida@, from Peru.”

xlv

Mr. A. G. Butler communicated “ Descriptions of two new Lepidoptera

of the Family Sphingide.”

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse read “ Descriptions of two new Genera and

Species of Coleoptera from Madagascar, belonging to the families Tene-

brionide and Cerambycide.”

Mr. Waterhouse also read a paper ‘On the Affinity of the genus

Polyctenes, Westwood, with a description of a new species.” The genus

was originally described by Sig. Gigloli as belonging to the Dipterous

family Nycteribiide. Professor Westwood, in his ‘Thesaurus,’ differed

from this view, and appeared disposed to place it near the Hemiptera.

In examining the species now described (P. lyr@), Mr. Waterhouse had come

to the conclusion that the genus had no connection with the Hemiptera. He

exhibited diagrams showing that the structure of the legs and claws and the

general characters of the insect were those of the family Hippoboscide ; and

his views of this affinity were confirmed by comparison with a new genus of

Dipterous insects from Colombia (Huctenodes mirabilis, n.s.), which although

certainly allied to Strebla, was blind, and possessed the same remarkable

fringe of spines to the back of the head, and in other points resembled

Polyctenes.

The Rey. A. E. Eaton suggested affinity with the Anoplura, to which

there was some resemblance in the division of the head, but the structure of

the legs was different.

In reply to Mr. M‘Lachlan, Mr. Waterhouse stated that he had not

discovered any halteres in Polyctenes.

November 5, 1879.

H. W. Bares, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Mr. Stainton read two letters from Lord Walsingham, setting forth in

a more detailed manner the objects which his lordship had in view in

offering the prizes referred to at the last meeting through the Council of the

Society. These objects were thus explained in the first letter :—* First,

to obtain some useful result; but, secondly, having long paid only a small

annual subscription to the funds of the Society, I fancied it would be

acceptable to them to have at their disposal the means of offering a

substantial prize for useful work, which, although not connected with the

special province of the Society, was such as many Members of it would

probably be extremely competent to undertake. The Linnean and

Zoological Societies are rich enough to afford to offer such prizes out of

xlvi

their own funds, whereas the Entomological Society, of which 1 have long

been a Member, has never been in a position to do so, and I had hoped to

make this small contribution to their means of usefulness.” His lordship

added that if it should be decided by the Society that he was mistaken in

supposing that it was of any advantage to them to be able to offer the said

prizes, he would be quite willing to give his consent to their being transferred

to some other body considered to be more conversant with the proposed

subjects. In his second letter, his lordship also stated :—‘ It would not

greatly surprise me if it should be ultimately discovered that insects have

something to do with the life-history of Sclerostoma. I have found Entozoic

parasites other than insects in the larvee of Lepidoptera, and it is at least a

puzzle how the egg of Sclerostoma of last September is to produce a living

worm in the trachea of a Partridge next August without the good offices of

some ready ‘ medium. Mr. Stainton then expressed the high opinion he

entertained of the entomological abilities of Lord Walsingham, and stated

that he had no doubt whatever that in making this offer to the Society his

lordship had been actnated by feelings of pure benevolence. He was still of

opinion, however, that Lord Walsingham had keen misled by an error of

judgment. In further support of the views expressed at the last meeting,

Mr. Stainton asked the Members to imagine a parallel case in which a

benevolent individual, wishing to further science, had placed at the disposal

of the President and Council of the Royal Astronomical Society a certain

sum to be awarded for the best essay on the constituent elements of chlorine.

According to Mr. Stainton’s views, the Council of the Royal Astronomical

Society would not be the proper body to undertake the adjudication of such

a prize, but the assistance of some Fellow of the Chemical Society would

have to be invoked, and the prize would fall to the lot of some Fellow of

this latter Society.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir thought there was a much closer connection between

Insects and Entozoa than Mr. Stainton imagined, and instanced the case of

Filaria sanguinis-hominis, an Entozoon which had been proved to infest

the mosquito as an intermediate host. A paper on insect parasites would

be certainly one which was strictly within the province of the Society, and

many of such parasites are not even Arthropoda.

Mr. M‘Lachlan said he was quite prepared to hear Lord Walsingham’s

suggestion that the Entozoa forming the subjects for the proposed Prize

Essays might possibly live in an intermediate condition as parasites on the

larvee of insects; but he did not see that if even this were the case the

subjects would any the more come within the special province of the

Society.

After some remarks by Professor Westwood and Mr. P. Wormald, the

Chairman stated that the decision at which the Council had arrived might

be considered as final.

’99

xlvi

Election of a Member.

Mr. T. R. Billups, of 4, Swiss Villas, Coplestone Road, Peckham, was

balloted for and elected an Ordinary Member.

Exhibitions, de.

Mr. W. C. Boyd exhibited a remarkable variety ot Aspilates citraria,

a specimen of Cidaria testata in which the hind-wings were completely

absent, anda Noctua resembling Hadena dentina, but differing from this

species in the form of the body, taken at Ilfracombe.

Mr. M‘Lachlan said he was compelled to once more bring the subject of

the sculptured stones on the shores of the Swiss lakes before the notica of

the Society. Professor Forel, upon seeing the notice of the last meeting in

‘Nature,’ had written to him, explaining at length the nature of those

sculpturings according to his views. His remarks may be concisely rendered

as follows :—There are three principal types of markings: (1) Where the

stones are covered with chlorophyllous Algz, serpentine furrows, the work

of larvee of Tinodes, occur. (2) Where the stones are covered with incrusting

Algse the markings are more numerous and meandiform, and due, as he

considered, to the permanent pathways made amongst the Algee by insect

larvee, worms, mollusks, &c., intensified by the carbonic acid expired by the

animals. (3) Grooves caused by the larvae of Chironomus.

Professor Westwood exhibited a series of drawings illustrating the

economy and transformations of several species of Trichopterous and other

Neuropterous insects, of which he gave an account; also drawings of a

number of new and interesting exotic species of Heteropterous Hemiptera,

allied to the genera Syrtis, Hmesa, Rhyparochromus, &c., contained in the

Hopeian Collection, full descriptions of which he proposed shortly to com-

municate to the Society for publication.

Prof. Westwood next called the attention of the Members of the Society

to the present condition and future prospects of the Hopeian Collection of

Entomology in the University of Oxford, and of the Hopeian Professorship

of Zoology connected therewith, considering that it was very desirable that,

at his advanced age, entomologists should, in the interest of their science,

be made fully acquainted with the extent of the Hopeian Collection, the

regulations connected with the Professorship, and the modification which

has been proposed by the Oxford University Commission, now sitting,

which, in his opinion, would materially modify, and to a certain extent

render nugatory, the intentions of the founder of the Professorship and

donor of the Collection. The Hopeian Collection of insects and other

articulated animals is now one of the largest in existence. Besides the

original Hopeian Collection, to which that of Prof. Westwood was subse-

quently added, large additions have been made from time to time. By the

xlvill

liberality of Mrs. Hope, the Saundersian collection of Orthoptera and

Heterocerous Lepidoptera (containing all Mr. Wallace’s Malayan species)

was purchased, and annual additions are made by purchase with the grant

added by Mrs. Hope to the original foundation fund. The collections of

the late Mr. Wells, the Rev. Mr. Tylden (especially rich in Curculionide),

the Rey. Mr. Spilsbury, the Saundersian Hymenoptera, large purchases of

Mr. Wallace’s private collections of Coleoptera from the Malayan Archi-

pelago, the Wollaston collection (with all the dissections prepared by that

gentleman), the Marshall collections of Orthoptera and Neuroptera, the

Hearsey collection from India, the Burchell collections from South Africa

and Brazil, the Oates collection fiom Upper Caffraria, the Bell collection of

Crustacea (of singular beauty), the Adams collection of Crustacea from the

Eastern Ocean, and many others of smaller importance have been added

either by purchase or as donations. For the proper understanding of the

Hope Professorship and the duties devoting on the Hope Professor as

keeper of this extensive Collection, it has been thought advisable that the

Conditions of the Hopeian Deeds of Gift should be published in an Appendix

to the present volume, as they appear in the Oxford University Statute

Book. This appears to be rendered necessary by the proposal for the

future modification of the Professorship which has been made by the Oxford

Commissioners in a Statement which has been issued by them in the

‘Oxford University Gazette’ of the 26th April, 1878, “ with respect to the

main purposes relative to the University, for which, in their opinion,

provision should be made under the Act,” and in which, amongst many

other proposed alterations, the Commissioners state that “it may be

desirable to provide a Reader in Human Anatomy as assistant to the

Professor of Human and Comparative Anatomy, with a stipend of from

£250 to £300 per annum; and we think there should also be a Reader

(at a present stipend of £400 per annum) in Invertebrate Anatomy, whose

office, upon a vacancy in the Professorship of Zoology, should be united to

that Chair, with such an increase in the emoluments of the Professor as

may make them equal to those of the Chair of Human and Comparative

Anatomy, conditionally on his undertaking the additional duty.” Against

this proposed alteration Mrs. Hope has sent in a remonstrance to the

University authorities, urging that it would completely alter the character

of the Hopeian Professorship, and militate against the original clearly

defined intentions of the founder, who foresaw that this care of his

Collections and additions thereto would be amply sufficient for the entire

labours of his Professor. Indeed by the 13th clause of the original deed

the Hope Professor was expressly forbidden to hold any other professorship

or readership in the University. Up to the present time (November, 1870)

the Commissioners have not officially dealt with the question of additional

Professorships or Readerships.

xlix

Mr. M‘Lachlan said that entomologists should be much indebted to

Professor Westwood for having brought this subject prominently before the

Society. It was much to be desired that the successor to Prof. Westwood

in the Hope Professorship should be specially an entomologist, both as

carrying out the wish of the founder and as a guarantee that the magnificent

collection at Oxford should be well cared for and made available for the

purposes for which its former possessor bequeathed it to the University.

Prof. Westwood, with reference to the affinities of the genus Polyctenes,

Westw. (Thes. Ent. plates 38, 39 and 40), which Mr. C. O. Waterhouse at

the last meeting of the Society had regarded as closely allied to the Nycteri-

biide, and especially to the genus Strebla, remarked that the structure of

the mouth in this genus was entirely that of the Heteropterous Hemiptera ;

the antenn also agreed with those of the insects of that suborder, aud the

pair of short alary appendages were similar to those of the common bed-bug

(Cimeaw lectalarius). Besides which the nature of the transformations of the

genus Polyctenes had been clearly proved by Prof. Westwood’s observations

and figures, plate 39, figs. B, c and &, to belong to the section with semi-

complete pups (‘ Metam. dimidiata”), and could not possibly be assigned to

that section of the ‘‘ Metamorphosis perfecta” with inactive pupa which had

been especially named “ pupa coarctata” by Linneus, consisting of the

order Diptera, and to which, as shown by Prof. Westwood (‘T'rans. Zool. Soc.,

vol. i., pl. 36, figs. 22 to 25), Nycteribia is also referable.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse stated that he was perfectly aware that Professor

Westwood’s specimen had a claw within a claw as if about to shed its skin ;

but in his opinion it did not follow that, because about to change, it is an

Hemipterous insect. It might develop a two-winged fly resembling the

new genus which he had described. Mr. Waterhouse used the expression

“two-winged tly” advisedly, because this group may have to be separated

from the true Diptera.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir exhibited some ants, apparently a species of Atta,

which he had found in large numbers at Pisa on the lawn around the

Baptistry and Cathedral. These ants did not make any hill of earth about

their nests, but collected around the entrance hundreds of small empty

shells of Heli caperata and H. virgata. He was unable to offer any

opinion as to the object of these singular collections. The shells were so

numerous and lay so closely together that he could easily take them up by

scores at a time.

Mr. Weir also exhibited a specimen of an Orgyia (? antiqua), stated, on

the authority of Mr. H. S. B. Gates, to have come out of the larval skin

without passing through tie pupal state.

]

The Secretary read the following note from Mr. W. L. Distant :—

‘My friend Mr. F. Moore has placed in my hands for determination

a few Hemiptera, which he received from India, with the accompanying

notes as to their habits, &c.; and as little is known of Indian Economic

Entomology, especially as far as the order Hemiptera is concerned,

I herewith state the results of my examination.

“Species reported as feeding on the flower-juices of plants of the

cucumber tribe :—Halyo dentata, Fab.; Palomena viridissima, Poda (var.):

Piezoderus rubrofasciatus, Fab.; Agonoscelis nubila, Fab.; Lyy@us militaris,

Fab.; Graptostethus servus, Fab.

* Coptosoma cribraria, Fab. Reported as very common on Legumines

(Lablal. vulgaris, &c.); the flower-stalks and flowers in many cases swarm

with them, and so continuing until they had reduced all to bare stalks.

‘‘ Bagrada picta, Fab. Reported as affecting the flower-shoots and

flowers of the field mustard (Sinapis dichotoma), on which plant is also

found Pachymerus sordidus, Fab.”

The Secretary also exhibited « photograph on behalf of Dr. Fritz Miller,

and read the following note :—

“T take the liberty of sending you a photographic copy of some

drawings of a very curious dipterous insect. The larva is remarkable for

having six segments only, each being provided on the ventral side with a

complicated disk, by which it firmly adheres to the rocks of rapids. ‘The

first segment of the larva is a cephalothorax, comprising the head, thorax,

and first abdominal segment of the pupa. The pupa, which is firmly

cemented to the rocks, has its antenne, wings and legs free, not adherent

to the body. ‘The perfect insect is remarkable for the dimorphism of the

females. One set of females agrees in the want of mandibule and the

structure of the oval parts with the males. They are probably honey-

sucking. The other set of females are provided with mandibule, like the

blood-sucking females of Culew, Tabanus, &c. In the size of the eyes and

the structure of the feet the blood-sucking females differ much less from

the males than the honey-sucking females do. I have lately sent to the

‘Archivos do Muséu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro’ a description of this insect,

accompanied by seven plates, three of which refer to the highly interesting

structure of the larva.”

Paper read.

Dr. F. Buchanan White communicated Part I. of a “List of the

Hemiptera collected in the Amazons by Prof. J. W. H. Trail in the years

1873—1875.” ‘The present paper deals only with the aquatic Hemiptera

(Ploteres and Hydrocorise); twenty-three species and one variety are

mentioned, out of which eleven are new. In addition to these, eight of the

other species were discovered by Prof. Trail, making nineteen new species

out of a total of twenty-three, and showing how unexplored a field is the

Hemipterous fauna of the Amazons. Of the species now described the

more interesting are Mesovelia Mulsanti, the South American representative

of the European M. furcata, M.and R. Hitherto the genus has been

monotypic. Martarega is a new genus of Notonectide of rather peculiar

structure; and Heterocorivxa is a new subgenus (probably worthy of generic

rank) of Coriwa, but approaching Sigara in the asymmetry of the

hemelytra.

Mr. Frederick Bates communicated “ Descriptions of new Genera and

Species of Tenebrionide from the Island of Madagascar.”

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse read “ Descriptions of new Coleoptera from Kast

Africa and Madagascar,” and exhibited specimens of the new species.

