THE

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

1834—1882.

. PUBLIC. MEMBERS.

First Series, 4 volumes (1834—1845) ...... Price £4 13 0 £310 0

Second Series, 5 volumes (1850—1861) . Soe 0 6. 20) 10.

Third Series, 5 volumes (1862—1869) THE 8 5 0

The Transactions for the year 1868........ LW) 015 0

os 53 1860-ee eee tern. 016 6

= 3 Wes a5 59 0e Helo) 20 1 eee 0)

+ ee 1871 operat iver 018 9

7 x: UY Pa ooGoase 1 eo) 016 6

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5 “5 TORSO so ee cies 0.19" 0 014 3

+: USS etait : 1160 1 PD)

1683 eee eee 1 1000 12) 1G

First Series, vol. v., is out of print.

The other volumes may be obtained separately, also the following :—

Pascoe’s Longicornia Malayana ......+... 212 0 119 0

Baly’s Phytophaga Malayana, Pt. 1, Aposta-

BUGETO) A oivelctovelelaiepetouete lel \=tefoVaie rl skeryere 016 O 012 0

Saunders’ ‘ British Heterogyna and Fossorial

Hymenoptera? cavencccicrcccccccccs 0 4 6 03 4

Saunders’ ‘ Synopsis of British Hymenoptera,’

ith eee So conb ed bUOD oS oo Sodas st O60 OS 6

Newport’s ‘ Athalia centifolie’ (Prize Essay) 0 10 Opatlae®

The JournaL oF ProckEDINGs is bound up with the Transactions, but

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who have paid their Subscription for the current year, are entitled to

receive the Transactions for the year without further payment, and they

will be forwarded free, by post, to any address within the United Kingdom.

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are entitled to a copy of the Transactions for the current year at half the

price to the public, which copy may be obtained on application to the

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Subscription for the current year, shall, at or before the April Meeting of

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to receive a copy of the Transactions for the year without further pay-

ment, which copy will be forwarded free by post.

get ic! areas,

CONTENTS.

Explanation of the Plates ere : oe

Errata |<. Se

List of Members :

Additions to the Library

MEM OF RS.

I. Heterocerous Lepidoptera collected in Chili by Thomas

Edmonds, Esq. By Arruur G. Butrer, F.LS., F.Z.S., &e.

. On a small collection of Lepidoptera from the Hawaiian

Islands. By Artuur G. Butter, F.L.S., E.Z.9., &c.

III. Descriptions of the insects infesting the seeds of Ficus

LAY

Vi.

XIII.

Sycomorus and Carica. By J. O. Westwoop, M.A.,

E.1.S., &e. ee ee on ee ee

. On the classification of the Adephaga, or carnivorous series

of Coleoptera. By D. Suarp. 30 ais Se

On some New Zealand Coleoptera. By D. SHARP. ..

Additional notes on Bombyces collected in Chili by Mr.

Edmonds. By Artuur G. Burer, F.LS., F.Z.S, &e.

. On the terminal ventral segments of the abdomen in Pro-

sopis, and other Anthophila. By Epwarp Saunvers, F.L.S.

. Heterocerous Lepidoptera collected in Chili by Thomas

Edmonds, Esq. By ArrHuR G. Butire, F.L.S., E.Z.S., &c:

. Further additions to Mr. Marshall’s Catalogue of British

Ichneumonide. By Joun B. BRiIpGman.

. Synopsis of British Hymenoptera. Diploptera and Antho-

phila; part I. to end of Andrenide. By Epwarp

Saunpers, F.L.S. is ote ae 50 Aa ae

. Notes on the Euchalcis vetusta, Dufour (Fam. Chalcidide) ;

and on the terminal segments of the females in Halticella

and its allies. By Sir Smmnny SaunpERs, C.M.G.

. On the supposed abnormal habits of certain species of Hury-

tomides, a group of the Hymenopterous family Chalcidide.

By J. O. Westwoop, M.A., F.LS., &e. .. ad

A Revised List of British Trichoptera, brought down to

date; compiled with especial regard to the ‘Catalogue of

British Neuroptera,’ published by the Society in 1870. By

Rosert M‘Lacnian, F.R.S., F.LS., &. .. ee an

. Descriptions of new species and a new genus of Cicadide

from Madagascar. By W. L. Disrant.

. Heterocerous Lepidoptera collected in Chili by Thomas

Edmonds, Esq. By Anraur G. Butter, F.L.S., E.Z.S., &e.

. North American Coleophoré. By Lord WatsincHam, M.A,,

HeZ.S. .

ee or

PAGE

291

307

329

335

389

429

427

viii MEMOIRS (continued).

XVII. Description of a new genus and two new species of

Psyllide from South America. By Jon Scort.

XVIII. On certain genera and species of the group of Psyllide in

the collection of the British Museum. By Joun Scort.

XIX. On a visit to Ceylon, and the relation of Ceylonese

beetles to the vegetation there. By Grorar Lewis. .

XX. On certain temperature forms of Japanese Butterflies.

By H. Pryer, C.M.Z.S., &e. he . :

XXI. Descriptions of new Coleoptera from Madagascar belonging

to the Melolonthide. By CHar.es O. WATERHOUSE.

XXII. A supplementary note on the specific modifications of

Japan Carabi, and some observations on the mechanical

action of solar rays in relation to colour during the

evolution of species. By Grorcr Lewis. fe

XXIII. Descriptions of ten new species of Nematus from Britain.

By P. Cammron. oe ‘ Ac

Proceedings for 1882

Index

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate I. See page 30 | Plate XV. .. .. See page 338

Plates II.—Y. ‘See pp. 58—60 | Plate XVI. Bo 53

Plate VI. See page 111 Plate XVII. Os A

Plates VII.—XI. See pp. 288—290 | Plates XVIII. and XIX.

Plate XII. .. .. See page 305 See page 473

Plates XIII. and XIV.

See page 328

ERRATA.

Page 152, line 2, for “‘ instabilis” read “ stabilis.”

55 x, line 13, for ‘‘ specimens ” read ‘‘ specimen,”

,, 305, line 9, for ‘ ventra”’ read ‘ ventral,”

442

Hist of Atlembers

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

301rH DECEMBER, 1882.

LIST OF MEMBERS

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

Honorary IWembers.

Burmeister, Hermann, Buenos Ayres.

Hagen, H. A., Cambridge, U.S.A.

Leconte, John L., Philadelphia.

Milne-Edwards, H., Paris.

Saussure, H. de, Geneva.

Schiddte, J. C., Copenhagen.

Selys-Longchamps, H. de, Liege.

Siebold, C. T. E. von, Munich.

Signoret, Victor, Paris.

Zeller, P. C., Stettin.

ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.

Marked * are Original Members.

Marked + have compounded for their Annual ie ae las

_ Marked 8S. are Annual Subseribers.

Election.

1877 Adams, Frederick Charlstrom, 74 Jermyn-street, S.W.

1877 Adams, Herbert Jordan, Roseneath, London-rd., Enfield, N.

1880 Andre, Ed., M.S.E. de France, Berlin, Stettin, &c., 21 Boule-

vard Brétonniere, Beaune (Cote d'Or), France.

1867 8. Archer, F., Little Crosby-road, Crosby, Liverpool.

1856 Armitage, Edward, R.A., 3 Hall-road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.

Babington, Charles Cardale, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., &., Pro-

fessor of Botany, 5 Brookside, Cambridge.

1850 Baly, Joseph 8., M.R.C.S., F.L.8., The Butts, Warwick.

1865 Barton, Stephen, 82 St. Michael’s-hill, Bristol.

1861 Bates, Henry Walter, F.R.S., F.L.8., &e., 11 Carleton-road,

Tufnell Park, N.

1851 Beaumont, Alfred, Low Valley Field, Culross, N.B.

1882 Berg, Carl, Museo Publico, Buenos Ayres.

1882 Bergroth, Dr. Evald, 11 Robertsgatan, Helsingfors, Finland.

1880 Bignell, Geo. Carter, 7 Clarence-place, Stonehouse, Plymouth.

1879 Billups, T. R., 4 Sines Villas, Coplestone-road, Peckham, S.E.

5 Blomefield, Rev. Leonard, M.A., F.L.S8., &e., 19 Belmont,Bath.

1881 S. Bloomfield, Rev. E. N., M.A., Guestling Rectory, Hastings,

Sussex.

1841 Bond, Fred., F.Z.S., 5 Fairfield Avenue, Staines.

1860 Borvouloir, Comte Henri de, 15 Rue del Université, Paris.

1875 Borrer, William, junr., Cowfold, Sussex.

1876 Boscher, Edward, Bellevwe House, Twickenham.

1852 Boyd, Thomas, Surrey Lodge, Hornend-road, Norwood, 8.E.

1867 Boyd, William Christopher, Cheshunt, Herts.

1880 Brandt, Dr. Edouard, Pres. Russ. Ent. Soc., &c., Imperia

Medico-Chirurgical College, St. Petersburg.

1880 S. Bridgman, John B., 69 St. Giles’-street, Norwich.

Briggs, Charles Adolphus, 55 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.

1870 Briggs, Thos. Henry, M.A., 55 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.

1879 Brongniart, Charles, M. S. E. et M.S.G. de France, &c.,

Muséum histoire Naturelle de Paris, 57 Rue Cuvier,

Jardin des Plantes.

1878 Broun, Capt. Thomas, Kawau, Auckland, New Zealand.

1862 Browne, Rev. Thomas Henry, M.A., F.G.8., The Cedars

High Wycombe, Bucks.

1874 8. Bull, R. E., 85 Milton-street, Dorset-square, N.W.

1855 Burnell, Edward Henry, 32 Bedford-row, W.C.

1868 + Butler, Arthur Gardiner, F.L.S., F.Z.8., 10 Avington-grove

Penge, 8.E,

Xil

1878

1860

1880

1877

1868

1877

1871

1867

1865

1874

1873

1865

1880

1876

1880

1853

1867

1880

1868

1873

1837

1875

“1875

1855

1873

1874

1876

1874

1867

1849

1874

1865

1881

1878

1869

1876

1881

1878

LIST OF MEMBERS.

. Cameron, Peter, 31 Willow-bank-crescent, Glasgow.

Candéze, Dr. E., Glain, Liége.

Cansdale, W. D., 8 Grove-terrace, High-road, South Tot-

tenham.

. Capron, Edward, M.D., Shere, Guildford.

. Carmichael, T. D. Gibson, F.L.S., Castle Craig, Peebles, N.B.

Carrington, Charles, Ellerslie, Lower Merton, 8.W.

Carrington, John T., F.L.S., Royal Aquarium, Westminster,

S.W.

Champion, G. C., 274 Walworth-road, 8.E.

Charlton, Ernest S., Hesleyside, Bellingham, Hexham.

Clarke, Alexander Henry, 16 Furnival’s Inn, E.C.

. Clarke, Chas. Baron, M.A., F.R.S., &c., Royal Herbarium,

Kew.

Cockle, Capt. George, 9 Bolton-gardens, S.W.

. Cole, Benjamin G., Lawrel Cottage, King’s-place, Buckhurst

Hill, Essex.

Cole, William, Lawrel Cottage, King’s-place, Buckhurst Hill,

Essex.

..Cooke, Benj., 63 Windsor-road, Southport, Lancashire.

Copland, Patrick F., Hillcote, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.

Copperthwaite, William Charles, Beech-grove, Malton.

. Cowell, Peter (Librarian of the Free Public Library), William

Brown-street, Liverpool.

Cox, Colonel C. J., Fordwich House, Canterbury.

Cox, Herbert Edward.

Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., F.L.S., Sec. R.M.S., 5 Lansdowne-

road, Notting Hill, W.

Curzon, E. P. Roper.

Dale, C. W., Glanville’s Wootton, Sherborne.

Devonshire, William Cavendish, Duke of, K.G., F.R.S., &c.,

Devonshire House, 78 Piccadilly, W.

. Dickson, Prof. Wm. (Curator, University Library), Glasgow.

Distant, William Lucas, M.A.I., 1 Selston Villas, Derwent-

grove, Hast Dulwich, 8.E.

Dohrn, Dr. C. A. (Pres. Entomological Soe. of Stettin), Stettin.

Doria, Marquis Giacomo, Strada Nuova, Genoa.

. Dormer, John Baptist Joseph Dormer, Lord, Grove Park,

Warwick.

Douglas, John William, 8 Beaufort-gardens, Lewisham, S.E.

Dowsett, Arthur, Hatherley, London-road, Reading.

Druce, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 1 Circus-road, St. John’s

Wood, N.W.

Dunning, Joseph Wm., M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8., 12 Old-square,

Lincolv’s Inn, W.C.

Du Pre, Charles Christian, F.L.S., 17 Pembroke-gardens,

Kensington, W.

D’ Urban, W. 8S. M., F.L.S., Albwera, St. Leonards, Ezeter.

Eaton, Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A.

. Edwards, James,-Surrey Cottage, Rupert-street, Norwich.

Elwes, Hy. John, F.L.S., F.Z.8., Preston House, Cirencester.

Emich, Gustave d’, 6 Sebastian-place, Budapesth, Hungary.

. Enock, Fred., Ferndale, Bath-road, Woking Station, Surrey.

Fereday, R. W., Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand.

. Finzi, John A., 105 Gower-street, W.C,

LIST OF MEMBERS. eer

Fitch, Edward A., F.1.S., Secrrrary, Brick House, Maldon,

Essex.

. Fitch, Frederick, Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park, N.

Fletcher, J. E., Happy Land, Worcester.

Foran, Chas., Marshfield House, Terminus-rd., Eastbourne.

Forbes, William Alexander, B.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S., &e.,

31 Upper Baker-street, N.W.

Fowler, Rev. W. W., M.A., F.L.8., The School Howse, Lincoln.

Freeland, H. W., M.A., Chichester.

French, Rev. David John, F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.H.S., &c.

Fry, Alexander, F.L.8., Thornhill Howse, Dulwich Wood

Park, Norwood, 8.E.

Fryer, Herbert Fortescue, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

Godman, Frederick DuCane, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.8, &e., Park

Hatch, Godalming; and 10 Chandos-street, Cavendish-

square, W.

. Gooch, W. D., F.L.S., The Sanctuary, Westminster, S.W.

. Goodman, C. H., Kearsbrook Lodge, Lesness Heath, Kent.

Gorham, Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.5., Shipley, Sussex.

Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., F.G.8S., Almora, Berrylands, Swr-

biton Hill, Surrey.

Gosse, Philip Hy., F.R.S., Sandhurst, Torquay, Devonshire.

Greene, Rev. J., M.A., Rostrevor, Apsley-rd., Clifton, Bristol.

Grut, Ferdinand, F.L.S., Lrsrartan, 9 Newcomen-street,

Southwark, 8.E.

Harding, George,. The Grove, Fishponds, Bristol.

Harford, Henry C., Lieut. 99th Regt., Cape of Good Hope.

Harold, Baron Edgar von, 52 Barerstrasse, Munich.

Harper, P. H., 830 Cambridge-street, Hyde Park-square, W.

. Harris, John T., Newton-road, Burton-on-Trent.

Henry, George, 38 Wellington-square, Hastings.

Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes.

Holdsworth, Edward, Shanghai.

Horniman, Frederick John, F.L.S., F.R.G.8., F.Z.8., &e.,

Surrey House, Forest Hill, 8.K.

Hudd, A. E., 94 Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol.

Inchbald, Peter, F.L.S., F.Z.5., Fulwith Grange, Harrogate,

Yorks.

Janson, Edward W., 32 Victoria-road, Finsbury Park, N.;

and 35 Little Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

Janson, Oliver E., 32 Victoria-road, Finsbury Park, N.;

and 85 Little Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

Jekel, Henri, 62 Rwe de Dunkerque, Paris.

. Jenner, J. H. A., 4 Hast-street, Lewes.

. John, Evan, Llantrissant, Pontypridd.

Katter, Dr. F., Putbus, Rigen, North Prussia.

Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.

Kaye, Ernest St. G., Jessore, Bengal.

Kirby, W. F., Secretary, 5 Union-road, Tufnell Park, N.

Kraatz, Dr. G. (President of the German Entomological

Society), Link-strasse, Berlin,

1880

1851

1858

1869

1873 |

1865

1856

1874

1865,

1860

1872

1880

1871

1879

1853

1869

1876

1872

1878

1882

1878

1869

1877

18738

1881

1878

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Kuper, Rev. Chas. Augustus Frederick, M.A., The Vicarage,

Trelleck, Chepstow.

Lamarche, Oscar, 70 Rue Louvrex, Liege.

Lang, Lieut.-Col. A. M., R.E., Simla, India.

Lang, Henry Charles, M.D., F.L.S., 41 Berners-st., Oxford-

street, W.

Lendy, Major Augustus F., F.L.S., F.G.S., Sunbury House,

Sunbury, 5.W.

Lewis, George, 101 Sandgate-road, Folkestone.

Lichtenstein, Jules, La Lironde, near Montpellier.

Lingwood, Robert Maulkin, -M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., 6 Park

Villas, Cheltenham.

Livingstone, Clermont, Tudor Lodge, Snaresbrook, EH.

Llewelyn, J. Talbot Dillwyn, M.A., F.L.S., Ynisgerwn, Neath.

Lloyd, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome House, Upper Bognor,

Sussex.

Logan, R. F.,. Spylaw House, Colinton, near Edinburgh.

. Lowe, W. H., M.D., Woodcote Lodge, Inner Park-road,

Wimbledon Park, S.W.

Lubbock,, Sir John, Bart., D.C.L., M.P., F.R.S., Pres.L.S.,

F.G.S., &e., High Elins, Farnborough, Kent.

Lupton, Henry, 32 Clarendon-road, Leeds.

M‘Intosh, J.

M‘Lachlan, Robert, F.R.S., F.L.8., 39 Limes-grove, Lewis-

ham, 8.E.

Marseul, L’Abbe S. A. de, 271 Bowlevard Pereire, Paris.

. Marsh, John Geo., 16 Hanover-st., Rye-lane, Peckham, 8.E.

Marshall, Rey. Thos. Ansell, M.A.

Marshall, William, Hlm Lodge, Clay Hill, Enfield.

Mason, Philip Brooke, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Burton-on-Trent.

Mathew, Gervase F., R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S., Instow,

North Devon.

May, John William, K.N.L., Arwndel Howse, Percy Cross,

Fulham-road, 8.W.

Meldola, Raphael, F.R.A.S., F.C.S., 21 John-st., Bedford,

row, W.C.

Meyrick, Edward, Ramsbury, Hungerford, Wilts.

. Miskin, W. H., Brisbane, Queensland.

Monteiro, Senor Antonio Augusto de Carvatho, 72 Rua do

Alecrion, Lisbon. :

Moore, Frederic, F.Z.S., A.L.S., 110 Oakfield-rd., Penge, S.E.

Muller, Albert, F.R.G.S., 195 a Junkerstrasse, Berne, Switzer-

land.

Miiller, Dr. Clemens.

Mwray, Lieut. H., 70th Brigade Depét, Tralee, Ireland.

Newman, Thomas P., 54 Hatton Garden, E.C.

Niceville, Lionel de, Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Nottidge, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.

Oberthiir, Charles (fils), Rennes.

Oberthiir, René, Rennes.

Olivier, Ernest, Ramillons, prés Moulins (Allier), France.

. Olliff, A. S., 36 Mornington-road, Regent’s Park, N.W.

Ormerod, Miss Eleanor A., F.M.S., Dunster Lodge, Spring-

grove, Isleworth, W.

LIST OF MEMBERS. XV

Ormerod, Miss Georgiana, Dunster Lodge, Spring-grove,

Isleworth, W.

Owen, Richard, C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., M.D., F.RB.S., F.L.S., &e.,

British Museum, W.C.

Parry, Major Frederick John Sidney, F.L.S., 18 Onslow-

square, 5.W.

Pascoe, Francis P., F.L.8., 1 Burlington-road, Westbourne

Park, W.

Perkins, Vincent Robt., Wotton-wnder-Hdge, Gloucestershire.

Phipson, Arthur, 3 Gray’s Inn-square, W.C.

Pigott, G. W. Royston, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., &e.,

Annandale, fastbowrne, Sussex.

Pim, H. Bedford, Leaside, Kingswood-road, Upper Nor-

wood, 5.H.

Porritt, George 'T., F'.L.8., Greenfield House, Huddersfield.

Power, Hy. d’Arcy, F.L.8., 109 Camberwell New-road, 8.E.

Preston, Rev. Thomas Arthur, M.A.; F.L.S., The Green,

Marlborough, Wilts.

Preudhomme de Borre, Alfred (Sec., Ent. Soc. of Belgium),

19 Rue de Dublin, Ixelles, near Brussels.

Price, David, 48 West-street, Horsham, Sussex.

. Pryer, H. J. 8., Yokohama, Japan.

Puls, J. C., Place de la Calandre, Ghent.

Ramsden, Hildebrand, M.A., F'.L.8., 26 Upper Bedford-place,

Russell-square, W.C.

. Ransom,Wm. Hy., M.D.,F.R.S., The Pavement, Nottingham.

Reed, Edwyn C., F.L.8., Calle Collegia, Valparaiso, Chili.

Riley, C. V., State Entomologist, United States Entomological

Commission, Washington.

Ripon, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, Marquis of, K.G..,

F.R.S., F.L.8., &c., 1 Carlton-gardens, S.W.

Robinson, Frank Edward, 10 Little Clargndon-street, Oxford.

Robinson-Douglas, William Douglas, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., |

Orchardton, Castle Douglas, N.B.

. Rothera, G. b., High-street Place, Nottingham.

Rothney, G. A. J., Calcutta.

Rye, Edward Caldwell, F.Z.8., Somerset Villa, Upper Rich-

mond-road, Putney, S.W.

Rylands, Thomas Glazebrook, F.L.S., F.G.8., Highfields,

Thelwall, Warrington.

Salle, Auguste, 13 Rue Guy de la Brosse, Paris.

Salvin, Osbert, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.8., &e., 10 Chandos-street,

Cavendish-sq., W.; and Brookland-avenue, Cambridge.

Saunders, Edward, F.L.8., TReasurER, Holmesdale, Wandle-

road, Upper Tooting, 8.W.

Saunders, G. 8., St. Stephens, Canterbury, Kent.

Saunders, Sir Sidney Smith, C.M.G., Gatestone, Central Hill,

Upper Norwood, 8...

Schaufuss, L. W., Ph.D., M.Imp.L.C.Acad., &c., Dresden.

Scollick, A. J., Albion Lodge, Putney, S.W.

Scott, Sir Arthur, Bart., F.L.8., 97 Haton-square, 8.W.; and

Great Barr Hall, Birmingham.

Sealy, Alfred Forbes, Cochin, South India.

Semper, George, Altona.

xvl

1862

1847

1852

1867

1877

1880

1869

1848

1862

1837

1882

1876

1856

1882

1859

1869

1866

1876

1870

1878

1858

1863

1866

1869

1845

1876

1882

1868

1865

1882

1874

1881

1874

1862

LIST Of MEMBERS.

Sharp, David, M.B., Hecles, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire.

Shepherd, Edwin. ;

Sheppard, Edward, F.L.S.,18 Durham Villas, Kensington, W.

Sidebotham, Joseph, F.L.S., F.R.A.S., F.S.A., Hrlesdene,

Bowdon, Cheshire.

Slater, John Wim., 36 Wray-crescent, Tollington Park, N.

Smith, Miss Emily A. (Assist. State Entomologist of Illinois),

Peoria, Illinois ; and Care of Dr. R. Leuckart, Leipzig.

Smith, Henley Grose, Warnford-court, Throgmorton-st., H.C.

Spence, William Blundell, Rome.

Stainton, Henry Tibbats, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., &c., PRESI-

DENT, Mowntsfield, Lewisham, S.E.

Stevens, John S., 38 King-street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Stevens, Samuel, F.L.8., Loanda, Beulah Hill, Upper

Norwood, 8.E.

Swanzy, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sevenoaks.

Swinton, A. H., Binfield House, Waterden-road, Guildford.

Thomson, Jas., 12 Rue de Presbowrg, Place del’ Etoile, Paris.

Todd, Richard, 5 Princes-terrace, Bayswater, W.

Trimen, Roland, F.L.S. (Curator of South African Museum),

Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope. '

Vaughan, Howard, 11 Ospringe-road, Brecknock-road, N.W:

Verrall, G. H., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.

Wakefield, Charles Marcus, F.L.S., Belmont, Uxbridge. ©

Walker, Rev. Francis Augustus, M.A., F.L.S., Bowrne Villa,

Bournemouth, Hants.

. Walker, J.J., R.N.,12 Ranelagh-rd., Marine Town, Sheerness.

Wallace, Alexander, M.D., Trinity House, Colchester.

Wallace, Alfred Russel, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c., Nutwood Cottage,

Frith Hill, Godalming.

Walsingham, Thomas de Grey, Lord, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,

&e., Haton House, Eaton-square, S.W.

Ward, Christopher; F.L.S., Savile-road, Halifax.

Waterhouse, Charles O., British Museum, W.C.

Waterhouse, George R., F.Z.S., &c., British Musewm, W.C.

Websdale, C. G., 78 High-street, Barnstaple.

Weir, John Jenner, F.L.S., 6 Haddo Villas, Blackheath, S8.E.

Western, E. Young, 27 Craven Hill Gardens, Bayswater; W.

Westwood, John Obadiah, M.A., F.L.S., &c., Hope Professor

of Zoology, Walton Manor, Oxford.

oe Gustav, 58 Kleeblattstrasse, Elberfeld, Rhenish

TUSSLA.

White, F. Buchanan, M.D., F.L.S., Perth, N.B.

White, Rev. W. Farren, Stonehouse Vicarage, Gloucestershire,

Willams, W. J., Zoological Society, Hanover-square, W.

Wilson, Owen, Cwmffrwd, Carmarthen.

Wood, Theodore, 5 Selwyn-terraee, Jasper-road, Upper

Norwood, S.E.

Wood-Mason, James, F.G.S., F.L.S. (Curator of the Indian

Museum), Calewtta.

Wormald, Perey C., 2 Clifton Villas, Highgate Hill, N.

1865 S. Young, Morris, Free Museum, Paisley.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

DURING THE YEAR

1882.

Abeille (L’), Journal d’Entomologie, rédige par M.S, A. de Marseul. Nos.

250—263. The Editor.

ApLER (Dr. H.) and Jules Licntenstrin. Les Cynipides. lére partie.

Introduction. La Génération Alternante chez les Cynipides,

par le Dr. Adler de Schleswig, traduit et annote par J. Lich-

tenstein. 1881. J. Lichtenstein.

American Naturalist (The). Vol. XV., No. 12; Vol. XVI., Nos. 1—4.

The Editor.

Bere (Carlos), Hemipteros de Chile. The Author.

Farrago Lepidopterologica. Contribuciones al Estudio de la Fauna

Argentina y Paises Limitrofes. 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1882.

The Author.

Contribuciones al Estudio de las Cicadide de la Republica Argentina

y Paises Limitrofes. 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1882.

The Author.

Berrxau (Dr. Philipp). Bericht tiber die wissenchaftlichen Leistungen im

Gebiete der Entomologie wahrend des Jahres 1880. 8vo.

Berlin, 1882. Purchased.

Ditto, wahrend des Jahres 1881. 8vo. Berlin, 1882.

Purchased.

BraNDEN (Constant van den). Révue Coléoptérologique. Nos.1 and 2.

Bruxelles et Berlin, 1882. The Author.

Bronentart (Charles). Observations sur la Clepsine. 8vo. Paris, 1880.

The Author.

Recherches pour servir 4 l'histoire des Insectes Fossiles. Les

Hyménoptéres Fossiles. 8vo. Paris, 1881. The Author.

Note sur les Tufs quaternaires de Bernouville prés Gisors (Eure).

8vo. 1880. The Author.

Sur la Structure des Oothéques des Mantes et sur l’éclosion et la

premiére mue des larves. 4to. Paris, 1881. The Author.

BuRMEISTER (Hermann). Atlas de la Description Physique de la République

Argentine. 5eme section. 2de partie. Lépidopteres. Imp.

4to. Buenos Aires, 1879. The Author.

C oxen)

CameEnron (Peter). A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymenoptera

(Tenthredo, Sirex and Cynips, Linné). Vol. I. Ray Society.

8vo. London, 1882. J.W. Dunning.

Canadian Entomologist (The). Edited by William Saunders. 8vo. London

(Ontario). Vol. IV., Nos.7,8 and 11; Vol. V., No.12; Vol. VL.,

No. 2; Vol. VIII., No. 12; Vol. XI., Nos. 8 and 11; Vol. XTIL.,

No. 8. Purchased.

Vol. XIII., Nos.11 and 12; Vol. XIV., Nos.1 to 9. The Editor.

Caxpéze (E.) Elaterides nouveaux. 3éme fase. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1881. _

The Author.

Cuampers (VY. T.) On the Antenne and Trophi of Lepidopterous Larve.

8vo. [Cincinnati Soc. of N. H.] The Author.

Cistula Entomologica. Vol. II., Pt.25; Vol. ITI., Pt.1. 8vo. London, 1882.

Purchased.

Cornu (Max) et Charles Bronentart. Sur des pucerons attaqués par un

Champignon. 4to. Paris, 1881. The Author.

Dimmock -(George). Anatomy of the Mouth-Parts and of the Sucking

Apparatus of some Diptera. 4to. Boston (Mass.), 1881.

The Author.

Distant (W. L.) Notes on a small Collection of Rhyncota from Tokei, Japan.

8vo. London, 1881. The Author.

Description of a new Longicorn Beetle from Java. 8vo. London,

1881. The Author.

Additions to the Rhynchotal Fauna of the Ethiopian Region. 8vo.

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Rhopalocera Malayana: a Description of the Butterflies of the Malay

Peninsula. Parts 1—3. 4to. London, 1882. Purchased.

Entomologische Nachrichten : herausgegeben von Dy. F. Katter. IV.—VII.

Jahrg.; VIII. Jahrg., Heft 1—6 & 9. 8vo. Putbus, 1878—82.

Purchased.

Entomologist (The). 8vo. London, 1882. T. P. Newman.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine (The). Vol. XVIII., Nos. 212—216; Vol.

XIX., Nos. 217—228. 8vo. London, 1882. The Editors.

Field Naturalist and Scientific Student (The). Nos. 1—4. Manchester and

London, 1882. The Publishers.

Fircu (Edward A.) The Galls of Essex; a Contribution to a List of the

Insect Fauna of the County. [Trans. Epping Forest Club.] 8vo.

The Author.

GrraRp (Maurice). Traité Elémentaire d’Entomologie. Tom. IL., ptie 2;

Tom. III., ptie 1, et Atlas. Paris, 1882. Purchased.

Grotr (A. R.) New Moths, with partial Catalogue of Noctue. 8vo. 1882.

(Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., vi., 3.] F. V. Heyden.

New Moths, principally collected by Mr. Roland Thaxter in Maine,

with Notes on Noxious Species, and Remarks on Classification.

[Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., vi., 3.] F. V. Hayden.

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Haswett (W. A.) Catalogue of the Australian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed

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thredinide and Siricide. Trustees of Brit. Museum.

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Parts 1—10. 4to. London, 1881-2. The Author.

Letuirrry (L.) de Lille. Hémiptéres recueillis par M. de Borre en Allemagne.

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Lindeman (Prof. K.) Coleophora Tritici. The Author.

Lusgock (Sir John), Bt. Observations on Ants, Bees and Wasps. Pt. IX.

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On the Sense of Colour among some of the Lower Animals.

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Ants, Bees, and Wasps. A Record of Observations on the Habits

of the Social Hymenoptera. London, 1882. The Author.

Maskett (W.M.) Further Notes on Coccide in New Zealand, with

Descriptions of New Species. The Author.

Mayer, Dr. (Paul). Zur Naturgeschichte der Feigeninsecten.

The Author.

Moors (Frederic). The Lepidoptera of Ceylon. Parts 3, 4 and 5. 4to.

London, 1882. The Ceylon Government.

Morris (D.) Correspondence relating to the Aphis Blight on Sugar Canes

in Jamaica. Sir Joseph Hooker.

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the year 1881. The Author.

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by Dr. Carl Semper. Heft1&2. 8vo. Berlin, 1882.

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Pacxarp (A. S8.), jun., M.D. Notes on the early Larval Stages of the Fiddler

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Scolopendrella and its position in Nature. The Author.

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( xx )

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de Juin et Juillet, 1880. The Author.

Matériaux pour la Faune Entomologique de la Province de Liége.

Coleoptéres. leére et 2éme Centurie. The Author.

Matériaux pour la Faune Entomologique du Brabant. Coléoptéres.

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Matériaux pour la Faune Entomologique de la Province des Flandres.

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Matériaux pour la Faune Entomologique de la Province d’Anvers.

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Materiaux pour la Faune Entomologique du Hainaut. Coléopteres.

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Matériaux pour la Faune Entomologique de la Province de Lim-

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Analyse et Résumé d’un Mémoire de M. le Dr. G. H. Horn “ On the

Genera of Carabide.” The Author.

Sur les Hlaphrus rencontrés en Belgique. The Author.

Sur un travail recent de M.S. H. Seudder concernant les Myriapodes

du terrain Houiller. The Author.

Psyche. Vol. III., Nos. 87—97. The Editors.

Puton (Dr.) Synopsis des Hemiptéres Heteroptéres. Parties 1—4. Paris.

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Colorado and Green River, Wyoming Territory.

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Bibliographical Contributions. No. 13. Edited by Justin Winsor.

A Bibliography of Fossil Insects. The Author.

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The Netherlands Society.

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Unterhaltung zu Hamburg. 1876 & 1877. Purchased.

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Union. Nos. 71 and 78—89. 8vo. 1882.

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Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. Series 2, Vol. 1,, Pt. 6;

Vol. IL., Pts. 1—5. The Society.

Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society,

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Journal of the Quekett ATicroveopicel Club. General Index to Ist

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Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club. 2nd Series, No. 1.

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Fifth Annual Report of tne Hackney Microscopical and Natural

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Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey of the Territories. Vol. VL.,

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Tromss Museums Aarshefter. IV. 1881. The Editor.

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On new and little-known Mantodea. Calcutta, 1882. The Author.

On some Lepidopterous Insects belonging to the Rhopalocerous

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Zoologist (The). 8vo. London, 1882. - -T. P. Newman.

THE

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

FOR THE YEAR 1882.

I. Heterocerous Lepidoptera collected in Chili by Thomas

Edmonds, Esq. By Artuur G. Burtsr, F.L.S.,

F.Z.8., &e.

[Read December 7th, 1881.]

Part I.—SPHINGES anp BOMBYCHES.

Puate I,

A sHort time since I had the pleasure of bringing before

the Entomological Society a paper upon the ‘‘ Butterflies

obtained in Chili by Mr. Edmonds” (Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1881, pp. 449-486); I now proceed to give an

account of the moths in his unusually rich series. Nu-

merous valuable notes on the various species have been

placed in my hands by him, and are incorporated in the

present paper.

Of the Sphinges Mr. Edmonds only obtained three

species, of which, however, he has observed all the

larve ; of the other groups here enumerated I recognise

forty-one species, though I think it quite possible that

this number may have to be somewhat modified when

the species are reared, and their earlier stages have

been carefully noted.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRT I. (APRIL.) B

2 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

SPHINGID.

DeErLEPHILA, Ochs.

1. Deilephila euphorhiarum.

Sphina ecuphorbiarum, Boisduval, in Guerin and

Percheron’s ‘Insectes,’ 2me livr. 8, pl. 3 (1835).

Deilephila spinifascia, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871,

D. ob.

Deilephila celeno, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lép. i. p. 170

(1875).

‘ Description of larva when half grown :—Head, dorsal

line, spiracular line, row of subdorsal spots, under side,

legs and claspers, dull crimson; front half of each

segment black, with two dull crimson spots in yellow

rings (one on each side), hinder half bright green, inter-

rupted by five narrow transverse lines. Horn slender,

rough, red at base, black at apex.

“ Var.—Dull black; head, legs, claspers, and hinder

part of last segment, dull crimson; spiracles yellow;

each segment with two yellow rings (one on each side),

excepting the 12th and 13th, which have yellow streaks

instead ; within and around the yellow rings are patches

of deep shining black.

“ Full-grown (Plate I., fig. 1).—The black and green

markings less distinct, but same pattern as when half-

grown. General tint reddish olive, varying in depth ;

the yellow rings always centred with black.

“Larva found sparingly about Valparaiso, from

November to March; feeds on Muhlenbeckia sagittefolia.

‘“Imago appears to be most common in March.”

Ps Hh.

2. Deilephila annei.

Sphinx annei, Guerin, Mag. de Zool. 2me ser. 1, Ins.

pl. 2 (1839).

Larva blackish; head, legs, claspers and horn, dull

red; ocelli rounded, uniform, red with yellow inferior

margins, connected, as in the preceding species, by a

series of yellow dots; lower half of body yellow, a

blackish longitudinal subspiracular line interrupted on

each segment by a longitudinal red dash. This descrip-

tion is taken from a coloured figure (Plate I., fig. 2).

‘“ Food-plant, Oxybaptrus parviflorus. November, De-

cember, and January.”—T7’. HE.

collected in Chili. 5)

Proroparce, Burm.

3. Protoparce eurylochus.

Sphinz eurylochus, Philippi, Linnea Entomologica,

Xiv. p. 278 (1860).

Sphinx cestri, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘Chili,’ Zool.

pl. 5, fig. 9 (1854).

Larva apple-green, with seven parallel oblique cream-

coloured lateral stripes, the last extending to the base of

the horn; these stripes have a blackish external (or

superior) edge; spiracles white, with reddish-edged

black centres; horn with bluish superior and rosy

inferior surface, its tip black; claspers with yellow

margins. From a coloured drawing.

“Full-fed larva (Plate I., fig. 8): the surface of the

body is clothed with very fine and short yellowish down,

invisible, except when very closely examined. Feeds on

‘Litre’ (Litrea venenosa) in January and February.

“Imago in February, March, and April. Appears to

be common throughout the country.”—T’. E.

COSSID.

LanasporFia, Hiibn.

4, Langsdorfia valdiviana.

Cossus ? valdivianus, Philippi, Linnea Entomologica,

Xiv. p. 291, n. 28 (1860).

Las Zonas.

“Taken at light in January.’—T. E.

I think it possible that the families Hepialide and

Psychide ought to be placed here rather than where they

are at present located; there is an unquestionable simi-

larity in the neuration of these two families, and that

of the Hepialide, although of a very low type, is

hardly more so than that of the Castniide, to which,

excepting in their antenne, they seem allied. I strongly

suspect the natural order to be Cosside, Psychide,

Hepialide, Castniide, judging them apart from the

Micro-Lepidoptera, some of which seem allied to Cossus,

t Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

CASTNIIDA.

Castnia, Fabr.

5. Castnia eudesmia.

Castnia eudesmia, G. R. Gray, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

ii. p. 145, n. 14 (1887); Blanchard, in Gay’s

‘Chili,’ pl. 5, fig. 8 (1854); Butler, Ill. Typ. Lep.

Het.a. p. 3; pl. 1, ae. 2as7 7).

“‘Common near Valparaiso, but very difficult to cap-

ture in the perfect state. The larva feeds in the interior

of the stems of a species of Bromelia, and the pupa-

cases may be found with the ends sticking out of the

stems between the leaves in the months of October and

November. The cases, or cocoons, vary from 5 inches

to 9 or 10 inches in length (the female being largest),

are composed of chewed wood of the plant and silk, and

are beautifully lined with silk on the inside.* The pupa

has the power of wriggling from end to end of the

cocoon.

“‘The imagines emerge end of December and in

January, and fly very swiftly by day. The food-plant

has long sword-shaped leaves, with sharp hooked prickles

on the edges, and bears a stalk 8 or 10 feet high, with

pale yellow flowers.’—T. E.

ZYGHNIDA.

Procris, Fabr.

6. Procris melas.

Procris melas, Guérin, Mag. de Zool. 2e sér. pl. 11,

fig. 3 (1839).

‘* Appears to be widely distributed, but local. I have

taken it near Valparaiso in December and January, and

in Valdivia in February. It frequents the bushes of

arborescent grass (Chusquea), and flies swiftly in the

sunshine.”—T. E.

ARCTIIDA.

Paractes, Walk.

This genus is nearly allied to Antarctia of Hubner, but

is more coarsely scaled, and has coarser and longer hair

on the thorax; the antenne also are apparently longer.

* This fully bears out my view of the affinity of the Cosside to

the Castniide.

collected in Chili. a

7. Paracles rudis, n. 8.

3. Fuliginous-brown; the body darker than the

wings, the primaries darker than the secondaries, which

are more or less whitish towards the base; antenne

brown, with blackish pectinations; the hair on the

abdomen somewhat ochraceous at the sides; wings

below whity-brown ; pectus clothed with fuliginous and

yellowish brown hair ; head blackish, with an ochraceous

spot on each side at the base of the antenne; venter

ereyish brown. Expanse of wings 1 inch 8 lines, or

42 mm.

“Coral; came to light in February.” —T". E.

This species seems to be allied to Antarctia severa of

Berg, from Patagonia, but is evidently distinct.

Laora, Walk.

This genus is also allied to Antarctia, with which it

agrees better in the structure of the male than Motada

does; the female, however, has the wings aborted some-

what as in Penthophera (Laparide).

8. Laora latior, n. 8.

Primaries above fuligimous-brown; fringe whitish,

traversed by a grey stripe; secondaries white, with

brownish veins, the external two-thirds washed with

pale greyish brown; fringe tipped with white; body

fuliginous-brown; head darker; antenne white, with

black pectinations ; collar slightly ochraceous in front ;

abdomen blackish in the centre, clothed with dark

ochreous hair at the sides and base; wings below sordid

creamy whitish, or whity-brown; primaries with the

costal area slightly brownish; interno-basal area pale

ochreous; body below fuliginous-brown; legs darker

brown; femora bright ochreous or cadmium-yellow at

the sides ; tarsi whitish. Expanse of wings 29-31 mm.

?. Sordid white, or greyish pale brown; abdomen

blackish, almost covered by transverse segmental

fringes of pale brownish woolly hair, and with whitish

anal segment; antenne black below. Expanse of wings

18-20 mm.; length of body 28 mm.

Valparaiso ; eight males, five females.

6 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

“Bred from larve, resembling those of Arctia; head

black and shining; body black, with metallic-blue

tubercles, and covered with short hairs which are

greyish on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments; and on the

others reddish brown on the back and grey on the

sides. Feeds on various low plants; cocoons of white

silk mixed with hairs from body of larva and very thin.

Emerges in January and February. It comes to light.”

With the above were associated what I must regard as

three nearly allied though distinct species; they seem to

me to differ too much for mere variation.

9. Laora tegulata, n.s.

Less woolly than the preceding species, the primaries

less triangular, the secondaries smaller, the tegule

conspicuously longer (when perfect); primaries above

ereyish chocolate-colour, the fringe slightly greyer than

the body of the wing; secondaries greyish brown, semi-

transparent towards the base; thorax chocolate-brown ;

head darker; antenne greyish brown; collar with the

anterior margin ochraceous; abdomen ochreous, with a

longitudinal blackish dorsal band on the posterior half;

under surface greyish brown, sericeous, with faint

bronzy reflections; anterior femora with a _ broad

cadmium-yellow band; other femora ochraceous. at the

sides; tibiz and tarsi dark brown above, greyish brown

below. Expanse of wings, 18 mm.

Valparaiso; two males.

10. Laora angustior, n. 8.

3. Primaries distinctly narrower than L. latior,

-bronze-brown, the fringe sericeous-grey, almost silvery ;

secondaries much smaller than in L. latior, whity-brown,

slightly darker towards the outer margin; fringe grey,

tipped with white; thorax rufous-brown ; collar slightly

ochraceous ; antenne whity-brown, with dark brown

pectinations; abdomen stramineous or ochreous, without

dorsal stripe ; under surface pale greyish brown, fringes

silvery grey, tipped with white; interno-basal areas

whitish ; legs slightly darker; femora almost wholly

ochreous ; knees blackish. Expanse of wings, 30 mm.

@. Uniformly whity-brown. Expanse of wings,

22 mm.

Valparaiso ; four males and one female.

collected in Chilt. 7

Some males are darker throughout than the type, the

fringe of the primaries being less sericeous, and the

abdomen ochreous instead of stramineous.

11. Laora obscura, n. 8. f

3. Primaries above greyish fuliginous, fringe grey ;

wings as wide as in L. latior, but apparently with longer

costal margin; secondaries pale greyish brown; body

dark greyish fuliginous, the head almost black; antennz

white, with blackish pectinations ; abdomen with a few

’ ochreous hairs on the sides of the last three segments ;

wings below uniformly pale grey; body below dark

greyish brown; anterior femora with a lateral ochraceous

stripe ; a few ochraceous hairs close to the base of the

wings; tibiz and tarsi blackish above. Expanse of

wings, 32 mm.

Valparaiso ; one male.

This is more distinct than the three preceding, and

therefore, although there is only one example in the

collection, I do not hesitate to regard it as a separate

species ; had the whole of the specimens of Laora been,

reared from one batch of larve it would perhaps have

been impossible to doubt that they were referable to one

variable species, the individuals of which were not only

inconstant in coloration, but in the form and relative

size of their wings ; since, however, Mr. Edmonds’ note

makes it evident that some at least were taken at light,

there is no necessity for me to arrive at such an

improbable conclusion respecting them. It is possible

that Berg’s Patagonian Bombyx ? deserticola, sub-

sequently referred by its describer to Ocnogyna, may be

a more specialized form of the genus Laora.

LIPARIDAL.

Portuertria, Hiibn.

12. Porthetria hypoleuca.

2. Bombyx ? hypoleuca, Philippi, Linnea Entomo-

logica, xiv. p. 287, n. 23 (1860).

$. Smaller than female; primaries dark piceous,

shading towards the base into ferruginous and crossed

by black lines as in the female ; secondaries mahogany-

red, becoming gradually blackish towards outer margin ;

8 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

fringe rufous-brown; thorax smoky brown, reddish

beneath the surface-scales ; a few greyish scales towards

the front; head whitish; antenne blackish ; abdomen

foxy red; wings below foxy red, shading into piceous

towards the apices (this colour extending over the apical

half of the primaries); body below sandy brownish,

slightly fuligimous in front. Expanse of wings, 1 inch

7 lines.

PSYCHIDA.

ACOUSMATICUS, N. g.

Aspect of Psyche, but the antenne formed as in

Penthophera, although considerably larger and of about

three-fourths the length of the primaries, broadly

pectinated on both sides, the pectinations deflexed; a

woolly projecting tuft between the eyes; palpi long,

slender, angulated, and deflexed; wings semitransparent,

the cells (especially that of the secondaries) short; veins

radiating; primaries elongate-triangular, the angles

rounded off; cell of primaries enclosing two smaller

cells formed by recurrent veins from the disco-cellulars,

which are united behind; submedian not looped, but

dividing at basal third into two closely-approximated

branches which run to external angle; secondaries

rather small, oval, the costal border convex to beyond

the middle and thence slightly concave to apex ; no true

costal vein, its place being occupied by the subcostal

which terminates in three parallel approximated

branches; disco-cellulars acutely imangled with re-

current veins nearly as in the primaries; median vein

four-branched ; legs long and rather slender.

13. Acousmaticus magnicornis, N. 8.

Fuliginous-brown, thorax and wing-veins darker ;

primaries and dorsal surface of abdomen darker than

the secondaries and the sides of the abdomen ; antennze

black; wings below greyish, sericeous; primaries with

a pale spot at the extremity of the discoidal cell ; body

below whity-brown, the tarsi slenderly banded with grey;

the pectus clothed with fuligimous hairs. Expanse of

wings, 10 lines.

This very remarkable little species must certainly

belong to the Psychide, with which it agrees in the

general plan of its neuration.

collected in Chili. {)

THANATOPSYCHE, N. &.

Aspect and coloration of Thyridopteryx, but with

entirely different neuration ; primaries with the costal

vein eafending to second third of the costal margin ;.

subcostal emitting its first two branches just before the

end of the cell which projects forwards at its anterior

angle, considerably in advance of its posterior angle ;

third subcostal branch emitted from the anterior angle,

forking just before the middle and emitting the upper

radial from its inferior edge, close to its origin ; lower

radial emitted near to the third subcostal, thus reducing

the upper disco-cellular to about half a millimetre in

length ; lower disco-cellular long and inangled, with

scarcely a trace of the usual recurrent spur; median

four-branched, the third branch being forked from its

basal third; submedian with short recurrent spur at

external third; secondaries with powerful frenum and

several short stiff basal bristles; no costal vein, its

place being occupied by the subcostal, which is arched,

and forks just before apex; cell large and broad,

projecting farther behind than in front, partly divided

by two short recurrent spurs, the first from an acute

angle near the commencement of the upper disco-

cellular, the other from the radial which separates the

oblique line of the disco-cellulars in the middle; median

vein four-branched, the third branch being forked from

just above the middle, the branches all divergent so

that the first branch converges towards the submedian ;

antenne tapering, pectinated to the tips ; body densely

clothed with long hair; genitalia prominent and exposed ;

femora woolly, sericeous ; tibize and tarsi slender.

Pupa-case elongate-fusiform, of densely-woven silk

mixed with small wooden chips, which give it a spotted

appearance, and just below the middle ornamented with

a zone of short projecting sticks.

14. Thanatopsyche canescens, n.s. (Plate I., figs. 4, 4 a).

Allied to Psyche chilensis of Philippi, with which I

at first identified it, but differing, according to Mr.

Edmonds, in its smaller size and the paler colouring of

the thorax. Black; wings semitransparent, with black

veins and margins; head and antenne black, thorax

clothed with sericeous straggling grey hairs; abdomen

TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1882.—paRT I. (APRIL.) Cc

10 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

black; genitalia castaneous. Expanse of wings, 22

mm.

‘‘TLarve feed in case on ‘Quilo’ (Muhlenbeckia

sagittefolia) and other shrubs during the first half of the

summer, and perfect insects emerge in March and April.”

“This is not the Psyche chilensis of Reed: the latter

is a larger insect, of the same genus, having the thorax

clothed with black instead of grey hairs. I hope to

receive specimens before long.” —T’. EH.

As we only had the species figured, it would have been

impossible to regard it as distinct from Philippi’s insect

without the above note; for though the description

says—‘‘ Der Kopf, die ganze Brust, Schenkel und

Schienen sind tief schwarz,” it adds ‘‘und sehr dicht mit

langen und sehr feinen weichen Haaren bekleidet,”

without stating that these long and fine hairs are also

black, as Mr. Edmonds assures me they are. Dr.

Philippi’s description of the pupa-case would also

answer equally well for that of 7. canescens, which is

also of about the consistency of parchment, and armed

with small projecting bits of stick in a zone near the

middle and towards the base.

LASIOCAMPIDA.

MacrompHatia, Felder.

15. Macromphalia mtida, n. 8.

Primaries dark shining cupreous-brown; the two

ordinary lines representing the central belt barely

distinguishable, excepting on the costal border, where

they are represented by a few white scales; the externo-

discal lunulated line represented by a slightly-irregular

series of grey-bordered black lunules ; a few grey scales

upon the fringe ; secondaries bright coppery-chocolate,

slightly darker along the outer margin; a slight

sprinkling of greyish scales on the fringe; thorax

shining, dark cupreous-brown inclining to piceous, and

sprinkled with grey hairs; antenne testaceous; abdomen

at the base coloured like the thorax, but becoming paler

towards the anal extremity ; wings below of a uniform

cupreous-brown colour, sericeous, a few grey scales

sprinkled along the costal borders and on the fringes ;

body below pale sandy-brown, varied by a few white

hairs ; anterior femora with an ochreous spot below with

collected in Chili. 11

a broad fringe of delicate snow-white hair. Expanse of

wings, 37 mm.

?. Whity-brown; primaries above irrorated with

black and grey, and crossed by indistinct black irregular

lines almost as in M. dedecora; the general aspect,

however, is nearer to that of the female of Porthetria

hypoleuca, but the primaries are darker and the markings

confused ; below, the wings are crossed by two arched

erey-brown stripes, one discal, the other submarginal ;

the primaries as above are darker than the secondaries,

which are of a greyish whity-brown colour ; the body on

both surfaces is also of this colour. Expanse of wings,

48 mim.

The male was bred at the end of November; its

general coloration is shining chocolate, but the primaries

and thorax have a distinctly greyish appearance.

16. Macromphalia dedecora.

3? Bombyx ancilla, Philippi, Linnea Entomologica,

Xiv. p. 289, n. 25 (1860).

?. Bombyx dedecora, Feisthamel, Mag. de Zool.,

2e sér. pl. 23, fig. 2 (1839)

Valparaiso ; in August.

The male was “‘bred from larva found feeding on a

garden Pinus; feeds also on ‘Quilo’ in May. Brown

and hairy, a double row of long pencil-like tufts of black

hair along the back; cocoon similar in shape and

texture to that of the ‘ Drinker’ (Odonestis potatoria).”’

—T. E.

17. Macromphalia chilensis.

Macromphalia chilensis, Felder, Reise. der Nov. Lep.

A, pl. lxxxiu. fig. 28 ¢; pl. Ixxxiv. fig. 12 ? (1874).

Valdivia.

‘“‘ Bred from larva; hairy, greyish brown, with double

row of long thin black pencil-like tufts along the back ;

head black, with yellow A\-shaped mark on face; under-

side and claspers reddish. Hmerged beginning of April.”

—T.E.

12» =Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

18. Macromphalia rubrogrisea.

g. Bombyx? Catocephala rubrogrisea, Philippi, Lin-

nea Entomologica xiv. p. 288, n. 24 (1860).

9? Bombyx? rustica, Philippi, l. c., p. 290, n. 26

(1860).

One female; ‘“‘ Las Zonas, at light.”—T. EH.

I was at first inclined to think, with Mr. Edmonds,

that this insect was the female of No. 216 (regarded in

the present paper as the male of M. dedecora); but it

agrees so much more closely with the male insect

described by Philippi under the name of Bombyx ? rubro-

grisea that I have concluded that it is that species; it

also comes rather near to the description of B. rustica,

which I should judge to be taken from a worn example.

19. Macromphalia rivularis, n.s.*

Primaries ‘above granite-grey, with the ordinary lines

snow-white, of the usual form, those representing the

central band undulated, those representing the sub-

marginal line forming a partially double series of more

or less lunate dashes (probably the pale borders of the

usual submarginal blackish lunules); a black disco-

cellular spot; secondaries pale greyish brown, fringe

speckled with white scales; thorax granite-grey; an-

tenne whitish, with rust-red pectinations; abdomen pale

greyish brown; under surface pearly grey; primaries

with brownish costal and whitish interno-basal area ;

some snow-white spots on the costal border beyond the

middle, indicating the commencement of the outer white

line and submarginal lunules of the upper surface ;

costal area of secondaries crossed in the middle by two

abbreviated pale brown stripes. Expanse of wings,

36 mm.

One male.

20. Macromphalia purissima, n.s.

g. Snow-white, the basal half of primaries, the

whole of the secondaries, and the body, sericeous ;

primaries above with the inner line abbreviated, only

* To this species was attached a label, ‘“‘ Bombyx affinis,” Feisth.,

but it is not at all like that insect, which has bright red-brown

secondaries, like the male of Portheiria hypoleuca.

collected in Chili. 13

represented by a short brown costal dash, outer line

well-defined brown, excepting on costal border, where it

is black and zigzag; submarginal series of lunules ill-

defined, but black, and commencing upon the costa with

a transverse oblong black dash, placed a little farther

from the margin than the series itself; a conspicuous

_ black spot at the end of the cell; secondaries with a

small dark brown pencil of hair at the end of the cell ;

antenne with testaceous pectinations ; thorax slightly

sordid in front; under surface snow-white, primaries

with the costal margin irrorated with black; subcostal

area occupied by a red-brown streak extending almost to

the subapical oblong costal dash, from which it is

separated by a narrow white stripe; from the end of this

brown streak an oblique line crosses the wing to the

inner margin, thus limiting the basal two-thirds, which

is more or less suffused between the veins with brown

scales; beyond the oblique line the interspaces are

greyish up to the submarginal series of spots, which are

placed as above, but are more distinct and red-brown ;

secondaries with two minute closely-approximated black

dots at the end of the cell; a few brown scales in a

transverse line beyond the cell; collar below black ;

tarsi brown, fringed with long hair. Expanse of wings,

44 mm.

@. Primaries above pale creamy buff; an oblique

black spot at the end of the cell ; outer (or discal) brown

line slender, zigzag; subapical costal spot ill-formed,

brown; submarginal spots reduced so as to form a

very slender slightly-irregular interrupted brown line ;

secondaries snow-white, with cream-coloured fringe; a

brown spot at the end of the cell; a pale reddish brown

spot at anal third of abdominal border, and two sub-

marginal dashes of the same colour towards the anal

angle; body cream-coloured on both surfaces; wings

below white, washed with cream-colour on the costal

areas ; primaries with a dusky spot at the end of the

cell, a second smaller and lunate spot at apical third of

costa, and an apical submarginal streak; no other

markings: tarsi brown, anus clay-red. Hxpanse of

wings, 66 mm.

A pair.

Allied to this species is a male Macromphalia, taken

by Miss Mann at Valparaiso, and obtained for our

14. Myr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

collection in 1880: in all its important characters it

agrees with the original figure of M. afinis in Guérin’s

‘Magazin de Zoologie’; but the ground colour of the

primaries and the thorax are chalky-white, sparsely

irrorated with brown, whereas in the figure they are

represented as almost wholly brown: that the latter

coloration is incorrect (notwithstanding that Blanchard

has exaggerated it) is shown by Feisthamel’s description,

which says—‘‘ Le dessus des premieres ailes d’un gris

blanc”; and again, ‘Le corselet est du meme ton que

les ailes supérieures”; so that there can be no question

that the example obtained by us is the true M. afjinis,

and consequently that the insect identified with the

latter in Chili, and here named by me M. rivularis, is a

perfectly distinct and new species.

OrmiscopEs, Blanch.

21. Ormiscodes socialis.

?. Bombyx socialis, Feisthamel, Mag. de Zool. 2e ser.

pl. 22, fig. 1 (1839).

Catocephala socialis, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘Chili,’ Zool.

7, p. 63, n. 1 (1854).

_ Dirphia angulifera, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. 6, p. 1868,

n. 23 (1855).

Four pairs.

The male is smaller than the female, has more red on

the secondaries, and the antenne broadly pectinated ;

the ground colour varies considerably.

“Description of larva. Full-fed, 14 inches long ;

above beautiful pale green; beneath pale red in many

specimens, in others green; a spiracular line, prominent

and pearly-white, edged with reddish brown; each seg-

ment with stellate tufts of prickles, except the head and

13th; those on the 2nd and 3rd longest ; eight on each

segment, excepting the 7th to the 10th, which have but

six, the row beneath the spiracular line on the other

segments being missing in these; the prickles sting like

nettles. Full-fed in November. Does not congregate in

masses like gregarious larve, but a large number are

often found scattered on the same branch. Food-plant,

‘Peumo’ (Crytocaria peumus).

collected in Chili. 15

“‘Pupa in loose cocoon among rubbish, or just under

surface of ground.

“Tmago in March and April. Comes freely to light.

Common about Valparaiso.”—T. HE.

22. Ormiscodes crinita.

Bombyx crinita, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘Chili,’ Zool.

pl. 4, fig. 4 (1854).

Ormiscodes cinnamomea, Blanchard (nec Feisthamel),

l.¢., 7, p. 61, n. 2 (1854).

A pair; Valparaiso.

The O. cinnamomea of Feisthamel is an allied but

quite distinct species, identical with Walker’s Dirphia

plana; the synonymy will therefore stand as follows :—

Ormiscodes cinnamomea.

Bombyx cinnamomea, Feisthamel, Mag, de Zool.

2e sér. pl. 22, fig. 2 (1839).

Dirphia plana, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. 6, p. 1862,

n. 22 (1855).

CaTocEPHALA, Blanch.

23. Catocephala marginata.

Ormiscodes marginata, Philippi, Linnea Entomologica,

Xiv. p. 283, n. 19 (1860).

A single male.

Labelled as C. rufosignata of Blanchard, of which it

may possibly be no more than a well-marked variety ;

it, however, has much paler and whiter wings, with less

strongly defined markings, and with the pale spot at the

end of the cell of primaries yellow, instead of white; in

Mr. Edmonds’s example the inner greyish band of the

secondaries is almost wholly obliterated.

The succeeding species, which is represented by a

single female, is undoubtedly Blanchard’s insect; it

answers well to his figure which represents the same

SX.

The Amydona huwmeralis of Walker (Lep. Het. 6,

p- 1413) is an allied species to C. marginata, and not a

true Phricodia, as | formerly supposed.

16 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

24. Catocephala rufosignata.

Catocephala rufosignata, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘Chili,’ 7,

p- 63, n. 2; pl. 6, fig. 1 (1854),

A female.

25. Catocephala nigrosignata.

Catocephala? nigrosignata, Philippi, Linnea Ento-

mologica, xiv. p. 285, n. 21 (1860); Aid Ident.

Ins. pl. 89 (1882).

One male example.

SATURNIID.

CINOMMATA, Nn. g.

Wings ample, triangular, with very straight margins ;

the outer margins slightly convex; wing-cells rather

short ; costal vein of primaries running to second third

of margin; subcostal three-branched, the first branch

emitted before end of cell, the two others making a long

fork to apex; upper radial emitted close to subcostal ;

lower radial from about the middle of the disco-cellulars,

which form an oblique line, median vein emitting its

first branch a little beyond the middle, all three branches

well separated ; costal vein of secondaries running, close

to the margin, to apex; all the other veins simple, two

subcostals, one radial, and three medians; the disco-

cellulars forming an elbowed line, from the angle of

which the radial is emitted; head almost concealed from

above, with broadly-pectinated antenne in the male,

palpi porrect, woolly, with the terminal joint exposed ;

thorax clothed with long straight hair above, woolly

below, abdomen rather short and woolly; legs rather

short, moderately thick; tibie and tarsi spinose, pos-

terior tibie with two rather strong pointed terminal

spurs.

26. Cinummata bistrigata, n. s.

Primaries above pale greyish olivaceous; a white

stripe with dark brown outer edges running from base

along median vein to the end of the cell, and then

upwards in an oblique line to apex, where it joins a second

similarly-coloured stripe from the inner margin near ex-

ternal angle; a dark brown stripe along the base of the

fringe, which is otherwise whitish; secondaries pale sandy

brownish, with a black dot at the end of the cell;

a subangulated concave stripe of dark brown beyond the

collected in Chili. 1)

middle; external area greyish, fringe with a dark brown

basal stripe; body whitish, with a greenish tint,

particularly about the tegule; antenne testaceous ;

primaries below pale sandy yellow; costal border

irrorated with grey scales; a black dot at end of cell;

fringe as above; secondaries cream-coloured, irrorated

with grey; a line of the same colour from abdominal

margin to apex; a black dot at end of cell; fringe

rather paler than above; body below cream-coloured,

brownish in front ; the collar, palpi, and upper surface of

tibie and tarsi, blackish. Expanse of wings, 49 mm.

‘“‘Las Zonas, June and beginning of July.”—T. HE.

Seven males were in the collection of Mr. Edmonds ;

we also have one female from Valparaiso ; it only differs

in having almost simple antennex.

CrercopHora, Felder.

27. Cercophora frauenfeldt.

3. Cercophora frauenfeldi, Felder, Reise der Noy.,

Lep. 4, pl. xev. fig. 6 (1874).

Two pairs.

The female is rather larger than the male, and the

caudate projection to the secondaries is reduced to a

mere obtuse angulation at the extremity of the third

median branch.

“Tt occurs sparingly about Valparaiso in March. It

sometimes comes to light.”—T7’. H.

The larva, a drawing of which I have before me

(Plate I., fig. 5), is a most singular creature; the 4th

segment being produced forwards beyond the head and

two other segments (which are placed in a vertical line),

in the form of an acute horn; the last segment also

terminates in a similar horn; the central segments are

widest and the posterior ones narrowest; so that the

general character of this larva is less Satwrnioid than in

any species known to me; it more nearly resembles

some Papilio chrysalides, the pupa of Papilio sarpedon

being not unlike it, except in length. Colours: apple-

ereen, with two semicircular pale rose-coloured spots in

front, on the 8rd and 4th segments; a yellow lateral

stripe terminating in the horns at either extremity, and

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRT I. (APRIL.) D

18 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

immediately above this a series of black elliptical

stigmata, from which single black hairs are emitted ;

5th and 6th segments with a dorsal rose-brown streak.

‘‘Food-plant, ‘Peumo’ (Cryptocaria peumus) in No-

vember ; moths emerge in February.”—T. E.

Kupeuia, Philippi.

28. Hudelia vulpes, n.s.

Nearly allied to EL. venusta; but the wings above of a

foxy rust-red colour, the inner discal line thick, well-

defined, and red-brown on all the wings; the outer line

of primaries obsolete, but on the secondaries better

defined than in EL. venusta ; the white ocellus of primaries

larger, and touching the inner discal line; the small

blackish spot at end of cell of secondaries obsolete, the

costal half of secondaries flesh-tinted instead of pale

yellow; the primaries much more faleate, and the

secondaries with longer tail; the body above decidedly

redder ; the under surface differing also as above. Ex-

panse of wings, 2 inches 11 lines.

Coral, in March.

“A male specimen will be found in the collection,

rather larger and redder than the others (EH. venusta),

and with the transverse line on the fore wings touching

the spot; this specimen was taken in Valdivia, and is

the only one I have seen, so cannot say whether it is a

distinct species or only a variety.” *—T. E.

29. Hudelia venusta.

?. Lonomia venusta, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. 7,

p. 1765 (1856).

Bombyx ? aristotelig, Philippi, Linnea Entomologica,

xiv. p. 286, n. 22 (1860).

3. Hudelia rufescens, Philippi, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 25th

Jahrg. p. 91 (1864).

Valparaiso.

“Description of larva already sent. Both this species

and Cercophora frauenfeldi occur sparingly about Val-

paraiso in March. They sometimes come to light.”—

d IAB oR

* There is no reason for supposing it to be the latter.—A. G.B,

collected in Chili. j 19

Ponytuysana, Felder.

30. Polythysana rubrescens.

Attacus rubrescens, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘Chili,’ 7, p. 60;

pl. 4, fig. 3 (1854).

Six males.

“Common in the forests of Valdivia, but very difficult

to take ; the males fly about the tops of the trees, in the

sunshine between the hours 12.30 and 2 p.m. only; the

females are nocturnal; larva unknown to me; on the

wing in February and March.”’—T". E.

31. Polythysana edmondsu, n. 8.

3. Very near to P. andromeda, Philippi, but with

the outer border of primaries snow-white internally,

instead of being uniform with the rest of the wing ;

primaries above chiefly differing from P. rubrescens in the

same character, but with the ocellus rounded; secondaries

carmine, the interno-basal area and a band from just

before the middle of the abdominal border to the costa

black ; abdominal half of dise and external border bright

orange, with brown outer margin; the external border

bounded internally with black, and touching the ocellus,

which is of a deep crimson-lake colour, broadly bordered

with black, and enclosing a white lunule; body as in P.

rubrescens ; under surface bright golden orange; the

internal areas of all the wings and the costal area of

secondaries washed with rose-red; ocellus of primaries

black, with lake-red centre, enclosing a white pupil; the

black internal edging widened into a broad almost

=-shaped band; the snow-white patches as above ;

secondaries with the ocellus reduced to a minute lake-

red oval spot, with white central line; internal boundary

of external border silvery grey, with slender blackish

inner edge, mixed with lake-red scales; outer margin

and fringe ash-grey. Expanse of wings, 80 mm.

?. Considerably larger than the male and with its

pattern, but with the general coloration of Saturnia

boisduvalii ; the brilliant colouring is confined to the

ocelli of secondaries, the ground tint of these wings

being pale flesh-coloured, with the external half of the

disc up to the inner edge of the external area olive-brown.

Expanse of wings, 110 mm.

One pair.

20 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

“Common at end of March and beginning of April,

flying in the sunshine between 9.30 and 11 a.m., near

Valparaiso, but flies even more swiftly than the white

species ; so that I obtained only three male specimens.

I got two females, one of which was caught flying at

night, and the other came to light. (Mr. Butler has one

bad specimen ; the other, which I have, has the crimson

of the eye-like spots replaced by purple. ) Iwas unable

to find the larva of this species.’—T7’. E.

31a. Polythysana ‘‘albescens” =? P. cinerascens, Felder.

Of this species (specimens of which Mr. Edmonds did

not place in my hands) the collector says,—‘‘ Flies by

day, between 9.30 and 11 a.m. only, but is rather scarce,

and just as hard to catch as P. rubrescens. Occurs near

Valparaiso, end of March and beginning of April. Mr.

Butler has already the description of the larva*; it feeds

1 ‘Peumo’ (Cryptocaria peumus), and is full fed by the

end of October or beginning of November.

‘““Cocoons among leaves of food-plant, open at one end

(specimen sent).

“The female, of which I have only a single specimen,

differs greatly from the male; the green markings are

wanting, being replaced by different shades of red and

brown.”—T. E.

Hyprercuiria, Hiibn.

32. Hyperchiria erythrea.

Io erythrea, Philippi, Linnea Entomologieca, xiv.

p. 277, n. 15 (1860).

Three females ; Valparaiso and Valdivia.

Var. olivacea.

Differs from the typical form in the olivaceous tint

of the primaries, the broader orange area on the

se condaries, and the almost black external area of these

wings.

Valparaiso.

‘This may be so, but, as no specimens were in the collection,

Sidie was natur ally no number by which to refer to the description ;

and I cannot find any clue to it, if I have it.

collected in Chil. 21

We have received this species from Valparaiso in both

forms, so that I cannot think the olivaceous type more

than a slight variety. The following may be distinct,

unless the whole of the forms, including H. erythrea of

Blanchard, are referable to one variable species, which

is not impossible.

33. Hyperchiria acharon, n. 8.

Primaries of male greenish grey, with a slight reddish

tinge showing through ; costal margin and fringe orange ;

black lines a little closer together than in H. erythrea ;

carmine spots at end of cell similar; of female less

greenish, and consequently redder ; the costal margin,

fringe, and veins reddish orange; the black lines con-

siderably nearer together than in H. erythrea, the inner

one deeply sinuated; red spots as in the male; both

sexes with the secondaries pink, but clouded or washed

with blackish from basal third to outer margin; the

black stripe placed farther from outer margin than in

H. erythrea, but the carmine ocellus similar; fringe

orange, redder in the female than in the male; body of

male ochreous; the tegule pale greenish grey, almost

white; antenne testaceous; body of female rose-brown,

with the tegule greenish grey; the thorax and head

rather more rusty in colour than the abdomen. HExpanse

of wings—male 60 mm., female 69 mm.

A pair.

Var. debilis.

$. Altogether yellower than the typical male, the

ground colour of the primaries being sulphur-yellow, the

base of the secondaries and fringe saffron-yellow, and

the body a mixture of the two shades ; the carmine spots

on the primaries are also extremely small, and the inner

line less irregular.

A single pair.

The female of this form is much paler than the type,

and more rosy.

34. Hyperchiria griseoflava.

3. To griseoflava, Philippi, Linnea Entomologica,

xiv. p. 276, n. 14 (1860).

A pair.

22 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

The female is greyer than the male, with the external

area of secondaries and body more rosy; excepting in

its yellower tint throughout it comes very near to the

female of H. erythrea, but the females of all these forms

are more alike than the males.

35. Hyperchiria erythrops.

3. Io erythrops, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘ Chili,’ 7, p. 59 ;

pl. 4, fig. 2 (1852).

A pair.

The female of this form is paler than any of the

others, but comes nearer to the female of H. acharon,

var. debilis, than to any other, excepting in the width of

the external border of the secondaries, which is less by

one-third. Taking the width of this border as a guide,

the forms would stand thus: H. acharon, H. erythrea,

H. erythrops, H. griseoflava; and if this should prove

to be a reliable character, my var. olivacea will have to

be regarded as a species distinct from H. erythrea, its

border being no wider than that of H. erythrops.

NOTODONTIDA.

Drymonia, Hiibn.

36. Drymonia pica, n. 8.

g. Primaries above snow-white at the base, with a

subbasal 3-shaped black line, followed immediately by a

broad black band with slightly irregular margins, and

immediately succeeded by a second irregular slender

black line upon a broad snow-white belt; a third black

line close to the wavy outer edge of this belt, which is

limited by a broad sericeous grey external border, crossed

by blackish veins, sprinkled with white scales, and edged

internally by a blackish streak at its costal and inferior

extremities; fringe spotted with white; the central

white belt is indistinctly traversed through its centre by

a squamose greyish line, and is further interrupted by a

black dash at the end of the cell; secondaries pearly

white; outer margin and the extremities of the veins

black ; body snow-white, the posterior lateral margins of

the collar, the extremity of the tegule, and the meta-

thorax black; antenne with reddish testaceous pecti-

nations, under surface white; primaries with grey

collected in Chili. 23

external border almost as above, but rather paler, and

with diffused inner edge ; veins yellowish, probably owing

to abrasion of the scales; secondaries with the extremities

of the veins and the outer margin black, as above;

tarsi banded with black. Expanse of wings, 35 mm.

?. Differs from the male in having a rather broad

grey border to the secondaries on both surfaces, and the

whole under surface clouded with grey. Expanse of

Wings, 36—37 mm.

One male and two females.

This species comes nearer to D. dodonea than to any

other form with which I am acquainted, but the broad

snow-white central belt on the primaries and _ pearl-

white secondaries give it a very different aspect; it

also differs from all the species of Drymonia known

to me in the greater length of the subcostal fork on

the secondaries.

HEPIALIDA.

CaLuipienus, n. g. (Plate L., fig. 6).

Form of Charagia, neuration very near to Pielus ;

Wings ample, primaries triangular, the costal margin

nearly straight to apical fifth, then slightly convex to

apex, the latter obtuse; outer margin nearly straight,

but curving round at external angle, which is con-

sequently almost lost; inner. margin slightly convex,

running abruptly inwards at the base, broadly fringed

throughout ; costal vein running almost to apex; sub-

costal uniting at the base with the median ; the branches

are four in number, the first being forked towards apex ;

the first three, therefore, are emitted before the end of

the cell, and the fourth from the anterior angle of the

same; the ordinary fifth branch is emitted from the

disco-cellulars, and thus becomes the first or upper

radial; it starts at about the same distance from the

true upper radial that the latter does from the true

lower radial, or third radial of this insect; the third

radial throws a recurrent vein through the cell to the

base; the third median nervule is emitted from the

disco-cellulars, and consequently becomes a fourth radial ;

it also throws a recurrent vein through the cell to the

base ; the disco-cellulars form a simple zigzag or open

Z-shaped line; the median vein is necessarily two-

branched, the third having become a radial, the

24 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

submedian vein united by a short subbasal oblique vein-

let to an abbreviated curved longitudinal vein, which is

again attached before its extremity to the median vein

by means of a rudimentary interno-median veinlet ;

secondaries suboval, with nearly straight costal margin ;

costal vein fused with the subcostal to beyond the middle ;

subcostal four-branched, the first branch being forked

towards the apex; the branches are in fact placed

exactly as in the primaries, and, excepting that there

are only three radials, so are the other veins, with the

exception of the submedian, which is simple, as is also

the internal vein; body very long and rather narrow for

the family; the thorax clothed with long matted hairs ;

antenne short, distinctly segmented and ciliate; palpi

long and slender; legs rather short and thick.

37. Calliprelus arenosus, nN. 8.

Aspect of Pielus maculosus, Felder* (a species of Oxy-

canus close to O. australis), with which it agrees in

general coloration and pattern; primaries pale flesh-

brown, clouded and streaked with darker brown, minutely

irrorated with pale yellow, and covered with irregular

silver spots and dashes with dark brown edges ; a sub-

marginal brown-edged silver stripe not reaching the

costa or the inner margin; a marginal series of small

oval brown-edged silver spots ; a black-edged silver stripe

through the cell, sometimes one or two black dashes on

the disco-cellulars, and a series of oblique discal dashes

in front of the silver submarginal stripe (but in the type

these black dashes are not present) ; secondaries sandy

ochraceous; a submarginal series of small irregular

spots, shghtly silvery, with dusky edges, and a sub-

marginal series of small oval spots of the same character ;

thorax brown; abdomen pale sandy brownish ; under .

surface sandy ochraceous; venter whitish. Expanse of

wings, 73 to 81 mm.

Valdivia. From Reed’s collection.

This species was labelled as ‘‘ Bombyx dedecora,

Feisth.,”’ to which it bears no resemblance.

* Reise der Nov., Lep. 4, pl. lxxxi., fig. 1.

collected in Chili. 25

Dauaca, Walk.

88. Dalaca venosa.

Hepialus venosus, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘ Chili,’ 7, p. 70;

pl. 4, fig. 6 (1854).

Dalaca nigricornis, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het., 7, p. 1560

(1856).

One specimen.

39. Dalaca subfervens, n. 8.

3. Somewhat variable in tint, the markings also

varying in intensity; primaries golden testaceous, some-

times with a faint reddish gloss; with smoky brown

markings, or, in better defined specimens, brown, with

the markings testaceous as follows: costal border with a

number of spots, many of which are rounded or fusi-

form, and contain blackish pupils; a broad and very

irregular band commencing at the base, following the

median vein to the middle of the disc, but expanded so

as almost to fill the basal half of the interno-median

area, and at its outer extremity uniting with a series of

oblique confluent dashes, which run in a tapering series

to costa; the whole of this testaceous band, from base

to costa, is ornamented with dots and short lines of

black ; its basal expanded portion is moreover bounded

on internal border by an oblique conspicuous black dash,

beyond which the border is more or less golden testaceous

in continuation of an external border of the same colour ;

the latter is ornamented with a submarginal and a

marginal series of blackish dots ; fringe pale testaceous ;

secondaries dull smoky grey, with a faint pinkish

reflection; fringe pale testaceous ; thorax dark brown ;

antenne testaceous ; abdomen pale greyish brown ; under

surface of wings grey, sometimes with whitish fringe ;

body below sordid-white ; legs sometimes reddish. Hx-

panse of wings, 32—38 mm.

@. Primaries more distinctly red than in any of the

males, the brown markings, or the brown intervals

between the markings, almost wholly lost, only indicated

by minute blackish-edged white dots scattered. here and

there over the wing; secondaries nearly as in the male,

the grey a little bluer ; thorax redder than in any male ;

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—paRT I. (APRIL.) E

26 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

abdomen darker, excepting at the base; under surface

similar. Expanse of wings, 47 mm.

Las Zonas; February.

A distinctly warmer-coloured species than D. pallens.

40. Dalaca pallens.

9. Hepialus pallens, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘Chili,’ 7,

p- 69; pl. 4, fig. 5 (1854).

Two males and one female.

This species is not the immaculate insect represented

by Blanchard, as his diagnosis ‘‘ punctis minutis obscuri-

oribus adspersis’’ sufficiently shows in contradiction to

his figure; the primaries are in fact greyish fuliginous,

marbled with whitish spots, upon which are black dots ;

this is true of both sexes, though the pattern is most

prominent on the males.

41. Dalaca violacea, n. 8.

$. Primaries slaty grey, glossed with violet; costal

markings much as in D. subfervens; a small irregular

testaceous patch, much like the Greek letter Q filled in,

at the centre of the disc, and upon it two brown dots ;

an irregular longitudinal abbreviated dark brown line,

with chestnut-red superior border and pale yellow inferior

margin at about the centre of the interno-median inter-

space; a few black dots along the outer margin ; fringe

reddish testaceous; secondaries greyish brown, with

slight bronze reflections and sandy brown fringe ; thorax

purplish brown; antenne smoky brown; abdomen

greyish brown, sericeous ; wings below greyish fuliginous,

with sandy yellowish fringes; primaries with sandy

yellowish or testaceous costal border, on which are one

or two black dashes; body below whitish. Expanse of

wings, 32 mm.

One male.

42. Dalaca marmorata, n. s.

Primaries cream-coloured, divided into spots and

patches by intersecting irregular greyish brown bands

and patches, on which are black markings somewhat as

follows: the basal two-thirds of costal area, a disco-

submarginal confluent series of almost square spots

collected in Chili. 27

not reaching the inner margin, and the basal half of the

median interspaces greyish brown, speckled with minute

black spots; a cuneiform black internal patch tapering,

at its postero-superior extremity, up to the inferior angle

of the median brown patch ; a black abbreviated streak

at base of cell, and a black, almost semicircular, spot at

the end of the cell; the cream-coloured portions are also

marked close to their edges with brown lines ; secondaries

grey, with two subapical blackish spots; fringe cream-

coloured ; thorax blackish brown, paler in the centre,

and with smoky brown head and antenne; abdomen

greyish brown; the basal segments and margins of the

other segments whitish; wings below greyish brown,

sericeous ; basal area and fringe pale ; pectus fuliginous ;

venter whitish. Hxpanse of wings, 832—37 mm.

Two males. Las Zonas; February.

43. Dalaca hemileuca, un. 8.

3. Primaries above with the costal two-fifths and a

broad internal patch, extending from the base almost to

the external angle, dark sericeous-brown, almost black ;

the remainder of the wing pale sericeous whity-brown ;

a small testaceous spot at apical third, and below it two

sericeous-grey spots placed tranversely; three similar

spots from the lowest of these to the apex; an oblique

whity-brown stripe across the outer extremity of the

dark internal patch; pale area sparsely sprinkled with

blackish scales; fringe whity-brown, greyish externally,

and with a basal series of black dots ; secondaries greyish

fuliginous, slightly paler towards the base, with a dusky

marginal line; a whity-brown line at the base of the

fringe; thorax dark fuliginous-brown; antenne tes-

taceous; abdomen whitish grey; wings below grey-

brown, the fringe with broad darker spots at the

extremities of the veins ; primaries with the costal border

and interno-median area slightly paler and browner than

the rest of the surface; secondaries with pale abdominal

fringe ; body below whity-brown. Expanse of wings,

30 mm.

@. Larger, altogether paler, and with less defined

dark and light areas on the primaries; secondaries with

the basal area semi-transparent, dull white. HExpanse of

wings, 41 mm,

A pair,

28 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

PHILANGLAUS, N. g.

Aspect of the H. velleda group of Hepialus, so far as

markings are concerned, but with pectinated antenne

more like those of Oxycanus; the form of the wings

more like that of the Phaleride; primaries obtusely

triangular; veins unusually simple for the family ;

costal vein extending to apex; subcostal five-branched,

the first branch emitted near the base, second just before

the end of thé cell, united by a very short cross-vein

beyond the cell to the third branch, which starts with

the fourth and fifth from the upper angle of the cell;

these three last veins diverge towards the outer margin ;

radials emitted from the disco-cellulars, which are

oblique ; two short recurrent veins from the lower radial,

united at the outer third of the cell ; median vein three-

branched, the last two branches emitted near together.

towards the end of the cell, first branch much curved,

submedian sinuous; secondaries subtrigonate, the basal

half of costal border projecting, very convex, apex

rather acute, outer margin convex and very slightly

sinuated between the veins ; abdominal margin straight ;

costal vein wanting, its place occupied by the subcostal,

which runs to apical fourth of costal margin, and has

no true branches, two radials emitted from the disco-

cellulars, which are transverse, diverging towards the

apex, the upper one emitting a recurrent vein backwards

through the cell almost to the base of the subcostal vein ;

median vein four-branched, the fourth (which represents

the true radial vein of other moths) emitting a looped

recurrent vein into the cell; submedian represented by

two subparallel veins ; internal vein simple; thorax very

robust, broad, narrowing behind; head short; palpi

short, thick, not extending in front of the head ; antennz

rather long (about two-fifths as long as primaries), pecti-

nated to the tips; abdomen rather broad at base, taper-

ing and compressed towards the anal extremity; legs

rather long and thick, the tarsi being longest.

44. Philanglaus ornatus, n.s.

Primaries above with the costal area white; the

oblique area crossed by the median and radial veins

greyish brown; the external and internal areas pale

sandy brown ; markings sharply defined dark ferruginous,

collected in Chili. 29

with snow-white borders as follows: two small basal

spots; an oblique and very irregular marking from near

base of costa to external third of inner margin, its

centre subquadrate, and only separated by its white

border from an indistinct semicircular spot at basal

third of inner border, its infero-exterior extremity

elbowed and acuminate ; two small spots (darker than

the other markings) just before the middle of the costal

border ; an abbreviated oblique band across the end of

the cell; two or three small dark spots on the dise and

a slightly irregular discal band, its costal portion ex-

panded, and tri-digitate towards costa, much constricted

on the upper radial interspace, but gradually expanding

from thence almost to the first median branch, where it

is excavated and terminated in a short point; fringe

traversed by two pale brownish lines, between which is

a whitish line; secondaries pale sericeous sandy brown,

a feebly undulated darker line beyond the middle, a

second close to outer margin, and two, with a white line

between them, on the fringe; thorax whity-brown

streaked with grey; tegule white, with brown bands;

collar white, with a brown spot on each shoulder; head

white, with brown vertex; antenne white, with brown

pectinations; abdomen greyish white; under surface

pale sandy brown ; wings with greyish bands, those of

the primaries representing the markings of the upper

surface, which become reddish brown, and therefore

distinct towards the costa; secondaries with the convex

portion of the costal border edged with white, behind

which is a ferruginous patch diffused backwards over the

cell, but interrupted within the end of the cell by a

white spot ; a bifid costal spot towards apex, connected

below with an undulated discal line and a small tri-

angular apical spot; an indistinct oval spot near the

base of the interno-median area, which is whiter than

the rest of the wing; fringe with a pale basal line

limited by a greyish line, beyond which are one or two

white spots. Expanse of wings, 55 mm.

A male.

300 ; Mr. Butler on Chilian Lepidoptera.

EXXpLANATION OF Puate LI.

Fig. 1. Larva of Deilephila ewphorbiarum, Boisd.

2. Se Deilephila annei, Guer.

3. 3 Protoparce ewrylochus, Phil.

4. Thanatopsyche canescens, Butl.

4a. Pupa-case of ditto.

5. Larva of Cercophora frauenfeldi, Feld.

6. Neuration of Callipielus.

(i Bo)

II. On a small collection of Lepidoptera from the Hawaiian

Islands. By A. G. Butusr, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c.

[Read February 1st, 1882.]

Last year I received from the Rev. Thomas Blackburn a

letter (dated 4th July), in which he says:—‘‘I have an

unexpected opportunity of sending a parcel to London

by the hands of a friend who is going home by the

overland mail this month; so avail myself of it to send

you another small collection of Hawaiian Lepidoptera

consisting of nineteen specimens. Unfortunately of

most of these there is only one specimen, but they repre-

sent the rarities par excellence, as far as my experience

goes; indeed of many of them I have only a single

specimen retained for my own collection as type. After

having for five years failed to get more than two or three

specimens, it seems little use waiting longer. If I

should have the good fortune to meet with a few more

specimens of any, I would not fail to remember your

needs.”

About a month later the box of specimens came to

hand, but the constant ingress of larger collections

requiring immediate attention has rendered it impossible

until now for me to undertake the identification of Mr.

Blackburn’s specimens.

The collection consists of two butterflies and twenty-

three moths referable in all to nineteen species, princi-

pally of the Micro-Lepidoptera (in Staudinger’s sense).

RHOPALOCERA.

LYCHNIDA. |

1. Polyommatus beticus (No. 170).

Papilio beticus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. (2), p. 789

(1767).

A pair.

“From memory I take this to be P. beticus, but am

not sure. I have bred it from larve feeding in pods of

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PART I. (APRIL.)

32 Mr. A. G. Butler on a small collection of

what appears to be a Melilotus. The following is a

description of the larva :—

‘Obscure olive-green, pretty thickly sprinkled with

short hairs (much the appearance of a bristly surface

badly shaved); dorsal and subdorsal lines and the

region included obscurely rosy ; head testaceous, bearing

a black V-shaped mark, which points backwards ; the

rosy markings vary in intensity, as also the ground

colour; legs of the ground colour; spiracles white.

Onisciform.’—T’. B.

HETEROCERA.

Before proceeding to the moths it may be useful to

record the probability that Wallengren’s Anthecia inflata

(Wien. Ent. Monatschr. 4, p. 172), is a Heliocheilus

(Felder) ; it is said to occur at Honolulu, but examples

have not yet been sent home by Mr. Blackburn.

LEUCANIIDA.

2. Leucania extranea (No. 167).

Leucania extranea, Guenée, Noct. i. p. 77, n. 104

(1852).

The male example now sent is very different from

typical specimens of the species, the primaries being

léss acute at apex, of a deeper colour, and crossed by

three ill-defined greyish bands, but the ordinary markings

are all present and well defined. Until, therefore, I am

able to examine and compare carefully the whole of our

very extensive series of specimens referred to this species,

and can thereby decide whether they represent one

widely distributed and variable species, or a number of

allied geographical species, it will be premature to

regard the Hawaiian form as distinct. Mr. Blackburn

speaks of it thus :—‘‘ Apparently rare, but widely distri-

buted ; I have taken it at light in Honolulu, and at rest

on a tree-trunk in Hawaii.”

GONOPTERIDA.

3. Gonitts hawatiensis, n.s. (No. 15).

Primaries sericeous reddish coffee-colour, striolated

with grey, and irrorated towards the base and on the

dise with black atoms; the external border limited

Lepidoptera from the Hawauan Islands. 33

internally by a zigzag greyish line; a very slender

brown-edged pale discal line, irregularly zigzag from

costa to second median branch, where it turns abruptly

inwards, and then in a slightly concave transverse line

to inner margin; two or three indistinct pale undulated

lines (diverging from the inner margin towards the

_ costa) across the basal half; reniform spot indicated by

a few greyish scales at the anterior angle of the cell, and

by a small pale-edged black spot at the posterior angle ;

’ fringe pale ochraceous or dull straw-yellow, traversed by

a brown stripe; secondaries greyish brown, with bronze

reflections ; costal border whitish, pearly at the base;

fringe stramineous at base, traversed by a greyish brown

stripe, and tipped with white ; thorax rather paler than

the primaries ; abdomen fuliginous-brown, with whitish

hairs at base; last four segments reddish testaceous at

the sides; primaries below greyish, shining, with

cupreous reflections, the interno-basal area whitish, a

basi-subcostal spot of ochreous, shading into a diffused

discoidal rose-coloured patch ; basal half of costal border

crossed by short oblique blackish dashes; an arched

abbreviated pale-edged blackish line from costal margin

beyond the cell to the lower radial vein, where it becomes

obsolete, the continuation as a greyish stripe being only

visible in certain lights; the wing-surface beyond this

line transversely striolated with grey, terminating near

the outer margin, as above, in a zigzag diffused line,

which indicates the inner limit of the external border ;

secondaries whitish, striated with blackish, the costal

two-fifths and a diffused interno-median longitudinal

streak washed with rosy ferruginous, and crossed by two

vague dusky bands limited externally by the two usual

dentate-sinuate discal lines, the inner one more defined

than the outer, but both of them indistinct, excepting

upon the reddish areas ; fringe rather paler than above ;

body below dull rosy brown. Expanse of wings, 35 mm.

A small species for the genus, being, both in size and

the outline of the primaries, similar to the species of

Cosmophila, though in coloration, pattern, and structure

it agrees with typical Gonittis.

‘‘ Apparently very rare. The specimen I send is

unfortunately somewhat mutilated in‘respect of legs and

antenne, but otherwise is a good type. I captured it

years ago, and have since failed to procure a second

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—paRT I. (APRIL.) F

34 Mr. A. G. Butler on a small collection of

specimen until a month ago, when I obtained a fine

one, precisely identical with the one sent, at light. Both

these specimens occurred near Honolulu.”—T. B.

Mr. Blackburn remarks that he has only seen T'oxo-

campa noctivolans on Maui.

HYPOCALIDA.

4. Hypocala velans (No. 168).

Hypocala velans, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. xiii. p. 1177,

n.d (L857):

‘** Another rare but widely-distributed insect; I have

taken it at light in Honolulu twice ; also have beaten it

from a tree near Honolulu; also have started it off rocks

on Maui. All the specimens, however, were much worn

except the one I send and another; one worn specimen

is somewhat larger than that I send, and has perfect

simple antenne. Doubtless a female.”—T. B.

The species of Hypocala seem to be remarkably con-

stant considering the close resemblance of nearly all the

species to one another; we have three examples now of

H. velans, and, although nearly allied, they can be dis-

tinguished at a glance from an Australian species

(apparently undescribed), and from the Indian H.

violacea, to which they have greater affinity than to

any others.

PYRALIDA.

5. Locastra monticolens, n. 8. (No. 158).

g. Primaries above black-brown, sprinkled with

orange scales ; with opaline white markings as follows :

a slightly iwregular belt near the base enclosing two

squamose dusky spots; a bell-shaped spot across the

cell, and an oblique abbreviated stripe, with zigzag outer

edge just beyond the cell; these markings are all bounded

externally by black lnes; immediately beyond the

oblique stripe is a small white y-shaped costal marking ;

fringe black; secondaries greyish brown, only semi-

Opaque so as to show the under-surface markings in-

distinctly through the texture of the wing; external

border blackish; thorax black, spotted with white, and

with a white stripe along each side; abdomen brown,

with white posterior margins to the segments; under

suiface of wings pale pearly dove-brown, with blackish

Lepidoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. 35

external borders; primaries with iridescent greyish in-

ternal area; a large spot in the cell, a still larger one

at the end of the cell, and an inverted falciform discal

line black; apical half of costal border white spotted

with black; secondaries with a dot in the cell, a spot at

the upper angle of the cell, a still larger spot at the pro-

_ jecting lower angle, and a subconfluent discal sinuous

series of unequal spots black; body below white ; legs

banded with black. Expanse of wings 23 mm.

The smallest species yet described; it has the usual

characteristic imdentation of the costal margin of the

primaries, but it is less strongly defined than in males of

allied species, being little more than an irregularity of

the surface near the edge of the wing. Of this species

Mr. Blackburn says :—

‘‘T have taken at different times three specimens of

this species, all flying about some precipitous cliffs,

1500 feet or so above the sea, not far from Honolulu.

They were taken by day; they appear to be of the

same sex.”

STENIIDA.

6. Metasia ? abnormis, n.s. (No. 165).

Fukginous-brown; wings with a blackish line along

the outer margin; fringes white, traversed by a blackish

line; primaries crossed near the base by a >-shaped

line, just before the middle by a sigmoidal line, and

half-way between the cell and apex by a slightly irregular

arched line, all dark brown with white borders; a

blackish dot at the end of the cell; secondaries with

basal half white, gradually shading into the brown

colour of the outer half; abdomen with white posterior

margins to the segments; wings below with fringe as

above ; primaries greyish, with slight bronze reflections,

the commencement of the third transverse line of the

upper surface visible at costa; basal area and internal

border white; secondaries white, with an abbreviated

discal stripe from the costal margin, and the apex

brown; body below white; anterior tibie and tarsi

brown above. Expanse of wings, 15 mm.

“Occurs on rocks in the bed of a mountain stream

near Honolulu, over which it flies freely in the sun-

shine.’—T. B.

36 Mr. A. G. Butler on a small collection of

Mr. Blackburn notes this as a female, and suggests

that it may be that sex of No. 155; but, although only

one rather worn example has come to hand, I cannot

think that it has anything to do with that insect ; apart

from its very different pattern, it appears to me to be

itself a male; at any rate it has as well developed an

anal tuft as in many males among the Pyrales.

I am not satisfied that I have done right in referring

this species to Metasia, for, although the structure

appears to be very nearly, if not quite, the same, the

style of coloration is nearer to that of Stenia; if, how-

ever, it were placed in that section of the family it would

have to form the type of a new genus on account of its

short palpi, and, in order satisfactorily to describe its

characters, it would be necessary to have a really good

specimen.

7. Scotomera hydrophila, n.s. (No. 168).

Pale fuliginous-brown ; primaries irrorated with black

scales; crossed at basal third by an angular almost

3-shaped brown-edged pale stripe, and half-way between

the cell and apex by a simply angulated stripe, minutely

zigzag throughout, and edged with dark brown ; between

these two stripes is a pale zigzag oblique line bounding

three small black spots, the uppermost of which’is on

the costal margin and the two others at the end of the

cell; the costal border between the oblique line and the

discal stripe is pale (whity-brown), and a spot of the

same colour is on the costal border near apex; a sub-

marginal series of externally whitish-edged black dots,

followed by a blackish marginal line; fringe whitish,

traversed by a grey stripe; secondaries paler than

primaries, with black marginal line ; fringe broader than

on primaries, but similarly coloured; primaries below

dark shining grey, with the interno-basal half white ;

costal border streaked with white ; a submarginal series

of blackish dots, followed by a whitish marginal line;

fringe brown, darker at the base; secondaries shining

sordid-white, crossed by a slender grey discal line; a

black marginal line; fringe greyish, with whitish basal

line bounded externally by a grey line ; body below pearly

white. Expanse of wings, 13 mm.

A specimen slightly larger than the type (15 mm.) is

sent under the same number, but it is much rubbed, and

Lepidoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. 37

what pattern it has left seems to differ somewhat from

that of the smaller example, so that I feel a little doubt-

ful as to its identity.

‘Occurs near a stream about twenty miles from Hono-

lola.” —T’. B.

I find that the genus Scotomera is more nearly allied

to Stenia than to anything else.

BOTIDIDA.

MESTOLOBES, 0. g.

Apparently more nearly allied to Phryganodes and

Godara than anything else, but very distinct ; the form

of the primaries most like that of Godara, with the inner

margin close to the base lobed and fringed with long

‘scales, much as in Lophopteryx; the secondaries have a

deep longitudinal fold, at the extremity of which the

outer margin is distinctly indented ; the discoidal cell of

the primaries is long, that of secondaries very short; the

typical species has a broad curled pencil of long coarse

hairs between the wings at the base; the head is large,

the palpi short and thick, the antenne thick (especially

in the type), the thorax robust, the

abdomen moderately broad, only ex-

tending a short distance beyond

the secondaries, with well-developed

anal tuft; the type with two long \

forked basal pencils of hair at /

the sides; legs rather slender,

compressed ; middle tibie coarsely

scaled, and with two long terminal spurs below, and an

acuminate terminal tuft above ; posterior tibie usually

with an expanded fan-like tuft of hair-scales above near

the extremity, with two long slender subterminal spurs,

. and a similar terminal spur below; the distal extremity

above acuminate, as in the middle tibie. Type,

M. enone.’

8. Mestolobes enone, n. 8s. (No. 155).

$. Primaries above dark fuliginous-brown, crossed

by two black-edged angulated white lines, the first zigzag

at basal fourth, the second simply elbowed, but slightly

irregular at external fourth; a submarginal cream-

38 Mr. A. G. Butler on a small collection of

coloured stripe, bounding a marginal series of externally

white-pupilled black spots; fringe whitish, spotted with

grey, and with a black basal line; a black lunule at the

end of the cell; secondaries creamy white, with a large

quadrate apical blackish spot separated from the outer

margin by a slender white line ; beyond this is a slender

abbreviated black line at the base of the fringe, which is

white, faintly tipped at apex with grey ; basal hair-pencil

white ; lateral forked hair-pencils white, tipped with

black; head white ; antenne brown above, white below ;

thorax blackish, with the borders of the tegule white ;

abdomen with the basal segments white, the other

segments blackish edged with white; anal tuft testaceous ;

primaries below with the basal third cream-coloured, the

internal border white, the remainder of the wing brown,

shot with bluish grey; two cream-coloured costal spots,

the first only separated by a narrow oblique brown line

from the basal area, the second larger and placed just

beyond the middle of the costa; (a slightly curved in-

distinct whitish submarginal line)*; a sharply-defined

whitish marginal line; fringe pale brown, with a black

basal line; secondaries below cream-coloured; a large

grey lunate spot from costal margin to subcostal fork ; a

grey apical spot; fringe as above; body below cream-

coloured; anterior tibize and tarsi banded above with

black; middle tibie banded above near the base;

posterior tibie with the fan-like tuft of hair black,

tipped with white on its upper surface. Expanse of

wings, 138 mm.

Two specimens.

“This species occurs on rocks in the bed of a moun-

tain stream near Honolulu, over which it flies freely in

the sunshine.” —7'. B.

9. Mestolobes simethina, n. s. (No. 157).

Dark fuliginous-brown, sericeous; basal fourth of

primaries darker and bounded externally by a blackish

line, and followed almost immediately by a transverse

bracket-shaped black-edged white or testaceous stripe; a

second angulated externo-discal stripe beginning in a

pale yellowish costal dash, and continued as a series of

* Perhaps due to abrasion.

Lepidoptera from the Hawatian Islands. 39

white dots to the inner margin; between these two

stripes is an abbreviated crinkled black-edged testaceous

stripe, which crosses the end of the cell; a marginal

series of black-edged white dots; fringe grey, black at

base, and traversed by a slender white line; secondaries

with the basal two-thirds paler; a large ovoid mealy

yellow patch on the costal area of the male, and resting

upon it a broad basal pencil of curly pale yellow and

white hairs ; fringe broad, white, traversed near the base

by a black stripe, and broadly tipped with grey; abdo-

men of the male with ochraceous basal segments; anal

tuft banded with white at the base; primaries below

grey, with bronze reflections, inner border broadly

silvery white; an indication of the white discal stripe

of the upper surface ; fringe almost as above ; secondaries

sordid creamy whitish, with grey discal stripe and

external border; fringe nearly as above; body below

creamy whitish; palpi blackish; anterior tibie and

tarsi banded above with black. Expanse of wings,

13 mm.

‘‘Two specimens, male and female, on rocks in the

beds of mountain streams, high up in the mountains ;

flies freely in the sunshine.”—T7’. B.

Until I had carefully examined the structure of this

species I mistook it for a Simethis or Orosana ; it, how-

ever, possesses the distinctive characters of Mestolobes,

differing only from the typical species in the absence of

the lateral abdominal hair-pencils and the tibial tufts of

the posterior legs; each of the three species differs

in its brush ornamentation, and on that account some

authors would doubtless regard them as types of different

genera.

10. Mestolobes semiochrea, n.s. (No. 156).

$. Primaries with the basal third whitish, minutely

irrorated with grey, and bounded externally by a nearly-

straight white line, followed immediately by a_ black

stripe, upon which are four small buff-coloured dots, two

black dots placed obliquely from costal margin near the

base; external two-thirds greyish brown, mottled with

whity-brown ; a slender angulated and undulated externo-

discal blackish line, bordered outwardly with whitish,

and commencing upon the costa in a small buff spot; a

40 Mr. A. G. Butler on a small collection of

subapical costal blackish reniform spot, followed by a

buff-coloured apical spot; a submarginal series of black

dots, followed by a slender buff-coloured marginal line ;

fringe buff-coloured, with a black basal stripe, and tipped

with black; secondaries pale ochreous, with two bi-

sinuated parallel blackish marginal lines; body above

pale brown; abdomen with the basal segments whitish,

the other segments black-edged; under surface pale

creamy buff; primaries with two black costal spots,

between which the. margin is grey, the costal margin

towards the base blackish; apex and external area »

broadly grey, two white costal spots; fringe greyish,

with blackish lines as above; secondaries with a small

costal grey lunule at apical third, and a few indistinct

dots along the margin; fringe greyish, excepting at the

base; body whitish ; legs white; the tibie and anterior

tarsi with black ornamentation above almost as in

M. enone, but the bands narrower. Expanse of wings,

13. mm.

‘The female is unknown to me. I have taken two or

three specimens singly in mountain localities near Hono-

lulu.”—T'. B.

This species curiously resembles the female of Mecyna

exigua in coloration.

11. Scopula constricta, n.s. (No. 108).

Allied to S. dipsasalis of New Zealand, but still more

closely to S. fulvalis of Europe; from dark examples of

the latter species it differs im its still darker, redder, and

more sericeous primaries, the macular character of the

black limes upon both surfaces, the narrow D-shaped

character of the reniform spot, the smaller and more

rounded orbicular spot, the sharply-defined and larger

black submarginal spots, the slightly paler and distinctly

more sericeous colouring of the secondaries, the reddish

brown coloration of the thorax and palpi, the con-

siderably greater length of these organs, the rust-red

colour of the tibizw and tarsi, and of the costal border of

primaries on the under surface: lastly, in the very

distinct black maculation of the under surface of the

wings, the ordinary blackish discal line being replaced

by a series of black spots. Expanse of wings, 22—

24 mm. .

Lepidoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. 4]

“This curious insect was bred from a small batch of

green larve feeding between spun together leaves of a

plant growing high up the mountains near Honolulu. I

found Deilephila calida feeding on the same plant. Pupa

in a rather firm cocoon of leaves and silk. I note a

peculiar character in this. . . species in the strong and

abrupt contraction of one of the middle segments of the

hind body: this is even more conspicuous when the

insect is alive than when it isdead and dry. The female

has simple slender antenne.’—T7'. B.

SCOPARTIDA.

12. Scoparia coarctata, Zeller, var ? montana (No. 160).

This is certainly conspecific with the example pre-

viously received (No. 102); it differs from European

examples in the less evidently angulated upper extremity

of the externo-discal white line of the primaries, and in

the blackish instead of white internally conical outer

border of these wings; this blackish border, which

is doubtless an exaggeration of the submarginal series

of black spots, is interrupted close to the margin by a

delicate undulated white line representing the straight

white line of typical S. coarctata; the costal margin of

the primaries is also a little shorter, and the outer

margin straighter. HExpanse of wings, 15 mm.

‘Occurs on the mountains of Honolulu, but rarely.”

—T. B.

The specimen of this species previously received ‘was

a little rubbed, and therefore I unhesitatingly identified

it as S. coarctata, to which it bears a close resemblance ;

the example now forwarded, however, shows distinct

colour-characters on the external area of the primaries

(which in the first specimen were wholly obliterated) ; it

moreover agrees with the first specimen received in its

slightly inferior size and more truncated primaries; I

therefore now feel some hesitation in regarding it even

as a variety of Zeller’s species.

TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1882.—PART I. (APRIL.) G

42 Mr. A. G. Butler on a small collection of

CRAMBIDA.

13. Eromene bella (No. 108).

Tinea bella, Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett. v., Tin. ii.,

Pyralidiformes B., fig. 60.

‘Apparently very rare. I have taken two specimens

at long intervals, both in Honolulu.”—T. B.

The specimen forwarded agrees well with European

examples.

TORTRICIDA.

14. Teras illepida, n. s. (No. 99).

Primaries above reddish clay-coloured, reticulated all

over and dotted with dark grey; two distinct lines of the

same colour. across the external third, the inner one

running obliquely inwards towards the. costa, widely

bisinuated, the outer one nearly straight, running from

costal to outer margin (near the external angle); a

minute inconspicuous black dot at the end of the cell ;

fringe greyish, with a slender whitish basal line;

secondaries dark greyish brown, pale grey towards the

base, and with silvery white costal border; the dark

brown area obscurely spotted with blackish; fringe

white, greyish at apex, and with a very slender dusky

subbasal line; body reddish clay-coloured, the centre of

the abdomen black; primaries below shining blackish

brown ; the costal border and apex white, reticulated

with dark brown; fringe as above, but with a bronze

reflection ; internal border silvery whitish ; secondaries

shining silvery or greyish white, the apical two-thirds

striated with black; fringe white, tipped with grey at

apex ; body below silvery white; palpi and upper surface

of anterior and middle tibizw ferruginous; the tarsi of

these legs above brown, minutely annulated with white.

Expanse of wings, 17 mm.

“Tn neighbourhood of Honolulu; rare.’”—T7. B.

This species seems a little aberrant, the primaries

being narrower than usual towards the base; the palpi

are deflexed in the specimen forwarded (which is unfor-

tunately a little broken), but without seeing more

examples I cannot decide whether this is their natural:

position.

Lepidoptera from the Hawaran Islands. 43

15. Proteopteryx walsinghami, n. 8. (No. 161).

Smoky brown; wings with cream-coloured fringe,

traversed by a slender dusky line; primaries with a

costal series of small oblique black dashes with greyish

borders; external border blackish, bounded internally

and divided into three parts by three slightly curved

silvery grey lines; central area from dorsal margin

to second median branch clouded with blackish, and

crossed by a silvery greyish oblique band enclosing a

slender blackish line; a cuneiform black spot within the

-end of the cell; remaining areas traversed by parallel

slender dark brown lines directed backwards from the

costa; secondaries with the basi-costal area whitish

brown ; basal area slightly pale; a slender whitish mar-

ginal line; body brownish testaceous; under surface

shining fuliginous-brown ; fringe greyish; costal border

of primaries pale buff, spotted with blackish ; posterior

legs silvery whitish. Expanse of wings, 12 mm.

“Tn the neighbourhood of Honolulu.”—T’. B.

Mr. Blackburn thinks that: this species may not be

rare, but ‘“‘only overlooked’’; it is much like typical

P. blackburnii in the pattern of the primaries above ; but

these wings are altogether browner in colour ; the pattern

and coloration of the under surface, particularly of the

secondaries, is very dissimilar.

TINEIDA.

16. Tinea simulans, n. s. (No. 159).

In colour and pattern almost exactly like Gcophora

picarella of New Zealand, but allied to Tinea picarella

and T. nigralbella of Europe; primaries above milky

white, with black markings as follows: a cuneiform spot

at base of costal border, and a small spot. at base of

submedian vein; a transverse oblong abbreviated band,

to the infero-internal angle of which a short oblique

dash is attached, at basal third; two small spots close to

the middle of costal and dorsal margins, a small spot at

external angle ;.the remaining spots are connected and

form a slightly irregular K-shaped character, extending

from between the two central spots to the extremity of

the fringe; secondaries silvery grey; head and thorax

above white; shoulders black; abdomen shining grey ;

44 Mr. A. G. Butler on a small collection of

under surface shining silvery grey, with slight «neous

reflections. Expanse of wings, 16—20 mm.

Two examples ; Honolulu.

ELACHISTIDA.

17. Laverna parda ? Butler, var. montivolans (No. 162).

This form only differs in the grey instead of yellow

colour of its head from the variety (No. 127) described

by me last year (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 7,

p. 406); it agrees with that form in size, tint, and the

distinctness of the black spots on the primaries, and

when compared with typical L. parda makes me inclined

to doubt my former conclusion that the difference in size

and coloration was due to variation. I now think it

quite possible that the two forms will prove to be speci-

fically distinct.

‘In mountain localities near Honolulu.”—T. B.

18. Laverna aspersa, n. s. (No. 106).

Primaries above chalky white, three conspicuous dark

brown costal spots upon the basal three-fifths of the

border, and a longitudinal series of more or less hastate

dark brown spots from base to duter margin through the

interno-median area; the whole area between these two

series (from base to apex) conspicuously spotted with

small elongated testaceous spots with dark brown centres ;

secondaries shining silvery ; body above white; antenne

brownish, excepting at the base; wings below shining

bronze-brown ; primaries with white costal fringe ; body

below silvery white, metallic. Expanse of wings, 12mm.

‘*In mountain localities near Honolulu.” —T. B.

PTEROPHORIDA.

19. Platyptilus littoralis, n. s. (No. 169).

Nearest to P. falcatalis of New Zealand, but differing

in the colour of its legs, in the shape of the black patch

at the end of the cell of primaries, and in the much less

conspicuous and less purely white submarginal stripe ;

it is also allied to P. zetterstedtti. Primaries above pale

golden brown, with slightly darker oblique mottlings ;

the base of median vein and a longitudinal central streak

Lepidoptera from the Hawauan Islands. 45

spotted with dark brown; costal border to apical fifth

blackish, spotted with elongated whitish spots; a small

white dash at the end of the cell, and above and beyond

it a large diamond-shaped black-brown patch (answering

to the ordinary triangular spot of the genus); the

angular outer edge of this patch forms an internal

boundary to a broad ochraceous belt, divided by the

~ usual cleft, and enclosing close to its outer edge (answer-

ing to the submarginal stripe of P. falcatalis) a series of

elongated black spots ; two more slender black spots or

dashes are upon the costal margin; external border

smoky brown ; secondaries shining greyish brown ; body

above rather pale brown ; palpi blackish ; abdomen with

a white-edged conical black spot on each side at the

base; the remaining segments brown at the sides,

mottled with black; anterior femora and tibie black

above, the latter white at the base ; tarsi wholly white ;

middle femora dark brown; tibie black, banded with

white; tarsi white; posterior femora dark brown ; tibize

and two basal joints of tarsi black; terminal joints

white ; wings below greyish brown, shining ; primaries

with a diffused ferruginous spot, followed by an oblique

ochreous costal spot, beyond the cell; a slender inter-

rupted submarginal white line; body below pale buff;

legs below creamy white, banded with black at the knees

and tibial jomts. Expanse of wings, 22 mm.

One example.

‘Occurring on shores of a small mountain lake near

Honolulu.” —T. B.

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III. Descriptions of the insects infesting the seeds of Ficus

Sycomorus and Carica. By J. O. Westwoop, M.A.,

Uh Fs ae 0

[Read February Ist, 1882.]

Puates II., III., IV. and V.

Ir is with much pleasure that I forward to the Entomo-

logical Society the completion of a memoir on the

insects infesting the seeds of Ficus Sycomorus and Carica

in Egypt and the South of Europe, of which the first

portion was read before the Society on the 2nd January,

1837, and was published in the second volume of the

Transactions of the Society. It is entirely due to the

zeal and untiring perseverance of Sir Sidney 8. Saunders

that I am enabled to make this additional communication

to the Society, accompanied by the extensive series of

illustrations representing the structural details of some

of the most remarkable hymenopterous insects hitherto

discovered, of which the sexes of a most anomalous

character are now clearly ascertained. This gentleman

has placed in my hands not only numbers of specimens,

both dead and alive, of the two species of insects de-

scribed in my memoir on Caprification, but has also

made and allowed me unlimited use of a large series

of microscopical preparations and dissections of the

insects, exhibiting the most remarkable portions of their

organisation.

In the Linnean cabinet is contained a number of

winged specimens of the females of the species which I

described and figured in my former paper under the

name of Blastophaga Sycomori (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

ii., pl. xx., fig. 4). With these were also preserved several

small, almost shapeless, apterous insects, respecting

which both Mr. Haliday (who assisted me in examining

these insects) and myself were unable to arrive at any

satisfactory conclusion, regarding them as undeveloped

monsters of some kind, and not supposing it possible,

from analogy with all other known species of insects in

which the females are winged, that these little creatures

TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1882.—PART I. (APRIL)

48 Prof. Westwood on insects infesting the

could be the wingless males of Cynips Psenes or

~C. Sycomori.

The memoir of Sir 8. 8. Saunders, published in our

Transactions for 1878, p. 3138, has shown satisfactorily

that not only are these little wingless creatures the

legitimate males of the Blastophaga, but also that the

Sycocrypta of M. Coquerel (Rev. et Mag. Zool., 2nd ser.,

vii., 365 and 422, pl. 10, fig. 8) is the male of a species

of Blastophaga, as well as that the two species of

Apocrypta of Coquerel (ibid., pl. 20, figs 1 and 2) are the

males of my genus Sycophaga, of which only the female

(S. crassipes, Westw., op. supr., pl. xx., fig. 5) was

known, and of which the Chalcis explorator of Coquerel

(pl. 10, fig. 4) is certainly another female.

In my former memoir I pointed out the relationship of

these insects with Agaon paradoxwn of Dalman, and

added that the curious little group which I described

were “‘ certainly referable to the Chalcidide rather than

to the Proctotrupide,”’ but that, from their fruit-feeding

habits and various anomalous portions of their structure,

I hesitated to name any particular group of the former

family to which they ought to be considered as most

nearly allied.

M. Coquerel, in describing several species of fig

insects, and unacquainted with my former memoir,

regarded them as belonging to the Heterogyna of Latreille,

but he hesitated between the opinion of Shuckard, who

considered my Typhlopone as being composed of the

females of Labidus and Scleroderma as wingless females

of Myzine, and that of myself, who considered Typhlo-

pone as neuter Formicide, and Scleroderma as belonging

to the Bethylides. .

M. Coquerel, however, adds :—‘‘ Je crois cependant

que l’avis de M. Shuckard finira par prévaloir. Je dois

me borner, pour aujourd’hui, a faire connaitre trois

insectes singuliers que j’ai recueillis a l’ile Bourbon et

que je regarde comme les femelles aveugles et aptéres de

quelque male ailé et inconnu, et qui me _ paraissent

devoir prendre place a coté des Scleroderma.” Of these

little apterous insects M. Coquerel found ‘‘ une infinité ”’

inside the figs, in which he also found the ‘petits

Chalcidites,” which ‘‘ volaient 4 l’entour,” the former

living ‘‘péle-méle avec les Chalcidites, qui selon toute

apparence s’étaient developpés a leurs depens.”’

The researches of Sir §. 8. Saunders have fully proved

seeds of Ficus Sycomorus and Carica. 49

that M. Coquerel’s supposed wingless females are the

wingless males of winged females, and that they certainly

are not parasitic on their winged partners. My two

memoirs on Scleroderma, published in our Transactions

(vol. ii. and 1881), and the illustrations of the sexes of

Scleroderma given in my ‘Thesaurus Entomologicus ’

(Pl. 31), will equally show that whilst Scleroderma is

referable to the Bethylides, the fig-insects have no real

relationship therewith.

Discarding then the supposed relationship of these

fig-insects with the Heterogyna of Latreille, as well as

with the Bethylideous Scleroderme, we must search

for their genuine allies in the other great divisions of the

Spiculiferous Terebrantia (see my Introd. Mod. Class.,

Ins. ii. p. 124), namely, the gall-feeding Cynipide, with a

subspiral ovipositor ; or the parasitic Ichneumonidae, with

a straight ovipositor and straight multiarticulate an-

tenne having a short basal jomt; or the parasitic

Chalcidide, with a straight ovipositor and more or less

elbowed few-jointed antenne, having a long basal joint.

The difficulty attending the adoption of a classification

in which either structure or economy is implicitly adopted,

is well shown in some of these Terebrant groups, whether

families or genera. Thus in the vegetable-feeding gall-

making Cynipide we have species which are parasitic on

other insects, as is the case with the little species of my

genus Allotria, of which I observed a female in the act of

ovipositing in the body of a rose-aphis, and subsequently

reared specimens hatched from infested Aphides. Other

parasitic species of Cynipide are also recorded in my

‘Introduction ’ il., p. 182.

We thus see that Phytophagism is no bar for the

exclusion of parasitism as an exclusive character of the

Cynipide ; but the structure of the fig-insects, especially

as shown in the females (whose character must be con-

sidered as more truly normal than that of the males),

recedes so entirely from that of the Cynipide that we

cannot for a moment adopt the suggestion that the fig-

insects are Cynipide ; in fact, although phytophagists,

they are certainly not gallicolists.

With the parasitic Ichnewnonide and Chalcidide it

might be urged that they are more nearly related, not-

withstanding their plant-feeding habits; and here again

we are led not to place too much weight upon economy,

from the fact that some species of Hwrytoma (next to

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—pPaRT I. (APRIL.) H

50 Prof. Westwood on insects infesting the

which genus Latreille placed Dalman’s Agaon) are plant-

feeders ; this is well ascertained to be the case with Hury-

toma hordei, fulvipes, tritici and secalis, the larve of

which infest wheat-stalks, and are well known in America

underthe name of the ‘‘joint-worm’”’; and I have described

and figured, in the ‘ Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1869, p. 1230,

a species of Hurytoma which feeds upon and destroys the

bulbs of a Brazilian Cattleyia. Hence M. Coquerel had no

hesitation, in describing the female of one of his fig-insects,

to give it the name of Chalcis ? explorator, and it is im-

possible to compare his figure of that insect (op. cit.,

Pl. x., fig. 4), or mine of Sycophaga crassipes (Pl. i.,

fio. 2), with a female Callimome and not be convinced

that the fig-species are most closely related to Callimome

(many of the species of which are parasites on some of

the gall-making Cynipide) ; the structure of the antenn

(even to the minute articulations following the second

joint), the fusion of the three terminal joints of these

organs, the structure of the wings and wing-veins, and

the long exserted straight ovipositor, sufficiently prove

that these insects must be placed in the great family

Chalcidide. These characters also seem to me to forbid the

union of the fig-insects with the Ichnewmonide, which have

long, multiarticulate, straight, equal-jointed, antenne,

more strongly-veined wings, and of which the majority

of the species are of a much larger size, together with

the absence of metallic colours of the body (which is seen

in some of the fig-insects) ; whilst none of the Ichneu-

monide, I believe, are known to be otherwise than para-

sitic on other insects.

Mr. Walker, in his ‘ Notes on Chalcidie’ (as he terms

the Chalcidide), has adopted (without acknowledgment)

my opinion of the relation of these insects with Agaon,

and has formed them into an uncharacterised family,

Agaonide. He speaks of them (p. 59) as the ‘‘most

rudimentary form of the tribe, or the earliest created

among them, or the first ‘ won from the void and form-

less infinite.’”? He adds that Coquerel supposed that

they have their place next to Scleroderma, which, he

affirms, has ‘‘no near affinity with the Bethylide, and

which has been supposed by some to belong to the

Mutillide, and by others to be the female of Myzine. It

has some resemblance to the female Australian and

South American Thynni, and by these connections the

primitive and semichaotic forms discovered by Dr.

seeds of Ficus Sycomorus and Carica. 51

Coquerel expand into the numerous and powerful tribe of

Aculeate Hymenoptera, surpassing other insects in in-

tellect, of which the wasp and the bee are the most

familiar examples, though a great part control other

orders of insects by using them as food for their young”!

A relation with Typhlopone and Dichthadia is then

_ suggested, ‘‘and thereby the multitudinous tribe of ants,

whose economy is so remarkable, emerges from the blind

and radical Apocrypte and Sycocrypte, the perpetual

dwellers in the interior of figs. But the affinity of these

two genera to the Chalcidie is more evident, and appears

by several connecting links in the Agaonide; and thus

the near relations to the general ancestors of the

thousands, and perhaps tens of thousands, of the Chal-

cidié species, the tribe being considered in unity, are

cradled in figs ””!! Believers in the doctrine of evolution

may well pray to be defended from such friends as the

writer of these passages.

Mr. Walker has described several new genera of fig-

insects from Hindostan, observed in the fruit of Ficus

indica by Sir Walter Elliot, one of which is asserted to

resemble ‘some Hymenoptera and Termes, or the white

ant, in having a working class as well as males and

females.” This is probably the species which he next

describes under the name of Sycobia bethyloides, giving

separate descriptions of the female and “ neuter ?,

worker?” He gives no description of the male; and as

he was ignorant of the connection between the sexes of

the already described species of fig-insects, I apprehend

that his neuters or workers are in reality wingless males

of a distinct group.

Sycophaga crassipes. (Plates II. and III.)

Westw., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. u., p. 222.

Of this species both sexes have been received in con-

siderable numbers from Egypt, infesting the seeds of

Ficus Sycomorus, by Sir Sidney 8. Saunders.

Description of the male.—The males are long, narrow,

subdepressed insects having much the appearance of a

small pale-coloured species of Staphylinide without

elytra or wings, and with a pair of elongated setose anal

appendages. The head is oblong, depressed, with the

sides parallel; the anterior margin of the upper side of

52 Prof. Westwood on insects infesting the

the head has a deflexed point, whilst its front margin on

the lower side has a deep impression on each side, within

which the mandibles are affixed (Plate I., figs. 10, 11;

and Plate II1., fig. 12). In the second of these figures

the buccal opening is seen, looking obliquely into the

mouth; near the base of each of the antenne is a black

patch, which cannot be regarded as the rudimental eyes ;

and there are five dark-coloured longitudinal narrow

streaks running along the whole length of the head.

The eyes are entirely wanting in the males, nor have

I been able to detect any rudiment of the maxille and

labium or palpi.

The mandibles, on the contrary, are very powerful,

horny, trigonate, with the apex acute and curved, and

the inner margin armed with two sharp conical teeth.

The antenne are very short, not one-third of the length

of the head, composed apparently of only three joints,

the basal one very large, broadly ovate and depressed,

the second very small and obconic, and the third ovate-

conic, apparently formed of three anchylosed joints, the

first indicated by two rather strong but minute bristles, and

the third apparently being a sort of very minute terminal

nipple (see figs. 10, 12, and 14). The base of the head

has a small transverse horny subovate kind of socket, by

which it is attached in the cavity of the anterior margin

of the prothorax.

‘The prothorax is nearly equal in size to the head,

with the anterior angles rounded off; on the under side

it is shortened for the insertion of the basal joint of the

fore legs; the meso- and metathorax together are rather

larger than the prothorax. The mesothorax is some-

what shield-shaped, truncated at its extremity on the

upper side between the coxe of the middle legs; it has a

depression across its centre, an impressed line running

from its base to join this impression. ‘The metathorax

is shorter, more transverse, with the sides rounded, the

posterior angles removed in order to allow the insertion

of the posterior cox. ‘These segments exhibit no traces

of elytra or wings. ‘The legs are all short and very

robust; as their structure affords specific distinctions

with reference to other species of fig-insects (of which I

possess a considerable number from different species of

Indian and Ceylonese figs) I have been very careful in

giving correct representations of them; the various

figures in the plates illustrating this paper having been

seeds of Ficus Sycomorus and Carica. 53

made by the camera and reduced toa scale. The fore

legs are represented in fig. 19, the middle ones in fig. 20,

and the hind ones in fig. 21.

The cox in all these legs are very large, flattened,

and oval in form, the trochanters very small, the femora

large, flattened, and ovate; the tibize are about the

_ length of the femora, armed beyond the middle and at

the extremity with a number of short strong spines ; the

tarsi are five-jomted, the four basal joints very short,

the fifth longer, subclavate, and the ungues are strong,

the base of each on the inner edge being dilated and

flattened. A minute pulvillus exists between the ungues,

but is concealed by the dilated bases of the latter. The

abdomen is elongated, flattened, very movable, the

joints having the posterior margin produced on each

side into an acute point, allowmg much lateral motion

in this part of the body. It is composed of seven joints,

the first of which is small in consequence of the dilata-

tion of the posterior coxe. The terminal segment has

the middle of its hind margin rounded, slightly pro-

duced backwards and entire (figs. 8 and 15), and is armed

with two elongated villose cerci destitute of articulations,

each terminating in an acute point. The base of each of

these cerci is internally in communication with a gigantic

trachea, which, in transparently mounted specimens,

may be traced backwards as far as the prothorax. The

male organs of generation are generally retracted within

the extremity of the abdomen, as shown in figs. 1, 8, and

15, in which they are represented as seen in trans-

parently mounted individuals ; in figs. 16 and 17 these

organs are exserted, and are seen to consist of a very

slender tube, which is armed with two very minute

genital claspers or oblong flattened appendages, having

three or four exceedingly small curved teeth at their

extremity ; (fig. 18 represents the extremity of one of

these claspers with three of its little teeth).

Description of the female-—The female Sycophaga is

represented in fig. 2, drawn by camera from a living

specimen sitting quietly on the under side of the glass

cover of the little box in which it was placed. Its various

parts are therefore represented in their proper relative

proportions, which is desirable to be borne in mind

whilst comparing this figure with the original repre-

sentation of the upper side of the female in Trans. Ent.

54 Prof. Westwood on insects infesting the

Soc. Lond. ii., Pl. xx., fig. 5. The head is semiovate, sub-

convex, having an occipital groove down the centre. The

eyes are of moderate size, near the posterior angles of

the head. I have not detected the ocelli. The mandibles

are small, subtrigonate, the apex curved and acute, and

the base dilated externally. The other inferior parts of

the mouth are represented in my former plate in vol. 1.

The antenne are rather longer than the head, and

consist of a large basal joint, the second being about

half the length of the preceding, and affixed in an

elbowed position ; the third joint is very minute; the

fourth is much smaller either than the second or fifth,

which latter, with the five following nearly equal-sized

joints are slightly thickened to the last, and the three

terminal joints are more closely soldered together (as in

the majority of the Chalcidide), the terminal joint

having several minute bristles just below its apex, which

is subconical (figs. 5 and 6). The thorax is oblong-

ovate, the prothoracic collar large and somewhat tri-

gonate and subdepressed. The wings extend beyond the

extremity of the body; the fore wings with the ordinary

deflexed cubitus subclavate, and descending rather

obliquely into the disc of the wing (fig. 7). The legs

are of moderate length, the anterior (fig. 22) and the

posterior (fig. 24) having the femora very much thickened,

with the tibiz very short, terminating in strong curved

spines, and armed with elongated calcaria, which are

bifid at the tip im the anterior legs. The middle pair of

legs (fig. 23) in this sex are longer and much more

slender than any of the others, with long tibie and tarsi,

the former having a long, slender, acute calcar. The

tarsi are twice the length of the tibie in the fore and

hind legs, whilst they are equal in length to them in the

middle feet. The abdomen is carinated beneath, not

quite so broad as the thorax, and the ovipositor is as

long as the thorax and abdomen united.

In figs. 8 and 4 I have represented two incidents in

the lives of these insects of considerable interest. Fig. 3

shows the terminal portion of the body of a male, of

which the head and thorax have penetrated into one of

the fig-seeds in search of the enclosed female ; whilst in

fig. 4 I have represented the female in the act of

escaping from the seed in which it has been reared (the

aperture of which has been artificially widened to show

the position of the enclosed female, of which the three

seeds of Ficus Sycomorus and Carica. 55

filaments of the ovipositor are seen to be curled under

the body, and to extend in front of and backwards over

the head).

Blastophaga Psenes. (Plates IV. and V.)

Cynips Psenes, Linn., Syst. Nat. 1., p. 919.

C. Sycomort, Linn. Mus. (ex parte); Westw., Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond vol. ii., p. 221 (Blastophaga Sycomort).

Blastophaga grossorum, Gravenhorst.

Description of the male.-—Specimens of the males of this

Species were preserved with the females in the Linnean

Cabinet, agreeing with the specimens reared from Corfu

and Montpellier figs by Sir Sidney Saunders, which have

afforded me the means of supplying so extensive a series

of illustrations of this most anomalous creature. It is

about a line long, and of a fulvous colour, so that it is

with difficulty observed lying amongst the seeds of the

fig of Ficus Carica. Fig. 32 shows the general appear-

ance of the insect, with the extremity of its body curved

beneath the breast; fig. 83 represents it more magni-

fied, and lying a little on one side; fig. 34 shows the

abdomen stretched out horizontally; and fig. 35 the

same part, with all the very retractile segments of the

male organ extended to their full length, drawn from a

living specimen.

The head is small and rounded, with two black lateral

nearly rounded eyes; the front margin of the head is

truncated, with an angular impression in the centre.

The mandibles are small, but strong and subquadrate,

with two acute teeth at the apex (fig. 42). The other

parts of the mouth appear to be entirely wanting.

The antenne are very small (fig. 50), and consist of

three joints, of which the first and second are obconic

and nearly equal in size, the second having its basal

portion on the inside more emarginate; the terminal

joint is ovate, with a number of small bristles near the

apex. The thorax is rather oblong, convex, with the

prothoracic portion or collar very large; the mesothorax

narrow and short; the metathorax longer, transverse,

with a deep impression on each side (apparently to allow

the upward free motion of the posterior cox), and with a

spiracle distinctly visible behind each lateral impression.

There is not the slightest trace of wings or wing-

56 Prof. Westwood on insects infesting the

covers. The legs are varied in structure; the anterior

(fig. 37) are very short, but very robust, with the thighs

greatly swollen, the tibia very short and subtrigonate,

the apical angles produced into curved spines ; the fore

tarsi are also very short, with two basal joints of minute

size closely soldered together, the terminal joint clavate,

with the ungues very robust, each armed with a strong

tooth on the inside. The middle legs (fig. 88), on the con-

trary, are long and slender, with the joints of the normal

size, the tarsi long and composed of five well-defined

joints ; the hind legs (fig. 39) have the femora and tibie

thickened, resembling those of the fore legs, but the

tarsi are twice the length of the tibie and five-jointed,

with strong terminal ungues. The abdomen is convex,

rather wider than the thorax, with three large basal

joints; the following being gradually narrowed and

ordinarily bent beneath the thorax (figs. 34 and 35). In

fig. 34, which is drawn from a transparently-mounted

individual, the male genital organ is seen to be retracted

within the abdomen nearly throughout its entire length.

In fig. 36 the extremity of the male organ is detached, the

apex of the penetrating portion slightly bifid, and extend-

ing beyond the extremity of the preceding tubular portion.

The pair of minute claspers seen in the male of

Sycophaga were not observed in the male Blastophaga.

' Description of the female. — Referring to the general

description of this sex given in my former paper, various

additional details merit attention. The head (fig. 40) is

nearly round, with the eyes large and strongly granu-

lated. The mandibles (fig. 46), seen sideways, are affixed

as usual, and are opened and closed by the ordinary

muscles at the basal angle. The large serrated appen-

dages described as palpi by Gravenhorst are not

separately movable, not being articulated at the point

of their connection with the base of the mandibles;

consequently, when the mandibles close, the appendages

(which lie flat on the under side of the head) are pro-

jected more obliquely towards the sides of the head, and

when the mandibles are opened the appendages are

brought nearer together, the serratures on the appen-

dages thus probably acting as files or saws in assisting

the insect in escaping through the opening which it has

commenced making through the walls of the pericarp of

the fig in which it has been reared.

seeds of Ficus Sycomorus and Carica. 57

In figs. 40, 45, and 47 the maxille (which are repre-

sented as detached, and seen in two different positions in

figs. 48 and 49), are seen to protect the middle part of

the lower mouth organ or labium, which arises from an

elongated slender mentum, and is apparently articulated

in its middle; the organs extend backwards almost to

the base of the head (fig. 40), and are protected by two

auxiliary corresponding pieces, which ordinarily stand

upright (vertically), but which are seen in the figure

lying flat, the one on the left side being partially hidden

by the serrated appendage of the mandible on that side

of the head ; these are also seen in fig. 45 extending as

far back as the base of the head. I have never met

with any similar pieces in any other insect, and cannot

conjecture what may be their analogous structure

or use, except as defences of the delicate lower parts of

the mouth. Fig. 41 represents the upper side of the

head of the female, with the antenne and mandibles

removed, showing the central deflexed point of the

clypeus, the ocelli, and the two black hastate spine-like

spots near the insertion of the antenne. Fig. 43 shows

part of the front of the head of the female, with the

mandibles and antenne removed, exhibiting the notched

sockets on each side for the insertion of the base of the

mandibles. Fig. 44 shows the deflexed anterior margin

of the clypeus.

The antenne in this sex (fig. 51) are of moderate

length, the basal joint being robust and somewhat

conical; the second joint of moderate size, much

narrowed at the base; the third joint very small, as 1s

also the fourth, but this latter is furnished with a

subulated lobe on its outer edge; the eight remaining

joints are distinct, and nearly of equal size and thick-

ness, the three terminal ones not being soldered into a

mass, as in many Chalcidide.

The fore wings are of large size, with the cubitus

rather obliquely deflexed into the disc of the wing (fig. 52).

The legs are unequal in size and form ; the fore legs are

robust (fig. 54), with a strong femur, very short thickened

tibia, and long five-joited tarsus, with strong curved

ungues, and a large pulvillus; the middle legs (fig. 55)

are of the ordinary form, the femora slightly thickened

in the middle, the tibiz long and slender, and the tarsus

as long as the tibia, with a still larger pulvillus; the

hind legs (fig. 56) have the femur short and much dilated

TRANS. ENT. SOc. 1882.—PART I. (APRIL.) I

58 Prof. Westwood on insects infesting the

' towards its base; the tibia very short, armed at its

extremity with a large tridentate calcar, and the tarsus

resembling that of the fore leg.

The abdomen is compressed, with the ovipositor extend-

ing about one-third of its length beyond the extremity.

Its composition is shown in fig. 538, where the parts

have been separated by pressure. The basal portions

of its component parts are thus seen to be semicircularly

curved and dilated ; this is especially the case with the

two slender lateral sheaths, which are a little dilated

and twisted in the middle, the tips being obtuse and

finely setose; whilst the central spicula is acute at the

tip, with its middle portion resting within the bifid

terminal ventral segment of the abdomen.

My figures 25 to 31 illustrate certain interesting points

in the economy of this remarkable insect. Fig. 25

represents the fig of Ficus Carica from Corfu and Mont-

pellier. Fig. 26 represents the minute, white, fleshy, larva

taken from within one of the seeds of this fig. Fig. 27

represents the female pupa taken from the interior of a

fig-seed, and fig. 28 the pupa of a male. Fig. 29 repre-

sents the female pupa rolled up within the seed; fig. 30

a female escaping from one of the seeds in which she

had been reared ; and fig. 31 represents a male exserting

his generative organ into a fig-seed which contained the

female insect.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE II.

1. Sycophaga crassipes male, magnified.

oA daca 6 female, magnified.

3. Male penetrating a pericarp of the fig.

4, Female escaping from a pericarp of fig.

5. Antenna of female.

6. Second and following joints of ditto.

7. Part of fore margin of fore wing of female.

8. Extremity of body of male seen transparently, showing

the great trachex.

9. Extremity of anal filaments of male.

10. Front of head of male from above, with mandibles

removed.

11. Front of head of male from below, with mandibles

removed,

Fig. 12

14.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24,

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

dl.

32.

33.

34.

30.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

seeds of Ficus Sycomorus and Carica. 59

PLATE. IIL.

Front of head of male Sycophaga, with antenne and

mandibles in situ, seen from below.

A mandible and base of antenna of male, from below.

Antenna of male, from below.

Extremity of abdomen of male, with penis retracted.

and 17. Ditto, with penis more or less exserted.

Three of the curved spines of the male claspers.

Fore leg of male.

Mesothorax and middle leg of male.

Hind leg of male.

Fore leg of female.

Middle leg of female.

Hind leg of female.

PLATE IV.

Fig of Ficus Carica, natural size.

Larva of Blastophaga grossorum, Grav., from Mont-

pellier, highly magnified.

Pupa of female. From Corfu.

Pupa of male of ditto. From Corfu.

Pupa of female of ditto within a pericarp of the fig.

Female of ditto escaping from a pericarp.

Male of ditto introducing the extremity of its generative

organs into a pericarp.

Male of ditto seen from above.

Ditto, more strongly magnified, seen sideways.

Abdomen of ditto, with the male organ entirely retracted,

drawn from mounted specimen (seen transparently).

Abdomen of ditto, with the male organ fully protruded,

drawn from living specimen.

Extremity of the male organ, detached.

Fore leg of male, highly magnified.

Middle leg of ditto.

Hind leg of ditto.

PLATE V. ;

Head of female Blastophaga, seen from beneath, with

mandibles and one appendage in situ.

Ditto, seen from above, with mandibles and antenne

removed.

Part of front of head of male and one mandible.

Part of front of head of female with the mandibles

removed, showing the notched socket on each side for

insertion of base of mandibles.

60 = Insects infesting Ficus Sycomorus and Carica.

Fig. 44. Deflexed point in front of clypeus.

45. Lower parts of the mouth of female, with the two

corneous vertical basal appendages flattened by com-

pression.

46. One of the mandibles and its serrated appendage, seen

laterally.

47. Maxilla and labium.

48, 49. Maxille seen in different positions.

50. Antenna of male.

51. Antenna of female.

52. Part of fore margin of fore wing of female.

53. Abdomen of female compressed to show the structure of

the ovipositor.

54. Fore leg of female.

55. Middle leg of female.

56. Hind leg of female.

( 6Ly4)

IV. On the classification of the Adephaga, or carnwworous

series of Coleoptera. By D. SuHarp.

[Read February Ist, 1882.]

Ir is now more than twenty years since Leconte, writing

on the classification of the Carabide (Class. Col. N.

Amer., p. 5), said :—‘‘ Numerous efforts have been made

to indicate a rational distribution of the genera, and the

attempts commenced by Latreille and Bonelli, and

successively improved by the suggestions of Dejean,

Hrichson, Schiddte, Lacordaire, and myself, have finally,

in the expert hands of Schaum, assumed a form in which

probably permanent results have been attained.”

The learned and energetic American expert had him-

self contributed greatly—probably as much or more than

any other of the talented entomologists he mentions—

to the rational system of classification he describes, and

had no doubt done so at the expense of great labour and

time, and it was but natural that he should speak with

confidence of results so legitimately obtained ; but the

lapse of time has not altogether justified his expression

of reliance as to the permanency of the results then

reached.

Duval, Chaudoir, C. J. Thomson, and other naturalists

have worked since Leconte at the classification of these

insects, and each has contributed more or less to know-

ledge, and has thus induced change. The genera of a

large number of groups have been entirely remodelled

by Chaudoir, whose recent decease has deprived us of

one of the most indefatigable and useful of entomolo-

gists; while of the larger groups it may be truly said

that at present but little accord exists as to their limits

and arrangement, except in the case of certain compara-

tively small and isolated groups. And in point of fact

we have learned that the natural classification of insects

is a prodigiously complex and difficult affair; and at the

same time the introduction of the theory of evolution

has added much to the importance of the subject, and

has helped to make it appear worthy of renewed efforts,

TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1882.—PaRT I. (APRIL.)

62 Mr. D. Sharp on the

it being clear that our systems of classification will

ultimately be appealed to as one of the modes of testing

the d@ priort probability of organic evolution. Hence it

is no matter for surprise that the subject is still of

interest, and that it has recently received a_ fresh

consideration from Dr. George Horn, who has already

proved himself a worthy assistant of Leconte and his

predecessors. In the Transactions of the American

Entomological Society for July 1881, Dr. Horn has

given us a paper extending to one hundred pages, illus-

trated by eight useful plates, wherein he has proposed a

system of forty-eight tribes for the Carabide, and has

prefaced his paper with a proposal for a modified arrange-

ment of the carnivorous families of Coleoptera. This

latter question is of course a still larger and more

difficult one than that of the arrangement of the mem-

bers of the Carabide, and I should not feel justified in

expressing my opinion on it, except that I have recently

required to devote some attention to the subject in con-

nection with my work on the Dytisctde—one of the

carnivorous families—now in course of publication by

the Royal Dublin Society.

In his treatment of the Carabide Dr. Horn has made

a decided improvement by adopting three subfamilies,

viz., Carabine, Harpaline, and Pseudomorphine, instead

of two, viz., Carabine and Harpaline, as has been here-

tofore done. These subfamilies are limited primarily by

the structure of the middle coxal cavities, a character

that is found by experience to be of primary importance

in the carnivorous series, and is indeed of very great

importance and assistance throughout the whole order of

beetles. About a year and a half ago I published a

preliminary notice on the classification of the Dytiscide

(Comptes-rendus Soc. Ent. Belg., xxiii. p. cli), and pointed

out that one of the two series of this family differed

from the other series, and, so far as was then known,

from all Carabide and other Coleoptera, by the fact that

the metathoracic episternum, as well as three other

pieces of the sternum, entered into the composition of

the articular cavities of the middle legs. Dr. Horn has

now made the interesting discovery that in a single

genus of the Carabide a similar structure prevails: that

genus is Mornolyce. Now Mormolyce has been known

for a number of years as one of the wonders of the

insect world, and so extraordinary is it in appearance,

classification of the Adephaga. 63

and so totally different in this respect from any other

Carabid, that it stands unique to the eye; and when

to this extraordinary facies is added the important fact

that it departs from all other Carabide by the primary

point of structure already mentioned, and agrees therein

with the Dytisci complicati, to which, however, it has no

other point of resemblance, it is evident that we have

in Mormolyce an extremely isolated organism. Dr. Horn

(op. cit., p. 150) points out the want of agreement that

has prevailed as to its position even before his discovery

of its extraordinary cotyloid peculiarity. Under these

circumstances it appears to me very strange that the

talented American has not had the courage of his con-

victions, or rather of his discovery, and isolated Mormo-

lyce in his classification, as it is in nature. He has not,

however, done so, but has adopted the illogical course of

disregarding his own discovery, and placing Mormolyce

in the Harpaling, although the one character by which

Harpaline are distinguished from Caraling is that “the

middle coxal cavities are entirely closed by the sterna,

the epimeron not attaining the coxa,’ and although in

Mormolyce the middle coxal cavities are not entirely

closed by the sterna, and the epimeron (and meta-

thoracic episternum also) does attain the coxa. ‘lo put

it more briefly, the Harpaline are separated from the

Carabine by a difference in the cotyloid structure ;

Mormolyce departs from the Harpaling in this respect a

good deal more strongly than do the Carabine, and yet

is classed with the Harpaling. This course appears to

me a very erroneous one; indeed I fail to see how classi-

fication can ever be of scientific value while subject to

such treatment. It is true that if Mormolyce were con-

nected with the Harpaline by a series of intermediate

forms, there might then be some reason for connecting it

with them, in spite of the cotyloid structure ; but, as is

abundantly clear from Dr. Horn’s careful study of

its characters, this is not the case, and I think Mormo-

lyce should therefore not be connected with the Har-

paling.

I quite agree with Dr. Horn in his separation of the

Pseudomorphine from the other members of the Harpa-

line; in this he has done well, for the group is a natural

one in the sense that all its members are clearly allied

together, while it is, I believe, perfectly distinct by well-

marked characters, and by the absence of intermediate

64 Mr. D. Sharp on the

forms. Some of the older entomologists appear to have

supposed, indeed, that the insects forming this subfamily

were more allied to the Dytiscide and Gyrinide than to

the Carabide, but detailed investigation has not sup-

ported this view, and the only position that can be

correctly assigned to the Pseudomorphini in the present

state of our knowledge is that given them by Dr. Horn,

and already previously indicated by Duval (Gen. Col.,

Carabide, p. 47). There is, however, a question with

regard to the group that has not, so far as I am aware,

been yet investigated, viz., whether any approximation

exists between the group and the Pausside; and I men-

tion this as an interesting subject for inquiry.

The family Caralbide is at present composed as

follows :—

75 species = 5 genera = (? 2) tribes = Pseudo-

morphine. |

8000 species = 500 genera= (? 31) tribes = =

Harpaline. =

1800 species = 100 genera = 15 tribes = Cara-| &

bine. 8

3 species = Mormolyce.

It will, | hope, be understood that the above tabulation

is merely an approximation to the actual numbers, but

it will be found sufficiently near the mark to allow us to

detect some interesting statistical facts. Thus the

average number of species to a genus in each of the

three subfamilies is very nearly the same, being

respectively 15, 16, 18; on the other hand, the average

number of genera in each tribe is extremely different,

being respectively 2°5, 16, and 6°75. I shall here con-

tent myself with pointing this out, and refrain from

entering on any speculations about it. As regards the

number of tribes, or aggregates immediately subordinate

in complexness to the subfamily, I must however remark

that their number is quite uncertain, and will probably

prove to be considerably greater than that given by Dr.

Horn, and approximately adopted above, for Dr. Horn’s

studies have been made chiefly on the North American

forms, and the vast mass of exotic forms unknown to

him would probably cause a considerable increase in the

number of these tribes. No doubt also much additional

consideration as to the limits and affinities of those

proposed by the American writer will be necessary before

classification of the Adephagqa. 65

they can be accepted. Inthe case of the Siagonini, for

instance, Horn departs from the views of Chaudoir as to

the mesosternal structure, and states that the middle

coxal cavities are closed externally by the junction of the

middle pieces of the meso- and meta-thoraces, and that

Schiédte, Schaum, and Chaudoir have been deceived in

their supposition that these pieces are separated by the

interposition of the mesothoracie epimeron. To deter-

mine this he relies on macerating the specimen in

caustic potash, but this appears to me a very unsafe

proceeding,—and for this reason,—the mesosternum of

Siagona is a very peculiar one, and the pieces forming it

are all soldered together, but they are traversed by some

prominent ridges, along which the chitinous substance 1s

very much thicker than elsewhere, and these ridges may

longer resist the action of the potash, and so give rise

to a deceptive appearance of sutures; moreover, after

having made a special dissection of the largest Siagona

(S. dejeani) and removed the metathoracic episternum,

it appears to me clear that the suture separating the

middle piece of the mesosternum from the side piece can

be undoubtedly traced, and that Chaudoir, Schaum, and

Schiddte were correct in considering that the meso-

thoracic epimeron separates the middle sternal pieces. I

think, therefore, we should be reluctant to accept the

evidence of preparations that have passed through so

serious an ordeal as that of maceration in caustic potash,

in opposition to the direct evidence from unaltered

specimens.

