THE

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

1834—1884.

The Transactions can now be obtained by Members

at the following reduced prices :—

: PUBLIC. MEMBERS.

First Series, 4 volumes (1834—1845) ...... Price £4 13 0 £310 0

Second Series, 5 volumes (1850—1861) .... 8 0 0 8} 16) (0)

Third Series, 5 volumes (1862—1869) .... it @ © 410 0

The Transactions for the year 1868........ ORO

” x IDonde oace 2 30

” 7 ESTO. aeons. ifs} 1) 2) *5a80

” % LUSH AS ois tot oe il 5. @)

” « 1ST 2 oe ecm pein)

” op STB it f./ts >: lGrO

96 % Ibe ebo.s6 oe 112 0

” » Usudsesess 1 2 0 3 ONO

” ” Use bas cocs 112 0

” ” Woonona gear ie (0)

» USWSeooaadae i030 015 0

% . Wescoavace 132.10 016 6

. 51 1S8O steele } 18). @) 014 8

- SSE yecisecrts DG 0 th @

* 5 ieWinanage oc hag © 1p)

x X TERBscod peor HO) EOS &

» %p UC BAT ies ee 1S a0 uel

Any single volume from 1850 to 1877 half-price to Members.

First Series, vol. v., is out of print.

The other volumes may be obtained separately, also the following :—

Pascoe’s Longicornia Malayana .........+ 212 0 ital) @

Baly’s Phytophaga Malayana, Pt. 1, Aposta-

SUCET) Wea wiele cielale.+ « clekemeeneea eR eee 016 O 012 O

Saunders’ ‘ British Heterogyna and Fossorial

ElLymenoptera 2). oeeme eatin 0 4 6 0 “354

Saunders’ ‘ Synopsis of British Hymenoptera,’

Berths ois ic s-aca:0 aia ele atte eee ONG 0 0 4 6

Newport’s ‘ Athalia centifolie’ (Prize Essay) OLS 6 Oba

The Journan or Procegprnes is bound up with the Transactions, but

may be obtained separately, by Members, gratis ; by the Public, price

Sixpence per Sheet (16 pp.).

Members and Subscribers, who have paid their Subscription for the

current year, are entitled to receive the Transactions for the year without

further payment, and they will be forwarded free, by post, to any address

within the United Kingdom.

@Sevaire*)

CON TEN TS.

—~>__—_—_

Explanation of the Plates

Errata

List of Members ..

Additions to the Library

IX,

XV.

XVI.

MEMOIRS.

. Additional notes on the genus Colias. By H. J. Kuwes,

F.L.S., F.Z.8.

. Notes upon, or suggested by, the colours, markings, and

protective attitudes of certain lepidopterous larve and

pups, and of a phytophagous OO ee ai larva. By

Epwarp B. Poutton, M.A. .. be ES

. On the classification of Australian Pyralidina. eS E.

Meyrick, B.A.

. On a new species of the genus Orthezia. by da We

DoveG.as.

- Note on the Papilio pel nde of Cramer. pad LIONEL DE

NICHVILLE.

. Note on Tachyris melania of Fabricius. By W. H. Miskin.

. Descriptions of new Australian oleae By W. EL:

MIsKIN.

. Further notes on the caprification of domestic figs, with

reference to Dr. Paul Mayer’s notes thereon. as) Sir

Srpnry S. SaunpErs, C.M.G.

On the “ Pediculus Melitte” of Kirby ses its affinities,

with reference to the larve of Meloé. A Sir Srpyey 8.

SaunpErs, C.M.G.

. North American Tortricide. xe Lord | Warstseny M.A.,

F.Z.8., &e.

. Notes on two Australian ie of Tri ane By Haroip

J. HocKkines.

. Synopsis of the British Hymenoptera-Aculeata ; pat 1 Te

Apide. By Epwarp Saunpers, F.L.S.

. Further notes on the terminal segments of Aculeate Hyme-

noptera. By Epwarp Saunpers, F.L.S.

. Notes on the Diptera of New Zealand, supplementary to

Professor Hutton’s last Catalogue of 1881. By W. F.

Kirsy, Assistant in the Zoological Department of the

British Museum ea ys Sh a

On the classification of Australian Pyralidina. By KH.

Meyrick, B.A. Se “ie as me sh

The lepidopterous genus Cocy ie By Artuur G. Burier,

F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e. sn Ric sie a

107

121

149

159

vill MEMOIRS (continued).

XVII. Descriptions of new species of Indian naa Hetero-

cera. By F. Moors, F.Z.S. ae 355

XVIII. Life-history of sixty species of Euston spe in

Mhow, Central India. By R. W. See sie |

Major, A. M.D. is 377

XIX. Further additions to Mr. Marshall’ s Guster of British

Ichneumonide. By Joun B. Briveman, F.L.S. . 421

XX. Notes on the life-history of Porphyraspis tristis, a rs

infesting Cassida from Brazil. By A. Srpyey Ouurrr... 435

XXI. The water-beetles of Japan. By Davin SHarp. .. - 439

XXII. Revision of the Hy py Be of New Zealand. ea Davip

SHARP. .. 465

XXIII. Descriptions oe new species a Tenthredinide sal Cynipide

from Mexico. By Perer Cammron. a0 3¢ .. 481

XXIV. Facts concerning the importation or non-importation of

Diptera into distant countries. By C. R. Osten-SackEn. 489

XXY. An essay of comparative Chetotaxy, or the arrangement

of characteristic bristles of Diptera. By C. R. OstTEn-

SACKEN. er te 26 ac ae a6 Be, Ct

Proceedings for 1884 af ne ay bs 5 i

Index .. oe 3¢ a0 40 se ac os) Siva

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PlateI. .. .. See pages 58—60 Plates V.—XII. See pages 246—250

Plate II. .. .. .. See page 86 | Plate XIII. .. .. See page 267

Plated Tce.” ea eee iL 90 | Plates XIV., XV.,

Plate Was suas day | See pages 418, 419

ERRATA.

Page 146, line 7 from bottom, for ‘‘ male” read ‘‘ female.”

Page 363, line 9, for ‘‘ dissimilis” read ‘‘ assimilis.”

Page 465, lines 10 and 16, for “‘ Tornus” read ‘ Tormus.”

Page 498, line 14, for ‘‘ arrangement” read ‘‘ argument.”

Page 500, line 7 from bottom, for “ dumme ” read ‘“‘ dummen.”

Page 507, line 14 from bottom }

Pace hid line 9 trom hatior for ‘‘ plumose” read ‘‘ stubble-shaped.”’

(N.B.—“Stubble-shaped” is the translation of the German “ stoppel-

formig,” introduced by Loew for similar structures.)

Page 517, line 19, for “p. 500” read ‘ p. 502.”

Hist of Atlembers

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

3lsr DECEMBER, 1884.

LIST OF MEMBERS

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

Honorary Members.

Burmeister, Hermann, Buenos Ayres.

Hagen, H. A., Cambridge, U.S.A.

Milne-Edwards, H., Paris.

Miiller, Fritz, Blumenau, Santa Catharina, Brazil.

Osten-Sacken, Baron C. R. von, Heidelberg.

Packard, A. 8., Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A.

Saussure, H. de, Geneva.

Selys-Longchamps, Baron E. de, Liege.

Siebold, C. T. E. von, Munich.

Signoret, Victor, Paris.

ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.

Date ot

Election.

1877

1884

1880

1867 S.

1856

1883

Marked * are Original Members.

Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.

Marked 8. are Annual Subscribers.

Adams, Frederick Charlstrom, 20 Old Bond-street, W.

Adams, Herbert Jordan, Roseneath, London-rd., Enfield, N.

Addison, Haygarth, F.Z.S., &c., 145 Seven Sisters-road,

Finsbury Park, N.

André, Ed., M.S.E. de France, Berlin, Stettin, &c., 21 Bowle-

vard Brétonniere, Beaune (Cote d Or), France.

Archer, F., Little Crosby-road, Crosby, Liverpool.

Armitage, Edward, R.A., 3 Hall-road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.

Attye, Robert Jervoise, Ingow Grange, Stratford-on-Avon.

Babington, Charles Cardale, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., Pro-

fessor of Botany, 5 Brookside, Cambridge.

Baly, Joseph 8., M.R.C.S., F.L.8., The Butts, Warwick.

Barrett, Charles Golding, 68 Camberwell-grové, S.E.

Barton, Stephen, 82 St. Michael's Hill, Bristol.

Bates, Henry Walter, F.R.S., F.L.8., &., 11 Carleton-road,

Tufnell Park, N.

Beaumont, Alfred, 30 Ladywell Park, Lee, 8.E.

Berg, Carl, Museo Publico, Buenos Ayres.

Bergroth, Dr. Evald, 11 Robertsgatan, Helsingfors, Finland.

Bignell, Geo. Carter, 7 Clarence-place, Stonehouse, Plymouth.

Billups, T.R., 20 Swiss Villas, Coplestone-road, Peckham, S.E.

Blomefield, Rev. Leonard, M.A., F.L.S., &c.,19 Belmont, Bath.

. Bloomfield, Rev. E. N., M.A., Gwestling Rectory, Hastings.

Bond, Fred., F.Z.S., 5 Fairfield Avenue, Staines.

Bonvouloir, Comte Henri de, 215 Boulevard Saint-Germain,

Paris.

Borrer, Wm., junr., Parklands, Keymer, Hassocks, Sussex.

Boscher, Edward, Bellevwe House, Twickenham.

Boyd, Thomas, Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill, 8.E.

Boyd, William Christopher, Cheshunt, Herts.

Brandt, Dr. Edouard, Pres. Russ. Ent. Soc., &c., Imperial

Medico-Chirurgical College, St. Petersburg.

. Bridgman, John B., F.L.8., 69 St. Giles’-street, Norwich.

Briggs, Charles Adolphus, 55 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.

Briggs, Thos. Henry, M.A., 55 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.

Brongniart, Charles, M.S.E. et M.S.G. de France, &c.,

Muséum Whistoire Naturelle de Paris, 57 Rue Cuvier,

Jardin des Plantes.

Broun, Capt. Thomas, Kawau, Auckland, New Zealand.

Browne, Rey. Thomas Henry, M.A., F.G.8., The Cedars,

High Wycombe, Bucks.

Buckton, George Bowdler, F'.R.S., &., Weycombe, Haslemere,

Surrey.

Burnell, Edward Henry, 32 Bedford-row, W.C,

1868

1883

1878

1860

1880

1877

1868

1871

1867

1865

1874

1873

1884

1880

1876

1883

1880

1853

1867

1880

1883

1878

1837

1875

1855

1873

1874

1876

1874

1884

1867

1849

1865

1883

1865

1881

1884

1878

1869

1876

1881

1878

1874

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Butler, Arthur Gardiner, F.L.S., F.Z.8., 10 Avington-grove,

Penge, 8.E.

Butler, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Se., 7 Twrle-road, Tollington

Park, N.

. Cameron, Peter, 31 Willow-bank-crescent, Glasgow.

Candeze, Dr. E., Glain, Liege.

Cansdale, W. D., 6 Whittington-terrace, London-road,

Forest Hill, 8.H.

. Capron, Edward, M.D., Shere, Guildford.

. Carmichael, T. D. Gibson, F.L.8., Castle Craig, Peebles, N.B.

Carrington, Charles, Ellerslie, Lower Merton, 8.W.

Champion, G. C., 274 Walworth-road, S.E.

Clarke,Alexander Henry,109 Warwick-road, Earls Court, S.W.

. Clarke, C. Baron, M.A., F.R.S., &e., Royal Herbarium, Kew.

Cockle, Capt. George, 9 Bolton-gardens, S.W.

. Cole, Benjamin G., Lawrel Cottage, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.

Cole, William, Laurel Cottage, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.

Collett, Edward Pyemont, 76 Islip-rd., Kentish Town, N.W.

Copland, Patrick F., Hillcote, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.

- Copperthwaite, William Charles, Beech-grove, Malton.

Coverdale, George. 24, Fleming-road, Lorrimore-square, 5.K.

. Cowell, Peter (Librarian of the Free Public Library), William

Brown-street, Liverpool.

Cox, Colonel C. J., Fordwich House, Canterbury.

Cox, Herbert Edward.

Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., F.L.S., Sec. R.M.S., 5 Lansdowne-

road, Notting Hill, W.

Crowley, Philip, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Waddon House, Croydon.

Dale, C. W., Glanville’s Wootton, Sherborne.

Devonshire, William Cavendish, Duke of, K.G., F.R.S., &c.,

Devonshire House, 78 Piccadilly, W.

. Dickson, Prof. Wm. (Curator, University Library), Glasgow.

Distant, Wm. Lucas, M.A.I., 1 Russellhill-rd., Purley, Surrey.

Dohrn, Dr. C. A. (Pres. Entomological Soc. of Stettin), Stettin.

Doria, Marquis Giacomo, Strada Nuova, Genoa.

. Dormer, John Baptist Joseph Dormer, Lord, Grove Park,

Warwick.

Douglas, John William, 8 Beaufort-gardens, Lewisham, 8.E.

Dowsett, Arthur, 54, Russell-street, Reading.

Druce, Hamilton H. C. J., 48 Circus-rd, St. John’s Wd., N.W.

Druce, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 48 Circus-road, St. John’s

Wood, N.W.

Dunning, Joseph Wm., M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8., PResIDENT,

12 Old-square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

D’Urban, W.S. M., F.L.8., Albwera, St. Leonards, Haeter.

Durrant, John Hartley-, Bancroft House, Hitchin, Herts.

Eaton, Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A.

. Edwards, James, 186 Rupert-street, Norwich.

Edwards, Stanley, Kidbrook Lodge, Blackheath, 8.K.

Elwes, Hy. John, F.L.S., F.Z.8., Preston House, Cirencester.

Emich, Gustave d’, 6 Sebastian-place, Budapesth, Hungary.

. Enock, Fred., Ferndale, Bath-road, Woking Station, Surrey.

Fereday, R. W., Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand.

Finzi, John A., 105 Gower-street, W.C.

Fitch, Edward A., F.L.8., Secretary, Brick Howse, Maldon,

Essex,

1874

1865

1883

1881

1880

1870

1883

1869

1855

1876

1884

1865

1875

1855

1874

1879

1865

1846

1877

1874

1858

1879

1881

1883

1876

1869

1884

1883

1876

1865

1880

1843

1869

1853

1872

1865

1884

1876

1872

1884

1861

+--+ +N

LIST OF MEMBERS. xill

. Fitch, Frederick, Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park, N.

Fletcher, J. E., Happy Land, Worcester.

Fletcher, W. H. B., M.A., 6 The Steyne, Worthing, Sussex.

Foran, Chas., Marshfield House, Terminus-rd., Eastbourne.

Fowler, Rev. W. W., M.A., F.L.S., The School House, Lincoln.

Freeland, H. W., M.A., Chichester.

Freeman, Francis Ford, 8 Leigham-terrace, Plymouth.

French, Rev. David John, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.H.8., &c.

Fry, Alexander, F.L.8., Thornhill House, Dulwich Wood

Park, Norwood, 8.}.

Fryer, Herbert Fortescue, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

Fuller, Rev. Alfred, M.A., Hast Pallant, Chichester.

Godman, Frederick DuCane, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S, &c., Park

Hatch, Godalming; and 10 Chandos-street, Cavendish-

square, W.

. Gooch, W. D., F.L.8., The Sanctuary, Westminster, 8. W.

Gorham, Rev. Henry Stephen F.Z.S., The Chestnuts,

Shirley Warren, Southampton.

Goss, Herbert, F.L.8., F.G.8., Almora, Berrylands-road,

Surbiton Hill, S.W.

Gosse, Philip Hy., F.R.S., Sandhurst, Torquay, Devonshire.

Greene, Rev. J., M.A., Rostrevor, Apsley-rd., Clifton, Bristol.

Grut, Ferdinand, F.L.8., Liprarran, 9 Newcomen-street,

Southwark, 8.h.

Harding, George, The Grove, Fishponds, Bristol.

Harford, Henry C., Capt. 99th Regt., Cape of Good Hope.

Harold, Baron Edgar von, 52 Barerstrasse, Munich.

. Harris, John T., Newton-road, Burton-on-Trent.

Henry, George, 38 Wellington-square, Hastings.

Hill, Lewis Fredk., 3 Hdwardes-terrace, Kensington, W.

Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes.

Holdsworth, Edward, Shanghai.

Holt, Capt. Richard, Heathfield Lodge, Granville-road,

Wandsworth, S.W.

. Horner, A. C., Tonbridge, Kent.

Horniman, Frederick John, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.8., &e.,

Surrey House, Forest Hill, S.E.

Hudd, A. E., 94 Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol.

Inchbald, Peter, F.L.8., F.Z.8., Fulwith Grange, Harrogate,

Yorks.

Janson, Edward W., 32 Victoria-road, Finsbury Park, N.;

and 385 Little Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

Janson, Oliver E., 32 Victoria-road, Finsbury Park, N.;

and 35 Little Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

Jekel, Henri, 62 Rwe de Dunkerque, Paris.

. Jenner, J. H. A., 4 Hast-street, Lewes.

. John, Evan, Llantrissant, Pontypridd.

Kane, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.L.A., Sloperton Lodge,

Kingstown, Ireland.

Kappel, A. W., 5 Burlington Gardens, Chiswick, W.

Katter, Dr. F., Putbws, Rugen, North Prussia.

Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.

Kaye, Ernest St. G., Jessore, Bengal.

Keays, F. Lovell, F.L.8., F.R.S.L., Fairmile Court,

Cobham, Surrey.

Kirby, W. F., Secretary, 5 Burlington Gardens, Chiswick, W.

X1V

1876

1842

1875

1868

1880

1883

1868

1876

1835

1875

1865

1881

1849

1850

1880

1851

1858

1869

1865

1856

1874

1865

1860

1872

1880

1883

1871

1879

1853

1869

1876

1872

1884

1878

1882

1878

1869

1877

1883

——

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Kraatz, Dr. G. (President of the German Entomological

Society), Link-strasse, Berlin.

Kuper, Rev. Chas. Augustus Frederick, M.A., The Vicarage,

Trelleck, Chepstow.

Lamarche, Oscar, 70 Rue Louvrex, Liége.

Lang, Lieut.-Col. A. M., R.E., Simla, India.

Lang, Henry Charles, M.D., F.L.S., 41 Berners-st., Oxford-

street, W.

Lemann, Frederick Charles, Blackfriars House, Plymouth.

Lendy, Major Augustus F., F.L.8., F.G.8., Sunbury House,

Sunbury, 5.W.

Lewis, George, F.L.8., 101 Sandgate-road, Folkestone.

Lichtenstein, Jules, La Lironde, near Montpellier.

Lingwood, Robert Maulkin, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.8., 6 Park

Villas, Cheltenham.

Livingstone, Clermont, Hast Lodge, Forest Rise, Waltham-

stow, Essex.

Llewelyn, J. Talbot Dillwyn, M.A., F.L.S., Ynisgerwn, Neath.

Lloyd, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome House, Bognor, Sussex.

Logan, R. F., Spylaw House, Colinton, near Edinburgh.

Lowe, W. H., M.D., Woodcote Lodge, Inner Park-road,

Wimbledon Park, 8.W. is

Lubbock, Sir John, Bart., D.C.L., M.P., F.R.S., Pres.L.S.,

F.G.8., &e., High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.

Lupton, Henry, Oatlands, Burley, Leeds.

M‘Intosh, J.

M‘Lachlan, Robert, F.R.S., F.L.8., Westview, Clarendon-

road, Lewisham, 8.B.

Marseul, L’Abbe 8. A. de, 271 Boulevard Pereire, Paris.

Marshall, Rev. Thos. Ansell, M.A.

Marshall, William, Rutland Gate, Belvedere, Kent.

Mason, Philip Brooke, M.R.C.8., F.L.8., Burton-on-Trent.

Mathew, Gervase F., R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.R.G.S., Instow,

North Devon.

May, John William, K.N.L., Arundel House, Percy Cross,

Fulham-road, 8.W.

Meldola, Raphael, F.R.A.S., F.C.8., 21 John-st., Bedford,

row, W.C.

Meyrick, Edward, Ramsbury, Hungerford, Wilts.

Miles, W. H., 33 Paris-street, Palace-road, Lambeth, 8.H.

. Miskin, W. H., Brisbane, Queensland.

Monteiro, Senor Antonio Augusto de Carvatho, 72 Rua do

Alecrion, Lisbon.

Moore, Frederic, F.Z.8., A.L.8., 110 Oakfield-rd., Penge, 8.B.

Miller, Albert, F.R.G.S., 1954 Junkerstrasse, Berne, Switzer-

land.

Miller, Dr. Clemens.

Murray, Lieut. H.

Newcombe, 8. Prout, Northcote, Hast Croydon.

Newman, Thomas P., 54 Hatton Garden, E.C.

Niceville, Lionel de, Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Nottidge, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.

Oberthiir, Charles (fils), Rennes.

Oberthir, René, Rennes.

Oldfield, George W., M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8., 30 Ladbroke

Gardens, Notting Hill, W.

1873

1881

1878

1880

1841

1840

1854

1884

1883

1879

1872

1881

1870

1884

1851

1876

1878

1867

1870

1882

1872

1874

1871

1853

1880

1869

1872

1868

1876

1865

1875

1866

1865

1861

1865

1881

1875

LIST OF MEMBERS. XV

Olivier, Ernest, Ramililons, prés Moulins (Allier), France.

. Olliff, A. 8., Australian Museum, Sydney, N. S. Wales.

Ormerod, Miss Eleanor A., F.M.8., Dunster Lodge, Spring-

grove, Tslasoash W.

Ormerod, Miss Georgiana, Dunster Lodge, Spring-grove

Isleworth, W.

Owen, Sir Richard, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., M.D., F.R.S., &e.,

Sheen Lodge, Mortlake, 8.W.

Parry, Major Frederick John Sidney, F.L.8., 18 Onslow-

square, 5.W.

Pascoe, Francis P., F.L.S., 1 Burlington-road, Westbourne

Park, W.

Patton, W. H., Waterbury, Connecticut, U.S.A.

Péringuey, Louis, Rondebosch, Cape Colony.

Perkins, Vincent Robt., Wotton-under-Hdge, Gloucestershire.

Phipson, Arthur, 3 Gray’s Inn-square, W.C.

Pim, H. Bedford, Leaside, Kingswood-road, Upper Nor-

wood, 8.B.

Porritt, George T., F.L.8., Greenfield House, Huddersfield.

Poulton, Edward B., M.A., Wykeham House, Banbury-road,

Oxford.

Preston, Rev. Thomas Arthur, M.A., F.L.8., The Green,

Marlborough, Wilts.

Preudhomme de Borre, Alfred (Sec., Ent. Soc. of Belgium),

19 Rue de Dublin, Ixelles, near Brussels.

Price, David, 48 West-street, Horsham, Sussex.

. Pryer, H. J. 8., Yokohama, Japan.

Puls, J. C., Place de la Calandre, Ghent.

Ramsden, Hildebrand, M.A., F.L.S., 26 Upper Bedford-place,

Russell- -square, W. C.

. Ransom, Wm. Hy., M.D.,F.R.S., The Pavement, Nottingham.

Reed, Edwyn C., F.L. 8., 35 Calle San Ignacio, Valparaiso,

Chili.

Riley, C. V., State Entomologist, United States Entomological

Commission, Washington.

Ripon, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, Marquis of, K.G.,

F.R.S., F.L.8., &., 1 Carlton-gardens, 8.W.

Robinson, Frank Edward, Madwra, South India.

Robinson-Douglas, William Douglas, F.L.S., F.R.G.8.,

Orchardton, Castle Douglas, N.B.

. Rothera, G. B., High-street Place, Nottingham.

Rothney, G. A. J., Calcutta.

Rye, Edward Caldwell, F.Z.S., Somerset Villa, Upper Rich-

mond-road, Putney, S.W.

Rylands, Thomas Glazebrook, F.L.8., F.G.8., Hightields,

Thelwall, Warrington.

Salle, Auguste, 13 Rue Guy de la Brosse, Paris.

Salvin, Osbert, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., 10 Chandos-street,

Cavendish-sq., W.; and Hawksfold, Fernhurst, Haslemere.

Saunders, Edward, F.L.S8., TREAsuRER, St. Ann’s, Mason's

Hill, Bromley, Kent.

Saunders, G. 8., Cumberland Howse, Mownt Sion, Tun-

bridge Wells.

Schautfuss, L. W., Ph.D., M.Imp.L.C.Acad., &e., Dresden.

Scollick, A. J., Albion Lodge, Putney, S.W.

Sealy, Alfred Forbes, Cochin, South India.

1869

1845

1876

1882

1868 +

1865

1884

1882

1874

1881

1874

1862

1865 5S.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Semper, George, Altona.

Sharp, David, M.B., Bleckley, Shirley Warren, Southampton.

Shaw, A. Eland, 13 Lanhill-road, Paddington, W.

Shelley, Capt. George E., 13 Rutland Gate, W.

Shepherd, Edwin.

Shuttleworth, Edmund, 8 Winckley-square, Preston.

Slater, John Wm., 86 Wray-crescent, Tollington Park, N.

Smith, Frederick W., Hollywood House, Dartmouth Point,

Blackheath, Kent.

Smith, Henley Grose, 20 Finsbury Circus, B.C.

Spence, William Blundell, Florence.

Stainton, Henry Tibbats, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., &c.,

Mountsfield, Lewisham, 8.K.

Stevens, John §., 88 King-street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Stevens, Samuel, F.L.8., Loanda, Beulah Hill, Upper

Norwood, S.E.

Swanzy, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sevenoaks.

Swinhoe, Lieut.-Col. Charles, India.

Swinton, A. H., Binfield House, Waterden-road, Guildford.

Thomson, Jas., 12 Rwe de Presbourg, Place del Etoile, Paris.

Todd, Richard, 5 Princes-terrace, Bayswater, W.

Trimen, Roland, F.R.S., F.L.S. (Curator of South African

Museum), Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.

Vaughan, Howard, 11 Ospringe-road, Brecknock-road, N.W.

Verrall, G. H., Swssex Lodge, Newmarket.

‘Wakefield, Charles Marcus, F.L.S., Belmont, Uxbridge.

Walker, Rev. Francis Augustus, D.D., F.L.S., 33 Bassett-road,

Notting Hill, W.

Walker, J.J., R.N., 23 Ranelagh-rd., Marine Town, Sheerness.

Wallace, Alfred Russel, F.L.8., F.Z.8., &c., Nutwood Cottage,

Frith Hill, Godalming.

Walsingham, Thomas de Grey, Lord, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,

&c., Haton House, Katon-square, 8.W.

Ward, Christopher, F.L.S., Savile-road, Halifax.

Waterhouse, Charles O., British Musewm, South Kensington,

S.W.

Waterhouse, George R., F.Z.58., &., Curton Lodge, Werter-

road, Putney, 8.W.

Websdale, C. G., 78 High-street, Barnstaple.

Weir, John Jenner, F'.L.8., Chirbury, Beckenham, Kent.

Western, E. Young, 27 Craven Hill Gardens, Bayswater, W.

Westwood, John Obadiah, M.A., F.L.S., &c., Honorary Lire

PRESIDENT, 67 Woodstock-road, Oxford.

Weymer, Gustav, 58 Kleeblattstrasse, Elberfeld, Rhenish

Prussia.

White, F. Buchanan, M.D., F.L.8., Annat Lodge, Perth, N.B.

White, Rev. W. Farren, Stonehouse Vicarage, Gloucestershire,

White, William, Morden House, 55 Highbury Hill, N.

Williams, W. J., Zoological Society, Hanover-square, W.

Wilson, Owen, Cwmffrwd, Carmarthen.

Wood, Theodore, Freeman Lodge, St. Peter's, Thanet.

Wood-Mason, James, F.G.8., F.L.8. (Curator of the Indian

Museum), Calcutta.

Wormald, Percy C., 10 Cromwell-avenue, Highgate, N.

Young, Morris, Free Museum, Paisley.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

DURING THE YEAR

1884.

Abeille (L’). Journal d’Entomologie, redigé par S. A. de Marseul. Nos.

276—288. The Editor.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series V., Vols. XIII. and XIV.,

for 1884. Purchased.

Brre (Carlos). Notas Sinonimicas acerca de Algunos Coléopteros y Lepi-

dopteros. The Author.

Addenda et Emendanda ad Hemiptera Argentina. J'he Author.

BLoMEFIELD (Rey. Leonard). Notice of a Rare Capture, followed by Remarks

on Variation and Instinct in Animals. The Author.

Canadian Entomologist (The). Edited by William Saunders. Vol. XV.,

Nos. 11 and 12, 1883; Vol. XVI., Nos. 1—7, 1884.

The Editor.

Casry (Thomas L.) Contributions to the Descriptive and Systematic

Coleopterology of North America. Part 1. The Author.

Cuavuvorr (Baron Maximilien de), Essai monographique sur les Morionides.

Moscou, 1880. M. Aug. Salle.

Commiussao Central Anti Phylloxerica do Sul do Reino. I.—IV. & VI.—XI,

Boletim Phylloxerico. The Academy.

Correspondenzblatt des Entomologischen Vereins ‘“‘Iris” zu Dresden. No.1.

The Publisher.

Distant (W. L.) Rhopalocera Malayana. Parts VI—VII. Purchased.

Eaton (Rey. A. EK.) A Revisional Monograph of Recent Ephemeride or

May-flies. Parts 1 and 2. The Author.

Entomologisk Tidskrift af Jacob Spangberg. Arg.4. Haft 1—4. Stockholm,

1883. The Editor.

Entomologist (The). 8vo. London, 1884. T. P. Newman.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine (The). 8vo. London, 1884.

The Editors.

( svi )

Entcuson (W. F.), &c. Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands. Cole-

optera. Sechster Band. Berlin, 1884. Purchased.

Ernst & Encramette. Papillons d'Europe. 8 vols. 4to. Paris, 1779—

1792. The President (J. W. Dunning).

Gay (Claudio). Historia fisica y Politica de Chile. Zoologia. 8 Tomos 8vo,

and folio Atlas. 1847—1854. Paris and Chile.

The President (J. W. Dunning).

Goruam (Rev. H. 8.) Three New Species of Scymnus from Sumatra

described. ; The Author.

GUENTHER (Foérstmeister). List of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera found in the

Government of Olonetz, in Russia. The Author.

Hensuaw (8.) John Lawrence Le Conte (an Obituary Notice).

The Author.

Horrnacen (D. J.) Diverse Insectarum Volatilium icones ad yivum ac-

curatissime depict. Anno 1630. T. P. Newman.

Journal of Microscopy and Natural Science. Edited by Alfred Allen. 8vo.

London (January), 1884. The Editor.

Journal of Science. Nos. 121—132. The Editor.

Lane (Henry C.), M.D. The Butterflies of Europe. XV1.—XX.

The Author.

Larzet (Dr. Robert). Die Myriopoden der Oesterreich-Ungarischen Mo-

narchie. 2te Hifte. 1884. Purchased.

Lepert (Dr. Hermann). Description de quelques espéces nouvelles d’Hy-

drachnides du Lac Leman. (Mémoire posthume).

Die Spinnen der Schweiz. Arthur E. Leeson, Esq.

Le Conte (J. L.) and Grorecn H. Horn. Classification of the Coleoptera of

North America. (Library copy). Dr. Horn.

LIcHTENSTEIN (Jules). La Flore des Aphidiens. The Author.

Liorarp (L.) Memorandum of Silkin India. Part1. Feap. Calcutta, 1883.

McLacunan (R.) A Monographie Revision and Synopsis of Trichoptera of

the European Fauna. (1st Additional Supplement). 1884.

The Author.

Description de deux espéces nouvelles de Gomphines orientales.

The Author.

Acanthaclisis occitania and A. Betica; a differential Essay.

The Author.

Two new Species of Anax, with Notes on other Dragonflies of the

same Genus. The Author.

Recherches Neuroptérologiques dans les Vosges. The Author.

Madras. Three Government Orders relating to Sericiculture.

Director of Royal Gardens, Kew.

Administrative Report of the Government Central Museum for the

Year 1883—84. Madras Government.

Letters from F. Moore on Indian Locusts. Madras Government.

Comite)

Marsnatu (Major G. F. L.), R.E. Notes on Asiatic Butterflies, with Descrip-

tions of some New Species. L. de Nicéville.

Some New or Rare Species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera from the

Indian Region. L. de Nicéville.

Notes on the Butterflies of India. L. de Nicéville.

Marsnaut (Major G. F. L.) and Lronen pe Nichvine., The Butterflies of

India, Burmah, and Ceylon. Vol. I., Parts 1 and 2.

L. de Nicéville.

Some New Species of Rhopalocera from the Indian Region.

L. de Nicéville.

Mayer (Paul). Contribuzione alla storia naturali degli insetti del Fico.

The Author.

Micwarn (A. D.) British Oribatide. [Ray Society. ]

The President (J. W. Dunning).

Moors (Frederic). The Lepidoptera of Ceylon. Parts VIII. and IX.

The Ceylon Government.

Naturalist (The). See ‘‘ Socrerrms (HupDERSFIELD).”’

Nature. Nos. 736—787. The Publishers.

NichvinLE (Lionel de). Note on Papilio nebulosus, Butler. The Author.

Description of a New Species of the Rhopalocerous Genus Cyrestis

from the Great Nicobar. The Author.

Note on the Papilio polydecta of Cramer. The Author.

A List of Butterflies taken in Sikkim in October, 1880, with Notes

on Habits, &e. The Author.

Second List of Butterflies taken in Sikkim in October, 1882, with

Notes on Habits, &e. The Author.

Third List of Butterflies taken in Sikkim in October, 1883, with

Notes on Habits, &e. The Author.

Description of a New Species of Butterfly belonging to the Genus

Dodona. The Author.

Ouutrr (A. Sidney). Description of a New Species of Prostomis (Cucujide)

from Ceylon, and a short account of its Larva. The Author.

Notices of some New Species of Nitidulide and Trogositide from the

Eastern Archipelago, in the Collection of the Leyden Museum.

The Author.

Description of Two New Species of Nitidulide from Sumatra.

The Author.

Ormerop (Eleanor A.) Guide to Methods of Insect Life, and Prevention and

Remedy of Insect Ravages. 8vo. London, 1884.

The Authoress.

Report of Observations of Injurious Insects and Common Crop Pests

during the Year 1883. The Authoress.

OstEN-Sacken (C. R. von). On the Genus Apiocera. The Author.

Synonymica concerning Exotic Dipterology. No. II.

: The Author.

A Singular North American Fly (Opsebius pterodontinus, n. sp.).

The Author.

( x®)

Paumén (J. A.) Zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Ausfiihrungsgange der

Sexualorgane bei den Insekten. Vorlaufig Mittheilung.

The Author.

Pascor (Francis P.) Notes on Natural Selection and the Origin of Species.

1884. The Author.

Prareav (Félix). Recherches sur la force absolue des Muscles des Invertébrés.

lére & 2éme partie. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1883. The Author.

Recherches expérimentales sur les mouvements Respiratoires des

insectes. The Author.

PrevupHomME DE Borre (A.) Tentamen Catalogi Glomeridarum hucusque

descriptarum. The Author.

Note sur les Glomérides de la Belgique. Bruxelles, 1884.

The Author.

La feuille qui se transforme en Insecte. The Author.

Note sur l’Horia Senegalensis, Castelnau. The Author.

De la validité spéeifique des Gyrinus Colymbus, Ey., distinctus,

Aubé, caspius, Ménetriés, libanus, Aubé, et Suffriani, Seriba.

The Author.

Tentamen Catalogi Lysiopetalidarum, Julidarum, &e.

The Author.

PreupHomMME DE Borre (A.) and Dr. R. Lirzen de Vienne. Note sur les

Julides de la Belgique par P. de B.; suivie de la description

d'une espéce nouvelle par Dr. R. L. M. P. de Borre.

Riiry (Charles V.) The Silk-worm; being a brief Manual of Instructions

for the Production of Silk. The Author.

Reports of Experiments, chiefly with Kerosine, upon the Insects

injuriously affecting the Orange Tree and the Cotton Plant,

made under the direction of the Entomologist. 1883.

The Author.

Reports of Observations on the Rocky Mountain Locust and the

Chinch Bug, together with Extracts from the Correspondence

of the Division on Miscellaneous Insects. 1883.

The Author.

Reports of Observations and Experiments in the Practical Work of

the Division, made under the direction of the Hntomologist.

1883. The Author.

Observations on the Fertilization of Yucca, and on Structural and

Anatomical Peculiarities in Pronuba and Paradoxus.

The Author.

Report of the Entomologist for 1883. The Author.

Notice of an “Illustrated Essay on the Noctuide of North America.”

The Author.

Remarks on the Bag-worm, U'hyridopteryx Ephemereformis.

The Author.

Acronycta betule, n. sp. The Author.

Notes on North American Psyllide. The Author.

Rorrrtson (David). The Fauna of Scotland, with Special Reference to

Clydesdale and the Western District. Fresh and Brackish-

water Ostracoda. N. H. Soc. of Glasgow,

(Gpimxit” )

Roca (General D. Julio A.) Informe Oficial de la Comision Cientifica

Agregada al Estado Mayor general de la Expedicion al Rio

Negro (Patagonia). I. Zoologia. II. Botanica. III. Geologia.

1881. Acad. Nac. de Ciencias.

SaaLMULLER (M.) Lepidopteren yon Madagascar. Frankfort o. M.

The Senckenbergische Soc.

Sa@ra (de la) et Guirm-Minivinie (F. E.) Histoire naturelle de Vile de

Cuba, par M. de la Sagra. Animaux Articules par Guerin

Méneyille. 1 vol. 8vo (Texte) et fo. Atlas.

The President (J. W. Dunning).

Sauk (Auguste). Notice Nécrologique sur John LeConte. The Author.

Science Monthly. Illustrated. Nos. 3, 5, and 7—13. The Author.

ScuppEr (Samuel). A Contribution to our Knowledge of Palezoic Arach-

nides. The Author.

Triassic Insects from the Rocky Mountains. The Author.

Senwyn (Alfred R. C.), LL.D. Geological and Natural History Survey of

Canada. Report of Progress for 1880—81—82. (With Map).

Montreal, 1883. The Director of the Survey.

Srzys-Lonecuamps (E. de). Hncouragements aux Sociétés Scientifiques.

Discours prononcés dans les Séances, des 22 et 25 Avril, 1884.

The Author.

Diagnose d’un nouveau Macrogomphus. The Author.

Révision des Diplax Paléarctiques. The Author.

Sienoret (Victor). Groupe des Cydnides. Parties 11—13. The Author.

Societies (Transactions of Learned) :—

(ADELAIDE). Transactions and Proceedings and Report of the Royal

Society of Adelaide. Vol. VI. 1882—83. The Society.

(Brruinenam). Proceedings of the Birmingham Philosophical Society.

Vol. III., Parts 1 & 2. The Society.

(Boston). Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. III.,

Parts 6,7, &9. 4to. 1884. The Society.

Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. XX1.,

Part 4. Vol. XXII., Part 1. The Society.

Quarterly Journal of the Boston Zoological Society. Vol. III. 1884.

The Society.

(Brussets). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. Tome 27,

1883. The Society.

(Buckuurst Hini). Transactions of the Essex Field Club, by William

Cole: Vol. Ifl., Part 8. The Editor.

(Buenos Ayres). Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en

Cordoba (Republica Argentina). Tomos II., IIl., V., & VL.,

W523 Be The Academy.

Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba. TomosIII.,

Entrega 2; IV., Entrega 1; V., Entrega 1. The Academy.

(Burrato). Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Science. Vol. IV.

No. 4. The Society.

(Camprincr, Mass., U.S.A.) Annual Report of the Museum of Com-

parative Zoology at Harvard College for 1882 and 1883,

A. Agassiz.

(ake)

Societies (Transactions of Learned) :—

(Fuorence). Bulletino della Societ’ Entomologica Italiana. Anno XV.

Trim. 4. Anno XVII., Trim. 1 et 2. The Society.

(Franxrort 0. M.) Bericht iiber die Senckenbergische Naturforschende

Gesellschaft 1876—1883 (7 Parts).

Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturfor-

schenden Gesellschaft. Banden X.—XIII. 1876—84.

The Society.

(GmnEva). Mémoires de la Société de Physique et histoire naturelle de

Genéye. Tome XXVIII. lére partie. 1882—83.

(Genoa). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia naturale di Genova.

The Editor.

(Hacur, The). Tijdschrift voor Hntomologie. Deel. XXVI., 3 & 4.

Deel. XXVIL., 1.

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. Repertorium Deel. XVI. tot en met

XXIV. 3de Serie. 1874—1881. The Society.

(HuppersrieLtp). The Naturalist. Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’

Union. Nos. 102—113.

(Lrrps). The Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. Vol. 2.

List of the Yorkshire Lepidoptera. By G. T. Porritt.

(Lonpon). Proceedings of the Royal Society.. Nos. 227—233.

The Society.

Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology). Vol.

II., Parts 7—9. Vol. III., Part 1. The Society.

Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology). Vol. XVIL.,

Nos, 102 & 103. Vol. XVIII., Nos. 104 & 105. The Society.

Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. 1882—83.

The Society.

Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of

London. 1883, Part 4. 1884, Parts 1—3. The Society.

Catalogue of the Library of the Zoological Society. (Supplement

to August, 1883). The Society.

Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. Ser. If. Vol. III.,

Part 6; IV., Parts 1—5. The Society.

Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club. Ser. II. Vol. I., No. 7.

Vol. II., Nos. 8—10. The Club.

Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. XX., Parts

1 & 2. The Society.

Report of the South London Entomological Society for 1883.

The Society.

(Maprip). Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia. Tomo V.

Guaderno IV. 1884. The Academy.

(New Yorx). The Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Trustees of the

Cooper Union for Advancement of Science and Art. 1884.

Lhe Union.

Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences (late Lyceum of

N. H.) Vol. Il., Nos. 1—8. The Academy.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol. II., 10—13.

Vol. III., 1—2. The Academy.

(Oporto). Revista da Sociedade de Instruccao do Porto. 1883.

The Society.

( xenr )

Societies (Transactions of Learned) :—

(Parts). Annales de la Societé Entomologique de France. 6 Série,

t. III. 1883. The Society.

(PertH). Proceedings of the Perthshire Society of Natural Science.

Vol. II., Parts 3 & 4. The Society.

(PuimapELPHIA). Proceedings of the Society of Natural Sciences of

Philadelphia. Part I. 1883. The Society.

Transactions of the American Entomological Society. X., No. 2.

The Society.

(Sr. Louts). Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis.

IV., No. 3. 1884. The Academy.

(St. Pererspure). Transactions of the Russian Entomological Society.

TT XSVLL, 1882: The Society.

(Scuarruausen). Mittheilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen

Gesellschaft. VI.,8,9,10. 1883—84. The Society.

(Sterrin). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. 45 Jahrg. 1—9.

The Society.

(SypNEy). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of N. 8. Wales. Vol.

VIII., Parts 3 & 4. Vol. IX., Parts 1—2. The Society.

Report of the Trustees of the Australian Museum for 1883.

- The Musenm.

(Toronto). Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of

Canada. Vol. I., 1882—83. The Society.

Proceedings of the Canadian Institute. I. Fasciculus No. 5. 1883.

The Institute.

Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1883.

The Society.

(Tounousr). Bulletin de la Société d’histoire naturelle en Toulouse.

17éme année, 1883. 18éme année, pts: 1 & 2.

The Society.

(Vienna). Verhandlungen der k. k. zool.-botan. Gesellschaft in Wien.

Band XXXII. 1884.

Wiener Entomologische Zeitung. Il. Jahrg. 12 Heft. 1883.

Purchased.

(WasHiIneTon). Third Report of the United States Entomological Com-

mission. The Commission.

Second Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey.

The Director.

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution

for 1882. The Institutson.

(Watrorp & Hrrtrorp). Transactions of the Hertfordshire Naturalists’

Society and Field Club. Vol. I1., Parts 5—9. Vol. IIL,

Parts 1 & 2. The Society.

(Wetiineton, N.Z.) Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand

Institute. Vol. XVI. 1883. The Institute.

Stack (E.) Silk in Assam. Assam Rev. Dept.

Waiiy (Alfred). Notes on the Rearing of Silk-producing Bombyces in 1883.

The Author.

tee -}

WarernovseE (C. O.) and Epwin Winson. Aid to the Identification of Insects.

Parts 20 & 21. The Editor.

Wartrenwyt (Brunnen yon). Prodromus der Europaischen Orthopteren.

Leipzig, 1882. F. Grut.

Weyer (J. L.) et A. PRevupHomME DE Borre. Sur la Cicindela maritima et

la variété maritima de la Cicindela hybrida. The Authors.

Woop-Mason (J.) On the Mantis metallica of Westwood. The Author.

Report on the Tea-Mite and Tea-Bug of Assam.

Sec. of State for India.

Zoological Record for 1882. Purchased.

Zoologischer Jahresbericht fiir 1882. Herausgegeben von der Zoologischen

Station zu Neapel. II. Abtheilung. Arthropoda. 2 Vols. for

1882—83. The Editors.

Zoologist (The) for 1884. T. P. Newman.

THE

TRANSACTIONS

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

FOR THE YEAR 1884.

——+——_

I. Additional notes on the genus Colias. By H. J. Eiwes,

BebeS: cE Zs8:

[Read November 7th, 1883. ]

THouaH it is only three years since I read a memoir on

the genus Colias, which was published in our ‘ Trans-

actions’ for 1880 (pp. 1833—146), a great deal has since

been added to our knowledge of the genus; and, as it

appears to be one of extraordinary interest on account

of its bearing on the development of species, I shall

make no apology for adding some observations to my

first paper.

At least three papers of importance have appeared

since 1880 on this genus. One by Keferstein, in the

‘Journal of the Zoological-Botanical Society of Vienna,’

October, 1882; the second by Dr. Hagen, in ‘ Proceed-

ings of Boston Natural History Society,’ December,

1882; and the third by Alpheraky, in ‘ Stettiner Ento-

mologische Zeitung,’ 1883, p. 488.

Keferstein’s paper seems to me to be based on very in-

sufficient materials and knowledge of the genus. The

TRANS. ENT. £00. LOND. 1884.—PART I, (APRIL.) B

2 Mr. H. J. Elwes’ additional notes

principal points on which he dwells are the variability of

all the characters which have been relied on for the dis-

crimination of the species. Among them he includes the

patch of thicker and darker scales at the base of the hind

wing in the male, which, however, in my opinion, is one

of the most certain and constant characters by which the

species may be classified. He arranges the species

into four groups, defined in the same way as my groups,

by the presence or absence of spots on the dark border

of the wings in one or both sexes. He arranges the

species, however, in an unnatural and incorrect manner,

uniting some which are undoubtedly distinct, as Myrmi-

done, Hogene, and Hecla, and separating others which are

certainly identical, as Lesbia and Pyrrhothea, describing

one species, C. Auwrivillius, in such a manner that it is

impossible to say what it may be; and, as no plate,

exact locality, or specific characters are given, I think

the name should be ignored.

Alpheraky’s paper is principally a criticism of Kefer-

stein’s, but also gives some valuable notes on the

Russian and Siberian forms, and is a valuable contri-

bution to the literature of the subject. He strongly

denies most of Keferstein’s conclusions, especially his

statement that the basal patch on the hind wing is

a variable character, and therefore not to be relied on

as a certain guide in distinguishing the species. He

states that, after a careful examination of very many

specimens, he finds the patch constantly present in

C. EHdusa, Electra, Olga, and others, and that, though

its colour may vary, and sometimes, when of the same

shade as the rest of the hind wing, escape the notice of

the careless observer, yet that its form remains ever the

same. I exhibit to-day a series of specimens of several

species in order to show how far Alpheraky’s views on

this question are correct. I agree with him for the

most part, but it is necessary to set the specimens in an

unnatural manner in order to show the patch clearly,

and I must say that I find it much more variable in size

and appearance, when closely examined, than he seems

to have done.

Alpheraky’s observations show that, though he may

be perhaps rather too much inclined to the separation of

species, yet he is only led to do so by observed facts,

and in general he proves himself a careful and scientific

observer,

on the genus Colias. 3

If Keferstein had had sufficient or any specimens before

him of many of those forms which he treats as species,

I feel sure he would not have done so. In no case does

he attempt to define any of his forms by their characters,

geographical distribution, or otherwise, and the result is

therefore anything but satisfactory.

Dr. Hagen, on the other hand, has given us a most

excellent review of the forms occurring in North America,

the whole of which he reduces to eight species, and, as

he had of the last four of these only three specimens in

all to study, it is clear that he also has, from want of

material, treated them somewhat unequally. I must

say, however, that his remarks on the genus are dis-

tinguished by a scientific breadth of view and a fearless,

though temperate and well deserved, criticism of in-

accuracies which cannot fail to have a most excellent

effect in America and elsewhere; and I believe that

Dr. Hagen is laying the foundation of a more reasonable

nomenclature for the butterflies of North America than

bas hitherto been possible. Though Mr. W. H. Edwards’

species are suppressed wholesale, I cannot doubt that in

the main Dr. Hagen is perfectly right, and I hope his

review of the other genera will follow those which have

appeared on Papilio, Pieris, and Colias.

For my part, I will not hesitate to say that, notwith-

standing the somewhat intolerant criticism of my first

paper by Mr. Butler, all I have seen and learnt since has

only strengthened and confirmed my views as to the

impossibility of defining or recognising many of the

Colias described by him, most of which, I believe, and

with greater certainty than at first, cannot be classified

even as constant varieties.

I am glad to find that Mr. H. Pryer, in a catalogue of

the Lepidoptera of Japan, just published, supports me

in this opinion, and says:—‘‘I am led by the result of

my own observations to regard ‘species’ in the widest

acceptance of this much-abused term, and shall there-

fore probably excite the ire of those numerous gentlemen

who devote their whole existence to describing ‘new

species,’ and who, by their active, but, in my opinion,

misdirected labour, obscure many most important and

interesting facts.”

The concurrence in such opinions as these, both by

genuine field naturalists such as Mr. Pryer, and by men

of world-wide entomological fame such as Dr, Hagen,

t Mr. H. J. Elwes’ additional notes

cannot be any longer ignored by the “‘ species makers”’ ;

and I think it is quite time to ignore even the names of

those so-called species which are published, as they too

frequently are, with incomplete and misleading descrip-

tions, without figures, and very often based on most

scanty and imperfect materials.

But to return to our Colias. I have, since I last

wrote, examined carefully the finest collections in Hurope

and England, namely, those of Dr. Staudinger, Felder,

Mutzell, Honrath, and the public collections of Vienna

and Berlin, in Germany, also those of M. C. Oberthur

at Rennes. Ihave seen thousands of Colias from all parts

of the world, including many of the most extraordinary

aberrations, varieties, and supposed hybrids, and have

come to the conclusion that, though typical male speci-

mens of the forms enumerated below may be recognised

by any one having a thorough acquaintance with the

genus without knowledge of their origin, yet in the case

of females it is.often impossible to do so, and males of

almost all the species can be found which it would be

impossible to name without knowing where they came

from.

My own collection contains a good series of all the

species except three or four, and there are only one or

two doubtful ones, of which I have not seen many speci-

mens in other collections. Notwithstanding this I think

the time has not yet come when the genus Colias can be

monoeraphed in a satisfactory manner, and my remarks

will only express present opinions, which are lable to be

modified or changed as our knowledge increases.

I shall adhere, for convenience sake, to the division of

the genus which I indicated in my first paper, though

there are one or two species in which the spots on the

border are not constant in one or both sexes.

Of the life-history of Colias Hdusa we have an excellent

account by Mr. Fitch in the ‘Entomologist,’ vol. xi.,

p. 49 (1878), in which he brings together the numerous

observations made by English entomologists in the year

1877, when this species was extremely abundant, though

I have not seen in England a single specimen since

then. He states that the size varies from 1°25 in. to

2°4in.; the shape varies very much, as well as the

colour, some specimens having a purple or blue sheen,

as in Myrmidone. The marginal band varies slightly in

shape, much in width and colour. The discal spot is

on the genus Colias. 5

sometimes almost absent. The band in the female has

rarely only faint traces of spots (one figured).

He says that Hdusa varieties are now known, re-

sembling in almost all details Myrmidone, Chrysotheme,

and Hrate. This is correct as regards the first, but not

as to the other two, and he thinks Hrate is a connecting

link between Hdusa and Hyale ; but here again he speaks

without sufficient knowledge of Hrate.

With regard to breeding, the following details are

given :—A female caught on June 6th; laid upwards of

200 eggs June 8th; hatched June 14th; first larve

turned to pupe July 9th; imago appeared July 21st ;

43 days being the shortest time from egg to imago, 68

days the longest.

The conclusions from a long series of notes by various

persons are to the effect that Hdusa is normally double-

brooded, sometimes triple-brooded. It may pass the

winter in either of its four stages of existence, accord-

ing to the period at which the eggs are laid.

Notwithstanding its extraordinary abundance in the

wet year 1877, it has been ever since, during six seasons,

a very scarce species in England.

Group I. FEMALE SEX ONLY SPOTTED ON THE DARK BORDER

OF THE FORE WING.

Section 1. Having in the male sex a patch of thick scales

at the base of the upper side of the hind wing.

C. Edusa, Linn.

C. Myrmidone, Esp.

C. Electra, Linn.

C. Aurorina, H.-S.

var. Libanotica, Led.

var. Heldreichii, Stgr.

C. Aurora, Esp.

yar. Olga, Rom.

C. Wiskotti, Stgr.

C. Fieldii, Men.

C. Meadii, Edw.

C. Lesbia, Fabr.

C. Vautieri, Guér.

C. dimera, Doubl.

2? = Euaanthe, Feld.

Western, Central and Southern Kurope ;

Azores ; N. Africa; Syria.

Central, Eastern and Southern Ger-

many ; S. Russia; Turkey ; Trans-

caucasia.

Cape of Good Hope ; Transvaal; Natal.

Mountains of Armenia; Cilicia.

Mountains of Syria; N. Persia; Asia

Minor.

Mountains of Greece.

South-East Siberia and Amur Region.

Transcaucasia.

Mountains of Turkestan.

Himalayas, from Bhotan to Kashmir,

Western China.

High mountains of Colorado.

Argentine States; Patagonia ; Andes,

Eeuador ; Bolivia ?; Peru ?.

Chili; Straits of Magellan.

Andes of Columbia and Ecuador.

High Andes of Ecuador; Upper Peru.

6 Mr. H. J. Elwes’ additional notes

Section 2. Without the basal patch in the male.

C. Chrysotheme, Esp. .. .. Austria, Hungary, and South-East

Europe.

= Keewaydin, Edw. .. .. Southern and Pacific States of North

America.

var. gen. 1, Ariadne, Edw. . : :

var. gen. 2, Bury Tinie Bal. | Texas, California, Arizona, &c.

C. Hecla, Met Fi .. Lapland; Greenland.

var. glacialis, McLachlan. .. Smith Sound, Grinnell Land.

var. Hela, Steck. .. .. Hudson’s Bay.

C. Thisoa, Mén... Ae .. High mountains of Central Asia; N.

Persia.

C. Eogene, Feld. bE .. High elevations of N.W. Himalaya.

var. ? Stoliczkanus, Moore... High plateau of Ladak.

var. ? C. Staudingeri, Alph. .. Thian-shan Mountains.

2? C. Viluiensis, Men. (doubtful ae Siberia ; on Jenisei and Vilui

species). ai St riyers.

C. Philodice, Godt. an .. Southern, Eastern and Northern United

States.

var. Eriphyle, Edw. .. .. British Columbia; Washington Terri-

tory.

var. Chrysomelas, Edw. .. California.

C. imperialis, Butl. .. .. Straits of Magellan ?.

Group Il. Boru sExEs sPporTED ON THE BORDER OF THE

FORE WING.

C. Hyale, Linn. 36 .. Central, Western and Southern Europe.

; (For vars. and synonomy, see later.)

C. Phicomone, Esp... .. Alps of Central Europe.

C. Ladakensis, Feld. .. .. Ladak; N.W. Himalayas (alpine).

C. Melinos, Evers. - Sub [shah Siberia ; Amurland.

C. Sagartia, Led. 50 .. Mountains of N. Persia.

C. Alpherakti, Stgr. .. .. Mountains of Turkestan.

var. ? Hrschoffi, Alph. .. Thian-shan Mountains.

C. Nastes, Boisd. ate .. Labrador: Nova Zembla.

var. Werdandi, Zett. .. Fells of Lapland.

var. Kokandica, Ersch. .. Alps of Turkestan.

var. ? Rossii, Guen. .. .. Boothia Felix.

var. ? Boothit, Surt:.. ae Do. do.

var. ? Moina, Streck... .. Hudson’s Bay.

Group II]. Boru sExEs UNSPOTTED, BUT THE FEMALE

ABNORMALLY SPOTTED OR THE BORDER REPLACED BY

FAINT MARKINGS.

C. Paleno, Linn. on .. Alps and bogs of Central Europe ;

Circumpolar Region ; mountains

of Japan.

Subspecies or varieties. (For synonyms, see under C. interior).

Pelidne, Boisd. a .. Labrador and Arctic America.

interior, Seudd. Ae .. British America; Northernand Western,

U.S.A.

C. Behrii, Edw. as .. High mountains of California.

Doubtful species unknown to me :—C. Ponteni, Wallengren, Sandwich

Islands ; ? indigenous.

on the genus Colias. 7

Colias Olga, Romanoff.