Mr. A. G. Butler communicated a paper ‘On the Natural Affinities of

the Lepidoptera hitherto referred to the Genus Acronycta of Authors.”

From an examination of the characters, chiefly of the larval stage, Mr. Butler

proposes to distribute the British Species of this genus as follows :—

Fam. ARCTIIDa.

Gen. Pharetra, Hib. P. rumicis, P. auricoma, and allies.

Fam. LIparipD&.

Gen. Acronicta, Ochs. A. leporina.

Artomyscis, Hib. A. aceris.

”

Fam. NoTopontiD&.

Gen. ? .-——— A. megacephala and allies.

, TLrieana, Hib. T. psi, T. tridens, and allies.

Hyboma, Hib. HH. strigosa.

”

Tribe NocrulteEs.

Gen. Jocheara, Hib. J. alni.

», Mamestra, Ochs. M. ligustri.

In illustration of the foregoing paper, Lord Walsingham had lent for

exhibition his collection of preserved larvee of this genus.

December 3, 1879.

J. W. Dunntna, M.A., F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

The Chairman read out a list of the names of the Officers and Council

proposed for election on January 21st, 1880.

Exhibitions, de.

Mr. Howard Vaughan exhibited a series of remarkable varieties of

Lycena Corydon, taken at Dover, one specimen, a female, being suffused

with blue on the upper side of the left pair of wings only, whilst the right

wings were uniformly brown.

Mr. W. L. Distant exhibited a hitherto unrecorded variety of Danais

plexippus, Linn. (commonly known as D. archippus), received from Antigua,

in which the rufous coloration was quite absent, the ground colour being

dull pale testaceous. Although another similar specimen was received, the

variety could not be considered as a local form, Antiguan specimens of the

species usually being typical.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited the following beetles ;—Pseudopsis sulcata

(Box Hill); Agathidium nigrinum (Caterham Valley); Anzsotoma grandis

(Box Hill); Leptinus testaceus (Burford Bridge); and Carabus auratus,

taken in the Borough Market.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse mentioned a remarkable instance of tenacity of

life observed by Dr. Percy in a specimen of Cureulio cleonus, which, after

resisting the action of a laurel-bottle, had been immersed for a few minutes

in benzene. ‘The insect recovered after this treatment, and was then

pinned and again immersed in benzene for twenty minutes. It was found

alive and wriggling on the pin the following morning, when it was once

more put into benzene, and left immersed during the whole of one night.

Even after this last immersion it recovered, and was only finally killed by

hot water.

Papers read, dc.

The Rev. H. 8. Gorham read a paper entitled “ Materials for a Revision

of the Lampyrida.”

Mr. Bates, in connection with the light-emitting power of this family,

remarked that certain species of Longicorus mimicked Lampyrids with great

exactness, the light-giving segments of the latter being perfectly represented

in the Longicorns, although destitute of phosphorescent power.

Mr. J. W. Slater communicated the following paper :—

“On certain Minute Characters of Insects, with reference to the

Theory of Evolution.”

“Tt has been contended, by no less eminent an authority than Dr. Lionel

Beale, that though animals belonging to nearly allied species, or even

genera, differ but little in the main features of their structure, yet on

minute examination of their tissues very striking and characteristic

distinctions are brought to light. He instances the difference between

the unstriped muscular tissue of the bladder in the common frog and in

the tree frog.

“Again, as regards the chemical composition of the corresponding

solid matters, secretions, &c., of closely connected species, he contends

that very remarkable differences may be observed. Thus, the blistering

principle, known as cautharidine, is met with in all the species of Cantharis

that have been examined, and also in Meloé, Mylabris, Ripiphorus, Zonitis,

and Cerocoma, whilst it has not been observed in the genus Sitaris, which

also belongs to the same group. On the other hand, a Coccinella, and even

a spider (Tegenaria medicinalis), have been successfully used for blistering.

* To this I would object that the presence or absence of cantharadine in

insects seems in most cases to have been decided, not by actual chemical

analysis, but by medical experiment, and that when present in small

proportions, or when concealed among dense hard tissues, it may have been

easily overlooked. This supposition is the more reasonable as all the

species which have come into use as sources of cantharadine are very soft

in texture.

‘A curious fact has lately come to light in the order Hymenoptera. It

has been generally supposed that in the whole of the aculeate section of this

order the venomous liquid which they secrete and eject through their stings

was of an acid nature. ‘That this is the case among the ants is well known.

But in the very next family, the Vespid@, an exception occurs. Professor

Church, having caused a wasp—species not named—to strike its sting into

a piece of turmeric paper, saw to his surprise that the poison was rather

alkaline than acid in its nature.

“T purposed a re-examination of this question, but from the peculiar

character of the season I was only able to capture three common wasps and

not a single hornet. On causing the wasps to sting a piece of neutral-grey

litmus-paper it was quite evident that the poison was not acid. Neither

did it seem alkaline, as the spot produced was of a dull yellowish grey, and

soon became undistinguishable. On the other hand, bees of all the species

I was able to meet with secrete an acid poison, their sting producing in

every case a tiny red spot upon the litmus-paper. We find, then, this

peculiarity, that of all the stinging Hymenoptera, as far as we kuow, the

liv

wasp alone secretes a non-acid poison. ‘This fact surely merits further

examination.

“Turning to structural peculiarities among insects, we find facts less

favourable to the views of Dr. Beale and to the anti-evolutionist inferences

which he evidently draws. Thus, M. J. Kinckel, in his lately published

researches on the nervous system of the Diptera declares that each family

of that order has its nervous system constructed upon a peculiar and

invariable plan, and that the number of nervous centres varies gradually

from one family to another. M. EK. Brandt also shows that whilst the

convolutions of the so-called ‘pedunculated bodies of Dujardin’ vary in their

development in different species, yet that such variations occur also among

different individuals of the same species. No one can doubt, for instance,

the common descent of the working bee, the queen, and the drone, yet in

the last-mentioned insect these convolutions are much simpler than in the

former.

“Being, however, desirous of investigating Dr. Beale’s supposition

further, I thought it might be useful to make a comparative examination,

in a number of species, ef some parts not liable to be modified by adaptive

influences. It may seem strange that I should have selected for this

purpose parts which have been so often and so unsuccessfully examined as

the wing-scales of Lepidoptera. I proceeded, however, in a manner which

has probably not been general. From each of the seventy-one species

which I examined I took, as a rule, six portions of scales from determinate

regions of the wings—viz., from the centre of the fore wings, from the

middles of the anterior and exterior margins of the fore wings; from the

middle of the posterior margin of the hind wing, from near its root, and

from the middle of the hind wing underneath. Special portions were also

taken from eye-spots, wherever situate, from the wing-tails of Papilionida,

or from other parts where a structural peculiarity might be expected. For

convenience sake all these portions were put up as dry slides, and

submitted to a comparative examination with a microscope.

“T may say that I found none of those exceptional differences between

any one species and other species in the same genus which would be

required to serve as an argument against evolution. The differences between

the scales from two distinct species are often less striking than those from

the two sexes of one species or from different parts of one individual.

“ Whilst the apices of the scales vary to an almost endless extent, and

in a manner in which I have hitherto failed to trace any definite principle,

there is great regularity in the insertion of the stem of the footstalk. This

is either attached to a rounded or pointed extremity of the scale like the

stalk of an ordinary leaf, or it is inserted between two projecting lobes or

angular appendages which may vary considerably in shape and proportion.

The latter style of insertion is found in all the diurnal Lepidoptera which

‘I have examined, with the exception of Parnassius Apollo. Among the

nocturnal groups it occurs only among the Uraniid@ (Urania ripheus); ina

few scales of Macroglossa stellatarum and M. fuciformis, and in a few scales

of Plusia gamma and Catocala nupta. It will be at once seen that these

exceptional species are to a very great extent diurnal in their habits.

“All the remaining Sphingid@ and Noctuideé that I have examined, as

well as all the Cuspidates, Geometers, Bombycide, Liparide, Chelonide,

Euchelida, and Hepialide have their stems attached to a rounded or pointed

extremity without any projecting lobes or angles.

“ Another uniformity which I have noticed is that, whilst the scales

from the upper side of the wings of Lepidoptera are laterally symmetrical,

so that a line drawn from the foot-stalk to the most prominent point of the

apex divides each scale into two equal and similar halves, the scales from

the under surface, and especially of the hind wings, are very frequently

uusymmetrical. In certain groups, especially in the Sphingide, Chelonide,

Bombycide, and Noctuide, one side of the scale is convex and the other

even concave, so that the resulting figure resembles that of a kidney bean-

pod or of a scimitar. In the diurnal Lepidoptera this want of lateral

symmetry is less marked.

“In certain cases the scales from eye-spots or from markings of a

metallic character are toothless at the apex,—as, e.g., in Parnassius Apollo

and Colias Hdusa,—but in the pearl-matter spots of the genus Argynnis

this is not the case.” *

Mr. Roland Trimen communicated a paper ‘On some hitherto un-

determined Butterflies inhabiting Southern Africa.”

Mr. P. H. Gosse, F’.R,S., communicated a paper “ On Papilio Homerus,

its Ovum and Larva,” of which the following is an abstract :—

The habitat of this rare and magnificent species is limited to the Island

of Jamaica, and to restricted regions even there. ‘Thirty-five years ago

the author diligently collected the insects of that island (in the parishes of

St. Elizabeth and Westmoreland) during a period of nineteen months, but

he never met with this butterfly. A few examples have lately found their

way to England, and the species has formed the subject of a paper by

Mr. D. G. Rutherford (Ent. Mo. Mag., July 1878, p. 28). Many facts of

its life-history, however, still remain to be recorded by some observer

dwelling in its haunts: and Mr. Gosse fortunately has some friends residing

near one of these, who have furnished his own cabinet with specimens, and

contributed some interesting notes on the species. The author’s corre-

spondents are the Rev. J. Leslie Mais and his two adult sons, who reside

* The late Mr. IT. W. Wonfor has published some observations on the scales of

British Lepidoptera, with reference to sexual differences. See the ‘ Popular Science

Review,’ 1868, p, 843.—Ep.

lvi

in the parish of St. Ann, near the middle of the northern half of the island.

Mr. Mais has furnished a graphic account of his first personal acquaintance

with the butterfly. After alluding to a visit, about a year before, from

Mr. Carter, a naturalist now residing in Dominica, who showed him the

first P. Homerus he had ever seen, he thus writes under date of July 2 lst,

ito Ma

«My sons had caught Homerus when they were out without me.

I longed to see one on the wing, and it was only three weeks ago that

I was gratified. One morning, my son being a little behind me, in an

open track through the woods, I saw, as I thought, a large leaf falling

slowly from a high tree. [This proved to be a specimen of the butterfly,

but the writer having no net it was lost.] * * *« * * Bath (in the

parish of St. Thomas, near the east extremity of the island) was believed

to be the only habitat of the species. Yet even there Mr. Carter found

that nobody had ever seen it, or could recognise it when a correct drawing

was exhibited. In ten days he caught twenty specimens within half an

hour's walk of his lodging at Bath.”

Mr. Herbert A. Mais supplemented his father’s account with some

further particulars :—‘ The insect was first seen by us near Moneague,

St. Ann, in July, 1878, and our first capture was in the following September.

We have never seen it except near the dense woods, whence it emerges into

the open grounds near to feed on the wild sage (various species of Salvia

and Lantana), which plant is plentiful, and Homerus, as wellas Pelaus and

other kinds, seems fond of it. We have captured several while sucking the

blossoms of the sage, and our first specimen was taken whilst contending

with Pelaus for possession of these attractive flowers. It flies very low

when in search of food, but if at all alarmed soars up above the tops of the

highest trees, and disappears in the deepest parts of the woods. One or two

have been seen to come down from the high woods, and, alighting on the

back of a leaf of some low tree, fold up their wings, and thus have been

easily secured.”

«So far as we can ascertain, this magnificent Papilio ranges from 900

to 2000 feet above the sea-level, and perhaps even higher. In this district

it is far from common. * * * Though it is now a year since we noticed

the first specimen, not more than sixteen have been seen, of which we

secured seven. It is difficult to obtain an uninjured specimen, for, being

so large and conspicuous, they are easily seen, and are pursued by birds.

Out of the seven captured only one was quite perfect.”

Mr. Gosse’s correspondents subsequently heard that the butterfly was

not unknown in the Pedro District, about twelve miles farther west.

Mr. H. A. Mais paid a visit thither in August last, and found it in sensibly

increased numbers, capturing five in a few days. One of these specimens,

when caught, appeared at first so injured as to be worthless; but its captor,

: lvii

remarking the unusual fulness of the abdomen, thought that it might be a

gravid female. It was, however, put aside in a drawer, aud forgotten, till the

following evening, when it was found that it had laid four eggs of a pale

green colour, which remained attached to the extremity of the abdomen.

These were removed, and placed in a small box, where on the 17th (the

ninth day after capture) only one hatched, the caterpillar being hairy and

black, with a white tail. ‘The young larva was tried with different food-

plants, but it refused to eat, and was found dead the following morning.

While it lived, however, they had made more observations on its appearance,

and had specially remarked “its black shining head, with two hairy horns

on each side, and a spot of white between them, and another spot on the

tail very conspicuous.”

The remaining ova and this starved larva were transmitted to Mr. Gosse

for more precise observation. They came in a dried state, in which con-

dition they were first examined, and then again after a brief maceration.

The specimens were forwarded in alcohol for exhibition. The following

is the author's description, made as completely as possible under the

circumstances :—

* Ovum.—Outline a short ellipse, but since the shell has contracted in

the process of drying and taken a longitudinal fold, it was probably a

flattened globe when alive. Surface smooth, with a soft, satin-like radiance,

suggesting fine granulation, which, however, is not revealed by considerable

magnifying power. ‘The contents of the egg have shrunk in drying into a

dark green clot, leaving the shell translucent and nearly colourless.”

“ Larva. — Length, as now contracted, 0-1 inch. Form thick and

robust. Colour wholly intense black, except the 11th and 12th segments

(counting the head as the first), which are cream-white, forming an abruptly

defined and conspicuous white transverse band, which reaches from the

dorsum quite round to the venter. Head large, not capable of retraction

into the thorax, smooth, polished-black. On the prothorax stand two

enormous dorsal tubercles, pillar-like, subconical, each crowned by a great

globose knob; the whole, but especially the knob, studded with spreading

stiff bristles. These tubercles are not perpendicular, but transverso-

diagonal in their direction. ‘The meso- and meta-thoracie segments each

bear not only a dorsal but also a lateral pair of similar tubercles, only very

-much smaller. The abdominal segments are studded with stiff bristles,

but are not furnished with tubercles until the 11th and 12th, on each of

which is the dorsal pair only, similar to those of the metathorax, but

wholly white, even to their bristles—in harmony with the ground-colour of

these two segments. Under the microscope, the knobs of the tubercles are

seen to be only the aggregated bases of the bristles. These are pellucid,

rugose, broadly conical at the base, rapidly diminishing by two or three

apparent (not real) joints. The extremities of several are seen to be broken

lvili

imperfectly (as a stalk of grass breaks), the terminal portion not separated,

but fallen at an angle. When viewed by transmitted light the black

tubercles assume a sub-pellucid chocolate-brown colour.”