In the case of many of the tribes Dr. Horn adopts,

he makes use of the same names for them as have been

used by his predecessors, although giving to those names

a widely different extension or meaning. This plan

is that usually adopted by zoologists, but it is accom-

panied by the great disadvantage that it gives to classi-

fications a false appearance of accord and permanence,

and also, by giving to the names the sanction of long use,

tends to make them appear in the eyes of many of more

importance than they are in fact. Indeed, I myself am

of opinion that classification of the groups superior in

complexness to genera is at present so extremely far

from approximation to the actual facts, and that these

eroups will thus probably in future assume a totally diffe-

rent form, that we should do well to refrain from giving

them names at all, contenting ourselves with the simple

PART I, (APRIL.) K

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.

66 Mr. D. Sharp on the

method of numbering the tribes, groups, &c., instead of

naming them.

I had intended making a comparison of Dr. Horn’s

tribes with those used by C. J. Thomson and Duval, but

this I find to be impossible owing to the fact that the

tribes of these authors consist of European insects,

while Horn’s are made chiefly on the North American

fauna; moreover, as I have already stated, the same

names do duty for very different values; thus these

two facts render any positive comparison almost im-

possible.

In considering the families composing the carnivorous

series, Dr. Horn adopts no less than seven families,

Cicindelide, Carabide, Haliplide, Amphizoide, Pelo-

bide, Dytiscide, and Gyrinide. The first reflection

about these families which occurs to one acquainted with

the subject, is that they are of extremely different

values ; thus the word Cicindelide represents about 1000

species and forty genera; the word Carabide about

10,000 species of 600 genera ; the word Haliplide about

fifty species of three genera; Amphizoide two or three

very closely allied species; Pelobiide two or three

species ; Dytiscide about 1200 species arranged in eighty

genera; and Gyrinide 150 species of seven or eight

genera. Here again Dr. Horn follows the system in

vogue, and it is that system we must blame if we con-

sider that this process of making single species appear

the zoological equivalent of ten or twenty thousand

species 1s an erroneous one. ‘There is, however, an

important fact indicated by this nomenclature, viz., that

certain species are as distinct in their structure from the

creat complex masses of species, as these latter are from

one another ; in this sense we see that the isolation as

regards intermediate forms of a single species may be as

creat as that of ten thousand species from another ten

thousand species. Thisisa fact of great importance, and

it is clear that a method of nomenclature and classifi-

cation that reveals instead of concealing these facts is a

great improvement. A purely synthetical classification

gives us these advantages; under it Amphizoa insolens

would not be ‘‘a family,’ but would remain in classifi-

cation an isolated creature until the synthesis of family

value were reached. Putting aside, however, this

technical objection, for which, as I have said already,

Dr. Horn is in no sense exclusively responsible, we may

classification of the Adephaga. 67

look, I think, upon Dr. Horn’s families as natural ones.

The distinction between the Cicindelide and Caralide

long puzzled entomologists, and a few years ago the

opinion of naturalists seemed to tend to uniting them as

only one family, but the remarkable structure of the

parts of the buccal cavity in the Cicindelide always left

doubts as to the propriety of this course; and since Dr.

Leconte pointed out that in addition to the mouth-

differences there existed an important difference in the

structure of the head, the general feeling has been

to keep them as quite distinct aggregates. Dr. Leconte

defined the difference between the two families in terms

of the insertion of the antenne, and this is repeated by

Dr. Horn, who states that Cicindehide have ‘‘ antenne

inserted on the front above the base of the mandibles,”’

while the Carabide have ‘‘ antenne arising at the side of

the head between the base of the mandibles and the

eyes’: this definition is not, however, a very good one,

for there are certain Carabide which approximate much

in this respect to the Cicindelide (cf. Loricera), and

some, at any rate such as Trichognathus, that this

definition would bring into the Cicindeliide. Fortunately,

however, it can be replaced by a formula that is, I

believe, quite exact, and even more easily appreciated,

viz., Cicindelide, ‘“‘ clypeus extending laterally in front

of the insertion of the antenne”’’; Carabide, “ clypeus

not extending so far towards the sides as the insertion of

the antenne.”’

As regards the separation of the Haliplint from the

Dytiscide, and its treatment as a distinct aggregate,

there is, | think, no reason to doubt this being a natural

proceeding. So also as regards Pelobius ; | have already

expressed my opinion that it should not be left in

the Dytiscide ; and ‘as it is not allied to any Carabid,

Dr. Horn is probably justified in isolating it.

In discussing Amphizoa (Tr. Roy. Dub. Soc., n.s.,

vol. ii., p. 844), I expressed the opinion that it might be

treated as an aberrant member of the Dytiscide, this

view being largely derived from the fact that the

Dytiscide were the only Coleoptera known to possess a

structure of the middle coxal cavity similar to what

exists in Amphizoa. This was, however, before Dr. Horn

had benefitted us by his important discovery that

Mormolyce—an undoubted member of the Carabide—

likewise possesses this same structure. This introduces

68 Mr. D. Sharp on the

quite a new, and a most important, factor into the treat-

ment of this problem, and, seeing that Amphizoa agrees

with certain Carabide as well as with most of the

Dytiscide by the peculiarity I have alluded to, I think it

will be a quite natural course to treat it as an aggregate

(not as a family) occupying an intermediate position

between Carabide and Dytiscide, but a member of

neither.

The last family placed by Dr. Horn in the Adephagous

or Carnivorous series is the Gyrinide, and at the end of

his memoir (p. 187) he has placed a special short note,

in which he states that ‘the structure of the external -

skeleton, as well as the mouth parts, seem to be so

plainly adephagous as to leave no room for doubt.”

This rather positive affirmation is, however, scarcely

justified by the definition and facts Dr. Horn gives us at

the commencement of his essay, where he tells us

(op. cit., p. 91), ‘‘ the adephagous series of Coleoptera is

readily recognised by the predaceous character of its

mouth parts, its slender antenne (except in Gyrinide),

pentamerous tarsi, and the structure of the first abdo-

minal segment, which is in all cases divided or hidden

by the posterior cox in such a manner that it is entirely

lateral, rarely appearing as a small triangular piece

between the posterior coxe.” Thus we are presented

with four characters as justifying the introduction of an

ageregate into the Carnivorous series, and a little con-

sideration will show that by none of these characters is

the place of the family Gyrinide indicated as being

clearly in the series in question. ist. As regards the

mouth, it is well known that the trophi of Gyrinide

depart very widely indeed from the Carabide and Cicin-

delide, the lower lip is of very much inferior develop-

ment, and only to a slight extent of the predaceous type,

and the maxillz are either entirely destitute of the outer

lobe, or when it is present, possess it undivided, and thus

this family is very far indeed from agreeing with the

other Carnivori in the mouth structure. 2nd. As regards

the antenne, nothing can well be more different from the

setaceous or filiform adephagous antenna than is the

highly peculiar antennal organ of the Gyrinide ; but as

Dr. Horn himself alludes to the fact that the Gyrinide

are an exception in this respect, it is useless to deal more

at length with this point. 8rd. The pentamerous tarsi:

though the Adephaga possess generally (but not always,

classification of the Adephaga. 69

vide Hydroporides) five-jointed tarsi, yet so also do a vast

number of other Coleoptera not included in the Adephaga;

and we cannot therefore take this into consideration,

more especially when we recollect that the tarsi of

Gyriude are absolutely unique in their structure. 4th.

The abdominal structure: in immediate sequence to the

paragraph I have last quoted from Dr. Horn, there

follows in his memoir another, in which he demonstrates

that the ventral structure in Gyrinide is different from

what prevails in the other families, and in point of fact

it is undoubtedly the case that the Gyrinide have six

ventral plates stretching quite across the under surface,

and a seventh plate visible only on each side, while the

true members of the adephagous series have five ventral

plates extending all across the body, and a sixth visible

only on each side. Thus in this character, as in all the

others I have discussed, the Gyrinide depart from the

other members of the adephagous series; and it is

perfectly clear that the Gyrinide are not connected with

any of the other components of the series by any

characters of such immediate importance as connect

these other components inter se. 1 think the Gyrinide

will prove one of the most isolated of all the families of

Coleoptera, and it is therefore not advisable to place them

in a series, all of whose other components are linked

together in the most intimate relations. I do not intend

by this to deny that the Gyrinide may find their nearest

allies in the Adephaga; that is quite another question

from the above.

I must not pass from the consideration of Dr. Horn’s

paper without making some apology for the rather

critical nature of my remarks, but this is scarcely neces-

sary, for we all know that he is one of the most unpre-

judiced admirers of truth and accuracy, and [ am con-

vinced that he will no more be likely to find fault with me

for discussing some of his conclusions than the lamented

Chaudoir would have been to disagree with him because

of his criticisms; but I cannot conclude without point-

ing out that, although we are still far from possessing a

perfect classification of the carnivorous Coleoptera, yet

Dr. Horn’s paper shows that we are on the right road

for getting one; and his contribution will undoubtedly

prove to be a considerable assistance to those who, like

himself, will have the courage and perseverance to aid

research in this direction. Such a large amount of

70 Mr. D. Sharp on the

original observation as is recorded in the definitions of

the tribes and remarks on the subordinate groups and

in the six plates closely filled with drawings of the trophi,

cannot but be most useful to future systematists, and we

may give our hearty thanks to Dr. Horn for the work he

has accomplished.

Another paper on the classification of the Carnivorous

Coleoptera has been recently published in the Deutsche

Ent. Zeit. 24 (1880), pp. 258—280. It is by Herr

Kolbe, and is entitled ‘‘ Naturliches system der Carni-

voren Coleoptera,’ and it is interesting to compare this

with Dr. Horn’s paper.

The author starts on the hypothesis that in distant

geological periods water-beetles preceded land-beetles,

that the land-beetles we now have are descended from

water-beetles; and he consequently attaches great im-

portance in his system to such points of structure as are

common to water-beetles and certain land-beetles, such

as a comparatively immobile prothorax and inferior

development of the external sensitive structures of the

antenne. He starts with the ‘‘ family Carnivora,” which

he defines, and which is synonymous with the ‘“ Ade-

phagous series’ of Horn, and is quite equivalent there-

with, except that the German author has introduced into

his family certain fossil insects which he treats as a sub-

family, with the name Hscheriide. His definition of the

family is of very little service practically, owing to nearly

the whole of the characters mentioned being subject to

exceptions. And the family is then divided into six

sections—1, the E:phydrodephaga, the equivalent of Gyri-

nideé of other authors; 2, Enhydrodephaga, which equals

the families Dytiscide, Pelobiide, and Haliplide of Horn.

Up to this point there is little or nothing novel in Herr

Kolbe’s system, but from this point to the end the

arrangement is very different from any in vogue. The

3rd section is called Amphidephaga, and consists of the

single genus Omophron. The 4th section comprises

Amphizoa, Trachypachys, Carabide (= Notiophilini, Cara-

bint, Cychrint), and Pamboride, and is called Hetero-

dephaga. Section 5, Mesodephaga, comprises the Cicin-

delide, Klaphride, Metriide, Loriceride, Promecog-

nathide, Hiletide, Scaritide, Escheriide (fossil), Siago-

nide, Ozenide, and Mormolycide. While the 6th and

last section, called Holodephaga, consists of all the

classification of the Adephaga. 71

enormous mass of Carabide (including the Pseudo-

morphide), except those groups that have been placed in

one or other of the preceding sections.

Herr Kolbe supplements this formal sketch with some

remarks on the various sections and some of the sub-

families ; some of his hints and suggestions will be found

useful, but others are of a speculative rather than

a practical character, and a future systematist who

should pay much attention to these would be perhaps

only confused.

To criticise at length this very original memoir would

occupy me too long; it undoubtedly contains many

suggestive comparisons, and indicates a considerable

knowledge and much power of generalisation. But it is,

as a natural system, completely erroneous, the author’s

hypothetical starting-point having caused him to attach

undue importance to certain characters and to neglect

others. Hence it is that he has reduced the Cicindelide

to a mere subsection of his Mesodephaga, and has made

a statement so illogical as that on p. 275, where he says

that the peculiar insertion of the antenne in the Cicin-

delide is merely a result of the enormous development of

the mandibles; a conclusion which is contradicted by

the fact that in the Scaritide, where the mandibular

development is even greater than in the Cicindelide, the

antennal insertion does not even approximate to that of

the Cicindelide, but is more different therefrom than in

the Carabide, with smaller mandibles ; and by the fact

that in Trichognathus and Loricera, where the antennal

insertion approximates to that of the Cicindelide, the

mandibles are unusually small.

Although we cannot look on Herr Kolbe’s effort at a

natural classification as successful, we nevertheless thank

him for it; it is in fact very important that classification

should be treated from various points of view, and every

character receive its due share of attention, and thus

any one who ventures far from the beaten track should

be encouraged, for he is sure to bring to light something

useful.

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V. On some New Zealand Coleoptera. By D. Suarp.

[Read March 1st, 1882. ]

A smauu parcel of Coleoptera, received a few weeks since

by me from Mr. Helms, of Greymouth, New Zealand,

has proved, on examination, to contain such a large

proportion of new and interesting forms as to make me

believe that it would be acceptable to entomologists that

I should briefly define and record some of them. Hence

the present paper.

The idea formerly universally accepted, to the effect

that the New Zealand fauna is poor in insects, is now,

so far as regards the order Coleoptera, shown to have

been completely erroneous. Some 1400 or 1500 species

of this order are now recorded from the islands in

question, and yet a considerable proportion of the species

found by Mr. Helms in the neighbourhood of his resi-

dence prove to be new. And there can, indeed, be little

doubt but that the number of existing species in the

islands will amount to three thousand, or even more,—not

improbably nearer to four thousand.

Under these circumstances, the publication in 1880*

of a Manual of New Zealand Coleoptera by the Colonial

Museum and Geological Survey Department of the

Colony, must clearly be characterised as premature, and

has indeed been proved so by the additions of some

hundreds of species made since its appearance. The

volume contains descriptions of 1141 species, a con-

siderable proportion of which are reprints of papers or

works that have appeared elsewhere, many of them quite

recently, while the remainder—to the number of fully 500

—have been drawn up by Capt. Thomas Broun, whose skill

and enthusiasm as a collector are deserving of the

highest praise and warmest encouragement, but whose

* ‘Manual of the New Zealand Coleoptera.’ By Capt. Thomas

Broun. Published by Command. Wellington, 1880.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaART I. (APRIL.) L

74 Mr. D. Sharp on some

qualifications as a systematic writer are unfortunately

not substantiated by the work Iam alluding to. Indeed

so grave are the defects of the work in question that

I feel sure all entomologists who, like myself, have given

some attention to it, will share with me a feeling of

regret that it should have been published in its present

form. While expressing great satisfaction that the

Colonial Museum Department of New Zealand should be

able and willing to devote a small portion of the public

funds to the promotion of a knowledge of the more

obscure and neglected branches of Natural History, we

must at the same time urge that some discretion should

be used in its employment, and care should be taken as

to the nature of the work produced. Dr. Hector, ina

few words of preface, speaks of the work in question as

“‘a monument of the zeal and industry of an ardent

naturalist,’ and in so doing he expresses, I believe, a

genuine feeling in which all will agree with him; but

the zeal and industry of two or three years of human

life are quite insufficient for the accomplishment of a

large and arduous task in scientific research; while the

results of encouraging any one to pursue a task whose

accomplishment is beyond the means, the time and the

material at his disposal, are sure to be unfortunate.

Most haste less speed is an admirable saying, when a

number of workers are engaged in a common task, and

where the haste and confusion of one of the number

may cause great delay in the progress of the whole band.

This is eminently the case with the Manual of New

Zealand Coleoptera: it is premature, it is totally use-

less to the uninitiated or unskilled entomologist, while to

workers like myself, instead of being an assistance, it is

an obstacle to the promotion of knowledge. The syste-

matic portions of the work are abbreviated translations

from Lacordaire’s ‘ Genera of Coleoptera,’ and they are

useless for the purpose to which they are applied for two

reasons: first, because they are extremely fragmentary,

and are unaccompanied by the tables, which are a most

useful and indispensable concomitant of Lacordaire’s

admittedly and necessarily artificial or imperfect classi-

cation ; and second, because scarcely any New Zealand

insects were known to Lacordaire, and had they been

they would necessarily have modified his system ; while,

as matters stand, the New Zealand student will imbibe

the unfortunate idea that there is something wrong about

New Zealand Coleoptera. 75

the New Zealand beetles, for they do not seem to reflect

credit on the classifications into which they are to be

forced. While the work is thus premature and unfortu-

nate in its conception, its execution is perhaps even more

deficient. Taking as an instance almost the first page

—the commencement of the Carabides on p. 6—we find

the family commences with the group Migadopide,

which is supposed to be characterised by the words,

‘“‘ Mesothoracic epimera not reaching the middle coxe ”’ ;

this is unfortunately exactly the opposite of the truth,

and what should have been written was ‘‘ Mesothoracic

epimera reaching the middle coxe.’’ Even, however, if

the writer had not fallen into this profound error of

expression, and had given the definition correctly, it

would have been quite insufficient and misleading, for in

the definitions of the other groups of the family no

mention whatever is made of this character; and thus,

although the two first groups of New Zealand Carabides,

viz., Migadopide and Scaritide, differ from all the other

groups by the point alluded to, this fact is concealed,

not expressed by the work in question. This is a fair

sample of the mode of execution of the work. I find,

as another example, the Lucanide, which I have had

occasion to test specially, to be very deficient as regards

the number of species recorded, the synonymy, and the

referring of the older species to their correct genera; and

if the Lucanide are in this state, what the condition of

the more difficult groups may be can scarcely be

imagined, but it is certainly very bad indeed ; species

belonging to previously-described genera are placed

either in wrong old genera or in new genera, while

a constant feeling of annoyance is occasioned by the

fact that the original parts of the work are not dis-

tinguished from the reproduced parts, so that one never

knows without collation, except by an inference which

may or may not be correct, whether any particular

passage is due to the author, or is a reproduction from

some one else; and the pronoun “‘1” in the book means

very various writers.

I make these remarks in no spirit of captious criti-

cism; it would give me the most hearty pleasure

to acknowledge a real increase of knowledge about

New Zealand beetles, and to congratulate the Colonial

Museum Department on assisting in the promotion

of such knowledge, and it is in the hope that Captain

76 Mr. D. Sharp on some

Broun will in future work “ohne Hast aber ohne

Rast,’ and, by limiting his ambitious programme,

increase his powers of useful performance, and so make

a real addition to a knowledge of the New Zealand fauna,

that I have felt it right to speak as above. Let him deal

with each family separately, and give us a careful study

of its New Zealand species.

That the New Zealand beetles are of great scientific

importance, and that there is very great danger that a

considerable proportion of them will be soon completely

extirpated is certain; and intelligent beings, who will

collect and carefully preserve the rarer forms are doing

now a work which will be impossible in the future; and

when the specimens are so collected and preserved,

it is, and will be, a work of great magnitude and difficulty

to study them and learn from them all that is to be

learned: thus it is important that the earlier works on

the subject should not encumber it with unnecessary

difficulties, and so put preliminary obstacles in the

way of future students; we shall never get beyond

mere nomenclature if this be made so difficult as to

claim all the powers and time the student has at his

disposal.

As regards the forms described and characterised in

the present memoir, I believe they will be found to make

a real though slight addition to our knowledge; the

existence in New Zealand of a genus of Rhinomacerides,

and of two genera of true Chrysomelide, as well as of a

genus of Colydiide, allied to the anomalous EKuropean

Langelandia, and connecting it with the Tarphii, are

facts of considerable importance and novelty ; while, as

regards the other forms, they will, I think, be easily

recognised from my descriptions, although the certain

position of one or two genera will be perhaps for some

time a doubtful question. Certain of the species are

described because they have already been more or less

widely distributed under the names I have applied to

them.

New Zealand Coleoptera. 17

The following is a list of the genera and species :—

CaRABIDE. DascILLipé.

Scopodes nigrinus. Cyphon variegatus.

SILPHID. CE DEMERIDE.

Choleva lugubris. Techmessa distans.

TROGOSITIDE, RHYNCOPHORA.

Grynoma regularis. Rhinorhynchus (n g.) zealan-

CoLyDIIDE. dicus.

Tarphiomimus wollastoni. — * Anagotus (n.g.) helmsi.

Chorasus (n.g.) swbeecus. Pentarthrum helmsianum.

Acosmetus reitteri. LoNGICORNES.

ByRRHID. Didymocantha robusta.

Nosodendron zealandicum. Somatidia helmst.

Lucanipm. Xylotoles huttont.

Ceratognathus dispar. Hybolasius deplanatus.

ScARABHIDE. | Tetrorea sellata.

Sericospilus (n.g.) advena. - discedens.

ANOBIID&. ‘ Mesolamia (n. g.) marmorata,

Mesanobium (n.g.) debile. PHYTOPHAGA.

MaracoDERMEs. | Chalcolampra speculifera.

Dasytes helmsi. Allocharis (n. g.) marginata.

Scopodes nigrinus, Ni. Ss.

Gracilis, nigerrimus, subopacus, parum sculpturatus,

antennis articulis 2—4 plus minusve testaceo-tinctis ;

oculis valde prominulis ; thorace subtiliter strigoso, haud

nitido, profunde canaliculato, angulis posterioribus

obsoletissimis; elytris irregulariter parum profunde

striatis, versus suturam foveolis tribus parvulis. Long.

4mm.

Head rather narrow for this genus, but the eyes

excessively prominent, the space between them not great,

somewhat finely, but very definitely, strigose. Thorax

small, the surface only obsoletely strigose, with a channel

along the middle, which, seen in one direction, appears

very deep, and with anterior transverse depression, the

front angles very rounded, the lateral margin very

distinct, and bearing in front of the middle an angular

prominence, behind this narrowed in a straight line to

the base, and there the margin is very slightly turned

inwards, becoming quite obsolete close to the angle.

Elytra with the surface uneven, owing to indefinite

striation, and with three very indistinct impressions near

the base.

Greymouth ; No, 188, Helms.

78 Mr. D. Sharp on some

Choleva lugubris, n.s.

Ovalis, posterius attenuatus, densissime subtilissi-

meque pubescens, opacus, niger, antennarum basi rufo-

obscuro ; vix perspicue punctatus, sed elytris confertim

transversim strigulosis. Long. 23—4} mm.

Antenne rather longer than head and thorax, rather

stout, a good deal thickened towards the apex ; 7th joint

rather longer than any of the others, rather longer than

broad; 8th much smaller than the contiguous joints ;

9th and 10th each about as long as broad. Thorax very

finely punctured and pubescent, a good deal sinuate at

the base on each side, so that the hind angles appear

prolonged backwards. LElytra with a distinct sutural

stria, and rather closely transversely strigose. Spurs

of hind tibiz elongate.

The male has the front and middle tarsi greatly

dilated. The species apparently varies much in size.

Greymouth ; Mr. Helms.

There can be no doubt that this insect is congeneric

with Choleva antipodum, Kirsch, but whether it be so with

our European species I cannot decide at present.

C. lugubris resembles a good deal the European C. cora-

cina, though very distinct by its sculpture.

Grynoma regularis, n. 8.

Oblonga, subparallela, parum convexa, fuscula ; ely-

tris ferrugineo-variegatis ; pube tenui erecta vestita ;

elytris pube albido-micante ornatis, punctis magnis fere

seriatim dispositis sat distantibus. Long. 5} mm.

Of rather parallel and elongate form. Antenne black.

Head about half as broad as the thorax, its sculpture

dense, but much concealed by an elongate pubescence.

Thorax very transverse, twice as broad as long, the sides

rounded, becoming a little broader from the front to near

the base, and thence a good deal narrowed, the hind

angles definite and not far from being rectangular ; the

surface densely sculptured, and pubescent like the head.

Elytra nearly black, much variegated with pale red, and

with a very conspicuous maculation caused by patches of

shining white down; the surface bears large and deep

round punctures ; these are not close together, and are

not altogether regularly arranged ; from each springs a

New Zealand Coleoptera. 79

slender, elongate, erect seta. Under surface and legs

nearly black ; tarsi obscure reddish.

Greymouth ; No. 191, Helms.

This species is very readily distinguished from the

others of the genus by its more elongate parallel form,

and the very different elytral sculpture. It no doubt

varies in colour to a considerable extent.

Tarphiomimus wollastoni, n. 8.

Oblongus, superne valde inzqualis, squamulis sub-

variegatis dense vestitus ; prothorace basi gracili, lateri-

bus anterius explanatis, in lobis tribus divisis ; pedibus

sat gracilibus. Long. 4 mm.

This species is very similar to TJ’. indentatus, Woll.,

but is perfectly distinct therefrom by some important

minor points. The thorax has the sides divided in front

into three lobes, the posterior fourth lobe seen in 1’, in-

dentatus being here absent, and thus the basal portion of

the prothorax appears more elongate and slender. The

elytra are even more uneven than in 7’. indentatus, but

their disc is flatter, owing to the fact that the irregular

oblique elevation extending from about the middle of the

suture directly towards the shoulder in T’. indentatus is

absent in 7’. wollastoni. The legs are considerably more

slender in T’. wollastonit.

Greymouth ; No. 61, Helms.

Cuorasus, n.g. (Colydudarum).

Corpus subangustum, haud convexum, nudum. An-

tenne breviuscule, 10-articulate, articulo primo condito,

clava abrupte biarticulata. Caput exsertum, oculi

minuti, canalicula suboculari maxima. Prothorax sub-

tus ad angulos anteriores maxime impresso. Prosternum

magnum ; coxe minute, globose, sat distantes. Meta-

sternum parum elongatum; cox intermedie sat dis-

tantes, postice paulo magis distantes. Abdomen ex

seementis quinque subequalibus compositum, suturis

profundis. Pedes sat graciles, mutici; tarsi 4-articulati,

haud elongati, articulo basali quam 20 paulo longiore,

20 et 80 brevibus, 40 quam ceteris paulo longiore.

The affinities of this little insect with the anomalous

European Langelandia are undoubted ; the antenne and

80 Mr. D. Sharp on some

head (including, so far as I can see, the parts of the

mouth) are extremely similar in the two genera, except

that the eyes are totally wanting in Lungelandia, and

are present, though extremely reduced in size, in Chorasus.

The structure of the under surface is similar, except that

in Chorasus the epipleure are broad and nearly hori-

zontal, and the ventral segments are comparatively

shorter. The tarsi are undoubtedly 4-jointed. The claim

of Langelandia to be admitted into the Colydiide is abso-

lutely confirmed by this most interesting insect.

Chorasus subcecus, n. 8.

Piceus, pedibus piceo-rufis, antennis rufis, opacus,

quasi squamatim-granuloso, elytris longitudinaliter cos-

tatis; prothorace magno, margine anteriore utrinque

profunde sinuato, in medio setuloso. Long. 23 mm.

Head with a comparatively shining space on the

middle, impressed on either side of this. Thorax large,

about as long as broad; owing to the deep sinuation on

either side of the front margin, the middle has the

appearance of being produced, and this prominent part

bears closely-set, curled upwards, pale sete ; behind this

is an indistinct longitudinal impression, and the surface

shows a very peculiar sculpture, something like scales,

or,as if there had been tubercles shaved off. The elytra

are scarcely twice as long as the thorax, and are some-

what narrowed behind, and a little truncate at the

extremity ; they bear a sculpture somewhat similar to

that of the thorax, except that they are smaller, are less

definite, and are suboblong instead of round; from the

base there starts a rather sharply elevated longitudinal

elevation, which extends two-thirds of the length, and

external to this are one or more very much shorter and

more indistinct elevations.

This creature is, notwithstanding its small size,

one of the most interesting of Mr. Helms’ discoveries

at Greymouth.

Acosmetus reitteri, 1.8.

Subquadratus, crassus, elytris elevatis, fusco-niger,

superne in elytris tuberculis maximis et inequaliter

fulvo-tomentosus, setulisque erectis adspersus, antennis

pedibusque rufis. Long. 4, lat. 2? mm.

— New Zealand Coleoptera. 81

Antenne rather stout, quite red; club strongly tri-

articulate. Thorax very uneven, sinuate on each side in

front, so that the middle much covers the head, narrowed

in front, the surface much hispid, especially at the sides,

the side behind the middle divided by a deep transverse

fissure; the part in front of this fissure is produced

backwards, so as nearly or quite to touch the portion

behind the fissure, and so as to leave internal to this

point of contact a window or opening through the surface

of the thorax, which however is frequently concealed by

being filled up with an exudation, or with the vegetable

substance amongst which the insect lives ; in front of the

hind angle the thorax is much narrowed, and the hind

angle projects backwards as a large triangle. LHlytra

with very large and greatly elevated tubercles, which

bear a coarse tomentum; between the tubercles are

numerous, rather indefinite but large, punctures or pits,

and the surface is also sprinkled with numerous con-

spicuous erect sete. Under surface opaque, but without

clothing. Tuibiz setose externally.

Greymouth ; No. 65, Helms.

This very remarkable insect I first received from Mr.

Reitter, of Vienna, and, supposing it might go into the

genus Syncalus, proposed to call it Syncalus Reitteri. I

find, however, it departs much from Syncalus by the

more approximate middle and hind legs, and I have

therefore called it Acosmetus Reitteri, as it agrees

tolerably well with the characters assigned by Broun to

this generic name. Whether it be really congeneric with

Broun’s two species of the genus is doubtful, as I have

seen neither of them.

Nosodendron zealandicum, n. 8.

Ovale, convexum, nigerrimum, sat nitidum, antennis

tarsisque piceis, vix pubescens, dense punctatum, et in

elytrorum parte basali punctis seriatis parum conspicuis.

Long. 5—6 mm.

Head rather elongate, densely punctate. Thorax short

and broad, very closely applied to the elytra, and con-

tinuous in outline with these, very transverse, regularly

narrowed from the base to the front. The surface very

densely punctate. Punctuation of elytra finer and not so

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRT I. (APRIL.) M

82 Mr. D. Sharp on some

dense as that of the thorax, so that the surface is distinctly

shining, although, when carefully examined, a very fine

minute pubescence is found to exist; and, in addition to

this diffuse punctuation, there exists some abbreviated

series offine punctures onthe basal portion. Undersurface

rather regularly and distinctly punctate, the head more

densely than the other parts, and with a longer and more

conspicuous pubescence. Antenne obscure red, with darker

club ; the 1st joint concealed under the side of the head ;

2nd joint short and stout ; 3rd very slender and elongate,

as long as the three or four following joints together ;

8th excessively short,‘lenticular ; 9th to 11th forming an

elongate club, very densely covered with fine sensitive

pubescence.

Greymouth ; No. 210, Helms.

Species of this genus are widely distributed in both

hemispheres. Broun (‘ Manual,’ p. 242) has described a

Nosodendron ovatum, which is no doubt a very distinct

species from that here described, and may even be

generically distinct. The New Zealand insect has the

tibie less remarkably formed than in any of its allies |

have seen.

Ceratognathus dispar, 0.8.

_ Parvus, subdepressus, opacus, niger, supra fortiter

parum profunde punctatus, squamulis sordidis parce

vestitus, antennarum basi rufo-obscuro. Long. 63—

8 mm.

Mas. Mandibulis parum elongatis, spatio aperto magno

inclaudentibus, versus apicem triacuminatis; anten-

narum Clava sat elongata.

Fem. Capite angustissimo, exserto; antennarum

clava perbrevi.

This is a curious species, and the sexes are very unlike,

even as regards colour, sculpture, and clothing.

In the male the head is about half the width of the

thorax, its anterior angles very prominent, the man-

dibles not quite so long as the head, and curved so as

only to come into contact with one another at the tips,

and so appearing from above to enclose a comparatively

large vacant space; the upper surface of the head bears

coarse round punctures, and some erect hairs or scales ;

these are most conspicuous behind the eyes. he maxillary

New Zealand Coleoptera. 83

palpi are elongate.’ The thorax possesses numerous

distinct punctures nearly evenly distributed on its sur-

face, except that they are wanting on a line along the

middle, and it has also some pale depressed clay-coloured

seales. The elytra are sculptured like the thorax with

distinct distant punctures, and bear a few clay-coloured

scales, distributed in an irregular manner, and also some

_ dark scales, easily overlooked in consequence of their

similarity to the ground colour. The club of the antenna

is in this sex nearly as long as the rest of the antenna.

The female has the head very narrow, narrower in front

than at the neck, the eyes very small, the mandibles

short but porrect, the maxillary palpi yellow, shorter

and thicker than in the male. The surface of the head

is coarsely and closely punctate, and bears rather

numerous ashy-coloured setz or scales. The thorax is

also rather coarsely and closely punctate, and bears

numerous elongate, narrow, ashy-coloured scales; the

sculpture and clothing of the elytra are similar to those

of the thorax. In this sex (to judge from a single

individual) the colour of the legs and antenne is paler

than in the male.

This curious little Lucanid cannot properly be placed

either in Mitophyllus, of which it has the legs, or in Cera-

tognathus, with which it agrees in some other points ;

but as there are, no doubt, other species to be discovered

in New Zealand, and as the limits of the genera of

A‘salides are difficult to determine, it had better remain

at present in Ceratognathus. Ceratognathus albo-guttatus,

Bates, still, I believe, unique in collections, is probably

an allied species.

SERIcospiuus, n.g. (Heteronycides, Lacord.)

Corpus elongatum, haud pubescens, subtus nitidum.

Oculi convexi. Antenne 8-articulate, articulo 30 quasi

in medio articuli quarti faciei interni inserto, hoe elon-

gato, sed articulo quinto multo breviore, articulis 5—8

valde elongatis, longius densiusque setulosis, clava elon-

gata tenui formantibus. Ligule pars anterior angusta ;

palpi maxillares elongati. Metasternum elongatum.

Unguiculi simplices.

This genus is allied to Odontria, but is distinct by a

number of characters. The elongate form, the bare

84 Mr. D. Sharp on some

under surface, the elongate metasternum, the narrow

ligula, and more elongate maxillary palpi are abundantly

sufficient for generic distinction. The form is very similar

to that of the Patagonian genera, Sericoides and

Listronyx, and it is probable that, notwithstanding the

slight difference in the porrection of the labrum, it is

more allied to them than it is to Odontria. Listronyx

has a similarly-formed club of the antenna, except that

it is 5- instead of 4-jointed. It is probable that Lacor-

daire pursued an erroneous course in uniting White’s

genus Husoma with Odontria, but as I am not acquainted

with the insect described by White I cannot speak with

decision as to this.

Sericospilus advena, n. 8.

Suboblongus, parum convexus, fere parallelus, supra

opacus, subtus sat nitidus, haud vestitus, corporis margine

laterali setuloso, capite anterius ferrugineo, posterius

nigricante ; prothorace irregulariter punctato, fusco-

ferrugineo, lateribus dilutioribus; elytris ferrugineis

nigro quasi marmoratis, plagis his nigris, lateraliter

visis, opalescenti-micantibus, pectore pedibusque tes-

taceis ; tarsis elongatis, gracilibus. Long. 13, lat. 6 mm.

The colour and sculpture of the wing-cases is peculiar ;

they have a rather indefinite but not coarse punctuation,

which is not arranged in series, and they are indistinctly

costate longitudinally, the appearance of being ribbed

being caused apparently quite as much by the arrange-

ment of the colours as by elevation of the surface ; the

colour is obscure yellowish, but there are numerous

patches of dark colour arranged in a serial manner ;

these patches are of irregular outline, and those in each

series tend to be connected with one another; seen in a

certain light the elytra assume in consequence of

these patches a brilliant appearance. The sides of the

breast are rather closely punctate. J have five indi-

viduals before me, but can detect no sexual distinctions.

Greymouth ; No. 126, Helms. New Zealand ; No. 1860,

Henry Edwards, Esq.

New Zealand Coleoptera. 85

MESANOBIUM, Ni. 8.

Caput parvum, valde inflexum, oculis minoribus sed

convexis. Antenne 11-articulate, quasi simplices,

articulis inter se parum dissimilibus, nec serrate,

articulis ultimis nullo modo elongatis. Prothorax par-

vulus, supra equalis, lateribus haud marginatis, pro-

sterno brevissimo, coxis fere contiguis. Mesosternum

simplex; pedes intermedii sat distantes. Metasternum

haud impressum.

Head very short, greatly inflexed; the eyes small,

but prominent and nearly circular; the mandibles

largely exposed in front of the clypeus (terminal joint of

maxillary palpus apparently narrowly oval, with slightly

acuminate extremity). Antenne rather small, 11-jointed,

the first joint swollen and glabrous, the others finely

setose and pubescent ; 2nd joint rather stouter than the

following, but not longer than it; 3rd slender; 4th

slightly less slender; 5th a little longer than 4th; 6th

to 11th differing very little from one another; the 10th

and 11th each about as long as broad. Prothorax not

produced in the middle in front, but, as the pronotum is

greatly longer than the prosternum, having the appear-

ance of being so produced when viewed laterally. Pro-

sternum very reduced in size, but simple, not hollowed ;

the front coxe small, and nearly contiguous, but sepa-

rated by a slender band; the pronotum not limited from

the side portions. Middle coxe moderately distant,

the space between them not impressed. Tarsi rather

long and slender, but getting slightly broader from the

base to the 4th joint.

This minute and unattractive insect is one of the least

differentiated of the forms of Anobiide. It has the

appearance, colour, and sculpture of the genera Dryo-

philus and Priobiwm, and may be placed between them if

the antenne be disregarded, but differs from both the

genera named by the structure of these organs; no other

position can be suggested for the insect, and, as I

consider that too great an importance has been attached

to the antenne in comparison with other parts of the

structure in the Anobiade, I think its place should really

be that I have mentioned. Broun (Man. N. Zealand

Col., p. 687) has described an insect under the name of

Sphinditeles, which may possibly be allied to this, but as

%66 Mr. D. Sharp on some

he does not allude in any way to the sternal structure—

the most important of all the characters in this group—

it is impossible to come to any decision on the point.

Mesanobium debile, n. s.

Fuscum, supra rufescens, antennis pedibusque rufis,

corpore supra opaco, dense subtilissime sculpturato, pube

tenuissima depressa vestito. Long. 2—23 mm.

Prothorax a good deal narrower than the elytra, above

about as long as broad, convex, rather narrowed from

the middle towards the front; surface sculptured with

very dense, fine, minute, granulations. Hlytra very

finely granulose, like the thorax, but possessing in

addition numerous very minute and obscure small

punctures, giving rise, under careful examination, to the

appearance of a rudimentary striation. Ventral seg-

ments finely, closely, and evenly punctate.

Found by Mr. Helms at Greymouth. I have three

individuals before me, but I can detect no certain

sexual differences.

Dasytes helmsi, n. 8.

Elongatus, angustulus, postice latior, opacus, supra

purpureo-niger; subtus niger, violaceo-tinctus ; antennis |

nigris; supra tenuissime pubescens, elytris crebrius

parum argute punctatis. Long. 6 mm.

Antenne extending quite to the hind margin of the

thorax, black, a little thickened towards the extremity,

the penultimate joint not twice as long as broad. Head

rather elongate, about half as broad as the wing-cases,

narrowed behind the eyes. Thorax nearly as broad as

long, much constricted in front, the basal and lateral

margins very distinct, but the latter becomes indistinct

at the anterior constriction or impression, the surface

very indistinctly punctured and finely pubescent. Elytra

closely and rather finely punctate, but the punctuation

indistinct, although somewhat rugulose ; the pubescence

very indistinct. Legs long and slender, nearly black

above, deep blue beneath.

Although very different in colour from D. wakejfieldi, it

is in form, and probably in structure, closely allied

thereto.

Greymouth ; No. 52, Helms.

New Zealand Coleoptera. 87

I have received specimens of this species, all collected

by Mr. Helms, from several entomologists, and it is

distributed in collections under the name I have given it

in recognition of Mr. Helms’ services and liberality.

Cyphon variegatus, 1. 8.

Latus, sat convexus, subrotundatus, nitidus, parcius

parum subtiliter pubescens, testaceus, capite thoraceque

rufo-testaceis, elytris nigro-signatis, antennis ultra

medium fere nigris. Long. 3} mm.

Antenne rather short, the four or five basal joints

yellow, the others darker, the terminal ones being nearly

black ; 8rd joint very small and slender; 4th distinctly

longer than the following ; 5th to 10th differing very little

from one another. Head broad, distinctly pubescent,

but scarcely punctate. Thorax considerably narrower

than the elytra, pubescent, and indistinctly sculptured

like the head. LElytra with a distinct punctuation, the

punctures moderately close, quite distinct and definite at

the base, becoming obsolete towards the apex, and with

a rather elongate pubescence, of a yellowish colour,

marked with a basal transverse black fascia, a common

mark on the middle, which extends backwards along the

suture, and unites with an oblique apical mark that

encloses a pale space on the outside near the apex of

each wing-case. Under side and legs yellow.

The marks on the elytra are often very conspicuous,

but sometimes are nearly or quite absent, the basal ones

disappearing first.

The species is closely allied in its structure to C.

equalis, Sharp.

Greymouth ; Nos. 70 and 72, Helms.

Techmessa distans, ni. s.

Depressa, nigra, parum nitida, antennarum articu-

lorum basibus pallidis; setulis paucis erectis munita ;

prothorace fortiter transverso, inequale, fortiter punc-

tato; elytris dense fortiter punctatis. Long. 5—7 mm.

Antenne elongate and slender, reaching half-way, or

more, of the length of the wing-cases, quite black, but

with the extreme base or articular portion of each joint,

from the 4th onwards, pale yellow. Head coarsely

88 Mr. D. Sharp on some

punctate; the vertex behind the eyes not elongate.

Thorax strongly transverse, narrower than the wing-

cases, rounded at the sides, and narrowed behind; on

each side is a large impression, posteriorly somewhat

indefinite, and more or less distinctly joined, in front of

the scutellum, with its fellow; the surface coarsely and

rather closely punctate. Elytra densely, deeply, and

coarsely punctate, dull. Legs black.

In the male the 2nd and 8rd joints of the antenne are

a little shorter than they are in the female.

The species should evidently be placed with T. tele-

phoroides, Bates, in a different section from 7’. conclor.

Greymouth ; No. 251, Helms.

RuINoRHYNCHUS, n.g. (Rhinomacerides.)

Corpus suboblongum, dense punctatum et pubescens.

Caput ante oculos subite et valde constrictum ; rostrum

tenue, a medio ad apicem paulo latius, deplanatum, oris

partibus exsertis. Mandibule elongate, graciles, falcata,

extus (et fere certe intus) integres. Antenne elongate,

recte, subtenues. Elytra sine stria suturali discreta, epi-

pleuris angustis sed sat distinctis, linea externa epi-

pleurali ad basin parum distincta sed post basin bene

elevata. Tarsorum unguiculi brevi, ad basin incrassati,

itaque in medio dentati apparent.

The very distinct rostrum varies according to the sex,

being longer and more slender in the female; it is but

little curved ; the palpi and mandibles are conspicuously

exposed at its extremity. The anterior coxe are quite

contiguous, placed at a distance from the front of the

prosternum. ‘The ventral sutures are very deep. The

tarsi of normal tetramerous structure.

This insect is an undoubted member of the small

group Rhinomacerides, and appears, so far as I can judge

from the description of the European genus Nemonyz,

to be closely allied thereto. I have only before me a

single pair of this minute creature, and cannot, there-

fore, at present fully see its characters. It has some

resemblance in general form to Pachyura of the

Belide, but may be distinguished at a glance by the

flattened rostrum and the conspicuously exserted mouth-

parts.

New Zealand Coleoptera. 89

It is an interesting addition to the New Zealand forms

of Rhyncophora. Leconte (‘ American Naturalist,’ July,

1874, p. 891) considers the Rhinomaceride as a “ syn-

thetic form making the nearest approach in the Rhyn-

cophora to the lower Heteromera, and therefore the repre-

sentative of old forms clings to an old and synthetic

type of vegetation.” It will be interesting to discover

the habits of the New Zealand representative family, and

see whether it supports, as is highly probable, Leconte’s

theory.

Broun has described (Man. N. Zealand Col.) an insect

under the name of Rhinomacer rufula, but I cannot say

from his description whether or not it is congeneric with

Rhinorhynchus zealandicus.

Rhinorhynchus zealandicus, n. s.

Minutus, rufescens, elytris plus minusve fusco-rufis,

dense fortiter punctatus, conspicue flavo-griseo pubescens,

opacus, antennis pedibusque testaceis. Long. (cum

rostro porrecto) 2% mm.

Mas, rostro breviore, prothoracis vix longitudine, basi

punctato, antenne ultra medium inserte.

Fem., rostro prothorace paulo longiore, tenuiore,

glabro, polito, antenne fere in medium inserte.

Antenne reddish yellow, extending quite as far back

as the base of the thorax, not in the least geni-

culate; the Ist joint rather longer than the 2nd,

but scarcely stouter than it ; joints 83—8 rather slender ;

9—11 forming an elongate, very laxly-jointed club,

the joints of which differ but little in length inter se.

Thorax much narrower than the after body, rather

longer than broad, the sides very gently and evenly

rounded. The surface densely, evenly, and coarsely

punctured, and with a dense, rather elongate, depressed

pubescence. Elytra densely, deeply, and coarsely punc-

tate, with a dense, rather coarse, pubescence, which

much conceals the sculpture. Legs yellow, rather short

and stout; the tibie straight, without spurs or hooks.

Found by Mr. Helms at Greymouth in the spring of

1881.

TRANS. ®ENT. soc. 1882.—paRv I. (APRIL.) N

90 Mr. D. Sharp on some

ANAGOTUS, n. g. (Curculionides, Cylindrorhinide).

Rostrum sat elongatum, ad apicem dilatatum, supra

antennarum insertionem angulatim prominulo ; scrobes

oblique, profunde, longe ante oculos desinentes ; corpus

tuberculatum, prothorax gracilis; pedes elongati, tibiz

simplices, haud mucronate, apicibus nullo modo dila-

tatis.

This is a remarkable insect, having rather the facies

of an African ground weevil than of any New Zealand

form hitherto discovered, and perhaps the type of a

distinct group near the Hipporhinides. The scrobes are

continued to the apex of the rostrum, and there, owing

to the dilatation of the latter, exposed in front; they are

continued obliquely backwards, passing to the under

surface, but become obsolete about half-way to the eye.

The basal joint of the antenne reaches to the eye, and

is nearly as long as the other joints together; the club

is well marked, though slender and elongate. The

mandibles are without scar, and are not very different

from those of Lyperobius. The front cox are con-

tiguous. The metasternum is short; the 1st ventral

segment is in the middle a good deal longer than the

2nd, which is quite twice as long as the 3rd. Legs

elongate and slender ; tibie quite unarmed, not thick-

ened at the apex. ‘Tarsi slender, the 8rd joint scarcely

broader than the preceding ones, its apical lobes

quite short; it, as well as the two basal joints, rather

densely pubescent beneath, with a glabrous space along

the middle.

At present this insect may be placed near Inophleus,

at the head of the Cylindrorhinide, till its peculiarities

can be more correctly appreciated ; it appears to me to

have considerable affinities both with the Amycterides

and Hipporhinides, though differing greatly from the

former by the elongate rostrum.

Anagotus helmsi, n. s.

Niger, indumento sordide fusco vestitus, femoribus

versus apicem late albido-cingulatis; prothorace ely-

trisque tuberculatis. Long. (cum rostro) 18 mm.

Thorax slender, longer than broad, approximating to

cylindric, but the upper surface very irregular, with an

New Zealand Coleoptera. 91

elongate elevation in the middle in front; a rather large

prominence on each side of this, and other smaller less

conspicuous asperate tubercles. After body very convex,

very narrow at the base, with a longitudinal series of

large tubercles near the suture, and a row of smaller

tubercles outside this and marking the part where the sides

become perpendicular (these slope even a little inwards),

and with other smaller asperities, and with longitudinal

series of large punctures or pits, which are indistinct in

the spots where the tubercles are much developed. Legs

elongate and slender.

This remarkable species has been discovered at Grey-

mouth by Mr. Helms, and a specimen sent to me as

No. 133.

Pentarthrum helmsianum, n. 8.

$. Robustum, sat elongatum, nigrum sat nitidum,

prothorace crebre fortiter punctato ; elytris sat fortiter

striato-punctatis ; rostro lato, anterius latissime angu-

lariter dilatato, subrhomboidali. Long. 6 mm.

Antenne black, with the intermediate joints piceous ;

the basal joint opaque and somewhat twisted, so as to

appear emarginate in one aspect. Rostrum very broad,

extremely dilated in front, so that the sides project

as acute angles, and the front margin is curved; the

upper part is rather closely, the anterior more sparingly,

punctate; the neck is smooth, and the eyes are not very

far from the front of the thorax. This latter part is

rather broad, and a good deal rounded at the sides, the

surface rather coarsely, moderately closely, evenly punc-

tate and shining. Elytra with impressed striz, which are

distinctly punctate ; the interstices scarcely punctate, but

somewhat dull and obscurely rugulose. Legs black,

robust, all the tibiz armed at the apex internally with

an angular process, which is on the hind legs large and

remarkable. The female is unknown.

This peculiar insect will probably ultimately form the

type of a genus distinct from Pentarthrum, but as it goes

very well into that genus, as at present defined, it is not

necessary to make a new name for it. The great

development of the rostrum reminds one rather of some

of the Brenthide than of a Cossonid. The two indi-

viduals before me are quite similar, and I have no

92 Mr. D. Sharp on some

doubt I am correct in considering them to be of the

male sex.

Greymouth ; No. 227, Helms.

Didymocantha robusta, n. s.

Fuscula, capite thoraceque rufis, antennis pedibusque

rufo-testaceis ; elytris nitidis, fortiter punctatis, pube-

scentia sparsa erecta vestitis, ex parte majore testaceis,

argute-fusco signatis. Long. 123 mm.

Head red, coarsely punctate and much pubescent.

Antenne pale red, their basal portion much pubescent ;

towards the apex the pubescence becomes gradually less,

and is wanting on the apical joint. Thorax red, about

as long as broad, the surface very uneven, with a smooth

longitudinal space on the middle, on each side of which

are coarse punctures; this smooth space does not

extend to the front part, which is coarsely punctate ; on

each side of the middle towards the front there is a very

distinct shining tubercle, and externally to this a less

distinct sublateral tubercle ; the angle at the side behind

the middle is very prominent; the surface bears much

pale pubescence. LHElytra shining, definitely and coarsely

punctate, and from each puncture there rises a pallid

suberect hair; the punctuation is distant and regular ;

along the side of the wing-case, from the shoulder to the

apex, extends a dark mark, and across the surface stretch

two transverse irregular fascize of dark colour, the

anterior one is’angulate, and, as it proceeds from the

side to the suture extends forwards, and along the

suture extends to the scutellum; the posterior transverse

fascia is broad and angulate, and sends a narrow pro-

longation backwards along the suture to the apex. The

femora are red, and stout for this genus; the tibize and

tarsi yellow ; under surface fuscous-red, with very scanty

fine white pubescence. The individual before me is of

uncertain sex.

The shorter and stouter femora distinguish this insect

strongly from D. sublineata; probably it is allied to

D. picta, Bates, a species I have not seen.

Greymouth ; No. 130, Helms.

New Zealand Coleoptera. 93

Somatidia helmsi, n. s.

Parum convexa, elytris dilatatis, ad apicem attenuatis ;

thorace parvo, ferrugineo, ad latera nigricante, utrinque

tuberculo parvo; elytris nigro-fuscis, ad basin plaga

maxima communi pallide ochracea. Long. 43 mm.

This curious insect, with very sharply defined colora-

tion, has the body but little clothed with down, the

variegation being caused by tinting of the chitinous

substance. The thorax is reddish, with the sides darker,

the lateral portions coarsely and closely punctured, the

middle less distinctly ; at each side behind the middle is

a small but prominent tubercle, and on the disc, just in

front of the middle, are two obscure elevations. Hlytra

narrowed at the base and apex, the greatest width in

front of the middle, of a blackish colour, but with a very

large and extremely sharply defined pale basal portion.

The surface bears numerous coarse but not deep punc-

tures ; on the middle of the pale colour there are four

obscure elevations, and on the line of junction of the two

colours are. four other elevations, two on each side like

the anterior set, the external being more indistinct than

the internal ; the dark posterior portion bears also two

small elevations, one in front of the other, on each

wing-case. The femora are rather pale at the base,

dark at the extremity ; the tibiz are dark at the base,

then show a broad pale ring, and their extremity is also

pale, as are likewise the tarsi. ;

Greymouth, found by Mr. Helms.

I have much pleasure in naming this interesting little

insect after its discoverer.

Xylotoles hutton, n.s.

Parum elongatus, posterius attenuatus, corpore toto

cum antennis pedibusque dense tomentoso; pedibus

parum elongatis, dense vestitis, femoribus basi superne

nudo rufescente ; antennis variegatis. Long. 7 mm.

Head very short ; antennal tubercles, placed quite on

its upper part, prominent; granulation of eyes very

coarse. Thorax with a transverse depression behind the

front, and another at an equal distance before the base ;

from the middle of the anterior depression there extends

a depression backwards, on each side of which the

94 Mr. D. Sharp on some

surface is rather more elevated, and is densely tomentose

with pale grey pubescence, the rest of the surface being

covered with darker, but mottled, pubescence ; at each

side about the middle there is a prominent speck of pure

white pubescence. Elytra not prolonged, but broadly

dehiscent at apex, densely clothed with dark tomentum,

which is, however, speckled and mottled, and bears

some small but prominent tufts. Legs and tarsi very

densely clothed. Antenne mottled with greyish spots ;

the base of each of joints 4—11 yellowish. Under surface

densely clothed everywhere with fine pubescence.

This aberrant Xylotoles tends to connect Xylotoles and

Tetrorea ; although very different, owing to its clothing,

from the other species, Ido not see any characters that

necessitate at present its generic isolation, unless the

coarser granulation of the eyes and shorter head be

considered such.

I received a single individual from Prof. Hutton, after

whom I have named it, some years ago (1877). It was

found by him in Otago.

Hybolasius deplanatus, n. s.

Parvus, oblongus, subdepressus, fuscus, superne rufe-

scens, antennis pedibusque rufis ; prothorace dense sub-

tiliterque granuloso punctato, vittis tribus flavescentibus

parum argutis pubescentie ornatis, ad latera angulatis ;

elytris parum inequalibus. Long. 3—4 mm.

Antenne red, slender, sparingly hispid. Head infus-

cate-red. Thorax very transverse, strongly angularly

prominent at each side, the surface densely covered with

minute asperities, which are more than usually visible

on account of the scanty pubescence; this latter is

yellowish in colour, and arranged so as to form three

indistinct longitudinal bands. LElytra reddish, more or

less distinctly marked with fuscous along the suture;

this colour beyond the middle rather abruptly turned

towards the sides, and bounded about the middle by a

very obscure longitudinal elevation ; the surface rather

sparingly pubescent, and irregularly punctate, but almost

destitute of erect sete. Legs clear red.

This species is allied to H. bellicosus, Broun, but is

more brightly coloured, and of more slender build, with

the antenne and upper surface less hispid, &c.

Greymouth ; Helms.

New Zealand Coleoptera. 95

Tetrorea sellata, n. 8.

Sat elongata fere gracilis, nigricans, pube variegata

vestita, elytris ante medium plaga pallidiore oblique

descendente, pedibus articulisque 1—4 antennarum

maculatis, harum articulis 5—10 nigro-fuscis, singulo ad

_ basin late pallido-annulato ; elytris utrinque pone scu-

tellum tuberculo parum elevato, singulo ad apicem

rotundato; antennis pedibusque fere gracilibus. Long.

11—12 mm.

Eyes comparatively little separated on the vertex.

Thorax with large lateral prominence, and with broad

tubercle on each side of the middle. Scutellum clothed

with black pile. Hach wing-case has an obscure eleva-

tion near the base, and numerous large punctures about

the scutellum ; the lateral portions are also a good deal

punctate; the surface is variegate with obscurely-

coloured down, and there is a patch of pale colour

descending obliquely from behind the shoulder, and

meeting its fellow of the opposite side just in front of

the middle. The legs are rather slender, and bear only

a few erect white setz.

Greymouth ; Helms.

This departs from the typical species by the form of the

apices of the elytra, and by the eyes being less sepa-

rated on the vertex, but it cannot with advantage be

separated at present as a distinct genus, especially as

it bears a great general resemblance to JT’. discedens.

The colour of the down on the scutellum, independently

of more important characters, permits it to be dis-

tinguished at a glance from 7’. discedens.

Tetrorea discedens, n. 8.

Pube variegata, ex parte majore fusco-olivacea, ves-

tita, elytris pone basin plaga magna communi pallidiore,

antennis pedibusque conspicue maculatis, abdomine

utrinque flavo-maculato; prothorace in medio plaga

nuda, nitida; elytris utrinque pone scutellum tuberculo

elevato, etiam ad medium et ante apicem penicilla parva

instructis. Long. 11—13 mm.

Antenne reaching slightly beyond the extremity of the

body, very distinctly maculate, the basal joints more or

less ferruginous. Thorax with an angular prominence

96 Mr. D. Sharp on some

on each side, with a small shining space on the middle

of the dise, and in front of this, on each side, a not

very distinct tubercle. Scutellum clothed with ochreous

scales along the margin. Elytra not prolonged at the

apex, but distinctly dehiscent there, the apex of each

not rounded, but rather obscurely and a little obliquely

truncate. Tibiew sparingly clothed with fine sete.

One individual, which I believe to be a male, is larger

and more robustly formed, and has the legs thicker, and

the tibia more setose. ‘The colour is variable, the large

- common patch on the elytra being sometimes white, in

other cases only a little paler than the general colour.

Otago; Prof. Hutton. Greymouth ; Helms.

MESOLAMIA, 0. g.

Corpus sat robustum, subtile tomentosum. Caput

facie perpendiculari brevissima. Oculi mediocriter

eranulati. Antenne (femine ?) corpore breviores, sat

robust, articulo basali parum elongato, et parum dila-

tato, quam tertio paulo breviore. Thorax ad latera

aneulatus. Elytra apicibus rotundatis. Pedes breves,

femora breviora crassa. Cetera fere ut in Tetrorea.

The insect for which I have established this genus

has given me some trouble on account of its want of

special resemblance to any other of the New Zealand

Lamiades, while at the same time it possesses no

striking peculiarities of its own. It is perhaps nearest

to Tetrorea, from which it differs by the more finely

facetted eyes, as well as by the different form and the

peculiar head. This last character renders the genus of

special interest, for the shape of the head only exhibits

the Lamia characteristics in a comparatively imperfect

manner. The perpendicular part of the head is quite

short, and is not abruptly differentiated from the vertex,

the middle portion in fact passing quite gradually into

the plane of the vertex; both the vertex and front are

canaliculate along the middle, and a fine transverse

suture can be detected in front of the eyes. The

anterior coxal cavities-have externally a small trans-

verse fissure. The external structure of the middle

cavities is not easily ascertained without dissection, the .

surface there being uneven in consequence of the large

size of the globose coxe ; but it appears to me the side

New Zealand Coleoptera. 97

wing of the mesosternum does not quite meet the meta-

sternum. As the general structure of the under surface

is not very different from that of Tetrorea, it may be

placed next to that form.

Mesolamia marmorata, n. 8.

Fusco-rufa, pube flavescenti subtili dense vestita, ma-

culis fusco-rufis adspersa; elytris parum inequalibus,

singulo ad apicem rotundato. Long. 9—12 mm.

The surface is apparently of a dark or obscure red

colour, closely covered with a fine, closely adpressed,

yellow pile, but in parts this pile is replaced by a pile of

a darker colour, thus giving rise to a maculated appear-

ance, most of the spots being of small size and round in

shape. The antenne are rather stout, and are not

hispid ; each joint bears rather scanty pale pile on the

basal portion, and this therefore appears paler than the

apical part of each joint. The vertex is deeply chan-

nelled, and between the antenne there is a rather deep

depression, which is continued on the front of the head

as a fine channel. The thorax is narrower than the

elytra, and is not so long as broad; on each side it is

much dilated to form a large angular prominence; the

surface is not at all tuberculate, only a little uneven,

and bears numerous small spots of the kind already

described. The surface of each elytron is elevated near

the base on each side of the scutellum, and there is also

on the middle of each an obscure longitudinal folding or

elevation ; there is a large, irregular, curved, dark mark

on each, as well as numerous small spots. The rather

stout, short, legs are destitute of sete, but are clothed

with fine pile; the femora are a little maculate, and

there is a dark mark on each tibia below the middle.

The female has the apical ventral segment very largely

impressed, and at each side bears elongate pubescence,

which projects towards the middle, and so much conceals

the depression. The male is unknown.

Two specimens of this species were sent from Dunedin

by Prof. Hutton in 1877.

TRANS. ENT, SOC, 1882,—PART I. (APRIL.) O

98 Mr. D. Sharp on some

Chalcolampra speculifera, n. 8.

Oblongo-ovalis, sat convexa, testacea, elytris plagis

magnis nitidissimis fusco-eneis, antennarum basi fusce-

scente, pedibus geniculis nigris. Long. 8, lat. 4 mm.

Antenne slender and elongate, reaching half-way to

the extremity of the wing-cases. Prothorax transverse,

distinctly narrower than the elytra, the sides nearly

straight, very finely and evenly margined, the base un-

margined, the front rather broadly margined, the surface

rather finely and irregularly punctate. Scutellum shin-

ing and impunctate. EHlytra yellow, but each with three

large and extremely highly polished spaces of a dusky

brassy colour ; one of these is situated near the scutellum,

and is but little separated from its fellow of the other

side; it is extended backwards along the suture, but is

here less well defined and conspicuous, till it joins the

apical patch ; this latter is very brilliant, and sends off

externally towards the front a small prolongation, which

nearly or quite unites with the third or lateral mirror ;

this is placed near but does not touch the side, and

in front is prolonged as far as the shoulder ; there is also

a minute dark spot on the shoulder; the yellow portion.

of the wing-cases is rather coarsely and irregularly

punctate ; the apices are a little produced, and very dis-

tinctly truncate. The legs are yellow, with the knees

broadly marked with black.

This remarkable insect is one of the most interesting

of Mr. Helms’ Greymouth captures, as it introduces us

to a new feature in the New Zealand Coleoptera, and one

which I had hitherto supposed to be quite wanting, viz.,

the existence of true Chrysomelide of Chapuis’ division

Cycliques. The genus Chalcolampra is well represented

in Australia, and has some species in Austro-Malasia,

Auuocuaris, n. g. (? Phyllocharites, Chap.)

Elytra libera. Metasternum sat breve, quam pronoto

breviore. Acetabula antica occlusa. Palpi maxillares

breves, haud incrassati, articulo ultimo quam precedente

angustiore et paulo breviore, apice obtuse acuminato.

Antenne parum graciles sat elongate. Pedes omnes

distantes, posteriores valde distantes. |Mesosternum

inter pro- et metasterna distinctum. Tibie haud

New Zealand Coleoptera. 99

canaliculate ; tarsorum articulo 30 ad apicem sat pro-

funde emarginato. Facies inter Chrysomelam et

Prasocurem quasi intermedia.

This is an anomalous insect, but on the whole is pro-

bably most allied to the Phyllocharites of Chapuis. The

metasternum is not so abbreviate as in Cyrtonus, its

length being just intermediate between those of Cyrtonus

and Gonioctena. The metasternum is brought up to the

level of the middle of the pro- and metasterna, and exposed

between them as a curved linear piece. The claws of the

tarsi are short, and armed at the base with an angular

dilatation. The maxillary palpi do not differ much

from those of Cyrtonus. The elytra are not soldered,

but I am unable to say whether wings are present or not.

Allocharis marginata, 1. 8.

Oblongo-ovalis, sat elongata, convexa, nitida, fusco-

enea, elytris rufo-marginatis, antennis palpis pedibusque

testaceis ; elytris subtiliter seriatim punctatis, interstitiis

fere impunctatis. Long. 53, lat. 23 mm.

Antenne clear red, stout, rather longer than head and

thorax ; 2nd joint quite as broad as 3rd, and distinctly

shorter than it; 6th a little shorter than the contiguous

joints, and rather longer than broad. Head much im-

mersed in thorax, its surface distinctly but irregularly

punctate; eyes small, coarsely granulate. Thorax

rather strongly transverse, but little emarginate in front,

a little narrower than the elytra, the colour shining

brassy, becoming rufescent or fuscescent towards the

sides, the surface rather finely and distantly punctate ;

the lateral and basal margins are fine but distinct

throughout; the front margin is even finer than the

others, and is obsolete in the middle. Scutellum not

large, rather broad, curvilinearly triangular, impunctate.

Elytra of an obscure brassy colour, with the sides broadly

and distinctly rufescent, and the base more obscurely so,

not at all striate, but bearing each nine series of fine

punctures, and with some other very fine and distant

punctures. Legs rather short and stout, reddish yellow.

I received a single specimen of this rather obscure

looking but interesting insect from C. M. Wakefield, Esq.

It is labelled ‘‘ Craigie burn, Powell.”

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VI. Additional notes on Bombyces collected in Chili by

Mr. Edmonds. By Arruur G. Buttisr, F.L.S.,

ee Aas ie &e.

[Read March Ist, 1882.|

Ir will be noticed that in my account of the Bombyces

collected in Chili by Mr. Edmonds, reference has been

made to descriptions of several larve sent to me, but

which I could not find among the notes in my hands

(antea, pp. 18 and 20).

In looking over supplementary notes upon the butter-

flies received from Mr. Edmonds, I was surprised to find

these descriptions ; they are written (in pencil for the

most part) upon letter paper, and had been placed with

various letters received and answered, which must be my

excuse for overlooking them, though it is, I admit, but a

lame one at best.

As fresh material has been received from Chili since

the reading of my paper, and has come into my hands

within the last few days, I think the best thing to do is

to describe the new forms, giving at the same time the

notes on species already enumerated; I much regret

that such a course should be necessary, but it seems

decidedly yreferable to omitting valuable information

which must prove useful to future collectors.

22. Ormiscodes crinita, Blanch.

** Larva.—Black, with interrupted transverse bands of

yellow, and clothed with long brown bushy prickles and

short grey hairs ; head shining black, thinly clothed with

short grey hairs; body velvety black, variegated with

orange, brown, and yellow; the yellow markings form-

ing transverse bands, irregularly spotted with black on

the front part of each segment except the second;

immediately behind the yellow band on each segment

there are six bushy spines, two on the back and two on

each side, of a dark brown colour, except the extreme

points, which are grey and very sharp. The spines on

TRANS.“ENT. SOC. 1882.—PaRT I. (APRIL.)

102 My. A. G. Butler’s additional notes on

the second segment are directed forwards, and those on

the anal segment backwards; the back part of each

segment is ornamented with small orange-brown spots,

and three patches of short grey hairs, one patch on the

back and one on each side; prolegs and claspers dark

reddish brown, thinly clothed with short grey hairs;

under side dull black. The spines sting severely when

touched. Feeds in July, August, and September on

‘Quilo’ (Muhlenbeckia sagittefolia), and also on poplar,

pepper, rose, and a number of other trees and shrubs.

“* Pupa.—Dull black, and enclosed in a loose cocoon,

sometimes placed among dead leaves or rubbish on the

surface of the earth. The perfect insect appears in

January and February.” —T". EL.

The following description must, I think, refer to—

26. Cinommata bistrigata, Butl.

“Larva of ? Hyperchiria sp.*—Length 1} inches;

thinly clothed with fine hairs; head yellowish white,

with a narrow black streak running from the back

across the face, forked at the end nearest the mouth, and

a black streak on each side of the face; body dull grey,

with a double dorsal line and broad subdorsal line dirty

yellowish white; the former lines interrupted on the

third and fourth segments by large black patches, and

the subdorsal lines of a dull orange colour on the hind

segments; a broad spiracular line white, with a fine

horizontal crimson dash on each segment, and bounded

above and below by a narrow black line; each segment

furnished with six tufts of sharp-pointed bristles, colour

very pale brown, with the extreme tips black, length

rather less than a line; two subdorsal, two lateral, and

two below the spiracles; a small smooth spine about

1-16th of an inch long, soft, and of a bright red colour,

springs from the white spiracular line on each side of

the fifth segment; spiracles white, edged with light

brown; under side dirty yellowish white, often tinged

with green; legs and claspers very pale brown. Feeds

Bombyces collected in Chili. 103

27. Cercophora frauenfeldi, Feld.

‘“* Larva.—Head whitish green, with a few very fine

short black hairs; second segment pale green, slightly

larger than the head, with a few very fine black hairs

springing from the front edge and directed forwards ; one

of these hairs on each side is slightly longer than the

rest, and thickened at the tip; the third segment is

larger than the second, and has an oval pinkish white

spot margined with a fine black line on the back; the

fourth segment is much larger than the third, and forms

a high peak on the back; this peak is green, thickly

dusted with yellow, and directed forwards; immediately

in front of the peak there is a spot similar to that on the

third segment, but smaller ; both the third and fourth

segments have some extremely fine silky hairs on each

side, and one on each side of each segment is thickened

at the tip; from the tip of the peak on each side

a raised yellow line runs along the body above the

spiracles, ending in a sharp yellow tail-like point at the

extremity of the twelfth segment; the rest of the body

is pale green, dusted with yellow, inclining to whitish

ereen on the back; the fifth and sixth segments have

pinkish spots on the back, and on each segment there is

a small black spot, above and adjoiming the lateral line,

from which a long fine black hair, thickened at the tip,

is emitted; prolegs and claspers. pale green, and thinly

clothed with very short downy hairs of a pale green

colour ; the body slopes gradually from the peak on the

fourth segment, and terminates in a sharp point. This

larva is very sluggish in its habits, and clings tightly to

the food-plant; when at rest the head is almost hidden

by the second segment, and the second and third seg-

ments are contracted and held downwards nearly at

right angles to the peak on the fourth segment.”—

1 MORE

I have introduced this description as being far more

minute than my own, which was necessarily taken

from the drawing. (See Pl. I., fig. 5).

29. Hudelia venusta, Walk.

‘ Larva.—Sunilar to that of C. frauenfeldi, but differs

in its larger size, in having the raised line, which runs

from the peak on the fourth segment, pale blue on the

104 Mr. A. G. Butler’s additional notes on

top and white beneath, or in front, on that segment,

instead of being entirely yellow, as in C. frawenfeldi ; in

having the said line interrupted or replaced on the sides

of fifth segment by short treble lines, the top one blue,

the middle one black, and the under one orange, and in

having the rest of the lateral line pale yellow on top and

rose-colour under ; in wanting the reddish spots on the

backs of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth segments,

and in having a dorsal line of a paler green than the

rest of body. Feeds on ‘ Maiten’ (Maitenus chilensis).

** Cocoon.—Differs from C. frauenfeldi in being slightly

pear-shaped instead of oval, and is grey instead of

yellowish ; the larva spun up on August 15th.”—T". E.

314. Polythysana albescens.

*‘ Tarva.—Length rather over three inches; head

smaller than second segment, greenish, with black

markings; colour beneath pale green; above ashy, with

a pinkish tinge ; a large velvety-black patch on the back

of second and third segments, visible only when the

larva is walking; body covered with short isolated

stiffish hairs; the second, third, and fourth segments

have in addition eight bipectinate spines, two on each

side, and four on the back of each segment, those on the

second segment about three lines long, those on the

third and fourth about one line long, and also directed

forwards ; the primary spines are reddish or pink, the

pectinations are generally thick at the base, black and

yellow, then they terminate abruptly in a slender whitish

hair; the sixth to eleventh segments inclusive are fur-

nished each with four stellate bunches of spines, each

of from ten to fourteen prickles, yellow at base, black at

tip; the central prickles having more black on them

than the peripheral ones; these stellate prickles are

situated at equal distances from each other in a line

between the two spiracles of each segment; the twelfth

and thirteenth segments have but three bunches each ;

beneath each spiracle the fifth, sixth, eleventh, and

twelfth each have two long bipectinate spines, like those

on the thoracic segments; the other segments have one

each in the same place (when the larva is at rest these

are closely applied to the leaf or twig on which it rests) ;

spiracles small, whitish yellow, with a slender black

Bombyces collected in Chili. 105

edge. Full-fed about the end of October or beginning of

November.

“* Pupa.—Enclosed in a pear-shaped cocoon of buti-

coloured silk, open at one end (Saturnia-like), spun

among the leaves of the food-plant.’”’—T. EL.

A pen-and-ink sketch by Mr. Edmonds represents the

bipectinated spines as deflexed on each side of the body

like the hairs on some other larve.

35. Hyperchiria erythrops, Blanch.

“ Larva.—Dull brown, clothed with prickly spines:

head dark brown and shiny; body dull greyish brown,

with indistinct subdorsal and lateral lines of dirty white

colour, and irregular pale dull orange lines immediately

above and below the spiracles; the latter pale dull

orange, edged with black; under side and claspers

greenish grey; prolegs brown; each segment armed

with six tufts of sharp prickles of a light brown colour,

the extreme tips dark brown; these sting severely when

touched ; two tufts are subdorsal, two lateral, and two

spiracular. Food-plant, ‘“‘ Maiten,” Bromelia, bramble,

&e. Gregarious when young; a night-feeder ; hides by

day among dead leaves and rubbish near roots of food-

plants; the young brood disperses as it grows older.

Full-fed beginning of December.” —T’. E.

The two following new species are referable to the

Notodontide ; the larve were left in Chili to be reared,

and the moths forwarded quite recently to Mr. Edmonds.

PSEUDOCERURA, N. g.

Allied to Heterocampa, but with the general aspect of

Cerura; thorax very flat above, very coarsely scaled ;

collar very deep ; basal hairy clothing of the abdomen

represented by an appressed expanded tuft on each side ;

the abdomen itself rather short, tapering rather suddenly,

almost to the extremity, strongly carinated along the

dorsal line ; anal tuft also carinated, slightly expanded ;

antenne rather thickj with very short ciliz along the

anterior surface; legs rather long, thick, and coarsely

scaled ; primaries with nearly straight costal margin,

with convex subangulated outer margin and slightly

sinuous inner margin ; secondaries subpyriform.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRT I. (APRIL.) P

106 Mr. A. G. Butler’s additional notes on

Pseudocerura thoracica, un. 8.

Primaries above dark granite-grey, crossed by two

widely-separated blackish-edged pale lines, undulated,

reversed, and divergent towards the costa, enclosing the

ordinary spots, which are as follows: ‘“ orbicular”

rounded, pale buff, with a black central dot and black

margin; ‘‘reniform’’ subquadrate, slightly constricted

in the centre, buff, with black margin; a diffused buff

crescent, with black lower edge below the ‘“‘ orbicular ”’

spot ; base, costal border, and external area buff, spotted

with grey and dotted with black; a dentated blackish

submarginal line, followed by an almost marginal series

of well-defined small spots ; secondaries sericeous-white,

greyish on abdominal area; a grey spot at end of cell,

and a marginal series of black lunules: thorax clothed

with green-tipped white scales, giving it a pale green

colour ; abdomen greyish brown, with whitish anal tuft ;

under surface sericeous-white ; wings with intense black

marginal spots ; primaries irrorated with blackish scales,

and with a black subapical diffused patch ; costal border

alternately ferruginous and white ; a blackish spot with

an oblique blackish dash above it at the end of the cell ;

fringe spotted with blackish ; secondaries with blackish

basi-costal area ; a spot in the cell and a second at the

end of the cell black; an arched discal series of short

slender grey lunules; front of pectus blackish ; venter

slightly greyish ; expanse of wings, 41 mm.

“ Larva found September 21st, on ‘ Boldu’ ; entirely

pale yellowish green, almost transparent, and covered

sparsely with minute yellow dots; head shiny; dorsal,

subdorsal, and spiracular lines pale yellow; a pointed

hump on the twelfth segment; a yellow oblique line

extending from the point to near the spiracular line on

each side; sixteen legs. When alarmed it throws back

its head until it touches the centre of its back.’—T7’. E.

EDMOoNDSIA, Nn. g.

Allied to Lophopteryx, but with broad Noctuzform wings,

with deeply undulated outer margins similar to those of

Calicula and Sypna of the Old World ; the inner margin

of the primaries with a subbasal lobe of long projecting

scales ; body very robust, coarsely scaled; antenne rather

short, thick (especially in the male), flattened, with the

anterior surface slightly but scarcely perceptibly setose.

Bombyces collected in Chili. 107

Edmondsia sypnoides, n. s.

Primaries above smoky brown, with the costal border,

discoidal cell, and veins broadly sericeous greyish black ;

two zigzag velvet-black parallel lines across the basal

third, and two more acutely zigzag across the disc;

‘“‘yeniform’”’ spot indicated by a small patch of pale

brown scales in the female, but wanting in the male: a

submarginal series of black-bordered pale-brown lunate

spots, most distinct in the female; fringe blackish, tra-

versed by two paler undulated lines ; secondaries smoky

brown, with the basal two-fifths sordid-white ; fringe as

in primaries; a marginal series of pale-edged black

lunules most distinct in the female; the latter sex also

shows three divergent abbreviated black lines running

from the external half of the abdominal margin to about

the centre of the disc; thorax dull velvet-black ; abdo-

men pale brown at the sides, blackish in the middle ;

wings below sericeous smoky brown, crossed beyond the

middle by two arched ill-defined darker stripes ; outer

margin slightly paler; fringe grey, with a blue-black

external edge; primaries with white internal border ;

secondaries pale towards the base, and with a small

black spot at the end of the cell ; body below dull black ;

tarsi banded with white. Expanse of wings—male

47 mm., female 58 mm.

Larva of Hdmondsia sypnoides, Butl.

Larva.—Velvet-black, minutely speckled with white ;

head rather small and shiny ; second segment also small ;

third segment very full and large, with two large quad-

rate yellowish spots in front, and with two long black

divergent tapering subdorsal horns, filiform at their

extremities ; the fourth to sixth segments, which are

also very full, with a yellowish dorsal patch ; the second

108 Notes on Bombyces collected in Chilt.

to fifth sezments with yellow instead of white speckling

at the sides; a broad lateral undulated creamy white

band from the fifth to the twelfth segment, upon which

are the spiracles, which are small and black ; the twelfth

seoment with two slightly divergent tapering thorn-like

subdorsal horns; legs, claspers, and under surface

slightly greyish.

I have taken this description from a coloured drawing

of the larva; as, after looking over all the notes in my

possession, I have failed to recognise any description

applicable to the species.

(dG)

VII. On the terminal ventral segments of the abdomen in

Prosopis, and other Anthophila. By Epwarp

Saunpbers, F'.L.S.

[Read March Ist, 1882.]

Puate VI.

Many authors have described and figured the genital

armature of the males in Bombus and other genera of

Aculeate Hymenoptera, but I cannot find that much

attention has been paid to the hidden ventral valves of

the two segments that immediately precede it, i.e., of

the 7th and 8th; indeed, very few authors have men-

tioned the 8th segment in the imago at all, although

this segment is very clearly present in all the species I

have examined, and in many its ventral valve affords

excellent specific characters.

Leon Dufour (‘Recherches Anatomiques.’ &c.) cer-

tainly noticed the ventral valve of this segment in the

genera Apathus, Bombus, &c., but he considered it as a

part of the genital armature, calling it the ‘‘ hypotome,”’

and saying that it is inserted or perhaps articulated to

a common plate, fixed at the base of the armature below.

I think there is no doubt that he was wrong in think-

ing that this plate is in any way united with the arma-

ture, for I have specimens which clearly show its

connection with a membrane, which unites it to a mem-

branous or sometimes corneous plate, which projects

beyond the apex of the 7th dorsal segment, when the

abdomen is much extended, and which, I think, is

evidently its dorsal valve.

In extracting the genitalia from dried specimens, the

membrane uniting the ventral and dorsal plates of the

8th segment, and often also of the 7th, generally gets

torn away, and the ventral plates come away with the

armature, so that they have quite the appearance of

being part of the actual armature itself. They are, how-

ever, easily detached, and the shining smooth under

surface of the armature shows no sign of having had any

attachment.

TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1882.—PaRT I. (APRIL.)

110 Mr. E. Saunders on the terminal ventral

It is, I think, quite clear that the abdomen of an

aculeate hymenopterous insect should consist of nine

segments. Packard, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Boston

Society of Natural History.’ vol. x., points out that of

the fourteen segments of the larva (counting the head as

one), the first represents the head in the perfect insect,

the next four the thorax (i.e., including the 5th larval

segment, which he shows is taken up into the metathorax

during the larval changes), and the remaining nine the

abdomen; Packard also points out that the male geni-

talia are visible in the larva as three pairs of tubercles

on the sternal portion of the 9th ring, which 9th ring

no doubt represents what we call the genital armature

in the imago. Hight segments now remain to be

accounted for, and all these, I find, present in such bees

as I have examined.

The form of the 8th ventral plate in the male varies

very greatly, and appears to afford excellent characters

in some genera for sectional purposes. It is this 8th

ventral plate which projects somewhat in the form of a

spoon at the apex of the abdomen in Andrena, and

which has been considered as the 7th by many authors ;

the 7th, however, in this genus lies under the 6th, and

is rarely, if ever, visible ; the same form of the segment

occurs in Panurgus, Cilissa, Dasypoda, and Macropis.

In Panurgus all the ventral segments are visible, as the

apex of the 6th is largely and widely emarginate, allow-

ing the 7th to be seen through the emargination. In

Megachile, where only four ventral segments are visible,

the 8th is a mere tongue-like plate lying close to the

under side of the genital armature. In our other British

genera the 8th is almost always hidden, but in Prosopis

it is hidden in nearly all the species, and very con-

spicuously exhibited in one (hyalinata). On the Conti-

nent there are two or three others which belong to the

same section as hyalinata, but the section is a very small

one compared to the great number of species known.

In Prosopis the forms of the 7th and 8th ventral plates

are most curious and interesting in all the species, and I

have figured these segments of each to show how charac-

teristic they are. As will be seen, they are perfectly dis-

tinct in shape, and differ to such an extent in some cases

as to make one doubt whether all the species really belong

to one genus. The great similarity, however, of the general

structural characters throughout the species makes me

segments of the abdomen in Prosopis. 111

hesitate to divide such a well-known and easily recog-

nised genus, especially as I have failed to find any

corresponding characters in the female.

I have not here touched upon the peculiarities

exhibited in the final segment or genital armature,

although they are equally distinct and characteristic in

each, for I hope to describe and figure them shortly in

the second part of my ‘Synopsis of the British Hyme-

noptera.’

I have also so far sought in vain for any corresponding

features in the terminal segments of the female, but I

have only dried specimens to work from, and hope, with

freshly-killed examples, to be able to pursue my investi-

gations more satisfactorily.

EXpuaNaTION oF Puate VI.

ral Pa eiaiiken ins i 8th ventral B, do., lateral CG) Tih

t plate. view. ventral plate.

2. P. dilatata, Kirb. do. do. do.

3. P. communis, Nyl. do. do. do.

4. P. hyalinata, Sm. do. do. do.

5. P. confusa, Nyl. do. do. do.

6. P. signata, Panz. do. do. do.

7. P. punctulatissima, Sm. do. DA do.

8. P. pictipes, Nyl, do. do. do.

9. P. brevicornis, Nyl. do. do. do.

Note.—Since reading the above, Mr. Fitch has called

my attention to two interesting papers bearing on this

subject, one by Dr. H. Reinhard (Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1865,

p- 187), and the other by Dr. H. Schaum (Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist., March, 1863). The latter author, however, only

finds thirteen segments in the larve of Hymenoptera,

including the head, and on this ground, admitting as he

does the transfer of the 5th abdominal segment to the

metathorax, there is difficulty in accounting for the eight

abdominal segments exclusive of the genitalia, which are

present in the imago.

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VIII. Heterocerous Lepidoptera collected in Chili by

Thomas Edmonds, Esq. By Artuur G. Butisr,

BED .7 BA ~5, 00C.

[Read April 5th, 1882.]

Parr II.—NOCTUITES.

Mr. Epmonps obtained forty-five species of Noctuites,

many of them being represented by fairly long series, so

that it is possible to judge with some measure of

certainty as to how far the species are liable to -vary : in

a few instances I have been obliged to consider as distinct,

forms which Mr. Edmonds evidently only regarded as

varieties, but it would be imdeed remarkable if the

collector should be always correct in his views as to

the extent of variability in each species.

It is a singular fact that since Walker’s time no species

of the present tribe have been described from Chili; the

nearest approach to descriptions of Chilian Noctuites

being found in Berg’s ‘Patagonische Lepidopteren

beobachtet auf eine Reise im Jahre 1874’ (Bull. Mose.,

1875), and in a short paper by myself on the Lepidoptera

obtained at the Straits of Magellan by Dr. Coppinger, of

H.M.S. ‘Alert’ (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1881); but none of

the new species described in these two papers are iden-

tical with any of those obtained by Mr. Edmonds.

The following is an account of the species :—

LEUCANIIDA.

Levcanta, Ochs.

1. Leucania vmpuncta.

Leucania impuncta, Guenée, Noct., 1., p. 83, n. 117

(1852).

Var. Leucania decolorata, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘ Chili,’

Vij p: ol, no. 1; pl. 4, fig 9 (1654).

Evidently a very common species: the figure by

Blanchard does not give the faintest idea of the species,

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—parRT I. (JULY.) Q

114 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

or indeed of any species ever created ; but this is the case

with all the Noctuites represented on his plates. It

therefore becomes necessary to carefully compare the de-

scriptions with the specimens before finally deciding that

they are the insects intended by the artist.

L. decolorata is a variety in which the primaries are

slightly paler than the type-form named by M. Guenee,

and the secondaries whiter, with the greyish diffused

outer border confined to apex or absent altogether,

‘‘ nosticis albidis, apice cinereis ’’’ according to the author,

but the greyish border is only visible in certain lights ;

in others it changes to pale brassy golden.

2. Leucania trifolit, n. s.

Nearest to L. convecta of Walker (a species of the

L. extranea group); primaries above whity-brown, with

brassy reflections, more or less mottled with grey, and

irrorated with minute black scales; discoidal spots

ochraceous, often placed upon a dusky discoidal greyish

nebula, the “‘ orbicular ” spot more or less fusiform, the

‘‘yeniform ”’ either subquadrate or D-shaped, and always

with a white dot upon a short longitudinal blackish dash

at its inferior margin; an oblique abbreviated dusky

line from the apex, and below this a diffused brownish

external border, darkest next to the line; fringe rather

dusky, reddish in dark examples; the usual arched

discal series of black dots, double in dark examples ;

secondaries above greyish, sericeous, with the veins and

external border dusky ; fringe stramineous at base tra-

versed by a broad greyish stripe, and tipped with white ;

thorax sandy whitish, slightly tinted with grey ; antenne

grey, white towards the base above; abdomen greyish

brown; under surface of wings whitish, the primaries

with the whole central area shining grey; costal border

sericeous, sparsely irrorated with blackish; apex and

fringe pale pearly brown, slightly flesh-tinted ; internal

border silvery white, with faint brassy reflections ;

secondaries with the costal and external borders slightly

flesh-tinted and irrorated with grey and black ; a minute

linear black dot at the end of the cell; body below pale

fleshy brown, very woolly ; anterior tarsi black. Expanse

of wings, 41 mm.

Valparaiso, September to February ; at sugar.

collected in Chili. i 5

** Tarva.—Dull brown, with dorsal and lateral longi-

* tudinal line of paler brown; found under stones in the

spring. Feeds on clover and on other larve.’—T. EH.”

The pale variety appears to be confined to.the female

sex.

3. Leucania saccharivora, n. 8.

Allied to the preceding, but differing in colour ; the

primaries and thorax above being of a bright sericeous

foxy-red colour; the discoidal spots indistinct, not re-

lieved by a greyish nebula; the external border scarcely

darker than the rest of the wing, crossed by abbreviated

white-speckled blackish internervular lines ; fringe tipped

with whitish ; secondaries whity-brown, with brown bor-

ders and veins; fringe rather paler than in the preceding

species ; abdomen grey, whitish at the base, and with

reddish lateral fringes; wings below creamy white,

sericeous, irrorated with black, especially upon the bor-

ders; primaries with the central area dark grey ; disco-

cellulars white ; costal margin and fringe reddish, the

latter traversed by two dusky lines; external border

reddish, with the veins upon it white speckled with black ;

secondaries with a discal series of short linear dashes

upon the veins, and a short linear marking at the end of

the cell, black; fringe slightly yellowish at base, the

apical portion reddish and black-speckled, otherwise

white and traversed by a very slender blackish line ;

body below pale reddish brown ; anterior tarsi blackish.

Expanse of wings, 43—45 mm.

From five examples associated in the collection with

the preceding ; one of these specimens bears a distinctive

number (either 6 or 9), but on referring to Mr. Edmonds’

notes I find that the number is one already referred to

under the Butterflies. L. saccharwora has the general

aspect of L. lithargyria of Europe.

4, Leucania chilensis, n. 8.

Allied to L. diffusa; upper surface whity-brown,

sericeous ; primaries with the veins upon the costal area

more or less dusky; a forked buff-coloured line in the

cell, and in some examples an oblique abbreviated

blackish line between the forks ; a white line just above

the median vein ; a buff-coloured (or sometimes blackish)

looped line from the base to the middle of the interno-

116 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

median interspace; a large wedge-shaped dusky or

blackish patch from the outer margin at apex to the end

of the cell; a marginal series of dusky or blackish dots ;

fringe traversed by a grey stripe; secondaries whiter

than the primaries, with pale brownish or blackish-

diffused external border ; fringe sericeous-white ; under

surface shining white, without markings. Expanse of

wings, 34 mm.

Las Zorras; December and January. At light.

TracHopopaLpus, Blanch.

The following species exactly answers to the description

of this genus given by M. Blanchard, but the figure of

the single described species is evidently so faulty as to

leave me in an unsettled state of mind as to the correct-

ness of my identification.

5. T'rachodopalpus edmondsw, n. 8.

Primaries above greyish white, with pale cupreous

reflections ; the type-example with traces of a brownish

angulated line beyond the middle and most distinct

towards the inner margin; a marginal series of blackish

spots; fringe very long, white, traversed by a blackish-

brown stripe ; secondaries shining white, with a marginal

series of dark grey spots; fringe white, traversed by a

grey line; body greyish white; wings below silvery

white, with greyish disco-cellular spots; a marginal

series of blackish spots; fringe traversed by a grey

stripe ; body sordid-white. Expanse of wings, 28 mm.

Mountains of the hacienda of Cauquenes.

XYLOPHASIIDA.

Xyopuasia, Steph.

6. Xylophasia cauquenensis, n. s.

Evidently allied to X. patagonica of Berg, but easily

distinguishable by the absence of any trace of discoidal

spots on the primaries, and by the colour of the

secondaries ; primaries above pale granite-grey, the

veins becoming black towards the tips ; an oblique abbre-

viated dusky line from the middle of the costal margin

almost to the median vein ; costal margin dusky towards

collected in Chil. 7

apex, interrupted by three equidistant white dots; three

externally white-edged black dashes forming an oblique

line near the external angle; a large €9-shaped white

character, with blackish edges, occupying the central

third of the internal area; fringe white, with dusky

spots between the veins ; secondaries pearly white, semi-

_ transparent, with broad diffused external border; two

subcostal blackish dots placed obliquely between the end

of the cell and the costal margin; subcostal area from

the base to the two spots tinted with buff; body above

greyish white; primaries below shining greyish white,

the disc slightly dusky ; a black spot at the end of the

cell; fringe as above; secondaries pearly white, irrorated

with blackish; a squamose disco-cellular spot and a

series of short black lines on the nervures across the

centre of the disc; body below creamy white. Hxpanse

of wings, 36 mm.

Cordilleras of Cauquenes in January.

In his description of X. patagonica Berg says, speaking

of the primaries, ‘‘ Die beiden Makeln etwas heller als

die Grundfarbe, fein schwarz umzogen,” and of the

secondaries, ‘“‘nach der Basis zu schalgelb”’; the latter,

however, may be the subcostal buff tint noted as occur-

ring in X. cauquenensis: on the under surface mention

is made of “eine Querbinde auf den Hinterflugeln,”’

whereas X. cauquenensis only has a series of little black

lines upon the veins.

SPoDOPTERA, Guén.

7. Spodoptera aspersa, 0. 8.

At first sight much like Spelotis cineraria, with which

I found it placed; primaries above greyish brown, irro-

rated with dark grey and whitish scales; three black

dots forming a triangle, in the centre of which is the

reniform spot, which is grey and indistinct ; external area

dusky, its inner edge bounded upon the costa by a

whitish-bordered blackish spot, and below this by four

black-bordered whitish dots in a transverse series; a

marginal series of minute black dots with pale brown

borders ; fringe traversed by two blackish lines, the

outer one strongly defined and- placed close to the

outer edge, which is white; secondaries pearly white,

semitransparent ; fringe traversed by a pale grey line,

118 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

which becomes abruptly black at apex; thorax greyish

brown ; abdomen sordid-white ; wings below with black

marginal dots; primaries shining whity-brown, with

white internal border; fringe grey, with slender basal

and central white lines; secondaries pearly white, with

sordid brown-speckled costal border; body below pale

greyish brown. Expanse of wings, 32 mm.

Chili; exact locality not stated.

Neuria, Guén.

8. Neuria calligrapta, n.s.

Primaries above lilacine grey, crossed by four irregular

series of unequal dark brown and black spots, that

nearest the base crossed by an abbreviated arched inter-

rupted white line ; the second and third enclosed between

two black-edged white lines, the inner one angular and

bisinuated, the outer one almost falciform ; the fourth

series, which is composed of black-tipped hastate brown

spots, crossed by an irregularly zigzag white line, which

is interrupted near the apex by a broad oblique white

dash; costal border spotted with black and white;

ordinary spots white, the discoidal spots having testaceous

centres, the ‘‘ orbicular’”’ oblique and almost cuneiform ;

the reniform transverse and almost quadrangular; a

marginal series of black lunules; fringe creamy white,

traversed by a brown wavy stripe, followed by a slender

wavy brown line, and with brown external edge;

secondaries greyish brown, with diffused fuliginous ex-

ternal border ; basal area whitish; fringe creamy white

at base, with a broad central brown stripe and snow-

white external edge: body pale greyish brown, the thorax

indistinctly barred with whitish and brownish trans-

verse stripes; under surface pale brown; wings shin-

ing, the fringe paler than above, a dusky external bor-

der; secondaries paler than primaries, with a short

brown line at the end of the cell. Expanse of wings,

36 mm.

From Mr. Reed’s collection.

collected in Chilt. 119

EPISEMIDA.

HetiopHosus, Boisd.

9. Heliophobus lithophilus, n. 8.

Primaries above black-brown; costal border varying

from flesh-colour to pale red-brown, marbled with darker

brown ; inner four-fifths of upper radial vein, the median

vein, its second and third and part of its first branches,

bordered with white or flesh-colour; an oblique sub-

basal greyish or dull flesh-coloured streak from the

median vein to the base of inner margin, bounded exter-

nally by an elliptical white-edged or flesh-tinted interno-

median spot and two black dashes; “‘orbicular’’ spot

elongate-cuneiform, grey, sometimes black-edged and

bordered with white or flesh-colour; ‘‘reniform”’ spot

transverse, narrow, similar in coloration to the ‘ orbicu-

lar’’; internal border pale red-brown; an oblique discal

streak from apex to submedian vein, whitish or flesh-

coloured ; fringe pale flesh-coloured, traversed by three

slightly irregular greyish stripes; secondaries with a

rather broad external grey border and grey veins ; other-

wise whitish; head creamy whitish; antenne brown,

white at» base; thorax chocolate or smoky brown, the

collar with slender greyish hind margin; tegule broadly

fringed with paler brown, and enclosing a black and

white longitudinal streak ; abdomen greyish brown, with

whitish basal and anal tufts; under surface shining

sordid-white ; primaries greyish, and speckled with

darker scales towards the borders ; secondaries speckled

with grey on the costal and external borders. Expanse

of wings, 30—31 mm.

Valparaiso.

“Taken at light, and the pupa found under stones ; it

has the spiracles very strongly marked. December and

January.”—T. E.

It is just possible that this is the species intended

by Blanchard’s extremely vague description of his

Noctua lineifera; but as the identification must always

remain most uncertain until the type can be examined,

it has been necessary for me to name the species

before me.

120 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

APAMEIDA.

ApaMEA, Ochs.

10. Apamea glottuloides, n.s.

Primaries above black-brown, with bronzy reflections ;

internal area mottled and irrorated with pale clay-brown,

showing indications of the two ordinary lines, which are

slender, black, and dentate-sinuate; an interrupted,

abbreviated, black, longitudinal, basal, interno-median

line; ordinary discoidal spots indistinct, outlined in

white dots with very slender black outer edge, the reni-

form in the female marked more distinctly with a white

|_-shaped character ; costal margin spotted with whitish

beyond the middle ; a submarginal series of white dots,

and a marginal series of small black spots ; fringe smoky

brown, traversed by a black line; secondaries pearly

white, with bronze-brown external border and veins ;

fringe silvery white, with a sordid basal line, bounded

externally by a greyish line ; thorax blackish ; antenne,

palpi, and legs flesh-coloured, but the antenne sometimes

white towards the base ; abdomen grey; primaries below

shining greyish brown, with whitish internal border and

dark grey fringe ; secondaries pearly white; the costal

area and external margin irrorated with blackish, and

with a slight brown reflection ; a spot at the end of the

cell, and a discal series of dots upon the veins, black ;

tips of veins also black; body below pale brown ; the

pectus clothed with tufts of blackish hair. Expanse of

wings, 39—41 mm.

Valparaiso.

“Taken at light, and on flowers from January to

March.” —T. E.

This species is coloured much like a Glottula.

Miana, Steph.

11. Miana photophila, nu. s.

Primaries above sericeous greyish brown; costal bor-

der crossed by short black dashes; the central belt con-

stricted below the cell, varied with dark brown, enclosing

the usual spots, and bounded by the ordinary lines, which

are black; ‘“‘orbicular’’ spot quadrate, reddish, with

white or grey border and black margin, frequently (in

eallected tn. Chale 121

the male) fused with the submedian spot, and forming

with it an oblique pale dash; reniform large, ash-grey,

varied with brown and black-edged; external area

blackish, with hastate inner margin; two submarginal

zigzag whitish lines (the inner one most distinct) inter-

rupted by the nervures ; secondaries a little paler than

the primaries, excepting towards the outer margin; a

blackish marginal line ; fringe whitish, traversed by an

undulated dark grey stripe, and tipped with the same

colour ; thorax dark smoky brown ; tegule grey; abdo-

men greyish brown; primaries below sericeous-brown,

irrorated with darker scales, the basal area whitish ;

costa dotted with white towards apex; a dusky spot at

the end of the cell; fringe with a sandy whitish basal

line; secondaries shining white, irrorated with dark

brown ; a spot in the cell, a larger spot at the end of the

cell, and an arched discal line, blackish; a marginal

series of blackish lunules; fringe greyish, with sandy

whitish basal line ; body pearly greyish brown, very pale ;

tarsi black, banded with white. Expanse of wings,

26—29 mm.

Las Zorras.

“At sugar, light, and flowers, from beginning of

December to end of February.” —T. E.

Var. margarita.

Differs from the typical form in having the secondaries

pearly white, with smoky brown external border.

This form is about equally common with the typical

one, and like it varies in the form of the ordinary spots

on the central belt of primaries.

CrLmna, Steph.

12. Celena arbuticolens, n. s.

Primaries red-brown, with shining cupreous reflec-

tions ; ordinary lines double, black, convergent towards

the inner margin and enclosing the usual spots ; orbicular

spot small, brown, with white border and black edge ;

reniform, with the centre merely outlined in brown,

otherwise white with black edge, transverse, and rather

narrow, but fairly large; costal border crossed by short

blackish dashes, and dotted with white towards apex ;

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—pParT II. (JULY.) R

122 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

outer border narrow, pale brown or blackish, edged inter-

nally by an irregularly zigzag paler or white line; a

marginal series of black dots; fringe pale brown,

traversed by a dusky or sometimes black crenulated

stripe ; secondaries pale brown, with dark external bor-

der ; a slender blackish marginal line ; fringe whitish or

pale brown, with a stripe as on the primaries; thorax

reddish brown; abdomen greyish, whitish at the base ;

wings below whity-brown, slightly flesh-tinted on the

costal areas, and irrorated with blackish scales, an

irregular abbreviated blackish discal line on all the

wings, and a blackish marginal line, followed by a

yellowish white line at the base of the fringe; primaries

with the discoidal area greyish, the internal area whitish,

the inner part of the disc just beyond the transverse line

blackish ; the costa dotted with white towards apex ;

secondaries with a black spot at the end of the cell.

Expanse of wings, 24—26 mm.

Las Zorras.

“‘Frequents flowers of Arbutus.”—T. E.

A variety of this species has the ‘‘reniform” spot

placed upon a rounded blackish patch, upon which it

is scarcely distinguishable; the under surface of these

wings also shows a small black spot at the end of the

cell: although differently numbered by the collector, the

habit is the same.

13. Celena anthophila, un. s.

Greyish brown, with shining bronze reflections ; pri-

maries with the subcostal area to the end of the cell

whitish ; two or three angular black characters in a line

across the basal area; ordinary lines black, dentate-

sinuate, approaching one another below the cell, the

central belt bounded by these lines dusky, with the ordi-

nary spots subquadrate, whitish with black edges ; costa

spotted with black and whitish ; a submarginal, slightly

irregular, series of small blackish-edged sagittate white

spots ; a marginal series of black sagittate spots; fringe

pale sandy yellowish, traversed by two lines, of which

the inner one is crenulated; secondaries darker and

ereyer than the primaries, especially towards the outer

margin; a marginal series of small blackish spots ;

fringe paler than on the primaries, tipped with white ;

collected in Chili. 123

collar and base of abdomen dull white ; under surface

pale bronzy brown; wings crossed beyond the middle by

a slightly irregular blackish line; a scarcely perceptible

greyish diffused band half-way between the latter and the

outer margin; a slender marginal greyish line; fringe

whitish. Expanse of wings, 23 mm.

Las Zorras.

** Also frequents flowers of Arbutus.”—T. E.

Mr. Edmonds rightly regarded this as a distinct

species.

PERIGEA, Guén.

14. Perigea terranea, n. s.

Primaries above shining bronze-brown, crossed by the

usual black-edged lunulated convergent stripes bounding

the central belt, which is slightly dusky, especially in the

cell, and encloses the ordinary spots; orbicular and

reniform spots rather large, of the ground colour, with

black margins; below them, upon the interno-median

interspace, are two dark black-edged spots ; external

area irregularly greyish, traversed by an irregular series

of small black-bordered whitish characters ; a marginal

series of >-shaped markings; fringe whitish, crossed

near its base by a dusky crenulated stripe, and tipped

with the same colour; costal border crossed by short

black dashes, and spotted here and there between the

dashes with whitish ; secondaries’ pearly white, washed

from the middle with pale sandy yellowish, which changes

to greyish brown towards the outer margin; a marginal

series of grey lunules; fringe pale sandy yellowish,

tipped with white, and traversed by an undulated grey

stripe; thorax grey, with large black-edged dusky spots

on the collar and tegule; head brownish; abdomen

pearl-grey, with brown tufts ; wings below whitish, with

bronze reflections ; a small blackish spot at the end ot

the discoidal cells, and an abbreviated transverse dusky

discal line ; costal area grey-speckled ; fringes traversed

by an undulated grey line ; body whity-brown ; coxe and

femora pearly ; tarsi black, banded with white. Expanse

of wings, 33 mm.

One male ‘‘ from Reed’s collection.” —7'. E,

Allied to P, imbella of Walker,

124 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

15. Perigea niveopicta, n. s.

Primaries above dark fuliginous-brown, with slight

violet and bronze reflections; the ordinary black lines

indistinct, the outer one denticulated ; the spots enclosed

by these lines also indistinct, those on the interno-

median interspace only outlined in black, but the orbi-

cular and reniform with white-dotted margins, the

‘“‘orbicular’’ D-shaped, the ‘‘ reniform’”’ f)-shaped, the

white edging being absent from the lower extremity; a

discal series of snow-white dots; a marginal series of

small black spots ; fringe traversed by a blackish crenu- —

lated stripe; secondaries pale shining bronze-brown ;

fringe whitish (white towards anal angle), traversed close

to its base by an undulated dark brown stripe; body

fuliginous-brown, with a slight violet tint; abdomen

whitish towards the base; thorax with lateral zigzag

black lines; wings below fuliginous-brown, shining,

whitish at the base; a dark slightly undulated discal

stripe; a marginal series of black lunules, only visible

in certain lights; costal areas irrorated with dark grey

scales; primaries with whitish internal border ; fringe

speckled with blackish atoms, and traversed by a dark

crenulated stripe; secondaries with pearly whitish

abdominal area; a blackish spot at the end of the cell ;

fringe whitish, with an undulated stripe as above, but

only visible in certain lights; pectus greyish, but the

hairs white underneath; the legs pinky brown, grey-

speckled, and with greyish tarsi banded with whitish

above ; venter greyish, with pink reflections. Expanse

of wings, 31 mm.

One male, taken at “‘Las Zorras in February.”—

What appears to me to be the female of this species is

a moth taken with a variety, or perhaps a very closely

allied species, in the same locality, and separated by

Mr. Edmonds under a different number: it only differs

from the male in its more strongly defined markings, the

ordinary lines being represented by black-edged lunular

spots of the ground colour; the interno-median spots

being dark as well as black-edged, and the discoidal

spots white-speckled as well as white-edged; the discal

series of dots is, however, less conspicuous, the dots not

being of so pure a white. HExpanse of wings, 38 mm,

collected in Chili. 125

Var. florinda.

Differs from the typical male in its gis more

grey-speckled primaries : the orbicular spot rounded, the

discal white dots scarcely visible ; the secondaries white,

with broad brown external border and veins ; three basal

abdominal segments with grey-tipped blackish triangular

tufts* ; tarsi above black, banded with sandy whitish ;

wings below altogether whiter than in the type. Expanse

of wings, 33 mm.

“‘ Las Zorras in January on flowers.”—T. E.

CARADRINIDA.

CaRADRINA, Ochs.

16. Caradrina dulcinea, n. 8.

Nearly allied to C. blanda of Europe, but altogether

darker, much redder, and with broader wings; the pale

borders of the lines and of the discoidal spots yellowish ;

the secondaries grey, with bronze-brown and reddish

reflections, but slightly whitish at the extreme base ;

below the markings are far more strongly defined, the

disco-cellular spots and discal stripes being blackish ;

and the external border of primaries dull whitish ; the

sandy yellow areas are also replaced by pale brownish

flesh-colour. Expanse of wings, 32—34 mm.

“Las Zorras, at sugar and light, in January and

February.” —T. E

17. Caradrina merens, n. 8.

Pattern of the preceding species and of C. blanda, but

only the submarginal line distinct and creamy white, the

primaries dark greyish fuliginous, with slight pinky

brown reflections, and the secondaries greyish brown,

paler than the primaries, and whitish at the base; the

thorax dark smoky grey, even darker than the primaries,

the abdomen paler, especially towards the base ; under

surface whitish ; the wings shining, irrorated with smoky

erey scales, excepting upon the interno-basal areas ;

costal areas slightly brownish ; markings, excepting the

* Itis quite probable that these exist on all specimens when not

rubbed

126 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

disco-cellular spot of secondaries (which is black), very

indistinct ; venter sericeous, with slight pink reflections.

Expanse of wings, 33 mm.

“Las Zorras, at sugar and light, in January and

February.”—T. E.

This species is apparently commoner than the pre-

ceding, with which it was associated by Mr. Edmonds ;

there cannot be any doubt of its distinctness: it may

possibly be the species intended by M. Blanchard’s very

imperfect description of Hadena povera, but the white

line across the primaries can hardly be the dark trans-

verse line of that description—“ hacia la extremidad una

raya transversal 6 una hilera de manchitas obscuras,”

unless the word ‘‘obscuras” is intended to apply to

the spots alone.

NOCTUID.

Aarotis, Ochs.

18. Agrotis suffusa.

Phalena-Noctua suffusa, Gmelin, ed. Syst. Nat., i., 5,

p. 2541, n. 1028.

Noctua robusta, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘ Fauna Chilena,’

Vil., pe 70, n. 1; pl"6, fig. 9 (1854).

This common species does not vary from European

examples in Chili: what could have induced M. Blanchard

to rename it, it would indeed be difficult to say.

19. Agrotis saucia.

Noctua saucia, Hubner, Samml. Europ. Schmett. Noct.,

fig. 378 (1793—1827).

Var. Agrotis ambrosioides, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het., xi.,

p- 788 (1857).

Var. Spelotis stictica, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘ Fauna

Chilena,’ vii., p. 78, n. 1; pl. 6, fig. 8 (1854).

Agrotis impacta, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het., x., p. 387,

n. 71 (1856).

With the typical form is also the slight variety figured

by Hubner under the name of N. equa, but which hardly

differs sufficiently to need the separate line and brief

description given to it by Staudinger ; the form named

by Walker A. ambrosioides, though it has the primaries

of the latter slight variety, differs entirely in the colora-

= ——

collected in Chil. 127

tion of the secondaries, which are pearly white, semi-

transparent, with dark brown outer border and veins ;

lastly, the Spelotis! stictica of Blanchard has the

secondaries of typical A. saucia, but the primaries are

of a greyish or reddish brown colour ; the whole surface

covered with fine blackish mottling, and with the discoidal

_ spots and all the paler areas of these wings white, thus

giving the wings the general appearance of lichen-

spotted bark. I have seen all the forms from Kurope.

20. Agrotis hostilis.

Agrotis hostilis, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. xi., p. 737

(1857).

A. consueta, Walker, l.c., p. 738 (1857).

A. incommoda, Walker, l. c., Suppl. 2, p, 692 (1865).

Spelotis infuscata ?, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘Fauna

Chilena,’ vil., p. 74, n. 2 (1854).

‘‘ Valparaiso, at sugar, from September to December ;

larva common under stones ; feeds on trefoil, dock, and

various low plants.” —T’. EH.

It is impossible to be certain of the identification of

M. Blanchard’s description.

21. Agrotis hispidula.

Agrotis hispidula, Guenée, Noct., i., p. 293, n. 476

(1852).

“Las Zorras, at sugar, in November and December.”

EH.

There is a common variety having the secondaries

pearly white.

22. Agrotis bipars.

Agrotis bipars, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. x., p. 384, n. 62

(1856).

A. consueta (part), Walker, J. c.. n. 63 (1856).

‘‘Las Zorras, at sugar, from November to January.”

—T. E.

Walker wholly overlooked the fact that he had already

given the name A. consueta to one New World species,

when in his Supplementary descriptions he gave the

same designation to another New World form. (See

A. hostilis).

128 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

23. Agrotis bilitura.

Agrotis bilitura, Guenée, Noct., i., p. 285, n. 467

(1852).

Spelotis cineraria, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘FaunaChilena,’

vil., p. 74, n. 3 (1854).

Agrotis deprivata, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het., xi., p. 739

(1857).

The example described by M. Guenée was evidently

somewhat rubbed, so that nothing remained of the

markings excepting the two short blackish streaks, one

between the discoidal spots, the other close to the base

of interno-median area, of primaries. In many examples

only the discoidal streak is present, and therefore it

is open to question whether the name proposed by M.

Blanchard should not be preferred, though his description

would do almost equally well for the variety of A.

hispidula with white secondaries.

24. Agrotis anteposita.

Agrotis anteposita, Guenée, Noct., i., p. 278, n. 449

(1852).

Noctua lutescens, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘ Fauna Chilena,’

vil., p. 76, n. 2 (1854).

Agrotis decernens, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het., x., p. 333,

“ ” n. 60 (1856).

** Valparaiso, at sugar, light, and flowers, from Novem-

ber to March.”—T’. E.

The N. lutescens of Blanchard is evidently the variety

with yellowish primaries; the colour of these wings

varies from dark fuliginous to sordid stramineous ; every

gradation between the extremes is to be seen in a good

series such as I have before me, but the darker forms

are all females and the lighter males.

25. Agrotis americana.

Luperina americana, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘ Fauna

Chilena,’ vii., p. 77, n. 1; pl. 4, fig. 8 (1854).

‘‘Las Zorras, at sugar, in January and February.”—

T. E.

This is the only Noctuid figured by Blanchard, the

representation of which is fairly recognisable ; many of

collected in Chili. 129

his species can only be identified with difficulty by com-

paring specimens with both figure and description.

The species is allied to Agrotis siliginis.

26. Agrotis semifusca, N. 8.

Primaries whity-brown, with a golden gloss; speckled

with blackish scales ; the base and discoidal cell, as far

as the orbicular spot, mottled with black; both discoidal

spots and the costa also black ; an arched discal series of

black dots; external area slightly dusky, with the ex-

ternal border greyish brown; a marginal series of black

dots, connected by a very slender undulated marginal

line ; fringe pale buff, traversed by a darker line, and

washed with grey towards the apex; secondaries pearly

white, the external: area with a faint golden gloss ; veins,

excepting the submedian and internal and the outer

marein, brown; thorax blackish; abdomen sericeous

greyish brown, with whitish basal hairs and reddish

brown anal tuft; primaries below glossy golden-tinted

whity-brown ; secondaries pearly white, with the costal

area, veins, and outer margin tinted with glossy whity-

brown ; body sericeous greyish brown ; pectus blackish in

front; legs whitish, brown-speckled. Hxpanse of wings,

43 mm.

One example. ‘Las Zorras; at sugar.’—T. H.

Has somewhat the aspect of a Xyluphasia: it was

placed in the same series with the following ; from which,

in addition to its very different coloration, it is readily

separable by its longer wings and less strongly pubescent

antenne.

27. Agrotis clerica, n. 8.

g. Primaries slaty black; the two usual lines widely

separated, dentate-sinuate, reversed, velvet-black with

indistinct testaceous border ; orbicular indistinct, some-

times obsolete ; reniform also indistinct, large, outlined

in velvet-biack, and with more or less defined imner

edging of testaceous; a submarginal series of small

hastate black dashes, dotted behind with white ; fringe

brown, black-speckled, and traversed by an undulated

black line; secondaries pearly white, with the outer

border, veins, and a wavy stripe near the base of the

fringe, blackish brown; thorax dull black; dorsal crest

TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1882,—PART II. (JULY.) Ss

180 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

dull ochreous, double, and undulated longitudinally ;

palpi tipped with testaceous; antenne brown, with

whitish ciliz ; abdomen dark ash-grey ; primaries below

shining bronze-brown, with silvery greyish interno-basal

area ; secondaries pearly white ; the costal area irrorated

densely with brown scales ; a black dot at the end of the

cell, a discal arched series on the veins, and a marginal

series; body below dark fuliginous-brown; collar blackish ;

abdomen pale towards the base, and with a red-brown

tuft on each side; tarsi above black, ‘with brownish or

white terminations to the joints, brown below. Expanse

of wings, 44 mm.

2. A little browner than the male, the secondaries

especially washed with brown, but equally semitrans-

parent to those of the male; dorsal crest apparently

erey, but the example is a little rubbed on the back.

Expanse of wings, 43 mm.

“Las Zorras; at sugar in December and January.’—

Tid.

This species comes nearer to A. segetwm than to any-

thing else I have seen; with it were placed two speci-

mens of the variety ambrosioides of A. saucia.

28. Agrotis mamestrina, 0. s.

Primaries of the male extremely like Mamestra furva

both in colour and pattern, those of the female like

M. brassice ; but the pale submarginal line regularly

sinuated; ground colour smoky brown in the male,

blackish in the female, with the ordinary lines deep

black with pale borders; the border of the discal line of

the male snow-white upon the interno-median interspace,

but not elsewhere; the ordinary spots outlined in black,

the ‘‘ orbicular ” and ‘‘ reniform ”’ being very large, pale

in the male, and placed upon a pale patch ; fringe alter-

nately black and brown, with a basal series of white

fusiform dots on the brown divisions; secondaries of

male pearly white, with rather broad smoky brown

external border and black marginal line; fringe snow-

white, dotted with brown; of female suffused throughout

with smoky brown, though semitransparent, as in the

male; fringe with a continuous subbasal dark brown

stripe ; thorax dark smoky brown ; abdomen paler, tufted

with white in the male; wings of male below shining

collected in Chili. 1a

white, of female shining greyish brown, the costal and

external areas broadly irrorated with black scales ; black

disco-cellular spots to all the wings ; body below greyish,

blackish in front. Expanse of wings, 383—40 mm.

“* Las Zorras ; at sugar, from September to December.”

—T. E.

Var. chionidia.

?. Differs from the typical form in having the orbi-

cular and reniform spots snow-white, with a slight

sprinkling of black scales in the middle. Expanse of

wings, 39 mm.

Las Zorras.

This form has the general aspect of Melanchra persi-

care.

29. Agrotis edmondsit, 0. 8.

Aspect and general pattern of a Chersotis* ; primaries

above pale dove-brown, irrorated with black in the female ;

ordinary lines black, with whitish borders, the inner one

irregularly zigzag and interrupted, the outer one dentate-

sinuate ; a series of elongated hastate discal black streaks

enclosing white sagittate spots between the veins ; all the

nervures whitish ; a marginal series of subconfluent

lunate black spots; fringe white, tipped with blackish ;

*‘ orbicular’’ spot pyriform ; reniform very large, of the

normal shape ; both of these spots dark grey or blackish,

with whitish borders edged with black ; submedian spot

dark grey, with black margin ; secondaries snow-white

in the male, sordid whitish with broad pale brown border

in the female ; a marginal series of black lunules ; thorax

corresponding in general tint with the primaries ; abdo-

men whity-brown ; under surface white, sordid in the

female; wings with blackish disco-cellular spots and a

marginal series of black dots. Expanse of wings,

41—44 mm.

‘Valdivia, in February.”—T’. E.

* A comparison of the males of the two European species,

C. alpestris and C. rectangula, should convince anyone that the

latter is nearer to Agrotis.

132 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

Anomoayna, Staud.

30. Anomogyna nenioides, U. 8.

Wings above bronze-brown; primaries crossed by five

lunulated whity-brown stripes, edged with darker brown,

and dotted between the lunules and upon the veins with

white ; the second and fourth of these stripes are most

prominent, and represent the limits of the central belt ;

the third is very slightly irregular, is placed half-way

between the second and fourth, and does not cross the

discoidal cell ; the fifth is more irregular, with the lunules

more or less angular; it represents the ordinary sub-

marginal line ; orbicular and reniform conspicuous, grey

with white borders and black margins, the ‘‘ reniform”’

being rather large and almost B-shaped; a marginal

series of sagittate black spots; fringe whitish, spotted

with grey; secondaries greyish and semitransparent

towards the base ; fringe white, tipped with grey at apex ;

body greyish brown; collar whitish behind, and traversed

by a slightly angulated transverse black line; abdomen

whitish at the base; under surface pale silky brown ;

primaries with slightly golden hairs in the cell, and

shining greyish interno-basal area ; secondaries with the

interno-median area broadly pearly whitish; an in-

distinct dusky disco-cellular spot and discal stripe. HEx-

panse of wings, 33 mm.

From Reed’s collection.

Allied to A. letabilis of Europe.

OcHROPLEURA, Hiibn.

31. Ochroplewra diana, u. s.

Primaries above greyish chocolate-brown, sericeous,

with faint indications of a few transverse slender dusky

striations ; base and costa mottled with ash-grey ; two

basi-costal dark brown dashes, a third just before the

orbicular spot, a fourth just before the ‘‘ reniform,” and

two almost longitudinal and very short blackish apical

dashes; orbicular spot small, black, rounded, with

slender cream-coloured margin; “reniform” rather

large, crescent-shaped, cream-coloured; a marginal

series of black dots; fringe greyish, traversed by two

parallel dusky stripes ; secondaries sericeous snow-white ;

a few blackish marginal dots; thorax chocolate-brown,

collected in Chilt. 133

varied with ash-colour ; abdomen sericeous whity-brown ;

wings below shining white, with black marginal dots ;

small black disco-cellular spots ; costal and apical areas

black-speckled ; primaries sordid, with an abbreviated

angulated dusky streak just beyond the cell ; secondaries

with sordid costal area, otherwise opaline, a discal series

of black dots on the veins; body lilacine greyish ; the

anterior tibiz and tarsi and middle tarsi ashy white.

Expanse of wings, 30 mm.

‘“‘Las Zorras; taken at light in January.’—T. EH.

ORTHOSIIDAL.

ANCHOCELIS, Guén.

32. Anchocelis carneago.

Xanthia carneago, Guenée, Noct., i., p. 397, n. 654

(1852).

X. fulva, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘Fauna Chilena,’ vii.,

p. 82,n.1; pl. 4, fig. 10 (1854).

M. Guenée says of this species :—‘‘ Ce n’est qu’avec

une certaine hésitation que je rapporte cette espéce au

genre Xanthia; le seul individu que j’ai vu est en trop

mauvais état pour que je puisse me prononcer définitive-

ment a son égard,” but this gives M. Blanchard no excuse

for his wilful alteration of the specific name, for which

he gives no reason, simply quoting the X. carneago ot

Guenée as a synonym.

Crerastis, Ochs.

33. Cerastis ferrugimescens.

Cerastis ferruginescens, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘ Fauna

. C oe Z

Chilena,’ vii., p. 88, n. 1; pl. 6, fig. 10 (1854).

Two pairs. ‘ Valparaiso, at sugar and flowers, Novem-

ber to March.” —T'. E.

Var. 1, lucilla.

Primaries of a more ash-grey tint than the typical

form, with the double lines and discoidal spots more

distinet ; the secondaries pure white, with narrow diffused

greyish apical border and black dots. Hxpanse of wings,

33—36 mm.

134 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

Many lepidopterists would doubtless regard this as a

distinct species on account of the startling difference of

colour in the secondaries, which in C. ferruginescens

(typical) are of a dusky (almost leaden) though semi-

transparent, grey tint. I believe, however, that we have

here to deal with an extremely variable species; indeed,

M. Blanchard, though he figures the dark form, may be

describing one of the lighter varieties, since he says :—

“‘ Las alas posteriores blanquizcas con la extremidad de

un gris ceniciento.”

Var. 2 with primaries rather browner than the pre-

ceding, more heavily speckled with black. One pair.

Var. 3 with primaries of a pale flesh-brown colour,

dusky at the base, and with pale grey external border.

Four examples.

Var. 4 with primaries sericeous whity-brown ; second-

aries sometimes sordid ; otherwise as in the preceding.

Five examples.

Var. 5 like the last, but without the usual transverse

double black lines representing the central belt of pri-

maries. One pair.

These were, as I think rightly, associated together by

Mr. Edmonds; with them, however, he placed the

following, which must certainly be distinct: it differs

from them all in having a broad continuous black stripe

close to the base of the fringe of primaries, and a grey

stripe near the base of the fringe of secondaries ; whereas

the darkest examples of C. ferruginescens only show a

more or less interrupted, and at the same time narrower -

and undulated, stripe; in coloration also it differs from

all the other examples, though coming nearest to the

variety last noted, in the total want of black limes

across its primaries.

34. Cerastis minna, n. 8.

Primaries dark dove-brown, with slight bronzy re-

fiections ; when seen through a lens, very finely irrorated

with black towards the internal and external borders,

but not coarsely mottled as in the preceding species ;

one or two blackish spots at the base of the cell ; discoidal

spots black, the “orbicular”’ small and almost ovoid,

the ‘‘reniform” reddish-centred, pterygoid; a small

black submedian dot ; a few small grey spots in an arched

collected in Chili. 135

series, to represent the outer or discal line, and a second

series close to the outer margin; an oblique subapical

costal grey dash ; a marginal series of black dots ; fringe

pale dove-brown, with a broad subbasal black stripe,

followed by a slender grey line ; secondaries snow-white,

shining, with a marginal series of blackish spots; fringe

traversed by a grey stripe; body pale sandy brown ;

abdomen with broad snow-white basal tufts; a broad

velvet-black, slightly angular, stripe across the front of

the collar (as in C. ferruginescens) ; under surface almost

exactly as in Ochropleura diana. Expanse of wings,

34 mm.

Valparaiso.

HADENIDA.

Hapena, T'reitschke.

85. Hadena conchidia, n. s.

Primaries above shining silver-grey, with slightly

darker and partly black-edged markings as follows: a

double angulated subbasal stripe, an indistinct zigzag

double stripe at basal third, an acutely dentated zigzag

stripe just beyond the cell, an irregularly dentate-sinuate

submarginal stripe limiting the external border, which is

dark grey ; orbicular and reniform spots a little variable

in shape, dark grey, with a narrow cream-coloured border

and black margin; the reniform also with a diffused

reddish spot in front; a few greyish spots on the disc

beyond the dentated stripe; submedian spot whitish,

outlined in black, but not present in the male example

before me, and frequently wanting in both sexes; a

marginal series of whitish-bordered conical black mar-

ginal spots; fringe white, grey-speckled, and with a

broad basal grey stripe; secondaries pearly white, with

greyish brown diffused external margin and veins;

fringe white, with a subbasal grey stripe; body grey;

collar with a blackish band in front ; male with yellowish

anal tuft ; under surface as in Ochroplewra diana. Ex-

panse of wings, 33—38 mm.

Probably from Valparaiso.

Mr. Edmonds numbers this species as ‘' 43,” but

no such number occurs in his notes, which pass on from

42 to 44.

136 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

Evroris, Hiibner.

36. Huwrois intermissa.

Hadena intermissa, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het., xi., p. 587,

n. 66 (1857).

No reference given to the number ‘‘61” in Mr. Ed-

monds’ notes.

XYLINIDA.

Xyuina, Ochs.

37. Xylina cossoides, un. s.

Primaries above silver-grey, transversely striated with

blackish ; orbicular and reniform large, slightly tinted

with testaceous, and outlined in black ; the orbicular not

complete, the marginal black line being carried down-

wards with a double undulation almost to the submedian

vein, then curving upwards and inwards to the base,

where it turns abruptly at a very acute angle back into

the cell, and terminates as it reaches the inner transverse

line; the latter is blackish and zigzag; discal lne

blackish, dentate-sinuate, oblique, abruptly angulated at

the upper radial, connected with the outer margin by the

veins, which are also blackish between this line and the

margin; a submarginal series of white-edged black

dots ; secondaries opaline-white, sordid in the female,

the veins and outer border more or less dusky; fringe

white, with a more or less defined undulated dusky stripe ;

body grey; collar with two bisinuated transverse black

lines; under surface coloured as in Ochroplewra diana.*

Expanse of wings, 32 mm.

Las Zorras ; taken at flowers in December.

HELIOTHIDAL.

Hewiotuis, Guén.

38. Heliothis armigera.

Noctua armigera, Hubner, Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct.,

pl. 79, fig. 870 (1805—-24).

No reference to the number ‘‘ 60.”

* This coloration for the under surface of the wings repeats

itself in different families of Chilian Noctuites in a most singular

manner.

collected in Chili. 137

PHALANOIDA.

_ ANNAPHILA, Grote.

39. Annaphila fidonioides, n. 8.

Primaries greyish flesh-colour, clouded and striated

with olive-brown, the central belt sharply defined, with

black edges, its centre flesh-coloured and its borders

olive-brown ; in shape it somewhat resembles that of

Cidaria populata ; a large tapering subapical costal olive-

brown streak; a marginal series of white-edged black

spots ; fringe dark brown, barred with grey between the

nervures ; secondaries bright orange-ferruginous ; abdo-

minal border speckled with brown; a series of three

unequal black spots between the end of the cell and the

abdominal margin, and two more beyond these at the

anal angle; an interrupted black stripe along the outer

margin ; fringe dark brown, its outer half spotted with

pale brown ; body black, the abdominal segments nar-

rowly edged with whitish ; primaries below bright orange-

ferruginous; costa spotted with brown; apex and outer

margin also brown; an angulated black stripe across the

wing at the end of the cell; fringe nearly as above ;

secondaries reddish clay-colour, mottled with black,

forming three or four ill-defined parallel bands, two only

of which, across the disc, can be clearly discerned ; fringe

as above; body blackish, grey-speckled; tarsi black,

barred with white. Expanse of wings, 20 mm.

‘Las Zorras, in December and January.’ —T. E.

Much as this resembles Fidonia in general pattern

and coloration, it differs entirely in structure, the body

being stouter, the antenne simple, and the palpi very

small; the only genus of Geometrites to which it seems

structurally allied is Scordylia, but the pattern is alto-

gether dissimilar, and the antenn of Scordylia are con-

siderably thicker.

PLUSIID.

Puusia, Ochs.

40. Plusia virgula.

Plusia virgula, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘ Fauna Chilena,’

vil., p. 84, n. 2 (1854).

Triphena signata, Philippi, ‘ Linnea Entomologica,’

XVl., p. 293 (1860). .

Nearly allied to P. divergens of Europe.

TRANS. ENT. SOc. 1882.—PaRT II. (JULY.) T

138 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

41. Plusia nu.

Plusia nu, Guenée, Noct., 1., p. 847, n. 1175 (1852).

P. depauperata, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘ Fauna Chilena,’

vil., p. 85, n. 8 (1854).

P. detrusa, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het., xil., p. 918, n. 67

(1857).

P. fumifera, Walker, l. c., p. 919, n. 68 (1857).

Allied to the preceding species.

42. Plusia gammoides.

Plusiagammoides, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘ Fauna Chilena,’

Vil., p. 84,n.1; pl. 6, fig. 11 (1854).

An examination of the figure of this species rather

hinders than assists its identification; I supposed at

first that it was intended to represent some long-winged

Heliophobus.

43. Plusia chilensis, n. 8.

Pattern of the preceding species, but more defined,

the y-shaped marking more frequently divided at the

extremity of the v, the ground colour, although different,

being silvery grey instead of golden brown (“‘ bronceadas”’

Blanch.) ; the secondaries distinctly whiter towards the

base. Expanse of wings, 39—49 mm.

From eight examples compared with six of P. gam-

moides. P. chilensis comes nearest to P. californica of

Speyer.

44, Plusia biloba ?

Plusia biloba, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het., xii., p. 905, n. 41

(1857).

One example ; possibly distinct from Walker’s species,

being decidedly of a more golden hue throughout ; but it

would be unsafe with only a single specimen, taking also

into consideration that our examples are somewhat worn

and faded, to regard it as another species.

HOMOPTERIDA.

ALAmIs, Guén.

45. Alamis polioides.

2. Alamis polioides, Guenée, Noct., ii., p. 5, n. 1324

(1852); Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘ Fauna Chilena,’

vil., p. 80, n. 1; pl. 6, fig. 6 (1854).

aollected ain Chilr. 139

The male has a submarginal white band across the

primaries.

“* Larva.—Head brown, with two small orange spots

on the forehead ; body ash-colour, indistinctly variegated

with fine blackish and brown streaks; the centre of the

back rather paler than the rest of the body ; each seg-

ment with a black patch on each side of the back, form-

ing an interrupted subdorsal line; each of these patches

contains two small dull orange dots, and those on the

fifth and sixth segments have also a yellow spot in the

centre; short fine hairs are thinly scattered over the

whole body; under side pale grey, with a black stripe

down the middle ; prolegs brown ; claspers claret-colour ;

sixteen legs; first two pairs of claspers smaller than the

other two pairs ; loops in walking; the body tapers to-

wards the head. Feeds ona species of Cassia.

‘Valparaiso and Vina del Mar, September and October.

“* Pupa.—Covered with white dust ; enclosed in a very

slight cocoon on the surface of the ground amongst

rubbish.

“‘ Tmago.—Emerges end of November and December.”

—T. E.

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IX. Further additions to Mr. Marshall’s Catalogue of

British Ichneumonide. By Joun B. Bripeman.

[Read May 38rd, 1882.]

Havine, during the past autumn and winter, had the

opportunity of examining several hundred Ichneumons,

it is needless to say that among so many specimens of

this neglected portion of the order Hymenoptera many

European species have occurred, and not only have I de-

tected several species new to Britain, but no less than

five hitherto unrepresented European genera have been

added, while some few species apparently new to Science

are here described. Although these additions have been

made, many insects have been examined which I have

been unable to name at present, more especially in the

genus Hemiteles, which genus I believe contains less than

a hundred named species, and I think I may fairly say

that quite one-half of the Hemuteles | have seen appear to

be unnamed; indeed, except Foerster’s Monograph of

Pezomachus, Thomson’s treatment of the genus Cryptus,

in his ‘Opuscula,’ and Taschenberg’s revision of the

Cryptides, the knowledge of this family (Cryptides) is

but little farther advanced than it was when Graven-

horst’s ‘ Ichneumonologia EKuropea’ appeared ; Foerster

has made an elaborate division of the genera, but

unfortunately has given no idea as to the species com-

posing his new genera. I have not, therefore, ventured

to describe any new species of Henuteles. I have taken

several winged males which | feel quite convinced belong

to the genus Pezomachus, but of the association of the

sexes of this genus but little is known ; this can only be

done by breeding, and even then it is apparently but

seldom that the two sexes are bred together. Two years

ago | bred from a cluster of cocoons of one of the

Braconidé seventeen specimens of Henumachus fasciatus,

of which sixteen were female and one only male: last year

I bred the same species from spiders’ nests; there were

SIX or seven specimens, and all were males. I also bred

from another Braconid several specimens of Pezomachus

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—paRT I. (JULY.)

142 Myr. Bridgman’s additions to Mr. Marshall’s

detritus, and all were females. The year before last

. Mr. Barrett sent me P. insolens, which he bred from

S. carpini; all were females; whilst from another

host he bred two males very like, if not a variety of,

Henimachus instabiis. This preponderance of one sex

or the other is very unfortunate ; however, I had the

good fortune to find, ina box belonging to Mr. Fitch, the

male and female of a bred Pezomachus, viz., P. anthra-

cinus, the male of which is just as conspicuous amongst

the known male Pezomachi as the female is amongst her

SeX.

Many of the insects I have seen have been extremely

difficult to determine from the method of preparation,

the majority being indiscriminately gummed down on

card ; many I have had to float off the mounts, examine

and recard, necessitating a considerable loss of time,

and sometimes some damage to the specimen. There

are many Ichneumons in which it makes little or no

difference if they are carded or pinned, but to recognise

which method is the best for certain species or genera

requires an intimate acquaintance with the distinguish-

ing points of the insects; it is safer to pin them all,-

using a fairly long pin, and push the insect about half-

way up the pin, and, if the wings can be prevented from

folding over the back, this method leaves but little to be

desired; the pin of course should be put through the

centre of the mesothorax, avoiding the scutellum. In

conclusion I beg to thank all those entomologists who

have so kindly assisted by sending their insects for

examination ; especially are my thanks due to Mr. HE. A.

Fitch, not only for insects, but advice and the kind

assistance he has always rendered me in every way in

his power.

ICHNEUMONIDA.

ICHNEUMONIDES OXYPYGI.

Ichneumon sanguinator, Rossi.

This insect, which appears in Desvignes’ ‘ Catalogue

of Brit. Ich.,’ p. 29, was placed by Marshall in his

Catalogue of 1872 as a Phygadeuon, which is a mistake.

I. sanguinator, Rossi, if this be the same species as

I. rujicollis, Stephens, is a very distinct insect from

Cryptus sanguinator, Desvignes: this Ichneumon has

been taken in some numbers by Mr. Billups at Headly

Catalogue of British Ichnewmonde. 143

Lane; when I first saw it I thought it was a variety of .

I. erythreus, but there is no doubt it is distinct from

that insect. I thought it was the same species Wesmael

described in his ‘Tentamen,’ p. 102, as JI. discrepator.

Mr. Billups had only taken the female ; but Dr. Capron

has since sent me a male Ichneumon for my opinion,

which certainly is the male of J. discrepator, and this

strengthens my belief that the female also belongs to

the same species ; so the synonymy of this species appears

to be—

Ichneumon sanguinator, Rossi, Mant. i1., app., n. 85 ;

Cie, leuk, A OLO, 2.

I. rujficollis, Steph., Ill., Mand., vu., 207.

I. discrepator, Wesm., Tent. 102,3,2.

Mr. Fitch saw a series of this insect in the British

Museum, and called my attention to it ; to him my thanks

are due for the correction of the error.

ICHNEUMONIDES PNEUSTICT.

Gnathoxys marginellus, Wesm.

Ichneumon marginellus, Gr., 1. HK. 1., 192, 48, 3.

Gnathoxys marginellus, Wesm., Tent. 108,¢; Misc.

57,.di02 > Buschke;.D..lehn. d., Prov. W. u..0.

Preus. 82; Entom. xv. 35.

This genus is new to Britain; one female was taken

by Mr. G. C. Bignell at Plymbridge, near Plymouth.

ORYPTIDA.

Cryptus palustris, Thoms.

The male Cryptus, which I thought might belong to

this species, is, I have no doubt, the male of Cryptus

ornatus, Gr., described by Thomson in his ‘ Opuscula,’

p- 506. Cryptus ornatus is given by Marshall as a

synonym of C. tricolor, but Thomson (/.c.) makes them

separate species, as Gravenhorst did, and the same

course is adopted by Brischke.

Hemiteles castaneus, Tasch.

Mr. Bignell has bred two males and one female of this

species from T'richiosoma betuleti, and as I know no de-

scription of the male J] now give one.

144 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to Mr. Marshall's

In structure the head, thorax, and wings are like the

female, but the face is covered with glistening white

pubescence ; the 1st abdominal segment is almost the

same shape as in the female, rather narrower at the apex,

and there is scarcely a trace of the punctures running

into aciculations; the remaining part of the abdomen

somewhat cylindrical, tapering but slightly till the 6th

segment; 2nd quadrate; gastroceli very small; 3rd

rather wider than long; remainder transverse.

Palpi, a spot on the base of the mandibles, scape

beneath, front coxe and trochanters, extreme apex of

middle coxe, middle trochanters, and part of hind

ones, yellow; legs red; hind coxe, trochanters more

or less, and apex of hind tarsi, black; apical joint

of front and middle ones the same ; stigma and nervures

black; base of wings yellow; basal half of 3rd abdo-

minal segment more or less red.

Hemiteles persector, Parfitt.

Ent. Mo. Mag., xviii., p. 184, ?.

Hemiteles gyrini, Parfitt.

Trans. Devon. Ass. for the Advancement of Science,

Literature, and Art, 1881.

Mr. Parfitt kindly sent me this insect to examine, and

from that inspection I would add to his description the

fellowing details :—

Head and thorax shining, impunctate, covered with

longish white glistening hairs ; 1st and 2nd joints of the

flagellum of the female subequal, not quite four times as

long as wide; 23 joints; 14th subquadrate ; parapsides

sharply impressed; metathorax rather densely pube-

scent; supero-medial area elongate ; sides almost parallel,

the transverse line dividing the lateral arez only about

one-third from the front part of the metathorax ; Ist

abdominal segment of female gradually tapering, about

twice as wide at the apex as at the base; in the male

almost linear, canaliculated ; spiracles distinct, hardly

so in the male, placed just beyond the middle ; the whole

abdomen sparingly covered with glistening hairs, shining,

no sculpture except the hair-pits ; 2nd segment rather

longer than wide; 8rd slightly transverse ; in the male

the 2nd is one-third longer than wide ; the 3rd quadrate.

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 145

The female in shape is very similar to H. formosus,

but the 1st segment is shorter and stouter ; the male at

first sight resembles the male of Orthopelma luteolator,

but is more slender.

I have taken two males of this very distinct Hemiteles

at Brundall, Norfolk.

Nematopodius ater, Brischke.

Brischke, D. Ichn. d. Prov. W. u. O. Preus. 7,3,2.

Dr. Capron sent me a pair of this insect, which I was

unable to find described until I saw the third part of

Brischke’s Monograph.

I took the male close to Norwich towards the end

of May, 1881.

Thaumatotypus Billupst, n. s.

Piceous. Antenne like Pezomachus ; 1st joint of flagel-

lum one-third longer than the 2nd, rather more than

three times as long as wide; 5th a little longer than

wide, 15-jointed, the apical one conic, one-half longer than

wide ; head subglobose ; eyes small; thorax with a dis-

tinct scutellum ; meso- and metathorax subequal, hardly

as long as wide; a deep rounded depression reaching

well up on to the upper part of the metathorax, with in-

distinct lateral spines; wings wanting; 1st segment of

abdomen rather long, almost linear, slightly tapering

towards the apex; tubercles very prominent, placed just

behind the middle; post-petiole aciculate ; 2nd segment

very long; aculeus hardly half the length of the 1st

abdominal segment; legs slender.

Piceous ; base of 1st joint of flagellum pale, abdomen

slightly paler piceous ; legs piceo-stramineous. Female.

Length about 2 mm.

Taken by Mr. T. R. Billups, after whom I have named

it, at Burford Bridge, in September, 1881.

Dr. Capron has also taken a specimen of this same

genus, but as I have not seen it I cannot say if the same

species. ;

This genus is one of Foerster’s (Synopsis d. Fam. u.

Gatt.d. Ichneumon), and its characteristics are : aculeus

not half the length of the 1st abdominal segment, and

TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1882.—PART II. (JULY.) U

146 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to Mr. Marshall's

the 2nd segment very large. Although Foerster made

the genus, I am not aware that he has described any

species of it. Brischke has described one (7. femoralis).

Aptesis Foerstert, n. 8.

Rufus; capite, metathorace, abdomineque, segmento

1° ex parte, 5—7, nigro. Antennis rufo-fuscis, basi rufis.

Head subquadrate ; antenne a little shorter than the

body ; basal joints of flagellum cylindrical, elongate ; 1st

joint about four times as long as wide; 2nd a trifle

shorter ; the remainder decreasing gradually to the apex ;

head much wider than the thorax. Thorax rather nar-

row, somewhat elongate ; metathorax rather shorter than

the mesothorax ; metathorax without arex, but a distinct

posterior transverse line, the slanting part with postero-

medial area decidedly, though somewhat feebly, defined.

Abdomen elongate, ovate, much wider than the thorax,

nearly twice as wide; apex of 2nd segment the widest

part ; 3rd, 4th, and base of 5th the same width ; all the

segments, except the 1st, transverse, this narrow, about

twice as wide at the apex as at the base, tapering;

tubercles distinct, rather more than twice as long as the

width of the apex; aculeus a little longer than the 1st

segment, or about one quarter the length of the abdomen.

Wings reaching beyond the metathorax.

_Head black ; mouth reddish ; antenne reddish brown,

first three joints pale red ; thorax red ; metathorax black.

Abdomen red ; 1st segment brownish in the greater part

of the middle; 5th and following segments dark brown ;

aculeus red ; apical one-third brown ; legs red; apex of

hind femora stained with brown; apical joints of all the

tarsi blackish; wings with a faint smoky spot in the

region of the stigma, and a similar coloured band be-

tween this and the base. Long. 3°5 mm.

One female. Brundall, Norfolk, on September 15th,

1881 ; by sweeping.

I have put this insect in Foerster’s genus Aptesis, al-

thoughit differs from some of his characters. Of this genus

he says the joints of the antenne are short and stout, but

in this insect they are just the reverse ; he also says the

antenne are always tricoloured, but in a note, except in

A. hemiptera when they are bicoloured, as in my insect ;

the antenne are more like Agrothereutes, but the 4th

joint of hind tarsi is not notched at the apex as in

that genus,

Catalogue of British Ichnewmonide. 147

Pezomachus anthracinus, Foerst.

A small Ichneumon-like insect; is not uncommon in

this country; although in form it has all the appearance

of a small Dicelotus, the wings are those of Hemuiteles.

This insect, after a deal of trouble, Mr. Fitch found in

_ the British Museum, in the collection of Ruthe, standing

under the name of Jchnewmon gracillimus, most likely

only a manuscript name.

In a box of ichneumons, chiefly bred specimens, which

Mr. Fitch sent me to look over, was the above insect,

together with three females bred from Elachista subni-

grella ; and as I have not seen a description of the male, I

have given it below.

Nigra, pedibus ochraceis, femoribus et tibiis posticis

apice pallide piceo; abdomine piceo, segmentis anticis

marginibus pallide ; areola nulla.

Head subglobose ; face prominent ; clypeus separated

from the face by a distinct line, with a circular pit at

each lateral margin; mandibles bidentate; teeth sub-

equal; antenne two-thirds the length of the insect ;

flagellum subclavate ; 1st jomt rather more than twice

as long as wide; the 2nd one-third shorter than the Ist ;

head and thorax finely reticulate; parapsides faintly

marked in front; metathorax rugose; supero-medial

area not distinct, somewhat semi-oval; lateral arez not

divided ; spiracles small and circular; neuration of

the wings very imperfect beyond the outer transverse

cubital nervure ; radial cell short and deep; legs mode-

rate; 1st segment of abdomen slightly and gradually

tapering, no tubercles, aciculate-punctate, rather wider

than deep ; 2nd and following densely punctured, on the

2nd the puncture flowing into aciculations, the remainder

by degrees less coarsely punctured; apical segments

almost smooth ; the thyridii distinct, transverse and very

large; styles distinctly projecting.

Black; mandibles and palpi pale ochreous ; legs the

same colour; front and intermediate coxe and all the

trochanters yellow; hind cox black; posterior part of

intermediate femora, apical half of hind femora, apex of

hind tibiz, and apical joints of tarsi, more or less piceous.

Abdomen piceous ; extreme margins of anterior segments

yellowish. Stigma and nervures pale piceous; tegule

yellow. Length about3 mm. Male.

148 Myr. Bridgman’s additions to Mr. Marshall's

Pezomachus dubitator, Foerst.

Foerst., Mon. d. Gat. Pez. 159, 105, 2.

A Pezomachus, which I believe to be this species, does

not appear to be scarce in the neighbourhood of Norwich.

Pezomachus xylochophilus, Foerst.

Foerst., Mon. d. Gat. Pez. 187, 75, 2 .

I have taken this handsome insect by sweeping on the

Brundall marshes in the neighbourhood of Norwich. I

have also this summer received it from Mr. T. R. Billups,

who took it at Rainham, Essex; and Mr. G. C. Bignell,

from the neighbourhood of Plymouth.

Pezomachus analis, Foerst.

Foerst., Mon. d. Gat. Pez. 188, 76,2.

Not uncommon in the neighbourhood of Norwich.

Mr. Bignell has sent the same species.

Pezomachus geochares, Foerst.

Foerst, Mon. d. Gat. Pez. 199, 158.

_ Mr. Billups has taken, at Deal, on the 18th April, 1881,

a Pezomachus which I believe to be this species ; it differs

only from Foerster’s description in having the 3rd abdo-

minal segment black, and red only at the sides.

OPHIONIDA.

In the autumn I examined my species of Campoplea by

the light of Foerster’s and Holmgren’s Monographs

(Verhand. d. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien. 1868, B.

xviii, Heft. ili. u. iv.; Mon. d. Gatt. Campoplex, Gr. von

Prof. Dr. Forster; Holm., Skand. ant. af. Ophionidsligtet

Campoplex ; Bih. till. k. Sv. vet. ak. hand. Band. 1, no. 2),

when, as might naturally be expected, I found some of their

species amongst my specimens, and I have little doubt

but that many others still remain unnoticed in this .

country.

Catalogue of British Ichnewnonide. 149

Campoplex oxyacanthe, Boie.

Campoplex oxyacanthe, Boie, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 16

Jahrg, 104, 43.

C. mixtus, Gr., I. EK. iii., 601, part ; Holm., Mon. Oph.

Suec. 33, part.

C. mesoxanthus, Foerst., l.c., 791, 12, 3,2.

C. oxyacanthe, Holm., l. c., 60.

Campoplex falcator, Thunb.

Ichneumon falcator, Thunb., Ichn., 265.

Campoplex mixtus, Gr., I. HK. iu., 601, 101, 3,2, part ;

Holm., Mon. Oph. Suec., 33, 1, part; Foerst.,

l. c., 863, 67,3, 2; Holm., Sk. art. af. Oph. Camp.

DO, 20,052

Campoplex obreptans, Foerst.

MOevAty 1.°C.5, Fad, cee 5 Jol, 1. 64, 79; SGn8 2

Campopleax confusus, Foerst.

Poerst., t..¢., 341, 50,3, 2; Holm., ..¢., 62, 27,3, ¢ .

Campoplex erythrogaster, Foerst.

Hoerst., . ¢., 636; 46, o> 2 > Holm., (0 ¢., 5642259.

Campoplex terebrator, Foerst.

Foerst., /. c., 810, 26 and 27,3, 2; Holm., 34,10,3,2.

Cymodusa flavipes, Brischke.

Brischke, D. Ichn. d. Prov. W. u. O. Preus. 87,3.

This species appears to be generally distributed in

England. I have taken it at Wimbledon; Dr. Capron

takes it in the neighbourhood of Guildford; and I have

also received it from Mr. Fitch. They have all been

males, and I have seen no female which was at all likely

to belong to it.

Sagaritis zonata, Gr.

Under this head Holmgren, in Mon. Oph. Suec., has

included Campoplex latrator as a doubtful synonym ;

Tschek, in Ich. Frag., separates them, which view is

also taken by Brischke. Both species occur in this

country.