Romanoff, Hor. Ent. Ross., xiv., pl. i., figs. 1—4, 1882.

C. Myrmidone, var. Led., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xiii., 20.

- C. Myrmidone, var. Caucasica, Stgr., Cat. Lep. Eur.,

1871, p. 6.

This fine form was originally considered by Lederer and

Staudinger as a variety of Myrmidone, but the latter now

looks on it as the Caucasian form of C. Aurora; and

Alpheraky, who knows it well in life, says that it is

nearer to Awrora than to either Myrmidone or Aurorina.

For my own part I think it is an additional proof, if one

was wanted, of the difficulty of defining any of these

species. Judging from the figure, which represents a

male and three forms of female, I see no reason to

separate it from Awrora. The larva of both this species

and C. Aurorina are said to feed on Astragalus caucasicus.

C. Olga is found not uncommonly about Borjom, Achal-

zich, Abbastuman, and other places in the mountains of

Georgia at 2000—4000 feet elevation, and also at Achty,

in Daghestan. It flies from the middle of May to the

middle of June, and on into July. The females are more

often of the white than the orange form, which, according

to Lederer, is also the case with C. Aurorina, and to a

great extent the case with Aurora.

Colias Field, Men.

I was at first disposed to think this species only a form

of Myrmidone, but having received several hundred spe-

cimens from Sikkim, others from Nepal and all parts of

the North-West Himalaya to Hazara, and, through the

kindness of M. C. Oberthur, from T'a-tsien-lo in western

Szchuen, I find that, though varying much in size and

tint, it may be distinguished with almost absolute cer-

tainty from Myrmidone by the black band on the hind

wings being continued right round the anterior margin,

which is not the case in any of my fifteen males of C.

Myrmidone.

Other though less important characters, which alone

would not be of much weight, are the greater size and

prominence of the black discal spot above, which on the

under side is white-pupilled, and the series of black

spots below. Some of the specimens from Kashmir are

much smaller and paler in colour, and are probably the

first generation. I should be curious to know whether

8 Mr. H. J. Elwes’ additional notes

Fieldii and Hogene are ever found flying together, but am

not aware that this is so; F%cldit inhabiting the warmer

damper region of the Lower Himalaya, whilst Hogene

seems to be confined to the dry barren region of Ladak,

which is beyond the influence of the rains. The basal

patch in Fieldii (male) appears constantly present though

variable in extent and colour, and Alpheraky agrees with

me in considering it a distinct species.

PS.—I have just received a valuable note on this spe-

cies from Capt. Graham Young, whose local knowledge

of the butterflies of the N.W. Himalaya is very extensive.

He says—‘‘ This insect is very common in the Sialkot

district in early spring, at about 900 feet elevation. I

have taken it as high up as 14,800 feet on the top of the

Humpta Pass, in Kulu, in September, when it was the

only butterfly to be seen. In Kulu, at 8500—4000 feet,

it comes out the first week in April, and swarms in the

fields of vetches. It disappears by the middle of May

from that zone of elevation, though a few may be seen

in autumn; but comes out in profusion on the grassy

hills from 6000—10,000 feet.”

In the Chumbi Valley, on the Tibetan frontier of

Sikkim, it is abundant at 10,000—12,000 feet in autumn,

and in Kashmir and Hazara it occurs from June to

August at 6000—10,000 feet. A few smaller paler speci-

mens occur among numbers of the usual type, but I do

not yet know that the spring and summer broods can be

distinguished apart; and it seems somewhat doubtful if

successive broods do occur in the same district, or

whether the species may not rather be single-brooded,

appearing earlier or later according to the climate of the

locality.

Colias Meadii, Kdwards.

Edwards, Butt. North Am., 1., Col., pl. 8, fig. 6—9, 1872;

Zeller, Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. 35, p. 487; Hagen, Proc.

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1882, p. 175.

This species I formerly placed as a variety of Boothii,

but this was undoubtedly an error. Hagen considers

it most nearly allied to, but distinct from, Myrmidone,

and, with a good series of each form before me, I am

inclined to agree with him, though, as it appears to be

generally allowed that Chrysotheme in Kuroye and North

America are identical, it would be less extraordinary if

Meadii and Myrnidone should also represent the same

species in the two continents.

on the genus Colias. 9

If Meadii is a good species, it is probably more limited

in its range than any other Colias known to me, except

perhaps C. imperialis, being confined, as far as we know,

to the mountains of Colorado, at and above 10,000 feet

elevation, where it appears to be common. In this

species the black discal spot of fore wing is reduced to

a& minimum, and in some cases appears only as a faint

streak ; this was considered by Zeller the only specific

character in which it differed from Myrmidone.

Colias Vautiert, Gueér.

Colias Vautieri, Guér., Voy. Coq,, pl. xv., fig. 2, 1829,

erublanch.. Gay, Haun. Chil.; vii, p. 18; 1852;

Reed, Mariposas Chil., p. 15, 1877 ; Butler, Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 470.

C. rutilans, Boisd., Sp. Gen., i., p. 642, No. 9, pl. 19,

nono leew blanch txc., ple 1, fig. 7 a, 0,. o 5

Reed, l. c., pl. 1, figs. 8,4; Butler, l.c., p. 470.

C. minuscula, Butler, l.c., p. 470, pl. xxi., fig. 11,

?gen. 1.

C. Cunninghamii, Butler, l. ¢., p. 471; (? var. septen-

trionalis).

C. flaveola, Blanch., Gay, Faun. Chil., vii., p.19, pl. 1,

figs. 6 a, D.

I need have added nothing to what I said of this

species in my first paper had not the subject been con-

fused by the addition of fresh synonyms by Mr. Butler,

who seems quite unable to pass by any specimen differ-

ing in the slightest from those in the British Museum

collection without describing it as new.

I can say with tolerable certainty that his C. minuseula

is nothing whatever but a smaller form, probably the

spring brood or first generation of Vautieri. There is

nothing whatever in the figure, description, type-speci-

mens, or in the one which I possess labelled C. minuscula

by Mr. Edmonds himself, which would give the least

reason to doubt this; and Mr. Edmonds’ statement

that minuscula occurs in August and September, and

the larger form, Vautieri, in October, would have been,

I imagine, enough to convince any other lepidopterist of

the necessity of at least advancing some evidence that

it was a distinct species. Mr. Butler, however, settles

the matter to his own satisfaction by a most concise

footnote, ‘‘ Undoubtedly another species.”

10 Mr. H. J. Elwes’ additional notes

Such an opinion as this would be excusable if given

by one who had no opportunity of knowing the facts

bearing on the question given by Mr. W. H. Edwards in

‘Butterflies of North America,’ when writing of the

seasonal forms of C. Chrysotheme (Keewaydin), but, after

such an ample proof of the identity of much more

distinct forms of a nearly allied species under very

similar climatic conditions, it seemed to me impossible

to agree with it. I therefore wrote to Mr. Edmonds for

further information, which I got in the letter quoted

below, and which confirm me in my belief that Mr.

Butler’s views are entirely erroneous.

With regard to C. Cunninghamu, the case is even

worse, as I had already (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880,

p. 142) remarked on the specimens which he describes

under that name, that they appeared to be a form

of Vautieri. In his description no allusion is made to

this, and not a single character is given by which the

insect may be distinguished from C. Vautierit. He does

indeed compare it with C. rutilans, which is but a

synonym of Vautiert; but this could only confuse those

who have not the opportunity of seeing how trifling and

ridiculous are the characters by which he attemps to

split up the Chilian Colias, making four out of one, just

as he did in the case of the Japan Colias, and in the

case of C. Hyale from Afghanistan.

If every species is so treated the nomenclature of

Lepidoptera will become a maze of synonyms, and I can

therefore only say that in my opinion no doubtful species

described in future by Mr. Butler should be noticed unless

it is accompanied by a good coloured figure or a descrip-

tion comparing it with a well-known and undoubted

species.

On asecond examination of the types of C. Cunningham,

I see no reason to doubt that they are a form of Vautieri

modified slightly by the colder climate of the Straits of

Magellan; when it shall be shown that this variety is

constant, and capable of definition in all cases, it will be

time to give it a specific name. At present this is not

the case.

Note.—To the above I must add some extracts from a

letter afterwards received from Mr. Edmonds respecting

C.minuscula. He says—‘‘ It occurs sparingly and locally in

theneighbourhood of Valparaiso in August and September,

on the genus Colias. cH

the male being much more plentiful than the female. I

only obtained two of the latter, one of which I gave to

the British Museum, the other I kept myself.

‘Towards the end of September the examples become

worn and scarce, and early in October their place is

taken by Vautieri, which, however, appears in greater

numbers; and instead of being confined to a few locali-

ties, is spread over the whole neighbourhood, and con-

tinues on the wing more or less abundantly till the

following May. I took it in every month from October

to May inclusive, and also found it abundant in the

Cordillera of the Central Provinces in January, at

Chillan in March, and in Valdivia in February; but I

have never found minuscula, except in three places near

Valparaiso.

‘* Vautiert varies slightly in size and in the breadth of

the black margins of the male, and amount of clouding

in the female, which in the mountains are much darker

than in the lowlands; but I never saw one of either sex

which could possibly be confounded with minuscula; the

female of the latter is paler above, and darker and

greener beneath, the markings on upper side of hind

wings being confined to a single small dusky blotch.

In the male the black margin is invariably much

narrower than in Vautieri, and there is such a difference

in the appearance of the two species or varieties that it

would not be possible for anyone who was acquainted

with both to confound them.

‘Tt may be as you say, that one is the early brood of

the other; but I fancy that, as minuscula is not out till

the end of August, and Vautiert is plentiful by the second

week in October, there is hardly time for the insect to

pass through its various stages (cf. p. 5). If, however,

this is the case, Vautieri must be triple-brooded, as

there are certainly two broods on the wing between

October and May.

‘Mr. Butler is decidedly wrong in considering Vautieri

and rutilans distinct. As I have said before, the species

varies slightly; but I have examined a large number

and found it impossible to separate them.”

After reading these remarks I again examined the speci-

mens of Vautiert at the British Museum and in Mr. God-

man’s collection carefully, and found very great variation

amongst them, though not more than I should expect ;

12 Mr. H. J. Elwes’ additional notes

one female from Concepcion, in North Chili, is as small

and pale as the female type of minuscula. It then struck

me that flaveola, Blanch., was probably the same insect,

so | wrote to Prof. Blanchard to know if the type still

existed. He replied that it is at Paris, and that he now

considers it simply a small variety of C. Vautieri, of

which the male was called C. rutilans by Boisduval.

The distribution of the species will then very nearly

coincide with the geographical limits of Chil.

2 Colias Huxanthe, Feld.

Feld., Reise Novy., ii., p. 196 (an nova species).

C. Dinora, Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 358,

described from a single female from Chimborazo which I

have seen in Mr. H. Grose Smith’s collection, is probably

a form of dimera or Huxanthe.

Aslam unable to say with certainty what C. Hua:anthe

really is, I can only apply the name provisionally to the

species now in question, which is a very puzzling one.

Mr. Whymper in his Andean journey took several

specimens of both sexes of a small pale narrow-winged

Colias at great elevations in the Andes of Ecuador,

namely, Pichincha, 11,0000—12,500 ft. ; Cayembe, 13,000

ft.; Antisana, 16,000 ft. As far as I can judge from a

hasty examination, it belongs to the same section as

Vautiert, but differs markedly from that species, as well

as from Lesbia and dimera, in their typical examples.

There exist, however, several specimens in Mr. Godman’s

collection which seem intermediate between ? Huxanthe

and others, namely, two from Poziuzu, on the Ucayalz

River, collected by Whiteley ; two from Chili, which con-

nect it with Vautiert; one from Bolivia (Buckley) ; and

one or two from the Sierra° de Totoral, which are

probably a form of Lesbia, though more like Huxanthe in

general appearance. The material is certainly insufficient

to decide anything, and I must therefore leave it a species

dubia for the present, though I have little doubt that

Whymper’s specimens at any rate belong to a distinct

alpine species. He found them in company with dimera

at the upper limit of its vertical range, but going to a

much higher elevation, and not nearly so abundant as

that species. It resembles Scalidonewra Hermina, Butl.,

very closely in general appearance ; but the venation of

the single type-specimen of that species is certainly dis-

on the genus Coltas. 18

tinct, though not easy to make out; and I am still

without further knowledge of this curious form.

Colias Lesbia, Fabr.

Since writing on this species I have gathered a good

deal more information as to its distribution, which is

much wider than I at first supposed.

Berg, in Bull. Mosc., 1876, p. 198, records it as com-

mon in Patagonia, from Rio Negro to Santa Cruz, and

it is the commonest of butterflies in the Argentine States

as far N.W. as Sierra de Potoral, Prov. Catamarca

(White) ; occurs at Rio Grande do Sul, in South Brazil

(Rogers) ; and at various localities in the Andes of

Ecuador, where Mr. Whymper found it in some numbers

at Otovalo and Machachi, 8000 —12,000 ft., together with

_C. dimera, which was more numerous. These Andean

specimens agree very well with those from Buenos

Ayres, but the females do not seem to be dimorphic as

in the south, where the pale form is common.

Darwin, in his ‘ Naturalist’s Voyage,’ mentions the

occurrence of a flight of this species containing countless

numbers which came on board his ship, ten miles from

land, in the Bay of San Blas.

C. Eogene, Feld.

Feld., Reise Novara, p. 196, pl. 27, fig. 7.

C. Theia, Stgr., MSS. Cat., 1882.

Var.? C. Stoliczkana, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.,

1878, p. 229; Yarkand Exp. Lep., pl.i., fig. 1,

L879.

When I first wrote on Colias I did not know this

species so well as I now do, and placed it doubtfully as

a variety of Mieldw. This it certainly is not; and having

seen the types in the Felder collection, and several other

specimens, of which four males and two females are now

in my own collection, I believe it to be as good a species as

any other in this group, and allied most nearly to T'hisoa.

It may be known by the extremely bright fiery orange

tint of the upper side, which in the female is much

overlaid with smoky black, especially on the hind wings;

by the broad black border on both fore and hind wings;

the large red blotch in centre of hind wings, especially

in the female; and the peculiar shape of the costa of

14 Mr. H. J. Elwes’ additional notes

fore wing, which seems more or less characteristic of

Thisoaand Meadii. On the under side it resembles Thisoa,

but has the veins distinctly yellowish, and the central

white spot more surrounded with red.

It occurs on the Baralacha Pass, the Zogi-lah Pass,

and other of the alpine passes which lead from the

Himalayas into the dry climate of Ladak, from 11,000

feet upwards; and if lam right in uniting with it the

form named Theia by Staudinger in his MS. Catalogue

of 1882, which was collected by Haberhauer in the

mountains near Osch, in Eastern Turkestan, extends

considerably to the north and west.

The specimens from Osch, however, of which two

are before me, are not nearly so brilliant or distinct

in colour as those from the Himalayas; and appear to

be a transition to the form named Stoliczkana, of which

I have seen two specimens collected by Stoliczka himself,

and which, though much smaller, paler in colour, and

distinctly spotted on the under side, might be only a form

of Hogene. As, however, no females of this supposed

species are known, we must await further materials

before deciding about it. It occurs at great elevations,

16,000—17,000 feet, at Changla and Pang-chong, in

Ladak.

Capt. Graham Young wrote of Hogene—“ I have only

found this insect in July and August, in the Upper

Chandra Valley, at 11,000 feet and upwards. It flies

with great rapidity, and is very difficult to capture. It

frequents the patches of flowers scattered amongst the

boulders and glaciers of that inhospitable region.”’

Colas Staudingeri, Alph.

Alph., Hor. Ent. Ross., xvi., p. 35, pl. xiv., fig. 4; Stett.

Ent. Zeit., 1883, p. 493.

This species is found in the high mountains of

Kuldja, at 7000—12,000 ft., and, according to Alpheraky,

is very distinct from C. Thisoa, both in the elevation of

its habitat, its flight, which is very swift, -like that of

Eogene, and other points. The only two specimens I

have seen of it in Mr. Godman’s collection are, however,

not sufficient to form an opinion; but Mr. Alpheraky

sends me the following points of distinction :—

on the genus Colias. 15

C. Thisoa, 3,2 ._

Under side of hind wings not more

velvety than in Edusa, Myrmi-

done, &e.

Pattern of the under side of hind

wings distinct, the submarginal

spots distinctly marked.

In the male the central black spot

of the hind wings never mixed

with scales of the ground colour.

In the male the black border al-

ways distinctly marked.

The wings of the male always very

sharp at the apex, and the wings

broader than in Staudingeri.

The wings of the male below with

more lines.

C. Staudingeri, 3,9.

Under side of hind wings more

velvety even than C. Hecla.

Pattern of under side of hind

wings very indistinct; the sub-

marginal spots indistinct, or

entirely lost in the ground

colour.

The same black spot is always

mixed with scales of the ground

colour, and in some cases quite

effaced by them.

The border not distinctly marked,

but the colours shading into

each other.

The wings longer and more

rounded at the apex.

The wings covered with larger

scales, giving a mealy appear-

ance.

I expect that the nearest alliance of C. Staudingeri is

with C. Hogene, Feld., from the northern form of which,

C. Theia, Stgr., it is not very different ; and agrees with

both these in the great elevation of its range, and in the

absence of the basal patch on the hind wing.

Colias Vilwiensis, Mén.

Mén., Schrenk’s Reise, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 7.

2C. Edusa, var., Trybom, Kon. Vet. Akad. Forh.

Stockholm, 1877, No. 6, p. 38.

This very obscure form seems to be an arctic variety

of Chrysotheme. It is placed by Staudinger with doubt

next to Chrysotheme, and is considered by Trybom to

be a form of Hdusa, if, as he believes, the specimens

examined by him which were taken at Dudinska, on the

Yenesei River, in lat. 69° 25’ N., are the same species as

that described and figured by Ménétries from the Vilui

River, in Ei. Siberia. The female seems unknown, and

no specimen exists in any collection I have seen. There

is, however, nothing in the figure or description that I

can see by which this form may be certainly dis-

tinguished.

Note.—Alpheraky states (Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1883, p. 493)

that he has seen five males of this species in which the

basal patch is absent. He considers it a distinct species

on account of the entire absence of the row of black

spots on the under side,

16 Mr. H. J. Elwes’ additional notes

Colas Chrysotheme, Esp.

Ksp., Schmett., 1, 2, t. 65 (1777).

Var. Keewaydin, W. H. Edw., Butt. N. Am., ii., Col.,

pl. iv.

Gen. 1, Ariadne, W. H. Edw., l. c.

Gen. 2, Hurytheme, Bdl., Ann. Soc. Ent. France,

p. 286 (1852); Zeller, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1874,

p. 487; Boll, Berl. Ent. Zeit., 1880, p. 241; Hagen,

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1882, pp. 151, 178.

The account published by Mr. W. H. Edwards in the

2nd vol. of his work on the various seasonal forms and

eeographical distribution of the species is so exhaustive

that I need only refer to it, and hope that it may serve

as a model to lepidopterists in other countries, and as a

warning to species-mongers to be more careful. I would,

however, observe that the distribution of this species is,

as far as I know, quite unparalleled by that of any other

species. We find the form Chrysotheme in a limited

district of Central and South-Eastern Europe, but never,

as far as I know, with any marked variation. I have

seen a female which resembled in colour C. Ladakensis,

but nothing of the male sex which could be mistaken

for any other European species.

In N. America, however, it occurs over a very wide

range: in northern and mountainous districts, where the

summer is short and there is but one annual brood, it

takes the form of Keewaydin, which so closely resembles

Chrysotheme that it is not easy to tell Kuropean from

American specimens. In California, Texas and other

warm districts where the summer is very long, the form

Keewaydin is only found as a variety; but there are

other very distinct-looking forms which belong to different

broods, Ariadne being the smallest, darkest, and earliest,

and Hurytheme the largest, brightest, and latest.

Colias Philodice, Godt.

Godt., Enc. Méth., ix., p. 100, 1819; W. H. Kdwards,

Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1882, p. 174.

C. Anthyale, Hub., Zutr. Ex. Schmett., ii., p. 21, figs.

307—8 (1823).

C. Eriphyle, W. H. Edw., Trans. Ent. Soc. Phil., v.,

p. 202 (1876).

C. Chrysomelas, W. H. Edw., Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

Feb., 1877.

fered

on the genus Colias. 17

I follow Dr. Hagen in uniting these three forms; spe-

cimens of each of them in my collection fully bear out

his opinion, and the figures in Edwards’ plates show how

variable Philodice is. As I have before mentioned, the

name Anthyale, Hub., which in Staudinger’s Catalogue

is used for Pelidne, Bdy., must without doubt be con-

sidered a synonym of Philodice.

Colias interior, Scud.

Scud., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ix., p. 108 (1862) ;

? Pelidne, Bdv., Icones, t. 8 (1832) ; Hagen, l. ¢., p. 147.

C. occidentalis, Scud., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ix.,

p. 109 (1862); W. H. Edw., Butt. N. Am., 1,

Col., pl. vii.

C. Edwardsi, Behr, W. H. Edw., Trans. Ent. Soc.

Bhi; at..op.121 (1670); Batt. N. Am-,.1., Col.,

pl. vi. (1870).

C. Christina, W. H. Edw., l.c., u1., p. 79 (18638) ; l.c.,

Butt. N. Am., 1., Col., pl. ii., figs. 1—4 (1868).

Coleraine. WV a tin Bdw.s: (6. Do Ld; ts 113.1: .¢.,

Col., pl. i., figs. 1—4 (1860). -

C. Scudderi, Reak, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iv., p. 217

(1865) ; W.H. Edw., Butt. N. Am.,i., Col., pl. viii.,

figs. 1—4.

C. Emilia, W. H. Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1ii.,

p. 12 (1870).

C. Astrea, W. H. Edw., l.¢., v., p. 202 (1876).

Var. Harfordi, H. Edw., Proc. Cal. Acad., vii., p. 79

(1877), d«

C. Keewaydin, W. H. Edw., Butt. N. Am., i., Col.,

0) Py ee gy Rt

Cy Barbara, H. Wdw:., tl. ¢:, p-.7,. 2 «

Var. Laurentina, Scud., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,

p. 4, Oct. (1875).

I follow Dr. Hagen entirely in his views as to the

synonymy of this species, and, as he has had access to

most of the types, and has gone into the subject very

carefully in a way which no European lepidopterist is in

a position to do, am much indebted to him for in-

terpreting the nomenclature of such a difficult species,

some of the forms of which I was obliged to pass by

with doubt in my first paper.

The next question, however, to be considered is

whether, having gone so far, we must not go a step

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884. PARTI. (APRIL,) Cc

18 Mr. H. J. Elwes’ additional notes

farther and unite all the American forms with the

European Paleno. I should certainly have hesitated to

do this if it was not for the very able and well-reasoned

remarks on the subject by Herr J. Schilde, in the Stett.

Ent. Zeit., 1878, p. 169, which will well repay a close

study, as bearing not only on this case, but on many

similar ones.

My own collection does not allow me to follow all Herr

Schilde’s points exactly, but, having seen his own

collection at Bautzen, and also that of Herr Moeschler,

which between them contain the ample materials on

which Schilde’s arguments are based, I am quite pre-

pared to assent to the proposition that, though in its

typical alpine and North German form Pal@no is a very

distinct-looking species from the Labradorian Pelidne,

yet on the comparison of a large series, including many

varieties from Lapland and Finland, the supposed diffe-

rences become sensibly weakened.

Dr. Hagen at present does not seem to see his way to

uniting interior with Paleno, and perhaps he is right to

hesitate, for, when we consider how few specimens

have hitherto been collected from widely distant points

over the immense territory of British North America,

and how little we know about them, it is clear that

the time has not yet come when the question can be

decided.

I have but little doubt that Paleno, in some form

or other, does occur over the greater part of this region,

and, considering that there are only differences of colour

and size between it and interior, and, as far as we know,

no structural difference, I fully expect to see them treated

as one species before long.

The question which occurs to me is whether, having

gone so far, he might not have gone a little farther

and treated the whole of these forms as the descendants

of Pelidne, which, indeed, has already been suggested by

Moeschler, Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. 31, p. 114, as regards

interior and Labradorensis, the latter of which Dr. Hagen

considers to be Paleno.

As he goes on to say that Pelidne and Paleno are

probably not distinct species in America, we seem to

arrive at the conclusion that Paleno, with its form

Chippewa, from Hudson’s Bay, and Pelidne, are, together

with all the above-named forms or varieties, to be con-

sidered as representing one and the same species,

on the genus Colias. 19

Judging from the materials at my disposal, which,

though pretty large, are by no means equal to those

which Dr. Hagen had, I see no reason to doubt the

truth of this, and I do not find any characters which

are present in one or other of these species that are not

sometimes to be found in the others.

The point, however, remains to be settled whether the

Pelidne described by Boisduval, of which the type cannot

be found, was the same as interior, Scudd., which Dr.

Hagen seems to doubt.*

The geographical distribution of the species would, in

case of the correctness of my views, be circumpolar ;

but, if interior and Pelidne are distinct, it has yet to be

unravelled. The American forms range from Labrador,

all over British North America to Alaska, and the

Pacific and Rocky Mountain States, occurring, as it

seems, wherever the climate is of an arctic character.

P§.—Since this paper was read I have seen, in the

6th number of ‘ Papilio,’ 1888, which reached me in

February, 1884, Mr. W. H. Edwards’ reply to Dr.

Hagen’s paper, in which he laughs to scorn the notion

of uniting any of these so-called species. I can only

say that after reading it carefully, I fail to see that he

has seriously shaken Dr. Hagen’s position, and he

certainly has failed to point out how these forms may be

distinguished in all cases from each other, though picked

specimens no doubt would afford slight distinctive

characters. In the same number of ‘ Papilio’ he describes

another new species ? under the name of C. Hagem. I

have just had an opportunity of hastily looking over a

number of specimens collected in the Saskatchewan

District in 1883 by Capt. Geddes, in Mr. H. Smith’s

collection, and am more puzzled than ever. Some of

the forms which Dr. Hagen considers to belong to

interior certainly seem to have more affinity to Philodice,

but Mr. Edwards denies stoutly that any example of

Philodice was ever seen in the Rocky Mountains, in

Oregon or within a thousand miles of it. The question

must remain unsettled until much more is known about

the forms occurring in British America.

* I have just heard from Dr. Staudinger that the type of

Pelidne in Sommer’s collection, which he now possesses, is the

well-known form from Labrador.

20 Mr. H. J. Elwes’ additional notes

C. Hyale, L.

C. Erate, Eisp., t. 119, fig. 3.

I am quite unable to say how these two species can be

in all cases distinguished from each other, and, though

pages might be written on the subject of their varieties,

yet I doubt whether anything certain could be made out

except by breeding on a large scale and in different parts

of the world.

What we do know is this, that in Europe, ranging from

Belgium and England in the west, to Russia in the east,

and to Andalusia, Sicily, and Algeria in the south, the

species which we know as Hyale occurs. ‘Typically, and,

in fact, with rare exceptions, the males are of a deeper

yellow than the females, and both sexes have the black

band on the fore wing marked with blotches of the same

colour as the rest of the wing. In the collection of Herr

Mutzell, of Berlin, I have seen (and doubtless they may

be found in other collections) specimens of Hyale from

the South Tyrol, and also from Berlin, which are of the

same, or almost the same, colour in both sexes, and, as

I noted at the time, agree well with the Himalayan

specimens. These, I may say, have been selected during

a long life from thousands which have come under Herr

Mutzell’s eyes, and, as regards the sexes, I rely on his

assurance, not having been able to verify them myself

in the short time at my disposal.

In the South of Russia, at Sarepta, on the Volga,

Hyale seems to mix with what is known as Erate,

which differs from Hyale in the sexes being of the same

tint of yellow, slightly deeper than the yellow of Hyale

male; but male specimens of Hrate occur at Sarepta

which have the spots on the fore wing as in Hyale.

Pale-coloured females also occur (ab. pallida, Stgr.)

which do not differ from female Hyale, except that the

black border of the fore wing is sometimes more pro-

duced towards the hind margin.

At Sarepta are also found forms (? hybrids or varieties)

of Hyale (Sareptensis, Stgr.), which he characterises thus

in his Catalogue of 1877, “Al. ant. marg. post. lato,

nigro; ¢ satur, flavus.”

As to the comparative abundance of these two forms

at Sarepta I cannot speak positively, but it seems evident

that they here begin to mix,

on the genus Colvas. 21

In Greece, however, Staudinger records neither species,

and in Asia Minor only Hyale.

At Lepsa and Saisan, in Central Asia (cf. Staudinger

- in Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1881, pp. 260—279), both Hrate

with pallida, and Hyale with Sareptensis, are found, and

it is said that the pale females of Hrate cannot be surely

distinguished from those of Hyale.

In Afghanistan (see Proc. Zool. Soc., 1880, p. 409)

all these forms occur mixed together, and Major Roberts

takes Sareptensis and Hrate in copula, as is only natural

that he should do, if, as I believe, they are merely one

and the same species.

In North Persia also the two forms, Hrate and Hyale,

with their pale varieties, occur, according to Christoph

Haberhauer and Bienert.

In the Himalayas we have them abundantly from

Kashmir to Sikkim. Moore, in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1882,

p. 254, in treating of Hocking’s collection, includes

“* Sareptensis ?, Hate ?, pallida?,” and a new species

which he calls lativitta. I have all these specimens

named by Mr. Moore himself, and can say with con-

fidence that they differ in no respect from specimens

which I have through Dr. Staudinger and others from

Osch and Margilan, in Central Asia, and from Sarepta;

neither would it be possible to say which specimens

came from either locality, if the labels were removed.

As regards the forms of Hrate and Hyale found in

Southern Russia and in the Kuldja District, Alpheraky,

in Hore Soc. Ent. Ross., vol. xvi., gives some very

interesting observations. The principal facts to be noted

are, that in the environs of Taganrog and at Kuldja

the form described as Sareptensis by Staudinger is found

in both sexes, and is doubtless the product of crosses

between Hrate and Hyale, which are often found in copula ;

they are generally of the colour of Hrate, but with spots

on the black border.

Secondly, although, in South Russia and the Cau-

casus, Alpheraky finds Hyale almost agreeing with those

of Central Europe in size and in the shape of the

border, with innumerable intermediate forms between

the two extremes, yet out of 2000 or 3000 specimens

which he examined from Taganrog and the Caucasus

none of the males are as pale coloured as in Central

Europe. He therefore doubts whether the form known

as Sareptensis is to be considered as a variety, an

99, Mr. H. J. Elwes’ additional notes

aberration, or a hybrid, and to which form the name is

to be applied.

With regard to what is known as Chrysodona, Kinder-

man = HHelictha, Lederer, he says that amongst fifty or

more specimens which he has examined there exist two

forms, one of which, inconstant, he believes to be a

hybrid between Hdusa and Erate, which he declares he

has several times taken in copuld, and the other, which

he believes to be an ochreous variety or aberration of

Erate, found not uncommonly in the environs of Azoff,

and also in the Thian-chian and near Kuldja, where

Edusa does not occur.

I may add that in the Vienna Museum are three pairs

of a variety of Hyale from Nubia and Egypt, collected

by Marno, which, if correctly labelled, as I believe they

are, extend the range of this species much farther than

is generally known.

From Japan, Amur-land, Askold, and Shanghai I

have numerous specimens representing several sup-

posed species, none of which I can see the slightest

reason for separating; and, after comparing about

seventy specimens in my collection from various parts

of Europe and Asia, can say only that, whilst I can

usually distinguish typical European Hyale by the

shade of colour in the male, and by the somewhat

shorter and narrower black band on the fore wing

and less conspicuous border on the hind wing in both

sexes, I can find specimens from all parts of Asia

which cannot, by the most ardent believer in the fixity

of species, be defined by any constantly different cha-

racters.

I have not myself any specimens from N.E. Asia

representing Hrate male, but Bremer records it from

Possiet Bay, and Murray from Japan, ¢f. Elwes, in Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 879.

Pryer, in his ‘Catalogue of Japanese Lepidoptera,’

says of Hyale ‘‘ that it isan abundant and variable insect

both on plains and mountains. It varies in size from

1$ in. to 23 in.; appears first in February, when it is

small and lightly coloured, the successive broods being

larger and brighter. The female is dimorphic.”

From the above facts I conclude that the two species,

however distinct in their typical forms, do in the regions

where they occur together interbreed and vary to such

an extent that they are not certainly to be distinguished,

on the genus Colras. 23

and that the various forms found in Asia must for

the present be treated as at best local and not fixed

varieties.

-- pS.—I must add that, after writing this, I observed

that Schilde, in Stett. Ent. Zeit., 18738, p. 175, notices

that Erate and Hyale, to use hig own expression, ‘ con-

glomerate,” and that yellow spot-like markings are not

unfrequently observed on the band of Erate male.

Supposing my views to be correct, the synonymy and

er distribution of the forms would be as

ollows :—

L. Hyale, Linn. Western, Central, and Southern Europe ;

Asia Minor; Algeria.

Hybrid ? and var. Sareptensis, Stgr., Cat. Lep. Eur.,

1871, p. 5, in parte ; 9— Neriene, Fisch. (in part),

Alpheraky, Hor. Soe. Ent. Ross., xvi., p- 360.

Southern Russia ; Caucasus ; Persia.

Var. Erate, Esp. South Russia ; Western and South-

Western Asia; in Himalaya and Hastern Asia as

an aberration only. Syn. lativitta, Moore, Proc.

Zool. Soc., 1882, p. 255.

Hyb.? et var. Chrysodona, Boisd., Gen. Ind. Meth.,

p. 7, 1840; Helictha, Led., Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges.,

ii., p. 83, 18538. South Russia; Kuldja.

Forma orientalis Neriene, Fisch. de Wald., Ent. Russ.,

ii., t. ii., 8, 4, 18225; ab. et var. pallida, Stgr.,

Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 3, 1861. Afghanistan ; Central

Asia ; Himalaya ; China ; Japan ; Avaur-land.

9 yar. poliographus, Motsch., Et. Ent., ix., p. 29, 1860.

Japan.

Simoda, De L’Orza, Lep. Jap., p- 16, 1869. Japan.

subaurata, Butl., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vil,

p- 188, 1881. Japan.

Elwesii, Butl., l.¢., p- 185. Japan.

Var. Nilgherriensis, Feld., Wien. Ent. Mon., iii., p. 395

(1859). Nilghiri mts., 8. India.

Colias Alpherakii, Stgr.

Stgr., Berl. Ent. Zeit., 1882, p. 164.

Of this species I can say nothing more than is said by

Staudinger, but, judging from three specimens received

from him, it is fairly well distinguished from Phicomone

94 Mr. H. J. Elwes’ additional notes

and Sagartia by characters which, though in this genus

not so satisfactory as one might wish, yet, if constant,

would enable one to recognise it with certainty. It was

found in the Alai and Hazret Sultan Mountains of

Turkestan by Haberhauer.

The principal characters by which it may be known

are the white spots on the middle of the under side of

hind wing, which are never surrounded by a ring of

brown or yellowish (this seems to be also the case in

C. Wiskotti), the colour of the antenne, and the hair

of the head and thorax, which have none of the pink

colouring found in the other species of this group.

My specimen from the Hazret Sultan has, however,

the antenne, as in Sagartia, unlike the other two from

the Alai. Before deciding as to whether this is really a

good species, it would be desirable to see if specimens

of Sagartia occur in the as yet unexplored mountains of

the Perso-Turcoman frontier to the eastward of its

hitherto only known habitat, as, if they do, they may

possibly present intermediate forms.

Colias Ladakensis, Feld.

Feld., Reise Nov. Lep., ii., p. 197, t. 27, figs. 8, 9,

1865.

C. Shipkee, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 492,

f, XXeo, He. 3,

Since writing on this species I have seen the types of

Ladakensis, which is undoubtedly the same as Shipkee,

and, though there is still some doubt as to the priority

of the names, Felder’s is so much the best that I think

it should be adopted. It appears to me, after the

examination of a number of specimens, to be so well

distinguished from all allied forms, both by the colour

of the upper and under side, and by the peculiar shape

and colour of the central spot on under side of the

hind wing, that it may very well stand as a good

species.

The females appear to be distinguished by the slight

orange tint of both wings on the upper side.

on the genus Colias. 25

Colias Erschoffi, Alph.

Alph., Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., xvi., t. xiv., figs. 1, 2,

p. 862, 1881; Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1883, p. 494.

Of this species I know nothing beyond the description

and figure cited. Judging from these alone I should

have said that there were no good characters by which

it might be separated; but Alpheraky later speaks of it

as a ‘‘remarkable species which can be thus taken for

no other,” and says ‘‘ that the figures, especially that of

the females, are bad, and do not represent it properly ”’;

he says further ‘that it is nearest to C. Sagartia, and

has no resemblance to C. poliographus, as Erschoff

supposed.”” He does not, however, give any special

points of distinction, and for the present I should class

C. Erschoffi with the doubtful species.

Colias Boothit, Curt.

Curt., Ross., 2nd Voy., App., p. 65, t. a, figs. 3—5

(1885) ; Guenée, Ann. Ent. Soc. France, 1864, p. 198.

After a re-examination of the specimens of this

species, and the numerous ones of C. Hecla from various

parts of Arctic America, which exist in the British

Museum, I am disposed to think that they are distinct

species, and that the typical C. Boothii is perhaps only

a form of C. Nastes. I can hardly believe that a peculiar

species should be confined to so small an area in the

Arctic Regions as C. Boothii at present seems to be,

and there is so much variation amongst the speci-

mens themselves that it is not always possible to define

them.

Dr. Staudinger tells me that the only two C. Booth

he has seen are more like some varieties of C. Werdandt,

Zett., from Lapland, which is allowed by all entomologists

to be a form of Nastes. An additional argument in

favour of this theory is that the forms described as

Chione and Rossii, which connect Boothu with Nastes,

were taken in the same localities, and that no typical

Boothii have, as far as I know, been found in other parts

of Arctic America, though Nastes occurs both in N.E.

Labrador and at Hudson’s Bay.

PS.—I see that Holmgren, in Af. Vet. Acad. Forh.

Stockholm, xxix., pt. 6, p. 105, mentions C. Boothti as

26 Mr. Elwes’ notes on the genus Colias.

having been brought from N. Greenland by Nordenskiold,

but I should imagine this to have been the same as some

brought from Grinnell Land by Capt. Nares’ expedition,

var. glacialis, M‘Lachl., of which I remarked that they

resembled the figure of Boothii, the veins on the fore

wing being so conspicuously marked that the band is

divided into blotches.

(A277)

II. Notes upon, or suggested by, the colours, markings, and

protective attitudes of certain lepidopterous larve

and pupe, and of a phytophagous hymenopterous

larva. By Epwarp B. Povnrtoy, M.A.

[Read November 7th, 1883.]

Puate I.

In the following notes I have numbered the segments of

larve according to the general custom of English ento-

mologists. The head is considered as the 1st segment,

and the others are counted (antero-posteriorly) from two

to twelve. In adopting this plan I simply wish to be

intelligible, and do not stand committed to any theory.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Westwood

for his kind help and advice in this as well asin all other

work that I have done in Entomology.

Tue Markinas oF some Larv™ oF THE GENERA

QMERINTHUS AND SpHinx.— The following notes were

made after reading Professor Weismann’s most inte-

resting and suggestive Hssay on ‘The Origin of the

Markings of Caterpillars,’ together with Mr. Meldola’s

important additions to the English translation. Some

observations 1 have to record were made during the

past summer (1883). In other cases (which will be

indicated) I have been obliged to rely on my memory

for facts of which I did not see the significance at the

time when they were noticed, and to which therefore I

did not direct very careful attention. This will explain

some deficiency of detail in certain observations, although

in such cases the main facts have been firmly impressed

upon my recollection.

1. The red spots that sometimes occur on Smerinthus

larve.— Weismann considers that this well-known varia-

tion represents a step in the origin of coloured borders to

the oblique stripes such as are met with in Sphinx. Ihave

never been fortunate enough to find these spots in S. the,

although the larva is well known to me. This is all the

more unfortunate, because Weismann’s conclusions have

TRANS. ENT. soc. LOND. 1884.—PaRT I. (APRIL.)

28 Mr. E. B. Poulton’s notes upon the colours

been chiefly formed from the study of this species. ButI

have been long familiar with the coloured spots upon larve

of S. ocellatus and S. populi, and Iam perfectly convinced

that, in these species at any rate, they have nothing to

do with coloured borders to the oblique stripes. It is

quite possible that they afford protection by resembling

galls :—seen irregularly, as they are, between the leaves

and upon a ground colour very much like the under

side of the leaves (see the Editor’s notes to the trans-

lation of Weismann’s book). But I do not think that

we can yet speak of their significance with any certainty.

The spots are excessively variable in size, in the number

found in each row, and in the number of the rows them-

selves. In these facts we do not seem to recognise the

slow but sure accumulation of favourable variations by

natural selection. I think it is probable that we see the

decline of an old rather than the establishment of a

new character. In fact the extreme variability of the

spots, when present, seems to be best explained by

reversion, which is often unequal and irregular in its

action. It should also be remembered that a decided

majority of the larve of S. popu, and an immense

majority of S. ocellatus, have no trace of these markings.

Shortly after reading Weismann’s Essay I was fortu-

nate enough to find a spotted variety of S. ocellatus

(August 18th, 1883). The larva was feeding on Salix

cinerea by the banks of the River Cherwell. It had the

bright yellowish green ground colour, and each of the

spiracles was, as usual, encircled by a fine red line. The

following is an account of the number and arrangement

of the spots (see Pl. I., fig. 1) :—Hach of the spiracles of

segments 5 to 11 (inclusive) was upon or near a red

patch, very slightly indicated on segments 5 and 11,

and not greatly developed on the others. Except in the

smallest instances, each spot was made up. of two

patches, one anterior and the other posterior to the

spiracle, with its encircling red line. ‘There was also a

row of spots above and below that just described, and

the spots of both were approximately alternate with

those of the latter, and therefore each spot of the

highest row was situated vertically over one of the

lowest, as far as the two rows corresponded. There are

only four spots in the lowest row (on each side of the

body), one upon each of the first four claspers; while

in the highest row there are distinct spots on the 7th,

of certain lepidopterous larve and pupe. 29

Sth, 9th, and 10th segments, and a very slight one on

the 6th segment, and on the 11th of the right side

only.

Thus the spiracular row contains the greatest number

of spots, but I believe that the highest row is generally

best developed, especially in the size of the spots.

It seems perfectly obvious that we have (here at least)

markings which bear no relation to the coloured borders

of the oblique stripes. We have a system of three rows

whose spots form alternating series, and only the spots

of the highest row are placed in front of the oblique

white stripes, in the position of the coloured borders

found in the genus Sphinx. And the highest spots show

no tendency to become drawn out into oblique lines.

One spot only, and that belonging to the spiracular row,

communicates a faint tinge of red (not shown in the figure)

to the last white oblique stripe; but this tinge shows no

tendency to separate as an anterior coloured border,

and the spot which communicates it is placed behind the

oblique stripe. These observations and conclusions are

also entirely in accordance with what I remember of the

spotted varieties of these two larve. At the same time

a darker shade of the ground colour forms a very

distinct border to the anterior edge of each oblique

white stripe, and greatly increases the efficiency of the

protective resemblance to leaf-veining.

I shall presently show reasons for the belief that the

coloured borders of Sphinx correspond to these green

edges, which are distinct in all larve of Smerinthus

ocellatus, whatever be the shade of the ground colour.

Since writing the above I have seen figures of the

spotted variety of S. tilie. The spots certainly show a

ereat tendency to become drawn out into stripes in this

species, but such a tendency does not seem to be general

in this form of marking, for it is not exhibited in S.

populi, in which the spots are often developed to an

extent never reached by S. tilie.

Through the kindness of Mr. G. C. Bignell, who has

lent me his original painting for the purpose, I am now

enabled to add a figure of an extreme variety of S.

populi. This is shown in Pl. L., fig. 2, and the specimen

is remarkable for its very light ground colour, as well as

for the unusual development of the spots. Although

the spots are developed to a greater extent, especially

anteriorly, than in any specimen I have found, yet

30 Mr. EK. B. Poulton’s notes upon the colours

varieties approaching fig. 2 are not uncommon. The

alternate arrangement is not marked to the same extent

as in fig. 1, and the spots are not greatly developed

upon the claspers. Anteriorly the spots are not dis-

tributed regularly upon the segments, since the former

exceed the latter in number. This fact brings out very

clearly the want of relation to the oblique stripes, for

these are not developed at all anteriorly, and the rem-

nant of the subdorsal, which follows the oblique line

system (as will be shown) in the chief protective attitude,

sweeps over the contracted anterior sesments as a whole

without any suggestion of a separate development upon

each of them. In fact, a development of oblique lines

on each small anterior segment, approaching the de-

velopment of the spots, would destroy the symmetry and

protective value of the whole system. In fig. 2 there is

no tendency towards a drawing out of the spots into

lines, except perhaps to some extent in connection with

the 7th stripe, as was also shown in fig. 1; and this

slight tendency does not appear to be in the direction of

forming anterior coloured borders. It seems possible

that in S. tilie there is a further intensification of the

tendency shown in the 7th stripe of S. ocellatus and

populi, and that there is no relation to coloured borders

such as are met with in Sphinz.

If S. tiie is developing after the manner suggested by

Prof. Weismann, and Sphinx ligustri has lost the spot-

stage in its ontogeny, it must nevertheless remain true

that S. ocellatus and populi have progressed in quite

another direction. But, considering the above facts and

those which follow, it seems more probable that S. tilie

occasionally presents us with a modification which

renders its own oblique striping more distinct by a

suffusion with the colour of the spots, but that this has

no significance for the coloured borders invariably

present in Sphinx ligustri, &c., which arise directly from

the darkened ground colour anterior to the light stripes.

Such an extreme instance of this variety as is shown in

fig. 2, coexisting with a vast majority of larve (of the

same species) without a trace of the marking, seems to

be greatly in favour of the view that the whole character

is due to occasional reversion to a form of marking

which is disadvantageous to larve protected by their

resemblance to leaves. The theory of protection by

resemblance to galls is not supported by such a complete

of certain lepidopterous larve and pupe. 31

system of spots as is shown in fig. 2, and it is further

rendered unlikely by the fact that S. populi presents the

variety far more commonly and to a far sreater extent

than 8. ocellatus (considering the relative abundance and

arrangement of galls upon the leaves of their respective

food-plants). The spotted varieties are certainly more

conspicuous than the others, and such a variety as fig. 2

is very much more conspicuous. Not only is this true,

but the modification of the spots, suggested by Professor

Weismann, would also be disadvantageous in rendering

the larva conspicuous, and Sphinx ligustri is far more

easily detected than the Smerinthus larve. The pro-

tective resemblances, in fact, belong to two different

classes (as will be pointed out), for S. ocellatus resembles

a rolled-up leaf (at any rate when feeding upon apple),

while S. ligustri is protected by a general harmony with

its surroundings. Hence the coloured borders would be

disadvantageous in the former case, as they would

destroy the special resemblance ; while they may be

beneficial in the latter case, where the resemblance is to

a general effect caused by complex combinations of light

and shade falling upon a large and heterogeneous object.

And so also with S. tilie and populi, which are protected

by a special resemblance to leaves or parts of leaves.

9. The origin of the white stripes in Smerinthus.—If the

shagreen dots be carefully observed they will be found to

possess an annular arrangement. There are generally

eight rings in the largest segments. As each ring

intersects a white stripe (either belonging to the oblique

or subdorsal system), the dot that is placed upon the

stripe is much larger than others near it in the same

ring. The largest oblique stripe—the last—has more

than one row of dots. When the full-fed larva has

ceased to feed, and is lying quiescent in a contracted

state before pupation, the colours are much changed.

The white striping disappears, and the ordinary shagreen

dots become very inconspicuous, but the enlarged dots

remain distinct, and thus the whole system of lines can

at once be recognised. It is thus seen how large these

dots really are, for under other conditions they are hard

to detect, being placed on a white ground. In addition

to their arrangement upon the usual stripes there is a

line of enlarged dots on each side of the dark pulsating

dorsal line formed by the dorsal vessel. In this case

the ground colour has not become white along the line

32 Mr. 8. B. Poulton’s notes upon the colours

of dots. These facts seem to indicate that the white

lines of the larva first arose as enlargements of the

shagreen dots, and that the effect has been increased by

the ground colour becoming gradually lighter along the

same lines. The extreme anterior end of the subdorsal

seems to be made up of a row of dots only, without any

whitening of the ground colour. The dots on each side

of the dorsal line doubtless serve to render the latter

more distinct. The importance of the dorsal line is

very great for protective purposes, as it represents the

midrib of a leaf. It is possible that the ground colour

may now be in process of change along these two lines.

At the same time the changes of colour before pupation

afford evidence that the dark anterior borders to the

oblique stripes have risen to the position of distinct and

independent markings, and are not merely local deepen-

ings of the ground colour. At the time I speak of, the

ground colour fades and is replaced by dirty brown, but

the green borders appear more distinct than ever (in

some specimens at least, and in none do they share the

fate of the ground colour). It is very probable that the

origin of the white markings from the shagreen dots can

be proved in the ontogeny.

3. The use of the remains of the subdorsal in the last

stage of Smerinthus.—At this stage the subdorsal line

remains distinct (as Weismann points out) in front of the

oblique stripes, and also intersects the first two or three of

these, gradually disappearing posteriorly. I believe that

it is not generally known that there is the beginning of an

8th oblique stripe, slightly marked, on the 5th segment

(see figs. 1, 38, and 4). This stripe (which possesses a

dark coloured anterior border remaining after the changes

before pupation) begins superiorly at almost the same

level as the others ; inferiorly it reaches, but does not

cross, the subdorsal. If the oblique stripes were

repeated anteriorly, with the same relation to the seg-

ments that they bear to those where they are present,

they would entirely mar the effect of a series, because the

anterior segments are so much smaller than the others,

and are, further, much contracted when the larva most

needs the protective resemblance, 7. e., when it is at rest

and assuming the Sphinx attitude. But, if a larva be

watched in this position, it will be seen that the sub-

dorsal line, following the curved anterior segments,

becomes approximately parallel to the oblique stripes

of certain lepidopterous larve and pupe. 33

(Pl. I., fig. 4). The effect is heightened by the slight

oblique stripe on the 5th segment, for the eye naturally

regards this as the true continuation of the subdorsal.

The curving and contraction of the anterior segments

do not produce perfect parallelism, but quite enough

for the eye to accept the subdorsal as part of the series

of oblique stripes. It is an instance of an imperfect

suggestion being sufficient to continue a series of mark-

ings, and to be efficient in protection. I have no doubt

that this is the cause of the retention of the anterior

part of the subdorsal and of its gradual disappearance

posteriorly. When the larva is at rest the contraction

of the anterior segments is so great that the spiracle on

the 2nd segment is always partially and sometimes com-

pletely hidden. Fig. 4 shows the attitude of rest, but

the same larva as that drawn in fig. 3 has been here

given, and the subdorsal is in consequence less sub-

ordinated to the oblique stripes than is usually the case.

The same adaptation of an older system of markings

to a more recent oblique line system is seen in other

larve, as well as in the Sphingide. ‘Thus, in the larva

of Endromis versicolor, as depicted on page 203 of New-

man’s ‘ British Moths,’ a distinct dorsal line is drawn,

and another line, which appears to be spiracular in the

2nd segment and subspiracular in the 6th. There is

also the oblique line system consisting of eight stripes

(which slope in the opposite direction to those of

Sphingide) upon segments 4—11 inclusive. The spi-

racular line is distinguished by a longitudinal row of

dots, as well as by its position. It appears to be normal

in segments 2—6, but on the 7th segment it becomes

oblique, and forms a continuation of the true oblique

stripe on the 6th segment. This is also the case upon

all the segments up to and including the 12th. In each

case the true oblique line upon one segment is continued

posteriorly on to the next segment by a modification in

position of the subspiracular line upon the latter. Al-

though modified, the subspiracular oblique lines retain

their characteristic dots, and it is thus easy to recognise

this portion of the stripe as belonging to a different system,

which is retained unchanged anteriorly. This is there-

fore an extremely interesting adaptation of an older to

a newer form of marking, which has taken place where

the latter is chiefly developed (after the 6th segment).

The larva thus represented is certainly adult, and 1

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PARTI. (APRIL.) D

34 Mr. E. B. Poulton’s notes wpon the colours

have tried, but without success, to find figures of the

younger stages. I have no doubt that in the early

stages the horizontal system is alone present, and that

later these lines coexist with an oblique system, while in

the highest stage the former becomes part of the latter.

In fig. 5 a copy is given of the larva represented upon

page 203 of Newman’s ‘ British Moths.’

4. The comparatively recent replacement of the sub-

dorsal by the oblique lines in Smerinthus. — Weismann

proves this fact from the ontogeny of the larve.

After the formation of the oblique line system it seems

likely that the subdorsal somewhat rapidly disappeared

from all but the anterior segments of the adult larva,

because (as Weismann points out) it would interfere

with the protection from the oblique lines, and also

because it would spoil the effect of its anterior part,

which, as above shown, lends itself to the newer system

of markings. But these changes must have been very

recent, for traces of the subdorsal can generally be

made out by careful observation upon all the usual seg-

ments in adult larve.

In the gradual deepening of the ground colour to form

the borders to the oblique white lines the point of inter-

section of the former with the white subdorsal must

have been lighter than the ground colour, and has

therefore taken longer to darken. Hence in each seg-

ment, at the level of the posterior part of the subdorsal

remnant, a light linear interruption of the green border can

generally be detected. In one adult larva, with the bluish

ereen ground colour (found on Salix viminalis by the

River Cherwell, Sept. 8th, 1883), these light short lines

were connected together into a faint representation of a

complete subdorsal line, ending posteriorly in the last

white stripe (see fig. 3). The line was here most

distinct and linear where it crossed the dark borders,

but was fairly well-defined inferiorly through its whole

leneth. The upper limits gradually shaded off into the

ground colour, and the line seemed to spread upwards

in the anterior part of each segment, so that it was of

considerable thickness where it joined the white oblique

line. But this appearance can be detected in the pos-

terior part of the subdorsal remnant in most larve.

The larva which thus retained the subdorsal was full-

fed and of large size. This observation shows (together

with the traces which can often be detected) that the

of certain lepidopterous larve and pupe. 35

subdorsal has been retained very late in the phylogeny

of the genus Smerinthus.

5. The probable phytophagic character of the ground

colour in S. ocellatus.—This conclusion is suggested by

Mr. Meldola in the notes to his translation of Weismann’s

book. I have no doubt that experiment will settle the

question in the affirmative. In the meantime I give a

list of the trees upon which I have found S. ocellatus

during the past summer, with the colour of the leaves

(under sides) and the larve. The invariable resemblance-

of the latter to the former in many species of plants is

much in favour of the cause being phytophagic, unless

we imagine that the larve are truly dimorphic, and that

the moths of each variety lay their eggs on the appro-

priate trees only. I have found the bright yellowish

green variety on Salix cinerea and S. rubra, and formerly,

I believe, on a crab-apple tree at Reading. The under

side of the leaves of the crab are whitish, but brighter

in appearance than those of other apples, which have a

peculiarly ‘‘dead” colour very characteristic of the

whitish green larva. I have found the latter upon Salix

vininalis and commonly upon apple (see Mr. Meldola’s

note on the subject).

6. Protection sometimes gained by the changes in colour

before pupation.—The adult larva of S. tiie turns a

dark purplish brown before pupation, and has usually

assumed this tint by the time that it has come down

from the tree upon which it was feeding. The same is

true of Sphinx ligustri, which becomes quite brown on

the back, and in this condition may often be found

hurrying along a road or garden path in search of a

suitable place to bury itself. I have found a larva of

S. ligustri, still upon its food-plant, with distinct indi-

cations of the brown colour.

In these two species the dark coloration before the

final change is very marked in amount and very early

in appearance. Conversely the larve of Smerinthus

ocellatus and S. popult show but a slight tinge of brown

when they have left the trees and are wandering about

before burying themselves. In all these cases J am

speaking of the change of colour in the full-fed larva

when it ceases to feed and makes preparation for the

final change: I do not refer to the colours (already

described in S. ocellatus) assumed in the quiescent con-

dition immediately preceding pupation,

36 Mr. EK. B. Poulton’s notes wpon the colours

Contrasting the conditions of these larve, which

behave so differently before pupation, we observe that

the chief food-plants.of S. ocellatus and S. populi are

sallow and poplar respectively, and that these almost

invariably grow in damp situations, and are surrounded

by grass or other green vegetation. Thus the original

ground colour of the larve is the best protection under

such circumstances, and, in fact, it is very slightly

altered. But the food-plants of the other two larve

(elm and lme for S. tlie, many plants for Sphinx

ligustri, e.g., privet, lilac, laurustinus, syringa, ash,

holly, &c.) do not grow in damp places, and are generally

surrounded by the bare ground or short turf. Hence, I

believe, the importance of the darkening in these

instances. In the case of a very large brightly coloured

larva like Sphinx ligustri, which would show up as an

extremely conspicuous object against the ground, this

time of moving rapidly about before burying would

indeed be fatal.