The larva described by no means agrees with any form which has

hitherto been supposed proper to the genus Papilio, but rather suggests

one of the great Saturniada, such as Samia Cecropia. Papilio larvee with

body projections are indeed known in a few groups, but not with columns

crowned with divergent bristles. ‘The caterpillars of Papilio,” says

Boisduval, “may be distinguished * * * by the projections of their

bodies never being hispid at their extremities” (Spec. Gén. des Lépidop.,

1.184). Hdward Doubleday says, ‘The larve of P. Hector, Polydorus, &c.,

* * % have tubercles on each segment disposed in rows; differing from

those of Ornithoptera in wanting the external sheath for the tentacula, from

those of Thais in not having the tops of the tubercles hairy” (Gen. Diurn.

Lepidop., p. 6). The tubercles described by Mr. Gosse have nothing in

common with the soft warts of Ornithoptera and Thais. Dr. Horsfield

arranges (Lep. Mus. E. I. Co., i. 118) all Papilio larve under three

divisions according to their forms, but neither of these has much in common

with the one now described.

The author's correspondent, in his slight description of the living larva,

mentioned ‘a spot of white” between the frontal horns, which Mr. Gosse,

however, has not been able to detect. He asks, “Is it possible that what

he saw was the extruded tip of an osmaterium ?”

That Papilio Homerus should have a larva of peculiar form is the less

surprising if the species ‘‘occupies a position in its genus quite unique”

(D. G. Rutherford, loc. cit.). Its most closely allied species is P. Andremon

of Haiti, an insect with which the author is unacquainted. Within his own

limited sphere of comparison the nearest approach to Homerus, in form of

wings and arrangement of colours, appears to him to be the female of

Erechtheus from the Papuan Archipelago, and then Pelaus of Jamaica.

But both of these are very remote, and no more is known of their larve

than of that of Homerus.

lix

ANNUAL MEETING,

January 21st, 1880.

J. W; Dunnine, M.A., F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair.

Mr. F. P. Pascoe, one of the Auditors, read an abstract of the

Treasurer's Accounts for 1879, showing a balance of about £2 in favour

of the Society.

The Secretary read the following :—

REPORT OF THE CouNcIL FoR 1879.

In accordance with the Bye-Laws the Council presents the following

Report :—

During the year 1879 the Society has lost seven members by death

and two by resignation; nine Members and Subscribers have been elected,

thus leaving our total number exactly the same as last year. Among

the losses by death two have already been alluded to from the chair,

viz., Mr. William Wilson Saunders and Mr. Frederick Smith. The other

deaths are Mr. Thomas Chapman, Mr. John Dawson, Mr. Noah Greening,

Mr. Edward Pictet, and Mr. N. C. Tuely.

The Council has once more the satisfaction of being able to announce

that the receipts for the year have been sufficient to balance the

expenditure, as will be seen from the following abstract of the Treasurer's

accounts :—

RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS.

Balance in hand - - - £31) Rent, Office, and Meeting Ex-

Contributions of Members - 191 penses = - a - £124

Sale of Publications - - 90] Publications - : = 5 OXI,

Interest on Consols - - - 8} Library - - - - -" Is

Donations - - - - 4!)

£361 £359

The ‘ Transactions’ for the year (exclusive of the ‘ Proceedings’) form

a volume of 346 pages, containing twenty-five memoirs, and illustrated by

eleven woodcuts and eleven plates, of which three are coloured. The

expenses connected with Plate I., illustrating Messrs. Bates and D. G.

Rutherford’s paper containing descriptions of new Goliath Beetles, have

been defrayed by Mr. F. J. Horniman. ‘The cost of colouring Plate VI

has also been defrayed by the author, Prof. Westwood.

The only new feature connected with our publications is to be found

in Plate VIII., illustratng M. Ch. Oberthiir’s description of new butter-

flies from the Islands of Sangir. In this plate, executed by Messrs. West,

Newman & Co., the old and expensive method of hand-colouring has been

replaced by chromo-lithography, with a result that is highly satisfactory,

both as regards accuracy and reduced cost.

Our Library has received the usual number of periodicals, and Members

still continue to make increasing use of the books. Among special donations

the Society is indebted to Mr. J. W. Dunning for Doubleday and Hewitson’s

‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera’ and Buckton’s Monograph on the Aphides ;

to Mr. W. H. Edwards for the first volume of his ‘ Butterflies of North

America’; and to Sir John Lubbock for the Rev. Hamlet Clark’s ‘Catalogue

of Halticide,’ Woodward's ‘ Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea,’ Spence

Bates’s ‘Catalogue of Amphipodous Crustacea in the British Museum,’ and

many other works. The Society is likewise indebted to the executors of the

late Mr. W. C. Hewitson for a copy of the Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera

bequeathed by him to the British Museum.

Although the attendance-book shows a small falling off in the number

of members and visitors present at the meetings of the past year as com-

pared with the attendances during 1878, the Council is of opinion that the

interest of the meetings held during 1879 has been as well sustained as in

former years.

11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.

January 21st, 1880.

Mr. J. W. Slater and Mr. T. R. Billups having been nominated

Scrutineers, the following Members of Council were elected for 1880 :—

Henry Walter Bates, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; William Cole; William L. Distant,

Direct. Anthrop. Inst.; Joseph W. Dunning, M.A., F.L.8.; F. Du Cane

Godman, M.A., F.L.8.; Ferdinand Grut, F.L.8.; Sir John Lubbock, Bart.,

M.P., F.R.S., &e.; Raphael Meldola, F.R.A.S., F.C.S.; Osbert Salvin, M.A.

F.R.S.; Edward Saunders, F.L.S.; H. T. Stainton, F.R.S.; Samuel

Stevens, F.L.S.; J. Jenner Weir, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

The following officers were subsequently elected :—President, Sir John

Lubbock, Bart., &c.; Treasurer, Edward Saunders; Librarian, Ferdinand

Grut; Secretaries, Raphael Meldola and Wm. L. Distant.

The Chairman delivered an Address.

Mr. M‘Lachlan proposed and Mr. H. W. Bates seconded that a vote of

thanks should be given to Mr. Dunning for his Address, and that the latter

should be printed. The motion was put to the meeting and carried

unanimously.

Mr. F. P. Pascoe proposed that a special vote of thanks should be

given to Mr. Jenner Weir, the retiring Treasurer, for his services to the

Ixi

Society. Myr. M‘Lachlan seconded the proposition, which was carried

unanimously. :

Mr. Weir replied and proposed a vote of thanks to the Secretaries and

Librarian, which was likewise carried unanimously.

Mr. Meldola and Mr. Grut replied.

The Chairman moved and Mr. M‘Lachlan seconded a vote of thanks

to the President for his past services, which was carried unanimously.

STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS

From Ist January To 3lst DEecremBrEr, 1879.

Receipts. Pavments.

CetS says Loss ds

To Balance at 1 Jan. 1879 - 3014 7|By Rent, Salary of sib)

Subscriptions - 1 SAR Sy Librarian, and Office} 124 1 6

ae oe Expenses” - - j

Admission Fees : a teh sh) ian:

: Printing - : - = lly al

pemre aR Wi, dala 14). tColouring Bintes,°é 61 9 0

Composition Fee - - 1515 0 a ey AE OT eae if ao

Donations : = - 4018 6 Pesos Ie: 5 ‘ i :

‘Transactions,’ sale of - 90 12 4 £358 15 9

Consols, interest on Sites Balance at 1st Jan.1880 2 11 10

£297 9s. 9d.

£361 7 7 £361 7 7

ASSETS.

AG” Ge Glo

Balance brought down : : - - - = tut ai)

Subscriptions due, but not paid, considered good (say) 1010 0

Consols, £297 9s. 9d. - - - - (cost) 277 9 O

£290 10 10

J. JENNER WEIR, Treasurer.

EK. BoscueEer.

W. F. Kirpy.

J. W. Dunnine.

Francis P. Pascoe.

Audited and found correct,

14th January, 1880.

THE CHAIRMAN’S ADDRESS.

GENTLEMEN,

By the absence of our President the Annual Meeting is shorn

of its chief attraction : the cause of that absence can but intensify

our regret. Death has removed one of our Vice-Presidents ; and

the multiplicity of the engagements of my surviving colleague has

prevented him from preparing the Anniversary Address to which I

had hoped to listen.

In the Society’s infancy a few unpremeditated remarks appear

to have been all that was expected on such an occasion. But as

increasing years and growing strength gave it position among the

scientific bodies of the metropolis, successive occupants of

the Chair have availed themselves of this opportunity of vindi-

cating the Society's choice of its temporary head; and when

I recall the Presidential Addresses that have been delivered by

him whose place I so unworthily fill, or by such predecessors as

Bates and Wallace, Saunders and Westwood, it only remains for

me to deplore the combination of circumstances which has

provided you with so inefficient a stop-gap. To me Entomology

is only a plaything, and my entomological reading, at all times

limited, has of late been, by other avocations, reduced to a

vanishing point. IJ have nothing of scientific value to communi-

cate, either original or acquired; and at once discarding all

attempt to instruct, I propose to return to the primitive habit of

our earlier days, and confine myself to some discursive observa-

tions about ourselves and our own concerns. Even larger and

wealthier communities cannot altogether disregard home affairs,

and find it necessary to pay some attention to the state of their

finances.

The Annual Report of the Council has been read, and has, I

trust, been found satisfactory. I invite remarks thereon, for this

evening’s meeting is the opportunity our constitution affords for

}xili

interpellating the Executive. Now is the time for discussing the

policy of the Council, criticising its acts or omissions, and

requiring explanations of its conduct. It would be a healthy

sign if members would exhibit some of the interest they doubtless

feel in the management of our affairs, by giving us the benefit of

their criticism and their counsel. When for a series of years the

Report is accepted without a word of comment or inquiry, a

suspicion is begotten that the Society is too acquiescent, and

would not even be roused into activity if a Report were altogether

wanting.

I regret that we have been unable to retain the services of

Mr. Jenner Weir as our Treasurer. Mr. Yarrell filled that post

for eighteen, Mr. Stevens for twenty years; but seven years have

sufficed for their two successors. Of all our officers the Treasurer

is the one who should be least often changed, and I hope

the result of this evening’s ballot will be the election of a

gentleman whom we may regard as a fixture for some years

to come.

During the year 1879 our numbers have not increased; we

have enlisted nine recruits, but the new comers barely counter-

balance our losses.

The death of Mr. Naruanret Crissoitp Turty, of Wimbledon

Park ; of Mr. Joun Dawson, of Carron; of M. Epovarp Pictret,

of Geneva; of Mr. THomas Cuapmay, of Glasgow; and of Mr.

Noau GREENING, of Warrington, has deprived us of five colleagues

whom we had not often the advantage of seeing in this room.

Mr. Greening’s collection of British Lepidoptera was unrivalled

in the North of England, and the Northern Entomological Society

loses in him one of its founders and most energetic supporters.

Edouard Pictet, the distinguished son of a more distinguished

father, was the possessor of a grand collection of European

Lepidoptera, but will be best remembered as an entomologist by

his ‘Synopsis des Névroptéres d’Espagne,’ published in 1865.

Our first, and for some years our only, lady-member was

Mrs. Horr, the wife of the Rev. F. W. Horr, a name still

cherished among us. Having survived her husband for more

than seventeen years, Mrs. Hope died on the 27th November last,

one of her latest acts having been a protest against a suggested

alteration of the founder’s scheme in relation to the Hopeian

Professorship at Oxford.

Ixiv

For nearly a quarter of a century Mr. Apam WHITE was one

of our members, and a constant attendant at our gatherings

in Bond Street and Bedford Row. A native of Edinburgh,

he came to London as a lad, and when eighteen years of age was

attached to the Zoological Department of the British Museum,

where he remained until 1863, when mental incapacity compelled

his retirement. He lived in seclusion until the 4th January,

1879, when he died at Glasgow at the age of sixty-two. He was

the author of papers on all branches of Entomology; the Royal

Society’s Catalogue contains the titles of fifty-eight articles

written by him between 1839 and 1861; he compiled several

of the British Museum Catalogues, and all who five-and-twenty

years ago had occasion to consult the national collection will

remember his readiness to assist, and the broad Scotch accent

with which his words of sound advice were delivered.

But if the Museum was prematurely deprived of a faithful

servant in Adam White, it has sustained a still greater loss in

Mr. Freperick Smita. Of Yorkshire parents and (though born

in London) educated at Leeds, when his school-days were over

Frederick Smith was apprenticed to an engraver in Soho Square,

who had lodging with him a nephew, William Edward Shuckard.

The lads became warm friends, but it was not until several years

afterwards that Shuckard, having returned to his native town of

Brighton, was led by mere accident to observe the habits of some

bees burrowing on the Sussex downs; he obtained a copy of

Kirby’s ‘Monographia Apum Anglie, and from that time his

whole energies were devoted to Hymenoptera. The future author

of the ‘ Essay on the Indigenous Fossorial Hymenoptera of Great

Britain’ soon won over his friend to the same pursuit, and

while still a young man Frederick Smith had become an ardent

collector of bees and ants, and a close observer of their habits.

He assisted John Curtis in some of the later plates of the

‘British Entomology. On the death of Mr. Bainbridge, in

1841, he was appointed Curator of the Collections and Library

of this Society, and for nine years he was to be found every

Monday afternoon at the Society’s Rooms in New Bond Street.

Having been engaged by Dr. Gray to arrange the Hymenoptera

in the British Museum, he was employed upon this work when

a vacancy in the Zoological Department was created by the death

of Edward Doubleday, in December, 1849. Frederick Smith

Ixv

was shortly afterwards appointed one of the permanent staff of

the Museum, and eventually became Assistant Keeper of the

Zoological Department. Abandoning art for science he relin-

quished engraving as a profession, but he engraved from West-

wood’s drawings the plates of Wollaston’s ‘Insecta Maderensia ’

(1854); and all the plates which illustrate the British Museum

Catalogues of Hymenoptera, and his own papers in the 'T'rans-

actions of this and other Societies, were drawn and engraved by

himself. At a meeting of this Society, held on the 58rd April,

1837, Mr. Ingpen read a letter from Mr. Smith, giving an account

of the natural history of one of the’ Cynipide which inhabits the

small flat galls on the underside of oak leaves (Proc. Ent. Soc.