150 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to Mr. Marshall’s

Timneria virginalis, Gr.

Ga. 1. Wea.,.472;-2 .

I have taken a Limneria in the neighbourhood of Nor-

wich, which I have no doubt is this species; the head

behind the eyes is narrow; transverse anal nervure is

not interrupted ; the supero-medial area of metathorax

transverse; lateral areze not divided; 2nd abdominal

segment one-third longer than wide; 3rd subquadrate, or

a little longer than wide. I have also taken a second

specimen at Wimbledon, in which the post-petiole is not

so square as the other, and the front coxe are partly

yellow. Another female has the post petiole as the

last, and the supero-medial area not so wide; the front

cox are also partly pale. These two latter may belong

to another species.

Limneria clandestina, Holm.

Holm., Mon. Oph. Suec. 90, 64,3,2.

To this species I refer a Limneria sent to me by Mr.

Fitch, which was in a large box formerly belonging to the

Rev. T. A. Marshall, given to him by Mr. E. Saunders.

Limneria hyalinata, Holm.

Siaiibe. [eiGus GOs 00.60, Die

Mr. J. E. iifotetiee has bred both sexes of a Limneria,

which I believe to be this species, from Cresus varus.

Limneria litoralis, Holm.

Holm., &%¢:, 69)29,3 2-82

Taken by Mr. T. R. Billups at Woking, August Ist,

1881.

LTinneria concinna, Holm.

Holm.,, 1..c.,.84, 55; given

I le taken this pretty and very distinct species in

the neighbourhood of Norwich; it has also been taken

by My. GG, Bignell near Plymouth.

Catalogue of British Ichneumonde. 151

Limneria canaliculata, Gr.

Gre, L. Bi. 1t.,,.560; 2 .

Mr. D. Wheeler gave me a specimen of this Limneria,

which he bred from larve brought from Wicken Fen,

but as several species were mixed together, he could not

- say which was the host.

Head rather broad behind the eyes, scarcely narrowed ;

face transverse ; transverse anal nervure not interrupted ;

supero-medial area subcordiform, not closed behind ;

lateral ares not divided; 2nd abdominal segment one-

third longer than wide ; 3rd longer than wide.

Iamneria Kriechbaumeri, n. s.

Pedibus rufis, coxis trochanteribusque nigris, meta-

thorace brevissimo, aculeo longitudine tertie partis

abdominis.

Head transverse, narrow behind the eyes ; face densely

pubescent ; face quadrate; eyes slightly emarginate

against the antenne; mandibular teeth equal; thorax

higher than long; metathorax very short, with no upper

face, forming an inclined plane from the post-scutellum

to the base of the petiole, like the rest of the thorax,

reticulate, no trace of are, with glistening white hairs ;

1st segment of abdomen almost straight ; petiole slender ;

post-petiole longer than wide, more slender in the male

than in the female, in the latter about twice and in the

male one anda half times as wide as the petiole; the

2nd segment longer than wide; the 38rd and remainder

transverse; apex of abdomen slightly compressed; aculeus

of female about one-third the length of the abdomen.

Areolet subsessile ; recurrent nervure received just be-

yond the middle ; cubital nervure without areolet ; trans-

verse anal nervure divided far below the middle, but

without nervure running from the geniculation ; claws

of tarsi simple; apical joint of hind tarsi longer than

the 4th.

Black ; palpi and mandibles, except the teeth, yellow ;

legs red; cox and trochanters black; extreme base of

tibiz yellow; apex of hind tarsi somewhat fuscous, as

well as apical joint of intermediate ones sometimes ;

stigma and nervures fuscous; base of wings yellow.

Long., male and female, 5—7 mm.

152 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to Mr. Marshall's

Bred by Mr. G. C. Bignell, April 20th, 1882, from

half-grown larvee of Teniocampa instabilis.

This insect may be said to belong as much to Casinaria

as to Limneria, being without metathoracic are, and the

inner orbits scarcely emarginate; but the aculeus is

longer than in any Casinaria I can find described. The

cocoon is chocolate, with central whity-brown zone.

Timneria rufa, n. 8.

Abdomine pedibusque, maxima ex parte rufis.

Head transverse, narrow behind the eyes; antenne

rather more than two-thirds the length of the body;

eyes rather deeply emarginate against the antenne ; fore-

head without keel or groove. Thorax slightly longer than

high, rather coarsely punctured; parapsides slightly

defined; the depression behind the anterior margin of

the mesopleura bounded by a fine distinct line; meso-

pleura with scattered punctures ; interstices reticulate ;

scutellum keeled only at the base ; supero-medial area of

metathorax distinct, transverse, open behind; lateral

are divided ; postero-medial almost flat, with indistinct

concavity; spiracles oval. Abdomen compressed ; post-

petiole about twice as wide as the petiole, rather longer

than wide ; petiole a trifle longer than the post-petiole ;

the abdomen hardly compressed. Areolet with a short

petiole; recurrent nervure received just beyond the

middle; transverse anal not divided; transverse dis-

coidal divided below the middle; aculeus of female

hardly exserted.

Black; palpi yellow. Legs red; coxe, trochanters,

apex of front tarsi, middle and hind tarsi, fuscous; hind

tibie more or less fuscous-red ; extreme base of alli the

tibiz with a minute white spot above in the male, obsolete

in the female; tegule white; nervures and stigma

black. Abdomen red; petiole brown; sides of petiole

and 2nd segment slightly fuscous; anterior half of

venter fuscous. Long., male and female, 9 mm.

Bred by Mr. G. C. Bignell from Bombyx quercus. The

Ichneumon larve emerged from the living caterpillars.

The cocoon is oval, black, and granulated on the out-

side.

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 1538

Tamneria Brischkei, n. 8.

Nigra, pedibus rufis, coxis, trochanteribus et tarsis

posticis nigris, aculeo brevissimo.

Head not buccated, narrow behind the eyes; face

almost parallel; eyes hardly emarginate against the

-antenne, a little shorter than the body ; head and thorax

with scattered white pubescence; 1st joint of flagellum

about four times as long as wide, longer than the 2nd;

thorax longer than high; arez of metathorax not dis-

tinct, and rather imperfect ; supero-medial about as long

as wide ; lateral arez not divided ; postero-medial coffin-

shaped ; metathorax rather densely pubescent, especially

at the sides; Ist segment of abdomen slender; post-

petiole about twice the width of the petiole, longer than

wide; spiracles distinct ; 2nd segment one-third longer

than wide; 8rd slightly wider than long; sides of abdo-

men with glistening white hairs; aculeus about one-

third the length of the 1st segment. Wing with areolet

hardly petiolated ; recurrent nervure received just be-

yond the middle; cubital nervure with no nervelet ;

external radial nervure somewhat straight; transverse

anal nervure not divided. Legs red; greater part of

front coxe, middle and hind coxe, entirely black; ex-

treme base and apex of hind tibiz, hind tarsi, and apex

of middle one, fuscous; mouth, front and middle tro-

chanters, and base of wings, yellow. Stigma and nervures

black. Long. female, 6 mm.

Bred by Mr. Bignell from N. triangulum; it appears

to differ from its allies in having the post-petiole slender.

It comes near L. dumeticola, Holm., and L. carbonaria,

Brischke.

The cocoon is rough dirty white, with no dark zones.

Limneria affinis, Parfitt.

Ent. Mo. Mag. xviii. 252.

Meloboris pusio, Holm.

Holm., Mon. Oph. Suec. 100, 2, ?.

Amongst some ichneumons sent to me by Mr. Fitch,

given him by Mr. E. Saunders, and which were formerly

in the possession of the Rev. T. A. Marshall, I detected

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaART II. (JULY.) x

154 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to Mr. Marshall's

a female and two males which I believe to belong to this

species. Meloboris was the only one of Holmgren’s genera

of the Limneria group which had not been met with in

this country ; I was therefore very pleased to see it.

Mesochorus fuscicornis, Brischke.

Brischke, D. Ichn. d. Prov. W. u. O. Preus. 78,3,2.

I have bred both sexes of a Mesochorus from the

cocoons of a Microgaster, which agrees exactly with

Brischke’s description of the above. It has also been

bred by Mr. Bignell from Apanteles nothus, out of A.

grossulariata, and M. galiata.

Mesochorus formosus, n. 8.

Capite maxima, ex parte stramineo (3g) aut piceo ( ¢? );

abdomine macula media, pedibusque stramineis, tibiis

posticis basi et apice nigris; stigmate albo ; abdomine

segmento primo apice aciculato.

Face quadrate; mandibular teeth subequal; apex of

clypeus rounded, not separated from the face ; antenne

rather longer than the body ; 1st joint of flagellum about

one-half longer than the 2nd, and about six times as

long as wide; no joint quadrate. Thorax smooth, with

very fine somewhat scattered pubescence ; supero-medial

area elongate, sides slightly curved outwards; abdomen

slender; 1st segment rather longer than the hind coxe

and trochanters, aciculate at the apex, aciculations

somewhat irregular; 2nd segment a little longer than

wide; 8rd as long as wide; apex of the 2nd the widest

part ; apex of 8rd much narrower than the base; from

here to the apex of the abdomen decidedly compressed.

Transverse ordinary nervure interstitial ; transverse anal

not interrupted; recurrent nervure received before the

middle of the areolet.

Male. Head and thorax palish straw ; apex of teeth,

and a small spot just enclosing the ocelli, fuscous ; upper

part of thorax, except a central blotch, the scutellum

and its neighbourhood, fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, with

a pale straw blotch extending from the middle of the

2nd segment to the middle of the 3rd; sides of the apex

of the abdomen pale piceous; styles straw-coloured.

Legs pale straw; extreme apex of hind tibie fuscous,

the base also very faintly so. Antennz rufo-fuscous ;

Catalogue of British Ichnewnonide. 155

scape straw. Stigma and nervures dirty white; the

latter rather the darker.

The female differs from the male in having the lower

part of the face dusky, and the thorax nearly entirely

dark ; aculeus about as long as the 1st segment. In this

Species, as well as aciculatus, the aciculations are not so

decided as in complanatus. Length 8 mm.

Bred by Mr. G. C. Bignell from Macrocentrus thora-

circus, out of Noctua triangulum, and out of X. rhizo-

litha.

The colour of the stigma easily separates this from

M. aciculatus.

Plectiscus spilotus, Foerst.

Foerst., Ueb. d. Gatt. u. Art. d. Fam d. Plectis. 90, 3;

Brischke, D. Ichn. d. Prov. W. u. O. Preus. 94, 3 ?.

I have taken two males at the end of May and middle

of June close to Norwich.

TRYPHONIDA.

Mesoleptus antilope, Gr.

This, Brischke says, is a Catoglyptus, and perhaps

equal to C. pulchricorns, Holm., which latter has been

taken by Dr. Capron, and previously recorded.

Mesoleptus leucostomus, Gr.

This he places in the genus T’rematopygus.

Mesoleptus vulneratus, Zett.

Tryphon vulneratus, Zett., Ins. Lapp. 387, 18, 3.

Mesoleptus vulneratus, Holm., Mon. Try. Suec. 102,

6; di 2's, Brischke, l..c., 66, 2 .

I have received both sexes of this species from Mr.

Cameron ; they have ‘“‘ Thornhill” attached to them, so

were probably captured by Dr. Sharp.

Mesoleptus similis, Brischke.

Brischke, D. Ichn. d. Prov. W. u. O. Preus. 96,3,2.

A male of this species was taken last year by Mr. G.

C. Bignell in the neighbourhood of Plymouth.

156 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to Mr. Marshall's

Notopygus emarginatus, Holm.

Holm., Mon. Try. Suec. 115,1,3,2.

Mr. P. Cameron has taken this species at Kingussie.

Perilissus Gorski, Ratz.

Tryphon Gorskii, Ratz., Ich. d. Forst. i., 127, 42,3.

Perilissus Gorskii, Holm., Mon. Try. Suec. 125, 10, 3 ;

Brischke, D. Ichn. d. Prov. W. u. QO. Preus.

Tas d 2

Mr. J. E. Fletcher has bred this species from Phyllo-

toma vagans. I have taken it in the neighbourhood of

Norwich.

Mesoleius difformis, Holm. ?

Holm., Disp. Syn. Mesol. Scand. 24, 59, ?.

A Mesoleius bred by Mr. J. E. Fletcher agrees with

this species, except that the transverse ordinary nervure

is not interstitial ; it was parasitic on Cladwus Brullei.

Mesoleius molestus, Holm. ?

Holm., Mon. Try. Suec. 147, 39,3,2.

I have a male Mesoleius, given to me by Dr. Capron,

taken at Shere, and have seen the same species from Mr.

G. C. Bignell, which agrees better with M. molestus than

any other I can find described ; but Holmgren says

transverse anal nervure divided below the middle; but

in those I have seen it is divided either in or just above

the middle.

Mesoleius ignavus, Holm.

Holm., Mon. Try. Suec. 174, 108, 3,2.

I have seen a male from Mr. Cameron, which I believe

to be this species.

Mesoleius pint, n. 8.

Thorace, pectore, scutelloque, flavo maculato; abdomine

dorso medio rufo; pedibus rufis, tibiis tarsisque posticis

fuscis, coxis anticis flavis.

3. Black; mouth, clypeus, apex of cheeks, spot on

scape beneath, upper margin of collar, triangular blotch

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 157

on shoulders, tubercles and tegule, lower part of pro-

thorax, breast, this latter with a brown lateral spot,

sutures between the meso- and metathorax, lateral basal

margins of scutellum, post-scutellum faintly, front coxe,

and a spot on intermediate ones beneath, yellow; legs

red; hind knees, tarsi, and tibie fuscous; the latter

faintly reddish towards the base; apex of intermediate

tarsi fuscous; middle of abdomen faintly reddish ; apex

of 2nd and remaining segments with a narrow pale mar-

gin; stigma reddish brown.

?. Hardly differs from the male. My specimen has

the post-scutellum yellow-marked, the marks on the

scutellum larger, and the brown spots on the breast

replaced by red ones; the coxe more yellow, this colour

extending to the hind pair; the prothorax is almost

entirely yellow.

Head not buccated, slightly narrowed behind the eyes ;

apex of clypeus sinuous; mesopleura reticulate, with

fine scattered punctures; supero-medial area of female

distinct, less so in the male; postero-medial the same ;

keels on the 1st abdominal segment of the male distinct,

extending just beyond the middle, obsolete in the female,

the segment half as wide at the base as at the apex, and

one-half longer than wide ; 2nd in male quadrate, female

transverse; the 3rd in male and female longer than

wide ; parapsides of mesothorax distinct. Areolet trans-

verse, more or less petiolated ; transverse anal nervure

subopposite, interrupted a little below the middle.

This insect should come next of M. sylvarum, Holm.,

Disp. Syn. Meso]. Scand. 10, 19.

M. sylvarum has the coxe black-marked, and meso-

pleura black; in this the latter is yellow, and the coxe

are red and yellow.

Bred by Mr. J. E. Fletcher from cocoons of Lophyrus

pini, sent by Mr. Cameron from Scotland.

Trematopygus atratus, Holm.

Holm., Mon. Try. Suec. 181, 4,4; Brischke, J. c.,

90,352.

This fine species has been taken, and bred from Cresus

septentrionalis, by Mr. Wilson at York. .

Brischke has placed Tryphon albipes in this genus ;

Marshall placed it in his Catalogue as a doubtful Tryphon.

158 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to Mr. Marshall's

Tryphon confinis, Holm.

Holm., Mon. Try. Suec. 191, 17,32.

I have taken a male T'ryphon, which agrees. with this

species, at Brundall, near Norwich.

Besides the above-mentioned Tryphon, the following

Gravenhorstian species, included in Marshall’s Catalogue,

Brischke has moved into the following genera of Holm-

eren :—

T’.. albovinctus is a Polyblastus.

T’.. colon is a Mesolewus.

T. fasciatus is an Hrromenus.

T.. notatus is an Huryproctus.

T’.. canthostomus is a Mesolewus.

Grypocentrus incisulus, Ruthe.

Ruthe, Stett. Ent. Zeit. Jahrg. xvi., 55, 2; Holm.,

Mon. Try. Suec. 194, 2,¢,2; Brischke, I. c.,

O4 Dt Pe

I captured a specimen of this species near Norwich on

the 11th of August, 1877, but did not succeed in naming

it till this winter.

Grypocentrus clypeatus, ett. ?

Tryphon clypeatus, Zett., Ins. Lapp. 399, 30, 2.

Grypocentrus clypeatus, Holm., l. ¢., 195,5,3,2.

I have an insect which I believe to be this species; it

was taken close to Norwich on the 9th of June, 1878.

Monoblastus Neustrie, Ratz.

Tryphon Neustrie, Ratz., Ich. d. Forst. ii. 115, 16,3.

Monoblastus femoralis, Holm., Mon. Try. Suec. 298,

Ditdapacer

M. Neustrie, Holm., l. c., 385, 2,3, 2; Brischke, l. c.,

9G 70' 6-2

I have seen two specimens which were taken by Mr.

Billups in his garden at Peckham.

Catalogue of British Ichneumonde. 159

Monoblastus Caproni, ni. 8.

Facie flava, abdominis medio rufo, pedibus nigris,

tibiis, trochanteribus, genubus tarsisque anticis pallide

flavis.

Head behind the eyes not or scarcely narrow ; antenne

a little shorter than the body; clypeus separated from

the face, sometimes obsoletely so; face wider below than

above; a channel running from the anterior ocellus to

the antenne ; head finely punctate. Thorax finely punc-

tate; scutellum keeled at the sides to the middle; meso-

thorax somewhat trilobed in front ; supero-medial area

elongate ; lateral arez only partially divided ; Ist segment

of abdomen rather more than twice as long as wide,

longer than the hinder coxe and trochanters, about twice

as wide at the apex as at the base, channelled to just

beyond the middle; tubercles not prominent, placed

about in the centre ; 2nd and 8rd segments quadrate, the

3rd sometimes subquadrate, remainder transverse ; the

anterior segments somewhat coarsely punctate. Wings

with an areolet, petiolated; transverse outer nervure

partially obliterated ; transverse ordinary nervure not

interstitial ; transverse anal interrupted below the middle;

external radial slightly incurved in the middle. Claws

distinctly and closely pectinated.

Black ; scape beneath sometimes, mouth, middle of

mandibles, clypeus, face, spot on cheeks below the eyes,

this sometimes united with the face, front and middle

coxe and trochanters, yellow; 2nd to 4th abdominal

seoments red; the 2nd with two dorsal spots below the

base, sometimes united into a blotch; apex of Ist seg-

ment sometimes reddish ; femora black ; front and middle

trochanters, knees, tibiz, and tarsi dirty yellowish white ;

extreme apex of hind trochanters the same colour ; hind

legs black ; middle of tibize or beneath more or less pale.

Stigma and nervures black ; base of wings pale. Length

6°5—9 mm., male.

Taken by Dr. Capron in the neighbourhood of Shere.

This distinct Polyblastus, in shape, is very like the

Tryphon rutilator group, but the heavily pectinated claws

easily distinguish it from any of the true T’ryphons.

Polyblastus Bridgmani, Parfitt.

Ent. Mo. Mag. xviii. 251.

160 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to Mr. Marshall’s

Cteniscus hostilis, Holm.

Holm., Mon. Try. Suec. 239, 32,3.

I have taken a male in the neighbourhood of Norwich

at the end of May, and another in the beginning of

June, at Brundall; both these agree exactly with Holm-

gren’s description of this species.

Cteniscus bimaculatus, Holm.

Holm., Mon. Try. Suec. 245, 47,3 ,2.

I took both sexes of this insect last autumn at Brun-

dall, near Norwich.

Exochus septentrionalis, Holm. ?

Holm., Disp. Met. Exoch. Scand. 72, 19,2.

Amongst Mr. Cameron’s insects I found an Ewochus

which agrees with the description of this species in every

respect, except the colour of the legs; these have the

femora red, with the extreme apex black ; the front tibize

are red, the extreme ends black; front tarsi reddish,

apex black ; intermediate tarsi nigro-fuscous ; the coxe

and trochanters are reddish brown, the latter red at the

apex. It may be the male of this species.

Two males. Clober and Cadder.

Exochus albicinctus, Holm.

FLGIOte, 0.20...” Ui, oe

I have taken two specimens of this insect in June and

July, 1881; the first, a male, was taken at Felthorpe, in

Norfolk ; the other, at Wimbledon, in Surrey, is a female,

and only differs from the male and Holmgren’s descrip-

tion in having the middle and hind tibie black ; extreme

base whitish.

Exochus decorator, Holm.

Holm:, Uc., 645.'3,'3°.

This species was sent to me by Mr. J. E. Fletcher, who

received it from Mr, J. H, Threlfall, of Preston,

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 161

Hyperacmus crassicornis, Gr.

Exochus crassicornis, Gr., I. E. ii. 847, 221, °2.

Hyperacmus crassicornis, Holm., Mon. Try. Suec.

322, 2; Brischke, D. Ichn. d. Prov. W. u. O.

Preus. 108, 3,2.

_ This species has been taken by Dr. Capron in the

neighbourhood of Shere during the past summer.

Bassus Holmgren, n. 8.

Abdominis medio, pedibus, antennisque rufis, trochan-

teribus, coxisque anticis flavis posticis nigris, facie et

genis 3, clypeo et orbitis internis ? , flavis.

Head shining, finely punctured, narrow behind the

eyes ; thorax very shining; punctures almost obsolete ;

metathorax wrinkled ; supero-medial area distinct, rather

narrower in front than behind ; 1st abdominal segment

and base of 2nd rather coarsely scabrous; remainder

obsoletely punctured; 1st segment of female rather

longer than wide, slightly tapering from base to apex,

grooved to beyond the middle; tubercles not distinct ;

2nd and following segments transverse ; 3rd the widest,

slightly compressed at the apex ; 1st segment of the male

one-third longer than wide; the widest part of theabdomen

the 4th and 5th segments. Wings without an areolet;

transverse cubital nervure short ; transverse anal nervure

divided in or just below the middle. Legs slender.

?. Black; antenne red, scape beneath, black above ;

mouth, clypeus, a small spot just above the base

of the mandibles and internal orbits, cox, trochanters,

base of wings, and tubercles, yellow; apex of 1st seg-

ment, 2nd to 4th entirely, 5th-except fuscous dorsal spot,

and legs, red; base of hind ones faintly fuscous ; hind

coxe, greater part and apical joint of all the tarsi, dark

brown or black ; stigma brown ; apex yellowish ; nervures

brown.

$. Only differs in having the antenne reddish brown,

scape black, apex beneath yellow; mouth, front part of

cheeks, face, and inner orbits just above the antennae,

yellow ; base of 2nd segment dark brown, and 5th seg-

ment almost entirely red. Length 455—5 mm.

This beautiful little Bassus belongs to Holmgren’s

div. ii. B. b. a.

TRANS. ENT, Soc. 1882,—PaART I. (JULY.) x

162 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to Mr. Marshall's

I took the male at the end of June and the female at

the beginning of July in Norfolk. I have also seen male

and female taken by Mr. J. W. May at Esher on 28th

July, 1880.

PIMPLIDA.

Clistopyga rufator, Holm.

Holm., Mon. Pimp. Suec. 35,3 ,¢2; Voll., Pinacog.,

pl. 18, fig. 7; Brischke, D. Ichn. d. Prov. W. u. O. Preus.

(Schrif. d. Nat. Ges. i. Danz., Bd. v., Heft. 1, 8), ?.

I took a female of this splendid insect at Brundall,

June 8rd, 1881. ;

Lycorina triangulifera, Holm.

Holm., Mon. Pimp. Suec. 48,3 ,?.

This fine addition to our fauna was captured by Mr. G.

C. Bignell in the neighbourhood of Plymouth.

Lissonota anomala, Holm. ?

Holm., Mon. Pimp. Suece. 52, 11,2.

A specimen of this genus, taken by Mr. T. R. Billups

at Wickham, comes very near to L. anomala, Holm., but

differs from the description of that species in having the

2nd and 8rd abdominal segments rather longer than wide,

and the transverse anal nervure is divided distinctly below

the middle ; wings hyaline ; nervures black. This insect

may be a variety of the above species, as Holmgren’s de-

scription was taken from a single specimen.

Lissonota linearis, Gr. ?

Gr, 1) aime, 205; 595-22

Mr. Billups has taken a female which agrees with this

species of Gravenhorst, except that the 2nd segment is

red, and the aculeus as long as the abdomen.

Head transverse, behind the eyes narrow; 1st abdo-

minal segment with a canalicula terminating in an oblong

pit in the middle of the post-petiole ; the 2nd and 3rd

segments rather longer than wide ; remainder transverse ;

transverse anal nervure divided one-third from the bottom ;

external radial nervure slightly ineurved. Stigma rather

paler at the base ; face parallel,

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 163

This species Mr. Marshall has placed in his Catalogue

as a synonym of L. bellator, but Mr. Billups’s specimens

differs from ZL. bellator in having the punctures on the

back of the mesothorax rather larger and more scattered,

aculeus is shorter, face and thorax entirely black.

Lissonota deversor, Gr.

oe, Ein. 09, 62; o, 2.

In Marshall’s Catalogue this insect is included as a

synonym of L. irrisoria. I think this must be a mistake ;

the description of the two insects are so very different.

I have taken six males, and the only variation seems to

be in the two central pale lines on the face, which are

sometimes absent. Iam inclined to think the L. lepto-

gaster, Holm., is this latter variety. I once sent this

insect to Mr. Marshall, and he returned it asa Mesoleptus

which he could not name; the narrow Ist abdominal

segment certainly gives it at first sight a right to a place

in that genus.

Lissonota femorata, Holm.

Holm., Mon. Pimp. Suec. 55, 20, ?.

I have taken three females in this neighbourhood which

agree exactly with Holmgren’s description.

Lissonota Fletcheri, n. s.

Niger, abdominis medio, femoribus, tibius tarsisque

rufis ; abdominis primo segmento subaciculato.

Head transverse, slightly narrowed behind the eyes;

antenne of male rather shorter than the body, of female

rather more than half the length of the body; Ist joint

of flagellum rather longer than the 2nd, about three

times as long as wide; cheeks slightly descending below

the base of the mandibles; lower part of face and

cheeks covered with fine dense white pubescence ; face

transverse; head, thorax, and abdomen finely and

densely punctured ; interstices reticulate ; 1st segment of

abdomen about as long as the hind coxe, gradually

tapering from base to apex, this latter about twice as

wide as the base; apical portion distinctly but finely

aciculate; 2nd segment quadrate; 38rd and following -

ones transverse; aculeus as long as the abdomen.

164 Additions to British Ichneumonide.

Areolet of wings small, petiolated ; the petiole as long as

the height of the areolet; transverse ordinary nervure

not interstitial ; transverse discoidal divided below the

middle ; transverse anal indistinctly divided less than

one-third from the bottom.

Black ; femora, tibie, tarsi, abdominal segments 2nd

to 4th, apex of Ist and base of 5th, red; base of wings

yellow; stigma fuscous. Male and female. Length

6°5 mm.

Bred from Gelechia lentiginosella by Mr. J. EK. Fletcher,

of Worcester.

( SL65e")

X. Synopsis of British Hymenoptera. Diploptera and

. Anthophila; part I. to end of Andrenide. By

Epwarp Saunpers, F'.L.S.

[Read May 3rd, 1882. |

Puates VII.—XI.

Tue Diploptera and Anthophila follow in natural order

after the Heterogyna and Fossores, of which I gave a

synopsis of the British species in the volume of our

‘Transactions’ for 1880 (pp. 201—304). I have endea-

voured as much as possible to pursue the same method

with regard to the analytical tables and descriptions

in the Synopsis which I have now to lay before the

Society, so that the two together may form a complete

descriptive History of our British Aculeate Hymenoptera.

In the genera Halictus and Andrena I have had to

describe the species at some length, as they are often so

closely allied one to another that detailed descriptions

are almost a necessity, and for the same reason the

analytical tables in such cases are proportionately un-

satisfactory. I have, however, done my best to make

them as clear as possible; and I feel sure that any one

who knows the difficulty of distinguishing between some

of the closely-allied species will not be surprised if in

some instances he has to refer to the detailed descrip-

tions, as well as to the tables, in order to name his insect

satisfactorily.

Figures of the ¢ genitalia (armature) have been given

of all the species possible in the genera, Colletes, Pro-

sopis, Halictus, &e. In Andrena, however, the characters

presented by these organs are not nearly so strongly

pronounced as in the allied genera, and I have therefore

not thought it worth while to figure them, except in such

instances where there is some striking divergence from

the ordinary type.

The number of species in the Diploptera exceeds by

three that given by Mr. F. Smith in his 1871 Catalogue,

published by this Society ; whereas the Anthophila, to the

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PpaRT II. (JULY.)

166 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

end of the Andrenide, show a decrease in the numbers,

of twelve, since 1876, the date of publication of the 2nd

edition of his British Museum Catalogue of British

Hymenoptera.

The increase of three in the Diploptera is caused by

the discovery of that number of additional species to

our list. The decrease of twelve in the Anthuphila is

accounted for thus : eleven new species have been added

to the list, and twenty-three of those given by F. Smith

have been rejected for the following reasons: three as

being of doubtful British origin, viz., Prosopis variegata,

P. bifasciata, and Halictus interruptus; five as being

stylopised forms of well known species of Andrena ; three

as being autumn broods of species which also occur in

the spring; two as being males of already described

females, and which had not before been properly mated ;

and the remaining ten as being mere forms or races

which I have not thought important enough to retain as

distinct species.

My thanks are due to a great many who have helped

me very much in the loan of specimens, and in other

ways ; and I have especially to thank Professor Perez, of

Bordeaux, and Mr. C. Ritsema, of Leyden, for much

valuable assistance that they have given me in comparing

our British specimens with those in their collections. I[

must also thank the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield and Rev. W.

Farren White; also Messrs. Billups, Bridgman, E. P.

and F. Collett, C. W. Dale, E. Parfitt, V. Perkins, and

R. Service for many specimens which they have given

me, and for valuable communications as to localities, &c.

HYMENOPTERA.

ACULEATA.

Hairs simple, or in some cases twisted, but not branched or

plumose .. 5 -. Section 1.

Hairs more or less peanahen ¢ or ies at ee woes on

the thorax .. os ae Ae : AG .. Section 2.

Sxctrion I.

1. Wings not folded longitudinally Sie Heterogyna—Fossores.

2. Wings (at rest) folded longitudinally .. re .. Diploptera.

British Hymenoptera. 167

DIPLOPTERA.

(2) 1. Abdomen petiolated ; 1st joint much narrower than

2nd... 56 SE be oe 2 -. Humenes.

(1) 2. Abdomen not petiolated ; 1st joint not much narrower

than 2nd.

(4) 3. Intermediate tibie with one spine only at the apex Odynerus.

' (3) 4. Intermediate tibize with two spines at the apex .. Vespa.

Vespa, Linn.

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., p. 572.

This is the only genus of the social wasps that we

have in this country, and can scarcely be confounded

with any other. The communities are composed

of ¢,2 and 8, and form their nests in the ground or in

trees or bushes. The ? hybernates in an impregnated

condition, and the new brood appears about August. All

our species are ornamented with bright yellow markings.

Labial palpi 4-jointed ; maxillary 6-jointed. Wings with

three submarginal cells.

(2) 1. Thorax with brown and red markings .. -- erabro.

(1) 2. Thorax with black and yellow markings.

(10) 3. Eyes touching, or almost touching, the base of the

mandibles.

(9) 4. Markings of the body all black and clearly defined.

(8) 5. Basal joint of antenne black in the 9 and 3.

(7) 6. Q3 1st segment of body with a continuous black

band at the base. 9; clypeus with a black

central line anaes widened in front. g\ more

pubescent .. vulgaris.

(6) 7. 9; 1st segment with tices See oe the porimal

one largest. 9%; clypeus usually with oy three

noe

black dots. gless pubescent .. germanica.

(5) 8. Basal joint of antenne re in front in ° and 8

g unknown .. - arborea.

(4) 9. Markings of body, Sealy, near the babe, more

or less undefined, fading off into P aHa ae of a

brownish or reddish hue .. : rufa.

(3) 10. Eyes not nearly touching the bade of fhe man-

dibles.

(12) 11. Larger; no reddish colour on the body .. .. sylvestris.

(11) 12. Smaller ; sides of the body at the base more or less

_ reddish ot oe as 5 av .. norvegica,

168 Mr..E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

1. Vespa crabro, Linn.

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., vol.i., p.572; Fig. Smith,

Brit. Foss. Hym., &c., p. 221; pl. v., fig. 10.

Red-brown; sides of the mesothorax and a line down

the middle darker ; mandibles, except the black apical

margin, clypeus, face, scape of the antenne beneath,

head behind the eyes, apex of the 1st abdominal segment

narrowly and regularly, apex of the 2nd widely and

irregularly, and the whole of the remaining segments,

except two or three spots at the base, yellow; beneath

yellow ; each segment with two or three brown spots ;

surface hairy, more densely so in the 3g, in which sex the

antenne are considerably longer than the thorax, and the

joints beneath sinuate. Head and thorax punctured.

Wings yellowish brown, Abdomen rather remotely

punctured. Legs with projecting hairs, and covered

with a fine, very short, silky pubescence ; front femora in

the male densely fringed beneath. Length, ¢ 28—25

mm., ? 25—30 mm., 3 18—23 mm.

Hab. This insect (our common hornet) is common in

many places, and makes its nest in decayed trees or out-

houses. F. Smith says that it has been found also in a

bank.

2. Vespa vulgaris, Linn.

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., vol. 1., p.572; Panz., Faun.

Germ., 49, 19; Fig. Smith, Brit. Foss. Hym., &c.,

p. 215; pl.v., ties 13; 14° fos 16; 17, 20: ;

Head finely punctured, covered with long black hairs.

Kyes almost touching the mandibles, which are yellow,

except at the apical margin. Clypeus yellow, with a

black stripe down the middle, widening at the apex;

in the ¢ this stripe is often reduced to a spot. Face

above the clypeus black, with a yellow spot on each side,

in the sinus of the eyes, and a transverse trapezoidal

spot between the antenne. Antenne in the ¢ with a

yellow spot on the scape. Thorax hairy, and finely punc-

tured like the head, with a line on each side from the

tegule to the anterior margin; a spot below the tegule,

a spot on each side of the scutellum, two spots on the post-

scutellum, and two on the metathorax, yellow. Abdo-

men clothed with short pale hairs, yellow, with a black

band at the base of each segment, the bands slightly

British Hymenoptera. 169

and angularly produced in the centre, and with a round

black spot at each side of the angle; on the 2nd and

following segments in many varieties the black colour is

extended, so that the central angle and the black spots at

its sides are united. This is generally the case in

the 3; each segment beneath with a narrow black basal

band, produced at each side into a spot, or with an

unconnected spot below it; sometimes also the centres of

the bands are angularly produced. Genital segments of

the ¢ with the sagitte rounded at the apex, and not

emarginate. Legs yellow; the femora, except at the

apex, and sometimes the tibia inwardly, black. Length, 3

17 mm., ? 18—20 mm., ¥ 12—15 mm.

Hab. Common everywhere. The ? hybernates, and may

often be found in the early spring; the ¥ appears most

abundantly in August. Makes its nest in the ground.

3. Vespa germanica, Fab.

Fab., Ent. Syst. i1., p. 256; Panz., Faun. Germ., 49,

20; Fig. Smith, Brit. Foss. Hym., &c., p. 216; pl. v.,

figs. 18, 19, 21.

Very like the preceding, and sometimes ‘very difficult

to separate from it.

The ¢ may, however, be easily known by the very dif-

ferent shape of the genital organs, the sagitte being

sharply emarginate instead of rounded at the apex ; the

black colour also of the truncate portion of the basal

seoment of the abdomen does not extend on to the dorsal

surface, except just in the middle and at each side, where

it forms a triangular spot; the other segments of the

abdomen have each a triangular spot in the middle and

a small round spot on each side.

The 2 may be known from that of vulgaris by the three

distinct black spots on the clypeus, and by the coloration

of the basal segment of the abdomen, which has, instead

of the angulated band of vulgaris, a black diamond-

shaped spot in the centre extending almost from the base

of the dorsal surface to the apex, and a small, somewhat

square, black spot on each side of it; the 2nd and

following segments vary in the extent of the black colour,

but have generally a narrow black central spot at the

base, sometimes springing from a basal band, and a

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—parT I. (JULY.) Uh

170 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

round spot on each side of the central one about midway

between the base and apex.

The ¥ is very difficult to separate from some varieties

of vulgaris 8, as the basal band of the 1st abdominal

segment in the latter is occasionally broken into three

spots; but when this is the case the three separate

black spots on the clypeus of germanica will serve to

distinguish it. Length, $17 mm., ? 18—20 mm., § 12—

15 mm.

Hab. Equally common with the preceding.

4. Vespa rufa, Linn.

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., vol. i., p. 572; Smith, Brit.

Foss. Hym., &c., p. 217; Fig. Curtis, Brit. Ent.,

pl. 760.

This species, allied to vulgaris and germanica in the

structure of the head, may be separated from them at

once in all the sexes by the indefinite markings of the

abdomen ; these markings do not stand out clearly black

against the yellow, but on the Ist and 2nd segments,

and sometimes on the others, they are irregularly bor-

dered with brownish red. The face is very like that of

vulgaris, but the spaces in the sinuation of the eyes are not

entirely yellow, as in that species, but have only a narrow

yellow line near the apex of each. There is a good

structural character pointed out by Thomson, viz., that

the sides of the head posteriorly are not margined in

this species, as they are in vulgaris and germanica ; this

character, however, is difficult to see without removing

the head.

The g¢ may be easily known structurally by the shape

of the genital organs, the sagitte of which are produced

into a process somewhat resembling the shape of a duck’s

bill. Length as in the preceding.

Hab. Common and generally distributed, but not so

abundant as either of the preceding.

The extent of the red colouring of the abdomen varies

very much, especially in the 8, which has sometimes,

according to Smith, the first two abdominal segments

entirely red.

British Hymenoptera. 171

5. Vespa arborea, Smith.

Smith, Zool. i., p. 170, 6, fig. 1,?; Brit. Foss. Hym.,

&c., p. 218, pl. v., figs. 11, 12.

I have only seen a very few ? of this species, but

they certainly appear to be distinct from any other

? that I know; the 1st segment of the abdomen is longer,

and the legs decidedly thicker and more hairy ; otherwise

it is like a rufa without the rufous edges to the black

markings, with the scape of the antenne yellow in front,

and the clypeus with three black spots.

6. Vespa sylvestris, Scop.

Scop., Ent. Carn., p. 309; Smith, Brit. Foss. Hym.,

&e., p. 219.

The distinctive characters of this and the following

species, by which they may be known from any of the

preceding, is the long space between the eye and the

base of each mandible. The scape also is yellow in front

in all the sexes.

$ marked much as in vulgaris 3 , but with the abdomen

rather less elongate, and the genital segments much

smaller in proportion ; the sagittz wide throughout, and

not dilated at the apex; lacini# each with a curved

spine. Apical segment of the abdomen entire.

? and ¥ with more regular black basal bands to the

abdomen than in vulgaris, and with the surface more

shining. Clypeus with only a single small central spot.

Length, $15 mm., ? 18 mm., ¥15 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed and common in many

places. Makes its nest generally in trees.

7. Vespa norvegica, Fab.

Fab., Species Ins., p. 460; Smith, Brit. Foss. Hym.,

&c., p. 220.

Smaller and shorter than the preceding, but similar to

it in the shape of the head ; it may be distinguished from

it structurally in having the clypeus only remotely punc-

tured, whereas in sylvestris its puncturation is close. In

coloration it differs considerably, having a wide central

black stripe down the clypeus dilated at the apex, much

172 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

as in V. vulgaris, and in having the sides of the 2nd

abdominal segment, and sometimes of the 1st, more

or less red; this red colour is not always present, but in

the ¢ is often very bright, and sometimes nearly covers

the 1st and 2nd seements. Length, f14mm., ? 18 mm.,

%12—13 mm.

Hab. North of England, Scotland, near Norwich,

Devonshire, &c.

OpyneRus, Latr.

Latr., Hist. Nat., vol. xi., p. 346.

This genus is so well marked that I need not make

many observations on its value. In colouring its species

resemble Humenes, but the wide basal segment of the

abdomen will distinguish them at once: from Vespa, the

only other genus of the Diploptera, the smaller and more

elongate form and the scarcity of the yellow markings

will serve at a glance to separate them, while the absence

of the second spine at the apex of the intermediate tibie

is an excellent structural distinction. All the species are

black, with yellow apical bands to the abdominal seg-

ments, and there is such a general resemblance between

them that I have only pointed out their distinguishing

characters.

The three sections pointed out by Wesmael are natural,

and have been generally recognised ; these I have given

in the table of species. There is now a 4th division,

Leionotus, Sauss., but we have no English representative

of it; several, however, occur in Sweden, and I have a

single specimen, without locality and without indication

of its captor, which belongs to this section. Without,

however, further proof of its being British, I refrain

from describing it. Still, I hope that some day further

captures may make it possible to add the species to our

list.

One of the peculiarities of the species of this genus is

the transverse costate impression which traverses the

2nd abdominal segment beneath, near the base, and

on this peculiarity Thomson has formed some excellent

specific characters.

British Hymenoptera. 173

(2) 1. Ist segment of the body without a transverse raised

line at the base; antenne in g spirally rolled at

the apex .. as .. Subgenus 1. Hoplopus.

(1) 2. 1st segment of the hots caine a transverse raised line

; at the base; antenne in g sometimes simple,

sometimes reflexed and hooked at the apex.

(4) 3. Apical joint of the antenne sharply recurved; 1st

segment of the begs in both sexes covered with

long hairs .. su .. Subgenus2. Ancistrocerus.

(3) 4. Antenne in the g simple Ist segment of the body

without long hairs . De -. Subgenus 3. Symmorphus.

Subgenus I. Hopnopus.

(2) 1. Abdomen red at the base a oe a .. basalis.

(1) 2. Abdomen not red at the base.

(4)

3. g with a long yellow spine on the intermediate coxe ;

? with a yellow spot on the clypeus .. reniformis.

(3) 4. § with the coxe simple ; ? with clypeus black.

(6) 5. Femora of g simple; thorax in both sexes truncate

in front; its angles prominent .. Se .. . Levipes.

(5) 6. Intermediate femora of 3 dentate; thorax not trun-

cate anteriorly in either sex ; its angles not promi-

nent.

(8) 7. Larger; markings yellow; pubescence of head and

thorax denserand dark .. 5g .. spinipes.

(7) 8. Smaller; markings nearly white ; pubescence of head

and thorax pale .. : : dé melanocephalus.

1. Odynerus spinipes, Linn.

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., vol. i., p. 573; Smith, Brit.

Foss. Hym., &c., p. 203, pl. v., figs, 7, 8.

$. Black, with the clypeus, mandibles, antenne in

front, a line between them, the prothorax in front, a

narrow band at the apex of each abdominal segment

except the last, more or less abbreviated on the 8rd, 4th,

5th, and 6th, yellow. Legs yellow, with the femora

at the base, and the tibie inwardly, more or less

black ; 2 similarly coloured, but with the antenne and

clypeus entirely black, and the yellow abdominal bands

almost entire throughout.

Head and thorax rugosely punctured, covered with

greyish black hairs. Clypeus very deeply emarginate in

the g, slightly soin the ?. Antenne flattened towards

the apex, and spirally curved in the 3, somewhat clavate

in the ?; prothorax slightly rounded in front, its angles

right angles, but scarcely prominent. Mesothorax aboutas

174 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

long as wide. Wings with their margins and the externo-

medial cell more or less smoky brown; nervures dark

brown. Abdomen with the basal segment rugose, and

covered with black upright hairs, the following segments

finely punctured ; intermediate femora of the ¢ largely

tridentate, the basal tooth the longest and narrowest, and

rather pointing outwards, 7. e., away from the body ; the

central tooth somewhat truncate, the apical somewhat

rounded on its external margin, and pointing towards the

body. Length 183—14 mm.

Hab. Common in many places; its burrows, which

are formed in banks, have curved, tubular entrances,

composed of pieces of mud, &¢., joined together.

2. Odynerus melanocephalus, Gmel.

Gmel., Syst. Nat., i., pt. v., p. 2760; Smith, Brit.

Foss. Hym., &c., p. 205.

Very like spinipes, but smaller, and with the abdominal

bands white or pale cream-coloured instead of yellow,

the second band wider and more dilated at the sides ;

the pubescence of the head and thorax is less abundant,

finer and pale, the tegule testaceous. The ¢ may be

further distinguished by the shape of the intermediate

femora, the central tooth being pointed instead of widely

truncate ; and in having a small tubercle in the centre of

the 2nd abdominal segment beneath ; the whole of the

under surface of the segment is far less polished than

in spinipes. The 2 may be further known by the almost

truncate clypeus, and the pale antenne beneath. Length

9—10 mm.

Hab. Not common; Isle of Wight, Bristol, Deal,

Hastings, Norwich, &c.

3. Odynerus levipes, Shuck.

Shuck., Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist., n.s. i., p. 490; Smith,

Brit. Foss. Hym., &c., p. 204.

The g of this species may be known at once from either

of the preceding by its simple intermediate femora, and

by the larger and squarer vertex of its head, and its

prominent prothoracic angles. The @, which rather

closely resembles that of melanocephalus, may be known

from it by its larger squarer vertex, its deeply emarginate

British H ymenoptera. 175

clypeus, its more truncate prothorax, with its more

prominent lateral angles and narrower pale stripes; its

dark tegule, sometimes with a citron spot posteriorly,

and the linear pale band of the 2nd abdominal segment.

Length 10 mm.

Hab. Rare. Hampstead; Bristol. Burrows in dead

bramble stems, from which it may be bred.

4. Odynerus reniformis, Gmel.

Gmel., Syst. Nat:, i., pt. v., p. 2750. Fig. Herr-

Schaff., Faun. Germ. 1738, 17 (coxalis).

The characteristic features of this species are the

yellow tegule, post-scutellum, and lateral metathoracic

spots in both sexes, the long yellow spines on the inter-

mediate coxe of the g, and the yellow basal transverse

spot on the clypeus, and the wide abdominal bands of

the?. Length 12—13 mm.

Hab. Chobham, Surrey.

Of this very distinct species only one 3 has occurred,

which I took myself at Chobham in June, 1876. I have

collected frequently in the same neighbourhood since,

but have never met with it again. Its yellow post-

scutellum and tegule would distinguish it, even in the

net, from its allies.

5. Odynerus basalis, Smith.

Smith, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., pt.v., Vespide, p. 58;

Fig. Ent. Annual, 1869, fig. 1, front. fig.

Black ; basal segment of the abdomen with a large

red spot on each side in the ¢; almost entirely red in

the 2; ¢ with only the last two joints of the antenne

recurved.

$ coarsely punctured; a spot between the antenne,

the clypeus, the scape beneath, a line in the lower part

of the sinus of the eye and asmall spot behind each eye,

the prothorax in front, the tegule, a double spot at the

apex of the scutellum, and an apical band to the first

five abdominal segments, pale yellow ; the 2nd abdominal

band slightly widened at the sides; flagellum beneath,

1st segment of the abdomen at the sides and beneath,

and all the legs, reddish testaceous. Wings dusky.

Clypeus rather deeply emarginate at the apex. Legs

simple.

176 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

? differs from the ¢ in having the clypeus black, and

sometimes with a transverse yellow band at the base, in

having the posterior margin of the post-scutellum, as

well as that of the scutellum, yellow, and in having the

red of the basal segment more extended; the apical

bands of the abdominal segments are also wider, and

the whole insect rather more robust. Length 12—

13 mm.

Very rare. 9 Stowborough Heath (Rothney); ¢ Isle

of Portland (C. W. Dale).

Subgenus IT. AnctsTrocErvs.

(2) 1. 2nd segment of body beneath slightly raised to-

wards the base, then falling abruptly to the

level of the transverse crenate sulcature .. callosus.

(1) 2. 2nd segment of body beneath not raised towards

the base, and not abruptly truncate above the

basal sulcature.

(4) 3. 2nd segment of body beneath not longitudinally

convex ; costs of basal suleature short .. .. parietum.

(3) 4. 2nd segment of body beneath more or less convex

longitudinally ; cost of basal sulcature long.

(6) 5. Concavity of metathorax, above the insertion of

the body, somewhat shining ae ae -. Antilope.

(5) 6. Concavity of metathorax quite dull.

(8) 7. Mesothorax, between the tegule, longer than wide trifasciatus.

(7) 8. Mesothorax, between the tegule, not so long as

wide.

10) 9. Body with only three yellow bands ie .. trimarginatus.

J y J g

(9) 10. Body with many yellow bands.

(12) 11. Basal segment of body wide; its apical band in

the 9 linear throughout 3¢ Be :

(11) 12. Basal segment of body narrow ; its apical band in

the 9 largely and suddenly dilated at the sides .. parietinus.

2 y ‘ L

pictus.

6. Odynerus callosus, Thoms.

Thoms. Opusce. Ent. i., p. 87 ; Hym. Eur., pt. 3, p. 61 ;

= quadratus, Smith, Brit. Foss. Hym., &c., p. 207 (nec

Panz. ?).

Black ; mandibles, clypeus, entirely in the gf and some-

times with two spots in the ?, scape of the antenne in

front and a spot between the antenne in both sexes, and

a spot on each side of the prothorax, two small spots on

the tegule, and sometimes a spot below the wings, two

spots on the scutellum, a wide apical band on each

abdominal segment, the basal one widely and squarely

British Hymenoptera. 177

notched inthe middle, the tibiw and tarsi, yellow; the

apices of the tibiz inwardly black in the 2: these mark-

ings are very subject to variation.

The character by which this species may be at once

distinguished is the form of the 2nd abdominal segment

beneath ; this, as in all the other species, has a transverse

suleature situated at a little distance from its base, tra-

versed by numerous longitudinal cost ; from the level

of these costz the surface of the segment on the side

towards the apex rises suddenly at right angles to the

cost, the ventral surface again being at right angles, so

that the ventral surface and cost are parallel to each

other on different levels. This character is easily visible

if the insects be looked at sideways, and appears to be

always well maintained. Length 9—13 mm.

A very common species, but generally confounded with

the following.

The shape of the basal band alone is valueless, as

the same shape occurs in parictinus, and sometimes in

parietum.

7. Odynerus partetum, Linn.

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., vol. 1., p. 572; Smith, Brit.

Foss. Hym., &c., p. 206.

Very like the preceding, but rather more robust, and

so variable in coloration that no dependence can be

placed on that character ; the basal band of the abdomen,

however, as a rule, is angularly, not squarely, notched in

the centre. The form of the 2nd abdominal segment

beneath will separate it at once from its allies ; the ven-

tral surface of the body, on the side of the costate

sulcature towards the apex, at its point of juncture with

it, is actually below the level of the cost instead of

rising up angularly to a higher level; the ventral surface

is quite flat longitudinally, not convex as in all the follow-

ing species. Length 8—14 mm.

Hab. Very common.

8. Odynerus pictus, Curt.

Curt., Brit. Ent. iti. 188; Smith, Brit. Foss. Hym.,

&e., p. 209.

This species differs from either of the preceding con-

siderably in colour, although some dark males of parietum

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRT II. JULY.) Qa

178 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

might be confounded with it. The thorax is generally

entirely black, with the exception of a narrow line on the

prothorax, and two spots on the tegule of the ?; the

bands of the abdomen are all linear throughout and

narrow ; there is one on each of the first five segments,

and a spot on the apex of the 6th in the ?; the tibie and

tarsi are pale, more or less tinged with red. The 2nd

segment of the abdomen beneath is convex longitudi-

nally beyond the costate sulcature, and its ventral sur-

face thereby considerably above the level of the coste.

The basal segment of the abdomen also is unusually

broad in this species. Length 10—13 mm.

Hab. Notcommon. Wandsworth ; Bristol ; Portland ;

Isle of Wight; Weybridge.

Very like the following, but distinguishable, as pointed

out under its description.

9. Odynerus trimarginatus, Zett.

Zett., Ins. Lapp., p. 456; Smith, Brit. Foss. Hym.,

&e., p. 209.

Very like pictus, but differing in having only three

abdominal bands, and the basal segment of the abdo-

men narrower in proportion to its length. Length

10—13 mm.

Hab. Widely distributed. Walmer and Kingsdown,

Kent ; Lowestoft ; Littlehampton; Hayling Island ; Loch

Rannoch, Perthshire.

10. Odynerus trifasciatus, Oliv.

Oliv., Ene. Meth. vi., p. 688 ; Smith, Brit. Foss. Hym.,

&e., p. 208.

Very like parietum and parietinus in colour, but more

elongate, the thorax being decidedly longer than in any

other species of the section; the tibize are widely black

at the apex inwardly, and narrowly fuscous at the base

in the 2, black in the ¢; the abdomen has three yellow

bands, and sometimes an indication of a 4th; the basal

band generally dilated at the sides. Length 8—12 mm.

Hab. London district, &e.

Kasily recognised by its elongate shape.

British Hymenoptera. 179

11. Odynerus antilope, Panz.

Panz., Faun. Germ. 53,9; Smith, Brit. Foss. Hym.,

&e., p. 210.

Larger than any of the preceding species, and dis-

tinguishable from either trimarginatus or trifasciatus in

haying a yellow band on each of the first four segments

in the ?, and of the first six in the g; from pictus it

differs in having a narrower basal segment to the abdo-

men, with a wider, usually trisinuate, apical band, and

in having the tibie black at the apex inwardly.

The chief characteristics of the species are its large

size and shining metathoracic concavity. Length 14—

18 mm.

Hab. Not common near London. F. Smith says

“abundant in Yorkshire”; it has also been taken at

Lynn, Norfolk.

12. Odynerus parietinus, Linn,

Linn., Faun. Suec., ed. il., p. 418; Fig. Curt., Brit.

Nat; 11., 137.

Very like callosus in the shape of the basal band of

the ? , but almost as large as antilope. All the segments

have apical bands. It may be known from either

parietum or callosus by the shape of the 2nd ventral seg-

ment; from pictus by the narrow basal segment; and from

antilope by the dull metathoracic concavity. Length

12—16 mm.

Hab. Chobham; Norwich; Dorsetshire ; Charlwood,

Surrey, &c. Probably common, but mixed with parietum

or callosus.

Subgenus II]. Symmorpuus.

(2) 1. Larger ; sides of mesothorax shining and almost

impunctate .. : we +. crassicornis.

(1) 2. Smaller; sides of mesothorax punctured.

(4) 3. Three abdominal bands only ; anterior aul of the

thorax not mucronate 3e -. sinuatus.

(3) 4. Many abdominal bands ; anterior Surlge of thorax

mucronate .. 30 ° ate 56 -. gracilis.

180 Mr. EK. Saunders’ Synopsis of

18. Odynerus crassicornis, Panz.

Panz., Faun. Germ. 53, 8; Smith, Brit. Foss. Hym.,

&e., p. 200, pl. v., fig. 4.

Black; shining, with a very short brownish grey

pubescence on the head and thorax. Mandibles and

clypeus in thes, a spot only on the clypeus in the ?,

the scape of the antenne beneath in both sexes, a spot

on each side of the prothorax, the tegule and a spot

under the wings, two spots on the scutellum, and a wide

sinuous band on each abdominal segment, ferruginous-

yellow; femora black, their apices and the tibia and

tarsi ferruginous. Head and thorax rugosely but shal-

lowly punctured. Scutellum and basal segment of the

abdomen very largely punctured; the remaining seg-

ments more finely so. Metathorax very rugose. Wings

dusky; basal segment of the abdomen campanulate,

with a rugose central impression; 2nd segment con-

siderably wider than the 1st. Length 12—14 mm.

Hab. Rare. Darenth, &c. I have specimens from

Shuckard’s collection without note of locality.

14. Odynerus gracilis, Brullé.

Brullé, Exp. Mor. Ins. ui., pl. 1., f. 3; Smith, Brit.

Foss. Hym., &c., p. 202 = elegans, Wesm.

Much smaller than the preceding, and with bright

pale yellow markings ; ¢ with five and 2 with four abdo-

minal bands; prothorax sharply truncate in front, its

angles produced and acute ; mesothorax below the wings

punctured, and with a yellow spot, surrounded by a

crenate impression ; tibize with a black spot near the apex

inwardly. Length 8—11 mm.

Hab. Common in many places.

15. Odynerus sinuatus, Fab.

Fab., Ent. Syst. ii., p. 270; Smith, Brit. Foss. Hym.,

&e., p. 201 = bifasciatus, Wesm.

Very like gracilis, but differing in the absence of the

band on the 3rd-abdominal segment, in the more rounded

front margin of the prothorax and the less prominent

angles, and in the want of the crenate impression on the

mesothorax below the wings.

Hab. Generally distributed.

British Hymenoptera. 181

Eumenss, Latr.

Latr., Hist. Nat. xiii. 360.

Like Odynerus in coloration, but at once distinguishable

by the narrow 1st segment of the abdomen, which is not

nearly half as wide as the following one. Antenne of

the 3 terminating in a hook.

1. Humenes coarctata, Linn.

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., vol. i., p. 573 ; Smith, Brit.

Foss. Hym., &e., p. 197, pl. v., fig. 2.

Black ; rugosely punctured ; head and thorax and Ist

abdominal segment covered with short brownish hairs.

Clypeus entirely in the 3, with only a spot at the base in

the ?, prothorax with a line in front, tegule, post-

scutellum, a spot under each wing and on each side of

the metathorax (occasionally), a band at the apex of the

first four abdominal segments, a spot on each side of the

2nd segment and sometimes also of the Ist, yellow.

Femora black, their apices and the tibie and tarsi

yellow. Wings brown along the region of the externo-

medial cell. Head, thorax, scutellum, and 1st abdominal

segment closely and rugosely punctured ; the last nar-

rowly petiolated at its base, and campanulate, with a

slight longitudinal central channel, its apical margin

smooth, raised, and yellow ; 2nd and following segments

punctured, but much less rugosely so than the first, and

more or less shining, covered with a short pubescence.

Length 13—15 mm.

Hab. Local. Chobham; Blackwater, and Parley

Heath, Hants ; Sandhurst, Berks ; Sunning Hill; Wey-

bridge.

Section II.

Hairs of body more or less plumoge or branched.

1. Tongue obtuse, emarginate at the apex.. se .. Obtusilingues.

2. Tongue acute 36 SO ee se a .. Acutilingues.

OBTUSILINGUES.

(2) 1. Three submarginal cells ; thorax densely hairy .. Uolletes.

(1) 2. Two submarginal cells ; thorax almost naked .- Prosopis.

182 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

CoLLeTEs, Latr.

Latr., Hist. Nat. iii., p. 372. For figures of generic

characters see F. Smith, Catal. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed.,

pl. vi.

Tongue short, bifid ; labial palpi 4-jointed ; maxillary

6-jointed ; anterior wings with three submarginal cells.

The species in this genus of obtuse-tongued bees bear

avery close resemblance to each other; they have all

more or less pale apical bands to the abdominal seg-

ments, and have the head and thorax densely hairy.

The hairs, when examined under a microscope, are

amongst the most beautifully branched of any of the

Mellifera.

(10) 1. Small species, 8—10 mm. Abdomen with distinct

apical bands to the segments.

(9) 2. Ist segment of the abdomen closely punctured.

(4) 3. g with the 6th segment beneath deeply foveated

on each side; the fovee small and well defined.

@ with the surface of the abdomen shining ; Ist

segment somewhat finely punctured; the pees

ments testaceous at the apex Sie - succinecta.

(3) 4. g with the 6th segment beneath more or es ikeeely

impressed at the sides, or simple. 9 with the 1st

segment dull and coarsely punctured, or with the

apices of the segments black.

(8) 5. g with the 6th segment beneath impressed on each

side and subfoveated. 9 with the hairs of the

thorax bright brown ; the abdomen scarcely shin-

ing.

(7) 6. g with the 6th segment shining beneath, not deeply

punctured ; the other segments beneath depressed

and shining, fringed only at the sides. 9 with the

abdomen dull; 1st segment clothed on its basal

half with long pale hairs .. fodiens.

(6) 7. g with the 6th segment beneAtH "ae annie

strongly and largely punctured ; the apical fringes

of the other segments complete. 9 with the abdo-

men less dull than in No. 6; Ist ual naked,

except at the extreme base .. : picistigma.

(5) 8. S with the 6th segment beneath Eiedete) Q atte tis

hairs of the thorax dull ae brown. Abdomen

somewhat shining .. : marginata.

(2) 9. 1st segment of the abdomebt finely and remotely

punctured .. oe - Daviesana.

(1) 10. Large species, 14—15 mm. Tipasieen oa pale

very indistinct apical bands tothe segments .. cunicularia.

British Hymenoptera. 183

1. Colletes succincta, Linn.

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., vol. i., p. 576; Smith, Cat.

Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 3.

Head and thorax clothed with pale brownish hairs, paler

under the wings and underneath the head. Abdomen

black ; ¢ with a pale ochreous band at the apex of each

of the first six segments; ? with the apex of each seg-

ment narrowly testaceous, and with a narrow whitish

band. Legs with pale hairs.

3. Subelongate; head finely punctured. Antenne with

the basal joint covered with long hairs ; each joint of the

flagellum distinctly longer than wide; mesothorax and

scutellum largely and deeply punctured; metathorax

rugose. Abdomen closely punctured, coarsely on the

basal segment, finely on the rest; the basal segment

also clothed with long pale hairs, especially at its base.

Beneath rather shining and punctured, the segments not

depressed, the pubescent bands at the apex of each

entire ; the 5th segment slightly emarginate: the 6th

with a small deep transverse fovea on each side. Tarsi

with the joints considerably longer than wide, clothed

with a few long hairs and pale spines round the apex of

each joint. Genitalia with the stipites stout, and bear-

ing a narrow hairy appendage at the apex. Sagittz

wide at the base and converging to the apex, with a

narrow membranous wing-like appendage near the apex ;

(see pl. vii., fig. 14).

?. Larger and more robust than the g. Head and

thorax clothed much the same as in that sex, but the

clypeus less densely; cheeks between the eyes and the

mandibles slightly longer than in the following species.

Abdomen more or less shining; basal segment finely

and closely punctured ; the 2nd and following still more

finely ; each segment bears at the apex a narrow band

of whitish hairs, and the basal segment is clothed with

long pale hairs at the base. Length 9—11 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed and often common.

2. Colletes fodiens, Kirb.

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl. 11., p. 84, pl. xv., fig. 1; Smith,

Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 4.

Very like the preceding, but differs in having the

antenne of the ¢ shorter ; the 6th ventral segment of the

184 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

abdomen without a deep fovea on each side, but with a

slight wide depression ; allthe segments beneath very shin-

ing and flat, each with the apical half slightly impressed ;

the pubescent bands interrupted in the centre ; genitalia

with the sagitte narrow and winged nearly throughout

their length; the stipites much narrower than in

succincta, and longer in proportion to the length of the

sagitte (see pl. vii., fig. 1). Tarsi with the joints much

wider than in succincta, nearly as wide as long ; the legs

altogether much more hairy than in that species.

The ? differs from succincta in the more brightly-

coloured hairs of the thorax, in the dull, much more

rugosely punctured, abdomen, the concolorous margins

of the segments (although the basal segment is some-

times narrowly testaceous at the apex), the wider and

more ochreous coloured abdominal bands, and the shorter

cheeks between the eyes and the mandibles, the clypeus

more densely clothed with hairs and slightly emarginate.

Length 9—10 mm.

Hab. Sandy commons, &c.; generally common.

3. Colletes picistigma, Thoms.

Thoms., Hym. Scand. i1., p. 165 = marginata, Schenck,

nec Smith.

So like the two preceding that it is only necessary to

point out its distinguishing characters.

The ¢ may be known from that of succincta by the

shorter antenne, the absence of the small deep fovez in

the 6th ventral segment, and the different genitalia, as

shown in pl. vil., fig. 8; from fodiens by having the

segments of the body beneath with complete apical

fascie, their surface less shining, and not quite so flat,

the 6th segment beneath largely punctured, with a large

shallow marginal depression on each side near the

apex, leaving the disk raised, and by the very different

genitalia.

@ differs from succincta in having the dull close pune-

turation of fodiens, and the concolorous margins of the

segments ; from fodiens it differs in the deeper black

colour of the abdomen, and in its slightly wider and

shorter form, in the absence of long pale hairs on

British Hymenoptera. 185

the basal half of the Ist segment, and in the white

colour of the apical bands. Length 9—10 mm.

Hab. Southwold, Hastings, Hampshire, Little-

hampton, Hayling Island, Norwich, &. I expect that

this is a common species, but overlooked.

4. Colletes marginata, Smith.

Smith, Zool. iv. 1277; Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 4

= balteata, Nyl., Thoms., &c.

Smaller than any of the preceding, but similar in

general appearance.

The ¢ may be known from all its allies by the

simple 6th ventral segment, which is not foveated at

the sides, and has a slightly raised dorsal line; the

other segments have the apical bands entire, and

the surface punctured and convex. ‘The genitalia

are quite different from those of any other species, the

sagitte being produced at each side into a curved wing-

like appendage, above which, near the base, projects a

strong angular tooth. See pl. vu., fig. 18.

The @ is very like the others of the genus, but, besides

being smaller, it has the hairs of the thorax of a duller

brown colour, the surface of the abdomen slightly shin-

ing, and the clypeus and face less hairy ; the 1st segment

of the abdomen is largely and rugosely punctured, and

clothed with scattered pale hairs at the base; the 2nd

segment has a wide basal band of pubescence; this

is often the case also in fodiens, and at the sides in pict-

stigma, but in them the band is made up of short, very

thick, somewhat scale-like, hairs, whereas in this species

the hairs are of the ordinary type (with short lateral

branches). Length 8—9 mm.

Hab. Littlehampton, Isle of Wight, &c. I have

several males of this species, but have only seen one

British example of the female.

5. Colletes Daviesana, Smith.

Smith, Zool. iv. 1278; Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 5.

Shining, black. Head and thorax somewhat remotely

punctured, covered with dull brownish hairs, paler on

the face and under the wings; metathorax rugose.

Abdomen shining ; 1st segment very finely and remotely

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PART II. (JULY.) 2B

186 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

punctured in the ?, less finely but rather remotely in

the ¢; the other segments very finely and closely punc-

tured in the 2, not quite so closely in the ¢; each seg-

ment with a narrow greyish brown band at the apex in

both sexes ; the basal segment in the ¢ covered with very

long erect hairs, the others with shorter hairs; the

abdomen of the 2 is also clothed with erect hairs, but

they are much shorter than in the 3; legs covered with

greyish hairs. Genitalia of the ¢ with the sagitte

very much produced, forming two concave knife-like

blades, quite unlike those of any of the other species.

See pl. vi, fig. 15. Length 8—9 mm.

Hab. Common in many places. Hastings, Little-

hampton, Charlton, Reigate, &e.

A very distinct species, easily known from the other

smaller species by the shining surface of the body and

the remote puncturation.

6. Colletes cunicularia, Linn.

Linn., Faun. Suec., ed. ii., p. 422; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 6.

$. Hlack-brown, densely covered with brown hairs,

those of the face and under side paler. Antenne reach-

ing not quite to the scutellum; head finely rugose;

‘thorax with its surface somewhat shining and largely and

remotely punctured; nervures of the wings brown.

Abdomen oval, slightly shining, finely and somewhat

remotely punctured on the basal segment, more closely

on the following; each segment very hairy, with the

apical hairs slightly paler than the rest ; legs with pale

hairs. The genitalia are figured at pl. vii., fig. 2.

? broader than the 3, and the abdomen wider at the

base, and more pointed at the apex, its puncturation

finer ; hairs of the face sooty brown. Antenne much

shorter ; legs clothed with pale hairs on the side towards

the body, and darker hairs outwardly. The entire insect

having much the appearance of an ordinary hive bee.

Leneth 14—15 mm.

Hab. Sand-hills near Liverpool.

A large species which cannot be confounded with any

other.

Fab., Syst. Piez., p. 298.

British Hymenoptera.

Prosopis, Fab.

187

For figures of generic

characters see F. Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed.,

pl. vi., and for figures of 7th and 8th ventral segments

of all the species see this vol., antea, pl. vi.

Tongue short, obtuse, somewhat bifid. Maxillary palpi

6-jointed ; labial palpi 4-jointed; anterior wings with

two submarginal cells.

A genus of small coal-black bees, with scarcely any

pubescence, and with the abdomen generally shining and

polished, the tibie generally more or less variegated with

yellow ; the face in the ¢ white, except in one species

(cornuta), in the ? generally with two yellow spots.

(8) 9.

(7) 10

(16) 11

. &; face black, excavated and shining above the

insertion of the antenne. 9; face with two

short spines . oe we

. d; face white. 9; face simple.

. Ist segment of abdomen with no lateral white pube-

scence at the apex.

. Scape of antenne in J flattened, dilated, and white

anteriorly. 9; spots of face nearly round,

situated in the middle just below the antenne .

. Scape of antenne in g\ not flattened and dilated.

@; spots of the face more or less lateral. .

. 1st segment of abdomen at the apex with a narrow

line of silvery pubescence at each side.

. Larger species. g with the extreme base only of

the 1st joint of the hind tarsi pale; 9? with the

1st segment of the abdomen largely and some-

what closely punctured.

. Face longer in both sexes. g with the white colour

extending high above the insertion of the antenne

at the sides ; mandibles with a white line. 9 with

two long narrow spots along the margins of the

eyes, extending from above the antenne almost

cornula.

dilatata.

communis.

to the base of the mandibles a Ae punctulatissima.

Face shorter in both sexes. g with the white

colour not extending above the insertion of the

antenn ; mandibles black. 9 with a white spot

on the margin of the eyes, sometimes wanting ..

. Smaller species. gi with the whole, or nearly the

whole of the basal joints of the posterior and

intermediate tarsi yellow. 9 with the 1st segment

of the body very finely or irregularly punctured.

. Scape of the antenne in the § more or less swollen ;

spots of the face in the 9 subtriangular or linear,

lateral, and parallel in direction to the inner mar-

gins of the eyes.

signata.

188 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

(15) 12. Antenne longer. Scape of g less swollen ; face

hairy, or mandibles with a pale line. 9; thorax

with two yellow spots on the anterior margin ;

vertex of head not incrassate.

(14) 13. Face in § hairy; 1st segment of abdomen shining,

yery largely and remotely punctured ; mandibles

black. 9; flagellum of antenne pale beneath.. /hyalinata.

(13) 14. gf; face not hairy; 1st segment of abdomen dull,

finely punctured; mandibles and scape of an-

tenne witha pale yellowline. 9 ; flagellum entirely

dark .. be ae af Al as .. confusd.

(12) 15. Antenne shorter ; scape of g very much swollen ;

face not hairy ; mandibles entirely black. 9;

thorax not spotted in front; vertex of head in-

crassate sie 30 50 4c his .. brevicornis.

(11) 16. Scape of antenne in J not thickened, its sides sub-

parallel; basal segment of abdomen dull, largely

and closely punctured. 9; face round; spots of

the face suboval and placed diagonally .. .. pictipes.

1. Prosopis cornuta, Smith.

Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iv., p. 32, pl. ii.,

figs. 2and 4; Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 9; ¢ =

plantaris, Sm.

Black, shining; face black in both sexes; ¢ with the

antenne, except the scape posteriorly and a line along

the back of the flagellum, the anterior tibiz in front, the

base of the tibie in the other pairs, and all the tarsi, yel-

low. ¢ with only the flagellum beneath fulvous, a narrow

band at the base of each of the tibiz, and sometimes

two spots on the collar yellow.

Head punctured, ¢ with a shining impression above

the insertion of the antenne ; scape much widened and

fringed with long pale hairs; when the antenne are

thrown back these widened scapes entirely hide the

polished impression, and appear exactly to fit into it; in

the ? the antenne are simple, but the clypeus is raised

at its base, and has an angular projecting tooth on each

side. Thorax dull, closely and finely punctured, scu-

tellum more largely and remotely; metathorax rugose.

Abdomen very shining and polished, deeply punctured

on the 1st and 2nd segments; tibize short, the inter-

mediate pair somewhat dilated ; intermediate tarsi with

the basal joint in the g produced at its base, in front, into

a rounded projection. Genitalia of the # with the stipites

truncate at the apex, with very long projecting hairs ;

8th ventral segment terminating in two divergent pro-

cesses, fringed at the apex; 7th produced at the sides

British Hymenoptera. 189

into a wing-like appendage. See pl. vii., fig. 4. Length

f-fim,

Hab. Very rare. Reigate ; Hastings ; Cove Common,

Hants, &c.

The black face of the 3, with its pilose scape

and the extraordinary genitalia, and the spinose face

of the ?, distinguish this species from all the others

of the genus.

2. Prosopis dilatata, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl., vol. ii., p. 39; Smith, Cat.

Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p.8 ; Fig. Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Bond..1¥., pls ii. fic. .1.

Black ; 3 with the face below the antenne, the dilated

portion of the scape in front, the flagellum, except a line

at the back, yellow; ? with the antenne fulvous beneath,

and a round yellow spot just under the insertion of each

antenna; tegule and tubercles in both sexes, apices of

the femora, and the whole of the tibiz and tarsi in

the 3, and the base of the tibie in the ?, yellow.

Head and thorax dull, deeply and closely punctured.

Antenne in the g with the scape flattened, deeply punc-

tured, and much dilated, its posterior margin largely

rounded at the base, then nearly straight to the apex,

the apical margin forming with it a slightly obtuse

angle ; the anterior margin is largely rounded, especially

at its juncture with the apical margin, and then ap-

proaches the base in a line convergent with the posterior

margin; ? with the antenne simple; the face rounder

than in most of the species. Wings slightly dusky.

Abdomen dull, and rather largely punctured in the g,

somewhat shining and finely punctured in the ?; 2nd

segment in the g with an impressed line near the base ;

tibie slightly hairy; ¢ genitalia with the stipites short

and simple, but narrowly rounded at the apex; apical

hairs short; sagitte short and somewhat triangular.

See pl. vu., fig. 11. Length 5—6 mm.

Rare. Hawley, Hants; Arundel; Hayling Island, on

Hieracium and Huphorbia, &c., both sexes; Hastings.

190 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

3. Prosopis communis, Nyl.

Nyl., Not. Salls. Faun. Flor. Fenn., Férh. u., p. 234 ;

Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 8 = annulata,

Kirby, Forster, &c.

Black ; ¢ with the clypeus down the centre only, or

entirely, and the sides of the face, yellow; the yellow

colour of the lateral spots somewhat encircling the

antennal cavities at the base; anterior tibie in front,

and posterior tibie and tarsi narrowly at the base,

yellow ; ? with a somewhat elongate triangular spot on

each side of the face, and a narrow basal ring on the

posterior tibie, yellow.

Head and thorax deeply punctured, and with a fine

scattered pubescence ; the surface between the punctures

dull, and seen under a strong power to be finely rugose ;

puncturation of the scutellum sparser and larger than

that of the mesothorax; post-scutellum subrugose ;

metathorax longitudinally rugose. Wings hyaline. Abdo-

men shining; basal segment impunctate or nearly so;

following segments punctured, and in the g with a very

short black pubescence; no white pubescence at the

apex of the 1st segment laterally in either sex; ¢ geni-

talia with the stipites widely rounded and somewhat

dilated at the apex; sagitte as long as the stipites

er longer, narrow, converging at the apex. See pl. vii.,

fig. 9. Length 6—7 mm. :

Hab. Generally distributed; generally found in

bramble-flowers, and may be bred from the pierced

stems.

4. Prosopis signata, Panz.

Panz., Faun. Germ. 53, 2; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

gnd ed., p. 11.

The largest British species of the genus; black; 3 with

the face below the antenne, ? generally with a spot

on each side of the face near the eye, both sexes with a

spot on each side of the prothorax, and a spot on each

tubercle, yellow ; extreme base of the tibie and tarsi in

the 3 yellow.

Head and thorax punctured with a fine sheet pube-

scence, the puncturation rather closer in the ¢ than in

the 2; head across the eyes wider than long ; basal joint

of the antenne in the ¢ slightly curved and thickened at

British Hymenoptera. 191

the apex. Wings hyaline. Metathorax longitudinally

rugose. Abdomen in the $ dull, strongly punctured, in

the @ shining, finely punctured; both sexes with a line

of white pubescence at the apex of the basal segment,

and with a fine greyish pubescence on the sides and

towards the apex of the abdomen; legs with fine short

silvery hairs; 3 genitalia with the stipites rounded at

the apex; sagittz shorter, diverging at the apex, and

somewhat diagonally truncate. See pl. vii., fig. 7. Length

ea OT ENERL.

Hab. On flowers of bramble, mignonette, &c., July

and August.

5. Prosopis punctulatissima, Smith.

Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., iv., p. 33; Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 10, ? only.

Very like the preceding, but rather smaller, and at

once distinguishable by the long face, which is longer

than wide across the eyes, and also by the white colour

in the ¢ being carried up high above the antenne on

each side, and the spots in the ? being linear and border-

ing the eyes, extending from above the antenne, not

quite to the base of the clypeus ; the vertex of the head

also is longer, and the puncturation of the abdomen in

the 2? much larger and deeper, its surface dull; the

rugosities of the metathorax much coarser and shining.

Wings somewhat dusky. ¢ genitalia unusually large

for the size of the species. Stipites apparently with a

transverse impressed line about the middle ; their apex

subtruncate. Sagitte very long, as long as the stipites.

See pl. vi, fig. 12. Length 6 mm.

Hab. Birch Wood, Kent (F. Smith).

6. Prosopis hyalinata, Smith.

Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., iv., p. 38; Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 12.

Black, shining ; face below the antenne in the ¢ white,

the white colour extending slightly above their insertion

at each side; face in the ? with two triangular lateral

spots. Antenne in the ¢ ferruginous beneath ; tubercles,

base of all the tibiz, the anterior tibiw in front, and all

192 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

the tarsi in the 3, also white; two spots on the pro-

thorax, the tubercles, and the bases of all the tibie in

the 2, white.

Head and thorax very largely and coarsely punctured

in the ¢, more finely in the 2; face subelongate, very

narrow between the eyes in the g, and covered in that

sex with white hairs.; both sexes with the space between

the eye and the base of the mandibles unusually long,

forming a distinct cheek, being nearly as long as the

width of the base of the mandibles ; scape of the antenne

in the g short and slightly thickened ; thorax, especially

at the sides, with short pale hairs; 1st segment of the

abdomen very shining, with a narrow line of silvery

hairs on each side at the apex, very largely and remotely

punctured in the g, finely, very shallowly, and rather

remotely in the ?, the punctures in the latter sex being

sometimes scarcely observable ; 2nd and following seg-

ments in the ¢ less strongly and more closely punctured

than the 1st, in the ? extremely finely punctured ; apical

segment in both sexes with fine short grey hairs; the

genital segments of the 3 of quite a different form to

those of any other British species ; the stipites are very

elongate and narrow, fringed with long hairs at the apex ;

the sagittze are very short, and from beneath there

extends a narrow clear testaceous process dilated at the

apex into a wide spoon-shaped form; this latter is

the ventral valve of the 8th abdominal segment (see

pl. vii., fig. 10); legs with short silvery hairs. Length

6 mm.

Hab. Common in many places on flowers of bramble,

&e., especially near the seaside.

7. Prosopis confusa, Nyl.

Nyl., (Revisio), Not. Salls. Faun. Flor. Fenn., Férh.

ll., p. 282 = punctulatissima, Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

and ‘ed., p. 10; os

Very like the last in the general appearance of

the ?, but both sexes may be distinguished thus :—

$ rather larger; mandibles with a white line; face

wider, without long white hairs. Antenne entirely

black, or with a yellow line on the scape ; thorax much

more finely and closely punctured, the interstices dull ;

metathorax finely and longitudinally rugose; 1st seg-

ment of the abdomen finely and shallowly punctured,

British Hymenoptera. 193

with a very distinct line of silvery hairs on each side at

the apex ; the following segments finely punctured, each

with a grey pubescence at the sides, almost forming

an apical band; genitalia with the stipites short and

fringed with long hairs at the apex; no projecting spoon-

like process. (See pl. vii., fig. 8.)

? very like that of hyalinata, and probably in many

collections mixed with it; but it has the antenne

entirely black, the thorax wider across the middle, and

the apical segments irregularly and indefinitely punc-

tured ; whereas in hyalinata the puncturation is fine

but distinct. Length 6—7 mm.

Hab. Flowers of brambles, &c.; Chobham, Hastings,

Guildford, Reigate, &c.

8. Prosopis brevicornis, Nyl.

Nyl., (Suppl.), Not. Salls. Faun. Flor. Fenn., Forh. ii.,

p- 95 =perforator, Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed.,

pets.

Rather smaller than either of the preceding. Black,

with the flagellum of the antenne more or less fulvous

beneath ; the face below the antenne in the 3, a spot

on each side of the face in the ? bordering the eye

(often absent), the anterior tibie in front in the 3, and

the posterior tibiz at the base in both sexes, white ; the

white colour of the face extending above the antenne at

the side; basal joint of the intermediate and posterior

tarsi white in the 3.

Head and thorax deeply punctured. Vertex of the

head squarer than in the other species, especially in

the ¢. Scape of the antenne in the 3s very much

swollen towards the apex, in form like an inverted cone ;

in the ? simple. Thorax dull, punctured like the head.

Wings slightly dusky. Abdomen dull and closely punc-

tured in the 3, shining, very finely and remotely punc-

tured in the ?; both sexes with a very indistinct lateral

line of silvery hairs at the apex of the basal segment.

$ genitalia with the stipites simple and somewhat

pointed, with long apical hairs; the sagittz dentate on

their inner margin near the base. (See pl. vil., fig. 6.)

Length 43—53 mm.

Hab. Hastings, Reigate, Southwold, Chobham, &c.

Not rare. May be bred from bramble-stems.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.-—paRT II. (JULY.) 2c

194 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

9. Prosopis pictipes, Nyl.

Nyl., (Suppl.), Not. Salls. Faun. Flor. Fenn., Forh. i.,

p- 95 = varipes, Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 12.

Black ; the antenne fulvous beneath ; face below the

antenne, white, and the basal joint of all the tarsi, and

the base of all the tibie, yellow in the ¢; face in the

2? with two yellow oval spots placed diagonally, the

tubercles yellow, and the base of the posterior tibiz

white. Head and thorax punctured ; the head in both

sexes, and in the 3 especially, much more closely than

the thorax. Eyes in the ¢ converging much more

rapidly to the clypeus than in most of the species, and

the clypeus very narrow; 2 with the face shorter and

rounder than in most of the species. Scape of the

antenne simple in the g, not swollen or dilated. Abdo-

men dull in the g, and rather largely punctured,

especially on the basal segment, the puncturation of

the following segments closer and finer; in the ? the

surface is more shining, and the puncturation is finer

and remote. Genitalia of the ¢ with the stipites and

sagitte simple; the stipites with long apical hairs.

(See pl. vii., fig. 5.) Length 44—53 mm.

Hab. Hayling Island; Reigate ; Chobham.

Easily distinguished from brevicornis by the simple

scape of the ¢ and the diagonal facial spots of the 2? , and

yellow tubercles.

ACUTILINGUES.

Ist joint of the labial aa not ae times srs than

apical .. : se TeDival.

Ist joint of labial vite many weiteaes tintieen he eniediiak Div. II.

Division I.

(8) 1. Front wings with three submarginal cells.

(7) 2. Apical joint of antenne not obliquely truncate.

(6) 3. 2nd and 3rd joints of antenne subequal.

(5) 4. Tongue lanceolate, sides rounded ; abdomen bia

shining, red at the base .. : Sphecodes.

(4) 5. Tongue acute, sides sinuate ; peteaien rarely ded:

and then only i inthe gf .. Halictus.

(3) 6. 2nd joint of antenne not half so fon as tiie srd_ Andrena.

(2) 7. Apical joint of the antenne obliquely truncate .. Cilissa.

(1) 8. Front wings with two submarginal cells.

(10) 9. Posterior tibiz and basal joint of tarsi not dilated Dasypoda.

(9) 10. Posterior tibie and basal joint of tarsi dilated .. Muacropis.

British Hymenoptera. 195

SpHecopes, Latr.

Latr., Hist. Nat., xiil., p. 8368. For figures of generic

suerpolers see F. Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed.,

pl. vi.

Tongue acute, its sides rounded; paraglosse small,

not acute; labial palpi 4-jointed; maxillary palpi 6-

jointed ; anterior wings with three submarginal cells ;

? with the posterior tibie only sparsely clothed with

hairs. Abdomen polished and shining in both sexes,

and more or less red.

This genus is closely allied to Halictus, but the shining

red body will, as a rule, distinguish any of its species at

once. There are some red-bodied species of Halictus,

but they have all the abdomen more or less clothed

with hairs, or banded with hairs at the apex of the

segments.

All the species are very closely allied, and some

authors have considered them all. as varieties of one

species ; but when the 3 genitalia are examined and the

apical dorsal valves of the females, I think little doubt

can be felt as to their distinctness.

(4) 1. Posterior wings with seven to ten hooks. Antenne

in # long; 3rd joint not one-fourth the length

of the 4th.

(3) 2. Vertex of head much narrowed behind the eyes.

3S; genitalia with the squama produced into a

membranous wing on its inner margin, and ter-

minating in two unequal, densely hairy, processes,

of which the upper is much the longer, and is

produced and widened at the apex. 9; apical

dorsal valve narrow and linear Bin 5

(2) 3. Vertex in both sexes usually subquadrate, though

very variable in this respect. Squamaof g\ geni-

talia not winged, and ending in two subequal pro-

cesses, sparingly clothed with short hairs. 9;

apical dorsal valve wide and flat .. ahs subquadratus.

(1) 4. Posterior wings with five to six hooks. Antenne

in g short ; 3rd joint much more than one-fourth

the length of the 4th.

. Stipites of the J genitalia not grooved. Antenne

with the joints much produced and rounded in

front; 9 with the puncturation of the thorax

large and close ; 3rd segment of abdomen without

a lateral black spot or fovea.

(9) 6. Surface of genitalia in J longitudinally striate ;

2nd submarginal cell longer than wide in both

sexes,

gibbus.

(10)

196 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

(8) 7. Larger; $ genitalia with the sagitte very narrow,

and fringed with short hairs ; the squama mem-

branous andsomewhat quadrate, with a thickened

semi-lunate central region; 9? with the apical

dorsal valve wide, slightly reflexed, and shining

at the edges .. 30 he a ae Bh

(7) 8. Smaller; g genitalia with the sagitte much

widened at the base; the squama produced into

two processes, of which the lower one is rather

the longer ; ? apical dorsal valve narrower, dull,

and with an impression running parallel to its

edge round its apex ee Se ae «| USUNLULOS

(6) 9. Surface of genitalia in J finely rugose, not longi-

tudinally striate ; 2nd submarginal cell in both

sexes, on its lower margin, as wide as long, nayr-

rowed above ae se 56 ne ae

(5) 10. Punctures of thorax fine and distant ; genitalia of

3S with the stipites widely grooved; 9 with the

3rd segment of the abdomen generally with a

small spot or fovea on each side near the base ;

apical dorsal valve narrow at eye -. ephippium.

pilifrons.

punceticeps.

1. Sphecodes gibbus, Linn.

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., vol. i., p. 571; Smith, Cat.

Brit. Hym., 2nd ed:, p. 17.

Black, shining ; thorax largely and remotely punc-

tured; abdomen red, with the base and apex black ;

wings brown, 2nd submarginal cell narrow.

3. Head dull, rugosely punctured ; face in front of

the antenne clothed with silvery white hairs. Antenne

with the 2nd and 8rd joints transverse and subequal in

length ; the 4th very much longer, more than twice as

long as the other two together; joints of the flagellum,

especially near its apex, with a narrow band of pale

fine hairs; vertex very slightly produced behind the

eyes, clothed with greyish hairs ; mesothorax sparingly

clothed with very short greyish hairs, shining, and very

largely punctured ; post-scutellum and metathorax ru-

gose, the basal area of the latter longitudinally rugose.

Abdomen elongate, shining, remotely punctured, tes-

taceous-red ; the lst segment, except at the apex, occa-

sionally a band on the 2nd and 8rd, and the whole of

the 4th and following segments, black ; beneath shining,

finely punctured ; for genitalia see pl. vill., fig. 3; legs

black ; extreme apex of the tarsi piceous.

?. Wider than the 3; antenne short; face clothed

with grey hairs ; mesothorax more shining than in the 3,

very largely and remotely punctured, Abdomen ovate,

British Hymenoptera. 197

punctured and coloured as in the 3, but with only the

extreme base of the 1st segment and the three apical

segments black; 5th segment clothed with a dense

fringe of thick, black, curved hairs at the apex; 6th

segment with the central naked portion linear and nar-

row ; beneath shining, punctured, sparsely clothed with

brown hairs ; 6th segment rather raised at the apex, and

with an apical bristly tuft of brown hairs; legs some-

what piceous, clothed with brown hairs, and those at the

base of the posterior tibiz whitish. Length 8—10 mm.

Hab. Common in summer; the ¢ appears in July

and August.

2. Sphecodes subquadratus, Smith.

Smith, Zool., vol. i., p. 1014, fig.5; Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 19.

Very like the preceding, of the same size, and

with the same sparse puncturation of the thorax, but

as a rule with the vertex of the head in both sexes

incrassate.

The ¢ differs further from gibbus in having the wings

clearer, and the genitalia of quite a different form ; (see

pl. vili., fig. 2). The ? in having the wings clearer, the

apex of the 5th segment with paler brown hairs, not curved

as in gibbus, and the apical dorsal valve with the central

glabrous portion wide and flat; apical ventral valve

simply hairy, without the pan tuft of hairs observable

in the preceding.

Hab. Not quite so common as gibbus, but often occur-

ring with it, and the incrassate vertex of the head gene-

rally giving ‘it a very distinct appearance.

3. Sphecodes pilifrons, Thoms.

Thoms., Opuse. Ent., i., p. 99 = rufiventris, Smith (nec

Wesm.), Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 18.

Black. Abdomen with the apex of the 1st segment,

the 2nd, and the base of the 8rd in the g, red; in

the 2 with the 4th and 5th. Thorax closely punctured.

Wings slightly dusky ; posterior wings with five to six

hooks. Like the two preceding in colour, but easily

distinguished by the closely punctured dull mesothorax,

198 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

and the number of alar hooks (five to six); the ¢ differs

also essentially in the short antenne, which hardly reach

to the base of the scutellum, the much denser grey

pubescence of the head and thorax, the rather less elon-

gate abdomen, and the form of the genitalia (see

pl. viii., fig. 5).

Hab. A common species, occurring often with the

two preceding.

4, Sphecodes similis, Wesm.

Wesm., Bull. Acad. Brux. 1835, vol. 11., p. 279.

This species is very closely allied to pilifrons, but it is

smaller; the ¢ has the joints of the antenne more

swollen in front, and the antenne altogether rather

thicker, the thorax less pubescent, the abdomen shorter

and oval, and generally with a black spot on each of the

segments, sometimes entirely black, and the genitalia

differently shaped, as shown in pl. viii., fig. 4.

The ? only differs from pilifrons in its smaller size

and its narrower dorsal apical valve, the margins of

which are more reflexed, and have an impressed line

within the reflexion. Length 6—8 mm.

Hab. Reigate; Chobham ; Southwold; Worthing ;

and probably common generally, but mixed with the

preceding.

5. Sphecodes punticeps, Thoms.

Thoms., Opuse. Hnt., 1., p. 99; Hym. "Stand? a;

p- 157.

Of this species only the ¢ has occurred, so far as

I know, in England, which may be distinguished from

its allies by the wider 2nd submarginal cell of the upper

wings, which is slightly narrowed above, and by the fine

reticulation of the surface of the genitalia, which in the

other British species are longitudinally strigose ; (see pl.

viii., fig. 1); the wings also are less dusky than in most

of the species. The ? should (according to Thomson)

have the wings as in the g, and the dorsal apical valve

narrow. Length, ¢ 6 mm.

Hab. I have one specimen taken at Chobham, and

another from Bournemouth.

British Hymenoptera. 199

6. Sphecodes ephippium, Linn.

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. xii., p. 944; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 20.

One of the smallest species of the genus, but often

confounded with small examples of some of the pre-

ceding.

The $ may be recognised by its antenne, of which the

joints are scarcely produced and swollen in front at all,

and the 4th joint is scarcely longer than the 5th, and

about equal to the 2nd and 8rd together ; also the joints

in front have the pubescence extending almost to their

apex; another well-marked character is the ‘widely

crooved stipites of the genitalia ; (see pl. vill., fig. 6).

The elongate abdomen of this little species is often

banded with black on all the segments.

The ¢ may be recognised by its shining, finely punc-

tured, thorax, the narrow apical dorsal valve of the

abdomen, and the piceous tarsi and pale front to the

anterior tibie, and generally by the small black fovea at

the base of the 38rd segment of the abdomen on each

side. Length 5—6 mm.

Hab. Very common, and generally distributed.

Hauictus, Latr.

Latr., Hist. Nat., xiii., p. 364. For figures of generic

characters see F. Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed.,

pl. vi.

Tongue acute, its sides emarginate; paraglosse sub-

acute ; labial palpi 4-jointed; maxillary palpi 6-jointed.

Wings with three submarginal cells. Antenne in the

males long; the abdomen elongate and cylindrical,

except in one or two species ; apical ventral segment not

produced as in Andrena. Antenne in the females short ;

the abdomen ovate; 5th segment with a narrow central

dorsal rima ; 6th dorsal segment almost hidden.

The genitalia of the males afford excellent specific

characters.

The head and thorax in nearly all the species of this

genus are clothed with longish hairs; the abdomen

is generally banded or spotted at the sides of the seg-

ments with white pubescence. The chief specific

200 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

characters seem to lie in the shape of the face and meta-

thorax, and the sculpture and puncturation of the various

portions of the insect; but it requires great care and

very minute examination in some cases to refer an indi-

vidual with certainty to its proper species, especially in

the group of minutus, nitidiusculus, &e.

This is amongst the most difficult of our British

genera of Aculeates to tabulate, and the tables I have

prepared are far from satisfactory ; still I hope they will

be of some use as an aid to distinguish the species. I

have divided the genus into six divisions :—

(2) 1. White pilose bands of the abdomen situated on the

apical margins of the segments .. 5c A Diveels

(1) 2. White pilose bands of the abdomen, when pidiichty

situated on the basal margins of the segments.

(10) 3. Species not small and «neous.

(5) 4. Large or medium-sized species; abdomen deep

black, with conspicuous pubescent spots or bands

on the 2nd, 3rd, and sometimes 4th segments ;

posterior margins of segments not testaceous .. Div. II.

(4) 5. Large or medium-sized species, with pale apical

margins to the segments ; or small species, with

scarcely any indication of the lateral spots, or

with the body entirely black.

(7) 6. Hind margins of the segments rather widely tes-

taceous:; g’ with the body smooth and glabrous

beneath; 9 with the brow of the metathorax

sharply truncate, or with a more or less raised

line at the sides or very rugose, the brow not

smoother than the rest .. $5 21 Diy.7 TLE.

(6) 7. g with the segments of the body fringed aes

metathorax in the 9 rugose at the base, but

smoother towards the brow, which is more or less

rounded, and has no signs of a raised lateral

line.

(9) 8. Surface of thorax very smooth and polished, punc-

turation remote or very coarse and rugose ; meta-

thorax radiately rugose. In one species, puncti-

collis, although the centres of the punctures are

remote, the actual punctures are so large that

their edges are pretty close together +8 2 DivstVe

(8) 9. Surface of thorax rarely polished, but under betes

power seen to be finely rugose between the punc-

tures ; puncturation fine and close me Fore DIKE AE

(3) 10. Species small and xneous, at least as regards the

thorax 3 sis we ae ve say DIY. Vins

British Hymenoptera. 201

Division I.

(4) 1. White bands of the abdomen interrupted only on

the upper segments.

(3) 2. @, mandibles not dilated; 9 with Wak aia

tibie . .. rubicundus.

(2))13: 3, raniiibles lage): 9, nbstenior tibiee fiaek .. 4-cinctus.

- (1) 4, Segments of abdomen with only a spot on each side maculatus.

1. Halictus rubicundus, Christ.

Christ, Hym., p. 190, pl. xvi., fig. 10; Smith, Cat.

Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 79.

Black; head and thorax covered with brown hairs

(fading to grey in old specimens); segments of the

abdomen with white apical fringes; posterior tibie and

tarsi clear testaceous in both sexes.

$ with the head finely and closely punctured ; the

clypeus and labrum flavous. Antenne reaching to about

the scutellum, slightly brownish on their under side.

Thorax punctured as the head; metathorax finely and

longitudinally rugose at its extreme base, rugosely punc-

tured on the rest of its surface. Wings hyaline, scarcely

darker at the apex. Abdomen elongate, very finely

punctured, the puncturation somewhat rugose and irre-

cular; the 1st, 2nd, and 8rd segments each with a

narrow apical band of white hairs, the 1st and 2nd in-

terrupted in the middle; surface of all the segments

clothed with scattered pale hairs ; beneath with the seg-

ments depressed ; the 4th and 5th emarginate, especially

the 5th ; (for genitalia see pl. viii., fig. 8). Allthe femora

black ; the tibie and tarsi flavous, with a dark spot on

the inner side of the former.

2 very like the # in coloration, but wider and more

massive. Antenne short; clypeus black; head and

thorax closely punctured, densely clothed with brown

hairs ; metathorax rugosely punctured. Abdomen finely

punctured, banded as in the ¢, but with an entire band

on the 4th segment; 5th segment densely covered with

golden hairs on each side of the central ridge. Legs

covered with golden hairs. Anterior tarsi only pale;

intermediate tibie at the apex and tarsi, and the whole

of the posterior tibie and tarsi, clear testaceous. Length

10 mm.

A very distinct species, and the ? known at once from

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882,—PART Il. (JULY.) 2D

202 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

the others which have apically banded segments, by the

clear yellow tibie ; the ¢ by its simple mandibles, and

the bands, not spots, at the sides of the segments.

Hab. Common in many sandy places.

2. Halictus quadricinctus, Fab.

Fab., Syst. Piez., p. 319; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 80.

Black ; head and thorax rather densely clothed with

hairs in g, sparingly clothed with dull brown hairs in

the @; segments of the abdomen with white apical

bands. Wings hyaline.

3. Head elongate; clypeus much produced, with

a whitish yellow transverse spot at the apex ; mandibles,

looked at sideways, dilated at the base. Antenne long,

reaching to beyond the thorax; surface of the head

closely punctured. Thorax punctured as the head, rather

thickly clothed with greyish brown hairs; metathorax

finely rugose. Abdomen elongate, subclavate, punctured,

and clothed with very short erect hairs; the first four

segments each with an apical band of white pubescence,

that of the 1st segment largely interrupted in the middle ;

beneath flat, almost glabrous; 4th and 5th segments

emarginate, and fringed at the apex with short golden

‘hairs; (for genitalia see pl. viil., fig. 7). Legs covered

with short hairs. Anterior and intermediate femora in

front, and all the tibie and tarsi, testaceous; posterior

tibize with a black spot on each side.

?. Something like that of rubicundus, but with all

the legs black, the hairs only being golden, and the tarsi

more or less testaceous. Head and thorax punctured ;

metathorax finely rugose. Abdomen scarcely shining,

closely and evenly punctured all over ; first four segments

each with a white apical band of pubescence ; those of

the 1st and 2nd segments interrupted; 5th segment

with pale golden hairs on each side of the central rima ;

beneath densely clothed with long golden hairs. Length

9’ nim.

Hab. Very rare. Sir Sidney Saunders has taken

the ? near Eastbourne, and both sexes near Brighton

in August ; and I am indebted to him for the specimens

from which I have described. Mr. Dale took the 2 in

the Isle of Portland, and Mr. Kirby quotes the London

British Hymenoptera. 203

district and ‘‘ Blakenham Parvum”’ as localities for it.

It is a common continental species.

3. Halictus maculatus, Smith.

Smith, Zool. vi., p. 2172, 9; Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd

ed., p. 86.

Black; 3 dull, ? shining; first four segments each

with a white pilose spot on each side at the apex. Vertex

of the head incrassate in both sexes. Wings smoky

brown.

S$ rugosely punctured ; head and thorax clothed with

ochreous-brown hairs ; face densely covered with whitish

hairs. Clypeus with a white spot at the apex ; mandibles

testaceous, except at the base, not dilated. Antenne

reaching to about the scutellum, brown beneath ; vertex

flat and produced considerably behind the eyes. Thorax

punctured like the head ; dorsal area of the metathorax

finely rugose; the rest of the metathorax punctured.

Abdomen closely punctured, the punctures largest on

the basal segment, and becoming finer on the apical

segments. Hach segment depressed at the base and

apex, and bearing a short narrow line of white silvery

hairs on each side along the apical margin of the 1st,

2nd, 38rd, and 4th; beneath flat, 4th and 5th segments

not emarginate at the apex; surface punctured and

almost naked; (for genitalia see pl. viii., fig. 12). Legs

covered with short silvery hairs ; front tibiz anteriorly,

and intermediate and posterior tibize at the base and

apex, and all the tarsi, yellow.

?. Head closely punctured, wider than the thorax ;

vertex considerably produced behind the eyes; face

sparingly clothed with golden hairs. Thorax more

remotely punctured than the head, shining, with scat-

tered golden hairs ; post-scutellum very finely and closely

punctured ; metathorax finely rugose. Abdomen shin-

ing, finely punctured, narrower and more parallel-sided

than usual for a ? of this genus; each of the first four

segments with a lateral spot of silvery hairs at the apex ;

5th segment with pale golden hairs on each side of the

centre; beneath and legs densely clothed with golden

hairs. Length 9 mm.

Hab. Weybridge; Hastings, August, 1879; Black-

water. These are the only localities recorded, and in

204 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

each case a single 2 was captured. I have described

the ¢ from a continental specimen.

Division II.

(2) 1. Tibiz pale in both sexes .. E, a .. wanthopus.

(1) 2. Tibi dark in both sexes.

(12) 3. Head and thorax without a greenish tinge.

(5) 4. Pubescence of thorax ashy grey .. Ae .. 6-notatus.

(4) 5. Pubescence of thorax more or less brown.

(7) 6. g$; abdomen beneath without long hairs ; abdo-

minal fasciz of 9 more or less fulvous .. levigatus.

(6) 7. Abdomen of g clothed with long hairs beneath ;

abdominal fasciz of 9 white.

(11) 8. Tarsiof § entirely black, or white above only on

the basal joint ; abdominal bands in 9 entire,

or nearly so.

(10) 9. Tarsi.of g with the basal joint pale; basal seg-

ment of body in 9 leet and evenly pune-

tured allover .. leucozonius.

(9) 10. Tarsiof § entirely black ; prea eaee of RG

in 9 shining and somewhat remotely lea

tured, especially about the middle .. .. Zzonulus.

(8) 11. Tarsi of g entirely yellowish ; abdominal seg-

ments of 9 with pany a white spot on each -

side 50 ao .. 4-notatus.

(3) 12. Head and thorax more or ieee eee tte -. prasinus.

4. Halictus xanthopus, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii., p. 79; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 81.

Black; head and thorax covered with bright brown

hairs; wings slightly brownish ; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th seg-

ments of the abdomen with a white basal band ; tibiz

testaceous in both sexes.

3. Head punctured; face clothed with long pale

hairs. Apex of the clypeus with a pale transverse spot.

Antenne long, reaching to beyond the scutellum. Thorax

rather more largely punctured than the head; meta-

thorax finely rugose. Abdomen wide, obovate, shining,

irregularly punctured on the basal segment, finely and

closely punctured on the rest ; basal. seoment clothed

with long hairs, the rest having, besides the basal white

bands, a few scattered golden hairs; beneath clothed

with pale hairs; 5th segment with the apical margin

emarginate in the centre ; (for genitalia see pl. viil., fig. 13).

British Hymenoptera. 205

Legs densely clothed with pale hairs; all the tarsi and

the posterior femora testaceous.

2. Very like the ¢, but without the long antenne.

Head closely punctured, not so wide as the thorax ; face

sparingly covered with brown hairs. ‘Thorax closely

punctured, densely covered, especially at the sides, with

bright brown hairs; metathorax finely rugose ; dorsal

area bounded posteriorly by a sharply raised line. Abdo-

men shining; 1st segment irregularly punctured at the

base, closely and finely at the apex, clothed on its basal

half and sides with brown hairs ;' other segments finely

punctured ; 2nd, 8rd, and 4th bearing a white basal

band of pubescence; 5th segment with bright golden

hairs on each side of the rather wide piceous central

rima ; beneath densely clothed with golden brown hairs.

Legs covered with golden hairs ; posterior tibie and tarsi

testaceous ; inner spur of each posterior tibia with

several blunt teeth along its edge. Length 12—13 mm.

Hab. Brighton, Hastings, Ventnor, Arundel, Little-

hampton, Southend, and near Deal. A local species,

but occasionally plentiful, and very distinct from any

other British Halictus.

5. Halictus leucozonius, Schrank.

Schrank., Enum. Ins. Austr., p. 406, n. 819; Smith,

Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 88.

Black ; head and thorax sparsely clothed with grey-

brown hairs; ¢ with the basal joint of the intermediate

and posterior tarsi, except at the extreme apex, white ;

? with the basal segment of the abdomen dull, finely

and evenly punctured all over; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th seg-

ments with white basal bands.

3. Head finely and closely punctured, about as

long as wide across the eyes; face clothed with white

pubescence. Clypeus with a white apical spot. Antenne

reaching to about the scutellum. Thorax somewhat

rugosely punctured, clothed with brownish grey hairs ;

metathorax truncate posteriorly, its basal area triangular

and longitudinally rugose ; metathorax clathrately rugose

beyond. Wings hyaline. Abdomen elongate-oval, finely

but not very closely punctured, and clothed sparingly

with short erect white hairs ; the 1st segment on its basal

half rather more densely covered with longer hairs; 2nd,

206 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

3rd, and 4th segments with a basal band of white pube-

scence, widening at the sides; beneath densely clothed

with long white hairs; (for genitalia see pl. viu., fig. 10).

Legs covered with short white hairs; base of posterior

tibie, and the basal joint of the intermediate and pos-

terior tarsi, white, except the extreme apex of the latter ;

apical joint of all the tarsi brown.

@. Considerably larger than the 3; face nearly

round; head finely punctured. Thorax closely punc-

tured, the puncturation closer in some specimens than in

others ; scutellum densely hairy; metathorax as in the

3. Wings slightly dusky. Abdomen ovate; the basal

seoment dull, finely punctured all over; 2nd, 3rd, and

4th segments each with a white basal band ; 5th segment

on each side of the central rima, and all the segments

beneath and the legs, densely clothed with golden hairs.

Length 8—10 mm. —

Hab. Very common and generally distributed.

6. Halictus zonulus, Smith.

Smith, Zool. vi., p. 2171; Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed.,

p. 84.

Black ; head and thorax covered with brown hairs ;

$ with the legs entirely black; ? with the 1st segment

of the abdomen shining, sparsely punctured about its

disk; gf and 2 nearly equal in size; 2nd, 8rd, and

4th segments of the abdomen each with a white basal

band.

3 differs from lewcozonius by its larger broader form,

its large thick head and round face, its wide abdomen,

almost as wide as that of the ?, the truncate and some-

what bilobed anal segment, and the entirely black legs ;

(for genitalia see pl. viil., fig. 9).

2 differs by its more shining body and irregularly

punctured basal segment, which is almost impunctate

and highly polished in the middle, the curved, not angu-

lar, margin of the metathoracic area, and the paler

stigma of the wings. Length 8—9 mm.

Hab. Not so common as the preceding, but gene-

rally distributed.

British Hymenoptera. 207

7. Halictus quadrinotatus, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii., p. 79; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 85.

Very like a small leucozonius, but known at once by

the following characters :— |

The ¢ has the metathorax more finely rugose, and its

basal area not bounded at the apex by a raised angulated

ridge; the clypeus much less produced and wider ; the

tarsi entirely pale, only the apical joints slightly piceous ;

(for genitalia see pl. viii., fig. 11).

? with the face almost broader than long, the post-

scutellum not villose; the metathorax rounded pos-

teriorly. Abdomen shining and irregularly punctured ;

basal segment with only a very few short hairs; 2nd

and 3rd segments each with two white lateral basal

spots ; the 4th segment covered with grey hairs ; the 5th

with golden hairs on each side of the central rima.

Length 7—8 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed and not rare; Chobham,

Hayling Island, Tunbridge Wells, Reigate, &c.

8. Halictus levigatus, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. i., p. 75; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 90, ¢ nec 2; Sf = lugubris, Kirby,

Smith, l.c., p. 88.

Head and thorax covered with bright brown hairs.

Abdomen very shining, remotely punctured; 2nd and

3rd segments with a white basal band in the #; 2nd,

8rd, and 4th with an ochreous basal band in the 2? , more

or less interrupted in the centre.

3. Black, shining; head rugosely punctured, wider

across the eyes than long; clypeus not spotted; face

below the antennz covered with white, somewhat ad-

pressed, hairs; above them with brown erect hairs.

Antenne reaching to just beyond the metathorax. Thorax

strongly and rather largely punctured, covered with

brown hairs; metathorax shining, sharply truncate

posteriorly, its basal area subtriangular, deeply and

longitudinally rugose, beyond the basal area largely

clathrate. Abdomen elongate, shining, deep black, re-

motely punctured ; Ist segment with erect hairs on its

basal portion; 2nd and 8rd segments with a band of

208 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

white hairs at the base, more or less interrupted in the

middle; 5th and 6th segments clothed with scattered

hairs, the 5th with a slight indication of a basal band ;

beneath nearly flat and almost glabrous, 4th and 5th

seoments slightly emarginate posteriorly, 5th depressed,

with a slight dorsal line ; legs, with the tarsi and extreme

base of posterior tibie, pale, three apical joints of pos-

terior tarsi fuscous ; (for genitalia see pl. ix., fig 18).

?. Head and thorax covered with bright chestnut-

brown hairs ; head closely punctured. Thorax remotely

punctured on the disk; metathorax shining, looked at

from in front sharply truncate posteriorly, its basal area

longitudinally rugose, bounded behind by a curved line.

Abdomen deep black, very shining ; Ist segment clothed

with brown hairs at the base, remotely punctured ; 2nd,

3rd, and 4th segments rather more closely punctured,

each with an ochreous basal band of pubescence, and

clothed beyond it with scattered brown hairs; 5th seg-

ment with golden brown hairs on each side of the rima ;

beneath and legs densely clothed with brown hairs.

Length 8—9 mm.

Hab. Not common. Reigate; Guildford; Shipley,

near Horsham; Greenwich; Charlton; Ventnor; Bristol;

Scotland.

? quite distinct from any other of its group by the

‘ bright brown head and thorax, and the ochreous bands

of the abdomen. The ¢ by its elongate shining abdo-

men, nearly glabrous beneath, and its black clypeus.

9. Halictus sexnotatus, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii, p. 82, pl. xv., figs. 7, 8;

Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 84.

Black; head and thorax covered with ashy grey hairs.

Abdomen shining; 2nd, 8rd, and 4th segments with a

basal spot, on each side, of snow-white pubescence ; legs

of the 3 entirely black. Wings infuscate.

3g. Head and thorax finely and closely punctured ;

face about as long as wide across the eyes. Clypeus

rather narrow, white at the apex. Antenne reaching to

the middle of the metathorax; mesothorax densely and

very finely punctured, the punctures rather farther apart

on the disk; post-scutellum densely villose; metathorax

rounded posteriorly, finely rugose on its basal area,

British Hymenoptera. 209

with a slightly raised dorsal line. Abdomen subelongate,

finely punctured, the puncturation of the basal segment

rather more remote than that of the following ones ;

segments beneath not depressed, clothed with somewhat

adpressed hairs ; (for genitalia see pl. vui., fig. 14). Legs

clothed with grey hairs.

?. Only differing from the g in the wider shape,

shorter antenne, black clypeus, and rather more shining

abdomen, which is densely hairy beneath. Length

10—12 mm.

Hab. Rare. Chobham, Weybridge, Barham, &c.

Known from all the British species by its ashy grey

thorax and large size.

10. Halictus prasinus, Smith.

Smith, Zool. vi., p. 2169, 1848 ; Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd

ed., p. 92 = hemorrhoidalis, Schk.

Black ; face elongate in both sexes, much narrowed in

front; clypeus much produced ; apical segment of the

abdomen in the 3 red; head and thorax in the ? with

a greenish tinge.

3. Head and thorax black, with a very slight greenish

tinge, finely and closely punctured; face elongate, covered

with greyish .white hairs; clypeus considerably pyro-

duced, truncate at the apex, and sometimes white across

its apical half. Antenne reaching to beyond the scu-

tellum. Thorax covered with short greyish hairs ; meta-

thorax finely and longitudinally rugose, its brow semi-

circularly rounded. Abdomen slightly shining, rather

finely and clearly punctured ; Ist segment covered at the

sides with whitish pubescence; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th seg-

ments with a lateral spot of white pubescence; 5th

segment with an almost entire basal band; 7th segment

red; beneath, 4th segment emarginate, but with a

scarcely observable fringe, 5th segment emarginate,

with a long fringe, apex of 6th segment much rounded.

Genitalia with the sagittz produced above the surface of

the stipites into two curved knife-like edges; (see pl. ix.,

fig. 9). Tarsi, and sometimes the base and apex of

tibiz, pale.

@. Larger and wider than the ¢. Head and thorax

much as in that sex, except the black apex to the clypeus

and the short antenne ; green metallic tinge rather more

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—panrT II. (JULY.) 25

210 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

distinct, and the puncturation rather closer and finer.

Abdomen black, with perhaps a slight eneous tinge ;

basal segment shining, distinctly punctured, with an

impunctate, somewhat raised, polished space on each

side of the centre; base of the segment, on each side,

covered with white pruinose pubescence; 2nd and 3rd

segments with a white basal band of the same, and the

4th entirely covered with it; 5th covered with golden

hairs, except the central rima; 6th with a rather narrow,

somewhat truncate, dorsal valve ; beneath with the seg-

ments largely punctured at the apex, and with long apical

fringes. Legs black; scopa of posterior legs golden

grey. Length 8—10 mm.

Hab. Chobham; Bournemouth; Poole; and Christ-

church, Hants; Moffat, Scotland.

Division III.

(10) 1. Abdomen more or less punctured.

(7) 2. Ist segment of abdomen scarcely punctured, the

punctures scattered or fine and remote.

(6) 3. Large or medium-sized species, 4 to 5 lines.

Thorax very closely punctured.

(5) 4. Larger; metathorax, looked at from above, pos-

teriorly sharply truncate, its angles prominent

and with their margins considerably raised ;

@ with the abdomen more shining; 2nd and

following segments scarcely punctured; g\ with

the, thorax more hairy, and the legs darker .. cylindricus.

(4) 5. Smaller; metathorax not so sharply truncate ;

angles not prominent and scarcely margined ;

? with the abdomen very closely and finely

punctured on the 2nd and following segments;

3 with the thorax less henry and the legs

lighter .. albipes.

(3) 6. Small species, 23— 3 ine Thorax rather re-

motely punctured : pauxillus.

(2) 7. Ist Sciam of body very fnélly and cfocaly punc-

tured

(9) 8. Larger; metathorax in @ bounded posteriorly

by a well-defined sharp ridge ; basal segment

of abdomen in both sexes exceedingly finely

and closely punctured nearly up to its base .. malachurus.

(8) 9. Smaller; in 9 metathorax bounded by a very

indefinite ridge; basal segment of abdomen in

both sexes exceedingly finely punctured, but

not so very closely, the Saar ee yor! just

extending on to the basal half . : -. longulus.

(1) 10. Abdomen impunctate Se ss ie -. subfasciatus.

British Hymenoptera. 211

11. Halictus cylindricus, Fab.

Fab., Ent. Syst. ii., p. 302; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 87.

Black; head and thorax sparsely clothed with brown

hairs ; metathorax, viewed from in front, sharply trun-

cate, its angles slightly reflexed. Abdomen in the $

elongate, generally more or less red; in the @ oval.’

Apical margins of the segments in both sexes widely pale ;

the 2nd, 8rd, and 4th segments in the ¢ and the 2nd

and 38rd in the ¢ with a lateral basal spot of white

pubescence.

$. Head and thorax closely punctured ; face elon-

gate ; eyes converging considerably towards the clypeus ;

mandibles divided from the eyes by a narrow cheek.

Clypeus produced, sharply truncate in front, with a large

pale spot at the apex; face below the antennez covered

with white hairs. Antenne reaching to about the end of

the metathorax. Thorax with the puncturation more

distant than that of the head. Wings almost clear ;

nervures brown; metathorax, viewed from in front,

sharply truncate behind, its apical margin reflexed near

the lateral angles ; viewed from above, with a somewhat

triangular clathrate basal area. Abdomen shining, elon-

gate, shallowly punctured; 1st, 2nd, and 38rd segments

often more or less red at the sides and apex. Apical

margins testaceous: 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and often 5th, seg-

ments at the base with a lateral white pubescent spot.

Abdomen above with a few scattered brown hairs, beneath

glabrous, nearly flat; (for genitalia see pl. ix., fig. 1).

Legs black; the base and apex of the tibiz and the tarsi

pale ; the apical joints of the latter brownish.

?. Head and thorax finely and closely punctured,

clothed with brown hairs; mner margins of the eyes

converging slightly towards the clypeus; metathorax as

in the g, but with its basal area semicircular. Abdomen

oval, slightly wider than the thorax ; basal segment very

shining, clothed with scattered brown hairs at the base

and sides, but glabrous on the disk and apex ; the surface

sparsely and very shallowly punctured, the following seg-

ments duller and clothed with a short brown pubescence,

forming a distinct band at the apex; the 2nd and 38rd

segments with a white lateral pubescent streak at the

base; 5th densely clothed with golden brown hairs,

212 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

Beneath with the apical portions of the segments clothed

with long hairs. Legs black, covered with golden brown

hairs; the tarsi more or less testaceous. Length 8—

10 mm.

Hab. Common and generally distributed.

12. Halictus albipes, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii., p. 71; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 89.

This species is so closely allied to the last as to be dis-

tinguishable only by careful examination.

It is generally smaller, and the pubescence of the

abdomen and legs is paler; in the ¢ the face is much

longer, the metathorax longer, much less rugose, and

without the sharp reflexed truncature of that of cylindricus ;

the tarsi are entirely pale; (for genitalia see pl. ix.,

fig. 8).

The ¢ is more difficult to recognise; the face is only

slightly longer, but the metathorax, looked at from in

front, is distinctly longer, its basal area less regularly

rounded, and the truncature below it narrower, less dis-

tinct, and with the lateral angles not reflexed. Length

(—-7 Min.

Hab. Common and generally distributed, often occur-

‘ ring with cylindricus.

13. Halictus malachurus, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii., p. 67; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 88.

3. Black. Head finely punctured. Antenne pale

beneath ; face shorter than in either of the preceding ;

apex of the clypeus, labrum, and mandibles yellow ;

below the antennz covered with white hairs, above them

with scattered greyish brown hairs. Thorax not quite

so finely punctured as the head, but more closely and

evenly than in cylindricus ; metathorax not truncate, dull,

longitudinally rugose at the base, the rugosities gradually

vanishing towards the apex; basal area not defined.

Wings with their nervures pale. Abdomen dull, closely

and evenly punctured all over, the 1st segment hardly

less closely than the others; the apex of each segment

narrowly testaceous, and all but the Ist clothed with a

very short greyish pubescence ; the 2nd and 8rd with an

British Hymenoptera. 213

ill-defined lateral spot of white pubescence at the base ;

beneath shining ; (for genitalia see pl. ix., fig. 4). Legs:

femora black, with their extreme apex pale; tibiz pale

yellow at the base and apex and along their upper mar-

gin; tarsi pale yellow; apical joint brown.

?. Closely resembling cylindricus and albipes, but

known at once by the close even puncturation of the 1st

abdominal segment, and its greater width at the base ;

also by its metathorax, which, as described in the 2, is

without the well-defined basal area observable in those

species. Unlike the 3, however, the apex of the meta-

thorax, viewed from in front, is truncate or slightly

raised at the sides, but not sharply angulated at the

sides as in cylindricus ; the abdomen also is more densely

clothed with pubescence, and the sides of the metathorax

beneath far less rugose. Length 7—9 mm.

Hab. Not a common species. I have taken both

sexes at Chobham, and the ? at Wandsworth; I have

seen males from Hastings, and the late F. Smith took

the ? at Cromer.

At Chobham, in April, 1878, there was a colony of this

species burrowing in the path of a garden; the females

flew about till nearly 3.80 p.m., and then commenced

throwing up fresh mould from their burrows, but I failed

to ascertain how late they continued their operations.

14. Halictus longulus, Smith.

Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., p. 39 (1855) ; Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 99.

?. So like the preceding that it might easily be taken

for a small variety of it; there are, however, points of

difference which I think clearly indicate its right to be

considered as a distinct species ; besides its smaller size,

its metathorax, looked at from in front, is not distinctly

margined and truncate on the brow, is narrower towards

the apex, and less rugose at the base ; the 1st segment of

the abdomen is rather more shining, punctured only

on its apical half, and the puncturation distinctly

sparser ; the abdomen also is more elongate and more

depressed.

The ¢, which I believe belongs to this species, is

black, with the apex of the clypeus, the labrum, and the

mandibles yellow; the antenne reaching to about the

214 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

1st abdominal segment and fulvous beneath ; the thorax

closely and distinctly punctured; the metathorax very

rugose, looked at from in front somewhat truncate, its

basal area indefinite, irregularly rugose ; the abdomen is

not very shining, distinctly punctured, the Ist segment

rather more sparsely so than the others. Legs with

the apex of the femora and the base of the tibie, and

sometimes also the apex, and the tarsi, pale yellow;

(for genitalia see pl. ix., fig. 11). Length 6—7 mm.

Hab. Not common ; Isle of Wight, Chobham, &e.

[believe this 9 is the same as that described by Smith,

but I cannot follow him in the description of the meta-

thorax; he says, “‘the truncations irregularly trans-

versely striate,’ and I am not clear as to his meaning.

15. Halictus pauxillus, Schenck.

Schenck, Jahr. Ver. Nat. Herz. Nassau, xiv., 1859,

p. 287.

Smaller than any of the preceding, and about the size

of nitidiusculus and minutus.

3 only differs from that of the preceding species in

being smaller, with a rounder face, rather shorter an-

tenne, and almost impunctate 1st abdominal segment ;

the following segments also being more shining and less

closely punctured than in longulus; (for genitalia see

pl. ix., fe: 10):

? black ; head and thorax punctured, the latter more

remotely than in any of the other species of this group,

somewhat shining, and with a strongly marked dorsal

impression extending in some specimens to within a

third of the base of the mesothorax ; nervures of the

wings piceous; metathorax clathrately rugose up to its

brow, which is somewhat rounded, without prominent

angles; a slightly raised line runs below the brow on

each side, giving the metathorax, in certain positions,

a truncate appearance ; this character, however, seems

to vary. Abdomen with the posterior margins of the

segments widely testaceous ; basal segment very shining,

almost impunctate; following segments dull, clothed

with a fine greyish yellow pubescence, and under a

strong lens seen to be finely punctured; 2nd segment

with a lateral spot of white pubescence at the base.

Legs inclining to be piceous, covered, as also the under

British Hymenoptera. 215

side of the abdomen, with long yellowish grey hairs.

Length 5—6 mm.

Hab. Charlwood, Surrey ; Hastings; Shere.

I have no doubt this species is generally common,

though overlooked, as its ? very much resembles niti-

diusculus in general appearance; its much more rugose

metathorax, which is clathrately rugose right up to the

brow and not only at the base, and its much more

deeply punctured mesothorax, will easily distinguish it.

The ¢ lacks the long ventral hairs of mitidiusculus.

16. Halictus subfasciatus, Nyl.

Nyl., Not. Salls. Faun. Flor. Fenn., Forh. ii., p. 200;

Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 92; ¢ = fulvicornis,

K. = levigatus, Sm., Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed.

3 very distinct from any of the other black species

by its very long antenne, which reach as far as the 3rd

abdominal segment. Head and thorax dull, very finely

and very closely punctured, sparsely clothed with greyish

yellow hairs. Clypeus pale yellow; face below the

antenne clothed with silvery hairs. Antenne beneath

bright fulvous. Wings with nervures piceous. Meta-

thorax truncate behind, very rugose, the rugosities some-

what longitudinal at the base. Abdomen deep black,

shining, all the segments distinctly punctured at the

base, impunctate at the apex; 2nd and 3rd with a white

basal band, often only visible at the sides. Apical seg-

ment with an angulated carina. Beneath with the

segments flat, their apical margins nearly straight ; the

6th rounded; (for genitalia see pl. ix., fig. 12). Legs

with the tarsi, and sometimes the knees and apices of

tibiz, pale yellow.

@ with the head and thorax punctured much as in

the g, although perhaps not quite so closely. Meta-

thorax sharply truncate posteriorly, its angles promi-

nent; surface shining, longitudinally and somewhat

clathrately rugose. Abdomen with the basal segment

very shining, in most specimens impunctate, but occa-

sionally with a few very shallow fine punctures ; follow-

ing segments less shining, clothed with fine short yel-

lowish grey hairs; 2nd and 3rd segments at the base

with small lateral white spots, often scarcely observable,

as they are easily rubbed off. Apex of each segment

216 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

testaceous ; beneath and legs clothed with yellowish grey

hairs. Length 6—8 mm.

Hab. Reigate, Shere, Chobham, Worthing, Yorkshire,

Scotland, &e.

Division LV.

(2) 1. Abdomen impunctate, or nearly so we on) Wlevise

(1) 2. Abdomen punctured.

(6) 3. Puncturation of thorax remote, not very coarse ;

flagellum of antenne pale beneath in g.

(5) 4. Smaller; antenne of J only just reaching to the

scutellum ; puncturation of thorax in the 9?

exceedingly fine .. ae .. brevicornis.

(4) 5. Larger; antenne of the J enone to the meta-

thorax ; pene of thorax in 9? not

very fine .. : a5 36 -. villosulus.

(3) 6. Puncturation of thorax very coarse, giving it

almost a rugose appearance ; 3 with the fla-

gellum entirely black .. 5 -» puncticollis.

17. Halictus villosulus, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. it, p. 62; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 91.

Black; the tarsi of the ¢ generally pale, but often

dark outwardly.

Head closely and finely punctured; the face belowthe an-

tenne inthe 3 covered with silvery hairs. Vertex of the

head and the thorax in both sexes sparingly clothed with

long brownish grey hairs. Antenne of the ¢ reaching to

about the metathorax, pale beneath; in the @? only

more or less rufescent towards the apex. Thorax very

smooth and shining in both sexes, sparsely and shallowly

punctured, the puncturation rather closer towards the

margins. Metathorax rounded posteriorly in the 3,

somewhat truncate in the ?, radiately rugose at the

base; surface beyond the rugosities shining. Abdomen

in the g shorter and more ovate than in most of the

species, shining, finely and regularly punctured on all

the segments ; sides and apex of the body covered with

grey hairs; inthe ? with the basal segment impunctate

or nearly so; the following ones finely punctured and

clothed with grey hairs; margins of all the segments

narrowly testaceous. Abdomen beneath clothed with

long greyish hairs in both sexes. Legs with greyish

yellow hairs ; (for ¢ genitalia see pl. ix., fig. 15). Length

7—8 mm.

Hab. Very common on Crepis and other yellow Com-

posite.

British Hymenoptera. 217

18. Halictus puncticollis, EK. Saund.

EK. Saund., Ent. Mo. Mag. xv., p. 200 = puncticollis,

Mor. ?

Very like the preceding, but slightly larger. The g

with the face longer and narrower ; the antenne entirely

black. Thorax less shining and more closely punctured ;

metathorax much more rugose, its basal area distinctly

enclosed. Abdomen much as in villosulus ; (for genitalia

gée/ pl. ix.) fig. 7.)

? with the face rather longer than that of villosulus ;

the thorax with much larger, more rugose, punctures,

which, instead of being distant from each other about

the width of three or four punctures, are scarcely distant

more than two; metathorax clathrately rugose, basal

area bounded by a raised line. Abdomen much like

that of villosulus, but with only the margins of the

3rd and following segments testaceous. Length 8—

8+ mm.

Hab. Hastings and Guestling.

19. Halictus levis, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii., p. 65; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 98.

Of this species I believe there are only two or three

recorded British specimens, all of which are females.

It may be readily known by its large impunctate, or

nearly impunctate, abdomen ; the metathorax is formed

very like that of villosulus, and the puncturation of the

thorax is rather closer than in that species; the tarsi

also are testaceous ; it is a decidedly larger insect than

villosulus. Length 83 mm.

Hab. The only recorded locality is that given by

Kirby—Nacton, Suffolk.

I cannot agree with Smith in thinking that Schenck’s

levis is different. Smith owns that there are a few very

fine punctures at the extreme base of the 2nd segment,

and Schenck only says that Nylander was wrong in say-

ing of the abdomen ‘‘absque ulla punctura”’; his de-

scription agrees excellently with our insect in all other

respects. Smith quotes Thomson’s levis as identical

with Kirby’s; but here again, I think, he is mistaken, as

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—paRT Ul. (JULY.) 2F

218 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

Thomson says ‘‘ Mesonoto dense subtilissime punctato,”

which will not suit Kirby’s species at all, and doubtless

should be applied, as Thomson himself shows in his

synonymy, to subfasciatus, Nyl.

20. Halictus brevicornis, Schenck.

Schenck, Jahr. Ver. Nat. Herz. Nassau, xxl., xxi,

p- 310.

3. Smaller than villosulus; face rather round,

covered with white hairs in front. Mandibles, labrum,

and apex of clypeus, vellow ; extreme apex of mandibles

pitchy. Antenne short, only just reaching to the scu-

tellum, pale beneath. Vertex and thorax sparingly

clothed with greyish hairs. Mesothorax more closely

punctured than in villosulus. Wings with the 2nd sub-

marginal much wider than in that species. Metathorax

radiately striate at the base. Abdomen short, dull, all

the segments regularly punctured, the apical margins of

the 3rd and following ones narrowly testaceous ; beneath

clothed with rather short hairs. Legs with the base and

apex of the tibie, the front of the anterior tibie, and

all the tarsi, yellowish white ; (for genitalia see pl. ix.,

fig. 14.)

@. Head finely and closely punctured, thorax very

‘finely and remotely, its surface shining. Metathorax

very finely and irregularly radiately striate at the base,

shining on the actual brow. Abdomen with the basal

segment shining, finely punctured, and hairy at the

sides, disk glabrous and nearly impunctate; following

segments closely and finely punctured, their apical mar-

gins widely testaceous, and their surface rather densely

clothed with white hairs; the 2nd and 8rd segments

with a little white lateral pubescence at the base. Legs

clothed with pale greyish hairs; each segment of the

abdomen beneath with a long fringe of greyish hairs.

Length 5—6 mm.

Hab. I have taken the ¢ at Hayling Island and

Bournemouth, but have not seen a British example of

the @. I have described the latter sex from a conti-

nental specimen received from Mr. C. Ritzema.

British Hymenoptera. 219

Division VY.

(10) 1. Not very small; dorsal line of thorax in 9 not

deeply impressed ; & with the Ist segment of

abdomen not very convex longitudinally ; 2nd

not much depressed at the base.

(7) 2. 1st segment of the abdomen, at least on its apical

half, and the 2nd and 3rd closely punctured,

tarsi of g\, whitish.

(4) 3. Face very elongate in both sexes ; 1st segment of

abdomen dull, finely punctured all over; 2nd

segment, in fresh examples, with a lateral line

of white pubescence at base .. : . punctatissimus.

(3) 4. Face shorter; Ist segment of abdomen panrebed

and impunctate on the basal half.

(6) 5. Face as long as wide; puncturation of thorax

and abdomen yery fine .. is .. nitidiusculus.

(5) 6. Face wider than long (9); puncturation of

thorax and abdomen coarser .. . breviceps.

(2) 7. 1st segment of abdomen very polished ned shi!

ing, scarcely punctured at all, or at most only

irregularly near the apex; 2nd and 3rd seg-

ments shining, irregularly punctured; g tarsi

dark or fuscous.

(9) 8. Larger; face rather more elongate; abdomen

more convex and ovate; ¢ tarsi testaceous-

brown ae . atricornis.

(8) 9. Smaller; face less aieteniel Dandemten fave ides

ovate ; tarsi of g dark . aE .. minutus.

(1) 10. Very small; dorsal line of thorax in 2 deeply

impressed ; & with Ist segment of abdomen

very convex longitudinally; 2nd much de-

pressed at the base ‘As Pe zs .. minutissimus.

21. Halictus punctatissimus, Schenck.

Schenck, Jahr. Ver. Nat. Herz. Nassau, ix., 1853,

p. 147 = longiceps, EK. Saund. = porcus, Mor. ?

This species may be known from all our other small

black ones by the great length of the face.

3. Head closely punctured. Apex of the clypeus,

labrum, and mandibles pale yellow, tips of the last

pitchy ; face in front covered with white silvery hairs,

in shape much longer than wide across the eyes. An-

tenne pale beneath, reaching to about the base of the

metathorax. Vertex, and thorax, especially round its

sides, sparingly clothed with oreyish hairs ; mesothorax

strongly and distinctly punctured ; metathorax rather

short, somewhat rounded posteriorly, longitudinally

rugose at the base. Abdomen slightly shining, wider than

220 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

in most of the species of this group, rather largely and

distinctly punctured on the first three segments, less —

distinctly on the following ones; beneath with a few

long hairs across the 1st, 2nd, and 8rd segments, and

some shorter ones on the 4th and 5th; (for genitalia

see pl. ix., fig. 18). Legs with the tarsi pale whitish

yellow ; the extreme apex of the femora more or less

testaceous.

°. Head shaped much as in the g. THyes very

long and subparallel; face much longer than wide.

Thorax deeply and distinctly punctured, its surface dull ;

metathorax as in the ¢. Abdomen with the 1st seg-

ment more shining than the rest, finely but not very

closely punctured on its apical half; following segments

closely punctured, and more or less densely clothed with

greyish hairs; segments beneath fringed with long greyish

hairs. Legs black, clothed with grey hairs; apices of

the tarsi piceous. Length 6—7 mm.

Hab. Not rare. Wandsworth, Reigate, Chobham,

Hastings, Southwold, Bournemouth, Norwich, &c.

22. Halictus nitidiusculus, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii., p. 64; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 101.

3. Black, but in certain lights with a very slight

bronzy appearance ; head much shorter than in the pre-

ceding, the antenne longer, testaceous beneath ; man-

dibles, labrum, and apex of clypeus yellow; mesothorax

shining, very finely punctured ; metathorax finely rugose

at the base. Abdomen shining, elongate, very finely

punctured ; beneath shining, segments somewhat con-

cave, sides of the segments with long tufts of white

hair, which form a conspicuous and distinctive character ;

(for genitalia see pl. ix., fig. 16). Legs with the front of

the fore tibiz, the base and apex of all the tibia, and all

the tarsi, pale yellow.

@. Much hke all the other females of this group,

but with the testaceous margins of the abdominal seg-

ments generally very wide, and distinguishable by the very

fine puncturation of the thorax and of the basal seement

of the abdomen; these two characters together do not

exist in any of our other species ; in punctatissimus and

breviceps, Where the Ist segment of the abdomen is

British Hymenoptera. 221

punctured, the puncturation of the thorax is coarse; in

minutus, atricornis, and nunutissimus the 1st segment is

impunctate or nearly so; minutus is its closest ally, but

the thorax in that species is more shining, less closely

and more largely and deeply punctured, and all the seg-

ments of the abdomen are less closely punctured, espe-

cially the 2nd and 3rd. Length 6 mm.

Hab. A common species, and generally distributed.

23. Halictus minutus, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii., p. 61; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 100.

Deep shining black; ¢ with the apex of the clypeus,

labrum, and mandibles pale. Antenne beneath fulvous ;

head closely punctured in both sexes. Thorax shining,

not so finely punctured as in nitidiusculus, and more

remotely. Wings with the nervures pitchy brown.

Metathorax rounded posteriorly, longitudinally rugose at

the base. 3 with the abdomen very shining; basal

segment finely and rather remotely punctured on its

apical half; following segments puyctured at the base,

impunctate towards the apex; surface with a few scat-

tered short white hairs, beneath with the segments with-

out fringes or lateral tufts of hair; (for genitalia see

pl. ix., fig. 17). Legs black ; tarsi piceous, paler towards

the apex.

?. 1st segment of abdomen very shining, with a few

shallow punctures towards the apex; following segments

irregularly and remotely punctured, apical margins of

the segments scarcely discoloured, surface sparsely

clothed with greyish hairs. Legs with grey hairs. Length

6 mm.

Hab. Not common; Chobham, Shere, &¢. 2 pro-

bably often mistaken for nitidiusculus, and vice versa.

24. Halictus breviceps, H. Saund.

K. Saund., Ent. Mo. Mag. xv., p. 200.

?. Easily distinguished from its allies by its short

wide head, which is much wider across the eyes than

long, its largely and deeply punctured thorax, and the

testaceous nervures of its wings. The basal segment of

the abdomen is very shining, but puncturcd at its apex,

222 Mr. EK. Saunders’ Synopsis of

and all the following segments are punctured, their apical

margins widely testaceous. Length 6 mm.

Hab. Chobham, Shere, Hayling Island, &c.

I do not know the ¢ of this species.

25. Halictus atricornis, Smith.

Smith, Ent. Ann., 1870, p. 26; Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd

ed., p. 100.

Very like minutus, but larger, differing in the following

particulars :—

3o.« With the puncturation of the thorax less regular

and rather stronger ; the brow of the metathorax not so

smooth and shining, and rather more largely rounded.

Abdomen very polished ; the puncturation at the base of

the 2nd and following segments much less close and

shallower, that of the basal segment scarcely observable ;

tarsi paler. Genitalia very distinct, each apex of the

stipites being produced into two elongate processes (see

pl. ix., fig. 19) ; whereas in minutus the outer process is

turned backwards under the body of the stipes.

? with the face longer than in minutus, the mesothorax

more convex, the metathorax more widely rounded, as in

the ¢, the abdomen much more convex and ovate, the

“margins of the segments almost concolorous; 1st seg-

ment with scarcely visible punctures; the 2nd and

following with an extremely fine puncturation at the

base; sides and apex of the abdomen with a few

greyish hairs. Legs with greyish yellow hairs. Length

63—74 mm.

Hab. Cheshire (B. Cooke). I know of no other

locality.

26. Halictus ninutissimus, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii., p. 63; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 102.

3. Black; the extreme apex of the clypeus white ;

mandibles piceous. Antenne reaching to the base

of the metathorax, piceous beneath ; mesothorax dull,

strongly punctured; metathorax rather long, finely

rugose at the base, shining and polished beyond the

rugosities. Abdomen largely and distinctly punctured

British Hymenoptera. 223

on all the segments; basal segment very convex, nar-

rowly and deeply impressed at the apex; 2nd segment

depressed at the extreme base, then very convex and

impressed again at the apex, which is pale and some-

what membranous ; 2nd and following segments clothed

with greyish hairs; segments beneath fringed with whitish

hairs; (for genitalia see pl. ix., fig. 20). Legs entirely

black, clothed with greyish hairs.

?. Narrower than any of the preceding species ;

face rather elongate ; mesothorax largely punctured, with

a very deep dorsal line in front; metathorax rugose at

the base, but not shining at the apex as in the 3; basal

segment of abdomen very shining, with a few scattered

punctures ; 2nd and following closely punctured, and

clothed with greyish hairs ; segments beneath with long

hairs. Legs clothed with greyish yellow hairs. Length

5—53 mm.

Hab. Common and generally distributed.

The small size and narrow form of the ? readily dis-

tinguish it from its allies; the g is abundantly distinct

by its black tarsi and the shape of the 1st and 2nd

abdominal segments.

Division VI.

4) 1. Tibie andtarsi of J yellow; 9 with the abdomen

densely hairy, with paler apical bands to the

segments.

(3) 2. Hairs of the thorax in ? fulvous ; pubescence of

head and thorax very dense. Si antenne not

nearly so long as body .. ; . gramineus.

(2) 3. Hairs of thoraxin 9 whitish ; purheseence: of fend

and thorax not dense. g ; antennz as long as

body is Ph Fas a .. twmulorum.

(1) 4. Tibie of J not Palen 9? with the abdomen not

densely hairy; no pubescent apical bands to

the segments.

(6) 5. Abdomen with a bright #neous tinge is Smeathmanellus.

(5) 6. Abdomen black, or nearly so.

(8) 7. f tarsi black; surface of thorax in both sexes

not very shining; the intervals between the

punctures, under a strong power, seen to be

finely rugose or scratched ; face subelongate —_morio.

(7) 8. g tarsi whitish ; surface of thorax in both sexes

shining, and quite smooth between the punc-

tures ; face subrotundate me 3 .. leucopus.

294 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

27. Halictus tumulorum, Linn. _

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., i., p. 574; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 94.

Bronzy green ; head finely and closely punctured.

3. With the apex of the clypeus, mandibles, and

labrum pale yellow. Antenne very long, extending

almost to the 2nd abdominal segment, pale beneath ;

face covered with grey hairs ; mesothorax rather largely

and closely punctured ; metathorax rounded posteriorly,

rugose at the base. Abdomen elongate, strongly and

closely punctured ; 1st segment impressed at the apex ;

2nd and 8rd much impressed at the base, apical mar-

gins more or less testaceous and impunctate; each

segment has a slight apical band of pale hairs ; beneath

with the 5th segment deeply emarginate ; the 6th sub-

truncate at the extremity, and with a small basal fovea ;

(for genitalia see pl. ix., fig. 6).. Legs pale yellow.

?. Head and thorax punctured as in the g. An-

tenne fulvous beneath towards the apex; metathorax

somewhat truncate posteriorly. Abdomen closely punc-

tured, clothed with slightly golden hairs ; the base of the

1st segment at the sides, a band at its apex, a band at

the base and apex of the 2nd and 38rd, and a band at the

apex of the 4th, covered with white hairs; 5th segment

covered with golden hairs at the apex, on each side of

- the central rima; 6th with the dorsal valve narrow and

testaceous, carinated and raised at the base, with long

golden hairs at the sides of the valve; segments beneath

with long greyish hairs. Length 7mm.

Hab. Common and generally distributed.

28. Halictus gramineus, Smith.

Smith, Zool. vii., App. 58; Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed.,

Dgo:

Easily distinguished from the preceding by the short

antenne of the g, which reach only to about the middle

of the metathorax, and the bronzy femora, and by the

dense pubescence of the ?, which is of a golden, almost

fulvous, tinge ; the tegule and nervures of the base of

the wings are pale yellow, and the anterior tibie in front,

and the base of the others, and all the tarsi, are more

or less flavous. Length 6—7 mm.

Hab. A very rare species in England, and very distinct ;

the only recorded localities are Cove Common, Hants, and

Devonshire. It is not rare in the South of Europe.

British Hymenoptera. 225

29. Halictus Smeathmanellus, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii., App., p. 375; Smith, Cat.

Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 95.

Head and thorax bright bronzy green. Abdomen with

a distinct bronzy green tint.

_$. Head and thorax bronzy green; head closely

punctured, dull. Clypeus with a white spot at the apex.

Antenne pale beneath, reaching to the apex of the meta-

thorax. Mesothorax shining, rather irregularly punc-

tured, and clothed with scattered white hairs; the sur-

face between the punctures bright and smooth. Meta-

thorax rugose, somewhat rounded posteriorly. Abdomen

elongate, bronzy or greenish black ; abdomen very shin-

ing and polished, with the base of each segment punc-

tured, the apex almost impunctate; in the impressions

at the base of the 2nd and 8rd segments is a white

pubescent band; (Kirby must have described from a

rubbed specimen, as he particularly notices the absence

of these bands); beneath clothed with long white

hairs; (for genitalia see pl. ix., figs. 5a, 5b). Legs

entirely black.

?. Of a brighter colour than the 3; the whole in-

sect, except the legs and antenne, being generally of a

bright bronzy colour, the head and thorax rather more

golden. Head rather elongate, dull, finely and closely

punctured. Thorax shining, punctured, &c., as in the

3. Abdomen shining, punctured at the base of the

segments, narrowly testaceous at the apex; 2nd and

8rd with a white basal band of pubescence; 3rd and

following elcthed with scattered hairs, beneath with

long hairs. Legs black, clothed with pale hairs. Apical

joint of the tarsi more or less pitchy. Length 6—

63 mm.

Hab. Common in many places. Hastings, Bourne-

mouth, London district, Norwich, Lowestoft, &c.

A very distinct species, easily known by its shining

surface and bright brown-green abdomen.

30. Halictus morio, Fab.

Fab., Ent. Syst. ii., p. 8306; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 97, var. = eratus, Kirby, Smith, &c.

$. Head and thorax bronzy green, the former closely .

punctured, with the clypeus considerably produced, with

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PART II. (JULY.) 264

226 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

a white spot near the apex. Antenne black, pale be-

neath, reaching to about the apex of the metathorax.

Mesothorax dull, rather closely punctured, the intervals

between the punctures very finely rugose. Metathorax

rugose, rounded posteriorly. Abdomen black ; segments

rather strongly punctured, except at their extreme apices ;

2nd and 38rd with a lateral basal spot of white pubescence,

their basal region scarcely impressed ; ventral hairs very

short ; (for genitalia see pl. ix., fig. 2). Legs black,

clothed with short greyish hairs.

?. Head and thorax dull, punctured, &c., much as

in the g; face as long as wide across the eyes. Meta-

thorax somewhat rounded posteriorly, rugose at the base.

Abdomen black, shining, especially the basal segment,

which has only a few scattered punctures ; the following

segments are more closely and finely punctured, and

clothed with pale pubescence; the 2nd and 8rd with a

lateral basal spot of white pubescence; segments be-

neath with long whitish hairs. Legs black, clothed with

pale hairs. Length 6—7 mm.

Hab. Very common; the g very variable in size. I

feel sure that @ratus is only a small variety.

31. Halictus leucopus, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. i., p. 59; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 97.

$. Head and thorax bright bronzy green. Clypeus

pale at the apex; labrum and mandibles yellow, the

latter rufescent at the apex. Antenne short, not quite

reaching to the scutellum, pale beneath. Mesothorax

shining, rather coarsely punctured. Metathorax some-

what rounded posteriorly, rugose at the base. Abdomen

black ; segments punctured at the base, very smooth and

shining at the apex, under side with very short hairs ;

(for genitalia see pl. ix., fig. 3). Legs black; base

and apex of each of the tibiz, and all the tarsi, pale

yellowish.

9. Exceedingly like morio, but differing in having

the face much wider, it being decidedly wider across the

eyes than long, the thorax more shining, the punctures

rather larger, and the intervals between them smoother ;

the metathorax is rather more rugose, and more widely

British Hymenoptera. 227

rounded posteriorly, and the abdomen has no white

lateral spots. Length 5—6 mm.

Hab. Not rare. London district, Norwich, Lowestoft,

Southwold, Littlehampton, Bournemouth, Tunbridge

Wells, Reigate, Chobham, &c.

The ¢ is very distinct from any other species.

ANDRENA, Fab.

Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 376. For figures of generic cha-

racters see F. Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., pl. vi.

Tongue lanceolate ; paraglosse not acute ; labial palpi

4-jointed; maxillary palpi 6-jointed. Anterior wings

with three submarginal cells. 3 generally with the

head wider than that of the ?, the vertex often sub-

quadrate; in some species with the head enormously

enlarged, and the mandibles long and falcate; the size

of the head, however, varies very much amongst speci-

mens of the same species. Clypeus sometimes white.

Abdomen generally narrower than in the ?, and with

the 8th or apical ventral plate narrowed and elongate

towards the apex, generally somewhat dilated at the

extremity, and often emarginate ; the 7th ventral plate

hidden in nearly all the species under the 6th ; the geni-

talia of the males of the different species bear a very

strong general resemblance to one another, and in this

respect the genus contrasts curiously with Halictus,

Prosopis, &c., where the genitalia of each species give

such characteristic distinctions. 2? with the abdomen

usually ovate, sometimes nearly glabrous, but generally

either clothed all over with long hairs, or else banded

with pale hairs at the apex of the segments; 5th and

6th segments densely clothed with hairs, which are often

of a different colour to those on the rest of the abdomen.