It is probable that the brown or dark shades so often

met with before pupation are due to changes taking

place in the larval colours, and are merely incidental to

their destruction. Natural selection would then in

certain cases seize upon the slight incidental darkening,

and would give it such determinate direction as we see

in Sphinx ligustri, &e. It is probable, too, that the

same agency would diminish and retard the darkening

in cases where it is unfavourable.

This explanation is probably correct, if we grant the

extreme danger of this period to larve when they

descend from their food-plant and come within the reach

of new foes as well as old.

7. The relation of the markings of Sphinx to those of

Smerinthus.—There is one fact in the ontogeny of S.

ligustri which I think is not recorded by Weismann, that

the larva is covered with white shagreen dots, until

(I believe) the last ecdysis. Iam almost certain that

the shagreening is retained up to this point, although I

have not seen it for many years. The shagreen is

exactly like that on Smerinthus larve, and the retention

of this character in the earlier stages of Sphinx is a

very strong argument for the later origin of the latter,

and from a form possessing likeness to Smerinthus. I

believe that in the younger stages the oblique stripes

also resemble those of Smerinthus in the character of

of certain lepidopterous larve and pupe. 37

the white lines, and in the presence of borders formed

by a deepening of the ground colour. The pure white

stripes only appear when the skin becomes smooth, but

before this the purple borders can be seen, although

narrow and not conspicuous. Ido not remember any

indications of spots which gave rise to the borders by

coalescence, but I believe that the latter took the place

of the dark green edges.

The above statements are from memory: I can now

speak with certainty as to the last stage, for I have care-

fully examined several specimens after reading Weis-

mann’s book. The beautiful delicate white stripes still

retain indications of the shagreen covering in their

anterior inferior extremities, which are made up of

scattered white points. Superiorly and posteriorly they

still show traces of their origin from stripes, resembling

those of Smerinthus, for, continued on to the segment

behind that in which most of its course lies, the white

stripe becomes of a pale yellowish green, and can be

followed nearly up to the dorsal line (formed by the

dorsal vessel). The recognition of this superior con-

tinuation needs close observation, but it will be readily

seen now that attention is directed to it. At the same

limit the purple border to the white stripe changes

superiorly and posteriorly into a dark green border to

the yellowish stripe. This also continues nearly up to

the dorsal line, and can be recognised with a little atten-

tion (see fig. 7). These observations seem to prove that

the purple border has been modified from a dark green

border (like that of Smerinthus) at the sides, but not

above, where the latter faintly persists. In the same

manner the pure white stripes have arisen from lines, like

those of Smerinthus, which still remain above. Therelation

between the bright colouring of Sphina and the obscure

colouring of Smerinthus is very well seen by looking care-

fully at an adult Sphinx ligustri from above (see fig. 6).

These last facts, together with the marking of earlier

stages and the long retention of shagreen, prove that the

beautiful colours of Sphinx ligustri have been acquired

very late in the phylogeny.

8. Further notes on the adult larva of Sphinx ligustri.

—The anterior spiracle (on the 2nd segment) is not

hidden during rest, although the Sphinx attitude is so

marked in this genus. I found one specimen of S.

ligustri (at Wootton, near Oxford, Sept. 14th, 1883)

38 Mr. E. B. Poulton’s notes wpon the colowrs

which showed some interesting facts in connection with

the oblique stripes. In the first place the tendency

towards the repetition of markings in segmented animals

had shown itself in the appearance of a slight oblique

stripe on the 12th segment. This was very nearly

parallel with the others, and consisted of an interrupted

purple line, with the white stripe only indicated by a

few isolated points at the lower end of the purple line

(see fig. 7). This imperfect repetition of the oblique

stripes occurred on both right and left sides, but without

complete symmetry.

Another interesting fact was that the purple borders of

the seven usual stripes became darker at about the

middle, and this gradually increased until the lower end

was very nearly black. The dark colour was repeated

on the other side of the white stripe as an irregular

patch opposite to the inferior end of the purple border.

The darkening of the border began at the anterior edge

and gradually extended posteriorly until in the lower

quarter of the purple stripe it had affected its whole

thickness (see fig. 7, in which the darkening is not

sufficiently indicated). The dark patch behind the lower

end of the white stripe was almost or completely hidden

when the segments were at all contracted.

PROTECTIVE ATTITUDES IN THE Lanvm or GEOMETRE.—

During the present year (1883) I have reared from the

ego, larve of the three less-known species of H’phyride,

Ephyra pendularia, E. orbicularia, and E. omicronaria.

Although the perfect insects are well known, I infer that

the larve are seldom seen, from the meagre descriptions

in text-books, and from the fact that the food-plants are

quoted from Guenée by both Stainton and Newman. My

object was to experiment upon the pupe in order to

investigate the causes of seasonal dimorphism in this

eroup of moths, using Prof. Weismann’s methods (see

the translation of his book on this subject by Meldola).

I therefore directed no especial attention to the larve,

being very busy with other work at the time; but upon

one occasion I found the larve of EH. pendularia assum-

ing a remarkable spiral attitude which I had never

before observed. This caused me to observe more closely,

and ultimately led to the following notes.

The larve of Geometre are especially protected, as is

well known, by their resemblance to twigs and thorns

which stand out straight from a stem, generally making

of certain lepidopterous larve and pupe. 39

an acute angle with it. Accordingly the larve in nearly

all cases tend to assume this position when at rest, and

the resemblance is often carried further by the presence

of roughnesses and tubercles on the larve exactly like

those on a twig. The usual brown colour of the cater-

pillar may even have a slight green dusting in places

(R. crategata) indistinguishable in appearance from the

lichenous growth with which bark is generally covered

in damp situations. A practised entomologist has often

to touch a larva before he is sure that he is not looking

at a twig; and he may often at the first glance mistake

the one for the other, when the larva is shaken from its

hold and falls, still perfectly rigid, into the beating-tray

or umbrella. And the protection is far more complete

when the larva clings to a branch of its food-plant.

These facts are well known to every collector of insects :

it is their limitation which I believe has been less

noticed. This characteristic protective attitude is espe-

cially applicable to larve feeding on the leaves of trees,

and would not be nearly so effective for those feeding on

low-growing plants of which only a tuft of leaves is

apparent above the ground. It may be safely assumed

that the usual attitude would even be dangerously con-

spicuous for any fair-sized Geometer larva (unless green)

which rested by day on the leaves of its food-plant.

Thus the larve of Aspilates citraria and A. gilvaria have

the habit of coiling up the anterior part of the body verti-

cally into a flat spiral, with the head in the centre. If

shaken from the food-plant the attitude is maintained.

In this case the resemblance to a smali bleached snail-

shell is very striking, both in shape and colour. The

situation which the larva frequents is exactly that where

small empty shells are found in abundance, and all the

localities I know of in which these moths are common are

upon limestone, which is also favourable to the presence

of these mollusca.

Two points about this protective attitude are of great

interest, firstly, that the position when assumed upon

the food-plant is just as dependent upon the normal

structure of a Geometer larva as the more usual attitude

of resemblance to twigs, &c. Secondly, that the object

resembled is a dead and bleached shell; for it is very

likely that many enemies of the larva (birds, &c.), would

not object to a living snail, and the resemblance might

thus be no protection if the pale colour did not coexist

with the spiral posture.

40 Mr. E. B. Poulton’s notes upon the colours

There is also a period in which the usual attitude must

be dangerous to Geometer larve feeding upon trees. I refer

to the time when the young larva feeds and rests wpon the

leaf and does not retire to the stem. At this time the

rigid position and the attenuated body attached by the pos-

terior end to the surface or edge of a leaf would tend to

attract attention. At the same time it is likely that

larve have, as a rule, most to fear, in these early stages

of growth, from their deadliest enemies, hymenopterous

and dipterous parasites. These parasites appear on the

wing, as far as I have observed, at the same time as the

lepidopterous imago, and therefore it is probable that

the larve in which their eggs are laid must be very

young. Further, when larve possess a special apparatus

for driving away Ichneumons, &c., the protective struc-

tures are well developed in early stages.

Indeed, in Dicranwra vinula the protrusible flagella are

of the greatest relative size in the young larva, and

gradually become of less importance during growth,

until it is rare to find the structures of any functional

value in a larva much more than half-grown. In nearly

all cases the flagella have ceased to be protrusible before

the larva is full-grown. This follows from natural

causes, and holds good when the structures have not

been injured by other larve of the same species.

Of course the need of protection from birds remains

through life, and is doubtless more necessary as the size

of the larva increases and renders it more conspicuous.

But in early stages there is the additional need of pro-

tection from parasites.

The objects usually met with upon leaves have an

irregular shape, with a frequent tendency towards the

spiral form. Such are, parts of the leaf accidentally

injured and curled up, spiral or imperfectly cylindrical

cases formed by many larve, the excrement of birds and

snails. Nothing could be more unlike the usual attitude

of a Geometer larva. As to colour, the leaf-fragments

and larval cases are brown, the excrement of snails dark,

while that of birds is rendered conspicuous by irregular

white patches on a dark ground. Of course the usual

attitude can be retained by larve of a green colour, for

these would be almost invisible against the background

of the leaf. It was very interesting therefore to find the

ereen larve of EH. omicronaria in the normal position

whenever I observed them. I cannot be sure that they

of certain lepidopterous larve and pupe. 41

never rested in another posture, but I am certain that

this was not commonly the case. Next year I hope to

be able to settle the point by further and more extended

observations.

When the larve of EH. pendularia were about half the

full size, and brown in colour, I observed that they were,

with hardly an exception, hanging from the under side

or edges of the leaves, and that the body was thrown

into a spiral of from one to one and a half turns. The

head was nearly always downwards, and the caterpillar

greatly resembled a brown spiral larva-case hanging from

a leaf,—in fact, I thought for a moment that some of

these must have been accidentally introduced with the

food. I afterwards found that this was a common

attitude during rest, and that it was especially main-

tained during the long period of quiescence that pre-

cedes ecdysis. It was so continuous on this latter

occasion, and occurred in so many larve (I did not

notice a single exception), that I thought for a long time

that it must be important in producing tension in the

old skin. But the attitude occurs at other times, and

further, I have never noticed it in other larve before

ecdysis, where the same tension would be as beneficial

as in this case. If the object of the spiral attitude be

to split the old skin we should expect to see it assumed

just before ecdysis, and not maintained for the long

period during which the larva ceases to feed. IH further

observations show that this position is of assistance

to ecdysis it will still be true that the larva derives other

benefits, in the same way that the usual darkening of

colours before pupation is also of protective importance

when larve wander over the ground in search of a spot

to bury in. But, as far as my observations have gone at

present, I am inclined to think that this attitude is

especially maintained on such occasions, because the

larvee are then necessarily quiet, and have no reason to

give up the protective position. These periods are the

only long rests of larval life during which protection of

attitude (as apart from colour) can be uninterruptedly

kept up, for at all other times there is the constant

necessity of feeding and of moving to fresh food, although

the danger is frequently averted by such movements

being nocturnal.

The larve of E. pendularia assume the normal atti-

tude of Geometre after the last ecdysis, and then usually

42, Mr. E. B. Poulton’s notes upon the colours

cling to the branches. They are at this stage dimorphic,

the more numerous being green, while the others are

brown. ‘The latter are protected by their resemblance to

twigs, the former by their likeness to young green shoots,

and by being invisible against the background of leaves.

The larve of H. pendularia emerged from the eggs

before those of the other two species, and fed up far

more rapidly. I was therefore able to watch the other

larve during the whole period in which protective atti-

tudes are assumed ; for the chief protection at the earliest

stage (1 mean before the first ecdysis) must be the

extremely small size and the absence of conspicuous

colours or markings. I have already mentioned that I

never observed the green larve of H. omicronaria in any

other than the normal attitude. After the last change

of skin these larve also become dimorphic, but the

brown variety forms a very small proportion in this case

(one out of twelve larve). Before the last stage all these

larve were green.

The larve of H. orbicularia were dark-coloured when

young, and very early took up a position in which they

exactly resembled snail’s excrement. The body was

twisted into a very irregular spiral (far more irregular

than in the case of H. pendularia when observed). The

illusion was all the more complete, because at this stage

the leaf was eaten from the surface and not from the

edge, and thus the chief strands of the fibro-vascular

framework were left, exactly as they are when a snail

has been at work. When the larva becomes larger it

presents, when at rest, a striking resemblance to the

excrement of birds. It is still dark-coloured, but

possesses a series of white markings along the sides,

which are shown irregularly in the twists and curves of

the attitude assumed. A common position at this stage

(when about half-grown) is a spiral twist of about one

turn, from the posterior end as far as the last pair of

true legs, and then at this point a sudden bend back-

wards of the anterior segments and head to a right angle

with the proximal posterior segments. The effect is

highly irregular. From some points of view the appear-

ance is that of another smaller turn added to the first.

In larve which habitually assume an apparently

angular position it is very common for the bends to be

marked by a tubercle or prominence on their convex

side. Thus the bends, pointed in this way, appear to be

much sharper than they really are,—in fact they look

of certain lepidopterous larve and pupe. 43

like angles, but are really bends. This effect is produced

in the larva of E. orbicularia by thrusting out the pos-

terior pair of true legs, which are situated on the convex

side of the bend I have described. The spiral attitude

is also chiefly maintained during the long rests before

ecdysis, and is usually abandoned when the larva is

nearly full-grown, although tendencies towards the habit

are then occasionally observed.

When the larve are disturbed they resort to other

methods of protection ; first letting themselves down by

a thread, and, if further irritated, falling to the ground

and wriggling with great rapidity for some time. This

habit is also followed by EH. pendularia and EH. omicronaria,

and it is common in many larve. The rapid movements

seem obviously directed towards escape from insect-

parasites, but it might also be useful in working the

larva down among the roots of grass, &c. But the

remarkable thing about the two species of larve men-

tioned above is that these bilaterally symmetrical animals

should sometimes assume an asymmetrical position when

at rest. The best instance of such attitudes that I have

seen was pointed out to me by Professor Westwood, 2. e.,

some of the Phasmide, which, resembling branches with

lateral twigs, hold their limbs asymmetrically, thus

increasing the protective likeness. But I have not

before observed any departure from bilateral symmetry

in the various protective attitudes of lepidopterous larve.

It seems very likely that this habit will be found during

young stages of other Geometer larve, unless protected

by a green colour, or in some other special way. It is

possible, however, that the habit is confined to the

Ephyride, or specially manifested by them, as this

family in some respects stands alone among Geometre.

Since writing the above 1 have been told of other in-

stances, and have also found some myself. In all cases

the asymmetrical attitude appears in Geometer larvee

which feed on plants or parts of plants in which the usual

protective attitude would not avail.

THE PROTECTIVE ATTITUDE OF NOTODONTA ZICZAC AS AN

INSTANCE OF SIMULATED ANGULARITY.—Truly angular atti-

tudes are entirely impossible during prolonged rest for

such soft-bodied, semicylindrical, organisms as caterpillars

(with the necessity for the constant circulation of air and

blood through their respective systems). Therefore the

appearance of a very angular attitude is a protection, as

44 Mr. E. B. Poulton’s notes upon the colowrs

affording a great unlikeness to organic form as assumed

in this division of the animal kingdom.

(There is often the additional protection of distinct

likeness to some object which could be of no interest to

the enemies of the larva).

Hence the not infrequent position of some structure

on the convex side of a bend producing the effect of

an angle. A most remarkable instance of this is seen

in the attitude of N. ziczac, the name of which indi-

cates that entomologists have been deceived as to the

true position of the larva when at rest. This caterpillar

throws itself into a series of undulations in the vertical

plane, of which the bends are perfectly round and even,

and yet by a structure to point each curve the appear-

ance of an angular zigzag is produced.

The following is an account of the series of bends

with the structures situated upon each :—The head and two

succeeding segments are thrown backwards, producing a

curve with the proximal part of the body. The 4th

segment is in the centre of this curve, of which the

convex side is, of course, situated ventrally, and it is

distinctly pointed by the 8rd pair of true legs, which are

held out straight in the protective position, and at once

attract attention. The centre of the next bend (in the op-

posite direction) is the 6th segment, and its convex dorsal

side is rendered very prominent by a large hump, which

in this attitude completely dwarfs that on the 7th seg-

ment. The convex side of the next bend (in the 10th

seoment) is pointed by the 4th pair of claspers, which

are held so as to be very conspicuous, and further attract

notice by their strongly contrasted colours. The 2nd

and 38rd pair of claspers have slight traces of a light

longitudinal stripe, but the 4th has so large a stripe as

to convey the impression that the lateral (spiracular)

line is turned aside into it. Careful examination, how-

ever, shows that this is not the case, for the line can

just be detected posteriorly to this point. The wide light

stripe on the 4th pair of claspers also gains in prominence

by the presence of another dark marking sharply con-

trasted with it, the two opposite shades of colour meeting

in an abrupt line of demarcation, which traverses the

external side of the clasper longitudinally. The dark

stripe does not occur on the other claspers, and it is

continued on to the posterior part of the 4th pair from

the clouded orange-colour upon the 11th and 12th seg-

ments, of which colour it shows the deepest shade. It

of certain lepidopterous larve and pupe. 45

cannot be doubted that the object of this striking effect

and peculiarly prominent method of holding the claspers

is to attract attention to the convex side of the bend, and

to convey the notion of angularity. After this bend

there is a very marked hump on the dorsal side of the

12th segment which suggests another bend, only repre-

sented, in fact, by a very slight downward curve ; while

the last pair of claspers aids the delusion by being

directed downwards and backwards. (It may be note-

worthy that these claspers still retain some slight func-

tional value in this species). This last curve is also

intensified to the observer in another way. After con-

templating a series of curves the mind is ready to

continue the series upon a very slight suggestion. This

principle is frequently made use of in the markings of

insects, and I have had occasion to allude to it in

describing the markings of the genus Smerinthus. Thus

in N. ziczac the eye is directed to the convex sides of all

the curves, and the impression is conveyed that they are

sharp and angular, that they follow the outline of the

structures on the convex sides instead of the true outline

of the larva. All the four curves are, in fact, quite

smooth and gentle, and the last one hardly exists.

When the larva is crawling it is seen that very much

of the effect is due to the prominent way in which the

structures are held, for they are then hardly noticeable

(except the humps on the 6th and 12th segments, and

the former appears now on much more equal terms with

that on the 7th segment).

On October 15th of the present year (1883) I found a full-

fed larva of N. ziczac (feeding on Salix rubra near Oxford)

which presented some differences from the normal form.

It was much darker than usual; the spiracular line—

really a little below the spiracles—was distinct on the

2nd and 8rd segments, then absent, reappearing faintly

on the 6th segment, and increasing in distinctness on

succeeding segments to the 10th. On the clasper of the

10th segment it formed a very prominent bright yellow

stripe, bordered posteriorly by the dark colour of the

posterior segments, here also darker than elsewhere.

The spiracular line was completely turned aside into the

clasper, and there was no trace of it posteriorly to this

point. Dorsally the dark longitudinal patch on the 2nd,

3rd, and 4th segments is seen to be part of a regular

dorsal line traceable up to and over the hump on the

12th segment, even down to the anal flap. The dorsal

46 Mr. E. B. Poulton’s notes upon the colours

line is bordered by lateral light lines. There is a slight

subdorsal on segments 2, 3, and 4. On segments 5—10

inclusive there are oblique light stripes bordered ante-

‘riorly with a darkened ground colour, just as in

Smerinthus larvee, and sloping the same way.

NoTE UPON THE USE AND NATURE OF THE MARKINGS OF A

Nematus LARvA (TENTHREDINIDZ).—On October 14th of

the present year (1883) I found a nearly full-grown larva

of Nematus curtispina feeding upon sallow in the Oxford

University parks, close to the Cherwell. The markings

were all longitudinal and very simple, and are shown

from above in Pl. L., fig. 8. There was a very dark

ereen (almost black) dorsal line extending from the 2nd

seoment to within (apparently) two segments of the

posterior end of the body. ‘The posterior end of the

dorsal line showed a slight dilatation, and the line was

interrupted at the intersegmental rings. This dorsal

line lay in the midst of a very distinct narrow white

stripe stretching the whole length of the body (excluding

the head). On each side of this the general green colour

of the larva was shaded with black. There was a very

fine but distinct white spiracular line, and there was a

white ventral line. The head was yellowish brown, with

a black curved line on each side. These were all the

markings visible on the larva, and the ground colour was

a transparent and yet dusky yellowish green. The

larva, when found, was clinging closely to the edge of a

semicircular notch in the leaf, due to its own exertions.

Looked at from the side the larva was very inconspicuous,

as the green colour resembled that of the leaf, and the

longitudinal dorsal stripes were barely visible in profile,

and what was seen of them rather aided the protection.

If the larva habitually clung to the uninjured edge of the

leaf it would be easily recognisable in profile, because it

would stand out beyond the natural edge, and also would

interrupt the serrations or other natural features. But,

as far as I observed, the larva attached itself to the edge

which it had been eating away, and this, too, was the

most natural position, for it was thus quite close to the

leaf and the part of the leaf upon which it was actually

feeding ; and in such a position the body of the larva

did not attract any attention, for it was merely added

to an artificial edge, and did not render the latter con-

spicuous. But the larva was protected by its colours

and position, when seen from above, as well as in profile.

of certain lepidopterous larve and pupe. AT

In the former case the white dorsal stripe (with its

narrow dark central line) was not distinguishable from

the edge of the leaf, except on a close inspection. The

effect of the dark shading on each side of the white

stripe was to produce an appearance of lateral com-

pression, so that the thickness of the larva did not

attract attention. The fine white spiracular line could

not be seen from above, and was only visible from the

side when it was carefully searched for. It seems to

take no part in protection. At first I thought that this

was merely an interesting case of protective marking,

but a little investigation led me to suspect that the nature

of the colouring was peculiar.

The fine dark dorsal line was certainly the dorsal

vessel, and its pulsations were distinctly visible to the

naked eye. It formed a darker line than I have seen

(similarly caused) in other larve, and evidently in this

case the skin was especially transparent. Carefully

examining the white stripe with a lens I found that it

had the peculiar lobed appearance of the fat body, and

that it was moved by the pulsations of the dorsal vessel.

Thus it was certain that the white stripe was also due to

some internal part of the larva shining through the

skin. Similarly, with the simple lens, I could distinctly

see the trachee radiating from each spiracle, and I was

led to believe that the fine spiracular line was merely

due to the main longitudinal tracheal tube on each side.

Dissection entirely confirmed all these suspicions, and

showed that the only true coloration of the skin—caused

by a pigment deposited in its own cells—was the black

shading on each side of the white stripe. The general

green colour is chiefly due to the fluids of the body, the

contents of the digestive tract and the green colour of

many of the tissues, notably those cells in which the

deposition of fat is taking place. ;

We have here a remarkable instance of protective

colouring due to internal organs. ‘The case of the fat

body is especially interesting. Apparently the first cells

to become filled with fat globules, and to gain a white

appearance, are arranged in two rows, one on each side

of the dorsal vessel. But this process cannot be carried

on indefinitely, or the white band would become too wide

for protective purposes; and the massing of mature

cells elsewhere would cause white colours to be seen

through the transparent skin, if the massing took place

48 Mr. E. B. Poulton’s notes wpon the colours

in any position except one. This one position is the

median ventral line, and this was the only other place

where mature fat-cells could be found. Here they were

collected round the ventral gangliated nerve-chain, and

formed the white ventral line. In this position they are,

of course, completely invisible in all natural positions

of the larva.

Cells partially filled with fat are very common in other

parts of the body, but none of these appeared white by

reflected light, and I have no doubt that such cells are

only found along the dorsal and ventral line. This was

certainly the case in the specimen I dissected, which

was probably full-grown, as I had noticed some slight

changes of colour indicating the nearness of pupation.

The spiracular line is merely the result of an extremely

transparent skin important in producing other markings,

and the former is thus incidental to the latter. It seems

very probable that in many other cases also natural

selection has taken advantage of the ready-formed

colours of internal organs to produce the markings of

larve. Indeed, the effect of the dorsal vessel in this

direction, and the intensification of a general green

colour from internal causes, are already well known in

many lepidopterous larve. 1 was able to name the

hymenopterous larva described above from Cameron’s

monograph on the British phytophagous Hymenoptera

(Ray Society, 1882). Mr. Cameron draws attention to

the attitude of the larva at rest, when it clings close to

the curved surface which it has eaten out of the leaf.

Two KINDS OF PROTECTION BY RESEMBLANCE TO SURROUND-

INGS, SPECIAL AND GENERAL.—In the well-known cases of

protective mimicry the organism resembles more or less

exactly some portion of its environment. Thus the

larva of S. ocellatus is protected by resembling the under

side of a curled apple leaf (when it feeds on this plant).

Holding the larva in one hand and the twig in the other

the resemblance is marked, and the observer is led to

wonder at the protection afforded. This is special pro-

tective mimicry, and to the same class belong the number-

less beautiful instances of protection familiar to us from

our own observation or that of others. But there is

another kind of protective resemblance to which less

attention has been directed, which is less apparent

although not less real. Holding the larva of Sphinz

of certain lepidopterous larve and pupe. 49

ligustri in one hand and a twig of its food-plant in the

other, the wonder we feel is not at the resemblance, but

at the difference; we are surprised at the difficulty

experienced in detecting so conspicuous an object. And

yet the protection is very real, for the larve will be

passed over by those who are not accustomed to their

appearance, although the searcher may be told of the

presence of a large caterpillar. An experienced ento-

mologist also may fail to find the larve until after a

considerable search. This is general protective minucry,

and it depends upon a general harmony between the

appearance of the organism and its whole environment,

so that the former does not attract attention. It is im-

possible to understand the force of this protection for

any larva, without seeing it on its food-plant and in an

entirely normal condition. The artistic effect of green

foliage is more complex than we often imagine ; number-

less modifications are wrought by varied lights and

shadows upon colours which are in themselves far from

uniform. We are unable to appreciate the significance

of larval colours apart from the food-plant, because we

do not comprehend all the factors that combine to form

the whole appearance of the latter. General protective

mimicry is such an appearance in an organism that the

artistic effect of its surroundings is sufficiently repro-

duced in it to prevent attention from being attracted

when the one is seen in the midst of the other. A

better instance of this general protection is seen in the

larva of Papilio Machaon. Here the protection is very

real when the larva is on the plant, and can hardly be

appreciated at all when the two are apart. The terms I

propose seem to express the difference between these

two forms of resemblance, protection being gained in

the one case by the production of a general effect, in the

other by the acquisition of a special appearance. I am

aware that general protective resemblances have been

already appreciated, especially by Weismann, in the

work to which I have alluded. I believe that this is the

first attempt to separate the two, and to confer dis-

tinctive names upon them. As might be expected, the

two classes are connected by intervening forms—by

organisms that are protected in both ways. ‘Thus the

larva of S. ligustri has doubtless some special resemblance

to a series of leaves, each leaf being represented by the

green colour between two of the purple and white stripes.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PARTI. (APRIL.) E

50 Mr. E. B. Poulton’s notes wpon the colours

But this is very different from the special resemblance

of S. ocellatus, and the former larva would be very im-

perfectly protected were it not for the additional general

resemblance.

The number of larve protected by general resemblance

is very large. A very small class (comparatively) is

protected by taste or smell, a still smaller class by the

possession of terrifying markings, structures, attitudes, or

movements. Those specially protected form a large class,

and I imagine that all larvee unprotected in one or more

of these three ways are protected by general resemblance.

The latter will, I believe, prove to include by far the

largest number of instances. In many cases a larva

may be specially protected upon one food-plant, and

generally upon others. So also a larva may have been

very specially protected upon its original food-plant,

which may be now unknown.

These same terms also apply to other cases of pro-

tection, such as the mimicry of distasteful forms, or of

forms otherwise protected (special protective mimicry).

The same terms also apply to all organisms which avail

themselves of protective shapes, colours, attitudes, &c.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LARVAL (AND PUPAL) DIMORPHISM.—

Professor Weismann has proved that in many cases

dimorphism is simply a phase of transition into mono-

morphism of a different kind from that which the species

assumed before the commencement of changes which

led to dimorphism. ‘The whole transition from the first

monomorphism is, he says, first variability; then poly-

morphism, produced by the comparative permanence of

the favourable varieties; then dimorphism, by the pre-

dominance of the two most favourable forms; finally

monomorphism, by the ultimate permanence of the one

most favourable form. One of the forms in the stage

of dimorphism is the old monomorphism, and the other

is that which will become the new monomorphism. This

theory is proved for many larve, but I believe that there

are instances in which such an explanation does not

hold. It is indeed probable that there are several

explanations for as many forms of dimorphism. I will

now allude to one instance, and will show some grounds

for not accepting the above explanation of its cause,

afterwards attempting to account for it in another way.

The larve of some of the Hphyride, after the last

ecdysis, are dimorphic, appearing in the two usual

of certain lepidopterous larve and pupe. 51

colours, green and brown. (EL. orbicularia is variable,

E. pendularia regularly dimorphic, EH. onucronaria di-

morphic, with a great difference in the relative numbers

of the two forms. Some, if not all, of the other species

are also dimorphic, but I have not had the opportunity

of observing them closely).

The interesting, and, as far as I know, unique, point

about this dimorphism is that it extends into the pupal

state, and thus seems to prove a permanence of the

condition which is irreconcilable with Prof. Weismann’s

view. The brown larve always become brown pupz, and

the green larve green pupe. I have never known an

exception to this (see figs. 9 and 10 for the green and

brown pupex of H. omicronaria, figs. 11 and 12 for those

of HE. pendularia). There is, however, no extension

of this pupal dimorphism into the imago stage. It has

nothing to do with sex. This is shown by the following

figures :—I possessed 43 pupe of HE. pendularia of the

first summer brood of 1883. Of these 30 were green

(producing 17 males and 138 females), while 13 were

brown (producing 5 males and 8 females). Many of the

next generation of pup also emerged, forming a second

summer brood. Of these (40 in number) 27 were green

(18 males and 14 females), while 18 were brown (7 males

and 6 females). Furthermore, there is no distinctive

mark by which it is possible to identify the imagines

from either set of pupe. Hence it appears certain that

the larval and pupal dimorphism is of advantage in

these stages only, and has no further significance in the

ultimate stage.

This seems to be true of nearly all cases of dimorphism

(although in some few instances it is sexual: see note to

pages 3808, 309 of Prof. Weismann’s book). This advan-

tage I believe to be a direct result of dimorphism. It is

of value to a larva and pupa (if exposed) to be divided

into two groups, coloured respectively with the two most

protective tints. It is certainly a protection to the

species against the keen sight of entomologists. It is

well known by every collector of larve that it is often

difficult to find a larva for the first time, but that after

this it is comparatively easy to find more. In colloquial

phraseology the eye “gets in” for that particular species.

And I believe that this is true (although to a much

smaller extent) for each day’s work at larva-hunting.

I think that everyone who has tried to find a larva,

which he only knows by book description, upon its

52 My. E. B. Poulton’s notes upon the colours

food-plant, and, having succeeded, has gone on to find

many more, will appreciate the great amount of truth

that there is in the popular notion of the eye ‘‘ getting

in.” The true explanation for this kind of work is, of

course, that we can never appreciate the true relation of

a larva (protected by colour, &c.) to its surroundings

until we have had actual experience of it. This is

especially true of the larve which depend upon general

protective resemblance. And, having become once

accustomed to the disguise in a particular instance (the

reality of which is shown by the difficulty in getting

accustomed to it) it is comparatively easy to detect other

similarly protected instances. The reason why descrip-

tion can never take the place of experience has been

shown in the discussion of ‘‘ general protective resem-

blances”’; it is because the harmony is so subtle that it

cannot be understood without most careful observation

of the perfectly normal and undisturbed larva on its

food-plant. Even then, as was pointed out, although

the disguise may fail before an experienced observer, the

complex conditions which render it generally successful

—in fact the disguise itselfi—may not be understood in

the jeast. If this be true itis obviously an advantage

to a larva to appear under two forms possessing

respectively the colours which are most (generally) pro-

tective: an especial advantage if the colours are added

to a form with much special protective resemblance.

There is, in fact, a special protection for both forms, the

yellowish-green larve resembling young green birch

twigs, the brown larve resembling older twigs.

It is very likely that an entomologist who had never

seen either form would continue finding the form which

he first discovered, and would fail to see the others (after

searching a tree twig by twig in the manner of the

enemies of the larvee). Or, if he found both forms, he

would find one more easily and frequently than the

other, that, namely, to which he was more accustomed,

and he could not become as accustomed to either as he

would have been to the larva if monomorphic. There

might often be exceptions to this, but if it ever happened

the species would gain by larval dimorphism. There is

every reason to believe that the natural enemies of the

larve are similar to man in the respect above-mentioned.

In otker kinds of protection we argue from the effect

produced by certain colours, forms, or attitudes upon

of certain lepidopterous larve and pupe. 58

ourselves, to the effect that must be produced upon other

animals, and by observation we can often prove that the

inference is correct. I have before shown that if a

marking be repeated so as to form a regular series the

latter can be carried on by a mere suggestion of the

further repetition of the same marking without pro-

ducing any suspicion of imperfection. In this case we

cannot doubt that the advantage gained is by bringing

about a similar absence of suspicion in those animals

which are the natural enemies of the organism. But in

granting this we are committed to the belief that the

mental organisation of animals is similar to that of

man in this respect ; that both are equally deceived by

the suggested marking, because in both there is the

same subjective readiness (so to speak) to continue the

series. In the same way it is most probable that

animals, in searching after a prey that is protected by

colour, &c., are likely to continue finding those that they

first come across in any particular hunt. And this fact

would be of especial value as against those enemies that

seem to systematically work over a whole tree.

To put the argument perfectly plainly, I think all will

admit that the larve upon a tree stand a better chance

against their various enemies if they belong to two

differently coloured species (both well protected) than if

they are all the same. So dimorphism is an advantage

when the divergence in colour is quite complete. Again,

a large number of larve of one colour attracts attention

and multiplies the chances of detection, and increases

the danger for all. This is especially true of the larve

of small moths laying their eggs upon isolated trees, for

there are likely to be a great many larve upon one tree

under these conditions. Without pressing the analogy

too far between man and the natural enemies of larvae,

I think we may admit that larval dimorphism may be of

direct value to a species in the manner indicated above.

If this is the case the dimorphism will continue as a

permanent condition unless there is a great difference

between the protective values of the two forms.

I obtained twenty-eight pupe from eggs from a

female bred from the brown form and fertilised by

a male similarly bred. Of these twenty-eight exactly

half were brown and half green. In this case the

number of brown forms is much above the average,

and it is probable that the proportion could be increased

54 Mr. E. B. Poulton’s notes upon the colours

by again breeding from the brown forms. If in any

district the green forms were especially attacked the

greater proportion of brown ones left would increase

the number of larve whose parents were both brown,—

in other words, would greatly increase the proportion of

brown larve in the next generation. But this would

bring the brown larve into prominence, and would

render it more probable that they would be especially

attacked, and so the disproportion would right itself.

According to this argument there should be a tendency

(apart from the effect of enemies) for the more abundant

form to predominate, owing to the greater chance of

egos being fertilised and laid by individuals of the same

form. It is possible that there is such a tendency, and

that such a result is coming about (in this case the

gradual predominance of the green), but I think that

this is hardly likely, and there are indications that the

problem is very complex. There is no doubt that green

is the better protective colour for summer and brown for

autumn and winter. In the first summer brood there

were 80 green and 18 brown; in the second there

emerged 27 from green pupe and 138 from brown (and

these numbers include 5 brown and 5 green, from the

lot of which both parents were brown, hence unduly

raising the average of the latter).

There remained 34 pupe of the second brood, of which

15 died, while 19 will (probably all) emerge in the spring.

The 15 belong to the group which emerged last summer,

for they died just before emergence, with the colours of

the wings plainly visible through the pupal covering.

Of these 15 pupe 10 were green and 5 brown (including

5 green and 8 brown from the lot with brown parents).

Of the remaining 19, which form the true winter brood,

12 are brown and only 7 green (including 4 green and

6 brown from the lot with brown parents). Hence in

the last case only, the proportions are reversed, and there

are nearly twice as many brown pupe as there are green,

while there were more than twice as many green pupx

in both summer broods. I hope to make further obser-

vations upon this point, but there seems to be much

reason (from these statistics) for believing that the

brown forms predominate when brown is the best pro-

tection, and green forms when green is the best pro-

tection. It is noteworthy that the colours appear first

in the larve (always corresponding with those of the

of certain lepidopterous larve and pupe. 55

pup) which all feed up together, those namely which

will emerge the same summer, forming the beginning of

a second summer brood, and those which will emerge

next spring and belonging to the old winter brood.

I made some observations upon the situations selected

for pupation, thinking that these might show some rela-

tion to the colours of the pupe. Of those I observed

11 brown pupe and 20 green were fixed to leaves; 4

brown pupe and 6 green were fixed to twigs; 10 brown

pupe and 8 green were fixed to the case in which the

larve had been kept (the latter having wandered from

their food-plants). The wandering larve are more likely

to represent those which would have been normally fixed

to twigs. The statistics seem to point towards some

possible relation, but they are not convincing ; and, in

fact, the protection of a (yellowish) brown pupa upon a

leaf and of a green one upon a young twig is very con-

siderable. Again, some leaves bearing pupe would fall

off and turn brown. I hope to make further observations

upon this interesting question, and to investigate the

phenomenon in other species of HMphyride. I should

have added that I can draw no conclusions as to EH.

omicronaria for want of sufficient material. I had 12

pupe (11 green and 1 brown), and itis probable that the

above conclusions have applied here, but that the brown

form has almost disappeared. There is not the same

reason for an alternate predominance of the two colours

at different seasons (in the pup) because EH. omicronaria

was, at any rate in 1888, very slightly double-brooded.

Only one of the 12 pupe emerged. This less marked

tendency to double broods may render it more likely

that the green forms should predominate. Thus, in HL.

pendularia the dimorphism is of direct value to the

species in two ways, by giving an extra chance of escap-

ing detection, and in the fact that the more protective

colour predominates at the appropriate season of the

year. It may be suggested that the latter gain is so

palpable that it is probable that the larva is progressing

in that direction, 7. e., towardsa true seasonal dimorphism.

But I believe that a certain proportion of brown (larve

and pup) in the summer, and a certain proportion of

green (pup) in the winter, add to the safety of the

species; and further, the larve which produce the winter

pupe feed in the late summer, when green is an obvious

protection. Hence the predominance of brown must be

56 Mr. HK. B. Poulton’s notes upon the colowrs

entirely for the protection of the exposed winter pupe,

and, as has been shown, the predominance is only mani-

fested by that proportion of the second generation of

larvee (in the year), which will form the winter pupe. It

is strange that the imagines of LH. omicronaria should

show distinct seasonal dimorphism, and yet that only a

small proportion should emerge as the summer form.

On the other hand E. pendularia (imago) shows in-

distinct seasonal dimorphism, and has two summer

broods. It is probable that there is a considerable

summer brood of H. omicronaria in more favourable

years.

PHYLETIC PARALLELISM IN METAMORPHIC SPECIES.—Prof.

Weismann’s valuable essay on this subject (in the work

previously referred to) proves that the different stages of

two great groups may not show an equal divergence or

aftinity. He shows that the grouping would in many

cases be entirely different according to the stage which

is selected as the criterion of divergence, and further,

that this varying divergence depends upon a corre-

sponding difference or agreement in conditions. He

proves these propositions from Diptera, Hymenoptera,

and Lepidoptera. With regard to the latter he shows

that the division into butterflies and moths depends upon

imaginal characters, while the larve do not manifest

an equal divergence. It is not possible to arrange the

larve of Rhopalocera together in one great group as it

is possible to arrange the imagines. And this imaginal

divergence is accompanied by a difference of conditions,

for butterflies as a whole live under very different con-

ditions from moths as a whole. On the other hand, the

want of divergence between the corresponding groups of

larve is accompanied by a similarity of conditions. (On

the other hand he points out that the larve of Rhopalo-

cera can be divided into smaller groups corresponding

with imaginal classification).

It seemed to me that it is worth adding a note about

the pupe to this most important comparison, for which

we are indebted to Professor Weismann. The pupe of

Rhopalocera can be formed into a large group corre-

sponding to the union of the imagines into one of the

two chief divisions of Lepidoptera. The characters by

which these pup can be identified as a whole are bright,

or at any rate varied, colours; angularity of outline,

of certain lepidopterous larve and pupe. 57

especially anteriorly; and mode of suspension. The

divergence from the pupez of Heterocera as a whole is

also accompanied by a difference in conditions; the

latter being protected from light in the earth or in

cocoons, while the former are freely exposed to it. The

natural colour of the chitinous pupal covering, 7. e., that

colour which needs the least constructive energy for its

formation, seems to be red-brown. This is the common

colour of pupz which are shut up in opaque cocoons (as

D. vinula, &e.), where the colour can be of no importance.

It is, however, a positive advantage to those species

which pupate in, or upon the surface of, the earth.

Hence this colour is almost universal among the pupe

of Heterocera, being of direct (protective) or indirect

(by saving energy) advantage to nearly all of them.

One group of exceptions is very significant, 7. ¢., the

colours, &c., of the pups of Hphyride. These Heter-

ocera pass the pupal state under the same conditions as

those of Rhopalocera, freely exposed to ight and air,

suspended by a band round the body, and by a pad to

which the posterior spine is attached. The conditions are

thus the same as those of Rhopalocera. (The suspension,

i. e., the way in which the condition of exposure is attained,

is identical with that of many pupe of Rhopalocera).

Corresponding with these similar conditions the pupe

of Ephyride possess bright colours (Pl. I., figs. 9—12),

and are anteriorly angular. The bright colours depend

upon the transparency of the chitin, which allows under-

lying tints to shine through. Hence in these pupe the

colours disappear shortly before the appearance of the

imago, and the markings and colours of the latter

eradually become completely visible. This is also true

of Rhopalocera as a whole. The bright colours in these

cases are of protective value, either by special or general

resemblance. The red-brown tint is not a good pro-

tection, except in the situations mentioned above. The

warning colours of distasteful pupz are very different to

the bright protective colours of the pupe referred to

(ce. g., compare the pupa of A. grossulariata with those of

the Ephyride or Rhopalocera).

It thus appears that the pupe of Rhopalocera form a

chief group corresponding to the imagines, and that the

differences from the other chief group of Heterocera are

in both cases accompanied by a divergence in the

respective conditions. The angular outline must also

58 Mr. E. B. Poulton’s notes upon the colours

be a result of the same conditions. There is no doubt

that this outline is protective, or has been descended

from a protective ancestral character, and such protection

by an angular outline, of course, follows from the fact

that the pupex are freely exposed. These facts are true

of the pupx of Rhopalocera as a whole, but there are

exceptions, just as in the imaginal characters.

EXPLANATION OF Puate [.

Fie. 1.—Natural size. Adult larva of Smerinthwus ocellatus, seen

from the left side. The ground colour is bright yellowish green,

and the three rows of red spots are seen to form an alternate

pattern, the spots of the highest row being placed nearly vertically

over those of the lowest; while the middle spots are approximately

intermediate. The anterior remnant of the subdorsal is normal.

The slight oblique stripe anterior to the seven-stripe system is indi-

cated. The shagreen dots are arranged in rings parallel with the

intersegmental furrows, and there are generally eight rings in the

larger segments. The anterior borders of the oblique white stripes

are darker green than the ground colour.

Fic. 2.—Natural size. Apparently adult larva of S. popult, seen.

from the left side; from a painting by Mr. G.C. Bignell. The larva

is remarkable in its light ground colour, and especially in the

extreme development of the red spots, which are continued anteriorly,

where there are no oblique stripes, and the spots have no tendency

to become drawn out into coloured borders. They are rather feebly

developed on the claspers. Anteriorly they are not distributed

regularly on the segments, since they exceed the latter in number.

The alternate arrangement is less marked than in the last figure.

This unusually-marked variety does not bear out Prof. Weismann’s

theory that the spots tend to become drawn out into coloured bor-

ders to the light stripes, and yet here the system of spots reaches a

far higher development than in 8. tilig (as far as I have seen figures

of the variety of this species).

Fic. 3.—Natural size. Rather exceptionally large adult larva of

S. ocellatus, from the left side. The ground colour is light bluish

green. No red spots are present, but there is the normal red line

round each spiracle. The subdorsal is retained for its whole length,

although but faintly, posteriorly to the normal limits. It ends pos-

teriorly in the last oblique stripe (the limit shown in an earlier

of certain lepidopterous larve and pupe. 59

stage of the ontogeny). The small 8th oblique stripe is shown.

The ground colour is darker in front of the oblique white stripes.

Fic. 4.—Natural size. The head and anterior segments of the

same larva as Fig. 8, seen from the left side in the Sphine attitude

of repose. The spiracle on the 2nd segment is nearly hidden

among the folds due to the attitude. The anterior part of the sub-

dorsal is bent down into approximate parallelism with the oblique

line system. It is seen that the latter system would have been

marred if it had been repeated anteriorly with the same relation to

the segments that it possesses posteriorly. The slight 8th stripe

deepens the impression that the subdorsal belongs to the oblique

system. The effect is less complete in this figure than in the

normal larva, because the subdorsal does not disappear posteriorly

in this particular larva.

Fie. 5.— Adult (and probably enlarged) larva of Endromis

versicolor, seen from the right side, copied from the plate on

page 203 of Newman’s ‘ British Moths.’ The horizontal spiracular

or subspiracular line seems to be normal on segments 2—6. Pos-

teriorly to this point it becomes oblique on each segment, forming

a line with the (true) oblique stripe of the segment in front. The

older marking is thus completely subordinated to the more recent

system, except where the latter is absent (segments 2 and 3), or but

little developed (segments 4 and 5). The older form of marking is

easily recognised, even in the segments in which it has been modi-

fied, by a single row of longitudinally arranged dots always present

upon it, but absent from the true oblique system.

Fic. 6.— Natural size. Some segments of a nearly full-grown

larva of Sphinx ligustri, seen from above. The slightly-marked

dorsal line is due to the dorsal vessel. Each oblique white stripe

passes into a yellowish green line posteriorly (as it reaches the

limits of the segment in which its chief course lies). Each purple

border similarly passes into a dark green line. The short yellowish

green and dark green lines much resemble the colouring of the

oblique system in Smerinthus (yellow in 8S. populi, &c.), and

suggest that this was the primitive marking.

Fic. 7.—Natural size. The posterior segments of a larva of

S. ligustri fairly advanced in the last stage, seen from the right

side. (The larva was the same as that shown in Fig. 6, but this

figure [7] was made: previously). The same relation of the pure

white and purple stripes to yellowish green and dark green lines is

seen from the side. Each white stripe becomes scattered and

shagreen-like anteriorly and inferiorly, The purple border becomes

darker anteriorly and inferiorly, and is continued on the posterior

side of the white stripe (inferiorly) as a dark blotch. On the 12th

segment there is a slight indication of a white stripe, and a con-

siderable, though interrupted, purple line.

60 Notes upon lepidopterous larve and pupae.

Fie. 8.—Natural size. Larva of Nematus curtispina, probably

nearly full-grown, seen from above. In the middle line is the black

(dark green), posteriorly dilated, dorsal line caused by the dorsal

vessel. It does not extend to the posterior end of the body, and its

continuity (as a line) is broken by the intersegmental furrows.

This line is situated in a white stripe, which was seen to move with

the pulsations of the dorsal vessel, and to be lobed, like fat-tissue.

It is caused by a longitudinal accumulation of the cells of the fat

body shining through the transparent skin. Outside this there is

true black pigment in the skin, forming a dark line on each side,

and beyond this the ground colour is green, chiefly due to internal

tissues and fluids. Laterally (not seen here) a fine spiracular line is

formed by the main longitudinal trachea shining through the skin.

Thus all the colours and markings, except the black shading, are due

to internal structures. The protective resemblance is to the edge of

the leaf to which the larva clings, and the effect is increased by the

appearance of lateral compression caused by the dark shading.

Fic. 9.— Natural size. The pupa of EHphyra omicronaria

(green form), attached to a twig of maple.

Fic. 10.— Natural size. The pupa of Hphyra omicronaria

(brown form), attached to a twig of maple.

Fic. 11.—Natural size. The pupa of Hphyra pendularia (green

form) attached to a twig of birch, after the manner of the pupa of

a butterfly (by a band round the body, and a pad to which the anal

spine is fixed). The bright colours and the pair of anteriorly-placed

angular projections give to the pup of the Hphyrid@ an appear-

ance singularly like those of butterflies.

Fic. 12.—Natural size. The pupa of Ephyra pendularia (light

brown form), attached to a twig of birch.

( 61 )

III. On the classification of Australian Pyralidina. By

E. Meyrick, B.A.

[Read December 5th, 1883.]

In the present paper I have put together and classified

all the species of the families Hpipaschiade and Pyra-

lidide (as limited) known to me as occurring in Australia.

No species of either family is indigenous to New Zealand,

though Asopia farinalis occurs (introduced).

The fauna is limitedand fragmentary. Fifteen genera

are given, including twenty-four species; two of these

(Aglossa and Asopia), with one species each, are recently

introduced from Europe; nine of the remainder are

endemic, so far as is at present known. The other four

are presumably derived from a Malayan source, though

Cacozelia is not yet known, except from North America.

It is not, however, possible yet to judge of the geographical

distribution of this group, of which the species seem

often to range very widely.

In dealing with Walker’s species of Pyrales a difficulty

of nomenclature occurs to which I direct attention, as it

is frequent in this group. We find such names as

murcusalis and sabirusalis, which are unintelligible. No

mode of dealing with them is free from objection, though

I think it would be most dignified to reject them al-

together. The fact is that Walker named a certain

number of species after historical characters, e. g., from

Cresus he forms cresusalis, which requires absolutely to

be altered into cresialis or cresalis ; and, running short

of classical names, he apparently conceived the idea of

making up fresh ones, adding a classical termination,

and placing -alis after it in the same way. I propose to

do with these (since entomologists are not agreed to

reject nonsense-names) what I presume Walker himself

wished to do, to treat them as classical names, and alter

the barbarously-formed termination into conformity with

classical rules ; thus, in the present paper, for egusalis

I have written egalis. Fortunately many of these names

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PART I. (APRIL.)

62 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

are synonyms, and will lapse altogether. I shall, how-

ever, alter them on this principle whenever required.

I have described such new species as I happened to

possess, and have also redescribed those species and

genera of which the characters have previously been in-

sufficiently given.

EPIPASCHIAD.

Antenne in male with a strong horny basal process thrown back

over crown. Fore wings with 12 veins, 1 generally fureate, 8 and

9 stalked out of 7. Hind wings with 8 veins, 6 and 7 from a point

or stalked, 8 generally free.

Distinguished from the Pyralidide only by the

curiously developed process from the base. of ‘the

antenne of male; the character is, however, unique,

and persists in at least ten naturally associated genera

already known. The genera included in the family are

Epipaschia, Clem., Mochlocera, Z., Toripalpus, Grote,

Homura, Ld., and Deuterollyta, Ld., besides the five

given below. Grote also places Tetralopha, Z., here; I

have not seen it, but the fore wings have only 11 veins,

and I have therefore little doubt that Zeller was right in

referring it to the Phycide. Except the following all the

genera are at present known only from North and South

America. The characters of Deuterollyta are incom-

pletely given by Lederer, and its distinctness is not

perfectly assured. '

la. Vein § of hind wings free.

2a. Maxillary palpi of male tufted, pencil-like 3. Cacozelia.

2b. Maxillary palpi of male filiform, simple .. 4. Stericta.

10. Vein 8 of hind wings anastomosing with 7.

2a. Maxillary palpi present.

3a. Basal process of antenne long 2. Catamola.

3 b. Basal process of antenne short 5. Astrapometis.

2b. Maxillary palpi obsolete. . 1. Titanoceros.

TITANOCEROS, N. g.

Clypeus flat. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed. Antenne

in male serrate, shortly ciliated ; basal process very long, reaching

beyond thorax, extremity naked. Labial palpi moderate, curved,

ascending, slender, second joint rough beneath, terminal joint

short. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Fore wings with veins 4 and 5

separate. Hind wings with veins 4 and 5 stalked, 8 anastomosing

with 7.

of Australian Pyralidina. 63

This and the following genus, with Astrapometis, differ

from all the rest in having vein 8 of the hind wings

anastomosing with 7 instead of free. From Catamola

the present genus is distinguished by the absence of

maxillary palpi, and the more largely developed basal

process of the antennz, of which the apex appears to

be naturally naked.

1. Titanoceros cataxantha, 0. s.

3,19 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax dark fuscous,

mixed with reddish fuscous ; extremity of patagia whitish ochreous.

Abdomen pale ochreous. Legs dark fuscous, apex of tarsal joints

whitish. Fore wings triangular, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse,

hind margin somewhat obliquely rounded; dark fuscous, some-

what mixed with reddish fuscous; an ochreous whitish line from

costa at two-thirds to before anal angle, middle half curved out-

wards; beyond this the hind marginal area light reddish fuscous,

mixed with dark fuscous towards anal angle ; hind margin dotted

with dark fuscous. Hind wings deep yellow, with a rather broad

blackish hind marginal band; cilia dark grey, tips paler.

Kasily recognised by the deep yellow hind wings.

Sydney, New South Wales. One specimen in the

collection of Mr. G. H. Raynor, probably bred.

CATAMOLA, Nn. g.

Clypeus flat. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed. Antenne

in male flatly subdentate, shortly ciliated (3); basal process

long, reaching prothorax. Labial palpi moderate, curved, ascend-

ing, second joint smooth, terminal joint short. Maxillary palpi

short, filiform. Fore wings with 1 strongly fureate, 4 and 5

separate or stalked. Hind wings with 4 and 5 separate or stalked,

8 anastomosing with 7.

The stalking or separation of veins 4 and 5 afford no

character of value in this genus; both forms occur

well marked in C. funerea (male). In C. funerea vein 10

of the fore wings is approximated to 7 before 8 for a

short distance, as if about to anastomose. In all the

species there is a tuft of raised scales on fold.

la. Head and thorax black.

2a. Hind wing light yellow a a0 .. 3. xanthomelalis.

2b. Hind wing whitish .. a 1a .. 4. funerea.

1b, Head and thorax not black. e a .. 2. thyridalis.

64 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

2. Catamola thyridalis, Walk.

Bertula thyrisalis (!), Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 167.

$, 2, 23—25 mm. Head and thorax pale whitish ochreous,

mixed with reddish brown. Palpi dark fuscous. Antenne

ochreous whitish. Abdomen whitish ochreous, irrorated with

fuscous. Legs dark fuscous, beneath white irrorated with brownish

red, posterior tibiz and apex of joints white. Fore wings tri-

angular, moderate, costa slightly arched towards apex, apex

rounded, hind margin somewhat oblique, slightly sinuate, rounded

beneath; whitish ochreous, densely irrorated and suffused with

brownish red; basal third suffused with dark fuscous, except on

base of inner margin, bounded by a slightly angulated line from

two-fifths of costa to middle of inner margin; a tuft of raised

scales on fold at one-fourth ; a whitish dark-margined subdentate

line at two-thirds, irregularly curved outwards in middle; space

between first and second lines whitish, slightly irrorated with red,

and posteriorly suffused with light ochreous; a small blackish

spot on costa before middle, and another on anterior margin of

second line; hind margin narrowly pale ; a blackish hind marginal

line, interrupted by whitish dots; cilia pale whitish ochreous, with

cloudy median and apical reddish lines, and obscurely barred with

dark fuscous. Hind wings grey or whitish grey, generally with a

broad diffused dark hind marginal band, costa suffused with

whitish; an obscure darker discal spot; cilia whitish, with a dark

grey line.

I have reformed Walker’s inadmissibly barbarous

name.

Sydney, New South Wales. Several specimens taken

by Mr. G. H. Raynor in October. Walker states that

he has also received it from Ceylon.

3. Catamola xanthomelalis, Walk.

Acrobasis xanthomelalis, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. (Cr.), 82.

3, 9, 380—33 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax blackish ;

abdomen pale yellowish, more or less suffused with dark grey.

Fore wings triangular, moderate, costa slightly arched, apex

obtuse, hind margin somewhat obliquely rounded ; blackish, mark-

ings obsolete ; cilia blackish. Hind wings pale whitish ochreous-

yellow ; a moderate evenly broad rather dark fuscous-grey hind

marginal band, continued to inner angle ; cilia dark grey.

I have described Walker’s types, not having met with

the species elsewhere. It is very easily recognised. I

of Australian Pyralidina. 65

have not been able to examine properly the generic

characters, but it is probably correctly referred here ; the

antennal process is quite as in C. funerea.

Sydney, New South Wales. Three specimens in the

British Museum.

4. Catamola funerea, Walk.

Acrobasis funerea, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. (Cr.), 31.

3, 9,21—23 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax black ;

collar whitish. Abdomen dark fuscous, with ochreous whitish

rings towards base. Legs black, apex of tarsal joints white.

Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa moderately arched towards

apex, apex rounded, hind margin rounded, rather oblique; blackish,

irrorated with grey; markings almost obsolete, deeper black; a

tuft of scales on fold at one-fourth ; an irregular line at one-fourth,

a discal spot, and a dentate outwards-curved line at two-thirds,

sharply indented below middle; a black hind marginal line, in-

terrupted by white dots; cilia fuscous-grey, with a darker line near

base. Hind wings semitransparent, whitish, towards costa and

inner angle somewhat suffused with fuscous; veins fuscous; hind

margin narrowly suffused with rather dark fuscous; cilia whitish,

with a dark fuscous cloudy line near base.