1837, p. xli.). This, I believe, is the first published of Frederick

Smith’s observations. On the 2nd September, 18389, he read

some Notes on the Habits of British Ants, which, however, were

not printed until 1842 (Trans. Ent. Soc. 11.151). From 1842

to the time of his death his publications were unceasing, and

some idea of his activity may be gathered from the fact that the

Royal Society’s Catalogue of Scientific Papers enumerates no less

than a hundred and forty-one prior to the year 1874, many of them

monographs of high importance, all of them containing something

that was worthy of record. The Hymenoptera, Diptera, and

Neuroptera collected in Rodriguez by the Transit of Venus Expe-

dition in 1874-5 were worked out by Mr. Smith, and his account

thereof has appeared since his death as part of the extra volume

of the Philosophical Transactions devoted to the collections of

the Transit Expeditions. His last paper, ‘‘ Descriptions of New

Species of Aculeate Hymenoptera collected by the Rev. Thomas

Blackburn in the Sandwich Islands,” was posthumously read and

published in the Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology, xiy.

674). To these must be added the works compiled by him for

the Trustees of the British Museum, including the Catalogues of

British Hymenoptera (with sixteen plates, 1855 and 1858; a

second edition of the Andrenide and Apide in 1876), and the

Catalogues of the Hymenopterous Insects of the whole world

(seven parts, with thirty-seven plates, 1853 to 1859),*—works

which, under the modest title of catalogues, in addition to the

* The Trustees have, since Mr. Smith’s death, published a volume of ‘ Descriptions

of new species of Hymenoptera in the Collection of the British Museum’; but it

consists of bare descriptions, and nothing more, and will scarcely increase the

author's reputation.

Ixvi

synonymy, contain detailed descriptions of hosts of new species

and notes on habits and economy. Elected a member of this

Society in 1850, he was one of the most constant in his attendance,

and for many years served on the Council; he was President in

1862 and 1863, was repeatedly a Vice-President, and had been

re-appointed to that office only a fortnight before his death. All

will remember his never-failing readiness to impart his knowledge

to others, and whenever he was appealed to on any question

respecting our indigenous Hymenoptera he had always something

valuable to communicate, not taken second-hand from others, but

the result of his own personal observation. It was in the field

rather than the study that he was at home, where his power

of accurate observation had full play; in his knowledge of our

indigenous Hymenoptera and acquaintance with their habits he

stood without a rival. His death took place on the 16th February,

at the ripe age of seventy-three.

Mr. Wizi1am Witson SAuNDERS was originally an officer in

the Engineers, and served for a short time in India; but he soon

quitted the army, and returned to England before the formation

of this Society, of which he was one of the original members.

His first entomological paper, “ Notes on the Habits of some

Indian Insects,” was read on the 7th April, 1834, and is published

in the first volume of our Transactions. From that time until

1878 he was unceasing in his attention to our affairs; our

volumes contain numerous contributions from his pen; he was

President in 1841 and 1842, and again in 1856 and 1857; it was

owing to his liberality that the Society was enabled from time to

time to offer prizes for essays on various subjects connected with

Economic Entomology; and there must be many now present who

remember the pleasant excursions to Reigate to which he was

wont to invite us, when, after a day’s ramble on the Surrey hills,

the whole Society was asked to enjoy his hospitality. Nor was it

this Society alone that had the benefit of his services; elected a

Fellow of the Linnean in 1833, and of the Royal in 1858, he was

for twelve years the Treasurer of the former, and for several

years a Vice-President of the Horticultural Society. In fine, he

was ever ready to devote both his time and his wealth to the

furtherance of Natural Science ; his munificence enabled collectors

to prosecute their researches in foreign lands, and assisted in the

publication of their discoveries. As long as fortune favoured

Ixvii

him he was a large-minded and open-handed patron of science—

a scientific Maecenas. The last six years of his life were passed

in quiet retirement at Worthing, where he died on the 13th of

September last, at the age of seventy years.

In accordance with the terms of our late member’s will, Mr.

Hewirson’s Rhopalocera have found a permanent home in the

National Museum, and his executors have published a complete

catalogue of the collection. For twenty-one years the ‘‘ Hewitson

Collection” is to be retained intact, in the same cabinets, in the

same order, and under the same nomenclature as the donor

left it ; but at the end of that time all restrictions cease, and the

interests of Science will alone determine its future destiny.

This is the true spirit of lberality: who can foretell what will

best answer the requirements of the twentieth century, or even of

a generation hence? ‘The dead hand should not press too

heavily or too long upon the living. ‘The lesson which Hewitson

had to teach was to be learned from a study of his collection

more than from his published works:

* Our little systems have their day,

They have their day, and cease to be.”

But now that the Hewitsonian teaching is enshrined in the pages

compiled by our colleague, Mr. Kirby, and thereby preserved for

all future students, Time the Destroyer is rendered powerless,

and our friend’s fragile gift constitutes his monuwmentum e@re

perennius.

FreicieN Cuapuis, Hermann Loew, and Caminto Ronpant

did not belong to our body. But I may be permitted to express

the loss which Science has sustained by the death of the Belgian

Coleopterist, whilst the removal of the Parmesan, and the still more

celebrated Prussian Dipterologist, leaves Kurope almost without

an authority on the two-winged Order of insects.

But let us turn from these melancholy records to see what

evidence of its vitality the Society has given during the year that

has expired.

In the first place I may say that the interest of our monthly

meetings has been fairly sustained ; the record of our Proceedings

shows that many valuable exhibitions have been made, and

important subjects discussed or ventilated. In proof of this

statement it will be sufficient to refer to the interesting conversa-

tions which have arisen from the introduction of such subjects as,

lxvill *

for instance, the stridulating power of the Mantide, Brazilian

Caddis-flies and their cases, flights of locusts and migrations of

butterflies, flowers and their unbidden guests, the destruction

of insects by flowers, sericiculture, the metamorphoses of the

blister-beetle, the mimicry of insects by insects, the effects

of temperature upon insects and insect-life, the existence of

branchie in the imago-state of certain Trichoptera, sculptured

markings on cretaceous pebbles from the Lake of Geneva sup-

posed to be due to insect agency, sugar-cane borers, the correlation

of mutilation in the larva with deformity in the imago, and

variations in larve of Smerinthus ocellatus fed on different species

of Saliva. It has afforded me additional pleasure to observe how

many of the subjects have been introduced or elucidated by the

remarks of some of our junior members. This is as it should

be. The younger the better and more welcome. ‘The least

experienced, if he will make use of the powers of observation

with which Nature has endowed him, is sure to see something

which is new to the oldest among us. There is a fair field and

no favour. ‘Those who have learnt the most are the most ready

to learn, and glad to extend the right hand of encouragement to

every fresh worker in the field.

The volume of Transactions for 1879 extends to three

hundred and fifty pages, and (to say nothing of several papers

printed at length in the Proceedings) it contains twenty-five

memoirs, illustrated by eleven plates and as many woodcuts,

The authors are sixteen in number: Messrs. Butler and Charles

Waterhouse, four papers each; Messrs. Baly, Distant, and West-

wood, two papers each; Miss Ormerod and Messrs. F. Bates,

Cameron, Moore, Fritz Miller, Oberthiir, Rutherfurd, Sharp,

Trimen, Buchanan White, and Wood-Mason, one paper each.

Nine of the memoirs relate to Coleoptera, seven to Lepidoptera,

three to Hemiptera, one each to Hymenoptera, Trichoptera, and

Diptera, leaving three that do not relate to any one Order in

particular. ‘Twenty-two out of the twenty-five are on Exotic,

three only on British Entomology. M. Oberthiir’s paper is

published in French; and communication with South Africa

is now so rapid that Mr. Trimen’s paper, which was read at our

last meeting on the 8rd December, was published and distributed

before the end of the month. For the most part the memoirs,

though interspersed with valuable remarks on classification,

ne Ixix

variation, affinities, and distribution, must be considered as

belonging to the branch of Descriptive Entomology. Of the

papers on subjects of more general interest, I may be permitted

to allude to Miss Ormerod’s ‘‘ Observations on the Effect of Low

Temperature on Larve,” to Prof. Wood-Mason’s ** Morphological

Notes bearing on the Origin of Insects,” to Prof. Westwood’s

paper “On some unusual Monstrous Insects,” to Mr. Charles

Waterhouse’s paper ‘On the Affinity of the Genus Polyctenes,”

and to Mr. Butler’s paper “On the Natural Affinities of the

Lepidoptera hitherto referred to the Genus Acronycta.” Miss

_Ormerod’s observations confirm the view generally held by ento-

mologists, though it is scarcely the popular opinion, that cold has

little or no destructive effect upon larvee, or indeed upon insect-

life in any form; but I do not recall any place where the results

of observation are stated with precision of detail, and our member

has done well to record the effect of ascertained temperatures

upon determined species. ‘The monstrosities mentioned by

Prof. Westwood are three butterflies with extra wings or portions

of wings, and numerous cases of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and

Diptera with imperfectly-developed heads, in which the imago

retained some portion of the outer covering of the larva or pupa.*

Mr. Charles Waterhouse introduces us to a wondrous creature,

Euctenodes, which he provisionally places in the family Polyctenide,

and considers allied to the Hippoboscide, whilst Prof. Westwood

seems to doubt whether the group should not be referred to the

Hemiptera-Heteroptera.t} But Mr. Butler’s paper on Acronycta

is the most startling, and to a lepidopterist of the ancient type its

author must appear a perfect revolutionary. Only last year

he excited some little astonishment by promulgating the view

that the Avgeriide have nothing to do with the Sphinges, and that

their affinities are with the Pyralidina and Gelechiide. I have

not heard of any attempt to combat this view, and its opponents

* The specimen of Bombyx mori mentioned by Professor Westwood on p. 223

was bred by Dr. Wallace (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. iv.) The specimen of Vanessa

Atalanta mentioned on the same page was bred by Mr. Jackson (Proce. Ent. Soe.

1871, p.ii.) The specimen of Botys fuscalis mentioned on p. 227 was captured by

the Rey. R. P. Murray in the Isle of Man (Proce. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. xxxi.). The

specimen of Orgyia antiqua (?) mentioned on p. 228 was a female, and was

exhibited by Mr. Jenner Weir at the meeting. of this Society held on the 5th

November, 1879 (ante, p. xlix.)

+ Surely the specific name of the new Polyctenes parasitic on a bat (Megaderma

spasma), described by Mr. Waterhouse on p, 312, should be P. spasmatis, not spasme /

appear to let judgment go against them by default. Scarcely

have the scales fallen from our eyes, and enabled us to see where

the clear-winged moths ought to be placed, before Mr. Butler

draws the Grey Dagger, and calls upon us to surrender at discretion,

and make humble confession that under the name Acronycta we

have hitherto huddled together representatives of eight genera

belonging to four distinct families; that three-fourths of these

so-called Noctue are in truth Bombyces; that of our English

species rumicis and auricoma are Arctiide ; leporina and aceris

are Liparide ; megacephala, strigosa, and the common dagger-

moths, psi and tridens, are Notodontide ; and that only alm and

ligustri are Noctue, the former being the type of Jocheera, whilst

the latter is relegated to Mamestra. Such is the result at which

Mr. Butler has arrived, chiefly from a consideration of the larval

characters,* but relying also upon the wing-venation and structural

* The larvee of our indigenous species are delineated on plates xxxi. and xxxii.

of Wilson’s ‘ Larve of the British Lepidoptera.’ But the reference on p. 207

to plate xxxii., fig. 6, as Acronycta tridens, is a misprint for fig. 1.

Ochsenheimer, in the Systema Glossatorum Europe, published in the fourth

volume of ‘Die Schmetterlinge von Europa’ (1816), divided Acronycta into two

divisions; A. containing leporina, alni, psi, tridens, and others; B. containing

menyanthidis, auricoma, rumicis, aceris, megacephala, and others. Ochsenheimer,

however, died before he reached Acronycta in the descriptive part of his work, and

it was with this very genus that Treitschke commenced his continuation of Ochsen-

heimer (Schmett. Europ. vy. 3). In the preface he tells us that unfortunately

Ochsenheimer’s papers gave him much less assistance than he had hoped, that

of the descriptions contained in the fifth volume only the genus Acronycta had been

worked out, and that in that genus those of leporina, bradyporina, cuspis, euphorbia,

and euphrasie had not been worked out, by Ochsenkeimer. After saying that “ die

Raupen kommen denen der ehemahligen Spinner nahe,” Treitschke indicates two

divisions: A. Larve with long hairs, without dorsal tufts; and B. Larve with long

hairs, with dorsal tufts. Treitschke’s A includes seven species, leporina, bradyporina,

aceris, megacephala, alni, ligustri, and strigosa ; and bis B includes eight species,

tridens, psi, cuspis, menyanthidis, auricoma, rumicis, euphorbie, and euphrasia.

Thus Treitschke’s A and B do not agree with Ochsenheimer’s A and B, but leporina

stands at the head of the division A of each, and it is probably on this ground that

Mr. Butler takes leporina as the type of the restricted genus Acronycta, which finds

its place in the family Liparide. In the matter of spelling Mr. Butler appears

to prefer Diphtera and Acronicta to Diphthera and Acronycta ; after twice citing

« Acronicta (sic), Ochs.,” he adopts that form on pp. 316, 317 for the restricted genus,

I suppose on the ground of priority. For doubtless Ochsenheimer, in the Catalogue

referred to (Schm. Europ. iv. 62, 63), did print or misprint Acronicta and Diphtera

(apparently following Hiibner as regards Diphtera) ; but when the genera came to be

described in 1825 we find the correct spelling Acronycta (Schm. Europ. v. 3) and

Diphthera (ib. 47), and, to prevent any mistake, the Greek words from which they

are derived. After fifty-five years’ use of the right, it is too late to revert to the wrong.

Ixxi

characters of the moths. That a casual peep at a drawer-full of

larvee should produce such a transformation-scene says little for

our lepidopterists; and if Mr. Butler's views are to prevail, it

shows what wholesale disintegration of a system, based on mere

superficial resemblance of the imago, in which for years we have

all been content to acquiesce, may be expected to ensue when

attention is paid to the earlier stages, and when, instead of merely

collecting so many butterflies and moths and arranging them ina

cabinet, the insects are studied ab ovo, and their metamorphoses

and habits are thoroughly investigated.