Apical dorsal valve with its centre glabrous, the glabrous

portion of a triangular shape; posterior legs of the ¢

with a tuft of curled hairs on the trochanters, generally

called the ‘ floccus;’’ this in many species is composed

of very long hairs, and forms a prominent character ;

the posterior tibiz are outwardly clothed with long hairs,

which form the ‘‘ scope,” and on their inner surface, or

that towards the body, they are clothed with hairs,

having flattened and dilated apices, so formed probably

for cleaning purposes. At the base of the tibie is a

228 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

clabrous flattened disk called the ‘‘ patella”; this in

some of the species is very prominent, and projects so

as to look like a tooth if viewed sideways. The basal

joint of the posterior tarsi is elongate and dilated, and

covered with bristly hairs. j

The most important structural characters in the 3

seem to be found in the labrum, the clypeus, the antenne,

especially in the relative lengths of their 2nd, 38rd, and

4th joints, the puncturation, and the form of the 8th or

terminal ventral segment ; in the ? the characters seem

chiefly to lie in the shape of the face, the puncturation,

and the sculpture of the dorsal portion of the 6th seg-

ment.

The colour of the pubescence, &c., also affords good

characters, but exposure to the weather greatly alters the

general look of the insects, and the colour rapidly fades.

The little parasite Stylops, so well known to hyme-

nopterists, is often the cause of considerable variation in

these insects ; its presence may generally be detected by

the deformed appearance of the bee’s body, or by the

actual protrusion of a portion of its own body from

between the segments of that of the bee; it projects

something like a small brown seed more or less flattened,

and the variations caused by its presence are well worthy

of notice. I have to thank Professor Perez, of Bordeaux,

for some very interesting remarks on this subject.

~ If a d be stylopised, its general appearance becomes

more like that of a 9; if a ? be stylopised, it becomes

more like a ¢ : thus, in the case of a 3, its head tends

to become smaller, the pubescence of the abdomen to

become denser and paler, and to form bands at the apices

of the segments, the legs to become more densely hairy,

and in the species where the clypeus is white it tends to

become black or spotted ; in the case of a ? the head

tends to become smaller, as in the g¢, the scope to

become less dense and paler, as also the pubescence of

the body, but like as in the ¢ it tends to form pale bands

at the apices of the segments, and in species where

the 3 has the clypeus white, the stylopised ° often has

that part white also or spotted with white; there also

seems to be a tendency in both sexes to assume a some-

what pallid, immature appearance. The effects of sty-

lopisation vary very much in different specimens, some

hardly showing any variation from the typical form,

others varying to such an extent as to be hardly

British Hymenoptera. 229

recognisable. From the nature of these variations it

would appear probable that the genital organs are in

some way injured by the parasite while the insect is in

the larval state. Up to the present time as many as five

so-called species have existed in our list whose characters

depend entirely, as far as I can see, on the effects of

stylopisation, viz., Mouffetella, Kirby, = atriceps 3; pi-

cipes, Kirby, and picicornis, Kirby, both of which =

Trimmerana g and 2; Aprilina, Smith, =nigro-enea 8;

and convexiuscula, K.,=Afzeliella.

There can be, [ think, little doubt that many of our

species are double-brooded, the first brood appearing

about the end of March or in April, the second appearing

in July or August; in some cases the two broods resemble

one another almost exactly, as in pilipes, thoracica,

fulvicrus, and Afziella; in others the males are pretty

easily distinguishable by various characters of colour,

pubescence, &c.; whereas the females are almost exactly

alike. This difference in the males has caused entomo-

logists to consider the two broods as representing two

distinct species; thus, bimaculata and decorata; Gwynana

and bicolor; parvula and minutula; dorsata and combinata:

all, I believe, belong to species which have a spring and

autumn brood; and this view, I think, receives support

from the fact that in the localities where the spring form

occurs the autumn form is found also; that there should

be a slight difference between the two broods does not

seem to be unnatural, as the food supplied to the larve

in each case must almost necessarily be different; as a

rule, the species which frequent the sallow in the early

spring frequent the flowers of Rubus in the summer.

The bees of this genus, as a rule, form colonies of

greater or less extent either in hedge-banks or pathways,

or other exposed surfaces of earth ; and consequently, in

most cases, if one specimen is met with, others are sure

to be found near the same spot; the males, however, do

not always occur with the females: for instance, the

female of some species may be abundant on the flowers

of a sallow-bush; the males very likely will be seen

coursing up and down the hedge under the sallow, or just

above the ground if their colony is close by; the males

also seem to come out earlier and stay out later than the

females, and they may often be found flying about as late

as 5 or 6 o'clock. Mr. F. Smith has given such an

excellent account of the general habits, &c., of these

230

insects in his last book,* that I do not think I need do

more than refer to his remarks, which will be found at

the commencement of his description of the species of

I have in some cases changed the

names which have hitherto been used, taking always the

first name given to the species, whether the description

Andrena (p. 21).

Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

is froma g or 2.

Care should be taken not to mistake the yellow of the

pollen on the scope for the real colour of the hairs

themselves.

(2) 1. Abdomen in both sexes generally more or less

red, at least beneath ; or large, with the wings

brownish. , clypeus white; 9, anal fringe

golden... 2G

(1) 2. Abdomen black, or sometimes more or less red ;

but in the latter case with the clypeus in the

3S black, and the anal fringe of the 9 dark.

(4) 3. Metathorax with its basal area largely and

coarsely clathrate, bounded posteriorly by a

raised line

(3) 4. Metathorax with its basal area smooth, or punc-

tured, or finely rugose ; rarely finely clathrate ;

not bounded posteriorly by a raised line.

(6) 5. $ larger or medium-sized, without distinct, pale

pubescent bands at the apices of the abdominal

segments; clypeus not white; tibie entirely

dark (except in Clarkella, where they are some-

times pale at the apex). 9 large, with dark

brown or black apical fringe; abdomen often

densely hairy ; or medium-sized, without either

distinct clearly defined apical bands of pale

pubescence, or lateral white streaks to the

abdominal segments; apical fringe always

dark ; tibiw always dark (except in Clarkella),

although sometimes clothed with golden hairs.

(5) 6. g with distinct abdominal bands; or very small ;

or with the clypeus white ; or with the tibix

more or less pale. 9 large, with golden apical

fringe (labialis); or medium sized, with golden

apical fringe; or if with dark apical fringe,

then with distinct, well defined, pale apical

bands, or white lateral streaks to the abdominal

segments; or entire insect very small; tibize

often pale and translucent.

(8) 7. g, head very large. 9 with the mandibles pro-

duced into a membranous wing beneath ; ab-

dominal segments testaceous at the apex

(7) 8. g, head of normal size. 9, mandibles simple ;

** Catalogue of British Hymenoptera in the British Museum,’

abdominal segments not testaceous at the apex.

2nd ed., pt. 1. Andrenidz and Apide. 1876,

Div. I.

Div. II.

Diy. III.

Div. IV.

British Hymenoptera. 231

(10) 9. g with the abdominal pale bands entire; or if

interrupted, then with the basal area of the

metathorax defined by a smoother line at the

sides and apex, and the mandibles long and

faleate; clypeus black; tibize CHT dark.

¢@ , bands of abdomen entire .. Div. V.

(9) 10. g with one or more of the andgennal bara

when present, interrupted ; basal area of meta-

thorax not defined by a smoother line at the

sides and apex, often undefined altogether ;

clypeus sometimes white ; tibia in some species

more or less pale. 9 , pubescent bands of the

abdomen, when present, interrupted asin the ¢ .

(12) 11. Abdomen polished and shining .. Div. VI.

(11) 12. Abdomen not polished and more or he dull,

either from the closeness of the puncturation

or from the fine rugulosities of the surface

between them .. ae a ais aaeee Liven Vals

Division I.

(2) 1. Large; wings more or less brown; abdomen

shining, finely and remotely punctured .. Hattorfiana.

(1) 2. Medium sized; wings almost clear; abdomen

dull, except the lst segment, and closely

punctured.

(4) 3. 2nd and 3rd segments of abdomen with a eh

apical band of hairs .. Cetii.

(3) 4. 2nd and 3rd segments of spidaeread alee at fis

apex ac 50 i a6 oC -. cingulata.

1. Andrena Hattorfiana, Fab.

Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 8389 (Nomada); Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 26.

Large, black, shining; ¢? often with the abdomen

more or less red ; wings brown.

g. Clypeus white, with a small black dot on each

side; apical margin looked at from above truncate,

black; antenne short, scarcely longer than those of

the ¢; vertex rugosely punctured, clothed like the face

with greyish hairs; mesothorax shining, punctured,

covered with grey hairs; metathorax dull, very rugosely

punctured and hairy. Abdomen shining, sparsely punc-

tured, the apical margins of the segments widely piceous

and somewhat impressed. Apex clothed with golden

hairs; segments beneath fringed with golden hairs; (for

genitalia see pl. xi., fig. 5). Legs with the tarsi more or

less testaceous.

?. Larger than the ¢. Clypeus black; each side

of the face with a line of pale pubescence, and a slight

232 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

depression near the inner margin of the eye, filled with

very short shining adpressed hairs. Thorax much like

that of the g, but “less hairy, and the metathorax rather

more rugose. Abdomen shining, sometimes black as in

the ¢, sometimes with the Ist and 2nd segments and

apical margin of the 3rd, ferruginous-red ; the base of

the Ist and 2nd generally black; between these forms

great variation occurs. Surface very finely punctured ;

Ynd, 8rd, and 4th segments with a lateral streak of

whitish hairs; 5th and 6th clothed densely with golden

hairs; segments beneath fringed with long hairs. Legs

black ; tarsi more or less testaceous: tibie clothed with

long golden grey plumose hairs. Length 14—16 mm.

Hab. Ventnor; Erith, Darenth, Birch Wood, Kings-

down near Walmer, Kent; Teignmouth and Dawlish,

Devon; and 8. Wales. It is found chiefly on the common

Scabious, according to F. Smith, andthe high coloration of

the ? he thinks depends upon the dryness or heat of the

season, as in hot dry summers he has found nearly all

the females coloured.

2. Andrena Ceti, Schrank.

Schrank., Enum. Ins. Austr., p. 405; Smith, Cat.

Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 31.

g. Black, shining; head deeply emarginate pos-

teriorly, wider than the thorax, clothed with grey hairs.

Clypeus white; apical margin and two small discal spots

black, deeply emarginate in front, with a raised tooth on

each side of the emargination; labrum tuberculated, the

tubercle filling up the emargination of the clypeus, and

deeply impressed in front. Mandibles red at the apex.

Thorax shining, punctured, clothed with rather long

corey hairs; nervures of the wings pitchy brown; meta-

thorax rounded, finely rugose. Abdomen shining, finely

punctured, brownish black, the apical margins of the

segments piceous; 5th, 6th, and 7th segments above

clothed with white hairs at the apex ; beneath with the

3rd, 4th, and 5th segments beautifully and densely

ciliated at the apex, the ciliz in the middle of each seg-

ment much shorter than the outer ones; 6th and apical

segment densely hairy ; (for genitalia see pl. x., figs. 4,

4a). Legs covered with long grey hairs.

2. Head and thorax black, clothed with short

British Hymenoptera. 233

brownish grey hairs. Clypeus black, largely punctured ;

vertex and face, above the clypeus, rather more finely and

closely. Thorax finely and closely punctured; pubescence

beneath the wings and round the sides greyish white ;

wings somewhat smoky; metathorax finely rugose. Ab-

domen with the basal segment black, except at the apex,

shining and rather remotely punctured, with a few

scattered hairs; the other segments entirely pale yellow

or brown, with the apical margins only pale, dull, very

closely and finely punctured, and clothed with very short

pale decumbent hairs, and with an apical band of longer

hairs; 5th segment covered with long hairs which are

bright golden at its apex, 6th with bright golden hairs,

the central naked portion flat and triangular; beneath

with the 38rd and followmg segments ciliated at the apex.

Legs: femora clothed with long white hairs ; tibiz and

tarsi with brown hairs, posterior tibiz with the scope

dense and brown, the inner side of the tibiz nearest the

body with long white hairs. Length 9—10 mm.

Varies greatly in colour, one or more of the apical

segments often being fuscous, and the intermediate seg-

ments yellow.

Hab. A local and generally rare species. Kingsdown,

near Deal, Croydon, Dartford, Lewes, Norwich, Parley

Heath, Hants, and Coombe Martin, North Devon. I have

never taken this species myself; it occurs on the wild

scabious in July and August.

83. Andrena cingulata, Fab.

Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 8390 (Nomada); Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 32.

Head and thorax black, clothed with whitish hairs, the

pubescence in the gs longer than in the 2; vertex of the

head, and face above the antenne very closely punctured.

Clypeus largely punctured, white in the 3g, with the

apical margin narrowly and two small discal spots,

black ; the face at the sides of the clypeus also white in

this sex. 2 with a line of short velvety pubescence near

the inner margin of tle eye. Antenne fulvous beneath,

towards the apex, in both sexes. Mesothorax slightly shin-

ing, punctured. Metathorax finely rugose. Abdomen

closely punctured, the basal segment, except the extreme

apex, and the 4th and following segments, except a spot on

TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1882.—PaRT II. (JULY.) 2H

234 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

each side of the base of the 4th, black, the remainder bright

red; 4th and following segments with an apical fringe of

pale hairs; those of the 5th and 6th in the 2 brownish,

and the 6th and 7th in the g more or less golden; seg-

ments beneath with pale apical fringes. Legs in the ¢

with white hairs, in the ? with brown, scope dense and

brown. Length 8—9 mm.

Hab. Not uncommon, in the summer, on Veronica

chamedrys. There is no other species of the genus with

which it can be confounded, and the ¢ and ? in shape

are almost exactly alike.

Division II.

(2) 1. Apex of abdomen golden in both sexes .. .. albicans.

(1) 2. Apex of abdomen dark in both sexes.

(4) 3. Entire insect black; hairs of thorax in § and

hairs on under side of scope in ? alone pale.. pilipes.

(3) 4. Head and thorax clothed with brown hairs;

abdomen with pale hairs.

(6) 5. g, abdomen dull, not shining ; immaculate be-

neath; genitalia very large; apex of tibie

generally pale. 9, posterior tibie clear tes-

taceous ; clothed with golden hairs .. s-) abriceps.

(5) 6. g, abdomen more or less shining, sometimes

spotted with red on the 2nd segment; genitalia

small; tibie black. 9, posterior tibiz black,

clothed with pale yellowish hairs aie bimaculata.

4. Andrena albicans, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl., i., p. 94; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 37.

3. Black; face, legs, and sides of the thorax below

the wings and apex of the abdomen clothed with golden

brown hairs; mesothorax with the hairs darker and of a

redder brown; 6th segment above testaceous at the apex;

intermediate tarsi and posterior tibiz and tarsi testaceous,

except a more or less extended black spot on the tibia,

which occurs in many varieties.

Head closely punctured, about as wide as the thorax ;

antenne entirely black, reaching to about the apex of the

metathorax. Mesothorax closely and coarsely punctured ;

metathorax with a well defined clathrately rugose basal

area, sides of the metathorax beyond it finely rugose,

and densely hairy. Abdomen shining, strongly and

rather closely punctured ; apical portions of the 2nd and

British Hymenoptera. 235

following segments impressed ; segments beneath punc-

tured, fimbriated at the apex.

?. Black; thorax and apex of the body clothed with

bright red hairs; intermediate tarsi and posterior tibiz

ae tarsi clear testaceous, densely clothed with golden

airs.

Head deeply and closely punctured; face with white

hairs, and a line of velvety pale pubescence near the

inner margin of each eye. Mesothorax largely and

closely punctured, but so densely covered with hairs

that the puncturation is seen with difficulty. Meta-

thorax with a well defined basal area, as in the 3.

Abdomen slightly shining, strongly punctured; 1st, 2nd,

and 38rd segments glabrous or nearly so, except at the

sides; 5th and 6th densely clothed with golden-red hairs;

6th with the disk of the glabrous central portion tri-

angularly raised; segments beneath punctured, with pale

apical fringes. Length 10—11 mm.

Hab. Very common in April and May, and generally

distributed; it is one of quite the early spring bees;

the ? is distinct from any other species by the bright

red apex of the abdomen; the 3 is like several others in

general appearance, but the testaceous apex of the

abdomen and the clear yellow tibie in most cases will

distinguish it; while the clathrate basal area of the

metathorax and the strongly punctured abdomen are

unfailing structural characters.

5. Andrena pilipes, Fab.

Fab., Species Ins., i., p. 474; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 34.

Black, clothed with black hairs; pubescence of the

thorax in the 3 griseous, and the hairs on the under

side of the posterior femora and the outside of the scope

in ? white. Wings smoky brown, with their apical

margins darker.

Head and thorax rugosely punctured in the ¢,

the latter rather more remotely in the 2. Face of

the g very densely covered with long black hairs.

Clypeus in the @ strongly and rugosely punctured.

Metathorax in both sexes with a triangular clathrate

inclosure at the base. Abdomen subelongate in the 3,

suboval in the ¢, rather irregularly and rugosely pune-

tured ; apex of each segment, except the 1st, impressed,

236 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

the impressed portion punctured; 5th and 6th in the ?,

and 6th and 7th in the # densely covered with black

hairs; beneath, the segments of the $ are shining, of

the ¢ dull and densely punctured. Length 12—15 mm.

Hab. Not common; appearing sometimes as early

as April, and found in August on flowers of Rubus,

thistles, &ce. Southend, Darenth, Shirley Common,

Sidmouth, Norwich, Hastings, Chobham, Sourne-

mouth, &e.

I do not think this species can be confounded with any

other. Much worn specimens of the 3g of thoracica

sometimes rather resemble it, but the enclosed clathrate

space on the metathorax and the punctured apical

impressions of the abdominal segments will distinguish

the present species easily.

6. Andrena atriceps, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 70; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 43. Stylopized ¢ = Mouffetella,

Kirby.

Thorax clothed with brown hairs. Face in the $ with

brown mixed with black, in the @ with whitish, hairs.

Abdomen clothed with pale hairs. Both sexes with a

clathrate enclosure at the base of the metathorax. 9? with

the posterior tibie and tarsi clear testaceous. Scope

golden.

&. Head punctured and longitudinally strigose above

the antenne; face densely clothed with brown hairs,

more or less mixed with black. Mandibles simple at the

base. Antenne reaching not quite to the apex of the

metathorax. Thorax densely clothed with rather pale

brown hairs; mesothorax irregularly and deeply punc-

tured; metathorax clathrately rugose at the base.

Abdomen elongate-ovate, rather densely clothed with

upright pale hairs; the hairs of the 5th and 6th segments

mixed with black; each segment, except the 1st, im-

pressed at the apex, and with a very narrow apical band

of shghtly paler hairs; apical segment clothed with

brown hairs. Surface finely punctured, scarcely shining.

Beneath with posterior margins of the segments narrowly

testaceous, fringed with longish hairs; genitalia very

large. Legs black; the tibiew of the posterior pair

generally more or less testaceous towards the apex (but

this is not a constant character) ; tarsi testaceous.

British Hymenoptera. 237

@. Generally larger than the ¢, and, as in other

species of the genus, wider. Face clothed with pale

greyish pubescence more or less mixed with black at the

extreme sides. Thorax punctured as in the ¢, but

clothed, in fresh examples, with bright brown hairs on

the mesothorax and scutellum, and paler hairs round

the margins. Metathorax with a well-defined basal

area, largely clathrate within, and bounded by a raised

line. Abdomen shining, black, punctured, clothed with

short, somewhat adpressed, ochreous-grey hairs, apical

fimbria black ; the glabrous exposed portion of the apical

segment slightly and triangularly raised and rugose in

the middle, round the edges shining and smooth. Seg-

ments beneath each with a slight central longitudinal

depression, strongly punctured, with pale apical fimbria ;

posterior femora clothed with white hairs, floccus white ;

posterior tibiz and tarsi clear testaceous, clothed with

golden hairs. Length 13—15 mm.

Hab. A very common species in the spring.

Mouffetella, K., is a stylopized var. of the ¢. This

species is most closely allied to bimaculata, but the

clear testaceous hind tibie of the ?, and the dull

densely clothed abdomen and the large genitalia of

the ¢, will readily distinguish it. The sectional cha-

racter of the rugose basal area of the metathorax will

at once separate it from nigro-enea and others of that

group with which it has a strong general resemblance.

7. Andrena bimaculata, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. u., p. 115; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 47 = decorata, Smith = vitrea, Smith.

Black; face clothed with sooty hairs, or brown hairs

with sooty hairs mixed. Thorax with brown hairs.

Metathorax with an enclosed rugose basal area. Abdo-

men in both sexes often with two dull red spots on the

2nd segment beneath; ¢ often with the apex of the

basal segment, and sometimes of the 2nd, red above.

Scope of ¢ with pale yellowish hairs. Legs of 3 en-

tirely black.

3. Head deeply punctured, and densely covered on

the face with long black hairs, or in some varieties with

brown hairs mixed with black. Mandibles simple at the

base. Antenne reaching to not quite the apex of the

238 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

metathorax. Thorax clothed with dull greyish brown

hairs. Mesothorax strongly punctured. Metathorax

largely and clathrately rugose at the base. Wings clear,

with a slight cloud along their apical margins, nervures

pale. Abdomen somewhat elongate and rather shining,

finely punctured, clothed with short greyish hairs ; basal

and following segments impressed along their apical

margins, the impressions bearing rather denser bands of

pale hairs, apical fimbria golden brown. Segments

beneath finely and remotely punctured, fringed with long

hairs, and ciliated with fine and very short hairs at their

apical margin. Legs entirely black, clothed with greyish

brown hairs.

?. Head clothed with dark sooty or brown hairs,

longitudinally strigose, and punctured above the an-

tenne. Thorax clothed with brown hairs, strongly

punctured. Metathorax as in the ¢, the basal area

triangular, enclosed by a well-defined raised line. Abdo-

men ovate, shining, finely and irregularly punctured,

clothed somewhat sparingly with rather long pale hairs ;

5th and 6th segments densely with black hairs. Apical

portions of all the segments impressed ; glabrous por-

tion of the 6th dorsal segment raised in the centvre ;

beneath finely and closely punctured, segments with

long hairs, and with fine short apical ciliations. Legs

clothed with black-brown hairs. Scopze pale fulvous-

brown. Length 183—16 mm.

Hab. Local but not rare in some places. Norwich

and Chobham (spring brood); Norwich, Southwold,

Bournemouth, Sidmouth, Shirley, and Windsor (autumn

brood).

I have not the slightest doubt that these three so-called

species are varieties of one. Bimaculata appears in

April, and is taken, like most of the other spring bees,

on sallows. Decorata and vitrea appear in August, and

are taken on Rubus. The only character I know by

which the autumn brood (decorata) can be known from

the spring brood (bimaculata) is the paler pubescence of

the face, and the want of the two spots on the 2nd

abdominal segment beneath in the #, but as the 2

differs greatly in both broods as to colour, the constancy

in this respect of the g of one brood does not seem to

me sufficient for a specific character. I have sent speci-

mens to Professor Perez, of Bordeaux, who tells me that

British Hymenoptera. 239

the species occurs there (also double-brooded), and that

he has always considered them identical; vitrea is only

a narrower form of the autumn brood; (for its affinities

with atriceps see notes on preceding species).

Division III.

(6) 1. g; abdomen more or less red, or at least with the

: apical margins of the segments pale; in one

species with the cheeks spinose or angulated at

the base of the mandibles ; mandibles simple ;

antenne in some, reaching to the apex of the

metathorax. 9; abdomen more or less red

at the base, or with the apical valve simple,

not triangularly raised in the centre; seg-

ments with paler hairs at the apex ; scope dark

brown.

(3) 2. g; antenne short, not reaching beyond the

scutellum. 9; abdomen strongly punctured florea.

(2) 3. g; antenne reaching to the apex of meta-

thorax. 9; abdomen finely rugulose, not

strongly punctured.

(5) 4. 3; apical ventral valve entire; cheeks suns

@; dorsal valve not punctured . one - 108@.

(4) 5. 3; apical ventral valve deeply bias cieala

angulated or spinose. 23 dorsal valve aeecly

punctured ae an . Trimmerana.

(1) 6. g ; abdomen without red or pale meee an-

tenne not reaching to the apex of the meta-

thorax ; cheeks simple ; mandibles often toothed

atthe base. 9 ; abdomen without red markings,

shining, polished, or densely clothed with long

hairs, or, if with paler apical bands, then with

the apical dorsal valve triangularly raised in

the centre.

(12) 7. Species large; abdomen blue-black or deep black,

polished and shining in both sexes ; mandibles

simple in g; tarsi, at least the basal joint,

black ; scopse of 9 black.

(9) 8. Abdomen blue-black a se ae -. cineraria.

(8) 9. Abdomen deep black.

11) 10. Face and under side with black hairs .. .. thoracica.

10) 11. Face and under side with white hairs .. . nitida.

) 12. Species large or medium-sized; abdomen nal

polished and shining, except in some smaller

species ; mandibles often dentate in the g;

scope of 9 black, brown, or fulvous.

(16) 13. g with a narrow basal mandibular tooth, or with

the 8rd joint of the antenne as long as the

4th and 5th together. 9; abdomen densely

clothed with red or black hairs.

(15) 14. g; mandibles toothed at the base. 9 ; abdomen

clothed with fulyous-red hairs . F . fulva.

(14) 15. g; mandibles pele: oS ee islisthied

with black hairs . dc 5 ae -» Clarkella.

240 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

(13) 16. g; mandibles simple or with a wide triangular

basal tooth ; 3rd joint of the antenne not nearly

so long as the 4th and 5th together. 9 with

the abdomen not densely clothed either with

red or black hairs.

(22) 17. g'; mandibles simple; face clothed with black or

brown hairs. 9; scope fulvous or golden.

(21) 18. Posterior tibia in 9 dark, with fulvous hairs.

(20) 19. Species large; face in g with brown hairs, or

mixed with black. 9 with black mixed with

brown oe a a ac nigro-enea.

(19) 20. Species small; face in both sexes clothed with

black hairs sc ae ie .. Gwynana and bicolor.

(18) 21. Posterior tibize in ? clear testaceous .. -. angustior.

(17) 22. g; mandibles toothed outwardly, or face with

pale pubescence. 9 ; scopz brown or ochreous.

(26) 23. Face in g\ with white hairs; mandibles with a

large wide tooth at the base; hairs of the

thorax in ? dull ochreous-brown ; abdomen

densely covered with ochreous-brown hairs.

(25) 24. Larger. with the mandibular tooth simply

triangular. © with the third antennal joint

longer than the next two together

(24) 25. Smaller. with the mandibular tooth wide

and dilated, blunt at the apex. 9 with the 3rd

antennal joint only just as long as the next

two together ee an A 45

(23) 26. Face in 3 with pale hairs ; mandibles with only

a small basal tooth. 9 ; hairs of thorax bright

fulvous-brown ; abdomen not densely hairy, or

with fulvous-brown hairs at the base, and the

apex black.

(28) 27. g\; vertex of head subquadrate ; mandibles only

angulated at the base. 9 with the hairs of

the abdomen more or less white sis -- helvola.

(27) 28. g; vertex of head not subquadrate. 9 without

white hairs on the abdomen.

(380) 29. g with the mandibular tooth shorter; 3rd sub-

marginal cell less narrowed above. 9; scope

black-brown be 36 3 2c -. varians.

(29) 30. g with the mandibular tooth longer; 3rd sub-

marginal cell more narrowedabove. 9 ; scope

fulvous-brown oe sc 50 3

lapponica.

precox.

fucata.

8. Andrena florea, Fab.

Fab., Ent. Syst. ii., p. 308; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 80.

Head and thorax black, in the ¢ with ochreous hairs,

in the @ with brownish hairs. Wings slightly dusky.

Abdomen black, closely and distinctly punctured ; 1st and

2nd segments more or less red at the apex. Scope of

British Hymenoptera. 241

? dark brown above. Antenneof ¢ not reaching to the

scutellum, 4th joint shorter than 8rd.

3. Head and thorax clothed with ochreous hairs.

Clypeus largely punctured. Antenne short, not reach-

ing to the scutellum, 4th joint not more than half as

long as 8rd. Vertex punctured, rather quadrate. Meso-

thorax with its surface dull, very finely rugulose, dis-

tantly and finely punctured ; metathorax finely rugose.

Abdomen shining, subovate ; Ist segment scarcely punc-

tured, the following segments deeply and distinctly ;

segments narrowly impressed and testaceous at the

apex; 1st and 2nd with a red apical band; apical

segment clothed with short brown hairs. Abdomen

beneath clothed with long pale hairs, segments with

rather long apical fringes of golden ciliz. Legs with

brownish hairs.

@. Larger and wider thanthe ¢. Head and thorax

clothed with brown hairs ; thorax more closely punctured

than in the ¢; puncturation of the abdomen fine and

deep, and closer than in the g, all the segments nar-

rowly impressed and testaceous at the apex, the Ist

and 2nd with a more or less extensive red apical band,

8rd and 4th with an apical line of golden hairs; anal

fimbria brown-black ; beneath punctured, segments with

long apical fimbrie. Femora and tibie beneath with

pale hairs, scope on their outer surfaces and the tarsi

clothed with dark black-brown hairs. Length 11—

12 mm.

Hab. Not acommon species ; it occurs in June, and

is very partial to the Bryony. I have taken it pretty

freely at Chobham ; it has also been taken at Highgate

and Weybridge; Blackwater, Hants; Bideford and Ilfra-

combe, N. Devon.

The short antenne of the ¢ and the punctured body

of the 2 will separate this species at once from rose;

the dark scope and sculpture of the metathorax from

bimaculata.

9. Andrena rose, Panz.

Panz., Faun. Germ., 74, 10.

= austriaca, Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 27

(nec Panz. ?)

Black. Antenne in the ¢ reaching to the 1st abdo-

minal segment; both sexes with one or more of the

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.-—PART II. (JULY.) 21

242 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

abdominal segments red at the apex. Abdomen of the

? very finely rugulose, not distinctly punctured ; apical

dorsal valve not punctured at the apex, and its margin

not reflexed. Wings slightly brownish.

3. Black; face sparingly clothed with brown hairs.

Clypeus largely and deeply punctured, its anterior mar-

gin emarginate and somewhat reflexed. Antenne reach-

ing to the base of the abdomen, each joint of the

flagellum curved. Vertex punctured, face above the

antenne finely strigose. Mesothorax shining, sparingly

clothed with ochreous-brown hairs, clearly but not closely

punctured; basal area of the metathorax finely rugose

at the base, shining towards the apex, sides finely rugose

and punctured, and clothed with long hairs. Abdomen

shining, subelongate, clearly punctured, each segment

with a narrow red or testaceous apical band, the 3rd and

following segments with a line of pale hairs at the apex ;

2nd with a few pale hairs on the disk ; beneath sparsely

punctured and clothed with long hairs, 3rd and follow-

ing segments ciliated at the apex, apex of 8th segment

entire. Legs clothed with pale brownish hairs; tarsi

piceous.

@. Head and thorax clothed with ochreous-brown or

reddish brown hairs, those on the face above the antenne

darker. Mesothorax finely and sparsely punctured ;

metathorax as in the g. Abdomen ovate, very finely

rugulose, but scarcely punctured, except on the 5th seg-

ment; 1st and 2nd segments more or less red at the

apex, the sides of the 2nd also in the bright varieties

red ; the abdomen in some varieties is rather densely

clothed with pale hairs, and all the segments bear dis-

tinct apical fringes, and are slightly punctured; in the

brighter varieties there is generally less pubescence ;

anal fimbria dark brown; apical dorsal valve simple, and

not punctured towards the apex. Abdomen beneath

punctured, red at the base, clothed with long pale hairs.

Legs clothed with dark brown hairs ; femora and scope

beneath with pale hairs. Length 11—13 mm.

Hab. This is a rare species. I took it last year at

Bournemouth off Rubus in company with bimaculata,

and it has occurred at Shirley, Reigate, Hastings, Ilfra-

combe, and Sidmouth.

Its nearest ally is T'’rimmerana, but the impunctate

simple dorsal valve of the 6th segment in the ¢, and

British Hymenoptera. 248

the entire ventral valve of the 8th segment in the 3,

will distinguish it readily ; at the same time I should

not be surprised to find it some day admitted as the

autumn brood of T’rimmerana; (for its affinities with

jlorea see that species).

I have reverted to the name rose for this species,

as Panzer’s figure of austriaca appears to be in no

way like the ¢ here described, but to be probably that

of florea.

10. Andrena Trimmerana, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii., p. 116; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 46.

Var. spinigera, Kirby, Smith, &c. = eximia, Smith.

Stylopized var. = picicornis, Kirby, Smith, &c. = pi-

cupes, Kirby, Smith, &c. ?

Thorax clothed with brown hairs ; face in the ¢ either

with black or brown hairs, in the @ with brown ; cheeks

at the base of the mandibles in the ¢ often spinose ; base

of the abdomen in either sex sometimes more or less

red, apical dorsal valve of ¢ closely punctured, its

margins slightly reflexed; apical ventral valve of ¢

deeply emarginate ; scope of 2 brown-black, pale be-

neath.

3. Black; face densely clothed with brown hairs

(Trimmerana true), or with longer black hairs (spinigera) ;

cheeks at the base of the mandibles merely angulated

(Trimmerana), or produced into a long spine (spinigera).

Antenne reaching to the apex of the metathorax, the

joints arcuate. Mesothorax finely punctured, clothed

with brown hairs ; metathorax with its basal area finely

rugose at the base. Abdomen very finely punctured, and

clothed with long hairs, especially on the disk of the

1st and 2nd segments ; apex of each segment narrowly

impressed and testaceous, in some varieties with the

whole of the 2nd, and part of the Ist and 3rd, red ;

beneath clothed with long hairs, apex of each segment

ciliated, apex of the 8th largely and deeply emarginate.

Legs clothed with brownish hairs.

@. Head and thorax clothed with brown hairs, sculp-

tured, &c., much as in the g, but without any spine on

the cheek. Abdomen black, with the extreme apices of

the segments piceous (Z'rimmerana), or with Ist, 2nd,

and 8rd segments mere or less red (spinigera) ; each

244 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

segment with an apical band of paler hairs, although in

the bright varieties the pubescence is much less abundant.

Apical fimbria brown-black ; apical dorsal valve strongly

and closely punctured, its margins slightly reflexed ;

segments beneath clothed with short black hairs, and

fringed with long pale apical hairs. Legs clothed

with black-brown hairs; scope pale beneath. Length

10—15 mm.

Hab. Var. Trimmerana very common in the spring,

April, &c., and generally distributed. Var. Spinigera

rare; it has occurred, however, at Reigate, Canterbury,

Ventnor, Exeter, Highgate, Tunbridge Wells, Hastings,

Ksher, Barham, &c.

Of this species there are certainly two distinct races,

Trimmerana true and spinigera, and hitherto they have

always been considered as species. Prof. Perez, however,

considers them as only varieties, and I have quite come

to the conclusion that he is right—the length of the

spine on the cheek of the $ varies exceedingly, from a

mere angular projection to a spine of one-tenth of an

inch long. Last spring my brother sent me a lot of

specimens from Canterbury; there were amongst them

many ¢ Trimmerana, several g spinigera, and two ?

spinigera, but no g T'rimmerana; all these were caught

off the same sallow. At Ventnor, in 1880, I took several

S$ spinigera, but no 2, only 2? Trimmerana. Here on

Wandsworth Common I find g and 2? Trimmerana

abundant. These facts are not, I know, conclusive, but

the want of any structural character by which to dis-

tinguish the females of the two varieties apart, is, | think,

a strong argument in favour of there being but one species,

with a dimorphic ¢. F. Smith used to consider only the

highly coloured females as spinigera; but I have inter-

mediate varieties between them and the ordinary

Trimmerana which, I think, no one could refer with

certainty to either.

Picicornis is only a stylopized form of the above, and

I believe I am right in referring picipes also to it.

11. Andrena cineraria, Linn.

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., vol. i., p. 575; Smith, Cat.

Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 38.

Blue-black; pubescence grey; scope of ¢? black;

wings with an apical cloud,

British Hymenoptera. 245

3. Head and thorax densely clothed with cinereous

hairs, those of the face white. Antenne reaching

to the scutellum. Thorax with an indistinct transverse

line of black hairs between the wings. Abdomen shining,

blue-black ; 2nd and following segments impressed along

the apex; 1st segment, and 2nd segment as far as the

apical impression, finely punctured and clothed with grey

- hairs; remaining segments punctured, except on their

apical impressions, and clothed with short black hairs ;

sides and apex with a few long white hairs ; segments

beneath fringed with long white hairs; tibiz clothed with

black hairs.

?. Face and thorax with greyish white hairs; a

wide black central transverse band on the latter. Ab-

domen ovate, somewhat shining, blue-black, very finely

punctured; apical fringe black. Legs densely clothed

with black hairs, except the front femora, which are

fringed with white hairs. Segments beneath fringed

with black hairs, having a few white ones towards each

side. Length 11—14 mm.

Hab. Not uncommon, and widely distributed. Abun-

dantly distinct from all our other species.

12. Andrena thoracica, Fab.

Fab., Ent. Syst. i., p. 328; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 34.

Head clothed with black hairs. Thorax with bright

fulvous-brown hairs above, black beneath. Abdomen

black, shining, clothed above and beneath, as also the

legs, with black hairs.

3. Vertex of the head rugosely punctured, and

clothed along its posterior margin with brown hairs.

Antenne reaching to about the scutellum. Thorax

rugosely punctured, but the hairs are so dense that it is

difficult to see the actual surface. Abdomen very shining

and finely punctured, the 2nd and following segments

impressed along the apex; surface clothed with short

black hairs; apex of abdomen and segments beneath

fringed with long black hairs, segments impressed at

the base. Legs with black hairs.

? only differs from the ¢ in the stout build and usual

sexual characters, short antenne, in having the 1st and

2nd abdominal segments glabrous and more finely punc-

tured and the segments beneath not impressed at the base.

246 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

Legs and the scope densely clothed with black hairs.

Length 13—16 mm.

Hab. Common but local, and variable in time of

appearance. I have taken it in April and August.

13. Andrena nitida, Foure.

Foure., Ent. Par., No. 2; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

Qnd ed., p. 35.

Black; face clothed with whitish hairs. Thorax with

bright fulvous-brown hairs above, with whitish hairs

below. Abdomen shining in the g, clothed above with

pale ochreous hairs; in the 2 with a lateral patch of

ochreous hairs on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd segments,

apical fimbria black; under side and legs in ¢, under

side and femora only in ?, clothed with pale hairs ;

posterior tibiz and tarsi densely clothed with black

hairs.

3. Head rugosely punctured on the vertex; face

clothed with whitish hairs, margined with black hairs

along the eyes; vertex with a few fulvous hairs. An-

tenn reaching to the scutellum. Thorax densely clothed

with fulvous-brown hairs; mesothorax closely punctured ;

metathorax finely rugose. Abdomen elongate-ovate,

shining, punctured, apex of each segment, except the 1st,

rather widely impressed ; surface sparingly clothed with

pale hairs; beneath clothed with pale hairs, apical seg-

ment entire. Legs brownish black, clothed with pale

hairs.

@. Face clothed with short white hairs, those above

the antenne and along the eyes black, those on the

vertex fulvous. Thorax as in the 3’, although the colour

of the pubescence is brighter and richer. Abdomen

widely ovate, black, shining, finely and clearly punctured,

the 8rd and 4th segments at the base only; 1st, 2nd,

and 8rd segments glabrous on the disk, but with a

lateral patch of pale pubescence on each side; 4th with

a few black hairs; apical fimbria black, densely clothing

the 5th and 6th segments; apical dorsal valve punctured,

its edges slightly raised; beneath punctured, clothed

with long pale hairs, mixed with black. Femora clothed

with long white hairs; intermediate and posterior tibie

and tarsi with brownish black, posterior tibiz with pale

hairs beneath. Length 12—14 mm.

British Hymenoptera. 247

Hab. Very common in spring, and generally distri-

buted. Could only be confounded with thoracica, from

which the pale pubescence of the head and under side,

and femora, &c., at once distinguish it.

14. Andrena fulva, Schrank.

Schrank., Enum. Ins. Austr., p. 400; Smith, Cat.

Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 38.

Face of 3 with white hairs, of 2? with black. 3% man-

dibles very long and curved, toothed outwardly at the

base. Thorax densely and abdomen more sparingly

clothed with bright brown hairs. Posterior tarsi and

extreme apex of tibie pale. @ entirely clothed with

bright red hairs above; beneath and legs with black

hairs. Wings clear in both sexes, recurrent nervure

received near the apex of the 2nd submarginal cell.

3. Black; head wide; face clothed with white hairs,

mixed with pale brown hairs and a few black ones,

vertex with pale brown hairs. Antenne reaching to the

scutellum. Mandibles very long, pointed, and curved,

base outwardly with a sharp tooth, narrow at its base.

Thorax densely clothed with bright brown hairs; basal

area of metathorax very finely rugose. Abdomen

elongate-oval, slightly shining, finely punctured, except

towards the apices of the segments; clothed with golden

brown hairs, which are longest on the 1st and 2nd

segments; beneath sparsely punctured, apex of each

segment with a fringe of long golden brown hairs, apical

ventral segment truncate and testaceous at its apex.

Legs clothed with golden brown hairs, posterior tarsi

and the apical joints of the anterior and intermediate

tarsi testaceous.

?. Head densely clothed with black hairs. Thorax

with bright, darkred hairs above, black beneath. Abdomen

above rather paler as to its pubescence than the thorax,

but very densely clothed with it; the apex of the 5th and

the 6th segments clothed with black hairs; under side

and legs clothed with black hairs; calcaria and apices of

the tarsi pale testaceous. Length 12—14 mm.

Hab. Common in many places in the London district

and elsewhere, but apparently local. The ? is unlike

every other British bee; the ¢ resembles T'rimmerana as

much as any species, but the white hairs of the face and

the tooth on the base of the mandibles will separate it

at once.

248 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

15. Andrena Clarkella, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. i1., p.180; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 39.

Black; faceinthe ¢ clothed with pale brown hairs, in

? with black. 8rd jointof antenne in g equal to the 4th

and 5th together. Thorax in both sexes clothed with brown

hairs, which are of a brighter colour in the 2. Abdomen

sparingly clothed with short brownish hairs in the 3,

densely with black hairs in the ¢. Tarsi often pale in

the g; posterior tibie and tarsi in the ? clear testaceous ;

scope golden; apical ventral valve of 3 parallel-sided,

rounded at the apex. Wings clear in both sexes, cloudy

towards the apex, nervures pale; recurrent nervure

received near the apex of the 2nd submarginal cell.

3. Face clothed with pale brown hairs, margined

with black along the eyes. Mandibles rather long, but

not pointed, with a tooth close to the apex, base simple.

Antenne reaching to about the scutellum, 3rd joint very

long, almost as long as the 4th and 5th together, 4th

considerably shorter than 5th. Thorax clothed with

brown hairs, intermixed with a few black ones on the

sides of the metathorax and below the wings. Abdomen

suboval, slightly shining, very finely and remotely punce-

tured, and sparingly clothed with ochreous hairs, the

posterior margins of the segments pale, apex clothed

with pale golden hairs; beneath punctured, apex of

each segment pale, and densely ciliated with short golden

hairs; apical ventral valve parallel-sided, rounded at

the apex. Legs clothed with pale golden hairs, apex of

the posterior tibiez and tarsi often testaceous.

@. Head densely clothed with black hairs. Thorax

above clothed with fulvous-brown hairs, beneath with

black. Abdomen densely clothed with black hairs, in some

varieties with a band of paler hairs on each segment ;

apical dorsal valve triangularly raised in the middle;

under side and legs clothed with black hairs; posterior

tibie and tarsi clear testaceous, clothed with golden

hairs. Length 11—13 mm.

Hab. One of the very early spring bees, but not gene-

rally common. Norwich, Hampstead Heath, Hastings,

Glanville’s Wootton, Dorset, Scotland, &c.

The ? is quite distinct by its densely hairy black body

from all the other species; the ¢ is most like that of

mgroénea, but the long 8rd joint of the antenne will

British Hymenoptera. 249

readily separate it from that species, as well as the

position of the recurrent nervure in the 2nd submarginal

cell, which in nigroenea is received. nearly in the

middle.

16. Andrena nigroenea, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii., p. 109; Smith, Cat.

Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 45. Stylopised ¢ = aprilina,

Smith.

Black, densely clothed with brown hairs. Face in 3

with long brown hairs, or black hairs mixed with brown.

Antenne reaching to the post-scutellum. Abdomen

shining; genitalia small; apical ventral valve entire ;

?, abdomen densely clothed with short hairs; apical

fimbria black; dorsal valve flat, punctured; scope

bright fulvous; tarsi with black-brown hairs. Wings

clear, with testaceous nervures.

3. Face densely clothed with black and brown

hairs mixed, or brown in the centre surrounded with

black; above the antenne, between the eyes, longitudi-

nally rugose. Antenne reaching to the post-scutellum,

its joints subarcuate ; cheeks simple. Mesothorax, when

seen through the dense brown hairs that clothe it,

rugosely but not deeply punctured; metathorax finely

rugose ; basal area finely rugose throughout. Abdomen

subovate, shining, finely punctured, and clothed densely

on the first four segments with brown hairs, on the last

three with black; apical margins of the 2nd and following

segments shining and polished; beneath with the seg-

ments densely fringed with long hairs, apical valve

truncate, entire; genitalia small. Legs clothed with

fulvous-brown hairs.

2. Pubescence of head and thorax as in the 3,

although that on the thorax is generally rather of a

richer colour. Abdomen finely and closely punctured,

and densely clothed with ochreous-brown hairs, often

more or less fulvous on the first four segments, the

pubescence at the apex of each segment rather paler ;

5th and 6th segments clothed with black hairs; apical

dorsal valve simple and punctured; beneath with the

segments glabrous on their basal half, punctured and

densely clothed with fulvous hairs on their apical half,

and with a long apical fringe; anterior and intermediate

legs clothed with brown hairs, posterior femora and

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRtT Il. (JULY.) 2k

250 Mr. BE. Saunders’ Synopsis of

tibiee with bright fulvous, tarsi with dark brown. Length

11—14 mm.

Hab. A common species in spring, April and May.

I do not think this species can well be confounded

with others; it is most like atriceps, but the clear testa-

ceous tibiz of the ? in that species and the clathrate

basal area of the metathorax in both sexes at once

distinguish it; the bright fulvous scope separate the ?

from that sex of Trimmerana and its allies, and the

short antenne the g¢. I have been able, through the

kindness of Mr. C. W. Dale, to examine the type of

aprilina, Smith, which is only a stylopised form of

the 3 of the above.

17. Andrena Gwynana, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii., p. 120; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 40.

Black ; face in both sexes densely clothed with black

hairs; mandibles in g simple. Thorax with ochreous-

brown hairs in the ¢, dark fulvous-brown in the °.

Abdomen finely punctured, shining, and unbanded in ¢;

clothed with pale pubescence at the apex of the 1st, 2nd,

and 8rd segments in ¢; scope fulvous; 3g, anal ventral

valve rounded at the apex.

3. Head about the width of the thorax or slightly

wider, clothed with black hairs, largely punctured on the

clypeus and face. Antenne reaching to the scutellum.

Thorax clothed with ochreous-brown hairs above, with

black beneath; metathorax finely rugose. Abdomen

shining, finely punctured, the segments much impressed

at the apex, the impressions more shining and not

punctured ; basal segment and sides of the 2nd clothed

with long pale hairs, the rest with short black ones ;

those at the apex of the abdomen brownish; beneath

clothed with long black hairs; pubescence of the legs of

the same colour as that on the thorax.

@. Head densely clothed with black hairs; punctured

as inthe g. Thorax densely clothed with bright fulvous-

brown hairs above, black beneath. Abdomen very finely

rugulose, shining, and very finely punctured; 1st and

2nd segments clothed with pale fulvous hairs, 3rd and

following with black hairs, 3rd at the apex with pale

fulvous; anal dorsal valve punctured, its centre tri-

angularly raised; beneath with the apex of each segment

British Hymenoptera. 251

punctured and clothed with long black hairs, and also

having a slight central depression noticeable only in

certain positions. Legs clothed with black hairs;

posterior femora beneath, and scope with bright fulvous

hairs ; tarsi with brown-black hairs. Length 9—11 mm.

Hab. A common species in spring, and generally

_ distributed.

The only species with which it is likely to be con-

founded is the following, as the black-haired face and

simple mandibles of the 3, and the fulvous scope of the

? distinguish it from the other small species of this

group.

18. Andrena bicolor, Fab.

Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 876; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

Qnd ed., p. 41.

Differs only from Gwynana in the following points :—

The ¢ has the abdomen more strongly punctured and

rather less hairy, and the apical ventral valve pale and

more truncate, sometimes emarginate, at the apex; the

pubescence paler.

The @ is rather smaller, with the apical fimbria pale

brown, the abdomen rather more punctured, and the

pubescence beneath pale, not black. Length 9—10 mm.

Hab. This species occurs in July and August. I have

taken it at Hastings, Chobham, Southwold, and Little-

hampton. F. Smith says that it frequents the flowers

of the mallow. I fancy that it is only the second brood

of Gwynana, but the $ certainly is distinct by its much

stronger puncturation.

19. Andrena angustior, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii., p. 122; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 52.

@. Very like bicolor in many respects, but differing in

the slightly longer, clear testaceous posterior tibie ; the

face clothed with pale ochreous hairs; thorax with

fulvous hairs; abdomen finely rugulose, the segments

widely impressed and pale at the apex; dorsal apical

valve smooth, its centre raised, but not triangularly ;

apical fimbria brown; scope golden.

I do not know the 3, and F'. Smith’s description does

not give any characters to distinguish it from its allies.

Hab, Hampstead, Norwich, &c.; appears in May,

252 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

20. Andrena lapponica, Zett.

Zett., Ins. Lapp., p. 460; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 49 = apicatus, Sm., Zool. v., p. 1748.

Black: clothed in the g with griseous-brown, in the ?

with ochreous-brown hairs; face in the ¢ with white

hairs; mandibles produced outwardly into a triangular

tooth at the base. Abdomen shining, first two segments

covered with grey hairs. ?, abdomen dull, clothed with

long hairs; apical dorsal valve raised in a triangular

form in the middle; scope brown.

3. Black; face clothed with long white hairs, sur-

rounded with black hairs on the sides and vertex;

mandibles long, armed at the base outwardly with a

triangular tooth. Antenne reaching to about the scu-

tellum, 8rd joint very narrow at the base. Thorax

clothed with brownish grey hairs, paler round the edges;

mesothorax dull, very finely and distinctly punctured ;

metathorax finely rugose at the sides, basal area dull

and smoother. Abdomen shining, subelongate; 1st and

2nd segments clothed with grey hairs; 8rd, 4th, and 5th

with only a few scattered hairs; 6th and 7th clothed

with golden brown hairs; segments beneath punctured,

except at their bases, posterior margins ciliated. Legs

clothed with grey hairs; apical ventral segment rounded

at the apex.

@. Very like that of Trimmerana, but differing in the

following characters :—Antenne decidedly shorter, 3rd

joint longer than the next two taken together, much

narrowed towards the base; pubescence longer, paler,

and not forming such regular apical bands on the

abdomen ; 2nd submarginal cell of the front wings with

the recurrent nervure received nearer the apex than in

Trimmerana ; apical dorsal valve not flat and punctured

as in that species, but triangularly raised in the centre,

its margins widely depressed. Legs with the pubescence

decidedly lighter, of a pale brown; femora and hind

tibiee internally clothed with pale ochreous hairs ;

beneath, the floceus of the hind femora is very much

larger and longer, and the abdomen much more densely

covered with hairs ; 2nd, 8rd, and 4th segments without

the transverse basal line observable in T'rummerana.

Length 12—15 mm.

Hab. This species has hitherto been rare in England,

but it has occurred at Moffat and at Bristol; and I took

British Hymenoptera. 253

several females last spring, and this spring, off sallows at

Hastings, in April. I suspect it is sometimes overlooked

for Trimmerana, from which it is, however, structurally

abundantly distinct. The ¢ closely resembles that of

precox, but its entire 8th abdominal segment, which is

rounded at the apex, its larger size, and much less

developed mandibular tooth will at once distinguish it.

The 8rd joint of the antennez in both sexes, with its very

narrow base, is a peculiar character in this species.

21. Andrena precox, Scop.

Scop., Ent. Carn., p. 301. Smithella, Kirby, Smith,

Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 48.

Face of the 3 above the clypeus with black hairs ;

clypeus clothed with white ; mandibles with a very large,

wide, triangular tooth at the base outwardly; apical ven-

tral segment emarginate ; pubescence obscure ochreous-

brown; tarsi piceous. 2, upper surface of the insect

entirely covered with ochreous-brown hairs; rather

brighter on the thorax; apical fimbria brown; scope

ochreous-brown.

3. Black; head finely and longitudinally rugose

above the antennz; face above the clypeus clothed with

black hairs, clypeus itself with white; sides of the face

and clypeus strongly and largely punctured ; mandibles

long and curved, produced at the base outwardly into a

large, triangular, flat tooth, blunt at the apex. Antenne

reaching to the post-scutellum ; 3rd and 5th joints sub-

equal in length, 4th rather shorter ; vertex of the head

deeply emarginate behind; the cheeks much produced

and angulated behind the eyes. Mesothorax dull, very

finely rugulose, clothed with obscure brown hairs ; basal

area of metathorax very finely rugulose, sides punctured

and rugulose. Abdomen rather shining, sparsely clothed

on the basal segment and the base of the 2nd with long

ochreous hairs, on the following with short hairs, apex

with long pale ochreous hairs; beneath with long hairs,

and the segments with golden apical ciliations, apical

ventral segment pale at the apex and emarginate. Legs

clothed with greyish brown hairs; tarsi piceous.

@. Face clothed with obscure ochreous-grey hairs

mixed with a few black ones; the clypeus finely

rugulose and largely punctured, its anterior margin

emarginate, but with its angles not produced; 38rd joint

254 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

of the antenne about equal in length to the 4th and 5th

together. Thorax and abdomen densely clothed with

pale ochreous-brown hairs. Apical fimbria black-brown ;

apical dorsal valve punctured, triangularly raised in the

centre ; segments beneath punctured at the apex, and

clothed with long pale hairs. Legs brown, clothed with

pale brown hairs. Length 8—10 mm.

Hab. Appears in April, and is not a rare species in

many places; Hastings, Canterbury, Chobham, Wey-

bridge, Wimbledon, Norwich, &c.

The ¢ is abundantly distinct by the obscure colour of

the pubescence, and the large dilated tooth at the base of

the mandibles; the ? is like a diminutive lappomeca,

but the shorter, stouter, 38rd joint of the antenne, only

equal to the next two joints in length, will distinguish

it structurally.

22. Andrena varians, Rossi.

Rossi, Mant. Ins., p- 317; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 43.

Face in the $ with pale hairs. Mandibles at the base

produced and angulated; ¢@, face with black hairs.

Thorax in both sexes with bright brown hairs. Abdomen

in g shining, two basal segments with a few long hairs ;

tarsi piceous. ¢; two basal segments clothed with

bright brown hairs, the rest with black. Scopx black-

brown; hairs beneath black. Wings clear, nervures

pale, apex slightly clouded.

$. Face above the clypeus clothed with pale brownish

hairs, clypeus itself with white. Mandibles at the base

outwardly with a triangular tooth. Antenne reaching

to the metathorax; 8rd joint slightly longer than the

4th ; 4th slightly shorter than the 5th. Vertex of the

head deeply emarginate posteriorly, but not so quadrate

as in the following. Mesothorax dull, very finely rugu-

lose, clothed with bright brown hairs. Metathorax with

rather paler hairs. Abdomen shining, elongate-oval ;

Ist and 2nd segments sparsely clothed with a few long

pale hairs ; the 38rd and 4th on the disk with short black

hairs, at the sides with longer pale ones; 6th and 7th

with pale golden hairs; beneath with the apices of the

segments pale testaceous, and clothed with long pale

hairs. Apical ventral valve more or less rounded at its

British Hymenoptera. 255

extremity. Legs clothed with pale hairs; tarsi tes-

taceous.

?. Face densely clothed with black hairs. Clypeus

strongly punctured, its anterior margin smooth, rather

reflexed, and slightly produced at the lateral angles.

Antenne with the 3rd joint longer than the 4th and 5th

together ; 6th slightly longer than 5th; 5th slightly longer

than 4th. Thorax densely covered with bright fulvous-

brown hairs. Abdomen with fulvous hairs on the 1st seg-

ment and on the disk of the 2nd ; the rest of the abdomen

above and below clothed with black hairs ; 6th segment

with its dorsal valve punctured, triangularly raised in

the middle. Legs clothed with dark brown hairs; pos-

terior femora, floccus, and scope beneath with pale hairs.

Length 9—11 mm.

Hab. A common species in April and May.

I have followed Smith, 1st edition ‘ Brit. Bees,’ im my

selection of a ¢ for this species. In the 2nd edition he

has reversed the views he held there, but I find that

Schenck and Dours both agree with him in his former

identification, and give the smaller-headed 3 with the

basal tooth to the mandibles to varians. Thomson, on

the other hand, gives it to helvola, making a third

species, angulosa. My own firm belief is that they are

all varieties of one species, and, if Smith’s observations

are correct, they quite bear out this view, as in his Ist

edition he says that he describes from a pair of varians

taken in coitu, giving the 3 here described to varians ; in

the 2nd edition he exactly reverses the males, and yet he

again observes that he is contrasting males that he has

taken in cottu.

23. Andrena helvola, Linn.

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed: x., vol.i1., p.575; Smith, Cat.

Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 42.

Whether this is distinct from the preceding or not has

been more or less a question with most authors. The

males certainly are different in appearance, but they are

different only in characters which might be the result of

development, the 2 only in colour. Such characters as

I am able to detect I give below.

3. Differs from that of varians in the larger, more

quadrate, vertex of the head, the lateral angles of which

256 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

are accordingly more produced backwards and farther

from the back of the eye; the mandibles are simple at

the base, and not produced into an angular tooth ; the

abdomen is rather wider and more pubescent, its surface

less shining, and more distinctly, though exceedingly

finely, rugulose ; lastly, the apical ventral segment is

truncate at its extremity. These may seem to be good

characters, still they all tend to vary in a long series.

The most characteristic are doubtless the large head and

simple mandibles, as in most cases where development

of the head takes place a character such as the basal

mandibular tooth would be developed too, whereas here

the reverse takes place, and the simple mandibles are

with the large-headed form.

?. Only differs, so far as I know, by the white

pubescence on the abdomen and face, which takes the

place of the black in varians ; still, however, the white

is often mixed with the black, sometimes more and some-

times less. I have one specimen which has no black

hairs on the abdomen at all, except on the two apical

segments, and taken alone it would stand as a really

good species. I have others with white hairs at the apex

of each segment, mixing with black towards the base ;

others again with only indications of white pubescence,

and this tendency to vary, unaccompanied, so far as I

can see, by any structural character, makes me very

doubtful as to the distinctness of the species.

24. Andrena fucata, Smith.

Smith, Zool. v., p. 1748; Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed.,

p- 54 = clypearis, Nyl.

This species is also closely allied to varians and helvola,

but the fulvous scope of the ¢ and the more strongly

dentate mandibles of the ¢ will serve to distinguish it.

$. The other characters which are worth notice

are its slightly longer antenne, the longer pube-

scence of the face, the shape of the 8rd submar-

ginal cell in the fore wings, which is more narrowed

above, its upper margin not being nearly half as long as

its lower, and the position of the recurrent nervures,

which are received slightly nearer the apices of the 2nd

and 3rd submarginal than in the allied species. Apical

ventral valve testaceous, and rounded at the extremity.

@. Face clothed with white hairs, inclining to

British Hymenoptera. 257

fulvous towards the vertex ; clypeus strongly punctured ;

anterior margin raised and shining, with the angles pro-

duced and more prominent than in the preceding species.

Thorax clothed with bright brown hairs above, and white

hairs beneath and at the sides of the metathorax. Abdo-

men nearly dull, its surface very finely rugulose ; basal

seoment and base of the 2nd with a few long pale hairs ;

following segments almost naked, with a few short pale

hairs at the base and sides; apical fimbria brown;

segments beneath fringed with very pale fulvous hairs.

Legs with the femora clothed with white hairs, floccus

white; tibize of anterior and intermediate pairs with

short brown hairs, scope pale fulvous; tarsi piceous,

clothed with brown hairs. Length 9—11 mm.

Hab. Not common. Chobham (June); Charlwood,

_ near Reigate ; Wakefield, Yorkshire (June) ; Bristol, and

Scotland.

Division IV.

(2) 1. g; abdomen testaceous at the base; tibiw tes-

taceous. 9; tibix clear testaceous .. san CROW.

(1) 2. g; abdomen not testaceous at the base; tibix

pale only at the apex. 9; tibiew dark .. bucephala.

25. Andrena ferox, Smith.

Smith, Zool. v., p. 1670; Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed.,

p. 32.

Black ; head very large in the 9; mandibles acutely

spined at the base; base of abdomen more or less

testaceous; 2 with the apical fimbria fulvous-brown ;

posterior tibie clear testaceous; scope bright golden

yellow. Wings slightly dusky, nervures pale.

3. Head and thorax clothed with pale yellowish

hairs, disk of latter nearly naked. Head very large;

antenne reaching to the metathorax; mandibles angulated

outwardly at the base and spinose in some specimens (fide

Smith). Abdomen very shining; apex of the 1st and

Y9nd segments, and sometimes the base of the 2nd and

8rd, widely testaceous; apex with pale golden hairs.

Legs clothed with golden hairs, with the posterior tibie,

and the apices of the others and all the tarsi, pale

testaceous.

?. Black. Head and thorax clothed with brown

hairs; mandibles very wide at the base, their lower

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRT Il. (JULY.) 2.

258 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

margins produced into a membranous sort of wing;

clypeus rugosely punctured, with a smooth raised dorsal

line. Mesothorax almost naked in the centre, dull,

finely and irregularly punctured. Scutellum rather

shining and more strongly punctured. Abdomen dull,

the apical margins of the segments testaceous, and

fringed with short golden hairs at the sides; apical

fimbria brownish; beneath punctured, apices of the seg-

ments pale, and fringed with long pale hairs. Legs

piceous, clothed with golden hairs; posterior tibiz and

tarsi clear testaceous-yellow, clothed with pale golden

hairs. Length 9—12 mm.

Hab. Very rare. The only recorded localities for it

are Bristol, Windsor, and Hastings.

This is a very distinct species, the pale legs of the 3

and the clear testaceous posterior tibie of the ? dis-

tinguishing it at once from its nearest ally, bucephala.

26. Andrena bucephala, Steph.

Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent. Suppl. 17, pl. xlii., f. 4, 3;

Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 61.

Black. Head in the g very large; mandibles simple.

Thorax clothed with brown hairs. Abdomen shining ;

apical ventral segment deeply emarginate at the apex;

apex of tibie and all the tarsi testaceous; 9? black;

segments of abdomen narrowly pale and fringed with

white hairs; apical fimbria brown; posterior tibie and

tarsi piceous, clothed with golden hairs.

$. Head very large, sometimes nearly twice as wide

as the thorax; clypeus shining and punctured, clothed

with long hairs at the sides; mandibles long and falcate,

piceous at the tips. Antenne reaching to the apex of

the metathorax ; 3rd joint shorter than the two following

together ; 4th and 5th subequal. Thorax clothed with

bright brown hairs; metathorax with the basal area

narrow and smooth at each side. Abdomen shining, the

apex of each segment rather widely testaceous ; apical

ventral segment narrow, rather widened at the apex, and

deeply emarginate. Legs clothed with pale hairs;

apices of the tibiz and the tarsi testaceous.

@. Head clothed sparingly with pale hairs; clypeus

largely punctured, with a smooth dorsal line; antenne

rather long, reaching to the metathorax; lateral

British Hymenoptera. 259

impressions on the inner margins of the eyes filled with

golden velvety hairs. Thorax clothed with pale hairs

round the edges, and with fulvous hairs on the disk.

Scutellum, post-scutellum, and basal area of metathorax

longitudinally impressed down the centre. Abdomen

somewhat dull, clothed with a very short pale pubescence ;

_ apical margins of the segments pale, narrowly fringed

with white hairs; apical fimbria golden brown; beneath

punctured, the posterior margins of the segments pale

and fringed with long hairs. Legs clothed with pale

hairs; posterior tibia and all the tarsi piceous, trans-

lucent; tibiz and tarsi narrower than in most of the

species, giving them an unusually elongate appearance.

Length 9—12 mm.

Hab. Local. Hampstead, Bristol, Chobham Common.

Division V.

(10) 1. g; labrum tuberculated, the tubercle much

raised and emarginate in front. 9; scopx

black, dull brownish, or reddish brown.

(9) 2. §; abdomen densely covered with pale hairs;

mandibles not long and falcate. 9; disk of

thorax densely clothed with pale or bright

fulvous hairs.

(6) 38. G3 apical ventral segment bilobed at the apex.

9; 5th abdominal segment clothed with erect

black hairs.

(5) 4. 9 with dense black i ity face with black

pubescence Ae .. nigriceps.

(4) 5. © with brown scope ; ate oak pale Pa aseenice simillima.

(83) 6. g3 apical ventral valve entire at theapex. 9;

5th abdominal segment with adpressed brown-

black hairs, or pale hairs.

(8) 7. g; larger; abdomen less distinctly banded;

apical ventral segment slightly dilated and sub-

truncate at the extremity. 9; 5th abdominal

segment with pale hairs ao tridentata.

(7) 8. gf; smaller; abdomen more distinctly ‘nando

apical ventral segment not dilated, rounded at

the extremity. 9; Sth abdominal prea

with dark hairs .. : : .. fuscipes.

(2) 9. Hairs on disk of thorax sia or Bettie SOnmcus

mandibles long and falcate ; segments of abdo-

men with only pale apical bands te .. denticulata.

(1) 10. gf; tubercle of labrum transverse, simple. 9 ;

scope bright fulvous yellow.

(12) 11. Pubescence of the face below the antenne white

in both sexes... fasciata.

(11) 12. Pubescence of the face Hala the! biden fale

brown in both sexes a ot ae .. fulvicrus.

260 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

27. Andrena nigriceps, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii., p. 184, 2 (nec ¢); Smith,

Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 50, 2 (nec &).

Black. Face and under side in ¢ with whitish, in 9

with black, hairs. Thorax with bright fulvous hairs.

Abdomen with wide apical bands of fulvous hairs, the

bands of the 38rd and 4th segments in the ¢ paler; anal

fimbria in ? black. Legs with pale hairsin ¢, black in

?. Apical ventral valve of g deeply emarginate. Wings

clear ; nervures piceous.

3. Head as wide as the thorax or wider, closely

punctured, more or less shining on the vertex and behind

the eyes; clypeus emarginate; labrum tuberculated,

hairy at the sides, the tubercle emarginate in front;

face clothed with nearly white hairs on the clypeus, and.

with very pale fulvous hairs above it. Antenne not

quite reaching to the scutellum; 38rd joint about once

and a half as long as the 4th; 4th slightly shorter than

5th. Mesothorax clothed with bright fulvous hairs,

largely and deeply punctured and shining on the disk,

closely and finely round the edges. Scutellum shining

at the base, punctured at the apex, with an irregular

dorsal line of punctures. Metathorax dull, finely rugose,

the sides of the basal area indicated by a smoother,

somewhat shining, line. Abdomen dull, punctured ; 1st

and 2nd segments almost entirely clothed with fulvous

hairs; 8rd and 4th segments clothed with paler shorter

hairs, and with a distinct pale apical band ; 5th and 6th

seoments with black hairs at the base, pale at the apex ;

apical fimbria brown; beneath punctured ; the segments

with long white apical frmges; apical ventral segment

deeply emarginate and testaceous at the apex. Legs

clothed with pale hairs; tarsi piceous at the apex.

2. Face densely clothed with black hairs. Clypeus

rugosely punctured. Vertex with fulvous-brown hairs.

Thorax densely clothed with fulvous-brown hairs above,

with black below; sculptured as in the g¢. Abdomen

dull, punctured ; Ist and 2nd segments almost entirely

clothed with pale fulvous hairs; the 3rd and 4th with

black hairs at the base, with fulvous hairs at the apex,

forming a wide apical fascia; 5th and 6th clothed with

black hairs; apical dorsal valve not punctured, im-

pressed at the sides; beneath punctured, clothed with

sooty black hairs. Legs densely covered with black

British Hymenoptera. 261

hairs ; tarsi piceous at the apex; calcaria pale. Length

11—12 mm.

Hab. Rare. Southwold, Lowestoft, Norwich, Deal,

Bournemouth, Ilfracombe, &c.

28. Andrena simillima, Smith.

Smith, List of Brit. Anim. Coll. B. M., pt. vi., App.,

p. 122; Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 50.

“. Black; the face clothed with pale pubescence ;

that on the clypeus anteriorly is white, its anterior

margin emarginate, the lateral angles produced into

sharp teeth; the labrum bidentate. Mandibles forcipate,

their tips ferrugimous. Antenne not quite as long ashe

thorax. Thorax clothed above thinly with fulvous

pubescence, beneath it is white. Wings asin ?. Abdo-

men ovate-lanceolate, the segments thinly fringed with

pale pubescence ; the apex fulvous.”’

I do not know the 3, so have copied F. Smith’s

description.

?. Very like negriceps, but rather smaller, the face

and under side clothed with pale fulvous hairs, and the

3rd and 4th segments of the abdomen without such deep

black hairs on their basal half. Legs clothed with paler

hairs than in that species. From pubescens it differs at

once by the simple impunctate apical dorsal valve, and

the deep black suberect pubescence of the 5th segment.

Length 9—10 mm.

Hab. Rare. Kingsdown, near Deal; Isle of Wight,

Bournemouth, &c.

29. Andrena denticulata, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. i., p. 183: Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 58 = Listerella, Kirby.

Black. Face clothed with pale brownish white hairs.

Mandibles of ¢ long and falcate. Thorax in both sexes

sparingly clothed on the disk with black-brown hairs,

and with pale hairs at the sides. Segments of the

abdomen with pale apical bands. Scope of 2? red-

dish brown. Wings somewhat dusky, especially at the

apex.

3. Head wider than the thorax; face clothed with

262 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

pale brownish hairs; labrum tuberculated, the tubercle

deeply sulcate down the middle; mandibles long and

faleate ; cheeks with a slight angle at the base of the

mandibles; antenne not reaching to the scutellum ;

vertex shining, irregularly punctured, quadrately pro-

duced behind the eyes, its posterior margin deeply

emarginate. Mesothorax dull, finely punctured, clothed

on the disk sparingly with black-brown hairs, on the

sides with paler hairs. Scutellum shining, remotely

punctured. Metathorax finely rugose, clothed with long

pale hairs. Abdomen subelliptic ; basal segment with

long scattered pale hairs; 2nd with a band of short pale

hairs at the apex on each side, and a few long scattered

hairs on the disk; 8rd and 4th with an entire apical

band; the base of the 2nd, 8rd, and 4th segments

clothed with erect black-brown hairs, and the 5th.and

following segments entirely so clothed; beneath 2nd to

5th segments with long pale apical fringes ; apical valve

rounded at apex. Legs piceous; tibie and tarsi with

reddish brown hairs, tarsi testaceous.

@. Rather like the g, but with the head less quad-

rate on the vertex ; the thorax clothed as in that sex.

Abdomen dull, elliptic ; basal segment and disk of the

2nd with long scattered hairs ; apex of the 2nd, 3rd, and

4th with an entire band of decumbent whitish hairs ; the

disk of these segments with short black hairs; 5th at

the apex with sooty hairs; 6th clothed with nearly black

hairs; apical dorsal valve punctured, flat, with its

margins reflexed ; beneath with long pale hairs. Legs:

femora with pale hairs; tibie and tarsi with red-brown

hairs, those of the scope rather duller, those of the tarsi

brighter, tarsi piceous. Length 9—11 mm.

Hab. Not uncommon. Chobham, Bournemouth,

Carlisle, Southend. F. Smith says he has taken it on

Bryony ; I have taken it myself on Senecio and thistle-

heads. It is a very distinct species, and I do not think

it can be confounded with any other.

30. Andrena fuscipes, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii., p. 186 = pubescens, Kirby ;

Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 51.

Black. Head and thorax clothed with fulvous hairs,

often almost grey inthe ¢. Abdomen in the g densely

British Hymenoptera. 263

covered with hairs, with paler bands at the apex of the

segments ; apical ventral segment rounded at the apex,

in ? with five pale pubescent bands; 5th and 6th seg-

ments with black-brown hairs. Legs with brown hairs.

3g. Face deeply punctured and clothed with long pale

fulvous hairs. Vertex behind the eyes shining and

sparingly punctured. Labrum tuberculated, sulcate in

front. Antenne reaching to the base of the metathorax.

Mesothorax and scutellum shining, largely punctured,

clothed with pale fulvous hairs. Metathorax finely

rugose. Abdomen with the posterior margins of the

segments narrowly testaceous, densely clothed with pale

fulvous hairs, becoming quite grey after exposure, and

forming a distinct wide band at the apex of each seg-

ment; pubescence of 6th and 7th segments pale ; beneath

with pale apical margins to the segments and long pale

hairs ; apical ventral valve rounded and testaceous at

the apex. Legs clothed with pale hairs; tarsi tes-

taceous.

@. Face sparingly clothed with pale fulvous hairs on

the sides; clypeus largely punctured, orbital impressions

filled with brown velvety pubescence. Antenne pale

beneath towards the apex. Thorax clothed with rather

bright pale fulvous hairs; mesothorax dull, punctured ;

scutellum shining, largely and irregularly punctured ;

metathorax finely rugose. Wings with a slight apical

cloud ; nervures dark piceous. Abdomen: Ist segment

clothed with long fulvous hairs, and with an apical band

of rather paler hairs; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments with

a short pale erect pubescence at the base, and with

a wide apical band of decumbent pale hairs; 5th and

6th segments clothed with decumbent brown hairs;

apical dorsal valve finely punctured and_triangularly

raised in the middle; beneath punctured and clothed

with long hairs on the apical portions of the segments.

Femora clothed with pale hairs, floccus large and pale ;

tibie and tarsi clothed with brown hairs, paler on their

under sides, tarsi testaceous. Length 9—10 mm.

Hab. Common on Erica, &c., in heathy localities, in

July and August. The pubescence fades very much on

exposure. It is easily distinguished from either of the

preceding by the decumbent hairs of the 6th segment ;

in the other two the hairs are suberect, and form a pro-

jecting fringe.

264 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

31. Andrena tridentata, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii., p. 182; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 52.

Black ; clothed with pale fulvous pubescence. 3 with

the ventral apical valve entire and somewhat truncate ; °

with the apical frmge pale; the hairs on the extreme

apex of the 5th segment and those on the 6th reddish

golden. Scope very pale fulvous.

3. Very like that of fuscipes, but larger, the abdo-

men more hairy, the hairs longer and not forming such

distinct apical bands, the apical ventral segment wider at

the apex and more truncate.

?. Differs from fuscipes in the paler colour of the

pubescence, in having the antenne with the apical joints

entirely pale, the 5th abdominal seoment with pale hairs

slightly golden at the apex, and the 6th with reddish gold

hairs; pubescence of the legs paler, that of the scope

being pale whitish, with a slightly fulvous tint, that

of the tarsi pale cinnamon-brown; tarsi testaceous.

Length 10—11 mm.

Hab. Very rare, especially the @. Southwold; Nor-

wich; Cromer; Bournemouth; Christchurch, Hants.

Occurs on the ragwort.

32. Andrena fulvicrus, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii., p. 188; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 57.

Face in the g clothed with long brown hairs mixed

with black ; of 2 with brown hairs. Thorax with brown

hairs in both sexes. Abdomen in the ¢ clothed with

pale ochreous hairs, each segment with an apical band

of ochreous hairs, hairs of apical segment brown. 2;

abdomen clearly and closely punctured, first four seg-

ments with an apical band of very pale fulvous pubescence,

sometimes white; apical fimbria long and black. Scopx

golden.

3. Face densely clothed with brown hairs surrounded

with black ; labrum without the raised sulcate tubercle

observable in the foregoing species. Vertex dull, punc-

tured. Antenne not reaching to the scutellum. Meso-

thorax dull, punctured, clothed with obscure brownish

hairs. Metathorax rugose, hairy all over like the

British Hymenoptera. 265

mesothorax. Abdomen slightly shining, finely and

rugosely punctured, clothed with pale hairs on the first

two segments, and with black hairs on the remainder ;

each segment to the 5th with an apical band of pale

ochreous hairs; 6th and 7th segments entirely clothed

with brown hairs; beneath clothed with long pale hairs ;

apical ventral valve rounded at the apex, and slightly

- and narrowly emarginate in the centre. Legs clothed

with ochreous hairs; tarsi piceous.

?. Face clothed with fulvous-brown hairs. Vertex

with black-brown; mesothorax dull, closely punctured,

clothed with dusky brown hairs on the disk, and with

fulvous-brown hairs round the sides. Scutellum rather

shining, and remotely punctured. Metathorax finely

rugose, clothed with long fulvous-brown hairs. Abdomen

finely and very closely punctured, the puncturation of

the basal segment rather less close than that of the

following; the Ist to the 4th segments with an apical

band of pale fulvous hairs fading to white, that on the

Ist often wanting; 5th and 6th with long black hairs ;

apical valve punctured, its margin very slightly and

narrowly reflexed; segments beneath fringed at the

apex with bright fulvous hairs. Legs, especially the

posterior tibie, clothed with bright fulvous hairs.

Length 10—12 mm.

Hab. A very common species; it appears in April,

and again sometimes in August. LHatricata, Smith,

is only a variety with white bands, and is quite distinct

from the following, although often regarded as the same

by continental authors.

33. Andrena fasciata, Ny]l.

Nyl., (Revisio), Not. Salls. Faun. Flor. Fenn., Forh. 11.,

p. 256.

Very like the preceding, but differing in the following

particulars :—

The pubescence of the face in both sexes is white, also

that of the under side of the thorax and femora; the

abdomen in the ¢ is clothed with rather longer pube-

scence than in fulvicrus, and the apical bands are formed

of longer less decumbent hairs; the puncturation also is

more “distinct, and the genitalia lack the notch-like

sinuation on the outer margin near the apex observable

in fulvicrus. The @ has the abdomen rather more

TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1882.—paRT II. (JULY.) 2M

266 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

closely punctured than in fulvicrus on the basal segment,

the apex of which has a pale fulvous band, often nearly

or quite white; the next three segments have pure white

bands, composed of rather longer and less closely

adpressed hairs than in that species; beneath clothed

with white hairs; scope bright golden fulvous. Length

10—12 mm.

Hab. Rare; has occurred at Hastings, Tunbridge

Wells, and Canterbury ; it appears in April.

Division VI.

(4) 1. Legs entirely black in both sexes; g, clypeus

not white; 9, abdominal bands very narrowly

interrupted ; scope dull greyish brown.

(3) 2. Abdomen distinctly punctured .. te .. argentata.

(2) 38. Abdomen not punctured .. ae 5 -» albicrus.

(1) 4. Legs in both sexes with the tibiw or tarsi more

or less pale. ©, abdominal bands, when pre-

sent, widely interrupted. , clypeus white in

some species.

(12) 5. g, elypeus white; or if black, then with distinct

white apical lines of pubescence at the sides of

the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th abdominal segments.

OF abdomen with distinct lateral streaks or

bands.

(7) 6. §, elypeus white; mesothorax densely clothed

with fulvous-brown hairs; tibia more or less

testaceous. 9, anal fringe bright golden;

wings brownish, their nervures pale testaceous chrysosceles.

(6) 7. g, clypeus white, or sometimes black; meso-

thorax with only a sparse greyish pubescence ;

tibie black. 9, anal fringe dull; wings with

dark piceous nervures.

(9) 8. g, clypeus only white. 9, tibiw of posperor

legs testaceous .. 4 oe : analis.

(8) 9. g§, elypeus black, or clypeus and sides of the tao

also white. 9, posterior tibizw black.

(11) 10. g, clypeus black; tarsi testaceous. 9, scu-

tellum scarcely punctured o: ac -. lucens.

(10) 11. g, clypeus and side of face white. 9, scu-

tellum densely punctured fs = 4 -» coitanda.

(5) 12. Clypeus black in both sexes; abdomen without

white pubescent bands or lateral streaks.

(14) 13. Smaller, rather coarsely punctured ie .. fulvago.

(13) 14. Larger, finely and closely punctured... = 3 OLUGS

British Hymenoptera. 267

34. Andrena albicrus, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 156; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 61.

Black ; face, under side, and legs in the 3 clothed with

silvery hairs. Thorax above with very pale fulvous

hairs, darker on the scutellum and the posterior portion

_ of the mesothorax. ¢ with the face and thorax clothed

with fulvous hairs, paler beneath. Abdomen in both

sexes shining, rather flat, elliptic in ¢, ovate in 2,

without definite punctures, and clothed with long pale

hairs; each segment with an interrupted apical band of

pale hairs. Scope of ? pale brown. Wings nearly clear.

3. Face densely clothed with long silvery white

hairs. Antenne reaching to the scutellum. Mesothorax

dull, clothed in front and on the sides with whitish hairs,

posteriorly with fulvous. Scutellum with fulvous hairs.

Metathorax finely rugose, clothed with fulvous hairs ;

the thorax beneath clothed with silvery hairs. Abdomen

elliptic, shining, clothed with long scattered white hairs;

each segment with an apical band of silvery hairs,

narrowly interrupted in the centre; 6th and 7th seg-

ments clothed with white hairs with a slight golden

tinge; beneath, apex of each segment piceous, and

fringed thickly with short silvery hairs; apical ventral

segment rounded at the apex. Legs densely clothed

with silvery hairs; tarsi piceous.

?. Head and thorax clothed with fulvous-brown

hairs; mesothorax dull, punctured; metathorax finely

rugose. Abdomen rather flat, ovate, shining, without

definite puncturation; 2nd and following segments

widely impressed along the apical margin; all the

segments clothed sparingly with pale hairs; those on

the Ist and 2nd longer than those on the following;

1st to 4th segments each with a narrow apical band of

pubescence, that on the 1st fulvous, on the others white,

and interrupted narrowly in the centre; 5th and 6th

segments clothed with brown hairs; apical dorsal valve

shining, triangularly raised in the centre; beneath finely

and rugosely punctured, the apex of each segment

narrowly pale, and thickly fringed with silvery hairs.

Legs clothed with fulvous-brown hairs, those on the

inner margin of the posterior tibiz paler; floccus white ;

tarsi dark piceous. Length 9—11 mm.

Hab. Common; appears about the end of April, and

is generally distributed.

268 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

35. Andrena argentata, Smith.

Smith, Zool., ii., p. 409; Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed.,

peer:

Black, shining. ¢ clothed with long hoary pube-

scence. Abdomen shining, punctured; apex of each

seement with a white pubescent band; apex of abdomen

with golden hairs. Metatarsi black, four following joints

piceous. @ with the pubescence of the head and thorax

brownish. Abdomen shining, punctured; basal segment

very remotely punctured; apex of each segment with a

white band. Scope very pale greyish brown. Wings

slightly dusky.

$. Face clothed with grey hairs; clypeus dull, pune-

tured. Antenne reaching to the apex of the scutellum.

Thorax clothed with grey hairs; mesothorax dull, largely

and shallowly punctured; metathorax finely rugose.

Abdomen ovate, shining; basal segment very remotely

punctured, with a few long white hairs on the sides; follow-

ing segments very finely and less remotely punctured ; all

the segments with a white apical band, widely interrupted

in the centre of the 1st, and very narrowly in the three

following; apical fringe pale golden; beneath with the

apical margins of the segments pale, and fringed with

long white hairs; apical ventral valve rounded and pale

at the apex. Legs clothed with silvery hairs; apical

joints of the tarsi piceous.

?. Head and thorax punctured asin the 3, but with

the pubescence pale mouse-brown; that on the sides of

the thorax paler. Abdomen ovate, shining; basal

segment very finely and remotely punctured, with a few

long hairs at the base and sides, its apex with a widely

interrupted band of white hairs; following segments

more closely punctured, impressed at the apex; 2nd,

3rd, and 4th with a white apical band, that of the 2nd

interrupted in the centre; 5th and 6th clothed with pale

brown hairs; apical dorsal valve triangularly raised in

the middle, the flattened margin very wide; segments

beneath narrowly pale at the apex, and fringed with long

pale hairs. Legs densely clothed with pale brown hairs,

those of the intermediate tibie dark; tarsi dark piceous.

Length 8—10 mm.

Hab. In heathy localities, on flowers of Hrica; Sand-

hurst, Chobham, Weybridge, Bournemouth, &e. July

British Hymenoptera. 269

and August. Last year at Bournemouth the 3 was

common at the end of July, but I obtained no ¢.

36. Andrena chrysosceles, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 148; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 68. -

Black; abdomen shining. ¢, clypeus white. @ , face

much wider than long; 38rd and 4th segments of

abdomen in both sexes with an apical streak of silvery

hairs on each side; apical fimbria bright golden; tarsi

in both sexes, the base and apex of the posterior tibiz in

the g, and the entire posterior tibie in the @, clear

testaceous. Wings slightly dusky; nervures testaceous.

3. Face above the clypeus clothed with fulvous

hairs; clypeus white, with two small black dots on the

disk, and clothed with long white hairs. Antenne

reaching to the metathorax. Thorax finely rugulose

and shallowly punctured; mesothorax and scutellum

with fulvous hairs; metathorax finely rugose, its hairs

paler than those of the scutellum.. Abdomen shining,

subelliptic, with a fine pale adpressed pubescence; basal

segment finely and remotely punctured, the following

more closely, and with a rather wide apical depression ;

all the segments pale at the extreme apex; the 2nd, 3rd,

and 4th with a short, very narrow apical streak of white

hairs on each side; apex of 5th, and the 6th and 7th

seements with pale golden hairs; beneath clothed with

long hairs; apex of 3rd, 4th, and 5th segment with a

dense fringe of golden hairs ; apical ventral valve pale,

and somewhat pointed at the apex. Legs clothed with

pale hairs; posterior tibi# at the base and apex, and all

the tarsi clear testaceous.

? larger than the g, but much like it in pune-

turation, &c.; face transverse, the clypeus black, and

the bands of the abdomen more distinct, there being an

interrupted apical band of silvery white hairs on the 2nd

and 8rd segments, and an entire band on the 4th; the

apex of the 5th, and the 6th densely clothed with golden

hairs; apical dorsal valve piceous, flat, punctured,

except at the margins, which are narrowly reflexed ;

beneath, the segments are punctured towards the apex

and fringed with long hairs. Legs clothed with pale

hairs; all the tarsi and the posterior tibie clear testa-

ceous. Length 9—11 mm.

270 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

Hab. A somewhat rare species, occurring on Umbell-

fere, &c., in the summer, from May to August. London

district, Chobham, Charlwood (Surrey), Hastings, Nor-

folk, and Devonshire.

37. Andrena analis, Panz.

- Panz., Faun. Germ., 90, 14 & 15; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 64.

Shining, deep black. 3, clypeus alone white; tarsi

testaceous ; tibie black. ?, Ist and 2nd seoments of the

abdomen with a very narrow line of white pubescence at

the apex; apical fimbria brown; posterior tibie and

tarsi clear testaceous. Wings dusky; nervures piceous.

3. Black, shining; head and thorax clothed. with

oreyish hairs intermixed with black ones; clypeus white,

with two small black dots, and clothed with white hairs ;

antenne dark piceous; vertex shining, rugosely punc-

tured; mesothorax shining, rather largely punctured ;

metathorax finely rugose. Abdomen shining, sparingly

clothed with pale hairs, elongate; apex of 2nd and

following segments deeply impressed; basal segment

with only a few scattered punctures; the remaining

segments more closely and rather largely punctured ;

apex of each segment impunctate, and with a fringe of

very short pale hairs; apical dorsal valve testaceous and

emarginate ; beneath with long white hairs. Legs with

erect white hairs; tarsi clear testaceous.

?. Clypeus black; each side of the face clothed with

white hairs, and with a few black ones near the insertion

of the antenne ; vertex clothed with pale hairs behind,

and with black in front. Mesothorax shining, punctured ;

disk very sparingly clothed with pale and black hairs

intermixed; sides and beneath with grey hairs. Scu-

tellum punctured. Metathorax finely rugose, with a

dense long white pubescence on each side. Abdomen

elliptic, finely punctured; segments impressed at the

apex; 1st and 2nd segments with an apical fringe of

very short white hairs; 8rd and 4th with a few short

hairs at each side; 5th on its apical half, and the 6th

clothed with brown hairs; apical dorsal valve flat ;

beneath punctured ; segments fringed with long hairs at

the apex. Legs with white hairs; femora densely

clothed with long white hairs beneath, floccus white ;

posterior tibiz and tarsi, and the apical joints of the

British Hymenoptera. 271

tarsi of the other legs, clear testaceous. Length

8—9 mm.

Hab. Common in some localities, especially in the

north; Berwickshire, Wakefield, Ireland, Weybridge,

July ; Chobham, August; and one ? as early as June.

Is most like the following, under which their differences

are pointed out.

38. Andrena coitana, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 147; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 64.

Deep black, shining. 3 with the clypeus and a spot

on each side of the face, near its anterior lateral angle,

white; legs entirely black. @ with a silvery white

lateral spot at the apex of the 2nd and 38rd segments ;

legs entirely black; scope brown.

3. Head rather wide, dull, finely and closely punc-

tured, clothed with brown hairs on the vertex-and the

face above the antennez, and with white hairs on the

clypeus; clypeus shining, remotely punctured, white,

with two black discal dots; labrum tuberculate ; just at

the side of the clypeus on each side of the face is a small

white spot, which has almost the appearance of being

part of the clypeus itself. Mesothorax very shining, with

a few scattered brownish hairs, remotely punctured.

Metathorax finely rugose. Abdomen shining, segments

not impressed at the apex, very finely punctured at the

base; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd segments each with a few pale

lateral hairs at the apex; 4th and 5th with an apical band

of pale hairs; 6th and 7th entirely clothed with them ;

beneath clothed with white hairs; apical valve rounded

at the extremity. Legs entirely black, clothed with

silvery white hairs.

?. Head and thorax dull, closely punctured, with a

few scattered very short hairs; clypeus black; frontal

impressions filled with brown velvety hairs; scutellum

closely punctured, especially round its edges; meta-

thorax finely rugose, its basal area small. Abdomen

very shining, elliptic; basal segment remotely punctured ;

the other segments impressed at the apex, and somewhat

closely punctured at the base; 2nd and 8rd segments

with an apical streak of white hairs on each side; 4th

with an entire line of white hairs at the apex; 5th and

272 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

6th clothed with brownish hairs; apical dorsal valve

flat; segments beneath punctured, each with an apical

fringe of brownish hairs. Legs black, clothed with pale

hairs; those of the scope with a brownish tinge. Length

S—9 mm,

Hab. Common in sandy and heathy localities.

The ¢ is very like that of analis, but the white spot

on each side of the clypeus, the less hairy body, and the

want of the apical impressions of the abdominal segments

will distinguish it at once. The @ can only be con-

founded with the following ; see notes to that species.

39. Andrena lucens, Imhoff.

Imhoff., Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., i1., p. 67.

Very like the preceding in general appearance, but

differing in the following points :—

g. Clypeus black; face clothed with longer hairs ;

vertex of the head more emarginate ; mesothorax more

closely punctured and more hairy at the sides; abdomen

more ovate and more convex; 2nd, 38rd, and 4th seg-

ments impressed at the apex; 2nd and 8rd with a narrow

distinct lateral line of white pubescence; the 4th with a

continuous band; beneath, the 3rd, 4th, and 5th seg-

ments are densely fringed at the apex with somewhat

recurved pale hairs, shortest in the middle; apical

ventral valve somewhat truncate; all the tarsi clear

testaceous.

? with the head wider than in coitana; the face

clothed with white hairs; the scutellum dull and scarcely

punctured; the basal area of the metathorax much

larger; the basal segment of the abdomen wider and

shorter; and the sides of the 2nd segment subparallel ;

thus giving the body an oval instead of an elliptic

form, as in coitana; apical fimbria golden brown; punc-

turation, &c., much as in coitana; beneath punctured,

segments clothed with long hairs at the apex. Legs

clothed with pale hairs; tarsi testaceous at the apex;

scope clothed with golden hairs. Length 8—9 mm.

Hab. Has only occured at present at Chobham, on

Erica; and at Shipley, near Horsham.

British Hymenoptera. 273

40. Andrena fulvago, Christ.

Christ, Hym., p. 189, pl. xvi., fig. 7; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 59 = constricta, Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 56.

Black; head and thorax clothed with fulvous hairs ;

clypeus black in both sexes. Abdomen shining, strongly

- punctured; apical fimbria bright golden. Posterior tibie

and all the tarsi translucent, clear testaceous; scope

clothed with bright golden hairs. Wings slightly dusky ;

nervures piceous.

3. Face clothed with fulvous-brown hairs, with a

line of darker ones on each side; clypeus largely and

coarsely punctured; labrum simple. Antenne reaching

to about the scutellum; the joints at their bases,

especially those towards the apex, with a narrow band

of fine, pale, very short pubescence in front, giving the

appearance of being banded with grey. Mesothorax

rather densely clothed with fulvous-brown hairs, some-

what shining, strongly and deeply punctured. Meta-

thorax finely rugose, rather sparingly clothed with

fulvous hairs. Abdomen subovate, deeply punctured ;

1st segment sometimes slightly constricted at the apex ;

1st segment, base of 2nd, sides of all the segments, a

line at the apex of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th, and the whole

of the 6th and 7th, clothed with pale fulvous hairs ;

those of the 6th and 7th brighter and more golden; apex

of each segment narrowly impressed and testaceous, the

impressions nearly impunctate; beneath with the apex

of each segment testaceous, clothed with long hairs, and

with a dense fringe of golden hairs. Legs with golden

hairs; posterior tibie and all the tarsi clear testaceous.

@. Very like the 3, but larger. Antenne shorter, and

without the grey pubescent bands. Thorax and abdomen

much as in the 3, but the 5th and 6th segments clothed

with very bright golden hairs; ventral dorsal valve flat,

punctured ; beneath with the segments fringed with long

golden hairs. Legs clothed with golden hairs ; posterior

tibiz and all the tarsi very bright clear testaceous ; the

scope golden; the hairs long and plumose. Length

9—10 mm.

Hab. Not common; Chobham, Weybridge, Black-

water, Isle of Wight, Bristol, &c.

The var. of the ¢ with the 1st segment slightly con-

stricted at the apex = A. constricta, Smith; it possesses

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRT Il. (JULY.) 2N

274 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

no other structural character, and is taken with the

typical form.

41. Andrena polita, Smith.

Smith, Zool., v., p. 1733.

“3. Length 5 lines. The pubescence on the clypeus

white, above which it is pale fulvous; the cheeks have a

long beard, and the mandibles a fringe of very pale

pubescence; the femora have a fringe of the same

colour; on the tibie and tarsi it is pale fulvous, the

apical joints of the latter being pale ferruginous ; on the

disk of the thorax the pubescence is fulvo-ochraceous ;

the wings as in the 2; abdomen oblong-ovate, very

glossy, its pubescence as in the 2; the margins of the

segments depressed and narrowly rufo-testaceous.”

“9. Length 53 lines. Black; the face thinly clothed

with fulvous pubescence, the flagellum fulvo-piceous

beneath. Thorax: the disk thinly clothed with rufo-

fulvous pubescence, on the metathorax and sides it is

paler; the wings subhyaline, their apical margins

clouded, the tegule rufo-testaceous ; the pubescence of the

legs fulvous, the scope bright fulvous, the floccus pale ful-

vous; the tarsi ferruginous. Abdomen shining, oblong-

ovate, closely and delicately punctured ; the apical mar-

gins of the segments obscurely rufo-testaceous ; the 2nd,

3rd, and 4th segments having a narrow pale fulvous

fringe, more or less obliterated in the middle; the 5th

apical segment clothed with bright fulvous pubescence.”

Hab. ‘This beautiful species was discovered in the

chalk-pits at Northfleet some years ago, in the month of

July, where it has since been met with, but not in any

other locality ; it appears to be a rare insect.”

Not possessing this species, and not being able to refer

to the typical specimens, I have copied out F. Smith’s

description from his ‘ Catalogue of British Hymenoptera

in Coll. Brit. Museum,’ pt. 1, 1855. It appears to be

very distinct from any other of our British species.

Division VII.

(4) 1. g, clypeus white. 9, abdomen with anal fringe

golden, unbanded, or strongly punctured.

(3) 2. Abdomen without lateral white streaks .. -» humilis.

(2) 3. te car with lateral white streaks, simone

punctured. . oe ae : .. labialis.

British Hymenoptera. 275

(1) 4. g, elypeus black. 9, anal fringe pale or

golden, or dark, not strongly punctured, often

banded.

(8) 5. Species very small and black ; pubescence silvery

or grey; abdomen rarely banded.

(7) 6. Abdomen not punctured .. oe oe .. minutula.

(6) 7. Abdomen punctured sts Or

(5) 8. Species not very small; pubescence of thorax

brown.

nana.

(14) 9. Hairs of the face brownish or pale fulvous.

(11) 10. Metathorax clathrately rugose at the base .. prowima.

(10) 11. Metathorax finely rugose, not clathrate.

(

13) 12. g, abdomen with only short lateral white streaks.

with a dense tuft of curved hairs on each

side of the metathorax .. Bt Se .. dorsata.

(12) 13. g, abdominal bands almost entire. 9, meta-

thorax simply hairy at the sides Ae .. Afzeliella.

(9) 14. Hairs of the face below the antenne silvery white Wilkella.

42, Andrena humilis, Imhoff.

Imhoff, Isis, 1832, ix., p. 1201 = fulvescens, Smith, Cat.

Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 60.

Black, clothed with ochreous hairs. 3, clypeus white;

abdomen dull in both sexes, very closely and rugosely

punctured ; anal fimbria golden; tibie and tarsi black,

clothed with golden hairs. Wings slightly dusky ; ner-

vures testaceous.

3. Vertex of head, face above the antenne, and

thorax above, clothed with dull ochreous-brown hairs,

clypeus and under side of the thorax with white hairs.

Clypeus white, with a black dot near each side. Meso-

thorax finely rugose and rugosely punctured. Metathorax

finely rugose and clothed with hairs, except on the basal

area. Abdomen clothed with long pale hairs on the

basal segment and at the sides, with shorter pale hairs

on the other segments, becoming golden on the 6th and

7th; surface rugose and rugosely punctured; apex of

each segment smooth and somewhat piceous; beneath

clothed with long pale hairs; apical ventral valve

truncate and testaceous at its apex. Legs clothed with

pale hairs.

?. Face sparingly clothed with pale fulvous hairs.

Mesothorax dull, finely rugulose and very closely punc-

tured, with a few short pale hairs on its upper surface ;

beneath the wings clothed with long hairs. Scutellum

somewhat shining and closely punctured, Metathorax

276 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

finely rugose, hairy at the sides. Abdomen nearly naked

on the disk, finely rugose and rugosely punctured, dull;

the apical margins of the segments impressed and

smoother, the extreme apex piceous; 5th and 6th seg-

ments clothed with golden hairs; apical dorsal valve

flat; beneath punctured, the segments fringed with pale

hairs. Legs black, clothed with golden hairs; scope

golden. Length 9—10 mm.

Hab. Local, but common in many places. Hampstead,

Blackwater (Hants), Tunbridge Wells, Hastings, Isle of

Wight, Bournemouth, near Liverpool, &c.

The g is quite distinct from any other species by its

hairy unbanded body and white clypeus; the ? can only

be confounded with fulvago, but its black posterior tibize

and its dull rugose abdomen will easily distinguish it.

43. Andrena labialis, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl., i., p. 148; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 62.

Black, clothed with greyish ochreous hairs. 3, clypeus

and sides of the face white. Abdomen closely and very

finely punctured; 2nd, 8rd, and 4th segments with a

white apical line. @ large, orbital impressions filled

with pale golden pubescence. Abdomen with four pale

pubescent bands; apical fimbria golden. Wings slightly

dusky ; nervures testaceous.

$. Head punctured, clothed with brownish grey

hairs; clypeus white, with a black dot on each side;

sides of the face each with a white spot, adjoining the

clypeus and extending upwards to about the level of the

antenne. Antenne reaching to the scutellum. Meso-

thorax closely and rugosely punctured, clothed with

brownish grey hairs. Metathorax with the basal area

clathrate, the sides punctured and hairy. Abdomen dull,

very closely punctured, especially towards the apex,

clothed with short brownish grey hairs; 2nd, 8rd, and

4th segments with an apical line of white hairs, that of

the 2nd and 83rd widely interrupted; 6th and 7th seg-

ments clothed with golden brown hairs; beneath punc-

tured, apices of the segments piceous, and fringed with

golden brown hairs; apical ventral valve longitudinally

curved, looked at sideways, with its apex bifid (see pl. x.,

figs. 5a, 5b). Legs with greyish hairs; tarsi testaceous

at the apex. .

British Hymenoptera. 277

@. Only differs from the g in having, besides the

ordinary sexual characters, the face black, the clypeus

black and strongly punctured, the sides of the face

clothed with pale hairs, and the orbital impressions

filled with golden velvety pubescence; in having the

thorax nearly naked on the disk, and the base of the

metathorax more finely clathrate, the abdomen wider

and the white bands more distinct, the apex of the 5th

and the 6th segments clothed with bright golden hairs ;

apical dorsal valve flat and simple ; beneath punctured,

segments fringed at the apex with long golden hairs. Legs

with pale golden hairs; tarsi testaceous at the apex.

Length 11—14 mm.

Hab. Common and generally distributed.

44, Andrena minutula, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 161; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 66 = parvula, Kirby, Smith, &e.

Small, black. Abdomen dull in both sexes, finely

rugulose, but not punctured. Scope of @ silvery or

brownish grey.

$. Head and thorax finely rugulose and punctured ;

face clothed with long black hairs in the early spring

form, with shorter grey ones in the summer and autumn

form. Antenne reaching to the scutellum. Mesothorax

clothed with greyish brown hairs. Metathorax finely

rugose, the rugosities longitudinal at the base, sides with

long hairs. Abdomen finely rugulose, not punctured,

the apex of each segment smooth and shining; surface

clothed with short pale hairs; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th seg-

ments with a little white pubescence on each side at the

apex, 6th and 7th segments clothed with white hairs

with a slight golden tinge ; beneath clothed with white

hairs, apical ventral segment somewhat rounded. Legs

black, with silvery grey hairs ; tarsi piceous at the apex.

?. Head clothed with pale yellowish grey hairs.

Vertex longitudinally rugose. Clypeus largely punc-

tured ; orbital impressions filled with golden pubescence.

Mesothorax finely rugulose and rather closely punctured.

Metathorax finely rugose, its sides clothed with yel-

lowish grey hairs. Abdomen ovate, finely rugulose, not

punctured ; 2nd and 8rd segments with a few silvery

hairs on each side at the apex; 4th segment with an

278 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

entire apical band of silvery hairs; 5th and 6th seg-

ments clothed with golden brown hairs; apical dorsal

valve triangularly raised in the centre and punctured,

its margins slightly reflexed, smooth, and shining ; be-

neath clothed with grey hairs. Legs black, clothed with

grey hairs; scope silvery grey, with a more or less

brownish tint ; tarsi piceous at the apex. Length 53—

7 mm.

Hab. Common and generally distributed. Occurs as

an early spring bee in April, and again in July and

August.

Many authors have separated the spring and autumn

forms as two species. ‘The characters, however, are so

slight that I think it is far more probable that they are

only forms of one which is double-brooded.

In the spring form (parvula) the g has the face

densely clothed with black hairs, and the @ has the

antenne black, and the 1st segment of the abdomen

slightly more rounded at the sides. In the summer form

(minutula) the ¢ has the face with shorter grey hairs,

and the ? has the antenne slightly piceous beneath, and

the 1st segment of the abdomen slightly less rounded at

the sides.

45. Andrena nana, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 161; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 67.

This species is exactly like the preceding in size and

colour, and may easily be mistaken for it; the following

characters will, however, distinguish it :—

Inthe ¢ the antenne are rather longer, the mesothorax

is rather less closely punctured, the abdomen is finely

rugulose and also distinctly punctured, and the outer

forceps of the genitalia are wider at the apex.

In the ¢ the mesothorax is slightly less rugulose, the

abdomen punctured as in the 3, and the white pubescence

denser, forming more distinct bands. Length 53}—

7mm.

Hab. Common and generally distributed. Occurs in

May, June, and July.

British Hymenoptera. 279

46. Andrena proxima, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 146 = Collinsonana,

Kirby, Smith, &c.

Black; clothed with greyish hairs on the head and

thorax in the ¢, with pale brown in the @. Abdomen

very finely rugulose and remotely punctured; 2nd, 3rd,

and 4th segments with a lateral streak of pale hairs at

the apex; apical fimbria golden. Legs black; tarsi

piceous. ¢?; scope brownish grey. Wings dusky.

3. Face clothed with brownish grey hairs. Antenne

reaching to the scutellum. Mesothorax dull, ° finely

rugulose, and rather closely punctured, clothed with

brownish grey hairs. Metathorax somewhat clathrately

rugose, basal area undefined. Abdomen shining, seg-

ments much impressed at the apex, finely punctured and

clothed with short grey hairs ; sides of all the segments

and an apical band on each of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th

clothed with long semi-erect white hairs; 6th and 7th

segments clothed with white hairs with a slight golden

tinge; beneath finely punctured, segments pale at the

apex, and fringed with long white hairs; apical ventral

valve somewhat truncate. Legs clothed with grey hairs ;

tarsi piceous towards the apex.

?. Head and thorax clothed with brownish grey

hairs. Mesothorax dull, rather closely and largely punc-

tured. Metathorax finely and clathrately rugose, basal

area ill-defined. Abdomen slightly shining, very finely

rugulose and remotely punctured, segments with a wide

impunctate apical impression, the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th with

a lateral streak of white hairs at the apex, 5th and 6th

clothed with golden brown hairs; apical dorsal valve

with its sides slightly reflexed ; beneath punctured ; apex

of each segment narrowly testaceous and fringed with

long brownish-grey hairs. Legs black, clothed with

greyish hairs; scope silvery, with a slight brownish

tinge ; tarsi testaceous towards the apex. Length 9—

10 mm.

Hab. Rare. Occurs in June, and has been taken at

Norwich, Weybridge, Blackwater (Hants), Hastings,

Bristol, and Sidmouth.

280 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

47. Andrena dorsata, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 144; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 68 =combinata, Kirby, Smith, &c.

Var. = connectens, Kirby ?

Black. Mesothorax clothed with bright fulvous hairs.

3; abdomen shining, punctured, scarcely rugulose, elon-

gate-elliptic. @; abdomen ovate, 2nd and 3rd segments

with a lateral streak, and 4th with an apical band of white

or very pale fulvous pubescence ; 5th and 6th segments

clothed with brown hairs; posterior tarsi in both sexes,

and often the tibie, more or less testaceous. Wings

slightly clouded at the apex ; nervures pale testaceous.

3. Face densely clothed with pale fulvous hairs.

Antenne reaching to the post-scutellum ; 3rd joint short,

scarcely longer than it is wide across the apex. Meso-

thorax clothed with fulvous hairs, dull and finely rugu-

lose, and with rather large distinct punctures. Meta-

thorax rugose, its basal area well defined; sides with

long, pale, fulvous hairs. Abdomen shining, finely punc-

tured, scarcely rugulose, clothed with pale hairs on the

two basal segments, and with very short dark ones on

the 8rd and 4th ; 5th, with a few black ones at the base,

its apex and the 6th and 7th clothed with pale fulvous

hairs; apex of each segment piceous, that of the 2nd,

3rd, and 4th with a little pale fulvous pubescence on each

side ; beneath punctured and finely rugulose, the seg-

ments rather widely pale at the apex, and clothed with

long pale hairs; apical ventral valve subtruncate at the

apex. Legs clothed with pale fulvous hairs; all the

tarsi, and more or less of the apex of the posterior tibize

in the autumn form, and the posterior tarsi only in the

spring form, pale testaceous.

¢. Face clothed at the sides and round the antenne

with pale fulvous hairs; orbital impressions filled with

dark brown velvety pubescence. Mesothorax clothed

with bright fulvous hairs, finely rugulose and punctured.

Metathorax rugose, basal area clearly defined, and with

a slightly raised dorsal line, sides with a dense tuft of

curved pale fulvous hairs. Abdomen ovate, very finely

punctured, the apex of each segment very narrowly

piceous ; basal segment with a few fulvous hairs on each

side, 2nd and 8rd with a streak of white or very pale

fulvous hairs on each side at the apex, 4th with an entire

British Hymenoptera. 281

apical streak, 5th and 6th clothed with golden brown

hairs; beneath clothed with grey hairs. Legs with pale

fulvous hairs; posterior tarsi, and the apex of the pos-

terior tibie also (in the spring form) clear testaceous ;

apical joints of all the tarsi testaceous. Length 9—

11 mm.

Hab. On gallows in spring, and blackberry flowers in

summer. A local species, but occurring at Norwich,

Southwold, Chobham, Bournemouth, and in Devonshire.

This is, I believe, another double-brooded species con-

sidered by some authors as constituting two, but the

distinguishing characters are so slight and almost ex-

clusively those of coloration that I have no hesitation

in uniting the forms to which they belong.

48. Andrena Afzeliella, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 169; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 71.

Var. fuscata, Kirby, Smith.

Var. (stylopized) convexiuscula, Kirby, Smith, &e.

Black. 3 with the head and thorax clothed with pale

fulvous hairs, thorax of the ° with fulvous-brown hairs ;

segments of the abdomen in the g¢ with pale fulvous-

brown apical fascie, interrupted on the 2nd and 3rd.

Abdomen in ? short and ovate, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th witha

whitish apical fringe, that of the 2nd interrupted;

apical fimbria brown; posterior tibie of ? generally

testaceous.

3. Head and thorax densely clothed with pale ful-

vous-brown hairs. Antenne reaching to about the base

of the metathorax ; 8rd joint distinctly shorter than 4th.

Mesothorax finely rugulose and punctured. Metathorax

finely rugose. Abdomen ovate, dull, finely rugulose and

punctured ; base of the 1st segment and sides of the

others with long scattered pale hairs ; each segment with

an apical band of pale hairs, that on the 1st segment

widely, that on the 2nd narrowly, interrupted in the

middle; 6th and 7th segments entirely clothed with pale

golden hairs ; segments beneath widely pale at the apex,

clothed with long pale hairs; apical ventral valve some-

what rounded at the extremity. Legs clothed with pale

hairs; posterior tarsi and base of the tibize sometimes

testaceous.

TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1882.—PaRT Il. (JULY.) 20

282 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

@. Face short, transverse, clothed with pale fulvous

hairs. Mesothorax clothed with fulvous-brown hairs,

very finely rugulose and punctured. Scutellum rather

more shining than the mesothorax, punctured. Meta-

thorax finely rugose, clothed with pale fulvous hairs,

especially at the sides. Abdomen short, ovate, dull, very

finely rugulose and finely punctured ; basal segment with

a few pale hairs on each side at the apex, 2nd segment

with a widely interrupted apical band, 3rd and 4th seg-

ments with entire apical bands of short pale fulvous, or

sometimes nearly white, hairs, 5th segment, except at

the base, and the 6th densely clothed with dark brown

hairs; segments beneath narrowly testaceous at the

apex, and fringed with pale hairs. Legs clothed with

pale hairs, intermediate tibie with brown; posterior

tibie and tarsi generally pale testaceous, but sometimes

dark; scope golden. Length 8—10 mm.

Hab. Common and generally distributed. Occurs in

April, and also often in the autumn.

I regard convexiuscula, Kirby, as only a stylopized

variety of this species.

49. Andrena Wilkella, Kirby.

Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 145 = xanthura, Kirby,

Smith, &c. (ex. $?), Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 74;

‘ g = similis, Smith.

This species is very closely allied to Afzeliella, but is,

I believe, clearly distinct by the following characters :—

3. Hairs of the face below the antenne silvery white ;

3rd joint of antenne longer than the 4th, or at least as

long. Mesothorax clothed with bright fulvous hairs, with

a larger, deeper puncturation. Abdomen without trans-

verse bands, deep black, with a very fine short white

pubescence, and only slight indications of apical bands

at the extreme sides of the 2nd and 3rd segments ; apical

ventral valve somewhat truncate ; apex of posterior tibiz

and the tarsi testaceous.

?. Larger than Afzeliella; the face less transverse,

and clothed below the antenne with silvery white hairs.

Mesothorax and post-scutellum clothed with very bright

rich fulvous hairs. Wings rather dusky. Abdomen

more elongate, 1st segment less transverse, apical fasciz

of the 2nd and 3rd segments interrupted, and composed

of rather longer hairs; apical fimbria bright golden ;

British Hymenoptera. 283

posterior tibie and tarsi and intermediate tarsi clear

testaceous. Length 9—12 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed and common in some

localities. The g which I have referred to this species

is that which F. Smith describes under the name similis.

I take it in April and May on Wandsworth Common in

the same locality as the 2, and the white silvery pube-

scence of the face is so alike in the two sexes that I feel

convinced that they belong to the same species. The 3,

which F. Smith describes under xanthura, is, I believe,

a variety of Afzeliella. I have adopted the name of

Wilkella for this species, as it precedes that of xanthura

in Kirby’s Monograph.

Macropts, Panz.

Panz., Faun. Germ., 107, 16. For figures of generic

characters see F. Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., pl. vi.

Labial palpi 4-jomted. Maxillary palpi 6-jointed.

Anterior wings with two submarginal cells; posterior

femora and tibie inthe g, and tibie and metatarsi in

the ?, dilated. Abdomen black, shining.

We have only one species of this genus, which cannot

be confounded with anything else. The only other genus

with two submarginal cells belonging to this section of

the Acutilingues is Dasypoda, whose elongate hairy body

and simple legs will distinguish it at once.

1. Macropis labiata, Fabr.

Fabr., Syst. Piez., p. 333; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 104.

Black, shining; face of g white; labrum black.

Abdomen with a narrow apical band on the 3rd and

following segments. ¢, tibie dilated; scope of ? yel-

lowish white ; metatarsi black. Wings rather smoky.

$. Head and thorax largely and closely punctured,

clothed with brownish hairs; face below the antenne, a

spot on the mandibles near the base, and sometimes one

on the scape of the antennex, yellowish white. Antenne

reaching to the base of the abdomen, fulvous beneath.

Metathorax coarsely rugose at the base. Abdomen very

shining, largely and distantly punctured on the 1st and

2nd segments, more closely on the following; 8rd, 4th,

284 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

and 5th segments with an apical band of snow-white

hairs, interrupted on the 8rd ; centre of the 7th segment

raised, produced at the apex beyond the sides; beneath

very shining, 3rd and 4th segments with a golden fringe,

5th largely emarginate, the emargination fringed with

short hairs, 6th densely clothed with short golden hairs,

(for 7th, 8th, and genitalia see pl. x., figs. 1, la—d). Legs

clothed with pale hairs; tarsi piceous; posterior femora

swollen, punctured; tibize dilated, the upper margin

curved, the lower margin somewhat produced near the

apex, and then slightly sinuate (see pl. x., figs. le, Lf),

calcaria pale; tarsi very short.

2. Rather shorter than the ¢; face black, and the

antenne shorter; the thorax less hairy; the abdomen

shorter, with an interrupted snow-white streak on the 3rd

seoment, and an entire one on the apex of the 4th, the

5th with sooty hairs, the 6th with black; beneath, the

2nd, 8rd, and 4th segments are fringed at the apex with

golden hairs, the 5th and 6th with brown. Legs clothed

with brown hairs ; posterior pair with the scope yel-

lowish white; metatarsi dilated, densely clothed with black

hairs ; tarsi piceous at the apex. Length 9—10 mm.

Hab. Very rare. Mr. Bridgman has taken both sexes

at Norwich off thistles ; the other known British localities

are the New Forest and Weybridge.

Dasypopa, Latr.

Latr., Hist. Nat., i., p. 3872. For figures of generic

characters see I’. Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., pl. vu.

Labial palpi 4-jointed. Maxillary palpi 6-joimted.

Anterior wings with two submarginal cells. Body hairy ;

posterior tibiz and metatarsi, especially in the ? , clothed

with very long hairs; tibia destitute of a patella.

A very distinct genus; the g looks rather like a large

elongate Andrena, but the want of the 8rd submarginal

cell is a distinct characteristic.

1. Dasypoda hirtipes, Latr.

Latr., Hist. Nat. xiii., p. 869 ; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 108.

Black ; g clothed with pale fulvous hairs; each seg-

ment of the abdomen with a pale fulvous apical band ;

? with the thorax clothed with fulvous hairs, with a

British Hymenoptera. 285

black band across the centre. Abdomen with a band of

white hairs at the apex of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th seg-

ments ; apical fimbria black. Posterior tibize and meta-

tarsi clothed with very long bright golden-fulvous hairs.

Wings slightly dusky.

$. Head and thorax densely clothed with pale fulvous

hairs, that on the face and below the wings paler.

Antenne entirely black, reaching nearly to the scutellum.

Abdomen with the first three segments clothed nearly

entirely with long pale hairs, the following three with

black hairs at the base and a pale band at the apex, the

7th with black hairs ; beneath with pale hairs, the 5th

with black, 6th nearly glabrous; (for 7th, 8th and geni-

talia see pl. xi., figs. 3, 8a, 3b). Legs clothed with very

long pale hairs ; tarsi beneath with bright fulvous hairs.

?. Vertex of the head clothed with black hairs, face

below the antenne with grey. Mesothorax with black

hairs across the disk and fulvous-brown hairs round it ;

beneath with pale fulvous-grey hairs. Abdomen shining ;

apex of each segment smooth and piceous, pubescence of

the basal segment pale, that of the others black, the 2nd,

3rd, and 4th with a subapical band of white hairs, the

upper two narrowly interrupted, 5th and 6th segments

densely clothed with erect grey-black hairs ; beneath with

the segments densely fringed at the apex with sooty

black hairs. Anterior legs clothed with dark hairs in

front and pale behind; intermediate legs with brown

hairs, posterior with fulvous, the scope and metatarsi

being covered with extremely long, bright, golden-fulvous

hairs, which give the insect a character distinguishing it

at once from any other of our British Hymenoptera ;

tarsi piceous at the apex. Length 15—16 mm.

Hab. This beautiful insect is not rare in sandy

localities, and seems to be pretty well distributed over

the South of England, especially along the coast. It

appears in July and August.

Ciuissa, Leach.

Leach, Ed. Ene. ix., p. 155. For figures of generic

characters see F. Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd. ed.,

pl. vii.

Labial palpi 4-jointed. Mavxillary palpi 6-jointed.

Anterior wings with three submarginal cells. Apical

joint of the antenne obliquely truncate.

286 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

A genus very closely allied to Andrena, but dis-

tinguished by the truncature of the apical joint of the

antenne.

1. 3; abdomen without distinct pale apical bands to

the segments. 9; anal fringe golden .. hemorrhoidalis.

2. g; abdomen distinctly banded. 9; anal fringe

black-brown .. as 8 ve .. leporina.

1. Cilissa hemorrhoidalis, Fabr.

Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 377; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

Qnd ed., p. 76.

Black; g clothed with pale greyish brown hairs, ?

with fulvous-brown. Abdomen not distinctly banded ;

?, scope and anal fringe golden-fulvous. Wings nearly

clear.

3. Head and thorax clothed with pale brownish grey

hairs, those on the disk of the mesothorax nearly black.

Antenne with the joints very arcuate, apical joint diago-

nally truncate. Mesothorax punctured. Metathorax

finely rugose. Abdomen largely punctured, clothed with

pale hairs, intermixed with a few black ones on the base

of the 3rd and following segments ; beneath clothed with

pale hairs; 6th ventral segment narrow and angularly

produced at the sides, clothed with golden hairs, 8th

ventral with the apex truncate and dilated, the truncature

circular or nearly so; (for 7th and 8th ventral segments

and genitalia see pl. xi., figs. 1, la, 1b). Legs with pale

hairs ; tarsi piceous at the apex, clothed with golden

hairs beneath.

@. Kather larger and wider than the 3, the pube-

scence darker and more fulvous; puncturation, &c., of

thorax as in the ¢. Abdomen rather more finely punc-

tured, dull; 1st segment short, subtruncate at the base,

all the segments clothed with short pale hairs, 8rd and

4th with a very narrow apical fringe of paler hairs, 5th

and 6th clothed with bright golden-fulvous hairs ; beneath

rather densely clothed with long golden hairs. Legs

piceous, clothed with fulvous hairs; scope and posterior

tarsi bright fulvous. Length 12—15 mm.

Hab, Frequents the bells of Campanula rotundifolia,

and has occurred at Shirley, Norwich, Chobham, Kings-

down near Deal, Weybridge, Bournemouth, Bath, Bristol,

Devonshire, &e.

British Hymenoptera. 287

2. Cilissa leporina, Panz.

Panz., Faun. Germ., 63, 21; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 77.

Black, clothed with pale fulvo-ochraceous hairs. Abdo-

men with pale apical bands to the segments ; anal fimbria

black; scope of @ pale ochreous-grey. Wings nearly

clear.

¢. Head and thorax punctured, clothed with very

pale ochreous hairs, intermixed with black on the disk of

the mesothorax. Antenne slightly piceous beneath,

apical joint diagonally truncate. Metathorax finely

rugose. Abdomen rugosely punctured; Ist and 2nd

segments densely clothed with pale hairs, 3rd and follow-

ing segments with black hairs at the base and a band of

pale hairs at the apex ; beneath with pale hairs; apical

ventral valve dilated at the apex and truncate, the

truncature nearly circular ; (for 6th, 7th and 8th ventral

segments and genitalia see pl. xi., figs. 2, 2a, 2b).

Legs clothed with pale hairs; tarsi testaceous towards

the apex.

@. With the pubescence rather darker and browner

than that of the ¢. Head and thorax punctured, &c.,

as in that sex. Abdomen wider, the pubescence shorter ;

1st and 2nd segments clothed all over with pale hairs,

8rd and 4th with black hairs at the base and a well-

marked band of pale hairs at the apex, 5th and 6th

clothed with black hairs, the 5th with a tuft of pale ones

on each side, beneath clothed with pale; 5th and 6th

segments with black-brown hairs. Legs with pale hairs;

tarsi at the apex testaceous, and clothed beneath with

fulvous hairs. Length 12—14 mm.

Hab. Not rare in July and August. I have taken it

at Hastings, Littlehampton, Bournemouth, and Chob-

ham ; andit has also occurred at Hampstead, Gravesend,

Erith, Deal, and Norwich.

288 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE VII.

Fic. 1. Colletes fodiens. g armature, dorsal view.

2. x cunicularia 5 AA

3. ar picistigma aid i

4. Prosopis cornuta ia showing 7th and 8th

ventral plates.

5 5 pictipes - >,

6. a brevicornis i dorsal view.

he ‘ signata 3 5

8 3 confusa , 33

9. es communis 5 5

10. x, hyalinata ia showing 8th ventral plate.

male ts dilatata we dorsal view.

12. x punctulatissima ,, x

13. Colletes marginata o fF

14. > succincta 3 +

5. Fs Daviesana FE; if

PLATE VIII.

it. Sphecodes puncticeps. J armature, dorsal view.

la. % a af apical view.

22a: 3 subquadratus 3 dorsal and apical

views.

3, od. 3 gibbus % os

AAG: sf similis Fe i

Delos pilifrons B FS

6, 6a. 5 ephippium . ee

7, 7a. Halictus quadricinctus 5 6

8, 8a. 50 rubicundus oF ‘5

9, 9a. 5 zonulus _ x

10, 10a. ar lewcozonius 95 3

Tats wale 55 quadrinotatus a5 =,

12, 12a. rr maculatus a a4

13, 13a. xanthopus An AS

14, 14a. % sexnotatus 6 ar

6, 6a.

Te, TGs

8, 8a.

9; 9a.

10, 10a.

naa

12, 12a.

13, 18a.

14, 14a.

eemllea he

16, 16a.

Ula

18, 18a, 18d.

19, 19a.

20, 20a.

British Hymenoptera.

PLATE IX.

9°

moro,

leucopus

malachurus

Smeathmanellus

twmulorum

puncticollis

albipes

prasinus

pawxillus

longulus

subfasciatus

punctatissimus

brevicornis

villosulus

nitidiusculus

minutus

levigatus

atricornis

minutissimus

PLATE X.

289

Halictus cylindricus, § armature, dorsal view.

as apical view.

. dorsal and apical

views.

+h)

be)

‘s dorsal and apical

views.

” ”

” 99

9 ”

3° 9

be) ”

” 3°

29 3

99 ”

” -}

” 99

99 ”

3” 9

3 dorsal, apical, and

lateral views.

Ss dorsal and apical

views.

” th]

1. Macropis labiata, $ armature, dorsal view.

la. a3

1b. xs

les i

1d. 5

le. an

apical view.

7th ventral segment.

8th ventral segment.

99 ” .

lateral view.

posterior tibiz, external

side.

posterior tibiz, internal

side.

Sphecodes subquadratus, 3 antenna.

pilifrons a

Andrena cingulata, 3 armature, dorsal view.

3. FF

4a. 5

5. ”

5a. Pe

5b. 3

99 9

labialis +5

” 9

99 th]

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRr Il.

apical view.

8th ventral segment.

99 99

lateral view.

(JULY.) 2P

Synopsis of British Hymenoptera.

Andrena Trimmerana, 3 posterior leg to show patella (a).

base of posterior tibie enlarged ;

(a) patella.

Sphecodes pilifrons, 3 posterior wing to show alar hooks.

” 99

3 subquadratus *s

PLATE XI.

Cilissa hemorrhoidalis, 3 8th ventral segmeut.

” ” 5, armature.

” ” », 7th ventral segment.

5, leporina, g 6th ventral segment.

” ” ,, 7th and 8th ventral segments.

” ” », armature.

Dasypoda hirtipes, 3 armature.

” ” ,, 7th ventral segment.

” » », 8th ventral segment.

Andrena Trimmerana, 3 8th ventral segment.

», armature, to show normal form

of this organ in the genus.

», Hattorfiana, 3 armature.

Halictus; apex of abdomen in 2, showing rima on 5th

segment.

” 9

(\ 2a»)

XI. Notes on the Euchalcis vetusta, Dufowr (Fam. Chal-

cididz) ; and on the terminal segments of the females

in Halticella and its allies. By Sim Sipney

Saunpers, C.M.G.

[Part I.—Read February 1st, 1882. ]

PuaTE XII.

In the recently published 8e trimestre of the ‘Annales de la

Societe Entomologique de France,’ 1881 (6e série, tome 1),

M. Edmond André, in his ‘‘ Notes Hyménoptérologiques ”

(p. 383), has revised the sectional divisions introduced

into the genus Chalcis of Fabricius, which, for the

reasons adverted to, he would restrict to three; namely,

(1) Chaleis proper; (2) Smicra, Spinola; and (3) Halti-

cella, Spinola. To this last he refers the genus Huchalcis

of Dufour, who described four species from Spain in the

aforesaid ‘Annales’ for 1861 (4e série, tome 1, p. 9;

pl. 1, figs. 4—7, and figs. 8—10). The third species—his

. vetusta, taken by himself near Saragossa—is thus

characterised :—‘‘ Huchalcis vetusta, Duf. Atra, nitida,

subtiliter punctata; capite subtriangulari; scutello con-

vexo subrotundato acute bispinoso ; metathorace utrinque

bispinuloso, albo-sericeo punctato; tegula rufa; alis

fumosis, basi punctoque in medio subcostali diaphanis ;

abdomine conico, acutissimo, subtrigono, levi, ferru-

gineo, apice nigro; pedibus nigris, tarsis fuscescentibus ;

femoribus posticis subtus ad basin obtuse bidentatis.

Long. 3 lin.”

‘“*Mense martio 1811 capiebam hane speciem Zaragoza

circa.”

To this he appends the following remarks :—‘‘ Cette

espéece d’Huchalcis, dont j’ai conservé une description

suffisament détaillée, n’est plus en mon pouvoir. Elle

passa en 1815 dans la collection de Latreille, et de la je

ne sais ou. Elle a tous les caracteres indiqués dans le

signalement générique.”’

In our Transactions for 1873 (p. 414) I described the

two sexes of an allied species, under the name of

Halticella osmicida, found in Epirus, within the desiccated

TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1882.—pPaRT II. (JULY.)

292 Sir S. Saunders’ Notes on

blackened tegument of the adult larve of Osmia tridentata,

and undergoing their metamorphoses therein, each occu-

pying the interior of a single larva, having the head

directed towards the broad anal segments of the latter,

thus pointing downwards in the briar-cells, and issuing

therefrom in the imago state about the middle of June.

This differed from Dufour’s species in having the wncras-

sated posterior femora bright red in the female, and the

tegula black; whereas in the corresponding sex of the

latter all the legs were black, and the tegula red.

M. Jules Lichtenstein, of Montpellier, the following

year obtained a female, which he supposed to be the lost

Kuchalcis vetusta, Dut., from briars in the South of

France ;—found ‘‘a Vinterieur d’une larve d’Osmia

toute déséchée et d’un noir de jais brillant” (‘ Annales,’

1874; Bulletin, p. lxiv). He had not then been enabled

to determine the species of Osmia referred to; but

subsequently the same diligent observer reared both

sexes of this Halticella from the briar-cells of Osmia

tridentata (‘ Annales,’ 1879; Bulletin, p. xlii); still

referring thereto as the ‘‘ Huchalcis vetusta que lon

n’avait pas signale, en France du moins, depuis 1815.”

He made no mention, however, on either occasion, of his

specimens differing from Dufour’s diagnosis, as afore-

said; while recognising them as identical with those of

H. osmicida; adding, that my observations on their

economy were ‘‘absolument analogues” to his own.

M. André now figures this French species, in default

of any other, as the genuine representative and antitype

of the long-lost Spanish original; admitting, however,

that ‘‘la description de Dufour indique des écuillettes

rouges et des pattes noires; l’insecte représenté possede

au contraire des écaillettes tres noires et des cuisses

rouges!”’ He suggests the following explanation of this

discrepancy. Speaking of the Spanish type, he says :—

‘“‘C’est sans doute une variété curieuse, ou peut-étre une

erreur de copie du Dufour, qui, au moment de la publi-

cation de cette espéce, en 1861, ne l’avait plus sous les

yeux depuis 1815, et ne pouvait se reporter qu’a des

notes conservées depuis cette époque et peut-étre in-

completes.”

It would seem somewhat gratuitous to treat the

described Spanish prototype as a curious variety, and

to substitute in its stead a French species essentially

divergent therefrom; nor less so to suppose that, by

Huchaleis vetusta. 293

some possible clerical error, Dufour, habitually so pre-

cise, should have transcribed red for black, and black

for red; nor can it be deemed more plausible that,

while carefully recording in his notes the minutest

details and specially adverting to the posterior femora,

he should have omitted to define their most striking

characteristic! Moreover, to sink the described species

to an aberrant qualification would render its diagnosis

abortive and illusory. Why, indeed, should not Dufour’s

H. vetusta, coinciding therewith, occur again on the

banks of the Ebro? Has anyone, in France or else-

where, reared such a so-called ‘“‘ variety’? commingled

with others corresponding with its ideal representative ?

Do we even know that the Spanish specimen was

nurtured by the same species of bee? What then can

be held to justify such a transfiguration ; rather than

regard Dufour’s type—of different origm and unknown

life-history, completing also its metamorphoses at an

earlier period (March instead of June)—as essentially

distinct from the species now inaugurated in its stead ?

Let us listen, however, to Dufour’s arguments in a

strictly parallel case recorded in the same Mémoire of

1861, when, adverting to the C. Dargelasu, confounded

by Latreille with the C. rujfipes, Oliv., Dufour remarks :—

‘‘Quant ala couleur de ces grosses cuisses d’un rouge

ferrugineux qui saute aux yeux, Olivier newt pas manqué

de la signaler si elle avait existé dans son espece, et ila

gardé le silence” (loc. cit., p. 10). We have only to read

Dufour for Olivier, and the application is perfect. Can

we then attribute such palpable imconsistency to the

inspired writer of these words? Do they not convey—

as it were by anticipation—his indignant protest against

such an incredible oversight being imputed to him?

What, indeed! Commit the same blunder himself on the

one page, which he repudiates in Olivier on the next!

His attention had been thus forcibly called to the very

point now at issue, as regards the presence or the

absence of those conspicuous red femora which, according

to his own dictum, he could not have failed to indicate

in his recorded notes had such existed; yet, like Olivier,

al a gardé le silence !

But, irrespective of this, 1 would ask—By what

criterion are we to be guided in works of reference,

if not by the authoritative descriptions originally sup-

plied for this purpose? Are we, as in this instance, to

294 Sir 8. Saunders’ Notes on

supersede the text by exhibiting, as a standard of com-

parison, any figure which may be hypothetically ascribed

to a lost type, though confessedly at variance with the

authentic record? Are we, in such cases, in accordance

with this new doctrine, liable to have primary definitions

transmuted, ad libitum, to suit any other species of

suppositious identity by fanciful illustrations of the one

for the other? Yet such is the avowed object which our

worthy colleague proposes to attain :—‘‘ C’est pour fixer

définitivement cette espéece que j’ai cru utile d’en donner

le dessin”!

In so novel a case some may be tempted to enquire

how such fixity of tenure in the domain of science can

be definitively conferred upon any interloper, in striking

contrast to the immutable precepts of the original

diagnosis—or how conjectural disquisitions of casual

inference can serve to influence the development of

such a theory? Moreover, how can Dufour’s record be

questioned in this instance, after his own comments as

aforesaid? At all events his definition must be taken

for what it is worth, and duly respected as a legitimate

title which cannot be infringed; so that no such process

as that now resorted to can avail to instal an incon-

gruous substitute in the lapsed estate of the titular

absentee !

By some inadvertence, however, M. André cites

Dufour’s species as Halticella venusta — Euchaleis

venusta (p. 3840), under which name he has also figured

the French species (p. 344); while, by a curious coin-

dence, the H. osmicida, male and female, were figured

by Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, in the course of last year, in

his ‘Aid for the Identification of Insects’ (part v.,

plate 40). If, therefore, the French species be really

identical with the latter, as alleged, the names respec-

tively assigned thereto in these figures are obviously

synonymous, without in any way detracting from the

prior claims of Dufour’s type, irreconcilable with either.

I have deemed it requisite to offer these remarks in

self-justification for having characterised the Halticella

osmicida as a new species in 1873; while I avail myself

of this occasion to furnish a more detailed description

of the antenne and abdomen, with reference more espe-

cially to the terminal segments hereinafter adverted to.

Euchalcis vetusta. 295

Norr.—In Halticelle osmicide diagnose (loc. cit., 1873) lege

ut seguitur:— Antenne utroque sexu I1-articulate, geniculate ;

scapo fere recto, in sulco faciei depresso, capitis longitudine ;

articulo 2do parvo, basi constricto, recurvo; 3tio minimo, trans-

verso; 4to sensim latiore, sequentibus parum longiore ; reliquis

fere cowequalibus, subquadratis; extimo conico. Abdomen basi

subtilissime punctatum ; maris ovatum, nigrum, segmentis 7tem,

extimo basi utrinque spiraculifero ; femine elongato-conicum, seg-

mentis (absque cauda ventrali) sex, quorum tribus vel quatuor

basalibus lucentibus rufis, parce punctatis; reliquis cum cauda

nigris; 6to (epipygio, Sichel) longiore, deflexo, crasse punctato,

prope basin utrinque puncto spiraculiformi parvo rotundo oblique

instructo. Cauda (Sichel) ab hypopygii apice terebram involvente

composita, scabriuscula, superne utrinque spiraculifera; terebrze

valvularum compressarum apice subtrigono, rugoso, subtus pro-

ducto; terebra ipsa parum longiore. Segmentis dorsalibus valde

deflexis, prominulis, ventralibus ab illis fere obtectis.

296 Gir 8S. Saunders’ Notes on the

[Part II.—Read March 1st, 1882. |

In referring, at our last meeting, to M. Edmond

André’s recent Mémoire on the Genus Chalcis of

Fabricius, I abstained from entering into certain

intricate details respecting the caudiform appendages

of the females, whose anomalous characters were elabo-

rately discussed by the late Dr. Sichel in his ‘ Mono-

graphie des genres Phasganophora, Westwood, et Conwra,

Spinola,’ in the Annales of the French Entomological

Society for 1865 (4e série, tome v., p. 345; pl. 9, figs.

4 and 5, a—g; pl. 10, fig. 1, a, b, g).

This distinguished writer points out that ‘‘Le genre

Phasganophora est principalement charactérisé par une

modification trés-rémarquable et simguliére de l’abdomen

des femelles, ou, pour étre plus précis, de la valvule

anale inférieure (hypopygiwm). Celle-ci se prolonge

beaucoup en arriére; concave a sa face infeérieure,

convexe et fermée a sa face supérieure, comprimée sur

les cotés, elle enveloppe la tariére, qui ne reste découverte

que dans une portion plus ou moins longue de son

extrémité postérieure. Cette conformation particuliere

de Vhypopygium n’existe dans aucun autre genre

d’Hyménopteres” (p. 350).

The terminal dorsal and ventral segments (epipygium

and hypopygium) are thus conjoined; the latter, en-

veloping the terebra and its sheaths, being grasped

firmly by the former towards its apex, as though con-

stituting a continuous portion of the dorsum itself;

thereby inducing an illusory persuasion that the epipy-

gium must exist in proximity to the apical extremity of

this caudal appendage (cauda, Sichel), rather than in an

intermediate position as aforesaid. Dr. Sichel has shown

that the true epipygium in the females is always next in

succession to the 5th segment, although the divisional

boundaries of the respective segments are sometimes so

imperceptibly defined as to lead to erroneous conclusions

of their numerical position in the series.* It is the last

* Note.—Dr. Sichel explains, by the insertion of an additional

paragraph (p. 3886), that in Conwra flavicans and scutellaris,

Spinola was deceived like himself; ‘‘ parceque les limites des deux

premiers segments étaient indistinctes et confondues dans nos deux

exemplaires. Dans la figure de Spinola (Mag. de Zoologie, 1837,

terminal segments of Halticella, dc. 297

dorsal segment, abutting on a narrow impunctate belt

appertaining to the hypopygium, where their union is

effected as aforesaid.

Each of these terminal segments, thus conjoined

together in the females, is furnished with a pair of

spiracles, seen in succession from above, and first

recorded by Prof. Westwood in his figure and description

of Chaleis pyramidea, Fab. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. vol. il.

p. 224; pl. xx., fig. 6a); those of the epipygium (6th

segment, Sichel) being rotundate, and located close to

the base on each side; those of the hypopygium, elongate-

oval, situated towards the projecting apex above, in

proximity to the aforesaid impunctate belt, while sepa-

rated inter se by a slightly carinated ridge. In the males,

however, where the terminal segments retain their

normal condition, the 7th dorsal segment (epipygiwm) is

alone furnished with its usual spiracles, the hypopygium

below having none.

M. Andre, however, does not seem to be fully persuaded

of the peculiar conformation of these terminal segments

in the female, or of the conjunction of this caudal ap-

pendage with the epipygium in succession thereto, when

he denounces, as ‘‘une erreur commise involontairement

par le docteur Sichel,” that, by some strange miscon-

ception of the text and figure of Prof. Westwood (loc. cit.),

the former ‘‘semble reconnaitre en effet la présence de

stigmates a la base (?) de ce quwil appelle Vhypopygium,

qui est en réalité le 7e arceau ventral de l’abdomen”’

(p. 834). M. Andre contends that ‘‘Celui-ci considérant

en effet, avec raison, que les parties que le docteur Sichel

appelle epipygium et hypopygium constituent par leur en-

semble un seul segment abdominal—le dernier visible,

dit : ‘Abdominis seqgmentis duobus apicalibus utrinque puncto

spiraculiforni, ut wm generibus Ibalia et Leucospide’ ;”

while—as our esteemed colleague conceives—‘‘la figure

explique surabondamment que ‘ segmentis duobus’ s’ap-

plique a l’epipygiwm de Sichel et au segment dorsal qui le

précede, mais nullement a son hypopygium. Celui-ci

n’en présente, par le fait, aucune trace, ou du moins je

n’ai pu en découvrir” !

pl. 180) les deux premiers segments sont représentes comme n’en

formant qu’un seul; ce qui y parait le cinquieme segment est en

réalité l’épipygium. Ce que j'ai regardé dams ces deux especes

comme l’épipygium est l’hypopygium.”

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PpaRT I. (JULY.) 2Q

298 Sir S. Saunders’ Notes on the

In the aforesaid figure, however, the two spiracle-

bearing segments adverted to by Prof. Westwood are the

6th and 7th in the order of progression (and not the 5th

and 6th); the former corresponding with the spira-

culiferous “‘épipygium de Sichel,”’ and the latter with his

subjacent hypopygium, projecting beyond, and followed

by the terebra and its demi-sheaths. Moreover, in all

Dr. Sichel’s described species (loc. cit.) the first pair of

spiracles is invariably associated with the sixth or ter-

minal dorsal segment in the females, and the second pair

with that portion of the caudal process next in succession

thereto; the structure of which is thus defined by Dr.

Sichel (p. 855) :—

“‘Cet organe est composé de trois parties :

“1. La valvule anale supérieure (épipygium, pl. 9,

fig. 4,a, b; 5, a,b; pl. 10, fig. 1, a, 6) est trés-convexe

et quelquefois un peu bossuée. Son bord postérieur est

étroitement appliqué a la valvule anale inférieure, sans

y étre soudé, si ce n’est exceptionellement. Tout pres

de sa base, elle porte de chaque cote un stigmate

(spiracle) arrondi. M. Westwood (loc. cit.) a été le

premier a indiquer l’existence de ce stigmate et de celui

du bout de Vhypopygium.

“9. La valvule anale inféerieure (hypopygium), convexe

en haut, concave et creusée a sa face inférieure, trés-

comprimée en forme de gaine, remonte des deux cotés de

la tariére en se recourbant au dessus d’elle, de maniére

a Venvelopper en entier et la cacher dans une trés

erande étendue, dans plusieurs especes presque jusqu’a

son extrémité postérieure. Tout pres de son apex,

Vhypopygium (ou fourreau de la tariere et de sa gaine)

porte de chaque coté un stigmate ovalaire. A sa face

inférieure, ses bords libres se joignent et s’appliquent si

étroitement l’un a l’autre, que cette face parait fermée a

peu prés dans l’étendue de l’épipygium, puis, a partir du

bord postérieur de celui-ci, a peine fendue par une

étroite rainure linéaire jusqu’a son extrémite postérieure.

“3. La tariere (terebra, oviscaptus), composée de ses

gaines ou valves, comprimée et, selon les espéces, droite

ou un peu recourbeée a son extremité postérieure. Entre

les valves se trouve logée la tariere elle-méme.”’

It should, however, be observed that M. André

entertains certain divergent views as to the 7th dorsal and

ventral segments respectively, whereby these are con-

sidered to represent what he terms the ‘‘ épipygium et

terminal segments of Halticella, &c. 299

hypopygium de Sichel,” as enunciated from time to time.

Thus, in the passage already referred to, where he first

speaks of the “‘hypopygium qui est en réalité le 7e arceau

ventral de Vabdomen”’ (p. 334); and again, on the fol-

lowing page, when he adverts to the ‘‘7e segment

abdominal” as corresponding with the “‘épipyguun et

hypopygium de Sichel’’; he shortly afterwards discusses

_ the relative length of the ‘‘ arceaux dorsal et ventral du

7e segment,’ in Chalcis minuta ; and subsequently notices

“la présence, dans les Phasganophora, dune paire de

stigmates sur le Ze arceau dorsal,” which, he adds, “ se

retrouvent exactement avec les mémes dispositions chez

toutes les especes de Chalcis’”’ (p. 336).

In all these instances M. André is presumably speak-

ing of the females, or of both sexes, in the former of

which the 6th terminal dorsal segment represents this

“ épepygium de Sichel,” the 7th having no existence at all;

and the projecting apex of the hypopygium presenting

only the semblance of an additional dorsal segment. In

testifying, therefore, indiscriminately to the existence of

these spiracles ‘sw le 7e arceaw dorsal,’ M. André

unconsciously avows the recognition of the spiraculiferous

apex of this ‘‘hypopygium de Sichel,’ which he so

strenuously repudiated before. On the other hand, it is

mysteriously suggested in a footnote that ‘‘ Les véri-

tables epipygium et hypopygium sont les deux arceaux du

8e segment abdominal, invisible et tout a fait transformé

chez les Chalcidites” (p. 334); thus recognising also

that complicated transformation of these terminal seg-

ments which Dr. Sichel alone has endeavoured to

elucidate.

Towards the close of his Mémoire, however, M. André

has thrown a new light upon this subject in describing

two species of Smicra (S. picta and S. flavescens), both

females, the abdomen of the former having the “‘ 7e seg-

ment prolongé en forme de queue, son arceaw ventral

(hypopygium de Sichel) plus long que Varceaw dorsal”

(p. 842). In the second species no mention is made of

these terminal segments. Some clue is thus afforded to

the signification attached to this suppositious “‘ 7e seg-

ment” by its component parts, as aforesaid the latter

and shorter of which, in succession to the 6th segment,

being obviously the apical portion of the true hypopygium

(Sichel) ; while the former, plus long, can be no other

than the terminal portion of the projecting terebral

300 Sir S. Saunders’ Notes on the

sheaths, which have been here apparently confounded

with the ““hypopygium de Sichel,’ as the supposed

‘“arceau. ventral”? where all search for spiracles had

proved unavailing ; the spiraculiferous apex of the true

hypopygium (Sichel) being thus ascribed to the epipygium,

or supposed ‘‘ arceau dorsal”? of a non-existent ‘‘ 7e seg-

ment,” and the true epipygium (Sichel) being regarded as

the ‘‘ segment dorsal qui le préccde.”

Walker, in’ his ‘Notes on Chalcidie,’ says that

** Phasganophora and Halticella agree in general struc-

” (p. 40); and this is more especially witnessed in

Sichel’s subgenus Allocera (Ann. 1865, p. 379),

ae on a single example from Algiers (A. bicolor,

Sichel, ; — Kuchaleis Miegii, Dufour, Ann. 1881, pl. 1,

fio. 4), which exhibits all the generic characteristics of

H. osnucida, though specifically distinct. Thus, in the

latter, the dorsal seoments of the abdomen are laterally

prolonged into a series of overhanging flaps, which con-

ceal the ventral region to a considerable extent. Speaking

of these in Allocera, Dr. Sichel says, ‘‘ Les arceaux ven-

traux sont si courts et couverts dans une si grande

étendue par les arceaux dorsaux, qu’on les voit a peine”’

(p. 380). The contracted basal portion of this ventral

region is depressed far below the rest in the guise of a

carinated recess, open posteriorly, and not extending

beyond the third dorsal segment; its sloping sides, of

translucent flexible consistency, indicating, in the same

species, four or five overlapping segmental divisions

fwmly welded together, the terminal segment of these

being considerably longer than the others. In Chalcis

pyramidea, Fab., jive of these segments are shown

(Westwood, loc. cit.) : whereas in C. Gallica, Sichel,

the whole of the ventral segments are described by Dr.

Sichel as ‘‘fere in carinam compressa, rufa, tenuia, semi-

pellucida, subconnata, ita ut wultema wunicum tantum

segmentum, ab hypopygio valde distans et vaginam amplam

effingens, constituant”’ (loc. cit., p. 373). By the angular

gap at the termination of the aforesaid carinated recess,

free action is afforded to the terebra from within; this

aperture being apparently closed at will by bringing the

hypopygium more or less into contact with the salient

angle below, as witnessed im some specimens, and

doubtless also by the closer conjunction of the projecting

dorsal flaps, described by Dr. Sichel (in his Allocera

= Halticella) as ‘‘omnium lateribus in ventrem decur-

terminal segments of Halticella, &c. 301

rentibus, ibique secundum lineam longitudinalem juxta-

positis et circa hypopygii basin segmentaque ventralia

brevia subnulla junctis”’ (loc. cit., p. 380).

The general structure of the abdomen and its ap-

pendages in Halticella osmicida will be best explained by

exhibiting the different sectional parts under various

aspects. The importance of such illustrations had not

escaped the notice of Dr. Sichel, who states—‘‘ J’ai

essayé de disséquer toutes ces parties mais je n’y al

réussi que trés-imparfaitement sur mes individus désé-

chés depuis longtemps et difficiles 4 ramollir et 4 manier”’

(p. 354).