The black colour is protective. The species occurs at

rest on the stems of fibrous-barked Hwucalypti, which are

almost invariably blackened by bush fires.

Sydney, New South Wales; Ardrossan, 8S. Australia.

Not uncommon in October, February, and March.

CacozELiA, Grote.

The following species agrees entirely with the cha-

racters of this genus as given by Grote, except that veins

4 and 5 are separate in both wings. In view of the

variability of this character within specific limits in the

preceding genus, no stress can be laid on this. The long

pencil of hairs which terminates the maxillary palpi of

the male is strongly developed, and is the peculiar

characteristic of the genus, of which one North American

species is known.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PARTI. (APRIL.) F

66 Mr. EK. Meyrick on the classification

5. Cacozelia cholica, n. 8.

gd, 27—28 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-brown, mixed with

dark fuscous. Palpi and antenne dark fuscous; hair-pencil of

maxillary palpi ochreous-white. Abdomen whitish. Legs dark

fuscous, apex of tarsal joints white. Fore wings triangular, mode-

rate, costa arched towards apex, apex rounded, hind margin some-

what oblique, slightly rounded, faintly sinuate below apex;

ochreous whitish, almost wholly suffused with brown, and densely

irrorated with dark fuscous; an ill-defined ochreous whitish blotch

on inner margin at base, followed by a dark fuscous suffusion ;

veins suffusedly dark fuscous; a very obscure irregular dark

fuscous line at one-third ; an obscure dark fuscous discal spot, con-

nected with costa by a dark suffusion; an obscure dentate dark

fuscous line from costa at three-fifths to inner margin at three-

fourths, bent outwards in middle, indented inwards above inner

margin, followed by a pale line; a dark fuscous hind marginal

line, interrupted by white dots; cilia ochreous whitish, with basal

and median fuscous lines, and obscurely barred with dark fuscous.

Hind wings whitish, faintly ochreous tinged posteriorly, with a

moderately broad fuscous hind marginal band, becoming dark

fuscous on hind margin, and shortly preceded by a cloudy fuscous

line; cilia white, with a dark fuscous line near base.

This does not appear to be at all close to the American

species, C. basiochrealis; it more nearly resembles the

much darker C. funerea.

Duaringa, Queensland. Two specimens received from

Mr. G. Barnard. I have two females from Sydney

which may be the other sex of this species, but as they

are darker and broader-winged, and the localities are so

widely separate, it would be unsafe to assume their

identity.

Strericta, Ld.

The characters of the male of this genus were un-

known to Lederer, as well as to Guenée; and I am not

aware that they have been published. Snellen describes

the male of what he considers a new species of this

genus, but makes no mention of the generic characters.

These give with certainty its position in this family.

Antenne of male dentate, ciliated with tufts of hairs;

basal process long, stout, reaching prothorax. The

other characters are not different from the female.

of Australian Pyralidina. 67

6. Stericta habitalis, Gn.

Glossina habitalis, Gu., Pyr., 125; Pyralis nauplialis,

Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 272; P. porphyralis, ibid,

Suppl. 1248.

The male is smaller and shorter-winged than the

female, which, however, itself varies very considerably

in size. I have seen about a dozen females, but only

one male.

Sydney, New South Wales; Mount Lofty range and

Ardrossan, South Australia; in December and May.

ASTRAPOMETIS, Nn. g.

Clypeus flat. Ocelli present. Tongue welldeveloped. Antenne

in male flatly dentate, ciliated; basal process short, not reaching

collar. Labial palpi moderate, curved, ascending, second joint

smoothly scaled, terminal joint rather short. Maxillary palpi short,

filiform. Fore wings with veins 4 and 5 separate. Hind wings

with veins 4 and 5 separate, 8 anastomosing with 7.

7. Astrapometis saburalis, Walk.

Pyralis saburalis, Walk, Brit. Mus. Cat., 914.

3, 2, 25—27 mm. Head and thorax grey, coarsely irrorated

with dark fuscous. Palpi and antenne dark fuscous. Abdomen

light yellow ochreous, posteriorly greyish-tinged. Legs dark fus-

cous; posterior tibiz yellowish. Fore wings triangular, moderate,

costa almost straight, apex almost rectangular, hind margin slightly

oblique, rounded beneath; fuscous-grey, markings suffusedly dark

fuscous ; a large blotch on costa about one-fourth, reaching half

across wing, including a tuft of raised scales on fold; a smaller

somewhat triangular blotch on middle of costa, surrounded by a

more or less broad whitish suffusion ; a very indistinct double sub-

dentate line at four-fifths, middle third curved outwards; a hind

marginal line interrupted by white dots; cilia fuscous-grey, with a

darker line towards base. Hind wings pale ochreous-yellow; a

moderately broad rather dark fuscous-grey border round apex, con-

tinued along hind margin, but not nearly reaching inner angle; a

dark fuscous hind marginal line; cilia yellowish whitish, with a

dark grey basal line.

The form of the fore wings is rather peculiar.

Sydney, New South Wales; Melbourne, Victoria,

Several specimens in March,

68 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

PYRALIDIDA.

Antenne without basal process. Fore wings with 12 veins, 1

simple or furcate, 8 and 9 stalked out of 7. Hind wings with 8

veins, 6 and 7 from a point or stalked, 8 free or anastomosing

with 7.

la. Vein 8 of hind wings anastomosing with 7.

2a. Maxillary palpi present.

3a. Labial palpi poreca with ne ouet

hairs beneath : 13. Ginogenes.

3b. Labial palpi ascending, nearly cau

beneath .. ° .. 12, Gidematophaga.

2b. Maxillary palpi acne.

3a. Patagia in male ee, tame ex-

pansible .. : ; .. 15. Endotricha.

3b. Patagia in male moh very iene ae .. 14. Scenedra.

1b. Vein 8 of hind wings free.

2a. Ocelli absent.

3a. Anterior femora in male with expansible

brush of hairs ae a6 .. 10. Ocrasa.

3b. Anterior femora in male simple!

4a. Maxillary palpi present Se .. Ll. Asopia.

4b. Maxillary palpi absent. ae .. 6. Cardamyla.

2b. Ocelli present.

3a. Tongue absent .. sc aie -. 9. Aglossa.

3b. Tongue well developed.

4a. Fore wings in male with a thickened

gland beneath costa oe .. 7%. Balanotis.

4b. Fore wings in male without Mined .. 8. Stemmatophora.

Carpamyia, Walk.

I have not been able to examine the characters of this

genus, but they are given by Lederer, who accepts

Walker’s name.

8. Cardamyla carinentalis, Walk.

Cardamyla carinentalis, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 282;

gt. -Pyr. plow; 9:

A very conspicuous species, which I have not yet met

with.

Richmond River, New South Wales.

of Australian Pyralidina. 69

BaLANomis, 0. g.

Clypeus with a slight transverse ridge, or flat. Ocelli present.

Tongue well developed. Antennz in male stout, dentate, mode-

rately ciliated with tufts of hairs (2 to 1). Labial palpi rather

long, curved, ascending, second joint smooth, terminal joint

short. Maxillary palpi short, filiform. Fore wings with vein 1

furcate, 4 and 5 separate. Hind wings with veins 4 and 5 separate

or from a point, 6 and 7 short-stalked, 8 free. Fore wings in male

with a thickened glandular swelling beneath costa beyond middle.

Specially characterised by the glandular swelling of

the male, which is circular, and appears solid when cut

through ; the veins which should pass through the space

occupied by this are bent so as to pass round it. In

B. recurvalis the upper margin of the cell is unusually

short. B. didymalis is only known to me in the female

sex, and is conjecturally referred here ; it agrees in non-

sexual characters. The larva of one species is known ;

it feeds in stiff silken tubes amongst the leaves of a

Myrtaceous shrub. The genus has evident relationship

with the E':pipaschiade.

la. Head yellow es vie re of .. 9. didymalis.

2b. Head not yellow.

2a. Second line from costa at two-thirds .. 10. recurvalis.

2b. Second line from costa at four-fifths .. 11. mnesibrya.

9. Balanotis (2) didymalis, Walk.

Cardamyla didymalis, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 288.

9, 27—30 mm. Head deep yellow. Palpi ochreous-whitish,

sometimes fuscous-tinged. Antenne grey. Thorax ochreous-

whitish, somewhat mixed with yellow; a spot on each side of

collar, on side of back, and on extremity of patagia dark fuscous.

Abdomen whitish, segmental margins light ochreous-yellow, with

central and lateral rows of dark fuscous spots. Legs dark fuscous,

apex of joints whitish, posterior tibie whitish yellowish, beneath

with dark fuscous subapical ring. Fore wings triangular, rather

broad, costa somewhat arched towards apex, apex rounded, hind

margin rather obliquely rounded; white, finely irrorated with light

olive-green; an irregular transverse olive greenish shade near base,

broad on costa; a dentate dark grey line from one-third of costa to

two-fifths of inner margin, suffused with greenish; a dark grey

discal spot ; a dentate dark grey line, suffused with greenish, from

two-thirds of costa to four-fifths of inner margin, middle third

70 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

curved outwards; an obscure interrupted greenish shade from

middle of inner margin to middle of second line; a large dark grey

apical blotch, connected with anal angle by three greenish spots ;

cilia white, broadly barred with blackish grey. Hind wings white,

irrorated with greenish; costa broadly and inner margin more

narrowly bright yellow; a dentate greenish line before middle,

mixed with dark fuscous, and a strongly dentate blackish grey

median line suffused with greenish, both terminated before costal

yellow band; a large dark grey apical blotch, connected with inner

angle by a row of six greenish spots; cilia white, barred with

blackish grey. Wings beneath deep yellow, markings partly

obsolete.

A pretty species, somewhat resembling Cardamyla

carinentalis, of which Walker suggested that it might be

the female; it has, however, distinct ocelli and maxillary

palpi, and Cardamyla is stated by Lederer to be without

either.

Brisbane, Queensland. I received my specimens from

Mr. Diggles.

10. Balanotis recurvalis, Walk.

Salma recurvalis, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. (Cr.), 107.

3, 9, 28—32 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish, sometimes

partially suffused with greenish, irrorated with dark fuscous and

brownish red. Antenne grey. Abdomen ochreous-whitish, irro-

rated with dark fuscous. Legs dark fuscous, irrorated with white

and red, apex of joints white. Fore wings triangular, moderate or

rather broad, costa slightly arched towards apex, apex rounded,

hind margin somewhat obliquely rounded ; scales somewhat rough,

tending to form tufts on fold at one-fourth, and in disc above and

below middle; light fuscous or greenish, closely but irregularly

irrorated with white, dark fuscous, and red scales; sometimes

several short scattered black linear marks; an irregular obsolete

blackish line from one-third of costa to two-fifths of inner margin ;

a small blackish discal spot; a dentate well-marked blackish line,

followed by a pale line, from two-thirds of costa to four-fifths of

inner margin, strongly curved outwards, indented inwards above

inner margin; a dark fuscous hind marginal line, interrupted by

whitish dots; cilia whitish, with basal third ochreous and a grey

median line, barred with dark grey. Hind wings whitish, more or

less suffused with grey, with a small discal spot and a broad darker

grey suffused hind marginal band, becoming obsolete before reach-

ing inner angle, and shortly preceded by an obscure darker line;

of Australian Pyralidina. 71

cilia white, with an ochreous or reddish grey median line, spotted

with dark fuscous.

Variable to some extent in the distribution of colour ;

a stoutly-built species.

Larva 16-legged, stout, undescribed; forming firm

silken galleries covered with refuse along the twigs

and amongst the leaves of Leptospermum lanigerum

(Myrtacee).

Sydney, New South Wales; Launceston, Tasmania.

Rather common from December to February, but of -

rather retired habits.

11. Balanotis mnesibrya, u. s.

3, 20mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-whitish ;

head tufted between antenne. Palpi long, considerably exceeding

crown, dark fuscous mixed with whitish. Antenne white, ringed

with fuscous. Legs dark fuscous, irrorated with white, posterior

tibie and apex of joints white. Fore wings triangular, rather

broad, costa somewhat arched at apex, apex rounded, hind margin

rather obliquely rounded; ochreous-whitish, scantily irrorated with

dark fuscous; costa irrorated with blackish; a slender blackish line

from costa at one-third to inner margin at two-fifths, interrupted

above middle, forming a small spot on costa and another in disc,

preceded by raised scales; a black discal spot, preceded by raised

scales; a small fuscous spot on costa beyond middle; a very

slightly dentate slender blackish line from costa at four-fifths to

inner margin before anal angle, sinuate outwards in middle, fol-

lowed by a pale line, beyond which the hind marginal area is

suffused with light fuscous; a blackish interrupted hind marginal

line; cilia whitish, with two fuscous lines. Hind wings whitish

grey, more whitish at base; a dark grey hind marginal line; cilia

whitish, with a grey line.

Considerably smaller than the preceding, with the

second line quite different.

Murrurundi, New South Wales. One specimen in

November.

STEMMATOPHORA, Gn.

12. Stemmatophora vibicalis, Ld.

Stemmatophora vibicalis, Ld., Pyr., 457, pl. vii., 4.

I havetwo specimens, taken by Mr. G. Barnard near

Duaringa, Queensland, which I consider undoubtedly

identical with Lederer’s species, which he founded on a

72 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

specimen from Ceylon. Many of the Queensland species

of Botydide are also found to range as far as Ceylon. My

specimens are both males, whereas Lederer’s was a

female, but they are truly referable to this species ; they

are exactly the same size as his, and agree in all par-

ticulars with his description and figure.

Aauossa, Latr.

13. Aglossa cuprealis, Hb.

Acrobasis incultella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., Suppl.,

1712.

Sydney, New South Wales, in November. Occurs

occasionally in or near dwellings, doubtless introduced

from Hurope.

Ocrasa, Walk.

Clypeus almost flat. Ocelli absent. Tongue well developed.

Antenne in male subdentate, ciliated with tufts of hairs (1). Labial

palpi moderate, obliquely ascending, second joint smooth, thickened

towards apex, terminal joint moderate, directed forwards. Maxillary

palpi short, filiform. Anterior femora in male with large dense

expansible brush of hairs. Fore wings with 1 furcate, 4 and 5

separate or stalked. Hind wings with 4 and 5 separate or stalked,

8 free.

Nearly allied to Asopia, from which it differs especially

by the brush of hair on the anterior femora of the

male.

la. Fore wings appearing greyish fuscous .. .. 14. decoloralis.

1b. Fore wings appearing pale whitish ochreous .. 15. albidalis.

14. Ocrasa decoloralis, Ld.

Asopia decoloralis, Ld., Pyr., 458, pl. vii., 10.

I have both sexes ; Lederer was unacquainted with the

male, and could not therefore separate the species from

Asopia. The male is rather more distinctly marked

than the female, but does not otherwise differ. The

species cannot be mistaken for the following.

Sydney, New South Wales. Taken by Mr. G. H.

Raynor.

of Australian Pyralidina. 73

15. Ocrasa albidalis, Walk.

Ocrasa albidalis, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., Suppl., 1212.

3S; 9, 21—29 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen,

and legs pale whitish ochreous; palpi and legs irrorated with

fuscous-carmine; anterior coxe in male purple-black, brush of

hairs yellow ochreous. Fore wings triangular, moderate, costa

somewhat arched before apex, apex rounded, hind margin some-

what oblique, slightly rounded; ochreous-whitish or pale whitish

ochreous, faintly irrorated with grey, sometimes with a few light

fuscous-carmine scales; costal edge in male ochreous-yellow, in

female yellowish tinged; a faint darker discal dot; a faint light

fuscous-carmine or grey line from two-thirds of costa to four-fifths

of inner margin, almost straight; cilia dull fuscous-carmine, with

rows of ochreous-whitish dots, basal third suffused with pale

whitish ochreous. Hind wings ochreous-whitish, faintly irrorated

with greyish or pale carmine; cilia ochreous-whitish, posterior

half suffused with pale carmine.

Superficially recalling some species of Asopia.

Peak Downs, Queensland ; Sydney, New South Wales ;

Mount Lofty range, South Australia. Four specimens

in March.

Asopta, Tr.

16. Asopia farinalis, L.

Pyralis fraterna, Butl.

Does not appear to differ at all from European speci-

mens ; now a cosmopolitan species.

Sydney, New South Wales; Adelaide, South Australia ;

Christchurch, New Zealand; in October, and from

February to April, in houses. Introduced from Europe.

Pyralis fraterna, Butl., from Japan, is simply the

ordinary form of this species.

CEDEMATOPHAGA, Nn. g.

Clypeus in male with a rounded projection of scales, in female

smooth. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed. Antenne in

male shortly dentate, strongly ciliated with tufts of hairs (8).

Labial palpi in male moderate, obliquely ascending, second joint

smooth, terminal joint moderate, with rather long rough erect hairs

above; in female longer, ascending, second joint erect, terminal

joint rather short, loosely scaled. Maxillary palpi short, filiform.

74 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

Anterior femora in male with an expansible tuft of hairs. Fore wings

with 1 shortly furcate, 4 and 5 separate. Hind wings with 4 and 5

separate, 8 anastomosing with 7.

Larva feeding gregariously in large galls, 16-legged.

A curious genus, characterised by the peculiar palpi

of the male and the expansible hairs of the anterior

femora. |

17. Cédematophaga egalis, Walk.

Pyralis egusalis, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 912 ; ? Gauna

subferralis, ibid, Suppl., 1253.

3, 9, 15—22 mm. Head and palpi pale whitish ochreous,

irrorated with fuscous-carmine. Antenne whitish ochreous. Thorax

grey mixed with ochreous-whitish, shoulders purplish. Abdomen

ochreous-whitish, purple-shining, irrorated with dark grey, base and

apex more yellow. Legs purplish carmine, mixed with dark

fuscous, apex of joints whitish yellowish. Fore wings elongate-

triangular, costa slightly sinuate in middle, abruptly arched before

apex, apex obtuse, hind margin slightly sinuate below apex, bowed

in middle, rather oblique; fuscous, somewhat purple-shining,

suffused with dark fuscous towards base and inner margin; a

slender curved whitish line from two-fifths of costa to three-fifths of

inner margin, lower half followed by a blackish red shade; a small

dark fuscous discal spot; a slender sinuate whitish line from three-

fourths of costa to three-fourths of inner margin; beyond this a

fuscous-red costal patch, shading into dark fuscous beneath; cilia

light fuscous, with two darker lines. Hind wings fuscous, suffused

with dark reddish towards inner angle; two slender whitish lines,

first before, second beyond middle, obsolete on costa, broader and

more conspicuous towards inner margin, much more nearly

approximated on lower half; cilia fuscous, with a darker line,

becoming carmine towards inner angle.

The type of Gauna subferralis is so poor that it can

hardly be identified.

Larva feeding gregariously in large very irregularly

spherical rough galls, three or four inches in diameter,

on the branches of a phyllodineous Acacia, which was

not in flower at the time of my visit, and is therefore at

present not identified ; the larva eats galleries through

the substanée of the galls, ejecting a good deal of the

excrement from holes in the surface.

Brisbane, Queensland. I found the larve feeding in

September, and bred several specimens in November

and December.

of Australian Pyralidina. 75

CHNOGENES, Ni. g.

Clypeus smooth. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed. An-

tenn in male ciliated with tufts of hairs (3). Labial palpi mode-

rate, porrected, second joint with dense long rough hairs beneath,

terminal joint moderate, ending in a long pencil of hairs. Maxil-

lary palpi short, filiform. Fore wings with 1 obsoletely furcate,

4 and 5 separate. Hind wings with veins 4 and 5 separate, 8

anastomosing with 7.

Separated from its allies by the quite different palpi.

18. Cnogenes fugalis, Feld.

Botys fugalis, Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. exxxiv., 37.

3; 2, 16—17 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen brownish

ochreous, mixed with dark fuscous; anal tuft of male reddish-

tinged. Palpi ochreous-whitish, mixed with dark fuscous on sides.

Antenne fuscous. Legs ochreous-whitish, somewhat mixed with

dark fuscous, middle tibie carmine-tinged. Fore wings triangular,

costa sinuate in middle, arched before apex, apex rounded, hind

margin rather oblique, slightly rounded; ochreous, more or less

wholly suffused with carmine-reddish, and irrorated with blackish,

especially in male; anterior two-thirds of costa with very small

whitish-yellowish spots; an ochreous-whitish dot near base; an

irregular ochreous-whitish line from beyond one-third of costa to

inner margin at two-fifths, twice dentate; a small subquadrate

whitish ochreous spot following discal spot; a dentate ochreous-

whitish line from costa at four-fifths to inner margin at-four-fifths,

slightly sinuate inwards in middle; cilia whitish, basal third fus-

cous-carmine, with ill-defined dark grey bars, obsolete towards

apex. Hind wings dark fuscous, with an irregular yellowish band

before middle; in female base suffused with yellowish, and a small

yellowish patch towards inner angle suffused with dull light car-

mine; cilia ochreous-whitish, basal third dark fuscous.

Melbourne, Victoria; Mount Graham, South Australia.

Taken commonly in October amongst grass by Mr. G. H.

Raynor, but apparently limited in geographical range.

ScENEDRA, 0. g.

Clypeus smooth. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed. An-

tenne in male shortly dentate, ciliated with tufts of hairs (8).

Labial palpi short, curved, ascending, loosely scaled, terminal joint

moderate. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Fore wings with 1 fureate,

76 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

4 and 5 separate. Hind wings with 4 and 5 separate, 8 anasto-

mosing with 7. Thorax with patagia in male somewhat elongate,

pointed.

Nearly allied to Endotricha, from which it is separated

by the well-marked furcation of vein 1 of the fore wings,

and the patagia of male not conspicuously elongate.

S. externalis is hardly likely to be truly referable here,

but in the absence of the male it may be placed pro-

visionally in this position ; it may be an Endotricha.

la. With a reddish patch on costa before apex .. 20. externalis.

1b. Without reddish patch .. a0 ac .. 19. decoratalis.

19. Scenedra decoratalis, Walk.

Pyralis decoratalis, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., Suppl.,

1242; P. contentalis, ibid, 1242.

3, 9,14—17 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen

whitish ochreous. Legs dark fuscous, apex of joints whitish

ochreous. Fore wings triangular, moderate, costa deeply sinuate

in middle, abruptly arched towards apex, apex rounded, hind mar-

gin somewhat oblique, bent in middle; whitish ochreous, almost

whitish in dise beyond first line, somewhat irrorated with brownish

ochreous; a double ochreous-grey or blackish line from one-third of

costa to one-third of inner margin, strongly curved outwards; a

minute blackish discal dot; middle third of costa faintly dotted

with white ; a double ochreous-grey or blackish line from two-thirds

of costa to four-fifths of inner margin, very slightly angulated out-

wards above middle; a suffused blackish grey patch towards

middle of hind margin; sometimes the grey suffusion is more

general; a blackish grey cloudy interrupted hind marginal line,

forming three small black spots towards apex; cilia grey-whitish,

with two dark grey lines. Hind wings with colour and lines as in

fore wings, but both lines irregularly dentate; a grey apical patch ;

a row of hind marginal blackish grey spots; cilia as in fore wings.

Duaringa and Brisbane, Queensland; Newcastle and

Sydney, New South Wales; Melbourne, Victoria; and

one of the British Museum specimens, more brightly

and richly marked than usual, is said to be from West

Australia.. Common in September, March, and April.

of Australian Pyralidina. 77

20. Scenedra (2) externalis, Walk.

Curena externalis, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., Suppl.,

1258.

?,18mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen dull purplish

ochreous. Palpi and legs dark purplish fuscous; a patch of snow-

white scales behind middle pair of legs. Fore wings triangular,

rather elongate, costa gently sinuate in middle, abruptly arched

towards apex, apex obtusely angulated, hind margin hardly oblique,

rounded beneath; light ochreous, purplish-tinged, becoming ashy

whitish posteriorly, with scattered dark grey scales; a curved

faintly double dark grey line from one-third of costa to one-third of

inner margin; a dark grey discal dot; a dark grey slightly inwards-

curved line from three-fourths of costa to anal angle, beyond which

the hind marginal area is purplish grey, becoming deep reddish

towards upper anterior angle; cilia grey-whitish, with two dark

erey lines, first suffused with purple-carmine. Hind wings purplish

ochreous, deeper towards hind margin; base suffused with grey ;

three grey slightly-curved lines forming a moderately broad median

band; cilia as in fore wings.

Sydney, New South Wales. One specimen in December.

ENDOTRICHA, Z.

Characterised by the peculiarly elongated patagia of

the male, and the absence of maxillary palpi. The

genus is a good and natural one, but there is some

variation in the neuration ; vein 1 of the fore wings is

simple in EH. pyrosalis and E. flammealis, but minutely

furcate in E. puncticostalis, and perhaps in other species.

The affinity of the species is correctly indicated by the

structure of veins 4 and 5 of both wings; in LE. heliopa

they are separate, in H. pyrosalis very shortly stalked,

in HE. flammealis and E. puncticostalis moderately stalked,

and in E. ethopa long-stalked. The patagia are shortest

in HL. heliopa and longest in HL. @thopa. The genus seems

characteristic of India, the Malayan Islands, and Eastern

Australia. Snellen has described a species from Celebes

which I have not seen, but which is allied to EL. puncti-

costalis, and there are several others in the British

Museum unrecognised. EH. mesenterialis, Walk., from

Ceylon is closely allied to E. puncticostalis.

78 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

la. Hind wings more or less grey.

2a. First line of fore wings white ae .. 23. puncticostalis.

2b. First line of fore wings not white .. .. 24, @thopa.

1b. Hind wings not grey.

2a. Hind wings with a nea gee shade before

middle - . 21. heliopa.

2b. Hind wings machen a omer purplish siaae

before middle . 22. pyrosalis.

21. Endotricha heliopa, n. 8.

3,21mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs

ochreous-yellow. Fore wings triangular, rather elongate, costa

slightly sinuate, moderately arched before apex, apex obtusely

angulated, hind margin somewhat oblique, bent in middle; deep

ochreous-yellow, becoming light purplish towards hind margin,

except on costa, basal third mixed with purplish; some minute

scattered black scales; a slightly irregular-curved pale yellow line

from two-fifths of costa to two-fifths of inner margin; a dark fus-

cous discal dot; an almost straight indistinct pale yellow line from

four-fifths of costa to a little before anal angle; a blackish widely

interrupted hind marginal line; cilia ochreous-white, basal third

carmine-fuscous. Hind wings rather light purple, finely irrorated

with blackish; costa broadly pale whitish yellowish; a rather

narrow deep ochreous-yellow median band, slightly curved, mar-

gined by slender pale yellow lines, beyond which is a darker

purplish shade; hind marginal line and cilia as in fore wings.

Rather like EH. pyrosalis, but broader-winged, more

distinctly marked, and with the hind wings purplish

towards base, the yellow colour restricted to a well-

defined median band; it differs also in venation, as

noted above.

Sydney, New South Wales. Two specimens in

November.

22. Endotricha pyrosalis, Gn.

Endotricha pyrosalis, Gn., Pyr., 219 (3); EH. ignealis,

ibid, 220 (2); Pyr ralis stilbealis, Walk., Brit.

Mus. Cat., 9138 (2°); P. docilisalis, ‘ibid, S1BC2)5

Messatis sabirusalis, ibid, 918 (3); Paconia albi-

jimbrialis, ibid, Suppl., 1255 (%); Tricomia

auroralis, ibid, 1259 (3); Rhodaria robina, Butl.,

Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5), ix., 96 (2).

Guenée’s descriptions are sufficioniily good, and easily

recognisable. The male has the most elongate wings of

of Australian Pyralidina. 79

the genus; the female is considerably broader-winged,

and much less yellow.

Brisbane, Queensland ; Sydney, New South Wales ;

Melbourne, Victoria; and Launceston, Tasmania. Gene-

rally common in September, and from January to March.

I suspect, however, that it does not occur west of the

Ninety-Mile Desert.

23. Hndotricha puncticostalis, Walk.

Rhisina puncticostalis, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., Suppl.,

13824; Hndotricha ustalis, Snell., Tijd. v. Ent.,

1880, 201.

3, ?,14—16 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen

whitish ochreous, mixed with ochreous and sometimes irrorated

with dark fuscous. Legs ochreous-whitish, anterior pair dark fus-

cous. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa very slightly: sinuate

in middle, slightly arched towards apex, apex rounded, hind margin

rather oblique, bowed; whitish ochreous, almost wholly suffused

with reddish fuscous, and irrorated with dark fuscous; costa

spotted with dark fuscous and whitish ; an irregular almost straight

blackish-grey fascia from one-third of costa to one-third of inner

margin, anteriorly suffused, posteriorly sharply defined and bordered

by a white line, sometimes followed by a second less distinct ; an

obscure dark fuscous discal dot; an indistinct whitish line from

costa at five-sixths to inner margin before anal angle, hardly

sinuate, beyond which the hind marginal area is suffused with

fuscous; cilia white, with two cloudy dark grey lines. Hind wings

grey, with two somewhat irregular white dark-margined lines,

tending to become suffused in intermediate space; first at one-third,

preceded by a dark shade, second in middle, followed by a dark

shade ; cilia as in fore wings.

Duaringa and Peak Downs, Queensland. Several

specimens received from Mr. G. Barnard. Also occurs

in Java and Celebes. I have seen a specimen identified

by Snellen himself with his wstalis.

24. Hndotricha ethopa, n. 8.

3S, 22mm. Head, palpi, and thorax reddish fuscous, mixed

with ochreous and irrorated with blackish; patagia very long,

blackish grey. Antenne whitish ochreous, obscurely ringed with

fuscous. Abdomen reddish fuscous, irrorated with blackish grey,

suffused with ochreous towards base and on anal tuft. Legs dark

fuscous, posterior pair whitish, Fore wings elongate-triangular,

80 Mr. Meyrick on Australian Pyralidina.

costa slightly sinuate, moderately arched towards apex, apex

rounded, hind margin rather oblique, bent in middle; reddish

fuscous, irrorated with blackish grey, broadly paler and more

ochreous beyond first line and towards anal angle; costa spotted

with whitish ochreous; a pale line from one-third of costa to two-

fifths of inner margin, slightly curved outwards, almost merged

posteriorly in ground colour; a cloudy dark grey discal spot ; a pale

slightly dentate line, margined with grey, from five-sixths of costa

to before anal angle, bent outwards beneath costa; cilia ochreous-

white, carmine-tinged towards apex and anal angle, with a dark

fuscous line near base suffused with carmine. Hind wings dark

grey, suffused with whitish grey on costa and towards inner

margin; an obscure irregular darker line beyond middle; cilia

ochreous-white, with a dark fuscous line near base suffused with

carmine.

Characterised by the entire absence of yellow or white

markings.

Sydney, New South Wales. Two specimens in Sep-

tember.

Sash)

IV. On a new species of the genus Orthezia. By

J. W. Doveuas.

[Read February 6th, 1884.]

Puate II.

In June, 1881, Monsieur J. Lichtenstein, of Montpellier,

had the kindness to send me two examples, male and

female, of an Orthezia, with the following very interest-

ing information :—‘‘I send you the male of an Orthezia

which I consider is different from O. wrtice; it comes

from the island of Montecristo, Italy, where it feeds on

Erica arborea. I enclosed it, as a nymph, between two

pieces of mica, but it has nevertheless undergone its

change to imago, and is perfectly fresh, without a bristle

of its fine tail lost. I intended to describe the insect,

but, as I have no time left now, I send also the female,

put alive between two pieces of glass, and there some

young ones have emerged from her. Of course they

came out of eggs enclosed in the pouch formed by the

chalky tail-piece, and were not laid alive. If you please

you can describe the whole, having male, female, and

young.” After long hesitation, caused by the imperfect

condition of the female, I have now, in default of having

obtained a better example, resolved to make the descrip-

tion, as well as the material at hand admits; the de-

ficiency may be supplied hereafter.

Orthezia menariensis.

Mas. Niger. Capite parvo, transverso, antice angusto, declivi,

postice tribus ocellis munito; oculis magnis, productis; antennis

longissimis, articulis duobus primis brevibus, crassis, parce setosis,

ceteris (7) longis, subequalibus, filiformibus, subtiliter setulosis,

piceo-nigris; pronoto magno, subquadrato, in quatuor partes con-

vexas, diviso, angulis anticis depressis; scutello magno; alis (ant.)

longissimis, latis, margine postico late rotundato, griseis, hyalinis,

farinosis, vena fureata fusca ; halteribus parvis, nigris, apice obtuso

duabus setis recurvis instructo ; abdomine brevi, segmento abdomi-

nali ultimo pluribus setis longissimis albis superne instructo, seg-

mentis genitalibus liberis; pedibus piceo-nigris, setulosis. Long.

corp. fere } lin., cum alis plus 1 lin., cum penicillo 1} lin.

TRANS. ENT. §0C, LOND, 1884.—PART I, (APRIL.) G

82 Mr. J. W. Douglas on a new species

Fem. Atra. Corpore supra laminis cereis albis instructo (in hoe

exemplo fortuito fere abruptis); antennis brevibus, 9 articulatis,

nigris; marsupio niveo, supra canaliculato, infra valde convexo,

levigato, leviter striato; pedibus nigris. Long. cum marsupio

1 lin.

Hab. in insula Montecristo (olim Menaria) in Hrica

arborea. ;

3. Black. Head small, transverse, anteriorly narrow and in-

curved, posteriorly with three distinct ocelli; eyes large, anterior,

prominent; antenne pitchy black, very long, the 1st and 2nd joints

short, thick, sparingly setose, the remainder filiform, long, sub-

equal, finely setulose. Pronotum large, subquadrate, anterior

angles depressed, surface divided into four elevated convex portions,

Scutellum large. Wings of the generic form,—very long, except

at the base very broad, posteriorly broadly rounded,—transparent,

smoky grey, farinose; the furcate nervure fuscous. Halteres

small, sinuate, black, the obtuse apex with two recurved setz.*

Abdomen short; from the upper surface of the last true abdominal

segment projects a very long pencil of slender white setz, beneath

which the genital segments lie free. Legs pitchy black, setulose.

9. Black; above clothed with snow-white, cereous laminations

(in the specimen before me nearly all these have been rubbed off,

only two or three anterior and two posterior ones remaining, the

latter overlapping the base of the marsupium). Antenne short,

stout, 9-jointed, the apical joint setigerous.| Marsupium snow-

white, above as long as the visible part of the body, canaliculate ;

beneath arising at the posterior coxe and entirely covering the

abdomen, very convex, and posteriorly curved upwards, like the

stern of a ship, smooth, finely striate. Legs black, finely setulose.

* Burmeister, among the generic characters of the male Dor-

thesia, merely gives briefly ‘kurzen blattformigen Schwingen”’

(Handb. ii. 76). Amyotand Serville do not denote the presence of

halteres in the male of this genus, and, although Prof. Westwood

does notice them (Introd. Mod. Class. Ins., i1., p. 445), he does not

indicate them in his figure (Frontisp., fig. 8). In his ‘ Essai sur les

Cochinelles’ Dr. Signoret does not mention halteres among the

characters assigned to the male of the genus Orthezia, but, in the

introductory remarks on the Coccide generally, he says (p. 832),

after describing the fore wings (‘‘les élytres”’), ‘‘ Hn dessous on

observe deux balanciers plus ou moins longs et plus ou moins

larges, paraissent articulés et finissant généralement par une soie

en forme de crochet.” The ‘‘balanciers” are represented in the

figures of species of several genera.

+ The antenne of the adult female of Orthezia urtice are

reported by all authors as having only eight joints, but in the

present species there are certainly nine, as shown in figs. 4, 4a,

and 5,

of the genus Orthezia. 83

Some of these particulars are, of course, generic

characters, yet the species being new, and the male in

all the known species being rare, at least in collections,

I have deemed it best to mention them; but some of the

characters are hardly in accordance with those ascribed

to Orthezia, of which the formula should be enlarged

accordingly.

The exuviated skin of the nymph or pupa of the male

(fig. 6), ruptured in front by the exit of the perfect insect,

is a transparent mask of the imago, except as to the

wings, caudal sete, and antenne (of seven joints only) ;

it is also of great interest in showing, unexpectedly, two

claws at the end of all the monomerous tarsi, instead of

the single one in the larva and imago. I cannot find

that the pupa has been noticed in any species of this

genus, the reason being, probably, that it is incon-

Spicuous and secluded, and that the duration of existence

in the pupa-state is very short.

The young black larve which came out of the maternal

marsupium, as before stated, still remain between the

glasses; I apprehend they had soon died, and, being

loose, have become somewhat damaged by shaking about

during their travel to me, but there yet remain on the

anterior part of their bodies some distinct bud-like

lamelle.

M. Lichtenstein, however, having written, ‘‘ All larve,

male and female, are born entirely bare, and the secre-

tion comes only after some days,” I communicated this

to the late Mr. G. Norman, who was then paying great

attention to O. urtice and O. cataphracta, at Pitlochry,

and he replied :—* As to the larve being quite free from

the waxy covering on being hatched, I much doubt it.

I did not see the actual hatching-out, but I saw the larvee

when they would scarcely have been more than a few

hours, or perhaps a day, old, and they certainly were

then not naked, but covered with the lamination which

showed the pattern quite distinctly ; they were then not

larger than small grains of sand,—decidedly smaller

than the eggs themselves.” In proof of his statement

he sent a larva of O. urtice,—a perfect miniature of a

full-grown larva,—and the egg-shell out of which it had

come, and the insect was not longer than the shell.

In the Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., n. s. iv., Proceed., p. 5,

is a note by the late Mr. E. Newman “On the parturition

of Dorthesia characias (O. urtice)”, written more suo, in

84 Mr. J. W. Douglas on a new species

which, after giving an account of the way in which he

saw the young ones come out from the body of the

mother, he says :—‘ After their death, measured longi-

tudinally and transversely, I found the body was *024 in.,

so that it was nearly a circular disk, presenting, how-

ever, a number of elevations, depressions, and irregu-

larities, which possibly resulted from drying: the colour

was pitchy red, but attached to the dorsal envelope in

several places, and without any semblance of regularity,

were a number of minute flattened bodies, perfectly

white, and having the appearance of little flakes of

snow; these are so numerous as to give the little

creatures quite a dusty appearance.”

MM. Amyot and Serville (Hemipt., p. 622) quote the

following original observations by l’Abbé d’Orthez, say-

ing :— L’abbé d’Orthez a trouvé dans un seul de ces

sacs (marsupium) quatre-vingt-cing petits éclos, tous

recouverts de leurs lames farineuses, et une quinzaine

d’ceufs qui pétillaient sous l’ongle qui les écrasait. . .. .

La premiere mue arrive environ un mois apres leur

sortie; l’insecte sort de son fourreau par une ouverture

qui se fait sur la partie antérieure du dos; il est alors

tout nu, son corps et ses pattes couleur de chair; le

méme jour, on le voit se recouvrir de nouvelles lames,

qui, trois ou quatre jours aprés, ont pris un accroissement

considérable ; et alors les pattes deviennent noiratres.”

Speaking also of a female which had been purposely de-

prived of its scales, the Abbé says :—‘‘ L’insecte, ainsi

dépouillé, ne parait pas en souffrir; il court et mange

comme a l’ordinaire. Au bout de quelques jours, il se

trouve recouvert d’une poussiere blanche qui augmente

peu a peu et finit par prendre le méme arrangement

qu’auparavant. Cependant ceux qui ont été élevés dans

des boites n’acquicrent jamais une régularité aussi

parfaite.”’

The deduction from all these observations is that the

larva, in all the species of Orthezia, is bare when

excluded from the egg-shell; that it is also bare at the

occurrence of each successive moult; and that in all

these cases it is quickly covered by the deposit of waxy

secretion, which more or less rapidly increases and

assumes the form and disposition of the lamination

characteristic of its species, which in the female con-

tinue during the duration of the life of the insect, even

after the marsupium is formed, and in the male until the

pupa is formed beneath the integument.

of the genus Orthezia. 85

Notwithstanding the imperfection of diagnosis, in

consequence of the accidental want of lamellation on

the back of the female of O. menariensis, the species

appears to be of the type of O. urtice, but it is quite

distinct from it, notably by its very diminutive size (not

half) especially noticeable in the female, which sex has

9-jointed antenne, is blacker in the body, legs, and

antenne, has the channels on the upper surface of the

marsupium proportionately slighter, the under side being

much more convex and more decidedly striate; while in

the male there are three ocelli posteriorly on the head,

the pronotum has another formation, &e.

PS. (Dec. 10th, 1888). — Since the foregoing was

written I have received from M. Lichtenstein another

example of the male, which quite confirms my descrip-

tion. At the same time he had the goodness to send

some other specimens of the species, prepared for the

microscope, illustrating the life-history. Of these two

are figured :—

Fig. 5. An adult female deprived of its waxy covering.

Fig. 7. An oval, luteous, naked pupa or nymph, which

I apprehend had only just assumed this form, and that

its ultimate development as a pupa, including another

moult, had been arrested,* for although, as might have

been expected, there is no rostrum yet, as compared with

the skin (fig. 6), the antenne are very short and the

articulations ill-defined, the legs are short, and there is

but one tarsal claw instead of two, as seen in figs. 6

and 6a. Most remarkable also are the two large lateral

projections, one on each side of the mesothorax, which I

think represent sheaths containing incipient wings, such

as are seen in the nymph form of the Psyllide. They

appear also to be analogous to the thoracic adjuncts,

* Jan. 22nd, 1884. This supposition may now be regarded as a

certainty, for in an extremely interesting article in the January

number of the ‘ Wiener ent. Zeitung,’ iii., p. 11, Dr. Franz Low

has given in detail the results of his study of the life of Orthesia

urtice, Linn., from the larva to the imago, and he has found that

in the male the nymph has two distinct stages, of which the first

(‘‘Pronymphe”) lasts but three days, and the second (‘‘ wahre

Nymphe’”’) lasts for eight days, and from the last form the imago

emerges. In the present species fig. 7 represents the Pronymph

and fig. 6 the true nymph. ‘The information contained in this

excellent paper fills up several gaps in our knowledge of the biology

of the remarkable genus Orthezia, and deserves special attention.

86 Mr. J. W. Douglas on the genus Orthezia.

described and figured by Dr. Signoret as appertaining to

the nymph, or what he, with some hesitation, regards

as the nymph-form, of Gossyparia ulmi, Geoffr., and

which he terms ‘‘moignons d’élytres’”’ (Ess. Coch.,

pp. 818 and 320, pl. 15, fig. 2b). I can find no trace of

these wing-sheaths in the pupa-skin.

The objects represented by the figures 5 and 7 having

been mounted in Canada balsam are thereby rendered

transparent, and the segmentation of the bodies, as well

as the base of the projections on No. 7, is not clearly

recognisable.

EXPLANATION oF Puate II.

ORTHEZIA MZNARIENSIS.

Fic. 1. Male, upper side.

la. ,, origin of caudal sete.

2. », under side.

2a. A halter, enlarged.

3. Female, upper side.

4. As under side.

Aa. Vi, antenna (beneath).

5s 55 denuded.

6. Male, pupa-skin.

6a. ,, «a tarsus showing the two claws.

he »» young pupa or nymph (under side)

(Bloat)

V. Note on the Papilio polydecta of Cramer. By

LioneEL DE NICEVILLE.

[Read December 5th, 1883.]

Puate III.

Tue correct identification of species described by old

authors is a matter of much importance to all workers

in Natural History, and as that of the above butterfly is

shrouded in considerable doubt I write the following in

the hope that the specimens described may be accepted

by lepidopterists as finally settling what this insect

really is.

I have lately received a pair of a Mycalesis from Mr. F.

Mackwood, taken in Ceylon, one of which bears a ticket

with the following in Mr. Moore’s handwriting—‘‘? poly-

decta. Not in Lep. Ceyl.” These specimens do not

agree with Cramer’s figure (Pap. Ex., vol. i1., pl. exliv.,

figs. E, F, 1777) of P. polydecta in the following points :

—On the upper side of the hind wing there is only one

ocellus in the second median interspace, the second

ocellus in the first median interspace in M. polydecta

being absent, and the fulvous marginal lines are obso-

lete. On the under side of the fore wing M. polydecta

has two fulvous marginal bands inwardly defined with

black lines, which are absent from my specimens; the

four discal ocelli are more prominent and perfect, and

placed one in each interspace from the first median to

the lower discoidal interspace, while the Ceylon male

has no ocellus in the third median interspace, but there

is one in the first discoidal interspace, the total number

(four) thus remaining the same. The female, however,

has five ocelli, the missing one in the male being

minutely present. The number of ocelli in the hind

wing in the Ceylonese specimens is the same as in WM.

polydecta, but they are all much smaller, and arranged

in a more sinuous line. In M. polydecta, however,

beyond the ocelli is a prominent bluish-white band, a

dark, very zigzag, fuscous line, then a pale yellow band,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PaRT I. (APRIL.)

88 Lionel de Nicéville’s note on the

and lastly a fulvous line defined on both sides with

black. In the Ceylon specimens the area beyond the

ocelli is pale violet, having an obscure sinuous dark line,

and two finer lines on the margin, with the area between

them fulvous.

The variation in the number and size of the ocelli I

consider unimportant, as the only two specimens of this

species I have seen differ the one from the other in this

respect ; and, as regards the other markings, I think it

may be conceded that Cramer’s figure is much too highly

coloured, differing in this respect from any species of

the genus Mycalesis known to me. This being granted,

our Ceylon specimens may be referred to P. polydecta,

Cramer, as surmised by Mr. Moore. It comes in Mr.

Moore’s group Samanta of Mycalesis, and is nearest to

M. Langi, de N. (Butt. of India, vol.i., p. 180, n. 112,

1883), from which it differs, on the upper side of the

fore wing, in having no subapical ocelli, and the lower

ocellus being smaller. The tone of coloration of the

under side also differs considerably. I append a full

description of the species :—

3. Upper side: Both wings dark brown. Fore wing with a

large ocellus placed in the first median interspace, and extending

some distance beyond it above and below; black, with a prominent

white pupil and ochreous iris, this ocellus being placed on a discal

band, inwardly sharply defined, outwardly diffused, paler than the

ground colour. Hind wing with a small ocellus in the second

median interspace; a submarginal waved indistinct fuscous line

and two marginal lines continued obscurely on the fore wing.

Under side: Both wings paler brown, glossed with ochreous ; with

a subbasal irregular fuscous line and a discal ochreous nearly

straight line inwardly sharply defined, outwardly diffused, with

the ground colour beyond it paler and passing into pale violet; a

submarginal sinuous obscure dark line and two finer marginal

black lines. Fore wing with four very small ocelli, hind wing with

seven. Cilia pale brown throughout. Female a little larger, the

wings broader and more rounded, and lacking the usual male

secondary sexual characters. The under side of the forewing has

five ocelli; otherwise as in the male. Expanse, gf, 1:95 in.;

9, 2°05 in.

Hab. Tranquebar (Cramer), Ceylon.

The Mycalesis polydecta of Butler (Ann. & Mag. of

Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xx., p. 402, pl. ix., figs. 5, 6,

Papilio polydecta of Cramer. 89

female, 1867) must now be considered to be but a local

variety (if even that) of M. mineus, Linneus, as pointed

out by Mr. Distant in his ‘Rhopalocera Malayana,’

p- 51; as also the specimens identified by Mr. Moore

as varieties of polydecta, and described in the ‘ Butterflies

of India,’ p. 119, n. 98; but Major Marshall and I

therein correctly expressed our opinion that they

“appear to us to be varieties of mineus rather than

of polydecta.”

Note sy W. L. Distant.

Our colleague, Mr. de Nicéville, having presented this

note to the Society through my hands, I take the oppor-

tunity to make a few remarks on a species of Indian

Satyride belonging to the genus Ypthima; the accom-

panying plate affording an opportunity to give additional

figures.

In 1882 (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. x., p. 406)

I described an Indian Satyrid (captured by our member,

Mr. F. E. Robinson) under the name of Ypthima Robin-

sont. In their ‘Butt. Ind. Burm. and Ceyl.,’ p. 230,

Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville truly remarked that

the species was probably synonymie with Y. Yphthimoides,

Moore. I can only plead, in justification of renaming the

species of my friend Mr. Moore, that before doing so, and

after having worked out the other species of the genus,

I submitted the typical specimens to his examination,

and he failed to recognise that it was the species he had

described in error under the genus Callerebia. I now

figure it to prevent further confusion, and the synonymy

will therefore stand thus :-—

Ypthima Yphthimoides. (Pl. III, fig. 4).

Callerebia Yphthimoides, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1881, p. 307.

Ypthima Yphthimoides, Marsh. & de Nic., Butt. Ind.

Burm. & Ceyl., p. 280, n. 221 (1883).

Ypthima Robinsont, Dist., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,

vol. x., p. 406 (1882); Marsh. & de Nic., Butt.

Ind. Burm. & Ceyl., p. 229, n. 220 (1883).

At the time of redescribing the above I described a

species of the Oriental and Ethiopian genus Melanitis

90 L. de Nicéville’s note on Papilio polydecta.

from Masassi, East Africa, which I have now an oppor-

tunity to figure.

Melanitis Libya. (PI. III., fig. 5).

Melanitis Libya, Dist., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,

vol. x., p. 405 (1882).

EXPLANATION oF Puate III.

Fic. 1. Papilio polydecta, after Cramer.

2. Mycalesis (Samanta) polydecta, Cram., male; from Ceylon.

3. Mycalesis (Samanta) Langi, de Nic., male; from Sikkim.

4. Ypthima Yphthimoides, Moore.

5. Melanitis Libya, Distant.

Odi)

VI. Note on Tachyris melania of Fabricius. By

W. H. Misxrn.

[Read December 5th, 1883.]

TuIs species is very briefly characterised by Fabricius in

Syst. En., p. 475, n. 140 (1775), and is figured by Dono-

van, Ins. N. Holland, t. 17, fig. 2 (1805). The type is

in the Banksian collection in the British Museum, and

is referred to by the late Mr. Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1868, p. 99, and is refigured and redescribed by

Mr. Butler in ‘Cruise of Curacoa,’ p. 471, pl. 49, figs.

4, 5 (1878).

The fact of the existence of the type seems to have

been overlooked by Mr. Wallace in his paper on Kastern

Pieride, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 8rd ser., vol. iv., p. 871

(1867), where he proposes to drop the Fabrician name

altogether, as being a species “‘ which has never yet been

properly identified, and probably never will be.”

I am glad to be able to throw a little additional light

on this species. I have in my possession, from Cape

York, specimens of both sexes, or at least what is

certainly the female, and, I have no doubt, the opposite

sex also.

Mr. Butler’s description and figure enable me to deter-

mine my specimen of the female beyond question (he,

however, describes the specimen in the Banksian col-

lection erroneously as a male; it is undoubtedly the

female). The only difference to be discerned between my

specimen (female) and Butler’s figure and description is

that in mine the expanse of wing is rather less, rather

less white in primaries (occasioned by the outer marginal

band being continued to hinder angle, and the somewhat

increased dark basal area), the apical spots being con-

tinued in a row nearly to hinder angle; in secondaries

by the white area extending nearly across the wing, and

on the under side of primaries the base being greenish

yellow instead of orange ; in all other respects it exactly

agrees, the generally distinguishing feature of the species

being the predominating uniform grey-blue tint of the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PART I. (APRIL.)

92 Mr. Miskin’s note on Tachyris melania.

upper side in the female, the male being entirely grey-

blue, and the rosy shining brown of the under side in

both sexes.

The male is 7. Clementina, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep.,

ii., p. 162, n. 183, t. 25, fig. 6 (1865), with which figure

and description my specimen exactly agrees.

There can be no doubt, after seeing these two insects

together, that they are the sexes of one species; both

my specimens were captured at one time and in the

same locality (Cape York).

It is possible that in another locality a different form

of the female may be produced, and Mr. Wallace’s

surmised female still be correct, although I am inclined

to think it belongs to another species.

The J. melania of Boisduval has been long satis-

factorily determined to be the female of 7. ga of the

same author; this is one of our most common species,

and there is no doubt whatever of the correctness of

this conclusion.

(98 +)

VII. Descriptions of new Australian Rhopalocera. By

W. H. Misxin.

[Read December 5th, 1883.]

PAPILIONIDA.

PIERIN AZ.

Deuias, Hiibner.

Delias Nigidius, n.s.

3. Upper side: Pearly white, broadly margined with dense

black, clouded at base. Primaries, costa, apical region, outer

margin, and hinder angle, black, the black extending from ex-

tremity of cell, in a curved line to hinder angle, where it termi-

nates in a moderately wide band; subapical curved row of three

(sometimes four) white spots, largest towards apex. Secondaries

with broad black outer marginal band in a straight line across wing,

enclosing apical and anal angles, embracing about one-third of

whole wing; in some specimens with three or four marginal white

points between the nervures. Under side: The black of rich pur-

plish hue; base of both wings sulphur-yellow. Primaries with

black marginal band not extending to hinder angle ; subapical row of

spots larger, and extending much further down the wing; first three

bright yellow. Secondaries with only costal area and small portion

of cell white; submarginal band of wide crescent-shaped marks

from apical to anal angle ochre-yellow. Thorax grey. Abdomen

white. Expanse, 23,—2 inches.

Hab. Rockingham Bay and Johnstone River, N.

Queensland (coll. Miskin).

The nearest ally of this species, as far as I am able to

determine, is D. Hnnia, Wallace, from which, however, it

is well distinguished, but to which it bears about the

same relation as does our Mysis to Bagoe, Boisd.

My specimens, all captured by myself, are females ;

the male is at present unknown.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PART I. (APRIL.)

94 Mr. W. H. Miskin’s descriptions of

NYMPHALIDA.

NYMPHALINA.

Arriua, Doubl.

Atella propinqua, 0. 8.

Upper side: Rich reddish brown, with black markings. Pri-

maries, costa from about half way narrowly, apex (except where

deeply indented on inner side) broadly, outer margin nearly to

posterior angle, less widely black; a row of three small black spots

(one of which is within the indentation) parallel with outer margin

within the apical area; five short transverse lines within the cell;

a curved irregular transverse band at end of cell; a square blotch

(touching the costa) between last-named band and black portion of

apex. Secondaries with well-defined caudal prolongation of first

median; from apex to anal angle margined with black, and a sub-

marginal row of black lunule-shaped marks; otherwise without

markings. Under side: Brown, with pink-violet shadings, and

various silvery crescent-shaped marks disposed in irregular trans-

verse line across both wings about the centre; a row of dark spots

parallel with the last, nearer to outer margin. Primaries with

silvery lunules at apex; two short transverse dark bands within the

cell; a silvery patch at termination of cell touching costa. Outer

margins of both wings with indistinctly defined line of crescent-

shaped marks. Head, thorax, and abdomen rufous. Antenne

black. LExpanse, 2! inches.

Hab. Rockingham Bay (coll. Miskin).

This insect very closely resembles my N. Indian

specimen of A. Sinha, Koll., on the under ae but differs

very considerably from it on the upper. Its capture is

interesting, as representing a genus hitherto unknown

as Australian. :

LYCAINIDA.

THECLINA.

Hypocurysoes, Felder.

Hypochrysops Hecalius, n. 8.

?. Upper side: Dark brown, with central patch of light orange

on each wing. Primaries with the central orange patch extending

lightly along the median, nearly to the base. Secondaries with the

central orange patch smaller than in the primaries; outer margin

from apical to anal angle bordered with reddish orange; nervures

from centre of wing to termination orange; fringe light buff, with

new Australian Rhopalocera. 95

dark points at ends of nervules. Under side: Chrome-yellow, with

scarlet transverse bands and patches, edged with black and metallic-

blue. Primaries with a short band within cell; one at termination

of cell; a longer one nearly crossing the wing towards outer mar-

gin; an outer marginal imperfect one. Secondaries transverse at

intervals throughout, with more or less irregularly curved and con-

nected bands. Thorax, head, and abdomen above dark brown,

beneath light yellow. Expanse, 14, inch.

Hab. Victoria (Kershaw). Coll. Miskin.

Psreupopipsas, Felder.

Pseudodipsas Brisbanensis, n. 8.

¢. Upper side: Violet-blue, margined with black. Primaries,

costa narrowly, outer margin broadly, black. Secondaries, costa to

apical angle black; outer marginal line of black; between 2nd and

3rd median branches a black spot, and another black spot at anal

angle; abdominal margin pale; fringe pale, with black points.

Under side: Pale shining brown, with numerous dark brown trans-

verse narrow bands edged with white. Primaries with sub-

marginal narrow band; a wider band traversing the wing towards

the middle; a short band at end of cell; another about middle of

cell; a spot near costa between the two last, and two spots below;

a spot near the hase. Secondaries with several irregularly curved

disconnected bands; a marginal band of red spots, and spot of

black crowned with red; another between 2nd and 3rd median

branches; the whole row surmounted by a crenated line of black.

Expanse, 13, inch.

Hab. Brisbane (coll. Miskin).

Devuporix, Hew.

Deudorix Democles, n. 8.