Of course the publications of this Society represent but a

portion of the work of our entomologists during the year; and

in referring to three recent publications on the comparatively

neglected groups of the Spiders, the Plant-lice, and the Crayfish,

my only regret is that we have not the honour to count their

authors amongst our members. In ‘The Spiders of Dorset,’ the

Rey. O. Pickard Cambridge has produced a little volume, the

introduction to which raises it far above the level of ordinary local

lists; Blackwall’s 300 British species are now increased to over

500; of these 358 have been found in Dorsetshire, nearly 70 per

cent. of the whole in one county, and by far the greater part of

them in the parish of Bloxworth ; whence the inference is easy,

that with a few more Cambridges scattered about the land, the

number of British Spiders would not long remain at five hundred:

the second volume is to contain,- by way of Appendix to the

County List, a Supplemental List with diagnoses of the British

species which have not yet been found in Dorsetshire, and the

work will thus form a complete monograph of the British

Arachnida. The Ray Society has produced the second volume

of Mr. Buckton’s ‘ Monograph of the British Aphides,’ a work

which ought to have the effect of increasing the number of

students of our plant-lice; there are 99 beautiful plates, and

another volume is required to complete the task. Under the

unassuming title of ‘ The Crayfish,’ Prof. Huxley has written a

capital little book, in which, after adverting to the not uncommon

belief that what is termed science is of a different nature from

ordinary knowledge, and that the methods by which scientific

truths are ascertained involve mental operations of a recondite

and mysterious nature, comprehensible only by the initiated, the

author asserts that there is no solid foundation for the belief that

Ixxll

the realm of science is thus shut off from that of common sense,

or that the mode of investigation which yields such wonderful

results to the scientific investigator is different in kind from that

which is employed for the commonest purposes of everyday

existence. ‘‘ Common sense is science exactly in so far as it

fulfils the ideal of common sense, and science is simply common

sense at its best, that is, rigidly accurate in observation, and

merciless to fallacy in logic.” Starting with this idea, the

Professor, with all that charm of language and lucid exposition of

which he is so consummate a master, proceeds to display the

natural history of Astacus fluviatilis, the common crayfish of

our rivers, then to enquire into its morphology and physiology,

and finally to examine into tne distribution* and what he terms

“the crown of biological effort,’ the etiology of this group of

animals. And the reader is thus shown how the careful study of

one of the commonest and most insignificant of creatures leads

step by step from everyday knowledge to the most difficult

problems of Zoology and the widest generalizations of Biological

Science.

Meanwhile our colleagues have not been idle. Mr. Owen

Wilson has issued the two concluding parts of his illustrations of

‘Larve of the British Lepidoptera’; Mr. Herbert Goss has

continued his admirable papers, ‘On Fossil Insects and the

British and Foreign Formations in which Insect Remains have

been detected’; Mr. M‘Lachlan has produced the eighth and

-penultimate part of his ‘Monographic Revision and Synopsis of

the Trichoptera of the European Fauna,’ containing the family

Rhyacophilide ; and Messrs. Godman and Salvin have issued the

first two parts of the zoological portion of their ‘Contributions to

the knowledge of the Fauna and Flora of Mexico and Central

America’, a magnificent quarto, to be published in parts ‘at

intervals of a couple of months, and estimated to extend to not

less than sixty parts of Zoology, to be followed by an introductory

volume wherein the physical features of the country will be

described and illustrated with maps. The region from which

contributions are to be levied includes the whole of Mexico from

* Crayfishes do not inhabit every British river; and Prof. Huxley says (p. 288)

that he cannot hear of any, for example, in the Cam or the Ouse on the east, or in

the rivers of Lancashire and Cheshire on the west. Unless my memory deceives

me as to the occurrences of five-and-thirty years ago, there were then crayfish in

the Little Ouse, near Brandon.

Ixxil

the valleys of the Rio Grande and Gila on the north, British

Honduras, the States of Guatemala, Honduras, San Salvador,

Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, and Panama as far south as the

Isthmus of Darien. For this work the editors have been quali-

fying themselves by collecting materials for the last twenty-two

years ; they have passed several years in various parts of the

country, and have received collections from many correspondents

and from naturalists specially employed in visiting some of the

districts previously unexplored. A work of such magnitude can

only be achieved by co-operation; as regards our branch of

Zoology, the editors themselves will undertake the Rhopalocerous

Lepidoptera, and (whilst the Crustacea are allocated to Prof.

Huxley, the Arachnida to the Rey. O. Pickard Cambridge, and

the Hymenoptera and Diptera are still waiting for collaborateurs)

the names of Messrs. Bates, Distant, Druce, Gorham, Janson,

M‘Lachlan, Sharp, Waterhouse, and Wood-Mason will commend

the work to this Society. The two parts published in September

and November last contain portions of the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera

(Nymphalidae, Danaine) by Messrs. Godman and Salvin, and of

the Coleoptera Longicornia (Prionide and Cerambycide) by Mr.

H. W. Bates. It is a grand design which promises to be grandly

executed, and when completed in accordance with the promise of

its outset, I have no hesitation in saying that the ‘ Biologia

Centrali-Americana’ will be one of the noblest faunistic works

which this or any other country has produced.

The publications of our sister societies have not been without

entomological contributions. I have already alluded to the

‘Account of the Petrological, Botanical, and Zoological Col-

lections made in Kerguelen’s Land and Rodriguez during the

Transit of Venus Expeditions carried out by order of Her

Majesty’s Government in the years 1874-5, which has recently

appeared under the auspices of the Royal Society.. It will. be

remembered that our colleague, the Rey. A. E. Eaton, who had

already visited the Arctic Regions, was selected as the naturalist of

the Expedition to Kerguelen’s Land; and he, with the assistance

of Messrs. Cambridge, Verrall, C. O. Waterhouse, and Sir J.

Lubbock, has rendered an account of the entomological results

of his Antarctic Expedition ; whilst the corresponding work for

the Expedition to Rodriguez has been done by Messrs. Butler,

F. Smith, and C. O. Waterhouse. In the Transactions of the

lxxiv

Linnean Society will be found a paper on “ The Butterflies of

Malacca,’ by Mr. A. G. Butler, and “Descriptions of some

minute Hymenopterous Insects,’ by Prof. Westwood. The

Journal of the same Society (Zoology, vol. xiv.), besides the

posthumous paper by Mr. F. Smith already mentioned, contains

“Descriptions of new Hemiptera,’ by Dr. Buchanan White;

* Descriptions of new Coleoptera collected by Mr. Darwin,” by

Mr. F. H. Waterhouse; “An Analysis of the Species of Caddis-

flies described by Linnzeus in his Fauna Suecica,”’ by Pastor H.

J. D. Wallengren, with Notes by Mr. M‘Lachlan; ‘“ Observations

on the Habits of Ants,” by Sir John Lubbock; and an abstract of

a paper by the same author, ‘On the Anatomy of Ants,” which

is reserved for publication in the Transactions, with illustrations.

The Proceedings of the Zoological Society contain no less than

eleven entomological papers (two in the volume for 1878, but

published in 1879), including three on Lepidoptera by Mx. F.

Moore, two on Coleoptera by Mr. Martin Jacoby, two on

Arachnida by the Rey. O. Pickard Cambridge, one on Lepidoptera

by Mr. Distant, and three on Lepidoptera by Messrs. Godman

and Salvin.

Nearly all these memoirs are by Fellows of this Society, and I

take this to indicate that the means of the Entomological Society

are insufficient to keep pace with the productive capacity of its

members. It can only be from their unwillingness to overtax

our resources that our past and present Presidents, Vice-

Presidents, Treasurers, and Secretaries are driven to have

recourse to other Societies for the publication of purely entomo-

logical papers.

This leads us naturally to the consideration of our finances.

The prosperity of the Society is in proportion to the number of

our members, and depends mainly on a steady increase in the

number. ‘The Society started with about 100 members; during

the first ten years of its existence the number gradually

increased, and was eventually doubled; the tide then turned, and

we dwindled down to 120; after small fluctuations, at the end of

thirty years the number was under 150, but the next lustrum

brought us back to 200, and for several years the number was

maintained at or about that figure; during the last few years

there has been a slow but steady growth, and at the present

time we count 230. Corresponding with these changes, our

Ixxv

publishing power has risen and fallen. The first five volumes of

the ‘ Transactions ’ extended over sixteen years, and during that

period we published on an average fifteen memoirs per annum ;

the second series occupied twelve years, with an annual average

of twelve memoirs; the third series appeared in six years, at an

average of eighteen memoirs a year; and since the annual

volumes have superseded the series, the yearly average of

papers published has been twenty-two, say a couple of papers

read at each successive meeting. In forty-six years the Society

has printed 763 memoirs, illustrated by 437 plates, of which 189

are coloured. ‘These memoirs vary in length from two or three

pages to two or three hundred, and even to a whole volume: of

course mere length is no criterion of their value or importance ;

they should be weighed, not measured; but taking one with

another over the whole period of the Society’s existence, this

gives an average of nearly seventeen papers and ten plates a year.

Our income available for publishing purposes, even of late years,

has not exceeded a couple of hundred pounds, and even this is

uncertain and precarious. IJ think it may be fairly said that the

Society has made pretty good use of its slender means; and I am

sure I may say that the slender means at the disposal of the

Council are the only reason why the Society has not done more.

At every turn we have been hampered for want of funds; the

Treasurer has been at his wit’s end to make ends meet. Whena

monograph is presented, and illustrations are required, instead

of being able to confine our attention to the question, “Is it

worthy of publication, will it do credit to the Society ?” a second

question lurks behind, “ Can we afford it ?” How is this to be

avoided ? The Society ought not to be a casual pauper, dependent

on accidental or eleemosynary support. It ought to be self-

supporting ; and there are only two ways of accomplishing this.

We must either limit our usefulness to the extent of our income,

or we must increase our income to the extent of our requirements.

The former alternative is inadmissible unless the latter be

impossible. The latter is impossible unless we do one of two

things. Either the subscription must be increased or the

number of subscribers must be increased. There is no Society

in this country, at all comparable with our own, which levies so

small an annual contribution; and if every member received the

Transactions without further payment, as I should like to see, it

lxxvl

strikes me that we should have little cause for regret if the yearly

subscription were doubled. This, however, is a question that

requires deliberation; nothing short of a general agreement would

warrant its adoption, and I throw out the suggestion only for the

purpose of eliciting opinion and inviting discussion. But as to

the desirability of the other alternative, there can scarcely be two

opinions; our numbers ought to be larger; 230 names, and the

list includes some foreigners, are not an adequate representation

of the entomologists of the United Kingdom. ‘To increase the

number, there is little scope for collective or corporate action;

we can only rely upon the individual influence and efforts of

those who have already joined our ranks. Go out then to the

highways and hedges, and compel them to come in.

To be valued by the public and obtain their support, the

Society must contrive to render itself more useful. It is too

much to expect, in this old-fashioned country, that the Govern-

ment should give us any assistance; the State cannot even

afford us house-room. But the time will come when our

existence and our usefulness will be recognised by the powers

that be. Noxious insects have often been mentioned in

despatches; and a beetle has achieved the unprecedented dis-

tinction, the Victoria Cross (with several bars), of being

mentioned by its scientific name in an Act of Parliament (40 and

41 Vict. c. 68) as “the insect designated as Doryphora decem-

lineata, and commonly called the Colorado beetle.” When

Empires, Kingdoms, and Republics have to sink their differences,

and France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Portugal, and Switzer-

land agree to a Phylloxera-treaty, and, distrusting the sufficiency

of their united forces, are seeking the adhesion of Italy and

Spain,—when our consuls abroad are occupied in defeating the

machinations of the Anisoplias and other nihilists of the crops

(see Proc. Ent. Soc. 1878, pp. hii., lvii.),—when the three estates

of this realm have to combine to repel an invasion of the

Doryphoras, and our colonies and dependencies are making

constant appeals to the home authorities, either to exterminate

a horde of savage Termites, or to ward off the attacks of native

tribes of Tzetzes, the aid of the scientific branches will be called

in requisition, and even the services of the volunteers will not be

despised. But seriously, Natural Science has, happily, become

part of our general system of education; our schools and

Ixxvil

universities no longer ignore it; the applicability of entomology

to useful purposes is becoming more generally known; and it

must be our aim, whilst retaining and cherishing the true

scientific spirit, and taking care that our pursuit becomes more

and more philosophic, at the same time to apply our enquiries

and our facts to purposes of utility and public interest. Do we

not ride our own special hobby-horses a little too hard, and so

deter those who are not specialists from joining us? Could we

not attract a wider support if our energies were more directed to

purposes of general interest ? Could we not organize a series of

periodical reports on injurious insects, and so secure the adhesion

of agriculturists and horticulturists ? Can we not obtain for our

Transactions more papers of an anatomical or philosophic

character, more papers on classification or distribution, on the

morphology and development of insects, on the light thrown by

entomology on the problems of general biology? Papers like

these would be readable by naturalists who are not specially

entomologists. We want more observational work, and less

description of species; and I am very much afraid that so long

as our Transactions are almost monopolized by descriptive

entomology, until we can obtain a larger proportion of papers

of more general interest, it will be hopeless to expect any con-

siderable addition to our muster-roll.

“The habits, manners, and instincts of insects, their anatomy and

physiology, and their useful or noxious properties, will doubtless attract a

large share of the attention of the members of the Entomological Society,

without inducing them to underrate the importance of the systematic

department of the science. Knowledge as to the structure, habits, and

economy of insects ought to be the grand and ultimate aim of entomologists;

but this knowledge can be neither acquired nor diffused without systematic

classification, which is the dictionary that must enable us duly to read the

great book of Nature, and to which therefore, so long as that dictionary still

remains so incomplete, even the largest portion of the entomologist’s labours

may be justly given, while at the same time no fact, however trifling,

relating to the habits and economy of the objects of his study is suffered to

be lost, the two great branches of the science, system and the natural

history of insects (taken in its largest sense) being made to go hand in

hand, and mutually to support each other.”

Thus wrote the veteran Wm. Spence in 1834 (Tr. Ent.

Soe.i. 1). And in his first Address on the Progress and State of

Ixxvili

Entomology (21st January, 1835), Mr. Westwood expressed his

gratification at the practical nature of a considerable portion of

the proceedings of our Society, and remarked upon the difference

which then existed between the [Entomological Societies of

London and of France, the latter being especially marked by a

greater degree of attention to the technical and descriptive details

of groups.

In those days two-thirds of the papers published in our

Transactions dealt with the natural history of insects; ten or a

dozen years ago, taking an average of three years, the descriptive

papers were barely a half of the whole; during the last three

years the general papers have borne to the descriptive the pro-

portion of three to five; but for the year 1879 the proportion is

only about one to five.

Were it not that the Address delivered from this Chair a year

ago must be as fresh in your recollection as it is in mine, I should

venture to repeat what was then said :—‘‘ We want, besides the

excellent papers descriptive of new exotic species which have too

exclusively filled our pages, records of observations on habits,

life-histories, and geographical distribution of insects; on local

variation, its causes and results; narratives of entomological

excursions and captures; observations on structure, functions,

and instinct; relations of insects to flowers; and, in short, on all

such subjects as are interesting to the greater number, as

distinguished from descriptive papers which are interesting only

to the lesser number.”

This is unquestionably our present desideratum, and in

endeavouring to enforce the same view, the scientific repute of

Mr. Bates will protect me, too, from the charge of seeming to

sacrifice science to popularity. I want you to be more popular,

only that you may be more truly scientific.

Science moves, but slowly, slowly, creeping on from point to point.

Unless each addition to our knowledge is dtffused and

popularized, it were as well that science remained stationary.

Knowledge is for all; and science undiffused is like the miser’s

hoarded gold. The spread of entomological science is the

purpose for which we exist as a Society; the Society can only be

a distributer, not a producer or discoverer; and that we may have

somewhat to distribute that shall add to the stock of human

Ixxix

knowledge and human happiness, it is to our members that we

must look—

Men the workers, ever reaping something new,

That which they have done but earnest of the things that they shall do.