In the figures which M. André has supplied of the

terminal segments in several species, the corresponding

parts whereof are not cited in the females (figs. 1b,

2f, 2g), the two spiraculiferous segments of his Halticelia

venusta 2 , represented in 2f and 2g, obviously coincide

with the epipygium (Sichel) and hypopygiwm (Sichel)

respectively,—the terebral sheaths projecting beyond the

latter,—however difficult it may be to reconcile this with

his remarks thereon. It must also be assumed that his

figure 1b indicates the same relative parts in Chalcis

Gallica, Sichel, 2. As to his presumed males (3¢, 4, and 5)

—the sex being defined in the first only,—they have been

credited in each instance with the full complement of two

pairs of spiracles; and when speaking of these in

Phasganophora and Chalcis M. André observes—‘“‘ Les

stigmates se retrouvent comme dans les femelles”

(p. 886); although, in so far as hitherto recorded, the

spiracles in this sex are limited to one pair on the

terminal or 7th segment (epipygiwm);* which | am

now enabled to corroborate as regards the males of

HI. osmicida.

In the accompanying details of the latter, Plate xi1.,

fic. 1 exhibits the dorsal segments of the abdomen in the

female, removed in one connected series, terminating

with the 6th (epipygium, Sichel), seen laterally. In

fig. 2 the contracted ventral segments are retained

within the overlapping range of the former; the apical

portion, in this instance, having been detached from

* «* Hnipygium minimum, compresso-convecum, basi utringue

spiraculo fere totwm latus occupante notatum. Hypopygium

itidem “minutum, compresso-convexum, sed spiraculo carers.

3 tres.” (Sichel in Phasganophora variegata, loc. cit., p. 380).

302 Sir S. Saunders’ Notes on the

within the ventral recess. Fig. 8 gives the residuary

portion of the ventral region in the foregoing ; consisting

of the hypopygium (Sichel) intimately associated with the

terebra and its appendages, whose sheaths are here

withdrawn from the former and separated, showing the

terebra with its spicule in the intermediate space. Thus

the hypopygium extends to the apex, in the absence of

the usually projecting terebral sheaths; which, narrow

at their origin and laterally compressed, gradually widen

beyond their centre, changing colour from rufo-flavous

to jet-black. At the basal extremity of the abdomen the

subjacent terebral sheaths are reflexed back upon the

dorsum, where the latter are dilated into two oval lateral

circuits; beyond which, on the dorsal region, the

epipygium, usually firmly attached to the impunctate

transverse belt of the hypopygium, as if appertaining

thereto, is here partially raised to exhibit the com-

ponent parts of the latter; whose spiracles, on either

side of its carinated apex, in other instances oval, are

here circular, and closely follow the aforesaid belt, as in

fig. 6.

The ventral region, reversed and seen laterally, is

shown entire in fig. 4; the terebra reposing within the

elongate channel of the hypopygium and its closed

sheaths projecting to the extreme apex. The epipygium

has also been retained in sitw above. In fig. 5 the

ventral region reversed is seen from behind, showing

the basal recess; the terebra with its spicule being alone

displayed, and its sheaths closed. The terminal portion

of the same, seen from above, is shown in fig. 6,

commencing with the impunctate transverse belt of the

hypopygium, and terminating with the terebral sheaths.

These sheaths, together with the terebra and its

spicule fully displayed, are exhibited in fig. 7. The

abdomen of the male, as seen from below, and the

terminal segments of the same seen from above, are

represented in figs. 8 and 9, and the corresponding

segments of the female, as seen intact from above,

are exhibited in fig. 10, commencing with the 5th;

the last dorsal segment (epipygiwn, Sichel) being next in

succession; closely followed by the impunctate belt of

the terminal ventral segment (hypopygiwm, Sichel), and

by the spiracles of the latter, separated inter se by the

carinated ridge extending to its apex; the closed sheaths

of the oviduct projecting beyond, with the extremity of

terminal segments of Halticella, &e. 303

the terebra protruding between them. The hypopygium,

and the terebra with its adjuncts are shown disengaged

from each other in figs. 11 and 12. The apex of the

former highly magnified (fig. 13) has been casually severed

along the carinated ridge, where no suture exists; but

being brittle and deflexed around the sheaths, when

these are withdrawn from the longitudinal channel below

it readily yields along this line, as here exhibited. The an-

tenna of the female (with which that of the male closely

corresponds, on a smaller scale) is shown in fig. 14;

the fore and hind wings in figs. 15 and 16; and the

posterior leg, in the same sex, with its incrassated in-

ternally serrate femur and minute tibial calcaria, in fig.

17; a similar structure, without the serrate margin,

existing in the male.

With respect to the old genus Chalcis, our honoured

colleague states that, after vainly seeking to discover some

better definitions between this and Phasganophora than

the unisexual character of the caudal appendages in the

latter, he had unexpectedly been led to a conviction

directly contrary to his expectations, compelling him to

unite those genera together, as presenting intermediate

transitions which rendered it difficult to determine the

respective limits of each. Having come to this con-

elusion, he soon found that similar transitions among

the species of the genus Conwra irresistibly led to their

absorption in like manner; some with Chalcis, and

others, having a petiolated abdomen, being readily

affiliated to the genus Smicra of Spinola; while the

genus Halticella of Spinola, having the antenne inserted

near the mouth instead of at the vertex, served as a

rallying point for others detached from Phasgunophora.

Thus, as M. André explains, ‘‘les trois genres Chalcis,

—Smicra, et Halticella, renferment chacun une série

d’especes a segments postérieurs de l’abdomen prolongés

plus ou moins, quelquefois d’une fagon démesurée, mais

sans que l’on puisse les séparer d’une fagon nette de

toutes les autres” (p. 337).

No satisfactory result has thus been obtained by dis-

regarding the characters of the terminal segments ; and

in fact, when limiting these subdivisions to three—whose

prominent attributions are equally unstable, and involving

therefore the same inherent defects—the arguments

propounded as aforesaid must be no less available to

debar these groups from any such privileged exemption.

304 Sir S. Saunders’ Notes on the

On the other hand, the recognition of sectional dis-

tinctions and subsidiary alliances is of no mean value

amid an extensive series of divergent types, which must

otherwise entail inextricable confusion in the absence of

such discriminating tests.

Dr. Sichel has remarked that, setting aside the peculiar

conformation of their terminal segments, “‘les Phasga-

nophora resemblent aux autres Chalcidoides,et pourraient

méme étre réparties comme sous-genres dans cette tribu,

dont la plupart des genres auraient ainsi leurs repre-

sentants et leurs sous-genres correspondants dans toutes

les coupes génériques de l’ancien genre Chalcis. Ainsi

on pourrait entrevoir dés a présent quwil existe des

Phasganophora & antennes insérées au milieu du front et

a pétiole allongé (P. smicriformes)—ou court et presque

nul (P. chalcidiformes)—et d’autres a antennes insérées

pres de labouche (P. halticelliformes)” (p. 850). But he

could see no reason in this for abolishing those genera

whose characters are founded on sexual distinctions ;

while—as he pathetically adds—‘‘ personne cependant

n’a songé a les supprimer” (p. 351). He also elsewhere

observes—‘‘ Toutefois il y a, comme toujours entre les

genres voisins, certaines transitions qui pourront quelque-

fois rendre la distinction difficile quand le nombre des

especes sera devenu plus considérable” (p. 385); but it

can hardly be alleged that the greater the number of

species the less the need of sectional divisions, or

that it will become the more expedient to amalgamate

them all together on account of such presumable transi-

tions !

Walker, in his ‘ Notes on Chalcidiz,’ when commenting

on Halticella and its allies, observes that ‘‘the species

are numerous, and there are many which agree with Dr.

Sichel’s definition of Phasganophora”’; but he anticipates

a very different result therefrom when he considers it

“probable that in process of time the species of this

family will be partitioned among an excessive number of

new genera”’ (p. 40).

It must at any rate be obvious that, where habits are

more or less identical, structural affinities afford the best

test and true criterion of natural alliances, the guiding

principle being to determine this result by means of such

an index; and when, as in this instance, the pioneers

of progress have recognised special distinctive cha-

racters, to abandon this vantage eround by retrograding

terminal segments of Halticella, dc. 305

into the annals of the past, and by incorporating hetero-

geneous types with a host of others as in the infancy of

scientific research, would be less befitting than to

eliminate disturbing elements by affording a new status

to any of the former which may stand in need thereof.

EXPLANATION OF PuatrEe XII.

DETAILS OF HALTICEHELLA OSMICIDA.

Fie. 1. Dorsal segments of abdomen in female, entire.

2. Basal segments of dorsum reversed, showing the ventra

segments within.

3. Hypopygium (Sichel) and ovipositor conjoined.

4. Ventral region, seen laterally.

5. Ditto, from behind; the terebra and spicule displayed.

6. Apex of preceding, seen from above (‘‘ Cauda,” Sichel).

7. Terebra with sheaths and spicule displayed in sitw.

8. Abdomen of male; ventral region.

9. Terminal segments of ditto, seen from above.

10. Ditto of female, seen from above.

11. Ovipositor, apart.

12. Hypopygium apart, seen from below.

. Apex of hypopygium, highly magnified.

. Antenna of female.

. Fore wing of ditto.

. Hind wing of ditto.

. Posterior leg of ditto.

Bee ee

aS oO Fe YO

pon

Notr.—In the foregoing figures the various segments (1—10),

and fig. 18, are magnified 95 diameters ; the remainder, 11, 12

and 14—17, 6 diameters.—G. 8. S.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRI Il. (JULY.) 2k

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XII. On the supposed abnormal habits of certain species of

Eurytomides, a group of the Hymenopterous family

Chalcidide. By J. O. Wesrwoop, M.A., F.L.S., &e.

[Read May 3rd, 1882. ]

Puates XIII. and XIV.

In the memoir on the insects infesting the seeds of Ficus

Sycomorus and Carica, recently published (Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond., 1882, pp. 47—60), I have suggested that

notwithstanding the phytophagous character of the two

remarkable insects, Sycophaga crassipes and Blastophaga

Psenes, they were more nearly related to the entomo-

phagous Chalcidide than to any other family of Hyme-

noptera. The question of the possibility of so close

a relationship between animals differing so widely as to

possess phytophagous and sarcophagous habits is one of

great physiological interest, and appears to be affirmed

not only by the case of the Cynipide alluded to in my

memoir, as well as by that of Bombus and Psithyrus, but

also by the various instances of phytophagism stated

to have been observed in certain species of the Hury-

tomides, whilst others in the latter group have certainly

been ascertained to be entomophagous in their habits.

It is true that the phytophagism of Hurytoma hordet and

its immediate allies has been questioned and again re-

affirmed, so that a very careful examination of the state-

ments made on either side is required, and I now beg

leave to lay the result of my examination of the chief

authorities upon this curious question before the members

of the Entomological Society without prejudging their

verdict, which may, however, I think, now be given.

The late Mr. F. Walker published a Monograph of the

British Hurytomides in the first volume of the ‘ Ento-

mological Magazine’ (October, 1832). In this memoir

four genera are described—1, [sosoma, Walk., with twenty-

three species ; 2, Systole, Walk., one species; 3, Hury-

toma, llliger, eleven species; and Decatoma, Spinola, ten

species. Almost all the species are described as having

TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1882.—PART Il. (JULY.)

308 Prof. Westwood on the supposed abnormal

been taken amongst grass beneath trees, the only novel

remark on the economy of the species being that Mr.

Davies had obtained an individual of the genus Deca-

toma from an oak-gall. In the second volume of the

same magazine Mr. Walker adds descriptions of one

additional species of Jsosoma, one of Systole, five of

Eurytoma (one of which, E. salicis, was reared by M.

F. de Laporte from galls on willows near Paris), and two

of Decatoma. And in the fourth volume ‘of the same

work three additional species of Isosoma, one Hurytoma,

and three of Decatoma were described by Mr. Walker,

with no account of the economy of any of the species.

C. G. Nees ab Esenbeck, in the second volume of

his ‘Hymenopterorum Ichneumonibus affintum Mono-

eraphie, 1834, has described eight species of Hurytoma,

with the general observation :— ‘‘ Habitat in Carduis,

Artemisiis aliusque herbis et fruticibus, ubi gallas

fungosas ictu suo gignere dicuntur hujus generis species.

Adnot. Latreillium et Dalmanum secutus Hurytome

genus inter Pteromalinos posui, quibus re vera habitu

notisque ex antennis alisque haustis proxime conjunctum

videtur; sed vite ratio Cyniphum potius est, quibus

Eucharide genere medio conciliatur, neque errabit, qui,

utriusque ordinis, Cyniphum et Pteromalinorum inquam,

novo certiorique charactere invento, Kurytomas Cyniphi-

bus restituet”’ (op. cit., pp. 88 & 39).

The following are the species of which the economy is

recorded by this author :—

Eurytoma plumata, Iliger (serratule, Fab.; 2, com-

pressa, Fab.; adonidum, Rossi). ‘‘ Habitat in galla

lignea polythalama, rotundata, utrinque attenuata, caulis

Serratule arvensis gallie (Fabricius, auctoritate Musei

Bosciani’’* (p. 40).

EK. Abrotani, Ulig., Panz. (P. appendigaster, Swederus ;

2 , aterrimus, Schrank; P. nigritus, Swederus). ‘ In Galla

caulis cujusdam tuberosa, plante ab hieme destruct

ideoque incerte, Parietariz forte, copiam feminarum

invenit Schrankius. In Carduis proper Sickershausen

Julio, Augusto et Septembre mensibus, ipse legi; marem

foemine copula junctum die 21 Aug. a. 1821; in variis

* According to Bouche, Naturg. d. Ins. i., p. 166, n. 58, the larva

is ‘* elongato-cylindrica, subtiliter undulata, incisuris profundis seg-

mentis dorsalibus gibbosulis, capite subgloboso. Long. lin. 1.

Habitat in larvis Microgasteris liparidis, Bouche, et in iisdem

metamorphosin subit.”

habits of certain species of Hurytomides. 309

plantis prope Norimbergam, Panzer; prope Viennam

inventa est; etiam in Gallia et Suecia” (p. 41). And in

the Addenda, p. 415, it is further stated :—‘‘ Habitat in

Gallis Cyniphis Potentille mihi, Februario mense anni

1834, in horto botanico Vratislaviensi lectis. Exclusis

primum inde a die 26 Martii Cyniphibus plurimis utrius-

que sexus, mox etiam Hurytome multe prodiere.”’

H. verticillata, Ulig., Fabr. (abrotani, Fonscol.) ‘‘ Cepi

mares et feminas promiscue, in variis floribus vere et

estate prope Sickershausen. Feminam, in galla parva

globosa sanguinea F'olii Rose insidentem, misit cl. Graven-

horst, hoc situ a sese prope Brunsvicum captam”’ (p.41).

EH. enea, Esenb. (Decatoma metallica, Spinola. ‘“‘ Unam

hujus speciei feminam cepi, Aphidibus, jam mortuis,

Aphidio vario impraegnatis, terebra immissa ova impo-

nentem, die 11 Junii a. 1818, in Rosa horti mei prope

Sickershausen. Marem non vidi” ( (p. 42).

H. signata, Ksenb. ‘‘ Plura hujus speciei exempla

utriusque ea variationis, prodiere diebus 12 et 13 Julii

a. 1809 e Galla Cyniphis Quercus gemme, Linn. prope

Sickershausen lecta. Alia cepi, Augusto mense locis

nemorosis, in quercu. Observavi etiam Septembre mense

hujus speciei feminam, cum gallam illam orbiculatam

depressam lenticularem umbonatam basi arcte appres-

sam rubram hirsutam, que in pagina foliorum quercus

inferiori frequens occurrit, ictu vulneraret. Non causa

igitur hujus gemme, sed parasita incole ejus videtur”’

(p. 43).

EH. rose, Kisenb. (Addenda, p. 415). ‘‘ Habitat soli-

taria in gallis parvis globosis levibus pisi magnitudine,

primum pallidis, alterove latere roseis, demum lute-

scentibus, que prima estate in pagina inferiori foliorum

Rose centifoliz horti mei Vratislavensis nate, ad unam

omnes hance Kurytomam, nullam autem usquam Cyniphem

edidere, neque spolia larvee destructz, quotquot dissecui,

monstravere ut, itaque mihi persuasum sit, gallas istas ab

ipsa Hurytoma matre ictu plants esse genitas ovuloque

imposito impregnatas; ad hance speciem referas feminam

illam a cl. Gravenhorst in simili galla captam ”’ (p. 41).

In his ‘ Hymenopterologische Studien’ (2 Heft, 4to,

1856, p.44), Forster has criticised Walker’s distribution of

the family, and given another tabulation of the four genera,

without adding anything to our knowledge of the habits

of the species.

Herr Forster (Beitr. z. Monogr. der Pteromalinen,

310 Prof. Westwood on the supposed abnormal

1 Heft, 4to, 1841, p. 6) comments upon Nees von Hsen-

beck’s account of the habits of these insects as follows :—

E. signata, N. ‘Diese Art erzog ich aus denselben

Gallen, wie Nees, und mit denselben zugleich Ptero-

malus fasciculatus und sodalis nob. sehr haufig. Weniger

haufig erschienen aus denselben Gallen Newroterus

petiolatus, Kaltenbach, Synergus rufiventris, Kalt., und

Synergus parvus, Kalt.; der erste ist also der Bewohner

der Galle, wahrend die beiden Pteromalus, die beiden

Synergus und die Hurytoma signata, welche ich auch aus

den vielkammerigen Schwammegallen an den Hichen-

zweigen mit T'eras terminalis, Hart., erhielt; also im

Ganzen 5 Parasitem nur als Zerstorer desselben angesehen

werden mussen. Daraus geht mit Gewissheit hervor,

dass Kurytoma keine Gallen erzeuge.”’

i. abrotani, Ul. ‘‘Ich selbst erhielt diese Art aus

Kichenblattgallen, welche wahrscheinlich der Cynips

disticha angehoren.”’

E. rose, N. ‘Es scheint dies aber wirklich nieht der

Fall zu seyn, denn ich erhielt dieselbe Art zwar aus Rosen,

aber auch aus Blattgallen von derselben Grosse auf

Acer platanoides. Diese letzeren Gallen waren von

Andricus scutellaris, Kalt. bewohnt, in welchem Ptero-

malus jucundus nob. und Pterom., fasciculatus nob. para-

sitisch leben. Es findet also hier wie bei H. signata

desselbe Verhaltniss statt, beide mussen Parasiten seyn,

weil sie sonst wie oben von zweierlei Gallen waren.”

In the appendix to this ‘ Beitrage,’ Forster has de-

scribed eight new species of Hurytoma.

The late Dr. Thaddeus William Harris devoted not

fewer than ten pages in the second edition of his ‘ Treatise

on some of the Insects of New England which are

injurious to Vegetation’ (8vo, 1852, pp. 437), giving an

account of a species of Hurytoma (E. hordei) which was

supposed to have proved very injurious to the barley

crops in the United States by forming gall-like swellings

on the straw of barley and wheat, which prevent the

proper development of the plants; hence called barley-

straw insects and joint worms. ‘The following is a very

concise abstract of Dr. Harris’s account :—These insects

were first observed in 1829 and 1830, and on some farms

the crop of grain scarcely exceeded the quantity of seed

sown ; most of the stalks were found to have a number

of small worms within them near to the second joint,

which had become hardened in the part attacked from the

habits of certain species of Eurytomides. 311

interruption of the circulation of the sap, and in some

places the cultivation of barley was given up in con-

sequence thereof. When the barley is about eight or ten

inches high the effects of the disease begin to be visible

by a sudden cheek in the growth of the plants and the

yellow colour of the lower leaves. If the butts of the

straw are now examined they will be found to be irre-

oularly swollen and discoloured between the second and

third joints, and instead of being hollow are rendered

solid, hard, and brittle, so that the stem above the

diseased part is impoverished and seldom produces any

erain. The worms are about one-tenth of an inch in

length and of a golden or straw-colour, and in the

month of November they appeared to have passed to the

chrysalis state, which extends through the winter. In

some cases the larva entered the pupa state early in the

spring, and the perfect imsects began to make their

appearance on the 15th of June, escaping through

. minute perforations in the straw which they gnawed for

this purpose. These larve differ entirely from those of

Cecidomyia (which latter had been supposed by certain

writers to have been the real cause of the mischief) in

having the bodies softer and their skins more delicate

and tender, whilst the form of the head and structure of

the mouth are entirely unlike those of the Cecidomyian

larve ; the head is round and partially retractile; the

jaws are lateral and hooked, they meet at the points, and

are of a blackish colour, and apparently of a horny

texture, being distinctly visible even with a pocket micro-

scope; hence it is evident that these larve are hyme-

nopterous, ‘‘and are not the larve of any dipterous

insect.” The perfect insects thus obtained proved to

belong to the genus Hwrytoma, and were described by

Dr. Harris in the ‘ New England Farmer’ for July 28rd,

1830 (vol. ix., p. 2), and in the first edition of his

‘Treatise’ as Hurytoma horde. Hight years previously

seme of these insects, that came from a straw-bed in

Cambridge (Mass.), were shown to Dr. Harris. They

had proved very troublesome to children sleeping on the

bed, their bites or stings. being followed by considerable

irritation and inflammation, which lasted several days ;

so numerous were the insects that it was found necessary

to empty the bed-tick and burn the straw.

In 1851 the ravages of the jomt worm in the wheat

fields of Virginia attracted the attention of Dr. Fitch,

312 Prof. Westwood on the supposed abnormal

whose observations thereon appeared in ‘The Culti-

vator’ for October of that year. The disease in this

case was found to be situated immediately above the

lower joint in the sheathing base of the leaf, the sub-

stance of which, for a distance exceeding half an inch,

was much swollen, and was changed to a more solid and

wood-like texture, whilst the surface exhibited several

long pale spots, slightly elevated like a blister. The

hollow of the stem was entirely obliterated at some parts

by the pressure of the enlarged portion of the sheath, and

was hardly visible at others. Hach of the blistered

spots covered an elongated cavity, containing a footless

worm or maggot about ten-hundredths of an inch long,

of an oval form, rather more tapering posteriorly than

towards the head, and divided by slight constrictions into

thirteen segments. The worm was soft, shining, of an

uniform milk-white colour, with a small V-shaped brown

line marking the situation of the mouth. ‘‘ So exactly,”

remarks Dr. Fitch, ‘‘does this worm in its form and

appearance resemble the larve of the Hessian fly and

other species of Cecidomyia which have fallen under my

examination, that I entertain no doubt it pertains to the

same genus of insects.’”’ A numberof specimens of the

diseased wheat were submitted to Drs. Harris and Fitch

for investigation, the former of whom only obtained

specimens of Hurytoma from them, all with one exception

being females; whilst Dr. Fitch obtained above one

hundred specimens of the same Hurytoma, all of which

were females. The former observer obtained also one

Chalcidian parasite belonging to the genus Pteromalus,

whilst the latter also obtained another and different

parasite belonging to the genus Torymus, with the hind-

most thighs much thicker than the others and notched

beneath at the end. .

The ravages of the joint worms in the wheat-fields of

Virginia subsequently attracted the attention of Prof.

J. L. Cabell, who came to the conclusion that the joint

worm is the larva of a hymenopterous, and not of a

dipterous, insect. Dr. Harris completes his summary of

the history of these insects with the following remarks :

—‘‘The foregoing account might be thought to afford

conclusive evidence that the Hurytoma alone was the

author of the mischief done to the wheat and barley,

and that it is not a parasitical insect. In favour of this

opinion we have the fact that hitherto no person has

habits of certain species of Hurytomides. 313

succeeded in obtaining from the diseased wheat-straw so

much as a single specimen of Cecidomyia, while both the

wheat and the barley straw have yielded to several

observers, in repeated instances, numerous specimens of

the same kind of Hurytoma and nothing else, saving an

extremely small number of lesser parasites. The

determinations of this difficult and interesting question

is of much importance in a scientific and an economical

point of view. We are to consider, in destroying the

Eurytoma, whether we shall kill an enemy or a friend. If

it be a parasite, as the almost universal opinion of ento-

mologists would lead us to believe, it would be the height

of folly to attempt to interfere with its operation. On

the other hand, if we can show it to be a plant-eating

insect, we.may use such means as are in our power to-

wards checking its career, not only with perfect safety,

but with eminent advantage.’’—‘ Treatise,’ p. 445.

In the ‘ American Agriculturist,’ New York, August,

1861, Dr. Fitch reasserts that this Hurytoma is the origin

of the joint worm, and enumerates four species of the

Hurytome :—

1. H. hordei, Harris, which has the shanks of all the

legs black.

2. H. fulvipes, Fitch, Journ. New York State Agr. Soc.

ix. 115, with the shanks and thighs tawny yellow.

3. H. tritici, Fitch, l.c., with the shanks of the fore

legs pale yellow and of the others black.

4. E. secalis, Fitch, n.s. The rye-fly, with the fore

and hind shanks pale yellow, and the middle ones black.

Very common in Connecticut.

These insects aredescribed in detail, and their economy

given, in Dr. Fitch’s ‘Seventh Report on the Noxious

Insects of New York,’ pp. 151—165.

In the ‘ Bulletin de la Société Imperiale des Naturalistes

de Moscow,’ 1880, part iii., Prof. K. Lindeman has pub-

lished a memoir on the Hurytoma hordet and Cecidomyia

ceralis, which had for five years previously proved very

injurious in the Russian State of Mohilev to the rye

crops; and in the 4th part of the same volume of the

Moscow Bulletin, Prof. Lindeman has described several

Chalcidideous parasites which he had reared from the

diseased joints of the rye, as well as a distinct species of

Eurytoma (fH. albinervis), which also resides in the knot-

ted joints of the rye.

Dr. Ratzeburg (‘Ichneumonen Forstinsecten,’ Bd. 1.,

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—paRT Il. (JULY.) 2s

314 Prof. Westwood on the supposed abnormal

4to, 1844, p. 171) has given a revision of the genus

Eur ytoma, in which the divisions and subgenera proposed

by Walker and Forster are rejected, and objecting to the

supposed phytophagous character of some of the species,

as proposed by Nees v. Esenbeck; all the species

observed by him being asserted to be parasites, some

of them being even supposed to be parasites on the

parasites (Schmarotzer—Schmarotzer) of the gall-fly or

other insects trom which they have been observed to

have originated. Moreover, he gives instances of the

polyphagism and even pantophagism of some of the

species, several of which are parasites on wood-boring

Coleoptera of the genera Hylesinus and Eccoptogaster, as

well as upon Memaii, Saperde, and Magdalis.

The species described by Dr. Ratzeburg are :—

1. H. signata ‘Wakhyrscheinlich der Haupt-Hichen-

Gallenschmarotzer unter den Kurytomen.’

2. EH. flavovaria, n.s. Fourteen male specimens reared

from Hylesinus fraxini trom Upper Silesia.

3. H. flavo-scapularis, n. 8s. Also parasitic on Hyle-

sinus fraxint.

4. EH. Abrotant.

5. EH. verticillata, Nees.

6. H. eccoptogastri, n.s. From a ‘‘ kranken apfel-

zweigen’’? in which LHccoptogaster rugulosus, Saperda

preusta, and a Magdalis were found.

7. H. abieticola, n.s. From ‘ Fichtenknuppeln”’ in-

habited by Magdalis violacea.

8. EH. ischioxanthus. Obtained with EF. flavovaria from

Hylesinus fraxini.

In the second volume of the same work, 1848 (p. 177),

Dr. Ratzeburg has added the descriptions of three

additional spectes of Hurytoma :—

9. H. aciculata. Obtained both males and females

from ‘‘ Weidengallen” and from Salix viminalis, pro-

bably being parasitic on Nematus angustus.

10. EH. striolata. From Eccoptogaster intricatus.

11. EH. costata. Males obtained from cocoons of the

Microgaster of Pontia crategi.

And in the third volume of the same work, 1852,

p. 220, four more species of Hurytoma are described :—

12. EH. extincta. Parasitic on Nematus angustus.

“Von Hrn. Brischke aus dem Stiele der Weidenrosen

erzogen.”

13. LH. pinetorum. Parasitic on Hylesinus minimus.

habits of certain species of Eurytomides. 315

14. EH. microneura. From a Cecidomyia upon ‘* Weiden-

rosen-zucht.”’

15. HE. brunniventris. From an oak-gall.

With the addition of—

16. E. plumata, Il. From the Microgaster of a

Inparis.

The group of Eurytomides, and especially the real

economy of Hurytoma hordei, engaged the attention of

the late Benjamin D. Walsh, M.A., and formed the sub-

ject of two elaborate memoirs published in the ‘ American

Entomologist,’ vol. i., pp. 149—159 (1869), and vol. i1.,

pp- 297, 329, and 367 (1870).

The first of these memoirs is especially devoted to the

joint worm (Jsosoma hordei), the larva of which is de-

scribed as but little more than one-eighth of an inch

long, and of a pale yellow colour, with the exception of

the jaws, which are dark brown. It inhabits a little cell,

which is situated in the internal substance of the stem

of the affected plant of wheat, barley, or rye, usually a

short distance above the first or second knot from the

root, the outer surface of the stem being elevated in a

corresponding elongate blister-like swelling ; and when,

as is generally the case, from three to ten of these cells

lie close together in the same spot, the whole forms a

woody enlargment honeycombed by cells, and is in reality

a many-celled or ‘‘ polythalamous” gall. Occasionally,

but rarely, galls are situated in the middle of the inter-

node, or even close to the upper knot. The mischief

done by these insects is in certain localities ‘‘ seriously

great.” In 1851, throughout a large portion of Virginia,

“many crops of wheat were hardly worth cutting on

account of their attacks.” In central New York Mr. G.

Geddes, late President of the New York State Agri-

cultural Society, writes :—‘‘ Formerly we expected forty

bushels of barley to the acre; now we cannot rely on

more than twenty.”—(‘ Trans. N. Y. Agr. Soc.,’ 1859,

p- 382).

The fact of the deposition of the eggs by the female

E. hordei in the healthy stalks of the plants was dis-

tinctly observed and described by Mr. Pettit, of Grimsby,

Canada West (‘Canada Farmer,’ 1867, p. 268). He

states that he had ‘“‘ watched the growing barley, and on

the 10th of June found the perfect insects actively at

work ovipositing in the then healthy stalks of the plant.”

After leisurely creeping up and down the plant, ‘the

316 Prof. Westwood on the supposed abnormal

females, head downwards, begin by bending the abdo-

men downward, and placing the tip of the ovipositor on

the straw at right angles with the body, when the abdo-

men resumes its natural position, and the ovipositor is

gradually worked into the plant to its full extent. With

the aid of a good lens, and by pulling up the plants on

which they were at work (which did not appear to dis-

concert them in the least) I could view the whole opera-

tion.”

Mr. Walsh adds that upon July 8rd he examined “a

large lot of the green barley-galls received from Mr.

Pettit, and found the larva of the joint fly almost half

crown, that is, from 0°004 to 0°006 inch long, and about

five times as long as wide. In these green galls, upon

the most careful search, he could find no gall-gnat larve,

nor any vestiges of such larve.’’ If the so-called joint-

worm fly were really a parasite, we must certainly have

discovered, at the early period of the year, a few speci-

mens of the larve upon which it was parasitic, or at all

events some traces of their handiwork.” Mr. Walsh

therefore comes to the inevitable conclusion (already

arrived at by Harris and Fitch, and contrary to the

opinion which Walsh had expressed previously in the

‘ Practical Entomologist,’ i1., pp. 10—12 and 87, 38)

“that the joint fly was the real author of these galls,

and we think it right to bear this public testimony to the

correctness of their entomological inferences” (p. 151).

Mr. Walsh then describes a truly parasitic Chalci-

dideous insect (Semiotellus chalcidiphagus), one of the larve

of which ‘‘ emerged under our very eyes from the body

of a joint worm ”’; whilst in other instances he had found

the parasitic larve attached externally to its victim, in

the manner common with the larve of many Chalcis

flies. He then details his observations on many speci-

mens of the J. hordei, which he had reared from Canada

barley-galls, proving that Dr. Fitch’s four species of

joint-worm flies are mere varieties of one and the same

species.

Adopting an opinion expressed by Professor Agassiz*

(‘Essay on Classification,’ p. 59), Mr. Walsh insists on

* “The more I learn upon this subject,” says Agassiz, ‘“ the more

am I struck with the similarity in the very movements, the general

habits, and even the intonation of the voices of animals belonging

to the same family.”

habits of certain species of Eurytomides. 317

the law of Unrry or Hasrrs in insects and other animals,

and which he briefly states as follows :—‘“ In the case of

all known animals, species belonging to the same genus

have the same, or nearly the same, habits, and this is

also partially true of genera belonging to the same

family, but not unfrequently genera belonging to the

same family have very widely distinct habits.” ‘‘ Con-

sequently, as the genus and the habits of any particular

species of animal are both of them determined by the

structure, when the genus of two species is the same,

the habits also must of necessity be the same, or very

nearly the same.”

In illustration of these principles Mr. Walsh cites the

case of Zabrus (a genus belonging to the great carnivorous

family of ground beetles, Carabide), which feeds upon

living and growing vegetables; also the genus Oddes

(belonging to the same family of ground beetles), which

generally makes for the water when endeavouring to

escape, crawling under floating rubbish, and the genera

Arma and Stiretrus (belonging to the family of the

plant bugs, Heteroptera), but which have very stout

robust beaks suitable for piercing the bodies of other

insects, and cannibal in their habits ; whilst all the other

Scutelleride have tender beaks only for piercing vegeta-

tion. Upon minutely examining the perfect jomt-worm

fly, and comparing it with the other Hurytomides, Mr.

Walsh ascertained that the former neither belonged to

the genera Hurytoma nor Decatoma, to which the greater

portion of these Hurytomides are referrable, but to a dis-

tinct genus, Isosoma, W1k.

To the genus Isosoma (with 9-jointed antenne in both

sexes, not counting the minute annuli nor any articula-

tion in the terminal joint), Mr. Walsh refers the

‘notorious joint-worm fly, which I have clearly ascer-

tained to be the veritable author of the galls upon the

stems of wheat, barley, and rye, figures of which galls

are given.”—(‘ American Entomologist,’ vol. i., p. 329).

From Harris and Fitch, down to Glover and Packard, all

authors have hitherto referred this insect to the genus

Eurytoma, from which, however, it differs essentially. If

it could with any propriety be referred to that genus we

should then have a case of the same genus including

both parasitic and plant-feeding species, and I do not

believe that any such violation of the great law of the Unity

or Hazits can be met with anywhere in Nature. As

318 Prof. Westwood on the supposed abnormal

long ago as 1867 I published, in the ‘ Canada Farmer’

for that year (pp. 267-8), a short article acknowledging

my error (as given to the world in the ‘ Practical KEnto-

mologist ’ i., pp. 10—12 and 37, 38) in disputing the con-

clusions at which Harris and Fitch had many years

before arrived, namely, that the joint-worm fly is the real

author of the joint-worm galls. In this same article will

also be found the following passage, in regard to the

generic determination of this insect :—‘‘ The joint-worm

fly differs generically from all the numerous species of

the Hurytoma group which I have ascertained to be para-

sitic on other insects, and cannot, I think, be referred

with any propriety to the genus Hurytoma, although it

undoubtedly belongs tothe Hurytoma group.” ‘ Certainly,

if preceding authors had referred this species to its

proper genus, I should not have been so unwilling to

believe in its being a true vegetable feeder. As soon as

I became acquainted with it the mystery was solved at

once.’’—‘ American Entomologist,’ p. 329.

Mr. Walsh then discusses the question of the specific

identity of the specimens of J. hordei reared from wheat,

rye, and barley, and insists that Fitch’s four species,

founded on the different food-plant and colour of the legs

of the individuals, can only be considered as varieties of

one species.

No other species of Isosoma is described by Mr. Walsh.

In the second of Mr. Walsh’s memoirs the genera

Eurytoma, Decatoma, and Isosoma were adopted. In

Eurytoma (with 8-jointed male and 8-joimted female

antenne, not counting the minute annulus or annuli

between the 2nd and 8rd joints, or any apparent articu-

lation in the terminal joint or clava), eight species were

described, including the LH. studiosa, Say, the remainder

being new species.

1. EH. bicolor, W., p. 298. Reared from rough, woody,

subglobular, black, fungoid swellings upon the twigs of

black oak infested by an undescribed species of gall-fly.

2. EH. prunicola, W., p. 298. Bred from oak-galls of

Cynips Quercus prunus, Walsh. .

Var. H. globulicola. Bred from the Cynipideous oak-

gall, Cynips Q. globulus, Fitch.

3. li. auriceps, W., p. 299. Bred from the Cynipideous

oak-gall of Quercus erinaceus, Walsh (= Q. pisum,

Fitch ?); also from galls of Q. spongifica, O. S., and

@. hirta, Bassett, with a single female from the Cyni-

pideous rose-gall, radicum. O. S.

habits of certain species of Eurytomides. 319

Var. seminatrix. Bred from the Cynipideous oak-gall,

seminator, Harris.

4, E. punctiventris, W., p. 299. Bred from the Cyni-

pideous oak-gall, Q. mamma, Walsh.

5. H. abnormicornis, W., p. 299. Captured at large.

6. EH. diastrophi, W., p. 299. Bred from the Cyni-

pideous bramble-gall of Diastrophus nebulosus, O. 8., and

from an oak fungoid-gall.

Var. Bolteri, Riley. Reared from the Lepidopterous

golden-rod gall of Gelechia gallesolidaginis, Riley.

7. EH. studiosa, Say, W., p. 299. Bred from various

Cynipideous oak-galls; from Tenthredinideous willow

galls ; from Cecidomyideous galls; from Aphidian leaf-

galls ; from Coccideous leaf-gall ; and from a black fun-

goid swelling on the pig-nut hickory.

8. E. gigantea, W., p. 800. Captured at large.

In Decatoma the male antenne are described as 7-

jointed, and those of the female as 8-jointed (not count-

ing the annuli nor any articulation in the terminal

joint).

Five new species are described in this genus :—

1. D. varians, W., p. 300. Bred from the Cynipideous

oak-galls, @. podagre, Walsh, and Q. spongijica, O. S.

Var. dubia. Bred from the Cynipideous oak-gall,

Q. mamma, Walsh.

2. D. nigriceps, W., p.800. Bred from the Cynipideous

oak-gall, Q. ficus, Fitch.

Var. excrucians. From the white oak-gall, seminator,

Harris.

3. D. hyalinipennis, W., p. 801. Captured at large.

4. D. simplicistigma, W., p. 8301. Bred from the Cy-

nipideous oak-galls, Q. erinaceus, Walsh, and Q. petiolicola,

Bassett.

5. D. nubilistigma. Bred from the Cecidomyideous

willow-gall, S. batatas, Walsh, and a swamp white oak-

all.

; In the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of

London for 4th July, 1870 (‘ Journ. Proe.,’ p. xxx.), it is

stated that Mr. Albert Muller exhibited some galls upon

Ammophila arundinacea, found in the preceding autumn by

Mr. J. Traill, about two miles north of Aberdeen; they

occurredrather abundantly on stunted specimens, one gall

on each plant ; the gall consisted of the imbricate closely-

sheathed leaves of a top shoot, and contained a single

longitudinal narrow cell from two to three lines long, the

320 Prof. Westwood on the supposed abnormal

upper part of which was pierced by the escaping insect,

which had not, however, been detected.

The same insect is recorded by Herr Ritsema, in the

‘Proceedings’ of the Entomological Society of the

Netherlands (‘Tijdschrift voor Kntomologie,’ Qnd serie,

vol. vi., 1871, p. 148), to have been found in different

parts of Holland, especially near Zandvoort, where it

was first found by H. Ritzema’s brother in 1867. It

had also been observed by HH. Weyenbergh and Snellen

van Vollenhoven, and had also been previously recorded

in the ‘Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences exactes,’

vol. y., 1870. By these Dutch entomologists it had been

ascertained that the galls in question were made by

Eurytoma longipennis.*

Professor G. H. French, of Carbondale, L[linois,

described in the ‘ Prairie Farmer’ for Dec. 31st, 1881,

and more fully in the ‘ Canadian Naturalist’ for Jan.,

1882, both sexes of a species which he believed to be a

new wheat pest, under the title of Isosoma Allynii; the

larve of which were found inside the stalks of growing

wheat in Southern Illinois, before the ripening of the

grain, and in the straw and stubble during the rest of

the summer. ‘They were found mostly in the interior of

the 1st and 2nd internodes below the one supporting the

head, usually singly, but sometimes more than one in

the same internode. They produce no swelling or gall,

as do the larve of J. hordei, but feed upon the soft tissue

of the interior of the stalks. They are about 0°15 in.

long, rather slender, tapering slightly towards either end,

footless, but when in motion seeming to have the power of

pushing out the substigmatal portion of the segments, a

distinct transverse head about two-thirds of the width of

the body, with a pair of brown jaws. Colour yellow,

approaching to pale orange. The pupe vary from about

* Mr. Walker has mentioned the discovery of the economy of

this species in his ‘Notes on Chalcidix,’ in which he has given a

series of notes on numerous British species of Eurytomides

together with the descriptions of two new genera Philachyra, Hal

of which the male is winged and the female apterous, of which the

type P. Ips was found in straw roofs near Lucea, Italy. The other

genus, Aiolomorphus (type A. rhophaloides), is from Hong Kong

(no museum where it may be seen is mentioned). Mr. Walker

also mentions (op. cit., p. 7) that he was indebted to Mr. Saunders

of Ontario, Canada, for specimens of Jsosoma vitis, which is men:

tioned in the ‘ Zoologist’ as being cradled in grape-stones.

habits of certain species of Eurytonides. 321

0:08 to 0°12 in. long, black, and of the usual hymen-

opterous form.

Another species of Isosoma was also described by

Prof. French in the same memoir, under the name of

Isosoma elymi, the larve of which were found on the

interior of the culms of Elymus canadensis in about the

middle internodes of the stalks, very much as the larve

of the preceding species are to be found on the interior

of wheat culms. While, however, the wheat larve are

generally just above the joint, these may be found in any

part of the interior of the internode. Both feed upon

the soft tissue of the interior of the stalk, and do not

produce any enlargement; the only noticeable effect from

the outside is that internodes containing larve are

usually shorter than the others. The larve are footless,

about 0°10 in. long when still, and 0°04 in. wide in the

widest part, with brown jaws. Colour very pale yellow,

and, like the preceding, there appear to be slight pro-

jections from the sides of the body at times.

Specimens of the first of these two species having been

submitted by Prof. French to Mr. Riley, and to myself

through Miss Ormerod, prove to belong not to [sosoma, but

are ‘‘a species of Hupelnws, parasitic, doubtless, on some

of the wheat-stalk feeders, and probably on some species

of Chlorops’’ (‘Amer. Naturalist,’ March, 1882, p. 247).

An additional species of Zsosoma which affects wheat

has just been described by Mr. Riley in the ‘ Rural New

Yorker,’ and again at greater detail in the ‘ American

Naturalist’ for March, 1882, under the name of Jsosoma

tritici, received from Tennessee and Missouri. Although

congeneric with the joint worm (J. hordei), it differs

widely from the latter in habits and appearance. The

joint worm forms a gall-like swelling at a joint near the

base of the stalk, whilst the species under consideration

feeds on the interior of the stalk between the joints

higher up, without causing a swelling. The larva

figured by Mr. Riley is long and quite eruciform, with

the segments of the body distinct and of nearly equal

width throughout its whole length ; the head is furnished

with two very small filiform porrected antenne, arising

from a thickened basal joint; the mandibles are

deflexed, nearly triangular, acute at the tip, with a

small conical tooth near the apex of the mner margin.

Mr. Riley adds that ‘‘it is worthy of remark that this

new species seems to be quite closely related to the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1882.—pPaRT II. (JULY.) 27

322 Prof. Westwood on the supposed abnormal

European Jsosoma linearis which was bred from wheat

by Dr. Giraud,* who considered it inquilinous in the

swellings formed by the dipterous Octhiphila polystigma

of Meigen. Kaltenbach remarks, however, that although

obtaining the Zsosoma many times from the wheat, he

never succeeded in seeing this dipteron—a very suggestive

fact.”

The attention of the members of the Scientific Com-

mittee of the Horticultural Society of London was directed

by Mr. Bateman, on the 2nd March, 1869, to the injury

committed by several insects on the bud of an exotic

species of Orchid, beneath the overlapping leaves of

which two white fleshy grub-like larve (evidently Curcu-

lionideous, and closely resembling those of the common

nut weevil) were securely nestled, and which had been

feeding upon the thickened substance of the leaves, the

surface of which was eaten off to some distance without

any hole being gnawed through the leaf. Immediately

in the vicinity of these larvet were also found several

minute dead pupe lying in a mass of hard dry particles

of dark-coloured matter (doubtless the excrement of the

larve from which the pupe had been developed). These

pup were Hymenopterous, and by carefully scaling off

the thin horny external pellicle under the microscope

they were ascertained to belong to the family Chalcidide

and to the genus Jsosoma, both sexes of which were thus

brought to lfe. In this case it was evident, 1st, that

the weevil larve were uninjured, so that the Isosome

were not parasitic upon them; 2nd, that the Isosome

larve had already gone through the whole process of

their economy, whether phytophagous or entomophagous ;

and 8rd, as no trace could be perceived of a third species

of insect, the probability seems evident that the [sosome

were not parasitic on other insects. For the sake of

identification I proposed the name of Isosoma orchidearum

for this species (‘ Gardeners’ Chronicle,’ 27th Nov., 1869,

p- 230).

The following is a description of the species :—

* The important memoir of Dr. Giraud (‘sur les Insectes qui

vivent sur le Roseau commun’) will be noticed in a supplementary

article at the end of the present volume.

+ It might be assumed, from the presence of the weevil larve

and parasitic pupe in the same burrow, that the latter were para-

sitic upon the former; but it will be perceived that the larve were

still well and active, whilst the parasites had already completed

the larva period of their lives and had become pupe.

habits of certain species of Hurytomides. 328

Isosoma orchidearum, Westw. (Pl. XIII., figs 1 & 4).

Nigrum, modice elongatum, capite et thorace rude

punctatis, antennis maris longe pilosis, articulis inter-

mediis crassioribus singulo apice strangulato, articulis

2ndo brevi, annulo inter hune et sequentem articulum,

4 proximis sensim minoribus, 7mo subovali, 8mo fere

precedenti quali, ultimo 9no parvo subconico; foeminz

articulis 7 pone annulum fere zequalibus subovalibus, 8vo

precedenti parum majori, 9no longiori, articulo 1mo

hujus sexus basi fulvo, maris nigro; pedibus maris

geniculis tarsisque tibisque anticis fere toto fulvis,

articulo ultimo tarsorum nigro: femine tibiis inter-

mediis etiam fulvis. Abdomine nitido glabro compresso,

maris ovali apice rotundato pedunculo longiori; femine

pedunculo breviori, apice abdominis acuto. Alis pallide

fumosis immaculatis iridescentibus. Long. corp. 4—5

mm.; expans. alar. 6—74 mm.

Hab. In gemmis Cattleyiz cujusdam Brasiliane.

In April, 1881, I received from a correspondent

(Inquirer) several buds of a species of Cattleya, a

Brazilian and Mexican genus of Orchids, which had been

injured by the larve of a small Hymenopterous insect,

of which a figure is given in the accompanying Plate xu.

Fig. 10 also represents one of the Cattleyia buds cut open

at the base, showing three of the larve (‘Gard. Chron.,’

30th April, 1881, p. 575).

From another correspondent (Hi. C.) I also received

several Cattleyia buds which had holes bored in the

interior, within which I found several specimens of the

Isosoma orchidearum of both sexes in the winged state

(‘Gard. Chron.,’ 22nd October, 1881, p. 542). This

discovery led to my publishing a short note ‘‘On the

Abnormal Economy in certain Species of the Euryto-

mides”’ in the ‘ Gard. Chron.,’ 29th October, 1881, p. 567.

Plate xiii., fig. 1, represents the male of I. orchidearum,

the separate outline fig. 3 representing the delicate

ceratotheca or pupal sheath of the flagellum of the

antenna, not exhibiting the slightest trace of the nodosity

of those organs in the imago state.

Fig. 4 represents the female, with (fig. 6) the cerato-

theca of its antenna.

Fig. 8 represents a portion of the shoot of the orchid-

aceous plant, communicated by Mr. Bateman, partially

opened, showing one large larva of a weevil and four

324 Prof. Westwood on the supposed abnormal

pupe of the Isosoma, with the pellets of excrement dis-

charged by the larve before their transformation to that

state; one of the pup seen laterally is represented in

fig. 14, highly magnified.

Fig. 10 represents a Cattleyia bud cut open at the base,

showing three of the larve of the Jsosoma; whilst fig. 9

represents another Cattleyia bud cut open, showing six of

the pupe. The larva itself is represented in fig. 11.

It is considerably more swollen than that of J. tritici, as

figured by Mr. Riley, the sides of the body showing the

swollen portions, which are capable of greater or less

dilatation. The figure of this larva will be seen closely

to resemble that of Blastophaga Psenes, figured in Plate iv.,

fig. 26.

“Fig. 12 represents the head of the larve seen laterally

and rather obliquely, with the two minute antenne each

arising from a dilated fleshy base; and fig. 13 represents

the front view of the head, with the two bidentate man-

dibles and two swollen lateral parts, which probably

represent the maxille.

Plate xiv., fig. 18, represents the larva of Isosoma tritici,

copied from Prof. Riley’s figure.

Mr. T. Whitmarsh, of Wilton, near Salisbury, has paid

much attention to the Cynipide, having reared a large

number of the species, and has been so good as to furnish

me with a number of microscopical preparations of them.

Amongst them are specimens of both sexes of a species

of Isosoma which he reared from swellings on grass

(some with and some without holes in them), gathered in

1873, from which .the Isosome were produced in the

latter part of June and beginning of July in the following

year. ‘The antenne in the male specimens thus obtained

are long, considerably pilose, with the 2nd joint short

(scarcely longer than thick), followed by a minute an-

nulus, and this by seven distinct joints, which gradually

become rather more slender and shorter towards the end

of the antenne ; the extremity of each of these joints is

strangulated, and the terminal joint is quite entire,

longer and more slender than the preceding joint, with

the tip pointed. The female antenne have the seven

terminal joints also quite distinct and but very slightly

thickened towards the tip of the antenne, without any

distinct subarticulation visible in the terminal joints.

The clypeus in the female is produced in the centre, and

slightly furcate,

habits of certain species of Hurytomides. 325

Another species of Isosoma, the antennz of which

exactly agree with those of I. orchidearum, was reared by

Mr. Whitmarsh from hard hollow pink pepper-corn galls

on the under side of oak-leaves gathered in August, 1872,

the flies immediately making their exit from the galls.

The microscopical preparations made of this species by

Mr. Whitmarsh exhibit several parts of its structure so

clearly that I have thought it desirable to represent

them, as the species which attacks the Cattleyia buds will

doubtless possess a perfectly similar organisation.

The mandibles (Pl. xiv., fig. 15a) are very robust,

subtriangular, pointed at the tip with one acute and one

broad truncated tooth on the inner edge. The lower

parts of the mouth are well defined. The maxille (fig.

15) have a broad basal portion working upon a narrow

muscular attachment; whilst the apical portion is formed

of two blades, slightly curved, obtuse at the tips, setose

on the outer margin; and the maxillary palpi are dis-

tinctly 4-jointed, the three basal joints small, nearly

equal in size (the 2nd being rather larger than the

others); and the 4th is as long as the rest united, and

slightly dilated and obliquely truncated at the tip.* The

mentum is semiovate, the anterior portion being nar-

rowed on either side; it is affixed upon a narrow,

elongated triangular stipes; the labium is as long as the

mentum, rounded at its extremity, ard the labial palpi

are distinctly 3-jointed, the basal joint being the thickest,

the 2nd joint the shortest, and the 83rd slender, obtuse,

and setose at the tip. The body of the male is terminated

by a retractile flattened elongated penis, pointed at its

extremity (fig. 17), and is furnished with a pair of short

flattened claspers, each having three short acute teeth

on its outer apical portion, similar in position and shape

to the organs in the males of Sycophaga crassipes (see

Plate iii., figs. 15 to 18). The organs of oviposition in

the female are represented in fig. 16, in which the sheath

* Mr. Curtis, ‘Brit. Entom.,’ pl. 845 (February, 1831), represents

the structural details of Decatoma biguttata, Swederus, figuring

the maxillary palpi as 3-jointed and the labial palpi as 2-jointed.

He states, however, that Mr. Haliday had observed that the

maxillary palpi of H. longula, Dalman? are 4-jointed, whilst the

labial are 2-jointed. In a specimen of, I believe, H. (Decatoma)

biguttata, reared from soft cherry-like galls on the under side of

oak-leaves by Mr. Whitmarsh and prepared in Canada balsam, the

maxillary palpi are distinctly 4-jointed.

326 Prof. Westwood on the supposed abnormal

is withdrawn from its flattened horny scabbard; it is

very slender, armed at its apex with several very fine

teeth; and in the preparation here figured one of the

delicate spicule is seen entering the sheath at its base,

whilst another of the spicule is more withdrawn, entering

the sheath at a little distance beyond its base.

As a further illustration of the relationship between

some of the fig insects and other well known para-

sitic Chalcidide, I have added a figure (Plate xiv.,

fig. 21) of the generative organs of the males of one

of the most curious Pteromalideous species, Platy-

mesopus apicalis, Westw.,* which has been reared by

Mr. T. Whitmarsh from the small woody bud-like oak-

galls on the preceding year’s shoots, a little below

the current year’s shoots. The species is remarkable for

the dilated middle tibize terminated by a small patch of

short black hairs, and by the delicate pale yellow antenne

terminated by an oval black clava. In my fig. 21 it will

be observed that the elongated exserted penis is furnished

with a pair of flattened claspers, each having five or six

short curved spines on its outer apical margin, which are

preceded by a pair of slender short filiform 2-jointed

lateral appendages, each having a terminal bristle

directed outwards.

I terminate this memoir with the description and

ficures of both sexes of the largest and finest species of

the Eurytomides with which I am acquainted, which has

been communicated to me by G. H. K. Thwaites, now of

Kandy, Ceylon. It was found by him ‘“‘feeding or

inhabiting some fleshy galls upon the leaves of Ficus

Tjiela, together with their Ichneumonideous parasites.”

From what has been already advanced in this memoir,

I have but little doubt that this beautiful species is the

real maker of the gall, from which specimens of both

sexes have been reared.

* Platymesopus apicalis, n.s.—Capite et thorace lete viridibus,

abdomine nigricanti, fascia lutea transversa prope basin, antennis

pedibusque stramineo-flavis, illis thoracis longitudine gracilibus,

articulis 6 inter annulos et clavam triarticulatam apicalem nigram;

tibiis intermediis intus dilatatione tenui semiovale apice externo

fasciculo brevi setarum nigrarum instructo. Long. corp. 2mm.

Expans. alar. 2} mm.

Habitat in galla parva lignea gemmarum Quercus, mense Junio

exeunti.

Obs. Magnitudine et coloribus Mesopolobo fasciiventri, Westw.

simillimus.

habits of certain species of Hurytomides. 327

Eurytoma taprobanica, Westw. (Pl. XIV., figs. 28 & 25).

Species magna et insignis. Mas, rufo-luteus, capitis

vertice, dorso pro- et meso-noti, scutello, metanoto tenul,

pedunculo abdomine et segmentis apicalibus abdominis

nigris; antennis crassioribus, 9-articulatis, articulo

Ondo parvo, 3tio longo, reliquis 6- magnitudine de-

crescentibus, omnibus (1mo excepto) setis numerosis

obtectis, pedibus fulvo-rufis femoribus intermediis in

fossula inter coxas et basin alarum receptis. Femina,

capite et thorace ferrugineis valde punctatis, metanoto

brevi nigro, abdomine late-ovali nigro glaberrimo, an-

tennis nigris articulis duobus basalibus rufescentibus

8-articulatis articulo ultimo, ut videtur 3-articulato ;

pedibus nigris geniculis tarsisque rufescentibus, alis in

utroque sexu fere hyalinis iridescentibus vix infumatis

nubila fusca substigmaticali. Long. corp. 6mm. Hx-

pans. alar. 10 mm.

Hab. In insula Taprobana in gallis Ficus Tyjiele

(D. Thwaites) mecum amicissime communicata. In

Mus. Oxonie.

From the same galls of Ficus Tjiela were also reared

by Mr. Thwaites a number of Ichneumonideous parasites,

of which only females were sent to me. The following is

their description :—

Bracon sculptilis, Westw. (Pl. XIV., fig. 27).

Capite luteo, vertice nigro, antennis sracillimis nigris ;

thorace brevi ovato, fulvo, metanoto nigro glabro; ab-

domine obscure-luteo, segmentorum dorso nigro punc-

tatissimo, singulo segmento serie transversa basali

punctorum majorum oblongorum, seomentis terminali-

bus, fere omnino lutescentibus; pedibus pallide luteis,

femoribus et tibiis 2 posticis nigris geniculis luteis; alis

fere hyalinis, vix infumatis, iridescentibus, cellulis 1ma

et 2nda submarginalibus fere equalibus, oviduciu cor-

poris longitudine sub pectus incurvo. Long. corp. 53 mm.

Expans. alar. 14 mm.

Hab. In insula Taprobana. In gallis Ficus Tyiela

parasitica (D. Thwaites) mecum communicata. In Mus.

Oxonie.

328

Habits of certain species of Hurytomides.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE XIII.

. Isosoma orchidearum, male, magnified.

. Antenna; and 3, ceratotheca of flagellum of ditto.

. Isosoma orchidearum, female, magnified.

. Antenna; and 6, ceratotheca of flagellum of ditto.

. Fore leg of ditto.

. Portion of stem of an Orchideous plant, with weevil larva

and parasitic pupz in sitw.

. Bud of Brazilian Cattleyia, with pupe of Isosoma orchide-

arun.

. Buds of Cattleyia, with larve of Isosoma orchidearum.

. Larva of ditto, magnified.

. Head of larva, seen sideways, rather obliquely.

. Front of ditto, with bidentate mandibles.

. Pupa of Isosoma orchidearum.

PLATE XIV.

. Maxilla and labium of male Isosoma sp.; reared from

peppercorn-galls on under side of oak-leaves; and

15a, mandible of ditto.

. Ovipositor of female of ditto.

. Penis of male of ditto, with its two claspers.

. Larva of Isosonmia hordei, after Fitch.

. Antenna of larva of ditto.

. Mandibles of ditto.

. Penis of Platymesopus apicalis, male, and its appendages.

. Middle tibia and tarsus of ditto.

. Hurytoma taprobanica, male.

. Antenna of ditto.

. Eurytoma taprobanica, female.

. Antenna of ditto.

. Bracon sculptilis.

( 329 )

XIII. A Revised List of British Trichoptera, brought

down to date; compiled with especial regard to the

‘ Cataloque of British Neuroptera,’ published by the

Society in 1870. By Rospert M‘Lacuuayn, F.R.S.,

F.L.S., &c.

|Read June 7th, 1882. ]

My reasons for bringing forward this List are twofold in

their nature. Firstly, considerable additions have been

made to our fauna during the twelve years that have

elapsed since the publication of the Society’s Catalogue.

Secondly, it had scarcely occurred to me in 1870 to

contemplate the publication of the work which sub-

sequently (1874—1880) appeared under the title ‘A

Monographic Revision and Synopsis of the Trichoptera

of the European Fauna.’ In working up the materials it

became evident that the sequential position of various

genera and species would have to be considerably modified,

and also, in a few instances, that the nomenclature used

in the Catalogue would require modification. The present

List is therefore based upon the ‘ Revision and Synopsis,’

the species known to occur in Britain being extracted

therefrom (with one or two subsequent additions), but

the synonymy given refers solely to the nomenclature used

in the Catalogue; those who seek a full bibliographical

history of each species must refer to the ‘ Revision and

Synopsis.’

Every species not included in the Catalogue of 1870 (or

not then recognised as distinct) is here indicated by an

asterisk (*).

INAIQUIPALPIA.

PHRYGANEIDA.

Nevronia, Leach. varia, F’.

ruficrus, Scop. obsoleta (Hag.), M‘Lach.

clathrata, Kol. minor, Cwrt.

PHRYGANEA, L. AGRYPNIA, Curt.

erandis, L. picta, Kol.

striata, L. Pagetana, Curt.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRT II. (JULY.) 2u

330 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Revised List of

LIMNOPHILIDA.

Coxpotrauuius, Kol.

incisus, Curt.

GrammMorTavuuius, Kol.

nitidus, Miller.

atomarius, F’.

GuLypHoTmLIuS, Steph.

pellucidus, Retz.

Limnopuiuus, Leach.

rhombicus, L.

borealis, Zett.

pavidus (Hag.), M‘L.

*subcentralis, Brauer.

flavicornis, F’.

decipiens, Kol.

marmoratus, Curt.

stigma, Curt..

xanthodes, M‘Lach.

borealis, Kol., nec Zett.

lunatus, Curt.

elegans, Curt.

politus, M‘Lach.

ignavus (Hag.), M‘Lach.

nigriceps, Zett.

striola, Kol.

centralis, Curt.

vittatus, PF’.

affinis, Curt.

auricula, Curt.

griseus, L.

bipunctatus, Curt.

extricatus, M‘Lach.

hirsutus, Prct.

luridus, Curt.

sparsus, Curt.

fuscicornis, Ramb.

fumigatus, Germar(?)

Anapoutia, Steph.

nervosa (Leach), Curt.

PHacopteryx, Kol.

brevipennis, Curt,

Asynarcuus, M‘Lach.

Anabolia, partim.

coenosus, Curt.

STENOPHYLAX, vol.

alpestris, Kol.

dubius, Steph.

infumatus, M‘Lach.

*rotundipennis, Brauer.

stellatus, Curt.

latipennis, Curt.

radiatus, Ramb.

concentricus, Zett.

hieroglyphicus, Steph.,

vibex, Curt. [nec Curt.

MIcrRopreRNA, Stein.

Stenophylax, partim.

sequax, M‘Lach.

striata (Pict.),M‘Lach.,

lateralis, Steph. [nec L.

Hauesvs, Steph.

*radiatus, Curt. {partim.

digitatus (Schr.), M‘L.,

digitatus, Schrank.

auricollis, Pict.

cuttatipennis, M‘Lach.

Drusus, Steph.

annulatus, Steph.

Eccuisopteryx, Kol.

euttulata, Pact.

Cu@mTopTERYX, Steph.

villosa, F’.

tuberculosa, Pict.

Ewnotcyita, Ramb.

pusilla, Burm.

Apatanta, Kol.

Wallengreni, M‘Lach.

vestita, Kol., nec Zett.

muliebris, M‘Lach.

British Trichoptera.

SERICOSTOMATIDA.

Srericostoma, Latr.

personatum, Spence.

Spencit, Kirby.

multiguttatum (Pict.), 2

Noriposia, Steph.

ciliaris, L. °

Gorra (Hoffm.), Leach.

pilosa, F’.

flavipes, Curt.

Siio, Curt.

pallipes, F.

nigricornis, Pict.

fumipennis, M‘Lach.

BRAcHYCENTRUS, Curt.

subnubilus, Curt.

Crunacia, M‘Lach.

Mormonia, partim.

irrorata, Curt.

Leprpostoma, Ramb.

Mormoma, Curt.

hirtum, F.

LastocepHana. Costa.

basalis, Kol.

AAQUIPALPIA.

LEPTOCERIDA.

Berm, Steph. Mysracipss, Latr.

pullata, Curt. nigra, L.

maurus, Curt. atra, Pict.

Berxoves, Maton. azurea, L.

Berea, partim.

minuta, L.

Monanna, Curt.

angustata, Curt.

*palpata, M‘Lach.

Opontocrerum, Leach.

albicorne, Scop.

Leprocerus, Leach.

nigro-nervosus, Letz.

nervosus, FE.

fulvus, Ramb.

grossus, Steph.

senilis, Burm. [Ramb.

fulvus, M‘Uach., nec

albo-guttatus, Hag.

bimaculatus, Steph. nec

annulicornis, Steph. [L.

aterrimus, Steph.

cinereus, Curt.

albifrons, L. {M‘Lach.

*commutatus (Rostock),

bilineatus, L.

bifasciatus, Oliv.

dissimilis, Steph.

nigra, Pict., nec L.

longicornis, L.

quadrifasciata, I.

TrrmnopEs, M‘Lach.

bicolor, Curt.

conspersa, Ramb.

Eroresis, M‘Lach.

*baltica, M‘Lach.

ApiceLua, M‘Lach.

Setodes, partim.

reducta, M‘Lach.

(Ecetis, M‘Lach.

Setodes, partim.

ochracea, Curt.

furva, Ramb.

.intaminata, M‘Lach..

lacustris, Pict.

*notata, Ramb.

testacea, Curt.

SretopEs, Ramb.

tineiformis, Curt.

interrupta, F’.

*argentipunctella, M‘L.

331

332

Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Revised List of

HYDROPSYCHIDA.

Hypropsycue, Pict.

pellucidula, Curt.

fulvipes, Curt.

instabilis, Curt.

angustipennis, Curt.

*ornatula, M‘Lach.

guttata, Poct.

contubernalis, M‘Lach.

exocellata, Dufour.

ophthalmica, Ramb.

lepida, Pict.

ventralis, Curt.

Dietectrona, Westw.

felix, M‘Lach. {nec Pict.

flavomaculata, Steph.,

Purtopotamus, Leach.

montanus, Donov. [Stph.

scopulorum (Leach),

scoticus, M‘Lach. (var.)

Wormatpia, M‘Lach.

occipitalis, Pict.

*mediana, M‘Lach.

subnigra, M‘Lach.

Nevurecuipsis, M‘Lach.

bimaculata, L.

PLEcTROcNEMIA, Steph.

conspersa, Curt.

*oeniculata, M‘Lach.

PoLycENtTROpPUS, Curt.

flavo-maculatus, Pict.

multiguttatus, Curt.

*Kinei, M‘Lach.

Honocentropus, M‘Lach.

Polycentropus, partim.

dubius, Ramb.

Parfitti, M‘Lach. ¢

picicornis, Steph.

Cyrnus, Steph.

trimaculatus, Curt.

flavidus, M‘Lach.

Ecnomus, M‘Lach.

tenellus, Ramb.

TrnopEs, Leach.

Weneri, L.

lurida, Curt.

aureola, Zett.

pusilla, Curt., nec F.

assimilis, M’Lach.

*unicolor, Pict.

dives, Pict.

Schmidtit, Kol.

Lypr, M‘Lach.

Psychomyia, partim.

pheopa, Steph.

PsycHomyi1a, Latr.

pusilla, F’.

gracilipes, Curt.

RHYACOPHILIDA.

CuimarruHa, Leach.

marginata, L.

Ruyacopuina, Pict.

dorsalis, Curt.

septentrionis, M‘Lach.

obliterata, M‘Lach.

munda, M‘Lach.

GLossosoma, Curt.

Boltoni, Curt.

vernale, Pict.

Jimbriatum, Steph.

AGapEtus, Curt.

fuscipes, Curt.

comatus, Pict.

British Trichoptera. 333

HYDROPTILIDA.

AGRAYLEA, Curt. *pulchricornis (Pict. ’),

multipunctata, Curt. *forcipata, Haton. | Hatn.

Auuorricuta, M‘Lach. IvHytTRicH1a, Haton.

*pallicornis, Haton. *lamellaris, Haton.

Hyproprina, Dalm. OrtHorricuia, Maton.

sparsa, Curt. Hydroptila, partim.

tineoides, Dalm. ? angustella, M‘Lach.

*occulta, Haton. OxyETHIRA, Haton.

*femoralis, Haton. Hydroptila, partim.

tineoides, Dalm. ? costalis, Curt.

*sp. NOV.

SUMMARY.

The Catalogue of 1870 included 186 species. I now

enumerate 152. ‘Twenty of these are indicated by an

asterisk, therefore are additions to the fauna. The

discrepancy of four species is due to the fact that

Sericostoma multiguttatum has been sunk as a variety of

the female of (apparently) our only species of the genus ;

Philopotamus scoticus has been sunk as a variety of

P. montanus (olim scopulorum) ; Philopotamus montanus

of the Catalogue (= ludificatus, M‘Lach.) has been

erased as based upon insufficient evidence of British

origin ; and Polycentropus Parfitti proves to be the female

of Holocentropus dubius of this List.

Of the twenty additions one, viz., Hydropsyche ornatula,

is perhaps a little doubtful, being based as British upon

one female example only, the identity of which requires

confirmation.

One species of Hydroptila bears no specific name.

This will be published in a new Supplement to the

‘Revision and Synopsis,’ which is in an advanced state.

I do not consider that a list or catalogue is the place

in which to indicate new species by names without

descriptions.

It is not likely that the new Supplement, announced

as in preparation, will occasion any serious discrepancy

in the list, either in sequence or nomenclature. It may,

however, be remarked that Wallengren has recently

(‘ Entomologisk Tidskrift,’ vol. i., 1880) effected a some-

what minute generic subdivision of the family Phryganeide,

334 Revised List of British Trichoptera.

and that I have not yet decided whether this will be

adopted by me in its fullest extent, or be only indicated.

Considering the comparatively small number of species

in Britain, an addition of twenty in about twelve years

is eminently satisfactory.

Carrying this analysis further back to the date of

publication of my ‘‘Trichoptera Britannica” (Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond., 8rd series, vol. v., 1865), I find 127

species there enumerated, but these would be reduced to

122 according to present views; therefore 30 species

(equal to 20 per cent.) have been added since 1865.

( 3835 )

XIV. Descriptions of new species and a new genus of

Cicadide from Madagascar. By W. UL. Distant. .

[Read June 7th, 1882.]

PLATE XV.

THE more we see of the Rhynchotal fauna of Madagascar

the greater is the amount of structural specialisation

apparent, and its distinct character revealed. This is

particularly the case with the Cicadide, and every species

of the widely distributed Genus Platyplewra which has

yet been received from Madagascar has proved new to

Science. I have added the description of another

species here, and also of a new genus possessing an

inflated abdomen, a character found in genera distributed

in South Africa, Australia, and Polynesia.

Platypleura pulverea, n. s. (Pl. XV., figs. 1, la, 1b).

Body above ochraceous. Head with a black spot in

centre of front, and with a marginal black line; its

vertex with the following black markings :—a transverse

band near each anterior angle, a waved transverse fascia

between the eyes, widened at ocelli and surrounding the

same in the shape of a subquadrate spot, on each side

of posterior margin of which is a linear streak followed

by a rounded spot and with an irregularly shaped spot

on the inner margin of the eyes. Pronotum with the

following black markings :—an acutely angled fascia on

each side of disk, the inner line of which has a trans-

verse base, a small arcuate spot beneath this, two oblique

lateral fascie, and two rounded contiguous spots on

centre of inner border of posterior margin. Mesonotum

with the following black markings :—two short obconical

spots on anterior margin, the apices of which are

dentate, beneath these a central triangular spot followed

by two round spots, and on each side an oblique sub-

marginal fascia. A black spot on anterior branches of

cruciform basal elevation. Abdomen with the basal

margins of the abdominal segments black. Body beneath

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PART Il. (JULY.)

336 Mr. W. L. Distant’s descriptions of

ochraceous ; apex of face, a central line and apex to

rostrum, bases and apices of anterior and intermediate

femora, apices of tibie, two spots on anterior trochanters,

posterior margins of intermediate coxe, a linear streak

on intermediate and posterior trochanters, base of abdo-

minal segments, and a central longitudinal streak on

apical segment, fuscous. Opercula fuscous thickly

covered with grey pubescence, and with their posterior

margins narrowly ochraceous.

Tegmina hyaline; costal membrane and area, and

venation ochraceous ; transverse veins at apices of ulnar

areas infuscated; a spot on costa near base, and a

smaller one beneath it, two spots in radial area, two or

three spots in each of the four upper ulnar areas,

fuscous ; apices of apical veins infuscated and thickened

at each end. Wings pale hyaline, the veins pale

ochraceous.

The face is broad, slightly convex, with a very broad

longitudinal sulcation and strong transverse striations,

the upper striz black, their interstices broad. Rostrum

long, passing the posterior coxe. The pronotal margins

are considerably ampliated, and obtusely angulated

about the middle. The opercula are short and broad,

their inner margins overlapping, their lateral margins

obliquely rounded, their posterior margins convexly

rounded and about reaching base of first abdominal seg-

ment. Long. ¢ 31mm. Exp. tegm. 94 mm. Long. ?

(one spec.), 837 mm. Exp. tegm. 105 mm.

Hab. Madagascar (E. L. Arnold).

MauaGasIa, 0. g.

Head including eyes much narrower than base of

pronotum, ocelli situate on disk of vertex and distant

from base of head. Antenne moderately long and

slender, the first joint strongly incrassated. Pronotum

compressed and narrowed towards head, the lateral

margins obtusely dentate, the posterior angles amplified,

flattened and rounded. Rostrum about reaching poste-

rior coxe. Tegmina hyaline, the space between the

postcostal vein and the postcostal ulnar ramus amplified

towards apex; apical areas eight, first or upper longer

than second, ulnar veins separate and parallel at bases ;

the basal area considerably longer than broad. Wings

hyaline, with six apical areas. Abdomen globose,

new Cicadide from Madagascar. 337

strongly convex above and somewhat flattened beneath ;

apical segment attenuated; tympana totally detached

from first abdominal segment; opercula small, not

covering the tympanal orifices. Anterior femora armed

with strong spines beneath.

This genus I have placed next to Prasia, Stal, to which

it has many affinities, but from which the amplified

apical space between the post-costal vein and the post-

costal ulnar ramus will alone distinguish it.

Malagasia inflata, n.s. (Pl. XV., figs. 2, 2a—d).

@. Head and pronotum ochraceous or greenish.

Head with a black submarginal border to front and with

two transverse black fasciz on vertex, the first at anterior

margin of eyes, the second at base and extending along

posterior margins of eyes. Pronotum with a waved,

denticulated and rounded, black fascia on each side of

disk, and with a broad submarginal black streak.

Mesonotum with the following black markings :—two

large obconical spots commencing at anterior margin,

with their apices continued in a curved line and termi-

nating in a rounded spotin front of each anterior branch

of the basal cruciform elevation; on each side of these

markings is a long irregular fascia, commencing at base

and terminating in a somewhat rounded angulation near

the anterior angles of basal elevation, and a somewhat

rounded spot on each lateral margin. Abdomen dark

ochraceous, with a faint black longitudinal central line.

Head beneath, legs, sternum, and opercula, ochraceous or

greenish ; anterior femora black beneath ; abdomen

beneath ochraceous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline,

with the venation ochraceous ; transverse vein at apex

of lower ulnar area of tegmina fuscous.

The face is broad, but moderately convex, with a

narrow but deep central and longitudinal sulcation, and

with very strong transverse striations, the interstices of

which are very broad. The anterior femora are strongly

incrassated, and armed beneath with three black spines

near apex, two of which are longest; all the tarsal

claws are fuscous. The opercula are small and sub-

triangular, the lateral margins straight and very oblique,

the apex obtusely rounded and about reaching base of

first abdominal segment. The posterior portion of the

mesonotum and the upper surface of the abdomen is

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRT II. (JULY.) Ox

338 new Cicadide from Madagascar.

very faintly and sparsely pilose or pubescent. Long. 40

to 42 mm., Exp. tegm. 98 to 108 mm.

Hab. Madagascar.

I possess a female specimen from Antananarivo,

which appears to denote another species of this genus.

Without, however, there are very strong structural

differential characters, or the markings of the tegmina

are very distinct, our knowledge of the Cicadide@ is little

assisted by the description of solitary female specimens

as new species, and I have therefore refrained from that

course.

EXPLANATION OF PuatE XY.

Fic. 1. Platypleura pulverea.

la. Under side of head, showing face.

1b. Under side of abdomen, showing opercula and rostrum.

2. Malagasia inflata.

2a. Under side of head, showing face.

2b. Under side of abdomen, showing opercula and rostrum.

2c. Side view of abdomen, showing inflation and anal ap-

pendage.

2d. Apex of anal appendage, as seen above.

( 339 )

XV. Heterocerous Lepidoptera collected in Chili by

Thomas Edmonds, Esq. By Artruur G. Burier,

Hac 2 eth 7.8.5" &e:

[Read June 7th, 1882. |

Part IIIl.—GEOMETRITES.

PLratTE XVI.

THERE is great difficulty in deciding how many species

of Geometrites exist in this collection, as it is impossible,

without the most careful breeding, to be certain to what

extent many of the species are liable to variation ; were

I to accept, on the one hand, the views of the collector, .

_ the amount of variation represented by some species

would be so extraordinary as even to invalidate generic

characters ; form of wing, pattern, and coloration would

in short entirely fail to define a species. On the other

hand, were I to follow the plan adopted by.M. Guenée

in his ‘‘ Phalénites,’ of considering as specific nearly

every difference of coloration, I should undoubtedly go

too far; this error, however, would in my opinion be

preferable to the former. I therefore propose to follow

a middle course, and regard as distinct all forms ex-

hibiting differences in such characters as have hitherto

been considered generic; and all in which the position

of markings or the entire style of coloration is dis-

similar.

The series before me is a remarkably fine one, and is

an evidence of the indefatigable energy and zeal with

which Mr. Edmonds has worked: so fine a series must

of necessity include the greater part, if not all, of the

species known to M. Blanchard, when preparing his

descriptions for Gay’s ‘Fauna Chilena’; unhappily,

however, these descriptions are so vague, I might almost

say careless, and the illustrations in the Atlas are so

exceedingly inaccurate, that it is impossible in many

instances to decide whether or not one possesses the

species intended.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—ParRt lI. (SEPT.) oY

340 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

That it may be seen that I do not speak without

reason, I shall just give one instance of an utter dis-

crepancy between the Latin diagnosis and the Spanish

description of the same insect; M. Blanchard, describing

the secondaries of his Larentia triangularia (which by

the way is probably not a Larentia at all), says first of

all, after mentioning that there are two little sinuated

lines across the primaries, ‘‘posticis, linea simillima”’ ;

but in his description he says, ‘‘las alas posteriores

redondeadas igualmente con dos lineas transversales.”’

Such inaccuracies as the above, although they may

not in all cases prevent the student from recognising his

species, must at least give him a considerable feeling of

insecurity as regards the correctness of his identifications,

and particularly when the species apparently best suited

to a description belongs to a family widely distinct from

that in which the author before him has placed his

insect ; if, therefore, I have erred either in my identifi-

cations or non-recognitions of M. Blanchard’s species,

I can only say that the fault lies with that author and

not with myself.

Very few species have been described since the pub-

lication of Gay’s work, even Walker not having touched

them, at any rate so far as the present collection is con-

cerned: the greater number of additions has been made

by Felder and Rogenhofer in the ‘ Reise der Fregatte

Novara.’

The following is a list of the species :—*

URAPTERIDA.

GONOGALA, N. g.

Allied to Urapteryx, but the wings of the same form

as T'etracis; the antenne and coloration corresponding

with Metrocampa margaritata: wings rather narrow,

with angulated outer margins; body extremely slender,

hardly extending beyond the secondaries; antenne

finely pectinated on both sides; palpi very small,

scarcely extending at all in front of the head; anterior

tibie with lateral internal appressed pencil of long

hairs; both legs and proboscis long and slender.

* Mr. Edmonds informs me that the locality “Las Zonas”

should be written ‘Las Zorras”; in English, “he foxes.” It is

a small suburb of Valparaiso.

collected in Chili. 341

1. Gonogala lactea, n.s.

Shining milky-white, the head, collar, and borders of

the wings slightly tinted with sulphur-yellow; the

abdomen pale gamboge-yellow, excepting at the ex-

tremities ; wings mottled with pale greyish; primaries

with two widely-separated white-bordered divergent grey

stripes, between which is a short disco-cellular dash of

the same colour; secondaries with oblique stripe beyond

the middle; wings below with the grey stripes less

distinct, the outer one of primaries commencing upon

the costal border in a reddish brown spot; wings with

minute ferruginous dots at the extremities of the ner-

vures. Hxpanse of wings, 37 mm.

Exact locality not indicated.

The No. (‘68”’) is omitted from Mr. Edmonds’ notes.

Many of the genera hitherto placed in the Urapteride

seem to me to belong to the Hnnonide. Guenée’s genus

Cherodes (type C. tetragonata) includes species referable

in my opinion to both families; the species with angu-

lated primaries should be transferred to Hutrapela and Sa-

bulodes. M. Guenée calls Cherodes ‘‘ Genre trés-naturel,”

yet places in it species with triangular primaries and

subcaudate secondaries, along with others in which all

the wings are angulated; the name Cherodes is pre-

occupied in Coleoptera.

ENNOMIDA.

Oxyp1a, Guenée.

2. Oxydia rhoda, n.s.

3. Rosy brown; wings with a lilacine gloss; crossed

from the costal margin, close to apex of primaries, to the

middle of the abdominal margin of secondaries by an

oblique mahogany-brown stripe, elbowed and attenuated

at its upper extremity; primaries with mahogany-brown

fringe, and bright rust-red costal border; secondaries

with ferruginous fringe; basal area above the oblique

stripe paler than the rest of the wing, not glossed with

lilac; head and middle of collar dull lilac; antenne pale

reddish clay-coloured; thorax whitish, tegule lilacine ;

abdomen rosy; under surface paler; the primaries more

ferruginous in tint from the base to the oblique stripe,

which is abbreviated and ferruginous; a black disco-

342 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

cellular dot; secondaries lilacine-greyish, very pale, the

stripe extremely indistinct ; a small black disco-cellular

spot; pectus greyish white; legs whity-brown; venter

dull lilacine-grey. Expanse of wings, 45 mm.

‘Coral, Valdivia, in February.”—T’. HE.

Only one example of this beautiful and very distinct

species is in the collection.

AcrosEemtia, Herr.-Sch.

3. Acrosemia flavaria.

3 Ennada flavaria, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘Fauna

Chilena,’ vii., p. 87, n. 1; pl. 7, fig. 3 (1852-4).

‘“‘Las Zorras, December and January.” —T. E.

M. Blanchard figures an unusually pale male, most

examples being decidedly less yellow; the female, how-

ever, 1s bright orange, flecked with ash-grey, with the

central belt of the primaries and basal two-fifths of the

secondaries bright gamboge-yellow.

With this species the following was placed; but if it

be a variety of A. flavaria it is a well-marked one, and

certainly worthy of a distinct appellation.

4, Acrosemia quietaria.

S$ Acrotonia quetaria, Felder and Rogenhofer, Reise

der Fregatte Novara, v., pl. exxiii., fig. 19 (1875).

‘Las Zorras, December and January.”—T. E.

The female, as might have been anticipated, is brighter :

and more deeply coloured than that sex of A. flavaria,

but in other respects corresponds with its male.

$ var. With ground colour of the wings pale greyish

stone, with the post-median oblique stripe sharply defined

as in A. flavaria, greyish brown internally and cream-

colour externally; the inner line ill-defined, scarcely

perceptible.

A. quetaria seems to be about as common as A.

flavaria.

Aptcta, Guenée.

5. Apicia valdiviana, n, s.

Pale pearl-grey, shading into cream-colour, almost

white ; the wings crossed from near their apices to just

collected in Chili. 343

beyond the middle of their inner margins by an externally

diffused pale violet stripe, dotted upon the veins with

red-brown ; apical fourth of the secondaries also slightly

tinted with pearly violaceous; primaries with a black

dot at the end of the cell, and a second at the basal

third of the submedian vein; costal margin and antenne

rusty orange; body slightly cream-coloured ; under sur-

face sienna-red; wings crossed by a greyish violet stripe,

and flecked towards the external border with the same

colour; primaries with a bright yellow costal streak ;

base of costal margin red; internal border creamy white;

secondaries with the abdominal area up to the median

vein gamboge-yellow, but divided by the violet-grey stripe

and with sienna-red external border; venter and legs

flesh-tinted. Expanse of wings, 38 mm.

‘Valdivia, from Reed’s collection.”—T. E.

SYNCIRSODES, n.g.

Aspect of Cirsodes ; outline of wings as in Apicia, the

outer margins being rounded, with scarcely perceptible

subangulation at the extremity of the third median

branch on all the wings; body unusually slender, the

antenne filiform ; legs rather stout.

6. Syncirsodes straminea, u. 8.

Pale straw-yellow; the thorax, base of abdomen, and

basal area of the wings sprinkled with a few black scales;

primaries crossed by two ill-defined ochraceous stripes,

oblique and sub-pavrallel, the first across the basal third,

the second, which is bounded internally by a deeper-

coloured line, running from apex to just beyond the

middle of inner margin; a greyish subapical dash upon

the oblique line; secondaries whitish on the costal and

basal areas, crossed beyond the middle by two very

ill-defined subparallel stramineous stripes a little deeper

than the ground colour, the inner one bounded internally

by an indistinct ochraceous line, straight, abbreviated,

not reaching the costal margin, the outer one slightly

undulated ; head white, antenne pearly whitish; wings

below sericeous straw-yellow, more densely mottled with

blackish scales towards the base than on the upper

surface ; stripes as above, but greyish, the outer one of

the primaries formed of two closely approximated greyish

344 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

stripes, slightly diverging from the apex to the first

median branch, where the outer one terminates abruptly ;

abdominal border of secondaries whitish; body stra-

mineous. Expanse of wings, 45 mm.

“‘From Reed’s collection.” —T. EH.

Ruma, Dupon.

7. Rumia aurantiacaria.

Runia aurantiacaria, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘ Fauna

Chilena,’ vii., p. 90, n. 1; pl. 7, fig. 7 (1852-4).

No exact locality noted.

The female is much more densely mottled and striated

with red-brown and grey than the male.

Var. simplicior.

3. Differs from the typical form in having only a

minute blackish dot, or even nothing, in place of the large

black-edged grey spot on the internal border, near the

external angle of primaries. Four examples in the

collection.

Prerusia, Herr.-Sch.

8. Perusia precisaria.

3 Perusia precisaria, Herrich-Schaffer, Auss. Schmett.

fig. 415 (1850—69).

? Numeria ? inusta, Felder and Rogenhofer, Reise der

Fregatte Novara, v., pl. cxxix., fig. 11 (1875).

The No. (‘‘ 63’) is omitted from Mr. Edmonds’ notes,

so that I cannot tell the exact locality of this and the

following forms placed with them.

Var. ? conspersa. (Pl. XVI., fig. 1).

3. Smaller than the ordinary male, the yellow areas

on the primaries mottled all over with ferruginous.

Expanse of wings, 22 mm.

The male figured by Herrich-Schaffer from Venezuela

rather more nearly approaches the female than the

males before me, the discal grey-bordered red belt being

narrower, and separated at its inferior extremity from

the interno-basal patch; in the five typical Chilian

males collected by Mr. Edmonds the band and patch are

confluent, the former being about twice the width of that

in Herrich-Schiitier’s example.

collected in Chili. 345

The following two species must, I think, be distinct,

though associated with P. precisaria in the collection ;

the grey bands on the under surface of the primaries are

absent from both of them, though very conspicuous in

P. precisaria; from one another they differ in pattern on

the upper surface, and that in a very marked degree.

9. Perusia rubripicta, n. 8.

3,2. Primaries above deep gamboge-yellow, irro-

rated with red, most densely on the basal and external

thirds, which are bounded by ill-defined lines of the same

red colour converging towards the inner margin; a

minute grey dot at the end of the cell; male with the

costa near apex flecked with grey; female with an

almost pyriform lilac-bordered grey subapical costal

spot; secondaries sericeous-white, with sulphur-yellow

fringe ; internal margin slightly rosy, with white fringe;

thorax gamboge-yellow, with a central red spot; head

white; abdomen pearly white; under surface shining

creamy white; costal and apical areas of wings yellow;

a short diffused oblique red apical dash on the primaries,

male with the costal margin blackish at apex. Expanse

of wings, 25 mm.

3. Var. ? ignescens.

The primaries above shining reddish golden-yellow,

mottled with grey; fringe, costal margin, and base of

inner margin gamboge-yellow; antenne dull yellowish ;

head and thorax yellow; a reddish spot at the base of

each tegula, and a triangular patch of the same over the

centre of the metathorax and base of abdomen, the latter

flesh-tinted ; discoidal area of primaries on the under

side mottled with grey, and slightly tinted with rose-

colour. Hxpanse of wings, 23 mm.

I feel some doubt as to the identity of this form with

P. rubripicta; but there is only one example of it in the

collection, so it seems safer for the present to regard it

as a remarkable variety; there are also two males of

what I should think are undoubted varieties of P. rubri-

picta, but which differ from the typical form in having

the basal and external areas much less densely irrorated

or mottled with red (the external area being in fact

almost wholly yellow), and in the limiting lines of these

areas being spotted here and there with grey, the outer

346 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

line commencing upon the costa in a more or less defined

triangular patch of red scales ; it approaches P. citrinata

of Snellen, from Jamaica.

10. Perusia maculata, n.s.

3,2. Primaries above gamboge-yellow, sprinkled

with very minute red-brown scales (only visible with a

lens), and divided into three areas by a slightly curved

series of three red-bordered blackish spots across the

basal third, and a discal transverse series of eight similar

spots just beyond external third, and inangled near the

costa, the third and last of these spots large in the

female, in which all the spots are larger and more

strongly defined than in the male; the basal and apical

areas and inner margin in the female sometimes irre-

gularly mottled with similarly coloured spots and dots ;

a small black disco-cellular spot; secondaries pure

sericeous-white, with sulphur-yellow fringe; a few

lilacine-grey spots on the abdominal border; thorax

gamboge-yellow, sometimes crossed by a grey-spotted

reddish band; antenne and abdomen pearly white;

wings below sericeous-white, with broad diffused yellow

costal areas and fringe; male with an oblique lilacine

dash near the base of the costal border of primaries ;

the blackish spots of the upper surface more or less

strongly represented by lilacine-grey spots, but many of

them wholly wanting; secondaries with a discal series

of from three to six blackish dots upon the veins, the

first three being always present; body below pearly

white. Hxpanse of wings, ¢ 21 mm.; ? 30 mm.

Var. flava.

3,2. Differs from the typical form in the absence of

all the red-bordered blackish spots on the wings, ex-

cepting the disco-cellular and the third discal spots,

which are represented by minute blackish dots; on the

under surface the third discal alone is present, but some

examples show slight indications of the dots on the veins

of the secondaries. Hxpanse of wings, 25 mm.

I think there can be little doubt but that this is a

genulme variety or sport of P. maculata.

collected in Chili. 347

GYNOPTERYX, (rwenée.

11. Gynopteryx plagiata, n. s.

Primaries above ochreous, with three brown-edged and

speckled ash-grey patches; one oblong at base of costal

border, the second pyriform at apex, the third almost

B-shaped, near external angle; a small rounded disco-

cellular spot of the same colours, a second still smaller

at basal third of submedian vein, a grey dot above it on

the median vein; four increasing white-pupilled blackish

dots between the two external patches; secondaries stra-

mineous, with an oblique ash-coloured patch, edged in

front and behind with brown, at anal angle; body

stramineous; head whitish; under surface ochreous,

indistinctly flecked with darker dots; primaries with the

apical patch as above, but the other markings only

represented by small diffused grey spots; secondaries

with a small blackish disco-cellular dot, and a discal

series of six white-centred dark grey spots; internal

borders of all the wings whitish. Expanse of wings,

41—42 mm.

“From Reed’s collection.” —T. E.

Allied to the ‘‘ Hyperythra”’ syctaria of Walker, from

Venezuela, and not unlike Heterolocha xanthiaria of

Gueneée.

Erosina, Guenée.

12. EHrosina cervinaria (Pl. XVI., fig. 4).

Ennomos cervinaria, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘Fauna Chi-

lena,’ Vil., p. 82, n. 2 (1852-4).

*“‘Cordilleras of Cauquenes, in January.” —T’. E.

This species, if rightly determined, has a second, but

indistinct, oblique angular line from the costa to the

inner margin, and below the cell, almost parallel to the

arched discal line mentioned by M. Blanchard; though

his description of it, ‘‘una linea transversal poco

sinuada,’” is hardly characteristic.

TETRACIS, Guenée.

13. Tetracis chilenaria (Pl. XVL., fig. 2).

? Hnnomos chilenaria, Blanchard, m Gay’s ‘ Fauna

Chilena,’ vii., p. 88, n. 1; pl. 7, fig. 4 (1852—4).

No exact locality given.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1852.—PaRY Ill. (SEPT.) 24

348 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

Blanchard’s figure is incorrect in representing the

species as yellow, with an orange outer border; the

whole insect, excepting the interno-basal area of the

secondaries, is washed with orange, but the ground tint

varies in intensity from pale buff in the lighter males to

reddish orange in the darker females; the discal stripe

is confined to the primaries in the males.

Var. definita.

Differs from the typical form in having*the white line

across the primaries edged internally with orange or

reddish ; the apex also more or less tinted with orange,

and the black costal dot at basal third replaced by an

oblique orange dash, such as one sees in some females.

Expanse of wings, 41 mm.

‘‘From Reed’s collection.” —T. E.

It is a significant fact, as regards the weight to be

accorded to the decisions of collectors touching specific

or varietal characters, that this, an undoubted variety of

T. chilenaria, and the following, which in my belief is

only a slightly more marked variety, have been un-

hesitatingly separated under different numbers; whereas

forms differing not only in pattern, but even in structure,

have been placed together. The fact is that collectors

as a rule are guided more by seeing specimens flying

together in the same locality, or the reverse, than by an

actual study of the specimens themselves; and when the

cabinet-naturalist insists upon regarding two or three

allied species as distinct, he is at once informed of the

crushing fact that they all fly together; indeed one

collector informed me that he had taken the types of two

very distinct species in copuld, nor would he be convinced

of the contrary, even when I had proved to him that

both were females: Mr. Edmonds, though he is too good

an entomologist to make a mistake of this kind, has

nevertheless, to the best of my belief, made too much of

the present species, and not quite enough of some others

far more distinct.

Var. continua.

The white line replaced by a red-brown one, with pink

outer edge, and diffused golden ochreous borders; this

line is also represented on the secondaries by an abbre-

viated red-brown line from the lower subcostal branch to

the abdominal margin. Expanse of wings, 44 mm.

“Las Zorras, in February.”—T7. EH.

collected in Chil. 349

14. Tetracis edmondsi, n.s.

@. Primaries bright ochreous, crossed from apex to

outer two-sevenths of inner margin by a slightly sinuous

white line with testaceous inner edge ; a black dot at the

end of the cell; secondaries creamy white, washed with

cupreous-orange at anal angle, where the fringe is

blackish, remainder of the fringe tinted with cupreous-

orange at the base, and spotted with blackish at the

extremities of the veins; an abbreviated smuous orange

discal line, with snow-white outer edge; thorax pale

ochreous, abdomen creamy white; under surface pale

shining stramineous; primaries with a purplish black

undulated line from apex to the middle of the interno-

median interspace, representing the stripe of the upper

surface ; fringe golden orange, with black dots at the ex-

tremities of the veins; secondaries with a small spot at the

end of the cell, and a discal series dark brown, the latter

connected by an undulated ochreous line; dark brown dots

on the fringe as above. Expanse of wings, 45 mm.

‘Valdivia ; from Reed’s collection.”—T7. E.

Allied to the preceding species, but unquestionably

quite distinct.

MACROLYRCEA, 0. g.

Form of wings almost as in Lyrcea; the primaries

being strongly angulated (much the same as in Sabulodes),

apex very acute; the secondaries narrow, the greatest

measurement being from base to apex ; antenne simple ;

body longer and far more robust, with the palpi much

longer, the terminal joint exposed ; aspect of Metrocampa.

15. Macrolyrcea mesta, n. 8.

Primaries above reddish brown, sericeous; the central

third occupied by a slightly paler and greyer belt, con-

tracted towards the inner margin, and bounded by the or-

dinary lines, which are dark grey; the inner line irre-

gularly angulated, the outer one straight; a black dot at

the end of the cell; a white spot at outer fourth of sub-

median vein; an indistinct zigzag line (obsolete in the

female) just beyond the central belt; secondaries paler and

greyer than the primaries, the external half washed with

reddish or cupreous-brown in the female; disc crossed

by three dusky lines, scarcely distinguishable in the

female, undulated, and relieved by vague whitish spots

350 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

in the male, the veins being in this sex bordered with

pale cupreous-brown ; body greyish or whitish brown,

slightly redder in the female; abdomen. sericeous ;

under surface whitish ash-colour, minutely and sparsely

irrorated with blackish scales, a broad brown discal belt

bounded by slightly darker lines and traversed by a

sinuated whitish line, its inner edge straight and its

outer edge dentate-sinuate ; primaries with an indistinct

dusky litura upon the disco-cellulars ; secondaries with a

black spot crossed by white veins at the end of the cell;

legs and antenne whity-brown. Expanse of wings,

gf 44 mm.; ? 48 mm.

‘Pines Valley, in December.”—T. E.

The simple antenne and ovate secondaries prevent my

placing this species in Metrocampa.

SABULODES, Guenée.

16. Sabulodes infelix, n.s.

Fuliginous-brown ; wings sericeous, with slightly

darker external area; irrorated with darker scales, and

traversed towards the outer border by an ill-defined

whitish-speckled dusky stripe; primaries with a second,

even less distinct, stripe across the basal third, and a

black dot at the end of the cell; abdomen slightly paler

and greyer than the thorax ; under surface ash-grey, the

wings slightly brownish and irrorated with darker scales ;

traversed towards the external border by an irregularly

crinkled dusky line ; secondaries with a black dot at the

end of the cell; abdominal border whitish; antennee

below clay-coloured, tibiz and tarsi slightly brownish.

Hixpanse of wings, 42 mm.

‘‘Las Zorras, in December.” —T. EH.

Paracontra, Felder.

The female only is figured by Felder and Rogenhofer ;

in this sex the angle of the primaries is developed into a

well-defined but obtuse hook, as in the ‘“‘ Clysia”’

succedens of Walker; the entire form being an exag-

geration of Hmnomos; the male, however, has the form

of Tetracis, but with strongly pectinated antenne, as in

Eindropia.

Whether the six following forms are species or only

well-defined varieties can only be absolutely proved by

collected in Chili. 351

breeding ; but, judging by analogy, they ought to prove

to be distinct though allied species, and therefore as such

I must provisionally regard them.

17. Paragonia arenosa, n. 8.

3. Sandy yellow, densely irrorated with black atoms;

primaries crossed, at basal and external thirds, by two

oblique scarcely perceptible pale stripes, edged internally

at their extremities with greyish and black scales; both

of these stripes are inangled close to the costa;

secondaries crossed in the middle from second subcostal

branch to inner margin by a similar, but not angulated,

stripe; body whitish ; wings below, sandy yellow, black-

speckled, with white internal borders; primaries with

two abbreviated subapical zigzag white lines on the

costal area, the inner one black-edged; body sandy

yellow. Expanse of wings, 42 mm.

@. Considerably paler than the male; the markings

greyer, apical borders greyer; fringe with dusky spots

at the extremities of the veins; secondaries with the

costal area broadly white; wings below pale sandy

yellowish, black-speckled; internal borders white; pri-

maries with the costa at apex white; the greyish stripes

of the upper surface better defined, the outer one zigzag

towards the inner margin. Expanse of wings, 46 mm.

“Valparaiso, throughout the year; Valdivia, in Janu-

ary. —T. E.

This note respecting the localities and times of appear-

ance is referable not to P. arenosa only, but to the entire

series of Paragonié in the collection; nothing can be

more improbable than that the same species should occur

throughout the year in any locality, and the fact that, in

Valdivia, it was only obtained during January is evidence

of the strongest kind that not one but several species are

here represented. I sincerely hope that the next lepi-

dopterist who visits Valparaiso will carefully collect and

label specimens of Paragonia with the date of capture

during every month of the year, for I feel confident, if

this is done, the specific distinctions of most, if not all,

of the forms which I separate here will be satisfactorily

established.

352 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

18. Paragonia squamosa, 0. 8.

$. Reddish clay-colour, densely irrorated with black

atoms; greyish towards the external border, sericeous ;

primaries crossed by two widely separated undulated

yellowish stripes, not extending to costal margin; a

small black spot at the end of the cell; frmge golden

cupreous ; secondaries with a single slightly undulated

central stripe; costal area whitish ; body paler than the

wings; the vertex of head, antenne, and abdomen

whitish; under surface of wings dark clay-coloured,

clouded and mottled with grey, speckled with black ;

internal borders white; fringes, as above, golden cu-

preous ; costal margin of primaries golden; two brown-

edged white dashes on the costal margin near apex;

body below flesh-tinted, the legs pearly white. Expanse

of wings, 43 mm.

The undulated stripes across the wings seem to offer a

good distinctive specific character, apart from coloration.

19. Paragona turbida, n.s.

3. Whity-brown, tinted towards the base of the

wings with yellowish, and densely irrorated with blackish ;

primaries crossed at basal third by a deeply undulated

ill-defined greyish stripe, and at external third by a

whitish oblique stripe, which joins an oblique blackish

dash at an angle close to costal border; a well-marked

blackish disco-cellular spot; fringe golden brown, blotched

with blackish ; secondaries crossed in the middle by an

ill-defined, nearly straight whitish line; fringe as in

primaries; body creamy whitish; wings below sandy

yellowish, clouded and mottled with grey, and speckled

with black ; internal borders white; black disco-cellular

dots; primaries with a subapical oblique black-edged

white costal dash joining an abbreviated greyish discal

line; a white spot at apex; body and legs below sandy

whitish, speckled with blackish. Expanse of wings,

40 mm.

?. Stramineous, speckled with blackish; primaries

crossed by two stripes agreeing in form with those of the

male, but dark grey; area enclosed between these stripes

crossed transversely from costa to inner margin by a

rather broad, internally diffused, red-brown band; a

black disco-cellular spot; a greyish subapical costal spot,

collected in Chili. 353

and a second greyish spot on the external border just

below the angulation of the wing, near to which are two

conspicuous black spots; fringe spotted with blackish ;

secondaries with an abbreviated straight greyish brown

stripe from the end of the cell to the inner margin, and

an arched grey stripe from the costa to the last mentioned

stripe; body pinky whitish, sericeous; wings below

nearly as above; body creamy flesh-coloured, speckled

with blackish ; tarsi banded with blackish. Expanse of

wings, 39 mm.

20. Paragona carnea, n. 8.

3,?. Male golden stramineous, female pink; sparsely

black-speckled ; primaries crossed by two dark grey

stripes, the first zigzag, just beyond basal third, the

second at external third, oblique and inangled near the

costa ; two red-brown or black spots near the angle of

the outer margin, as in the female of the preceding

species, and sometimes two more at apex; fringe more

or less varied with blackish; female with a central

transverse diffused ferruginous band, and usually with

the outer margin slightly blackish just below the angle ;

secondaries with whitish costal area, and darker external

area; a nearly straight central dark grey stripe, followed

by a dentate smuate grey stripe; body yellowish or

pinky whitish ; wings below rather browner than above,

with blackish disco-cellular spots; stripes nearly as

above, but the inner one on the secondaries sometimes

absent. Hxpanse of wings, 42—43 mm.

Three pairs.

This species has three other forms which appear to me

to be simply varieties; the first of these is rather darker

in both sexes, has the ‘stripes across the wings darker

and bordered with whitish, the inner stripe less zigzag,

and no blackish or brown spots near the angle of the

primaries; the outer dentate-sinuate stripe of secondaries

is also indistinct (two pairs); the second has a sandy

reddish male and greyish female; the other characters

differing almost as in the first variety (three examples) ;

the third is considerably darker in both sexes than the

second, the male deep sandy reddish, with the outer

stripe of primaries and the central stripe of secondaries

black-brown, with whitish external margin; the inner

stripe of primaries indistinct, less zigzag than in the

354 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

type; the dentate-sinuate stripe of secondaries obsolete

in the male; the female with dark grey central band,

between which and the outer stripe the ground colour is

yellowish ; borders of all the wings also dark grey (one

pair); the following appears to be a fourth variety, but

is better marked than the preceding ones :—

P. carnea? var. rosea.

Rose-brown, with the stripes dark red-brown, the outer

stripe sometimes with a cream-coloured outer edge;

fringes red-brown; a small black disco-cellular spot on

the primaries; dentate-sinuate stripe of secondaries

obsolete; female with two red-brown spots near the

angle of the primaries, which is shghtly blackish, and a

diffused central red-brown band; outer borders red-brown ;

body pinky whitish; wings below rather browner than

above, with white internal borders, markings rather less

defined than above; apex of primaries white; body red-

brown. Expanse of wings, 41—42 mm.

21. Paragoma deustata (Pl. XVL., fig. 3).

? Paragonia deustata, Felder and Rogenhofer, Reise

der Fregatte Novara, v., pl. cxxiv., fig. 8 (1875).

The male is of a sandy ochraceous colour, and, as in

the allied species, agrees with T'etracis in the form of its

wings; but the pattern is the same as in the female.

Two males.

The conspicuous black spot on the outer margin of

the primaries at once identifies this species, apart from

other characters.

22. Paragonia cinerea, Ni. 8.

Allied to the preceding, from which it differs in its

silver-grey coloration, the approximation of the stripes

across the primaries, the red-speckled transverse stripe,

the black spot on the outer margin replaced by a

congregation of blackish scales, near to which are two

small red spots, and, in fact, the ill-defined character of

all the markings; under surface silver-grey, black-

speckled; primaries with two darker grey lines con

verging towards the inner margin; costa snow-white

towards apex; a dusky spot on the outer margin ; a very

ill-defined submarginal grey stripe slightly darker than

collected in Chili. 305

the ground colour; secondaries with a black disco-

cellular dot, but no other markings. Expanse of wings,

43 mm.

One female only.

AZELINA, Guenée.

23. Azelina feldert, n.s. (Pl. XVL., fig. 5).

Colotois ? chilenaria, Felder and Rogenhofer, Reise der

Fregatte Novara, v., pl. exxiv., fig. 7 (1875).

The male resembles the female, both in form and

markings; the figure of the supposed male in the ‘Reise

der Novara’ is incorrect in outline, being represented as

more like the female than it really is; it is a decidedly

longer-winged insect, and not dentated lke Azelina

felderi; in fact it is not an Azelina; curiously enough,

the two forms were associated by Mr. Edmonds, which

renders it probable that they frequent the same flowers.

The pattern of Felder’s supposed sexes is perfectly dis-

similar.

“Tas Zorras, at flowers, in February, March, and

April.” —T. E.

94. Azelina corticalis, n.s.

Form of A. anceta; base of primaries ochraceous, with

two small black spots at the inner angle, bounded by a

straight red-brown band, partly edged externally with

black, and followed by a broad sordid white belt with

angulated olivaceous outer margin; this belt is spotted

below the cell with blackish, and dotted here and there

with the same colour; an oblique costal dash just before

the middle; external two-fifths pale olivaceous; an ill-

defined white-speckled dentated black stripe just beyond

the broad white belt; a subapical slightly oblique olive-

brown abbreviated band with snow-white zigzag outer

edge, from which one or two longitudinal blackish dashes

run to the outer margin; external angle clouded with

red-brown and black, and spotted with white; secondaries

pale sericeous pinky brown, flecked with grey, and

traversed by two externally white-edged dentated black

lines, the first just beyond the middle, the second

submarginal, interrupted; a black marginal line; body

very pale sericeous greyish brown; a black spot on the

collar; primaries below pale sericeous bronzy brown,

TRANS. ENT. Soc, 1882,—PART II. (SEPT.) BA

356 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

whitish at apex; secondaries silvery whitish, sericeous,

flecked with brown, and with two brown lines similar to

those of the upper surface: body pale brown. Expanse

of wings, 31 mm.

‘*La Union, in February.”—T. EF.

Opontorera, Steph.

25. Odontopera fragilis, n. s.

¢. Primaries above shining lilacine-grey, with

bronze-brown reflections; a scarcely perceptible irre-

cularly undulated slender blackish line before the

middle, and a more distinct widely undulated and

angulated slender black line beyond the middle; a black

spot at the end of the cell; secondaries silvery grey,

indistinctly irrorated with brown, crossed beyond the

middle by a slightly angulated slender black-brown line ;

an abbreviated blackish anal dash ; veins slightly golden

towards the extremities; body pale greyish brown,

with golden reflections; under surface paler and more

sericeous than the upper surface; primaries without

markings; secondaries with a blackish spot at the end

of the cell, and almost sigmoidal slender blackish line

beyond the middle, and incomplete and very indistinct

irregular submarginal line. Expanse of wings, 42 mm.

?. Primaries above bronze-brown, with a slight

ereyish tint in certain lights; outer border of a slightly

deeper colour, markings as in the male; secondaries

erey, wtth bronze-brown veins, markings as in the male;

body greyer than in the male, especially on the under

side ; under surface as in the male, excepting that there

are faint traces of the upper surface markings upon the

primaries. Expanse of wings, 46 mm.

@ var. Primaries pale sandy yellow, with deeper

coloured stripes (agreeing in form with the slender

black lines on the types) and outer border ; a conspicuous

black disco-cellular spot ; body also yellowish ; otherwise

as in the typical form. Expanse of wings, 48 mm.

‘Las Zorras, in February.”—T7. HE.

DrcrocHiLus, n. g.

Now that species are so rapidly being added to our

collections, it becomes necessary to pay attention to all

marked differences of structure. 1 therefore propose

collected in Chili. Wo B8y

under this name to distinguish all species hitherto

referred to Azelina (Gonodontis, Hibn.), in which the

antenne of the males are simple: M. Guenée gives as

his character, ‘‘ Antennes variables”; they do not, how-

ever, vary in the same species, or in very closely allied

species.

26. Dectochilus autucaria.

? Gonodontis autucaria, Felder and Rogenhofer, Reise

der Fregatte Novara, v., pl. exxiv, fig. 20 (1875).

Both sexes vary considerably in the tint of the pri-

maries, which, in Mr. Edmonds’ examples, is much

darker than in Felder’s figure: the size of male examples

varies from 46 to 43 millimetres in expanse; the smaller

specimens have also more strongly defined markings,

including a well-defined, minutely dentate-sinuate, sub-

marginal whitish line bounding a series of black or grey

spots; the secondaries are also whiter than in the larger

variety.

In my ‘ Revision of the Lepidopterous Genus Azelina”’

(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. v., vol. viil., pp. 29—46,

Jan., 1881) I have mentioned G. autucaria, of Felder, as

‘probably a species of Hurymene, but certainly not an

Azelina,” and this is precisely the impression conveyed

by Felder’s figure, which represents an insect not unlike

Eurymene alcoolaria; but I expect that the figure is

either undercoloured or taken from an unusually pale

example; it ought to have been regarded as an Azelina

in Guenée’s sense, which admits the widest modifications

in the antennal structure. Apart from the non-

pectination of its antenne, D. autucaria is not unlike

the Crocallis tusciaria of Europe.

Monoctenta ? Guenée.

M. Guenée places this genus in a separate family,

which he calls Cinochromide, and, judging by the

Australian species alone, it seems very distinct ; but the

two following species, which, excepting that their an-

tenne are not quite so broadly pectinated (though quite

as much so as in Ginochromia), agree well with the

Australian types, are evidently not sufficiently unlike

Azelina to be referred to another family; at any rate

that is my present opinion; but, should breeding show

great larval differences necessitating such a disruption

358 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

of forms apparently allied, it will only prove how

important it is for collectors in the first place not to

jump at conclusions, and in the second place for cabinet-

naturalists not to accept such conclusions as indisputable

facts, as has apparently been done by Felder in the

present instance.

27. Monoctema chilenaria (Pl. XVL., fig. 18).

$ Colotois ? chilenaria, Felder and Rogenhofer, Reise

der Fregatte Novara, v., pl. exxiv., fig. 6 (1875).

‘‘Las Zorras, at flowers, in February, March, and

April.”—T. E.

The form of the wings, as already stated under Azelina

felderi, is not correctly represented in the figure; they

agree with those of Monoctenia falernaria 3 ,* the costal

margin being much elongated, and the outer margin,

excepting at apex, very slightly dentated; the sexes

agree in pattern and coloration. I have seven examples:

before me.

With the above were also four specimens of what I

must consider as a very distinct species, the primaries

being distinctly less angulated than in M. chilenaria,

and the pattern different.

28. Monoctenia dentilineata, n.s. (Pl. XVI., fig. 12).

g. Primaries sordid white; the costal border, base,

centre of interno-median area, and a series of longitu-

dinal dashes close to the outer margin, brown; an

irregular zigzag dark brown line across the basal third,

and a strongly dentated blackish discal line from costa

to inner margin; two fine black basal dashes, a con-

spicuous black spot at the end of the cell, and a marginal

series of smaller black spots; secondaries white, the

external border washed with brown; a spot at the end of

the cell, a strongly dentated discal line (marked with

black dashes on the veins), and a marginal series of

smal] spots, dark brown; head, collar, and tegule grey,

with white borders; thorax white; abdomen whitish,

with faint bronze-brown reflections; under surface

shining milky white; markings ill-defined. Expanse of

wings, 39 mm.

* And still more exactly with M. himeroides, from Tasmania.

collected in Chilt. 359

?. Greyish white, ivrorated sparsely with black

atoms; the primaries distinctly silvery grey; the lines

upon the male are here only represented by short

longitudinal black dashes on the veins, and are wholly

obliterated in some examples; the outer margin outlined

by an undulated slender black line connecting the mar-

ginal black dots ; secondaries with traces of the dentated

line in addition to the dashes upon the veins: these are,

however, obliterated in some examples; a black spot at

the end of the cell, and a marginal series; thorax dis-

tinctly grey. Expanse of wings, 43 mm.

“‘ Las Zorras.”—T. EF.

KUANGERONA, 0. g.:

Allied to Angerona, but differmg in its more slender

body, and the simple antenne of the male; the wings a

little narrower ; outer margins of all the wings regularly

obtusely denticulated.

29. Huangerona valdivia, n. 8.

Primaries above sericeous, sandy testaceous, speckled

with black ; a pale oblique subangulated line beyond the

middle; a small blackish disco-cellular spot; secondaries

paler than the primaries, sparsely and finely irrorated

with blackish on the anal area; body ochraceous ; wings

below pale sandy testaceous, the costal margins and

external areas speckled with blackish; basi-abdominal

area of secondaries whitish; body below golden ochra-

ceous; pectus paler than venter, the legs very pale;

anterior tibie grey. Expanse of wings, 37 mm.

‘Los Ulmos, Valdivia, in February.”—T. EH.

MicrocuystA, n. g.

Aspect and coloration of Hndropia, but the antenne of

the male simple; outline of wings not unlike Metanema;

the primaries acute at apex, and with the outer margin

obtusely dentated and angulated at the extremity of the

third median branch; the secondaries with almost

rectangular dentated outer margin; body scarcely ex-

tending beyond the secondaries; palpi forming a point

in front of the head, the terminal joint very short; legs

long and slender.

360 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

30. Microclysia reticulata, n. 8.

Primaries above flesh-coloured, transversely striated

with red-brown, and sometimes mottled with the same

colour upon the costal border; two widely separated

subparallel oblique dark brown lines, elbowed near to

the costa, the outer one with a slight angle between the

first median branch and submedian vein; an elbowed

red-brown streak between the lines, but frequently

diffused externally, so as to unite with the outer line and

form a tapering red-brown band; external border more

or less suffused with red-brown; secondaries stramineous,

changing to flesh-colour below the median vein, striated

or reticulated with red-brown, and crossed from the

radial vein to the abdominal margin by a slender dark

brown line, edged externally with greyish white and

sometimes bounded internally from second median

branch to abdominal margin by an abbreviated red-

brown band; thorax usually flesh-coloured, abdomen

stramineous; under surface stramineous; wings with

transverse greyish striations; small blackish disco-

cellular spots; primaries with two fine lilacine-grey lines

nearly resembling those of the upper surface in character ;

secondaries crossed by a single arched or subangulated

discal line. Expanse of wings, 383—38 mm.

Var. ferruginea.

$. Primaries above almost wholly dark ferruginous,

the costa only being mottled with flesh-colour ; the lines

bordered with lilacine-grey; the margin more acutely

denticulated; secondaries with the anal area to the

median vein dark ferruginous; the line bordered with

erey; thorax and base of abdomen with ferruginous

scales; under surface altogether darker and redder than

the typical form, the striations and lines broader and

more defined. Expanse of wings, 33 mm.

“Valparaiso and Valdivia, December to February.”

Diaconis, n. g.

Allied to Metanema, but the male antenne almost

simple, finely serrated, not pectinated; primaries with

the apex acute, a second acute angle at the extremity of

the third median branch, the margin between these two

angles excavated into a shallow sinus; margin from the

collected in Chili. 361

second angle to the external angle of the wing straight

and oblique; secondaries with nearly straight costal

margin; outer margin at apex very convex, projecting

beyond the external angle of primaries, the margin

slightly sinuous throughout, and slightly aneulated at

the extremity of the third median branch; palpi rather

short, slightly deflexed at the apex, which projects

slightly in front of the head; legs long and slender.

31. Digonis aspersa, n. 8.

Primaries above very pale bronzy olivaceous, irrorated

with black atoms; “ extrabasilar” line represented by an

oblique black-speckled grey costal dash, one or two white

dots on the veins, and a grey spot on the internal

borders; a black dot at the end of the cell; discal line

widely undulated, olivaceous, with pale outer edge, from

which little tapering white dots project along the veins ;

an interrupted submarginal series of black spots;

secondaries silvery grey, with bronze-brown reflections,

irrorated with black atoms; a discal series of white-

tipped black dots; body pearly grey; under surface

silvery grey, with bronze reflections; wings black-

speckled, and with a continuous discal series of white-

tipped black dots; primaries with the apex white, and

two or three subapical black spots. Expanse of wings,

43 mm.

** Pines Valley, in December.”—T. E.

This, the largest and rarest species in the genus, may

be regarded as the type; it somewhat reminds one of a

Clysia, but differs structurally.

32. Digonis alba, n. 8.

Primaries above pale sericeous lilacine-grey, reticulated

with white ; an indistinct slightly blackish disco-cellular

spot; a discal angulated series of minute black dots,

only distinct towards the costa; secondaries sericeous-

. white, speckled with grey; body white, sparsely speckled

with grey; under surface shining white; wings sparsely

erey-speckled. Hxpanse of wings, ¢ 33mm.; 2 86mm.

‘* Mountains of the hacienda of Cauquenes,”’—7’, EL,

362 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

33. Digonis cuprea, nN. 8.

Primaries above golden bronze, with blackish speckled

costa ; extrabasilar line elbowed and slightly simuous in

the male, zigzag in the female, more or less dark red-

brown; discal line of the same colour with pale outer

edge, nearly straight, and elbowed close to the costa; a

black dot at the end of the cell, and two black subapical

spots; secondaries greyish brown, with black-speckled

abdominal border; an abbreviated indistinct blackish

line running to anal angle; fringe golden bronze; body

pale greyish brown; under surface silvery grey, irrorated

with black; wings with a continuous discal series of

white-tipped black dots; primaries with two subapical

black spots; fringe tipped with gold. Expanse of wings,

34—35 mm.

Var. olivacea.

Primaries above darker, of a more olivaceous tint ;

the outer or discal line bounded internally by a broad

tapering olivaceous belt; an angular interrupted sub-

marginal series of blackish spots; secondaries also

darker, and with the abdominal border more or less

suffused with golden bronze ; thorax brownish ; abdomen

dark grey; under surface dark leaden grey, irrorated

with black; the secondaries densely black-speckled ;

otherwise as in the typical form. Expanse of wings,

32—33 mm.

Var. fusca.

Wings greyish brown, the primaries darker, with

cupreous reflections, an elbowed dark brown stripe

between the ordinary lines, the interval between which

and the outer line is rather darker than the ground

colour; body greyish, the thorax slightly brownish ;

under surface browner than in the type; fringe tipped

with bronze-brown; otherwise similar. Expanse of

wings, 31—32 mm.

‘Valparaiso, throughout the year.” —T. E.

For the reason already noted,—that it is not likely -

that the same species can occur throughout the year,—

I regard the var. fusca, named above, as possibly a

distinct species; though, on account of the great

similarity in its markings, I hesitate at present to

separate it specifically.

collected in Chili. - 363

34. Digonis punctifera, n.s.

Primaries above dark ferruginous-brown, sericeous ;

costal margin speckled with whitish atoms; an irregularly

zigzag blackish line across the basal third; a black dot

at the end of the cell, and a white-dotted bisinuated

erey-edged black line beyond the middle; fringe pale

brown, with a central stripe and the tips, dark brown ;

secondaries shining pale grey; fringe pale brown, with

darker tips, and central stripes; male with a pale

bordered dusky macular discal stripe; thorax dark

brown, abdomen whity-brown or greyish; wings below

shining silvery grey, tinted with bronze-brown towards

the margins; costal border of primaries and entire

surface of secondaries speckled with black; an angulated

discal line, spotted with black upon the nervures; veins

between this line and the outer margin whitish in certain

lights; a minute black disco-cellular dot on the pri-

maries, and a conspicuous spot on the secondaries ;

primaries of female with a double blackish costal spot

near the apex, and the apex itself white; body brownish.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 30 mm.; 2 26 mm.

Var. maculosa.

@. Primaries whity-brown, mottled all over with

white and black-brown ; a S-shaped blackish line across

the basal third, a small black dot at the end of the cell,

and a bisinuated white stripe beyond the middle; se-

condaries silvery; thorax brown, abdomen greyish brown ;

under surface of wings paler and more silvery than in

the typical form. Expanse of wings, 29 mm.

The following seem also to be varieties, though differing

from the typical form and from the other species of the

genus in the shape of their primaries, the apex being

more prominent and the angle of the outer margin less

‘so; these differences are, however, less strongly marked

in the females than in the males.

Var. acuminata.

3,2. Primaries above greyish brown, a dark brown

tapering band bounding the inner edge of the discal line,

the male with the external area more silvery, the female

with the costal border and veins yellowish; markings as

in the typical form; secondaries of both sexes as in the

TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1882.—PaART II. (SEPT.) 3B

364 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

typical male; under surface as in the type. Expanse of

wings, ¢ 31 mm.; ¢? 26 mm.

Var. terranea.

3,92. Primaries cupreous reddish, varied with greyish

brown and whitish, and speckled with black; otherwise

as in the typical form. Hxpanse of wings, ¢ 27 mm.;

? 28 mm.

Var. fumosa.

g. Primaries dark smoky brown, markings in-

distinct ; secondaries and under surface as in the type.

Expanse of wings, 28 mm.

‘Valparaiso, December to February.”—T. EL.

This appears to be one of the most variable in tint and

outline of the Chilian Lepidoptera; the only form which

shows any real difference of pattern, however, is var.

maculosa.

BOARMIIDA.

Optsoconia (Herr.-Sch. ?), Felder.*

35. Opisogonia tensata.

2 Opisogonia ? tensata, Felder and Rogenhofer, Reise

der Fregatte Novara, v., pl. cxxix., fig. 18 (1875).

g. ‘Coral, in March.’”—T. EL.

The male bears considerable resemblance to the

Japanese Hemerophila subspersata of the same authors,

which (by the way) is not a true Hemerophila, though

allied to that genus.

Hypocuroma, Guenée.

836. Hypochroma edmondsv, n. s.

Nearest to H. emiliaria, of Australia; pale sandy

yellowish, varied here and there with white, and crossed

by numerous parallel undulated grey-brown lines; three

of these lines, which are rather broader and blacker than

the others, indicate the central belt, which is of the usual

form, and the submarginal line; primaries with blackish

* Herrich-Schiiffer’s description is unintelligible to me—‘‘ Kine

schéne Art aus Chile. Vorderfliigel wie bei Stona, Hinterfliigel

auf Rippe 6 spitz vorgezogen.” What does he mean by Vein 6 ?

the only prominent part of the secondaries is at the extremity of

vein 4 or 5, whichever way you choose to count; that is, at the

third median branch. In my opinion the genus should be quoted

as Felder’s, since Herrich-Schiffer gives no type.

collected in Chili. 365

spotted costal border, the largest spot (which is a com-

bination of two spots) near to apex; a reniform subapical

discal blackish spot; a black spot at the end of the cell;

body greyish brown, thorax irrorated with whitish ;

wings below shining white, the basal two-thirds striated

with grey; a black spot at the end of each discoidal cell ;

two discal black lines, the inner one slightly irregular,

the outer one commencing in a black subapical costal

patch, nearly straight on the primaries and arched on

the secondaries; external border more or less flecked

and blotched with grey; a slender interrupted marginal

black line; body below pearly white. Expanse of wings,

35 mim.

“‘ Las Zorras, in February.”—T’. EL.

The female is less distinctly marked than the male.

Honorana, Blanch.

37. Honorana notatuwria.*

Honorana notaturia, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘ Fauna

Chilena,’ vii., p. 92, n. 1 (1852-4).

Honorana notutaria (sic), Blanchard, l.c., Atlas, pl. 7,

fig. 8 (1852-4).

‘Mountains of the hacienda of Cauquenes.”—T. E.

This species is very poorly figured; it is much like

one of the larger species of Gnophos, of a pale ash-grey

colour, with very ill-defined markings ; the genus differs

principally from Gnophos in its smaller secondaries.

38. Honorana ened, n. 8.

Form and size of the preceding species, greyish brown,

with darker striations, and with golden bronze reflections;

blackish disco-cellular spots and undulated discal line,

spotted with white points upon the veins; primaries

with a second but less distinct undulated line before the

middle; a slender black marginal line; fringe with a

whitish basal line; costal area of secondaries whitish ;

abdominal fringe snow-white; abdomen silvery grey;

under surface silvery white, with sight bronze reflections ;

* Probably intended for notataria; but, as neither name has

any sense, one will do as well as the other; literally, notataria

means pertaining to what has been written.

366 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

_ primaries with the apical half and costal border brownish ;

a distinct blackish or black undulated discal stripe; a

very slender black-dotted blackish marginal line; fringe

sordid, slightly greyish ; primaries with a minute grey

or blackish disco-cellular dot; secondaries with a con-

spicuous black disco-cellular spot. Hxpanse of wings,

3 49 mm.; ? 48 mm.

‘Las Zorras, in January.”’—T. E.

The following genus is a puzzling one; having the

speckled wings of a Boarmia, but the general outline of

some of the Larentiide ; I think it is best located here.

PLECTROBOARMIA, N. &.

Aspect of Boarmia or Tephrosia; but the primaries

with very acute apex; costal margin of primaries nearly

straight; outer margins of all the wings undulated ;

secondaries rather small, triangular, the costal vein

running close to the subcostal to the second third of the

discoidal cell, so as to appear as though it were emitted

from it; body rather slender; palpi with long fringe,

with small terminal joint, porrect, projecting in front of

the head; antenne simple; abdomen scarcely extending

beyond the secondaries ; legs long and slender.

39. Plectroboarmia sordida, un. s.

Sordid white, sericeous, irrorated with grey and black

atoms; an abbreviated oblique bisinuated dusky line

from the subcostal vein to the basal third of inner

margin, and two better defined approximated transverse

slightly undulated discal lines, converging a little towards

the inner margin; a very slender black marginal line,

spotted with black at the extremities of the veins;

secondaries crossed beyond the middle by two very

slender indistinct dusky lines, the outer one irregular,

and marked upon the veins with short black dashes;

outer margin with black edge and spots as on the

primaries; under surface whiter, more sericeous, and

less densely irrorated with brown and black than above;

no dusky lines, but brownish disco-cellular spots;

marginal line and spots as above; pectus brown, with

darker speckles; venter sordid white, irrorated with

blackish. Expanse of wings, 387 mm.

‘‘Las Zorras, in February.”—T. E.

Pes

collected in Chili. 367

This seems to me to be allied to Felder’s Bryoptera

panteata, which is not a Bryoptera; the species of the

latter genus are nearer to Hypochroma, and perhaps -

congeneric with Gazena, W1k.

I may note here that Tephrosia marmoraria is Bry-

optera convallata of Guenée, and Tephrosia incongruarta

is Bryoptera canitiata; thus two more of Walker’s

species are disposed of.

BOLETOBIIDA.

Boterosia, Boisd.

40. Boletobia sericea, n.s.

Shining greyish white; minutely and rather sparsely

speckled with black ; primaries with a short longitudinal

black dash at the origin of the first median branch, and

a discal oblique series of five or six upon the veins;

abdomen whity-brown ; primaries and body below whity-

brown ; secondaries white speckled with grey. Expanse

of wings, 27 mm.

‘‘Las Zorras, in March.”—T. HE.

GEOMETRIDA.

OmpPHAx, Guenée.

41. Omphax gnoma, n.s.

3. Primaries semitransparent emerald-green, with

slender white costal margin; a deeper green disco-

cellular dot; secondaries semitransparent white, greenish

at anal angle; top of head and antenne cream-coloured ;

thorax green ; abdomen white; wings below pale green ;

costal margin of primaries cream-coloured, becoming

ochreous at the base ; face crossed in front of the antenne

by a triangular carmine patch; front of face flesh-

coloured; anterior legs rose-red, other legs cream-

coloured; body below snow-white. Hxpanse of wings,

30—36 mm.

‘Las Zorras, in December and January.”—T’. EL.

The smaller form seems to be more numerous than

the larger.

368 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

EPHYRIDA.

Kpnyra, Duponchel.

42. Ephyra semirosea, 0. 8.

Wings. above dull rose-colour, with the basal and

external fourths cream-coloured, bounded by the ordinary

lines, which are greyish brown, dotted upon the veins

with black; the costal border, excepting at base and

apex, an angulated.continuous stripe just beyond the

cell and parallel to the outer line, and a macular inter-

rupted submarginal stripe, greyish brown; a white spot

at the end of each discoidal cell; a marginal series of

short, slender, black lines: body cream-coloured ; under

surface shining white; wings with discal and marginal

lines as above; primaries slightly greyish. Expanse of

wings, 21—25 mm.

‘* Valparaiso, in December.” —T. E.

With this species were five examples referable to the

following, though I think it not impossible that the latter

may be merely a dimorphic type of L. semirosea.

43. Hphyra notigera, n. 8.

Whity-brown, with chocolate-brown lines and stripes

formed exactly as in the preceding species, excepting

that the outer line of the secondaries is a little more

acutely angular; similar white spots with red-brown

edges at the end of the discoidal cells ; submarginal in-

terrupted stripe varying from dark greyish chocolate to

pale grey, wanting altogether in the female ; costal bor-

der of primaries speckled with blackish; wings below

sericeous-white, with the markings of the upper surface,

but the stripes greyer than above ; primaries with flesh-

coloured costal border; basal half of wing grey; body

below shining grey, with pale pink shining legs. Expanse

of wings, 21—22 mm.

‘* Valparaiso, in December.” —T. E.

Allied to HE. pendularia.

44, Hphyra umbrata, n. s.

Allied to E. orbiculata ; flesh-coloured, densely mottled

and striated with grey ; wings crossed just beyond the

basal fourth by a black-dotted sinuated grey line, in the

collected in Chilt. 369

middle by an imperfect grey streak, and towards outer

margin by two parallel arched grey stripes ; an angulated

series of black spots beyond the cell; semicircular

blackish-edged white spots at the end of the discoidal

cells ; wings below shining leaden grey, crossed by a

discal series of black points ; body pale sericeous-brown.

Expanse of wings, 24—26 mm.

‘Valparaiso, in December.”—T". E.

The under surface of the wings is almost metallic.

IDAIDA.

The species described by Blanchard as Acidalie are in

reality referable to Psamatodes; I have already stated

that the name Acidalia is preoccupied in the Butterflies,

and cannot, therefore, be used here.

CHLOROTIMANDRA, N. @.

Allied to Timandra ; primaries broad, falcate, with the

outer margin strongly angulated at the extremity of the

third median branch and deeply sinuate between the

latter and the apex; secondaries small and narrow,

the apex formed at the extremity of the first subcostal

branch ; the neuration of these wings is extremely simple

in the male, the costal vein does not reach the apex, the

two subcostal branches are placed upon a long foot-stalk ;

the discoidal cell is short, with very oblique disco-

cellulars, from the middle of which springs the radial ;

the median vein is quite simple or one-branched, and

takes the position usually occupied by the submedian;

the latter 1s extremely short, and represents the internal

vein of other moths; neuration of the female quite

normal; body long and slender; antenne of male

serrate-moniliform, not pectinated.

45. Chlorotimandra viridis, n. 8.

é. Primaries above bright sap-green ; costal margin,

two parallel transverse costal dashes, and the sinuated

portion of the fringe, purplish brown ; two nearly parallel

oblique central olivaceous lines, dotted with white upon

the veins ; secondaries greyish brown, with slight bronze

reflections and purplish brown fringe ; thorax sap-green ;

370 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

antenne bronze-brown; abdomen rosy brownish; wings

below pale green, mottled with grey; fringe purplish

brown, excepting towards the external angle of the

primaries and the apex of the secondaries, where it is

brassy yellowish, but spotted with purplish on the

primaries ; on these wings also there are three purplish

costal spots, from the second of which a brown discal

stripe crosses the wing ; body below pink. Expanse of

wings, 28 mm. |

?. Above pale green ; the primaries darker than the

secondaries, especially towards the outer margin; the

costal margin speckled and spotted with dark purplish

brown, the fringe purplish, excepting towards the external

angle; the transverse central lines wider apart than in

the male, creamy white with dark sap-green margins ; a

black dot at the end of the cell; secondaries crossed in

the middle by an externally white-edged dark green line ;

the whole surface densely grey-speckled ; abdomen whity

brown; under surface of a more yellow tint than in the

male; the discal stripe carried across the secondaries ;

all the wings with a black disco-cellular dot. Expanse

of wings, 30 mm.

‘* Las Zorras, in November and December.’”—T". E.

CABERIDA.

SYLLEXIS, Gwenée.

46. Syllexis lucida, n. 8.

Shining sulphur-yellow or snow-white ; in the yellow

form the secondaries are paler than the primaries, and

the abdomen is pure white ; primaries in both forms with

a black dot at the end of the cell, and an oblique discal

series of grey spots; primaries below paler than above,

with creamy white costal border, but no markings;

secondaries also with creamy costal border ; these borders

are also to be seen on the white form ; body below creamy

white. Expanse of wings, 39 mm.

‘Pines Valley, near Valparaiso, in December.’—

Ti Eis

The primaries above have the same glistening character

as some of the white Liparide.

collected in Chili. | 371

MACARIIDA.

' PSEUDALEUCIS, N. g.

Form of wings exactly as in Mychonia, of Herrich-

Schaffer (Auss. Schmett., fig. 448); coloration more like

that of Aleucis, and the antenne of the male distinctly

pectinated.

47. Pseudaleucis misera, n. 8.

3, @. Primaries above shining cupreous-brown,

crossed at basal third by an angular blackish line, and

in the middle by two undulated subpdrallel lines elbowed

towards the costa, the inner one interrupted by a black

disco-cellular spot; external border dusky, with one or

two minute whitish dots on its inner edge; a marginal

series of black dots; secondaries sericeous greyish white,

with bronze or pale cupreous reflections, external area

brownish; a slightly sinuated grey line across the middle

of the wing; body brown; under surface shining pale

ereyish or whitish brown, with slight cupreous reflections ;

indistinctly grey-speckled; a grey discal line angulated

on the secondaries, on which wings there is a more or

less distinct disco-cellular spot; the female.(and perhaps

fresh examples of the male) has a small blackish disco-

cellular dot on the primaries ; these wings also show a

submarginal series of ill-defined whitish spots. Expanse

of wings, ¢ 84mm.; 2 31 mm.

‘Las Zorras, in February.”—T. LE.

48. Pseudaleucis irrorata, n. 8.

g. Primaries sericeous cream-colour, irrorated with

grey-brown, the base and external border mottled with

the same colour; a S-shaped blackish line across the

basal third, and an externally black-edged; undulated

and elbowed, band of greyish brown, flecked with cream-

colour, just beyond the middle: a black disco-cellular

dot on the band; secondaries whitish grey across the

disc, which is traversed by an undulated grey line;

fringes, of all the wings traversed by two dark grey

stripes; body greyish brown; primaries below shining

sooty-grey, the costal and external borders speckled with

- blackish and white atoms; border of apical sinus white;

secondaries white, rather densely irrorated with black ;

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PART III. (SEPT.) 30

372 «Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

all the wings with black disco-cellular spots, and an

undulated arched discal black line; fringe as above;

body below sooty. Hxpanse of wings, 34 mm. .

‘‘Las Zorras, in March.” —T. E.

Paice Hiibner.

The type of this genus is P. estimaria, of Europe ;

the wings of this species have an undulated outer margin,

angulated at the extremity of the third median branch

in both primaries and secondaries.

49. Pharmacis trinotata, Nn. s.

g. Above pale pinky brown, wings striated with grey,

and with golden bronze reflections; primaries crossed by

two pale- bordered dark brown lines, converging in the

centre, the inner one abruptly angulated at the costal

border and incurved towards the inner margin, the outer

one strongly inarched in the middle; a black disco-

cellular dot; external area almost uniformly golden

bronze, with three large oval white spots on the median

and interno-median intérspaces, the last bifid, and three -

white dots between them and the costa; a marginal

series of black dots; secondaries with the external area

rather darker than the rest of the wing; bounded

internally by a double brown stripe, the inner line of

which is dark; a small black disco-cellular dot; under

surface greyish white; wings irrorated with darker

scales, sericeous; a grey discal line; spotted with black

upon the veins; black disco-cellular dots; primaries

tinted with brown. . Expanse of wings, 30 mm.

@. Altogether redder than the male, the lines across

the wings more distinctly double, those on the primaries

a little less curved; the white discal spots rather

smaller, for the most part with black centres in some

examples, though wholly white in others; a continuous

slender black marginal live; under surface cupreous-

brown, with the inferior halves of the external borders

whity-brown ; the whole surface rather densely irrorated

with black; markings as in the male. Expanse of

wings, 34 mm.

Var. subocellata.

$,@. Ground colour above pale shining bronze-

brown, markings strongly defined, the external area of

collected in Chilt. 373

primaries fuliginous, paler on the median interspaces

and at apex, with a series of white-edged black spots in

place of the white spots of the ty pical form ; a more or

less defined similar but subconfluent series on the

secondaries; under surface shining whity-brown, irro-

rated with blackish, and with the normal black spots.

Expanse of wings, 35 mm.

A female example also occurs a little redder in tint,

with the external area almost uniform in colour, and

the ocelloid spots almost obsolete. Eixpanse of wings,

33 mm.

ae Var. horrens.

é,2. Ash-grey, speckled and striated with black

and brown; the lines whitish, with black-brown inner

and paler brown outer margins; the external area

beyond the outer line of primaries more or less suffused

with bronze-brown; the primaries of the male darker

and greyer than those of the female; the white spots

mottled with black, less distinct on the secondaries than

on the primaries; fringes. chocolate-brown, tipped with

white; under surface almost as in the typical form.

Expanse of wings, 36 mm.

A male form of this variety occurs in which the: brown

striation and mottling is so dense that it would be more

correct to describe it as brown, striated and mottled with

whitish ash-colour. Hxpanse of wings, 34 mm.

Whether the following is a distinct species, or only

another variety, I shall not attempt to decide: the forms

described above may prove to be either species, sports,

or polymorphic types; to save confusion, I have con-

sidered it best to give them distinctive names, but at the

same time to regard them pr ovisionally as varieties.

50. Pharmacis valdiviata.

@ Scotopteryx.? valdiviata, Felder and .Rogenhofer,

Reise der Fregatte Novara, Lep. v., pl. exxvi.,

fig. 6 (1875).

3... Paler than the female, ne with a submarginal

series of white-edged black spots on the primaries ; these

wings are crossed ‘by two white stripes, as in the female ; *

Expanse of wings, 33 mm.

** The inner stripe is drawn in the figure, but the pelea has

Bmitted to put the white on,

374 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

Var. albostriata.

g. Dark. greyish brown, with bronze reflections ;

the white stripes nearer together upon the primaries,

and the whole basal area up to the outer stripe striated

with white, the secondaries striated with white all over ;

all the wings with conspicuous black disco-cellular spots ;

the submarginal white-edged spots of primaries small

and hastate. Expanse of wings, 33 mm.

There is also a rather worn male, in which the wings

have a glaucous shade, and the stripes and striations

are pale yellowish. Expanse of wings, 34 mm.

51. Pharmacis clara, n.s.

Wings above white, slightly washed with cupreous,

which gives it a pinky tint; primaries with the basal

third and costal border sparsely black-speckled; a

slightly curved brownish stripe, elbowed upon the costal

border, crossing the basal third; a black disco-cellular

dot, an arched black-edged brown discal stripe, followed

by a more or less defined zigzag blackish line; apical

half of external area and fringe fuliginous-brown, but the

apex white, speckled with black ; a slender white line at

the base of the fringe; secondaries with the basal half

black-speckled ; a black disco-cellular dot; a black-

edged brown stripe across the disc from apex to anal ~

angle; fringe as in primaries; head blackish, thorax

pinky whitish; abdomen grey, banded with whitish ;

under surface white, tinted with pink, irrorated with

blackish ; wings with black disco-cellular spots, and with

discal and marginal series of black dots; fringe dark

ereyish brown, with slender white basal line. Expanse

of wings, 82—34 mm.

‘Valparaiso, in November and December.” —T. FE.

Mr. Edmonds appears to have regarded the whole of

the forms of Pharmacis above described as one species;

at any rate they were placed together in a mixed series

under one number; they may therefore all be understood

to occur at Valparaiso either in November or December ;

P. clara, though only represented in the collection by

two females, seems to me to be a distinct species,

collected in Chili. 375

52. Pharmacis mixta, n. 8.

3. Wings above blackish brown, with bronze re-

flections, speckled and striated with whitish ; crossed in

the middle by a blackish stripe, beyond which is a

slightly undulated black-dotted white stripe;. black disco- —

cellular and marginal dots; fringe with a slender basal

line and the tips white ; secondaries crossed just beyond

the basal third by a second oblique white stripe, elbowed

towards the costa; body greyish; under surface white,

densely speckled with black ; wings with the veins and

costal borders slightly tinted with buff; the disco-

cellular spots, a discal and marginal series of minute

dots, black. Expanse of wings, 35 mm.

‘Valparaiso, in December.”—T'. E.

Var. seriata.

Pinky brown (the female, however, with the basal

three-fourths of primaries cream-coloured), speckled,

mottled, and striated with dark grey; external area dark

brown, with bronze reflections, the central blackish

stripe indistinct in the female; the white stripes scarcely

indicated, excepting by rows of black spots on the veins ;

body pale pinky brown; otherwise almost exactly as in

the typical form. Expanse of wings, ¢ 384 mm.; ?

39 mm.

‘“‘ Valparaiso, in December.”—T’. E.

Var. melanosticta.

Paler and greyer than the preceding, creamy whitish,

excepting towards the base, outer borders, and the costal

border of the primaries; the inner stripe of primaries

dark brown, spotted with black; the broader central

stripe varying in intensity, the outer stripe scarcely

indicated, excepting by a row of black spots on the

veins; a submarginal series of externally white-edged

black spots, large towards the external angle, but

gradually decreasing in size towards the apex; se-

condaries with five small black spots just beyond the

discal line, towards anal angle; under surface as in the

typical form. Expanse of wings, 34—39 mm.

‘“‘ Valparaiso, in December.”—T. E.

876 Mr. A. G. Butler on FHeterocerous Lepidoptera

Var. columba.

Sericeous greyish brown, irrorated with blackish ;

secondaries slightly tinted with pale reddish cupreous ;

markings almost wholly obliterated, but the discal stripe

represented by a series of black dots on the veins;

sometimes three or four black spots beyond the latter,

towards the anal angles of all the wings; under surface

paler than in the typical form, the markings mostly

obsolete. Expanse of wings, 835—36 mm.

Two females. ‘‘ Valparaiso, in December.”—T'. E.

58. Pharmacis ardescens, n. 8.

Primaries above dull red-brown; basal third and a

broad costal border not reaching the apex white, tinted

with pink near the costal margin; three nearly equi-

distant transverse blackish stripes, the first oblique,

limiting the white basal third, the second straight,

crossing the wing immediately beyond the cell (at the

end of which is a black dot), the third oblique, running

to apex, slightly incurved close to the inner margin,

double, bounding the external border, which is suffused

with blackish at apex and upon the median interspaces,

and encloses a series of unequal black-centred ocelloid

white spots; the innermost and outermost stripes are

also mottled with black upon the veins; a series of

black marginal dots; fringe grey; secondaries pale rosy

cupreous, grey at the base and on the costal border,

irrorated with grey, and crossed in the middle by a.

black-dotted grey stripe; a slightly undulated blackish

discal stripe, close to which is a series of black dots

upon the veins; this stripe is bounded outwardly by a

subconfluent series of black-dotted white spots; a mar-

ginal series of black spots; fringe spotted with grey;

body flesh-coloured, minutely and sparsely black-speckled ;

under surface white, irrorated with black; wings with

disco-cellular dots and a continuous discal series black ;

marginal dots very indistinct; primaries crossed by a

central grey stripe, touching which within the cell is a

rather large diffused grey nebula; a trace of a grey

stripe, answering to the third stripe of the upper surface.

Eixpanse of wings, 86 mm.

“Valparaiso, in December.’ —7’. E.

collected in Chila. 377 ;

Although there is only one male of this insect in the

collection, it appears to me to represent a perfectly

distinct species.

54. Pharmacis latifasciata, 0. 8.

Above very pale brown, sericeous, irrorated with black ;

primaries with a subcostal white streak in the female ;

the central half of these wings crossed from inner

margin to costal fourth by a broad black-brown belt,

just within the margins of which are two narrow pale

stripes, white in the male, and ferruginous in the female ;

two more or less defined subapical black dots ; imme-

diately beyond the belt is a series of white spots,

tapering towards the apex, black-centred in the male,

but not in the female; external area dark brown, clouded

with blackish; a marginal series of black dots ; fringe

orey, sometimes with a pale basal line ; secondaries with

a black disco-cellular dot; a double dark brown discal

stripe, bounded externally by a confluent series of spots

scarcely paler than the ground colour, but black-centred

in the male; snow-white in the female; a very slender

black marginal line ; under surface whity-brown, grey-

speckled ; small disco-cellular spots, discal and marginal

series of dots, black; primaries showing a broad grey

belt answering to that of the upper surface. Expanse of

wings, 34—35 mm.

Both sexes occur of a slight variety resembling the

typical male, excepting that the belt of primaries is not

so black, the border of secondaries is a little darker, and

the pale spots beyond the discal stripe are only black-

centred throughout in the male. Hxpanse of wings,

82—34 mm.

Var. definita.

9. Primaries above pale brownish grey, irrorated

with blackish; the belt sharply defined, not enclosing

the pale stripes, but bounded by them, only the outer

one visible; three white-edged black spots near the

external angle; subapical and marginal black dots as in

the type; secondaries pale brown, irrorated with black ;

a simple undulated dark brown stripe, dotted with black

upon the veins; two or three black dots beyond it, near

the anal angle, and a marginal series ; body. whitish ;

under surface nearly as in the typical form. Expanse of

wings, 86 mm.

‘“‘ Valparaiso, in December.” —’. L.

378 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

55. Pharmacis insignis, ni. 8. ;

3. Allied to the preceding, but very distinct; above

white, irrorated with brown; wings with bronze-brown

external borders ; primaries with brown costal border ;

central third occupied by an oblique black-brown belt,

slightly constricted in the centre, extending from the

inner margin to the costal fourth, but emitting a streak

from its upper margin to the subcostal vein; two sub-

apical black dots, and a marginal series; secondaries

with the basal two-thirds pinky brown, traversed near

its outer edge, and banded externally by two parallel

dark brown stripes, the outer one dotted with black; a

disco-cellular spot and a slender interrupted marginal

line black; under surface shining sandy whitish, irrorated

with grey; discal and marginal series of black dots, and

black disco-cellular spots; primaries with a greyish

central belt, limited externally by two convergent darker

stripes. Expanse of wings, 37 mm.

‘Valparaiso, in December.” —T. E.

FIDONIIDA.

'TEPHRINA, Guenée.