Upper side: Violet-blue, margined with black. Primaries all

black, excepting basal-hinder area, which, bounded by median and

2nd median branch, and hinder margin extending nearly to hinder

angle, is shining violet-blue. Secondaries same as primaries, the

blue confined to centre of wing, nearly but not quite touching outer

margin; abdominal margin brown. Underside: Very light brown,

with darker transverse bands bordered with white. Primaries with

indistinct marginal band; one beyond middle nearly crossing wing ;

a shorter one between last and base. Secondaries with apical area

white; a curved irregular central band traversing the wing, and

96 Mr. Miskin on new Australian Rhopalocera.

returning along abdominal border nearly to base; a short band

within cell, and one at the base; between the extremities of 2nd

and 8rd median branches a black spot crowned with red, above

which a blue lunule; three other blue spots around the anal angle;

anal lobe black and very slightly developed. Thorax and abdomen

above black, beneath light brown ; between the eyes white. Expanse,

1§ inch.

Hab. Basilisk Range (Johnstone River, N. Queens-

land). Coll. Miskin.

(eBay)

VIII. Further Notes on the Caprification of domestic

Figs, with reference to Dr. Paul Mayer’s comments

thereon. By Sir Stoney 8. Saunpers, C.M.G.

[Read February 6th, 1884. |

In my former remarks on Count zu Solms-Laubach’s

investigations at Naples, as set forth in his exhaustive

Essay on ‘‘ The origin, domestication, and culture of the

common Fig-tree, Ficus Carice, L.,” I observed that,

as regards promoting the distension, maintenance, or

maturity of the crop, by the so-called ‘‘ Caprification-

process,’ there was a lack of evidence which rendered it

difficult to reconcile this traditional doctrine with any

reputed virtues ascribed thereto in certain parts of

Southern Europe and the Levant, though ignored in

other regions; an operation, moreover, which Count

Solms has himself denounced as supererogatory (jetzt

kaum mehr niitzliche), in modification, as he observes,

of Olivier’s formulary,* characterizing this process as

“un tribut que lhomme payait a l’ignorance et aux

préjugés”’; a verdict (Aussprucht) which, as the Count

explains (pp. 24 and 26), Olivier’s imperfect acquaintance

with the practice did not justify.

Dr. Paul Mayer, Superintendent of the German

Zoological Station at Naples, who assisted the Count in

many of his researches, and himself the author of an

elaborate treatise on ‘‘ Fig-Insects,” referred to with

deserved encomium in our ‘ Transactions’ on more than

one occasion, has now favoured me with various in-

teresting explanations to which he is desirous of calling

attention; and in order to admit of full scope to his

valuable expositions on these matters, I append hereto a

copy of his communication, coupled with some subsidiary

remarks. Nevertheless Dr. Mayer is labouring under

some misconception in supposing that my commentary

upon the Count’s essay applied conjointly to the works

* Sei dem jedoch wie es wolle, auf alle Fiille darf man dem oben

p- 26 citirten Satze Oliviers mi; Grund einen anderen substituiren

der etwa wie folgt formulirt werden kénnte (Solms, p. 44).

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PaRT I. (APRIL.) H

98 Sir S. S. Saunders’ further notes

of both alike. On the contrary, his own treatise afore-

said was only casually alluded to as summarizing the

Count’s remarks on the abstruse topic of impracticable

oviposition, for which no reasons had been suggested by

either. There was, moreover, the less need of entering

into a twofold controversy upon these matters, when

both writers had been cooperating from first to last, and

had worked out their results in harmony with each

other; the Count’s conclusions as to his appreciation

of Caprification having been adopted verbatim by

Dr. Mayer; as also the observations of the Count on

anomalous oviposition (p. 560); so that in adhering to

the recital of the latter there seemed to be no reason

to anticipate any divergence therefrom on the part of his

coadjutor, the homogeneous character of their intimate

convictions being assumed as unquestionable; which

indeed the tenor of Dr. Mayer’s present communication

amply serves to corroborate.

Passing now to the new facts elicited, Dr. Mayer com-

mences by informing us that, in a certain passage of his

treatise referring to opening a fig having the wings of

the female Blastophaga adhering to the scales of the

ostiolum (Eréffnet man also eine junge Feige, deren

Aussenseite am Ostiolum die Fligel der Blastophaga

ankleben—p. 559), he was speaking of a domestic fig

(eine zahme), which he conceives is clear from the

context. This was by no means evident—nor even pre-

sumable—when compared with the parallel passage in

Count Solms’ version—to which alone my remarks

applied—where the latter unmistakably refers to a wild

fig; for in his Chapter III. (p. 19), treating of the

“Insects dwelling in the fruit of the Caprificus,” he

narrates how the disrupted wings of the females issuing

from the wild winter-figs (Mamme), are found adhering to

the ostiolum of the wild spring-figs (die jungen Profichi) ;

on opening which (Hréffnet man nun die Proficht) he gives

also a corresponding account to that supplied by Dr.

Mayer of the proceedings of these wingless females in

traversing the florets hither and thither for the purpose

of oviposition; of their frequently perishing in endea-

vouring to find their way in or out of the ‘‘ Profico”’; of

their corpses being often met with in the cavity; of .

Godeheu de Riville’s remark on ‘‘ripe figs,” &e.; all which

appear in serial sequence in Dr. Mayer’s version (p. 559) ;

followed alike, in both instances, by the Count’s woodcut

on the caprification of domestic figs. 99

illustrating the normal process of oviposition ; no allusion

being made in either case to any anomaly in this respect,

as subsequently adverted to in the domestic figs (‘* Bei den

essbaren Feigen verlaiuft der Vorgang anders’—Mayer,

p. 560). Hence the presumption could only be that both

were speaking of the same description of fig—namely, a

wild one—left ambiguous in one version, but defined as

such in the other; the more especially when, in the

presence of this specification by the Count, no explanatory

character in a different sense was imparted by his col-

league.

Secondly—Dr. Mayer, when speaking of the “‘ edible”’

or ‘‘domestic’’ figs in several cited passages, adverts to

the proceedings of the Blastophage on such occasions ;

namely (1) to their futile attempts at oviposition in the

first crop of edible figs—the so-called ‘‘ Fiori di Fico” —

in their young stage early in April (pp. 560 and 562) ;

(2) to their conveyance of pollen, whereby fructification

of the seeds ensues (p. 561); (8) to their ovipositing—

also without progeny—in the second crop of edible figs,

while these are still very small, at the time when these

insects issue from the caprificating wild-figs (Profichi)

in June and July, and when moreover they also

invade the wild-figs of the third crop—the so-called

‘* Mammoni”’ (p. 562); all which circumstances, in so

far as referred to by the Count, were comprised by me

under the category of ‘‘ experimental essays,” which—

now authoritatively denied—offered the only apparent

solution of problems involving the presence of these

insects in such domestic figs. But the remarkable factor

which has now to be taken into account—namely, that

of their ingress on these occasions being the normal

result of caprification—cannot but serve to intensify the

mystery of their subsequent proceedings and disappear-

ance therefrom. In a passage already adverted to, Count

Solms informs us, as the result of his own investigations,

that in the aforesaid ‘‘ Fiori di Fico” these insects try

to pierce a perpendicular channel from the florets above

to the required depth below (as shown in his woodcut at

p- 21) in order to deposit their ova, but cannot succeed

in effecting this, the egg never attaining its proper place.

This, Drs Mayer now tells us “‘ presupposes that they had

entered the fig in the usual way—through the scales.”

The Count proceeds to state that the creature seems

to have soon perceived the inutility of its efforts and to

100 Sir 8. S. Saunders’ further notes

have retrograded. After usually attempting to pierce a

very small number of florets, conscious of her mistake,

she quits the fig by the ostiolum, between whose scales

she frequently remains affixed and terminates her

existence (hiufig stecken bleibt und verendet); her egg

being found in very different places according to circum-

stances; occasionally hanging loose, as described by

Gasparrini; in other cases more or less tightly thrust

down in the semi-pierced channel; sometimes even in a

reversed position, with the pedicel in front stove in

(Solms, pp. 36, 37).

Hence it would seem that in the Caprificus figs the

female Blastophage usually continue depositing their ova

until at length they die exhausted within the interior of

the fig, where their bodies, in fact, are found (schliess-

lich gehen sie dann peractis peragendis zu Grunde,

haufig erst beim Versuch den Ausweg aus der Profico

wieder zu gewinnen—Solms, p. 21); whereas in the

domestic figs, having become speedily aware of their

error, they are earlier disposed to retreat, and thus

effect their escape betimes, unless entrapped by the

obstructing scales when quitting.

But the disqualification of these domestic figs for the

reception of the ova has yet to be considered; for

although partial desiccation may still influence the

result of actual investigation, as already suggested, yet

the absence of progeny under ordinary circumstances,

after the ingress effected by these insects consequent

upon caprification, would seem to indicate some ana-

chronism in the respective stages of these figs, as com-

pared with those of the Caprificus where no such

obstacles are encountered. Thus, whereas the jirst

matured crop of the latter (so-called ‘‘ Mamme’’) passes

the winter on the trees and ripens early in April; the

earliest domestic figs (the ‘‘ Fiori di Fico’’) still in their

infancy, whose trees had not incurred the depletion of a

hibernating crop, would be more forward in their growth,

and their internal organism presumably less accessible

to the delicate function of oviposition, than the budding

‘* Proficht”’—or second crop of wild-figs—to which the

Blastophage then emerging irom the winter-tigs are

accustomed to resort for the development of their off-

spring. ‘This relative retardation in the one case would

operate to a corresponding extent upon the successive

crop of wild-figs in June and July, when the females of

on the caprification of domestic figs. 101

the caprificating brood, emanating from the aforesaid

“Proficht,” find the incipient ‘‘ Mammoni,” or third crop

of wild-figs, more or less available for their reception,

though some are still quite small and scarcely visible at

that time (Mayer, p. 562); while the young domestic-figs

of the forthcoming second crop are comparatively more

advanced and their condition practically unfitted for

effective oviposition, as already exemplified.

But the Count has taken considerable pains to ascer-

tain the limits within which the dogma of caprification

has prevailed ; and, among the many writers cited, has

been unable to find any allusion to such a practice in the

heart of Asia; while from the evidence obtained in

other quarters it results, that the middle and north

of Italy, the Tyrol, Sardinia, Corsica, the south of

France, the north of Spain, the north of Portugal, the

Canaries, the Azores, and Egypt, are beyond the pale of

these doctrines and ignore them altogether (Solms,

pp- 60, 61).

That in these widely divergent regions ficiculture

should be in nowise trammelled with such tactics would

seem to discredit the notion of any benefit being con-

ferred by this institution beyond fertilizing the seed-

germs; which ingerence, as the Count pronounces in

his formula, ‘‘ once necessary,” is now “scarcely useful,”

such seedlings, unless specially favoured—as in the

instance cited by Cavolini of ‘“‘ quel fico ora detto del

vescovo che nacque in Sorento su di-un muro di un

pollajo di quel arcivescovo ”—hbeing generally worthless,

and the fig-tree at the present day being almost ex-

clusively propagated by layers (fast ausschliesslich durch

Marcotten vermehrt—lIb. p. 17).

The incongruous device prescribed as a remedy of

equivalent efficacy in the absence of Caprificus figs, by

substituting in their stead the leaf-galls of the elm (die

Aphiden-Blattgallen den Ulm—lIb. p. 76) and other

anomalous practices, can only serve as a mere salvo for

conscience sake, though inculcated by Theophrastus and

his disciples! So also when a single Caprificus-tree is

planted in the fig-gardens as adequate protection for all

the other fig-trees, the result ‘‘ being left to chance”

(Ib. p. 24); as if it were possible for each fig, or for the

greater part of the crop, to be influenced thereby in the

sense which the Neapolitans attribute to this pre-

cautionary measure, namely to prevent them from fall-

102 Sir §. §. Saunders’ further notes

ing unripe, and to accelerate their maturity.* Others,

however, abstaining from traditional theories, have

pinned their faith to those principles formulated of old

and still maintained unimpaired at Rome, as set forth in

the following precept by Cato “‘ de re rustica ’’—reiterated

by Varro—whereby both the aforesaid contingencies are

provided for without having recourse to equivocal

allies: “‘ Fict ut grossos teneant facito omnia quomodo

olee et hoc amplius. Cum ver adpetit terram adaggerato

bene. Si ita feceris et grossi non cadent et fici scabre non

fient et multo precociores erunt” (Solms, p. 86).

Thirdly—we are further informed by Dr. Mayer that,

on entering the domestic figs as aforesaid, these insects

bring pollen with them, if they should have been fur-

nished therewith in creeping out of the wild-figs ; for,

notwithstanding their efforts to cleanse themselves there-

from as recited by the Count, some of it still remains,

whereby fecundation is effected; no other influence

being here ascribed to it. The amount thus retained,

however small, must be still further reduced during the

‘arduous efforts” subsequently made to penetrate through

the scales: but, in another passage to which Dr. Mayer

adverts, the Count speaks of certain other domestic figs,

highly esteemed, termed ‘‘ Pedagnuoli—’’ + caprificated in

summer by means of the ‘‘ Profichi—”’ in whose florets he

could generaily discover neither perforation (Stichkanal)

nor blastophage, but only here and there some very

small brown superficial specks (Punkte), which, as he

states, must have proceeded from wounds inflicted by

the insect, whose puncture had apparently become

impracticable from some obscure cause requiring further

investigation. Nevertheless, every such floret, which by

its brown stains (Flecken) indicated insect-visitation, is

encumbered with shifting masses of pollen (mit wech-

_*“ Ueber den durch die Caprification zu erzielenden Erfolg, sind

die Meinungen getheilt. Die neapolitanischen Bauern halten

dafiir, dass sie das Abfallen der unreifen Feigen verhindere und

eine friihere Reife bedinge. Doch sind nach ihrer Meinung nicht

alle Sorten derselben in gleichem Maasse bediirftig, wennschon sie

niemals schaden kann” (Ib. p. 24). Gasparrini’s adverse testimony,

founded upon experiments as to the alleged maintenance and

earlier ripening, has been already cited (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

1888, p. 391).

} “Die ersten untersten Friichte, die ‘pedagnuoli’ der Neapoli-

tanischen Landleute, sind besser und geschiitzter als die oberen,

die sie ‘eimaruwoli’ nennen” (Solms, p. 8).

on the caprification of domestic figs. 103

selnden Mengen yon Pollen behaftet) that could only

have reached the secluded female inflorescence from

without. This causes such ‘ Pedagnuoli” to produce

fertile seed in great abundance, which, as a rule, cannot

be expected in figs which no insect has fecundated (sich

keines Insektenbesuches erfreuten—Solms, pp. 87, 88).

I may here observe also that the cleansing process

habitually practised by the Blastophaga on issuing from

the wild-fig, is no less applicable to the Idarnella

Carice (nuper Idarnodes Westw., Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1883, Errata, p. viii.), according to my Smyrna

correspondent, who states :—‘‘ I have seen both Chalcis

and Blastophaga clean themselves carefully as soon as

they had emerged from their prison.”

Fourthly—Dr. Mayer seems to think that, in adverting

to Godeheu de Riville’s assertion, and to the Count’s

remark thereon, I treated that passage as applicable to

wild-figs ; whereas the whole tenor of my argument in

that paragraph served to show that, in so far as could

be gathered from the Count’s recital, there was appa-

rently. no corresponding evidence bearing upon ripe

domestic-figs ; and that neither the Count himself nor

others—save as alleged by this one antiquated writer—

had found any Blastophage in the latter (cited by Solms

as “‘in den reifen Feigen”’—p. 21), the wild-figs being their

natural habitat.

Finally Dr. Mayer tells us the Count and himself had

anticipated that, after the appearance of their works,

entomologists would take an interest in this apparently

hitherto neglected field—where, however, other pioneers

had not been wanting to stimulate researches in this

direction. He then laments over technical complica-

tions in synonymy, &c.; dwelling also on the supreme

importance of anatomical investigations for the dis-

crimination of sexual characters; whence we arrive at

the gist of his argument, in the reflection which he

conceives to have been cast upon himself, in being

supposed to confound the male of Cavolini’s Ichnewmon

ficarius with the subapterous female of Sycoscapter in-

signis; maintaining his accuracy, not only on ana-

tomical grounds, but also as having witnessed the union

of the former with its long-tailed winged partner, so

that no mistake can exist thereon. He will however

have been gratified to perceive, from Professor West-

wood’s subsequent memoir in our ‘ Transactions’ (1883,

104 Gir S. §. Saunders’ further notes

p. 875; Plate xvi., fig. 1, la-f), that, by a fortunate

coincidence in the case of a nearly-allied Ceylonese

species, no tardy rectification had been made, fully ex-

onerating him from any such imputation long prior to

his present remonstrance. I was indeed unfortunate

enough to participate myself to a certain extent in this

lamentable hallucination (Ibid. p. 16), without however

having lapsed quite so far as to implicate the sex.

Stazione Zoologica, Napoli, 28 Dic, 83.

SEHR GEEHRTER Herp,

Indem ich [Ihnen fur

die freundliche Uebersendung Ihrer neuesten Arbeit uber

Feigeninsekten bestens danke, mochte ich mir gestatten

Sie auf einen Irrthum aufmerksam zu machen, den Sie

mit Bezug auf Solms’ und meine eigene Arbeit begangen

haben. Sie sagen p. 890, es gehe aus unserer Dar-

stellung nicht hervor, dass wir in den Bluthenstainden

des zahmen Feigenbaumes Blastophaga 2? gefunden

hatten, und es sei daher sowohl in dieser Beziehung als

auch betreffs der Uebertragung des Pollens ‘‘a lack

of evidence” (p. 891 oben). Indessen ist das Gegen-

theil hiervon der Fall. So sage ich z. B. p. 559 Zeile

12:* ‘‘Hroffnet man also eine junge Feige,” &c., und

dies ist, wie aus dem Vorhergehenden klar wird, eine

zahme. Ferner sage ich p. 560 Zeile 5:t+ “bei den

essbaren Feigen,” &c. ‘‘ Hier scheinen die Insekten den

Kinstich nur zu versuchen,” &c. Ebenso p. 561 Zeile

6: { ‘“* Was die Einwirkung des Insektenbesuches ....

und auf den zahmen Feigenbaum betrifft, so.....

dass sie die Bestaiibung der weiblichen Bluthen,” &c.

Ferner p. 562 Zeile 2:§ ‘‘als auch in die erste Genera-

* “ Hroffnet man also eine junge Feige, deren aussenseite am

Ostiolum die Fliigel der Blastophaga ankleben,” &e.

+ ‘‘ Bei den essbaren Feigen verliuft der Vorgang anders. Hier

scheinen (Solms, p. 86 und 37) die Insekten entweder den Hinstich

nur zu versuchen,” &c.

{ “Was die Einwirkung des Insektenbesuches auf den Capri-

ficus und auf den zahmen Feigenbaum betrifft, so habe ich oben

schon kurz angedeutet (p. 553, Note), dass sie zuniichst die Be-

stiitubung der weiblichen Bliithen und so die Erzeugung von Samen

herbeifiihrt.”

§ ‘Die ausgeschlipften wandern nun sowohl in die zweite

Generation des ‘ Profico,’ die sogenannten ‘ Profichi’ (welche in

on the caprification of domestic figs. 105

tion der essbaren Feige,” &c., und p. 562 Zeile 8: * “ die

zweite Generation der essbaren Feigen.” Und Solms

sagt ausdriicklich p. 36 letzte Zeile: “In den Fiori di

Fico stechen die Thiere in der That in den Griffel ein,”’

was also doch voraussetzt, dass sie in das Innere des

Blithenstaudes auf dem gewohnlichen Wege (durch die

Bracteen) eingedrungen sind. Sie legen dann das Hi

ab, aber nicht in der richtigen Weise, und bringen

Pollen mit, falls sie beim Auskriechen aus den Bliithen-

staiuden des wilden Feigenbaumes sich mit ihm versehen

konnten. Vergl. hieriiber Solms p. 37 unten und 38

oben, wo sogar von Pollenschlauchen die Rede ist.

Wenn sie ferner p. 390 sagen, ‘‘ which I did not

succeed in doing,” so bezieht sich die ganze Stelle der

Solms’schen Abhandlung auf den Caprificus und nicht

auf die essbare Feige, kann also nicht als Argument

gegen uns angefuhrt werden. Es geht also aus dem

Gesagten hervor, dass wir die Hypothese von der Be-

stiubung der zahmen Feige nicht gemacht haben “‘ upon

experimental essays made with figs laid open for the

purpose of artificially introducing the Blastophage,

which otherwise are not to be found therein ” (Saunders,

p- 891), sondern dass in der That ganz normal die

Blastophaga in die zahme Feige eindringt, vorausgesetzt

dass der Baum mit den Bluthenstiiuden des Caprificus

behingt, also caprificirt ist. Und da das Insekt trotz

seiner Bemuhungen, sich vom Pollen zu reinigen, doch

noch etwas davon mit sich fuhrt, so bringt es auch die

Bestaéubung zu Wege.

Das nach dem Erscheinen unserer Arbeiten sich die

Entomologen des bis dahin ziemlich vernachlassigten

Arbeitsfeldes annehmen wurden, haben wir voraus-

gesehen. Leider scheint aber die Verwirrung der

Synonymie und Systematik einstweilen noch im Zuneh-

men begriffen zu sein, was ich im Interesse der Sache

sehr bedauere. Ich finde es aber unrecht, wenn man

blos Beschreibungen neuer Arten mit zum Theil recht

Form und Grésse von den ‘Mamme’ sehr verschieden sind) als

auch in die erste Generation der essbaren Feige, die sogenannten

‘Fiori di Fico’ ein, legen aber nur dort ihre Hier ab.”

* Diese, aus den ‘ Profichi’ hervorgekommen, stechen eben

sowohl die um jene Zeit noch sehr kleinen ‘ Fichi’ d. h. die zweite

Generation der essbaren Feigen—allerdings auch diese ohne Erfolg

—als auch die dritte Generation der wilden Feigen, die soge-

nannten ‘Mammoni’ an.”

106 Sir 8. 8. Saunders’ notes on Caprification.

ungeniigenden Zeichnungen veroffentlicht, ohne sich um

die Anatomie der Thiere zu kiimmern, welche in so

exceptionellen Fallen das einzige Mittel ist, um das

Geschlecht der Thiere zu bestimmen. So z. B. West-

wood (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. for 1883, p. 30) der mir

vorwirft, ich habe ein ‘‘ subapterous insect,” das wol

identisch mit Sycoscapter insignis @ sei, fiir das Mann-

chen des “‘Ichneumon ficarius” gehalten. Naturlich

habe ich das nur auf Grund anatomischer Untersuchung

gethan, aber auch die Begattung beobachtet, sodass

hiertber kein Zweifel sein kann. Prof. Mayr in Wien

wird spiiter wol viel Arbeit bekommen, um die inzwischen

entstandenen falschen Synonymien wieder zu beseitigen,

ist aber glucklicherweise der Mann fur derartige

schwierige Unternehmungen auf systematischem Gebiete.

Vielleicht finden Sie, geehrter Herr, bei einer spiteren

Publikation Gelegenheit, auf die oben beruhrten Punkte

zuruckzukommen und bei Ihren Landsleuten, die wohl

mehr Ihre Kritik unserer Arbeiten, als die Originale

lesen werden, das Misverstiindnis zu beseitigen. Inz-

wischen bin ich,

Thr ganz ergebener

Dr. Paut Maver

Ga tOEA)

IX. On the ‘‘Pediculus Melitte” of Kirby and its

affinities, with reference to the larve of Meloé.

By Sir Sipnzy 8. Saunpers, C.M.G.

[Read April 2nd, 1884.]

Amone the mysterious problems which have perplexed

entomologists during a considerable period, and for which

no solution has hitherto been afforded, is one affecting

the character and economy of a British insect found not

unfrequently in the immediate vicinity of this metro-

polis, whose natural affinities still remain debatable

ground, notwithstanding the attention bestowed thereon

by many distinguished writers. This insect was first

figured and described by Kirby in the second year of the

present century under the name of Pediculus Melitte

(Mon: Ap. Angl., vol; 1.;. tab. xiv., No. J1,figs. 10, 11,

12; and vol. ii., p. 168), for which he afterwards substi-

tuted that of Melittophagus Melitte (K. & §., Introd. to

Entom., vol. i., p. 168, 5th edit., note, 1812).

In the former work, after describing his Melitta fuscata,

he proceeds to say :—‘‘ On this insect I found a Pediculus

nearly related to the P. Apis of Fabricius, but I think

distinct, which I shall define in the margin.”* The

latter, Kirby explains, is not uncommon upon this genus

of bees, having found fourteen or fifteen upon the same

individual, and having likewise frequently met with it

upon genuine Apes; but the former he had only taken

on this occasion. He was fully aware that the P. Apis

aforesaid had been reared from the eggs of Meloé by

Frisch, Goedart, and DeGeer; whence, as he admits,

“it appears evident that the hexapod, of which the

latter author gives a long account as the larva of Meloé

* Kirby’s description of his P. Melitte is as follows :—Linearis,

niger; ore tibiisque testaceis. Long. corp.lin 3. Hab. in Melittis

semel lectus. Major P. Apum et distinctus. Corpus angustum,

lineare, nigrum. Antenne biarticulate seta terminali. Thorax

trium segmentorum. Tibie Tarsique pallide testacei; hi fere

lanceiformes, exarticulati, utrinque seta aimati. Anus setis quatuor

instructus exterioribus brevibus.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PART I. (APRIL.)

108 Sir 8. 8. Saunders on the

proscarabeus, strange as it may seem, is no other than

this insect’’; but its subsequent life-history being at

that time unknown, he could not “help suspecting that

there is some illusion in the case.”

In 1817 Baron C. A. Walckenaer, in his ‘ Mémoires

pour servir 4 Vhistoire naturelle des Abeilles solitaires

qui composent le genre Halictus,’ adverts to the Pedi-

culus Melitte as having been thus reared from the eggs

of Meloé (pp. 86, 87); and describes under this name a

yellow specimen which he had found on Halictus quadri-

strigatus, Latr. (ecaphosus, Walck.), giving Kirby’s de-

scription of the black Pediculus as a “‘variety” of the

former. He misquotes Kirby’s reference to DeGeer as

indicating that the P. Melitte was the larva of Meloe,

adding that his own insect aforesaid was in all essential

characters exactly similar to Kirby’s specimen; “ils

different seulement entre eux par la coulewr, qui est

noire dans le P. Melitte (of Kirby), et fawve-claire dans

Vindividu que j’ai décrit; et par les soies qui terminent

Vabdomen; dans le P. Halicti ce sont les supérieures

qui sont les plus longues; dans le P. Melitte de M.

Kirby ce sont les inférieures” ; but he proceeds to ex-

plain that this difference in the relative length of the

caudal sete might be attributable to misplacement in

the setting of his specimen—‘‘de la maniére dont ces

soies étaient dirigées lorsqu’on les dessina.” Thus he

placed no reliance upon the accuracy of his description

“anus setis quatuor instructus exterioribus longioribus,” as

represented in his figure. He considers these two

insects as varieties of the same species, observing that

“trés certainement les observations faites sur lun

seront vraies pour l’autre; et ils sont tous deux égale-

ment des insectes apteres et complets ou des larves du

Proscarabée”’ (p. 84).

In amemoir by Professor Westwood, which appeared

in the second volume of our ‘Transactions’ (1886) re-

specting ‘‘the larva of the Stylopide and the animal

produced from the eggs of Meloé,” at a time when the

hexapod larvee of the former were regarded as parasites

upon the adult apod larviform female, it is observed that

these supposed parasites ‘‘reminded him most strongly

of the parasite of the bee, which Mr. Kirby has de-

scribed under the name of Pediculus melitte, and Dufour

under that of Triungulinus andrenetarum; and that

no one, it is admitted, has ever seen the larva of

“* Pediculus Melitte”’ of Kirby. 109

Meloé, except as one of these minute Pediculi melitie, as

Kirby calls them.’ But the identity of the latter with

the former was not accepted by Kirby, who treated them

as distinct; and Dufour described his Triwngulinus as

“ pallide rufus,” thus obviously coinciding with the now

acknowledged larve of Meloé, to which indeed Dufour

expressly refers it, as corresponding with the ‘“ Pow

d'abeille que Linneus designa sous le nom de Pediculus

Apis, en l’accompagnant de cette courte phrase spéci-

fique, filiformis ferrugineus” (Ann. Se. Nat. Zool., Tom.

xili., 1828, p. 62; tab. ix., figs. 1—4). Nevertheless, it

would seem far from improbable that this surmised

identity, not hitherto established, may eventually be

confirmed.

Mr. George Newport, in his first memoir ‘‘On the

Natural History, Anatomy, and Development of the

Meloé” (Trans. Linn. Soe., vol. xx., 1847, p. 297), men-

tions the circumstance that on the 16th of July, 1829,

he captured a specimen of Osmia spinulosa, on which he

found a parasite precisely similar, in form, size, and

activity, to the larve from the eggs of Meloé, but “it

differed entirely from the others in colour. It was deep

black, with brown eyes.” In this respect it closely

agreed with the parasite found by the Rev. Mr. Kirby on

Andrena fuscata, and regarded by him as distinct from

the yellow larva described by Linnzus and Fabricius as

Pediculus Apis, and also by M. Léon Dufour, as lately as

1828, as a distinct genus of apterous insects, by the

name of Triungulinus andrenetarum. I have no doubt

(he adds) of the correctness of Mr. Kirby’s opinion, that

the larva found by him on Andrena was distinct from

the yellow larva of Meloé, the Pediculus Apis of

Fabricius; and I have little doubt also of its identity

with that taken by myself on Osmia spinulosa. These

certainly are not the larve of either of the Meloés 1

have examined, although I am equally satisfied that

they are the larve of some genus of the same family. The

larve I have reared from the eggs of Meloé violaceus, M.

proscarabeus, and M. cicatricosus have always so exactly

resembled each other in their yellow colour and in form

that I have been unable to distinguish them, excepting

by a slight difference in size. The larve of M. cica-

tricosus are a little larger than those of the other species.

I may also state that these larve always retain their

yellow colour, and only become a little darker after they

have been several days from the egg (pp. 310, 311).

110 Sir S. S. Saunders on the

He here refers in a footnote to the larva of Cantharis

vesicatoria, which Zier says “‘is of a yellow colour when

it leaves the egg, but soon afterwards changes to a deep

black”; and Newport suggests that ‘‘ perhaps the larve

described by Mr. Kirby, and that found by himself on

Osmia, may be more nearly allied to this insect.” But

of the aforesaid larva of Cantharis—as more accurately

defined in Newport’s second memoir on this subject

(loc. cit., p. 823)—I possess specimens reared from the

ege by M. Jules Lichtenstein, of Montpellier, which,

although exhibiting the usual structural analogy of the

Meloide, are utterly at variance with the specimens now

under consideration, whether yellow or black.

The late Mr. Frederick Smith, who frequently met

with both these insects, and who has recorded his obser-

vations thereon on several occasions, is most conflicting

in his remarks respecting them. Thus in the third

volume of our ‘Transactions’ (1842, p. 294), in his

“Notes on the genus Nomada and on other insects,” he

states :—‘‘In April, 1841, I found the supposed larve of

Meloé proscarabeus in profusion in the flowers of a wild

plant; as many as twenty in some flowers; I might

havecollected thousands. This was in Bishop’s Wood,

Hampstead. In June of the same year I found a

similar insect or larve (sic) attached to the under side of

the abdomen of Nomada Schifferella. They are evidently

distinct species, different in form and colour, one being

black, the other yellow.”

He here speaks of the one and the other in the

singular—which then are the thousands adverted to in

the first instance ? He must have conceived that in de-

fining these multitudes as ‘‘ the supposed larve of Meloé”’

it would be sufficiently obvious that such larve are

always yellow, and consequently that the ‘similar

insect ” found on a Nomada could only be the black ; but

why invert their order of precedence? By appending

the qualification “or larve” he would seem to hesitate

as to the character of this second insect, in accordance

with the doubts he has elsewhere expressed in regard to

the Pediculus Melitte, whether to be regarded as a larval

form or as a perfect insect; and in employing the plural

here (unless by a slip of the pen) he may have found

more than one of this “ similar insect ” on the aforesaid

Nomada, though he does not say so. ‘They could

not, however, have amounted to “thousands”! This

** Pediculus Melitte” of Kirby. 111

coincides with the comparative rarity of the black in-

dividuals; while it is a well-known fact that the larve

of Melée are most abundant in spots where the eggs

have been deposited, a single stem being sometimes

densely covered with them; and Newport who, as well

as Goedart, counted their eggs, compute them alike at

upwards of four thousand in the ovaries of a single

female (Trans. Linn. Soc., loc. cit., pp. 302—304).

In alluding however to Smith’s recital aforesaid, New-

port considers that he found the black individuals thus

numerous. He says:—‘ Mr. F. Smith, to whom | have

referred in my former paper, has, as I have there stated

(p. 810), taken similar black larve in great profusion on

the Andrenide, especially on Andrena fuscata, captured

in the spring on Hampstead Heath, where different

species of the adult Meloés are often abundant. In

April, 1841, he found similar black larve in such pro-

fusion within the flowers of the buttercup (Ranunculus

acris, L.) ina damp field at Bishop’s Wood, Hampstead,

that he might have collected thousands of them, there

being often as many as twenty in the corolla of a single

flower. But he never found a yellow-coloured specimen

on any of the Andrenide!/’ In the former paper to

which he adverts Newport also alleges that ‘‘all the

specimens he (Mr. Smith) has found on the Andrenide

have been black, like Mr. Kirby’s species, and he has not

met with a single yellow one on any species of that

family. On the contrary, all the specimens he has

found on the Nomade and Volucelle have been yellow,

like the larve of Meloé!” Smith, however, distinctly

refutes this curious assumption on another occasion,

when, speaking of the ‘‘small orange-coloured Pediculus ”

which he had several times reared from the eggs of

Meloé, he observes, with reference to Newport’s memoir

aforesaid :—‘“‘ In this paper it is shown that the larva of

the beetle feeds on that of Anthophora acervorum; but

it remains to be proved that the larva of an Andrena

can serve as food of Meloé. I am inclined to think this

can never be the case; and that the fact of our finding

them on these bees is a mere indication of the usual

habit of the larve of attaching themselves to any insect

that comes in their way; for we as constanly find them

on Diptera and flower-visiting Coleoptera, as wpon the

Andrende”’ (Cat. Brit. Hym. in the Brit. Mus., Andre-

nide and Apidw, 1855, p. 48). The same remarks are

112 Sir 8. S. Saunders on the

recapitulated in the second edition of this work (1876,

p- 24). It would indeed be preposterous to conceive

that these parasitic larve, whether yellow or black,

should be gifted with any special power of discrimination

in the selection of particular individuals by intuitive

perception at a single glance, their vast numbers serving

to compensate for the preponderance of failures to

obtain a suitable habitat on such occasions.

But a remarkable circumstance is recorded by Smith

in a ‘Note on the Pediculus Melitte of Kirby” which

appeared in the second series of our ‘ Transactions’

(vol. ii., 1852, p. 4), wherein he relates that on the 6th

of April in the previous year, having “‘dug up on

Hampstead Heath ’’* a number of specimens of Antho-

phora, when these bees were in a semi-torpid state, it

being about six weeks earlier than their usual time

of appearance, he ‘‘ placed a number of them separately

in pill-boxes, and on examining them some days after-

wards, was surprised to see several living specimens

of the Pediculus running over the bees. This obser-

vation,” he continues, “‘appears to me to render the

question even more perplexing than before, or it is

confirmatory of Léon Dufour’s opinion that these sup-

posed larve are perfect insects.”

Here we are again involved in a similar complication

between the yellow and the black; for, as already shown,

Dufour’s Triwngulinus was the ordinary yellow larva of

Meloé; whereas those found in the cells of Anthophora,

as aforesaid, are referred to ‘‘the P. Melitte of Kirby,

and were therefore black; as to be inferred also from the

context, when adverting in the first instance to New-

port’s larva, found on Osmia spinulosa, ‘‘ resembling

that of Meloé in form, but of a deep black colour.” Yet

after citing Newport’s observation that ‘‘this is certainly

not the larva of either of the species of Meloé which he

had observed, although he was equally satisfied that it

is the larva of some genus of the same family,” Smith

forthwith confounds both these larve by stating that

‘““M. Léon Dufour considered this animal to be an

apterous perfect insect, as also did Mr. Kirby, who

named it Pediculus Melitte !”

But the main point to be considered in Smith’s dis-

* These words are supplemented from Smith’s version in the

Brit. Museum Cat., elsewhere referred to.

“* Pediculus Melitte”’ of Kirby. 1138

covery is, that these ‘‘ Pediculi’”’ were ‘‘ found in com-

pany with the perfect bees’ within their closed cells ;

upon which circumstance he comments as follows :—‘‘ It

is certain (he says) that, as the Anthophore had never

quitted their cells, the Pediculi must either have made

their own way into the nest, or have been conveyed

thither by the parent bee of the previous season. As-

suming the latter to be the case, we find a creature in

every respect similar to those deposited, after twelve

months have elapsed, neither changed in form or colour-

ing’; whereas, as Newport has shown, “‘ it is reasonable

to suppose that the larva of Meloé, conveyed into the

bees’ cells, arrives at the perfect condition in the follow-

ing spring.” Hence Smith is “inclined to regard the

Pediculus as being a perfect insect, which resides in the

nests of bees, feeding on the pollen, depositing its egg,

and undergoing its metamorphosis in the cells of bees ;

of similar habits to the Acari which infest Humble-bees,

feeding on the honey and wax, and to be observed there

during summer in various stages of development.”

In the ;Museum Catalogues of 1855 and 2nd edit.

1876, already referred to, Smith summarizes his obser-

vations upon this subject; remarking, in the first in-

stance, that “what these Pediculi really are is at present

involved in complete obscurity”; reiterating that ‘‘ Mr.

Kirby regarded them as insects in their perfect condition,

naming them Pediculi Melitte.” It does not however

appear that any such opinion was expressed by the latter ;

and, in fact, Smith in a subsequent page, when treating

of Andrena fuscata in the second edition aforesaid,

retracts this assertion, when he states that ‘‘ Kirby,

relying upon the figure and description of De Geer,

concluded that it was the larva of a species of Meloé”

(p. 71)! Smith then refers to the incident of ‘‘ Bishop’s

Wood,” having, as he states, frequently observed these

creatures in considerable numbers in the flowers of Ra-

nunculus acris, as many as twenty or more in a single

flower, about the month of April; and I think always

before the usual time for meeting with the larve of

Meloé. Here indeed he follows Newport, in attributing

these ‘‘ considerable numbers” to the P. Melitte; un-

mindful of his original definition thereof as the larve of

Meloé. As regards the living specimens found “in the

same cell as the perfect bee,” he cites this circumstance as

inducing him ‘‘to hesitate in adopting an opinion of the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884,—PARTI. (APRIL.) I

114 Sir S. S. Saunders on the

Pediculus being a larva at all”; although, as he adds,

it is certainly possible that they might have subsisted

on a portion of the food laid up by Anthophora ; but here

was no change of condition, and how came they into the

cell? He is therefore ‘“‘inclined to think that they,

being insects in their perfect condition, came there

exactly in the same way as we find Forficule, having

forced an entrance, which he did not observe, and that

they were in quest of food, seeking what they might

devour.” But this opinion is also modified at a later

page of the same edition (p. 71), for he there observes:

—‘“ That it is the larva of some insect is most probable ;

this, in Kirby’s words, ‘future observation will clear up.’”

Thus this question still remains in abeyance; nor

does it appear to have occurred to Smith that these

insects, structurally corresponding with the larve of

Meloé, must, like them, be frequently transported by

their Pegasi into cells where they are not likely to find

available resources for their future development; al-

though, as he admits (loc. cit., p. 71), “‘we know now

that the larve of Meloé only increase in size after they

have changed to the apod condition’; for, as Fabre has

shown, in his interesting Mémoire on the habits of

Sitaris and Meloé (Ann. Sc. Nat., 4e Sér., Zool., Tome

vii., 1857), it is essential to these larve not only that

they should be conveyed to a suitable abode, but also

that they should find the undeveloped egg of the bee

disposable in the first instance, in order to undergo their

primary metamorphosis and assume such apod condition,

after which they would be enabled to plunge into and

feed upon the honey-store provided by their victim for its

own progeny. Failing successful issues in both in-

stances these larve must incur the risk of being shut up

in a closed cell until the following year, together with

the young bee of the succeeding brood unmolested in its

development, as Smith found them.

Their means of sustenance during this prolonged in-

terval does not appear to offer any insuperable difficulty.

Smith himself, as already mentioned, admits “‘ that they

might have subsisted on a portion of the food laid up by

Anthophora”’; and Newport adverts to a circumstance

which strengthens this probability; for, having placed

a few of the larve in the cells of a piece of old honey-

comb, he ‘‘found that, contrary to their usual habit of |

wandering, they remained perfectly quiet at the bottom

** Pediculus Melitte”’ of Kirby. 105

of their cells” (Linn. Trans., J. ¢., p. 315). The young

hexapod larve of Sitaris, according to Fabre, remain

fasting for a considerable period—‘“‘ sept ou huit mois

d’abstinence absolue”’ (Ann. Se. Nat., loc. cit., p. 8326)—

before they can obtain access to the cells of the forth-

coming brood; and, considering the opportunity which

is afforded to the incarcerated larve of Meloe of obtain-

ing some nutriment when thus unable to effect their

primary metamorphosis, there would seem to be nothing

unreasonable that they should be enabled to survive

until the newly-developed bees emerge with them early

in the ensuing spring, when (as Smith has observed)

they would be met with before the usual period for the

appearance of the ordinary Meloé larve, and ready to

avail themselves of another opportunity of finding a

suitable domicile.

That such hybernating larve, in their more mature

condition, should be of larger size and darker hue is by

no means incompatible with such preliminaries; for

Newport comes ‘to the conclusion, in opposition (as he

says) to the opinion often advanced by others, that the

larve grow slightly while on the bodies of the bees,

before they are conveyed to their nests” (loc. cit.,

p- 825). So also with respect to colour, Newport has

observed that these larve ‘‘ become a little darker after

they have been several days from the egg” (l. ¢., p. 311),

which a longer period would be likely to intensify; so

that it would seem to be a natural consequence of such

protracted seclusion in a state of torpor within a closed

subterranean cell, that their aspect should be further

affected thereby in merging to pitchy black, as we find

them.

It has been clearly determined that these are not the

newly-hatched larve of any of the species of Meloé fre-

quenting Hampstead, all of which have been reared

from the egg by Newport as well as by Smith, while

perfectly coinciding therewith in all the minutie of

structural details : nor can they be referred to any other

Meloide met with there; neither can we hesitate to

recognise that in functional propensities they must in

like manner be closely allied to the aforesaid ; for it can-

not be entertained that these insects, endowed with all

the appliances so essential to the existence of the young

larve of Meloé, should controvert all recognised doctrines

of analogy and affinity by riding steeple-chases at ran-

dom from place to place in mere idleness of sport,

116 Sir 8. S. Saunders on the

It may indeed be conceivable that Kirby himself

eventually renounced his original notion as to the P.

Melitte being distinct from the P. Apis, for, in adverting

to his Melittophagus, as corresponding with the species

cited in his Mon. Ap. Ang. (ante, p. 107), he inserts a

memorandum, copied from his common-place-book, under

date of May 7th, 1812, wherein he states that he had

found on certain flowers ‘‘a great number of this insect,

which seemed extremely restless, running here and there

over the flowers and over each other, with great swift-

ness mounting the anthers, and sometimes lifting them-

selves up above.them, as if looking for something.”

This is precisely the character of the young larve of

Meloé, when met with in a swarm near the place of their

birth, but inapplicable to the black individuals, which are

far more sluggish and not found thus congregated.

Nevertheless, Kirby makes no mention of colour here,

while unreservedly referring this multitude to his P.

Melitte, under a new generic name, without any com-

ment thereon, though still diffident as to their imputed

lineage.

But, in order to obtain some clue to the presumable

identity of Kirby’s so-called Pedicult, alias Melittophagi,

with the larve of Meloé, three tests may be propounded,

the successful issue of any one of which may suffice for

this purpose :—

1. By segregating some of the former in separate

tubes with suitable accompaniments—such as the brood-

cell of an Anthophora furnished with a newly-deposited

egg of the bee, or other substitutes, as mentioned below

—their characteristic metamorphosis to the apod larva

would afford adequate proof to this effect. But the -

pollen-paste (which might also be artifically prepared

with honey) should be somewhat dry, to avoid any

glutinous tendency impeding fresh access to the egg,

which would be fatal to the hexapod, accustomed to slip

down on the latter at the moment of oviposition, to avert

such a calamity. The egg, moreover, might be provided

from the ovary of a fresh-killed specimen of this bee, or

even from that of a wasp; for M. Jules Lichtenstein, of

Montpellier, whose indomitable perseverance in such

researches is well known, found the young larve of

Meloé cicatricosus readily tempted to avail themselves of

such a medium (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 5e Sér., Tome v.,

1875, p. elxiii). Other devices may also be resorted to

“ Pediculus Melitte” of Kirby. 117

in case of need, the honey-bag of a hive-bee having proved

acceptable to the larva of Cantharis vesicatoria (Ibid).

2. Another test, no less efficacious, would be the con-

verse of the former, involving less preliminary compli-

cations and readily applicable. This would consist in

simply inclosing within separate tubes some of the ordi-

nary yellow larve of Meloé, whether bred or found at

large ; supplying them with some suitable pabulum, such

as they might find in the cells of Anthophora, and

leaving them for a certain period in complete obscurity,

the tubes not corked, but well closed with an admixture

of paper and earth, to prevent all possibility of escape,

whereby their contested pseudo-metamorphosis in size

and colour might be verified in the sequel.

3. A further test, depending upon the structure of the

antenne in different species of Meloé larve, would also

be available, for in those of M. cicatricosus the terminal

8rd joint is very elongate and slender (twice as long, and

less than half as broad, as the 2nd); whereas it is as

short as, or shorter than, the 2nd in other species. A

corresponding diversity in the antenne should therefore

be apparent among the black as among the yellow in-

dividuals, when any of the latter have been occasionally

arrested in their development.

In the P. Melitte found at Hampstead, where M.

cicatricosus is not met with, the antenne invariably

exhibit the short terminal joint as aforesaid, which like-

wise occurs in some few specimens that I have obtained

from other localities (Norwich and Tunbridge Wells) ;

but, strange as it would appear, the former are not known

to occur on the Continent, where the M. cicatricosus is

not uncommon; and M. Lichtenstein, to whom I am

indebted for the young larve of this species reared from

the egg, has not succeeded in finding any black in-

dividuals within the range of his researches. He has

however observed that artificial honey-paste proves more

attractive to some of these hexapod larve when com-

bined with a portion of animal matter, such as the

macerated larve of a bee or wasp, thus imparting a

delectable flavour which they seem to relish, and whereby

(in the case of Cantharis) he succeeded in obtaining the

first moult (bid).

I may mention, in conclusion, that I possess two other

black larve considerably broader and proportionally

less elongate than the P. Melitte; these were presented to

118 Sir S. S. Saunders on the

me by Mr. Smith, who, as he thought, had received them

from Italy, with other insects, ticketed as the larve of

Meloé variegatus. These have all the characteristics of

the ordinary larve of Meloé, with the usual peculiar tarsi,

the antenne having the 2nd joint very short, the terminal

more slender and moderately long, with a hair-like apical

seta as usual; the thorax and abdomen furnished, at the

base of each segment, with two or three long lateral

spines, as also the base of the head, the vertex having

several short stout spines in front; the abdomen termi-

nating in four elongate sete; the outer pair shorter than

the intermediate pair, though the former much longer

than usual. I am not aware that the larva of this species

has ever been noticed before, but, as the adults are

habitually found along the coast near Margate (Leach,

Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xi., 1818, p. 39; Ent. Mo. Mag.,

vol. xviii., 1882, p. 277), it would be interesting to deter-

mine the character of their young by rearing some of

these from the egg, in order to ascertain whether they

really correspond with the aforesaid, and also whether

they are originally of such jet-black hue.

This recital, involving questions for the solution of

which the materials lie within easy reach, and almost at

our very doors, but which have nevertheless challenged

the acumen of many of our ablest entomologists during

the last eighty years, may possibly induce some of our

younger members to direct their attention to the habits

of this remarkable group, and to the closer investigation

of those still obscure phases in their life-history which

have proved so embarrassing heretofore.

As bearing on the question of age and origin it may

be desirable to place on record the most important

captures of these insects at different periods, serving to

indicate their usual times of appearance, though some-

times divergent therefrom.

1. Of the black.

The earliest period at which I have met with these at

Hampstead was on 4th April, 1875, when I was enabled

to detect no less than six specimens of the P. Melitte on

the southern slopes of ‘The Vale of Health,” closely

affixed, like long polished rolls, to the thoracical region

of various Andrené basking in the sun, chiefly on

Andrena atriceps ; when also I captured on the wing, in

** Pediculus Melitte”’ of Kirby. 119

the same locality, a fully-developed male Stylops (S.

Melitta, Kirby), now in my collection.

On the 7th May, 1877, I captured a Nomada lineola

in the same locality, having no less than three fine

specimens of the P. Melitte affixed below the thoracical

region. My latest dates of captures there have extended

only to the following :—May 20th, on Andrena fulvescens,

one specimen; May 28rd, on A. Afzeliella, ditto; May

9th, Tunbridge Wells, one on Andrena [specific name

omitted, H.A.F.]; May 10th, Norwich, on A. nigro-enea.

2. Of the yellow.

The earliest specimens of the P. Apis of Linneus are

found at Hampstead towards the middle or end of May.

Newport removed (the 8th April) a packet of eggs which

M. violaceus had deposited in her burrow on that day.

The young hexapods did not emerge therefrom until

25th April (17 days).

Newport also records a specimen of Meloé proscarabeus

found digging her burrow for oviposition on Ist May. A

later batch was deposited by the same Meloé on 30th

May. The broods were respectively developed on 24th °

May and 14th June. Hence Newport computes the

average period of their appearance from the egg to

absorb from four to five weeks (loc. cit., p. 305).

I once took a Volucella plumata on the 11th June on

Reigate Hill, when settled on a low flower, on which

Volucella I found thirty-six specimens of the yellow

larve of Meloé, which I counted on my return home.

Intending to retain these larve in situ, I killed this fly

in cyanide of potassium. I pinned and expanded it for

this purpose. When dry, however, two or three days

later, I observed that some of these larve were still

alive, and none of them being attached to the hairs as

before, they all came off. I then removed the apparently

lifeless specimens to a bottle of water, to prevent con-

traction, where they remained immersed about a week

(in fact until the 20th), when, on proceeding to mount

these specimens, I found them still moving their legs,

and likely to recover from this protracted immersion,

during which their abdominal segments had become

considerably distended, leaving a wide translucent streak

between each.

[At this point the manuscript was laid down, as the

author was unable to write more; his death on the

following day prevented its completion. |

: an we ie ," whe yale

: aes a

1 i. = ;

z j Ind did 7-3 ee

ms a4

a + ©

: -

3 se

F E

' >

€ ~

; Maki eiacin

’ “vee , - SO) ies

5 jest CP Tecl shitaialt:

; init aint

on ‘

J P F "

Cyne)

X. North American Tortricide. By Lord Watstnenam,

MEA. ECZLSs, &e:

[Read April 2nd, 1884.]

Pruate IV.

In the course of the last two years I have received from

a well-known collector, Mr. H. K. Morrison, several boxes

of Tortricide, Tineide, and Pterophoride from North

America. The Tortricide, of which I propose to give a

complete list, so far as they can be properly identified,

include specimens from Arizona, Mexico, Florida, North

Carolina, Wisconsin, and Montana. ‘These several col-

lections are interesting, not only on account of the rather

numerous undescribed species represented in them, but

more especially as illustrating the subject of geographical

distribution.

In the following list I propose to adopt the provisional

arrangement and classification followed in Prof. Fernald’s

Catalogue, published in the ‘Transactions’ of the

American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, in 1882 ;

but I trust that the time is not far distant when the

results of those more mature studies which he has fore-

shadowed may be made known. The collection from

Arizona contains a large proportion of species which

range northward to California, some even to Oregon,

and which exhibit no important degrees of variation

within these limits. The few Mexican specimens belong,

with one exception, to undescribed species.

From Florida we get two species, originally figured

by Hubner under the names Hucosma circulana and

Pharmacis sartana; the reappearance of the latter is

interesting as dispelling the illusion that it was equiva-

lent to Robinson’s Conchylis bimaculana.

North Carolina yields many species described by

Clemens and Robinson; but, with very few exceptions,

these, as well as those from Wisconsin and Montana, are

found to be exclusively representatives of the fauna ot

the Eastern States, although not a few of them have

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PART I. (APRIL.)

122 Lord Walsingham on

a widely-extended range of distribution to north and

south.

The great dividing range of the Rocky Mountains

exercises, as might have been expected, a very important

influence upon the Micro-Lepidoptera of North America,

forming a barrier over which these delicate insects are

apparently unable to pass. The proportion of eastern

species found on the western side of this barrier is

remarkably small, although the same genera are for the

most part represented more or less abundantly in both

parts of the continent.

It has been a matter of regret to me that the single

plate which accompanies this paper was prepared

before a number of the more interesting species reached

me. I am unwilling to delay the publication of

the paper until the return of the artist, who is now

abroad; but I trust that at some future time I may be

able to include, in another publication, good figures of

the greater portion of the species herein described,

several of which, represented as they are by one or two

specimens only, I am unable at present to distribute

among my many obliging correspondents in America.

Pedisca giganteana, Riley, and Gnectra irrorea, Rob.,

were not recognised as described species until after they

had been included in the plate; but figures of both these

species will, I hope, be found useful.

TORTRICIDA.

TORTRICIN A.

Cacacta, Hiib.

Cacecia rosaceana, Harris.

One male. Wisconsin.

Cacecia purpurana, Clem.

One male. Wisconsin.

Cacecia cerasivorana, Fitch.

One pair. Wisconsin.

Cacecia parallela, Robs.

Three males, one female. Wisconsin.

North American Tortricidae. 123

C. obsoletana, Walk., one male, Montana; C. transitu-

rana, Walk., three females, Montana.

It is extremely probable, as suggested by Professor

Fernald, in his ‘‘ Catalogue of the Tortricide of North

America,” p. 12 (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Phil., 1882),

that these may be the opposite sexes of one and the

same species.

In addition to the four specimens above mentioned,

I have received from Florida a pair, evidently belonging

to one species, which agree entirely with Robinson’s

figure and description of C. sanbornana (Trans. Am. Ent.

Soc., ii., p. 265, pl.1, f.8). The under sides of the wings

are more decidedly ochreous than in the more northern

specimens—the fascie obsolete, indicated only by patches

of purplish scales. I have no doubt that Fernald is right

in regarding sanbornana, Rob., as a synonym of tran-

siturana, Walker, but the male differs somewhat in

appearance from the Montana male of obsoletana, which

agrees more closely. with the figure and description

of the variety (?) described by Clemens under the name

vesperanda.

Loxotmnia, Steph.

Loxotenia virescana, Clem.

One male. Arizona.

This specimen is somewhat larger than Zeller’s type

of L. sescuplana, which Fernald has identified as this

species. L. glaucana, Wlsm., although much darker in

colour than any specimens that have reached me from

the Eastern States, may not impossibly prove to be also

a large variety of the same.

LopHopERvs, Steph.

Lophoderus triferana, Walk.

Five specimens. N. Carolina.

Lophoderus politana, Haw.

Four specimens. Wisconsin.

? Lophoderus mariana, Fern.

One male. Florida.

Not having seen specimens of this species, I am some-

what doubtful if I have rightly identified it, but it does

not appear to belong to any other described species.

124 Lord Walsingham on

SctapHina, T'reits.

Sciaphila arizonana, n.s. (Pl. IV., fig. 1).

Palpi dirty white above, brownish fuscous at the sides. Head

dirty whitish, the joints of the antennz brownish fuscous, strongly

pubescent, with greyish white hairs. Thorax fuscous. Fore wings

(with the costa slightly arched near the base, straight beyond, the

apex rounded, apical margin very slightly concave) pale whitish

straw-colour, the margins shaded and blotched with fuscous. The

costal half of the wing at the base is fuscous; beyond the base is a

small costal spot of the same colour, from which some scattered

dark scales are traceable to the dorsal margin. Scarcely beyond

the middle of the wing is a large fuscous costal blotch, its inner

edge tending obliquely outwards towards the anal angle, in which

direction it can be faintly traced by a few scattered dark scales.

At the apex is a similar dark patch connected with the base of the

wing by a shade of the same colour around the apical and dorsal

margins. Between the more conspicuous costal blotches are some

small fuscous dots. The cilia are of the paler ground colour of the

wing, with a fuscous line along their middle. Hind wings dull

greyish ; cilia paler, with a fuscous line along their middle. Tarsi

pale straw-colour, spotted with fuscous. Exp. al. 16 mm.

Two males. Arizona.

Tortrix, Linn.

Tortrix pallorana, Rob.

Two females. Montana.

I am not quite confident that I have rightly identified

this species; the specimens are both females, and are

much larger than Robinson’s measurement, one being

383 mm. in expanse; the hind wings have a slight

greyish tinge, rather than very pale ochreous, as stated

in the description of the type.

Tortrix quercifoliana, Fitch.

One male. N. Carolina.

Tortrix peritana, Clem.

Twelve specimens. N. Carolina.

Amorsia, Clem.

Amorbia humerosana, Clem., var.

One male. N. Carolina.

North American Tortricidae. 125

This is a fine dark variety of the species described by

Clemens, if indeed it is not specifically distinct from it.