The Society will shortly celebrate its jubilee, and I would ask

you betimes to take into consideration how we can best mark the

event. It strikes me that the occasion should be signalized in

some way or other, and in a manner that will have some enduring

effect. Our reserve fund is small, and might with advantage be

increased. A substantial addition to the hbrary, in the shape of

expensive books not easily accessible, would be acceptable. The

catalogue of our library ought to be printed. Incorporation by

royal charter is not beyond our hopes. But I almost think that

preferable to any of these would be a permanent addition to our

ranks of (say) another fifty or a hundred members. Is it too

much to expect that by a long pull, a strong pull, and a pull

altogether, we should within the next three years succeed in

obtaining a substantial reinforcement, and be able to publish a

Jubilee List of not less than 300 members ?

From what I have already said, it must be abundantly plain

that I desire to appeal to a wider constituency, and to bring

within our fold all who can in any sense be called entomologists,

or induced to take an interest in entomology. Entomologists

are divisible into many groups. Each has his place in nature,

and his own werk to do; and each requires the aid of the others.

There is room for all; and when a votary of one branch sneers

at or disparages the cultivators of another branch, he is only

exhibiting his own lack of scientific and philosophic spirit, and

uttering under a thin disguise the Pharisaic “ Thank God that I

am not as other men!” Even a mere collector is not to be

repelled, but cherished and encouraged to become something

higher. I remember to have heard years ago of some selfish

brute who was said to destroy duplicate specimens, that he might

boast of his uniques; as if there were any great credit due to a

man for being the first to pick up a thing which any other man

at the same time and place could equally have done! Even such

a one is not beyond redemption: after priding himself on

uniques, the next step is to long for fine series, and this is an

advance, for he is thus led on to notice variation in species and

genera, to seek the hinits of such variation, to trace the connexion

lxxx

between one form and another, to discover affinities between

different groups, perchance to study their transformations and

habits, possibly to call the microscope in aid to investigate their

anatomy; and by degrees he who was once a collector, and

nothing more, developes into a naturalist worthy of the name.

So also there is hope for a describer or a synonymist: the latter

can scarcely fail at some time or other to realize the fact that

science is not a thing of names alone, but that we have living

things to contemplate and study; and though the former's vanity

is at first tickled by the sight of a “‘ Papilio mirabilis, mihi,” and

he plumes himself upon his achievement as if, forsooth, he had

created the insect, and talks of it as “‘ my species,” this silly

conceit must soon give way tc a more legitimate kind of parental

pride; for though the naming of a creature unnamed before is

nothing more than affixing a label by which it may in future be

distinguished, yet a man may have a justifiable feeling of fondness

for an object he has been the first to bring to light, and it is

something to have been the first to distinguish accurately between

two species which before were confounded. Mere description of

species is only singling out bricks and marking them for the

master-builder ; it is the builder who arranges the materials, and,

by placing them in their proper position and relationship, gives

sensible exposition of the architect’s design. The naming and

description of species is necessary, but it is only a means to an

end. Let us then not be satisfied with mere descriptions, but let

us rather try to make use of the accumulated mass of descriptive

work; let us investigate and record the natural history and trans-

formations of species, their anatomical structure, and their natural

relations to one another; let us attack the larger and higher

problems of biology by applying our collected facts to the eluci-

dation of the general laws of life, and bringing scattered details

to illustrate the grand scheme of Nature.

It has been well said that the qualifications required for a

perfect naturalist are as many and as lofty as were required by

old chivalrous writers for the perfect knight-errant of the middle

ages. And though we cannot hope that all will attain to the

ideal, may I, in conclusion, presume to exhort my hearers to

attempt to realize Charles Kingsley’s sketch :—

“Our perfect naturalist should be strong in body; able to haul a

dredge, climb a rock, turn a boulder, walk all day, uncertain where he shall

Ixxxi

eat or rest ; ready to face sun and rain, wind and frost, and to eat or drink

thankfully anything, however coarse or meagre; he should know how to

swim for his life, to pull an oar, sail a boat, and ride the first horse that

comes to hand; he should be a good shot, and a skilful fisherman; and if

he go far abroad, be able on occasion to fight for his life. For his moral

character, he must, like a knight of old, be first of all gentle and courteous,

ready and able to ingratiate himself with the poor, the ignorant, and the

savage; not only because foreign travel will be often otherwise impossible,

but because he knows how much invaluable local information can be only

obtained from fishermen, miners, hunters, and tillers of the soil. Next, he

should be brave and enterprising, and withal patient and undaunted; not

merely in travel, but in investigation; knowing (as Bacon might have put

it) that the kingdom of Nature must be taken by violence, and that only to

those who knock long and earnestly does the great mother open the doors

of her sanctuary. He must be ofa reverent turn of mind also; not rashly

discrediting any reports, however vague and fragmentary; giving man

credit always for some germ of truth, and giving Nature credit for an inex-

haustible fertility and variety, which will keep him his life long always

reverent, yet never superstitious; wondering at the commonest, but not

surprised by the most strange; free from the idols of size and sensuous

loveliness ; able to see grandeur in the minutest objects, beauty in the

most ungainly; holding every phenomenon worth the noting down;

believing that every pebble holds a treasure, every bud a revelation ;

making it a point of conscience to pass over nothing through laziness or

hastiness, lest the vision ouce offered and despised should be withdrawn ;

and looking at every object as if he were never to behold it again. More-

over, he must keep himself free from all those perturbations of mind which

not only weaken energy, but darken and confuse the inductive faculty ; from

haste and laziness, from melancholy, testiness, pride, and all the passions

which make men see only what they wish to see. Of solemn and

scrupulous reverence for truth, of the habit of mind which regards each

fact and discovery, not as our own possession, but as the possession of its

Creator, independent of us, our tastes, our needs, or our yain-glory, we

hardly need to speak; for it is the very essence of a naturalist’s faculty, the

very tenure of his existence; and without truthfulness, Science would be as

impossible now as chivalry would have been of old. And last, but not

least, the perfect naturalist should have in him the very essence of true

chivalry, self-devotion ; the desire to advance, not himself and his own fame

or wealth, but knowledge and mankind. He should have this great virtue ;

and in spite of many shortcomings, naturalists as a class have it, to a degree

which makes them stand out most honourably in the midst of a self-seeking

aud mammonite generation, inclined to value everything by its money price,

its private utility. The spirit which gives freely, because it knows that it

Ixxxil

has received freely; which communicates knowledge without hope of

reward, without jealousy and mean rivalry, to fellow-students and to the

world; which is content to delve and toil comparatively unknown, that from

its obscure and seemingly worthless results others may derive pleasure, and

even build up great fortunes, and change the very face of cities and lands,

by the practical use of some stray talisman which the poor student has

invented in his laboratory: this is the spirit which is abroad among our

scientific men, to a greater degree than it ever has been among any body of

men for many a century past, and might well be copied by those who

profess deeper purposes and a more exalted calling than the discovery of a

new zoophyte or the classification of a moorland crag. And it is these

qualities, however imperfectly they may be realized in any individual

instance, which make our scientific men, as a class, the wholesomest and

pleasantest of companions abroad, and at home the most blameless, simple,

aud cheerful, in all domestic relations; men for the most part of manful

heads, and yet of childlike hearts, who have turned to quiet study, in the

piping times of peace, an intellectual health and courage which might have

made them, in more fierce and troublous times, capable of doing good

service with very different instruments than the scalpel and_ the

microscope.”

APPENDIX TO ‘PROCEEDINGS.’*

I. THE HOPE PROFESSORSHIP OF ZOOLOGY.

(Statuta Universitatis Oxoniensis 1879, p. 321 et seq.)

REGULATIONS contained in an Indenture made December 20,

1860, between the Reverend FrepErick WILLIAM Hopr,

of the one part, and the Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars

of the University of Oxford, of the other part, for declaring

the trusts of £10,000 new £3 per cent. annuities trans-

ferred by Mr. Horr to the University.

1. There shall be for ever hereafter a Professor, to be called the

“Hope Professor of Zoology,” and the dividends arising from the said

sum of £10,000 new £3 per cent. annuities shall from time to time, as

and when the same become due, be paid to such Professor, subject as

hereinafter provided.

2. The nomination of the first and every subsequent Hope Professor,

during the lifetime of the said Frederick William Hope, shall be made by

the said Frederick William Hope.

3. Every subsequent Hope Professor, after the death of the said

Frederick William Hope, shall be elected by the Curators for the time

being of the Hope Collections, or by the majority of those present at such

election; each Curator having one vote, and the Linacre Professor of

Physiology for the time being shall have the same right of voting as if he

were a Curator; and in case of an equality of votes for two candidates, the

Vice-Chancellor for the time being shall have a second or casting vote.

4. The Hope Professor shall be admitted in Convocation in the same

manner as other Professors.

5. The Hope Professor shall at the time of his admission be at least a

Master of Arts or a Bachelor of Civil Law or Medicine.

6. The duty of the Hope Professor shall be to give public lectures and

private instructions on Zoology, with special reference to the Articulata, at

such times as shall be prescribed or approved by the University, and also

* Vide Proe., p. xlviii ante.

1xxxiv

to superintend and arrange the Hope Collection of Annulose animals, and

to take charge of the Natural History portion of the Hope Library.

7. The Hope Professor shall reside in the University for the term of

eight months in every academical year between the first of October and the

fifteenth of July.

8. The Hope Professor shall retain his office during good behaviour.

9. In case of illness or unavoidable absence of the Hope Professor,

the Hope Curators shall have the ordinary power to appoint a temporary

deputy.

10. In case of permanent inability of the Hope Professor to perform the

duties of the professorship, the Hope Curators shall have the ordinary

powers to appoint a permanent deputy, with such stipend out of the Hope

Professor's emoluments as to the Hope Curators shall seem fit.

11. The Vice-Chancellor and delegates of appeals in Congregation, or

the greater part of them, shall have power to proceed against the Professor

in case of misconduet, in the same manner as is provided by the statutes

respecting the Moral Philosophy Professor and other Professors, sanctioned

by her Majesty; and in the event of their finding it necessary to remove

the Professor, the said Frederick William Hope, if living, and if he shall

not be then living the Hope Curators for the time being, shall immediately

proceed to a fresh election.

12. The Hope Professor shall be entitled to receive from his auditors

such fees only as shall be fixed by the University, in addition to the

dividends arising from the said £10,000 new £3 per cent annuities.

18. The Hope Professor shall not hold any other professorship or

readership in the University.

Il, THE HOPE COLLECTIONS, AND THE KEEPER OF

THE HOPE COLLECTION OF ENGRAVINGS.

(a) Conditions set forth in the Deed of Gift of the Ento-

mological Collection, Library of Natural History, plates,

engravings, and other articles and effects of the Reverend

FrepEerick Wiiu1am Hops, dated August 4, 1849, ap-

proved by Convocation April 23, 1850.

1. That a suitable building or rooms shall be provided within the

University for the reception of the said Collection, Library, articles, and

effects, as soon as conveniently may be arranged, either at the expense of

the said University or by means of contributions from other sources.

2. That the said Collection, Library, articles, and effects shall be made

practically useful, as a means of extending and improving a knowledge

1xxxv

of the entomological department of Natural History; and that for that

purpose the same shall at all seasonable times be free of access to

members of the University and other persons, especially to learned natu-

ralists and other scientific persons of foreign countries; subject, however,

to such regulations as the Curators for the time being shall think fit; and

it being hereby declared to be the wish and desire of the said Frederick -

William Hope, that, so far as may be found practicable and convenient,

the said collection shall be open daily between the hours of ten in the

morning and three in the afternoon in winter, and ten in the morning and

four in the afternoon in summer, Sundays and holidays excepted.

3. (Deer. Conv., Dec. 18, 1864.) That the Vice-Chancellor, the two

Proctors, the Regius Professor of Medicine, the Keeper of the Ashmolean

Museum of the said University, and the Hope Professor, and their

successors in the same several offices for the time being, and also the

Reverend Richard Greswell, of Worcester College, B.D., and Henry

Wentworth Acland, of All Souls College in the said University, D.M.,

and their successors to be appointed from time to time as hereinafter

mentioned, shall be Curators. And upon the death, refusal, or incapacity

to act of the said Richard Greswell and Henry Wentworth Acland, or

either of them, then a new Curator or two new Curators, as the case

may be, shall be nominated by the surviving or other Curators; such

nomination to be approved by the University in Convocation: and so

from time to time, as often as any vacancy shall occur in any or either

of the non-official Curators; it being the intention that there shall always

be two other Curators in addition to the five official Curators.

4. That the Curators for the time being shall have full power and

authority, from time to time, as they shall see fit, to frame rules and

regulations for the safe custody and preservation of all the property, and

for the management of and access to the said collection, and for the use

of the library ; but, in the event of a Managing Curator or Inspector being

appointed for the better custody and preservation of the said collection,

the consent of the said Frederick William Hope during his lifetime shall

be necessary to such appointment.

5. That the Curators shall also have power, on obtaining the consent

thereto of the said Frederick William Hope during his lifetime, and

after his decease of their own authority, to dispose of any duplicates in

the entomological collection to any museum, institution, or person, upon

such terms and such manner as they shall think proper; but that this

power shall not extend to the disposing of any other specimens comprised

in the said collection. And, with a view to prevent any infected insect

being added to and injuring the said collection, no addition shall be made

thereto, unless previously approved of by the said Frederick William Hope

or some competent person under the authority of the Curators.

Ixxxvi

6. That if a new University Museum shall be established in Oxford,

and a library formed in connection with it, the Curators shall have power

to place the whole of this collection in suitable rooms to be provided

in such Museum; but the library and the plates and engravings shall

in any case be under the entire control of the Curators, who may dispose

of the same in any way which they shall consider most conducive to

the study of Natural History within the University, as well as to the

use of the same in connection with the entomological collection.

7. That in all the more important proceedings relative to the collection,

such as the framing new rules or regulations, the appointment of

Curators, and the disposition of duplicates or of the Library, the con-

currence of four at least of the Curators present at a meeting to be called

for any such purpose shall be requisite.

(b) Regulations contained in an Indenture made July 5, 1862,

between ExLenN Horr, widow and sole executrix of the

Reverend Freprrick Wiru1am Hops, of the one part,

and the Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the

University of Oxford, of the other part, for declaring the

trusts of £10,000 new £3 per cent. annuities transferred

by Mrs. Hope to the University.

N.B.—The recital of the indenture speaks of the indenture of

December 20, 1860, relating to the Hope Professor of Zoology,

and mentions Dr. Wellesley as one of the Hope Curators.

8. Of the dividends of the £10,000 new £38 per cent. annuities so

transferred by the said Ellen Hope as aforesaid, one-third shall be paid

as a stipend to the Keeper of the Hope Collection of Engravings for the

time being, one-third to the Hope Professor of Zoology for the time being

in augmentation of his present income, and the remaining one-third shall

be paid to the Hope Curators or any two of them, and shall be applied,

as to one moiety, in keeping up and increasing the Hope Collection of

Portraits, and, as to the other moiety, in keeping up and increasing the

said entomological collection.