56. Tephrina lapidea, n.s.

Primaries above whity-brown, slightly tinted with

pink in the female, indistinctly irrorated, and striated

with greyish brown; primaries with a black disco-cellular

spot,.and crossed in the male by three equidistant lines,

the first.at basal third, angular, dark brown; the second

central, nearly straight, pale golden-brown ; the third

discal, transverse, slightly sinuous, dark brown, and

followed immediately by a series of blackish and fulvous

unequal conical spots upon a diffused greyish streak ;

in the female there is only a broad irregular sinuous

externo-discal grey-brown band, with reddish inner

margin; the external border is also rather densely

irrorated with the same colour; fringe brown, with a

pale central line ; secondaries whiter than the primaries,

excepting towards the outer margin; crossed in the male |

by a slightly irregular discal series of five brown spots ;

under surface of the male whity-brown, of the female

pale pinky brown or flesh-coloured ; the wings sparsely

irrorated with greyish and black-brown; small black

collected in Chili. 1 Sis

disco-cellular spots; primaries of the male greyish.

Expanse of wings, 36 mm.

‘*From Reed’s collection.” —T'. EL.

57. Tephrina varians, n. s.

$. Primaries above shining greyish brown, irrorated

with whitish, crossed at basal third by an irregular

whitish stripe with brown external margin, and on the

disc by a wavy cream-coloured stripe, edged externally

with dull reddish towards apex, and margined on both

sides with brown; between these two stripes are indi-

cations of a transverse brown line; a whitish-edged

black disco-cellular dot; secondaries pale sericeous

greyish brown, almost white, irrorated (especially towards

the abdominal margin) with dark brown; two or three

dark brown spots towards the anal angle; body greyish

brown ; under surface sericeous whity brown, indistinctly

grey-speckled ; wings with small blackish disco-cellular

spots between two scarcely visible parallel greyish brown

stripes. HExpanse of wings, 33 mm.

2. Above of a pinker tint than the male; the mark-

ings much more defined ; the inner stripe nearer to the

base of primaries and more angular; the central line

represented by a well-marked grey-brown stripe; the

discal stripe with its outer two-thirds ferruginous, bor-

dered externally by a broad diffused dark brownish streak ;

secondaries with three slightly divergent ill-defined abbre-

viated greyish lines from the abdominal margin to the

median vein ; body browner ; under surface flesh-tinted,

distinctly grey-speckled; central parallel grey-brown

stripes well-defined. Expanse of wings, 84 mm.

‘‘Cordilleras of Cauquenes, in January.”—T. EH. ©

The following, though placed with the succeeding

species (if, indeed, it is really distinct, which. seems

to me a little doubtful), are certainly referable to 7’.

varians.

A variety, in both sexes, much more densely irrorated

with greyish brown throughout ; the whitish speckling

and the inner stripe on the primaries being almost

wholly obliterated; the discal stripe flesh-coloured ;

fringe dark brown, with basal and central pale lines ;

the secondaries. darker towards outer margin, with an

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRT II. (SEPT.) 3D

380 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

ill-defined blackish subanal spot; under surface shining.

grey in general appearance, owing to the denser grey

speckling all over the wings; small black disco-cellular

spots and faint traces of the two central stripes; there is |

no difference of pattern in the sexes, but the female is

much smaller than the male and rather darker. Expanse

of wings, ¢ 834mm.; ? 26 mm.

In this form the discal stripe is sometimes widened in

the male into a rather broad and internally diffused band,

thus forming a connecting link with the next variety, in

which the primaries are reddish throughout, with the

basal half and external area greyish, the brown lines

across the wings being quite distinct, more so even than

in the typical form ; the inner pale stripe, however, is

lost in the general tint of the wing, only its brown outer

edging being left; the male has the outer stripe bordered

externally by a broad blackish wavy band. Hxpanse of

wings, ¢ and 2 29 mm.

In other respects this variety agrees with the pre-

ceding one.

Var. conigera.

Wings pale greyish brown, with slight cupreous re-

flections irrorated with black ; the primaries have a con-

spicuous black disco-cellular spot; the lines and stripes

are all ill-defined, the discal reddish stripe diffused, and

bounded externally by a series of blackish-edged conical

spots (somewhat as in the male of. 7. lapidea); the

secondaries are slightly darker towards the outer margin,

and there are one or two subanal spots; below the

primaries are distinctly greyish brown, and the central

stripes are obsolete ; otherwise the wings are like those

of the preceding form. Hxpanse of wings, ¢ 32 mm. ;

? 27 mm.

It is possible that this form may prove to be distinct ;

like the others it was taken at Valparaiso, some time

between March and July; in some respects it forms |

a transition to the following species, though, as already

hinted, they may all prove to be variations of one very

inconstant type.

collected in Chili. 381

58. Tephrina canescens, n. 8.

‘Greyish white, rather sparsely irrorated with black ;

- primaries above crossed by.five blackish undulated lines,

the two first and two last closely approximated and repre-

senting the margins of the pale stripes in 7’. varians ;

the outermost line bounded externally by a series of

conical black spots, which, in some examples (usually

females) which have the external area also blackish or

greyish, are seen to be white-tipped ; an oblique black or

blackish apical dash ; a marginal series of black spots ;

fringe grey, with basal and central white lines ; secondaries

with faint indications of a stripe across the basal third ;

three subanal spots: and a marginal series black ; fringe

as in primaries; abdomen greyish; primaries below

shining grey, with the costal border and external area

whitish, black-speckled; two or three black subapical

spots ; secondaries white, with grey external area, sparsely

black-speckled ; all the wings with black disco-cellular

spots placed between two slightly arched brownish stripes ;

body white, legs grey-speckled. Expanse of wings,

é 83 mm.; 2? 29 mm.

“Valparaiso, March to end of July.”—T. E.

A male variety occurs in which the whole central area

of the primaries, enclosed. between the two pairs (sub-

basal and discal) of black lines, is blackish. Expanse of

wings, 33 mm.

All the Chilian species have the antenne rather broadly

pectinated for the genus, though not much more s0

than in 7’. arenacearia.

PsaMATODES, Guenée.

59. Psamatodes ferruginaria. (Pl. XVI., fig. 7).

Acidalia ferruginaria, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘ Fauna

Chilena,’ vii., p. 96, n. 2; pl. 7, fig. 11 (1852-4).

“Valparaiso, in December.”—T. E.

This species varies in depth of colour and in the

distinctness of its markings, most specimens being

paler than in M.. Blanchard’s figure. It is allied to

P. pumicaria, so far as I can judge from M. Guenée’s

figure of that insect,

3882 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

60. Psamatodes chilenaria. (Pl. XVL., fig. 6).

Acidalia chilenaria, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘Fauna

Chilena,’ vii., p. 95, n. 1 (1852-4).

“Valparaiso, September to January.”—T. E.

This species, excepting in its strongly pectinated an-

tenn, bears considerable resemblance to some species of

Idea (Acidalia, auct.): it is a common insect.

61. Psamatodes cauquenensis, 0. 8.

Larger than either of the preceding species ;. shining

pale whity brown; the primaries above dusted with

white, crossed obliquely by three slightly sinuous and

crenulated brownish stripes, the two last of which are

rather near together; the outermost dotted with black

upon the veins; a black spot at the end of the cell, and

a marginal series of small black dots; secondaries with

the external area whitish in certain lights and bounded

internally by a crenulated brownish stripe; a black

disco-cellular dot and a marginal series of minute black

points; under surface with indications of the externo-

discal stripe on all the wings, dotted with dark brown upon

the veins ; black disco-cellular spots and ae dots.

Hxpanse of wings, 36 mm.

“Mountains of the hacienda of Cauquenes.’ op, E.

I found a single unset male of this very distinct

species in the collection.

LioprEs, Guenée.

62. Liodes venata, n.s.

Nearest to L. leucaniata (Chlenias vittuligera, W1k.),*

from Australia, but with more nearly the coloration of

Lozogramma; upper surface of primaries shining pale

chocolate, black-speckled, with the veins and a number

of longitudinal streaks between them cream-coloured, a.

black spot at the end of the cell, and a marginal series ;

fringe cream-coloured, shining, traversed bya chocolate-

* It is, I think, rather doubtful whether this species is congeneric

with L. tibiaria; it certainly is not with L. stilbiata (Panagra

plusiata, Wlk.), which agrees in structure with Dichromodes,

Guenée, as do several species referred to Panagra,

collected in Chili. — 383

brown line; secondaries paler than the primaries, almost

cream-coloured, but with a chocolate tint; a more

or less defined black spot or dot at the end of the cell

and two or three black marginal points ; primaries below

pale chocolate-brown, sericeous, the borders more or less

irrorated with cream-colour, particularly upon the veins ;

a black dot at the end of the cell; secondaries creamy

yellowish, sparsely sprinkled with black atoms ; a discal

arched series of black spots on the veins, and a black

spot at the end of the cell; body creamy yellowish.

Expanse of wings, 883—34 mm.

** Chiloé, from Reed’s collection.” —T’. E.

Lozocramma, Stephens.

68. Lozogramma ceres, ni. Ss.

Primaries above pale shining stramineous, irrorated

with black, and with a well-defined’ black disco-cellular

spot; a marginal series of black dots ; two oblique discal

brownish stripes, slightly converging towards apex, the

outer one abbreviated; these streaks are always in-

distinct, and sometimes wholly wanting in the female ;

secondaries sericeous-white, more or less tinted with

stramineous, at apex; fringe of all the wings traversed

by a central leaden grey line; body varying from tes-

taceous to pale stramineous; primaries of the male

below brownish grey, sericeous, with the disco-cellulars

dusky ; fringe as above; secondaries pale stramineous,

grey-speckled, and with dusky disco-cellulars ; fringe as

above ; female below. with the wings sericeous cream-

coloured, sparsely grey-speckled, the primaries with a

brown disco-cellular dot; body as above. Expanse of

Wings, 34 mm.

‘Valparaiso, in February and March.”—T’. E.

Nearest to L. petraria.

64. Lozogramma butyrosa, n. 8.

3. Generalaspect of Aspilates gilvaria, but with the

simple antenne of typical Lozogramma; primaries clear

creamy stramineous; a few minute blackish scales scat-

tered here and there over the surface, and a black dot at

the end of the cell; a scarcely perceptible abbreviated

oblique stripe, a little deeper in tint than the ground

384 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

colour : secondaries sericeous creamy white ; body pale

stramineous; under surface pale creamy stramineous,

shining ; primaries with the discoidal area up to the

centre of the disc flesh-coloured, slightly greyish in

certain lights; a few blackish scales at the end of the

cell ; secondaries with a small black disco-cellular spot ;

internal borders of all the wings whitish. Expanse of

Wings, 39 mm. .

“From Reed’s collection.” —T. E.

The absence of defined markings upon the wings gives

this insect the aspect of Neritodes rather than Lozo-

gramma ; the primaries are, however, too large for that

genus.

Panacra, Guenée.

65. Panagra cavi-fasciata. n. 8.

3. Primaries above with the basi-costal half sordid

cream-colour, grey-speckled, bounded beyond the cell by

an oblique abbreviated bisinuated white line; disc and

internal area bronze-brown ; an indistinct pale oblique

undulated discal line half-way between the white bi-

sinuated line and the outer margin; external area

minutely irrorated with black ; a marginal series of black

spots ; fringe cream-coloured, traversed by a grey line;

a black spot at the end of the cell; secondaries pale

sreyish brown, whitish towards the costa ; fringe cream-

coloured ; body grey ; primaries below sericeous greyish

brown, fringe as above; secondaries cream-coloured,

irrorated with grey, most densely towards the outer

margin; a black disco-cellular spot ; fringe traversed by

a grey line ; body sordid cream-coloured, tibie greyish.

Expanse of wings, 34 mm..

** Corral, in February.”—T. E.

With this species the following was associated ; but, as

it differs entirely in pattern on both surfaces, I cannot

for a moment believe it to be conspecific.

66. Panagra signistriata, n. s.

3, 2. Primaries above cream-coloured, sparsely

irrorated with black; a short oblique costal litura at

basal fourth and a slender oblique almost §-shaped

character (not visible in the male example) at apical

fourth of costal area; from the latter to the -median

collected in Chili. 885

vein, just below the basi-costal litura, runs an oblique

tapering and somewhat arched series of black-brown

dashes, only separated from each other by the cream-

coloured veins; a marginal series of black spots ;

secondaries paler than the primaries, indistinctly grey-

speckled, with a marginal series of black dots; body

sordid cream-coloured ; wings below pale stramineous,

changing to cream-colour towards the inner borders ;

grey-speckled, with black disco-cellular dots, and an

arched discal series of spots, grey on the primaries and

blackish on the secondaries, though less distinct in the

male than in the female; fringe traversed by a slender

grey line; body as above. Expanse of wings, ¢ 380 mm. ;

? 35 mm.

‘Corral, in February.”—T. E.

SeLiposema, Hiibner.

67. Selidosema phasma, 0. s.

$. Shining grey; primaries crossed by an irregu-

larly zigzag darker discal streak, diffused internally ;

costa blackish speckled, the remainder of the surface

irrorated with dark grey ; a slender interrupted marginal

blackish line ; fringe with faint bronze-brown reflections,

traversed by a central slender white line ; secondaries

irrorated with dark grey towards the outer margin ;

fringe as in primaries; wings below with black disco-

cellular dots; primaries with no discal streak; costa

whity brown, black-speckled, rest of the surface uniform

shining grey; fringe as above; secondaries paler,

silver-grey, irrorated with blackish scales; fringe as

above; body slightly brownish. Expanse of wings,

45 mm..

“Mountains of the hacienda of Cauquenes.”—T’. E.

I am not acquainted with any species allied to this; _

it more nearly approaches S. juturnaria than anything

else that I have seen.

Fivonia, Treitschke.

68. Fidonia edmondsv, n. 8.

Primaries above pale olivaceous-brown, crossed by

alternate bands of ash-grey and chocolate-brown as

follows : base grey, speckled with chocolate, and bounded

386 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

by an angulated line of the same colour; an angulated

grey band crossing the wing before the middle, and edged

on both sides at costa with chocolate, but not below the

costal border ; a slightly irregular post-median chocolate

band ; a discal grey band, partly edged with chocolate,

and dividing a large apical triangular patch of that

colour ; three creamy white spots on the costa between

the bands ; fringe dark purplish grey ; secondaries bright

orange-red; basi-abdominal area sprinkled with grey

scales ; abdominal fringe greyish; fringe towards anal

angle blackish ; body blackish, irrorated with pale brown

scales ; primaries below bright orange-red ; costal border

purplish brown, spotted at regular intervals with pale

yellow; a broad purplish-brown apical patch; fringe

dark shining slaty grey ; secondaries pale yellow washed

with pink, densely speckled with purplish brown; a

disco-cellular spot, an irregularly sinuated discal line,

and broad sinuated external border of the same colour ;

fringe slaty grey, varied (especially in the centre) with

reddish orange ; body pale sulphur-yellow, densely irro-

rated with grey. Expanse of wings, 22—223} mm.

‘‘ Valparaiso, in August ; flies by day.” —T7". E..

The female has more yellow than the male in the

ground colour of the primaries above, and more red in

that of the secondaries below.

There are two varieties of the species, one in which the

grey bands of the primaries are replaced by flesh-pink

in the female; and almost obliterated by chocolate-

coloured scales in the male; the other, in which the .

entire insect is much smaller, and the post-median

chocolate band is narrower; it measures 18—20 mm.

in expanse.

Ocuyria, Packard.

69. Ochyria ignipennis, n. 8.

Allied to O. rubrosuffusata ; primaries above dark red-

dish brown, crossed by numerous undulated blackish

lines, with a narrow subbasal band, a broad angular

central belt, and a tapering discal band, dark brown,

limited by black lines, and partly edged externally by

cream-coloured undulated lines ; four white-ceritred sub-

marginal black spots ; a black marginal line interrupted

by the veins, and followed by a slender white line at the

collected in Chili. : 387

base of the fringe; secondaries fiery cupreous, with

brown fringe ;. body brown; primaries below cupreous-

orange, with brown costal and external borders, upon

which are traces of the cream-coloured undulated lines

of the upper surface ; secondaries cupreous-brown, with

a darker slender angulated discal line and disco-cellular

spot; fringe darker brown; body brown. Expanse of

wings, 24 mm.

‘Corral, in February.” —T. E.

Somewhat like Fidonia scarata of Felder, but without

the pectinated antenne.

SPARTOPTERYX, Guenée.

_ 70. Spartopteryx ? denticulata, n. 8.

Somewhat resembles Caripeta in the pattern of the

primaries ; the margin slightly subangulated below apex,

owing to the prominence of the third undulation (at

extremity of upper radial) ; otherwise there appears to

be nothing to separate it from. typical Spartopterys: ;

primaries sericeous-whitish, with whity-brown costal

border and veins, the whole surface speckled and striated

with blackish, and clouded with grey ; two very irregular

black lines indicating the central belt, which is formed

much like that of Caripeta divisata (see Packard’s

‘Monograph,’ pl. ix., fig. 51); the outer line edged with

white ; a slightly sinuous submarginal white-edged black

_line; a marginal series of black spots anda conspicuous

-black disco-cellular spot; secondaries ashy whitish,

washed with pale bronze-brown, speckled with dark ©

brown, and crossed by two grey lines, the inner one,

which crosses the wing just beyond the middle, more

distinct than the other, and irregularly zigzag; a mar-

ginal series of black spots; thorax greyish, black-

speckled; abdomen pale bronzy brown; under surface

silvery white, sparsely irrorated with black; with black

disco-cellular spots and traces of two blackish and dark

brown undulated discal lines; primaries with a black

spot at basal third of costal border, which (as well as the

veins) is whity-brown as above; posterior femora and

tibie barred with black near the knee. Hxpanse of

wings, 39 mm.

‘Las Zorras, in February.”—T. E.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PART III. -(SEPT.) 3E

388 Mr. A..G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

Apparently tolerably common; it varies somewhat

in the colour of the primaries, owing to the greater

or less density of the black speckling upon these wings ;

in some examples (chiefly females) the general colour

of the primaries, seen without a lens, is sericeous-

blackish grey. : eae

Aspruates, T'reitschke.

71. Aspilates lacticinia, n. s.

Primaries above -pale creamy stramineous, irrorated

with greyish brown; an oblique pale brown stripe from

apex to just beyond the middle of the submedian vein,

and a small spot of the same colour at the end of the

cell; secondaries shining white, with cream-coloured

fringe ; two or three ‘subapical grey dots; body cream-

coloured ;.. wings below shining white, costal borders

cream-coloured, grey-speckled; primaries with disco-

cellular spot and oblique stripe rather greyer than above ;

pectus creamy stramineous; venter white. Expanse of

wings, 28 mm. wt:

‘“‘ Valparaiso, in November and December.” —T. E.

A variety of this species occurs in which the primaries

are more densely speckled than in the type, and the

oblique stripe is recurved towards the costa at its in-

- ferior extremity, thus forming an unequal -\/-shaped ©

character, the outer branch being nearly twice the length

. of the inner.

The following, included with A. lacticinia, appears to

me to be referable to an allied but distinct species :—

72. Aspilates bivittata, n. s.

Primaries stramineous, mottled and speckled with

grey; crossed by two widely separated pale greyish

brown stripes, converging at inner margin, and, in the

male, dotted with black upon the veins; secondaries

white, the abdominal border in the-male sprinkled with

dark grey scales; an arched discal series of black dots,

replaced in the female by a short arched grey stripe;

_fringe stramineous; a black disco-cellular dot; body of

the male sordid stramineous, of the female whitish

* primaries of the male below white, shining, densely

- collected in Chili. 889

blotched with grey; the costal border and fringe golden

stramineous; a well-defined blackish disco-cellular spot,

and dark erey oblique discal stripe; secondaries stra-

mineous, whitish. at abdominal border, irrorated with

dark orey scales; a spot at the end of the cell, and an

arched discal series upon a slender dusky line, black ;

body stramineous; female below with the wings ‘shining

white, sparsely irrorated with grey and blackish, the —

‘costal * areas slightly tinted with stramineous ; well-

defined, though small, blackish disco-cellular spots ;

primaries crossed by ‘two orey stripes, corresponding

with those of the upper surface; body whitish, legs

stramineous. Expanse of wings, ¢ 26mm.; ? 31mm.

_ Valparaiso.

There is also a variety i in Hip the two stripes across

the wings converge much less at inner margin, and the

discal dots or stripe on the secondaries are less distinct

or. obliterated; I hardly think this can be a different

“species. !

' PSEUDOSESTRA, N. g.

Closely allied to Sestra, of Walker, from New Zealand,

but differing in having the outer margin of the primaries

rounded, with scarcely a trace of angulation at the

extremity of the third median branch, and with no trace

of sinuation between the latter and the apex ; secondaries

apparently with the costal margin longer. Type,.P

obtusata (Lozogramma obtusata, Walk., from Néw Zealand).

I believe that my “‘ Ozola” terranea, from Japan, will

have to be referred to this genus, but at present I only

know the female; the male may have pectinated an-

tenne.

78. Pseudosestra bella, n. 8.

Primaries pale pinky brown, clouded with sienna

beyond the middle, sparsely but rather conspicuously

black-speckled, lilacine- -orey at apex; fringe rust-red; a

short oblique abbreviated blackish line across the costal

area, just before the middle, and an oblique subangulated

and slightly curved grey stripe across the disc;- two’

small submarginal black spots near the apex; secondaries

sericeous snow-white; the fringe slightly tinted with

pink towards the anal angle, a biangulated greyish

brown line across the disc in the female; body cream-

coloured; head and collar flesh-coloured; male below

390 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

-with the primaries lilacine-gréeyish, the secondaries and

body white ; female with the whole under surface shining

white; the primaries with blackish-speckled costal

border, three black marginal dots (there are four in the

male), and red-brown fringe; secondaries sparsely but

distinctly black-speckled, more so than in the male,

where the speckling is. greyer; both sexes with an

angulated blackish discal stripe across the primaries ;

the secondaries with a sinuous black-spotted brownish

discal line, a black disco-cellular spot, and three or four

marginal spots; anterior legs greyish brown above.

fixpanse of wings, ¢ 28 mm.; ¢ 31 mm.

‘* Valparaiso, in November and December.”—T. E.

As I believe I have stated elsewhere, I do not feel at

all satisfied that Sestra, Ozola, and allies belong to this

family; I believe they have greater affinity to some of

the Hnnomide; the present location of Pseudosestra

must therefore be considered provisional. -

Of the Zerenide there seem to be no Chilian repre-

sentatives; at any rate I have seen none; there is

indeed a genus which Felder and Rogenhofer, for some

incomprehensible reason, have referred to Scotopteryax,

and which in shape bears some resemblance to Walker’s

two genera (which are structurally identical) Narthecusa

and Negla; and not only are the latter out of place in

the Zerenide,* but the character of the markings in the

Chilan geius and its cephalic structure prove it to be:

nearly allied to Scotosia.

LIGIIDA.

The species which follow, referred by Felder and

Rogenhofer to Alsophila of Hibner, are none of them

congeneric with A. escularia (the type of the genus

Alsophila), and are not all referable to the same

family.

* This fact prevented my identifying them with drawings sent

me some time since by my excellent correspondent, H. Dewitz,

and thus induced him to redescribe one of them, Negla .per-

plexata as HEndropia packardii; the three species, H. nachtigalit,

tenwiorata, and perplexata, are not true Hndropias, and must

be placed in Narthecusa; they have the antenne of Hrewxa,

collected in Chili. : 391

CHLENIAS, Guenée.

74. Chlenias madidata ?

? Alsophila madidata, Felder and Rogenhofer, Reise

der Fregatte Novara, v., pl. exxxii., fig. 27 (1875).

3,¢. “Las Zorras; December, January, and Fe-

Dbruary.’ "—T. HE.

If, as I believe, I have correctly identified this species,

Felder’s figure is not characteristic; for though the form

of the wings and the outlines of the broad belt across the’

primaries are the same as in Mr. Edmonds’ spectmens,

the irregular submarginal white stripe is different, being

confined in both sexes to the external angle, and border ed

internally by a blackish spot ; towards the apex there are

several elliptical black spots, sometimes edged with

white, but no trace of a continuation of the submarginal

stripe, which must, I think, have originated in a much

worn example restored by an imaginative artist; the

male .has plumose antenne, as in other species of

Chlenias; the primaries are occasionally tinted here

and there with greenish.

BactuLoGasteR, Blanchard.

M. Blanchard has referred his genus to the Crambites,

but gives no reason whatever for doing so; on the

contrary, “‘ iste género differe mucho de todos -

los demas Crambidas por lo largo de su abdomen y la

forma de los palpos y de las alas.” The figure is of the

usual type of all in Gay’s work, and cannot be depended

upon ; the secondaries are represented so small that the

insect might pass for a species of Pachrophylla, Blanch-

ard; whereas the .diagnosis merely says “‘ postice

oblonge,” and the description, ‘‘ Alas posteriores oblongas,

pequefias” (posterior wings oblong, small, or narrow) ;

in the insects which I believe to be referable to

Bacillogaster there is nothing remarkably small in the

secondaries, but, as | have been unable to recognise the

typical species, it’is possible that it may have these

wings smaller than its congeners. —

75. Bacillogaster boreas, n. 8.

Primaries reddish clay-coloured, with a broad longi-

tudinal interno-median whitish streak; mottled all over

892. Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

- with black so as to give it a grey appearance, crossed at

basal third by a very deeply indented slender zigzag

black line, across which runs a slightly arched oblique

white stripe, bounded internally upon the costa by a

large black spot, but only seen in fresh male examples,

as is the case with the other white stripes on these

wings; an indistinct deeply dentate zigzag line just

beyond the cell, crossed in the male by a slightly

inarched white stripe, upon which is a series of black

dots ; a conspicuous. rounded black disco-cellular spot ;

an internally blackish-bordered oblique abbreviated

white stripe on the disc from the external angle; a

marginal: series of black dots, forming towards the

external angle a broken line; secondaries white, the

female with flesh-tinted external area, and an imperfect

slender blackish line; body of male testaceous, the

abdomen greyish in the centre, with black dorsal tufts ;

in the female, the primaries of which are of a more laky

tint than in the male with the costal border distinctly

grey, the body is-also distinctly of a pinker colour, with

greyish tegule ; primaries below whity-brown, sericeous,

greyish in certain lights, with a rather broad external

dusky border, crossed by pale veins; a marginal black line,

interrupted upon the veins; fringe dark grey, sericeous ;

costal margin black-speckled ; a black spot at the end of

the cell; secondaries sericeous-white ; costal area’

_ slightly speckled with brown; a black marginal line as

in the primaries ; fringe white; body below pale brown. — .

Expanse of.wings, ¢ 83 mm.; 2° 39 mm.

‘*Valparaiso, November and December.”’ .

‘Larva smooth, and purplish red in colour; exactly

resembles the stem of the food-plant; feeds on Quilo in

October.” —T. HE.

76. Bacillogaster parva, n. 8.

Primaries above bronze-brown, sericeous, black-

speckled; the discoidal area and costal border more

or less mottled with white; two parallel arclied bands

beyond the middle; the inner one blackish, the outer

one commencing in a chalky white apical streak, its

centre more or less distinct, pale reddish brown, some- ©

times obsolete, its inferior extremity (which almost.

reaches the external angle) blackish, with white external

collected in Chit. . . | 393

border ;-a black marginal line; fringe grey, with a white

basal line; secondaries pale bronze-brown, usually. almost

white, with black marginal line; fringe paler than in

the primaries; body pale brown; wings below shining

whity brown, slightly greyish in the typical male;

secondaries with a rather large dusky disco-cellular

spot; pectus whitish; venter greyish or brown. Expanse

of wings, 27—29 mm.

‘Valparaiso, November and December.”

“Larva twig-like ; feeds on Adesmia.”—T. E.

77. Bacillogaster hypparia

2 Alsophila hypparia, Felder’ and Rogenhofer, Reise

der Fregatte Novara, v., pl. exxxil., fig. 85 (1875).

‘Valparaiso, in December.”—T’. E.

Felder’s figure is not a very characteristic one, the

markings being too strongly defined; the wings rather

_ too broad, and with more sinuous margins than exist in

any of the examples before me; the male doubtless has

a longer body. ~

LARENTIIDA.

OporaBiA, Stephens. .

78. Oporabia cymatophora ?

2 Alsophila cymatophora, Felder and Rogenhofer,

Reise der Fregatte.Novara, v., pl..cxxxii., fig. 26

(1875).

-“ Baths of Chillan, in March.”—T7". E.

In Felder’s figure the markings.are too strongly |

- defined, unless I have mistaken the species, and there is

no trace of even a slight subangulation of the primaries

in Mr. Edmonds’ examples; excepting in their slightly

smaller secondaries, they look like pale greyish examples

of O. filigrammaria. ne .

79. Oporabia martha, un. 8.

Primaries above pale bluish grey ; basal half crossed

by two pairs of black-brown lines, the inner pair

<-shaped, the outer irregularly undulated ; a third pair

of lines wider apart and lunulated beyond the middle ;

the area enclosed. by these last lmes is brownish, and

traced by an indistinct grey line ; an arched discal series

394. Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

of slender >-shaped black markings terminating near

external angle in a <-shaped spot filled in with blackish ;

an interrupted cruciform brownish costal patch beyond

this series of markings; the whole surface of the wings

between the other markings crossed by indistinct lunu-

late white-edged grey lines; a black lunulated marginal

line ; fringe whitish, traversed by two grey. lines, the

inner one dark ; secondaries pale sericeous-grey, with a

dark marginal line; thorax whitish ; antenne and abdo-

men reddish brown; primaries below with the costal

half washed with laky brown; a darker lake-brown

costal spot beyond the middle, bounded on each side by

cream-colour ; this spot, in certain lights, is seen to be

the commencement of an arched greyish band, bounded

externally by a band rather paler than the ground colour ;

internal half of wing greyish white; fringe nearly as

above; secondaries sordid-white, slightly tinted with

reddish towards outer margin ; pectus white-; legs lake-

brown above, the tarsi banded with whitish; venter

-whitish. Expanse of wings, 26 mm.

‘“‘Las Zorras.’”—T'. EH.

A pretty little species, with nearly the pattern of O. |

dilutata.

80. Oporabia hastigera, un. 8.

_ Primaries above pale brownish grey, crossed from the

base to beyond the middle by irregular angulated blackish

lines spotted with black on the veins, the fourth and fifth

and the two last, which are in pairs, represent the limits

of the central belt, are spotted with cupreous in the male

and blood-red in the female, within the cell and between

the radial veins ; disc crossed by two series of hastate

black spots, indistinctly united by lunulated grey. lines, .

which are also reddish upon the radial’ interspaces; a

marginal series of black dots ; fringe white, spotted with

dark grey; secondaries white, with cream-coloured fringe ;

thorax brown, black-speckled ; abdomen sericeous whity

brown; primaries below pale grey; apex and costal

margin brownish; secondaries white; body below whitish; -

legs blackish, barred with white above, white below.

Expanse of wings, 29—30 mm.

‘‘ Las Zorras, in January.” —T. H.

collected in Chilt. 395

Larentia, Duponchel.

81. Larentia chillanensis, nu. 8.

Size, coloration, and general appearance of L. Kol-

lariaria of Kurope, but the primaries with slight bronze

reflections, the costal border conspicuously spotted

throughout with black, and the bands spotted upon the

veins with black ; wings below with a bronze-brown re-

flection ; the bands on primaries very indistinct. Expanse

of wings, 41 mm.

*“‘ Baths of Chillan, in February.”—T. E.

Probably allied to the so-called ‘‘ Hubolia” momaria

of Snellen.

Hammartera, Herrich-Schiffer.

The species of this genus, although referred by M.

Guenée to Cidaria, and by Walker both to Cidaria and

Pterocypha, are in reality intermediate in structure be-

tween Larentia and Lobophora, the females being ex-

tremely like Larentia frustata both in pattern, coloration,

and structure, and the males like broad-winged Lobo-

phore, the lobe being represented by a sort of inverted

and folded pouch upon the surface of the abdominal area

of the secondaries.

82. Hammaptera chiloéna, n. 8.

?. Upper surface extremely like H. frondosata, but

the primaries of a distinctly yellower colour, the

secondaries of a bronze-brown colour, with the usual

pairs of pale-edged black marginal dots ; an externally

white-edged blackish spot near the anal angle; wings

below pale brassy golden brown; primaries grey in

certain lights, with paler veins; an abbreviated trans-

verse pale band upon the disc beyond the cell, and through

the centre of it an ill-defined slender dusky line ; a sub-

marginal series of whitish dots ; a blackish disco-cellular

litura; fringe white, spotted with brown, with golden

reflections ; central half of costal border cream-coloured ;

secondaries with a black spot on the upper disco-cellular ;

numerous angular indistinct brownish lines across the

external two-thirds; a squamose greyish submarginal

streak ; fringe white, touched here and there with grey, .

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—parr m1. (sEPT.) 3 F

896 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

and with the usual golden reflections ; body below cream-

coloured. Expanse of wings, 37 mm. .

‘*Chiloé, from Reed’s collection.” —T. E.

The pattern above is so like that of the species figured

by Herrich-Schaffer that it would be worse than useless

to describe it in detail.

RHopPpALODES, Guenée.

The species which I refer to this genus has the same

clubbed antennez in the female, similarly small secondaries,

upon which (as in the type of the genus) there are two

indistinct submarginal stripes, but the subcostal (not the

costal vein) has a free furca, and the inner margin of the

primaries has two projecting scale patches similar to

those of some of the Notodontide: were it not that I

rather doubt the absolute accuracy of some of the

characters given by Guenée, it would be necessary to

erect a new genus for the Chilian species. There is no

question of the affinity of Rhopalodes and Lobophora ; it

is out of place in Guenée’s classification, as also is Sauris.

88. Rhopalodes virescens. (Pl. XVI, fig. 10).

3, Tomopteryx virescens, Philippi, Stett. Ent. Zeit.

XKKIV., Pp. old, Hn. 85 pl. 2, fig. 7 (18ie):

@. ‘Chiloé, Reed’s collection.”—T'. E.

The primaries of the female agree in pattern with

those of the male, but the secondaries are extremely pale

gold-brown, with two grey submarginal stripes; the

characters of this sex prove that it is not congeneric

with 7’. amena (the type of the genus), and I strongly

suspect 7’. leta to be a second Chilian Rhopalodes, and

an extremely rubbed male from the Cauquenes (too

much worn for description) to be a third; their pri-

maries are too broad for either Tomopteryx or Pachro-

phylla. ;

Amatuta, Duponchel.

This genus is constantly confounded with Lobophora,

of which L. polycommata is type; the type of Amathia

is A. hexapterata.

collected in Chil. 897

84. Amathia lineolaria.

2, Larentia lineolaria?, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘ Fauna

Chilena,’ vii., p. 95, n. 2 (1852-4).

‘‘ Las Zorras, November and December.” —T. E.

Whether this really is Blanchard’s species or not it is

quite impossible to say ; but, if not, I see no reason why

it should not retain the name of 4A. lineolaria; it is not

at all unlike a pale greyish and very large representative

of A. hexapterata; the lines across the primaries are,

however, all sharply defined in dark grey, touched here

and there with black, and the secondaries are of a similar

grey colour to the primaries ; in fact the tint throughout

the entire insect is singularly uniform, the wings being ~

sericeous, with slight bronze reflections. Hxpanse of

wings, ¢ 86 mm.; 2 88mm.

85. Amathia indistincta, n. s.

@. Pattern and coloration extremely like that of

Larentia aqueata of Europe, but the secondaries con-

siderably smaller; wings silvery white; the primaries

above entirely covered by numerous parallel undulated

dark greyish olivaceous slender lines, four of which

appear to be better defined than the others, and repre-

sent subbasal, two median and submarginal stripes ;

when examined with a lens, however, these stripes are

- geen to be composed not of single continuous lines, but

of parts of two or three lines in proximity, which are

darkened ; secondaries with two or three scarcely visible

parallel grey submarginal lines; body whitish ; under

surface silvery white; the markings of the primaries .

visible through the wings in certain lights. Hxpanse of

wings, 31 mm. .

‘Las Zorras, in February.”—T. E.

This is a delicately coloured little species.

HAPLOPTERYX, 0. g.

Aspect of Anaitis; form of Docirava; allied to Lobo-

phora; differs from all in the simple structure of the

male secondaries, the discoidal cell of which is very

small, only extending to the basal fourth; costal vein

398 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

incurved and parallel to the subcostal towards the base ;

subcostal forked, the branches upon a rather long foot-

stalk ; radial emitted near to the median, which is two-

branched, and replaces both submedian and internal,

which consequently are absent; palpi short; antennez

filiform, thicker in the male than in the female; body

slender, scarcely extending beyond the secondaries.

86. Haplopteryx anomala, n. 8.

Primaries dark shining grey, sprinkled with black and

white scales, and with a slender transverse white dash at

the end of the cell; upon the central band, which is

whitish or buff in the female, but of the ground colour

in the male; this band is very irregular, is much con-

stricted in the middle, and is bounded on both sides by

about five very irregular undulated and angulated more

or less defined black lines, which occupy the central

three-fifths of the wing-surface; beyond the cell these

lines are zigzag, much as in Scotosia certata: two sub-

basal straight approximated black lines; a triangular

costal apical patch of grey or buff; an internally blackish

bordered regularly zigzag white submarginal line; ex-

ternal border dark, sometimes brown ; a marginal series

of black spots in pairs, sometimes united into a con-

tinuous line ; fringe shining grey, traversed by a blackish

stripe, and with a slender white basal line ; secondaries

whity brown or dark smoky grey, with a slender dusky

marginal line; fringe traversed by a dusky stripe; body

greyish or whity brown; under surface shining grey,

more or less tinted with bronze-brown ; secondaries of

male whitish ; anabbreviated dusky zigzag streak beyond

the cell of primaries; the male also with the external

border pale buff, with regularly zigzag inner edge. HEix-

panse of wings, ¢ 41 mm.; ? 38—42 mm.

‘* Baths of Chillan, in March.”’—T. E.

Associated with the above was the male of the fol-

lowing species, which must form the type of a new

genus :—

HopLosavRis, 0. g.

Allied to Tatosoma of New Zealand ; general aspect

(excepting in the form and size of its posterior wings) of

Tomopteryx jissa of Felder; primaries very broad and

collected in Chili. 899

triangular ; secondaries of male small and oval, not

lobed, with almost the same neuration as in the preceding

genus; body very long and slender; head large, with

long tapering simple antenne; palpi small, projecting a

little in front of the head; legs long and slender ;

hind tibiz with two pairs of spurs, the inner ones long,

the outer ones very short; -palpi of female long and

deflexed.

87. Hoplosauris heliconoides, n. 8.

3. Above silver-grey, crossed by darker lines formed

much asin Anaitis plagiata, black-spotted upon the veins ;

a white disco-cellular spot; secondaries a little whiter

than the primaries, without markings; body whitish ;

under surface greyish white. LExpanse of wings, 38 mm.

2. Very like Oporabia dilutata; the primaries a

little whiter than in the male, with the lines across them

rather more angular and undulated. Expanse of wings,

88 mm.

‘9, Baths of Chillan, in March; ¢, Corral, m

February.”—T. E.

88. Hoplosauris ? alba, n. 8.

@. Sordid-white; primaries with the aspect of

Bryoptera canitiata, crossed by numerous crenulated

lines, black upon the costal border, pale greyish green

elsewhere, excepting upon the veins, where they are

dotted with black; upon two parallel lines, which cross

the disc, there are, however, two reddish patches, one

crossed by the lower radial and the other by the first

median branch ; a red-brown dot at the end of the cell,

and a red-brown spot attached to a short black dash on

the interno-median interspace uniting the lines, which

represent the central belt and which are here much

contracted ; a marginal series of black dots in pairs ; an

oblique slender black dash at base of internal border ;

‘gecondaries with the external border slightly greyish,

tinted with pink ; primaries below rose-coloured ; costal

margin cream-coloured ; internal area whitish; a slender

black line along the outer margin; fringe white;

secondaries white, with rosy-tinted costal area ; a dusky

disco-cellular lunule ; body below white ; palpi and legs

banded with black. Expanse of wings, 88 mm.

“ Valdivia, in February.”—T. E.

400 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

This and the following (which was associated with it)

differ from the typical female in the neuration of the

secondaries; the second and third median branches

being emitted, like the subcostal branches, from a fairly

long footstalk: as, however, the males are unknown to

me, [ hesitate to make a distinct genus for their reception,

since it is possible that the males may be found to belong

to some group already separated.

89. Hoplosauris ? mesta, n. 8.

Shining dull silvery grey, with slight brownish re-

flections ; primaries with the central area slightly green-

ish, crossed by blackish lines representing the central

belt, and formed much as in the preceding species,

changing abruptly to chocolate in and beyond the cell

and in the interno-median interspace, where the ground

colour is slightly tinted with pink; the other lines are

all obsolete, excepting towards the costal border and at

inner margin (though it is possible that they might be

visible throughout in perfectly fresh examples) ; a discal

series of elongated black spots or dashes ; external bor-

der tinted with rose-brown ; a marginal series of black

spots in pairs, connected by a submarginal series of

small lunate black markings; fringe whitish, slightly

rosy at base, and traversed by a series of dusky dots ;

secondaries with white fringe ; primaries below slightly

rosy towards apex ; a slender black marginal line ; fringe

white; body below pale golden brown; palpi dark

brown ; tibiz and tarsi banded with black. KHxpanse of

wings, 388 mm.

‘Valdivia, in February.”—T". E.

PacHropuyiua, Blanchard.

90. Pachrophylla varians, n. 8.

$. Shining creamy white ; primaries crossed in the

middle by a pale grey belt, narrow towards inner mar-

gin ; constricted, and dotted with ferruginous upon the

interno-median area, abruptly expanded above the median

vein, and separating into two bands towards the costa;

this belt is margined and traversed by zigzag darker grey

lines dotted with black ; an externo-discal series of acute

black dashes with pure white centres, and a marginal

collected in Chili. 401

series of black dots in pairs; basal area traversed by

broken fragments of several parallel undulated lines,

black-spotted on the veins; secondaries without mark-

ings ; under surface creamy white ; primaries tinted with

rose-red towards apex. Expanse of wings, 28 mm.

?. Altogether darker and greyer than the male;

primaries varying from yellow to lilacine-grey ; the cen-

tral belt, a subbasal band, and the external area, which

is represented by an irregularly cuneiform band, lilacine,

traversed by chocolate-coloured lines and spots in place

of the blackish ones of the male, the veins being white,

barred with black throughout ; secondaries more or less

dark smoky grey; body greyish; under surface smoky

grey, the costal and apical areas of primaries washed

with lake-red, the apical area of secondaries slightly

rosy towards apex; palpi and femora rosy ; tibie and

tarsi banded with blackish. Expanse of wings, 29—

33 mm.

“Valdivia, in February.”—T. Ef.

In the female of this species, which bears some

resemblance to Hoplosauris ? mesta, the palpi are shorter

and less deflexed; and the second and third median

branches of the secondaries, though emitted together

from the inferior angle of the discoidal cell, are not

placed upon a footstalk.

91. Pachrophylla minor, n. 8.

3. Much like a small broad-winged P. obelata or

P. linearia, but the secondaries comparatively broader

and larger ; as in males of P. linearia, the wings are far

more completely obscured by lines, and by the black bars

upon all the veins, than in the under-coloured female

represented by Blanchard, or even than the male variety

figured by Felder*; the longitudinal black and white

streak near the external angle of primaries is well defined.

Expanse of wings, 29 mm.

No exact locality recorded.

This species was incorrectly labelled P. linearia, from

which species, however, it was kept separate in the

collection. It appears to be common, as there are no

less than ten examples in Mr. Edmonds’ boxes.

* The size of the secondaries in Felder’s figure is exaggerated.

402 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

Var. fasciata.

?. Differs from the typical form in having a well-

defined dark central belt, which divides just above the

median vein into two oblique bands slanting inwards ;

marginal black dots almost united into a continuous

line ; secondaries and body greyer. Expanse of wings, .

27 mm.

‘Las Zorras.”—T. E.

I found a single example of this form in the collection

associated with Oporabia martha.

Var. fumosa.

3, 2. Rather larger than the typical form; the

primaries sericeous smoky brown, very dark, varied with

flesh-colour, and crossed by black lines ; the usual black

and white streak near the external angle ; primaries and

body below also much darker grey than in the type.

Eixpanse of wings, 30 mm.

Exact locality not recorded.

92. Pachrophylla lineata. (Pl. XVL., figs. 8, 9).

? , Pachrophylla lineata, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘ Fauna

Chilena,’ vii., p. 97, n. 1; pl. 7, fig. 9 (1852-4).

Var. 3, Pachrophylla obelata, Felder and Rogenhofer, .

Reise der Fregatte Novara, v., pl. cxxxii., fig. 36

(1875).

‘‘Las Zorras, November and December.”—T. E.

The female of the variety P. obelata has a well-defined

angulated band across the primaries ; faint outlines of

this band occur in the under-coloured females typical of

the species, but the artist has failed to indicate them in

Blanchard’s figure.

The following genus, although allied to Pachrophylla,

differs in its angulated primaries and the larger lobes of

the secondaries ; the palpialso are not deflexed like those

of Pachrophylla.

collected in Chili. 403

Tomopteryx, Philippi.

93. Tomopteryx amena.

3, Tomopteryx amena, Philippi, Stett. Ent. Zeit.,

EXxiV., P: ol8, n. 1; pl. 2, fie. 5°(1879).

?, Alsophila ternata, Felder and Rogenhofer, Reise

der Fregatte Novara, v., pl. exxxii., fig. 28 (1875)..

“Las Zorras, in December.” —T. EF.

Hasopma, n.¢.

Belongs to the Lobophora group of genera; primaries

rather narrow, elongate-triangular, the outer margin very

slightly oblique; second and. third median branches

emitted from a short footstalk; secondaries obtusely

triangular; discoidal cell rather long, emitting the sub-

costal branches from one point at its anterior angle and

the second and third median branches at its posterior

angle ; disco-cellulars semicircular ; body rather slender

and elongated, the antennz long, slender, pectinated

nearly to the tips; palpi porrect, extending for about

half their length in front of the head ; proboscis strong ;

thorax rather short ; abdomen with large well-developed

dorsal tufts ; legs moderately long; posterior tibie com-

pressed, tapering at the extremities, with two very small

subterminal, and one terminal, spurs.

94. Hasodima elegans, n. 8.

g. Primaries above pale flesh-brown, varied with

snow-white, and transversely densely striated with

ereyish olivaceous; an almost circular spot of this

colour at the end of the cell; a slightly irregular. oblique

black line just beyond the basal third, and a sigmoidal

line at external third, the latter bordered internally by

an internally dusky-margined grey stripe, which expands

into a triangular patch at inner margin ; these two black

lines represent the limits of the ordinary central belt; a

marginal series of black spots; fringe olivaceous, with

basal and subterminal white lines ; secondaries sericeous-

white; a few dark brown flecks towards outer margin,

and a black marginal line; fringe pale grey, with a white

basal stripe; body greyish olivaceous; under surface

white; primaries with traces of the markings of the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1882.—PART III. (SEPT.) 34

404 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

upper surface ; disco-cellular and marginal spots black ;

secondaries with a small black disco-cellular spot and

slender imperfect marginal line ; anterior tibiz and tarsi

pale flesh-brown above, banded with blackish. Hxpanse

of wings, 38 mm.

‘*Las Zorras, in January.”—T. EH.

KupiruHecia, Curtis.

95. Hupithecia cenone, 0. s.

Silvery white ; wings with a fairly wide, slightly inter-

rupted dark grey external border, traversed by a white

dentate-sinuate line, beyond which, on the primaries, the

tint changes to yellowish olive; a marginal series of

linear black dashes ; primaries crossed from costal mar-

gin to median vein by five or six macular angulated

brown stripes, indicating the central belt ; a conspicuous

black spot at the end of the cell; basal two-sevenths of

costal border black, crossed by one or two white bars ;

secondaries crossed by several parallel greyish undu-

lated lines, one towards the base and two on the disc

becoming black towards the abdominal margin; body

greyish ; wings below less distinctly marked than above,

but with similar markings. Expanse of wings, 21 mm.

‘Las Zorras, beginning of December.”—T'. EL.

May be placed near to HL. centaureata.

96. Hupithecia frequens, n. s.

Nearly allied to EH. tenwiata of Europe, but more

variable in size; the primaries with larger black disco-

cellular stigma and distinctly darker external border,

divided by the usual crenulated white line; the discal

whitish stripe of the same form, but sometimes more

sharply defined by dark margins; secondaries with a

small black disco-cellular dot. Expanse of wings, 17—

19 mm.

“Valparaiso, in December; Corral, in February.”—

A BE Oe

The smaller form is from Valparaiso, the larger from

Corral ; the latter has an oblique discal series of black

dots on the under surface of the secondaries, but other-

wise I see nothing by which to distinguish it from

collected in Chili. 405

the smaller form; I have. not, therefore, considered

myself justified in following Mr. Edmonds in keeping

them separate.

97. Hupithecia rosalia, n. 8.

Size and general coloration of EH. satyrata of Europe,

but the lines across the primaries deeply waved in an

‘irregular zigzag form, most evidently towards the middle

of the wing; a regular discal series of brown dots ;

secondaries with all the lines more defined. Expanse of

wings, 21 mm.

‘‘ Valdivia, from Reed’s collection.”—T’. EL.

98. Hupithecia sibylla, n. 8.

Silvery grey; primaries darker than secondaries ;

markings in blackish grey (excepting the black disco-

cellular stigma of primaries), very similar to those of

FE. vermiculata of Snellen (Tid. v. Ent. xvii, pl. 6, fig. 1,

1874), excepting that the two more defined discal lines

are deeply sinuated beyond the cell, almost falciform,

and that the abdominal series of blackish lines on the

secondaries are continued across the dise to costa; the

borders of all the wings are also dark grey, the sub-

marginal and marginal lines being thick and somewhat

diffused ; notwithstanding these differences and its in-

ferior size 7. sibylla must resemble EH. vermiculata not a

little. Expanse of wings, 21 mm.

“Valparaiso, in December.” —T’. E.

99. Hupithecia usta, n. 8.

Allied to E. togata, but differing in colour, and with

all the lines sharply defined and very slender ; primaries

sienna-red at base, a white costal dash bounded on both

sides by blackish streaks ; an oblique subbasal narrow

sordid-white band enclosing a slender brown line ; central

belt sienna-red to the middle of the -interno-median

interspace, white below it, margined and traversed by

darker red-brown lines; disco-cellular spot oblique,

oblong, black, with narrow whitish edge; a white zigzag

line bounding the outer edge of the central belt ; external

area sienna-red, traversed by a slender dark brown line,

followed by a zigzag submarginal white line; an apical

406 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

patch and a series of internervular dashes black ;

secondaries sordid-white, traversed by slender brown

lines, the discal and submarginal lines, which are den-

tate-sinuate, united upon the veins to black dots and

dashes ; all the wings with a marginal series of straight

linear dashes, only separated by the veins ; fringe white,

spotted with red-brown; body pale brown; thorax

sreyish ; abdomen with two dark brown bands; under

surface pale cupreous, sericeous; all the wings with

conspicuous black disco-cellular spots; lines and other

markings less distinct than above; primaries with bronze-

brown apical patch ; no internervular dashes. Hxpanse

of wings, 26 mm.

“yom Reed’s collection.” —T. E.

The following species has pectinated antenne, and

therefore is referable to Guenée’s New Zealand genus

Helastia :—

Heuastia, Guenée.

100. Helastia corralensis, n. 8.

Leaden grey; wings crossed by numerous irregularly

undulated parallel darker lines, blackish on the pri-

maries, but indistinct on the secondaries ; a black mar-

ginal line, interrupted by snow-white dots at the ex-

tremities of the nervures; fringe slightly brassy, tra-

versed by a grey stripe; primaries with pale buff costal

border, almost hidden by the blackish lines, excepting

for a square spot just beyond the central belt, the outer

limit of which is indicated below this spot by a band

rather paler than the ground colour; basal area rose-

red, with the usual black costal dots and subbasal lines ;

body brown ; thorax evidently reddish in fresh examples ;

wines below leaden grey, the costal border unequally

spotted with blackish and white; a black marginal line

followed by a slender white line at the base of the

fringe; a blackish disco-cellular spot; secondaries with

all the lines macular ; a black disco-cellular spot ; mar-

gin and fringe as in primaries; pectus flesh-tinted ;

anterior legs above blackish, barred with white ; venter

leaden grey. Hxpanse of wings, 18 mm.

“Corral, in February.”—T\ EL.

collected in Chili. 407

The following species has much perplexed me; it has

the coloration of Aleucis, with more nearly the aspect of

Scodiona, but in structure it agrees with Cheimatobia, to

which genus I therefore refer it.

CHEIMATOBIA, Stephens.

101. Cheimatohna aleucidia, n. 8.

Shining grey; the body, primaries, and fringe of

secondaries with bronze-brown reflections; primaries

completely covered by numerous parallel undulated dark

erey lines, two of which in the middle of the wing are

more defined than the others, and commence in blackish ~

costal spots; a blackish disco-cellular spot; all the

wings with a blackish marginal line ; head, collar, and

shoulders dark brown; under surface uniform leaden

grey. Hxpanse of wings, 23 mm.

‘‘ Las Zorras, in January and February.”—T7. E.

THera, Stephens.

102. Thera confusa, n. 8.

g. Allied to’T. variata, but all the markings of the

primaries somewhat obscured by black and grey mottling ;

the subbasal area (and not the central belt) darker than

the rest of the wing, blackish, wider than in T’. variata,

so as to reduce the width of the anterior part of the belt

and throw it further forward; the latter scarcely separable

from the disc, excepting by a slender black line of the

usual form ; external area greyish ; submarginal dentate-

sinuate white line straighter, not increased towards the

costa as in 7’. variata ; secondaries rather broader, white,

srey-speckled, and crossed from the basal third by three

srey lines, the innermost regularly arched, and the two

others irregularly undulated and indistinct; thorax

greyish brown ; abdomen whitish ; primaries below grey ;

costal border whitish, speckled with dark grey ; two in-

distinct dusky stripes, both more or less diffused, the

first just beyond the basal third, indistinct; the second,

which is angulated, across the disc; a small blackish

disco-cellular spot; fringe white, spotted with black ;

secondaries white, grey-speckled, and crossed by two

dark grey lines, the first at basal third curved, the

second across the dise irregularly arched and undulated ;

408 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

an indistinct grey submarginal streak; a black disco-

cellular spot; body below greyish white. Expanse of

wings, 25 mm.

2. More like 7’. simulata; the primaries of a flesh-

brown tint, with the central belt formed by the addition

of the subbasal area to its width, the two together being

darker than the rest of the wing, and only divided

from one another by a black line. Expanse of wings,

22 mm.

‘Las Zorras, in February and March.”—T. E.

YPSIPETES, Guenée.

103. Ypsipetes cinerea, n. 8.

Primaries bluish grey; a slender transverse black

basal line ; a broad central belt slightly darker than the

ground colour, with angulated black margins, tapering

slightly towards the inner margin, and enclosing three

black spots from the costa to the inferior angle of the

discoidal cell; veins spotted with black and whitish ;

three submarginal series of black-spotted dark grey

stripes; fringe pale grey, traversed in the centre by

a very slender white line, behind which it is spotted

with black; secondaries snow-white, slightly sordid

near the outer margin; body grey, the abdomen whitish ;

primaries below silvery grey; secondaries snow-white ;

body below cream-coloured. Expanse of wings, 26mm.

** Mountains of the hacienda of Cauquenes.”—T’. HE.

There was one unset example of this singular species

in the collection.

104. Ypsipetes pastoralis, n. s.

Colours of Y. elutata; primaries sap-green; one or

two dots and an undulated subbasal line black; three

bands scarcely darker than the ground colour, margined

and blotched with black, the central one edged externally

by an undulated white line ;. an interrupted submarginal

black line, along the inner edge of which are two or three

small widely separated white spots; frmge spotted with

black and grey; secondaries rosy brown, greyish in

certain lights; external area greyish, traversed by a

paler undulated submarginal stripe ; a slender blackish

marginal line; frmge golden yellow towards the base

collected in Chil. 409

and spotted with rose-colour ; thorax sap-green, spotted

with black; abdomen greyish, with the anal segment

and a dorsal line fulvous ; under surface greyish brown,

with black-spotted, yellow-edged, rose-coloured borders ;

a blackish discal stripe and a slender angular post-

median line limiting the basal area ; black disco-cellular

spots; body below whity brown. LExpanse of wings,.

25—31 mm.

“Chiloé, from Reed’s collection.”—T. E.

ODONTOTHERA, N. g.

Allied to Thera and Ypsipetes; body long and slender,

like that of Thera; style of coloration like that of

Ypsipetes; general structure of the latter genus, but the

outer margins of the wings denticulated ; the primaries

also angulated at the extremity of the third median

branch.

105. Odontothera virescens, n. Ss.

Allied to O. rinodaria (Scotopteryx ? rinodaria, Felder),

but considerably smaller; primaries bright sap-green,

striated, mottled and banded with black-brown ; three

narrow bands across the central area, the innermost at

basal third, arched ; the second central, transverse and

inangulated at both extremities in the female, but ill-

formed and forming the inner boundary of a large

blackish patch with angular outer margin extending

beyond the discal stripe in the male, so as to limit the

external border ; a black disco-cellular spot ; discal stripe

slightly arched, inangled towards costa, and enclosing a

dentate-sinuate black line ; a submarginal series of snow-

white spots attached to black dots, and bordered exter-

nally with dark brown; a black marginal line ; fringe

yellowish at base and white externally, traversed by a

dull green line, and spotted with brown; secondaries

sericeous rosy whitish, speckled with grey; external and

abdominal borders deeper rose-coloured ; two more or

less complete discal series of dark grey spots, white-

edged externally towards the abdominal margin ; a white-

edged black dash at anal angle; a slender blackish

marginal line; fringe white, traversed by a grey line,

and spotted with ferruginous ; thorax greenish, varied

with red-brown, and spotted with blackish ; abdomen

410 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

whitish or flesh-tinted, grey-speckled; antenne above

black, barred irregularly with white, below ferruginous ;

under surface whitish, clouded with flesh-colour ; pri-

maries with grey traces of the markings of the upper

surface ; costa mottled with black; fringe spotted with -

brown; secondaries whiter than above, grey-speckled,

with a conspicuous black disco-cellular spot and a com-

plete discal series ; fringe as above ; body flesh-coloured ;

both legs and body irregularly spotted with blackish.

Expanse of wings, 32—33 mm.

‘Corral and Los Ulmos, in February.”—T. E.

The under surface of the wings somewhat reminds one

of the Macarude.

106. Odontothera debilis, n. 8.

?. Whitish flesh-coloured, the secondaries whiter

than the primaries; all the markings above similar in

outline to those of the female O. virescens, but the stripes

much more slender, of a pale reddish brown colour, both

inner and outer stripes on the primaries enclosing den-

tate-sinuate black lines, only the outer stripe being

almost obliterated ; this line stands out sharply ; a black

disco-cellular spot; mottling of the wings greyish

brown; fringe dull rose-coloured, with pale basal line ;

secondaries with the inner series of discal spots replaced

by a pale brown stripe and the outer by a black-dotted

undulated brown line, the anal dash by a longer, but still

abbreviated, brown stripe; antenne whitish, speckled

with brown ; under surface more uniformly fleshy white

than above, grey-speckled ; primaries with grey lines in

place of those on the upper surface, but otherwise similar ;

secondaries with a black disco-cellular spot ; an angular

red-brown stripe just beyond the cell; a discal series of

small black spots partly connected by a brown line and

an ill-defined anal grey-brown stripe. Expanse of wings,

39 mm.

_ Valdivia, from Reed’s collection.” —Z’. E.

collected in Chili. 411

ScorDYL1A, Guenée.

107. Scordylia vittata.

Euchdia? vittata, Philippi, ‘Linnea Entomologica,’

Xiv., p. 295, n. 82 (1860).

Heterusia mesenata, Felder and Rogenhofer, Reise der

Fregatte Novara, v., pl. cxxx., fig. 26 (1875).

a PeTedeO, August and September ; a day flier.”—

It is possible that this may be the Phalena ceraria of

Molina (‘ Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chili,’ p. 147,

1782), but the description, were it correct, is too short for

positive identification ; it is simply this, ‘‘ B. elinguis,

alis deflexis flavescentibus, fasciis nigris,” nearly half

of which, viz., ‘‘B. elinguis, alis deflexis,” is not true

of Scordylia vittata.

ANTICLEA, Stephens.

108. Anticlea corticalis, n. s.

Primaries above laky brown, with a slight cupreous

gloss; three oblique equidistant black costal streaks or

lines on the basal two-thirds, the central one extended to

the median vein, the external one forming the commence-

ment of a slender dentate-sinuate discal line, to the

inner edge of which longitudinal black nervular dashes

are attached, connecting it with an ill-defined undulated

inner dark brown line ; an externally pale-edged bronze-

brown undulated submarginal band; a black subapical

marginal spot, below which the yeins are tipped with

black; secondaries sericeous-grey, with brownish reflec-

tions ; body greyish brown, sometimes tinted with pink ;

under surface uniform brownish grey. Expanse of wings,

o 238mm.; 2? 28 mm.

‘‘Chiloé, from Reed’s collection.” —T'. EL.

Not nearly allied to any known species.

Coremia, Guenée.

The antenne of the males in this genus are ciliated,

and the palpi for the most part long, though their length

varies in different species which, in other respects, seem

to be nearly allied ; it would at present be premature to

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRT III. (SEPT.) 3H

412 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

exclude such species as did not precisely answer to

M. Guenée’s somewhat vague definition, “‘ Palpes en bec

aigu, ne dépassant pas la téte de plus dune longueur ”’ ; but

the antennal structure, as rendered by him, is too elastic

to enable any lepidopterist to decide what is a Coremia:

it runs, ‘‘ Antennes pubescentes, ciliées ou pectinées chez

les 3. ” T therefore would restrict the group to species

with the antenne ‘‘ ciliated,” by which term I understand

M. Guenée to designate delicate pectination ; if pubes-

cence be admitted there is no reason for excluding such

as have simple or filiform antenne.

109. Coremia decipiens, n. s.

?. Much like C. infundibulata of Guenée, from

Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela*; greyish fuliginous,

rather pale; the undulated lines across the primaries

blackish, but not well defined; an undulated white line

limiting the external border, which is darker than the

sround colour, a blackish apical patch; central belt

tolerably wide, slightly narrowing towards the inner

margin, and a little angulated at the median vein ; darker

than the ground colour, commencing upon the costal

border in two unequal blackish spots, the inner one well-

defined and triangular, the outer continuous with the

external boundary line of the central belt, which is

black and undulated ; a third blackish spot within the

cell just above the median vein and between its first two

branches ; a marginal series of black spots in pairs, fol-

lowed by a slender pale buff line at the base of the

fringe; fringe of secondaries also with a pale basal line ;

under surface greyish brown; wings sericeous, with

darker irrorations; fringes with a pale basal line;

secondaries with a dark brown disco-cellular spot; an

undulated ill-defined discal line, spotted upon the veins

with black. Expanse of wings, 28 mm.

‘* Pines valley, in December.”—T". E.

It is possible, when we know the male of this species,

that it may prove not to be a Coremia, but its resemblance

to C. infundibulata seems to justify its being placed

provisionally in that genus.

* A species in which the male antenne are distinctly ciliated ; it

has been redescribed by Walker as Melanippe productata, Cidaria

remissata and C instipata, showing how little M. Guenee’s defini-

tion assisted him in determining its generic location,

collected in Chili. 4138

CampToGramMa, Stephens.

The antenne of this genus are simple in both sexes ;

the palpi, as in Coremia, form a short beak in front of

the head.

110. Camptogramma plemyrata.

Camptogramma plemyrata, Felder and Rogenhofer,

Reise der Fregatte Novara, x., pl. exxxii., fig. 15

(1875).

“February, March and April.”—T7. E.

This species is nearly allied to C. fluviata of Europe,

but differs in the strongly-defined band across the pri-

maries ; it varies from laky ferruginous to testaceous in

the ground colour of these wings.

111. Camptogramma ? dubia, n.s.

Aspect of Coremia, but with simple antennez in both

sexes ; dark greyish brown ; primaries not unlike Corenia

ferrugata in pattern, but much broader, and with the

central belt extending, at its inferior extremity, almost

to the external angle; this belt is of a dull clay-colour,

traversed by black lines with a pale buff costal patch and

a white spot at the end of the cell; it is bounded exter-

nally by a white stripe, traversed by a grey line, which

is again followed by an interrupted dark grey band with

imperfect white external edge; external border greyish,

with an elliptical black subapical spot ; a marginal series

of small black spots in pairs; fringe of all the wings

whitish, traversed by a dark brown stripe ; under surface

shining dark grey; an externally whitish-edged dusky

band just beyond the middle in all the wings; a sub-

marginal series of white dots; a marginal black line

interrupted at the extremities of the nervures, and a

white line at the base of the fringe. Expanse of wings,

21 mm.

‘‘ Valparaiso, in February.”—T. E.

A pale variety occurs in which the dark grey post-

median band is very distinctly spotted with black along

its outer border.

The front wings of this species are rather broad for

Camptogramma, and the pattern is that of Coremia.

414 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

PHIBALAPTERYX, Stephens.

A genus very easily confounded with Hemerophila,

but differing in the simple, or almost simple, antenne

of the males, whereas in Hemerophila they are dis-

tinctly pectinated.

112. Phibalapteryx edna, n. 8.

3. Almost exactly agrees in pattern with the

““ Tephrosia’’ disperdita of Walker from Sydney ; upper

surface shining greyish white or silver-grey; black-

speckled; primaries crossed by two or three ill-defined

and interrupted irregular oblique blackish lines ; the last

of these lines runs from the outer margin near apex to

about the middle of the inner margin, is widely bisinuated,

and its upper half forms a strongly-defined black stripe ;

external border slightly darker than the ground colour,

and traversed by an undulated white-edged submarginal

line; secondaries striated with dark grey to the middle,

excepting upon the costal area, and traversed beyond the

_ middle by a slightly irregular slender black line, followed

by a dark grey line ; border and submarginal line as in

the primaries; primaries below sordid shining grey,

black-speckled, with a black disco-cellular dot and slender

marginal line; secondaries shining white, speckled with

black to the middle ; a slender dark grey marginal line.

Expanse of wings, 38 mm.

‘“*Mountains of the hacienda of Cauquenes.”—T. E.

113. Phibalapteryx jacintha, n. s.

Allied to P. perfectata of Sydney, which it resembles

in size and in its pearl-grey colouring and blackish mark-

ings; the belt across the primaries is, however, very

oblique, its outer edge being obtusely and widely zigzag,

more like P. anguligera of New Zealand; the double

discal line of secondaries is also more prominent, owing

to the indistinctness of the other lines on these wings ;

all the wings have a small black disco-cellular spot and

slender sinuated marginal line; under surface shining

white, sparsely black-speckled, with black disco-cellular

spots and marginal line as above, also a discal series of

black dots on the veins ; primaries with a faint brownish

collected in Chili. 415

tint; the fringes are broad, traversed by a grey line

and spotted with blackish. Expanse of wings, 27 mm.

“‘ Mountains of the hacienda of Cauquenes.”—T. E.

Scorosia, Stephens.

114. Scotosia exacta, n. s.

Nearly allied to S. dubitata, with the same pattern,

but the primaries distinctly greyer, with no trace of red-

dish in them, and the secondaries smaller, paler, and

with more dentate-sinuate margin. Expanse of wings,

37—41 mm.

“Valparaiso, November and December.”—T. E.

115. Scotosia cauquenensis, n. 8.

Nearly allied to S. sabaudiata of Europe, with the

same pattern in grey lines and bands upon a shining

white ground with faint bronze reflections ; all the wings

perfectly uniform in tint. Expanse of wings, 43—

47 mm.

‘Mountains of the hacienda of Cauquenes.”—T. E.

Ciparia, T'reitschke.

116. Cidaria emilia, nu. s.

Belongs to the C. psittacata group, but the primaries

are white, with yellowish veins and blackish brown

markings, nearly resembling those of C. prunata in form ;

the secondaries are dark greyish brown, with whity-

brown fringe, traversed by a subconfluent series of dark

grey spots ; primaries below dark grey, with the white-

bordered bands of the upper surface only visible on the

costal area; fringe white, spotted with dark brown;

secondaries white, flecked and banded with grey; fringe

white, spotted with greyish brown ; body below dark grey.

Expanse of wings, 20—24 mm.

*‘ Valparaiso, in February.”—T. LE.

117. Cidaria misera, n. 8.

Allied to the preceding; pale greyish brown, with

slight golden bronze reflections; a basal patch, an

irregular central belt, much as in C. suffwmata, and a

416 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

subapical costal spot on the primaries, all with denticu-

lated outer edges bordered with white, and followed by

slender zigzag lines, dark brown; fringes of all the

wings with whity-brown basal line ; under surface shining

grey ; primaries white, with white costal spots. Expanse

of wings, 23 mm.

“Mountains of the hacienda of Cauquenes.”—T’. E.

118. Cidaria diana, n. 8.

Belongs to the C. russata group ; primaries above, with

the basal third pale greyish stone-colour, the central

third (bounded on both sides by blackish-edged dentate-

sinuate white lines) partly greyish and partly pale buff,

the external third dark greyish brown, clouded with

blackish, and marked near outer margin by a large ill-

formed crescent, near external angle by an irregular spot,

and between these spots and the costa by several dots, all

snow-white ; the whole surface of the wing strongly shot

in certain lights with bronzy gold; a dentate-sinuate

central brown line, followed by a paler and less perfect

line of the same colour ; secondaries pearl-grey ; fringe

bronze-brown, tipped with white; head and thorax

cream-coloured; abdomen dark grey; below, the pri-

maries are grey, cupreous at apex, and the secondaries

white, with black disco-cellular dots, and a slender den-

tate-sinuate discal line; the primaries show the white

submarginal spots of the upper surface, and upon the

fringe is a series of cupreous-brown spots ; secondaries

with a submarginal series of blackish dots upon the

veins, and another upon the fringe; body sordid-white ;

venter greyish. HExpanse of wings, 29 mm.

Var. cynthia.

Larger, the primaries considerably darker, of a more

uniform greyish brown colour, with the markings less

defined, the white spots sometimes almost obsolete.

Expanse of wings, 830—33 mm.

Var. luna.

Smaller, altogether greyer, the primaries with a con-

spicuous black disco-cellular spot. Expanse of wings,

25 mm.

collected in Chilt. 417

The disco-cellular spot varies in size in this form, and

the lunate spot is sometimes grey instead of white.

‘Corral, in February.” —T. LE.

119. Cidaria ceres, n. 8.

Creamy stramineous, the primaries a little deeper in

colour than the secondaries, crossed by two widely sepa-

rated paler bands (with darker central line) indicating

the limits of the central belt ; a feebly-indicated, slightly

dusky, subapical costal stripe ; two brownish spots on the

costa at the commencement of the pale bands ; a minute

black disco-cellular point ; secondaries crossed beyond

the middle by a dusky line ; anal angle slightly brownish ;

under side uniformly pale shining stramineous ; all the

wings with a small black disco-cellular spot, a pale brown

angular stripe beyond the middle, and an interrupted

externo-discal stripe of the same colour. HExpanse of

wings, 28 mm.

‘Corral, in February.”—T. EL.

SYNPELURGA, Nn. @.

Allied to Pelurga and Dineurodes, but with short

slender ciliated antennez in the male.

120. Synpelurga corralensis, n. s.

General pattern and coloration of Cidaria suffumata ;

creamy white, sericeous ; primaries slightly brassy, with

dark brown markings as follows: a subbasal spot fol-

lowed by three ill-defined stripes, the two last somewhat

approximated ; central belt broad and angulated, traversed

by a cream-coloured streak (upon which is a black disco-

cellular spot), and immediately followed by a parallel

angulated line and angulated submarginal and a marginal

stripe, both wide towards apex, where they are divided

by an oblique cream-coloured line, but tapering towards

the inner margin; secondaries with an ill-defined pale

grey central line, followed beyond the cell by a better-

defined arched and undulated grey line; a submarginal,

scarcely perceptible, pale grey band; under surface

ereyish ; the markings of the upper surface ill-defined,

and more or less suffused with rose-reddish. Hxpanse

of wings, 36 mm.

Corral, in February.”—T. EL.

418 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

ScoTocoREMIA, N. g.

Allied to Cidaria, with the aspect of a large Coremia

coloration of typical Scotosia; antenne short, rather

thick, tapering and rather strongly ciliated in the male ;

its larger secondaries, the straighter outer margin of its

primaries, shorter and stouter abdomen, and style of

coloration will at once distinguish it from the preceding

genus.

121. Scotocorenia obscura, u. s.

Pattern of Larentia frustrata of Europe, than which,

however, it is larger; coloration of Scotosia dubitata

greyish, the primaries with a slight pinky gloss, the

markings dark grey-brown edged with black; the under

surface is like that of a Hammaptera, the primaries grey,

with a white angular stripe indicating the outer border

of the central belt, with a submarginal row of white

spots and a small black disco-cellular dot; the secondaries

greyish white, with black disco-cellular spot; three

angular grey lines just beyond the middle, and an ill-

defined submarginal line. Expanse of wings, 36 mm.

‘‘Las Zorras, in January.’—T. E.

PsaLIODES, Guenée.

122. Psaliodes signata, n. 8.

Primaries above whity-brown, sericeous, traversed by

several undulated white lines, one of which limits the

external area, and is edged with black ; a white disco-

cellular spot; basal fourth brown, edged and traversed

by black lines; an irregular dark brown costal spot

beyond the middle; external area ferruginous internally

and grey externally, the two colours separated by a

crinkled white line, upon which, towards apex, is a black

spot; a marginal series of linear black spots ; fringe

cream-coloured, traversed by a dark grey stripe;

secondaries grey, with faint pink reflections; fringe

nearly as in primaries; body grey; thorax brownish ;

primaries below dark sericeous-grey; a blackish Z-shaped

character upon a whitish ground at the end of the cell ;

a golden apical costal patch, pale at the extremities, and

crossed by brownish undulated stripes; secondaries

whitish, densely irrorated with grey; a black disco-

cellular spot; a dentate-sinuate blackish discal line, and

collected in Chila. 419

a submarginal series of ill-defined blackish edged white

dots ; palpi and pectus ochreous ; venter greyish white.

Expanse of wings, 20—21 mm.

‘Valparaiso, in November.” —T. E.

123. Psaliodes pseudohala, n. 8.

Like a Thamnonoma in appearance, but structurally

like Psaliodes ; primaries pearl-grey, sericeous ; a black-

edged brown costal dash at basal fourth, continued across

the wings by two scarcely perceptible grey lines; base of

costal margin blackish; a triangular black-edged brown

spot at centre of costa, and between it and the imner

margin traces of two or three undulated grey lines and

one or two black dots ; another black-edged brown costal

spot beyond the middle, continued in the form of two

irregular grey lines (the outer one undulated and dotted

with black) to inner margin ; two parallel dentate-sinuate

lines and the external border dark grey ; fringe pale buff,

striped with dark grey ; secondaries pale brownish grey,

with fringe as in primaries ; thorax whitish, back of head

and a spot on each shoulder black; abdomen pale

brownish ; under surface brownish grey; secondaries

paler than primaries, but irrorated with brown. Expanse

of wings, 27 mm.

‘Valparaiso, in November.”—T'. E.

124. Psaliodes brevipalpis, n. 8.

Palpi short for the genus; general aspect of P. sig-

nata; primaries pale greyish brown, with a rosy flush ;

basal third chocolate-brown ; an irregular narrow central

erey belt with whitish margins ; between the latter and

the base and upon the disc are several whitish-edged

grey-brown stripes; between those on the dise and a

third series bounding the external border is an arched

discal series of black-tipped longitudinal white dots ;

external border ash-grey ; two submarginal black spots ;

fringe white, striped and spotted with dark brown ;

secondaries sericeous greyish brown ; fringe almost as in

primaries; body greyish brown; under surface dark

grey-brown, with cupreous reflections ; the secondaries

and the costal border and external border of primaries

speckled with white; the wings from beyond the middle

TRANS. ENT. SoC. 1882,—PART Ill. (SEPT.) 31

420 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

crossed by parallel undulated arched lines; veins of

secondaries banded upon the disc with black and white ;

fringes as above; body brown. Expanse of wings, 24—

27 mm.

“ Corral, in February.”—T. E.

Cuanastra, Walker.

125. Chalastra? pusilla, nu. s.

Whitish ; the primaries crossed near the base by two

or three bronze-brown lines ; a bronze-brown central belt

somewhat like that of Coremia ferrugata, traversed by

darker sinuated brown lines, and enclosing a small black

disco-cellular spot ; two sinuated submarginal lines and

the outer border bronze-brown; two unequal white-

centred submarginal spots towards apex; secondaries

with a blackish disco-cellular spot and a widely sinuated

pale brown line; body greyish; under surface white ;

primaries brownish ; secondaries brown-speckled to the

centre; black disco-cellular spots; primaries with a

white submarginal spot ; secondaries with a brown discal

line as above. Expanse of wings, 20 mm.

‘* Valparaiso, in July.”"—T. HE.

Doctrava, Walker.

126. Docirava ? chilensis, n. 8.

Aspect of a Eupithecia, excepting in its small second-

aries ; golden brown ; primaries darker than secondaries,

traversed by dark brown parallel undulated stripes ; cen-

tral belt clear of these stripes, but of the ground colour,

its limits indicated by slender undulated black lines with

pale and dark grey outer edges ; two black spots placed

obliquely at apex ; a marginal series of black dots ; fringe

pale brown, traversed by a dark grey stripe ; wings below

pale golden brown; minute black disco-cellular dots ;

primaries with an angular blackish discal stripe ; fringes

of all the wings black-spotted ; venter reddish. Expanse

of wings, 27 mm.

‘“‘Hrom Reed’s collection.”—T’. E.

collected in Chili. 491

EUBOLIIDA.

Puynura, Blanchard.*

127. Phyllia triangularia. (Pl. XVI, fig. 11).

2, Phyllia triangularia, Blanchard, in Gay’s ‘Fauna

Chilena,’ vii., p. 89, n. 1; pl. 7, fig. 5 (1852-4).

Eubolia ? liburnaria, Guenée, Phal., ii., p. 486, n. 1703

(1857).

** Valparaiso, all the year.” —T. FE.

The above note, which includes the following, inclines

me to regard it as distinct ; since, as already remarked,

it is improbable that the same species should occur

throughout the year.

128. Phyllia cinerescens, n. s.

Pattern and general coloration of the preceding, but

both sexes with a well-defined ash-grey discal band across

the primaries, limiting the central belt. Expanse of

wings, 42—44 mm.

Valparaiso.

Sarracena, Herrich-Schaffer.

129. Sarracena olivacea, n. 8.

Nearly allied to S. pellicata-of Felder, but differing, in

both sexes, in the nearly straight outer edge of the cen-

tral belt of primaries ; the males vary in the colouring of

the central belt and apical patch from blackish to greenish

olive, and the females from dark to pale greenish olive,

and in one example to red. Expanse of wings, 383—

42 mm.

Two pairs of the typical dark form, one pair of the

pale olive form,+ and one female of the red type.

‘Valparaiso, October and November.”—T. E.

This note includes the two following species :—

* The males have a projecting lobe from inner margin of primaries

near the base.

+ The male of this variety bears a label with the locality ‘ Val-

divia,”

422 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

130. Sarracena pellicata.

3, Sarracena pellicata, Felder and Rogenhofer, Reise

der Fregatte Novara, v., pl. cxxxi., fig. 27 (1875).

3, @ (six examples). Valparaiso.

181. Sarracena declinaria.

?, Sarracena declinaria, Felder and Rogenhofer, Reise

der Fregatte Novara, v., pl. cxxxi., fig. 32 (1875).

One male. Valparaiso.

SIONIDA.

Strona, Duponchel.

132. Siona columba, n. 8.

Allied to S. fulgurata (‘‘ Hubolia”’ ! fulgurata, Snellen) ;

above sordid silvery whitish, with the pale stripes of the

under surface showing through the wing-texture ; pri-

maries below leaden grey, bronze or golden brown on

costal margin and at apex, where there is a short trans-

verse pale yellow stripe ; secondaries dark bronze-brown ;

a longitudinal stripe parallel to the costal margin through

the cell from base to outer margin, interrupted at the

end of the cell by a short oblique dash, and on the dise

by an angulated stripe from costa to abdominal margin ;

two oblique dashes on the abdominal area, and a marginal

spot on the second median interspace ; all pale yellow;

body below cream-coloured. Expanse of wings, 32—

33 mm.

Var. 1 with the longitudinal stripe of secondaries below

not extending into the discoidal cell, but terminating as

it reaches the angulated discal stripe. Expanse of wings,

31—82 mm.

Var. 2 altogether darker below, and differing from the

preceding form in the macular character of the discal

stripe of secondaries. Expanse of wings, 31 mm.

Var. 3 as dark below as the preceding form, the mark-

ings of secondaries reduced to a round spot at the end

of the cell, a portion of the discal stripe and a longer or

shorter longitudinal dash across it. Hxpanse of wings,

34 mm.

collected in Chili. 423

Var. 4 with no creamy yellowish stripes below, the

subapical costal transverse dash being only indicated in

pale grey ; the secondaries also with a spot at the end of

the cell, and an angular discal band of greyish white.

Expanse of wings, 29 mm.

‘“‘ Mountains of the hacienda of Cauquenes.”—T. H.

This is, as may be seen from the above description, a

very variable species, none of the forms being sufficiently

constant to permit one to regard them for a moment as

specifically distinct.

HETEROPHLEPS, [Herrich-Schiffer.

1338. Heterophleps ophiusina, n.s.

Whity-brown ; a large irregular dark brown patch, but

changing to pale brown on costal border, with black

margins upon the basal half of primaries, its inner edge

oblique and slightly arched, its outer edge elbowed upon

the median vein, and more or less sinuated ; immediately

beyond this patch is a whitish belt which crosses the

wing, and is bounded externally by a widely zigzag

blackish and white stripe, widest towards the costa;

external border irregularly dusky ; a marginal series of

almost sagittate black spots; fringe dark brown, tra-

versed by two whitish lines; the whole surface of these

wings is tinted with flesh-pink in certain lights and

irrorated with blackish scales; secondaries brown-

speckled ; an ill-defined brownish spot at the end of the

cell, and a slender discal line of the same colour; ex-

ternal border slightly flesh-tinted ; fringe nearly as in

primaries ; head and thorax dusky; under surface bronze-

brown; costa of primariesand entire surface of secondaries

mottled with whitish ; all the wings with indistinct dusky

disco-cellular spots ; fringes almost as above. LHxpanse

of wings, 35 mm.

**Chiloé, from Reed’s collection.” —7'. EH.

This species reminds one of the genus Ophiusa.

134. Heterophleps agitata, n.s.

Primaries above silvery grey, with dark bronze-shot

fuliginous-brown markings somewhat as in the preceding

species ; the patch on the basal half, however, is of a

424 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

uniform colour throughout, with its oblique inner edge

quite straight, not arched; the sinuation of its outer

edge is also angular, it is black-edged as usual; the

whitish belt is of the ground colour and narrower than

in the preceding species; it is bounded externally by

a black and white line; there is also a semicircular sub-

apical costal blackish brown patch and an irregular band

of this colour from just above the middle of the outer

margin to the inner margin, leaving an almost semi-

circular marginal patch of the ground colour at external

angle; a marginal series of small black spots; fringe

white, with two dark brown stripes; secondaries pale

greyish brown, with marginal spots and fringe as in

primaries ; body silver-grey, the head and thorax slightly

darker than the abdomen ; under surface silvery whitish,

washed with bronze-brown ; costal border of primaries

white, speckled with blackish; a black disco-cellular

spot ; fringe as above, but with grey stripes ; secondaries

irrorated with dark grey; a brown disco-cellular spot

and undulated black-dotted discal line; fringe white,

with two grey stripes; body minutely black-speckled.

Expanse of wings, 31 mm.

“Valparaiso, in February.”—T. LE.

185. Heterophleps stygiana, n.s.

Dark smoky brown ; primaries with nearly the pattern

of the preceding species, but the outer edge of the patch

on the subbasal area (which is only defined internally by

an oblique black and white stripe) undulated ; the outer

edge of the pale post-median belt less strongly angulated

towards costa, and regularly arched from the angulation

to the inner margin; external area decidedly broader,

separated from the narrow pale belt by a black stripe,

with white external edge as usual; the inner half of the

external area forms an angulated and arched dark

fuliginous belt, limited towards apex by a whitish streak ;

the outer half is paler and greyish upon the margin,

where there is a series of black spots; fringe whitish,

traversed by a broad dark brown stripe; secondaries

rather greyer than primaries; fringe the same; pri-

maries below greyish brown; costa pale sandy yellow,

speckled with blackish; fringe as above; secondaries

sandy yellowish, irrorated with blackish scales ; a small

blackish disco-cellular spot; external area bronzy

collected in Chili. 495

brownish ; body dark greyish brown. Expanse of wings,

32 mm.

Var. aurea.

Primaries above golden yellow, sericeous, clouded with

brown, the markings either cupreous-brown or only in-

dicated in outline by brown stripes; secondaries varying

from bronzy grey to straw-yellow, with a slight flesh-tint ;

body varying from greyish brown, with cupreous thorax,

to pale stramineous ; under surface shining straw-yellow,

the primaries sometimes washed with grey. Expanse of

wings, 30—36 mm.

“‘ Valparaiso, in February and March.”—T. EH.

TANAGRIDIA, N. g.

Wings ample, the primaries with acute apex, costa

nearly straight, outer margin slightly arched (gesch-

wungen), inner margin straight ; discoidal cell extending

to just beyond the middle of the wing, rather broad; all

the veins ‘perfectly normal, the median branches wide

apart ; secondaries triangular, with slightly convex outer -

margin; discoidal cell extending to the middle of the

wing ; all the veins well separated ; body rather slender ;

the thorax rounded ; palpi moderately long, compressed,

curved, porrect, fringed above, extending its full length

in front of the head ; antenne curved, simple, excepting

towards the tips, where they are subserrate, flattened ;

legs long, thick, and compressed; middle tibie termi-

nating in two long divergent blunt spurs ; posterior tibie

with an additional subterminal spur.

136. Tanagridia fusca, un. s.

Dark cupreous-brown above ; wings with white-tipped

fringe; a discal series of minute black and white dots

across the primaries ; primaries below cupreous-brown,

with a discal series of darker dots on the veins; outer

margin irrorated with white ; fringe white, traversed by

a brown line; secondaries greyish white, densely irro-

rated with cupreous-brown, especially towards the outer

margin; a spot at the end of the cell and a discal series,

of darker brown; body below paler cupreous-brown ; the

tarsi almost golden below. Expanse of wings, 35 mm.

‘Pines Valley, in November.”—T. E.

426 Mr. A. G. Butler on Heterocerous Lepidoptera

HEDYLIDA.

CARPHOLITHIA, 0. g.

Nearest to Hedyle; wings narrow, elongated ; pri-

maries acuminate at apex, with a very slight angulation.

of the outer margin at the end of the second median

branch ; body rather slender, but extending very slightly

beyond the secondaries; palpi compressed, porrect,

extending its full length in front of the head; antenne

simple; legs long and rather slender; spurs as usual,

rather long.

137. Carpholithia cinerea, n. 8.

Ash-erey ; primaries with the basal three-fourths irro-

rated with blackish grey, crossed by two strongly angu-

lated lines of the same colour, and limited by a third

very slightly angulated line; external margin dusky ;

fringe tipped with blackish and traversed by a dusky

line ; secondaries very slightly brassy in tint, with a

dusky marginal line; thorax ash-grey; the tegule

black-tipped ; abdomen slightly brassy ; primaries below

blackish grey, the external area rose-red, with four snow-

white costal spots; a black marginal line; fringe grey,

with a white basal line, and tipped with blackish ;

secondaries silvery white, grey-speckled ; a brown lunate

disco-cellular spot, and a black marginal line; fringe

tipped with blackish ; body below whity-brown. Expanse

of wings, 26 mm.

Var. 1. Primaries above pearl-grey, with slight

brownish reflections, the third dark grey stripe inter-

sected by a whitish sinuous line, which at its upper

end curves inwards to the costal margin; secondaries

above dull silvery. Expanse of wings, 24—26 mm.

Var. 2. Primaries differing from those of the pre-

ceding species in having black orbicular and reniform

spots, the latter crossed by a whitish line, in wanting the

dark grey stripes almost entirely, though the sinuous

whitish line is present, and in having a black spot at

basal third of interno-median area; the secondaries

show traces of a dusky discal line ; primaries below with

the external area silvery white, like the secondaries,

which are speckled with dark brown, especially towards

the base. LExpanse of wings, 25 mm.

‘‘Las Zorras, in March.’ —T. HE.

collected in Chili. 42:7

188. Carpholithia crambina, n. 8.

Primaries above golden stramineous, with a more or

less defined longitudinal basal black interno-median

streak ; a more or less defined blackish diffused spot at

the end of the cell ; a more or less defined blackish stripe

limiting the external border internally, and which when

partly obsolete is replaced by a sinuous pale line, as in

the preceding species ; external border blackish towards

apex ; secondaries silvery white, more or less suffused

with golden or cupreous brownish ; body golden stra-

mineous ; under surface silvery whitish, shining ; pri-

‘maries golden towards the outer margin, otherwise

sprinkled densely with blackish grey ; secondaries slightly

sprinkled with blackish scales towards the base; a con-

spicuous black disco-cellular spot and a blackish mar-

ginal line ; fringe traversed by a pale grey stripe; body

below yellowish. Expanse of wings, 24 mm.

‘‘Las Zorras, in March.”—T’. E.

EXPLANATION OF Puate XVI.

Fic. 1. Perusia conspersa, 3, Butler.

2. Tetracis chilenaria, g, Blanchard.

3. Paragonia deustata, §, Felder and Rogenhofer.

4, Erosina cervinaria, 6, Blanchard.

5. Azelina felderi, 3, Butler.

6. Psamatodes chilenaria, &, Blanchard.

7. P. ferruginaria, $, Blanchard.

8, 9. Pachrophylla lineata, 3, 2, Blanchard.

10. Rhopalodes virescens, 2 , Philippi.

11. Phyllia triangularia, $ , Blanchard.

12. Monoctenia dentilineata g, Butler.

13. M. chilenaria, 3, Felder and Rogenhofer.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRT Ill. (SEPT.) 3K

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XVI. North American Coleophore. By Lorp Watstnenam,

MAL. FAS. 0cGs

[Read July 5th, 1882. |

PuaTE XVII.

In Mr. Chambers’ ‘ Index to the described Tineina of

the United States and Canada”’ in the ‘ Bulletin of the

United States Geological and Geographical Survey,’ vol.

iv., published at Washington in 1878, we find enume-

rated no less than forty-four species of the genus Coleo-

phora, in addition to which three others only, so far as I

am aware, have been described as occurring in that

country. These three are Coleophora ciligochrella, Cham.

(Can. Ent., vi., 129), C. inornatella, Cham. (Cin. Soc.

Nat. Hist., i1., 185), C. malivorella, Riley (Agricl. Rep.,

1878, pp. 48, 49, pl. vil., fig. 1).

Several species of this genus were contained in some

American collections lately sent to me for examination

by Professor C. H. Fernald, but for the most part they

were in poor condition, and unaccompanied by their

larval cases. I therefore abstained from describing those

of them which appeared to be new, although I was able

(in a paper lately sent to America for publication) to

suggest in two instances a probable rectification of

synonymy. In a box received at the same time from

Professor C. V. Riley were bred specimens of some

interesting species of Coleophora. I regret that, being

under a misapprehension of my kind correspondent’s

liberal intentions, I returned them to him with all others,

which, like these, were labelled ‘‘ unique.” Professor

Riley has now sent me the larval cases from which they

were bred. Postponing detailed descriptions until speci-

mens no longer ‘‘ unique ”’ can be referred to, I propose

to notice them shortly here. The first of these seemed

to me to agree with the description of Coleophora cilie-

ochrella, Cham. (Can. Ent., vi., 129), and I returned it

as possibly belonging to this species; the arrival of the

larval cases attached to the seeds of a species of Juncus

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882,—PaRT III. (SEPT.)

430 Lord Walsingham on

show it to be the well-known European Coleophora cespi-

titiella, Zell. Whether it is or is not the species de-

scribed by Mr. Chambers I am unable to determine

without access to his typical specimens.

I am indebted to Professor Riley for calling my atten-

tion to a paper by Dr. W. 8. Barnard in the Proc. Am.

Ass. Ady. Sci., 1879, p. 472, in which it is suggested

that one of two probably distinct species of Coleophora

feeding on Juncus will be found to be C. cespititiella. I

have not yet been able to refer to this paper.

A second species in Professor Riley’s box was evidently

so closely allied to Coleophora currucipennella, Zell. (Wocke,

Cat., 2426) that I wrote to ask for some description of

the larval case from which it was bred. This is* now

before me, and is, I think, in itself sufficient evidence of

the identity of the North American and European forms.

This black pistol-formed case, with loose lateral wings or

flaps about its widest part, was found on oak, the natural

food-plant of C. cwrrucipennella.

The third species, which appeared to be very closely

allied to C. annulatella, Tgstr. (Wocke, Cat., 2546) forms

its case, as | am informed by Professor Riley, of bits of

a species of Polygonum, upon which it feeds. It covers

the case, like its Kuropean ally, with grains of sand, and

with these are what appear to be some black seeds of the

food-plant. The case is rougher, and les more flatly on

the surface of the leaf than that of C. annulatella,

having the mouth bent under, the opening being placed

nearly at a right angle. I am not aware that the

Huropean species has ever been found upon Polygonum,

its natural food-plants being species of Atriplex and

Chenopodium.

A fourth example, reared from a larva feeding on

Prunus americana, appears to answer to the description

of Coleophora rufoluteella, Cham. (Can. Ent., vi., 129), a

species which Mr. Chambers subsequently (Can. Ent.,

x., 112, 113) regarded as equivalent to C. caryefoliella,

Clem., described (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., i., 78) as feeding

on hickory, and perhaps on dogwood, in a ‘small dark

brownish case of the form of a flattened simple cylinder,”

which not inaptly applies to the case now received from

Professor Riley.

The tood-plant of the species now under consideration

is, however, so completely distinct from that of Dr.

Clemens’ species that it is most unlikely that the insect

can be the same,

North American Coleophore. 431

In referring C. rufoluteella, Cham., to C. caryefoliella,

Clem., Mr. Chambers remarks that rufoluteella is known

only from specimens captured one mile from hickory.

It seems not impossible that I may have rightly identi-

fied Professor Riley’s specimen as the true C. rufoluteella,

and that it may be really distinct from the hickory-

feeding species ; but further evidence is required to de-

cide the point. This case is represented on Plate XVIL.,

fig. 18.

By far the most interesting larval case received from

Professor Riley is that which belongs to a small, rather

inconspicuous, species allied to C. wnipunctella, Zell., and

probably to C. biminimaculella, Cham., the position of

the two small spots on the fore wings being probably

sufficient to separate it from both these species.

The case may be described as pale dust-coloured,

spiniform, and octagonal, tapering to a blunt point,

beautifully constructed of elongate particles of larval

excrement built up in a perfectly symmetrical arrange-

ment, which will be best appreciated in the figure which

accompanies this paper. On each flat side of the octa-

gonal figure the little bricks of frass are woven in so that

the end of each one fits exactly between the ends of the

two similar bricks of the adjoining facies to its right and

left. From the upper edge of the anterior opening of

the case a loose expanded veil of the same building

material, connected by silk, is arranged so as to protect

the head of the feeding larva, and this veil is probably

gradually taken up and utilised in the much closer woven

structure of the octagonal case itself.

I received some years ago at Washington, from

Professor Townend Glover, a somewhat similar case

from leaves of vine, but Professor Riley informs me

that his specimen was found on leaves of Persea caro-

linensis.

I would suggest the name Coleophora octagonella for

this species, if, as I believe, it is still undescribed. The

case is represented on Plate XVIIL., fig. 17.

The following are species which I am unable to recog-

nise by comparison with any published descriptions.

These, with one exception, were collected by myself in

California and Oregon, in 1871-2.

It is very probable that some at least of the numerous

species already noticed by American lepidopterists as

432 Lord Walsingham on

occurring in that country may ultimately be found to be

identical with known European forms ; but without some

knowledge of the larval cases it will be difficult to esta-

blish their identity, and the information at our disposal

is insufficient to justify an attempt at present to revise

the synonymy of the American representatives of the

genus.

Coleophora viridicuprella, n.s. (Pl. XVIL., figs. 2, 2a).

Palpi greenish bronzy, with a very slight tuft at the

end of the second joimt. Antenne annulated with

greenish bronze and white. Fore wings unicolorous

greenish bronzy, with greyish fuscous cilia. Hind wings

pale brownish fuscous, with pale greyish fuscous cilia.

Legs greyish fuscous, the tarsi paler, the joints faintly

spotted with whitish on their outer sides. Abdomen

steel-grey above and beneath, the anal tuft paler. Ex-

panse, 9 mm.

Two specimens bred from short greyish fuscous eases,

with the mouth slightly turned downwards, anteriorly

cylindrical, posteriorly somewhat flattened, and having

a flattened ochreous keel along their under sides. Found

attached to stems of a grass or rush, Mendocino County,

California, May 29th, 1871. Also two specimens taken

on the wing at Crescent City, Oregon, June 19th, 1872.

Mr. Chambers’ description of C. @nusella is so in-

complete that I am quite unable to judge whether this

species is indicated. The only reference I can find to

C. enusella is in Can. Ent., vi., 128 : “‘ Greenish bronzy ;

posterior wings pale fuscous. Al. ex. 5 lines.” He

places it in his section of the genus having the “‘ antennze

and palpi both simple.”’

The very small tuft of hair-like scales at the apex of

the second joint of the palpi in my species might easily

be overlooked.

Coleophora cornella, n.s. (Pl. XVIL., figs. 1, 1a).

Palpi whitish, outwardly tinged with ochreous, the

second joint distinctly tufted. Antenne with the basal

joint enlarged and slightly tufted, annulated beyond it

with white and pale ochreous. Head whitish ochreous.

Thorax and fore wings unicolorous dull ochreous, the

North American Coleophore. 433

extreme costal margin slightly tinged with fuscous at the

base. Cilia ochreous. Hind wings greyish fuscous, with

ochreous cilia. Expanse, 15 mm.

Bred from larve feeding in a curiously-shaped case on

leaves of Cornus pubescens, Nutt., at Burney Creek ;

emerged in August at Mount Shasta, California. August,

1871.

The case of this species is formed of a piece of the

leaf of the food-plant, anteriorly blackish, posteriorly

shading to brown; the mouth is slightly turned over,

and above it the case is gradually flattened laterally,

bulging considerably beneath about the middle, attenu-

ated beyond the middle, and from thence dilated and

slightly bent downwards to a square end.

Although in size considerably larger, this species is

not impossibly Coleophora ochrella, Cham. ; if it is so I

owe Mr. Chambers an apology for redescribing it; but

the name ochrella is preoccupied, having been frequently

used in published lists for C. ochrea, Haworth, a name

in itself so near to “‘ ochrella”’ as to cause some appre-

hension of confusion if both were permitted to remain

as applied to two distinct species.

I have two much smaller specimens also from Cali-

fornia, which I regard as the true C. ochrella, Cham. ;

these show no signs of a tuft at the base of the antenne.

Coleophora glaucella, n.s. (Pl. XVIL., figs. 3, 3a).

Palpi whitish, mixed with brownish ochreous, with a

slight tuft on the second joint. Antenne with the basal

joint whitish above, having a short brownish ochreous

tuft beneath, distinctly annulated with black and white

beyond the first three or four basal joints. Head whitish

at the sides, tinged with brownish ochreous above.

Thorax and fore wings brownish ochreous, profusely and

evenly irrorated with white scales; these are sometimes

predominant on the outer half of the wing, but not in

all specimens. Cilia pale brownish ochreous. Hind

wings pale brownish ochreous. Cilia rather more grey-

ish. Legs and abdomen brownish ochreous, somewhat

sprinkled with whitish scales. Expanse, 13 mm.

Thirty-one specimens bred from larve feeding on

leaves of Arctostaphylos glauca, Lindl., collected near

San Francisco, May 20th, 1871; bred July 6th to July

30th.

434 Lord Walsingham on

The case is very like that of the preceding species,

C. cornella, in form, but is much shorter and more

stunted, more rounded at the apex, and generally of a

darker hue.

Coleophora irroratella, n. 8. (Pl. XVIL., fig. 5).

Palpi greyish fuscous, whitish on their inner sides, not

tufted. Antenne with a slight tuft beneath the basal

joint (which with the head is dirty whitish), the stem

distinctly annulated with brown and white. Fore wings

white, irrorated with deep brown scales, which form into

groups constituting two spots, one on the middle of the

wing, the other immediately above the anal angle. The

brown scales sometimes form a slight streak about the

middle of the fold, and are thickly collected also at the

extreme apex of the wing. Cilia pale brownish grey.

Hind wings and cilia pale brownish grey. Abdomen

greyish. Legs slightly paler. Posterior tarsi very

faintly annulated. Expanse 12 to 13 mm.

Three specimens taken at the end of July and begin-

ning of August, 1871, on and near Mount Shasta, Cali-

fornia.

Coleophora wyethia, n.s. (Pl. XVIL., figs. 4, 4a).

Palpi white, with the second joint tufted. Antenne

white, without fuscousannulations, the basal joint slightly

enlarged, not tufted. Fore wings white, faintly smeared

with pale ochreous, with which the white cilia are also

very slightly tinged. Hind wings very pale brownish

ochreous, with a slight pinkish gloss in some lights.

Cilia faintly tinged with brownish ochreous on their basal

half. Abdomen greyish ochreous above, with a pair of

short dark lines on each segment; anal tuft whitish.

Legs white ; the two anterior pairs with a few fuscous

scales on their outer sides ; tarsal joints not annulated.

Eixpanse, 16 mm.

Allied to Coleophora anatipennella, Hub., but differing

in the absence of a tuft at the base of the antenne, and

in having no fuscous annulations on the antenne and

tarsi. It has no dusting of dark scales on the fore wings,

as in C. artimisicolella, Cham.

Bred July 31st, 1871, from cases found July 19th near

North American Coleophore. 435

Pit River, California, on Wyethia angustifolia, Nuttal;

the case is elongate, cylindrical, tapering posteriorly,

brown, and sometimes slightly bent towards the apex;

the mouth slightly oblique.

I met with the same species on the wing at my Rouge

River camp, in Oregon, as early as May 7th, 1872, from

which it would appear that the species may be double-

brooded.

Coleophora discostriata, n.s. (Pl. XVIL., figs. 6, 6a).

Palpi white, fuscous externally, with the second joint

tufted. Antenne with a long white tuft on the basal

joint, annulated with pale fuscous beyond their basal

fourth. Fore wings white; the extreme costa fuscous

on the basal fourth; a conspicuous brownish fuscous

streak, leaving the base below the costa, becoming

gradually wider as far as the end of the cell, terminates

in the costal fringes before the apex, sending a line of

fuscous scales to the apex itself; from this streak a

short slender line of fuscous scales sometimes diverges

near the base for a short distance parallel to and above

the fold. There are one or two short streaks of fuscous

scales between the fold and the dorsal margin. Cilia

pale greyish fuscous. Hind wings and cilia greyish fus-

cous. Legs white, the two anterior pairs strongly tinged

with fuscous externally; the third pair with only a few

fuscous scales; tarsi not annulated. Abdomen greyish

fuscous, anal tuft paler; under side whitish. Hxpanse,

16 mm.

One specimen, apparently having just emerged from a

pistol-formed case on leaves of a species of oak; two

others taken on the wing, in July and August, at and near

Mount Shasta, California, 1871. The case with which

I have every reason to believe this species to be associ-

ated is pistol-formed, with a rounded excrescence on its

under side in a position to represent the trigger-guard ;

the apex of the case is rather small, the mouth oblique,

and the apical portion, or that which may be taken to

represent the stock, is rather blackish and decidedly

darker than the greyish ochreous barrel end; and there

is a slight flange or keel at the junction of the two

portions.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRT III. (SEPT.) Dae

436 Lord Walsingham on

Coleophora accordella, nu. s. (Pl. XVIL., fig. 7),

Palpi white, fuscous externally, with a few projecting

scales from the end of the second joint beneath. An-

tenne with the basal joint white, with a short tuft

below, annulated beyond it with white and dilute fuscous.

Head and thorax white. Fore wings bright yellow from

the base of the costa to the middle of the dorsal cilia,

shading upwards and outwards into brownish ochreous ;

a broad white streak along the costa, coming to a point

above the apex; a white streak along the fold, not quite

reaching to the middle of the dorsal cilia, where there

are a few white scales; an attenuated white streak from

the base, along the dorsal margin to the commencement

of the dorsal cilia, which are greyish ochreous. Hind

wings and cilia pale brownish fuscous. Third pair of

legs white, clothed above with long pale brownish fuscous

hair-like scales. Expanse, 14 mm.

Nearly allied to discordella, but a broader winged and -

generally rather larger insect, with a more decidedly

yellow tinge along the base and dorsal margin.

One near San Francisco, May, 1871; one on Rouge

River, May 7th, 1872.

Coleophora tenws, n.s. (Pl. XVIL., fig. 8).

Palpi white, outwardly stained with fuscous; second

joint slightly tufted. Antenne white, with the basal

joint white, and some long yellow-ochreous scales scarcely

amounting to a tuft beneath it. Head and thorax white,

touched with yellow-ochreous. Fore wings pale yellow-

ochreous, with the costa, the first half of the dorsal

margin, and a streak along the fold, white; a slender

white streak above the fold, beginning before the middle

of the wing and ending below the apex; a few scattered

fuscous scales following the lines of the white streaks

and about the apex; these are not visible in some spe-

cimens. The costal cilia whitish. Dorsal cilia brownish

fuscous; below the apex white; hind wings greyish

fuscous ; cilia brownish fuscous; first pair of legs ex-

ternally brownish; hind legs white. A slender narrow-

winged species, with the apex much attenuated. Ex-

panse, 17 mm.

Five specimens taken in Shasta County in July, and

North American Coleophore. 437

ten specimens on Mount Shasta in August, 1871. A

variety or perhaps a distinct species, has the same

markings, but the fore wings darker, more brownish

ochreous; two specimens from Shasta.

Coleophora ochrostriata, n.s. (Pl. XVIL., fig. 9).

Palpi white externally, smeared with fuscous, the

second joint with a slight tuft. Antenne with the basal

joint not tufted; faintly annulated, except towards the

base, with white and pale fuscous. Head and thorax

white, tinged with ochreous above. Fore wings white,

the extreme costal margin at the base touched with

fuscous, evenly sprinkled with scattered fuscous scales

beyond the basal fourth, and with two yellow-ochreous

streaks from the base; one below the fold reaching to

the dorsal fringes, but not following the margin of the

wing; the other along the middle of the wing to the

apex slightly dilated before the middle; a few yellow-

ochreous scales above the middle of the dorsal fringes ;

costal and dorsal fringes pale brownish fuscous. Hind

wings and cilia the same. Posterior legs white. Ex-

panse, 16 mm.

Nineteen specimens near Pit River, California, July

29, 1871.

This species must be nearly allied to C. linea-pulvella,

Chambers (Can. Ent. vi. 130).

The words printed in italics indicate some of the

points in which it differs from the description of that

species. It is also somewhat larger.

Coleophora lynosyridella, n.s. (Pl. XVIL., figs. 10, 10a). |

Palpi whitish ochreous, darker externally, very long,

with the second joint clothed with long hair-like scales,

but not tufted. Antenne greyish white, the basal joint

not enlarged, nor tufted. Head and fore wings whitish

ochreous, the extreme costal margin near the base tinged

with fuscous, the ends of the costal cilia greyish ; a con-

spicuous brownish streak arising at the base below the

costa, much mixed with fuscous scales, sends a brownish

fuscous streak towards the middle of the costa, and

beyond this three other diverging brownish streaks to

the costal fringes, along the base of which they form

together a brownish fuscous streak, ending at the apex,

438 Lord Walsingham on

which is slightly faleate. There is a streak of brownish

and fuscous scales along the fold, and some scattered

brown scales along the dorsal margin and at the base of

the dorsal cilia, which are shaded with greyish fuscous.

Hind wings pale greyish, with greyish ochreous cilia.

Legs dingy whitish, the tarsi not annulated. Abdomen

greyish ochreous above, barred with greyish ochreous,

and dingy white beneath. Hxpanse, 25 mm.

Bred from latve in elongate cylindrical cases, some-

what bulged along the middle, having the mouth slightly

turned downwards; of a dull ochreous tint, streaked

longitudinally around the middle with lines of blackish

particles, apparently of excrement. I met with this

species on Mount Shasta, California, in August, 1871,

feeding on leaves of Lynosyris viscidiflora, where I bred

and captured several specimens. It is a fine, large, and

distinct species. I have specimens of both sexes.

Coleophora nigrostriata, n.s. (Pl. XVIL., fig. 11).

Palpi white, the second joint with an ochreous streak on

its outer side, slightly tufted. Antenne white, the basal

joint scarcely enlarged, not tufted. Head and thorax white,

faintly tinged with ochreous. Fore wings bright ochreous,

with a conspicuous white streak from the base to the mid-

dle of the dorsal cilia, margined with black scales on both

sides. The extreme costal margin fuscous at the base ;

a white streak along the costa from the base to the apex,

somewhat dilated beneath the white costal cilia; mar-

gined on its lower edge by a line of black scales,

extending as far as the middle of the wing, beyond the

middle by three separate small groups of black scales ;

a white streak along the basal third of the dorsal

margin, bounded on its upper side by a line of black

scales; a white streak beyond the middle, continued

from the median streak along the base of the dorsal

cilia, with two separate groups of black scales upon its

upper edge; extreme apex fuscous and somewhat fal-

cate; dorsal cilia pale fulvous. Hind wings and cilia

pale fulvous. Abdomen whitish ochreous. Legs white.

Expanse, 12} mm.

A small but beautiful species of the group to which

C. lixella belongs. A single specimen, in beautiful con-

dition, taken on the coast of Oregon, June, 1872.

North American Coleophore. 439

Coleophora bella, n.s. (Pl. XVIL., fig. 12).

Palpi white, the second joint slightly tufted. Antenne

white, with the basal joint clothed with coarse scales,

projecting in a short tuft below. Head white, tinged

with ochreous below and behind the eyes. Fore wings

bright yellowish ochreous, the apical fifth more or less

suffused with reddish brown, running to a point at the

extreme apex; a silvery white streak from the base,

above the fold, to the dorsal cilia; the costal margin

and costal cilia white (I have one specimen in which the

costal margin is not white near the base, and in which

the apical third is entirely suffused with reddish brown) ;

the dorsal margin narrowly white at the base; cilia

fuscous. Hind wings pale brownish; cilia fuscous.

Abdomen whitish ochreous; anterior legs suffused with

fuscous ; posterior legs white. Expanse, 12 mm.

Five specimens taken in June and August, 1871, in

Mendocino and Siskiyou Counties, California.

Allied to C. nigrostriata, but without the black mar-

gins to the white streaks.

Coleophora viscidiflorella, n. 8. (PL XV H.. fas. 13,05 .a):

Palpi whitish, with some brownish scales externally,

not tufted. Antenne conspicuously annulated with

white and brownish fuscous, with the basal joimt white

above, enlarged and clothed with long coarse scales, but

not tufted. Fore wings white, much besmeared with

brownish ochreous, except about the costal and apical

portion ; the extreme costal margin fuscous at the base;

several irregular lines of scattered fuscous scales, the

most conspicuous being one beneath the costa from the

base, and one along the fold; with two or three shorter

oblique ones near the costal cilia, and one at the extreme

apex, which is not falcate. Cilia white at the apex,

merging into greyish fuscous above and beneath. Hind

wings pale greyish, with greyish ochreous cilia; the

bases of the posterior tarsal joints tinged with fuscous

externally. HExpanse, 15 mm.

In the general tint of the coloration this species is not

unlike the larger C. lynosyridella, which feeds upon the

same plant; but it is much smaller, and has annulated

antenne, with a distinctly enlarged basal joint. I found

440 Lord Walsingham on

it flying at Mount Shasta, California, in August, 1871,

and bred a single specimen from a case found there on

Lynosyris viscidiflora. The case has a very different

form from that of C. lynosyridella, being slender, elongate,

cylindrical, greyish white, with the mouth slightly turned

‘downwards, and the apex compressed into a triangular

form by being flattened on three sides; the length of

the case is 138 mm.

Coleophora acutipennella, n.s. (Pl. XVIL., fig. 14).

Palpi white, streaked with fawn-colour on their outer

sides, with a white tuft on the second joint. Antenne

with the basal joint whitish ochreous, thickly scaled, not

tufted; the stem annulated with white and fuscous.

Fore wings fawn-colour, with a narrow white line along

the dorsal margin, and a rather wider one along the

costal margin, running around the base of the greyish

ochreous costal and dorsal fringes to the very acutely-

pointed fawn-coloured apex; within these lines are a

conspicuous white streak above, and parallel to the fold,

running from the base to near the middle of the dorsal

fringes; a smaller and less defined streak running

parallel to this, below the fold, but shorter; from the

costal fringes are four white streaks pointing inwards

towards the base, the last very small, immediately

before the apex, the one nearest the base being the most

important ; opposite to these are two very small white

streaks from the dorsal fringes, also pointing inwards ;

these are not always well defined. Hind wings greyish;

cilia greyish ochreous. Abdomen whitish ochreous.

Legs yellowish white; tarsi not annulated. Hxpanse,

16 mm.

Twelve specimens taken in Shasta County, California,

July 28th, 1871, and a single specimen on Mount Shasta

a few days later.

Coleophora bipunctella, n.s. (Pl. XVIL., fig. 15).

Palpi whitish, a few projecting scales from the second

joint. Antenne white, basal joint enlarged, not tufted

(it has the appearance of having had a slight tuft which

has been worn off, although the specimen is otherwise in

eood condition). Fore wings pale yellow, the costal and

dorsal margins narrowly white; there is a white streak

North American Coleophore. 441

along the whole length of the fold, beyond the middle of

which are sometimes two or three black scales; above

the fold, from beyond the middle of the cell to the dorsal

margin below the apex, is another short white streak,

containing two distinct black dots or spots; the extreme

apex is black, with black spots at the base of the cilia,

on the costal and dorsal margins above and below it.

Cilia white, pale grey above the anal angle. Hind wings

and cilia pale grey. ‘Third pair of legs tinged with

ochreous. Expanse, 10 mm.

A single specimen in my collection, received some

years ago from Texas (Belfrage).

Coleophora castipennella, n.s. (Pl. XVIL., figs. 16, 16a).

Palpi somewhat thickly clothed, white, the apical

joint brown above. Antenne white, distinctly annulated

with brownish ochreous, having a very long and con-

spicuous white tuft on the basal joint. Fore wings

white, without any sprinkling of dark scales. Cilia pale

ereyish ochreous. Hind wings grey, with pale greyish

ochreous cilia. Abdomen greyish. Legs white, the

tarsal joints touched with pale greyish fuscous. Hxpanse,

14—17 mm.

‘The larval case is pistol-shaped, without projecting

flaps at the sides, pale brownish ; sometimes blackish

above and beneath, but not entirely black, as that of

Coleophora anatipennella, Hub., from which it differs in

being somewhat thickened laterally about the middle,

where there is a curved transverse mark on its upper

side, giving it the appearance of being constructed in

two separate stages. There is a slight projection also

on the under side, in the position which might be

occupied by the trigger-guard of the pistol. The mouth

of the case is oblique, causing it to incline at about the

half of a right angle from the surface of the leaf on

which it rests. Length of case, 8 mm.

Two specimens found feeding on a species of Salix in

Lake County, California, June 26, 1871; others taken

near Pit River in the middle of July.

442 North American Coleophore.

EXXpLANATION oF Puate XVII.

Fic. 1. Fore wing of Coleophora cornella.

la. Larva case of x BA

2. Fore wing of C. viridicuprella.

2a. Larva case of a

3. Fore wing of C. glaucella.

3a. Larva case of A

4. Fore wing of C. wyethie.

4a. Larva case of 5

5. Fore wing of C. irroratella.

6. Fore wing of C. discostriata.

6a.. Larva case of 3

7. Fore wing of C. accordella.

8. Fore wing of C. tenuis.

9. Fore wing of C. ochrostriata.

10. Fore wing of C. lynosyridella.

10a. Larva case of aD

11. Fore wing of C. nigrostriata.

12. Fore wing of C. bella.

13. Fore wing of C. viscidiflorella.

13a. Larva case of ib

14. Fore wing of C. acwtipennella.

15. Fore wing of C. bipwnctella.

16. Fore wing of C. castipennella.

16a. Larva case of 3

17, 17a—b. Larva case of C. octagonella.

18. Larva case of C. rufoluteella.

( 443°)

XVII. Description of a new genus and two new species of .

Psyllide from South America. By Joun Scort.

[Read July 5th, 1882.]

Puate XVIII.

Amonest several novelties sent me from Buenos Ayres

by my friend Seftor Dr. Don Carlos Berg were several

specimens of each of the two following species of Psyllide,

to which he called my particular attention, and requested

me to describe them. He was also thoughtful enough to

send them accompanied by some twigs and leaves of the

trees which they infested that I might be made familiar

with their mode of attack; and in order, if possible, to

be of -service to future collectors in that region, I- have

given figures of the same, which I believe will be of

more practical value than it is possible to Sigs i

the very best description.

_. PSYLLINZE: oe

Psylla Duwvaue. (Pl. XVIIL., figs. 1—1g)..

_ g. Obscure fuscus vel piceo-fuscus. Caput fuscescenti-

flavum. Lobi faciales perbreves, late rotundati. Antenne

breves, flavescentes; articulus tertius quarto longior ;

sextus etc. ad decimum fusci. Pro- et mesonotum con-

vexa, illud fusceseenti-flavum, hoc obscure fuscum vel

piceo-fuscum ; spatium centrale linea fuscescenti-flava in

medio sepius notatum; pars posterior sive scutellaris

fuscescenti-flava.. Elytra clare pellucida, brevia, lati-

tudine sua circiter duplo longiores ; stigma cellule cos-

tali basali per medium emense longitudine fere «quale ;.

radius vix nisi rectus ; brachii cubitalis superioris furea

parva, inferioris magna ; distantia inter stigmatis apicem

et radium eadem fere que radium a proximo furcse ramo

(secundum. nervum marginalem) sejungit; distantia

inter brachii inferioris ramorum apices alterutri priorum

distantiarum (simili mensura adhibita) fere squalis.

Pedes flavi, subfuscescentes. Abdomen cum genitalibus

nigrum; lamin genitalis margines a latere visi fere

TRANS, ENT. Soc. 1882.—PaRT I. (SEPT.) 3M

ttt Mr. John Scott on two new species of

paralleli, latitudine basali paulo -altiores ; stili breves,

laminam versus incurvati, ad apicem.teretiusculi, basi

altitudini suze fere cequales.

3. Dark brown or pitchy brown. Head brownish

yellow. Face lobes very short, broadly rounded. An-

tenne short, yellowish; 38rd joint longer than the 4th ;-

6th to 10th joints fuscous. Pro- and mesonotum convex,

the former brownish yellow, the latter dark brown or

-pitchy brown ; central portion frequently with a brownish

yellow line down the middle; posterior or scutellar por-

tion brownish yellow. Elytra clear, transparent, short ;

length about equal to twice the breadth ; stigma about —

equal in leneth'to the costal basal cell measured through

the centre; radius almost straight; furcation of the

upper arm of the cubitus small, of the lower arm large ;

distance between the apex of the stigma and radius about

equal to that between the latter and the adjoining branch

of the furcation, when measured on the marginal nerve ;

distance between the apices of the branches of the lower

arm about equal to either of the former when measured

similarly. Legs yellow, with a slight fuscous shade.

Abdomen black ; genitalia black; genital plate margins,

viewed from the side, almost parallel; height a little

more than the width at the base ; processes short, curved

towards the genital plate, slightly tapering towards the

apex ; base about equal to the height.

Head : crown brownish yellow, posteriorly towards the

eyes dark brown. Face brownish yellow; length down the

centre a little more than one-half the breadth between the -

eyes ; face lobes brownish yellow, very short, broadly

rounded. Antenne short, yellowish, 6—10 joints fuscous,

9—10 darkest, slightly clavate. Thorax: pronotum convex,.

brownish yellow; mesonotum, anterior portion (dorsulum)

brownish yellow, darkest anteriorly ; central portion dark

brown or pitchy brown, with a broadish brownish yellow

line down the middle; posterior or scutellar portion

brownish yellow ; sides narrowly dark brown or pitchy

‘brown. FElytra short, clear, transparent, or sometimes

with a faint fuscous cloud: next the apex; length about

equal to twice the breadth; greatest breadth near the

apex of the stigma; dorsal margin convex from the

apex of the clavus ; stigma generally dark brown, about

equal in length to the costal basal cell measured through ~

the centre ; radius joining the marginal nerve about ina

line with the inner branch of the fureation of the upper

Psyllide from South America. 445

arm of the cubitus; distance between the apices of the

stigma and radius about equal to that between the latter

and the adjoining branch of the furcation, when measured

on the marginal nerve; lower furcation large ; distance

between the-apices of the branches about equal to either of

the former when measured similarly. Clavus with a short

black streak on the marginal nerve next the apex. Legs

_yellow, with a slight fuscous shade. Abdomen black ;

side margins narrowly reddish ; genitalia black ; outer

margin of the genital plate, viewed from the side, slightly

convex ; inner margin slightly concave; width at fhe

base somewhat less than at the apex; height about one-

‘third more than the width at the base ; processes short, -

curved towards the genital plate, slightly tapering to-

. wards the apex ; base about equal to the height. Length,

I line (Paris). - 51 ?

The young live and develop in beautifully-shaped,

almost semiglobular, galls formed on the under side of

the leaves of Duvaua dependens, DC. .

Hab. Buenos Ayres.

TRIOZIN A.

NEOLITHUS.*

Caput cum oculis pronoto latitudine eequale ; longitudo

ejus media latitudini dimidiz fere eequalis. Lobi faciales

breves. Antenne breves, subincrassate, ad dorsuli mar-

ginem posteriorem usque, vel ultra, extense ; articulus

ultimus subclavatus. Pronotum angustum. Mesonotum

convexum, apud elytrorum irisertionem capite cum oculis.

duplo latius ; dorsulum antice in spinam longam utrinque

productum ; longitudo media latitudine brevior ; margo

posterior vix nisi semicircularis. Elytra nervulis tribus,

-apice plus minus late rotundata ; radius elongatus, apice

ipso aut prope apicem terminatus ; cellule costalis et

dorsalis breves ; cubiti brachium inferius perbreve ; clavus .

parvus, angustus; sutura clavalis tenuissima.

Head, together with the eyes, as broad as the pro-

notum ; length down the centre about equal to half the

breadth. Face lobes:short. Antenne short, somewhat

stout, reaching to or beyond the posterior margin of the

dorsulum; apical joint slightly clavate. Pronotum

* Néoc, NEW; AtGos, a gem.

446 Mr. John Scott on two new species of

-narrow ; mesonottim convex, twice as broad across the

insertion of the elytra as the head and eyes together ;.

dorsulum on each side anteriorly produced into a long

spine ; length down the centre not so long as the breadth ;

posterior margin almost semicircular. Elytra with three

nervelets ; apex more or less broadly rounded; radius

long, terminating in or. near the apex ; costal and dorsal

cells short ; cubitus lower-arm very short; clavus small,. .

narrow; claval suture very fine. .

Neolithus fasciatus. (Pl. XVIII., figs. 2—2/)).

Pallide fusco-flavus. Caput pallide fusco-flavus. Ver- .

tex inter oculos longitudine -sua media duplo latior ;

margo anterior rotundatus, medio profunde excisus ;

fovez distinctz. Lobi faciales pallide fusco-flavi, breves,

apice rotundati, desuper haud conspiciendi, antennarum .

radicibus fere-obtecti, sese invicem non tangentes. An- |

tenne flavee, brevis, pilis parcius obsiti; articuli. primus

et secundus brevis, crassi; tertius longissimus; quartus

ad octavum apice nigri; nonus et decimus nieri, hic sub-

clavatus. . Oculi saturate purpurei, desuper conspecti

paulo plus quam semiglobosi. Ocelli splendidi, rufi.

Thorax: pronotum pallide fusco-flavum, medio latissi-

mum, lateribus angustum, in bullam parvam flavidam

ampliatum ; mesonotum fuscum, leviter pilosum, con-

vexum ; dorsulum antice valde convexum, lateribus sub-.

coarctatum ; anguli laterales in spimam longam flave-

scentem producti; discus postice explanatus, medio

plus minus flavescens seu fusco-flavus ; spatium centrale

medio explahatum, linea media lata, alteraque utrinque

laterali, flavidis, plus minus distinctis; pars scutellaris

sive apicalis flavescens ; margo anterior concavus ; an-

guliacuti. Elytra clare hyalina, longitudine latitudinem

duplo quartaque parte fere excedente ; apice late rotun-

‘data; nervis tenuibus, nigris, seu fusco-nigris ; nervus

marginalis fuscus vel rufo-fuscus, macula basali obscura,

seu nigra, rhombica, vittaque perangusta, aterrima,

figuram \~ referente, que cellularum basalium nervos

marginales interiores percurrit ; cellule costalis apex in

eadem fere linea cum apice cellule dorsalis positus ;

radius basi latissimus, cubiti brachium superius modo

non attingens, costam versus ante medium, et ultra, con-

vexus nervoque costali (post costali) paulo ante apicem

incurrens ; vena ulnaris statim a basi leviter incurvata ;

Psyllide from South America. 447

cubiti brachium superius elongatum, inferiore triplo

longius, costam versus convexum; brachium inferius

breve, ad basin leviter incurvatum; ramus interior

brachio paulo longior ad basin curvatum; utrique

. brachio distantia inter ramorum apices fere eadem; clavus.

parvus, angustus, suturatenuissima et nonnullisin situbus

eegre cernenda ; nervuli distincti, nigri. Pedes fusco-flavi,

pilis obscuris, semierectis, subrigidis, brevissimis, dense

‘obsiti. Femora im ipso apice intus macula minuta nigra

plerumque notata. Tarsi supra nigri, inferius rufi. Abdo-

men, 3, supra obscure fuscum, basi macula flavescente

vel fusco-flava insignitum ; lamina genitalis sordide ex

albo- fusca, subpilosa.; margo posterior, a latere visus, in

unguiculum vel dentem brevem obtusum productus ;

margo interior apice latissimus, late rotundatus ; stili

fusci, breves, crassi, clavati, lamin genitalis dimidiam

fere altitudinem attingentes. Abdomen, ?, supra: ob-

scure fuscum, crassum, postice late rotundatum ; lamine

genitales desuper aut infra vise tenues; a latere con-

spectarum basis longitudine vix paulo brevior; lamina

inferior superiore brevior.

Pale brownish yellow. Head pale brownish yellow. Crown

between the eyes twice as broad as the length: down the

centre ; anterior margin rounded, deeply notched in the

middle ; fovee distinct. Face lobes pale brownish yellow,

short, rounded at the apex, not visible from above, nearly

covered by the insertion of the antenne, not touching each

other. Antenne yellow, short, very sparingly clothed with

hairs ; Ist and 2nd joints short, stout ; 3rd longest ; 4th to

the 8th black at the apex; 9th and 10th black, the latter

slightly clavate. Eyes deep purple ; viewed: from above

a little more than: hemispherical. Ocelli brilliant, red.

Thorax: pronotum pale brownish yellow, broadest in the

middle, narrow at the sides, and widening out into a

small yellow knob; mesonotum brown, slightly hairy,

convex ; anterior portion (dorsulum) very convex in front,

somewhat constricted on the sides ; lateral angles pro-:

duced into a long yellowish spine; disc posteriorly flat,

in the middle more or less yellowish or brownish. yellow ;

central portion flat down the middle, with a broad, central,

_and a more or less distinct, yellow line on each side;

scutellar or apical portion yellowish; anterior margin

concave; angles acute. Hlytra clear, transparent ;

length about two and a quarter times that of the breadth,

broadly rounded at the apex; nerves fine, black or

448 _ New species of Psyllide.

brownish black; marginal nerve fuscous or fuscous-

brown ; base with a lozenge-shaped dark fuscous or black

patch, and a very narrow \7-shaped deep black band

across the inner marginal nerves of the. basal cells;

apices of the costal and dorsal cells almost in a line with

each other ; radius very wide at -the base, almost touch-

ing the upper arm of the cubitus, becoming convex

towards the costal margin from before the middle, and

joins the costal (post-costal) nerve just’.before reaching

the apex; stem (vena ulnaris) slightly curved after

leaving the base; cubitus upper arm long, three times

longer than the lower one, convex towards the costal .

margin; lower arm short, slightly curved towards the

base; inner branch a little longer than the arm, curved

towards the base ; distance between the apices of the two

branches about equal to each other; clavus-small, nar-

row; suture very fine, almost imperceptible in certain

lights ; nervelets distinct, black. Legs brownish yellow,

thickly clothed with very short, stiffish, semierect, dark

hairs. Thighs: extreme apex on the inside generally

with a minute black spot. _Tarsi black above, beneath

red. Abdonien, 3, above dark brown; base with a yel-

lowish or brownish yellow patch; genital plate dirty

fuscous-white, slightly hairy ; viewed from the side, the

posterior margin produced into’a short black ‘claw or

tooth ; inner margin widest at the apex, broadly rounded ;

processes brown, “short, stout, clavate, reaching to about

one-half the height of the genital plate. Abdomen, ¢,

above, dark brown, stout, broadly rounded posteriorly ;

genital plates, viewed from above or beneath, short, thin ;

viewed from the side, the base not equal to the length ;

lower plate shorter ‘than the upper one. Length, 1 lne

(Paris)..

This species vitaiid large galls on the shoots and

branches of Sapiwm aucuparium, Jacq., var. salicifolium,

Knth. (= Hacecaria biglandulosa, Mull.).

Hab. Buenos Ayres and Uruguay.

( 449 )

XVIII. On certain genera and species of the group of

Psyllide in the collection of the British Museum.

By Joun Scorr.

[Read July 5th, 1882.|

PLATES EVIE TS.) el

In the following pages I have set myself the task of

attempting to clear away the cloud which for a long time

has hung over and obscured in doubt certain members

of this group in the-National Collection. For some years

I have been importuned, by my friends on the Continent

especially, to examine and report upon them, but an

opportunity has not previously presented itself to permit

of my doing so thoroughly. At last I have concluded

the work, and the result will be found in the addition of

some new genera, which was to be anticipated after a

searching investigation. Things had somehow or other

got terribly ‘‘ mixed,” as the saying is, and I would that

“he had avoided Psylla,”’ and thus have prevented the

difficulties experienced in recognising any of the insects

by the descriptions given. The genera also to which

they had been assigned, as will be seen hereafter, only

made ‘‘ confusion worse confounded,’ and no wonder

therefore that those who were paying attention to, and

interesting themselves about, the group should desire

anxiously to know whether any new forms.or additional

subfamilies or genera were to be added to our present

knowledge of these insects. What we have hitherto

known ‘about them has been almost entirely confined to

European species, and I have no doubt that careful

observation in other countries, judging from what I have

- now seen, will some day or other show how limited our

‘ views of this section of the Homoptera at present are.

I would also impress upon collectors in other lands the

necessity for ascertaining their life-history—whether

they roll up a leaf, or make galls thereon; or whether

they attack the shoots and branches of trees or shrubs,

-and how such attacks are made manifest; and with this

advice I now proceed to the completion of my work.

TRANS. ENT. SoC, 1882,—PART III. (SEPT.)

450 Mr. John Scott on certain

-APHALARINA.

THEA,* ng.

anne inter oculos longitudine sua media duplo latius.

Verticis margo posterior tantum non rectus; latera ejus”

recta a basi usque ad ‘oculorum angulos anticos, ubi

in dentem brevem crassum triangulum sunt producta ;

deinde ab horum angulo-interiore basali ad marginem

anteriorem continuata; margo anterior longitudine media

vix latior, subconcavus, vel angulatus; anguli aneuste

rotundati. Lobi faciales aneusti, teniiformes. Anten-

narum articuli primus et secundus brevés, crassi; tertius

quartum versus attenuatus, hic sexta fere parte longior

quam ille; articuli octavus, nonus, decimus, carent. Oculi

laterales, latitudine fere tota ultra pronotum exstantes. . -

Ocellitres. Thorax: pronotum angustum.. Mesonotum.

convexum, latitudo ejus juxta elytrorum insertionem

capitis cum oculis latitudini fere equalis. Klytra elongata,

apice acuta; stigma breve; radius longus, apice ipso

terminatus; cubiti furca superior brachio longior ;

petiolus brachio inferiore paulo longior. ~

Head twice as broad between the eyes as the leneth

down the centre. Crown: posterior margin almost

straight; sides straight from the base to the front of

the eyes, where they are produced into a short, stout,

triangular tooth, then continued from the inner angle of

the base of the latter to the junction with the’ anterior

margin; anterior margin scarcely as broad as the length

down.the centre, slightly concave or angulate; angles

narrowly rounded. Face lobes narrow, ribbon-shaped.

Antenne: 1st and 2nd joints short, stout; third tapering

to the fourth, the latter about one-sixth longer than the

former; 8, 9, 10 jomts wanting. Eyes placed on the

sides of the head, projecting nearly: their whole width

beyond the pronotum. Ocelli three. .Thorax: pronotum:

narrow ; mesonotum convex, breadth across the inser-

tion of the elytra about equal to that of the head and

eyes together. LHlytra elongate, apex acute; stigma

_ short; radius long, terminating in the apex; cubitus,

upper furcation longer than the arm ; | petiole a little

longer than the lower arm.

* Titanidis nomen,

genera and species of the group of Psyllide. 451

Thea trigutta. (Pl. XVIIL., figs. 3—3d).

Psylla trigutta, Walker, Ins. Saund., Hom., p. 111. —

?. Sordide pallido-flava, rubro vel fusco-rufo plus

minus suffusa. Caput: vertex sordide pallido-flavus,

medio nonnihil subrufescens, maculis paucis minutis

fusco-rufis; latitudo ejus inter oculos longitudine media

duplo major; margo posterior tantum non rectus; latera

in dentem brevem crassum triangulum ante oculos pro-

ducta ; margo anterior subconcavus vel angulatus, angu-

lis rotundatis, verticis longitudini medi vix latitudine

equalis; discus subexplanatus, preter margines con-

cavus, paulo intra marginem anteriorem terminatus, qui

tanquam subincrassatus videtur.’ Lobi faciales pallide

flavido-albi, teniiformes, utriusque latitudo longitudini

dimidiz fere equalis. Antenne rufescenti-flave ; articuli

primus et secundus crussi, rufi; tertius czteris crassior,

a.basiin apicem subattenuatus ; quartus sextu fere parte

longior quam tertius; quintus, sextus, septimus, sub-

eequales, preter quinti basin leviter infuscati; octavus,

nonus, decimus, carent. Ocelh tres; anticus desuper

visu difficilimus. Thorax: pronotum sordide pallido-

flavum, subrufescens, angustum, canalicula transversa

fere integra; margines laterales eadem fere linea cum

-oculorum margine interiore terminati; margo anterior

convexus, posterior rectus. Mesonotum convexum, sor-

dide pallido-flavum, subrufescens; latitudo ejus apud

elytrorum insertionem vix capitis cum oculis latitudini

zequalis ; regio scutellaris flava.. Elytra elongata, apice

acuta, lucida,. fere hyalina, latitudine sua circiter triplo

longiora ; cellule costalis basalis nervus marginalis in-

terior flavescens, apice nigro; stigma basi latum, longi-

tudo ejus (secundum nervum marginalem emensa) dis-

tantiz suze ab apice (pari modo emensz) fere eequalis;

radius longus, apice ipso terminatus, costam versus

‘ubique, nisi basi, convexus ; nervi cubitales basi nigri,

ultra furcas rufi; furcz superioris brachium furce ipsi

_per medium emense vix longitudine equale ; petiolus

brachio inferiore paulo longior ; distantia inter brachii in-

ferioris ramorum apices petiolo fere longitudine equalis;

apicem ambit vitta lata fusca, ad marginem costalem

latissima, furee dorsalis albo vel pallido trimaculate

paulo ante nervum interiorem disincus, maculis furcarum

cubitalium nervos circumstantibus.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRT Ill.. (SEPT.). 3N

452 Mr. John Scott on certain

?. Abdomen nigrum, segmentorum marginibus pos-

ticis anguste rufis; genitalia preter exiguam baseos par-

ticulam, abrupta, unde fit ut laminarum mensura esti-

mari haud queat. Abdomen etiam nimis in rugas dessi-

catum. Exemplar unicum.

?. Dirty pale yellow, more or less suffused with red-

dish or brownish red. Head: crown dirty pale yellow,

somewhat reddish in the middle, and with a few minute

brownish red spots, twice as broad between the eyes as

the length down the centre; posterior margin almost

straight ; sides produced into a short, stout, triangular

tooth in front of the eyes; anterior margin slightly con-

cave or angulate, angles rounded, scarcely as broad as

the length down the centre, disc flattish concave, except —

the margins, terminating a little way within the anterior

one, which appears as if slightly thickened. Face lobes

pale yellowish white, ribbon-shaped, width equal to about

half the length of either. Antenne reddish yellow; 1st

and 2nd joints stout, red; 8rd stouter than the re-

mainder, slightly tapermg from the base to the apex;

4th about one-sixth longer than the 3rd; 5, 6, 7 sub-

equal, slightly fuscous, except the base of the 5th; 8, 9, _

10 wanting. Ocelli three, the frontal one scarcely visible

from above. Thorax: pronotum dirty pale yellow, with

a reddish tinge, narrow, with a transverse channel almost

extending from side to side ; lateral margin terminating

about in a line with the inner margin of the eyes;

anterior margin convex, posterior margin straight ; meso-

notum convex, dirty pale yellow, suffused with reddish ;

width across the insertion of the elytra scarcely so great

as the head and eyes together; scutellar portion yellow.

Klytra elongate, apex acute, clear, almost transparent ;

length about three times greater than the breadth ; inner

marginal nerve of the costal basal cell yellowish ; apex

black ; stigma wide at its base; length, measured on the

marginal nerve, about equal to the distance from the

apex, measured similarly; radius long, terminating in the

apex, convex towards the costal margin throughout its

whole length, except at the base; cubital nerves black

at the base, from the furcations red; arm of the upper

furcation scarcely as long as the furcation’ measured

through the centre ; petiole a little longer than the lower

arm ; distance between the apices of the branches of the

lower arm about equal to the length of the petiole ; round -

the apex a broad brown band, broadest on the : os

genera and species of .the group of Psyllide. 4538

margin, terminating a little before the inner nerve of the

dorsal fork, in which are three white or pale spots en-

circling the nerves of the furcations of the cubitus.

—&. Abdomen black; posterior margin of the seg-

ments narrowly red; genitalia broken off, except a small

portion of the base, so that it is impossible to determine

the length of the plates: The abdomen is also very much

shrivelled. Length, 4 lines nearly (Paris).

~ Locality unknown.

There is only a single specimen.

PHYTOLYMA,* n. g.

_Caput: vertex oblongus, transversus, deplanatus,

margine posteriore angulato, anteriore bilobo. Lobi

faciales breves, lunati, seu teniiformes. Antenne breves,

clavate ; articuli primus et secundus crassi, ille hoc

multo longior. Oculi laterales, a fronte visi semiglobosi.

“Thorax: pronotum capiti una cum oculis latitudine

equale, in medio latissimum. Mesonotum longitudi-

naliter planiusculum, transverse convexiusculum, apud

elytrorum insertionem latissimum; dorsulum trans-

versum, plus minus semisexangulum. Elytra elongata,

apice rotundata ; stigma productum ; radius apice ipso

vel prope apicem terminatus ; cubitus petiolatus ; furea

superior elongata, angusta, elytri saltem trientem longi-

tudine adequans; furce inferioris -brachium petiolo

brevius ; furca inferior elongata : distantia inter ramorum

_ apices major quam in furea superiore. Abdomen plus

minus obesum.

Head: crown oblong, transverse, flat ; posterior mar-

gin angulate; anterior margin bilobate. Face lobes

short, lunate, or ribbon-shaped. Antenne short, clavate :

1st and 2nd joints stout, the former much longer than

the latter. Eyes placed on the side of the head, viewed

from in front hemispherical. Thorax: pronotum as

wide as the head and eyes together, broadest in the

middle; mesonotum flattish longitudinally, slightly con-

vex transversely ; greatest width across the insertion of

the elytra; dorsulum transverse, more or less semi-

hexagonal. LHlytra elongate, rounded at the apex;

* Ouroy, a plant ; avn, Injury.

454 . Mr. John Scott on certain

stigma elongate ; radius terminating in or near the apex ;

cubitus petiolate ; upper furcation long, narrow, equal to

at least one-third the length of the elytron; arm of the

lower furcation shorter than the petiole ; lower furcation

elongate ; distance between the apices of the branches

ereater than that of the upper furcation. Abdomen

more or less obese.

Phytolyma lata. (Pl. XVIII., figs. 4—4/).

Psylla? lata, Walker, List Hom., B. M., part 4,

p. 294.

Viridula. Caput fere in’ perpendiculum deflexum.

Vertex oblongus, transversus, flavidus, punctulatissimus ;

longitudo ejus media dimidio inter oculos spatio major ;

margo posterior angulatus, anterior bilobus ; discus prope

basin utrinque fovea in commatis formam impressa. Lobi

faciales perbreves, sublunati, pallide flavido-albi. An-

tenne breves, clavate, pallide flavescentes; articulus

primus ceteris crassior, duplo et dimidio longior quam

secundus ; tertius, quartus, sextus subequales ; quintus

tertio triente brevior ; septimus tenuis, cylindricus, sexto

fere equalis; octavus late ovatus; nonus pateriformis ;

-decimus minutus; articulis tres apicales nigri. Oculi

laterales ; desuper conspecti globoso-trianguli ; a fronte

visi pene semiglobosi. Thorax: pronotum virescens, °

capiti una cum oculis latitudine «quale ; latitudo ejus

media verticis latitudini dimidize fere equalis; margo

anterior convexiusculus, posterior vix nisi rectus ; discus

foveola media, binisque utrinque lateralibus, quarum in-

teriores in eadem linea cum oculorum margine interno

jacent ; mesonotum in longitudinem planiusculum, trans-

verse convexiusculum, apud elytrorum insertionem latis-

simum ; dorsulum transversum, semisexangulum, viride,

margine antico anguste rufo-fusco; spatium centrale

rufo-fuscum, antice viride. Elytra clare pellucida, trans-

verse rugulosa; longitudo quadrante minor quam lati-

tudo triplex; nervi albi, maculis elongatis, nigris, in-

eequalibus, obsessi; stigma coste partem basalem longi- |

tudine fere adaquans ; radius productus, apice ipso ter-

-muinatus ; cubitis petiolus furce superioris brachii longi-

tudini dimidix fere equalis ; furca superior elongata,

angusta ; longitudo ejus media elytri triente paulo major ;

furce inferioris brachium petiolo dimidiato brevius ;

furca inferior elongata; ramus — sinuatus, in-

genera and species of the group of Psylliide. 455

ferior vix nisi rectus; distantia inter furce superioris

ramos eadem que ramum superiorem (secundum nervum

marginalem) a radii apice distinet ; distantia inter furcee

inferioris ramos are proxime margine infero duplo

longior. Abdomen superne viridulum, obesum; seg-

menta duo basalia superne flavida seu rufescentia ; seg-

mentorum singulorum latera macula triangula sub-

irregulari, nigra, notata ; margines postici anguste nigri.

Pale green. ‘Head deflected almost perpendicular to

the body. Crown oblong, transverse, yellowish, thickly

and finely punctured; length down the centre greater

than half the width between the eyes; posterior margin

angulate ; anterior margin bilobate ; disc with a comma-

shaped fovea on each side towards the base. Face lobes

very short, slightly lunate, pale yellowish white. An-

tennz short, clavate, pale yellowish ; 1st joint stoutest,

two and a half times longer than the 2nd; 38rd, 4th, and

6th subequal; 5th two-thirds the length of the 8rd; 7th

thin, cylindrical, nearly as long as the 6th; 8th broad

oval; 9th cup-shaped; 10th minute; three terminal

joints black. Eyes placed on the side of the head ;

viewed from above spherical triangular, from in front

almost hemispherical. Thorax: pronotum greenish, as

wide as the head and eyes together, breadth, in the

middle, nearly equal to half the width of the crown ;

anterior margin slightly convex ; posterior margin nearly

straight ; centre of the disc with a small fovea and two

others on each side, the inner ones in a line with the

inner margin of the eyes; mesonotum longitudinally

flattish ; transversely shHghtly convex; greatest breadth

across the insertion of the elytra; dorsulum transverse,

semisexangular, green, anterior margin narrowly red-

_ dish brown; central portion reddish brown, anteriorly

green. LElytra clear, transparent, finely wrinkled trans-

versely ; length two and three-quarter times that of the

breadth ; nerves white, covered with elongate black spots,

unequal in size; stigma nearly as long as the basal

costal portion of the marginal nerve ; radius elongate,

_terminating in the apex; cubitus petiole about half the

length of the arm of the upper furcation; upper furca-

_ tion long, narrow, measured down the centre a little

greater than one-third the length of the elytron ; arm of

the lower fureation less than half the length of the

petiole ; lower furcation elongate ; upper branch waved,

- lower branch almost straight; distance between the

456 Mr. John Scott on certain

branches of the upper furcation and between the upper

branch and the apex of the radius (measured on the

marginal nerve) equal; distance between the branches

of the lower furcation twice as great as that of the

adjoining area measured in a similar manner. Abdomen

above pale green, obese; two basal segments above yel-

lowish, or with a reddish tinge; sides with a somewhat

irregular, triangular black patch on each segment ;

posterior margin of the segments narrowly black. Length,

13 line (Paris).

Hab. Sierra Leone.

The collection possesses three specimens, one of which

is on a small portion of a leaf of some tree or shrub

having two somewhat large circular galls on its upper

side, which, I presume, were caused by P. lata.

PHYLLOLYMA,* n. g.

Caput: vertex latus; longitudo media dimidio inter

oculos spatio fere equalis. Lobi faciales angusti tenii-

formes. Antenne breves; articuli primus et secundus

crassi; tertius etc. ad decimum usque, filiformes. Oculi

sat magni, laterales; utriusque margo internus (quoad

dimidium suum inferius) a verticis latere laminata lunata

seu cuneata sejunctus. Thorax: pronotum angustum,

convexum, lateribus rotundatis, oculorum marginis pos-

tici vix ultra medium extensis; mesonotum apud ely-

trorum insertionem capite una cum oculis haud latius ;

dorsulum transversum, semisexangulum: Elytra rhom-

boidalia; stigma apice latum; radius-apicis angulo

superiore terminatus ; petiolus cubitalis brachio supe-

riore brevior, inferiore longior. .

Head. Crown broad; length down the centre about

equal to half the width between the eyes. Face lobes

narrow, ribbon-shaped. Antenne short; 1st and 2nd

joints stout; 38—10 filiform. Hyes moderately large,

placed on the side of the head ; inner margin separated

from the lateral margins of the crown on its lower half

by a lunate or cuneate plate. Thorax: pronotum nar-

row, convex; lateral margins rounded, scarcely reaching

beyond the middle of the posterior margin of the eyes;

mesonotum, across the insertion of the elytra, not wider

* Ovary, a leaf; advan, injury.

genera and species of the group of Psyllide. 457

than the head and eyes together ; dorsulum transverse,

semihexagonal. Hlytra rhomboidal; stigma wide at

the mouth ; radius terminating in the upper apical angle ;

cubitus petiole shorter than the upper arm, longer than

the lower one. al itth ¢

Phyllolyma fracticosta. (Pl. XVIIIL., figs. 5—5e).

Psylla fracticosta, Walker, List Hom., B. M., Suppl.,

p. 275.

@. Pallide fusca. Caput fere ad perpendiculum de-

flexum. Vertex antice flavus, basi obscurior et quasi.

subvirescens, subtilissime punctulatus, longitudine media

dimidium inter oculos distintiam fere equans; discus

utrinque profunde quadrifariam punctatus, punctis quo-

dammodo literam-VW referentibus ; margo posterior con-

cavus, anterior bilobus. Lobi faciales albi, teeniiformes.