It differs in the absence of the conspicuous rufous tinge

about. the dorsal margin, which distinguishes the

ordinary varieties, and which in this is replaced by

scattered tawny scales not plainly distinguishable from

the ground colour of the wings. The whole surface of

the wings is considerably darker than usual, being of a

dark smoky grey throughout, on which the ordinary

darker shade, although occupying the same position as in

the paler varieties, are less noticeable. The hind wings

are also very much darker than in the usual form.

CHNECTRA, Guenée.

Cinectra irrorea, Rob. (PI. IV., fig. 3).

Robinson’s figure (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. ii., pl. v.,

fig. 44) scarcely gives a sufficiently accurate idea of this

lovely species ; a redescription may be useful.

Palpi dark brown externally, tinged with ochreous on their inner

side. Head and antenne brown, tinged with ochreous. Thorax

dull ochreous above, the patagia blotched with deep brown. Abdo-

men pale ochreous. Fore wings with costa much arched, bright

ochreous, the extreme base of the costa deep purplish black,

followed by a chestnut-brown shade. A deep purplish black blotch

above the outer half of the fold, surrounded by a bright chestnut-

brown shade reaching to the dorsal margin, on which are a few

black scales. Above and below this blotch is a spot of similar

purplish black scales on the subcostal vein, also surrounded by

a chestnut-brown shade, and immediately below the costal

margin at the commencement of the outer third of its length

is a slightly larger spot of the same colour, from which a bright

chestnut shade is extended outwardly along the costa not reaching

the apex; from this shade to the anal angle, running nearly

parallel with the apical margin, is a series of six or eight purplish

black dots, each accompanied by a few chestnut-brown scales.

There is a narrow line of chestnut-brown along the apical

margin; the cilia bright ochreous. All the wings freely reticu-

lated with brown on their under sides. Hind wings pale cinereous,

showing through them the reticulations of the under side. Expanse,

19 mm.

One male. N. Carolina.

(Enectra violaceana, Robs.

Four specimens, Wisconsin,

126 Lord Walsingham on

Ginectra? striata, n.s. (Pl: IV., fig. 2).

Head and palpi pale ochreous, tinged with reddish brown at the

sides. Antenne strongly pubescent, dull ochreous. Thorax ochreous,

tinged with reddish brown, with a few iridescent bluish scales at

the back. Fore wings (with the costa nearly straight, the apex

rounded; apical margin convex, scarcely oblique) straw-yellow, the

extreme costal margin narrowly tinged with reddish. A broad

distinct bright reddish purple streak commencing in the middle of

the base of the wing runs to the apex, overspreading the costa

beyond the middle. There are also a few scattered bluish metallic

seales below the fold. Hind wings whitish, with a delicate tinge

of straw-colour. Abdomen and anal tuft straw-colour. Exp. al.

22 mm.

One male. Montana.

This single specimen is not in very good condition,

but it is very distinct from anything I can find described.

It has the palpi and neuration of Cenopis, but the head

being somewhat worn the distinctive character of that

genus is not distinguishable, and in the absence of a

costal fold it would naturally fall into the genus nectra,

but its straightened costal margin renders it doubtful

whether it can be finally retained in this genus.

CEinectra distincta, n. s.

Palpi ochreous, tinged with purplish above. Antenne purplish

fuscous, somewhat serrated and pubescent in the male. Head and

thorax ochreous, touched with purplish fuscous. Fore wings elon-

gate, with the costa arched, the apical margin oblique and convex;

rich ochreous, streaked and reticulated with brilliant greenish

metallic scales. Hind wings shining pale tawny, with somewhat

paler cilia. Abdomen pale tawny. Expanse, 22—23 mm.

One male, three females. Arizona.

This species has much the appearance of Walker’s

Teras directana, which it resembles in the ground colour

of all the wings, and in the series of beautiful greenish

iridescent scales which adorn them, although these are

scarcely noticeable by the unassisted eye; whilst it

differs in the absence of an oblique fascia and of other

dark markings beyond it.

I am not able to agree with Prof. Fernald in regarding

T. directana, Walk., as a synonym of Cenopis reticula-

tana, Clem., which differs from it in its larger and more

North American Tortricide. 127

brightly-coloured palpi, in the more orange hue of the

fore wings, and in their reticulated appearance visible to

the naked eye. I am still of opinion that Walker’s

directana is a pale variety of C. testulana, Zell., but, as

the locality from which the typical specimen was obtained

is unknown, it may yet be proved to belong at least to a

distinct local race.

There’ is a peculiarity about the neuration of the

species above described which is especially worthy of

notice when comparing it with various species of the

allied genus Cenopis. Inthe male sex vein 4 of the fore

wings arises about equidistant from veins 8 and 5;

whereas in the female it branches from a common stem

with vein 3. The female of Cenopis testulana has these

veins situated as in the male of Mnectra distincta ;

whereas in both sexes of C. demissana, Wlsm., vein 4 of

the fore wings is decidedly nearer to 5 than to 8.

DicHELia, Guenée.

Dichelia sulfureana, Clem.

Specimens from N. Carolina, Wisconsin, Florida, and

Montana.

AmpuHisa, Curt.

Amphisa discopunctana, Clem.

One male. N. Carolina.

Puatynota, Clem.

Platynota flavedana, Clem.

One male. N. Carolina.

Platynota stultana, n. 8.

Head with very long palpi and antenne, half the length of the

fore wings, cinereous. Fore wings dull chestnut-brown towards the

base, paler beyond the middle. A large ill-defined blackish fuscous

patch extends somewhat obliquely outwards from before the middle

of the costa, its lower extremity reaching to the fold; beyond this

patch is a small triangular costal mark of the same colour. A

narrow chestnut-brown shade profusely speckled with blackish

fuscous scales extends along the apical margin before the brownish

ochreous cilia. Hind wings cinereous. Exp. al. 12 mm.

This species is easily distinguished from others of the

same genus hitherto described by its smaller size and

128 Lord Walsingham on

shorter costal fold, which extends but a short space from

the base, and is suffused with blackish fuscous scales.

The usual lines of raised scales are scarcely observable

in my specimens, although sufficient to indicate that in

fresher examples they would be more conspicuous. Exp.

al. 12 mm.

Four specimens from the province of Sonora, Mexico.

Platynota labiosana, Zell.

Hight specimens. Arizona.

Platynota sentana, Clem.

One female. Montana.

Platynota semiustana, n. 8.

Head, palpi, and base of antenne dark purplish fuscous. Fore

wings dark purplish fuscous, except the outer fourth, which is

greyish ochreous, crossed by two slender dark purplish fuscous

oblique lines of raised scales, and slightly mottled, especially towards

the apex, with purplish fuscous. In the dark portion of the wing

are four or five patches of conspicuously raised scales, two above

and two below the fold being most noticeable; the first of the two

upper ones (which is further from the base than the first of the two

lower ones) and the second of the lower ones, are much mixed with

greyish ochreous; the dark purplish fuscous costal fold is not

extended so far along the wing as in P. flavedana, Clem., but is

somewhat larger thanin P. stultana, Wlsm. Hind wings cinereous.

Abdomen greyish ochreous at the base, cinereous beyond. Exp. al.

13—14 mm.

One male. N. Carolina.

CONCHYLINA.

Concuyuis, T'reitschke.

Conchylis edwardsiana, 0. 8.

Head pale straw-colour; palpi the same, tinged with brownish

on their outer sides. Antenne pale brownish. Thorax ferruginous

above, inclining to pale straw-colour at the sides. Fore wings pale

straw-colour, faintly reticulated with yellowish scales. Cilia pale

straw-colour. A ferruginous basal patch expanding below the costa

is continued along the dorsal margin in the form of a band of

scattered ferruginous scales, ending in a triangular patch of the

North American Tortricide. 129

same colour, reaching to the anal angle; in this patch, and gene-

rally interspersed among the ferruginous band, are shining purplish

grey or lilac scales. Hind wings pale greyish, with a slight rosy

tinge. Under side of the fore wings pale brownish, of the hind

Wings white. Legs very pale straw-colour, the 1st pair marked on

their upper surface with brown. Expanse, 23 mm.

One female. Arizona.

At first sight this insect reminds one much of Ptycho-

loma semifuscana, Clem. I have named it after Mr.

Henry Edwards of New York, whose intimate knowledge

of the Lepidoptera of the Western States of America is

an unfailing source of useful information to his entomo-

logical friends.

Conchylis comes, n. s.

Head pale straw-colour. Palpi projecting more than the length

of the head beyond it; pale straw-colour, tinged with brownish on

their outer sides; the 2nd joint long and straight, with scales pro-

jecting on its under side as far as the end of the short apical joint.

Antenne pectinated, pale straw-colour, tinged with brownish on

their upper sides. Fore wings rather broad, with the costa arched

before the middle, where is a small scaled flap turned downwards

beneath it, pale straw-colour, tinged with pale tawny brown along

the dorsal part of the wing beneath the fold from the base to the

end of the cell. The base of the costa is narrowly ferruginous ; at

the commencement of the outer half of the costal margin is a

triangular ferruginous patch followed by a more extended patch of

the same colour reaching to the apex; in each of these are a few

purplish scales. Fringes unicolorous with the pale ground colour

of the wing. Hind wings shining pale tawny. Under side of fore

wings shining unicolorous tawny. Under side of hind wings shining

straw-white. Expanse, 18 mm.

One male. Arizona.

This appears to be allied to C. enicana, Dbld., differing

chiefly in the absence of the dorsal markings.

Conchylis sartana, Hub.

Four specimens have reached me of what is un-

doubtedly the true Pharmacis sartana, Hub. (‘ Zutriige,’

223, 224) captured, as [am informed by Mr. Morrison,

in North Carolina and Florida.

This species, regarded by Prof. Fernald as equivalent

to Conchylis bimaculana, Rob., differs from Robinson’s

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PaRTI. (APRIL.) K

130 Lord Walsingham on

figure (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., ii., pl. viii., f. 78), as well

as from specimens in my possession, in that the first of

the two dark markings on the fore wings is distinctly

and throughout its lower edge connected with the dorsal

margin instead of being entirely separated from it. In

this it agrees with Hubner’s figure, and there can be no

doubt that the two species are quite distinct. Robinson’s

Conchylis bimaculana is therefore still entitled to retain

its place in our lists.

Head, palpi, thorax, and fore wings rich brownish ochreous, the

outer sides of the palpi, the antenne, and the extreme costal mar-

gin (in fresh specimens) shaded with chestnut-brown. A rich

chestnut-brown triangular blotch pointing obliquely outwards from

the middle of the dorsal margin, its apex reaching the costa beyond

the middle is followed by a lunate blotch preceding the apical mar-

gin, its concave upper edge facing a small oblique oblong ovate

subcostal spot. Hind wings fuscous. Expanse, 14 mm.

Conchylis sonore, n. 8.

Head and palpi whitish ochreous, the latter, except on the apical

joint, ferruginous-brown on their outer sides. Antenne whitish

ochreous. Fore wings whitish ochreous, much suffused with shin-

ing silvery scales. The extreme costal margin ferrugineus-brown

at the base ; in some specimens a ferruginous-brown line runs from

the base nearly half the length of the wing immediately below and

parallel to the costa. A ferruginous-brown central streak arises at

the base of the wing, not contiguous to the dorsal margin, and

dilating outwardly reaches nearly to the middle. Beyond the

middle is a small ferruginous-brown costal spot partially blending

with an oblique shade or streak of the same colour, which tends

outward towards a point below the centre of the apical margin. An

elongate triangular ferruginous-brown spot precedes the anal angle,

to which its point almost attains, while its base is separated from

the dorsal margin. Before the apex there is a second small costal

spot, and along the apical margin a distinct streak, both ferruginous-

brown. Expanse, 15 mm.

This species, of which I have received from Mr.

Morrison several specimens from Sonora, in Mexico, all

remarkably constant in the position of their markings,

differs from C. dorsimaculana, Rob., and C. promptana,

Rob., to which it is nearly allied.

The most noticeable distinction is to be found in the

complete separation of the basal streak from the dorsal

North American Tortricidae. 131

margin, from which in both the above-named species it

distinctly arises.

Conchylis hospes, n. s.

Head pale ochreous above, the face and inner side of the palpi

whiter; outer side of palpi tinged with reddish brown. Antenne

brownish. Fore wings with the costal margin tinged with reddish

brown at the base. A shining pale ochreous basal patch partially

suffused with brownish ochreous scales, having its outer edge oblique,

occupies the first third of the wing, and is wider on the costal than

on the dorsal margin ; beyond it is a conspicuous rather triangular

purplish fuscous cloud, widest on the dorsal margin, and blending

towards the costal margin and outwardly towards the apex with

rich ferruginous-brown shading, sprinkled and streaked with shining

steel-grey metallic scales, which extend into a pale ochreous border

along the apical margin, and a pale costal spot of the same colour

opposite the anal angle. Hind wings and under side of both pairs

cinereous. Expanse, 12 mm.

Allied to C. schreibersiana, Froel., and probably to C.

erigeronana, Riley, but easily distinguishable by its pale

ochreous outer border and fringes. Behind and above

the eyes are erect tufts of palmate ochreous scales. It

may be that these should be laid back along the front of

the thorax, and have been accidentally raised in pinning

the specimen ; but they present an unusual appearance.

I have received a single male of this beautiful species

from N. Carolina.

Conchylis plicana, n. 8.

Head, palpi, thorax, and fore wings creamy white, the costa

tinged with rosy brown; a rather narrow oblique fascia from the

middle of the dorsal margin reaches a point beyond the middle of

the costa, beneath which it is bent outwards. There are some

chestnut-brown scales at its outer angle and along its costal edge ;

preceding it on the basal third and following it on the outer portion

of the wing are slight olivaceous shades; a small spot of brownish

scales preceding the anal angle on the dorsal margin. Under side

of fore wings with a distinct rosy tinge towards the costa. Hind

wings greyish white, with a distinct narrow costal fold in the male,

oceupying two-thirds of the costal margin, and concealing a pencil

of dark hairs. Expanse, 104 mm.

Three males and one female from Sonora, in Mexico.

One only in good condition, so far as the markings are

concerned,

132 Lord Walsingham on

Conchylis angulatana, Robs.

Four specimens. N. Carolina.

Conchylis fulvotinctana, n.s. (Pl. IV., fig. 5).

Head, thorax, palpi, and antenne dingy whitish. Fore wings

dull greyish white, somewhat speckled with fuscous scales, with a

broad outwardly oblique reddish tawny patch above the middle of

the dorsal margin, to which it does not extend, and beyond it a red-

dish tawny shade occupying the whole apical portion of the wing,

its inner margin oblique and parallel with the outer side of the

central tawny patch. Cilia greyish white, profusely speckled with

fuscous scales. Hind wings pale cinereous. Expanse, 138 mm.

Two specimens. Arizona.

A narrow-winged species belonging to the same group

as ciliclla, Hiib.

Conchylis dorsistriatana, n.s. (Pl. IV., fig. 4).

Head and palpi whitish fawn-colour, more deeply tinged on their

outer sides. Antenne pale fawn-colour. Thorax and fore wings

pale reddish fawn-colour, the fore wings rather more deeply tinged

on the basal than on the outer half. A whitish fawn-coloured

streak, gradually narrowed outwardly, extends from the base of the

wing along the dorsal margin to two-thirds of its length; from the

outer half of this arise on each side of the middle of the wing two

straight slender but not very distinct parallel lines, the first longer

than the second, both extending obliquely outwards towards the

end of the cell. The fringes are of the same colour as the wing,

and have a scarcely perceptible pale line along their base. Hind

wings very pale tawny, with white fringes. Expanse, 18 mm.

One male. Arizona.

A large and rather broad-winged species, apparently

belonging to the same group as C. roscana, but very

distinct from any described species with which I am

acquainted.

PutTHEocHRoa, Steph.

A species of this genus, allied to amandana, H.-S.,

from Sonora, in Mexico, agrees well with specimens

lately received from Prof. Riley, and is undescribed.

North American Tortricide. 133

PsEUDOCONCHYLIS, N. g.

Head broad; eyes large and projecting ; palpi roughly clothed to

the apex, projecting scarcely the length of the head in front.

Antenne stout, simple, about half the length of the fore wings, the

basal joint clothed with scales, the joints closely set. Fore wings

without a costal fold, narrow at the base, widening outwards, nearly

three times as long as their width across the middle; the costa

slightly raised at the base, depressed at the apex, which is rounded ;

the apical margin oblique, not indented; anal angle rounded.

Hind wings rounded at the apex, of almost even width throughout

their length, with long fringes. Neuration: Branches 7 and 8 of

the fore wings from a common stem, branch 2 arising from the

outer third of the cell; hind wings with branches 3, 4, and 5

remote from each other, 6 and 7 separate and nearly parallel; in

this respect it differs from Conchylis, Tr., although the position of

vein 2 in the fore wings places it without doubt in juxtaposition to

this genus.

Pseudoconchylis laticapitana, 1.8.

Head whitish ochreous. Palpi the same, sprinkled with brownish

scales externally. Antenne pale ochreous. Fore wings whitish

ochreous, mottled and speckled with ochreous greyish brown and

brown scales. Brown dots and spots are distributed around the

costal and apical margins, the extreme base of the costa being also

brownish. There is an ill-defined oblique fasciaform shade com-

mencing below the outer third of the costal margin, and termi-

nating in an aggregation of brown scales on the fold; the brown

scales appear to be very fugitive, and in specimens only slightly

worn are scarcely noticeable. Hind wings and abdomen pale

brownish. Expanse, 17 mm.

Both sexes obtained in Lake County and Shasta

County, California, June 25th to July 10th, 1871, by

myself.

GRAPHOLITHINA.

RETINIA, Guenée.

Retinia, sp. ?

A single male from North Carolina agrees with the

example recorded in part iv. of the ‘ Catalogue of Typical

Specimens of Lepidoptera-Heterocera in the British

Museum,’ p. 77, from Camp Watson, in Oregon, under

the name Retinia duplana, Hib. On re-examining this

specimen I find that it differs from the Kuropean speci-

mens of duplana in having the antennz of the male very

strongly pectinated,

134 Lord Walsingham on

Bactra, Steph.

Bactra lanceolana, Hub.

Several from Arizona; one from N. Carolina.

These do not appear to vary in the same degree as do

specimens of this species obtained in Europe; they

approach the North American variety described by Zeller

under the name Bactra lanceolana, var. verutana.

ApHELtA, Steph.

Aphelia ? inquadrana, n.s. (Pl. IV., fig. 15).

Head and palpi evenly sprinkled with brown and greyish white

scales. The palpi projecting more than the length of the head

beyond it. Antenne cinereous. Fore wings evenly sprinkled with

pale brown and greyish white; a few very dark brown scales scat-

tered over their surface and contributing especially to the intensity

of a series of short costal streaks and two oblique dorsal markings,

of which the first commences on the outer edge of the basal third

of the dorsal margin, and reaches rather more than half across the

wing in an outwardly oblique direction; the second triangular at

the commencement of the outer third (in the female somewhat

nearer to the anal angle), not reaching to the middle of the wing;

beyond this is a faint indication of an ocellated patch enclosed by

sublustrous parallel bars of steel-grey scales. On the costal margin

before the apex are two pairs of short white streaks somewhat more

conspicuous than other similar streaks preceding them, the apex

and part of the apical margin being also whitish; a short incon-

spicuous straight whitish streak runs from the extreme base along

the middle of the wing. Fringes mottled in the same manner as

the wing-surface. Hind wings dusky cinereous, somewhat darker

towards the margins, with paler fringes. The female is much paler

than the male, having the fore wings creamy white, with pale fawn-

brown mottlings, and the markings as in the male, but less con-

Spicuous, as containing fewer dark brown scales; the hind wings

are also paler, and the antenne simple and more slender than those

of the other sex. Expanse, male 16mm., female 18} mm.

Arizona.

This appears to be allied to Aphelia sareptana, H.-S.,

having also the rather long palpi which distinguish

this species, but differing in the markings arising from

the dorsal margin instead of being separated from it. I

am somewhat doubtful as to its proper generic position,

North American Tortricidae. 135

Kccorsis, Zell.

Eccopsis permundanum, Clem.

Two, N. Carolina; two, Wisconsin.

Eccopsis fasciatana, Clem.

Four. N. Carolina.

PENTHINA, T'retts.

Penthina wmpudens, n. 8.

Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax dark greyish fuscous. Fore

wings with a dull greyish fuscous basal patch occupying about one-

fourth of the length of the wing, somewhat streaked with darker or

more brownish fuscous lines, and slightly indented below the fold.

The lower half of this basal patch, as far as the middle of the cell,

is followed on its outer side by the rather creamy white ground

colour of the wing, but the upper half, which recedes towards the

costa, is connected by a greyish fuscous shade with an oblique

brownish fuscous costal patch about the middle of the wing, which

forms the upper one of an irregular and oblique series of three

patches of the same colour forming a broken fascia to the dorsal

margin, interspersed with olivaceous-ochreous scales, and margined

on its inner side by an olivaceous-ochreous band. Following this

interrupted fascia is a patch of the pale ground colour, shaded espe-

cially towards the costa with shining greyish seales; an oblique

centrally distended olivaceous-ochreous band from the costal to the

apical margin, and an oblique line of shining greyish scales before

the brownish fuscous apex. The dark fringes with a brownish fuscous

line along their base have a slight purplish hue in some specimens.

The dark costal margin is marked with six pairs of paler streaks,

of which the three outer pairs most nearly approach the creamy

white ground colour. Omitting others more or less inconspicuous

in the space occupied by the basal patch, these streaks are thus

distributed : two pairs in the grey shade succeeding the basal patch,

one pair immediately beyond the dark central patch or fascia, the

other three beyond the distended olivaceous-ochreous band. Hind

wings pale brownish fuscous, with lighter fringes, having a dark

line along their base. The abdomen is of the same colour, but the

bilobed upper plate of the clasping organs on the anal segment of

the male partially concealed by the anal tuft is of a bright ochreous

colour. Expanse, 12—13 mm.

I haye received this species from N. Carolina, as

well as, through the kindness of Prof. Fernald, from

136 Lord Walsingham on

Massachussetts. It will probably be found to be widely

distributed.

Penthina hebesana, Walk.

N. Carolina.

Penthina malachitana, Zell.

One from N. Carolina.

Sericoris, T'reits.

Sericoris agilana, Clem.

A pair. N. Carolina.

Sericoris constellatana, Zell.

Hight specimens. Wisconsin.

Sericoris instrutana, Clem.

Four. N. Carolina.

Sericoris dealbana, Walk.

One male. Wisconsin.

Sericoris bipartitana, Clem.

One of two specimens from Wisconsin has the dark

hind wings, described by Zeller as sometimes occurring

in S.cesialbana, Zell., which is regarded by Professor

Fernald as a synonym of this species.

Pamopisca, T'reits.

Pedisca circulana, Hub.

Two. Florida.

Pedisca robinsoniana, Grote.

One. N. Carolina.

Pedisca bolanderana, Wlsm.

Four. Arizona,

North American Tortricide. 137

Pedisca caniceps, n.s. (Pl. IV., fig. 9).

Palpi white, the apical joint short, almost concealed by the

closely-projecting scales of the 2nd joint. Head thickly clothed,

hoary white, with projecting frontal tuft. Antenne slightly

pubescent, white. Thorax white, tinged with pale reddish fawn-

colour. Fore wings (with the costa straight, apical margin oblique,

dorsal margin convex towards the base) reddish fawn-colour,

sprinkled with hoary white scales, especially above the middle of

the wing and towards the apical margin. The costa beyond the

costal fold white; fringes white; a silvery white line, slightly

dilated before its depressed and pointed apex, follows the fold from

the base, and terminates beyond the middle of the wing, not

reaching the dorsal margin. There are three shorter and less

conspicuous silvery white streaks, one along the basal half of

vein 4, one (very short) at the upper angle of the cell, and almost

reaching to this; another following the course of vein 8, from the

costa immediately before the apex. Abdomen and hind wings

shining whitish, faintly tinged with pale fawn-colour. The fringes

white; on the under side the fore wings are tinged with fawn-

colour; the costa white. Hind wings white, tinged with fawn-

colour towards their costal margin. Expanse, 28 mm.

One male. Montana.

Pedisca emaciatana, n.s. (Pl. IV., fig. 7).

Palpi white, tinged with fuscous at the sides. Head, thorax, and

antennsz white. Fore wings elongate, narrow at the base, with

the costa straight; apical margin very oblique, white sprinkled

with fawn-coloured scales; an oblique fawn-coloured patch about

the basal third of the wing, containing a few dark umbreous scales,

followed by a wider patch of the same colour beyond the middle,

partially connected by an obliquely receding shade with the middle

of the costa, and by a similar shade to a point beyond the middle

of the dorsal margin. There are about six small fawn-coloured

costal spots and a more conspicuous patch of the same colour at

the apex of the wing, all containing a few umbreous scales. Cilia

white, sprinkled with fawn-colour. Hind wings fawn-grey, with

a rather iridescent opaline hue, and a dull line along the base of

the whiter fringes. HExpanse, 22 mm.

Three males. Arizona.

This species reminds one much of P. larana, Wlsm.,

but is somewhat more distinctly marked with fawn-

colour; the fore wings are narrower in proportion to

their length, especially at the base, and the apical margin

138 Lord Walsingham on

is more oblique; the costal fold is also decidedly darker

than in that species.

Pedisca albiguttana, Zell.

N. Carolina.

Pedisca morrisoni, n.s. (Pl. IV., fig. 8).

Palpi white, the short apical joint quite concealed in the closely-

packed projecting scales of the 2nd joint. Head white, thickly

clothed with raised and projecting scales above and in front.

Antenne white. Thorax white, a pale fawn-coloured line dividing

it along the middle. Patagia fawn-coloured. Fore wings (with

the costa slightly arched, the apex acute, apical margin oblique

and slightly concave) pale fawn-colour, with waved longitudinal

streaks of silvery white, without dark margins, which may be

divided into costal, median, and submedian. The costal streak runs

narrowly along the costal margin nearly to the middle, whence it

is deflected and dilated, assuming the form of more or less con-

fluent short costal dashes, the first three tending obliquely outwards,

the last two meeting them in the opposite direction before the apex.

The median streak extends from the base of the wing to the end of

the cell dilated outwardly for the first half of its length, where it is

suddenly contracted, on its upper edge, by an angulated break,

thence tapering to a sharp point which almost reaches a short

detached waved longitudinal streak which lies between it and the

lower half of the apical margin, and is itself somewhat connected

by detached spots at each of its ends with the middle and end of

the waved submedian streak. This submedian streak arises below

the fold, not reaching the base, and is deflected to the dorsal mar-

gin before the middle following it thence nearly to the anal angle.

A detached white spot lies near the base of the dorsal margin.

Along the upper edge of the outer half of the median streak, and

continued more conspicuously between the confluent costal dashes

and the waved detached ultra-median streak nearly to the apical

margin, is a curious wedge-shaped dash of pale fawn-coloured scales,

each distinctly barred transversely with deep black. A line of

similar scales runs along the apical margin at the base of the cilia,

and is faintly reduplicated in the cilia themselves below the apex.

Hind wings rather shining fawn-grey. Cilia slightly paler. Expanse,

20 mm.

One female. Montana.

There is a worn specimen of this species in Mr.Grote’s

collection at the British Museum, placed under the name

Grapholitha striatana, Clem., together with others which

are correctly referred to that species,

North American Tortricide. 139

Pedisca giganteana, Riley. (Pl. IV., fig. 11).

I had instructed the artist to figure this fine species

before I recognised it by the description. It bears a

great resemblance to Phthoroblastis juliana, Curtis, but

is of course much larger.

Two specimens, male and female. N. Carolina.

Pedisca canana, W1sm.

One female. Arizona.

Pedisca agricolana, W1sm.

One. Arizona.

Pedisca rectiplicana, W\sm.

One male. Arizona.

Pedisca corosana, n.s. (Pl. IV., fig. 6).

Head roughly clothed, hoary whitish. The palpi projecting twice

the length of the head beyond it, dusted with brownish fuscous

scales at the base of their outer sides. Antennz whitish. Fore

wings dirty whitish, much sprinkled and shaded with fawn and

greyish fuscous scales; these are chiefly collected in a short oblique

streak about the middie of the basal third, containing a few black

scales, and followed by a whitish patch; and in an oblique fascia-

form shade from the middle of the costa to the anal angle, also

containing a few black scales in its lower half, and followed by a

whitish space of equal length, which terminates in the ill-defined

ocelloid patch in which are two black dots. Immediately beyond

these dots a narrow dull leaden line proceeds upwards to the costa,

running at first parallel to the apical margin, but diverging inwards

below the apex. The cilia of the general hue are preceded by a

slight fawn-coloured shade. Hind wings pale brownish fuscous,

with paler fringes. Expanse, 20 mm.

One male. Montana.

This species appears to be intermediate between

P. maculatana, Wlsm., and P. juncticiliana, Wlsm.

There are two rather worn specimens in the collection

of the late Prof. Zeller with the above unpublished name

attached to them, which I have adopted. They are

labelled as from ‘‘ Texas,”

140 Lord Walsingham on

Pedisca pulveratana, Wlsm.

Arizona.

Pedisca strenuana, Walk.

Several specimens from N. Carolina.

Pedisca aspidana, n. 8. (Pl. IV., fig. 10).

Palpi hirsute, projecting more than twice the length of the

head beyond it, speckled dull brown and whitish. Antenne dull

brownish, the head and thorax speckled. as are the palpi. The

fore wings are much the same in colour as the head and thorax ;

an oblique dirty whitish line from before the middle of the dorsal

margin reaches the costa beyond the middle; a similar and almost

parallel line beyond the middle is bent outwards below the costa,

which it reaches shortly before the apex, enclosing a small fuscous

costal dot, which is followed by a larger dark spot at the apex.

From the inner edge of the apical spot another pale line reaches

the anal angle along the base of the fringes, which are slightly

tinted with greyish fuscous and much speckled. Immediately

before the anal angle is a conspicuous fuscous spot touching with

its inner edge the lower part of the second pale line. Hind wings

pale brownish, with darker cilia. Expanse, 17 mm.

Four specimens. Arizona.

Pedisca scudderiana, Riley.

A pair. Wisconsin.

Pedisca otiosana, Clem.

Two specimens. Florida.

Pedisca constrictana, Zell.

Five specimens. Florida.

The costal fold in the male is very distinctly visible

in my specimens, which must, I think, belong to this

species, although unfortunately there is no specimen in

Zeller’s collection with which to compare them.

Pedisca dorsisignatana, Clem.

Several specimens. N. Carolina.

North American Tortricide. 141

Semasta, Steph.

2 Semasia corculana, Zell., var.

These specimens differ from the type (now in my

possession), which is from Vancouver, in the fore wings

being more or less suffused with blackish scales, and in

the deep blackish fuscous hind wings with dull ochreous

fringes. Californian specimens are almost exactly inter-

mediate between the two extreme forms, which, without

these connecting-links, I should certainly have regarded

as distinct.

If they may be correctly referred to the same species

they supply a curious exception to the usual habits of

variation among Lepidoptera, the more northern varieties

being usually found to be the darkest. It is possible

that they may belong to a distinct species, but this can-

not be safely asserted until a larger number of good

specimens are available for comparison.

The wide range of variation observable in European

specimens of Semasia aspidiscana from different localities

leads me to entertain some doubt of the distinctness of

Zeller’s corculana from that species. I have received

from Mr. C. G. Barrett examples of aspidiscana which

are indeed scarcely distinguishable from Zeller’s type.

The matter requires further study than I can devote to

it for the purposes of this paper.

Semasia ochreicostana, n.s. (Pl. IV., fig. 18).

Palpi short, pale ochreous, tinged with ferruginous at the sides,

the apical joint scarcely visible among the projecting scales of the

2nd joint. Head ferruginous. Antenne ferruginous at the base,

dull brownish fuscous beyond. Fore wings (with the costa almost

straight, the apical margin oblique, slightly concave) pale ochreous,

overshadowed, except along the costal third, by a dull greyish fus-

cous shade, which extends also over the thorax. The outer third of

the wing bright reddish ochreous, containing five minute paler

costal marks, from the first of which a silvery metallic streak runs

obliquely outward to the upper edge of the ocelloid patch; from

the second a similar but larger and more oblique streak runs

around the upper and outer edge of the ocelloid patch nearly to the

apical margin, where it meets a shorter and straighter metallic

streak coming from the’ fifth pale spot near the apex. The third

and fourth of these pale spots lie within the angle formed by two

metallic lines, the fourth having also a few metallic scales attached

142 Lord Walsingham on

to it. The ocelloid patch reminds one much of that of Semasia

amphorana, Wlsm., its upper half dull greyish fuscous, with three

narrow longitudinal lines of black scales, having the appearance of

rows of stitches, the lower half pale ochreous, margined at the

sides and divided into two equal halves by three short bars of

brassy metallic scales, each half containing six black spots. Cilia

tawny. Abdomen and hind wings dull brownish fuscous, with pale

straw-white fringes beyond the abdominal angle. On the under

side all the wings are dull fuscous, except the pale costal and apical

margins of the fore wings and fringes of the hind wings. Expanse,

19 mm.

Two females. Montana.

This species must be nearly allied to Semasia taleana,

Grote, but his description does not agree with my speci-

mens, the scales of which are certainly not blackish with

white tips, nor is there a black patch below the median

fold.

Semasia ? vestaliana, Zell.

This specimen differs from Zeller’s type in the costal

streaks being reduced to five small dots not actually

touching the costal margin. Moreover, in the line along

the apical margin being somewhat broken, not con-

tinuous as in Zeller’s figure (Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1875,

p. 80, pl. viii., fig. 21). A male in my own collection,

taken in the cemetery at Denver, in Colorado, is more

like Zeller’s figure, but has a distinct fuscous shade

along the inner edge of the marginal line. The male

has no costal fold.

Following Heinemann’s system of classification Prof.

Fernald would be justified in placing this species in the

genus Semasia, H.-S., rather than in Grapholitha, H.-8.,

the middle branch of the hind wings being decidedly

bent towards its origin, and brought to the same point

as the stem from which branches 8 and 4 arise, but in

its small palpi and in the somewhat falcate apex of the

fore wings it seems to approach the genus Phoxopteris,

Treits.

One male. Montana.

Semasia argenticostana, Wlsm.

One male. Arizona.

North American Tortricide. 1438

Semasia tenuiana, Wlsm.

One male. Arizona.

Semasia montanana, n.s. (PI. IV., fig. 12).

Head, thorax, palpi, and antenne pale olivaceous-ochreous. Fore

wings with the costa almost straight, apex acute; apical margin

very oblique, not indented, pale olivaceous-ochreous. A very

faintly indicated outwardly oblique fascia from beyond the middle

of the costa is followed by some faint silvery lines, interspersed with

a few inconspicuous blackish scales which appear to underlie the

ochreous sealing. An outwardly oblique silvery streak following

the edge of the faint fascia is continued along the subapical vein to

the apex, enclosing three small festooned costal streaks in the apex

above it. Beneath it are two more or less confluent silvery streaks

along the veins. Cilia the same colour as the wings, interrupted by

a faint line of darker scales along their middle, which forms also

an oblique dash running inwards from the apex. Hind wings pale

brownish grey, with paler cilia, a faint line near their base. Abdo-

men of the same colour as the hind wings; the anal tuft ochreous.

Expanse, 18 mm.

One male. Montana.

This specimen, in good condition, is nearly allied to

S. messingiana, F. R., but is smaller, paler, and less

distinctly marked.

Semasia argutana, Clem.

Two males, one female. Arizona.

These are larger than the average of specimens from

the Eastern States, reaching 16 mm. in the expanse of

the fore wings. I have similar large specimens from

California.

Semasia apacheana, n.s. (Pl. IV., fig. 14).

Palpi creamy white, with a few fawn-brown scales externally

and on the very short apical joint. Head creamy white, roughly

clothed above. Thorax creamy white. Antenne slightly pube-

scent, faintly annulated. Fore wings creamy white, with an oblique

triangular fawn-brown dorsal mark before the middle reaching half

across the wing, beyond which is an oblique fascia-form shade run-

ning from a point beyond the middle of the costal margin to the

dorsal margin immediately before the anal angle; in it are some-

times a few blackish scales near the dorsal margin, and it is mar-

144 Lord Walsingham on

gined externally by silvery white. The equilateral triangle formed

by the apical portion of the wing is tinted with fawn-colour, and con-

tains two pairs of rather wide silvery white costal streaks, between

which and also at the apex of the wing the fawn-colour is somewhat

more intense. The cilia are white; an ocellated patch above the

anal angle, enclosed at the sides by silvery white, contains a few

jet-black dots. Hind wings dull brownish, with greyish white

fringes. Expanse, 14 mm.

Four specimens. Arizona.

2 Semasia helianthana, Riley.

A single female from Arizona agrees with Riley’s de-

scription, except in the absence of a basal shade on the

fore wings. I am not confident that it is correctly

identified, as I have never seen specimens of this species.

PRoTEOPTERYX, Wlsm.

Proteopteryx emarginana, Wlsm.

One male and one female. Arizona.

These specimens have no clearly defined dorsal patch,

as have nearly all my Californian varieties, but are dis-

tinguished by a waved umbreous streak reaching from

the apex nearly to the middle of the wing, nearer to the

costal than to the dorsal margin. The costal fold also

seems to be somewhat more conspicuous and more closely

appressed in the male; but it would not be safe to sepa-

rate it from a species exhibiting so wide a range of

variation upon the evidence of such slight differences in

two specimens only.

STEGANOPTYCHA, Steph.

Steganoptycha sp.

This is the same species as that which stands in

Fernald’s catalogue as S. incarnana. Haw., on the

authority of a specimen collected by me in California,

and recorded in Cat. Lep. Het., B. M., part iv. Six

specimens now received from Mexico lead me to believe

that it is really distinct from that species. All are alike

in having a narrower central fascia than the European

form of S. incarnana, as well as in some minor differ-

ences. A further examination of other allied species is

necessary before I shall be justified in describing it under

a new specific name.

North American Tortricide. 145

Steganoptycha fasciolana, Clem.

Six specimens. Wisconsin.

_ One of Walker’s specimens, under the name Penthina

dealbana, belongs to this species, but is not the type.

2 Steganoptycha lagopana, Wlsm.

Two females. Arizona and Montana.

These varieties, not impossibly representing a distinct

species, differ from S. lagopana in having the whole base

of the fore wings darkened so as to include the first

dorsal streak in an almost unicolorous basal patch,

slightly angulated outwards about the middle; they

have also a dark streak in the cilia beneath the apex of

the fore wings, and a dark shade in the cilia at the apex

of the hind wings. I have two males and two females

from California with these same characters, and have

always been inclined to regard them as belonging to a

distinct species.

Without possessing a larger number of specimens it

is impossible to determine to what extent of variation

the species above mentioned or its near allies are subject.

TmeETocERA, Led.

Tmetocera ocellana, Schiff.

One male. Wisconsin.

Puoxopteris, T'retts.

Phoxopteris nubeculana, Clem.

One pair. Wisconsin.

Phoxopteris burgessiana, Zell.

One specimen. N. Carolina.

Phoxopteris platanana, Clem.

One specimen. N. Carolina.

Phoxopteris sp.

One male. Arizona.

A large species, rather of the pattern of P. dubiana,

Clem., but more distinctly marked, having a reddish

TRANS. ENT. S00. LOND. 1884.—PART I. (APRIL.) L

146 Lord Walsingham on

brown dorsal patch occupying two-thirds of the dorsal

half of the wing, its outer margin being very oblique ;

beyond the middle on the costal half of the wing is a

fuscous cloud, connected by a fuscous streak with a dark.

line at the base of the fringe immediately below the

faleate apex. It would not be safe to found a new

species in this difficult genus upon the evidence of a

single specimen, but I am unable to recognise it as

belonging to any species at present described.

GRAPHOLITHA, T'reits.

Grapholitha vitrana, Wlsm.

Six examples. Arizona.

Grapholitha ? duodecemstriata, nu. s. (Pl. IV., fig. 16).

Palpi white, the apical joint broadly barred with black on the

outer side. Face white, with a black streak down the middle.

Antenne longitudinally streaked with black and white. Thorax

and patagia greyish white, streaked and spotted with black. Fore

wings beautifully streaked on the basal half with alternate waved

lines of black and white converging obliquely outwards above the

middle. A triangular greyish black dorsal patch extends more than

half across the wing, meeting an oblique black line coming from

the costa; beyond this patch is the ocelloid spot margined on both

sides with light steel-coloured metallic bars, and containing twelve

parallel transverse whitish lines set in deep black; above these are

five pairs of oblique white costal streaks, each pair terminating in

a line of greyish metallic scales. The apical margin is profusely

dotted with white on a black ground; the cilia lustrous brownish

grey. Hind wings dull whitish at the base, brown on their outer

half, with snow-white fringes. Abdomen greyish; on the under

side snow-white. Legs white, with black-spotted hinder tarsal

joints. Expanse, 18 mm.

One male. Arizona.

A lovely species, which the discovery of the male may

not impossibly show to belong to the genus Carpocapsa.

EcpyrouopHa, Zell.

Two examples from N. Carolina; and one labelled

‘‘ Arizona.” In the latter case I am inclined to think

that a mistake may have occurred.

North American Tortricide. 147

Carpocapsa, T'reits.

Carpocapsa pomonella, Linn.

Wisconsin.

With the exception of about four additional species,

which I am unable at present to determine satis-

factorily, this constitutes a complete list of the Tortri-

cide received from Mr. H. K. Morrison during the last

two years.

It may be useful to remark, with reference to one

species placed by Fernald in the list (appended to his

catalogue) of those which he has been unable to deter-

mine, that the type of Teras retractana, Walker, in the

British Museum, is labelled as received from Australia.

EXPLANATION oF Prater IV.

Fie. 1. Sciaphila arizonana, Wl1sm.

2. Enectra ? striata, Wism.

3. Ginectra irrorea, Rob.

4. Conchylis dorsistriatana, Wlsm.

5. 3 fulvotinctana, Wl|sm.

6. Pedisca corosana, Wlsm.

7 > emaciatana, Wlsm.

8 5 morrisoni, Wlsm.

9. 3 caniceps, Wlsm.

10. 3 aspidana, Wlsm.

inl Ms giganteana, Riley.

12. Semasia montanana, Wlsm.

13. 3 ochreicostana, Wlsm.

14, “ apacheana, Wl1sm.

15. Aphelia ? inquadrana, Wlsm.

16. Grapholitha ? duodecemstriata, Wlsm.

( 149 )

XI. Notes on two Australian species of Trigona.

By Haroxip J. Hocxines.

[Read August Ist, 1883.}

Or these stingless bees of Australia two varieties only

have come under my immediate observation, but I believe

there are several others both here (Queensland) and in

the Southern Colonies, some of which differ but little from

those described below.

“Karbi” or ‘‘Keelar” and ‘‘ Kootchar” are the

names given to them by the natives. The first species

may be identical with Trigona carbonaria, Smith: it

forms a very dark wax, almost black, and the propolis

it uses is also very dark. It is nearly three-sixteenths

of an inch in length, of a generally black colour, except

that the front of the head or face and the sides of the

thorax are covered with minute silvery hairs, which give

those parts a whitish appearance, even when viewed at

some distance, and the abdomen, which in its normal

state is nearly circular, when viewed from above, is

exceedingly black, and gradually discloses reddish rings

at the edges of the segments as it becomes distended

with honey. The queen, when fully developed, is usually

one and a half to twice the length of the worker: when

the ovary has not, developed, the abdomen is nearly flat ;

both it and the legs and antenne are a dirty brown, the

head and thorax being black, but as she matures the

abdomen increases to about three times its previous size,

and developes five distinct rings; it, however, always

retains its original downward curve. I have not yet

observed drones of this variety, probably on account of

their differing but slightly from the workers.

The second species (‘‘ Kootchar’’) is also black in

colour, but has a fine yellow streak across the upper

part of the thorax just behind the butts of the wings,*

* This yellow mark is generally extended around the front of the

thorax by a line of dots,

150 Harold J. Hockings’ notes on two

and has a few silvery hairs on the face only. The queen

is fully three-eighths of an inch in length, sometimes a

little longer, and is of a lighter colour than in the other

variety, being glossy and of a reddish brown. The head

and thorax nearly black. The drone is slightly longer

and more, cylindrical than the worker, and is of a some-

what lighter colour; the antenne are divided nearer to

the head, and are altogether longer; the compound eyes

do not extend over the back of the head, as in Apis

mellifica, but are perceptibly fuller and broader than in

the female ; the hind legs are convex, with a white line

around their edges. They are exceedingly numerous in

strong colonies: from October to January, when they

gradually die off. When the abdomens of workers and

drones become distended with food they develop five

distinct rings. In some cases a queen may be met

with of exactly the same colour, &c., as in the first

variety.

Both varieties build their nests in hollow trees, which

they render impervious to water by the application

(inside) of a very tough but pliable gum, which is

insoluble in water, but is highly inflammable; it has a

strong and decidedly turpentine-like odour, especially

with the first variety.

The eggs, which are deposited in cells previously filled

with food and are immediately sealed up, take about

three months to come to maturity. I am not yet certain

of the exact term, as the construction of the brood-nest

makes observation difficult.

“Karbi’’ gather but little honey, which they store in

pots of wax about three-fourths of an inch in height and

half an inch in diameter, having their mouths on the

top. Building in both varieties is commenced from the

bottom and conducted upwards. The shape of isolated

honey-pots is somewhat similar to a sparrow’s egg, but

as they multiply they are so attached to each other that

the outer wall of one may form the inner wall in part of

those around it, thus economising wax and space; they

are usually built in layers, but sometimes in a shapeless

mass, and always have some pollen-pots mixed up with

them ; these are placed near the brood-combs or comb,

which is in one piece in the form of a spiral staircase

compressed, but wide in the middle, and tapering at the

ends, top and bottom; the layers are fastened about

one-sixteenth of an inch apart by small stanchions of

Australian species of Trigona. 151

wax placed wherever convenient. As the comb is built

it is encased in a sheet or circular case of wax about

one-sixteenth of an inch away from the cells, to which it

is fastened by stanchions or beams of wax, though some-

times attached immediately to a cell in places. Outside

the brood-nest and surrounding it, is usually a band of

shapeless passages formed of wax and much smeared

with adhesive gum, in which the bees seem to loiter

much. The honey and pollen-pots are placed against

this highly cellular structure on all sides. The pollen is

damp or pasty, and is stored in pots exactly similar to

those which contain honey. On account of the dark

colour of the wax these pots cannot be distinguished,

and to obtain the honey the whole mass is usually

squeezed, so that it gets largely mixed with the pollen,

and receives a sour taste that it has not when in a pure

state. Four or five pounds of honey would be a fair

yield for one of these hives, and they are not much

valued even by the natives.

They are a very fierce variety, and are without fear,

and, although they are stingless, are quite capable of

defending themselves. Each bee, except when gathering

pollen, has a small quantity of colourless gum, of an

extremely adhesive nature, on its hind legs; this sub-

stance is placed in a thin coat over the wax in the hjve,

and the bees walk over it without inconvenience. ~The

hive-entrance is very carefully guarded by a line of bees,

who inspect every one that arrives, and it is surprising

to see how soon a stranger is discovered and pounced

on by several before it has time to alight ; when caught

one bee holds each leg, which it stretches out to its full

extent, the wings are treated in a similar manner, and

in this position they remain quietly about an hour, when

the intruder is usually dead. The object of these robbers

is to steal gum, which is placed about the entrance to

keep vermin away.

On one occasion (December, 1882) two of these hives

threw off swarms simultaneously, which unfortunately

came in-contact with one another, when a deadly fight

ensued, and was continued until the whole were strewn

about in a tangled mass dead, chiefly in and about a box

which they seemed to have fought for; in single combat

they catch each other by the abdomen and tear out the

intestines, never releasing the hold once taken, both in-

variably being killed, The mandibles are well developed,

152 Harold J. Hockings’ notes on two

have two projections* on each in front, and give a very

sharp bite when applied to tender skin.

If the hive be opened roughly, or is being robbed, the

bees attack the operator most determinedly, chiefly in

the hair of the head, beard, and eyelashes, which they

gnaw at and smear with gum; they crawl inside the

clothes, into the ears, nose, and mouth ; very few persons

could work at them long without a veil, in consequence

of their sticking the eyelashes together, and their biting

the lids being very painful. The natives usually kill the

bees by smoke, and take the honey at leisure.

‘“‘ Kootchar,’”’ or the second variety, is slightly more

bulky than the first; when injured or seized between the

fingers it emits a not unpleasant, but somewhat ant-like,

odour, and, although a timid insect, has not so many

enemies as the other variety, chiefly, I believe, owing to

the odour it is capable of emitting, which may also

account for the fact of the other variety, as well as the

wasp, hornet, and honey-bee, avoiding them. Should a

strange insect be placed in their hive they follow it in a

crowd, continuously placing small globules of gummy

matter on to its body; this substance seems to be

extruded from their mouths, and has a slightly greenish

colour when wet, and soon becomes very hard, so that

the stranger in time is unable to move, and it is then

firmly fastened down and quietly dismembered, the parts

being cast from the hive.

The wax of this variety is of a slightly yellowish grey

or buff colour, and produces a beautifully white wax

when carefully melted down, especially when done by

the heat of the sun.

The honey and pollen-pots are a little smaller than

those of the other variety, and the contents may be

easily distinguished on account of the semitransparent

nature of the wax; they (the pollen and honey-pots) are

usually stored in different parts of the hive, the former

within the entrance, the brood-nest in the middle,

and the honey at the back partially surrounding the

brood, the whole presenting a very clean and neat

appearance.

The brood-cells are globular, about one-eighth of an

inch in diameter, and are placed in a conical heap on

the top of one another, without any regularity. As in

* A partly serrated edge.

Australian species of Trigona. 158

the other variety, they are encased in a sheet of wax to

economise the heat necessary for the maturity of the

young.

If the hive is being robbed these bees eat the honey

greedily at first, then get much excited, dashing aimlessly

about in all directions ; they do not attack the operator

as the others do. In habits they are exceedingly in-

dustrious and tractable, but at times quarrel fiercely

among themselves. The entrance to their hive is guarded

or ornamented by a pipe of propolis about an inch in

length, having an exceedingly sticky outer edge; it is by

this pipe alone that access to the hive is gained, and it

extends inside as far as the brood-nest usually, but

sometimes not quite so far.

When the young have reached the second stage of

their existence the wax is almost wholly removed from

the cocoon, which assumes an oblong form; this wax is

probably worked over again (I believe for honey and

pollen-pots), as the bees that form them may sometimes

be seen bringing a small piece of wax in their mandibles

from the passages among the brood-cells. The larva of

the queen spins its cocoon over the whole of its body (as

do drones and workers). I have not observed that these

larve receive any special treatment; the cells are situated

low down in the nest, are much larger than the worker

cells, and the food to all appearance is similar in all

cases, the cells being filled, the eggs deposited and sealed

up in the same way as those which produce workers ;

the same may be said of drones.

In forming brood-cells they build them with a funnel-

shaped mouth, which is either pointed up or outward,

according to the direction in which the nest is being

extended, and fill them with semi-fluid food, which is

prepared in the stomachs of the workers. The egg is

forced into the food by the queen, with one end slightly

protruding ; the funnel-shaped mouth is then imme-

diately closed by a worker-bee—never more than one—

kneading it in so that the cell may assume a globular

form. In doing this the insect works with the point of

its abdomen inserted in the opening, on which it works

as on a pivot, turning around and kneading the wax

with the head until the operation is performed; if the

bee is removed before the completion of the work it is

immediately replaced by another; they seem anxious to

close the cell directly the egg has been deposited. These

154 Harold J. Hockings’ notes on two

various operations, during which great excitement pre-

vails, form an exceedingly interesting sight.

The pollen of this variety is drier or more firm than

with “ Karbi.” As much as fifty pounds of honey

may sometimes be obtained from a nest of these bees,

which is an amazing quantity considering the size of

the insect.

A great many bees of both varieties are white when

hatched, gradually becoming darker, until in about a

week they are as black as the others.

The brood-cells of ‘‘ Karbi’’ are filled and sealed in

the same way as the ‘‘ Kootchar,” but the tops and

bottoms are merely oval, the sides being the same shape

as in Apis mellifica; the mouths are always pointed up-

wards, except with queen-cells, which usually lie hori-

zontally with the mouth outwards.

The queens are quite incapable of flight when the

ovaries are developed, and even appear to walk with

difficulty. At night the entrance of the hive is closed

by numerous minute globules of semi-fluid gum placed

against it, thus forming a thin wall full of air-holes ;

the hive is closed in a similar way during wet weather

and winter.

‘Both varieties have a zigzag darting flight; they

throw off swarms in the same way as other bees, except

that I believe a young queen goes off with the swarm,

the mother staying in the parent hive. A marked

feature in them is that they do not hang together while

building, as Apis mellifica do; each insect acts in-

dependently. There seems to be no cohesion among

them, and, when thoroughly disturbed, they remain

disorganised until nightfall, when they assemble in a

hollow branch, and stand side by side ; under no cireum-

stances do they hang in clusters.

Both varieties are common with us in a wild state.

‘“‘Kootchar ” are only to be found where a sandy soil is

prevalent ; they are plentiful on the coast, but especially

on Stradbroke Island, which seems to be their habitat,

and the inland natives are also of opinion that they

come from the coast. ‘‘ Karbi” are very scarce near

the coast, but abundant inland. The name above given

is applied to them by the inland natives; the coast

tribes call them “ Keelar,” and say they belong to the

bush (interior).

The wings of both varieties project slightly over the

Australian species of Trigona. 155

abdomen. The slightest degree of cold seems to deaden

them, while heat induces activity. They treat their

queens with the greatest respect, and appear even to

fear them. When the young bees have hatched, the

cocoons are removed and placed in a heap, each being

rolled into a ball; this heap is reduced by fits and

starts, and is sometimes not touched for as much as a

month.

The ‘‘Kootchar” are easily united by simply taking

one queen away and packing her brood-nest, bees and

all, against the brood in the hive it is intended to be

joined to; if any bees return to the old hive they may

be shaken in at night and the hive removed. This can-

not be done with ‘“ Karbi,” as they would fight and kill

one another.

When either variety takes up its abode in a space

that is too large for them they partition it off at a con-

venient distance with a wall of Eucalyptus gum mixed

with rubbish, which is added to from time to time, and

gradually becomes very thick and hard. If broken pots

of pollen be placed in a hive when the winter is approach-

ing, the broken parts are covered up with wax to pre-

serve it; but, if put in when the spring has broken, it is

apparently unheeded.

Several small birds eat the ‘‘ Karbi,’”’ but I am not

aware of any eating ‘‘ Kootchar.” Both varieties have

small heaps of soft gum about the size of a pea placed

all over the inside of the hive ; sometimes one is placed

outside the entrance. This substance is similar to that

with which they close their hives at night, and should

their hive by any chance get broken a line of it is placed

around the opening while it is being closed with a firmer

substance.

The moth* is a small grey insect, the female about

seven-sixteenths of an inch in length, the male a little

less, having a remarkable yellow tuft over the whole of

the front of the head. Eyes black ; long, thin, hair-like

antenne; proboscis but slightly developed, about 1-32nd

inch long, and curved inwards; outer wing rounded at

the apex, with slight corrugations running half-way up ;

under wing, much lighter in colour than the outer, runs

to a point at the edge; both wings have a hairy fringe,

but it is fuller and more even on the under. The female

* Achroea grisella, Fabr.—E. A. F.

156 Harold J. Hockings’ notes on two

has a retractile ovipositor, somewhat more than one-

sixteenth of an inch in length. When in repose the

antenne lie back along the wings, which are folded in

the form of a half-cylinder.

It increases very rapidly, and is very destructive to

bees’ combs, especially those containing broods; it

developes itself in the foundation, or division of the

cells, which it gnaws away without injury to the bees

further than that when they come to maturity they are

often unable to emerge from the cell on account of their

being fastened by the silk of these larve, and, should

they emerge, their wings are so fastened with the silk

that they cannot fly, and get lost on leaving the hive.

The bees will destroy them, and cut the combs away to

do so, when their young emerge or die in the cells.

This insect thrives on raw sugar, which is manu-

factured in great quantities in this colony, but I have

noticed that it developes itself more abundantly in im-

ported dried fruits (currants and raisins), which I

believe come from the Mediterranean, and it has

occurred to me that it might possibly have been im-

ported from thence. It cannot be Galleria cereana, as,

from an illustration and description which appeared in

the ‘ British Bee Journal,’ I have identified that as a

larger moth, which differs in several points.

The beetle* is a ‘‘flower-hunter,” but sometimes

attacks the bee-hives here in great numbers.