9. I'he Hope Curators shall have absolute discretion as to the portraits

and specimens to be purchased in augmentation of the said collections

respectively; but, in adding to the said entomological collection, they

shall have regard to the opinion of the Hope Professor of Zoology, and

shall not be bound to confine themselves to insects only, but may purchase

specimens of fishes, reptiles, and such other animals as he shall recommend

and the Curators shall consider to come within the scope of the Founder's

views.

Ixxxvil

10. The Hope Curators shall also have power to expend part of the

dividends applicable for the purposes of the said collections respectively

in purchasing or repairing cabinets, cases, or other things connected

therewith.

12. Additions made to the said collections respectively shall be duly

noted and catalogued; but the Catalogues now and hereafter to be made

shall be so framed that such additions may always be distinguished, and

may not be confounded with the original gifts.

13. In the event of the Hope Curators not meeting in every year

with portraits or specimens suitable in their judgment for increasing the

said collections respectively, they may invest and accumulate any surplus

income, but keeping separate accounts of such investments, and with the

obligation to apply all such accumulations as income for the purposes

aforesaid in some year or years within five years from the commencement

of the accumulation. Provided always that under no pretence whatsoever

shall the income hereby intended for keeping up and increasing the said

collections respectively, or any part thereof or any accumulation thereof,

be applied for the personal benefit of the Keeper, the Hope Professor, or

any other person or persons.

14. Proper books of accounts shall be kept by the Hope Curators, in

which full particulars shall be entered of the application of the dividends

hereinbefore made payable to them, and such accounts shall be audited in

the month of October in every year.

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EN DEX.

Notre.— Where the name only of an Insect or Genus is mentioned, the

description will be found on the page referred to.

The Arabic Figures refer to the pages of the * Transactions ;’ the

Roman Numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’

PAGE PAGE

GENERAL SUBJECTS.... Ixxxix HEMIPTERA — HOMOP-

IXRAGHINTDIAL Giecctc ceeise LXKKIX IWRIAN sv ora cheteleverslies\etesere xcili

WOLEORTERAY cersiciers ee: 610 xe FLIYMENOPTERA ..+-..<. xclii

COUUEMBOLA® cr. 0 exerslacciere xcli IGEPTIDOP TER Asteicicle’s) cle e's XC1V

ID) PTTENRIAC vorverevela cieroversteneys xcli NEUROPTERA ....+++.00- XCViili

HEMIPTERA — HETEROP- ORTHOPTERIAS oe seivcie sie xcix

TOGO ODOODUROOCODOL xcil

GENERAL SUBJECTS.

Annual Meeting, lix.

Caterpillars, not blossom feeders ; discussion, v.

Cretaceous pebbles, sculpturing of, in Swiss lakes by supposed insect

agency, XVili, xxx, xliii, xlvii.

Hopeian Collection and Professorship, xlvii, and Appendix, Ixxxiii.

Hops, insects destructive to, xliii.

Insects, certain minute characters of, with reference to theory of evolu-

tion, liii.

Insects destroyed by flowers, ix.

Larvee, observations on the effects of low temperatures on, 127, discussion, x.

Mimicry, ii, xx.

Monstrous insects, 219.

Mutilation in larvee, correlation of, with deformity in the imago, xxxii.

Origin of insects, morphological notes on, 145,

Prize essays for life-histories of entozoic parasites, xli, xlv.

Sericulture, xiv.

Stridulation of MWantide, i, iii.

Sugar-cane borers, Xxxi, XXXili, XxXXvi.

ARACHNIDA.

Gasteracantha Cambridgei, exhibited from West Africa, i.

COLEOPTERA.

Actanorie, 289.—A. (Camaria) undaticollis, Fairm., 289.

Agathidium nigrinum, exhibited from Caterham Valley, lii.

Amarsenes, 297.—A. (Tetraphyllus) oblongo-camelus, Fairm., 298.

Ambrostoma, Motsch., 192.—A. fortunei, Baly, 192.—A. mahesa, Hope,

192.—A. quadri-impressa, Motsch., 192.

Anisotoma grandis, exhibited from Box Hill, lii.

Anochilia herbacea, 205.—A. hydrophiloides, 205.

Antilissus aper, 86.

Aphodius pacificus, 90.

Asphera discofasciata, 251.—A. limbifera, 252.—A. Thammi, 251.

Brachypeplus explanatus, 84.—B. protinoides, 85.—B. tinctus, 83.

Calyptocephalus fasciatus, monstrosity, 222.

Cantharis vesicatoria, metamorphoses of, xix, Xxx.

Carabus auratus, exhibited from Borough Market, lii.

Ceratorrhina Batesii. 169.

Cerichrestus Thammi, 256.

Cetoniid@, a decade of new, 199.

Charianus, 297.—C. (Tetraphyllus) purpuratus, Coq., 297.

Chemolanus, 296.—C. (Tetraphyllus) consobrinus, Fairm., 296.

Chlidones, 320.—C. lineolatus, 321.

Chrysomela, an attempt to point out the differential characters of some

closely-allied species of, 171.—C. Adamsi, 190.—C. aleyonea,

Suffr., 182.—C. bifrons, Fabr., 179.—C. cacali@, Schrank, 184.—

C. elegans, Arag., 187.—C. elongata, Zeigl., 185.— C. flavomar-

ginata, Say., 190.—C. gloriosa, Fabr., 178.—C. guttata, Gebl.,

188.—C. intricata, Germ., 182.—C. marginata, Linn., 189.-—

C. nivalis, Suffr.. 177.—C. rufo-marginata, 191.—C. speciosa,

Fabr., 175.—C. speciosissima, Scop., 186.—C. tristis, Fabr., 183.—

C. Vishnu, Hope, 189.

Cis alienus, 91.—C. bicolor, 98.—C. diminutivus, 94.—C. evanescens,

95.—C. leticulus, 94.—C. pacificus, 91.—C. porcatus, 92.— C. sig-

natus, 92.—C. tabidus, 93.

Clytarlus microgaster, 103.—C. modestus, 104.

Coleoptera, description of a new species of Rhyncophorous, 17.—from the

Hawaiian Islands, 77.—descriptions of Phytophagous species from

Peru, 235.—descriptions of new genera and species from Madagascar,

263.—from East Africa and Madagascar, 319.

Crosita, Motsch., 192.—C, Altaica, Gebl., 193.—C. c@lestina, 193.—

C. Faldermanni, Krynick, 193.

Curculio cleonus, remarkable vitality of, lii.

Cybister limbatus, with larval head, 222.

Cyclonotum subquadratum, Fairm., 83.

Cyclophysa, 241.—C. albicornis, 242.

Diabrotica limbifera, 257.—D. setifera, 257.

Disonycha Hrichsoni, 243.—D. pulchella, 242.

Dolichoderus acuminatus, Klug, 279.—D. approximatus, 283.—D. atro-

@nescens, Fairm., 286.—D. connewus, 284.—D. distinetus, 283.—

( exe)

COLEOPTERA—continued.

D. gibbipennis, 285.—D. heterocerus, 281.—D. longicornis, Fairm.,

282.—D. lucifugus, 281; var.? tumidicollis, 282.—D. mucronatus,

279.—D. pectoralis, 284.—D. politipennis, 280.—D. pulchripes,

285.—D. puncticeps, 280.

Doryphora anchoralis, 235.—D. approxrimata, 194.—D. decipiens, 237.—

D. fulvopustulata, 195.—D. Godmani, 194.—D. Thammi, 236.

Drocleana, 291.—D. (Camaria) parvicollis, Fairm., 291.

Epitrix carinata, 238.

Epixanthis maculitarsis, Burm., 203.

Hugonia, 248.—E. dimidiatipennis, 249.

Luplectus ambiguus, exhibited from Repton, xxxvi.

Gametis (?) elytus, 206.

Haltica facialis, 239.

Harpalus oblongiusculus, exhibited from Weymouth, i.—from Portland,

XXXVl.

Hermeophaga nitidissima, 246.

Hydaticus bimarginatus, with larval head, 222.

Hydrophilus semicylindricus, from the Hawaiian Islands, 82.

Hypothenemus maculicollis, 101.

Lactica clypeata, 244.—L. Jacobyi, 244.—L. Peruviana, 245.

Lampyrid@, mimicked by Longicorns, lii.

Leptinotarsa Kirschi, 237.

Leptinus testaceus, exhibited from Burford Bridge, li.

Liostraca (?) rufo-plagiata, 206.

Litargus vestitus, 88.

Longitarsus Peruvianus, 249.

Monanus crenatus, 85.

Monocesta approximata, 258.—M. sublimbata, 258.

Monoplatus fulvus, 254.

Narycius (Cyphonocephalus) smaragdulus, note on, xliv.

Nassophasis, 17.—N. foveata, 18.

Nephrica basalis, 240.

Nesogena eneipennis, 304.—LN. castaneipes, 302.—N. Coquerelii, 304.—

NV. Cresus, 304.—N. Fairmairii, 301.—N. geniculata, 302.—

NV. gigantea, 299.—N. Haagi, 304.—N. intermedia, 304.—

NV. lucida, 300.—LN. rutilia, 300.—N. speciosa, 299.—N. testa-

ceipes, 304.—N. varicolor, 303.—N. venusta, 301.—N. viridi-

cuprea, 304.

Notozona Jansoni, 238.

Nyassinus, 199.—LN. lugubris, 200.—N. maculipes, 199.

WNycteropus anthracinus, Klug, 287.—LV. confusus, 287.—LV, lavisternus,

Fairm., 286.

Ocnoscelis cyanoptera, Erichs., 250.

Octogonotes limbatus, 255.

Edionychis pulchra, 253.— Q. signifera, 252.

Omicrus brevipes, 81.

Omotyphus Erichsoni, 255.

€ xen? >)

COLEOPTERA—continued.

Opsamates, 264.— O, dimidiatus, 265.

Pelonia elegantula, 240,

Phymatopteryx glaberrimus, 202.

Porphyrhyba, Fairm., 292.—P. violaceicolor, Fairm., 293.

Proterhinus basalis,98.—P. collaris, 96.—P. humeralis, 96.—P. Lecontet,

99.—P. longulus, 97.—P. nigricans, 95.—P. paradoxus, 100.—P.

pusillus, 97.—P. sternalis, 98.

Pseudocamaria, 287.—P. consobrina, 288.

Pseudopsis sulcata, exhibited from Box Hill, lii.

Psilonesogena, 305.—P. hybrida, 306.

Pycnochilus, 263.—P. advenus, 264.

Pygora ignita, 204.

Scaptobius Parrianus, 201.

Spercheus emarginatus, exhibited from West Ham, xxxi.

Spheridium abdominale, from the Hawaiian Islands, 83.

Stegnea, 247.—S. nigripes, 248.

Sternocera pulchra, 319.

Tenebrionide, descriptions of new genera and species from Madagascar,

277.

Teretrius picipes, living specimens exhibited from Norwood, xxix.

Tetraphyllus, Cast. et Brullé, 293.—7Z. Fairmairti, 295.—T. pyropterus,

Fairm., 294.—7. tuberculipennis, 295.

Thettea, 290.—T. tenwitarsis, 290.

Tillus unifasciatus, exhibited alive from Norwood, xxix.

Trichaltica Thammi, 247.

COLLEMBOLA.

Orchesella rufescens, exhibited from Kent, xliv.

DIPTERA.

Bittacomorpha clavipes, exhibited from California, xxx.

Dipteron, from Brazil, photograph of drawings of larva and pupa ex-

hibited, 1.

Eristalis nemorum, monstrosity, 228.—L. tenax, monstrosity, 228.

Huctenodes, 310.— LE. mirabilis, 310.

Merodon (?), a species of, injurious to bulbs of Sternbergia, vi.

Polyctenes, on the affinity of the genus, 309, xlv, xlix.—P. lyre, 311.—

P. spasme, 312.

Psychoda auriculata, monstrosity, 227.

HEMIPTERA—HETEROPTERA.

Agonoscelis bicolor, 210.

Anisops amnigenus, 271.

Anthocoris nemorum, exhibited from Kent, xliil.

Arocatus pilosulus, 123.

’ Calocoris Lorsythi, 125.—C. Stoliczkanus, 124.

@ xen)

HEMIPTERA —HETEROPTERA —continued.

Dalpada confusa, 121.

BPnithares maculata, 216.

LTurydema Witkinsi, Osch., 123.

Gerris (Limnotrechus) Sahibergi, 125.

Halobates (7) orientalis, 126.

Hemiptera, descriptions of new species collected by Dr. Stoliczka during

the Forsyth Expedition to Kashgar, 121.—Hemipterous fauna of

Madagascar, contributions to knowledge of, 209.—collected by Prof.

Trail in the Amazons, 267.—notes on habits of Indian species, 1.

Heterocorixa, 272.—H. hesperia, 273.

Heteropterous Hemiptera, drawings of exotic species exhibited, xlvii.

Hydrobates regulus, from the Amazons, 269.

Hydrocyrius Columbia, exhibited from W. Africa, xiii.

LHydrometra mensor, 267.—H. metator, from the Amazons, 267.

Limnogonus hyalinus, from the Amazons, 269.—ZL. (?) lotus, from the

Amazons, 269.—Z. (?) lubricus, from the Amazons, 269.

Lygus, a species of, destructive to hops, xliii.

Martarega, 271.—M. membranacea, 272.

Menida distincta, 122.

Mesovelia Mulsanti, 268.

Microvelia mimuta, from the Amazons, 268.

Mictis expansa, 212.

Mygdonia elongata, 211.

Neovelia Trailii, 268.

Palomena Reuteri, 122.

Pantoleistes grandis, 215.

Parabrachytes, 213.—P. coloratus, 214.—P. obscurus, 214.

Pelocoris impicticollis, 269.—P. procurrens, 269. From the Amazons.

Phytocoris Stoliczkanus, 124.

Piezosternum rubens, 210.

Platypleura Madagascariensis, 217.

Ranatra annulipes, from the Amazons, 270.—R. rabida, 270.

Reduvius (Harpiscus) Reuteri, 125.

Sigara fuscata, from the Amazons, 273.—S. seducta, 275.—S. selecta, 273.—

S. signata, 274.—S. simulans, 275.—S. socialis, var. sobrina, 275.

Ulpius bicolor, 216.— U. festivus, 216.—U,. obseurus, 215.

Velia virgata, from the Amazons, 267.

Zaitha zelotypus, 270.

HEMIPTERA—HOMOPTERA.

Cicada montana, from New Forest, exhibited, x1.

Euacanthus interruptus, destructive to hops, xhii.

HYMENOPTERA.

Allotria pleuralis, 113.—A. Tscheki, Giraud, 114.

Ants, a species of Azza, collecting shells round entrance of nests at Pisa,

exhibited, xlix.

( xciv )

HYMENOPTERA — continued.

Charips microcera, 117.

Halictus, series from Greece, exhibited, iii.

Hewracola, Foerst., 116.

Hylotoma Stephensi, Leach, 107.

Hymenoptera, some new or little known British species of, 107.