Antennez breves, flave; articuli primus et secundus

crassi, fuscescentes ; secundus tertio vix brevior ; quartus

et quintus fere equales, uterque triente brevior quam

tertius; sextus, septimus, octavus, subequales, apice

late fusci; nonus precedentibus longior, preter basin

saturate fuscus ; decimus minutus, niger. Oculi fusce-

scentes, laterales, desuper et a fronte irsi spherico-

trianguli ; a latere conspecti reniformes ; marginis in-

terni dimidium inferius a verticis margine laterali lamina

pallida lunata vel cuneata sejunctum. Ocelli rufi; an-

ticus desuper haud conspiciendus. Thorax: pronotum

flavum, angustum, convexum, medio subcerulescens vel

subvirescens, lateribus oculorum marginem exteriorem

‘haud attingens; margo ejus anterior lateribus nonnihil

concavus; margines laterales rotundatus, fovea nigra

paulo intra angulum utrinque impressus; mesonotum

flavum, convexum, apud elytrorum insertionem capite una

cum oculis haud latius; dorsulum transversum, semisex-

angulum, utrinque macula subocellata prope medium

antice notatum; spatium centrale flavidum, lateribus

juxta elytrorum insertionem infuscatum. Elytra rhom-

boidalia, pallide fusca, transversim rugosa. Clavus

pallide fuscus, area nervo marginali nervoque clavali

interclusa, candida ; coste cellula basalis canalicula pro-

funda, angusta, alba, que postquam vene ulnaris oram

interiorem fere ad apicem raserit, hine cursu diagonali

cellulam traducta nervo marginali ad stigmatis basin

terminatur ; stigma breve, basi latum, nervo albente ;

458 Mr. John Scott on certain

radius elongatus, in apicis angulum superiorem evectus ;

nervus albus, tantum non rectus; cubiti petiolus brachio

superiore fere triente brevior, inferiore dimidio fere

longior ; furca superior longitudine media brachii dimi-

dium ferme equans; furce inferioris ramus superior

basi cubito curvatus; distantia inter ramorum apices

(per nervum marginalem emensa) brachio longitudine .

equalis ; discus stria subobliqua, irregulari, lata, alba,

que a coste# margine orta stigma dividit, deinde in brachii -

cubitalis inferioris ramo superiore exitum habet ; apicem

ambit stria latiuscula, alba, a radio extremo rami supe-

rioris brachii cubitalis inferioris ad apicem usque extensa ;

nervus dorsalis marginalis fere a suture: clavalis apice

obscure fuscus, preter loca ubi ramorum nervi candidi

fuscedinem apicibus suis interrumpunt. Pedes pallide

flavi. Abdomine piceo-fuscum, nitidum.

?. Pale fuscous-brown. Head deflected almost per-

pendicularly. Crown yellow in front ; base with a darker,

somewhat greenish, tinge, very finely punctured ; length

down the centre about equal to half the breadth between

the eyes; disc with four deep punctures on either side,

forming a somewhat VV-shaped character; posterior

margin concave ;. anterior margin bilobate. Face lobes

white, ribbon-shaped. Antenne short, yellow; 1st and

Qnd joints stout, brownish ; 2nd almost as long as the

8rd; 4th and 5th about equal, each one-third shorter

than the 3rd; 6th, 7th, and 8th subequal, broadly fuscous

at the apex; 9th longer than any of the former, dark

fuscous, except the base; 10th minute, black. Eyes

somewhat fuscous-brown, placed on the side of the head,

viewed from above and in front spherical-triangular, from

the side reniform; inner margin separated from the

lateral margin of the crown on its lower half by a pale,

lunate, or cuneate plate. Ocelli red, frontal one not °

visible from above. Thorax: pronotum yellow, narrow,

convex, somewhat bluish or greenish in the middle, .not

reaching to the outer margin of the eyes ; anterior mar-

gin slightly concave on the sides; lateralmargins rounded,

with a black fovea a little way within each ; mesonotum

yellow, convex, not wider across the insertion of the

elytra than the head and eyes together ; dorsulum trans-

verse, semihexagonal, with a somewhat ocellate spot in

front on each side of the middle, central portion yellow,

brown on the sides next the insertion of the elytra.

.Elytra rhomboidal, pale fuscous-brown, transvérsely

genera and species of the group of Psylide. — 459

wrinkled. Clavus pale fuscous-brown ; area enclosed be-

tween the marginal and claval nerves white ; costal basal

cell with a deep; narrow, white channel running along

the inner margin of the stem (vena ulnaris) to near its

apex, then crossing the cell diagonally and terminating

in the marginal nerve at the base of the stigma; stigma

short, wide at its base, nerve white ; radius long, termi-

nating in the upper apical angle; nerve white, almost

straight ;.cubitus petiole about: two-thirds the length

of the upper arm, and about one and a half time

the length of the lower one ; upper furcation, measured

down the middle, about half the length of the arm;

lower furcation,. upper branch abruptly curved at

the base; distance between the apices of the branches,

measured on the marginal nerve, equal to the length

of the arm; disc with a slightly oblique, irregular,

broad, white streak extending from the costal margin

across the stigma and terminating at the upper branch

of the lower arm of the cubitus ; round the apex a some-

what broad white stripe extending from thé apex of the

radius‘to the apex of the upper branch of the lower arm

of the cubitus; dorsal marginal nerve from within the

apex of the claval suture dark fuscous, except where in- |

terrupted by the apices of the white nerves of the

branches. Legs pale yellow. Abdomen pitehy brown,

shining, Length, 1% line (Paris).

Psylla arctica. (Pl. XIX., figs. 1—1d).

Aphalara arctica, Walker, List Hom., B. M., part 4,

p- 931.

The above is a true Psylla. There are three specimens

(females) on one pin in the collection. I have given a

figure of some of the principal parts, which may be of

use to collectors in the far north some day. .

TRIOZINA.

PETALOLYMA,* Nn. g.

Caput: vertex, medio emensus,’ dimidio oculorum

intervallo paulo longior. Lobi faciales elongati. Antenne |

breves, et, preter baseos articulos duo crassos, filiformes ;

- articulus tertius quarto longior. Oculilaterales. Thorax:

pronotum angustum, lateribus non ultra oculorum mar-

—

* mtroarov, a leaf; Avwn, Injury.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PART Ill. (SEPT.) 30

460 Mr. John Scott on certain

ginem externum productis ; mesonotum apud elytrorum

insertionem, capite cum oculis latius. Hlytra elongata,

nervulis ternis instructa, apice plus minus late rotundata ;

radius elongatus; coste cellula basalis dorsali minor ;

cubiti brachium superius inferiore multo longius.

Head: crown, measured down the centre, a little

greater than half the width between the eyes. Face

lobes long. Antenne short, filiform, except the two

basal joints, which are stout ; 8rd joint longer than the

4th. Eyes placed on the sides of the head. Thorax :

pronotum narrow; lateral margins not reaching beyond

the outer margin ‘of the eyes; mesonotum, across the

insertion of the elytra, wider than the head and eyes

together. Elytra elongate, with three nervelets; apex

more or less broadly rounded ; radius long ; costal basal

cell smaller than the dorsal one; cubitus upper arm

much longer than the lower one.

Petalotyma basalis. (Pl. XIX., figs. 2—2/f).

Psylla basalis, Walker, List Hom., B. M., Supp., p- 275.

Mas niger, opacus, pilis longis flavis dense vestitus.

Caput deflexum, angulum cum corpore fere rectum

fingens. Vertex piceo-fuscus, nitidiusculus, flavo-pilosus ;

longitudo media dimidio oculorum intervallo paulo major ;

margo posticus prope medium utrinque convexiusculus ;

margo anticus rectus; discus depressus, utrinque foveatus.

Lobi faciales elongati, conici, vertici per medium emenso

longitudine equales, non nisi apice divaricantes, nigri,

opaci, pilis longis semierectis flavis dense obtecti ; margo

interior, a latere conspectus, convexus; exterior con-

cavus ; apex rotundatus, subflavescens. Antenne flava, .

breves, et, preeter articulos duo basales, filiformes, capite

una cum lobis facialibus circiter duplo longiores; arti-

culus tertius quarto fere duplo longior; nonus deci-

musque nigri. Oculia fronte visi, semiglobosi; a latere,

oval. Thorax: pronotum angustum, nigrum, lateribus

paulo ultra verticem exstantibus ; mesonotum convexum,

nigrum, opacum, flavo-pilosum, apud elytrorum inser-

tionem capite cum oculis paulo latius. Elytra clare

hyalina, quarta fere parte breviora quam latitudo sua

triplex, apice rotundata ; cost cellula basalis brevis,

per medium emensa dimidio radio fere longitudine

equalis ; radius elongatus, apice ipso terminatus ; cubiti

genera and species of the group of Psylide. 461

brachium superius subincurvatum, inferiore fere duplo

longius ; furca superior elongata, per medium emensa

dimidio brachio longior ; brachium inferius cum furce

ramis literam-h quodammodo refert; distantia inter

ramorum apices (secundum nervum marginalem emensa)

utrique furece eadem; nervus marginalis dorsalis basi

pilorum longorum crassorum ordine, instructus; radii

basin vitta transversa, irregularis, nigra, in disco transit.

Abdomen nigrum vel piceo-nigrum, genitalibus concolori-

bus, inferne breviter flavo-pilosis. _ .

3. Black, dull, thickly clothed with long yellow hairs.

Head deflected almost perpendicular to the body. Crown

pitchy brown, slightly shining, clothed with yellow hairs ;

length down the centre a little greater than half the width

between the eyes; posterior margin slightly convex on

each side of the centre ; anterior margin straight ; disc

depressed, with a fovea on each side. Face lobes long,

conical, as long as the crown measured down the centre ;

non-divergent, except at the apex; black, dull, thickly

clothed with long, semierect, yellow hairs; viewed from

the side, inner margin convex, outer margin concave ;

apex rounded, somewhat yellow. Antenne yellow ; short,

filiform, except the two basal joints; about twice the

length of the head and face lobes together ; 3rd joint

almost twice as long asthe 4th; 9th and 10th black.

Eyes, viewed from in front hemispherical, from the side

oval. Thorax: pronotum narrow, black; lateral mar-

gins a little wider than the crown; mesonotum convex,

black, dull, clothed with yellow hairs; across the inser-

tion of the elytra a little wider than the head and eyes

together. Elytra clear, transparent; about two and

three-quarter times as long as broad; apex rounded ;

costal basal cell short, measured through the centre

‘about half the leneth of the radius; radius long,

terminating in the apex; upper arm of the cubitus

slightly curved, nearly twice the length of the lower

arm ; upper furcation long, measured through the centre

greater than half the length of the arm; lower arm and

branches of the furcation form an h-shaped character ;

distance between the apices of the branches of the upper

and lower furcations equal to one another when measured

on the marginal nerve; dorsal marginal nerve at the

base with a row of long, stout hairs; dise with a trans-

verse, irregular, black band across the base of the radius.

Abdomen black or pitchy black ; genitalia black or pitchy

462, Mr. John Scott on certain

black; underneath clothed with short yellow hairs.

Length, 2 lines (Paris).

Hab. N. India.

LIVILLINA,

Caput cum oculis pronoto latius, mesonoto juxta ely-

trorum insertionem aut latitudine equale, aut eodem

latius. Vertex latior quam longior. Lobi faciales varii-

formes modo longiores vertice, modo breviores. Antenne

‘longe, filiformes. Oculi desuper visi semiglobosi, late-

rales. Pronotum angustum, utrinque intra margines

laterales fovea aut punctura parva impressum; meso-

notum modice convexum ; dorsulum irregulariter hexa-

gonum. Hlytra coriacea, plus minus lata seu elongata,

stigmate vel instructa vel privata; cubiti petiolus furce

inferiores brachio aut brevior aut longior, aut denique

sidem equalis; furca superior elongata, angusta, elytri

saltem decumas quatuor longitudine adequans; ramus

superior apice ipso terminatus ; furce inferioris ramus

superior elongatus, inferiore plus duplo longior.

Head, together with the eyes, wider than the pronotum,

as wide or wider than the mesonotum measured across

the insertion of the elytra. Crown broader than long.

Face lobes variform, longer or shorter than the crown.

Antenne long, filiform. HEyes, viewed from above, hemi-

spherical, placed on the sides of the head. Pronotum

narrow, with a small fovea or puncture within the lateral

margin ; mesonotum moderately convex ; dorsulum irre-

gularly hexagonal. Elytra coriaceous, more or less broad

or elongate, with or without a stigma; petiole of the

cubitus shorter, as long as or longer than the arm of the

lower furcation ; upper furcation long, narrow, at least

two-fifths the length of the elytron; upper branch -

terminating in the apex; lower furcation, upper branch

long, more than twice the length of the lower one.

CREIIS,* n. g.

Caput: verticis longitudo media spatio inter oculos

dimidio latior; margo lateralis ante oculum utrumque

in dentem brevem angularem productus ; margo anterior

plus minus concavus. lLobi faciales porrecti, crassi, -

* Titanis cujusdam nomen.

genera and species of the group of Payllide.. 463

nonnihil vesicati.: Antenne longs, filiformes ; articuli

primus et secundus crassi; tertius longissimus; quartus

ad octavum usque longitudine fere sequales ; ; nonus pre-

cedente brevior ; decimus subfusiformis. Oculis desuper

visi semiglobosi, laterales. Thorax : pronotum angustum,

ad margines laterales latissimum, prope quos fovea

parva sive punctura cernenda ; mesonotum modice con-

-vexum ; dorsulum irregulare, hexagonum. EKlytra elon-

gata, apice rotundata ; stigma elongatum ; radius nervo

marginali ante apicem incurrens ; cubiti furce elongate.

Head: crown down the centre more than half the

breadth between the eyes; lateral margin in front of

each eye produced into a short angular tooth; anterior

margin more or less concave. Face lobes long, stout,

somewhat vesicate. Antenne long, filiform; Ist and

2nd joints stout; 38rd longest; 4—8 almost of equal

length; 9th shorter than the former ; 10th slightly fusi-

form. Eyes, viewed from above, hemispherical, placed

on the sides of the head. Thorax: pronotum narrow,

widest at the lateral margins, within which is a small

fovea or puncture; mesonotum moderately convex ; dor-

sulum of an irregular hexagonal shape. Hlytra elongate,

rounded at the apex; stigma elongate; radius joining

the marginal nerve before the apex; cubitus fureations

elongate. ;

Cretis longipennis. (Pl. XIX., figs. 83—8e’).

Livia longipennis, Walker, List Hom., B. M., part 4,

Delo, si

Psylla livioides, Walker, Ins. aed: Eom. 5, pd bea o..

Rufus. Caput deflexum, angulum cum corpore sat

magnum fingens. Vertex rufus; longitudo media

dimidio inter oculos spatio longior, canalicula diagonali

utrumque in medium ducta; margo lateralis ante oculum

utrinque in dentem brevem, angularem, productus; margo

posterior concavus, externe rotundatus ; ; margo anterior

angulatus. Lobifacialesrufi, elongati, crassi, nonnihil vesi-

ciformes, marginibus internus ante apicem haud divari-

cantibus, pilis longiusculis tenuibus, sericis, albis, dense

obsiti. Antenne rufe, filiformes, pilis tenuibus, suberectis,

parcius vestite; articuli primus et secundus breves, crassi;

primus secundo duplo crassior et fere sesqui longior ;

tertius longissimus, tertia parte longior quam quartus ;

articuli quartus etc. ad octavum longitudine pene

464 Mr. John Scott on certain

equales; nonus ultimo fusiformi, nigro, plus duplo

longior. Oculi a fronte visi fere semiglobosi; a latere,

obtusi, reniformes. Thorax: pronotum rufum, angus-

tum, lateribus paulo latius ; mesonotum rufum, sat con-

vexum ;-dorsulum irregulare, sexangulum, latius quam

longius ; spatium centrale rufum, convexum ; regio scu-

tellaris rufa. Elytra fusca, coriacea, nitida, subtiliter et

irregulariter transverse rugulosa, elongata, apice anguste

rotundata, triplo longiora quam latiora, nervis rufis;

costa a basi fere ad stigma nonnihil reflexa; stigma

elongatum, paulo ante radii apicem terminatum, rufum,

lineolis subtilibus, irregularibus, albis, numerosis, trans-

verse intersectum ; radius ab ortu fere ad apicem costam

versus subincurvatus, prope apicem vero subito conversus,

nervo marginali paulo ante stigmatis apicem incurrit ;

petiolus cubitalis, brachium, furce inferioris ramus in-

terior, longitudine fere inter se equalia; furca superior,

elongata, angusta, elytri decumas quatuor longitudine

paulo exsuperans ; ramus superior apice ipso terminatus,

inferior marginem dorsalem versus maximam partem in-

curvatus, dein subito retortus, in eadem fere linea cum

radii apice nervo marginali conjungitur ; furce inferioris

ramus interior vix nisi rectus ; ramus exterior basi con-

vexus, inde usque sub ipsum apicem concavus ; distantia

inter ramorum: bifurcorum apices (secundum nervum

marginalem emensa), duplo major quam furce superioris

idem intervallum. Pedes rufi, femoribus posticis flave-

scentibus. Abdomen ‘superne rufum, segmentorum

quatuor vel quinque marginibus nigrantibus; inferne

flavidum.

Inepta sunt que vir cl. Walker in descriptione sua de

elytrorum striis vel maculis albis egre cernendis effu-

tivit, quippe que non nisi luminis in superficiem sale-

brosam et hue illue manu commotam incidentis ope

efficiantur.

Head deflected, forming a considerable angle with the

body. Crown red; length down the centre greater than

half the breadth between the eyes, with a diagonal chan-

nel on each side running towards the centre; lateral

margin in front of each eye produced into a short, angu-

lar tooth ; posterior margin concave, rounded externally ;

anterior margin angulate. Face lobes red, long, stout,

somewhat bladder-shaped, their inner margins not

diverging until reaching the apex, thickly clothed with

longish, fine, silky white hairs. Antenne red, filiform,

genera and species of the group of Psyllide. 465

sparingly clothed with fine, almost erect, hairs; 1st and

2nd joints short, stout; 1st twice as stout as the 2nd,

and about one-half longer ; 8rd longest, one-third longer

than the 4th; 4—8 almost equal in length; 9th more

than twice the length of the fusiform, black, terminal

one. Eyes, viewed from in front, almost hemispherical,

from the side obtuse. reniform. Thorax: pronotum red,

narrow, slightly widest at the lateral margins; meso-

notum red, moderately convex; dorsulum of an irregular .

hexagonal form; anterior and posterior sides greatest,

central portion red, convex, scutellar portion red. Elytra

brown, coriaceous, shining, finely but irregularly wrinkled

transversely, elongate, narrowly rounded at the apex,

three times as long as broad ; nerves red; costal margin

somewhat reflexed from the base almost to the stigma ;

stigma elongate, terminating a little way before the apex

of the radius, red, thickly interrupted transversely by

fine, irregular, white lines; radius slightly curving to-

wards the costal margin throughout its entire length

until approaching its extremity, when it bends suddenly

round and joins the marginal nerve a little way in front

of the apex of the stigma; cubitus petiole, arm -and

inner branch of the lower furcation almost equal to each

other in length; upper fureation long, narrow, a little

more than two-fifths the length of the elytron; upper

branch terminating in the apex; lower branch curving

towards the dorsal margin for the greater part of its

length, then suddenly bending round and joining the

marginal nerve about in a line with the apex of the

radius ; lower furcation, inner branch nearly straight,

outer branch convex at the base, then concave to within

a little way of the apex ; distance between the apices of

the branches of the furcation, measured on the marginal

nerve, twice as great as that between the apices of the

branches of the upper fureation. Legs red. Thighs:

8rd pair yellowish. Abdomen above red ; anterior mar-

gin of 4 ar 5 segments black ; below yellowish. Length,

34 lines (Paris).

Mr. Walker’s remark, in his description, on the

‘‘ scarcely visible white dashes or spots” on the elytra is

imaginary, as they are simply caused by the light falling

on the uneven surface when moved to and fro.

Hab. 3, Tasmania; 2°, unknown.

There are only two specimens in the British Museum

466 Mr. John Scott on certain

collection (g¢ and ?) described under the names given

above.

PRIONOCNEMID&. *

Caput parvum. Vertex, medio emensus, spatio inter

oculos dimidio longitudine plus minus equalis. -Lobi

faciales breves. Antenne long, et, preter articulos duo

breves baseos, filiformes. . Oculi laterales desuper visi

lamine plus minus triangule seu cuneiformis margini

interiorl postice innixi. Pronotum angustum, medio

latissimum, latera ejus fovea intus impressa, et in eadem

fere linea cum oculorum margine externo directa. Meso-

notum convexum, apud elytrorum insertionem capite una

cum oculis latius. Hlytra elongata, apice plus minus

acuta, stigmate instructa ; cubiti petiolus brevis ; nervuli

marginales bini seu quaterni. Pedes: tibie postice

denticulo brevi, crasso, hamato, angulari, basi armate,

apice dilatatz, plus minus profunde serrate.

Head small. Crown, measured down the centre, more

or less than half the width between the eyes. Face lobes

short. Antenne long, filiform, except the two short,

stout, basal joints. Eyes placed on the sides of the

head, posteriorly, as seen from above, resting against the

inner margin of a more or less triangular or cuneate-

shaped plate. *Pronotum narrow, broadest in the middle ;

lateral margins about in a line with the outer margin of

the eyes, and with a fovea within the former ; mesonotum

convex, wider across the insertion of the elytra than the

head and eyes together. Elytra elongate, more or less

acute at the apex ; with a stigma ; cubitus petiole short ;

margin with two or four nervelets. Legs: tibie, 3rd

pair with a short, stout, curved, angular tooth at the

base; apex dilated, and with a more or less serrated

margin.

Carsipara, Walk.+

Caput parvum. Vertex, medio emensus, oculorum in-

tervallo brevior. Lobi faciales breves, desuper occulti.

Antenne long, filiformes, articulis duobus basalibus

brevibus, crassis. Oculi laterales, desuper visi lamin

triangule vel cuneiformis margini interno postici innixi.

* TIpiwy, asaw; x7n, the tibia. .

+ Vox et preteria nihil. A thing of sound and — signify-

ing nothing.

genera and species of the group of Psylide. 467

Thorax: pronotum angustum, ad latera utrinque foveatum.

Mesonotum convexum, apud elytrorum insertionem latis-

sinum. Elytra elongata, apice acuta; stigma et radius

perbrevia ; cubiti petiolus brevis; furcz superioris

brachium elongatum, area inter ramos amplissima ;

margo dorsalis nervulis binis. Pedes: tibie postice

denticulo brevi, crasso, hamato, angulari, basi armate,

apice dilatate, ex parte serrate.

Head small. Crown, measured down the centre, less

than the width between the eyes. Face lobes short, not

visible from above. Antenne long, filiform, two basal

joints short, stout. Eyes placed on the sides of the

head, posteriorly, as seen from above, resting against the

inner margin of a triangular or cuneate-shaped plate.

Thorax: pronotum narrow, with a fovea on each side

near the lateral margins ; mesonotum convex; greatest

breadth across the insertion of the elytra. Elytra elon-

gate, acute at the apex; stigma and radius very short ;

cubitus petiole short ; arm of the upper furcation long ;

area enclosed between the branches very large; dorsal

margin with two nervelets. Legs: tibie, 3rd pair

with a short, stout, curved, angular tooth at the base ;

apex dilated, partially serrated.

_Carsidara marginals. (Pl. XIX., figs. 4—4/).

Carsidara marginalis, Walker, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc.,

VOl. X., Pp. O29.

Fusca, subrufescens. Caput: vertex haud deflexus,

sordide flavus, pilis subtillisimis longis vestitus ; longi-

tudo ejus media dimidio oculorum intervallo brevior ;

margines postice et ad latera disco interno altiores ;

margo posticus angulatus; margo anterior incisuris

tribus angularibus, quarum media maxima, laterales

supra antennarum basin site sunt, et cum marginum

lateralium, apicibus angulos fingunt externos, ante oculos

utrinque in callum parvum productos, a latere faciliores

visu; discus medio bis depressus, canalicula fusca, in-

cisurarum lateralium apicibus terminata, in longitudinem

definitus. Lobi faciales pallide flavi, breves, apice

rotundati, desuper occulti, pilis longis termibus vestiti.

Antenne flave, longe, filiformes; articuli primus et

secundus crassi; primus fere cylindricus, secundo plus

duplo longior; tertius quarto paulo longior; quartus,

TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1882.—PART II. (SEPT.) 3P

468 Mr. John Scott on certain

quinto, sextus tertio, equalis ; articuli tertius et cet. ad

octavum, apice nigri; nonus decimusque minuti, nigri.

Oculi mediocres, fumoso-cinerei, laterales, in laminam

triangulam vel cuneiformem postice innixi, desuper con-

specti globoso-triangulari, a fronte vix nisi semiglobosi,

a latere late ovati. Ocelli tres, anticus desuper egerrime

cernendus. Thorax: pronotum sordide flavum, angus-

tum, subdeflexum, caput versus canalicula tenui, trans-

versa, utrinque intra margines laterales in foveam fus-

cam exeunte, instructum; latera in eadem fere linea

cum oculorum margine antico directa; margo anterior

medio anguste rotundatus, utrinque leviter excisus ;

margo posterior concavus. Mesonotum fuscum, sub-

rufescens pilis tenuibus, longiusculis, parcius vestitum,

in longitudinem planiusculo-convexum, apud elytrorum

insertionem capite cum oculis latius; dorsulum linea

media, pallida, flava, in longitudinem divisum, juxtaque

hance lineam macula breviuscula ovali notatum ; spatium

centrale linea pallide flava longitudinali, alteraque utrin-

que paululum remota insignitum ; regio scutellaris pal-

lide flava. Elytra clare pellucida, elongata, apice acuta,

tertia parte breviora quam latitudo sua triplex, pone

medium latissima ; elytri pars superior (linea scilicet a

basi ad apicem ducta determinata) inferiore duplo latior ;

costa a basi ad apicem fortiter convexa, margine ad

stigma usque, vel ultra, reflexo; cellula costalis basalis

elongata, subangustata, apice adnervimarginalis medium

fere extenso ; stigma perbreve, basi et apice nigricanti-

bus; radius brevis, stigmate secundum nervum margi-

nalem emenso vix duplo longior, apice nigricante ;

petiolus cubitalis brevis, brachii superioris vix nisi recti

tertiam circiter partem longitudine adequans; furea

superior maxima, ramo superiore convexo, cum nervo

marginali pari fere intervallo ubique currente ; basi cum

radio nervo tenuissimo transverso connexa; furce in-

ferioris brachium elongatum, subincurvatum, petioli

circiter duplo longius; furca inferior minima ; nervus

dorsalis marginalis a medio ad apicem convexus ; margo

maculis septem sordide flavis, inequalibus, deformibus,

distinctus ; nervuli bini, alter in furca superiore, alter in

area interfurcali. Pedes pallide flavi. Femora inter-

media fusca. ‘Tibize postice flave, breviter pilose, denti-

culo ad basin brevi, hamato, angulari, armate ; apice

dilatate, partim serrate. Abdomen superne fuscum,

inferne viridi-flavum; genitalia fusca, basi pilorum

genera and species of the group of Psyllide. 469

brevium, nitidorum, adpressorum ordine subpectinato,

laterali, apice villis pauculis, longis, tenuissimis, erectis,

instructa.

Fuscous, with a reddish tinge. Head: crown hori-

zontal, sordid yellow, clothed with very fine, long hairs ;

length down the centre not so great as half the width

between the eyes; posterior and lateral margins higher

than the inner portion of the disc; posterior margin

angulate ; anterior margin with three angular incisions,

the central one largest; side ones over the base of the

antenne, the exterior angles formed by their junction

with the apex of the lateral margins produced into a

small callus in front of the eye, and best visible from the

side ; dise depressed in the centre, on each side bounded

by a fuscous longitudinal channel terminating in the

apex of the side incisions. Face lobes pale yellow, short,

rounded at the apex, not visible from above, clothed with

long, fine hairs. Antenne yellow, long, filiform; Ist

and 2nd joints stout; Ist almost cylindrical, more than

twice the length of the 2nd; 8rd_a little longer than the

4th; 4th and 5th equal; 6th as long as the 38rd; apices

of the 383—8 black; 9 and 10 minute, black. LHyes

moderate, smoky grey, placed on the sides of the head ;

posteriorly resting against a triangular or cuneate-shaped

plate ; viewed from above spherical-triangular, from in

front almost hemispherical, from the side broad oval.

Ocelli 3 ; frontal one scarcely visible from above. Thorax :

pronotum sordid yellow, narrow, slightly deflected to-

wards the head with a faint transverse channel termi-

nating on each side in a fuscous fovea within the lateral

margins, the latter about in a line with the anterior

margin of the eyes; anterior margin slightly emarginate

on each side the narrowly rounded centre; posterior

margin concave; mesonotum fuscous, with a reddish

tinge, sparingly clothed with fine, longish hairs ; flattish

convex longitudinally ; wider than the head and eyes

together across the insertion of the elytra; dorsulum

with a pale yellow, central, longitudinal line, and a short,

somewhat elongate, oval patch on each side adjoining the

same; central portion with a pale yellow central longi-

tudinal line, and another on each side somewhat remote ;

scutellar portion pale yellow. EHlytra clear, transparent,

elongate ; apex acute ; 23 times greater than the breadth ;

ereatest breadth beyond the middle ; upper portion, by a

line drawn from the base through the apex, twice as

470 Mr. John Scott on certain

broad as the lower portion ; costal marginal nerve very

convex from base to apex ; costal margin reflexed as far

as or beyond the stigma; costal basal cell long, some-

what narrow; apex nearly at the middle of the marginal

nerve ; stigma very short, base and apex blackish ; radius

short, scarcely twice the length of the stigma, measured

on the marginal nerve; apex blackish ; cubitus petiole

short, about one-third the length of the almost straight

upper arm; upper fureation very large; upper branch

convex, running almost parallel with the marginal nerve ;

base of the furcation joined to the radius by a very fine

transverse nerve; arm of the lower furcation long,

slightly curved, about twice the length of the petiole ;

lower furcation very small; dorsal marginal nerve con-

vex from the middle to the apex; margin with seven

sordid-yellow spots of irregular size and shape, and two

nervelets, one in the upper furcation, the other in the

area between it and the lower furcation. Legs pale

yellow. Thighs, 2nd pair brown. ‘Tibie, 8rd pair

yellow, clothed with short hairs, with a short, curved,

angular tooth at the base ; apex dilated, margin partially

serrated. Abdomen above fuscous; underneath greenish

yellow; genitalia fuscous, with a somewhat pectinate

row of short, shining, appressed hairs down the side at

the base, and a few long, very fine, erect ones at the

apex. Length, 8 lines (Paris).

Tyora, Walk.

Caput deest. Thorax: pronotum angustum, con-

vexum ; mesonotum convexum, apud elytrorum inser-

tionem pronoto latius. LElytra elongata, apice acuta ;

furce superioris brachium apice nervo transverso cum

radio connexum ; costa etiam cum radio apud stigmatis

apicem nervo transverso juncta; nervuli marginalis

quaterni. Pedes: tibiz postice basi denticulo armate ;

apice dilatate, serrate.

Head wanting. Thorax: pronotum narrow, convex ;

mesonotum convex, wider across the insertion of the

elytra than the pronotum. LElytra elongate, acute at

the apex ; apex of the arm of the upper furcation joined

to the radius by a transverse nerve; costal marginal

nerve at the apex of the stigma joined to the radial

nerve by a transverse nerve ; margin with four nervelets,

genera and species of the group of Psyllide. 471

Legs: tibie, 8rd pair with a tooth at the base; apex

dilated ; margin serrated.

Tyora congrua. (Pl. XIX., figs. 5—5c).

Tyora congrua, Walker, Ins. Saund. Hom., p. 111.

Pallide fusco-rufa. Thorax: pronotum angustum,

flavum, leviter rufo tinctum, medio antice rotundatum,

utrinque emarginatum; latere prope margines (fovea

nigricante intus impressos) nonnihil dilatata et rotun-

data; discus canalicula tenui, transversa, inter foveas

ducta. Mesonotum convexum, pallide fusco-rufum ;

spatium centrale apud elytrorum insertionem pronoto

multo latius, linea prope medium utrinque longitudinali,

flava, pallida, binisque remotioribus, incurvis, circulum

pene discribentibus; latera, sicut et regio scutellaris,

pallide flava. Elytra clare pellucida, elongata, lanceo-

lata, apice acuta, latitudine sua paulo plus quam triplo

longiora ; nervi intaminate fusci; costa ubique convexa,

basi incrassata, margine reflexo ; stigma perangustatum ;

radius elongatus, nervo marginali paulo supra apicem

terminatus, et cum eodem ad stigmatis apicem nervo

transverso connexus; cubiti petiolus furce superioris

brachio dimidio fere longitudine equalis; furca medio

emensa petiolo longior, basi cum radio nervo transverso

conjuncta; brachium inferius petiolo fere «quale; dis-

tantia inter ramorum apices utrique furce eadem ;

nervuli marginales quaterni, quorum terni (sicut in

Trioza) dorsales, quartus in area radio furceque supe-

rioris ramo proximo interclusa; disci margo dorsalis

late fusco colore, pallido, intaminato, obumbratus. Pedes

flavi. Tibize postice basi denticulo crasso, triangulo,

hamato, instruct; apice dilatate, serrate, nigre. Ab-

domen superne fuscescens, medio plus minus rubicun-

dum, segmentis duobus apicalibus rufis ; inferne flavum,

segmentis postice plus minus rufo limbatis; genitalia

flava.

&. Pale fuscous-red. Thorax: pronotum narrow;

yellow, slightly tinged with red; anterior margin emar-

ginate on each side the rounded centre; sides near the

lateral margins slightly dilated and rounded ; within

the latter a dark fovea; disc with a fine transverse

channel extending between the foveze. Mesonotum con-

vex, pale fuscous-red ; central portion much wider across

472 Mr. John Scott on certain

the insertion of the elytra than the pronotum, with a

pale yellow longitudinal line on each side the centre, and

another curved one more remote, almost forming a

circle; sides pale yellow; scutellar portion pale yellow.

Elytra clear, transparent; elongate, lanceolate; apex

acute ; length a little more than three times the breadth ;

nerves clear fuscous; costal marginal nerve convex

throughout its entire length, stout at the base; margin

reflexed ; stigma very narrow; radius long, terminating

in the marginal nerve a little above the apex, joined

to the marginal nerve at the apex of the stigma by

a transverse nerve ; cubitus petiole about half the length

of the arm of the upper furcation ; furcation, measured

through the centre, longer than the petiole; base of

the furcation joined to the radial nerve by a transverse

nerve ; lower arm about equal in length to the petiole ;

distance between the apices of the branches of the two

furcations equal; margin with four nervelets; three on

the dorsal margin, as in J’rioza; 4th in the area en-

closed between the radius and the adjoining branch of

the upper furcation ; disc along the dorsal margin with

a broad, pale, clear fuscous shade. Legs yellow. Tibia,

8rd pair at the base with a stout, triangular, curved

tooth ; apex dilated ; margin serrated, black. Abdomen

above somewhat fuscous, more or less red down the

centre; two terminal segments red; beneath yellow;

posterior margin of the segments more or less red ; geni-

talia yellow. Length (without head), 3 lines nearly

(Paris).

There is a single specimen in the collection from

Mysol.

Note.—Owing to the remarkable form of the genitalia

of the species described in this paper, I have considered

it best to give figures of the parts rather than descrip-

tions, as they would have been very difficult to describe

in a moderate space, and even then not convey the

peculiarities sufficiently well to the mind of others.

genera and species of the group of Psyllide. 473

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE XVIII.

No. 1.—Psylla Duvaue.

1, elytron; la, head, front view; 10, do., side view; 1c, an-

tenna; 1d, genitalia ($), as seen from the side; le, do., as

seen from behind; If, leaf, showing form of galls made ;

1g, top or cover of a gall.

No. 2.—Neolithus fasciatus.

2, elytron ; 2a, head, front view; 20, do., side view ; 2c, antenna;

2d, genitalia (g'), as seen from the side ; 2e, do., as seen from

behind; 2/, twig, with gall, natural size.

No. 3.—Thea trigutta.

3, elytron; 3a, head, front view ; 30, do., side view ; 8c, antenna ;

3d, genitalia (3), as seen from the side.

No. 4.—Phytolyma lata.

4, elytron and wing; 4a, head, front view; 40, do., side view;

4c, antenna; 4d, genitalia (3), as seen from the side; 4e,

do., as seen from behind; 4/, portion of leaf showing form

of gall.

No. 5.—Phyllolyma fracticosta.

5, elytron; 5a, head, front view ; 50, do., side view; 5c, antenna ;

5d, genitalia, as seen from the side; 5e, do., as seen from

behind.

PLATH XIX.

No. 1.—Psylla arctica.

1, elytron ; la, head, front view; 10, do., side view; 1c, do., side

view : 1d, genitalia (¢), as seen from the side.

No. 2.—Petalolyma basalis.

2, elytron ; 2a, head, front view ; 2b, do., side view ; 2c, antenna ;

2d, one of the 8rd pair of legs ; 2e, genitalia (g\), as seen from

the side; 27, do., as seen from behind.

No. 3.—Creiis longipennis.

3, elytron ; 3a, head, front view : 30, do., side view ; 3c, antenna ‘

3d, genitalia of P. livioides, Walker, as seen from the side ;

3d’, do., as seen from behind; 8e, genitalia of Livia longi-

pennis, Walker, as seen from the side ; 3e’, do., as seen from

behind.

No. 4.—Carsidara marginalis.

4, elytron ; 4a, head, front view ; 40, do., side view ; 4c, antenna ;

4d, one of the 8rd pair of legs; 4e, genitalia (f\), as seen

from the side; 4/, do., as seen from benind.

No: 5.—Tyora congrua.

5, elytron and wing ; 5a, one of the 8rd pair of legs ; 50, genitalia

(¢), asseen from the side; 5c, do., as seen from behind.

Pitt ; ceo

«4 v4! i eng

; zi y

ae dss)

XIX. On a visit to Ceylon, and the relation of Ceylonese

beetles to the vegetation there. . By Guorce Lewis.

[Read August 2nd, 1882. |

In Ceylon the usual outlines of an island divide the

country into natural areas, each one of which is distinctly

different from another in soil and climate, and con-

sequently in fauna and flora. And if we consider roughly

what these features are, we shall understand something

of the general characteristics of the insects and their

relation to the varying physical conditions under which

they live.- The differences which are sufficient for this

note are primarily traceable to the formation of the earth’s

surface, and are easily divided into three sections :—

1. The hot plains, or low lands of the coast, with

rivers.

2. The intermediate altitudes, with fair-sized streams.

3. The higher altitudes, with elevated plateaux and

mountain torrents and rivulets. -

Ceylon from very remote times has been almost en-

tirely, if not quite, covered with dense jungle, and as the

soil is an extremely poor one, for the best elements of it

are carried away by the heavy rains, the vegetation which

has arisen has naturally largely derived its nutriment

trom the moisture in the atmosphere. This is true of

the hard-wooded timber which forms the mass of the

jungle, andeven more dependent on the general humidity

are the ferns, orchids, and other parasitic plants which

grow upon and often cover the trees. If the south-east

monsoon ceased to bring the abundant rain to Ceylon,

the island would become a useless desert ; the rain alone

keeps it verdant, as we see it, and in the north about

Hambantota, where the rainfall is only 34 in., there is

hardly any verdure on the sandy plains. The district:

about Colombo, where the vegetation is rich and tropical

in every sense of the word, is entirely of a sandy soil,

and there is little in it to support the beautiful and strange

vegetation growing there, and the secret of the luxuriance

TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1882.—PART III. (SEPT. 3

476 Mr. George Lewis on a

lies in the copious rain. Exceptin the dry season, when

both vegetable and animal life languish for . showers,

there is daily heavy rain. The level flat lands of the

coast lying at the foot of the higher altitudes are a more

recent formation than the hills, as they are formed of the

accumulation of ‘soil washed down from the mountains

during long periods of rain, and it will be seen that

‘these low lands have a fauna intermixed with species

essentially distinct from those of the interior of the

island. The jungle is not so continuously established on

the low lands, nor even at an elevation of 2000 feet, as

on the hills, the oldest formation, where the only natural

roadways through the forest are the mountain torrents,

which make and keep clear a passage by the sheer force

of the water in the wet monsoon, and in the dry season

- you can walk for many miles on the granitic formation

which paves these ancient channels. In the intermediate

districts (2) the jungle trees attain a height of 100 to

200 feet, and gradually lessen in proportion to the eleva-

tions on which they grow. On the Nuwara Eliya

plateau most of the trees are about 40 to 50 feet only,

but wherever the forest is, the trees are so closely packed

together that they rarely attain to any considerable

circumference. And another thing is very notable about

the jungle trees ; they are not like our oaks and elms, of

a soil-improving nature; they do not make mould like

European deciduous trees ; they return apparently to the

soil as little as they take from it. The shed leaves are

more like those of the holly and laurel, from which our

gardeners would expect little assistance im manuring or

improving poor soils. ; ;

Now, in a country like this the Coleoptera are in by far

the greater part such as depend on-plants and trees for

their general welfare. We find subfamilies and genera

taking a prominent place in the fauna whose allies in

other countries are truly ground-beetles, but which here

are herbaceous or arboreal. There are numbers of species

of Tricondyla and Collyris, Cicindelid@é as much adapted for

a foliage-life as those of our coast are for a sand existence.

Tricondyla in Coleoptera, Mantispa in Neuroptera, with

certain Mantide (Pterostenes) associate together, seeking

their food-on the undergrowth in the forest, and, being

possessed of similar instincts, have acquired an analogous

form and structure. They are all carnivorous, and roam

about foliage, holding their prey with their fore legs, and

visit to Ceylon. ATT

are good types ia species which exhibit that most bene-

ficent phase in the laws of Nature which causes animals

of widely different orders to assimilate and adapt them-

selves to special modes of existence. The majority of

the Geodephaga are of arboreal habits, and live on trees ;

Colpodes, Demetrius, and other genera assert themselves

in many species, and are instances of those which live

on the foliage; while others which replace Pterostichus,

' &¢., which live under stones in Europe, are represented

by Phy ysocrotaphus and others, which reside in the rotten

touchwood of prostrate timber. There is almost an abso-

lute tendency in Ceylon for Geodephaga to become xylo- .

philous, and with the exception of the Harpali, hereafter

mentioned, I did not find a dozen beetles under stones,

and yet I accumulated over 10 ,000 specimens. Morio,

Catascopus, Miscelus again are several only of a long line

of truly bark genera. Stones in situations under 6000 feet

elevation in exposed places become too heated for a

shelter to Coleoptera, nor are they even useful as such

when under the cool shade of the jungle; for the climate

does not render it necessary for insects to seek for any

but the most scanty protection, which a mere scrap of

moss or loosened bark can supply.

Out of six species of Searites, I found only one came

from beneath stones, and that occurred at an elevation of

7000 feet ; the others were habitually secreted under logs

or fallen timber. And in the allied genus Clivina, the

commonest species on the coast mixes with the Aphodii,

and clusters like them together in groups of six or eight

at a time.

In all families we find the most curiously formed

species (and these are many) are, with a few excep-

tions, dependent on _ leaves, plants, or trees. The

paucity of what we consider ordinary forms in Europe is

also remarkable, and those found are such as may occur

almost anywhere in a ditch, or by a river side, and

include Bemlidia, Dyschirtvi, and the commonest forms of

Hydradephaga and Staphylinide. The whole of these

may be classed as immigrants, and are not, as I believe,

even local modifications of Indian forms. There is

nothing grand or striking in the fauna, as exhibited in my

five months’ collection, which does not live on dead

timber or living vegetation.

Some of the recorded Pausside are very fine, and these

prove no exception, as they are indirectly connected with

478 Mr. George Lewis on a

the vegetation, for the Formicide are arboreal. The

nests are seen everywhere under bark, or in the trunks

of trees, and some draw the foliage together some feet

from the ground for an habitation. And Pausside are

the associates of ants.

As some of my captures (about 1200 species) are

likely in due time to be described, I give for the informa-

tion of authors and others a table of the localities I

visited, and the dates of my sojourn :—

Altitude.

Galle . . .° .Oncoastlevel Nov. 27 to Dec. 4, 1881.

Dikoya . . .8800t04200. Dec. 6 to Jan. 16, 1882.

Kitulgalle:(: -. 1700 1.1.5 . dam. 27, toldan. 205 4%,

Dikoya . .. .8800t04200. Jan. 21 to Feb. 7, _,,

Nuwara Eliya . 6234to8000. Feb. 8 to Feb. 11, _,,

Dikoya , . .38800t04200. Feb. 13 to Feb. 16, ,, |

Kandy. . . . 1546101727. Feb. 17 to Feb. 23, _,,

Dikoya . . .8800:to4200. Feb. 25 to Feb. 27, ,,

Bogawantalawa . 4900 to 5200. Feb. 28 to Mar. 12, ,,

Balangoda: 2). L1%6. .:7\.. -. Max T8ito; Maral Gay a

_Horton-Plains . 6000 approx. Mar. 18 to Mar. 20, _,,

Bogawantalawa . 4900 to 5200. Mar. 21 to Apl. 4, _,,

Kandy. . « .1546t01727. Apl. 6.

Colombo. . .Oncoastlevel Apl. 7 to Apl. 27,. ,,

Section I.—Galle and Colombo lie on the shore, and

the neighbourhoods of both these ports are rich in

classes :—

(a). The arboreal and herbaceous species, of which

many occur also “‘ up-country,” and others which infest °

the palms and vegetation peculiar to the coast. .

(b). The ordinary forms of marsh species, which assimi-

late to those of more northern regions, and which also

occur generally throughout Ceylon.

(c). Some curious sand and river species (Selina

Westermannt, Mots., &c.), none of which could exist

with their present instincts and habits in dense jungle,

for they are fitted for open places of mud and sand, such

as estuaries of rivers or banks by the sea. They are far

removed from the Bembidia, Dyschirii, &c., classed here

as immigrants, and of their origin two questions arise.

Have their ancestors come from India? or are they

endemic, modified from ancient. forms during the forma-

visit to Ceylon. . 479

tion of the alluvial soil where they reside? Nature does

not at present supply us with such handy data as the

latter for ascertaining the age of a species, but I am not

inclined to favour the sugg gestion of migration. I believe:

they are descendants of forms which resided in primeval

times in the open spaces of the mountains while the

jungle was yet forming on the hills, and that they have

eradually occupied the plains as they were formed by the

rains. Ophionea and Casnonia I give as examples of

genera abundant at Colombo, and which extend to the

extreme east of equinoctial Asia, and which are, as

the Bembidia, undoubtedly introduced by the ordi-

nary methods of natural conveyance.

The cocoa-nut palm, which is necessarily confined to the

~ coast, as the bulky nut requires human agencies to carry

it beyond the area of littoral inundations, “here nourishes

a few species, notably the large Sphenophorus. And the

Wedas, and other early races of Ceylon, have always been

confined to the lowlands, and, even had they reached the

higher altitudes, they would not probably have carried

the palm with them, for their civilisation has hardly led

them to even the most simple horticulture. The palm,

therefore, has had no chance of undergoing those hard-

ening processes which might enable it to stand the colder

climate of the higher districts. | Batocera is erroneously

called the cocoa-nut beetle, but this genus feeds both here

and in Japan on the half-embedded branch-like roots of

- the larger forest trees. Speaking of Longicornia, it may

be well to note that they are rarer in the lowlands than

in the higher regions of dense forests, for they are not

attached to the palms which grow largely in the area of

the coast-level to the exclusion of the trees suited to:

them. There are only a few land-leeches near Colombo,

which is an immense comfort to any one wishing to roam

in the jungle.

Section II].—Kandy, Balangoda, and Kitulgalle are

places of an intermediate altitude, which I visited. At

' the first place is the botanical garden of Peradeniya,

supported by our Government; it is bounded on one side

by a fair-sized river, and the trees in it are isolated and

well grown. In the middle of the garden stood a very

large fig, eight or ten feet in diameter, which had been

dead about three years, and by the kindness of the

superintendent I was permitted to bark it. After the

lower part had been examined, a Singhalese was sent up

480 Mr. George Lewis on a

into the higher branches, and large sheets of bark were

thrown down on to my cloth. In four or five hours I

obtained about eighty species of Coleoptera, but this was

the only good tree it was my fortune to find in the inter- .

mediate or low country. On the sand-banks of the river

I obtained some nice Geodephaga, Selina Westermanna,

Planetes, and others which will probably come into new

genera, and some Staph ylinide, the latter mainly agree-

ing with the ‘‘up-country ” species.

The Bombax, or‘cotton tree, remarkable for its panel

stem and vigorous parallel branches, is a good tree when

dead for bark species, and is deciduous, giving large red

flowers in February before the leaves appear. It grows

up to an altitude of 1500 to 2000 feet, but not higher.

A large black species of Hlateride is especially attached

to it. The cacao tree (Theobroma cacao), the tender

leaves of which hardly bear a breath of wind, is culti-

vated near Peradeniya with fair success. The low grass

and herbage under the trees in the garden was not too

rank to permit sweeping, and I took a great many phyto-

phagous insects in my nét.

Section IIJ.—In the Dikoya and Bogawantalawa dis-

tricts, where I spent most of my time, on the ‘‘ Hadley ”’

and ‘‘Lynford’’ estates respectively, most of the land

has been cleared of jungle, and is now under cultivation

for coffee and chinchona. Jungle-belts are left here and

there as a protection in the south-west monsoon, and

also on the mountain ridges to insure an abundant rain-

fall. When the jungle or forest is to be cleared for

planting, it is cut down in October and left till February,

and then burnt after the longest interval of rain. The —

trunks of the largest trees are not consumed by the fire,

nor are their stumps uprooted; both are simply left

among the coffee, and, many being of iron-wood and

other hard kinds, it is likely they will remain much in

the condition of to-day for the next fifty years. The

time between the felling of a new clearing and the burn-

ing is the coleopterist’s best chance for collecting, but

even after the fire a large number of insects infest the

logs where bark happens to remain, or fungi and boleti

grow out from the crevices in the timber. After some

years the hard clean trunks, bleached by the sun, are

impervious alike to the attacks of insects and the changes

of the seasons. The thermometer there generally ranges

about 56° to 58° at 6 a.m., and in the afternoon rises ; to

visit to Ceylon. 481

78° to 82° Fah. I obtained the greater part of my

collection on the edges of the jungle-belts, or where the

forest remained on the ridges, for, as I have noticed

-- before, this province has been from the earliest time

simply dense jungle, and I cannot call to mind at this

moment more than one species which is essentially a

ground insect, living in open places. The solitary in- -

stance is a species of Apristus, which I took running on

banks in the midday’ sun, when the thermometer regis-

tered 123° Fah.

I found the elephant paths, which strike straight through

the jungle, led into too dense forest for insects, but when I

passed into the ravines with flowing water, the only other

roads, I now and then came to open spaces cleared by the

falling of trees, and there insects were abundant. The dis-

tricts of Dikoya and Bogawantalawa lie beneath the. Nu-

wara Hlya and Horton Plains, the altitudes of which

range from 6000 to 8000 feet. These plains exhibit one very

peculiar feature ; the jungle is often broken up by the

‘“‘patenas,” or open grass-lands, and there a few, very

few, Euro-asiatic forms occur. In hunting over these

plains an entomologist will, from old associations, look

for Leistus, Carabus, and Pecilus, for the patenas are like

Wimbledon Common on a large scale, with rhododendrons

dotted about instead of gorse.. Broom and furze both

grow freely, having been brought from England, and

mullein and mint thrive by the roadside, while -the

streams are blocked up with imported watercress. But

insect-life is scarce, and all I found fell into a few genera

—Scarites, 1; Anchomenus, 2; Harpalus, 2; Dromius,

1; and some Staphylinide of Huropean type. The

temperature of the lake and tarns was too low for

aquatics, and there is often indications of frost on the

grass, although snow never lies there.

If Carabi were introduced they would assuredly thrive,

but the tropical heat of the zone on the coast, which

surrounds these high plateaux, is a barrier against the

intrusion of northern forms less easy to surmount than an -

ocean belt or many degrees of arid desert. It is very

curious to find even the few I have mentioned, and these

may be looked upon as: evidences of the great distances

small flying Coleoptera are borne on the wind. In the

high jungle, which here continually encroached on the

patenas, the beetles are nearly identical with those of.

Dikoya and Bogawantalawa, but they are much less

abundant.

482, Mr. George Lewis on a

To close with a few more general remarks. There are

two seasons in Ceylon, but there is nothing which corre-

sponds in any way to spring; there is no simultaneous

or perceptible movement in either animal or vegetable

life. The north-east monsoon blows from October to

May, and the south-west from May to October. The

first is the dry season, with rain at intervals ; the second

brings heavy and almost daily rain, and it is in the still

evenings, or in the interval of bright sunshine of the

lattér period, when most Coleoptera appear. Of the wet

season I saw nothing, but I had this advantage, my

collection, made in the comparative dry weather, kept as

clean as if made in England. There are parts of Ceylon,

in the north and east coasts, which differ materially,

although not essentially, to the parts I describe; there

are sandy dry plains and low swampy jungle, which are

rarely visited except by natives, and the difficulty of

journeying thither is considerable. A bullock-cart is the

best mode of transit, and a few weeks would hardly be

sufficient time to obtain much insight into the fauna. |

There is one very important family unrepresented in

my collection, and I have not noticed any members of it

amongst any other Ceylonese captures. Of the Necro-

phaga I.do not possess a single species, and this may be

accounted for by the presence of the multitudinous ants —

which are ever ready to carry away the smallest particle

of organic matter, and of the numerous Corvi, which seize .

upon the larger animals. In this land of forest the Luca-

nidé are also remarkably scarce; one digus, two -Figuli,

and the large Odontolabis are all 1 found, and examples

of the last only occurred abundantly under. special and

almost artificial circumstances. The ebonies and hard

iron-woods give out little sap, not enough to supply food

for these large beetles, and they are driven to the gum

exuded from the Hucalypti which are now planted in

numbers on the estates and near bungalows. There are

no stercoraceous beetles in the tracts of the elephants,

and the droppings of these herbaceous animals have

been analysed, and prove of little value for manure.

Ceylon does not appear to be sufficiently isolated to pro-

duce many very distinct or peculiar speeies, and I cannot .

say I have come across any trace of special or endemic

in such genera as Morio, Catascopus, Colpodes, &¢., but

then these are allies of others which occur in-a cquntry

visit to Ceylon. 483

even so far distant as Japan, and I can select a long

series of cognate forms from both places which would

agree with and run close to each other, and the resem-

blance between the forms in adjacent countries must be

greater. Amongst the smaller Coleoptera I have obtained

much of interest in species, unknown as yet in museums,

but there is no reason for supposing these are purely

local forms, for it must be remembered the small Cole-

optera of India are quite unknown.

Entomologists will be aware that most of my remarks

will apply in a great part to South India, and per-

haps even in a greater degree still to some of the isles

of the great Eastern Archipelago, and then more gene-

rally to all tropical and subtropical parts of the globe

where copious rain covers the land with dense vege-

tation, and where a xylophilous fauna in Coleoptera

takes the place of the geophilous. But until my

collection has been carefully examined, and the species

referred: to their right genera, it is impossible to tabu-

late them with any clear arrangement which would

add much to the interest of this note. Hnough has been

shown to stamp the Ceylonese fauna generally as one in-

timately associated with, and dependent on, the flora, and

that both have grown up together, each gradually acquir-

ing habits or developing instincts as the propensities of

each have been enforced by the innate progression of

their natures, by the changing conditions of the globe,

or by their mutual necessities and advantages as present

in their common relations to each other.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—paRT 111. (SEPT.) 3B

zeny

XX. On certain temperature yorns of Japanese Butterflies.

By H. Pryer, C.M.Z.8., &c.

[Read August 2nd, 1882. ]

In the following paper I have used the term “ tempera-

ture” in preference to “seasonal,” as the latter word

appears to me to insufficiently indicate the changes

which take place in many of the Japanese butterflies

which appear more than once in the course of a year.

The changes appear to me to depend not so much on

the season of the appearance of the perfect insect as on

the temperature the larva has borne during its existence ;

frequently also an odd specimen of the spring form will

put in an appearance in summer, and again the summer

forms will sometimes appear late in the autumn. To

‘illustrate this I will give an instance which came under

my notice five years ago. I then visited Boshiu and

Kadzusa, on the opposite side of Tokiyo Bay, the ex-

tremity of Boshiu being always markedly warmer than

the neighbourhood of Yokohama. It was in the month |

of November, and I found there the black summer form

of Polyommatus Phleas abundance, while as I worked

further north up the Bay this was replaced by the

_ brightly-coloured spring and autumn form.

Our seasons are pretty evenly divided ; the latter half

of December, all January, February, and the first. half

of March being winter; the latter part of March, all

April, May, and June, spring ; July, August, September,

summer; October, November, and the first half of

December autumn. .

Yokohama is situated on a plain intersected by many

cultivated valleys, the land seldom rising over 100 feet

in elevation; to the north the plain extends about eighty

miles to the Nikko range, the nearest mountain to Yoko-

hama being Ohoyama, in Sagami, twenty-six miles

distant west. This plain, which includes both Yokohama

and Tokiyo districts, forms the province of Musashi.

Temperature.—The variations in course of the year,

TRANS, ENT. soc. 1882,—PART II. (SEPT.)

486 Mr. H. Pryer on certain temperatire

at the same level, are very severe. We frequently have

10° to 12° of frost in the winter, and in summer the

thermometer is frequently 88° to 90° Fah. in the shade,

and the sun is then very powerful.

Papilio Xuthus and Xuthulus.—This insect is generally

found feeding on the Karatachi (Citrus trifoliata), and

Inusanchiyo (Xanthoxylon schinnefolium); it is very

abundant, and a succession of broods appear during the

year ; the insect first appears as an imago in March

(the larva having fed up in the colder period of the

autumn) ; it is then the form known as Xuthulus : another

brood begins to appear in June, and is intermediate

in size and coloration between Xuthulus and Xuthus. This

form has a dimorphic female, which is sometimes yellow

and sometimes pale-coloured. The early Xuthulus form

has a red spot at the anal angle of the hind wing which

is quite lost in the summer broods, which are much

larger and darker. I have specimens of the small tem-

perature form Xuthulus under three inches in expanse, and

of the large Xuthus over five inches. I took the Xuthulus

form on the Ogasawara Islands (Bonins), 500 miles due

south of Yokohama, in March, although the temperature

there then was as warm as in June at Yokohama, proving

that the cold during the time the insect had been in the

larval stage had been sufficient to produce this form

instead of the large dark Xuthus form. This species is

abundant everywhere.

‘Papilio Machaon.—This insect feeds on the cultivated

carrot, fennel, and other plants. The difference betwéen

the temperature forms is very striking ; March specimens

are about 24 to 23 in. in expanse and very pale-coloured,

the summer forms expanding over five inches, and are

very dark handsome insects. No alteration takes place

in the markings, the colours being intensified only. It is

very abundant everywhere.

Papilio Alcinous.—Feeds on a climbing-plant, I think

a species of Asclepiadee. The larva and pupa are very

extraordinary ; the first, when full-fed, has the appear-

ance of a large mulberry, and the pupa looks more like a

molluse than the pupa of a lepidopterous insect. The

imago first appears in April, and is generally then smaller

than those appearing later on. This insect beg almost

unicolorous, cannot otherwise alter, except in size. I

have noticed that the early spring male has rather an

unpleasant sour smell, whereas the summer specimens

forms of Japanese Butterflies. : 487

have a faint but very pleasant odour when alive. It is

very abundant, and I have seen hundreds at a time on

the wing, flying over the blossoming rape-fields, when the

intense black of the male is very conspicuous over the

bright yellow flowers.

Papilio macilentus.—First brood appears early in May ;

it is then very much smaller than those appearing in the

summer months, but, being unicolorous, does not exhibit

any alteration. Ihave taken it in. May less than half

the size of the summer broods. I have not yet detected.

the larva. Rare about Yokohama, but common in all the

mountains.

Papilio Maacki. —Feeds upon the Karatachi (Citrus

trifoliata), skimmea, and other trees ; it is a very variable

insect, and has the usual temperature forms, Dehaani,

Bianor, and tutanus being some of the names it has

received; they are all undoubtedly referable to one

species. The cold temperature form 1s generally small

and brightly coloured, the summer ones being larger and

darker. Last year, in June, I took both the extreme

forms on the same day. At Nikko, elevation about 2000

feet, the large summer form was abundant, but on

ascending about 1500 feet more to Chiuzenji I found the

smaller brightly-coloured form equally common. _

Papilio Demetrius.—F eeds on the Karatachi (Citrus tri-

foliata) and other trees. The larve of Xuthus, Demetrius,

and Maacki resemble each other very closely; the pupe,

however, can be readily distinguished; the food plants

are also generally the same. The temperature forms of

Demetrius vary as to size, but, being almost unicolorous,

show no other differences. Abundant everywhere.

Gonepteryx rhamni.—There are two forms, the large

one being found about Yokohama, and low down on

Ohoyama ; the smaller, sharply-pointed winged, form is

found about Nikko, and generally high up in the moun-

tains. Both forms hybernate.

Colias Hyale.—This has a very striking temperature

form; it is very small, about 13 in. in expanse, and

lightly coloured, whereas a large summer specimen will

measure as much as 24 in. It isa very hardy insect,

and first appears in February, in which month I have

often captured newly-emerged specimens flying along a

bank warmed by the sun, at the foot in the shade ice an

inch thick being present, with patches of snow lying in

all shady places. It is very abundant, and can be taken

488 Mr. H. Pryer on certain temperature

nearly every month in the year, and is common in the

mountains and on the plains. The female here, as

in other species of Colias, is dimorphic, the white and a

yellow form being equally abundant.

Pieris napi and Melete.—I think the latter will prove to

be a temperature form of the first-named species, which

only appears in March and April. Melete begins to put

in an appearance in the latter part of May ; subsequent

broods increase in size and depth of coloration. I have

round-winged May specimens 1% in. against 23 in. long-

winged August specimens. There is as great a difference

between May and August specimens of Melete as there

exists between Melete and napt.

Pieris rape.—Appears first in March small and light-

coloured; subsequent broods are larger, and in the

female very darkly clouded at the base of the wing. I

have, however, taken in July, about 3000 feet up Fujisan,

smaller specimens than those obtained about Yokohama

in March. Mr. Elwes in his list (Proc. Zool. Soc., 15th

Nov., 1881) gives Pieris brassice as being found in Japan,

but I have never seen either the imago, larva, or pupa of

this insect here, His remarks refer to rape, which is

very abundant. The food-plant, larva, and pupa do not

differ om the mea: species.

Six years ago, in March, I observed

a ins babtintad pectnen of Terias Mandarina depositing

its eges on Lespedeza junca ; I took these, and was much

surprised by breeding from these eggs the black-bordered

Hecabe form. At the time I thought some larve of Hecabe

must have been accidentally introduced into the breed-

ing-cages, and hesitated publishing the fact until I had

verified it. This year I have repeated the experiment

fully, and I am now in the position to assert positively

that Hecabe and Mandarina are one species. I obtained’

a number of the plants and potted them, after carefully

examining every leaf for eggs or larve. I then caught a

number of female Mandarina, and.enclosed them in a

gauze house with the plants, and soon obtained a good

supply of eggs. The perfect insects are now emerging,

Ist to 20th’ June; no two specimens are exactly alike,

and they comprise all the forms from Nos. 1 to 11 of

Plate vi., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880. Nos. 12 to 17

are the autumn forms, which hybernate. Sixteen speci-

mens in all have emer ‘eed, eight females and eight males.

It is a very remarkable fact that four of the specimens,

forms of Japanese Butterflies. 489

three females and one male, are the Mandarina form. I

have never captured this form at this season of the year,

or even. seen anything approaching it, although twenty

or thirty of the other forms are now brought in daily by

~ my collector, to whom I have given special instructions

to capture as many T'erias as possible. Six specimens,

five males and one female, are the Hecabe form as figured

in the plate, Nos. 1 to 6; two specimens, both males,

represent figures 7 to 11; and one female can also be

placed in the same rank. One female would do for either

forms, Nos. 1 to 6 or 7 to 11, as it unites both in having

a more distinctly marked black edge on the right wing

than on the left wing ; the remaining specimen, a female,

is quite a new form intermediate between Nos. 7 to 11

and 12 to 17. . This insect is, therefore, very sensitive to

temperature influences, and I believe it is owing to my

having reared these. specimens in a cold room, without

much direct sunlight, that I have been so successful in

procuring all these forms from a single lot of eggs. Al-

though I am perfectly aware that I shall be charged with

perpetrating a serious scientific solecism, still, taking

into consideration the exceptionally large: numbers. of

forms of this insect. which have been described as distinct

species, I venture on proposing yet another name, and

uniting all those hitherto described under the name of

Terias multiformis.

Terias multiformis, viz. :—

Terias _Hecabe

Mandarina See Mr. Elwes’ Catalogue,

Hecabeoides} Proc. Zool. Soc., Nov. 15th,

sinensis 1881.

Japan. . .\Mariesu

Anemone

connexiwa

hybrida

Australia. . <A’siope

Ent. Soc. Lond. 1880, p.197.

Rev. R. P. Murray, Trans.

West Africa . Brenda nt, Saceanatiey a qeee

Malacca . . Sart

Terias senegalensis. is given in the Catalogue of the

Hewitson Collection, one specimen from Japan. I should

like to know whether it can be referable to T'erias multi-

formis. Ihave two specimens of a Terias from Singa-

pore marked like the Hecabe form, but with fore wings

more rounded than the usual Japanese specimens.

490 Mr. H. Pryer on certain temperature

I have, however, two Japanese specimens which differ

from each other in markings, but which are nearly

as round-winged as those from Singapore. I shall be

greatly obliged for notes on the genus Trias, and speci-

mens from any part of the world, for which I shall be

glad to send Japanese insects. The remaining species

. of Japanese Trias are Terias Betheseba, which appears

only in summer, and Terias Leta, which is out all the

year round, hybernating in the winter. I have a speci-

men, and Mr. Ota has another, without the black mark-

ing on the tip of the wing.

Leucophasia vibilia I obtained, in considerable quanti-

ties, from Nambu, in the north of the main island; it

may be a temperature form of sinapis, as Mr. Elwes sug- °

gests, but I cannot say for certain.

Lethe Sicelis and Diana.—The latter is, I think, a

temperature form of Sicelis ; Diana is only found in the

mountains, Sicelis on the plains. The difference between

the two forms is in colour and size only; the markings

are identical; both are very abundant in their respective —

localities.

Neope Goschkevitschiit.—This also has a dark tempera-

ture form found in the mountains. I have taken it high

up on Ohoyama, when the paler plain form at the foot

of the mountain was very much worn. It is a very

abundant.insect.

Ypthima Baldus.—I have two forms, both taken about

Yokohama ; one is light on the under side, and is very

abundant ; the other is as dark on the under side as it is

above.

Limenitis Sibylla.—I have specimens from Fujisan with

a large distinct white stigma. Yokohama specimens

sometimes exhibit a trace of this stigma.

Vanessa C-aureum and Pryeriare undoubtedly identical.

Pryeri is a temperature form which appears in the

autumn, and hybernates; it feeds on the cultivated

hemp. Difference in the shape of the wings of the two

forms is very noticeable. Itis a very abundant insect

on the plains.

Vanessa C-album, Fentoni, and hanugera. —I quite

agree with Mr. Elwes in thinking that these are all forms

of one species. The difference between Fentoni and

hamigera is exactly the same as between C-awreum and

Pryeri. I have not taken either Fentoni or hamigera, but

I believe Mr. Fenton informed me that Fentoni was found

forms of Japanese Butterflies. 491

high up in the Asamayama district, hamigera being con-

fined to the foot of the range.

Polyommatus Phleas. — This insect is very strongly

affected by temperature ; the first brood, which appears

in March, is very brightly coloured; the latter summer

broods, in the male, are almost black.

Lycena Argiolus.—The late broods are generally larger

than the first, which appears very early in the year.

The females are in summer especially large and dark ;

two forms, however, then appear, one dark, and a much

brighter form.

Lycena Argia and Japonica are, I believe, identical.

Japonica appears late in the autumn, and again in the

spring ; it is then replaced by Argia in summer.

In conclusion I would remark that neither size, shape,

nor colour can be relied upon as sufficient guides for

specific distinction, and that temperature has a great

evolutionary effect in the character of insects, but this

has hitherto been greatly obscured owing to the mis-

directed zeal of various entomologists who have hastened

to describe insects as new species without sufficient in-

vestigation.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PART III. (SEPT.) 358

Aa rs se

Ps al ve 1; <a aN

ae ylanerria pny al gana Pe

= Pond Ut elaitie fi rat Py att

« WOT thal ih | iota

i Witter vies Ha,

4; oT i (tp ag}

v1 he

' aS

Wir Re) A

5 . i ae | Tie yeast |

° wives ) ge

& ify

' 4 ‘

PR tee

i 7; oF

ae b

i ray

o 7 :

‘

my aidan Re

& i, = 4 i a) i i

Vagie, esi re ;

Fy. A 4 eh yr o

(, 498: ..)

XXI. Descriptions of new Coleoptera from Madagascar

belonging to the Melolonthide. By Cuaruus O.

WATERHOUSE. ;

[Read August 2nd, 1882.]

Tue species described in this paper are mostly from

various collections recently received at the British

Museum from Madagascar. The genera of Melolonthide

are somewhat unsatisfactory, and I have therefore re-

frained from proposing new genera, except im one case.

The species which I have described as Encya variegata

and E. cribrata are allied to Encya ornatipennis, Blan-

chard, and all these species depart from the definition of

the genus in having more than four lamellx to the club

of the antenne. E. ornatipennis, male, has the club

composed of five lamelle ; EL. cribrata, male, six lamellee ;

and E. variegata, male, seven lamelle. The species

which I have described as Lepidiota pygidialis differs from

all the species of the genus in the acute prolongation of

the apex of the pygidium ; but, having regard to the

mixed group of species now included in the genus Lepi-

diota, 1 have not deemed it advisable to separate this

species generically, as that would be better done by any

one monographing the family.

MELOLONTHIDA.

RHIZOTROGIN&.

Ewan, Er.

In Lacordaire’s ‘ Genera des Coléoptéres’ the club of

the antenne is said to be three-jointed, but a note is

added to the effect that all the specimens examined were

females. The specimen described below as HE. marginata

is a male, and of E. depressiuscula there are both sexes.

The males differ from the females in having the club of

the antenne composed of four leaflets, which are very

distinctly longer than those of the female ; the 7th joint,

TRANS. ENT, soc. 1882,—PART III. (SEPT.)

494 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s descriptions of

however, is not so much produced as the 8th, 9th, and

10th. The fringe of spines at the apex of the posterior

tibize is more developed in the female than in the male.*

Enaria latifrons, n.s.

Oblongo-ovata, convexa, flavo-testacea, nitida ; capite

grosse punctato, thorace longitudine duplo latiori antice

paulo angustiori, lateribus leviter arcuatis crenulatis,

margine antico leviter bisinuato, dorso sat crebre grosse

punctato, scutello evidenter punctato, elytris grosse crebre

punctatis, pygidio confertim grosse punctato, abdomine

sat crebre grosse punctato. @. Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Madagascar.

Enaria marginata, n. 8.

Elongato-ovata, flavo-testacea, nitida; capite piceo

grosse punctato, thorace piceo, lateribus flavescentibus,

scutello levi, piceo, elytris marginibus calloque humerali

piceis, pygidio crebre grosse punctato, abdomine medio

hie et illic puncto impresso, latera versus crebre fortiter

punctato, tibiarum apicibus tarsisque piceis. ¢. Long.

8 lin.

Hab. Fianarantsoa (Shaw).

In the British Museum there are two species of Enaria,

which I have briefly described above, evidently closely

allied to EL. rufofulva, Fairmaire (Ann. Fr., 1880, p. 327),

but I cannot reconcile either of them with it.

E. latifrons is nearly uniform in colour, but the head

is a little darker yellow. The front margin of the thorax

is slightly sinuate on each side of the middle; in which

it differs from H. marginata, which has it straight. The

punctures are rather large and deep, and not very close

together. EH. latifrons has the posterior angles com-

pletely rounded off; in H. marginata there is a slight

** The important difference in the development of the apex of the

posterior tibie in the Melolonthide appears almost to be over-

looked by Lacordaire. The females have the apex more enlarged

than in the males, accompanied by a greater development of the

spines and spurs. This is very observable in the common Melo-

lontha vulgaris, but in some of the larger Lepidiota the difference

is very great. Under Ancylonycha Lacordaire says, ‘‘ Jambes

posterieures évasées au bout surtout chez les femelles,” the only

mention of this character which has come under my rotice,

new Coleoptera from Madagascar. 495

angulation. The elytra in H. marginata are a little

longer than in L. latifrons, but the punctuation is similar.

The pygidium in both species is very strongly punctured ;

in LH. latifrons the punctures are crowded together, whilst

in H. marginata the punctures are distinctly separated,

and in places there is room for punctures of the same

size in the intervals. HH. marginata has the abdomen

with a very few punctures in the middle; in HL. lati-

frons the punctuation is nearly equally strong and close

throughout.

Enaria depressiuscula, n. s.

EKlongato-oblonga, subparallela, sat convexa, nitida,

flava ; capite thoraceque rufo-flavis discrete punctatis,

elytris dorsim depressiusculis, evidenter crebrius punc-

tatis. Long. 8} lin.

This species is relatively longer than any of the others,

more parallel, and has the elytra flattened above; the

suture is, however, raised, as is usual in the genus. The

head and clypeus are strongly, but not very closely,

punctured. The thorax is gradually, but not very, much

narrowed from the base to the front angles, gently

arcuate at the sides; the punctures are strong and rather

distant from each other. The scutellum is distinctly and

not very thickly punctured. The elytra are very little

enlarged posteriorly, subparallel, the punctuation is

strong, and a little closer than on the thorax ; the suture

posteriorly and the margins are. most narrowly tinted

with dark brown.

Hab. Antananarivo (Kingdon) ; Fianarantsoa (Cowan).

Eincya calva, n. 8

Oblonga, flavo-testacea, calva, nitida ; capite thorace-

que (lateribus exceptis) piceis, crebre punctatis, scutello

piceo, levi, elytris minus nitidis crebre punctatis, macula

ante apicem piceo nitido. Long. 7 lin., lat. 43 lin.

Head thickly and moderately strongly punctured, the

punctures clearly separated from each other ; the clypeus

scarcely emarginate. Thorax evenly convex, pitchy,

with the sides yellowish, thickly and very distinctly

punctured, the punctures clearly separated from each

other ; broadest close to the base, narrowed anteriorly

from about the middle; the margins not crenulate ; the

496 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s descriptions of

base oblique on each side, but very slightly lobed in the

middle. The elytra are not very convex, very little

enlarged posteriorly. The surface is rather uneven,

closely but irregularly punctured, slightly rugulose in

parts, with more or less numerous small, irregular, shin-

ing, brown marks; below the subapical callosity is

a rather large, brown, transverse spot. Pygidium

very thickly and strongly punctured. The sternum is

clothed with long yellow pubescence. The abdomen is

nearly smooth in the middle, but is rather thickly punc-

tured at the sides; with very sparse and extremely fine

pubescence.

Hab. Fianarantsoa (Cowan).

Encya pyriformis, n.s.

Pyriformis, sat convexa, brunnea, parum nitida, dense

rugoso-punctata, squamis setiformibus flavo-griseis ves-

tita, squamisque majoribus hic et illic albidis ; corpore

subtus dense griseo-albo pubescenti. ?. Long. 123 lin.,

lat. (postice), 74 lin.

Clypeus very short, but not quite so short as in the

foregoing species, the emargination occupying about

one-third the length. Thorax very broad behind, very

obliquely narrowed in front, not very convex, closely and

coarsely punctured, but the punctures are not so crowded

as in H. gutticollis. Elytra at the base the same width

as the base of the thorax, gradually becoming broader

for two-thirds the length, and then obtusely rounded off;

the greatest width is to the width of the base as 8 to 2;

the shoulders and the subapical callosities are scarcely

prominent, the latter marked by a small smooth spot

below ; the punctuation is very close and strong, and the

narrow elevated shining intervals are confluent trans-

versely. The setiform scales are very acute, evenly dis-

tributed over the surface, and not so dense as in the

foregoing species. The sternum is clothed with moderately

long soft pubescence ; the abdomen with setiform scales,

which are a trifle shorter and less narrow than those on

the elytra.

Eincya gutticollis, n. 8.

EKlongato-oblonga, subparallela, convexa, fusca, dense

rugulosa, brevissime griseo-pilosa, subopaca; thorace

guttis duabus albidis ornato, elytris postice parum lati-

new Coleoptera from Madagascar. 497

oribus, brunneis, guttis parvis numerosis elevatis piceis

nitidis, et squamis setiformibus albidis. Long. 10} ln.,

lat. 54 lin.

This species is closely allied to the preceding, but it is

more parallel in form, more coarsely rugulose through-

out, except on the head, where the rugulose sculpture is

replaced by close, strong punctuation. The clypeus is

extremely short, so that the anterior emargination reaches

half-way to the posterior carina. The thorax is very

densely rugose-punctate, all the raised intervals shining ;

on the disk, a little in front of the middle, are two white

spots composed of scale-like hairs; and here and there

are simple, very narrow, acuminate scales. The scu-

tellum is densely punctured, distinctly smaller than in

the foregoing species, and more equilateral. The elytra

are brown, with numerous small, irregular raised, smooth,

pitchy spots. Besides the fine yellowish grey hairs, with

which the surface is not very densely clothed, there are

narrow whitish scales, which appear to range themselves

in three or four lines. The subapical callosity is

scarcely prominent (but is marked by one of the small

smooth spots); it is not more than one line distant

from the apex, 7.e., much closer to the margin than

in EL. invulnerata. The abdomen is clothed with greyish

pubescence.

Encya invulnerata, n. 8.

Oblongo-ovata, antice paulo angustata, brunnea, dense

rugulosa, brevissime flavo-pilosa, opaca; thorace guttis

duabus parvis flavis ornato, elytris guttis nonnullis piceis

nitidis notatis. Long. 12 lin., lat. 7 lin.

The head is densely and moderately finely rugulose ;

the front margin of the clypeus is triangularly emargi-

nate. The thorax is very convex, densely rugulose (per-

haps a little more finely so than the head), obliquely

narrowed anteriorly from rather behind the middle ; the

anterior angles scarcely prominent ; the sides crenulate,

slightly angular a little way from the base; the base

with a medial lobe. On the disk, near the front margin,

are two small spots formed of whitish scales. Scutellum

densely rugulose. Elytra atthe base scarcely wider than

the thorax, considerably wider posteriorly, deflexed at

the apex; densely rugulose, the suture slightly raised

498 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s descriptions of

and shining (but rugose) to near the subapical callo-

sity ; here and there are small, irregular raised, shining

spots.

Hab. Antananarivo (Shaw).

Encya variegata, 0. 8.

Elongato-ovata, convexa, nitida, picea, subtus tes-

tacea; thorace minus crebre punctato, lateribus testaceis,

elytris flavo-testaceis crebre sat fortiter punctatis, guttis

numerosis irregularibus parum elevatis piceis. 3, 2.

Long. 74 lin., lat. 33 lin.

This species much resembles EH. ornatipennis, Bl.,

but differs from the specimens so named in having the

thorax more rounded at the sides posteriorly, so that the

posterior angles are much more obtuse, in fact almost

rounded off ; the punctuation is much less close, and the

sides are margined with pale yellow. The scutellum is

smooth in the male example, but has a very few punc-

tures in the female. The elytra are pale yellow, strongly

and closely punctured, but not so rugose as in EL. ornati-

pennis; the smooth brown markings have a tendency to

unite tranversely, but in places seem to indicate longi-

tudinal, interrupted cost. The two teeth on the ante-

rior tibie are small as compared with E. ornatipennis.

The abdomen has no scales, but has some short, very

fine, pubescence ; the punctures are rather strong, and

not close together.

The male has the first joint of the antenne moderately

elongate ; the second is short; the third has its inner

apical angle produced into a process which is as long as

the length of the joint; the six* apical joints form a

rather long, scarcely curved, club.

The female has the third joint long and slender; the

fourth joint is almost-half the length of the third; the

fifth is strongly transverse and wider ; the sixth is still

wider and very transverse ; the four apical joints form-

ing an ovate club.

Hab. Antananarivo (Shaw).

* The apical joint is divided at its apex, showing that it is a

malformation, the ninth and tenth joints having grown together.

The specimen unfortunately has lost the other antenna. The club

would, doubtless, consist of seven joints.

new Coleoptera from Madagascar. 499

Encya cribrata, nu. 8.

Praecedenti affinis, sed paulo latior, picea, confertim

ruguloso-punctata; abdomine creberrime punctato, squa-

mulis angustissimis pallidis tecto. g. Long. 9 lin.,

late 43 lin.

Uniform dark brown. Head and clypeus very strongly

and very closely punctured. Thorax much narrowed in

front, not much narrowed at the base, the sides rounded

behind the middle; punctuation strong and very much

crowded. Scutellum very thickly punctured. KElytra

densely punctured, but the punctures are of unequal size ;

here and there are small, irregular, smooth intervals.

Abdomen rather thickly and moderately strongly punc-

tured ; clothed with pale short setz, or extremely narrow

scales. Basal joint of the antenne long; the second

very short; the third distinctly longer than the second ;

the fourth about as broad at the apex as long, with a

slight angular projection on the inner side ; the stx apical

joints forming a rather long straight club.

KUTRICHESIS, 0. g.

Clypeus very transverse, separated from the forehead

by a well-marked carina. Third and fourth joints of the

antenne subequal; the club small, ovate, composed of

three lamella. Mesosternum without intercoxal process.

Anterior tibiz with two strong teeth. Metathoracie para-

pleure long and narrow. Claws furnished beneath in the

middle with a strong tooth.

I propose this genus for some species of large size, with _

the body clothed with a mixture of shorter and very long

hair. Although the large size of the species would lead

one to look for these insects among true Melolonthide,

they should certainly, on account of the narrow para-

pleura, be placed withthe Rhizotrogine, near Schizonycha.

It appears to me that T'richolepis, Blanch., which

Lacordaire “has no hesitation in uniting with” Lepi-

diota, would be better transferred to the Rhizotrogine, on

account of the narrow metathoracic parapleure. Melo-

lontha lactea, Gory, Leucopholis lepidota, Klug, Melolontha

grandis, Cast., and Lepidiota Savaget, Hope, are Melo-

lonthide, and must for the present be put in the magazine

genus Lepidiota, and not under T'richolepis, as in Gem-

minger and vy. Harold’s Catalogue. Hnthora has narrow

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaART III. (SEPT.) oT

500 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s descriptions of

metathoracic parapleure, and should be placed with

Encya, among the Rhizotrogine.

Eutrichesis punctatus, n. s.

Elongatus, subparallelus, convexus, crassus, castaneus,

pallide-pilosus et longe fulvo-hirtus ; capite thoraceque

fuscis, opacis, rugosis, elytris nitidis crebre fortiter punc-

tatis, corpore subtus majis testaceo fulvo-piloso, abdo-

mine medio calvo. Long. 20 lin., lat. 103 lin.

Head and clypeus closely and very coarsely punctured ;

the clypeus very short, the triangular emargination of

the front margin reaching half-way to the posterior

carina. Thorax broad, twice as broad as long, closely

and very coarsely punctured, with an irregular smooth

median line; the greatest width is a little before the

base, but it is only very slightly narrower at the base ;

the sides are crenulate ; the base is broadly but not much

lobed in the middle. The scutellum is fuscous, transverse,

and triangular, very coarsely punctured. LElytra at the

base as wide as the thorax, a little narrowed below the

shoulders, and then slightly enlarged posteriorly, obtusely

- rounded at the apex, somewhat flattened on the back, but

with the suture raised for a little more than two-thirds

the length; rather closely punctured with irregular-

shaped strong punctures ; each puncture bearing a stiff

yellowish-white decumbent hair or seta. On each side

of the suture the sculpture is finer and more confused.

The humeral callosity is smooth; there is no subapical

callosity. The pygidium is semicircular, gently convex ;

very densely and finely rugosely punctured, opaque,

except the margin, where the sculpture is coarser and the

surface more shining. The two strong external teeth on

the anterior tibie are blackish. The abdomen is shining,

with rather large distant punctures ; the apex and mar-

gins closely punctured. The shorter pubescence which

clothes the upper surface of the insect is fine on the

thorax, and becomes coarser as it approaches the apex

of the elytra. The long, erect, fulvous hair is especially

observable on the sides and tibie.

Hab. Fianarantsoa (Cowan).

new Coleoptera from Madagascar. 501

Eutrichesis pilosicollis, n. 8.

Elongatus, parallelus, castaneus, subtus testaceus ;

ecapite fusco, confertim fortiter punctato, thorace con-

vexo, fusco-castaneo, confertim ruguloso-punctato et sub-

tiliter flavo-piloso pilis longis intermixtis, antice per-

parum angustato, lateribus arcuatis crenulatis, elytris

parallelis crebre fortiter punctatis, pallide pilosis. Long.

12 ins, late 7 lin.

This species is close to the preceding, but differs in

having the thorax relatively a little broader, and un-

usually little narrowed anteriorly. The clypeus is less

emarginate. The punctuation of the thorax is finer and

more even, and there is no smooth median line; the

pubescence is finer and closer. The pygidium is more

triangular in outline and less rugosely punctured. The

punctures on the middle portion of the abdomen are

finer, and the basal segment is finely and rather thickly

punctured all over.

Hab. Antananarivo (Toy).

EKutrichesis placidus, n. 8.

Brunneus, subtus testaceus, crebre punctatus, pallide

pilosus; capite infuscato, thorace crebre fortiter punc-

tato, elytris postice paulo amplioribus, abdomine crebre

punctato. Long. 143 lin., lat. 7} lin.

This species differs from the foregoing in being less

parallel in form, the thorax being more narrowed in

front, and the elytra more enlarged posteriorly. The

clypeus is formed as in LH. pilosicollis, but the head

is rather more confusedly punctured. The punctuation

of the thorax is rather strong, but, although the pune-

tures are very close together, they are distinct from each

other, and not confused as they are in both the preceding

species. The scutellum is more finely and more sparingly

punctured. The elytra are relatively shorter ; the sculp-

ture is very similar. The pygidium is rather more semi-

circular in outline than in EL. pilosicolis. The abdomen

is rather thickly and.comparatively finely punctured,

very closely so at the sides; the middle of the second

segment and middle of the third segment (the margin

excepted) sparingly punctured ; the pubescence very fine.

Hab. Antananarivo (Kingdon).

502 New Coleoptera from Madagascar.

MELOLONTHIN &.

Lepidiota pygidialis, n. s.

Ovalis, sat convexa, nitida, fusca ; capite thoraceque

fortiter punctatis, punctis squamuliferis, elytris testaceis

sat fortiter punctatis, calvis, pygidio planato, creberrime

punctato, apice longe acuminato paulo reflexo fere levi,

abdomine piceo crebre punctulato, breviter pallide piloso.

Long. 12 lin.

Elongate-ovate, moderately convex, the elytra without

coste. The head and thorax are strongly punctured;

the punctures are clearly defined, close together on the

front of the head and sides of the thorax, well separated

on the disk of the thorax ; each bearing a small round

whitish scale. The thorax obliquely narrowed in front

from considerably in front of the middle; the sides pos-

teriorly very gently sinuous. Scutellum a curvilinear, equi-

lateral triangle, with a few strong punctures. The elytra

are yellowish testaceous, with: the margins below the

shoulders brown ; the punctuation is moderately strong,

not very close. The form of the pygidium is remarkable.

It is rather flat, thickly punctured (the punctures having

a tendency to unite longitudinally), finely margined ; the

apex is prolonged into an acute process, which makes a

very obtuse angle with the body of the pygidium; the

process is smooth, except some punctures along its mar-

gins. The anterior tibie have two short teeth. The

third joint of the antenne is scarcely longer than the

fourth.

Hab. Antananarivo (Shaw); Fianarantsoa (Cowan).

C "S05" ?)

XXII. A supplementary note on the specific modifications

of Japan Carabi, and some observations on the

mechanical action of solar rays in relation to colour

during the evolution of species. By GuorcEe Lewis.

[Read October 4th, 1882. |

Tur paper I now offer to the Society was commenced in

August to illustrate the climatical variations to which

Carabi in Japan are subject, but the consideration of the

relations of light to colour has crept into the article,

and I have thought it well to leave the two subjects

‘together, as they are closely connected, rather than

separate them now. ‘The paper is not scientific in any

higher sense of the term than that attained by common

observation ; but perhaps later on I can refer to the sub-

ject of colour more fully. I hope there is something in

the notes sufficiently tangible to incite discussion, if

nothing more. .

In the December number of the ‘Entomological

Monthly Magazine,’ 1880, I described the peculiar geo-

graphical position of the Japanese islands, and gave

some account of the climates of those regions in which

the different species of Damaster originate, and I en-

deavoured succinctly to show that ‘‘in tracing Damaster

from the south to the north, species became smaller, and

step by step modified in form, with colour appearing

the higher they go either in altitude or latitude.’ And

IT also pointed out that Damaster became diurnal in the

north, where the warmth of sunshine was essential to

it, and that with diurnal habits bright colours followed,

according to the usually acknowledged laws of evolution.

For as we ourselves fail to discern the fading colours of

a landscape as night sets in, so Nature fails to per-

petuate colour in nocturnal insects, colour itself being

dependent on light-rays.

The colours of insects are often set down rather in-

definitely to natural selection, in which sexual preference

for beauty is supposed to be a considerable element ; for

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRT Iv. (DEC.) 3 U

504 Mr. G. Lewis’ supplementary note on the

it has been said, that after colour has appeared in a

‘species, by some cause not explained, sexual selection

can continue to improve it. But a truer explanation of

insect-colour, to my mind, would be, if it could be shown

that by little and little, in minute gradations, through

long periods, sun-rays are the cause of it. And this, I

think, is the origin of it, through what may be termed °

Photoplasticity, a photoplastic process by which the

various rays or wave-movements from the sun impress

living organisms with the structure necessary for colour.

What we call bright colour does not exist in obscurity ;

light is necessary to appreciate it, and is, I think, the

factor which produces it, and that nocturnal insects are

black because they are not affected by the direct rays

from the sun.

Professor Tyndall, in ‘ Forms of Water,’ 1878, says of

the wave theory of light, ‘‘It is because of its com-

petence to explain all the phenomena of light that the

wave theory now receives universal acceptance on the

part of scientific men.” So the theory of the mechanical

action of light may be accepted as the cause of colour,

if it is sufficient to explain the phenomena of colour ;

and it is the object of a portion of this short note

to bring forward a few facts tending, as I think, to

prove it.

Damaster blaptoides is a nocturnal insect; it is a

night-rover, and during the day secretes itself in the

rotten touchwood of old trees, remaining always well

out of the light. Noctue are not nocturnal in this sense,

as they are ‘exposed to certain rays of ight during the

day. Some, e.g. Aplecta tincta and others, possess a

colour called a protective colour, and rest on mottled

moss-grown bark in the daytime, and it is then their

colours are originated, not during flight, for their tints

are not then visible, and it is on the upper wings alone

that maculation appears. If we believe that there has.

been, and still is, a continuous modification of species

throughout Nature, we must consider that the Noctue

and the lichens have erown together, each out of some

older form, sufficiently long to have been more or less

modified side by side, as the contingencies of their

existence dictated change : and, as their colours assimi-

late, we must, I think acknowledge, that they have

acquired them by the same natural processes; say, for

instance, in the subdued light-rays of an umbrageous

specific modifications of Japan Carabi. 505

forest. Let another instance be cited. Everywhere on

the soil in summer time we see innumerable Formicide,

active and bustling, running here and there in the sun-

niest places; some are fuscous, others reddish, but with

them we do not see the flavous species. To find Lasius

jlavus we turn over stones, and then see the yellow

worker, which burrows and remains in the nest under

them ; while tle male and female more frequently leave

the nests, and are less flavous. I have seen numbers of

exotic Formicide of the same colour and habit, for, as it

is under the shelter of the forest with the lichens and

Noctue, so under the stones, there seems something in

the nature of the shelter, to cause a peculiar colour, this

time yellow. And, as a further indication of the same

kind, we find a rufo-testaceous tint in Claviger, Heterius,

Corythoderus, Paussus, which reside in situations similar

to those of the worker in Lasius. I have Articeros from

the nests of a fuscous ant with nests under stones, but

the instincts and habits of the Formica lead it abroad,

and during daylight it continually sallies out and runs

over the earth, returning to the nest only at intervals ;

while Articeros remains at home under stones, and, so

hidden, retains its generic colour. With Formica rufa

there are: different coloured beetles, Dendrophilus, Myr-

metes, &c., for neither the beetles nor the ants are sub-

terraneous. In Japan there is a little gregarious beetle

which consorts in societies under embedded stones, not in

the open, but under large trees ; it is one of the Ozenide,

and has precisely the colour of the neuter of Lasius flavus.

When colorous uniformity occurs in animals of widely

different descent, yet living under the same conditions,

the colours are probably of the same origin, for natural

selection could not in any phase do more than continue

or render persistent that which has been created by other

means. Certain species of Lampyride are flavous, and

in this colour are of world-wide distribution, but their

habits are the same in all countries and under all

climates, and we must not hastily say the colour is that

of the group or family, or that it is hereditary, because,

as I have said in regard to the yellow Lasius, the parents

are fuscous, and it looks to me as though the conditions

of life have more influence on colour than even parentage.

And if the general principle of this is admitted, can the

protective colour theory be allowed to occupy the posi-

tion in our thoughts it has obtained during the past

twenty years ? i

506 Mr. G. Lewis’ supplementary note on the -

A few months ago I was observing daily Phylliwm

Anthanysus, which in Ceylon feeds on the leaf of the

guava. Every nerve in the body of the larva of this

insect corresponds to a vein in the leaf of its food-plant,

and any one who is familiar only with the hard permanent

forms in the fauna of Europe can hardly realise the

degree of wonderment felt on seeing the insect alive for

the first time. In life it has the beautiful greenness of

the fresh guava leaf, and in death its tints fade gradually

until it simulates in colour a dry specimen in the her-

barium. Yet here [ can only see peculiar form, for

I believe the colour is of the same origin as in the leaf.

No one can doubt the two things are connected, and

have developed side by side, and I believe that the mate-

rial substance of both is such that they absorb and

reflect to us the same rays. In Ceylon, again, the larve

of the Daphnis nerii feed on the recently-imported chin-

chona, and last January, in the early morning, I saw

tomtits going the round of the plantations and feeding

on the small caterpillars, which then measured about

nine lines in length; the birds picked them off with the

quick movements of their species, and without the least

hesitation, evidently seeing the specimens clearly and at

once. ‘These larve were not protected by their colour,

nor yet by their resting, after the manner of Sphingide,

on the under side of the leaves, for I spent some time in

searching in vain for overlooked larve after the birds °

had passed. In the young larve the side stripes and

blue ocelli are scarcely visible; these beautiful and

attractive markings do not develop conspicuously until

the grubs are too large for the tomtits, so there is nothing

in the stripes or eyes to disquiet the birds. Again, can

we see protective colours in large Carahi? A fine

Carabus, such as rutilans and Hispanus, can hold its

own on a Spanish mountain slope against such enemies

as it is now likely to encounter, and why at any ante-

cedent stage of its earlier struggles shall we credit it

with having more formidable opponents? If the con-

ditions of its life were much altered, if the slopes were

covered with dense forest, for instance, the creature itself

would not be that of the present type. In the larval

state, no doubt its numbers are greatly checked, being,

perhaps, even decimated, by its own imagos, but I can-

not see protective colouring in their beautiful metallic

brightness ; 1 think their colours have originated through

specific modifications of Japan Carabt. 507

the action of sun-rays during diurnal exposure. As a

phase of natural selection, I could perhaps conceive an

offspring of resplendent lustre, as the result in time, of

the male preferring a bright female, if natural selection

could in that way originate it. But unless colour is

caused by sun-rays, or originates under its action, how

do the first tints appear ?

In connection with the subject of sexual selection, I

will not here discuss the nature of the eye in Carabus,

the structure of which is, I consider, an insuperable

hindrance to its appreciation of colour. But I will

touch on what we all know from a very casual observa-

tion of the habits of the lower animals. We know, that

when the season of mating commences, there is an eager-

ness of object, which leaves little room for discrimination

of any kind. Those of us who make companions of the

canine family know this, and Lepidopterists have seen

moths, fresh from the pupa, almost mechanically entering

on their relations together. And when bright-coloured

males of birds combat in the spring, they are fighting

for a female, not for the privilege of selecting a favourite

in a series.

The Buprestide, although of a more recent date than

the oldest vegetation, are found in the fossil state, and

there are, I believe; evidences in well-substantiated facts,

that this family are amongst the earliest of known

beetle forms. What happens, then, in colour in this

family, a family we know has passed through epochs of

evolution? Do we find in them protective colouring ?

In the Buprestide we have diurnal beetles of the most

lovely colours and unclouded lustre, and a vast time can

be allotted to them to allow their brilliancy to culminate

in its present perfection, and in no other group do we

see less of that which is called protective colouring, for

they excel in conspicuousness all other beetles. I believe,

although I cannot affirm it on my own observation, that

Buprestide infest palms; and palms are older than any

flowering shrubs, and, with the exception of a Cw

culio or two, hardly support any other insect-life.

Buprestide, too, are of very simple structure—a cylin-

drical body without any particularly specialised parts:

all this points to an antiquity at least equal to any known |

in other groups, and in no other family do we see less

protective colour. It may be urged that the larve feed

in the interior of trees, and are protected from enemies

- 508 Mr. G. Lewis’ supplementary note on the

which might assail them; that the imago is short-lived,

and soon lays its eggs, so that protective colours are not

needed; but all I wish to notice is the absence of pro-

tective colouring. It is true all are not brilliant; the

Madagascar Buprestide especially are dull and of peculiar

form, but the species of that curious fauna are, I

believe, not much exposed to the sun; they live under the

thick foliage of the jungle. Some of them are brightly

metallic beneath, like Geotrupes hypocrita, to which I

shall refer. The Phytophaga, again, are another group

~ remarkable for brilliancy, and have been modified

oradually with their food-plants, and there is little or no

sigh of protective colour in the family. Their tarsi are

an instance of beneficial form; certain joints are en-

larged, and, absorbing others, have reduced the normal

number, giving the feet more power for clinging to

plant-leaves and shrubs. Use here has enlarged certain

parts, just as the village blacksmith acquires great

power in the muscles of the arm. And, while Nature

was thus busy modelling and remodelling their form,

would not protective colouring also have been given, if it

was in any way conducive to the welfare of the species ?

I think the external physical conditions of life are a .

much more potent factor in creating form than is usually

supposed, for it is these conditions which cause the

Phytophaga to want to cling before the broad tarsus

develops.

If we put aside gems and minerals, the colours of

which need not be noticed here, the oldest substance or

material existing, which throws off, what is called bright

colour from its surfaces, is that of living organisms. For

their hues are transmitted down through generations and

generations from a remote ancestry, not necessarily

hereditary, as understood in relation to the sexes, for

fuscous ants produce yellow ones; but by reason of an

unremitting action of light waves on the surfaces of

their outer teguments through all their modifications

from the dawn of their existence. The most prevalent

colour in the world is that realised in the vegetable king-

dom, for in all grades of vegetation a ruling verdure

prevails over all other hues, and vegetation is, to say the

least, older than the coal-measures. To sustain and

render permanent that greenness, which we see so

universal in all climates, and under all the possible and

most variable physical conditions which exist in the

specific modifications of Japan Carabi. 509

globe, must there not be some persistent, ever-continuing

action, which never in all the vicissitudes to which plants

are subject relaxes, or suspends, its active operation ?

And what is this but solar rays, the comparatively un-

changing action of the sun? Throughout ages the. sur-

face of the globe, with its climate and every physical

condition in it, has been changing, yet we believe the

foliage of the coal-measures was green.

A simple evidence that greenness in vegetation is

owing to light is, that a plant hidden away in a dark

cellar grows rapidly and becomes blanched, that is, it

ceases when brought to the ight to reflect from its leaves

green rays, but the relatively permanent character of its

organisation soon causes the normal colour to appear on

re-exposure to light-rays. Light, while it checks growth

in vegetation, has an effect on the material substance of

it, and causes it to absorb those rays which make it

appear green to us, but when removed from the light

it becomes white. Feeding on.vegetation, the older

organism, as compared to animal life, are green cater-

pillars, and the greenness of these larve, by analogous

argument, may be set down as acquired under the

same natural processes, for the influences which have

acted on the vegetation have been sufficiently con-

tinuous on the larve to cause them also to absorb

the same rays. There is no reason why a caterpillar

having a system which can admit light, after the

manner of a leaf, should not permanently become green

under the same conditions as a leaf, if an adequate

time be accorded to it, for ight is a movement which is

of sufficient energy to act mechanically on such sub-

stances as those of which both consist. And from the

universal greenness in the vegetable kingdom we see

Nature has a general tendency to display this colour in

the flora of all countries; and we see it also in other

organisms through which light can pass in a like man-

ner as through leaves; and of these I shall speak later.

At a watering-place this summer I saw the shingle of

the beach left in ridges by a receding tide, and these

ridges were, as any one could see by their continuity

along the shore, the result of the wave-movements of

the sea. When it was rough the ridges were separated

by a wide dip, and in smooth weather the dips were

nearer together. They were the result of wave-move-

ment, and corresponded to the motion of the water.

510 Mr. G. Lewis’ supplementary note on the

Later, as the tide ebbed out, the more yielding surface

of the sand was exposed, which, being flatter than the

beach, and the tide on the wane, the ridges or ripples

were much smaller and closer together, and, finally,

several ridges and dips could be measured in a span’s

length. In the ‘En. Brit.,’ under Light, p. 609, I read,

“The scales from the wings of butterflies owe their

brightness to a delicate ribbed structure’; and I believe

that light has acted on the wings of Lepidoptera and

other living organisms in a very delicate manner, but in

an analogous way as the sea did on the sands. The

most beautiful butterflies soar with wings stretched out

horizontally, and float backwards and forwards under a

vertical sun; while the brown dingy species, flit along

hedgerows, with wings half-closed, catching light-rays at

all sorts of angles and direct rays very intermittently,

and the structural ribs of their scales are modified

accordingly. Think of the ripples on the sand and the

form they would take in an uncertain, changeable move-

ment of the water; retain in mind the subtle movement

of light, the exquisite delicacy of the scales in a butter-

fly’s wing, and the multitudinous angles the superficies

of the wings present to the sun during flight, and we

can perhaps account for the varied hues of Lepidoptera.

The flight of a Skipper would cause its scales to assume

a different structure to those ina Blue, just as a cross

movement in the sea would disturb the ridges on the

shingle. The same theory will explain also the sexual,

generic, and family colours of Lepidoptera, for they are

dependent on and regulated by the positions of the

insects when at rest or during flight; it will explain why

Noctue have different coloured under-wings, as light only

reaches them after passing through the primary ones;

and why Geometre have wings concolorous, as all four

wings are exposed. Remarks later on regarding the

atmosphere will apply here. And it will show us another

thing more puzzling still.

When insects depart from a type and then again turn

towards it, we see forms and colours which surprise us

with the similitude they bear to other insects now placed

in a classification based on structure, in distant families,

and the inquirer is disturbed in his calculations of their

affinities. For in this way insects which resemble each

other in form and colour are often apparently further

detached than others less like them. Now we know that

specific modifications of Japan Carahi. 511

Pericopis is a moth, and that Heliconius is a butterfly, the

separation between the two in classification is wide

indeed! But the species, after separating, come together

again, inhabit the same glens, live under the same

physical conditions, assume the same position in flight

and at rest, and, by steps which I think we can trace,

similarity of colour and pattern of wing follow. For

they both still possess in a certain degree the same

internal physiological organisation with which they were

endowed before their separation, and this, too, in a com-

paratively little modified state. It is a point which

confirms this ‘view, and carries conviction to my mind,

that species of this kind are always found living together,

and are subject, therefore, to the same physical con-

ditions. And Nature, acting on a physiological organism

not very dissimilar, can produce no other result but

similarity of appearance and structure. The conditions

I refer to are external conditions, which would, in the

ordinary nature of things, act first on the outer characters

of a species,—wings, colour, antenne, and so forth,—

while a longer time would be required to modify the

more vital parts. Many allied moths resemble the

butterflies they associate with, species by species, and

I think the above is the explanation of the phenomenon.

In the Coleoptera there are also numerous instances. If

an African moth resembled an American butterfly, the

case would be different; but, I should still say, that

similar conditions of life produced similar results in both

continents.

After thinking what insects have passed through, it is

natural to turn to the future. But in that we must not

assume that existing species can be modified only by a

process similar in kind to that which produced them, for

then we could not assign to them any continued exist-

ence; but this we may say, that all forms, even those

hard and comparatively permanent species now existing

in Europe, will through all time continue to be modified

under the causes which will be produced by agencies now

in operation. We cannot bring the same forces to bear

on our domestic animals which Nature has used in

forming the parent stock. All we can do is to compare

domestic modifications with those variations which are

now taking place in wild animals, and this is exceedingly

difficult, because the rate at which modifications proceed

in the two is so different.

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—PaRT IV. (DEC.) 3 X

512 Mr. G. Lewis’ supplementary note on the

I must refer again to the Carabide and Buprestide. In

the first family we have noticed that bright species occur

in the Spanish mountains in a brilliant sun of a dry

atmosphere ; colour here is the effect of direct sun-rays,

because it is the upper surface alone which is brilliant ;

Carabide being on the under surface black. And another

thing requires special notice,—the elytra are most fre-

quently of a different tint to the head and thorax. As

the insect rambles, the abdomen is carried on in the

same parallel line, but the head and thorax move as the

animal feeds or runs, and they present to the sun a

different superficies, such as has been noticed in the

flight of butterflies, and the result is two distinct colours.

Many of the Geodephaga have the elytral margin alone

brilliant, and this is the surface which receives the full

force of direct solar-rays; and it is in this spot that

colour in many species evidently begins, for even in

bright species colour is brightest there. In the second

family we find the under surface of the body is as bril-

iant as the upper, except in the Madagascar species,

when the under surface has the greater brilliancy.

Professor Tyndall tells us:—‘‘ The heating of the

tropical air by the sun is indirect. The solar beams

have scarcely any power to heat the air through which

they pass; but they heat the land and the ocean, and

these communicate their heat to the air in contact with

them. The air and the vapour start upwards charged

with the heat thus communicated to them.” Here isan

upward movement, and in the tropics where this takes

place we find insects which sit on foliage are brilliant

beneath, as the heat-rays, moving upwards, affect the

under parts of the beetles in the same way as direct

rays affect the Spanish Carabi. There is nothing essen-

tial in the direct sun-rays of the tropics to create colour

quicker or in a greater degree than in temperate zones,

but the heat of the air and the moisture there promotes

a more vigorous growth in the organisms on which it

acts; and perhaps the sun-ray sculpture is rendered

permanent sooner there. For there is little doubt that

species are less permanent in the tropics than in tempe-:

rate zones ; that is to say, they are more impressible and

liable to quicker modification in the same ratio as their

vital energy is greater. The winter in our own lati-

tude reduces the growing period of organic life by perhaps

one-half, and the feebleness of growth during the other

six months lessens it much more.

specific modifications of Japan Carabi. 518

Regarding the metallic colours of birds, the same

mechanical action of the sun’s rays seems to produce

them. The downy feathers of the brightest are almost

colourless, for the light-rays touch the exposed ends of

the feathers only. If a swan were dipped into a tub of

scarlet dye it would produce a similar effect, and leave

the down white. In the humming-birds and swifts,

which are continually flying during the daylight, the

colour of the under surface of the wings and the sides of

the body they cover when at rest corresponds to that of

the upper, and the same would occur in dyeing a swan if

during emersion its pinions were opened. As the sun-

birds fly both sides of their wing-feathers are exposed to

the same rays or waves, and the same impressions or

ribs are stamped on either side of them, for during the

day they are ever onthe wing. Birds which perch much

have colourless under sides to their wings. Let the

humming-bird be thought of in the hovering position of

sipping honey, or coquetting on a twig in the midday

sun: just as the gorgeous butterflies soar and catch the

vertical or direct rays, such, in fact, as appear necessary

to produce the right ribbed structure for metallic bril-

liancy, so these birds are incidentally, by their position,

so placed as to be struck by the most direct rays im such

a manner as to give brilliancy and metallic colour to the

head, breast, &c. The tail is lowered in some species,

so that the breast and scalp catch the full power of the

sun, and the wings are struck obliquely like those of the

brown flittering, or more retiring, species of Lepidoptera.

The sun-rays, of course, are not affected by the move-

ment of the wings, but by their varied positions the

wings are impressed differently. To appreciate fully the

extreme delicacy of the ribbed structure, produced as I

think by the sun, is almost impossible; but to see its

effect we must face the birds with our heads between

them and the light, and then the greatest brilliancy

appears, for at any other angle the sculpture is different,

less fine, and the brightest colours are lost. It is the

same difference as if we looked on the sand from the

Folkestone beach, or saw the ripples while wading in the

sea. A few of these birds are metallic in a reverse

attitude, and it is probable their habits of flight or posi-

tion in rest are only approximate, for in our classification

they stand in different genera. Some have long tail-

feathers which float in the air according to the move-

514 Mr. G. Lewis’ supplementary note on the

ments of the birds, and these feathers are very beautiful.

In the humming-bird, Orcotrochilus pichincha, the

feathers of the breast are filiform and non-metallic, but in

Topaza piza the whole breast is clothed with lamelliform

feathers, and it is highly metallic. In Amazilis the

feathers on the rump are laminated and metallic. In

others there is another form of feather, a feather,

in fact, of filiform structure, which has commenced to

be flattened out; here there is metallic lustre, but not

the brillianey of the short lamelliform feather. How far

light may be the factor in creating the general form of

the feather is a matter of the greatest interest, for it is

significant that in birds it requires a lamelliform feather

and in butterflies a surface free of hair or down before

creat brilliancy appears. White birds and white animals

belong, generally speaking, to the temperate and northern

zones, and the whiteness of a swan may arise from the

structural benefit attending that whiteness. The oily

substance on the feathers which enables aquatic birds

to rest in the water may receive the impressions from the

rays, and thus prevent them from becoming permanent

on the feathers. Perhaps there is a special absence of

this oil on the metallic feathers of the mandarin duck.

The swan has the habit of putting his whole neck and

head under water, but I doubt if this is so much the

habit of the duck tribe when there is brilliant plumage

on the head and neck. A laminated feather could not

retain oil.

I do not like to refer to tame birds, but the rock pigeon

is close to our domestic one, so I take the last as another

example. Pigeons strut about the ground picking up

grain, moving the head and neck-feathers with a quick

undulatory movement, which is almost incessant. The

head and neck-feathers meet sun-rays at every angle,

and the beautiful tints are diffused, not localised as in

the humming-birds.

It is almost a relief to turn from the contemplation of

these exquisite structures in birds and butterflies to think

of the bark of a cork-tree, or the even rougher hide of

a rhinoceros. But in turning round sharply, we see the

more clearly, that sun-rays cannot materially affect rude

structures like these ; and we miss at once what we call

beauty of colour. And what do we learn? We see that

when Nature has provided the surfaces on which solar-

rays can act, metallic brilliancy must come, for it is

sumply a matter of structure.

specific modifications of Japan Carabt. 515

When we have a rare plant of tender and delicate

foliage, we keep it carefully under glass that the ruder

elements may not injure it. Nature, as she prepares the

delicate upper surface of a Morpho, preserves it from

exposure. While direct rays are playing on it, its hori-

zontal wing catches their full force, but in rainy or dull

weather the insect rests with closed wings. During the

night and the cloudy hours of the day the superficies

are thus kept from any influence which might injure

their fineness, or hinder their attaining it, for the

atmosphere would act in opposition to solar-rays by

effacing their sculpture. If butterflies rested like

Geometre they would be coloured like any ordinary

species of that family. If humming-birds went to roost

on exposed twigs I think it would be impossibie for them

to retain their brilliancy. I do not know their habits in

rest, but I have seen the sun-birds of Asia, which have

been produced under allied conditions of life to the

Trochili, retire in cloudy weather. Bright-necked pigeons

lodge in holes of rocks. The harder texture of a Bu-

prestis can stand nocturnal exposure, but perhaps they

have taken longer to attain their colours than a butterfly,

and we believe the first is an older form.

From my point of view neither the atmosphere nor

any of its components are the cause of bright colour,

for it obliterates it. The surface of the hardest granite

loses its hieroglyphics by decomposition produced by air.

An organic being can retain trivial marks on its most

delicate parts through an hereditary system of registra-

tion. I think of Abas striola as that of an insect which

has either passed through the metallic stage, or as one

which is attaining it; most likely the latter. It is

a very singular thing that the Hololeptini are all black ;

they are diurnal and highly polished. Perhaps these,

too, like the cave Trechi, are in a transitional position ;

perhaps the mucous matter they bury themselves in may

act like the oil in birds, as suggested here, and prevent

them from becoming metallic. This last idea approves

itself to me, because in T'eretrisoma and Pachycreus, we

have bright diurnal forms of Histeride which keep them-

selves free of exuding sap.

Light-rays, as they act on Coleoptera and other insects,

require a long time to perpetuate a ribbed structure, but

as it is formed by little and little it becomes hereditary

in the same way that we know striz and punctures are.

516 Mr. G. Lewis’ supplementary note on the

And the question of the relation between the more pal-

pable structure of a butterfly’s wing and the ribbed struc-

ture of the scales, which throw off the colour, evidently

opens up at this stage of the inquiry. For it seems very

possible that light is a powerful factor in modifying the

membranous anatomy of a butterfly, or even the harder

wing-case of a beetle. I am led to this remark especially

now, because I think pigmentary colouring in insects is

also due to solar-rays.

In all varieties of man the palms of the hands and the

soles of the feet are not exposed, and, like the downy

feathers in birds, they are pale in all races. The colour-

ing substance in the cuticle of the negro is said to be

a protection against malaria, and as it has originated in

an insalubrious climate, which is fatal to Kuropeans, it

seems to me that the ungenial vapours of the swamps

in Africa is the condition of life which produces it. But

the domiciliary habits of man remove him somewhat

from the influences of those laws on which we can with

safety rely in our discussion of wild animals.

In an early page of this paper it has been said that

nocturnal insects may be black because they are not in-

fluenced by the direct rays of the sun, and we have also

seen that Spanish Carabi, although as brilliant above as

the brightest of the Buprestide, are black beneath.

Blackness to a nocturnal beetle is not more of a protec-

tive colour than scarlet would be, in fact even less; a

scarlet geranium is notably one of*the first flowers at

twilight to be subdued in colour, and blackness in a

Blaps would make any stray specimen during daylight,

more conspicuous to a sparrow, than if it was banded

with blue and gold; the intense blackness would, in fact,

sharpen the outline and render it visible at a long dis-

tance. If protective colour were beneficial to nocturnal

species, would not a large portion of the T'enebrionide be

grey or variegated? In Heteromera, which roam at

night, we have more diversity of form perhaps than in

any other family of Coleoptera, showing that they have

been greatly subjected to modification ; so much so, that

we can almost think of them, as the nocturnal remnants

from ancestors in all the other families, yet they are

black, and this means that when they can be seen they

are conspicuous. ‘The most inconspicuous or protective

colour for any insect is grey or blue-grey, yet in a bright

clear mountain atmosphere in Spain, or in the glistening

specific modifications of Japan Carabi. 517

sunshine of the tropics, in places, that is, where it

would be most beneficial, such concealing absence of hue

is altogether lost. So before we can say this or that is a

protective colour, it must be proved that the cause of

colour in the animal is not the same as in the plant or

object it simulates. And should the animal be a larva,

which we believe is of more recent origin than a leaf,

we must show that the two, have not been together side

by side long enough, to acquire the same tints, by the

same processes. It might be said, but I think incor-

rectly, that blackness arises from the invigorating energy

derived from warmth, as blackness absorbs heat-rays,

but in that case it would not properly be a protective

colour, but an incident in another line of evolution. I

have noticed that Damaster, seeking for warmth, becomes

diurnal, and this, I think, is the natural course for an

insect to pursue. I think of blackness as a structure

formed by heat-rays, and that beetles are black because

from their habits of concealment they are not affected by

direct rays, nor by the air like Noctue.

This will help us to see why Carabi are black beneath,

for in their dry mountain habitat there is no upward

movement as in the tropics. On their upper surface

they are sculptured by the direct solar-ray, and their

body is the tegument of a nocturnal insect. Wherever

there is foliage there is also a certain amount of moisture,

and insects, such as Rhynchites betuleti, owe their colour

to it, and Carabide, such as Colpodes and Lebia, of

arboreal habit, are not black beneath. Hlaphrus also,

which inhabits a damp swamp, is wholly bright. I

must call to mind too, here, the fact, that two arboreal

species of Calosoma, scrutator and aurocinctum, found in

America, are brightly metallic above and beneath, and

that the body in sycophanta is wholly black, and I believe

the last is terrestrial. Geotrupes hypocrita, I think, is

bright beneath for the same reason that the Madagascar

Buprestide are, for the fermentation going on in their

habitat gives an energy equivalent to the uprising

heat-rays of the jungle-forest. If a hand is held out

-over decaying matter, warmth is felt, something like

that which strikes an open palm held out to the sun.

The brightest’ colours which exist in Nature are those

which we see in insects and birds that are the most ex-

posed to the direct rays of the sun, and the brightest

and most metallic parts of those birds are those which

518 Mr. G. Lewis’ supplementary note on the

catch these rays in a greater degree than others. In the

humming-bird it is the head, throat, &c. ; in the butterfly,

the expanse of wing ; the one has feathers and the other

scales, and these are both of that substance which

enables them to take impressions from the sun. The

light, direct waves from the sun are the most subtle and

delicate of all solar-rays, and produce the finest ribs.

Spots and ocelli in Lepidoptera seem to me raised

places and depressions in the wings, or are sometimes

owing to the different make of scales in those parts.

The lamelliform feather of a humming-bird is not very

different to the surface presented to the sun in the wing-

case of a Buprestis.

Opacity of substance is almost universal in the bodies

of terrestrial animals and plants, but I will mention two

instances of pellucidity. First, the blind Rhyncophora,

discovered within recent years under stones in the South

of Kurope, Raymondia, Alaocyba, Troglorrhynchus, &c¢. ;

and, second, ferns of the Hymenophyllum group. The

first live in perhaps absolute darkness, and are never

touched during life by lght-rays; the second are only

subpellucid, and live in the shadiest parts of forests,

where they are subject to indirect rays. Cave insects,

such as T'rechus and Polystichus, are testaceous, and seem

to me to be on the road to pellucidity, but have not yet

had time to assume it. If we knew nothing of the laws

of light, it would perhaps be natural to look for a

general tendency to transparency where the sun’s rays

are least obstructed, but in reality we must for this turn

to aquatics, and look into a pond ; there we see numerous

examples of it. The larve of Neuroptera and Libellule,

shrimps and fishes, are pellucid, because light-rays are

diverted from them by refraction, for light glances off

sideways on touching the water, and the ribbed structure

essential for colour is, generally speaking, absent in these

animals. The fish, however, which would feed on the

transparent larve have eyes formed to see their outlines

and movements in the water, just as they have a tail

and fins for swimming, and pellucidity in aquatic larve

is not protective any more than the greenness in the

case of Daphnis nerii. Light also moves faster in the

air than water, so that even if rays acted directly on

the integuments of the shrimps, the effect would be less

powerful.

The sooner we sift thoroughly the protective colour

specific modifications of Japan Carabt. 519

theory, the sooner we shall discard it, for a better know-

ledge of the cause of colour in living organisms will

dissipate it.

Nature has no multiform manner of working; her

energy would be weakened unless based on uniformity

of action, but she obtains many ends by the most simple

means, and as solar-rays appear to produce metallic

colours in insects, so air and its components seem to

produce scales and feathers. Nosoderma has a weather-

beaten cuticle, and so has Anthribus and other beetles,

which stick to trees in the daytime like Noctue. The

under side of a butterfly is weather-beaten, while we

have seen the upper side is protected from nocturnal

vapours and bad weather. What happens to the butter-

fly beneath happens to the moth and beetle above—iis

surface is weather-beaten. It is the under surface of

the moth which would become brilliant if exposed to the

sun. In many Lepidoptera the upper margin of the

secondary wing, near the base, is covered: by the lower

margin of the primary wing. The upper surface of this

part, the costal margin, has neither colour nor scales.

If there were no scales on the under side it would be

transparent. This small space is neither sun-struck nor

weather-beaten. Attrition is absent. We have said that

where direct solar-rays can act permanently on feathers

and scales, colour must come; and where air touches

the cuticle of animals, there are scales, feathers, and

hair. There are no scales or plumes on the wings of

insects when the surface is protected from the air, nor is

there bright colour in a surface not touched directly by

the solar-ray. The under wing of a Dytiscus, or a

Lucanus, is kept from air and light, and it is transparent,

that is, it is neither coloured nor scaled. Air, apparently,

so universally gives hair and feathers to animals that

we think that it is necessary to the welfare of the

creatures so to be covered ; and it is so, since they have

been modified to their present form. But, if air has

caused scales and feathers, it is only by acting on a

physiological structure prepared by previous modification

to be again modified by its power, after the manner here

indicated regarding light. For as colour will come on a

structure suitable to retain it, whether it be the elytra of

a beetle or the lamelliform feather of a bird, so hair will

come on animals and feathers on birds through the

action of the air, although they may be of no original

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—paRT lV. (DEC.) 3 Y

520 Mr. G. Lewis’ supplementary note on the

affinity, or one so remote, that the links of their relation-

ship are lost. As there appears to be a photoplastic

process, so there appears to be an areo-plastic process.

Wild animals have most hair on those parts most ex-

posed to the weather, just as butterflies have the brightest

colours in parts most exposed to the sun and most pro-

tected from the elements. The colour of the lichens

agrees with that of the Aplecta tincta, because they are

both weather-beaten ; they seldom meet direct solar-rays,

and could not retain the impressions if they did, by

reason of their present structure.

The form of the lichens is not wholly dissimilar to the

form of the scales of the Noctue, because both, being in

the air, are free to develop in all directions. The under

wing of Catocala nupta has flatter scales than the primary

wing, as the upper wing lies over it. I should expect to

find the costal margin of the under wing in Noctue freer

of scales and colour than in a Geometre, because the

costal margin of the primary wing of the first is robust,

and has nervures of thicker structure than the second;

and it is the costal margin of the primary wing which

rests on the costal margin of the secondary wing. In

Geometre the hind portion of the primary wing, that

is the thinnest part of it, rests on the costal margin of

the secondary wing, and the protection afforded would

not be so complete.

I exhibit here two butterflies, Morpho sp. and Nectaria _

Jasonia; one has raised nervures, or, to return to the

old simile of the sand, here are lateral ridges of rock or

chalk, and solar-rays strike a surface unfitted to retain

their impressions. In the first the nerves are very fine

and delicate, and they permit the wings to close tightly,

and the smooth surface is beautifully concolorous. Some

butterflies are not brilliant in the wings near the base,

as, when the wings are in a position of rest, they do not

touch near the body; the wings fit closest about their

centre, and this is where bright colour first appears, or in

the centre of the spaces between the nerves.

Examine a specimen of Salpina superba, male; this

butterfly appears bright in the upper wing just in the part

which is in rest most protected from the atmosphere.

There is a good wide margin on all sides of it without

colour. And then the nerves seem to confine certain

spots, which appear spreading, to the centre of the spaces

between them, for the nerves meet and press close, and

specific modifications of Japan Carabt. 521

exclude the air, which would obliterate delicate structure

on the interstices. The beautiful moth, Urania, from

Madagascar is highly coloured on both sides, and _ par-

ticularly on the under surface, after the manner of the

Buprestide, and doubtless from the same cause. I look

on this moth as one of the oldest forms of Lepidoptera,

though not so old as the Buprestide, for colour would

appear sooner on its wings than on the harder elytra of a

beetle. How Lepidoptera of this type of beauty preserve

their colours,—and there are numbers in the tropics,—I

do not clearly see. Papilio thoas, too, is worth looking at,

as it exhibits a type of pattern common in its family. The

pattern of the wing seems regulated by aero- and photo-

plasticity ; the yellow band does not pass over the space

which is open by the presence of the thorax during rest,

and, if the idea of this is carried in mind, it is curious

how soon the eye catches its influence as a cause of pat-

tern. These factors are acting in all quarters of the globe

on all Rhopalocera; so there is no reason for seeking

affinity where we discover mere similarity in pattern.

When butterflies show signs of bright colour in the con-

cavity of the hind wings, it is because this part fits

tightly over the abdomen when they rest.

We are fond of speaking of the simplicity of Nature’s

operations, yet do we always see how really simple it is ?

Butterflies and birds living in the air seem to me clothed

by it, and they are made beautiful by the solar-ray

which passes through it. The complex nature of living

organisms is the result of modification through im-

measurable periods, not from a complex physiological

economy at birth.

When we observe an exceptional structure or colour in

an animal, and see the peculiarity repeated, again and

again, in creatures which are so wholly different that we

can only see this peculiarity to connect them, we are

right in thinking there is no real affinity, or one exceed-

ingly remote. But we can trace the origin of the ex-

ceptional form or colour to the same source, for we find

it everywhere fulfilling the same service. We must,

however, look at things closely; we must not say, that

the colour of a Carabus, agrees with that of a Buprestis,

because their tints do not absolutely correspond, and

we know something of the reason, as one originates in a

clear, dry, mountain atmosphere, and the other in the hot

steamy vapour of an undrained jungle,

522 Mr. G. Lewis’ supplementary note on the

An instance to show my meaning in colour and form

may be given in Pterostichus picimanus, Pedius inequalis,

and Acheniwm hwmile, which live in the crevices of clay

banks and become piceous, which is a slight indication

of a turn towards pellucidity, as they never run in the

sun; and they are all flat to enable them to pass into

chinks. Pedius inequalis can escape Pterostichus by

going into the smaller cracks, and the Achenwwm avoids

both by passing into the smallest crannies. The flattened

form originates in the common benefit to each while in-

habiting crevices, and colour follows from the nature of

their habitat. The Pediws is not necessarily piceous

because its allies in the South of Europe, which run in

the sun, are coppery or metallic. Another case may be

selected of form only. Lebia and Drypta are both trun-:

catipennes ; the first sits on foliage, and continually flies

either for pleasure or to escape an enemy, and the

shortened wing-case assists this movement. I have seen.

Drypta in great profusion ; overtaken by a sudden flood,

it will run up a stem of grass or reed to take to flight,

and it is in this genus again, we see the truncate elytron,

and the use of it. The necessity or benefit of quick

flight shortens the elytra very commonly in Coleoptera.

The shortened wing-case in the Staphylinide is different

to that in Lebia, and arises apparently in another way

(see ‘Ent. Mo. Mag.,’ 1881, p. 188; and 1882, p. 218).

Instances such as the above can be multiplied without

end, but there is a very striking one in a Curculio and a

Staphylinus. Balaninus buries its rostrum in.a nut, and

the antenne up to the elbow go with it. In this position

the remaining joints play about the eye and fulfil their

purpose there. When Cryptobiwm feeds the head and

mandibles are thrust into the object they delight in, a

decaying worm, or anything else, and the long basal

joint brings the small joints of the antenne behind the

eye. The common origin of the long joint here is,

I believe, the dimness of sight in both animals, which

necessitates the feelers being brought back. The varied

species of Balaninus show what immediate modifications

the genus can go to. The long joint of the antenne in ~

the two genera shows that like wants, arising in like

conditions, give like form. In Rhynchites and Apoderus

the antenne elbowed.

Perhaps it will be said that these are interesting facts

specific modifications of Japan Carabi. 523

about the Drypta and Balaninus, and that they are such

as should be brought forward; but do they cover the

conclusions? Iam merely applying to details in struc-

tural and other peculiarities what we learnt in our child-

hood: an eye is for seeing, an ear is for hearing. If we

are frustrated in an effort to discover why a glowworm is

phosphorescent, let us examine a May-fly (T’eloganodes), or

a centipede, which is luminous, and if we discern a reason

for its existence in either one or the other, it will lead

us to the cause in all. If we say a leg is for walking

we err ; we must say a leg is for moving. If we see a

brown beetle clinging to brown bark, we do well to say

the brownness in both arises from the same cause ; but if

we believe in the protective colour theory, we must say

that one of the primary uses of the clinging foot to a

brown beetle is, to enable it to cling close to bark where

its concoloration will enable it to escape extermination.

I believe the clinging tarsus is an independent modifica-

tion arising from habit, and that colour is a modification

dependent on that structure only so far as it will come™

to any creature which will inhabit similar situations.

In colour, let me give three more examples: a leaf, a

Sphinx larva, and Cassida viridis. Light affects these in

the same way, or nearly so, because they are, not very

dissimilar in substance, when considered merely in their -

relation to light. Certain light-rays can pass through

them in a similar way, for they are translucent, and this

causes a sameness of colour. The Cassida’s body is

black, for it is of a different texture to its case. In

Ceylon, and in other places, are certain Reptilia, snakes,

frogs, and lizards, which possess skins of marvellous de-

licacy ; they are semitransparent and admit certain light-

rays to pass through them; their whole physiological

structure, too, is such that light is admitted into their

material substance; they sit on foliage, where they are

exposed to all the waves of solar-rays and heat, just as

leaves are, and. they are green. But remove them toa

trunk, shaded, or partially so, from the direct rays of the

sun, and the reptiles become mottled or brown, as the

case may be, for their mutations are too variable to de-

seribe; their colours differ at each hour of the day, and

are affected by almost every passing cloud. Their

material substance is such that they become green

where Cassida viridis is green, and mottled where a

Noctua is mottled.

524 Mr. G. Lewis’ supplementary note on the

If like conditions and wants produce a like form, what

is more certain than an offspring should resemble its

parent until removed from the conditions under which

that parent lived? And it appears to me to be under

impulses somewhat akin to these that hereditary form

owes its origin.

Since writing the foregoing I have read Dr. Hagen’s

paper in the ‘Proc. Amer. Academy,’ April, 1882. The

conclusion arrived at in this paper regarding colour is:

“Tam convinced,” says the author, “that colour and

pattern are produced by physiological processes in the

interior of the bodies of insects.” Dr. Hagen’s obser-

vations and inferences are wholly different to mine, but

Dr. Weismann is quoted, who believes that colour and

pattern in caterpillars is ‘“‘ purely mechanical;”’ and this

process is what I consider has been and is open to

proof. Dr. Weismann seems to have confined his obser-

vations chiefly to caterpillars, because ‘“‘ they exclude

sexual selection ;” but if sexual selection is a factor (1

exclude it altogether as regards colour) it must act

through the imago on the ova and all the intermediate

stages of an insect, for in one sense the imago is only a

form of puberty.

I now return to the original subject of this note.

Motschulsky, in his diagnosis of Damaster rugipennis,

says, “in ¢ tarsis anticis articulis tribus primis leviter

dilatatis, subtus spongiosis et biseriatim setosis,” and

D. Fortunei also has the tarsi of the male with three

joints dilated and padded beneath, and these two species

bridge over the distance between Kollar’s genus and

Carabus proper. When Kollar published his species he

only knew of the leptodactylous blaptoides with long

mucrones, and he thought these sufficient characters on

which to found a genus. In D. capito we have a species

with slender tarsi in the male, and obtuse elytral points

in both sexes, and it is impossible now to consider Da-

master any more than an endemic form of a Japanese

Carabus. Damaster viridipennis I now know is the same

species as Fortunei, Adams ; the type of the latter is in

my possession, and is discoloured by emersion in spirit,

and the author of the species was not aware of the beau-

‘tiful colour of fresh specimens. For the slender biue

variety in pandurus I have noticed as occurring in the

mountains of Chiuzenji, lat. 36° 30’, I propose the name

of cyanostola ; it is a form quite isolated from the parent

specific modifications of Japan Carabi. 525

type, and corresponds to Lewisii in blaptoides, with this

difference :—Lewisii is an offshoot of blaptoides rendered

smaller by the dryness of the area it inhabits, as com-

pared to the district of luxuriant vegetation in which

blaptoides dwells; it is not a variety owing to a dry

mountain atmosphere, but a variety pertaining to a

dryer, lighter soil, of the same elevation. Cyanostola is

a pandurus which has wandered up from the coast-level,

where snow rarely lies, to an altitude of 6000 feet, where

snow remains six months in the year. Alpine insects,

which crawl out from the snow to enjoy the bright sun-

shine of an instantaneous spring, often acquire in it, as

we have seen, colour which enables them to vie with the

gorgeous insects of the tropics. If in the latitude (83°)

of blaptoides there were high mountain ranges suited to

Damaster, we should probably have a coloured blaptoides,

but the altitude to produce the necessary lower tempera-

ture would have to be greater than that in latitude 36°

30”. As itis, the only mountain near to Nagasaki of

sufficient altitude is Unsen, 7000 feet, but this volcano is

merely a conical mass of lava thrown out by recent

eruptions, and is at present unfitted to nourish either

vegetation or large insects.

Having said then that the characters are insufficient

on which Kollar relied to separate Damaster and Carabus,

let me examine seriatim the ordinary forms of the genus,

and note their differences in the various latitudes they

inhabit, for we shall find that they too follow the same

line of modification, and, under the same climatic and

thermal changes, exhibit similar variations to their

allies.

In the first section there are five species close together,

and their connecting history appears to be this :-—

Carabus Dehaani is a large dark-coloured species of

nocturnal habits, confined to the warm area south of the

Biwa Lake. It is abundant, and constant in form and

colour, from Kagoshima to Kioto, a distance of 400 miles,

and also occurs in T'sushima and on the south of the

Korea, which gives it a fairly wide range, and seems to

indicate that it has in all probability allies in Hastern

Siberia.

Carabus insolicola is a modified form of Dehaani, and,

like it, does not vary; but it is diurnal and _ bright-

coloured. . It has equal possession of the colder lati-

tudes, reaching from biwa Lake to Awomori, an extension

526 Mr. G. Lewis’ supplementary note on the

of 500 miles. The two insects are locally separated

from each other by the Biwa Lake barrier, north of

which the climate of Japan is much colder, owing to the

higher mountain ranges which run up the centre of the

main island, and, partly because there, the effect of the

Kurosuwo, or gulf-stream, on the general temperature is

lessening as the stream begins to pass away eastward

into the Atlantic.

Carabus Albrechti is another abundant species, a scion

branching out of one of the above, and is a more pre-

valent form than either of them, for the climate permits

it to retain its specific characters, subject to very slight

variation in all the islands, and it is spread over a space

equal to 1300 miles. Yet still, even in this species, the

southern specimens can be distinguished from those of

Hokkaido by a slightly more graceful outline, somewhat

more slender legs, and a rather less coppery colour.

From the southern type of Albrechtt emanates Mar-

yasanus, which is limited to a comparatively small area,

and then occurs only at considerable elevations... The

head-quarters of it are in the Idzu Province, but I have

specimens of it from Oyayama, near Kumamoto, in

Kiushiu ; the distinguishing character of it is the con-

stant pale tibie, while all other known Carabi in Japan —

have dark-coloured legs.

Carabus Yakoninus is an offshoot from Dehaani, and

we find it existing only in that part of Japan where the

parent type is abundant; both reside side by side, and

if intermediate varieties could be procured the short

distances between them would be bridged over. But I

failed to find any form of it in the north with insolicola,

nor could I obtain any varieties in the south. The most

notable feature of this transitional species is that it is

well marked in colour as being nocturnal, and therefore,

like Dehaani, suited to the mild climate of Kiushiu, where

it is found.

In another section of the genus, Carabus Maacki,

similar variations appear. A series from Tonasawa, lat.

35°, is black; these represent Carabus telluris, n.s. ;

while specimens of Moriwitz’s type from Sapporo, lat.

43°, are distinctly green and metallic.

In a third section, represented by Carabus procerulus,

which occurs from Kumamoto to Awomori, I found near

Sapporo an allied species, arboreus, n.s., whieh is more

robust and less elegant; the climate in this species

specific modifications of Japan Carabi. 527

affects form only. These two species run parallel to

Damaster blaptoides and Lewisii, for both are nocturnal,

and present to us the first effect of thermal change,

vig., a structural modification, such as commonly occurs

in the flora-world when at the base of a mountain plants

show a vigorous growth and attain a large size, while

specimens higher up the mountain gradually diminish.

Mr. Pryer has told us in a recent paper that certain

thermal or ‘‘temperature”’ forms of butterflies occur in

spring and others in summer, and that the forms are

regulated by the temperature in which the larve live.

And this is not hard to understand. In Japan spring

forms of Lepidoptera come from larve fed up on

autumnal foliage, on leaves, that is, which are fully

matured, if not partially desiccated ; but the summer

broods are nourished on the succulent vegetation of

early summer. The nutritive properties in plants vary

as their growth is vigorous, or otherwise; hence the

small mountain varieties of summer agree with those of

the spring in the valleys. Larve reared on a patch of

poor soil in the midst of a fertile valley would give

a corresponding result. In the tropics the secret of the

“luxuriance lies in the copious rain,’ as I said, in

August, and the large size of: insects in the tropics is

owing to their association with, and dependence on, the

flora, and the conditions which affect both alike. A

collection of British beetles I can store ina cabinet of

fifteen drawers ; a collection containing the same number

of species from a country even as far north as Japan

occupies forty.

I believe I have traced here in Carabus the same lines

of variation which I noticed three years since in Da-

master, viz., that a robust or stunted form is an earlier

stage in thermal modification than colour, colour appear-

ing only as an insect requirmg warmth becomes diurnal.

The discovery of the beautiful Carabus Gehinit in Hok-

kaido has introduced into the fauna of Japan an entirely

new phase of diurnal Carabus, and, although this species

at present stands apart from the other members of the

genus, we cannot fail to observe that its colours are sub-

dued, and by analogy we can anticipate the finding in

Saghalien of northern affinities which will be as bright

as the European awronitens.*

* Mr. Bates has just received this form in a fine new species from

lat. 46°.

TRANS. ENT. 80C. 1882.—PART IV. (DEC.) 3 Z

§28 Mr. G. Lewis’ supplementary note on the

It may be suggested that if what I have said regarding

sun-ray structure is correct, the matter may be proved

onee for all, by measuring the strie or ribs on a scale or

feather. For we know the lengths of solar-rays, and if

the strie correspond with them, this evidence may be

accepted as a proof of their origin. But “‘a common

sunbeam,” says the author quoted, ‘‘ contains waves of

all kinds,—besides those which produce light, the sun

sends forth incessantly a multitude of waves which pro-

duce no light. The largest waves which the sun sends

forth are of a non-luminous character, though they

possess the highest heating power. The lengths vary

from about 1-30,000th to 1-60,000th of an inch.” Any

structure, therefore, produced by the direct solar-rays

would not, even if the object impressed were rigidly .

stationary, tally with any particular measurement. Yet

with this, it would be a test of no mean value to measure

the colour-giving striz of Geotrupes hypocrita, and com-

pare them with those on the under surface of Polybothris,

and these again with the striz on Carabus Hispanus and

Pterostichus metallicus, for the sculpture should not be so

fine on the first and second as on the two others. (eo-

trupes auratus is an insect on which both kinds of strie

are found, one on the upper, the other on the lower

surface ; the first reflects red, the second golden green,

and these colours closely agree in their respective parts

to those seen in Polybothris and Carabus.

Here I may again. call attention to the peculiar geo-

graphical position and varied climates of Japan, to which

I formerly referred in the note on Damaster, for it enables

us to trace in the islands, more clearly than any other

area of the globe, the climatical influences which every-

where multiply species, and give so much diversity to the

faunas of the world. And it necessarily follows that

allied influences are at work on the great continents of

Asia and of Kurope, but why do not the characters here

spoken of reveal themselves as conspicuously in the

Carabi of the European catalogue ? In Europe there

are broad areas with lateral mountain ranges, and species

are not forced to extend themselves solely to the north or

to the south ; and continents admit also of migration

from east to west and from west to east, and early

divergent geographical forms would mingle together and

after a time return perhaps to the home and habits of

their predecessors, Thus, as generations slip away, the

specific modifications of Japan Carabi. 529

simple history of climatic and thermal modification is

lost, or at least so far obliterated that we cannot easily

define the limits to which it goes, although probably in

the earlier stages of divergence the characters were

stamped on the species in the same clear manner which

we see still existing in the Japanese members of the

family.

For the sake of following out the system employed in

the earlier note (1879), 1 have said that Damaster

became coloured, &c., as it approached the north, but it

does not affect the general argument if. it has spread the

other way. Carabus is known to be a northern genus,

and as Damaster rugipennis and Fortwnet more nearly

approach the type than the others, it is of course pro-

bable that the southern species are those which have

been modified most, because they have been subjected

not only to the changing conditions of the globe gene-

rally, but by migrating southwards they have passed

voluntarily into a subtropical region.

If eventually we do not find in the north a coloured

species allied to procerulus, | am inclined to think of it

as‘a recent divergence, a species now in the act of spread-

ing, and not yet differentiated into all the forms which

Nature appears as a rule to lead to in this genus. For

we all know that species have a very great tendency to

inherit the form and habit of their kind, and to remain

great, the conditions of their lives must act, the line

breaks, and then comes the variety which originates a

new race.

We cannot return to the time when Damaster and

Carabus agreed better in outline and general contour

than at present; we can merely trace their transitions

by a general system of analogy, but in studying close

varieties we study evolution, as it were, on the spot ; we

see divergencies in their most recent forms, and even

perhaps as they are taking place. Seeing this then,

may it not be well to but lightly censure ‘‘ splitters” of

Species who are recognising transitional forms such as

are as surely, and, presumably, as rapidly, departing

from the type as any species since the time of the earliest

insects? Names need not always be given, for we have

passed the line where catalogues are useful,—we have

reached the frontier, so to speak, of evolution, and be-

yond us lies the future in which Nature will not recognise

530 Specific modifications of Japan Carabi.

any arbitary classification ; for then, as in the past, she

will simply continue the inevitable modifications of sur-

viving organisms through the means of the agencies

which will result from those which are, as we have said,

now in operation, And when that future shall have

become the present the descriptive matter of to-day will

not apply to existing forms, but instead of an abstract

idea of the differences in insects, we may have a more

certain knowledge as to their origin, and the working of

those, laws which both accelerate and control their de-

velopment.

@- 5a. +)

XXIII. Descriptions of ten new species of Nematus from

Britan. By P. Cameron.

[Read December 6th, 1882. ]

Tue Group or N. mo.tis.

A Revision of my material in this distinct group of

Nematus has enabled me to identify seven British species.

I give below a table of those of which I have females,

and have added a description of a new species :—

1 (2). Mesonotum smooth, shining, impunctate; antenne

shorter than abdomen, brownish beneath we) SCONUCUS:s

2 (1). Mesonotum punctured, opaque or semiopaque;

antenne black.

3 (4). Frontal area distinct; 3rd cubital cellule con-

siderably dilated at the apex; stigma fuscous .. mollis.

4 (3). Frontal area indistinct ; 8rd cubital cellule scarcely

dilated at the apex ; stigma testaceous.

5 (6). Antenne as long as the thorax andabdomen in 9 ;

as long as the body in g; clypeus white .. breadalbanensis.

6 (5). Antenne not longer than abdomen in g and 9°;

clypeus black.

7 (8). Labrum white; spurs half the length of meta-

tarsus ; wings not much longer than body .. carinatus.

8 (7). Labrum black; spurs one-third of length of meta-

tarsus ; wings longer than body ad .. lativentris.

Nematus breadalbanensis, n.s.

Black; apex of clypeus, labrum, and palpi, white;

legs pale testaceous ; the cox, except at extreme apex,

the trochanters in part, the basal two-thirds of anterior

femora and posterior femora, almost wholly black; with

the apex of the hinder tibize and tarsi fuscous. Head

roughly punctured, opaque, slightly pilose, scarcely

broader than the mesothorax; vertex thick, front pro-

jecting ; labrum subquadrate ; mandibles piceous ; thorax

black, scarcely shining, covered with a sparse pube-

scence, minutely punctured ; pleure punctured, opaque,

and covered with a close short pile; the edge of the

pronotum and tegule are pale testaceous; the cenchri

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—pPaRT Iv. (DEC.)

532 Mr. P. Cameron’s descriptions of ten new

are of moderate size. Abdomen longer than head and

thorax; anal segment testaceous. Antenne as long as

the body, stout, black, the 38rd and 4th joints about equal,

the 8rd slightly curved, longer than the longitudinal

diameter of the eye. Wings hyaline; nervures testaceous

at base, black at apex of wing; costa and stigma tes-

taceous-white. Calcaria one-third of the length of the

metatarsus ; 2nd tarsal joint longer than 5th.

The female has the antenne as long as the thorax and

abdomen, and they are more slender than in the male;

the black on the apex of posterior tibiz is less (in male

it sometimes extends to the base of the tibiz, while, it

may be added, in other specimens it scarcely exists at

all); the anal segment is dirty white above. The size of

the 3rd cubital cellule varies, it being sometimes as long

as broad, while it may be much longer than broad. The

2nd recurrent nervure is in most of the females I have

seen joined to the 8rd transverse cubital nervure, or

nearly so; but in one or two specimens it is at some dis-

tance from it, which is its normal position with most

males. The testaceous colour on the pronotum varies in

extent, and may be entirely absent.

This species comes near to N. pallipes, Fall., and at

first sight, when I had only males, I considered it

identical with that species. It would seem to differ,

pallipes being a broader and stouter insect, the posterior

tarsi are blacker, the band on the pronotum broader, the

apical abdominal segments are dirty testaceous, the

cox are testaceous, the femora have only a thin black

line, and the spurs reach to the middle of the meta-

tarsus.

Not uncommon on the Scotch mountains at an eleva-

tion of 3000 feet and upwards. N. pallipes, according to

Thomson, is found ‘‘ in forest tracts.” I have a German

specimen of it.

The two other British species of the group are N.

Whiter, Cam. (which, by the way, has nothing to do with

N. latiwentris, Thoms., as stated by André, Species des

Hymén. 1., Cat., p. 15); and N. brevicornis, Thoms.,

Opus. 622, 18; Hymen. Scand. i., 100, 25. The latter

species I bred from a green larva marked with orange

and black spots, which fed on birch, but unfortunately it

spun up before a description of it could be taken.

species of Nematus from Britain. 533

Nematus carinatus.

Hartig, Blattw., 199, 28.

As the female of this species has not been described, I

give a description of it here.

Black, thick. Head as broad as the thorax. Antenne

thick, as long as the abdomen; the 3rd and 4th joints

about equal; the apical joints thinner ; labrum white ;

mandibles piceous ; palpi dirty white; apex of abdomen,

cerci, tegule, and a thin line on pronotum close to

tegulx, brownish-testaceous. Wings hyaline; costa and

stigma yellowish-white; nervures pale at base of wing,

darker at apex. Legs black; apical half of anterior

femora, the knees of posterior, and tibie and tarsi,

brownish-testaceous ; apex of hinder tibie and the tarsi

fuscous-black; the extreme apex of coxz and the tro-

chanters on under side testaceous. Cerci as long as 2nd

joint of posterior tarsi; sheath of saw pilose, projecting.

Length, 33 lines.

This insect is much broader than breadalbanensis ; the

head is much thicker, clypeus black, cenchri larger, while

the coloration of the legs is darker, and the clypeus is

not so sharply truncated at the apex. The furrow on the

middle lobe of the mesonotum is very deep, while there

is a raised ridge running down the centre of the scutellum,

which is not visible in breadalbanensis ; in the latter, too,

there is a transverse furrow which goes across the apical

third, dividing the scutellum, as it were, in two. Pallipes

again has the antenne as long as the thorax and abdo-

men, the pronotum is'almost entirely pale, the cerci are

shorter, the abdomen “almost cylindrical”; while in

carinatus it is broad and flat, broader in the middle than

the thorax, and ending in a blunt point at the apex, the

testaceous colour at the apex, too, being much less.

Thomson (Hymen. Scand. i., 97) quotes carinatus

doubtfully as a synonym of pallipes.

Nematus caledonicus, i. 8.