The specimens sent by Mr. Hockings and exhibited

at the Meeting held on August 1st, 1883, were (1) two

‘* Kootchar ”’ queens; (2) numerous “‘ Kootchar”’ workers;

(3) numerous “‘ Kootehar”’ drones; (4) one ‘‘ Karbi”

queen ; (5) numerous ‘‘ Karbi’ workers; (6) ‘‘ Karbi”

wax and propolis; (7) ‘‘ Kootchar’’ wax and propolis ;

(8) ‘‘Karbi” honey-pots; (9) ‘‘Karbi” brood; (10)

‘* Kootchar’”’ honey-pots; (11) ‘‘ Kootchar ” brood; (12)

“‘Karbi” queen-cell; (13) ‘‘ Kootchar’’ queen-cell; (14)

numerous wasps “‘ from a nest containing thousands,” a

very distinct small Odynerus not in the National Col-

lection ; (15) greenish bees—two specimens of a Nomia

* Protetia mandarinea, Weber.—E, A. F,

Australian species of Trigona. 157

near N. australica, Smith ; (16) sand bees—-two speci-

mens of Allodape simillima, Smith; (17) large bee with

red abdomen—Megachile ustulatus, Smith; (18) Wax

- Moth—Achroea grisella, Fabr.; (19) hive beetle—Protetia

mandarinea, Weber ; (20) smaller but somewhat similar

beetle—EHuryomia brunnipes, Kirby; (21) bright green

beetle—Diphucephalus sp. ?, two specimens unnamed in

the National Collection.—E. A. F.

IT.

part II., Apide.

( 159 )

Synopsis of British Hymenoptera. Anthophila ;

[Read March 5th, 1884. ]

Puates V—XIII.

ACUTILINGUES.

By Epwarp Saunpers, F.L.S.

Div. I].—1stT JoInT oF LABIAL PALPI MANY TIMES LONGER

(2) 1.

(1) 2.

(28) 3.

(15) 4.

(8) 5.

(7) 6.

(6) 7.

(5) 8.

(12) 9.

11) 10.

(10) 11.

(9) 12.

(14) 13.

(13) 14.

(4) 15.

(17) 16.

(16) 17.

(23) 18.

(20) 19.

(19) 20.

(22) 21.

(21) 22.

(18) 23.

(25) 24.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884,—PaRT II.

THAN APICAL.

2nd and 3rd joints of labial palpi subequal

3rd joint of labial palpi much shorter than 2nd.

2nd joint of labial palpi more than half as long

as Ist.

Basal joint of labial palpi longer than 2nd.

Anterior wings with two submarginal cells.

Species dull; tongue longer than the palpi ; inter-

mediate calcaria in ? ia paee and toothed

like a saw .. -

Species shining ; tongue shiartat Hes the pala ;

intermediate calcaria in 9 short and simple

Anterior wings with three submarginal cells.

Maxillary palpi 6-jointed.

Abdomen short and subclavate, blue or metallic

Abdomen subovate, pointed at the apex, brown

or black with yellow markings ..

Maxillary palpi with one or five joints.

Maxillary palpi with one joint only

Maxillary palpi with five joints ..

Basal joint of labial palpi shorter than ond.

Scutellum spined at the sides P

Scutellum not spined.

Maxillary palpi 2-jointed.

& with the apex of the abdomen not denticulated

or emarginate; 9 without a ventral brush

3S with the apex of the abdomen denticulated or

emarginate; 9 with a ventral pollen brush.

Abdomen with yellow markings ..

Abdomen without yellow markings

Maxillary palpi 3- or 4-jointed.

Maxillary palpi 4-jointed ..

Panurgus.

Rophites.

Dufourea.

Ceratina.

Nomada.

Epeolus.

Melecta.

Calioxys.

Stelis.

Anthidium.

Megachile.

Osmia.

(JULY.) M

160 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

(24) 25. Maxillary palpi 3-jointed.

(27) 26. Apical joint of labial palpi much shorter than

3rd; 1st segment of abdomen not carinated at

the base sic Chelostoma.

(26) 27. Apical and 3rd soins of iabtal maig Enea ual

1st segment of abdomen carinated at the base Heriades.

(8) 28. 2nd joint of labial palpi not half so long as Ist.

(30) 29. Anterior wings with two submarginal cells .. Eucera.

(29) 30. Anterior wings with three submarginal cells.

(32) 31. Maxillary palpi 6-jointed . Se .. Anthophora.

(31) 32. Maxillary palpi with one, a or four spate

(34) 33. Maxillary palpi with four joints . 40 .. Saropoda.

(33) 34. Maxillary palpi with one or two saints

(88) 35. Maxillary palpi 2-jointed.

(37) 36. Mandibles of g fringed with stiff curled hairs ;

posterior tibie of @ and 8 concave and shining

externally . te Bombus.

(36) 37. Mandibles of oS not feed sath stiff pore

hairs ; posterior tibie of 9 convex and hairy Psithyrus.

(35) 38. Maxillary palpi with one joint .. 3¢ an elas

Panuraus, Panz.

Panz., Krit. Revision, Band u., p. 209 (1806).

‘Wings with two submarginal cells; labial palpi 4-jointed ; maxil-

lary palpi 6-jointed; 2nd and 38rd joints of labial palpi subequal ;

3 with all the eight ventral segments of the abdomen exposed,

the 7th largely emarginate, the 3rd narrow and andreniform ;

species black, shining, clothed with black hairs. Antenne in

the f scarcely longer than in the 92; base of the posterior tibie

with a patella.

(2) 1. Smaller; § with a large blunt spine on the pos-

terior femora; ? with the surface of the abdo-

men above nearly naked, and the pene dull

brownish yellow .. - calearatus.

(1) 2. Larger; g with the Saginacn Bigs ee 9

with the surface of the abdomen above rather

densely clothed with EMEP ee hairs; pees bright

golden a 50 -. ursinus.

1. Panurgus calcaratus, Scop. (Pl. V., fig. 2—2b).

Scop., Ent. Carn., p. 301; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 106.

Black, shining; antenne fulvous towards the apex, rarely

entirely black; posterior femora with a large blunt tooth beneath ;

? with the scope dull ochreous yellow,

British Hymenoptera. 161

3. Head somewhat round, wider than the thorax, shining,

punctured, densely clothed with sooty black hairs; clypeus very

deeply emarginate in front; labrum depressed in the centre and

very highly polished, its sides hairy; antenne slightly thickened

towards the apex. Thorax shining, finely, remotely, and irregu-

larly punctured, sparingly clothed with erect sooty black hairs ;

metathorax with its basal area finely and longitudinally wrinkled

at the base. Abdomen subovate, shining, sparingly clothed with

short suberect hairs; segments depressed at the apex, punctured at

the base, apical fringe sooty brown; beneath with the 6th segment

narrowly emarginate in the centre, the 7th scarcely visible, 8th

produced, narrow, with its apex widened (for genitalia see Pl. V.,

figs.2—2b). Legs clothed with pale hairs; posterior femora with a

large truncate spine beneath; posterior tibie curved, thickened at

the apex, with a tuft of long hairs above the middle, on their inner

side.

@. Very like the 3, but with the head smaller, scarcely wider

than the thorax. Metathorax with the basal area finely wrinkled

and depressed; beyond it with the surface smooth, but not very

shining. Abdomen oval, convex, very finely punctured, anal

fimbria sooty brown, apical dorsal valve rugosely punctured, nar-

rowly raised down the middle; beneath punctured, legs clothed

with sooty brown hairs, posterior tibie with the scope greyish

brown, although often covered with bright yellow pollen. Length,

7—8 mm.

Hab. Wandsworth, Blackheath, Chobham, Bourne-

mouth, Hastings, Isle of Wight, 8. Devon, Penzance,

&ce. Burrows in the ground on sandy and gravelly com-

mons, &c.

2. Panurgus ursinus, Gmel. (Pl. V., fig. 1—1 D).

Gmel., Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. xiil., p. 2790 = Banksi-

anus, Kirb., Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed. p. 107.

. Larger than the preceding; g with the coxe, femora, and tibiz

simple; 9 with the scope bright golden.

3. Black, clothed with black hairs. Head scarcely wider

than the thorax, covered with sooty black hairs. Thorax shin-

ing, finely and remotely punctured; metathorax with its basal

area bounded by a wide, smooth, and shining line. Abdomen

clothed with black hairs; segments deeply impressed and glabrous

at the apex and more or less piceous; apical fringe sooty black;

genitalia testaceous (see Pl. V., figs. 1—16); beneath with the 6th

segment deeply emarginate; 7th foveated at the base, narrowed

and slightly emarginate at the apex; 8th narrow and rounded at

162 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

the apex. Legs clothed with fulvous hairs; tarsi pale piceous,

except the basal joint.

¢. Black, shining; head densely, thorax somewhat sparsely,

clothed with black hairs; mesothorax finely and remotely punc-

tured; metathorax smooth, with the basal area undefined. Abdo-

men subelliptic, sparsely clothed with rather long fine brown hairs,

the apex of each segment impressed and somewhat piceous; apical

fringe brown; beneath rather densely clothed with brown hairs,

5th segment largely emarginate at the apex. Legs clothed with

golden hairs; posterior tibia and metatarsi, and the apices of all

the tarsi, testaceous. Scope bright golden. Length,.9—10 mm.

Hab. A common species in many localities. London

District; Chobham; Hastings; Bournemouth; Sidmouth;

Barmouth, N. Wales; Norwich; &c. Burrows in the

ground, and is chiefly found in sandy localities. Smith

records dentipes as British on a single specimen in the

collection of the British Museum. Should this species

occur in this country it can easily be recognised by the

spinose or dentate posterior trochanters and {simple

femora of the g¢, and by the highly polished surface of

the metathorax of the ?, the basal area of which is

not longitudinally striate. It is of the same size as

cdlearatus.

Ropuitses, Spin.

Spin., Ins. Lig., ii., p. 9.

Species dull and pubescent, halictiform, but wings with two sub-

marginal cells; labial palpi 4-jointed; maxillary palpi 6-jointed;

tongue narrow and elongate, much longer than the palpi, reaching

to the abdomen; g§ with the 7th segment hidden, produced at each

side into a long process; the 8th very narrow and long, widened

and spoon-shaped at the apex, which is just visible beyond the 6th;

posterior tibiz with a patella at the base. Antenne of g con-

siderably longer than those of the 9°.

1. Rophites qunquespinosus, Spin. (Pl. V., fig. 3—8d.)

Spin, dns. Liss ai yape 72:

@. Head black, clothed with brown hairs, very finely and

closely punctured; face longer than wide. Antenne reaching to

the prothorax. Thorax black, very finely and closely punctured,

and densely clothed with short brown hairs; tegule piceous;

wings subhyaline, darker at the apex; metathorax dull, radiately

striate at the base, closely punctured posteriorly. Abdomen dull,

closely, finely, and evenly punctured, black, clothed with very

British Hymenoptera. 163

short hairs, the apical margin of each segment narrowly piceous,

and clothed with a band of pale ochreous decumbent hairs, that of

the basal segment interrupted, that of the 5th and 6th segments

golden ; 5th segment simple ; 6th with the dorsal valve triangular,

its margins narrowly raised; beneath punctured, apical margin of

the segments pale and clothed with pale hairs. Legs clothed with

golden hairs; intermediate calearia very long and pale, inwardly

serrate ; apical joints of the tarsitestaceous. Length, 9 mm.

The 3 has not yet occurred in this country, but may

be at once recognised by its pale antenne and the spines

on its 6th ventral segment (for genitalia, &c., see Pl. V.,

figs. 8—8d).

Hab. Guestling, near Hastings. Two specimens

taken by the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, to whom I am

greatly indebted for the specimen from which this de-

scription is drawn up. ‘The ? very closely resembles

an Halictus, but its wings, which have only two sub-

marginal cells, its long narrow tongue, and simple 5th

dorsal segment, i.e., without the central rima, will at

once distinguish it.

Durovurga, Lep.

Lepeletier, Hist. Nat. des Ins., Hym. ii., p. 226.

Very like a small Panurgus, but with the gj narrower than the

¢, and with longer antenne; 3rd joint of labial palpi much

shorter than 2nd; wings with two submarginal cells; six ventral

segments and the tip of the 8th visible in the #; 7th ventral seg-

ment of the g deeply cleft; 8th very narrow and elongate; species

black and shining ; posterior tibize with a patella.

1. Dufourea vulgaris, Schenck. (Pl. V., fig. 4—4c).

Schenck, Jahr. Ver. Nat. Herz. Nassau, xiv., p. 206.

Both sexes black and shining, calcaria pale, tarsi more or less

piceous.

3. Head shining, rugosely punctured, clothed with ochreous

hairs; face nearly round. Antenne reaching not quite to the

tecule, entirely black; mandibles pitchy red. Thorax smooth and

shining, remotely and irregularly punctured, sparingly clothed with

ochreous hairs; wings subhyaline, nervures dark piceous ; meta-

thorax radiately wrinkled at the base, its brow semicircular. Abdo-

men elongate, shining, the segments remotely punctured at the

base and sparsely clothed with ochreous hairs, glabrous and im-

punctate, and more or less impressed at the apex; apical dorsal

164 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

valve narrow and pale at the apex; beneath shining, punctured

(for genitalia see Pl. V., figs. 4—4c). Legs clothed with pale hairs ;

calearia pale.

¢. Something like a very small Panwrgus in shape. Head

rather closely punctured; clypeus with a few very large shallow

punctures, fringed in front with golden hairs; mandibles pitchy

red. Thorax above very shining and almost glabrous, very remotely

punctured, more hairy round the sides; wings as in the 9; meta-

thorax finely rugose. Abdomen somewhat depressed and sub-

elliptic, the segments sparsely punctured and clothed with pale

hairs at the base, very shining and glabrous, and somewhat piceous

and impressed at the apex; apical fringe brown; 6th dorsal valve

piceous; beneath with the segments punctured at their apex, and

clothed with pale hairs, their apical margins pale; 5th with a

transverse carina; 6th testaceous. Legs with pale hairs. Length,

6—7 mm.

Hab. Undercliff near Chewton, Hants. One 3, Aug.

12th, 1879, Sir S. S. Saunders; Woking, Aug. Ist, 1881,

one ?, Mr. T. R. Billups, who has very generously pre-

sented me with the specimen. These are the only

recorded captures of this species in England.

Nomapa, F'abr.

Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 388.

Wings with three submarginal cells; labial palpi 4-jointed ;

maxillary palpi 6-jointed; g with the clypeus densely hairy, and

with the 8th abdominal ventral segment produced at the apex into

a somewhat elongate curved process, spinose or hairy at the sides,

and generally terminating in two recurved teeth or spines; 7th

ventral, shaped like the 6th; only six ventral segments exposed ;

genital armature with the cardo very large, and with the apices of

the lacinie generally very densely tufted with hairs; 9 with the

6th ventral segment flat and truncate, armed at each side of the

truncature with several thick curved spines.

A genus of elegantly-shaped bees, generally banded on

the abdomen with yellow and brown or black, so as

somewhat to resemble a wasp. ‘The species, so far as we

know, are all parasitic on other Hymenoptera.

(32) 1. Labrum pale, or with only slightly darker spots ;

species not very small.

(3) 2. Metathorax posteriorly bright and shining at the

sides ate Roberjeotiana.

British Hymenoptera.

(2) 38. Metathorax posteriorly not bright and shining

at the sides.

(7) 4. Scutellum not raised, entirely flavous, or with a

single flavous spot in the middle.

(6) 5. Abdomen with lateral spots; antenne dark ..

(5) 6. Abdomen with continuous bands; antenne pale

(4) 7. Scutellum more or less raised, with two reddish

or flavous spots ; or entirely immaculate.

(17) 8. Markings of 2nd and following abdominal seg-

ments black and yellow, sharply defined.

(10) 9. Head somewhat rostrate ; the portion in front of

the eyes, viewed sideways, much longer than

that behind them ; oe Ee ne

(9) 10. Head not rostrate; viewed sideways, with its

anterior portion not longer than the posterior.

(12) 11. Abdominal bands, with the exception of the 1st,

entire; apex of the posterior tibia in the 9?

armed outwardly with two thick curved spines

(11) 12. One or more of the abdominal bands, besides the

1st, interrupted; posterior tibie in the 9? at

the apex outwardly unarmed or with several

fine spines.

(14) 13. g, antenne short, almost entirely black; 2nd

and 8rd joints of flagellum subequal; scutellum

with two large conspicuous yellow spots; 9,

antenne dark ; posterior tibia unarmed

(13) 14. g, antenne long, only dark above at the base ;

2nd joint of flagellum not so long as 3rd; spots

of scutellum small, if any; 9, antenne pale;

posterior tibie armed outwardly with fine

spines.

(16) 15. Tegule flavous ; 3rd joint of the antennz in the

3, looked at from beneath, not half so long as

the 4th; 3rd joint of the antenne in the 9

much shorter than the 4th a ae

(15) 16. Tegule almost always ferruginous ; 3rd joint of

antenne in the g beneath more than half the

length of the 4th ; 38rd in the 9 almost as long

as the 4th se 36 oe ot 5¢

(8) 17. Markings of abdomen brown and yellow, or,

if black, then with the black margined with

brown.

(19) 18. g with the joints of the antenne tuberculated

beneath; 9 with the tubercles of the prothorax

and two spots on the scutellum flavous ; the

pubescence of the thorax bright fulvous-red

(18) 19. § with the antenne simple; 9 with the spots

on the scutellum not flavous ; pubescence of

the thorax not bright fulvous-red.

(29) 20. Mandibles acute at the apex.

(22) 21. Markings of abdomen cream-coloured or nearly

white ona clear brownish red ground ; pos-

terior tibia in both sexes with five long equal

spines, pale in the g’, black in the 9 3c

165

solidaginis.

fucata.

6-fasciata.

succincta.

jacobee.

lineola.

alternata.

Lathburiana.

alboguttata

166 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

(21) 22. Markings of abdomen yellow ona brown ground ;

posterior tibie often spined, but the spines

unequal and irregular, or short and stout.

(24) 23. Apex of posterior tibie in the @ with three

short thick spines e guttulata.

(23) 24. Apex of posterior tibie in 2 with long sceeietee

pale spines.

(28) 25. Scape of the antenne entirely black in the ¢:

mesothorax entirely black in the 9.

(27) 26. Prothoracic tubercles entirely flavous in the g 3

margined with flavous in the 3 . lateralis.

(26) 27. Prothoracic tubercles ferruginous in both sexes _ borealis.

(25) 28. Scape of antenne flavyous beneath in the g';

mesothorax in the 9 more or less atria with

red : : .- ruficornis.

(20) 29. Mandibles bifid or eS at the apex.

(31) 30. Mandibles bifid Se bifida.

(30) 31. Mandibles simply truncate ochrostoma.

(41) 40. g face entirely black; 9 antenne with a wide

black band below the apex Fabriciana.

(40) 41. $ face at the sides above the mentee clypeus, :

and mandibles, flavous; 9 antenne entirely

pale - a6 .. flavoguttata.

(37) 42. Very small ineea! anteats pale furva.

Lie

. d@ antenns apie

. Labrum black, or species very small fehl:

. Head without a sharp keel between the antenne

. Head with a sharp keel between the antenne.

. @, anterior femora flattened and dilated; 9?

with an elevated tooth on the labrum ; species

large

. g anterior femora siniplas! g ines siaaile:

. Labrum black.

. O with the 8rd, 4th, and 5th joints of the

flagellum somewhat swollen, the 5th to the

9th with a small tubercle beneath; 9 antenne

short; 2nd and 3rd beh of flagellum sub-

equal

9 sain Gag ; ard sii

of flagellum much longer than 2nd.

Nomada fucata, Panz.

obtusifrons.

armata.

ferruginata.

(Pl. VI., figs. 8—3 0).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 55, 19 = varia, Panz., Smith,

Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 119.

Black. Antenne clear rufo-testaceous, those of the # with a

black spot on the 7th and 8th joints above. Thorax with flavous

markings ; scutellum with a single central spot. Abdomen banded

with yellow ; basal segment brownish red on the disk.

3S. Head and thorax black, clothed with pale hairs, dull, largely

and rugosely punctured; mandibles, labrum and clypeus, clothed

with silvery hairs, the sides of the face above the mandibles

British Hymenoptera. 167

yellow; mandibles short, curved, and pointed, their apices piceous.

Antenne clear rufo-testaceous; scape flavous in front; 2nd joint of

the flagellum slightly shorter than the 8rd; 6th and 7th joints of

the flagellum, and sometimes the 8th, with a black spot above.

- Thorax with two spots on the collar; the tubercles, tegule, and a

spot on the mesopleure in front, flavous ; wings with the nervures

testaceous; scutellum entirely, or with a central spot, flavous.

Abdomen finely punctured, black; basal segment with a brownish

red central band; each of the others with a yellow band, slightly

narrowed in the middle; apical dorsal valve deeply incised ; beneath

punctured and banded with yellow; 6th segment densely ciliated

with hairs at the apex; 7th flattened and narrowed towards the

apex, which is truncate ; 8th narrow and recurved at the apex, with

several spines pointing backwards from the apex, and a few smaller

ones on the sides pointing forwards towards it (for genitalia, &c., see

Pl. VI., figs. 3—3 6). Legs testaceous ; femora at the base black.

g. Very like the 9, but with the antenne of a deeper colour,

and not spotted above; the scape concolorous; markings of the

face of a deeper colour, more inclining to testaceous, clypeus not

hairy; markings of the thorax and abdomen as in the g; Sth

segment beneath with an apical fringe of thick stiff recurved hairs ;

6th flat and truncate at the apex, the sides near the apex with

thick curved testaceous spines. Legsasinthe g. Length, 10—

12 mm.

Hab. Darenth; Hastings, parasitic on Andrena fulvi-

crus, August, 1879; Eastbourne; Sandown Bay, Isle of

Wight. F. Smith says that it is parasitic on Halictus

rubicundus and leucozonius.

This species may be at once recognised by the brown

basal segment of its abdomen and the single spot on the

scutellum.

2. Nomada solidaginis, Panz. (Pl. VI., figs. 2—2b).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 72, 21; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 127.

Black. Abdomen sometimes brown. Thorax with yellow mark-

ings; scutellum with a single yellow spot; abdomen with yellow

lateral spots on the 2nd and 3rd segments, and entire bands on the

following.

g- Head and thorax black, largely and closely punctured,

clothed with short pale hairs; mandibles, labrum, clypeus, and

face at the sides of the clypeus, flavous; mandibles short and

pointed, piceous towards the apex. Antenne short; scape flavous

beneath ; flagellum piceous beneath, black above, its 2nd joint as

168 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

long or longer than the 38rd and following joints, transverse.

Thorax with two spots on the collar, the tubercles, tegula, and an

oval spot on the mesopleure, flavous; wings dusky, nervures

pitchy ; scutellum with a single flavous spot. Abdomen black or

rarely brown, shining, finely punctured, except at the extreme apex

of each segment; 1st segment immaculate, 2nd and 8rd with a

large yellow spot on each side, 4th with an entire yellow band, and

5th and 6th almost entirely yellow; 7th black, rounded at the apex ;

beneath black, shining, and punctured, except at the apex of each

segment; 7th segment smooth and convex, and narrowly rounded

at the apex; 8th shaped much like the 7th, but flatter, and armed

at the apex on each side with a long upcurved spine and several

shorter ones along the sides of the segment (for genitalia, &c., see

Pl. VI., figs. 2—26). Legs testaceous-red, flavous at the knees;

posterior femora black at the base; posterior cox with a yellow

spot.

@. Very like the 3, but with the ground colour of the abdo-

men often brown, the labrum and scape of the antenne ferruginous,

the clypeus not hairy and of a more ferruginous colour, the

mandibles flavous only at the base, the thorax and abdomen

coloured as in the g; 5th ventral segment with a fringe of strong

black curved hairs on each side at the apex; 6th flat and impressed

in the centre, truncate at the apex, with three or four curved spines

at each side of the truncature. Legs coloured much as in the g,

but posterior femora with only a black stripe on their inner surface.

Length, 8—9 mm.

Hab. Common on Senecio, &c., in July and August,

and widely distributed. EF. Smith says that it is para-

sitic on Halictus leucozonius, and probably also on H.

cylindricus.

This little species can hardly be confounded with any

other ; it is most like Jacobee, but its single spotted

scutellum will distinguish it at once.

3. Nomada sexfasciata, Panz. (Pl. VI., figs. 4—4b).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 62, 18; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 1380.

Black; clypeus produced so as to give the head a rostrate

appearance ; mouth, tegule, and two spots on the scutellum, an

interrupted band on the first three segments of the abdomen, and

an entire band on the others, yellow; legs yellow in the @, testa-

ceous in the 9.

g. Head and thorax dull, closely and rugosely punctured,

rather densely clothed with brownish grey hairs; the portion in

British Hymenoptera. 169

front of the eyes more produced than in the other species of the

genus; this is caused partly by the greater length of the cheeks

from the eye to the clypeus, and partly by the length of the clypeus

itself; mandibles pointed at the apex, not nearly touching the

eyes, flavous, with their apices piceous; labrum and clypeus flavous,

the latter with a triangular black patch at the base; sides of the

face below the antenne flavous; face below the antenne densely

clothed with silvery hairs. Antenne fulvous, the scape beneath

flavous, above black; the flagellum black above as far as the 6th

joint; 3rd joint only a trifle shorter than the 2nd. Thorax entirely

black, except the yellow margins of the tegule ; wings with piceous

nervures; scutellum with two small yellow spots or spotless.

Abdomen black, finely punctured; Ist, 2nd, and 8rd segments each

with a large lateral yellow spot ; 4th, 5th, and 6th with a continuous

band; apical dorsal valve almost entire; 6th and 7th segments

clothed with golden hairs; beneath with the segments densely

fringed at the apex with golden hairs; 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments

yellow at the base; 6th at the apex, and densely clothed with

golden hairs on the yellow portion ; 7th segment narrowly rounded ;

8th with a long apical projection, strongly curved, and with a few

long hairs on each side of the apex; also with its basal portion

clothed with long hairs in front (for genitalia, &c., see Pl. VI.,

figs. 4—46). Legs yellow; posterior and intermediate femora

black beneath.

@. Very like the g, but more shining, and with brighter

markings. Head and thorax clothed with fulvous golden hairs;

markings of the face as in the g, but of a deeper yellow; scape of

the antenne fulvous in front; flagellum fulvous, slightly darker

towards the apex. Thorax as in the g, but the tegule nearly

entirely yellow; scutellum with two large yellow spots. Abdomen

spotted and banded as in the g; segments beneath not fringed at

the apex; 5th with a tuft of golden hairs on each side; 6th smooth

and truncate at the apex, with several curved spines on each side

of the truncature. Legs fulvous ; femora black at the base. Length,

13—15 mm.

Hab. Parasitic on EHucera longicornis, and not rare

in many localities in May and June; near Highgate ;

Southgate; Southend; Norwich; Chobham; Hastings,

one ¢ in August, 1879.

Easily recognised by its large size and subrostrate

head.

170 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

4. Nomada succincta, Panz. (Pl. VI., figs. 9—9 b).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 55, 21; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 182.

Tegule and tubercles, and two spots on the scutellum (often

absent in the 3), flavous; abdomen with entire flavous bands on

all the segments, except the basal one; posterior tibie in the 9

armed outwardly with two thick curved pale spines.

3. Black; head and thorax densely and rugosely punctured,

densely clothed with brownish grey hairs ; mandibles flavous, thick,

pointed, and carinated down the middle, flavous, with the apex

piceous ; labrum, clypeus, except the extreme base, sides of the

face below the antenne, and scape of the antenne in front, flavous.

Antenne fulvous, black above as far as the 8th joint. Thorax

with two spots on the collar; the tubercles and tegule citron-

yellow ; mesopleure with a yellow anterior margin; wings with

testaceous nervures; scutellum with two small yellow spots.

Abdomen finely punctured; basal segment with an interrupted

yellow band; the following five each with a continuous band

of the same colour; apical dorsal segment sharply emarginate,

sparingly clothed with golden hairs; beneath shining, punctured,

except at the apex of each segment; 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th with a

central yellow band; 6th segment yellow at the apex; 7th smooth,

narrowly rounded at the apex; 8th with a long narrow apical pro-

duction, its extremity curved upwards, and armed on each side

with many long spines, those towards the apex longest (for geni-

talia, &c., see Pl. VI., figs. 9—9 6). Legs fulvous-yellow, with paler

markings; femora posteriorly black; posterior tibie somewhat

truncate at the apex and unarmed, with a slight tubercle on the

inner angle of the truncature; posterior trochanters densely hairy

beneath.

¢g. Very like the g, but with the mandibles pale piceous; the

labrum piceous, black on the disk; clypeus black, piceous at the

extreme apical margin. Antenne entirely fulvous. Thorax as in

the J, but less hairy; the spots of the scutellum larger, and the

metathorax often with a spot on each side. Abdomen coloured

as in the g; 5th segment beneath with a tuft of long brownish

hairs on each side ; 6th somewhat truncate, with curved spines on

each side. Legs fulvous; femora black at the base; posterior

tibie outwardly armed with two or three thick, much curved,

piceous spines. Length, 11—13 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed and common in April. I

have taken it as late as June.

British Hymenoptera. nee

5. Nomada lineola, Panz. (Pl. VI., figs. 5—5 b).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 53, 23; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

Qnd ed., p. 129.

Antenne rufo-testaceous, dark at the base above in the g, their

joints longer than wide; 2nd joint of the flagellum in the § not

nearly half as long as the 8rd; in the 9 about half as long as the

8rd; tegule, tubercles, and two spots on the scutellum (often

absent in the $), citron-yellow. Abdomen with interrupted flavous

bands.

g. Very like the preceding species in colour, except as regards

the interruption of the 2nd and 8rd abdominal bands, and, although

this character will always serve to distinguish it, the following

points of structure can be more safely relied upon: the 2nd joint of

the flagellum is much shorter in proportion to the 3rd, and, looked

at from beneath, is not nearly half its length; the apical portion of

the 8th abdominal segment is slenderer, and the sides near the

apex are armed with finer paler spines (for genitalia, &ec., see Pl. VI.,

figs. 5—5 b) ; the posterior coxe are less densely hairy, and the tibie

are armed at the apex with fine long spines.

9. Differs from that of swecincta in the same points of colora-

tion as the g, but it wants the yellow line at the sides of the face

so characteristic of 9 swecincta; structurally it may be dis-

tinguished at once by the 2nd joint of the flagellum of the antenne

being scarcely more than half so long as the 3rd, and by the pos-

terior tibie being armed at the apex outwardly with numerous

dark spines, Length, 10—13 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed, and not uncommon in

April and May. Parasitic on various spring species of

Andrena.

This species is very variable in the extent of the yellow

colour ; sometimes the basal segment of the abdomen is

banded with yellow, sometimes with red; sometimes the

bands of the 2nd and 8rd segments are widely inter-

rupted, sometimes almost entire; in fact very little

dependence can be placed on the coloration for specific

characters ; still, in all its varieties, the species may be

recognised without failure by careful observation of the

points of structure enumerated above.

172 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

6. Nomada alternata, Kirb. (Pl. VI., figs. 6—6 0).

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 182 = Marshamella, Kirb. ;

Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 131.

Antenne coloured as in the last species, its jomts longer than

wide; 2nd joint of flagellum in the f half or more than half the

length of the 3rd; in the ? about the same length as the 3rd;

tegule testaceous-brown; tubercles generally more or less flavous ;

two spots on the scutellum (often wanting in the ¢) flavous.

Abdomen with interrupted flavous bands; apical spines of the pos-

terior tibie in the 9? pale.

gf. Only differs from the preceding by the longer 2nd joint of

the flagellum and the shorter 3rd, and by the testaceous, not

flavous, tegule, and by usually having a black streak on the tibie

posteriorly (for genitalia, &., see Pl. VI., figs. 6—6 0).

?. Differs from the preceding by the longer 2nd joint of the

flagellum, the testaceous tegule, and the pale spines of the posterior

tibie. Length, 10—13 mm.

Very variable, like the preceding species, in the extent

of the yellow markings.

Hab. Generally distributed, and common in April

and May. Parasitic on Andrena nigroenea and atriceps ;

and F'. Smith says he has observed it in the burrows of

Eucera.

7. Nomada jacobee, Panz. (Pl. VI, figs. 8—8D).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 72, 20; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 128.

A shorter and more compact insect than either of the preceding.

Antenne with the flagellum almost entirely black in both sexes, its

joints as wide, or nearly as wide, as long; 2nd and 8rd joints in

the g subequal; 8rd in the 9 distinctly shorter than the 2nd;

tegule, tubercles, and scutellar spots very prominent and flavous.

Abdomen with interrupted bands; posterior tibie outwardly un-

armed.

gd. Head and thorax black, almost glabrous, largely and

densely punctured; mandibles, except the piceous apices, labrum,

clypeus, except the extreme base, and face at the sides of the

clypeus, flavous; face below the antenne clothed with silvery

hairs. Antenne short, black above throughout their length; scape

flavous beneath; flagellum piceous beneath, its 2nd and 3rd joints

subequal; prothorax with the collar and tubercles, mesothorax

with the tegule, and a round spot on each of the mesopleure

British Hymenoptera. 173

beneath, flavous; wings smoky; 1st transverse median nervure

uniting with the cubital at the base of the furcature ; scutellum

with two large yellow spots. Abdomen finely punctured, some-

what shining, with an almost entire band on the Ist segment, a

widely interrupted band on the 2nd and 3rd, and an entire band on

the 4th, 5th, and 6th flavous; apical dorsal valve black: beneath

black; 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments widely flavous at the base, their

apical margins shining and impunctate; 6th densely hairy in the

centre ; 7th smooth and shining; 8th with the central process very

long, not widened at the apex, armed on each side just below the

apex with a very large strong spine, the sides of the process below

it fringed with hairs (for genitalia see Pl. VI., figs. 8—86). Legs

clear orange-testaceous ; cox, trochanters, and the posterior femora

at the base, black; posterior tibiz outwardly unarmed.

@. Very like the # in colour, but with the mandibles, labrum,

clypeus, and scape testaceous, not flavous; the antenne with the

2nd joint of the flagellum longer than the 8rd; the metathorax

with a small flavous spot on each side; apical dorsal valve tes-

taceous-brown; 5th segment beneath densely clothed with hairs at

the sides of the apex; 6th with lateral spines. Legs as in the 3;

posterior tibie unarmed. Length, 10—12 mm.

Hab. On Senecio in July and August; not very com-

mon, but widely distributed.

8. Nomada Lathburiana, Kirb. (PI. VIL, figs. 5—5 b).

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 188; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 117.

Abdomen in both sexes with continuous yellow bands, its base

brown; $ with the joints of the antennex, except the four at the

base, with a small grain-like tubercle beneath on each; @ with the

pubescence of the thorax red.

g. Head and thorax black, clothed with ochreous hairs ;

mandibles yellow, simple, their apices brown; labrum, clypeus,

a spot above it, sides of the face, and scape of the antenne in front,

yellow. Antenne fulvous, with the first six or seven joints black

above; the 5th to the 13th bearing beneath a small grain-like

tubercle on each. Thorax largely and very closely punctured ;

tubercles yellow; tegule testaceous; wings slightly brownish,

nervures testaceous. Abdomen brownish black; the basal segment

with a paler brown band across the middle; the remaining seg-

ments with a wide yellow basal band on each; 8th segment with

the central process only slightly widened at the apex, the sides with

rather long somewhat reflexed hairs (for genitalia, &c., see Pl. VII.,

figs. 5—5b). Legs fulvous; femora black beneath.

174 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

9. Larger than the #, with the parts of the face which are

yellow in the $ fulvous-red. Antenne simple, entirely fulvous,

except the basal joint, which is black above. Thorax clothed with

short reddish hairs; tubercles yellow; tegulz testaceous ; scutellum

with two yellow tubercles. Abdomen coloured as in the g'; legs

fulvous-red; posterior femora black ; posterior tibize armed at the

apex with a short blunt tooth, and two or three short thick pale

spines. Length, 11—13 mm.

Hab. Hampstead, Highgate, Scotland, Devonshire.

F. Smith says it has been observed about the burrows

of Andrena labialis, and also those of “A. rufa” (2? A.

fulva). Schmiedeknecht, in his ‘ Apide Huropexe,’ says

it is parasitic on Andrena pratensis ; so that probably,

as Smith remarks, it is one of those bees that are para-

sitic on several species.

9. Nomada alboguttata, H.-Schiff. (Pl. VI., figs. 7.—7b).

H.-Schaff., Germ. Zeitsch., i., p. 282 = baccata, Smith,

Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 120.

2nd joint of the flagellum in the g much shorter than the 3rd;

2nd and 8rd in the ¢ subequal. Mesothorax entirely black in

the J, in the ¢ with red vitte. Abdomen bright rufo-testaceous,

with cream-coloured lateral spots; posterior tibiz in the g with

five long pale spines; in the ? with five black ones, all of about

equal length.

3d. Head and thorax black, largely and rugosely punctured,

clothed with long grey hairs; mandibles rather stout, flavous, and

pointed, their points piceous; labrum pale flavous, densely clothed

with long silvery hairs, its sides and the clypeus flavous. Antenne

with the scape flavous in front; flagellum rufo-testaceous, its first

four or five joints black above; 8rd joint of flagellum much longer

than the 2nd. Thorax with the tubercles, at least in front, flavous ;

tegule testaceous; mesopleure clothed with long white hairs, with

a small yellow spot on each in front; wings slightly dusky; scu-

tellum with two yellow spots more or less bordered with orange,

Abdomen bright rufo-testaceous, each segment more or less black at

the apex laterally; base of the 1st segment black; disk generally

with two yellow spots; 2nd with a large lateral cream-coloured

spot on each side at the base; 8rd, 4th, and 5th with smaller spots;

6th with a central spot ; apical dorsal valve clothed with long pale

hairs, its apex narrowly emarginate; beneath entirely rufo-

testaceous, shining; 5th segment densely hairy; 3rd and 4th

segments sometimes with a pale line in the middle; 8th segment

British Hymenoptera. 175

with the apical process winged on each side nearly to its apex,

which is widened and armed on each side with fine pale spines (for

genitalia see Pl. VI., figs. 7—7 b). Legs rufo-testaceous; intermediate

and posterior femora black at the extreme base; posterior tibie

armed outwardly at the apex with five long nearly equal pale

spines.

9. Rather darker than the $; mandibles, clypeus, sides of the

face, and antenne rufo-testaceous; 2nd and 8rd joints of flagellum

subequal; prothorax and tubercles testaceous; mesothorax with a

rufo-testaceous vitta at each side, and two others down its disk;

mesopleure with a large rufo-testaceous spot; tegule testaceous ;

scutellum testaceous; metathorax with two small rufo-testaceous

spots at the base in the basal enclosure, and two larger ones below,

its sides clothed with shining silvery hairs. Abdomen bright rufo-

testaceous, black at the extreme base; each segment slightly darker

towards the apex; a large spot on each side of the 2nd segment, a

smaller one on each side of the 3rd, a transverse narrow spot on

each side of the 4th, almost extending to the centre, and a square

spot on the 5th, cream-coloured; beneath rufo-testaceous. Legs

rufo-testaceous; femora at the extreme base more or less black;

posterior tibiz armed at the apex outwardly with five equally long

curved black spines. Length, 7—9 mm.

Hab. On heaths, and parasitic on Andrena argentata.

Woking, Sandhurst, Farnborough, Bournemouth, &c.

This species varies considerably in the extent of the

testaceous colour. On the Continent a large form of it

is known, the 5-spinosa of Thomson; but, so far as I

know, the small form only has hitherto occurred in this

country.

10. Nomada guttulata, Schenck.

Schenck, Jahr. Ver. Herz. Nassau, xiv., p. 888 = ruji-

labris, Thoms.

I have only a single @ of this species without locality,

and therefore I introduce it with some hesitation ; it

would naturally pass as a small ochrostoma, but the

mandibles are sharp at the apex, and the posterior tibize

have outwardly three very short blunt spines, a character

quite peculiar to itself; the 2nd and 38rd joints of the

flagellum of the antenne are subequal.

Thomson finds this species in Sweden, and has de-

scribed it under the name of rujiiabris.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PaRT II. (JULY.) N

176 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

11. Nomada lateralis, Panz. (Pl. VI., figs. 1O—10b).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 96, 20, 21 = xanthosticta, Kirb.,

Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 1st ed. (nec 2nd) = Bridgman-

tana, Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 115.

Black; thorax without red vitte in either sex; tubercles entirely

flavous, or flayous in front only; scape of the antenne in the J

entirely black. Abdomen brown, with yellow lateral spots or

transverse bands, in the ¢ with a round yellow spot on each side

of the 2nd segment.

3d. Head and thorax black, closely and rugosely punctured,

clothed with short grey hairs; mandibles, except the extreme

piceous apex, labrum, clypeus in front, and the sides of the face,

flavous; face below the antenne clothed with long silvery hairs.

Antenne with the scape entirely black; the flagellum piceous

beneath, black above; 8rd joint much longer than 2nd. Prothorax

with the tubercles widely bordered with yellow in front; meso-

thorax with the tegule testaceous; wings very slightly dusky.

Abdomen testaceous-brown, shining, extreme base black; 1st seg-

ment unspotted, or with a yellow band; 2nd and 3rd segments with

large lateral yellow spots, sometimes united into transverse bands ;

5th and 6th segments each with a narrow basal yellow band, some-

times interrupted in the middle; 7th segment truncate at the apex,

the truncature slightly emarginate; beneath brown, sometimes

banded with yellow; 8th segment very narrowly produced, and

curved upwards at the apex, the sides of the process finely fringed

with hairs; apex with two strong reflexed spines (for genitalia see

Pl. VI., figs. 1O—10 6). Legs black; femora and tibie in front pale ;

tarsi piceous ; 1st joint more or less black above.

9. Head and thorax black, rugosely punctured, clothed with

short greyish brown hairs; mandibles, labrum, and clypeus in

front testaceous, the labrum with a darker spot on each side; face

below the antenne with scattered bristly hairs. Antenne with the

scape black, the flagellum ferruginous, black above at the base ;

2nd joint much shorter than 3rd. Prothorax with the tubercles

flavous; mesothorax with the tegule piceous; scutellum with two

obscure ferruginous spots. Abdomen pitchy brown, the extreme

base black; apical margin of the basal segment narrowly dark, an

ovate yellow spot on each side of the 2nd segment, and often witha

smaller one on each side of the 8rd; sometimes also with a spot on

the 5th. Legs with the femora black, except at their extreme

apices; tibie ferruginous, with a black vitta posteriorly ; posterior

tibiz armed outwardly with five rather short piceous spines; tarsi

British Hymenoptera. 177

ferruginous, their basal joints more or less black above. Length,

8—9 mm.

Hab. Norwich; Yorkshire; Newcastle.

The yellow tubercles distinguish this species at once

from ruficornis and its allies; the male may be known

besides by its black scape.

12. Nomada ruficornis, Linn. (Pl. VIL., figs. 2—2 b).

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., i., p. 578; Smith, Cat.

Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 110 = lateralis, Sm. pars ?.

Var. = signata, Jur., Smith, &c.

Mandibles acute; scape of antenne in the ¢ flavous in front.

Thorax with red lines in the ¢, the tegulz and tubercles piceous,

sometimes ochraceous in the g. Abdomen bright brown, with

yellow lateral spots or continuous bands; femora scarcely hairy

outwardly in the ?; posterior tibie armed outwardly with pale

spines of uneven length.

g. Head and thorax black, closely punctured, and densely

clothed with brownish grey hairs ; mandibles, labrum, clypeus, and

face at its sides, flavous; mandibles acute, their tips piceous ; face

in front of the antenne clothed with silvery hairs. Antenne with

the scape black, flavous in front; flagellum narrowly black above,

beneath fulvous; 2nd joint about half as long as the 8rd. Thorax

with the tubercles testaceous or ochraceous; tegule testaceous or

piceous; wings slightly clouded, especially at the apical margin ;

scutellum with two red spots, or unspotted. Abdomen shining and

finely punctured, black at the extreme base; basal segment beyond

the black base generally entirely brown or with two black spots on

the disk; the remaining segments brown, either with lateral yellow

spots or with continuous yellow bands, the brown colour often

deepened almost into black along the margins of the segments ;

beneath brown, with yellow bands; 8th segment with the apical

process much curved, not widened at the apex, and finely fringed

at the sides with hairs, and with two strong reflexed apical spines

(for genitalia see Pl. VII., figs. 2—26). Legs ferruginous, the base of

the femora more or less black; posterior tibie armed at the apex

outwardly with fine spines of uneven length.

¢. Head and thorax black, clothed with short brownish hairs,

the former with the mandibles, clypeus, labrum, and sides of the

face fulvous. Antennz fulvous, with the 2nd joint of the flagellum

about three-fourths the length of the 8rd. Thorax almost entirely

black, or black with narrow or broad red longitudinal stripes, or

red with only indications of the darker lines; tubercles and tegule

178 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

testaceous; scutellum fulvous; mesopleure with a large red spot ;

metathorax unspotted, or with red spots, or (var. signata) with two

large yellow spots. Abdomen shining, brown, spotted or banded

with yellow, the extreme base of the Ist segment black, and often

with the margins of all the segments more or less black; the

extent of the yellow colour varies from a single round spot on each

side of the 2nd segment, and a square spot on the 5th, to a com-

plete yellow band on each segment; beneath the colour varies

from uniform brown to brown with an entire band on each seg-

ment; 5th ventral segment with a tuft of black hairs on each side ;

6th flat, truncate at the apex, the sides of the truncature with

curved spines. Legs fulvous, the base of the femora black; pos-

terior tibis armed outwardly with pale spines of irregular length.

Length, 7—13 mm.

Hab. Common and generally distributed, April to

July.

I have only described this species in general terms,

not specifying all the varieties, as, with the exception of

the var. with the entire bands, ‘‘ signata,” they are in no

way constant, and merge into one another almost im-

perceptibly. One of the prettiest varieties is that where

the apex of each segment is bordered with black, and the

yellow spots well defined.

13. Nomada borealis, Zett.

Zett., Ins. Lapp., p. 470; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd

ed., p. 112.

Closely allied to rwficornis. Mandibles acute; scape of the

antenne and mesothorax entirely black in both sexes; tubercles

and tegule piceous. Abdomen dark brown, with yellow lateral

spots, the brown colour much suffused with black; femora in

the @ clothed with prominent black hairs outwardly.

3S. Differs from that of rwficornis in having the scape of the

antenne entirely black, the clypeus with only the margin pale, and

the pubescence generally composed of thicker hairs, and in having

the posterior femora outwardly more densely hairy.

9. Differs from ruficornis in having the mesothorax without

red lines, the brown colour of the abdomen darker and more

suffused with black, and the posterior femora outwardly clothed

with bristly black hairs. Length, 9—11 mm.

Hab. Parasitic on Andrena Clarkella; rare. Hamp-

stead; Hastings; Glanvilles Wootton, Dorset; Ford-

lands, Devon; Leominster; Carlisle; Colchester.

British Hymenoptera. 179

14. Nomada bifida, Thoms. (Pl. VII., figs. 7-—7b).

Thoms., Hym. Scand., ii., p. 196.

This species is very closely allied to ruficornis, but the

bifid mandibles and the following characters will dis-

tinguish it easily.

3S. Mandibles bifid at the apex, the pubescence of the thorax

denser, and the spines at the apex of the posterior tibize hidden in

a dense tuft of very fine silvery hairs (for genitalia see Pl. VII.,

figs. 7—7 b).

9. Mandibles bifid; metathorax with a conspicuous patch of

silvery hairs on each side below the basal triangle; posterior tibiz

with the spines of equal length, and the apex clothed with a fine

close silvery white pubescence.

In colour both sexes resemble ruficornis in almost every par-

ticular, 7. e., certain of its varieties, as bifida does not vary to such

an extent as ruficornis; in the g the pale bands of the abdomen

are generally continuous or nearly so, and the ? has generally two

very large lateral spots on the 2nd segment, a small one on each

side of the 8rd, and a transverse line across the middle of the 4th

and 5th at the base. Length, 8—11 mm.

Hab. The only localities I know for this species at

present are Canterbury, May; Chobham, June; and

near Norwich, J. B. Bridgman; but I have no doubt that

it is mixed in many collections, as it was in my own till

quite lately, with rujficornis. F. Smith evidently recog-

nised the characters of bifida, but apparently doubted if

they were of specific value, as I find, in some MS. notes

of his, kindly lent to me by Dr. Mason, the following

remarks under ruficornis:—‘‘ The types in Kirby’s col-

lection are all the dark-coloured vars. I am not satisfied

of the dark vars. being identical with the pale examples

which are described by Kirby under the name flava; the

differences which present themselves are a general darker

shade of red on the abdomen, and in the markings of

the head and thorax. The ocelli are usually enclosed in

ared ring. The wings are clouded with dark stains, and

the mandibles are shorter, stouter, and usually bidentate,

the teeth more or less developed; in flava the mandibles

are sensibly more slender, longer, and not bidentate, but

terminate in an acute point.”

180 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

15. Nomada ochrostoma, Kirb. (Pl. VL, figs. 11—11 0).

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 209; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 116= lateralis, Smith, pars ? = punc-

tiscuta, Thoms.

Very like the variety of rwficornis with small lateral spots on

the abdomen; mandibles truncate at the apex; mesothorax and

scutellum very coarsely and rugosely punctured; § with the scape

of the antenne ferruginous; 9° with the mesothorax with red longi-

tudinal lines; 2nd segment of the abdomen with a small round

yellow spot on each side.

g. Head and thorax black, coarsely and deeply punctured,

clothed with pale ochreous hairs, face below the antenne with

_silvery ones; mandibles, except their piceous apices, labrum, cly-

peus in front, and the face at the sides of the clypeus, flavous ;

mandibles simply truncate; clypeus truncate, the angles of the

truncature more or less prominent. Antenne with the scape

beneath and the flagellum fulvous; scape above and the first five

or six joints of the flagellum above black; 8rd joint much longer

than 2nd. Thorax with the tubercles and tegule testaceous : wings

smoky; seutellum raised, very largely punctured, with two red

spots, or entirely red; metathorax hairy and rugosely punctured at

the sides. Abdomen ferruginous, black at the extreme base; 2nd,

8rd, and 4th segments with a small lateral pale yellow spot on

each side; 5th with a transverse discal spot on each side; 6th with

a single transverse discal spot; 7th narrowly emarginate at the

apex; in some varieties there is a black line at the base of the seg-

ments, and in some the spots are larger, and the surface of the

abdomen clothed with a fine white pubescence; beneath with the

segments more or less darker at the base and apex; 6th segment

densely hairy at the apex, and with a small pale spot,—in some

varieties some of the other segments are occasionally spotted with

yellow; 8th segment with the apical process short, much curved,

widened at the apex; sides fringed with spines near the apex and

hairs towards the base (for genitalia, see Pl. VI., figs. 11—11}).

Legs ferruginous ; femora at the base and often a spot on the tibie

black; apex of the tibie armed outwardly with irregular spines

and clothed with fine white hairs.

¢g. Very like that sex of ruficornis, but with the mandibles

truncate; the 2nd segment of the abdomen with only a small

round lateral spot; the antenne shorter, and the puncturation of

the thorax, and especially of the scutellum, much larger. Length,

7—8 mm.

Hab, London District, Chobham, Norwich, Plymouth,

British Hymenoptera. 181

Penzance, Yorkshire, &c.; not generally common. F.

Smith says that it is a parasite of Andrena labialis.

It occurs from May to August.

16. Nomada Roberjeotiana, Panz. (Pl. VI., figs. 1—1 b).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 72, 18—19; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 124.

Head and thorax smooth, clearly punctured; metathorax with

the sides below the basal area bright and shining. Abdomen bright

ferruginous, much suffused with black, especially towards the apex;

2nd and 3rd segments with yellowish white lateral spots; 4th and

5th in the $ with indications of bands; 5th in the @ with a

quadrate spot.

$. Head and thorax very slightly shining, black, sparingly

clothed with short greyish hairs, the intervals between the punc-

tures wider than the punctures themselves, especially on the disk

of the latter; mandibles, except the extreme piceous apex, labrum,

clypeus, and face at the sides below the antenne, flavous; clypeus

densely clothed with erect hairs. Antenne with scape in front

flavous; flagellum rufescent, with an obscure line along its back;

1st joint unusually large and visible; 2nd and 8rd subequal. Thorax

with two spots on the collar, the tubercles and the tegule flavous;

wings slightly smoky ; 1st transverse median nervure uniting with

the cubital before the base of the furcature; scutellum scarcely

raised, ferruginous ; metathorax with the basal area dull, finely

rugose, its sides beyond it polished and remotely punctured. Abdo-

men shining, distinctly punctured ; 1st segment black at the base,

ferruginous at the apex; 2nd ferruginous, the sides narrowly black

at the base, and each with an oval yellowish white spot; 38rd widely

black at the base, with a pale lateral oval spot; 4th, 5th, and 6th

only ferruginous at the apex, and with irregular pale basal bands;

7th segment somewhat truncate at the apex; beneath with the

basal segments ferruginous; the apical segments black; 2nd and

8rd often with a yellow spot on each side; 6th segment densely

clothed with somewhat curled pale hairs; 8th with the apical

process very short and broad, widely rounded at the apex, fringed

with pale fine spines at the sides, and a long thick piceous spine at

each side of the apex (for genitalia see Pl. VI., figs. 1—10). Legs:

femora black at the base, tibiz and tarsi ferruginous, the posterior

tibie clouded across the middle.

@. Very like the g, but with the mandibles and labrum ferru-

ginous, the elypeus black, with the extreme apical margin ferru-

ginous. Antenne entirely ferruginous, darker above; collar,

tubercles, and tegule of thorax ferruginous; wings as in the ¢

182 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

metathorax asin the g. Abdomen rather more brightly coloured,

but similarly marked; the 5th segment with a large quadrate white

spot; beneath with the basal segments ferruginous, the apical

black. Legs asin the g¢. Length, 6—7 mm.

Hab. Rare. Blackwater, Hants; Chobham, Surrey ;

Carlisle; on Senecio and other yellow Composite flowers

in June and July.

17. Nomada obtusifrons, Nyl. (Pl. VIL., fig. 8).

Nyl., Not. Sallsk., pro Faun. Flor. Fenn., Forh., ih

p. 184 = zanthosticta, Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed.,

p- 124 (not zanthosticta, Smith, 1st ed.) = mstura,

Smith.

Small; labrum black; both sexes without a sharp carina be-

tween the antenne ; f with the abdomen piceous, with a yellowish

white spot at each side of the 2nd and 8rd segments; 2 with the

abdomen ferruginous, spotted asin the g, but with a large quadrate

spot on the 5th segment; the spots are sometimes obsolete.

gd. Head and thorax black, clothed with greyish brown hairs,

largely and closely punctured; mandibles short and thick, tes-

taceous, piceous at the apex; labrum black; clypeus with the

extreme margin piceous. Antenne black; face between the

antenne with an obtuse elongate tubercle; flagellum testaceous

beneath, its 2nd joint longer than the 8rd. Thorax with the

tubercles pale, the tegule piceous; wings slightly dusky; Ist

transverse median nervure uniting with the cubital before the fur-

cature; scutellum entirely black; metathorax nearly smooth on

its basal area. Abdomen punctured, piceous-black, the apices of

the segments paler, the 2nd and 3rd with a yellowish white lateral

spot; the 4th and 5th with white transverse lines, that on the 4th

often obsolete; apical segment rounded at the extremity; beneath

pitchy black, the apices of the segments paler; 6th segment with a

small pale apical spot, but not densely hairy as in most of the

species (for genitalia see Pl. VII., fig. 8). Legs piceous; base

of the femora and a cloud across the tibize black or nearly so.

@. Like the ¢ asto the head and thorax, both in colour and

puncturation, but with a much shorter, hardly conspicuous, pube-

scence. Abdomen ferruginous; 2nd and 8rd segments with a

yellowish white spot on each side; 5th with a square white central

spot, the spots are sometimes wanting; 8rd and 4th segments

piceous towards the apex; beneath ferruginous. Legs as in the

é, but paler. Length, 6mm.

Hab. Rare. Norwich; Ilfracombe; Yarm, York-

shire; Scotland,

British Hymenoptera. 183

Easily recognised by the blunt tubercle between the

antenne, where in the other species there is a sharp

carina.

18. Nomada armata, H.-Sch.

H.-Sch., Germ. Zeitsch., i., p. 279; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 118.

Large; labrum black; anterior femora in the 3d dilated and

excavated in front; labrum of the 9 produced into a tooth ante-

riorly. Abdomen ferruginous, with yellow lateral spots.

6. Head and thorax black, densely and rugosely punctured,

clothed with grey hairs, the hairs on the face below the antenne

silvery white; mandibles ferruginous, flavous at the base and

piceous at the apex; labrum black, with a tooth at the

apex; clypeus black; sides of the face just above the man-

dibles yellow. Antenne with the scape black, the flagellum

pale ferruginous, its 2nd joint longer than the 8rd. Thorax black;

tegulz and tubercles testaceous; wings with a dark apical border.

Abdomen bright ferruginous, the extreme base black; 2nd, 8rd,

and 4th segments each with a spot on each side; 5th and 6th with

an apical dorsal spot; base of the 5th and 6th segments black; 7th

segment narrow, deeply emarginate at the apex; beneath ferru-

ginous, apex of the segments fringed with silvery hairs at the sides.

Legs with the femora black, except at the extreme apex; tibiz and

tarsi ferruginous, the basal joint of the posterior tarsi black above ;

anterior femora dilated at the base, excavated, and very shining in

front.

©. Like the ¢ in general colour, but larger; mandibles ferru-

ginous, pitchy black at the apex; labrum black, with a well-

developed apical tooth; face clothed with silvery hairs below the

antennz, with brownish on the vertex. Antenne ferruginous; 8th

to 11th joints darker ; scape black in front and behind; flagellum

with the 2nd joint much longer than 3rd. Thorax clothed with

short brown hairs; collar, tubercles, and tegule testaceous ; wings

clouded, with a distinct apical band, as in the f; mesopleure with

a tuft of silvery hairs; scutellum red; post-scutellum with a red

line; metathorax densely clothed at the sides with silvery hairs.