Megastigmus (Torymus) pictus, Foerst., 118.

Nematus nigro-lineatus, Cam., 108.

Onychia, Westw., 110; O. nigripes, 112.

Phanoglyphis, Foerst., 114.

Psichacra Dalei, 115.

Torymus azureus, Boheman, 119.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Achea melicerte, from Cachar, 2.

Acherontia Styx, from Cachar, 2.

Acrea Thalia, mimicked by Hueides pavana, ii. |

Acronycta, the affinities of the species hitherto included in the genus, 313.

Adolias lepidea, from Cachar, 2.—A. sedeva, from Cachar, 2.

Agathodes ostentalis, from Cachar, 2.

Agonyx borneensis, 261.—-A. vigens, 262.

Agrotis repleta, from the Amazons, 25.

Amauris dominicanus, 3238.

Amblypodia camdeo, from Cachar, 2.

Amphigonia placida, 57.

Amphipyra purpurascens, 37.

Anomis grandipuncta, from the Amazons, 37.

Anophia olivescens, from Cachar, 2.

Anzabe sinensis, from Cachar, 2.

Aphusia marmorea, 27.

Apphadana croceipes and A. liturata, from the Amazons, 66, 65.

Areas lactinea, from Cachar, 2.

Argidia obliterans, 59.—A. ortilia, 58.—A. rosacea, 60.—A. subvelata,

59.—A. tarchon, 59. From the Amazons,

Argiva hieroglyphica, from Cachar, 2.

Aspilates citraria, variety exhibited, xlvii.

A stictopterus diocles, from Cachar, 2.

Athyma leucothoé, from Cachar, 2, 7.

Athyrma misera, 38.

Attacus obscurus, 5.

Azatha marcellina, from the Amazons, 56.

Azeta turbida, 62.

Baniana projiciens, 39.

Barydia japeta, from the Amazons, 37.

Basilodes semicuprea, from the Amazons, 33.

Blosyris despecta, from the Amazons, 48.

Bolina cunearis, 46.—B. fasciolaris, 46, From the Amazons.

( xev ~)

LEPIDOPTERA— continued.

Bombycide from South Australia, exhibited, xy.

Bombyx Mori, with larval head, 223, 226.

Botys fuscalis, with pupal head, 227.

Brujas helima, from the Amazons, 48.

Butterflies, some hitherto undescribed species inhabiting Southern Africa,

323 ; a remarkable case of mimicry in, xx.

Cenipeta aniloba, from the Amazons, 44.—C. bibitrix, from the Amazons,

43.—C. colliquens, from the Amazons, 44.—C. dimidiata, 44.—

C. lilacina, 44.— C. polynoé, from the Amazons, 43.

Campometra glauca, from the Amazons, 42.

Capnodes bistriata, 70.— C. imitans, from the Amazons, 68.—C. indigna,

69.— C. lacteigera, 70.—C. mundicola, from the Amazons, 71.—

C. orbiculata, from the Amazons, 69.— C. pallida, 68.—C. senilis,

69.—C. sobria, from the Amazons, 69.—C. sierope, from the

Amazons, 68.—C. (Arugisa) turbata, 71.

Caroia licormas, from the Amazons, 34.

Catamelas caripina, from the Amazons, 51.

Catopsilia catilla, 2.—C. chryseis, 2, 7.—C. crocale, 2.—C. pyranthe, 2,7.

From Cachar.

Celena dentilineata, 24.—C. fuscata, 23.

Ceromacra fuliginea, 55.— C. tymber, from the Amazons, 54.

Cethosia biblis, 2.—C. eyane, 2. From Cachayr.

Cherocampa lineosa, from Cachar, 2, 8.

Cidaria testata, a specimen destitute of hind-wings exhibited, xlvii.

Cocytodes Schneideriana, from the Amazons, 46.

Condica cupentia, from the Amazons, 25.

Cosmophila erosa, from the Amazons, 37.

Cyrestis eximia, 232.

Dagassa juruana, 66.—D. vulgaris, 66.

Danais aglea, from Cachar, 1.—D. chrysippus, from Cachar, 1.—D,

limnitice, from Cachar, 1.—D. plewippus, from Cachar, 1.—vavr.

(of Archippus) from Antigua exhibited, liii—D. septentrionis,

from Cachar, 1.

Dargida singularis, 22.

Debis indosa, 324.

Delias posithoé, from Cachar, 2.

Diadema lassinassa, var. gigas, 233.

Diamuna severa, from the Amazons, 34.

Dyops ocellata, from the Amazons, 33.

Eeregma modesta, 34.

Elymnias leucocyma, 2.— EF, undularis, 2. From Cachar.

Empelathra amplificans, 76.—£. scalena, 76. From the Amazons.

Epidromia columba, 53.—EL. distincta, 53.—E. negata, from the Amazons,

52.—F#. ocellata, 54.—£. rivularis, 52.—L. signata, 52.

Ergolis Ariadne, 2.—E. merione, 2. From Cachar.

Eterusia magnifica, 5.

Eueides pavana, mimics Acrea Thalia, ii.

( xevi_ )

LEPIDOPTERA—continued.

Hulepidotis alabastraria, 30.—H. argyritis, 29.— EH. ilyrias, 28.—

E. julianata, 29.—E. mabis, 29.—E. spectabilis, 29.—L. thec-

loides, 29. From the Amazons.

Euplea alcathoé, from Cachar, 1.—H. Depuiseti, 230.

Hurema Scheneia, 329.

Euripus halitherses, from Cachar, 2.

Huschema militaris, from Cachar, 2.

Gastropacha quercifolia, monstrosity, 222.

Gerisa anyz, from the Amazons, 72.

Gigia obliqua, from the Amazons, 48.

Giscala quadricolor, from the Amazons, 20.

Hadena aduncula, from the Amazons, 25.—H. dentina (?) var. from

Ilfracombe exhibited, xlvii.

Hapygia smerinthoides, from the Amazons, 34.

Helia calligramma, from the Amazons, 63.

Hemicerus metastigma, from the Amazons, 35.—IZ. plana, 35.—H., pul-

verula (2), from the Amazons, 35.—ZH. striolata, 36.

Hesperia exclamationis, from Cachar, 2.

Homoptera (?) gyrochila, 40.—H. Trailii, 40.—H. (?) zonata, from the

Amazons, 40.

Hypenaria pyrochila, 74.—H. triocellata, 74.

Hypocala andremona, from the Amazons, 47.—H, violacea, 6.

Hypogramma Damonia, 45.—H. suttea, 45, From the Amazons.

Hypolimnas bolina, from Cachar, 2,

Hyponomeuta Assamensis, 6.

Idea Godmani, 230.

Ituna and Thyridia, a remarkable case of mimicry in butterflies, xx.—

discussion, xxviii.

Junonia enone, 2.—J. asterie, 2,7, from Cachar.—J. Bodpis, 331.—J.

laomedia, from Cachar, 2.—J. lemonias, from Cachar, 2.

Kallima, descriptions of the species of the genus, 9.—X. albofasciata, 13.

—K. Alompra, 14.—K. Athinsoni, 10.—K. Boisduvali, 12.—K.

Buckleyi, 11—K. Buetoni, 10.—K. Doubledayi, 14.—K. Hewit-

soni, 9.—K. Horsfieldi, 138.—K. Hiigeli, 12.—K. Huttoni, 12.—

K. Inachis, 11.—K. Limborgi, 10.—K. Maekwoodi, 14.—K. Para-

lekta, 9.—K. Philarchus, 15.—K. Ramsayi, 12.—K. Wardi, 14.

Lacera Amazonica, 57.

Lachnoptera Ayresti, 526.

Lampides betica, from Cachar, 2.

Latebraria janthinula, from the Amazons, 50.

Lepidoptera, on a collection from Cachar, N. E. India, 1.—Of the Amazons,

collected by Prof. J. W. H. Trail during the years 1873-75, 19.—

A collection from the Amur River, exhibited, i—A collection

from Asia Minor, exhibited, with note read thereon, xii—A col-

lection from the United States of Columbia, exhibited, xiii.—

Descriptions of and observations on the species of the Sangir

Islands, 229.

(, evn =)

LEPIDOPTERA—continued.

Letis alauda, 49.—L. confundens, 50.—L. integra, from the Amazons,

49.—L. marmorides, 49.—L. occidua, from the Amazons, 48.—L.

Trailii, 49.

Leucania antiva and L. dorsalis, var. from the Amazons, 20.

Leucophlebia lineata, from Cachar, 2.

Libythea Laius, 337.

Limenitis Bruijni, 231.

Liparis auriflua, urticating power of larva, xxxi. a

Loxura atymnus, from Cachar, 2.

Lycena Corydon, varieties from Dover exhibited, lii.—L. sgualida, 4.

Macroglossa nigrifasciata, from Cachar, 2.

Magusa dissidens, 26.—M. strigifera, 26. From the Amazons.

Margaronia conchylalis, 2—M. maliferalis, 2. From Cachar.

Mazaeyla abydas, from the Amazons, 56.

Melanitis ismene, 2.—M. Leda, 2. From Cachar.

Metalectra dotata, from the Amazons, 63.—M, (?) ypsilon, 64.

Microcelia distincta, 19.

Microphysa fumosa, 28.

Morpho ewrylochus, with larval head, 225.

Mulelocha extranea, from the Amazons, 64.

Mycalesis blasius, 2.—M. lurida, 3.—M. mineus, 2. From Cachar.

Myrina ficedula, 340.

Nemeta bifacies, from Cachar, 2.

Neptis Cacharica, 3.—N. Goochii, 336.—N. miah, from Cachar, 2, 7.

Numenes siletti, from Cachar, 2.

Nyctemera lacticinea, from Cachar, 2.

WNyctipao letitia, 2.—N. truncata, 2. From Cachar.

Nymphatlis Populi, with larval head, 224.

Nystalea squamosa, 26.

Odice acharia, from the Amazons, 42.

Ophideres fullonica, 2.— O. hypermnestra, from Cachar, 2.— 0. seabellum,

from the Amazons, 47.

Orgyia antiqua (?), a specimen supposed to have emerged directly from

the larva exhibited, xlix.

Orthogramma ignilinear, from the Amazons, 61.—Q0O. lurida, 61.—

O. pavescens, 60.

Pesula nigricollis, 39.

Pangrapta repugnalis, from the Amazons, 63.

Papilio Alcibiades, from Cachar, 2, 8.—P. diphilus, from Cachar, 2.

—P. Doubledayi, from Cachar, 2, 8.—P. erithonius, from

Cachar, 2.—P. Homerus, its ovum and larva, liii— P. Hystaspes,

a specimen captured at sea, exhibited, xxx.—P. Krusensternia,

229.—P. ophidicephalus, Oberth. (Menestheus, Drury), 345.—P.

polytes, from Cachar, 2.—P. Sangira, 229.—P, Sarpedon, from

Cachar, 2.

Paranympha albocostata, 73.

Patula macrops, from Cachar, 2.

€. -xevr~ 2)

LEPIDOPTERA—continued.

Perigea hylea, 25.—P. otiosa, 24. From the Amazons.

Phalena heteroclita subcristata, monstrosity, 224.

Phosphila (?) tatosoma, 42.

Phrygionis corinna,from the Amazons, 30.—P. dives, 30.—P. metalligera,

382.—P. setosa, 31.

Phurys lineolaris, from the Amazons, 51.

Pieris hemus, 342.—P. rape, pupa with larval head, 225.

Plaxia maculigera, 75.—P. mormon, from the Amazons, 75.

Plesionewra folus, from Cachar, 2.

Plusia includens, from the Amazons, 33.

Precis tugela, 334.

Prodenia inquieta, from the Amazons, 22.

Prometopus assuetus, 21.—P. ordinarius, 21.

Pyrameis Cardui, var. from Essex exhibited, xxx.

Remigia latipes, from the Amazons, 51.

Renodes (?) modesta, 67.

Rosterstammia eralebella, larve from Bristol exhibited, xxxi.

Safia celia, from the Amazons, 41.

Salping Grantii, 2.—S. radamanthus, 1.—S. splendens, 1. From Cachar.

Selenis sweroides, from the Amazons, 67.

Smerinthus ocellatus, drawings of varieties of larva, exhibited, xliy.—

S. tilie, abnormal larva, 226.

Sphine (sp. ?), with larval head, 226.

Stictoplea binotata, 1.—-S. microsticta, 1,7. From Cachar.

Stictoptera subaurata, from the Amazons, 46.

Synchiloé gliciria, from Cachar, 2.

Syntomis artina, from Cachar, 2.—S. sargania, 4.

Tautobriga euspila, from the Amazons, 56.

Teratocera erycata, from the Amazons, 58.

Terias esiope, 2,7.—T. hecabeoides, 2,7. From Cachar.

Thaumantis camadeva, from Cachar, 2.

Thermesia gemmatalis, from the Amazons, 62.

Tiauspa argyria, 36.

Trepsichrois midamus, from Cachar, 1.

Tyrissa (?) laminata, 65.—T. notiaphila, 65.

Vanessa Antiopa, 225.—V. Atalanta, 223. Monstrosities.

Vogia amplivitta, from the Amazons, 47.

Xanthoptera botyoides, from the Amazons, 28.

Ypthima Hiibneri, from Cachar, 2.

Yrias progenies (2), from the Amazons, 41.

Zerene adusta, pupa with larval head, 227.

Zygena exulans, var. Vanadis, with larval head, 226.

NEUROPTERA.

Caddis-flies, cases of Brazilian species exhibited, vi.

Diaulus Ladislavii, 142,

C txem>®)

NEUROPTERA — continued.

Ephemeride, homologies of wing neuration of, ii.

Grumicha, St. Hil., 134.

Grumichella, 135.

Hydropsychid@, from §. Brazil, 139.

Hydroptilide, from 8. Brazil, 141.—cases, larve and pupe, from Haute

Savoie, exhibited, xliv.

Lagenopsyche, from §. Brazil, 142.

Leptoceride, from S. Brazil, 133.—a branchiated species from Brazil,

exhibited, xiii.

Macronema, from 8. Brazil, 139.

Neuroptera, drawings exhibiting transformations, exhibited, xlvii.

Oligotoma Saundersi, from Jubbulpore, exhibited, xliii.

Peltopsyche, from 8. Brazil, 144.

Rhyacophilide, from 8. Brazil, 140.

Rhyacophylax, 140,

Rthyacopsyche Hagenii, from S. Brazil, 143.

Sericostomatide, from 8, Brazil, 132.

Setodes (?), from 8. Brazil, 136.

Tetracentron, Brauer, from §. Brazil, 134.

Tinodes (?), from S. Brazil, 139.

Trichoptera, notes on the cases of S. Brazilian, 131.

i ORTHOPTERA,

Acridiide@, an aquatic species, from Para, exhibited, xliv.

Locusts, flight of, near Meerut, xvi.

Mantide, stridulation of, i, iii.

Mantis, saltatorial when young, ix.

LONDON :

PRINTED BY ROWORTH AND SONS,

NEWTON STREET, HIGH HOLBORN,

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