Reddish-yellow; two black longitudinal marks on

mesonotum; the dorsum of’ the abdomen with black

transverse marks, interrupted in the middle ; metanotum

with two short black marks at the sides. Wings yel-

lowish; stigma testaceous, black at the base. Antenne

as long as the abdomen and half of the thorax; the 3rd

534 Mr. P. Cameron’s descriptions of ten new

joint shorter than the 4th, but longer than the long

diameter of the eye; the four basal joints are black

above. The 38rd cubital cellule is nearly one-fourth

shorter than the 2nd; the recurrent nervure is received

close to the 2nd transverse cubital. The spurs reach to

near the middle of the metatarsus, and are nearly as

long as the cerci. Extreme apex of sheath black.

Length, 23 lines.

Belongs to the luteus group. It differs from N. bi-

lineatus in its longer and clearer coloured antenne, less

sharply incised clypeus, in the lighter tint of the body

coloration, narrower head and abdomen, longer spurs,

clearer and more yellowish wings, longer 3rd cubital

on breast, where the black is much narrower, and by the

black marks on the abdomen. In the last peculiarity it

approaches N. acuminatus, Thoms., as it does in body

form, but the apex of the abdomen is broader, the body

stouter, broader, the mouth and tibiz are not white, the

2nd and 8rd cubital cellules are longer, the recurrent

nervures received nearer the transverse cubital, and the

recurrent nervure in hinder wings is not interstitial.

Claddich, Loch Awe, in June.

Nematus collinus, n. s.

Luteous; the head (mouth excepted), antenne, the

breast, metapleura more or less, three longitudinal marks

on mesonotum, scutellum, metanotum in centre, apex of

posterior tibiz and tarsi, black ; apex of clypeus, labrum,

coxe, trochanters, tibie, and greater part of four ante-

rior metatarsi, white. Wings hyaline ; costa testaceous

at base; apex fuscous; stigma black ; 8rd cubital cellule

much longer than broad, and much wider at apex than

at base; recurrent nervures in hind wings received close

to each other. Antenne shorter than thorax, and abdo-

men stout, tapering at apex; the 3rd joint shorter than

4th. Clypeus slightly and broadly incised. Spurs more

than one-third of the length of metatarsus, and a little

longer than the cerci. Sheath of saw black at apex.

Length, 33—83 lines.

Similar to melanocephalus, but smaller. Antenne, if

anything, longer; the mesonotum not entirely black ;

3rd cubital cellule much longer and narrower at base

compared to width at apex; spurs a little longer and

species of Nematus from Britain. 535

sharper at apex; recurrent nervures in hind wings

received closer to each other; clypeus almost transverse,

&c. It has a superficial resemblance to ribesii ; but that

species is readily separated from it by the pale antenne.

The black marks on lateral lobes of mesonotum are

sometimes united to scutellum, which may be entirely

black, or its apex may be luteous; and the metanotum

may also be black, or only the space surrounding the

cenchri. The amount of black colour on the breast and

sides also varies.

Rare; on birch in June. Craig Dhu, Kingussie ;

Claddich, Loch Awe.

Nematus glenelgensis, n. s.

Dark brownish-red; the antenne, the space surround-

ing the ocelli, breast, a mark on middle lobe of meso-

notum, the greater part of the lateral lobes, apex of

scutellum, metanotum, base of abdomen, a broad trans-

verse mark on the four apical segments, cerci and sheath

of saw, deep black. Labrum and clypeus dirty white.

Legs pallid testaceous ; coxe at base, the basal fourth of

anterior femora, basal half of middle and the whole of

the posterior pair, lined above and beneath with black ;

all the tarsi, apex of anterior tibiew, apical half of

middle and the whole of posterior pair, black. Wings

hyaline, with a very slight griseous tinge. Costa and

stigma fuscous-testaceous, the latter griseous in the

middle. Length, 3+ lines.

I sent a specimen of the above-described species to the

late Prof. Zaddach, who returned it as probably a variety

of histrio, but I believe myself it is a distinct species.

It is smaller by a line than the ordinary form of histrio ;

the ground colour is very much darker, the legs especially

being almost entirely black; the antenne are longer,

thinner, and taper more towards the apex, and the saw

differs, its apical division being bent in the middle, while

with histrio it is straight.

I bred it from larve which I got feeding on Salix

aurita at Glenelg, Inverness-shire, and these larve appear

to agree very closely with those of histrio, but were

smaller and more slender. The head was light green ;

mouth dark brown. Legs light green; claws brown.

Body dark green; the segmental divisions are marked

with white lines. Down the back runs a dark green

TRANS. ENT. soc. 1882.—paRT IV. (DEC.) An

536 Mr. P. Cameron’s descriptions of ten new

line, bordered on either side by a narrower white one.

On the side runs another white line ; all the lines end on

the 2nd last segment, which with the last is of a lighter

green colour, and bear a broad white mark on the top.

The skin is beset with numerous little black points.

Nematus glottianus, n. s.

Dark reddish-luteous ; the hinder edge of vertex and a

longitudinal line on each of the lateral lobes of the

mesonotum black. Antenne pale testaceous, not much

longer than the abdomen ; metathorax stout, attenuated

at the apex; the 8rd and 4th joints equal; the apical

joints are slightly fuscous ; mesonotum finely punctured.

Wings yellowish hyaline ; stigma and costa testaceous ;

3rd cubital cellule one-fourth longer than broad. Tarsi

nearly as long as the tibiw, extreme apex of all the

joints fuscous ; metatarsus not double the length of the

2nd joints; spurs one-third of the length of the meta-

tarsus. Length, 3 lines.

The larve feed gregariously on the leaves of Salix

emerea in the autumn. The head is a little narrower

than the 2nd segment, is intensely black and slightly

punctured ; the sides of the mouth are greenish. Legs

glassy white, slightly tinged with green; claws black ;

claspers light green. The body is of a beautiful dark

sea-green. On the sides are ten large oval orange spots,

divided by a fold of the skin in two, but still remaining

continuous. Below there is a line of roundish, irregular

black dots, and below these again and over each clasper

is:a longish, oblong, black spot; while there are two

rows of small black dots, these, however, forming the

commencement of the middle line of black dots. Over

the orange marks is a line of close continuous black

dots, irregular in shape, but, if anything, oblong, and

which proceed from the 2nd to the 12th segment. On

the back are, at the termination of each segment, two

rather small roundish dots. Directly over the anal

-segment is a large round black mark, much larg’+ than

any of the others. The first orange spot is directiy over

the 2nd pair of legs. Length about 1} inch.

The cocoon is of the usual form and colour, is double,

and is spun in the earth.

Seemingly a rare species. I have only met with the

larve once in the autumn near Port Glasgow.

species of Nematus from Britain. 537

This is the form ‘mentioned (E. M. M. xii., 128) as

feeding on willow, and which I then referred to N. cad-

derensis, Gam. The description of the larva given (1. ¢.)

refers to glottianus; that of cadderensis will be described

rhe li. of Phyto.-Hym., and is figured in vol. i., pl. iv.,

o. 10. .

Nematus v-flavum, n. s.

Black, shining ; labrum white ; pronotum, tegule, the

greater part of mesopleura in front, metapleura in part,

the edges of the middle lobe of mesonotum (forming

a \/-shaped mark), abdomen and legs, orange-yellow;

the base of abdomen with two small transverse black

marks. Antenne not much longer than metathorax and

abdomen ; the 8rd joint the length of 4th; black, dull

brown beneath. Clypeus truncated at apex. Spurs

scarcely reaching to middle of metatarsus ; claws almost

bifid. Wings hyaline; costa and stigma testaceous ;

3rd cubital cellule nearly one-fourth longer than broad.

The anal segment is large and considerably developed

above, where it ends in a slope, as in the lutews group ;

the’cerci are nearly as long asthe spurs. Female. Length, -

. 23 lines.

Allied to conjugatus, but is of a longer and broader

body form. ‘The stigma is more uniformly coloured, the

3rd cubital cellule longer and nearly as broad at the base

as at the apex, the spurs are shorter, metatarsus longer,

and the apex of the tibie and tarsi are not black, nor

are the tibie whitish; the cerci are longer, and the

sheath of saw is not so black, nor so hairy ; the labrum

is longer, and the clypeus entirely black. From N. sub-

bifidus, Thoms., it is readily known by its black clypeus,

shorter antenne, testaceous stigma, longer 8rd cubital

cellule, testaceous tarsi, and longer spurs. The colour,

too, is paler, not being so orange.

In Shuckard’s collection.

Nematus pulchellus, n. 8.

Black, shining, smooth, covered with a close white

pubescence ; labrum, clypeus, pronotum broadly, the

metapleura, the sides, apex and lower side of abdomen

with the legs, pale yellowish-white ; a small fuscous spot

on the base of coxe behind. Antenne nearly as long as

the body, filifoym, covered with a microscopic pubescence ;

538 Mr. P. Cameron’s descriptions of ten new

the 8rd joint distinctly shorter than 4th. Frontal area

distinct, bluntly rounded at the apical angle, almost oval,

the apex very slightly indented by the large deep and

well-defined antennal fovea. Front sharply projecting ;

clypeus broadly but not deeply incised. Spurs as long as

the cerci. Posterior tarsi and apex of tibie infuscated.

The blotch is very large. Wings hyaline; costa and

stigma yellowish-white ; tegule of the same colour ; 3rd

cubital cellule much longer than broad, and nearly

double the width of the base at the apex. Claws sub-

bifid. Length, 2% lines.

The only British species with which it has any re-

semblance in coloration is lewcogaster, but that species

may be known from it by its shorter, thicker antenne,

punctured head, black metapleura, base of coxe, and

fuscous stigma.

Rare. Clydesdale, on rose.

Nematus maculiger, n. 8.

Nematus lacteus, var. b., Thoms., Hymen. Scand. 1.,

155, 88.

Pale yellowish-white ; head darker, more testaceous ; a

large mark on vertex extending to base of antenna, a

large mark on breast, and the whole of meso-metanotum

and back of abdomen (except at junction of segments),

black ; apex of hinder tibiz and tarsi blackish. Antenne

short, filiform, black above, brownish beneath; the

drd and 4th joints subequal. Spurs about one-third of the

leneth of metatarsus, and not much longer than cerci.

The male has thicker, more pilose, and longer antenne ;

the mark on vertex is larger, more extended laterally —

and behind; the mesothorax is entirely black, as well as

the whole upper part of the body. The basal half of

hind tibize and tarsi black; stigma griseous. Length,

23—3+ lines. .

Very closely allied to N. lacteus, Thoms., but some-

what smaller; the antenne are shorter, with the 3rd

joint shorter compared to the 4th, and they are lighter

coloured on lower side; the black mark on vertex is

wider at the sides, and continued on either side to the

antenne and in the middle to the antennal fovea; be-.

hind it is usually more distinctly narrowed than the

middle portion ; the breast is black; the spurs shorter ;

the head, too, is more narrowed behind the eyes,

species of Nematus from Britain. 539

The males of the two species are not readily separated,

but maculiger has the antenne more rufescent, the 3rd

joint longer compared to the 4th, the mark on vertex is

larger, the front is not so sharply pointed between the

antenne (this refers also to the female). In both sexes

the amount of black on posterior tibiz and tarsi and on

the back of abdomen varies.

The larva has been found by Mr. J. EK. Fletcher ; it is

very like that of lacteus, and is of similar habits. For

figure of the larva of the latter, see Monogr. Phyto.-

Hym., vol. i., pl. 6, fig. 8.

Rare and local ; Clydesdale, Worcester. N. lacteus I

have not yet found in Scotland.

Nematus oblongus, n. s.

Black ; labrum, tegule, and the greater part of upper

lobe of pronotum, anal segment above and valves, dirty

white; coxa, except at extreme base, trochanters, an-

terior tarsi and tibie, pale yellow; femora reddish

yellow ; apex of posterior tibie and tarsi black. Antenne

thick, as long as abdomen and metathorax, tapering

somewhat towards the apex, the joints not clearly sepa-

rated at the base, more sharply separated at the apex.

Wings hyaline; basal third of costa white, the rest of it

and stigma fuscous; Ist transverse cubital nervure

pellucid ; 8rd cubital cellule a little longer than broad,

slightly dilated at the apex. Head thick, not dilated

behind the eyes ; vertical and frontal sutures obsolete, as

is also the pentagonal area; clypeus truncated at apex ;

head, mesonotum, and upper half of pleura finely punc-

tured. The spurs are not much more than one-third

of the length of the metatarsus. Length, scarcely 24

lines.

Closely allied to N. appendiculatus, but is smaller,

broader, the antenne are thicker and shorter, vertex

thicker, and with the sutures obsolete or nearly so. It

comes very near to aquiline, Voll., but that species would

appear to have the pronotum entirely black, as well as

the apex of abdomen, and the 1st transverse cubital ner-

vure is quite absent.

England.

540 Species of Nematus from Britain.

Nematus Thomson, n. 8.

Nematus hyperboreus, Cameron, Fauna of Scot., Hym.,

i., 832, non Thomson. *

Black; labrum, anal segments, tegule, edge of pro-

notum, legs, costa and stigma, white; anterior femora

largely, posterior nearly all, black. Antenne a little

longer than half the length of the body, setaceous, de-

creasing in thickness towards the apex; the 3rd and 4th

joints equal, the rest shorter. Head a little narrower

than the thorax, slightly rounded inwardly behind, black,

_ shining, covered with a longish pubescence ; labrum dull

white; palpi dark fuscous; front and vertex slightly

rugose ; sutures and fovee not deep; pentagonal area

obsolete. Thorax shining, smooth, covered with a longish

scattered greyish pubescence; the posterior edge of the

pronotum and tegule are white; cenchri large, white.

Abdomen oblong, broad, truncated at the apex, black,

smooth, shining, very minutely punctured ; anal segment

sordid white; cerci long, white, the apices pointing to-

wards each other; saw black, hairy, shortly exserted.

Legs dirty white; the coxe at the base, about a third of

the anterior femora, posterior almost entirely, anterior

tarsi at apex, the posterior entirely, and the apex of the

hinder tibiz, black ; the spurs are short. Wings hyaline ;

costa and stigma white; nervures blackish; the 3rd

cubital cellule is double the width of the base at the

apex. Length, 32 lines.

Differs from N. hyperboreus, Thoms. = clibrichellus,

Cam., male, in the thorax being less strongly punctured,

in the tegule and edge of pronotum being white, in

being somewhat smaller and broader compared to the

length, in the posterior tarsi not being black, &c.

I have ventured to name this species after the dis-

tinguished Swedish Entomologist, whose works have been

of such signal service to British Entomologists.

Taken at Braemar by Dr. Sharp.

PROCEEDINGS

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

For THE YeEarR 1882.

February 1, 1882.

H. T. Sratnron, Esq., F.R.S., &e., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

The President made some remarks in acknowledgment of his re-election,

and appointed Messrs. Pascoe, Godman, and Lord Walsingham as Vice-

Presidents for the ensuing year.

Election of Member.

Mr. Richard Todd (5, Princes Terrace, Bayswater, W.) was balloted for

and elected an Ordinary Member of the Society.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. E. A. Fitch exhibited a remarkable variety of Strenia clathrata, L.,

captured at light at Fordingbridge, Hants, by Mr. Stansfield R. Rake, seven

or eight years ago. The specimen was unicolorous purplish brown on the

upper side, with four small white spots near the costal margin of each fore

wing, and with five small white spots on each hind wing; the under side

was similar. Mr. Fitch referred to Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1875, p. ii., ee

Entom. x. 241, for notices of similar varieties.

The Secretary also exhibited, on behalf of Lieut.-Col. R. O’Hara, two

larvee of Anthocoride, captured on flowers in Galway, and an anomalous

Coleopteron which lived in the nests of the common black ant of Bengal

[probably Formica compressa, Fabr.|, but not as a captive; this Mr.

Waterhouse considered to belong to a new genus of Colydiide@ allied to

Cossyphodes.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited a specimen of Macromela Sealyi, Crotch,

one of the finest known Languriids, captured near Calcutta by Mr. G. A. J.

Rothney ; also four specimens of one of the Pentatomida, which Mr Rothney

said swarmed in great numbers on one certain tree, but under different

forms ; the yellowish red form covering the tree when in blossom; while in

about a week’s time, after the fall of the bloom, the dark red form usurped

its place. The two forms exhibited were apparently distinct species.

Sir Sidney S. Saunders exhibited specimens of Halticella osmicida,

S. Saund., and read some notes on Huchalcis vetusta, Dufour, referring to

M. Edmond André’s remarks on that species in the last published part of

the ‘Annales de la Société Entomologique de France’ (ser. 6, vol. i. p. 340).

Mr. H. T. Stainton remarked that here the confusion was between black

and red; in an instance more especially connected with his own particular

line of study it appeared to be between black and white. Haworth, in the

description of his Tinea decorella (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. for 1812, p. 338),

had clearly intended ‘“nigris” for one of the words printed “ niveis,” but it

was doubtful which. Were the fore wings of the moth black with a white

spot, or white with a black spot ?

Papers read.

My. A. G. Butler communicated a paper “On a small Collection of

Lepidoptera from the Hawaiian Islands.” The collection, sent by the

Rey. T. Blackburn, consisted of two butterflies (P. beticus) and twenty-three

moths, referable to nineteen species, all of which the captor considered

rarities. There were four specimens belonging to three species of a new

genus ( Mestolobes) of Botidide, whose structure and ornamentation was very

remarkable; the anterior wings had a curious Notodont tuft on the inner

margin, and there was a broad band of hairs between the wings at the base,

and curious pencils of hair and fan-like tufts on the legs.

Prof. Westwood communicated “ Descriptions of the Insects infesting

the Seeds of Hicus Sycomorus and Carica.” Sycophaga crassipes, Westw.,

and blastophaga Psenes, L. (grossorum, Grav.) were specially referred to,

the descriptions being illustrated with numerous drawings.

Mr. D. Sharp communicated a paper ‘On the Classification of the

Adephaga or carnivorous series of Coleoptera,” being some remarks on

Dr. Horn’s arrangement of the Carabide. Messrs. M’Lachlan, Gorham,

Waterhouse, and Pascoe made some remarks thereon.

New Parts of ‘ Transactions.’

Parts [V. and V. of the ‘ Transactions’ for 1881 were on the table.

( im}

March 1, 1882.

H. T. Srainton, Esq., F.R.S., &c., President, in the chair.

The Rev. W. Deans Cowan, from Madagascar, was present as a visitor.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the.

respective donors.

Exhibitions, dc.

The Secretary read a communication from the Colonial Office conveying

Lord Kimberley’s thanks to the Society for the report of the Committee

upon the locust-egg feeding larvee, which report had been transmitted to the

High Commissioner of Cyprus.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited several queens of Vespa germanica, L.,

three of which were taken on the wing on January 20th last at Wimbledon

Common, flying around a felled oak, and thirty-eight others were found

together under the loose bark of the tree. The earliest date of capture of a

female wasp mentioned by Smith was that of V. vulgaris on February 13th,

1859 (Brit. Foss. Hym., &e., p. 216).

Mr. R. M’Lachlan said it would be interesting to know whether such a

congregation of wasps found together all belonged to one species.

In reply Mr. Billups stated that he had set twelve of the specimens found

on this occasion, all of which were undoubtedly females of V. germanica.

Mr. Billups also exhibited nine specimens of Callistus lunatus, Fabr.,

captured at Mount Hill, Reigate, on February 12th, 1882, when the species

was found in some abundance. Also sixteen females of Ichnewmon erythreus,

Gr.,* captured at Headley Lane, Mickleham, on February 22nd of this year.

The Ichneumons were only found in the tufts of grass growing on the

hillocks formed by Formica flava.

Mr. E. A. Fitch remarked that it was no uncommon thing to find crowds

of the females of certain species of Ichnewmon hybernating together under

the bark of trees, and suggested that this species was hybernating in the

tufts of grass, and had selected the ant-hills as a warm and dry site.

Mr. R. M’Lachlan called attention to some papers in which Mr. P. H.

Gosse had received some butterflies from Celebes; on each paper there was

a very perfect impress of the insect (Ornithoptera Haliphron, Boisd., &c.).

The Secretary exhibited the eggs of an Entozoon (? Sclerostoma syn-

gamus, Dies), on behalf of Mr. Charles Black, of Langford Bridge, Crumlin,

Antrim; the specimens were in spirit, some rounded and others flattened,

and were said to be “the eggs of red worm expelled from worm and

afterwards from bird.”

* Since identified as Ichnewmon sanguinator, Rossi. (See Entom. xv, 189, and

‘Transactions, 1882, p. 142),

(ayo

Mr. R. Meldola read an extract from a paper by Mr. W. H. Edwards,

“On certain habits of Heliconia charitonia, L.” (Papilio, Dec. 1881), in

which were detailed the sexual attraction possessed by the female pupz in

this species. From the observations of Dr. William Wittfeld, of Georgiana,

Florida, it was stated that in some instances connection was effected before

complete emergence, and frequently before the wings were fully developed.

The Rev. W. Deans Cowan remarked that this was a very common

habit with Papilio Demoleus, L., in Madagascar, the males being very

commonly found attached to the female chrysalids on the sweet lemon

trees (Citrus).

Papers read, dc.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse read the following note :—

« At the last meeting of this Society the Secretary exhibited, on behalf

of Lieut.-Col. R. O'Hara, of Galway, a microscopic slide containing a

somewhat remarkable beetle. It was stated on my authority to be a new

genus of Colydiida allied to Cossyphodes. I have now drawn up a note on

this insect, and Mr. Wilson has made a drawing of it for a woodcut. ~

I hope by these means that the insect may be recognised when it is again

met with. In looking at the woodcut it must be borne in mind that the

object is transparent, and the upper and lower surfaces are not easily

distinguishable. I propose to call it Paramellon sociale.

“The general characters are those of Cossyphodes, Westw. (Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond., 1850, p. 168). The antenne are, however, 10-jointed, and

the club consists of a single large joint only. When retracted they are

completely hidden in a cavity, as in Cossyphodes. The apical joint of the

maxillary palpi is rather large, obliquely truncate at the apex. On each

Cray)

side of the head there is a narrow elongate space, at the back of which is a

minute transparent spot; this is what appears to be the eye, and corresponds

very nearly with that seen in Cossyphodes. The anterior and intermediate

tarsi are five-jointed ; the posterior four.

“The parts of the mouth are not discernible, except the apical joint of

the maxillary palpi. There are some strongly marked lines which appear to

belong to the elytra, and would correspond with the costa in Cossyphodes,

but they are oblique, which makes me feel doubtful on this point.

“The general form of the insect is oval. It is evidently extremely

delicately and very closely punctured.

“The following is the explanation of the woodcut:—a, antenna

magnified; b, front leg; c¢, hind leg; d, elongate space or impression

(apparently bounded on the inner margin by a ridge), with small transparent

spot indicating the eye; e, apical joint of maxillary palpus.

«The specimen is stated to have been found in the nest of an ant at

Bombay.”

Sir Sidney S. Saunders read some notes on the terminal segments of

the abdomen in the genus Halticella and its allies, and on the subdivisions

of the genus Chalcis of Fabricius.

Mr. D.. Sharp conmmunicated a paper “On some New Zealand

Coleoptera,” which contained some critical remarks on Capt. T. Broun’s

recently published ‘Manual of the New Zealand Coleoptera;’ also the

descriptions of twenty-five new species, amongst which the more remarkable

were a species of Rhinomacerides and of Colydiide, and two of true

Chrysomelide. Seven new genera were also characterised.

Mr. A. G. Butler communicated some “ Additional Notes on Bombyces

collected in Chili by Mr. Edmonds,” containing descriptions and notices of

several larvee; also the descriptions of two new genera and species of

Notodontide.

Mr. HE. Saunders read a paper “On the terminal ventral segments of

the abdomen in Prosopis and other Anthophila.” The abdomen of an

aculeate hymenopterous insect was considered to consist of nine segments,

and the structure of the seventh and eighth ventral plates in the males of

various genera were referred to; figures of these in the species of Prosopis

were exhibited.

April 5, 1882.

H. T. Sratnron, Esq., F'.R.S., &e., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Cae}

Election of a Member.

Mr. Lionel de Nicéville (Calcutta) was balloted for and elected a Foreign

Member of the Society.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited a number of specimens of the smaller

Hymenoptera mounted on discs of microscopic glass, thus enabling their

under sides to be readily examined.

The Rev. H.S. Gorham exhibited a remarkable variety of a Coccinella,

marked with four ocellated spots only, received from Mr. A. E. Hodgson,

of Coleford, Gloucestershire; although intermediate between C. oblongo-

guttata, L., and C. ocellata, L., Mr. Gorham did not believe it to be a

hybrid. Several members remarked on the really small amount of variation

to be found in this group, although commonly believed to be variable.

Mr. Waterhouse said only two British species could be said to vary to

any appreciable extent, viz., C. variabilis, L., and C. bipunctata, L. There

were several remarkable varieties of C. septempunctata, L., in Stephens’

Collection, but he (Mr. Waterhouse) had never yet met with one. In

Europe it does not vary, but in India specimens are not uncommonly found

in which the spots coalesce.

Mr. Pascoe remarked, however, that he knew of no family of Coleoptera

in which there were so many synonyms.

Mr. R. M’Lachlan exhibited his collection of British Trichoptera,

contained in five cabinet drawers, and made some remarks on the more

interesting forms. He said this collection represented over twenty years’

continuous work, and apropos of the President’s remarks in his last Address,

he might state that the locality of capture for each specimen was very readily

ascertained. His only regret was that the specimens had not been pinned

with long pins instead of the short ones in general use.

Papers read.

Mr. A. G. Butler communicated a continuation of his “ Heterocerous

Lepidoptera collected in Chili by Thomas Edmonds, Esq.” Forty-five

Noctue were noticed iu the present paper, twenty of which are described as

new to Science.

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part I. of the ‘ Transactions’ for 1882 was on the table.

Cig”)

May 3, 1882.

H. T. Srainton, Esq., F'.R.S., &e., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

The President made some appropriate remarks upon the great loss

Science had sustained by the death of Mr. Charles Darwin; and especially

referred to his early interest in Entomology by becoming an Original

Member of this Society, founded in May 1833, while he was travelling in

South America.

Election .of Members.

Dr. Evald Bergroth (11, Robertsgatan, Helsingfors, Finland) and

Mr. W.J. Williams (Zoological Society, Hanover Square, W.) were balloted

for and elected Members of the Society.

Exhibitions, de.

The Secretary read a communication from the Secretary of the Essex

Field Club, requesting that Members would join in a memorial to the

Conservators of Kpping Forest and others, requiring that the Forest should

be preserved in its natural condition, in accordance with the Act of

Parliament. .

Messrs. M’Lachlan, Meldola, Cole, Fitch, and others expressed the

wish of all naturalists that Epping Forest should be retained in its present

wild state rather than be converted into a park.

Mr. W. C. Boyd exhibited a dark variety of Lidunia piniaria, L., taken

at Woking in 1880 by Mr. Mugford; it was a female, resembling, but even

darker than, a Scotch specimen. Also a curious pale variety of Anchocelis

pistacina, Faby., captured at Cheshunt last autumn.

Mr. I’. R. Billups exhibited a series of Cryptus migrator, Fabr. These

were bred from a cocoon of Trichiosoma betuleti, Klug; four specimens

emerged on April 6th, and no others until upon the cocoon being cut open

on April 20th thirteen specimens flew out; of the seventeen specimens

bred only two were females.

Mr. W. F. Kirby read the following :—

Notes on a Hybrid between Antherea Pernyi, Guér., and A. Roylei, Moore.

y J y

«“M. Wailly, the well-known rearer of silkworm moths, has succeeded

in obtaining hybrids between Antherea Pernyi and A. Royjlei, and has

requested me to describe one of the moths. 4. Pernyi is the well-known

oak-feeding silkworm of North China, and A. Royle is a North Indian

species, also an oak-feeder. Hence they are not species occurring in the

(° yur j

same locality in a state of nature. M. Wailly states, in a paper lately

published in the ‘Journal of the Society of Arts,’ that the male Pernyi

paired readily with the female Roylet, and that the hybrid larve (which he

‘describes) proved much more easy to rear than those of A. Roylei, with

which he had but little success.

« All the hybrids hitherto obtained were females, and therefore, although

they laid some large brown eggs, of a slightly oval shape, somewhat flattened,

and with a depression on the upper surface, these were of course unfertilized,

and no experiment could be made as to whether the race would perpetuate

itself. [M. Wailly has since obtained males.]

“The hybrid before me expands just six inches across the wings, which

is about the size of large female examples of the two parent species. It is

of a greenish-buff colour, nearly as in the female of Roylet, but much clearer,

and with a distinct tawny shade, especially within the common band; the

body and base of the wings are also suffused with a distinct vinous shade

more resembling Pernyi than Royle: ; the shape of the wings also agrees

better with A. Pernyi. On the other hand, the eyes resemble those of

Roylei, but are considerably larger, the pupil especially being as large as in

Pernyi, but the projection of the black outer rim, so conspicuous in Pernyi,

is scarcely indicated. ‘The other markings of the wings are well defined,

and resemble those of A. Roylei. On the under surface the insect agrees

in colour and markings with typical Roylei, but the basal band is less

distinct and perhaps less waved, and the submarginal black spots, dusted

with white and pink, are larger and more distinct. Just inside these is a

very faint dark stripe, more distinct on the right wing. In Roylei this is

still more indistinct, whereas in Pernyi it is well marked, but closer to the

spots. ‘The antenne and body of the hybrid are more like A. Pernyi than

A. Roylei. The cocoon is fully as large as that of Roylei, but instead of

there being a considerable space between the outer and inner cocoon there —

is scarcely any interval between them. A. Pernyi has a similar but much

smaller cocoon; and hence it would appear that that of the hybrid would be

of greater commercial value than either.”

The specimen with its cocoon, also cocoons and imagos of the two parent

species, were exhibited.

Miss EK. A. Ormerod exhibited a curious abnormal growth of the flowers

of the common ash {F’rawvinus) from Osterley Park.

Mr. Fitch said this gall was the work of Phytopti, and referred to

Dr. Franz Low’s description and figure (Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien. xxviii. 134,

pl. ii. fig. 2).

Mr. Fitch also wished to draw the attention of the members to an

unknown woody, irregularly spherical, gall on the ash-keys, of which he

once received two specimens from the late Mr. F'. Smith; one which he

opened contained a fat, white, apparently curculionideous, larva.

Papers read, dc.

Mr. J. B. Bridgman communicated some “ Further Additions to Mr.

Marshall's Catalogue of British Ichnewmonide.” Sixty-seven species were

added to the British fauna, ten of which were new to Science.

Mr. E. Saunders -read a continuation of his “Synopsis of British

Hymenoptera.” The Diploptera and Anthophila to the end of the Andrenide

were now treated of. Since Smith’s 1871 catalogue three Diploptera had

been added to our list, and eleven Anthophila; while, on the other hand,

twenty-three species of Anthophila included by Smith were rejected for

various reasons stated.

Prof. J. O. Westwood communicated a memoir “On the supposed

abnormal habits of certain species of Hurytomides, a group of the hymen-

opterous family Chalcidide.’ A general resumé of the life-history notices

of the Hurytomide was given; and Prof. Westwood inclined to the belief

expressed by Harris, Fitch, and Walsh in America that certain species

were phytophagous; thus having phytophagous and sarcophagous species

included in one family, or even genus. ‘Two new species, [sosoma orchid-

earum, bred from Cattleyia buds, and Hurytoma Taprobanica, bred from the

galls on Ficus Tjiela of Ceylon, were described and figured.

Mr. E. A. Fitch could not concur in the belief that any of the Hwury-

tonide were of phytophagous habits, since he had bred many hundreds of

specimens belonging to various species from twenty-seven distinct hymen-

opterous and dipterous galls, in all of which they were undoubtedly parasitic.

He especially referred to Dr. Giraud’s and Dr. Mayr’s papers in the Vienna

‘ Verhandlungen’ (vol. xiii. pp. 1250-1296, and vol. xxviii. pp. 297-334).

The evidence of phytophagism seemed to rest on the “joint-worm” (Hury-

toma hordet, Harris) of America, and on Isosoma hyalipennis, Walk., or

I. longipennis, Walk., a species bred from galls on Triticum in this country.

He had bred some scores of this latter insect, but believed it to be parasitic

on a dipterous gall-maker, either an Ochthiphila, as stated by Giraud, or a

Lonchea, as stated by Perris. On comparing these twitch-galls with the

reed-galls produced by Lipara lucens, Meig. (specimens of both being

exhibited), from their analogous structure it seemed fair to conclude that

our Triticum gall was produced by one of the Muscide. FE. hordei is also

more probably a parasite of some Muscid allied to Chlorops ; in both cases

the parasite being far more frequently bred than its host. Mr. Fitch

exhibited numerous specimens of the galls of Lipara similis, Schiner, of

L. lucens, Meig., and of L. tomentosa, Macq., on Phragmites, received from

Dr. G. L. Mayr; also a quantity of the galls on Triticwm collected at Maldon,

Essex, and similar galls on Ammophila arundinacea collected at Saltburn,

N. Yorks., and near Conway and Llandudno, N. Wales, by Mr. P. Inchbald ;

(ay

series of Hurytoma hyalipennis, Walk. (? = I. graminicola, Gir.), E. longi-

pennis, Walk., and specimens of three species of Braconide, two species of

Pteromalide, and two other Chalcids bred from the Triticum galls.

June 7, 1882.

H. T. Stainton, Esq., F.R.S., &., President, -in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Exhibitions, de.

Mr. P. B. Mason exhibited a specimen of Zygena filipendulae, var.

chrysanthemi, Esp., figured by Hiibner, which was captured by Mr. J. E.

Nowers last June in Bewdley Forest; also a corresponding greenish black

variety of Callimorpha dominula, L., bred at Dover. Mr. Mason remarked

that he had recently examined the specimens of Xylophasia Zollikoferi,

Fr., now in the Doubleday Collection at the Bethnal Green Museum,

which was captured by Mr Harding at Deal about ten years ago, and he

had no doubt but that it was a bleached specimen of the dark variety of

X. polyodon, L.

Mr. Mason also exhibited two specimens of the Noctua recorded by

Dr. Knaggs as Agrotis helvetina, Boisd. Three specimens were taken near

Derby in 1870; one of these Mr. Mason received direct from the captor,

and the other but one remove from him. He had recently sent these to

Dr. Staudinger for his opinion, who returned them as “ perfectly unknown

to him, but doubtless a great aberration of some Noctua, most probably

N. augur.” This agreed with what Mr. Mason had previously surmised.

He also remarked that he had the exact locality of capture well searched

again, but without any success. A specimen of the true A. helvetina from

Staudinger’s collection was exhibited for comparison; it differed widely

from the British examples.

Mr. H. T. Stainton said that he thought the specimens more resembled

N. wanthographa than N. augur.

Mr. J. Sang said this was so, but upon a closer comparison these

specimens were seen to be more glossy and the costa was straighter than in

N. wanthographa; he could faintly trace the markings of N. augur in a

strong light, and concurred in the opinion that it was a remarkable variety

of that species.

Mr. Stainton called attention to the fact that apparently all the larvee of

Nematus ribesii had died in their infancy this spring; the leaves of the

currant-bushes had been riddled by the young larve, but he had not yet

seen a single leaf stripped.

Papers read.

Mr. R. M’Lachlan read “ A revised list of British Trichoptera, brought

down to date, and compiled with especial regard to the ‘ Catalogue of British

Neuroptera’ published by the Society in 1870.” That catalogue included

136 species; 152 were now enumerated. Twenty additions had been made

to our Fauna in the twelve years; three of the old names were now treated

as synonyms, and the evidence of the British origin of Philopotamus

montanus was now considered insufficient.

Mr. W. L. Distant read ‘“ Descriptions of new species and a new genus

of Cicadide from Madagascar.” He remarked that the distinct character

of the Rhynchotal fauna of Madagascar was specially marked by the fact

that every species of the widely distributed genus Platypleura received from

that island was new to Science.

Mr. A. G. Butler communicated a continuation of the ‘‘ Heterocerous

Lepidoptera collected in Chili by Thomas Edmonds, Esq. Part III.

Geometrites.” In this paper 136 species of Geometre are included,

a large proportion of which are new to Science. Mr. Butler remarked on

the vague descriptions given by Blanchard in Gay’s ‘ Fauna Chilena,’ and

on the inaccurate illustrations in the ‘ Atlas.’ Mr. M’Lachlan said most of

Blanchard’s types were preserved in the Museum at the Jardin des Plantes,

Paris.

July 5, 1882.

H. T. Sraryton, Ksq., F.R.S., &e., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of a Foreign Member.

Senor Carlos Berg (Museo Publico, Buenos Ayres) was balloted for and

elected a Foreign Member of the Society.

Exhibitions, dc.

Sir Sidney S. Saunders exhibited winged specimens of Cerataphis

’ latania, Boisd., received from M. Jules Lichtenstein, of Montpellier, who

referred to it as “a very rare form of a common Aphidian of hothouses.”

This Aphis was described by Boisduval as a Coccus, and by Signoret as an

Aleurodes.

Sir Sidney Saunders also read the following note contributed. by

M. Lichtenstein :—

“My observations upon plant- and bark-lice lead me to think that the

male sex is but a staye of degradation in animals; the original type of all

(( ma 9

living beings is an hermaphrodite cell, of which the centre is female and

the peripherous part male. If the cell keeps united the animal remains an

hermaphrodite or parthenogenetic creature ; if, by some yet unknown process,

the peripherous part, which is entirely formed of spermatozoid buddings, is

separated from the central ovum, the two sexes appear. This question

cannot, of course, be fully treated of in one page of a letter, yet I should

like to submit the idea to my colleagues of the London Society, where there

are so many eminent observers of insect-life.”

Miss E. A. Ormerod exhibited a specimen of Sitones puncticollis, Steph.,

bred at the end of last May from larve found feeding commonly on the

rootlets of red clover near Chelmsford, Essex, by Mr. Christy; also at

Rothamstead by Sir J. B. Lawes. It had previously been conjectured that

the “white maggot,” which is so commonly destructive to the red-clover

plant in early spring was the larva of Sitones, but hitherto the imagos had

not been bred.

Mr. Fitch said he could testify to the destructive habits of this pest in

Essex, and he believed it was the chief cause of so-called “ clover sickness ”

in many localities; where he had pointed out the habits of this larva to

agriculturists this was found in almost every instance to be the cause

of the plant dying off, and “ white maggot in the young clover” was quite

a well-known farm-pest in Essex. Mr. Fitch had failed to breed the beetles

from many hundreds of larve collected, and was very pleased to see that

Miss Ormerod had been successful.

Miss Ormerod also exhibited several young pine plants of about five

or six years’ growth, which had been barked by the larvee of one of the

Lamellicornes, most probably Melolontha vulgaris. The plants were received

from Mr. Taylor, agent to the Earl of Shaftesbury, from near Salisbury,

where several thousand acres of plantation had been destroyed. It was

remarked that this was the first instance of such great destruction from

chafer larve in Britain, although they had proved similarly destructive to

Conifere in Canada.

Mr. E. A. Fitch exhibited the imagos and cocoons of two species of

Polysphincta (P. tuberosa, Gr., and P. pallipes, Holmegr.?), also a drawing

of the curious larva of .P. tuberosa made by Mr. G. C. Bignell. The larvee

of these Ichneumons are external parasites of spiders, and although a

similar economy had been previously recorded by De Geer, Blackwall,

Laboulbéne, Vollenhoven, Brischke, &c., and a specimen probably allied to

these had been exhibited at a meeting of this Society (Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond. 1868, p. 1), very little appeared to be generally known on the subject.

Mr. Fitch read details of observations upon the specimens exhibited from

the Rev. A. Matthews and Mr. G. C. Bignell.

Mr. Fitch also exhibited an apparently new species of Belytide, captured

by the Rev. A. Matthews on August 19th, 1874, among a colony of dnom-

( x.)

matus 12-striatus, Mill., in rotten wood at a depth of three to four feet

below the surface of the ground. Mr. Matthews had no doubt but that the

Belyta was parasitic on Anommatus.

Mr. A. 8. Olliff remarked that he had recently captured a specimen of

Anommatus 12-striatus in rotten wood at Whetstone, Middlesex.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited a peculiar May-fly said to be luminous,

captured by Mr. G. Lewis at Kitugalle, Ceylon, 1500 ft. above the level of

the sea.

The Rey. A. E. Eaton said the specimen was a male Teloganodes, and

was the first male imago of the genus he had seen. There were sub-

imagos of the genus Teloganodes (type Cloé tristis, Hag.), both in the British

Museum and in Dr. Hagen’s collection. Mr. Eaton called attention to the

fact that Dr. Hagen had already recorded an instance of luminosity in a

male C@nis, as observed by Prof. Zaddach at Neuhausen, near Pillau (Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond. 1873, p. 399).

Mr. G. Lewis remarked of the specimen that when living the whole

abdomen was luminous, but not brightly so, sufficiently, however, to serve

for its capture on a very dark night.

Papers read.

Lord Walsingham communicated a memoir on “ North American

Coleophora.” It was almost entirely descriptive of new species of the

genus collected by the author in California and Oregon. The occurrence

near Washington of two Kuropean species new to the United States, viz.,

C. cespititiella, Zell., and C. currucipennella, Zell., was also recorded.

Mr. W. H. Miskin communicated a short paper on “ Ogyris Genoveva,

Hewitson, and its life-history.” The larva and pupa were described by Mr.

Barnard, of Coomooboolaroo; the former feeds ona species of Loranthus,

and is nocturnal in its habits.

The Secretary read a paper by Mr. John Scott, entitled “On certain

genera and species of the group of Psyllid@ in the collection of the British

Museum,” in which many Walkerian species were redescribed and several

new genera characterised ; also a second memoir containing the “ Descrip-

tions of a new genus and two new species of Psyllid@ from South America,”

which had been received trom Dr. C. Berg, of Buenos Ayres, with specimens

of the galls which they produced.

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part I. of the ‘Transactions’ for 1882 was on the table.

(ay J

August 2, 1882.

F. D. Gopman, Hsq., M.A., F.R.S., &c., Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of Member.

Mr. Hildebrand Ramsden (26, Upper Bedford Place, Russell Square,

W.C.) was balloted for and elected a Member of the Society.

Exhibitions, ée.

Mr. F. Enock exhibited three males and three females of Macropis

labiata, Fabr., which he had captured within the last few days on the banks

of the Basingstoke Canal at Woking Station, Surrey. He captured all the

specimens whilst standing still, off the flowers of Lysimachia vulgaris, and

especially noticed that the bees arrived from one direction, flying very

rapidly. Mr. Enock said the flight of Macropis was much like that of the

male Hucera; next year he hoped to discover the home of the species in

his locality.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited a pair of Paragus tibialis, Fallen, which he

found last June in the burrows of Halictus nitidiusculus; also a specimen

of Discomyza -incurva, Fallen, captured at Box Hill; this Muscid was

unrecorded as British.

Mr. F. P. Pascoe said he captured a specimen of the Discomyza at

Folkestone in 1878.

Mr. A. 8. Olliff exhibited seven specimens of Anommatus 12-striatus,

Miill., captured at ‘Tonbridge last month by Mr. A.C. Horner. They were

found in Mr. Horner’s garden on two linen-posts, which he had pulled up,

from four to six inches below the surface of the ground, where the soil was

moist and the stumps rather rotten; the specimens were captured almost

or quite on the surface of the wood. Another specimen was captured in a

strawberry growing about eight feet from a post. The two posts previously

mentioned stood about fifteen feet apart.

Miss EK. A. Ormerod exhibited bred specimens of Sitones lineatus, L.,

and read the following :—

Observations on the Development of Sitones lineatuis.

“ At our July meeting I mentioned that the locality of larval life and

transformations of Sitones puncticollis had recently been observed; now

I have the pleasure of being able to say that during the last month notes

have been forwarded to me regarding the feeding-place in the larval stage

(a)

and subsequent development of Sitones lineatus. These have been taken

by Mr. Thos. H. Hart, of Park Farm, Kingsnorth, Kent, who is well

accustomed to insect observations, and who first noticed the curculionideous

larvee feeding amongst the roots of his peas on the 3lst May. These he

sent information of to myself at the time, and during the course of his

observations, which he carried on carefully until the 4th July, when the

first of the Sitones developed, which he identified as S. lineatus. I now give

a part of the observations which, at my request, he wrote out in detail.

“Mr. Hart mentions the severe injury suffered at one time by his peas,

at another by his bean crop, from Sitones, together with his wish from the

commencement of his studies as an entomologist to make out the much-

wished-for point of the feeding-place of the larva. All his examinations,

however, were useless until, on his attention being drawn to the clover-root

feeding larve, he again examined the pea-roots, and instead (as in previous

examinations) of drawing up the plant, he dug them up bodily, and carefully

_removed the earth, and thus secured the curculionideous larve feeding

amongst the roots.

«These larve are whitish, plump, much wrinkled, with brown or

ochreous head, and powerful projecting jaws; legs none, and the extremity

of the anal segment used as a foot. The length, when full grown, is about

three-sixteenths of an inch. In this state it appears to do little damage

compared to that which is afterwards caused by the fully-developed weevil.

“There were indications of the grubs having eaten channels along the

main roots, but the peculiar gall-growth on the fibres appeared to be their

favourite food, and the fact that some of the larvee had ensconced themselves

within these galls caused doubts in the mind of the observer as to whether

the formation of this gall-growth was due to the weevil, but no larve could

be found by Mr. Hart in galls which were without a visible entrance.

‘When full-fed the larva forms an oval cell, without any lining, about two

inches under-ground, and at once undergoes its transformation. ‘The pupa

is white, but as it matures the eyes become black and the rostrum pitchy ;

each segment of the abdomen has a row of short spines, and the anal one

a pair of long spines placed one on each side of the extremity.

“The imago is at first creamy white, with the head pitchy and eyes

black. Specimens confined in a box attained their normal colouring (which

Mr. Hart describes in full) in about forty-eight hours; but at large the

weevils do not appear to leave their nidus for some time longer, probably

to admit of their integuments becoming fully hardened before exposure.

“The development of the first imago took place on July 4th—that is,

about five weeks from the time of the first observation of the larve ; and to

the above notes, which I have given nearly in Mr. Hart’s words, he adds a

good deal that is of interest practically, regarding the damage caused by the

weevils, and some of their habits, through which they may, at least in some

(“xxi 5)

degree, be diminished by means of common methods of cultivation; but as

these would possibly not be of interest here I have not entered on the

subject.

‘“‘T may add, as we have not yet any note on the egg, that in the course

of my own experiments, in the hope of making out the life-history of this

species of Sitones, a few years ago, that I imprisoned a large number of

weevils taken from peas early in the year, and that they laid roundish

white eggs in considerable numbers indiscriminately on everything, whether

the leaves within their cage or the glass or cork; but although there was

obviously every reason to expect the eggs to hatch satisfactorily, each one

perished. Looking at the fact of the eggs being laid (and perishing in an

unnatural locality) just before the time when Mr. Hart’s observations show

that the larve are to be found feeding on the pea-roots a little below the

surface of the ground, it seems to me scarcely open to doubt that the weevils

go down into the earth to lay, as well as to conceal themselves or for

shelter.”

Miss Ormerod also exhibited a specimen of a Cicindela received in a

letter from Mr. Rassam, who had found this and other “ flies” very

troublesome in the intense heat whilst making his explorations at Babylon. |

Mr. W. L. Distant exhibited many specimens of Xyleborus Saxesent,

Ratz., a species which had proved very destructive to a quantity of beer

sent out to Rangoon, presumably by boring through the casks. The beetles

were received from Dr. Biddie, of Madras, who stated that they swarmed in

the beer itself.

Papers read.

Mr. George Lewis communicated some notes entitled “On a visit to

Ceylon, and the relation of Ceylonese beetles to the vegetation there,” giving

a general account of the natural features and flora of the country with

reference to its coleopterous fauna. Mr. Lewis’s visit extended to five

months only, but in that time he collected over 10,000 specimens, referable

to about 1200 species.

Mr. H. Pryer communicated a short memoir “ On certain temperature

forms of Japanese butterflies.” The spring and summer broods of many

species which had been bred were particularly referred to, many hitherto

having been considered distinct species. Mr. Pryer considered the changes

to be due to the temperature experienced during the larval stage of the

species. Eleven, and probably a twelfth, species of Terias were considered

to be but forms of one species. :

An interesting discussion followed the reading of these two papers.

Mr. F. D. Godman expressed the wish that Mr. Pryer would continue

to follow up his researches in this direction, which could but lead to very

valuable results. Mr. Jonas had already told us that Papilio xuthus and

P.xuthulus were but forms of the same species ; now Mr. Pryer had proved

@.?xvir

it by breeding both from the larva. Mr. Pryer’s remarks on other species,

especially Terias, were passed in review, and Mr. Godman concluded by

calling attention to Mr. W. H. Edwards’s beautiful plates representing the

winter and summer broods in the genus Phyciodes, which is allied to

Melitea, in Part VII. of the second series of his ‘ Butterflies of North

America’; he also stated that Mr. Edwards was working at the same

subject in other groups.

Mr. R. Meldola said that Mr. Pryer’s remarks were of extreme interest

to him, but only wished that the author had submitted wings of the different

broods of his bred species that they might be figured in illustration of his

remarks. Dr. Weismann had already remarked that many species were

not seasonably dimorphic in Northern Europe, but were distinctly so

further south; this appeared also to hold in Japan. His researches

tended to prove that the changes were more or less affected with the

duration of the pupal state rather than the larval, and that those species

having well-marked dimorphic or temperature broods mostly hybernated

as pupe.

Mr. E. A. Fitch did not think these temperature forms were always

constant, but that they varied according to localities and seasons: he

especially referred to the very distinct third brood of Colias Hdusa which

was produced in Britain in 1877.

Mr W.L. Distant made some remarks on Mr. Pryer’s notes, and

expressed the belief that many of our so-called species were but seasonal

or dimorphic forms of others, and hoped that those naturalists who had the

opportunity of breeding various species would turn their attention to the

subject. Wallace had already expressed his opinion that Papilio Panvmon

and P. Memnon possessed both dimorphic and trimorphic forms of the

female; still this was awaiting actual proof, and he hoped that Mr. W. B.

Pryer would do for these species what his brother had done for P. vuthus

and P. xuthulus.

Mr. P. C. Wormald joined in the discussion, and said with reference to

Mr. Distant’s remarks about his relative Mr. W. B. Pryer, he was now

Governor of the Sandakan district of North Borneo, and could give but

very little time to his favourite study.

Mr. F. P. Pascoe, after congratulating the Society on the two important

papers just read, remarked that some years ago Sir Emerson Tennant

published, in his work on Ceylon, a list of the Coleoptera, drawn up

principally by Mr. Walker, from which it appeared that rather more than

half the genera were European (184 out of 358), thereby shewing that, so

far as the Coleopterous fauna was concerned, Ceylon, like India, formed

. part of a transitional zone between the Palearctic and Indo-Malayan regions.

A list with Mr. Lewis’s discoveries and a more modern appreciation of

genera will bewvery valuable.

(| xviii)

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse read some ‘‘ Descriptions of new Coleoptera from

Madagascar belonging to the Melolonthide.” Thirteen new species and

one new genus (Mutrichesis) were characterised.

September 6, 1882.

H. T. Sraryton,. Esq., F.R.S., &e., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Exhibitions, de.

Mr. R. M’Lachlan exhibited a box containing 500 or 600 Neuroptera

and Trichoptera, being a portion of his captures during a tour in Switzer-

land (chiefly in the Canton Valais and vicinity of the St. Gothard) and

North Italy (chiefly in the Val Anzasca) in July last. There were many

interesting forms, including some that were new. The genus Rhyacophila

was represented by twelve species, including numerous examples of a large

new species from Val Anzasca and Val Cannobina, and a number of

R. Meyeri, M’Lach. (hitherto known from a single imperfect example),

from the same localities. There were also curious new forms of minute

Coniopterygid@, amongst others a nearly black species from the Val

Levantina, and a spotted or blotched species from the Val d’Anniviers.

Mr. M’Lachlan also exhibited a mass of the so-called “ Indusial Lime-

stone” of Auvergne, given to him by Mr. H. W. Jackson, M.R.C.S., F.G.S.,

who found it above Romagnat, near Clermont Ferrand. ‘This curious

formation is well known to be made up of the cemented masses of shell-

bearing caddis-worm cases lying together in an irregular manner. He read

an extract from Lyell’s ‘ Klements of Geology’ (5th ed. pp. 201-2, 1855), in

which was detailed an account of the position of these indusial beds, and an

explanation of the probable manner in which they were formed. Lyell

assigned the formation to the Upper Kocene period, and there appeared to

be no doubt it originated before the extinction of the volcanoes of the region,

because beds of lava, &c., overlie the indusial beds. In connection with

this Mr. M’Lachlan remarked that the caddis-cases must have belonged to

insects of the family Limnophilide, and probably to Limnophilus itself, but

it so happened that, although fossil Trichoptera occurred in abundance in

even older formations, the Limnophilide were absent or nearly so (so far as

has been recorded), and yet from their strong wing-nervures they appeared

the most suitable for preservation in a fossil state. JI.ooking at this formation

from an entomological rather than a geological point of view, Mr. M’Lachlan

( xix)

would consider it of quite recent construction, and certainly as belonging to

the post-tertiary period.

The Rev. H. 8S. Gorham enquired whether there was any explanation

of why one species of caddis-worm should almost invariably use one species

of shell in the construction of their cases.

Mr. M’Lachlan replied that he could give no more probable explanation

than that the shells used were those of the species of mollusc most abundant

in the locality.

Mr. J.J. Weir read the following note :—‘ On Ist March, 1869, I read

before this Society a paper on ‘ Insects and Insectivorous Birds’; the main

object of that communication was to show that brilliantly coloured and hairy

caterpillars were not eaten by birds. Mr. A. G. Butler, at the same meeting,

read a paper relating experiments of a similar character to mine, which

showed that lizards and frogs equally rejected as food these gaily coloured

or hairy caterpillars. In ‘ Chambers’s Journal’ for this year (p. 519) there is

an interesting account of a pet trout; this fish was very tame, and readily

took food from the hand. The object I have in drawing the Society's atten-

tion to the account of this fish is that—although it is stated that he devoured

various kinds of spiders and insects—it 1s remarked that ‘with bright

coloured or hairy caterpillars he would have nothing to do.’” Mr. Weir also

incidentally remarked that he had recently seen an eel rise to the surface of

a stream at Lewes and deliberately pick off a caterpillar from the upper side

of a leaf of Nuphar lutea.

Miss E.. A. Ormerod exhibited specimens of a species of Lina, apparently

L. cuprea, Fabr.; they were received from Mr. G. R. Close, who stated that

the hazels and willows between Romsdal and Sundal (West Norway) were

utirely stripped of their leaves by thousands of this insect.

Miss Ormerod also communicated the results of some experiments

recently made upon the different effects of various rape-cakes on wireworms.

There are two kinds of rape-cake in common use amongst agriculturists in

this country, viz., Black-Sea rape-cake, which is made from rape-seed, and

Indian rape or Kurrachee cake, which is made from mustard-seed. ‘The

wireworms refused to feed on the so-called ‘“ Indian” rape--cake until it

became somewhat putrescent; they then fed on it for about a fortnight,

when they died. Other wireworms entered the common Black-Sea rape-

cake at once and throve on it for upwards of a month, and this food did not

appear to injuriously affect them.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited numerous specimens of Leptidia brevipennis,

Muls., both set and living examples, remarking that it had occurred by

thousands in the Boro’ Market during the last two months. They occurred

in baskets, most of which were two years old, received from Cherbourg,

containing vegetables; many of the baskets in which the Leptidia swarmed

had been in Mr. Billups’s possession for upwards of a twelvemonth.

(ee 9D

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, on behalf of Lord Walsingham, exhibited the

horns of an antelope, received from Colonel J. H. Bowker, of D’Urban,

Natal, which had been almost completely destroyed by the ravages of the

larvee of Tinea vastella, Zell. The prominent pupa-cases were so thickly

packed on the surface of the horns as to remind one of a larded capon or a

filet de veau piqué.

Mr. A. §. Olliff exhibited specimens of Synchita juglandis, Fabr., taken

at Tonbridge by Mr. A. C. Horner and himself, in August last, under the

the bark of two beech-trees.

Paper read.

Sir Sidney S. Saunders read the descriptions of three new genera and

species of fig insects, allied to Blastophaga, from Calcutta, Australia, and

Madagascar. ‘The species were characterized under the names of Hupristina

Masoni, from the figs of Ficus indica, received from Mr. J. Wood-Mason

from the Botanical Gardens at Calcutta; Pleistodontes imperialis, obtained

from Iicus macrophylla in New South Wales: and Kradibia Cowani, from

Madagascar ; all three in both sexes.

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part III. of the ‘ Transactions’ for 1882 was on the table.

October 4, 1882.

H. T. Srainron, Esq., F.R.S., &c., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of Members.

Mr. Francis Swanzy (Stanley House, Granville Road, Sevenoaks) and

Herr Gustav Weymer (58, Kleeblattstrasse, Elberfeld, Khenish Prussia)

were balloted for and elected Members of the Society.

. Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. Rh. M’Lachlan exhibited nymph-skins of Hagenius brevistylus, Selys

(a dragonfly belonging to the subfamily Gomphina), remarkable for their

extraordinarily broad and depressed form, and in this respect presenting a

striking contrast with the imago, the body of which is very long and

slender. They were from Texas, and formed part of a collection made by

the late Jacob Boll. A description and admirable figure is to be found in

Cabot’s “'The immature state of the Odonata,” subfamily Gomphina, p. 9,

pl. iii., fig. 4 (1872).

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse said that the beetles exhibited at the August

meeting, and stated to be injurious to beer-casks at Rangoon, were not

( sa}

Xyleborus Sawesenii, Ratz., as had been supposed, but another widely

distributed species, which was in the British Museum under the following

names :—Bostrichus ferrugineus, Fabr., from Central America; B. testaceus,

Walk. (1859), from Ceylon; and Tomicus perforans, Woll. (1857), from

Madeira and Rodriguez. As there was some doubt as to the determination

of the Fabrician species, Mr. Waterhouse proposed to adopt the name

T. perforans. Specimens are also in the collection of the British Museum

from Celebes, Penang, Rio, Porto Rico, and Dorey.

Prof. Westwood thought that a previous instance of insects attacking

beer-casks had been brought before the Society many years ago.

Mr. M’Lachlan believed that Tomicus and other bark-feeding Coleoptera

only attacked unhealthy trees.

Prof. Westwood agreed with the late M. Audouin that the oviposition of

these beetles tended in itself to cause disease in the trees attacked. He

considered that when casks were saturated with beer the insects might be

attracted thereby.

Rev. H.S. Gorham said that he had never known Hylesinus or Tomicus

to attack living trees.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse said that they appeared to single out individual

trees for their attacks, a single tree among many being sometimes greatly

infested, while all the others were exempt.

Papers read.

Prof. Westwood read “ Further descriptions of Insects infesting Figs,”

relating to minute Chalcidide.

Mr. G. C. Lewis read “ A Supplementary Note on the specific modifi-

cations of Japanese Carabi, and some observations on the mechanical action

of sun-rays in relation to colour during the evolution of species,” in which

he argued that the similarity of colour in animals and plants inhabiting

the same situations was due rather to their being subjected to similar

conditions of light, temperature, &c., than to the principle of protective

resemblance.

November 1, 1882.

H. T. Srainron, Esq., F.R.S., &c., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective douors.

EKahibitions, de.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir exhibited living specimens of what he believed

to be Conocephalus ensiger, Harris, which he had received from Messrs.

J. Veitch & Sons, of Fulham Road, in whose hot-houses the locust had

( xx)

_ appeared in some numbers; they fed readily on flies and spiders, and had

thriven in captivity for some weeks. Mr. Weir proposed to place the

specimens exhibited in the “ Insectarium” of the Zoological Society.

’ Mr. F. P. Pascoe exhibited a curious spider’s

nest found on the surface of the ground, attached

to a stone, at Cagliari, Sardinia. The nest

consisted of a silken bag, covered with earth,

with a trap-door; it was quite unknown to the

Rey. O. P. Cambridge, and no similar speci-

mens were in the British Museum.

Mr. G. Lewis exhibited specimens of Syn-

telia indica, Westw., S. histeroides, Lewis, and

Spherites belonging to the Synteliide; of

Figulus, Platycerus and Alsalus, n.s., belonging

to the Lucanide ; and of Saprinus, Hololepta,

aud anew genus of Histerid@; remarking on the similarity of outline in

the respective genera of the three families, and referred to his recently

published note on this subject (Ent. Mo. Mag. xix. 1387).

Mr. A. G. Butler communicated a paper entitled “‘ Heterocerous Lepi-

doptera collected in Chili by Thomas Edmonds, Esq.: Part IV. Pyrales

and Micros.” The collection contained seventy species of these groups,

many of which were described as new. Several of Blanchard’s genera were

reviewed, and some extended remarks were made on Zeller’s genus Crypto-

lechia. A few supplementary species in groups already treated of were

referred to, and five additional species described as new.

December 1, 1882.

H. T. Srainron, Esq., F.R.S., &e., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

The President announced the names of the Members proposed as

Officers and Council for 1883, and nominated the Auditors for the accounts

of the current year.

Exhibitions, &c.

De Geer, an Homopteron new to the British fauna, captured by Mr. G. C.

Bignell near Plymouth, on August 7th last. It had subsequently been

taken in some numbers in the same locality by Messrs. Bignell and Scott.

Mr. R. Meldola exhibited a small moth (? a species of Tinea) which had

been sent to him from Brazil by Dr. Fritz Miller, and which was remarkable

€ Sar. ,)

as being ovo-viviparous. Dr. Miiller stated that the insect had flown on to

his table last September: he then put it under his microscope with the

object of studying the neuration, when to his surprise he found it in the

act of depositing living larvee, specimens of which had been forwarded in a

tube of alcohol, and were exhibited at the meeting. Mr. Meldola stated

that in 1863 a similar habit had been observed in an Australian species,

Tinea vivipara, Scott, and had been brought under the notice of the Society

by Mr. Stainton (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1863, p. 152).

The Rey. H. 8. Gorham exhibited specimens of the rare Cryptophaqus

validus, Krtz. (or possibly C.fumatus, Msh.), which he had recently captured

in some numbers (three or four specimens each night) on the beer-casks in

his cellar. He believed they were imported with the beer from Leatherhead,

as he had observed some minute coleopterous larve, doubtless those of the

Cryptophagus, feeding on a minute blue fungus on the casks.

Lord Walsingham exhibited numerous living specimens of Niptus

hololeucus, Fald., which were found swarming in a plate-closet in Scotland,

and were said to be very destructive to the silver contained therein.

Sir Sidney 8. Saunders exhibited specimens, many microscopically

prepared, of Kradibia Cowani, trom Madagascar, and made some remarks

thereon, especially referring to the middle pair of legs being obsolete in.the

males (some fifteen or twenty specimens had been examined by Mr. Water-

house and himself).

Sir Sidney Saunders also communicated the substance of a corres-

pondence with M. Edmond André, of Beaune, respecting, firstly, the

synonymy of Huchalcis vetusta of Dufour, and Halticella osmicida, whereby

-M. André fully recognises that the former must be considered as a distinct

species from the latter, ‘‘ et que ces deux denominations s’appliquent a deux

especes differentes, bien.qu'il semble etonnant que l’espéce de Dufour

n’ait pas encore été retrouvee depuis 1815”; and, secondly, respecting the

terminal segments “des Chalcides a queue”, stating that his imperfect

knowledge of the English language had not enabled him fully to compre-

hend the comments contained in Sir Sidney Saunders’ memoir thereon,

which recently appeared in our Transactions (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1882,

p. 291); but that he had revised what he had written upon the subject in

the French ‘ Annales’; had re-perused Dr. Sichel’s monograph of 1865 ; had

also compared Prof. Westwood’s figure of Chalcis pyramidea, Fab., as well

as specimens of the respective genera; and that his opinion thereon “ est

restée toujours laméme”; while entering into details with reference to an

annotated sketch corresponding with the aforesaid figure (the terminal

segments of which had been obviously misinterpreted by him), and

requesting that any divergences might be pointed out; adding, “Je ne

cherche, comme vous, que l’intérét de la science, et je suis toujours tout

prét a reconnaitre mes erreurs quand elles me sont démontreées.”

( ex 9 :

Having satisfied his enquiries in this respect, M. André subsequently

deemed it expedient to sacrifice one of his specimens for the purpose of

elucidating the points at issue by full dissections of all its parts, as accurately

delineated in the annexed figures accompanying his second letter upon the

subject, giving a summary of the results thus obtained.

‘“ Beaune, ce 12 Octobre, 1882.

“ Monsieur & bien honoré Collégue,—

“J’ai recu votre excellente lettre du 27 Septembre et si je

n’y ai pas repondu plus tot, c’est parceque j’ai eu depuis ce temps beaucoup

de besogne et que le temps me manquait pour les observations délicates que

je voulais faire. J’ai toujours été persuadé que la recherche de la vérité

scientifique vous a seule guidée dans les réflexions critiques que vous avez

fait connaitre sur mon travail, et vous pouvez croire que, loin d’en avoir

le moindre ressentiment, je vous suis au contraire trés-reconnaissant d’avoir

jugé mon travail digne de l’examen approfondi auquel vous l’avez soumis.

C’est d’ailleurs, vous le savez, du choc des idées que jaillit la lumiere,

et, daus les tournois scientifiques, les vaincus aussi bien que les vainqueurs

gagnent a voir la verite degagée de ses voiles.

‘Je ne possede qu'une seule femelle de votre H. osmicida ; aussi n’ai-je

point voulu la sacrifier. J’avais au contraire deux femelles de Ch. gallica

et je n’ai point hesite a en livrer une au scalpel. J’ai done disséqué avec

le plus grand soin son abdomen, j'ai séparé et préparé pour l’examen

microscopique chacun des arceaux dorsaux et ventraux ainsi que toutes les

piéces des appareils génitaux. Je suis arrive ace resultat avec assez de

difficulte en égard a la sécheresse de |’individu que j’ai du faire ramollir

compléetement; cependant j’ai obtenu d’une facon bien nette tous mes frag-

ments. De leur examen consciencieusement fait, je suis arrivé & modifier

un peu mes’ premiéres idées, mais sans pour cela abonder dans les votres et

celles du Dr. Sichel.

“J'ai constaté que le fond de la divergence existant entre nos deux

opinions residait en ceci, que vous consideérez la partie que j’ai marquée 7D

dans le croquis ci-dessous, comme un arceau ventral correspondant a l’arceau

dorsal que j’ai indiqué par 6p. Or, pour moi, tous deux sont des arceaux

dorsaux l’un le 6e, lautre le Te. Or il ne faut pas trop s’arréter a la

difficuite de leur trouver des arceaux ventraux correspondants. Bien que

les dissections que j’ai operées fussent faites sur un individu complétement

desseche, j'ai apercu des fragments de teguments, tout a fait internes, mais

representant parfaitement a mon point de vue les 6e et Te arceaux ventraux.

C’est la une des premieres raisons qui me fait considerer 7D comme un arceau

dorsal. L’autre raison est que cet arceau porte une paire de stigmates.

Bien que vous affirmiez dans votre lettre qu’il faut subordonner les analogies

aux faits constatés, je crois que, dans l'état actuel de la question, nous ne

(Bex)

connaissons que trop insuffisamment la structure de cet abdomen (dissequé

par moi sur un individu sec et ne pouvant montrer qu imparfaitement les

parties devenues internes) pour déduire de l'ignorance ou nous sommes des

consequences en contradiction formelle avec ce qui se passe dans tout le

grand ordre des Hyménopteéres et méme probablement chez tous les insectes,

savoir que les stigmates ne sont jamais placés sur la face ventrale. I] est

absolument certain que des fragments de teguments ordinairement externes

peuvent dans des circonstances données devenir internes, et, en supposant

que l'imperfection de ma dissection puisse laisser quelque doute sur les

parties devenues internes que j’ai cru découvrir, je suis absolument persuadé

que des dissections d’insectes frais montreraient ces arceaux ventraux d’une

fagon bien évidente. Je ne crois pas qu’il soit permis d’affirmer, sans

s’appuyer sur des dissections minutieuses d'individus frais, que le Te seg-

ment n’existe pas. On ne peut le savoir qu’en examinant l’intérieur de

Vinsecte et je suis convaincu qu’en toutes circonstauces on retrouvera

toujours le nombre ordinaire des segments, plus ou moins atrophiés ou

dénaturés, mais existant au moins a l’etat de vestige.

‘“‘ Hin resume je continue a croire :— :

“Jo. Que l’hypopygium de Sichel muni d’un stigmate est un arceau

dorsal, qui est le Te.

*2e. Que son épipygium muni aussi d’un stigmate est le 6e arceau

dorsal.

“3e. Que ces 6e et Te arceaux dorsaux ont chacun un arceau ventral

correspondant, en partie atrophie (faute de place) et devenu interne.

“de. Que la partie de la queue qui suit est le fourreau de la tariére et

represente le 8e arceau veutral, l’arceau dorsal correspondant étant tout-a-

fait interne et représenté par une fraction de l’appareil génital.

“5e,. Que ce fourreau renferme et abrite une gaine qui contient elle-

méme deux stylets. Je les ai separés parfaitement et al méme pu remarquer

la forme bizarre en forme de hamecon de l’extrémité de la gaine, qui est

aussi munie d’épines en divers sens.

“6e. Enfin que la situation étant telle que je viens de le dire et que

le représente mon croquis, tout milite en faveur de la reunion des genres

Phasganophora et Euchaleis au genre Chalcis, et que si, par suite de la

dissection minutieuse a laquelle je me suis livré, ce que j’expose plus haut

différe en quelques points de détail de ce que j’ai dit dans les Annales de la

Société Entomologique de France, les grandes lignes de mon argumentation

et les conclusions restent les mémes.

‘« Tinterét principal de cette petite discussion reside, a mon point de vue,

dans ce fait, que je ne crois pas possible de supprimer d’un trait de plume

un segment a l’abdomen d’un hyménoptére ou de doter de la méme maniére

un segmeut ventral de stigmates. La nature ne bouleverse pas ses plans

d’une fagon aussi complete; elle diminue l’importance de certains organes

( xvi.)

au profit de quelques autres, mais elle ne les supprime pas; elle les diminue

les atrophie, ou les modifie dans leur forme, mais elle en laisse toujours des

vestiges. —-

“Je vous serai reconnaissant, Monsieur et trés-honoré collégue, de

faire part & nos collégues de la Société Entomologiques de Londres de ces

quelques observations. L'intérét de la Science nous pousse tous deux et la

Société ne pourra se refuser 4 admettre une discussion courtoise. Croyez

que si je n’ai pas cru devoir céder devant votre opinion, malgré la grande

importance scientifique qu'elle prend en sortant de votre plume si autorisée,

c’est seulement parceque je suis convaincu d’étre dans le vrai; je reste

dailleurs tout prét a renier tout ce que je viens de dire, si la faussete

m’en est absolument démontré par des faits, ce dont je doute jusqu’a

present.

“Veuillez croire, Monsieur et trés-honore collégue, a mes respectueux

sentiments. ,

‘ Hpm. ANDRE.”

In bringing these details before the Society, as requested by M. Andre,

Sir Sidney Saunders stated that he had pointed out to him a seeming

inconsistency arising from the respective parts having been severed from

each other without due attention being paid to the connection of the

ovipositor with the particular segment referred to in his first result. For,

as M. André has himself indicated in his excellent work, now in the course

of publication (‘Spécies des Hyménoptéres,’ Introd., p. lxxxiii),—** U’hypo-

pygium quelquefois laisse voir seulement a sa partie inferieure une fente

plus ou moins large ou passe chez les femelles les piéces de la tariére ou de

Vaiguillon.” This is precisely the case in the aforesaid segment—“ U’hypo-

pygium de Sichel”—which M. André would nevertheless characterise as

“un arceau dorsal, qui est le Ze.” Moreover, as set forth in the same

work (p. lxxxvij, the terebra itself and its two demi-sheaths are theoretically

( "xv )

to be regarded in all instances as attached to the hypopygium, while the two

spicule of the terebra are connected with the epipygium. Here, however,

these five component parts are all associated with the same segment, as

clearly defined by a new dissection of Halticella exhibited to the meeting,

and represented in the annexed woodcut (whereof copy has been sent to

M. André), which parts are also shown in their natural position together

with this segment, and as withdrawn therefrom, in Sir Sidney Saunders’

former dissections; the first represented in figure 3, and the second in

figure 11 of Plate XII., 1882.

Hence it would seem that the lower portion of this contested segment

must inevitably be regarded as the true hypopygium, accurately corres-

ponding with M. André’s aforesaid description as such: while the upper

portion, as indicated by a longitudinal lateral line sufficiently apparent,

would retain the two spiracles and the basal attachment of the spicule to

the dorsal region, which may possibly be assignable to the epipygium; in

which case the two tegumentary fragments adverted to by M. Andre would

constitute integral parts of a 6th rudimentary and concealed ventral

segment, while the true epipygium and hypopygium would be connate

together in this one terminal segment representing the dorsal and ventral

portions of the 7th. Under the peculiar circumstances, however, of this

terebral-bearing segment becoming ostensibly pseudo-dorsal at its projecting

apex, such abnormal character would scarcely be enhanced by the acquisition

of spiracles in conformity with such a transition.

(° Sexyan\)

M. André’s attention has been drawn to this suggested solution, but his

reply has not yet been received.*

The Secretary read the following :—

Supplemental Note to a Memoir “ On the supposed abnormal habits of

certain Species of Eurytomides.” (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1882,

p. 307.)

By J. O. Westwoop, M.A., F.L.S.

In the thirteenth volume of the ‘ Verhandlungen’ of the Imperial

Zoological and Botanical Society of Vienna (1863, pp. 1289-1800), Dr. J.

Giraud published an important ‘ Notice sur les deformations galliformes du

Triticum repens et sur les Insectes qui les habitent et description de trois

espéeces nouvelles du genre Isosoma, Walk.’, in which he described numerous

species of insects of various families of Hymenoptera, with particular notices

of their habits. Of one of these parasites (Pimpla graminelle, Grav.) he

states that its larva, ‘est tellement frequente dans les galles de Triticum

repens que, sans la connaissance de l’insecte qu'elle produit, on serait tente

de la regarder comme le propriétaire legitime. Une circonstance curieuse,

et que je n’ai eu occasion d’observer ailleurs que bien rarement, c’est que

cette larve parait tirer la plus grande partie de son alimentation de la

plante méme. O’est la une dérogation aux lois ordinaires qui régissent

l’économie des parasites, mais cette exception me parait incontestable et

plusieurs espéces, de genres tres differents, en fournissent des exemples.

Surpris de trouver ces larves constamment seules dans le canal des galles,

sans qu’il me fut possible de reconnaitre la moindre trace de celles que je

devais supposer leur avoir servi de pature, j’ai repeté mes recherches a une

époque de l’année ou je pouvais espérer de les rencontrer encore dans leur

jeunesse. Des le mois d’aott, je les ai vues a divers degrés de développe-

ment et souvent n’ayant encore que le tiers ou méme le quart de leur taille

a l'état adulte; mais, ici encore, il n'y avait aucun vestige de la victime

que je cherchais. . . . . Sil’on tient compte de l'absence de toute victime

pendant que la larve est encore jeune et continue a se développer, comme de

l’agrandissement de la cavite qui la renferme a mesure, que sa croissance

augmente, on ne peut se refuser d’admettre que la larve ne soit phytophage,

au moins pendant une grande partie de son existence.” &c.

* The following has since been received from M. André, dated Paris, 10th Dec.,

1882:—‘Je suis en ce moment en voyage et votre derniére lettre m’a été retournée

ici. Aussi je ne puis vous répondre completement aujourd’hui et je vous prie

d’attendre mon retour a Beaune qui aura lieu a la fin de ce mois. J’ai besoin

evidemment d’etudier sur nature ce que vous me dites; cependant je crois que

nous avangons l’un et l’autre vers la verité et que nous finirons par y arriver

diaccord. Je reprendrai done cette question dés mon retour 4 Beaune et vous

rendrai compte de ce que j’aurai trouvé. En attendant, croyez a mes bien dévoués

sentiments.”

( ie 4)

The author then describes a new species of Isosoma (I. graminicola), of

which he says that its larva resembles those of the genus Hwurytoma, but

is of a more elongated form, and adds, “ Les détails que j'ai donnés sur la

larve de l’espéce précédente conviennent aussi a celle de cette Isosoma.

Elle grandit et se transforme a la méme époque. A quelque age que je

l'aie observée, je n’ai jamais rencontré de victime auprés d’elle, et il m’a

paru évident qu'elle tirait aussi sa nourriture de la plante, au moins pendant

la plus grande partie de sa croissance. Ce genre de vie contraste avec celui

des larves du genre Eurytoma habitant dans les galles des Cynips, car ces

derniéres sont constamment zoophages et on les rencontre appliquées sur le

corps de leur victime pendant tout le temps qu’elles ont besoin de prendre

des aliments.”

The author then gives descriptions of two other new species of [sosoma,

upon the habits of which he had made no observation, adding the further

remarks:—‘ Dans un fragment assez mince de la tige d’une graminée....

(Festuca, sp. ?), j'ai trouve, au mois de mars, réunies sur un point du canal,

huit larves semblables a celles de l'[sosoma graminicola. LL’espace, d’un

peu moins d’un centimetre de longueur, occupé par elles, n’était terni par

aucune souillure, mais la membrane médullaire avait disparu, en cet endroit,

tandis que tout le reste était dans un état normal. . . . . Dans ce cas.

encore, je ne pus découvrir aucune trace de victime, et il me parut evident

que les larves avaient du tirer leur nourriture de la substance de la plante,

comme nous l'avons yu pour |’Isosoma graminicola; mais avec cette.

difference qu’elles avaient vécu en commun, tandis que les autres étaient

solitaires. On serait tenté de croire, d’aprés ces observations, que ces

insectes ne sont pas parasites: mais leur place dans le systéme et leur

affinité avec les Hurytoma qui le sont évidemment, rendent cette supposition

peu vraisemblable. De nouvelles recherches sont neécessaires.”

Papers read.

Mr. P. Cameron communicated the “ Descriptions of ten new species of

Nematus from Britain.”

Mr. D. Sharp communicated a ** Revision of the species included in the

genus Tropisternus, Solier (Hydrophilide).” The thirty-three species of

Tropisternus are arranged in ten groups forming two very distinct sections.

Two species are included in the new genus Pleurhomus.

Mr. E. Meyrick communicated a memoir “ On the Classification of

some families of the Tineina,” having special reference to the genera

included in the Gelechide by Heinemann and in the Gelechide and

(Ecophoride by Stainton.

Messrs. Stainton and M‘Lachlan made remarks on the latter paper,

Mr. M‘Lachlan stating that he was especially pleased to see that Mr. Mey-

rick had advocated neuration as a primary guide to classification, but he

( some’)

doubted whether his method of examining the wings without removing the

scales would not lead to error; in many Trichoptera he found it impossible

to see the neuration without taking the short hairs off the wings.

ANNUAL MEETING,

January 17, 1883.

H. T. Starnton, Esq., F.R.S., &c., President, in the chair.

An abstract of the Treasurer’s Accounts for 1882 was read by Mr. R.

M’Lachlan, one of the Auditors.

The Secretary read the following :—

Report oF tHE Councit For 1882.

In accordance with the Bye-Laws, the Council begs to present the

following Report :—

During the year 1882 the Society has lost four members by death:

Mr. Charles Darwin (an original and life member), Mr. Henry Reeks,

Mr. David Greig Rutherford, and the Rev. George Weare Braikenridge.

Six members and two subscribers have resigned. Hight new members

have been elected; the Society thus now consisting of two members and

two subscribers less than last year.

The Society appears to have quite maintained its position during the

past year; many objects of interest have been exhibited, and valuable papers

have been discussed at the meetings, which the attendance-book shows to

have been well supported ; the 63 pages of ‘ Proceedings’ for the year form

an interesting record. ‘The ‘Transactions’ extend to 540 pages, illustrated

with nineteen plates, of which four are coloured The twenty-three

memoirs have been contributed by fourteen authors. In addition to the

usual descriptive papers, the Council has great satisfaction in calling special

attention to the four papers exclusively relating to British Entomology and

to the eight others of special interest to general entomologists.

Our financial position is shown in the following abstract of the

Treasurer’s accounts :—

RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS.

Balance in hand - - =) ueue Rent, Office, and eee £114

Contributions of Members - 943 Expenses 5 ;

Sale of Publications : - §0| Publications - = > - 260

Interest on Consols - - g | Library - 5 = NS eyes!

Donations - - - =O

£402 £401

( teseat = )

The thanks of the Society are due to those who have kindly given

liberal donations, and to Lord Walsingham for defraying the cost of a

coloured plate (Pl. xvii.) illustrating the new North American Coleophore

described by him.

The Library has been increased during the year by the usual serials

and by several donations from members; many entomological serials which

have not hitherto been received have been obtained by purchase.

Two essays have been received in competition for the prize of £50

offered by Lord Walsingham and others in 1879 for ‘“ the best and most

complete life-history of Sclerostoma syngamus, Diesing, supposed to produce

the so-called ‘ gapes’ in poultry, game, and other birds.” After reference to

Dr. T. Spencer Cobbold, F.R.S., &c., the Council have awarded this prize

to Dr. Pierre Mégnin, late President of the Entomological Society of France,

Honorary Associate of R.C.V.S.L., &. The other essay was received from

Mr. Charles Black, gamekeeper to Rev. A. H. Pakenham, Langford Lodge,

Crumlin, Antrim, Ireland. It was fully illustrated, and accompanied by

seventy rough microscopic preparations, and evinced great industry, but its

value was much diminished by the want of proper scientific training on the

part of the investigator. As a mark of appreciation of Mr. Black’s industry

and research, a second prize of £10 has been awarded him. Lord Wal-

singham has kindly undertaken the publication of M. Mégnin’s valuable

memoir, which will be illustrated with two coloured plates from the author’s

beautiful drawings. On behalf of the Society, the Council desires to thank

Lord Walsingham for his liberality, and Dr. Cobbold for the help given in

an exhaustive report on the comparative merits of the essays received.

As many members are aware, extensive alterations have been made in

the Society’s rooms. Negotiations with the Medical Society were completed

in June last by which it was arranged that this Society should occupy the

new south room, with use of new meeting-room, &c., at the same rent as

that hitherto paid. The Council is glad to inform members that these

alterations will shortly be completed, and that the new Library will be a

larger and better-lighted room than the one previously occupied. The

thanks of the Society are due to Messrs. Grut and Poole for their care and

superintendence during the removal of the books, and to the Medical Society

for providing temporary accommodation tor the cases.

11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.

lith January, 1883.

_ The President appointed Messrs. R. Meldola and J. Jenner Weir

scrutineers.

The following Members of Council for 1883 were balloted for and

unanimously elected :—J. W. Dunning, E. A. Fitch, F. D. Godman, H. 8.

(eee 4)

Gorham, F. Grut, W. F. Kirby, R. M’Lachlan, J. W. May, F. P. Pascoe,

E. Saunders, J. W. Slater, H. T. Stainton, C. O. Waterhouse.

The following officers were subsequently elected:—President, J. W.

Dunning, M.A., F.L.S., &e.; Treasurer, EH. Saunders, F.L.S.; Librarian,

F. Grut, F.L.S.; Secretaries, EK. A. Fitch, F.L.S., and W. F. Kirby.

The President then delivered an address, at the conclusion of which

Mr. W. L. Distant proposed a cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Stainton for

his services as President during the year, and requested that he would

allow his address to be printed with the ‘ Proceedings.’ The proposal was

seconded by Mr. J. J. Weir, and carried unanimously.

Mr. M’Lachlan proposed a cordial vote of thanks to the Secretaries,

Librarian, aud Treasurer, which was seconded by the Rev. H. S. Gorham,

and carried unanimously.

Messrs. Fitch, Grut and Saunders made some remarks in acknowledg-

ment.

ABSTRACT OF RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS FOR 1882.

Receipts. Pavments.

1882 £ s. d.| 1882 £3.) d.

To Balance, 1 Jan. 1882 - 3810 6]By Rent, Salary of Sub-

Subscriptions, as per list - 168 0 O Librarian, and one} M4 bs

Entrance Fees - - 1010 0 Bxpenses

‘Agenasiaan - 3 = iene lp Printing, &e. - - SPLitel3 nO

Compositions. - SiGe eet Colouring, Plates, &e. Sch 2 Ww

Donations ‘ 4 - 6619 0 Books, Binding, &c. - 27.5 38

‘Transactions’ - E == S50 eas

Consols, interest on | ele a :

£313 4s. 8d. Balance in hand - = JO. 18529

£403 0 8 £403 0 8

ASSETS.

eo Sse

Balance - : : é 2 2 - 3 00: ASve9

Subscriptions due, considered good - - - =6 10) OF 20

Consols, £313 4s. 8d. - : - - (cost) 293 4 O

£304 12 9

CHas. O. WATERHOUSE.

J. W. SLATER.

R. M‘LacHian.

FERDINAND GRUT,

Audited and found correct.

January 10th, 1883,

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

GENTLEMEN,

The loss of our most illustrious Member, Cuartes RoBert

Darwin, which occurred on the 19th of April last, is still fresh

in our recollections. Born on the 12th February, 1809, he

was educated successively at Shrewsbury, Edinburgh, and

Cambridge.

In the case of any one who has achieved greatness, it is

always interesting to search in his early career for the first

indications of his future celebrity ; it becomes, so to speak, an

embryological study of the mental development.

Through the kindness of our excellent Secretary, Mr. Fitch,

I have been favoured with a few lines written by one of our still

living Original Members on the subject of Charles Darwin leaving

Cambridge in 1831. This was in a letter addressed by the Rey. —

Leonard Jenyns (now Rey. Leonard Blomefield) to James Francis

Stephens, April 11th, 1831. It was as follows :—

. ‘* Swaffham Bulbeck, April 11th.

‘* My dear Stephens,

Darwin, I am sorry to say, has taken his

degree, so that we are likely to lose him soon at Cambridge

altogether, which I shall very much regret, he having assisted

me greatly in working out the Cambridgeshire insects, and proved

so very diligent a collector ; though I have not yet been able to.

induce him to extend his enquiries beyond the order of Coleoptera.

He comes up for one more term this spring, I believe solely for

entomological purposes, and I mean that we should do a great

deal together during that time. . . . .

‘‘ Yours very sincerely,

“LL. JENYNs.”

XXXIV

Before the close of that same year (1831) Charles Darwin

had sailed in the ‘ Beagle,’ then bound on a surveying voyage,

and he did not return to this country till October 2nd, 1836,

having been away nearly five years.

There is no doubt that in the observations made during that

voyage, and the reflections thereby occasioned, we may trace the

cerms of nearly all his later writings. It has therefore appeared

to me desirable that the Entomological Notes, in his ‘ Journal of

Researches,’ which are, I am sorry to say, few and far between,

should be put together collectively ; and, bearing in mind that

these observations’ were all made before the writer had attained

the demure age of 28, this record of his youth can scarcely fail

to interest those who are now regretting his death in his 74th

year.

St. Paul’s Rocks, a small islet which rises abruptly from the

depths of the Atlantic, 540 miles from the coast of South

America, was visited February 16th, 1832. The highest point

is only fifty feet above the level of the sea, and the entire circum-

ference is under three-quarters of a mile.

‘‘Not a single plant, nor even a lichen grows on this islet ;

yet it is inhabited by several insects and spiders. The following

list completes, I believe, the terrestrial fauna :—A fly (Olfersia)

living on the booby, and a tick which must have come here as a

parasite on the birds ; a small brown moth belonging to a genus

that feeds on feathers; a beetle (Quedius), and a woodlouse

from beneath the dung; and lastly, numerous spiders, which, I

suppose, prey on these small attendants and scavengers of the

waterfowl.

‘The often-repeated description of the stately palm and other

noble tropical plants, their birds, and lastly, man, taking posses-

sion of the coral islets as soon as formed in the Pacific, is

probably not quite correct; I fear it destroys the poetry of this

story, that feather and dirt-feeding and parasitic insects and

spiders should be the first inhabitants of newly-formed oceanic

land.”

Rio de Janeiro was visited April 4th, 1832, and, in making an

excursion thence more than a hundred miles into the interior,

XXXV

there was noticed ‘‘ an intricate wilderness of lakes, in some of

which were fresh, in others salt-water shells. Of the former |

kind I found a Limnea in great numbers in a lake, into which

the inhabitants assured me that the sea enters once a year, and

sometimes oftener, and makes the water quite salt. I have no

doubt many interesting facts, in relation to marine and fresh-

water animals, might be observed in this chain of lagoons, which

skirt the coast of Brazil. M. Gay has stated that he found, in

the neighbourhood of Rio, shells of the marine genera Solen and

Mytilus and fresh-water Ampullarie living together in brackish

water. I also frequently observed, in the lagoon near the Botanic

Garden, where the water is only a little less salt than in the sea,

a species of Hydrophilus, very similar to a water-beetle common

in the ditches of England; in the same lake the only. shell

belonged to a genus generally found in estuaries.”’

Whilst staying at Rio, Mr. Darwin resided in a cottage at

Botofogo Bay, close beneath the well-known mountain of the

Corcovado. Here, ‘‘ the climate during the months of May and

June [1832], or at the beginning of winter, was delightful. The

mean temperature .... was only 72°. It often rained heavily,

but the drying southerly winds soon again rendered the walks

pleasant: -. ... After the hotter days it was delicious to sit

quietly in the garden and ‘watch the evening pass into night.

Nature, in these climes, chooses her vocalists from more humble

performers than in Europe. A small frog, of the genus Hyla,

sits on a blade of grass about an inch above the- surface of the

water, and sends forth a pleasing chirp; when several are

together they sing in harmony on different notes. . . . Various

Cicade and crickets at the same time keep up a ceaseless shrill

ery, but which, softened by the distance, is not unpleasant.

Every evening after dark this great concert commenced, and

often have I sat listening to it, until my attention has been

drawn away by some curious passing insect.

‘« At these times the fire-flies are seen flitting about from

hedge to hedge. On a dark night the light can be seen at about

two hundred paces distant. It is remarkable that in all the

different kinds of glow-worms, shining Elaters, and various

marine animals (such as the Crustacea, Meduse, Nereide, a

coralline ofthe genus Clytia, and Pyrosoma) which I have

XXXVI

observed, the light has been of a well-marked green colour. All

the fire-flies which I caught here belonged to the Lampyride (in

- which family the English glow-worm is included), and the greater

number of specimens were of Lampyris occidentalis. I found

that this insect emitted the most brilliant flashes when irritated ;

in the intervals the abdominal rings were obscured. ‘The flash

was almost co-instantaneous in the two rings, but it was just

perceptible first in the anterior one. The shining matter was

fluid and very adhesive; little spots, where the skin had been

torn, continued bright, with a slight scintillation, whilst the

uninjured parts were obscured. When the insect was decapi-

tated the rings remained uninterruptedly bright, but not so

brilliant as before ; local irritation with a needle always increased

the vividness of the light. ‘The rings in one instance retained

their luminous property nearly twenty-four hours after the death

of the insect. From these facts it would appear probable that

the animal has only the power of concealing or extinguishing the

light for short intervals, and that at other times the display is

involuntary. On the muddy and wet gravel-walks I found the

larve of this Lampyris in great numbers; they resembled in

general form the female of the English glow-worm. These larve

possessed but feeble luminous powers ; very differently from their

parents, on the slightest touch they feigned death, and ceased

to shine; nor did irritation excite any fresh display. I kept

several of them alive for some time: their tails are very singular

organs, for they act, by a well-fitted contrivance, as suckers or

organs of attachment, and likewise as reservoirs for saliva, or

some such fluid. I repeatedly fed them on raw meat, and I

invariably observed that every now and then the extremity of the

tail was applied to the mouth, and a drop of fluid exuded on the

meat, which was then in the act of being consumed. The tail,

notwithstanding so much practice, does not seem to be able to

find its way to the mouth ; at least the neck was always touched

first, and apparently as a guide.

“When we were at Bahia an Hlater or beetle (Pyrophorus

lwninosus, Illig.) seemed the most common luminous insect. The

light in this case was also rendered more brilliant by irritation.

IT amused myself one day by observing the springing powers of

this insect, which have not, as it appears to me, been properly

described, The Hlater, when placed on its back and preparing

XXXV1i

to spring, moved its head and thorax backwards, so that the

pectoral spine was drawn out, and rested on the edge of its sheath.

The same backward movement being continued, the spine, by the

full action of the muscles, was bent like a spring ; and the insect

at this moment rested on the extremity of its head and wing-cases.

The effort being suddenly relaxed, the head and thorax flew up,

and in consequence the base of the wing-cases struck the sup-

porting surface with such force that the insect, by the reaction,

was jerked upwards to the height of one or two inches. The

projecting points of the thorax and the sheath of the spine

served to steady the whole body during the spring. In the

descriptions which I have read sufficient stress does not appear

to have been laid on the elasticity of the spine; so sudden

a spring could not be the result of simple muscular contraction

without the aid of some mechanical contrivance.”

Whilst at Rio during the summer of 18382 a visit to the forest

is thus mentioned :—“ This day I found a specimen of a curious

fungus called Hymenophallus. Most people know the English

Phallus, which in autumn taints the air with its odious smell ;

this, however, as the entomologist is aware, is to some of our

beetles a delightful fragrance. So was it here, for a Strongylus,

attracted by the odour, alighted on the fungus as I carried it in

my hand. We here see in two distant countries a similar rela-

tion between plants and insects of the same families, though the

species of both are different. When man is the agent in intro-

ducing into a country a new species, this relation is often broken ;

as one instance of this I may mention that the leaves of the

cabbages and lettuces, which in England afford food to such a

multitude of slugs and caterpillars, in the gardens near Rio are

untouched.

“During our stay at Brazil I made a large collection of

insects. A few general observations on the comparative im-

portance of the different orders may be interesting to the English

entomologist. The large and brilliantly-coloured Lepidoptera

bespeak the zone they inhabit far more plainly than any other

race of animals. I allude only to the butterflies, for the moths,

contrary to what might have been expected from the rankness of

the vegetation, certainly appeared in much fewer numbers than

in our own temperate regions. I was much surprised at the

XXXVI11

habits of Papilio feronia. ‘This butterfly is not uncommon, and

generally frequents the orange-groves. Although a high flyer,

yet it very frequently alights on the trunks of trees. On these

occasions its head is invariably placed downwards, and its wings

are expanded in a horizontal plane, instead of being folded

vertically, as is commonly the case. This is the only butterfly

which I have ever seen that uses its legs for running. Not being

aware of this fact, the insect, more than once, as I cautiously

approached with my forceps, shuffled on one side just as the

instrument was on the point of closing, and thus escaped. But

a far more singular fact is the power which this species

possesses of making a noise. Several times when a pair,

probably male and female, were chasing each other in an

irregular course, they passed within a few yards of me, and

I distinctly heard a clicking noise, similar to that produced by a

toothed wheel passing under a spring catch. The noise was

continued at short intervals, and could be distinguished at about:

twenty yards’ distance. I am certain there is no error in the

observation.* .

‘‘] was disappointed in the general aspect of the Coleoptera.

The number of minute and obscurely-coloured beetles is ex-

ceedingly great. The cabinets of Europe can, as yet, boast only

of the larger species from tropical climates. It is sufficient to

disturb the composure of an entomologist’s mind, to look

forward to the future dimensions of a complete catalogue. (I

may mention, as a common instance of one day's (June 23rd)

collecting, when I was not attending particularly to the Coleoptera,

that I caught sixty-eight species of that order. Among these

there were only two of the Carabide, four Brachelytra, fifteen

Rhynchophora, and fourteen of the Chrysomelide. Thirty-seven

species of Arachnida, which | brought home, will be sufficient to

prove that I was not paying overmuch attention to the generally

favoured order of Coleoptera).

** In the Proceedings of this Society, March 8rd, 1845, Transations IV.,

exxill., we read :—‘‘ Mr. Edward Doubleday mentioned that he had recently

examined Peridromia Feronia, the butterfly described by Mr. C. Darwin in

his ‘Tour,’ as making a noise during flight like the rustling of parchment,

and that he had detected a small membranous sac at the base of the fore-

wings, with a structure along the subcostal nervure like an Archimedean

screw or diaphragm in the trachex, especially at the dilated base of the

wing.”

XXX1X

“The carnivorous beetles, or Carabide, appear in extremely

few numbers within the tropics: this is the more remarkable

when compared to the case of the carnivorous quadrupeds,

which are so abundant in hot countries. I was struck with this

observation both on entering Brazil, and when I saw the many

elegant and active forms of the Harpalide re-appearing on the

temperate plains of La Plata. Do the very numerous spiders

and rapacious Hymenoptera supply the place of the carnivorous

beetles? The carrion-feeders and Brachelytra are very un-

common ; on the other hand, the Rhynchophora and Chryso-

melide, all of which depend on the vegetable world for sub-

sistence, are present in astonishing numbers. I do not here refer

to the number of different species, but to that of the individual

insects ; for on this it is that the most striking character in the

entomology of different countries depends. The orders Ortho-

ptera and Hemiptera are particularly numerous; as likewise is

the stinging division of the Hymenoptera; the bees, perhaps,

being excepted. A person, on first entering a tropical forest, is

astonished at the labours of the ants; well-beaten paths branch

off in every direction, on which an army of never-failing

foragers may be seen, some going forth and others returning,

burdened with pieces of green leaf, often larger than their own

bodies.

/ ‘* A small dark-coloured ant sometimes emigrates in countless

numbers. One day, at Bahia, my attention was drawn by

observing many spiders, cockroaches, and other insects, and

some lizards, rushing in the greatest agitation across a bare

piece of ground. A little way behind, every stalk and leaf was

blackened by a-small ant. The swarm having crossed the bare

space, divided itself, and descended an old wall. By this means

many insects were fairly enclosed; and the efforts which the

poor little creatures made to extricate themselves from such a

death were wonderful. When the ants came to the road they

changed their course, and in narrow files re-ascended the wall.

Having placed a small stone so as to intercept one of the lines,

the whole body attacked it, and then immediately retired.

Shortly afterwards another body came to the charge, and again,

having failed to make any impression, this line of march was

entirely given up. By going an inch round, the file might have

avoided the stone, and this doubtless would have happened, if it

had been originally there: but having been attacked, the lion-

hearted little warriors scorned the idea of yielding.

“Certain wasp-like insects, which construct in the corner

of the verandahs clay cells for their larve, are very numerous in

the neighbourhood of Rio. These cells they stuff full of half-dead

spiders and caterpillars, which they seem wonderfully to know

how to sting to that degree as to leave them paralysed but alive

until their eggs are hatched, and the larve feed on the horrid

mass of powerless, half-killed victims—a sight which has been

described by an enthusiastic naturalist as curious and pleasing!

““T was much interested one day by watching a deadly

contest between a Pepsis and a large spider of the genus Lycosa.

The wasp made a sudden dash at its prey, and then flew away:

the spider was evidently wounded, for, trying to escape, it rolled

down a little slope, but had still strength sufficient to crawl into

a thick tuft of grass. The wasp soon returned, and seemed

surprised at not immediately finding its victim. It then com-

menced as regular a hunt as ever hound did after fox; making

short semicircular casts, and all the time rapidly vibrating its

wings and antenne. ‘The spider, though well concealed, was

soon discovered; and the wasp, evidently still afraid of its

adversary’s jaws, after much manceuvring, inflicted two stings

on the underside of its thorax. At last, carefully examining

with its antenne the now motionless spider, it proceeded to drag

away the body. But I stopped both tyrant and prey.”

On the 6th of December, 1833, the ‘ Beagle’ left the Rio

Plata for the coast of Patagonia, and the occurrence of insects

at sea is chronicled thus :—

‘Several times when the ship has been some miles off the

Plata, and other times when off the shores of Northern

Patagonia, we have been surrounded with insects. One evening,

when we were about ten miles from the Bay of San Blas, vast

numbers of butterflies, in bands or flocks of countless myriads,

extended as far as the eye could range. Even by the aid of a

telescope it was not possible to see a space free from butterflies.

The seamen cried out, ‘it was snowing butterflies,’ and such in

fact was the appearance. More species than one were present,

but the main part belonged to a kind very similar to, but not

xli

identical with, the common English Colias Edusa: Some moths

and Hymenoptera accompanied the butterflies, and a fine beetle

(Calosoma) flew on board. Other instances are known of this

beetle having been caught far out at sea, and this is the more

remarkable, as the greater number of the Carabide seldom

or never take wing. The day had been fine and calm, and the

one previous to it equally so, with light and variable airs.

Hence we cannot suppose that the insects were blown off the

land, but we must conclude that they voluntarily took flight.

The great bands of the Colias seem at first to afford an instance

like those on record of the migrations of another butterfly,

Vanessa cardwi; but the presence of other insects makes the

case distinct, and even less intelligible. Before sunset a strong

breeze sprung up from the north, and this must have caused

tens of thousands of the butterflies and other insects to have

perished.

“On another occasion, when seventeen miles off Cape

Corrientes, I had a net overboard to catch pelagic animals.

Upon drawing it up, to my surprise, I found a considerable

number of beetles in it, and although in the open sea they did

not appear much injured by the salt water. I lost some of the

specimens, but those which I preserved belonged to the genera

Colymbetes, Hydroporus, Hydrobius (two species), Notaphus,

Cynucus, Adimonia and Scarabeus. At first I thought that these

insects had been blown from the shore, but upon reflecting that

out of the eight species four were aquatic, and two others partly

so in their habits, it appeared to me most probable that they

were floated into the sea by a small stream which drains a lake

near Cape Corrientes. On any supposition it is an interesting

circumstance to find live insects swimming in the open ocean

seventeen miles from the nearest point of land. There are

several accounts of insects having been blown off the Patagonian

shore. Captain Cook observed it, as did more lately Captain

King in the ‘ Adventure.’ The cause probably is due to the want

of shelter, both of trees and hills, so that an insect on the wing,

with an off-shore breeze, would be very apt to be blown out to

sea. The most remarkable instance I have known, of an insect

being caught far from the land, was that of a large grasshopper

(Acridium), which flew on board when the ‘Beagle’ was to

windward of the Cape de Verd Islands, and when the nearest

xlii

point of land, not directly opposed to the trade-wind, was Cape

Blanco, on the coast of Africa, 370 miles distant.”

On the 23rd December, 1838, Port Desire, on the coast

of Patagonia, was reached.

‘‘The Zoology of Patagonia is as limited as its Flora. On

the arid plains a few black beetles (Heteromera) might be seen

slowly crawling about, and occasionally a lizard darted from side

to side.”’

One hundred and ten miles further south the ‘ Beagle’

entered the spacious harbour of Port St. Julian, Patagonia, on

the 9th January, 1834.

‘‘ Although we could nowhere find, during our whole visit, a

single drop of fresh water, yet some must exist; for by an odd

chance I found on the surface of the salt water, near the head-

of the bay, a Colymbetes, not quite dead, which must have lived

in some not far distant pool. Three other insects (a Cicindela,

hke hybrida, a Cymindis, and a Harpalus, which all live on

muddy flats occasionally overflowed by the sea), and one other

found dead on the plain, complete the list of the beetles. A |

good-sized fly (T’abanus) was extremely numerous, and tormented

us byits painful bite. . . . We have here the puzzle that so

frequently occurs in the case of mosquitoes—on the blood

of what animals do these insects commonly feed? The guanaco

is nearly the only warm-blooded quadruped, and it is found

in quite inconsiderable numbers compared with the multitude

of flies.”

Two visits were paid to Tierra del Fuego ; one from December,

1832 to February, 1833; and the other from February to June,

1834 ; the following remarks on the insects oceur :—

‘‘ Beetles occur in very small numbers: it was long before I

could believe that a country as large as Scotland, covered with

vegetable productions and with a variety of stations, could be so

unproductive. The few which I found were alpine species

(Harpalide and Heteromera), living under stones. The vegetable-

feeding Chrysomelide, so eminently characteristic of the tropics,

are here almost entirely absent. (I believe I must except one

alpine Haltica and a single specimen of a Melasoma). Mr.

Waterhouse informs me that of the Harpalide there are eight or

nine species, the forms of the greater number being very

peculiar ; of Heteromera, four or five species ; of Rhynchophora,

six or seven; and of the following families one species in each:

Staphylimde, Klateride, Cebrionde, Melolonthide. The species

in the other orders are even fewer. In all the orders the scarcity

of the individuals is even more remarkable than that of the

species. Most of the Coleoptera have been carefully described

by Mr. Waterhouse in the ‘ Annals of Natural History.’ I saw

very few flies, butterflies, or bees, and no crickets or Orthoptera.

In the pools of water I found but few aquatic beetles. . . I

have already contrasted the climate as well as the general

appearance of Tierra del Fuego with that of Patagonia, and the

difference is strongly exemplified in the Entomology. I do not

think they have one species in common ; certainly the general

character of the insects is widely different.”

In January, 1835, the Chonos Archipelago, on the western

coast of South America, was visited.

‘‘Cryptogamic plants here find a most congenial climate.

In the Straits of Magellan, as I have before remarked, the

country appears too cold and wet to allow of their arriving at

perfection ; but in these islands, within the forest, the number

of species and great abundance of mosses, lichens, and small

ferns is quite extraordinary.

‘‘By sweeping with my insect-net, I procured from these

situations a considerable number of minute insects, of the family

Staphylinide, and others allied to Pselaphus, and minute Hymeno-

ptera. But the most characteristic family in number, both of

individuals and species, throughout the more open parts of

Chiloe and Chonos, is that of the T’elephoride.”’

March 11th, 18385, Valparaiso was reached, and from this

point an excursion was made over the Cordillera to Mendoza,

which was two days’ journey on the eastern side of the mountains.

On the 25th March, when approaching Mendoza, we read :—

xliv

‘* After our two days’ tedious journey, it was refreshing to see

in the distance the rows of poplars and willows growing round

the village and river of Luxan. Shortly before we arrived at this

place, we observed to the south a ragged cloud of a dark reddish-

brown colour. At first we thought it was smoke from some great

fire on the plains, but we soon found that it was a swarm

of locusts. They were flying northward, and with the aid of a

light breeze they overtook us at a rate of ten or fifteen miles an

hour. The main body filled the air from a height of twenty

feet, to that, as it appeared, of two or three thousand above the

sround; ‘and the sound of their wings was as the sound

of chariots of many horses running to battle,’ or rather, I should

say, like a strong breeze passing through the rigging of a ship.

The sky, seen through the advanced guard, appeared like a

mezzotinto engraving, but the main body was impervious to

sight ; they were not, however, so thick together but that they

could escape a stick waved backwards and forwards. When they

alighted they were more numerous than the leaves in the field,

and the surface became reddish instead of being green: the

swarm having once alighted, the individuals flew from side to

side in all directions. Locusts are not at all an uncommon pest

in this country; already, during this season, several smaller

swarms had come up from the south, where, as apparently in all

other parts of the world, they are bred in the deserts. The poor

cottagers in vain attempted by lighting fires, by shouts, and by

waving branches, to avert the attack. This species of locust

closely resembles, and perhaps is identical with, the famous

Gryllus migratorius of the East.” .. .

“We slept in the village of Luxan, which is a small place

surrounded by gardens, and forms the most southern cultivated

district in the province of Mendoza; it is five leagues south

of the capital. At night I experienced an attack (for it deserves

no less a name) of the Benchuca, a species of Reduvius, the great

black bug of the Pampas. It is most disgusting to feel soft

wingless insects, about an inch long, crawling over one’s body.

Before sucking they are quite thin, but afterwards they become

round and bloated with blood, and in this state are easily

crushed. One which I caught at Iquique (for they are found in

Chili and Peru) was very empty. When placed on a table, and

though surrounded by people, if a finger was presented, the bold

xlv

insect would immediately protrude its sucker, make a charge,

and if allowed draw blood. No pain was caused by the wound.

It was curious to watch its body during the act of sucking, as in

less than ten minutes it changed from being as flat as a wafer

to a globular form. This one feast, for which the benchuca was

indebted to one of the officers, kept it fat during four whole

months ; but after the first fortnight it was quite ready to have

another suck.”’

The Galapagos Archipelago was visited between September

15th and October 20th, 1835, and though directly under the

equator it was remarked that both the fauna and flora were

dull.

‘With the exception of a wren with a fine yellow breast, and

of a tyrant flycatcher with a scarlet tuft and -breast, none of the

birds are brilliantly coloured, as might have been expected in an

equatorial district. Hence it would appear probable that the

same causes which here make the immigrants of some species

smaller, make most of the peculiar Galapageian species also

smaller, as well as very generally more dusky coloured. All the

plants have a wretched, weedy appearance, and I did not see one

beautiful flower. The insects, again, are small-sized and dull-

coloured, and, as Mr. Waterhouse informs me, there is nothing

in their general appearance which would have led him to imagine

that they had come from under the equator. The birds, plants,

and insects have a desert character, and are not more brilliantly

coloured than those from Southern Patagonia ; we may, therefore,

conclude that the usual gaudy colouring of the intertropical

productions is not related either to the heat or light of those

zones, but to some other cause, perhaps to the conditions of

existence being generally favourable to life.” ....

‘“T took great pains in collecting the insects, but, excepting

Tierra del Fuego, I never saw in this respect so poor.a country.

‘Even in the upper and damp region | procured very few, excepting

some minute Diptera and Hymenoptera, mostly of common mun-

dane forms. As before remarked, the insects, for a tropical region,

are of very small size and dull colours. Of beetles I collected

twenty-five species (excluding a Dermestes and Corynetes, imported

wherever a ship touches) ; of these, two belong to the Harpalide,

xlvi

two to the Hydrophilide, nine to three families of the Heteromera,

and the remaining twelve to as many different families. This

circumstance of insects (and I may add plants) where few in

number belonging to many different families, is, I believe, very

general.”

Mr. Waterhouse, who described these insects from the Gala-

pagos Islands in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Nat. Hist.,’ 1845,

vol. xvi., pp. 19—41, remarks :—‘“‘ The insects here described are

nearly all of small size, and none of them display any brilliant

colourimg. Some of the species are referable to a little group

found in Chili and Peru,—the genus Ammophorus,—a genus

hitherto only found in those parts; others appertain to a genus

(Anchonus) which is almost confined to the West Indian Islands

and the northern parts of South America. Again, in the

collection under consideration are species of genera which are

found all over the world, or nearly so, such as F'eronia, Notaphus,

and Oryctes; and lastly, there are species which cannot be

located in any known genus, but which appertain to families

having representatives in most parts of the world, such as the

Pedinde, Tentyrude, Anthrobide, and Halticide. ... . Some

of the insects of the collection have labels attached, from which

may be ascertained the particular island of the Galapagos Group

from which they were procured, and where this was the case I

have not found any species which is common to two or more of

the islands.”’

On the 19th January, 1836, Mr. Darwin, then in New South

Wales, was approaching Bathurst :—‘‘ I was interested by finding

here the hollow conical pit-fall of the ant-lion, or some other

insect : first a fly fell down the treacherous slope and immediately

disappeared ; then came a large but unwary ant, its struggles to

escape being very violent; those curious little jets of sand,

described by Karby and Spence as being flirted by the insect’s

tail, were promptly directed against the expected victim. But

the ant enjoyed a better fate than the fly, and escaped the fatal

jaws which lay concealed at the base of the conical hollow. The

Australian pit-fall was only about half the size of that made by

the European ant-lion.”

April 1st to 12th, 1836, was spent at the Keeling or Cocos

xlvii

Islands, in the Indian Ocean, about 600 miles distant from the

coast of Sumatra.

‘Of insects I took pains to collect every kind. Exclusive of

spiders, which were numerous, there were thirteen species,

belonging to the following orders :—In the Coleoptera, a minute

Elater; Orthoptera, a Gryllus and a Blatta; Hemiptera, one

species; Homoptera, two; Neuroptera, a Chrysopa; Hyme-

noptera, two ants; Lepidoptera, a Diopea, and a _ Prtero-

phorus (?); Diptera, two species. A small ant swarmed by

thousands under the loose dry blocks of coral, and was the only

true insect which was abundant.”

On the advantages to the naturalist of extended travel, the

closing words of the ‘ Journal of Researches into the Natural

History and Geology of the countries visited during the voyage

of H.M.S. ‘‘ Beagle” round the World’ should be deeply im-

pressed on the minds of all who may, if not now, yet in after-life,

have opportunities of putting them in practice.

“In conclusion, it appears to me that nothing can be more

improving to a young naturalist than a journey in distant

countries. It both sharpens and partly allays that want and

craving which, as Sir John Herschel remarks, a man experiences,

although every corporeal sense be fully satisfied. The excite-

ment from the novelty of objects and the chance of success

stimulate him to increased activity. Moreover, as a number of

isolated facts soon become uninteresting, the habit of comparison

leads to generalisation. On the other hand, as the traveller

stays but a short time in each place, his descriptions must

generally consist of mere sketches, instead of detailed observa-

tions. Hence arises, as I have found to my cost, a constant

tendency to fill up the wide gaps of knowledge by inaccurate and

superficial hypotheses.

‘“‘ But I have too deeply enjoyed the voyage not to recommend

any naturalist, although he must not expect to be so fortunate in

his companions as I have been, to take all chances, and to start

on travels by land if possible, if otherwise on a long voyage. He

may feel assured he will meet with no difficulties or dangers,

excepting in rare cases, nearly so bad as he beforehand anticipates.

xlviii

In a moral point of view the effect ought to be to teach him good-

humoured patience, freedom from selfishness, the habit of acting

for himself, aud of making the best of every occurrence ; in

short, he ought to partake of the characteristic qualities of most

sailors. ‘Travelling ought also to teach him distrust; but at the

same time he will discover how many truly kind-hearted people .

there are with whom he- never before had, or ever again will

have, any further communication, who yet are ready to offer him

the most disinterested assistance.”

A few words in conclusion with reference to the tendency, now

perhaps decaying but scarcely yet extinct among us, of describing

species from insufficient materials. In turning over the pages of

any of the older authors one cannot fail to notice that points

which were much overlooked by them are these :—Ist, the range

of variation of a species in specimens from a single locality ; and

2nd, the range of variation of a species in a series of widely

separated localities.

To take the case of a travelled entomologist, who had never

even left Kurope, yet if he collected the same insect in twenty

different localities from St. Petersburg to Lisbon he would thus

learn more of its multitudinous phases than by any amount of

cabinet-hunting.

In the course of my life I have described many species from

single specimens, but I now look back upon such conduct as the

follies of my younger days, for, if you have only a single speci-

men before you, your knowledge of its range of variation is

literally nil; and who knows whether the solitary specimen you

have before you is an extreme variation on the one side or on the

other, or whether it represents the normal character of the

species ?

Probably it would be a good plan to restrain our describing

ardour—this furor describendi—till we have before us, at least,

from twenty to thirty specimens of the species. We should

thereby avoid many errors, and also much lessen the labours of

posterity, who will often fail in the attempts to decipher our

unsatisfactory descriptions. I can imagine that it may be urged

that if A abstains from describing because he feels he lacks

a sufficiency of material, B, who is not restrained by any such

conscientiousness, will rush to the front and attain priority;

xlix

well, all I should say in such a case is ine if B likes to

make a fool of himself, let him; Ais not in any way injured

thereby.

The nuisance of describing from unique specimens has been

brought home to me very forcibly by my being asked over and

over again by my continental correspondents to supply them

with specimens of all the species I have ever described from

single specimens; it seems uncourteous not to satisfy their

expectations, yet at the same time the thing is physically im-

possible, as by far the greater number of these unique specimens,

on which I founded species, still remain unique, and are not in

my own collection.

Perhaps, if a species has not been regularly established within

a period of say forty or fifty years from its first description,

it would be a safe plan to look upon it as non est, and to omit it

from our lists. Should it ever turn up in plenty it can always be

resuscitated.

In vacating the chair, I must congratulate the Society that it

has elected as my successor Mr. Dunning, one who has: not been

guilty of my youthful follies of founding a score of species on —

single specimens ; the contributions that Mr. Dunning has from

time to time made to the literature of Entomology have all been

conceived in a truly philosophical spirit, and I trust we may yet

see many more from his pen.

I have now only to thank the Society for the kindness with

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Nore.—Where the name only of an Insect or Genus is mentioned,

the description will be found on the page referred to.

The Arabic Figures refer to the pages of the ‘Transactions’; the Roman

Numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’

PAGE PAGE

GENERAL SUBJECTS ........ li | HyMENOPTERA ...... avec liv

INRNGHINTTAL (sce c-eierois oss 31 li), Le PIMOPTHERA <j... ese ete lvii

COLEOPTERA .....+ 0. metal lii | NEUROPTHRA .ceiciiessiste en UR

IDTPTERA opselea sc tema he itih | ORTHOPTERA........ Apeoony asin

FAGIMETPDRRAN yeciciasteiniee cee LEV

a ae

GENERAL SUBJECTS.

Annual Meeting, xxx.

Caterpillars of brilliant colours or hairy refused by trout, xix.

Ceylon, on a Visit to, 475.

Classification of the Adephaga, 61.

Colonial Office, communication from, iii.

Colour in animals and plants, 503.

Darwin’s death alluded to, vii.

Eel devouring a caterpillar, xix.

Entozoa, eggs exhibited, iii.

Epping Forest, preservation of natural condition of, vii.

External parasites of spiders, xii.

Fig insects. 47, xx, Xxi.

Galls on Ammophila, ix; on flowers and keys of ash, viii; on reed, ix; on

Triticum, 1x.

Glass-mounted specimens of Hymenoptera exhibited, vi.

Hybrid moth, notes on, vii.

Indusial limestone, exhibited and alluded to, xviii.

Ovo-viviparous moth from Brazil, xxii.

Papilots impressed with figures of enclosed butterflies, iii.

Parthenogenesis, alluded to, xi.

Phytophagism in Cynipide, 49 ; in Burytomide, 307, ix, xxviii,

(iy dig? +) >

President’s Address, xxXiii. _

Rape-cakes, effects on wireworms, Xix.

Sexual attraction of female rhopalocerous pups, iv.

Temperature forms of butterflies, 485; discussion, xvi.

~ARACHNIDA.

Spider parasites, xii. é,

Trap-door spider, silken nest of, from Sardinia, exhibited, xxii.

COLEOPTERA.

Acosmétus reitteri, 80.

Adephaga, classification of, 61. -

Allocharis, 98. A. marginata, 99.

Alsalus, new species exhibited, xxii.

Amphizoa, alluded to, 67.

Anagolus, 90. A. helmsi, 90. ,

Anommatus 12-striatus at Tonbridge, xiv; at Whetstone, xiii; parasite

of, xil.

Batocera, alluded to, 479

Bostrichus ferrugineus,—testaceus, alluded to, xxi.

Callistus lunatus, captured at Reigate, ii.

Carabidae, classification of, 61; climatical variation of in Japan, 503.

Ceratognathus dispar, 82 :

Ceylonese beetles, alluded to, 475.

Chalcolampra, distribution of, 98. C. speculifera, 98.

Choleva lugubris, 78.

Chorasus, 79. C. subcecus, 80.

Cicindela, species from Babylon, exhibited, xvi.

Coccinella, amount of variation in, vi. C. oblongoguttata, — ocellata

—septempunctata, varieties of, vi.

Coleoptera of Ceylon, remarks on, 475, xvii; from Madagascar, 493; from

New Zealand, 73.

Colydiide, new genus and species of, from Bombay, i; described, iv.

Cryptophagus validus, exhibited, xxiii.

Cyphon variegatus, 87.

Dasytes helmsi, 86.

Didymocantha robusta, 92. j

Enaria depressiuscula, 495.—latifrons, 494.—marginata, 494.

Encya calva, 495.—cribrata, 499.—gutticollis, 496.—invulnerata, 497.—

pyriformis, 496.—variegata, 498.

Enthora, transferred to Rhizotrogine, 499.

Eusoma, probably erroneously united with Odontria, 84.

Hutrichesis, 499. E. pilosicollis, 501.—placidus, 501.—punetatus, 500.

Figulus, exhibited, xxii.

Grynoma regularis, 78.

Gyrinide, structure alluded to, 68.

Histeride, new genus exhibited, xxii.

Hololepta, exhibited, xxii.

GT. +)

Hybolasius deplanatus, 94

Hylesinus, habits alluded to, xxi.

Langelandia, undoubtedly belonging to Colydiide, 80.

Lepidiota pygidialis, 502.—savagei, not a Tricholepis, 499.

Leptidia brevipennis, abundant in Boro’ Market, xix.

Leucopholis lepidota, a Lepidiota, 499.

Lina cuprea, destructive in Norway, xix.

Macromela sealyi, from Caleutta, ii.

Melolontha grandis, a Lepidiota, 499.—lactea, a Lepidiota, 499.—vulgaris,

larvee destructive to young pines at Salisbury, xii.

Melolonthide, descriptions of new species from Madagascar, 493.

Mesanobium, 85. M. debile, 86.

Mesolamia, 96. M. marmorata, 97.

Mormolyce, alluded to, 63.

Niptus hololeucus, said to be destructive to plate, Xxili.

Nosodendron zealandicum, 81.

Paramellon sociale, iv.

Pentarthrum helmsianum, 91.

_ Platycerus, exhibited, xxii.

Rhinomacer rufula, alluded to, 89.

Rhinorhynchus, 88. R. zealandicus, 89.

Saprinus, exhibited, xxii.

Scopodes nigrinus, 77.

Selina westermanni, alluded to, 478.

Sericospilus, 83. S. advena, 84.

Siagona, structure alluded to, 65.

Sitones lineatus, observations on development of, xiv.—puncticollis, bred

specimens exhibited, xii.

Somatidia helmsi, 93.

Spherites, exhibited, xxii.

Sphinditeles, alluded to, 85.

Synchita juglandis at Tonbridge, xx.

Syntelia histeroides,—indica, exhibited, xxii.

Synteliide, alluded to, xxii.

Tarphiomimus wollastoni, 79.

Techmessa distans, 87,—telephoroides, alluded to, 88. ‘

Tetrorea discedens, 95.—sellata, 95.

Tomicus, habits alluded to, xxi. TT. perforans, alluded to, xxi.

Tricholepis, transferred to Rhizotrogine, 499.

Tropisternus, paper read on revision of the species, xxix.

Wireworms differently affected by various rape-cakes, xix.

Xyleborus saxeseni, destructive to beer, xvi, Xx.

Xylotoles huttoni, 93.

DIPTERA.

Discomyza incurva at Box Hill and Folkestone, xiv.

Lipara, galls of, alluded to, ix.

Lonchea, alluded to, ix.

Ochthiphila, alluded .to, ix.

Paragus tibialis, from the burrows of an Halictus, xiv,

( lig 3

HEMIPTERA.

Anthocoride, larve exhibited, i.

Carsidara, 466. C.marginalis, 467.

Cerataphis latanie@, exhibited, x1.

Cicadide, from Madagascar, 335.

Creiis, 462. C. longipennis, 463.

Malagasia, 336. IM. inflata, 337.

Neolithus, 445. WN. fasciatus, 446.

Pentatomide from Calcutta, exhibited and alluded to, ii.

Petalolyma, 459. P. basalis, 460.

Phyllolyma, 456, P. fracticosta, £57.

Phytolyma, 453. LP. lata, 454.

Platymetopius undatus, new to Britain, xxi.

Platypleura pulverea, 335.

Psylla arctica, alluded to, 459.—basalis, new genus for, 460.—duvane,

443.—fracticosta, new genus for, 457.—lata, new genus for, 454.—

livioides, synonym of C. longipennis, 463.— trigutta, new genus

for, 451.

Psyllide from South America, 443; in the British Museum, 449.

Thea, 450. T. trigutta, 451.

Tyora, 470. T. congrua, 471.

HYMENOPTERA.

Agaon paradoxum, alluded to, 48.

Ancistrocerus, subgenus of Odynerus, 176.

Andrena, 227; terminal segments of, 110. A. afzeliella, 281.—albicans,

267. —analis, 270.—angustior, 251.— aprilina, stylopized male

nigroenea, 229.—argentata, 268.—atriceps, 236.—austriaca, alluded

to, 243.—bicolor, 251.—bimaculata, 237.—bucephala, 258.—cetii,

232.—cineraria, 244.—cingulata, 233.—chrysosceles, 269.—clarkella,

248.—coitana, 271.—combinata, form of dorsata, 280.—constricta,

variety of fulvago, 273.— convexiuscula, stylopized afzeliella, 229.

—decoruta, autumn brood of bimaculata, 238.—denticulata, 261.—

dorsata, 280.—extricata, variety of fulvicrus, 265.—fasciata, 265.—

ferox, 257.—florea, 240.—fucata, 256.—fulwa, 247.—fulvago, 273.—

fulvicrus, 264.—fuscata, variety of afzeliella, 281.—fuscipes, 262.

—gwynana, 250.—hattorfiana, 231.—helvola, 255.—humilis, 275.—

labialis, 276.—lapponica, 252.—lucens, 272.— minutula, 277.—

mouffetella, stylopized male atriceps, 229.—nana, 278.—nigriceps,

260. — nigroenea, 249.— nitida, 246.—parvula, spring form of

minutula, 278.—~picicornis,—picipes, stylopized trimmerana, 229.

—pilipes, 235.—polita, 274.—precox, 253.—proxima, 279.—rose,

241.—simillima, 261.—spinigera, form of trimmerana, 244.—1tri-

dentata, 264.—trimmerana, 243.—thoracica, 245.—varians, 254.—

vitrea, form of bimaculata, 239.—wilkella, 282.—aanthura, alluded

to, 283.

Aptesis foersteri, 146.

\ ive)

Bassus holmgreni, 161.

Belyta, parasitic on Anommatus, xii.

Blastophaga grossorum, synonym of psenes, 55. —psenes, 59.—sycomori, 59.

Bracon seulptilis, 327,

Campoplex confusus,—erythrogaster, Sear »—obreptans,— oxyacanthe ,

—terebrator, new to Britain, 149.

Chalcis, sectional divisions alluded to, 291.

Cilissa, 285. C. hemorrhoidalis, 286.—leporina, 287.

Clistopyga rufator, new to Britain, 162.

Colletes, 182. C. cunicularia, 186.—daviesana, 185.—fodiens, 183.—mar-

ginata, 185.—picistigma, 184.—succincta, 183.

Cryptus migrator [cimbicis], bred from Trichiosoma cocoon, vii.—ornatus,

143.—palustris, alluded to, 145.

Cteniscus bimaculatus,—hostilis, new to Britain, 160.

Cymodusa flavipes, new to Britain, 149.

Dasypoda, 284. D. hirtipes, 284.

Decatoma biguttata, alluded to, 325.

Euchaleis vetusta, alluded to, 291, xxiii.

Eumenes, 181. E. coarctata, 181.

Eupristina masoni, from Calcutta, Xx.

Eurytoma hordei, phytophagism alluded to, 807.— longipennis, galls

alluded to, 820, ix.—taprobanica, 327.

Eurytomide, economy alluded to, 308, ix, xxviii.

Exochus albicinctus,—decorator,—septentrionalis, new to Britain, 160.

Gnathoxys marginellus, new to Britain, 143.

Grypocentrus clypeatus,—incisulus, new to Britain, 158.

Halictus, 199. H. aeratus, variety of morio, 226.—albipes, 212.—atri-

cornis, 222.—breviceps, 221.—brevicornis, 218.—cylindricus, 211.—

gramineus, 224.—interruptus, doubtfully British, 166.—levigatus,

207.—levis, 217.— leucopus, 226.—leucozonius, 205.—longulus, 213.

maculatus, 203.—malachurus, 212.—minutissimus, 222.—minutus,

221.—morio, 225.—nitidiusculus, 220.—pusillus, 214.— prasinus,

209.—punctatissimus, 219.—puncticollis, 217.—quadricinctus, 202.

quadrinotatus, 207.—rubicundus, 201.—seaxnotatus, 208.—smeath-

manellus, 225.—subfasciatus, 215.—tumulorum, 224.—villosulus, 216.

—zxanthopus, 204.—zonulus, 206.

Halticella osmicida, alluded to, 291, xxiii; exhibited, ii.

Hemimachus fasciatus, bred specimens alluded to, 141.

Hemiteles, alluded to, 141. H. castaneus, male described, 144.—gyrini,

144,—persector, new to Britain, 144.

Hoplopus, subgenus of Odynerus, 173.

Hymenoptera, synopsis of British, 165; mounted on glass, vi.

Hyperacmus crassicornis, new to Britain, 161.

Ichnewmon sanguinator, synonymy of, 142 ; from Mickleham, iii.

Ichneumonide, additions to catalogue of British, 141

Tsosoma allynii, an Eupelmus, 320.—hordei, economy alluded to, a ==

orchidearum, 323.—vitis, alluded to, 320.

Kradibia cowani. from Madagascar, xxiii,

( ivi)

Limneria afinis, new to Britain, 153.—brischkei, 155.—canaliculata, 151.

—clandestina, 150.—concinna, 150,—hyalinata, 150, new to Britain.

—kriechbaumeri, 151.—litoralis, new to Britain, 150.—rufa, 152.—

virginalis, new to Britain, 150.

Lissonota anomala, doubtfully new to Britain, 162.—deversor, notasynonym

of irrisoria, 163.—femorata, new to Britain, 163.—fletcheri, 163.—

linearis, alluded to, 162.

Lycorina triangulifera, new to Britain, 162.

Macropis, 283. M. labiata, 283; at Woking Station, xiv.

Megachile, terminal segments of, 110.

Meloboris pusio, new to Britain, 153.

Mesochorus formosus, 154.—fuscicornis, new to Britain, 154.

Mesoleius difformis,—ignavus,—molestus, new to Britain, 156.—pini, 156.

Mesoleptus antilope, a Catoglyptus, 155.—leucostomus, a Trematopygus,

155.—similis, 155,—vulneratus, 155, new to Britain.

Monoblastus caproni, 159.—neustrie, new to Britain, 158.

Nematopodius ater, new to Britain, 145.

Nematus breadalbanensis, 531.—brevicornis, larva alluded to, 532.—cad-

derensis, figure of larva alluded to, 537.—caledonicus, 533.—cari-

natus, 533.—collinus, 534.—glenelgensis, 535, larva described, 535.

—glottianus, 536, larva described, 536.—histrio, alluded to, 535.—

hyperboreus, not Thomson’s species, 540.—maculiger, 538, figure of

larva alluded to, 589.—oblongus, 539.—pulchellus, 537.—ribesii,

mortality in young larve, x.—thomsoni, 540.—v-flabum, Dole

whitei, not a synonym of N. lativentris, 532.

Notopygus emarginatus, new to Britain, 156.

Odynerus, 172. O. antilope, 179.—basalis, 175.—callosus, 176.—crassi-

cornis, 180.—gracilis, 180.—levipes, 174.—melanocephalus, 174.—

parietinus, 179.—parietum, 177.—pictus, 177.—reniformis, 175.—

sinuatus, 180.—spinipes, 173.—trifasciatus, 178.—trimarginatus,

178.

Panurgus, terminal segments of, 110.

Perilissus gorskii, new to Britain, 156.

Pezomachus analis, new to Britain, 148.—anthracinus, male described,147.—

dubitator, 148,—geochares, 148,—aylochophilus, 148, new to Britain.

Philachyra, alluded to, 320.

Platymesopus apicalis, 326.

Plectiscus spilotus, new to Britain, 155.

Pleistodontes imperialis, from New South Wales, xx.

Polyblastus bridgmani, uew to Britain, 159.

Polysphincta pallipes,—tuberosa, exhibited and habits referred to, xii.

Prosopis, 187; terminal segments of, 110. P. bifasciata, doubtfully British,

166.—brevicornis, 193.—communis, 190.—confusa, 192.—cornuta,

188 — dilatata, 189.— hyalinata, 191.— pictipes, 194.—punctula-

tissima, 191.—signata, 190.—variegata, doubtfully British, 166.

Sagaritis zonata, alluded to, 149.

Semiotellus chalcidiphagus, alluded to, 316.

Sphecodes, 195. S. ephippium, 199.—gibbus, 196.—pilifrons, 197.—punceti-

ceps, 198.—similis, 198.—subquadratus, 197.

Co dian“)

Sycobia bethyloides, alluded to, 51.

Sycophaga crassipes, 51.

Symmorphus, subgenus of Odynerus, 179.

Terminal abdominal segments of Anthophila, 109; of Chalcis, 296, xxiil.

Thaumatotypus billupsi, 145.

Trematopygus atratus, new to Britain, 157.

Lryphon albipes, « Trematopygus, 157.—albovinctus, a Polyblastus, 158.—

colon, a Mesoleius, 158.—conjfinis, new to Britain, 158.—fasciatus,

an Erromenus, 158.—notatus, an Euryproctus, 158.—xanthostomus,

a Mesoleius, 158.

Vespa, alluded to, 167. V. arborea, 171.—crabro, 168.—germanica, 169,

early appearance of, iiii—norvegica, 171.—rufa, 170.—sylvestris,

171.—wulgaris, 168. .

LEPIDOPTERA.

Abraxas grossulariata, hyperparasite of, 154.

Acidalia, name preoccupied, 369.

Acousmaticus, 8. A. magnicornis, 8.

Acrosemia flavaria, 342,—quietaria, 342, from Chili.

Agrotis americana, 128,—anteposita, 128,—bilitura, 128,—bipars, 127,

from Chili.—clerica, 129.—consueta, alluded to, 127.—edmondsii,

131.—helvetina, supposed British specimens alluded to, x.—hispi-

dula, 127,—hostilis, 127,—from Chili.—mamestrina, 130, variety

described, 131.—saucia, from Chili, 126.—semifusca, 129.—suffusa,

from Chili, 126.

Alamis polioides, from Chili, 138; larva and pupa described, 139.

Alsophila madidata, alluded to, 391.

Amathia, alluded to, 596. <A. indistincta, 397.—lincolaria, from Chili,

397.

Amydona humeralis, a Catocephala, 15.

Anchocelis carneago, from Chili, 133.—pistacina, variety of exhibited, vii.

Annaphila fidonioides, 137.

Anomogyna nenioides, 182.

Anthecia inflata, probably an Heliocheilus, 32.

Antherea pernyi and roylei, notes on hybrid, vii ; specimen exhibited, viii.

Anticlea corticalis, 411.

Apamea glottuloides, 120.

Apicia valdiviana, 342.

Aspilates bivittata, 388.—lacticinia, 388.

Azelina corticalis, 355.—felderi, 355.

Bacillogaster, alluded to, 391. B. boreas, 391; larva referred to, 892.—

hypparia, from Chili, 393.—parva, 392; larva referred to, 393.

Boletobia sericea, 367.

Bombyx? deserticola, probably a Laora, 7.—hypoleuca, a Porthetria,

quercus, parasite of, 152.

Bryoptera panteata, not a Bryoptera, 367.

Callimorpha dominula, variety exhibited, x.

Callipielus, 23. C. arenosus, 24.

( drat: 4)

Camptogramma dubia, 413.—plemyrata, from Chili, 413.

Caradrina dulcinea, 125.—merens, 125. 3

Carpholithia, 426. C. cinerea, 426.—crambina, 427.

Castnia eudesmia, from Chili, larva described, 4.

Catocephala marginata, 15,—nigrosignata, 16,—rufosignata, 16, from Chili.

Celena anthophila, 122.—arbuticolens, 121.

Cerastis ferruginescens, from Chili, 133; varieties described, 134.—minna,

134.

Cercophora frauenfeldi, from Chili, larva described, 17, 103.

Cherodes, alluded to, 341.

Chalastra ? pusilla, 420.

Cheimatobia aleucidia, 407.

Chlenias madidata, from Chili, 391.—vittuligera, alluded to, 382.

Chlorotimandra, 369. C. viridis, 369.

Cidaria ceres, 417.—diana, 416 ; vars., 416.—emilia, 415.—instipata, W1k.,

—remissata. Wlk.,—Coremia infundibulata, 412.—misera, 415.

Cinommata, 16. C. bistrigata, 16: larva described, 102.

Coleophora accordella, 4£36.—acutipennella, 440.—enusella, alluded to,

432.—bella, 439.—bipunctella, 440.—caryefoliella, alluded to, 480.

castipennella, 441.—ciligochrella, alluded to, 429.—cornella, 432.

currucipennella, from North America, 430.—discostriata, 435.—

glaucella, 433.—inornatella, alluded to, 429.—irroratella, 434.—

lynosyridella, 437.—malivorella, alluded to, 429.—nigrostriata, 488.

—ochyrella, alluded to, 433.—ochrostriata, 437.—octagonella, 431,

case described.—rufoluteella, alluded to, 430.—tenuwis, 436.—viridi-

cuprella, 432.—viscidiflorella, 43!).—wyethie, 434.

Colias edusa, third brood alluded to, xviii; hyale, temperature forms,

487.

Colotois ? chilenaria, alluded to, 355, 358.

Coremia, alluded to, 412. C. decipiens, 412.

Cosside, affinity to Castniide, 4.

Cryptolechia, remarks upon, xxii. '

Dalaca hemileuca, 27.—marmorata, 26.—pallens, from Chili, 26.—sub-

fervens, 25.—venosa, from Chili, 25.—violacea, 26.

Dectochilus, 356. D. autucaria, from Chili, 357.

Deilephila annei, larva described, 2,—euphorbiarum, larva described, 2,

trom Chili.

Digonis, 360. D. alba, 361.—aspersa, 361.—cuprea, 362; vars., 362.—

punctifera, 363; vars., 363.

Dirphia plana, alluded to, 15.

Docirava ? chilensis, 420.

Drymonia pica, 22.

Edmondsia, 106. EH. sypnoides, 107; larva described, 107.

Elachista subnigrella, parasite of, 147.

Endropia packardti, Dewitz = Narthecusa perplexata, 390.

Ephyra notigera, 368.—semirosea, 368.—wmbrata, 368.

Eromene bella, from Hawaii, 42.

Erosina cervinaria, from Chili, 347

(4 che)

Euangerona, 359. E. valdivia, 359.

Eubolia fulgurata, Snell., a Siona, 422.—momaria, alluded to, 395.

Eudelia venusta, from Chili, 18; larva and cocoon described, 103.—vulpes,

18.

Eupithecia frequens, 404.—enone, 404.—rosalia, 405.—sibylla, 405.—

usta, 405.

Eurois intermissa, from Chili, 136.

Fidonia edmondsii, 385.—piniaria, variety of exhibited, vii.

Gelechia lentiginosella, parasite of, 164.

Gonepteryx rhamni, temperature forms, 487.

Gonitis hawaiiensis, 32.

Gonogala, 340. G. lactea, 341.

Gynopteryx plagiata, 347.

Hadena conchidia, 135.—povera, alluded to, 126.

Hammaptera, alluded to, 395. H. chiloéna, 395.

Haplopteryx, 397. H. anomala, 398.

Hasodima, 403. H. elegans, 403.

Helastia corralensis, 406.

Heliconia charitonia, habits alluded to, iv.

Heliophobus lithophilus, 119.

Heliothis armigera, from Chili, 136.

Hemerophila subspersata, not an Hemerophila, 364.

Hepialide, position of family, 3.

Heterophleps agitata, 423.—ophiusina, 423.—stygiana, 424 var. aurea,

425,

Honorana e@nea, 365.—notaturia, from Chili, 365.

Hoplosauris, 398. H. alba, 399.—heliconoides, 399.—mesta, 400.

Hyperchiria acharon, 21; variety described, 21.—erythrea, from Chiii,

20; variety described, 20.—erythrops, from Chili, 22; larva de-

scribed, 105.—griseoflava, from Chili, 21.

Hyperythra syctaria, alluded to, 347.

Hypocala velans, from Hawaii, 34.

Hypochroma edmondsii, 364.

Langsdorjia valdiviana, trom Chili, 3

Laora, alluded to, 5. L. dngustior, 6.—latior, 5; larva described, 6.—

obscura, 7.—tegulata, 6.

Larentia chillanensis, 395.—triangularia, alluded to, 340.

Laverna aspersa, 44.—parda, variety described, 44.

Lepidoptera from Chili, 1, 101, 118, 389, xxii; from the Hawaiian

Islands, 31.

Lethe diana,—sicelis, temperature forms, 490.

Leucania chilensis, 115.—eatranea, trom Hawaii, 32.—impuneta, from

Chili, 113; saccharivora, 115.—trifolii, 114; larva described,

115.

Leucophasia vibilia, alluded to, 490.

Limenitis sibylla, alluded to, 490.

_ Liodes leucaniata, alluded to, 382,—venata, 382,

Locastra monticolens, 34,

(lat)

Lozogramma butyrosa, 383.—ceres, 383.—obtusata, type of Pseudosestra,

389.

Lycena argia, probably identical with japonica, 491.—argiolus, tempera-

ture forms, 491.

Macrolyrcea, 349. M. mesta, 349.

Macromphatlia affinis, alluded to, 12, 14.—chilensis, larva described, 11.—

dedecora, larva described, 11.—nitida, 10.—purissima, 12.—rivu-

laris, 12.—rubrogrisea, from Chili, 12.

Melanippe galiata, hyperparasite of, 154.—productata, Wlk.= Coremia

infundibulata, 412.

Mestolobes, 37. M. enone, 37.

Metasia? abnormis, 35..

Miana photophila, 120; variety described, 121.

Microclysia, 359. M. reticulata, 360; var. ferruginea, 560.

Monoctenia, alluded to, 857. MM. chilenaria, from Chil, 358.—denti-

lineata, 358.

Narthecusa, alluded to, 390.

Negla, structurally identical with Narthecusa, 310.

Neope goschkevitschii, alluded to, 490.

Neuria calligrapta, 118.

Noctua lineifera, alluded to, 119 Pe ree synonym “of Agrotis ante-

posita, 128.—triangulum, parasite of, 153; hyperparasite of, 155,

Ochropleura diana, 132.

Ochyria ignipennis, 386.

Ocnogyna deserticola, probably a Laora, 7.

Odontopera fragilis, 356.

Odontothera, 409. O. debilis, 410.— virescens, 409.

Ogyris genoveva, life-history of, xiii.

Omphax gnoma, 367.

Opisogonia, alluded to, 364. O. tensata, from Chili, 364.

Oporabia cymatophora ?, from Chili, 393.—hastigera, 394.—martha, 398.

Ormiscodes cinnamomea, from Chili, 15.—crinita, 15; larva and pupa de-

seribed, 101.—socialis, larva described, 14.

Ornithoptera haliphron. imprinted on papers, iii.

Ovo-viviparous moth, exhibited, xxii.

Oxydia rhoda, 341.

Pachrophylla lineata, from Chili, 402.—minor, 401; vars., 402.—varians,

400.

Panagra cavifasciata, 384.—signistriata, 384.

Papilio alcinous, 486,—demetrius, 487,—demoleus, iv, habits alluded to.—

maacki, 487,—machaon, 486,—macilentus, 487, temperature forms

alluded to.—memnon and pammon, alluded to, xvii—«uthus,—

cuthulus, 486, temperature forms alluded to.

Paracles, alluded to, 4. P. rudis, 5

Paragonia, alluded to, 350. P. arenosa, 351.—carnea, 353; ? var. rosea,

354.—cinerea, 354.—deustata, from Chili, 354.—turbida, 352.—

squamosa, 352.

Perigea niveopicta, 124; variety described, 125.—terranea, 123,

semiochrea, 39.—simethina, 38.

( Ixi )

Perusia maculata, 346; var. flava, 346.—precisaria, from Chili, 344;

var. ? conspersa, 344.—rubripicta, 345 ; var.? ignescens, 345.

Pharmacis, type alluded to, 372. P. ardescens, 376.—clara, 374.—insignis,

378. —latifasciata, 377; var. definita, 377.— miata, 375; vars.,

375, 376,—trinotata, 372; vars, 372, 373.—valdiviata, from Chili,

373.

Phibalapteryx, how differs from Hemerophila, 414. P. edna, 414.—jacintha,

414,

Philanglaus, 28. P. ornatus, 28.

Phricodia humeralis, a Catocephala, 15.

Phyllia cinerescens, 421.—triangularia, from Chili, 421.

Pielus maculosus, an Oxycanus, 24.

Pieris melete,—napi,—rape, temperature forms, 488.

Platyptilus littoralis, 44.

Plectroboarmia, 366. P. sordida, 366.

Plusia biloba, doubtfully from Chili, 138.—chilensis, 138.—gammoides,

138,—nu, 138,—virgula, 137, from Chili.

Polyommatus beticus, from Hawaii, 31; larva described, 32.—phleas,

temperature forms, 485, 491.

Polythysana albescens, alluded to, 20; larva and pupa described, 104,—

cinerascens, alluded to, 20.—edmondsii, 19.—rubrescens, from Chili,

Porthetria hypoleuca, male described, 7.

Procris melas, from Chili, 4

Proteopteryx walsinghamii, 43.

Protoparce eurylochus, from Chili, larva described, 3.

Psaliodes brevipalpis, 419.—pseudohalia, 419.—signata, 418.

Psamatodes cauquenensis, 382.—chilenaria, from Chili, 382.—ferruginaria,

381.

Pseudaleucis, 371. P. irrorata, 371.—misera, 371.

Pseudocerura, 105. P. thoracica, 106; larva described, 106.

Pseudosestra, 389. P. bella, 389.

Psyche chilensis, alluded to, 10.

Psychide, position of family, 3

Rhopalodes, alluded to, 396. R. virescens, from Chili, 396.

Rumia aurantiacaria, from Chili, 344; var. simplicior, 344.

Sabulodes infelix, 350.

Sarracena declinaria, from Chili, 422.—olivacea, 421 petinita from

Chili, 432.

Scoparia coarctata, probable variety described, 41.

Scopula constricta, 40 ; larva described, 41.

Scordylia vittata, from Chili, 411.

Scotocoremia, 418. 8S. obscura, 418.

Scotomera, position of genus, 37. 8S. hydrophila, 36.

Scotopteryx ? rinodaria, an Odontothera, 409.

Scotosia cauquenensis, 415.—exacta, 415.

Selidosema phasma, 385.

Siona columba, 422.

() ben )

Spelotis stictica, variety of Agrotis saucia, 127.

Spartopteryx ? denticulata, 387.

Spodoptera aspersa, 117.

Strenia clathrata, variety of exhibited, i.

Syllexis lucida, 370.

Syncirsodes, 343. 8S. straminea, 343.

Synpelurga, 417. SS. corralensis, 417.

Teniocampa stabilis, parasite of, 152.

Tanagridia, 425. T. fusca, 425.

Tephrina canescens, 381.—lapidea, 378.—varians, 379; var. conigera,

380.

Tephrosia incongruaria, Wlk., is Bryoptera canitiata, 367.—disperdita,

alluded to, 414.—marmoraria, Wlk., is Bryoptera convallata, 367.

Teras illepida, 44.

Terias esiope,—anemone,—brenda, —connexiva,—hecabe, — hecabeoides,—

hybrida, —mariesii, —mandarina, — sari, — senegalensis,—sinensis,

temperature forms alluded to, 488.

Tetracis chilenaria, from Chili, 347; vars., 348.—edmondsii, 349.

Thanatopsyche, 9. T. canescens, 9; larva described, 10.

Thera confusa, 407.

Tinea decorella, Haworth’s description alluded to, ii.— simulans, 43.—

vastella, larvee destructive to horns, xx.—vivipara, alluded to, xxili.

Tineina, paper read on classification of families, xxix.

Tomopteryx amena, from Chili, 403.

Toxocampa noctivolans, alluded to, 34.

Trachodopalpus edmondsii, 116.

Vanessa c-album. —fentoni,—hamigera, forms of one species, 490.—

c-aureum, identical with pryeri, 490.

Xanthia fulva, alluded to, 133.

Xylina cossoides, 136.

Xylophasia cauquenensis, 116.—patagonica, alluded to, 117. _epllikajens

British specimen a var. of X. polyodon, x

Ypsipetes cinerea, 408.—pastoralis, 408.

Ypthima baldus, alluded to, 490.

Zygena filipendule, var. chrysanthemi, at Bewdley Forest, x.

NEUROPTERA.

Cenis, luminosity alluded to, xiii.

Coniopterygide, new forms exhibited, xviii.

Hagenius brevistylus, nymph-skins exhibited, xx.

' Hydropsyche ornatula, doubtfully British, 333.

Hydroptila, new species alluded to, 333.

Limnophilide, fossil species alluded to, xviii.

Neuroptera from Switzerland and North Italy exhibited, xviii.

Philopotamus montanus, alluded to, 333.—scoticus, variety of P. montanus,

333.

Polycentropus parfitti, female of H, dubius, 333.