Abdomen wider than in the ¢, but similarly coloured. Legs ferru-

ginous; femora black at the base and beneath; posterior tibie with

a black mark within; posterior metatarsi black; posterior coxe

densely clothed with silvery hairs. Length, 11—12 mm.

Hab. Norwich; Deal; Exeter ; Penzance; Morthoe,

N. Devon. Very rare ; parasitic on Andrena Hattorfiana.

184 Mr. KE. Saunders’ Synopsis of

19. Nomada ferruginata, Kirb. (Pl. VIL., figs. 6—6 b).

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl., il., p. 218 = germanica, Smith,

Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 126 (nec Panz.).

Head and thorax black, clothed with greyish brown hairs; labrum

black; 8rd, 4th, and 5th joints of flagellum dilated in the ¢, and

black above. Abdomen ferruginous in both sexes, spotted with

black.

3d. Head and thorax black, closely and largely punctured, rather

densely clothed with greyish brown hairs; hairs of the face below

the antenne and of the thorax below the wings, silvery ; mandibles

ferruginous, flavous at the base, somewhat rounded at the apex,

which is piceous; labrum black, armed with a strong central tooth ;

cheeks between the eyes and the mandibles flavous; clypeus tes-

taceous at the apex. Antenne with the scape very wide, black;

1st joint of the flagellum hidden; 2nd much shorter than 38rd;

8rd, 4th, and 5th swollen; 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th with a small

tubercular elevation at the side; terminal joint nearly as long as

the two preceding together. Thorax with the tubercles and tegule

testaceous ; wings with a dark apical border, otherwise but little

clouded; scutellum with two dull red spots. Abdomen finely

punctured, ferruginous-red, its base black, with a black basal spot

on each side of the 2nd and 8rd segments, and a black line at the

base of the 4th, 5th, and 6th; apical segment narrowly rounded,

sides and apex of the abdomen with silvery hairs; beneath punc-

tured, the base of each segment black in the middle, and the apical

margins fringed with white hairs at the sides; 8th segment with its

apical process short and dilated at the apex, which is sinuated and

armed on each side with two strong reflexed spines, the sides of the

process fringed with hairs (for genitalia see Pl. VII., figs. 6—6b).

Legs ferruginous; femora at their base, especially beneath, black;

posterior femora densely hairy beneath; tibize with a black spot near

the apex.

@. Very like the ¢, but with the mandibles piceous, the labrum

with a central tubercle, face below the antenne without silvery

hairs, cheeks between the eyes and mandibles testaceous. An-

tenn simple, flagellum ferruginous, slightly darker above; wings

clouded. Abdomen and legs marked as in the ¢, but the former

with less silvery pubescence at the sides, and the latter with the

posterior metatarsi black. Length, 7—8 mm.

Hab. London District, rarely ; Deal ; Reigate ; Chob-

ham; Blackwater, Hants; Bournemouth ; Exeter; Pen-

zance; Yorkshire. Parasitic on Andrena fulvescens ;

appears in July and August,

British Hymenoptera. 185

The coloration of this species varies very much,

especially in the s, some specimens being almost

entirely black (var. atrata, Smith).

20. Nomada Fabriciana, Linn. (Pl. VII., figs. 1—1 b).

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed, xii., p. 955; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 125.

Very like the preceding in some varieties, but at once dis-

tinguished by the simple antenne of the ¢, and the longer antenn

of the 2, which have a broad black band extending across the 8th,

9th, 10th, and 11th joints.

$. Head and thorax deep black, closely and deeply punctured,

clothed with greyish hairs; mandibles black, or very dark piceous ;

labrum and clypeus black ; cheeks between the eyes and mandibles

flavous; face below the antenne clothed with silvery hairs. An-

tenne with the scape black; flagellum piceous, black above, its

2nd joint scarcely half the length of the 3rd. Thorax with the

tubercles and tegule black; wings clouded; scutellum entirely

black; metathorax with the basal area finely rugose. Abdomen

ferruginous; base of the 1st segment black, and often also the

bases and apices of the other segments; the 2nd and 38rd segments

generally with a yellow lateral spot; sometimes, however, the

whole abdomen is ferruginous, with the exception of the black base ;

7th segment sharply emarginate at the apex; beneath ferruginous,

largely and remotely punctured; 8th segment with a very long

apical process, fringed with fine hairs at the sides, scarcely dilated

at the apex, which has a fine somewhat reflexed spine on each side

(for genitalia see Pl. VII., figs. 1—1 d).

@. Larger and stouter than the ¢; face entirely black, clothed

with black and grey hairs. Antenne rather long, scape black ; 2nd

joint of flagellum ferruginous-red beneath, black above, rather

more than half as long as the 8rd; 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th ferru-

ginous-red; 7th to 11th black; apical joint ferruginous. Thorax

with the tubercles black, tegule testaceous; wings as in the ¢.

Abdomen dark ferruginous-red, base black; the 2nd and 3rd

segments often with a round yellow spot on each side; margins of

the segments generally more or less black, beneath ferruginous,

sides of the segments with afew prominent hairs. Legs black ;

knees and the anterior femora and tibiz in front testaceous. Length,

7—9 mm.

Hab. Not rare, and generally distributed; I have

taken it on Wandsworth Common as early as May, and

at Hastings as late as August 16th, F, Smith says

186 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

“ parasitic on Panurgus Banksianus,” but in the localities

where I have taken it, it certainly was not attached to

that species, but probably to some Andrena. As A.

Gwynana occurs at Wandsworth in the spring, where I

have taken Fabriciana in April, and Gwynana (bicolor)

occurs at Hastings close to the spot where I took

Fabriciana in August, I think it is very probable that

it is also parasitic on that species, and double-brooded

like its host.

21. Nomada flavoguttata, Kirb. (PI. VII., figs. 4—4 ).

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 215; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 123.

Small; antennez long, ferruginous, darker above, scape black ;

8rd joint of flagellum much longer than 2nd; labrum black ; meso-

thorax in the @ with red lines. Abdomen ferruginous, banded

in the with slightly darker bands; 2nd and 3rd segments with a

small round spot on each side.

gf. Head and thorax black, closely and largely punctured,

clothed with greyish hairs; mandibles flavous, their apices piceous ;

labrum black; clypeus, except at the base, and cheeks at its side,

flavous. Antenne with the scape black; flagellum ferruginous,

dark above; 8rd joint twice as long as the 2nd or more. Thorax

with the tubercles and tegule piceous; wings smoky ; metathorax

more or less shining in the centre. Abdomen ferruginous; Ist

segment black at the base ; the other segments rather paler towards

the base, the 2nd and 8rd with a flavous spot on each side; 7th

‘segment slightly emarginate, beneath ferruginous; 8th segment

with the apical process long, rather widened at the apex, with long

reflexed apical spines (for genitalia see Pl. VII., figs. 4—40).

Legs piceous, knees and tibiz and femora in front paler.

Q. The labrum black, the mandibles, clypeus, and antennz

ferruginous; the 8rd joint of the flagellum not quite twice as long

as the 2nd; prothorax ferruginous-red, tubercles testaceous ; meso-

thorax with red lines, tegule testaceous; mesopleure each with a

large red spot; wings smoky; scutellum and post-scutellum red ;

metathorax with a tuft of silvery white hairs on each side above

the insertion of the body. Abdomen shining, ferruginous; Ist

segment black at the base; 2nd and 3rd with a very small flavous

spot on each side,—these spots are not well defined, and are often

scarcely noticeable or entirely absent; 3rd and 4th segments darker

towards the apex, and 5th towards the base; apex of the 5th

densely fringed with very fine silvery hairs ; beneath ferruginous ;

British Hymenoptera. 187

5th segment with a tuft of dark hairs on each side. Legs ferru-

ginous; femora slightly darker beneath; posterior tibiz with two

short uneven spines near the outer angle. Length, 6—7 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed. London District, Tun-

bridge Wells, Worthing, Hastings, Exeter, Penzance,

Yorkshire, Norwich, &c.

This little species is easily known from the others

which have the labrum black, by its long pale antennz

and the great length of the 8rd joint of the flagellum.

22. Nomada furva, Panz. (Pl. VII., figs. 83—8 b).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 55, 383; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

and ed., p. 122.

Dark pitchy brown, very small; apical joint of antennz pale ;

d with a yellow lateral spot on the 2nd and 8rd segments; 2 with

the sides of the segments only slightly paler, or with paler trans-

verse bands.

3S. Pitchy brown; head and thorax closely punctured, clothed

sparingly with pale ochreous hairs; mandibles pale in the centre ;

labrum with a pale spot on each side of the base; face almost

entirely black; clypeus at the extreme sides pale, as also the cheeks

between the eyes and mandibles; face below the antenne clothed

with silvery hairs. Antenne with the scape black, flagellum tes-

taceous beneath, and with the whole of the apical joint pale

testaceous; 2nd and 8rd joints subequal. Thorax with the tegule

and tubercles piceous; wings clouded, with a dark apical margin.

Abdomen with a yellow spot on each side of the 2nd, and sometimes

of the 8rd segment, and occasionally with a basal line of the same

colour on the other segments; 8th segment armed with two very

strong recurved spines at the apex (for genitalia see Pl. VII.,

figs. 8—8 0). Legs with the knees and the femora and tibie in

front paler.

@. Rather paler than the g; labrum testaceous, as also the

mandibles, apex of clypeus, and cheeks between the eyes and

mandibles. Antenne with the 2nd joint of the flagellum shorter

than the 8rd. Thorax as in the g, but with a rufescent spot on

the mesopleure. Abdomen without yellow spots, but with paler

lateral spots or with transverse paler bands; 5th segment with a

dense fringe of very fine white hairs. Legs asin the g. Length,

4—5 mm.

Hab. Common; parasitic on small species of Halictus.

188 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

Errouvs, Latr.

Hist. Nat., ii., p. 875.

Wings with three submarginal cells; labial palpi 4-jointed

maxillary palpi 1-jointed; g with six ventral segments exposed; 7th

truncate; 8th narrow and tongue-like.

A small genus of short stout bees, the abdomen banded

or spotted with white pubescence.

(2) 1. Femora black in both sexes ; labrum 3-dentate ; the

discal tubercles placed near its centre .. .. productus.

(1) 2. Femora red in 9; labrum simple; discal tubercles

nearer the anterior margin .. ee se -. Tufipes.

1. Epeolus productus, Thoms. (Pl. VII., fig. 10—10 bd).

Thoms., Opusc. Ent., p. 91; Hym. Scand., vol. ii.,

p: 211.

Black; labrum bidentate at the apex, and with two small

tubercular teeth situated near the middle. Thorax with the

tubercles and tegule in the f and also the scutellum in the ?

rufous; collar in the 2 ferruginous. Abdomen with white pube-

scent spots or bands; beneath somewhat shining; 2nd segment

largely and clearly punctured. Legs ferruginous; femora more or

less black.

3. Head and thorax black, largely and rugosely punctured ; face

clothed with silvery hairs; labrum tridentate at the apex, and with

two small teeth near the middle; mandibles pitchy red in the

centre. Antenne short, its joints transverse; 2nd joint of the

flagellum considerably longer than the 38rd. Thorax with the pro-

thorax, the mesothorax in front and under the wings, and the meta-

thorax at the sides, clothed with brownish white hairs; tubercles

black; tegule rufous; wings slightly dusky, with a darker apical

margin ; nervures testaceous at the base; scutellum very rugose,

subdentate at the sides, much produced over the metathorax, its

central lobe slightly depressed in the centre ; metathorax shining.

Abdomen black, closely punctured; 1st segment with a lateral

band of white pubescence at the apex, and at the base united at the

sides, but not meeting on the disk, the following segments each

with four spots along the posterior margin, the discal ones of the

2nd segment connected with the lateral ; apical dorsal valve narrow,

its sides parallel, rounded at the extremity; beneath black; 2nd

and 8rd segments paler at the apex, and clothed with silvery hairs ;

4th and 5th widely emarginate at the apex, and densely fringed

with curved.brown hairs; 6th rounded; 7th sharply truncate, the

British Hymenoptera. 189

angles of the truncature slightly produced ; 8th narrow and tongue-

like (for genitalia see Pl. VII., figs. 10—106). Legs ferruginous ;

femora black.

@. Slightly larger, less pubescent, and with the central lobe of

the scutellum and the tubercles rufous. Abdomen generally with

the four spots distinct on the 2nd segment, as well as on the

following; abdomen beneath black, somewhat shining; 2nd seg-

ment largely and distinctly punctured; apical segment rather

narrowly rounded; 8rd and 4th with a pubescent apical band.

Legs red; posterior and intermediate femora black above. Length,

8—10 mm.

Hab. Sandy places; Norwich, Littlehampton, Hay-

ling Island, and probably in many other places, but con-

fused with the following under the old name variegatus.

2. Epeolus rufipes, Thoms. (Pl. VIL., figs. 9—9 a).

Thoms., Opusc. Ent., p. 91; Hym. Scand., vol. ii.,

p- 212 = variegatus, Sm. nec Linn. ?

Extremely like the preceding, but differs in the follow-

ing characters, which I think are certainly of specific

value :—

The labrum has its apical margin simple, not tridentate, and the

two teeth on the disk situated considerably below the middle; the

spots on the 8rd and following segments of the abdomen are more

transverse, and tend more to form bands; the apical dorsal valve

of the g is not parallel-sided as in productus, but is slightly nar-

rowed towards the apex; beneath, the abdomen is dull and often

rufescent, and the 2nd segment is closely and finely punctured ;

the apical segment of the 9 is very largely and widely rounded,

and the legs in that sex entirely red. Length, 5—8 mm.

Hab. Deal; Falmouth.

The confusion of the two species makes it impossible

to quote localities, except where the actual specimens

have been seen.

Metecta, Latr.

Hist. Nat., xiv., p. 48.

Labial palpi 4-jointed, maxillary palpi 5-jointed ; Ist joint of the

former much more than twice the length of the 2nd; wings with

three submarginal cells; g with six ventral segments exposed; the

7th somewhat bifurcate at the apex ; the 8th subtriangular, with a

few apical sete; armature stout; cardo small.

A genus of parasitic bees found with Anthophora.

190 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

(2) 1. Pubescence of head and thorax ashy grey; lateral

spots of the 3rd and 4th abdominal segments large

and quadrate ne at bo Sc c

(1) 2. Pubescence of head and thorax brownish or greenish

grey; spots of 3rd and 4th segments small and

punctiform .. a0 ate 30 Js .» armata.

luctuosa.

1. Melecta luctuosa, Scop. (Pl. VIII., figs. 2—2 b).

Scop., Ann. Hist. Nat., iv., p.9; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 186.

Black, shining. Thorax in front densely clothed with grey

hairs; segments of the abdomen with transverse lateral spots of

white pubescence ; tibize with a white basal spot.

gd. Head rugosely punctured; vertex clothed with grey and

black hairs intermixed; face in front of the antenne clothed with

white hairs, bordered with black hairs at the side; labrum clothed

with black hairs; scape of the antenne with long white hairs

beneath. Thorax covered with greyish white hairs in front as far

as the scutellum; scutellum with black hairs; metathorax with

black hairs in the centre, and with a tuft of silvery white hairs on

each side; wings rather smoky, with darker spots in some of the

cells; mesopleure with a dense white pubescence. Abdomen

shining, very finely punctured; basal segment clothed, except at

the apex, with silvery grey hairs; 2nd to 5th segments clothed with

very short black hairs, and each with a lateral apical spot of silvery

white hairs,—these spots on all the segments of a more or less

transverse form ; 7th segment shining and emarginate at the apex ;

beneath entirely black, clothed with short black hairs; 6th segment

slightly foveated in the middle; 7th produced at the apex, and

deeply cleft, each point with a few bristly hairs; 8th with a very

short wide apical process, which is truncate at its extremity (for

genitalia see Pl. VIII., figs. 2—2 6). Legs black; a spot on each

tibia at the base, and all the tarsi in front, clothed with white

hairs.

¢. Like the g, but has the hairs on the face below the antennz

black, except those on the base of the clypeus; the basal segment

of the abdomen with only a few scattered white hairs at the base,

and a tuft of white hairs on each side at the apex; 2nd, 3rd, and

4th segments each with a transverse lateral spot near the apical

margin; dorsal valve of the 6th segment narrow and rounded at

the apex. Length, 13 mm.

Hab. Not rare; parasitic on Anthophora retusa.

British Hymenoptera. 191

2. Melecta armata, Panz. (Pl. VIII., figs. 1—1 b).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 70, 22; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

_ 2nd ed., p. 137.

Black, shining. Thorax clothed with brownish grey hairs; 1st

and 2nd. segments of the abdomen with a tuft of greyish hairs,

4th and 5th with a small round spot of silvery white hairs; these

spots are variable in size, and sometimes entirely absent in the ?.

Very like the preceding species, but differing in the

following particulars :—

3. With the pubescence of a generally browner hue; face

entirely clothed with ochreous white hairs. Thorax clothed with

brownish grey hairs as far as the scutellum; scutellum and meta-

thorax with black hairs, a tuft of greyish brown hairs on each side

of the latter. Abdomen rather more coarsely punctured; Ist seg-

ment sparingly clothed with brownish grey hairs, and with a tuft

of hairs on each side; 2nd and following segments clothed with

short black hairs, the 2nd with a tuft of brownish grey hairs on

each side, the 8rd, 4th, and sometimes the 5th with a small round

lateral spot of white hairs; 7th widely emarginate at the apex,

dull, clothed with black hairs; beneath entirely black, 8th segment

produced at the apex into two small hairy tubercles (for genitalia,

&e., see Pl. VIII., figs. 1—10). Legs with the tibie clothed with

ochreous hairs externally, except at the apex; posterior metatarsi

slightly curved, narrow at the base, and then slightly dilated on

their external margin; tarsi clothed with pale hairs above.

@. Only differsfrom the $ in having the pubescence of a paler

grey, and in having the tibie with only a spot of white hairs at the

base. It may be known from that of luctwosa by its having the

spots on the 3rd and 4th segments of the abdomen punctiform, and

by the curved posterior metatarsi. In some varieties the abdomen

is entirely black. Length, 13 mm.

Parasitic on Anthophora pilipes, and not uncommon

where that species occurs.

Catioxys, Latr.

Latr., Gen. Crust. et Ins., iv., p. 166.

Wings with two submarginal cells. Maxillary palpi 3-jointed ;

labial palpi 4-jointed. Eyes hairy; scutellum dentate at each

side; gf’, apex of abdomen blunt, multispinose; four ventral seg-

ments exposed, the 5th only just visible at its apex; 8th segment

tongue-shaped; armature with the stipites long and straight, hairy

TRANS. ENT. S0C. LOND, 1884,—PART II. (JULY.) 0

192 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

at the apex; sagitte covered with a membranous skin; ? , apex of

abdomen more or less acute; ventral 6th segment projecting be-

yond the dorsal. Anterior coxe of § with stout blunt spines.

A genus of parasitic bees generally to be found near

the burrows of Megachile.

1. External spur of hind tibie blunt .. oe .. vectis.

(1) 2. External spur of hind tibie sharp.

. g with the 4th abdominal segment deeply emarginate

beneath ; 9 with the 5th segment beneath rounded

at the apex; calcaria black or piceous.

(5) 4. g with the 5th segment above not toothed at the side ;

@ with the apical ventral valve ae and

lanceolate oe 4-dentata.

(4) 5. f with the 5th cee eeare footed at the aides

@ with the ventral valve shorter and angularly

truncate at the apex .. 5 rufescens.

(3) 6. f 4th segment of abdomen Betas igeeite Q sth

segment truncate or emarginate at the apex; cal-

caria pale.

(8) 7. g with the puncturation of the 4th segment beneath

as coarse and scattered as that of the 2nd and 3rd;

@ 4th segment beneath largely and remotely punc-

tured, 6th segment above without a white. ee

band .. ate acuminata.

(7) 8. g puncturation of 4th ee eas arena -

finer and closer than that of the 2nd and 3rd; 9

4th segment beneath closely and finely punctured,

5th segment above with a white pilose band at the

base .. 50 De ae ve ae -. simplex.

1. Celioxys vectis, Curt. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 7).

Curt., Brit. Ent., viii., p. 349, pl. 8349; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 146.

Black, rugosely punctured; abdominal segments with triangular

lateral spots of white pubescence; g with the 6th segment armed

with two sharp basal teeth, its apex bifid and produced into four

teeth, the two upper ones short and blunt, and the lower ones long

and acute; 9 withthe 6th ventral valve widely lanceolate, simple ;

external spur of posterior tibiz blunt in both sexes.

gf. Head very largely and rugosely punctured; face densely

clothed with long ochreous hairs; mandibles bifid. Thorax densely

and rugosely punctured, sparingly clothed on the disk and rather

densely at the sides, and on the metathorax with pale ochreous

hairs; wings smoky; scutellum with a blunt spine on each side.

Abdomen subconical, deeply and largely punctured, scarcely shin-

ing; puncturation of the Ist segment very close; 2nd and following

segments with a diagonal impression on each side, almost meeting

British Hymenoptera. 198

in the centre; apex of each segment with a triangular lateral spot

of pale pubescence; 5th segment above with a slightly prominent

lateral angle; 6th with a rather long lateral basal spine, apex with

two blunt teeth above, which are produced below into two longer

sharp spine-like teeth ; beneath strongly punctured, the punctura-

tion of each succeeding segment finer than that of its predecessor ;

each segment at the apex with a lateral patch of white hairs; 4th

segment bidentate at the apex; 6th at the apex with a corneous,

rounded, central lobe (for genitalia see Pl. VIII., fig. 7). Legs

clothed with short whitish hairs; outer calcar of posterior tibie

blunt.

9. Like the 3, but with the pubescence of the face shorter ;

the abdomen in the shape of an elongate triangle; segments

sculptured and spotted at the sides, as in the gf; 6th segment

finely punctured, narrowed to the apex, which is somewhat

rounded, its centre with a longitudinal raised line, and each side

with a carina running parallel to its margin; beneath with the 5th

segment very finely punctured and clothed with a fine brownish

pubescence near its apex; 6th widely lanceolate, with a slight

indication of a constriction near the apex. Length, 13—15 mm.

Hab. Isle of Wight, Sandown, flowers of bramble ;

Shirley ; Wimbledon; Lowestoft ; Morthoe, N. Devon.

Easily recognised by the spots of the abdomen, and

the blunt spine on the tibie.

2. Colioxys quadridentata, Linn. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 4).

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., i., p. 577; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 141.

Black, rugosely punctured; abdominal segments with entire

bands of pale pubescence; 6th segment of the g armed with six

teeth, arranged as in vectis, but the upper pair of apical ones

sharper and more spiniform; 5th segment not spinose at the apex

laterally; 9 with the 6th ventral segment elongate-lanceolate,

constricted before the apex; calcaria sharp in both sexes.

3S. Head and thorax, in fresh specimens, densely clothed with

golden brown hairs, largely andrugosely punctured ; wings clouded ;

seutellum with a tooth on each side. Abdomen subconical, largely

punctured; 1st segment clothed with long golden brown hairs;

2nd segment widely impressed across the middle, and clothed at

the apex witha fringe of golden brown hairs; 3rd, 4th, and 5th

segments like the 2nd, but less impressed; 5th without a lateral

Spine or tooth at the apex; 6th with a narrow spiniform tooth on

each side at the base, and with two apical processes, each of which,

194 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

looked at laterally, is bidentate, the upper tooth narrowly tri-

angular, the lower one longer and spiniform; beneath largely

punctured, each segment fringed with pale hairs at the apex; apex

of the 4th narrowly emarginate in the centre, with a slightly pro-

jecting angle on each side of the emargination; 6th just visible in

the middle, where it is produced into a corneous lobe (for genitalia

see Pl. VIIL., fig. 4). Legs clothed with brownish grey hairs; all

the calearia sharp and black.

9. Very like the gf, but with the abdomen conical and nar-

rowly pointed at the apex, shining, with the exception of the apical

segment, its basal segment with a tuft of pale whitish hairs on

each side; 2nd to 5th segments each with an apical fringe of pale -

hairs; 2nd and 8rd deeply impressed across the middle; basal seg-

ment and 2nd segment, above the central impression, closely and

largely punctured, the rest very remotely; apical segment longi-

tudinally carinated, dull, finely punctured, constricted towards the

middle, then narrower to the apex; beneath with the 4th seg-

ment much more finely punctured than the 3rd; 5th entire at

the apex, with the puncturation hardly visible ; 6th longer than the

dorsal valve, carinated down the centre, constricted near the apex,

with its sides simply sinuate. Length, 12—13 mm.

_ Hab. Local. Chobham; Wakefield, Yorkshire ; North

Devon; Norwich ; Yarmouth ; &e.

3. Celioxys rufescens, Lep. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 3).

Lep., Encycl. Méth., x., p. 109; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 145; var. = wmbrina, Smith.

Black, rugosely punctured; abdominal segments with continuous

bands in the g, subcontinuous in the 9, that of the 2nd and 8rd

in this sex being very narrowly interrupted in the centre; 5th

segment in the § with a lateral tooth at the apex; 9? with the 6th

ventral segment triangularly truncate ; eslearis piceous in both

SEXES.

Very like the preceding, but generally larger in the

typical form; the smaller form, however, which was

called by F. Smith wmbrina, can only be distinguished by

structural characters.

gS. Rather less densely pubescent than the preceding; basal

segment of the abdomen clothed with hairs only on the sides; 5th

segment without an apical band, and with a lateral tooth at the

apex ; 4th ventral segment emarginate in the centre, the emargi-

nation slightly wider than in quadridentata (for genitalia see

Pl. VITI fig. (3),

British Hymenoptera. 195

?. With the puncturation of the abdomen more even and close

than in the preceding, with the 6th segment more shining and

more strongly punctured, somewhat inclined upwards towards its

apex, and less finely attenuated; beneath the 5th segment is much

longer and more pointed and strongly punctured ; the 6th segment

is short, its sides subparallel, its apex obtusely angulated. Length,

10—15 mm.

Hab. Common in some localities, and very variable

in size. The small variety wnbrina can be distinguished

by no structural character from the large rufescens. It has

occurred at Chobham, Hants, Isle of Wight, Devonshire,

Yorkshire, Loch Rannoch, Norwich, and in Kent.

4. Celioxys elongata, Lep. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 6).

Lep., Hym., ii., p. 522; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd

ed., p. 142 = simplex, Nyl., Smith, 1st ed., &e.

Another species almost exactly like the two preceding

in general shape and sculpture, but differing in the

following particulars :—

3. With the 5th dorsal segment toothed at the apex laterally ;

6th with the two upper apical teeth slightly divergent, so that the

two lower ones, which are nearly parallel, can be seen from above

lying between them; the pubescent bands of the segments are

wider at the sides, and narrowed towards the centre, where they

are generally interrupted ; beneath largely punctured ; 4th segment

more finely and closely punctured than the 3rd, entire at its apex,

which has in its centre a smooth corneous lobe (for genitalia see

Pl, VIIL., fig. 6). Calcaria pale.

¢. With the abdomen irregularly and remotely punctured, as

in quadridentata; the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments fringed at

the apex with pale hairs, forming a band widening to the sides;

6th segment dull, narrowly rounded at the apex ; beneath with the

4th and 5th segments very finely punctured, the 5th narrowly

emarginate at the apex; 6th very long, constricted, and with a

very minute tooth on each side before the apex. Calcaria pale.

Length, 12 mm.

Hab. Widely distributed and common in many places.

F. Smith says it is parasitic on Megachile. ligniseca,

Willughbiella, and circumcincta. I have taken it pretty

freely at Chobham in places where the last-named species

of Megachile occurs.

196 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

5. Celioxys acuminata, Nyl. (Pl. VIII, fig. 5).

Nyl., (Revisio) Not. Salls. Faun. Flor. Fenn., Forh.,

li., p. 279.

Differs from elongata in the following particulars :—

3. Has the apical teeth of the 5th segment rather more spini-

form, the upper apical spines of the 6th segment more divergent,

the 4th segment beneath as largely and remotely punctured as the

ard (for genitalia see Pl. VIII., fig. 5).

9. Has the 5th abdominal segment without an apical fringe,

and the 6th rather longer and more pointed, the bands of the other

segments more widely interrupted; beneath the 4th segment is

largely and clearly punctured, although less coarsely than the 38rd ;

the 6th segment is rather longer, the constriction less marked, and

nearer the apex in proportion to the entire length of the segment.

Length, 12 mm.

Hab. Hastings, Deal, Norwich, and Colchester, and

probably common, but mixed with elongata.

N.B. Mandibularis, Nyl., which F. Smith refers to

elongata, is a distinct species, with black calcaria and

geniculated mandibles; but I do not know of its occur-

rence in this country.

Mercacuine, Latr.

Latr., Hist. Nat. Ins., xiv., p. 51.

Eyes not hairy; § with the mandibles angularly produced at

the base ; anterior coxe generally with a long blunt spine on each.

Wings with two submarginal cells; maxillary palpi 2-jointed ;

labial palpi 4-jointed.

gd. With the 6th dorsal segment terminating the abdomen like

a sort of cap, and bearing a well-marked apical crest, its posterior

margin inferior; 7th dorsal segment inferior, and 8th dorsal in-

closed in the 7th; four ventral segments only visible; 5th with

an apical, central, more or less rugose, patch; 6th very narrow,

and clothed across the middle with spine-like hairs, often recurved,

or widened at the apex; apex of the segment often produced into

a membranous wing; 7th so fragile and membranous that I have

been unable to extract it entire; 8th narrow and tongue-like;

genital armature very large at the base, the stipites more or less

divergent, the sagittz narrow and pointed (for figures of armature,

see Pl. IX). Anterior coxe each with a long, thick, blunt spine.

British Hymenoptera.

197

@. With a dense ventral pollen-brush composed of beautifully

straight spirally-grooved hairs.

(6) 1. g$ front tarsi dilated; 9 mandibles largely flat-

(3) 2

(QQ) 3

(5) 4

(4) 5

(1) 6

(12) 7

(9) 8.

(8) 9.

(11) 10.

(10) 11.

(7) 12.

tened in front, the flattened portion wide at the

base and deeply furrowed, the groove extend-

ing almost to the clypeus.

. § posterior tibie dilated, thicker than the femora ;

scopa orange-red, pale whitish at the base,

extreme apex darker

. g posterior tibia not dilated, eer so Hane

as the femora; scopa of 9 dark, fulvous in

the middle.

. Basal segments of abdomen covered with long

fulvous hairs; apical segments with black

hairs; g with basal joint of anterior tarsi

much longer than wide, its sides straight; 9?

without pale apical bands to the abdominal

segments .. 2

. Basal segments of sae? with babe uy ae

3 with the basal joint of the anterior tarsi as

wide as long, its sides slightly curved ; ? with

pale apical bands to the segments

. f front tarsi simple ; 9 mandibles only flattened

and grooved towards the apex.

. 6th segment of abdomen in J not covered with

pale hairs; scopa of 9 not white; the apical

margins of the segments naked.

3S 6th segment entire or neue SO; $ BpOPA

bright orange-fulvous

3S with crest of 6th segment Heanotly ee

nate; 9 scopa noi bright orange.

& tarsi pale; 7th spouse spined ; g Sere

entirely pale

f& tarsi black ; 7th ase ae aed 9 scops

black on the two apical segments

3S 6th segment clothed above with a short a

pressed pale pubescence; @ scopa white or

nearly so; apical margins of the segments

beneath fringed .. at 4

maritima.

circumcincta.

Willughbiella.

. centuncularis.

pyrina.

ligniseca.

argentata.

1. Megachile maritima, Kirb. (PI. IX., figs. 2—2 b).

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl., i., p. 242; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 179.

Black, clothed with brown or golden brown hairs; 3 with the

anterior tarsi white, dilated ; posterior tibiz curved, dilated, thicker

than the femora; basal joint of tarsi very wide at the base, narrow

at the apex; ? with the mandibles largely flattened in front, with

a deep groove extending almost to the clypeus; scopa pale whitish

at the base, orange-red in the middle, and dark at the extreme

apex.

198 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

3. Head closely and largely punctured; face densely clothed

with pale ochreous hairs; mandibles whitish or pale towards the

apex on their inferior margin. Antenne with the apical joint more

or less dilated and flattened. Thorax closely punctured, densely

clothed with fulvous-brown hairs, those of the metathorax rather

paler ; wings with a slight apical cloud. Abdomen closely and

finely punctured, each segment densely clothed with erect fulvous

hairs, and with a narrow apical band of shorter, paler, decumbent

hairs, the pubescence of the apical segments darker and browner ;

apical crest of 6th segment emarginate, and with a deep fovea in

the emargination both on the dorsal and ventral sides; actual apex

of the segment largely and semicircularly emarginate, angles of the

emargination slightly prominent; 7th segment rarely visible, its

apex truncate ; ventral segments finely punctured, only four visible ;

Ist, 2nd, and 8rd densely clothed at the apex and sides with long

pale hairs; 4th produced at the apex and truncate, its apical mar-

gin pale and submembranous; 5th with a suboval, pale, rugose,

scale-like patch in the middle, extending from the base and pro-

jecting to slightly beyond what would appear to be the natural

apex of the segment; 6th segment narrow, membranous, except

at the sides; apex produced into a narrow truncate wing, the angles

of the truncature considerably produced at the sides; on each

side of the segment, above this membranous wing, is a tuft of hairs

or spines, with their apices reflexed at an acute angle (this segment,

under a microscope, is a most beautiful object); 7th segment,

except at the sides, so thinly membranous that I have been unable

to remove it, and cannot describe its form; 8th tongue-like, small,

its base with a projecting tooth on each side (for genitalia, &c.,

see Pl. IX., figs. 2-20). Legs black, covered with golden brown

hairs; front cox with a long blunt spine on each, terminating in

a sharp pencil of hairs; anterior femora and tibie pale in front and

beneath, the former densely clothed with long hairs ; tarsi largely

dilated, white, fringed beneath with long white hairs; 2nd joint

with an oblong brown spot near its lower margin ; posterior femora

slightly thickened, and the tibie of the same pair of legs much

thickened and curved ; tarsi dilated at the base.

¢. Head and thorax closely punctured, clothed with golden

brown hairs; mandibles largely flattened in front, with a long deep

groove terminating between the apical tooth and the next one to it.

Antenne with the apical joint slightly compressed, but not dilated,

Abdomen punctured, clothed on the basal segments with pale

golden brown hairs, on the remainder with erect black hairs; each

segment at the apex with a line of short decumbent pale hairs; 6th

segment slightly carinated in the middle towards the apex ; beneath

with the scopa composed of nearly white hairs on the 2nd segment,

British Hymenoptera. 199

of hairs of a somewhat orange-red colour on the 8rd and 4th, and

of nearly black hairs on the 5th and 6th. Legs black, clothed with

golden brown hairs; cox, femora, tibie, and tarsi simple, except

that the basal joint of the posterior tarsi is enlarged and flattened,

as in most of the Anthophila. Length, 14—15 mm.

Hab. Common in most places along our coasts ; also

at Norwich, Weybridge, &c.; but I do not know if it

occurs frequently in the north.

Thomson says, 6th segment ‘‘ acute 4-dentato.”

2. Megachile Willughbiella, Kirb. (Pl. IX., figs. 1—1 a).

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl., il., p. 2833; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 178.

Very like the preceding, but smaller, and differing in

the following particulars :—

g. With the pubescence less brightly coloured, and that of the

abdomen less dense; 6th segment with the emargination of the

apical crest wider and deeper, its real apex deeply emarginate, the

sides of the emargination angularly produced ; 7th segment just

visible, with a central tooth, which is visible through the emargi-

nation of the 6th (this gives the appearance of the 7th segment

being tridentate, as recorded by Smith); 6th ventral segment with

the apical wing angularly produced in the middle of its anterior

margin, besides being angulated at the sides (for genitalia, &c., see

P1.IX., figs. 1—1la). Front legs with the tibie pale in front only at

the apex; tarsi largely dilated and fringed; Ist joint nearly as

broad as long; 2nd joint not spotted beneath; posterior tibie not

thicker than the femora; basal joint of the tarsi not unusually

dilated, nearly three times as long as wide.

g. Very like that of maritima, but rather smaller, with the

mandibles more rugose and less shining, and the groove less

strongly marked and shorter; puncturation of the thorax rather

less close, giving the surface a slightly less dull appearance. Ab-

domen with the Ist, 2nd, and 3rd segments clothed with short pale

hairs, the remainder with black, the 4th and 5th having a pale

apical fringe; segments deeply impressed at the base; beneath

with the scopa orange-red, the hairs of the 5th and 6th segments

black; legs with pale hairs. Length, 12—14 mm.

Hab. Generally common and widely distributed.

200 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

3. Megachile circwmcincta, Lep. (Pl. IX., figs. 4—4 a).

Lep., Hym., ii., p. 885; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd

ed., p. 177.

Face in the 3 clothed with bright ochreous hairs, in the ? with

black. Thorax in both sexes with bright brown hairs. Abdomen

with ochreous-brown hairs on the Ist, 2nd, and 8rd segments, and

with black on the rest; 9 without pale apical bands, as in the pre-

ceding; gf with the front tarsi dilated, its 1st joint much longer

than wide, its sides straight and subparallel.

g. Head and thorax strongly punctured; face clothed with

pale ochreous hairs; mandibles beneath produced into a rather

more prominent triangular tooth at the base than in the other allied

species, tridentate at the apex, the external tooth much the longest.

Antenne with the apical joint slightly dilated and flattened. Thorax

clothed with bright brown hairs, punctured, the hairs on the meta-

thorax and under the wings paler; wings slightly dusky. Abdomen

somewhat shining, punctured, clothed on the three basal segments

with hairs of the same colour as those on the metathorax, and with

black hairs on the remaining segments; 6th segment with its

apical crest deeply and narrowly emarginate, and its real apex

(beneath) semicircularly emarginate, the angles of the emargina-

tion prominent and somewhat reflexed; 7th segment with a strong

central tooth, visible ventral segments clothed with pale hairs; 6th

segment (hidden) with the membranous wing at its apex less

developed, and not angulated at its sides, and the spines at the

sides differently shaped to those of either of the preceding (for geni-

talia, &c., see Pl. IX., figs. 4—4a). Legs clothed with brown hairs ;

anterior coxe with blunt spines, with scarcely any apical pencil of

hairs; anterior femora pale and concave in front, densely clothed

with hairs behind; tibie pale at the apex; tarsi dilated, pale,

densely fringed, 1st joint elongate, nearly parallel-sided, 2nd joint

with a black spot beneath; posterior tarsi with the basal joint

rather shorter than in Willughbiella.

@. Hairs of the face black; mandibles shining, largely punc-

tured, groove very deep and long; thorax and first three segments

of the abdomen densely clothed with pale but rather bright brown

hairs, as in the g; last three segments entirely clothed with black

hairs, without any pale fringe at the apex ; segments not impressed

at the base ; segments beneath with the scopa dark orange, that of

the two apical segments black. Legs with brown hairs. Length,

12—14 mm.

Hab. Not uncommon but local, burrowing in sandy

banks, &. IF. Smith says that it usually lines its

burrows with rose leaves. I have taken it freely at Chob-

British Hymenoptera. 201

ham, and Mr. Bridgman takes it at Norwich; it is very

like Willughbiella, but the long straight basal joint of

the anterior tarsi in the ¢ and the entirely black apical

segments of the abdomen in the 2, as well as the want

of the basal impressions observable in Willughbiella, will

easily distinguish it.

4. Megachile ligniseca, Kirb. (Pl. IX., figs. 3—8 a).

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 248; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 178.

Black, clothed with dull brownish hairs; pubescence of the face

brighter ; ¢ front tarsi simple; 6th segment with its apical crest

emarginate, 7th with its apex emarginate; 9? large, with the scopa

beneath pale ochreous.

3. Head punctured; face clothed with bright brown and golden

hairs ; mandibles shining, rugose, tridentate. Antenne rather long ;

apical joint not dilated, but flattened. - Thorax punctured rather

more closely than the head and duller, clothed with ochreous-

brown hairs, those of the metathorax and under side paler ; wings

with a darker apical margin. Abdomen punctured, segments

much impressed at the base; Ist, 2nd, and base of the 3rd clothed

with pale hairs like the metathorax, the remainder with black;

6th segment with its dorsal surface slightly carinated down the

middle, its apical crest emarginate, the real apical margin of the

segment (on its ventral surface) semicircularly excised; 7th seg-

ment with its apex emarginate; ventral segments clothed with

pale greyish hairs; 5th with a large pale hairy central patch; 6th,

with the apical membranous portion reflexed, and slightly produced

in the centre ; the segment above the apical membrane is clothed

with long bristly hairs, which are simple, not hooked, at the apex ;

8th segment shaped much as in the other species (for genitalia, &c.,

see Pl. IX., figs. 3—3 a).

9g. As large or larger than that of maritima, clothed as the 3;

mandibles deeply punctured, only narrowly flattened in front,

groove short, but deep and wide. Abdomen clothed with hairs of

the same colour as that on the metathorax on the first three seg-

ments, and with short black hairs on the rest; the hairs of the 6th

segment adpressed ; all the segments with a fringe of pale hairs on

each side at the apex; beneath with the scopa of a dull ochreous

colour, paler at the sides and darker at the apex. Legs clothed

with pale short ochreous hairs. Length, 12—18 mm.

Hab. Not a common species generally, but widely

distributed. Dartford, Richmond, Hampton Court,

Windsor, Chobham, Norfolk, Colchester, &c.

202 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

5. Megachile ericetorum, Lep. (Pl. IX., figs. 6—6 a).

Lep., Hist. Nat. Hym., ii., p. 341 = pyrina, Sm. (nec

Lep.), Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed. p. 174.

“o. Length, 5—6 lines. Black; the face with bright golden

yellow pubescence; on the vertex it is usually more or less fuscous.

Thorax, the pubescence on the disk short and fuscous, on the sides

and beneath pale fulvous, frequently inclining to cinereous; the

apical joints of the tarsi ferruginous ; the pubescence beneath the

tarsi fulvous; the calearia pale rufo-testaceous. Abdomen oblong,

the two basal segments with thin pale pubescence, the following

with fuscous ; the apical margin of all the segments with entire

fascie of pale fulvous pubescence, and beneath densely clothed

with pale fulvous.

“%. Length, 5 lines. The pubescence similar to that of the

9, but longer and more dense on the face, the apical segment of

the abdomen deeply emarginate in the middle, and denticulate at

the sides; the 7th segment has a longish spine in the middle; the

anterior coxe have a blunt spine.”

I have not seen the British exponents of this species,

so have copied Smith’s description ; but it is very dis-

tinct, and easily recognised by the pale tarsi of the

male and the prominent tooth or spine on the 7th seg-

ment, and by the long banded abdomen of the ? (for

genitalia see Pl. IX., figs. 6—6a).

Hab. ‘‘ This species has been captured at and near

to Weybridge, Bristol, and Southampton. It must be

very local. No one has been ascertained to have taken

it for some years past.”

Smith is, I think, clearly wrong in referring this to

pyrina, Lep., who says of the latter ¢ “les 4 premiers

articles des tarses dilatés, blanes en dessus.”’

6. Megachile centuncularis, Linn. (Pl. IX., figs. 5—5a),

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., 1., p. 575; Smith, Cat. Brit.

ivi 2ndeed., Dalia.

Smaller than any of the preceding; § front tarsi simple; apical

crest of 6th abdominal segment almost entire; 7th segment entire,

with a slight central tubercle; 9 with the scopa bright orange-red.

S$. Head punctured ; face clothed with bright brownish golden

hairs; mandibles tridentate. Thorax very closely punctured,

clothed on the disk with sooty brown hairs and round the sides

British Hymenoptera. 2038

with brighter brown; wings slightly dusky, and with a rather

darker apical margin. Abdomen rather shining, punctured, seg-

ments deeply impressed across the base; 1st and 2nd segments

clothed with pale hairs, the rest clothed with black hairs at the

base, but with an apical fringe on each side of pale brown hairs;

apical crest of 6th segment very slightly emarginate ; 7th with a

triangular apical tubercle; beneath clothed with pale hairs; 5th

segment shining, with a semicircular hairy patch in the middle of

the apical margin; 6th very narrow, with scarcely any apical

wing, and with the surface above the apex clothed with long simple

hairs laterally adpressed (for genitalia, &c., see Pl. [X., figs. 5—5a).

Legs clothed with pale hairs.

?. With the mandibles largely and rugosely punctured, only

slightly flattened in front. Thorax clothed as in the 9g, but rather

less densely, and with the hairs rather shorter. Abdomen rather

strongly punctured; the base of the 2nd and 3rd segments deeply

and narrowly impressed, the Ist and 2nd segments clothed with

pale ochreous hairs; the remainder with short black hairs, upright

on the apical as well as on the other segments; each segment with

a narrow line of pale hairs on each side of the apex; scopa of the

ventral segments bright orange. Legs clothed with pale hairs.

Length, 10—12 mm.

Hab. ‘The commonest species of the genus, and gene-

rally distributed.

7. Megachile argentata, Fab. (Pl. IX., figs. 7—7 a).

Fab., Ent. Syst., ii., p. 386; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 176.

Smaller than any of the preceding, black, clothed with ochreous-

grey hairs; 3 with the anterior tarsi simple, and the 6th segment

of the abdomen densely clothed with adpressed whitish hairs,

except a triangular spot at the apex; apical carina denticulate; 9

with the ventral scopa silvery grey.

¢. Head and thorax closely punctured, the former broader or

as broad as the latter; face densely clothed with silky golden grey

hairs; mandibles shortly grooved at the apex, rugose and hairy at

the base. Antenne reaching to the scutellum, with the apical joint

flattened, but scarcely dilated. Thorax densely clothed round its

margins with ochreous-grey hairs, very closely punctured; wings

slightly clouded. Abdomen finely punctured; Ist, 2nd, and 8rd

segments densely clothed with rather long ochreous-grey hairs ;

4th with shorter ones intermixed with black ; 5th with black ones

on its apical half; the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th with an apical fringe of

204 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

adpressed paler hairs, the 5th with a basal band of the same, and

the 6th entirely so covered, except a small triangular region at the

apex; apical crest of the 6th segment irregularly spined at each

side and emarginate in the centre; 7th narrowly visible beneath ;

under side of the abdomen with the four basal ventral segments

fringed with white hairs; 5th segment just visible at the sides, the

rest hidden (for genitalia, &c., see Pl. IX., figs. 7—7 a). Legs clothed

with ochreous-grey hairs; front femora slightly dilated, pale, and

excavated beneath to receive the tibie; posterior tibie slightly

swollen.

Q. Very like the gf, but with the head narrower; the face

clothed with short dull grey hairs. Antenne shorter, not reaching

the tegule. Abdomen with the two basal segments clothed with

erect pale hairs, the remainder with very short black ones; the

2nd to 5th with apical bands of pale hairs, the 6th with a basal

band ; beneath with long greyish hairs, the extreme apical margins

of the segments fringed with pale hairs, apical segment with black.

Legs clothed with greyish hairs. Length, J—11 mm.

Hab. A maritime species, and common in many

places on the east and south coast.

. Osmia, Panz.

Panz., Krit. Rev., i., p. 230.

Wings with two submarginal cells. Maxillary palpi 4-jointed ;

labial palpi 4-jointed; ¢ with the antenne considerably longer than

in the 9; the 3rd ventral abdominal segment sometimes only

visible at the sides; five segments usually exposed; 7th very thin

and membranous; 8th narrowly triangular; genital armature very

narrow and elongate (see Pl. VIII). © with a dense ventral

pollen-brush composed of simple hairs.

A genus which contains a large number of species,

although only a few occur in this country; it has been

divided into several sections, depending in many cases

mainly on the male characters. Although these sections

are natural enough, and some have characteristics which

may be considered of generic value, I have not em-

ployed them here, as in a small fauna like ours I think

it is probably more convenient to keep the species all

together.

The habits of the species of this genus are most in-

teresting; some of them make their cells of mud, and

are amongst what are called the “mason bees’”’; for a

good account of their habits see Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 147.

British Hymenoptera. 205

(2) 1. f antenne very long, not hairy, extending to

beyond the scutellum; 9 with two stout Lo

jecting horns on the face : . rufa.

(1) 2. gf antenne either pilose lenenthe or ae nai

nearly extending to the scutellum ; @ face

simple.

(12) 3. Calcaria of posterior tibie black.

(9) 4. Ground colour of body black.

(8) 5. S posterior metatarsi more or less dilated towards

the apex inwardly ; apex of abdomen bidentate ;

@ face with black hairs, and with fulvous on

the two basal abdominal segments.

(7) 6. g antenne pilose beneath; 9Q face sparingly

clothed with black hairs ; ‘posterior metatarsi

scarcely more than twice as long as broad... __pilicornis.

(6) 7. gf antennez not pilose; 9 face densely clothed

with black; posterior metatarsi much more

than twice as long as broad. .. 50 xanthomelana.

(5) 8. g posterior metatarsi simple, apex of shdomen

entire; 9 with face clothed with pale hairs,

and basal supe only of abdomen with ful-

vous + are ac -. parietina.

(4) 9. Body more or less iaiotnlllte:

(11) 10. g 6th segment very slightly notched at the apex,

and somewhat crenulate on each side of the

notch; 9 scopa black .. cerulescens.

(10) 11. g 6th segment rather widely mead at the apex,

its sides simple; @ scopared .. JSulviventris.

(3) 12. Calcaria of posterior tibix pale.

(14) 13. g margin of 6th segment entire; ¢ head and

thorax densely clothed with black hairs .. bicolor.

(13) 14. g¢ margin of 6th segment denticulate at the sides ;

head and thorax clothed with brown or pale

hairs.

(16) 15. Segments of abdomen fringed with golden hairs aurulenta.

(15) 16. Segments of abdomen not fringed with golden

hairs.

(18) 17. g with a sharp tooth on the basal repmient be-

neath; 9 scopa fulvous .. spinulosa.

(17) 18. gf with a broadly-elevated jatenale on ane ond

segment beneath; scopa greyish .. leucomelana.

1. Osmia rufa, Linn. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 9).

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., i., p. 575; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 152.

Head and thorax clothed with greyish brown hairs, face of the ¢

with black. Abdomen entirely clothed with orange-red hairs ; face

of the 2 with two thick, usually bifid, horns below the antenne on

each side of the clypeus.

&. Head and thorax greenish black, closely and finely punc-

tured; face clothed with whitish hairs below the antennx, with

206 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

rather darker hairs above. Antenne long, reaching to the scu-

tellum. Thorax clothed with long brownish grey hairs; wings

slightly clouded. Abdomen more or less eneous, closely punctured,

densely clothed with long orange-coloured hairs; 7th segment

narrowly truncate at the apex; beneath with the 2nd segment very

long, punctured, rounded at the apex; 3rd segment visible only at

the sides, its apical margin widely emarginate ; 4th segment with

its apical margin rounded and slightly reflexed; 5th segment just

visible at the apex, shaped like the 4th; 6th entirely hidden, rather

pointed at the apex; 7th corneous only at the sides, the centre

entirely membranous; 8th narrowly pointed (for genitalia see

Pl. VIII., fig. 9). Legs clothed with brownish grey hairs.

¢. Larger than the #. Head clothed with black hairs. An-

tenne reaching to about the tegule ; on each side of the clypeus is

a thick horn, slightly bifid at the apex, the inner tooth produced

and slightly bent towards the centre; mandibles deeply grooved

and rugosely punctured. Thorax clothed with greyish brown

hairs, its surface more or less greenish and closely and finely punc-

tured. Abdomen neous, punctured, clothed with dense orange-

coloured hairs; beneath with the scopa almost of the same colour ;

femora clothed with greyish hairs, tibie and tarsi with orange.

Length, 10—15 mm.

Hab. Very common; appears in May.

2. Osmia pilicornis, Smith. (Pl. XL, fig. 4).

Smith, Zool., iv., 1567; Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed.,

p. 158 = fuciformis, Smith (nec Gerst.).

$ clothed with pale hairs, its antenne long, with fine projecting

hairs beneath; 9 with the face clothed with black hairs; meta-

thoracic area dull; 1st and 2nd abdominal segments clothed with

brown hairs, the rest with black.

3S. Head and thorax black, closely punctured, clothed with

ochraceous grey hairs. Antenne reaching to beyond the meta-

thorax ; each joint beneath with several fine silvery hairs; wings

slightly dusky, nervures brown. Abdomen black. clothed with

greyish hairs, shining, rugosely punctured at the base of the seg-

ments, impunctate and glabrous at the apex, apex of each more or

less testaceous ; 6th segment sharply emarginate; 7th very deeply

so; beneath 2nd segment very long; 3rd visible only at the sides ;

4th somewhat truncate at the apex, its centre clothed with hairs

with their apices hooked; the rest hidden. Legs clothed with

grey hairs; posterior tibie slightly incrassate; posterior metatarsi

widened and produced inwardly at the apex (for genitalia see

Pl. XL., fig. 4). ;

British Hymenoptera. 207

@. Face clothed rather sparingly with black hairs, vertex with

brown. Thorax with bright brown hairs; metathoracic area dull.

Abdomen shining, rather more finely punctured than in the 3;

1st and 2nd segments clothed with brown hairs like the thorax, the

remainder with black ; beneath with the scopa black. Legs clothed

with black hairs; posterior metatarsi short, about three times as

long as wide. Length, 9—10 mm.

Hab. Local. Bristol, Leigh Woods and Durdham

Downs; Birchwood, Kent; Colchester.

3. Osmia xanthomelana, Kirb. (Pl. VIII., fig. 8).

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 246; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 155 = fuciformis, Gerst. (nec Sm.).

Thorax and abdomen entirely clothed with fulvous hairs in the 3.

Antenne reaching to about the tegule ; apical segment of abdomen

deeply notched; 9 with the face densely clothed with black hairs ;

thorax and first two abdominal segments with fulvous; the other

segments, as well as the scopa and legs, with black.

gf. Head and thorax black, closely punctured; face clothed

with pale hairs; mandibles with a tooth on the inner margin.

Antennx reaching to about the tegule. Thorax clothed with

bright fulvous hairs ; wings clouded, especially over the radial cell;

nervures piceous, paler at the base; metathoracic area shining.

Abdomen finely punctured, densely clothed with fulvous hairs ;

the extreme apex of each segment impunctate, glabrous and shin-

ing; 7th segment deeply emarginate at the apex; beneath clothed

with black hairs, 2nd segment angulated at the apex; the 3rd

emarginate at the apex, the emargination fringed with golden

hairs; 4th rounded at the apex, clothed with hairs recurved at the

apex; 5th only visible at the extreme sides (for genitalia see

Pl. VIII., fig. 8). Legs clothed with pale fulvous-grey hairs;

posterior metatarsi inwardly produced into a slight tubercle.

¢. Rather stouter than the g, the head larger and more

quadrate, the antenne short, the face densely clothed with black

hairs, the thorax with dark fulvous, paler below the wings; wings

and metathorax as in the g. Abdomen clothed with fulvous

hairs on the first two segments, slightly paler at the apex of each,

and with black hairs on the other segments; beneath entirely

clothed with black hairs, the hairs of the scopa in certain lights

with a fulvous tinge. Legs clothed with black hairs, those of the

tarsi fulvous beneath; posterior metatarsi rather longer than in

the preceding species. Length, 12 mm.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PaRT Il. (JULY.) P

208 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

Hab. Uocal; appears early in May. Somersham,

near Ipswich; Darenth Wood; near Liverpool; near

Bristol, frequenting ground-ivy.

Easily distinguished from the preceding by the shining

area of the metathorax.

4. Osmia parietina, Curt. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 11).

Curt., Brit. Ent., v., p. 222, pl. 222, ?; Smith, Cat.

Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 157 = vulpecula, Gerst. ?

Black ; face in both sexes with pale hairs. Thorax and Ist seg-

ment of abdomen with fulvous hairs; § with the 7th segment of

the abdomen entire; calcaria black.

3. Head and thorax closely punctured, the former clothed with

whitish hairs below the antenne and with dullfulvous hairs above. _

Antenne reaching to the base of the scutellum. Thorax clothed

with bright fulvous hairs; wings slightly clouded; metathoracic

area dull, finely rugose. Abdomen shining, subglobose, finely

punctured ; basal segment clothed with long fulvous hairs, the

rest with black and fulvous hairs intermixed ; 6th and 7th seg-

ments entire at the apex; beneath punctured, 2nd segment nar-

rowly emarginate in the centre; 3rd visible only at the sides; 4th

hairy at the apex, rest hidden (for genitalia see Pl. VIII., fig. 11).

Legs clothed with pale hairs; calcaria black; posterior metatarsi

simple.

9. Face clothed with pale fulvous hairs, thorax with bright

fulvous; metathoracic area dull. Abdomen with the basal seg-

ment clothed with fulvous hairs, the rest with black; the apical

segment with paler hairs intermixed; beneath with the scopa

black. Legs clothed with black hairs, paler beneath. Length,

8 mm.

Hab. Ambleside, Westmoreland; Bridgend, Gla-

morgan; Loch Rannoch; Grampian Hills; F. Smith.

I have never met with this species.

Very distinct by the simple apex of the abdomen of

the g and the coloration of the pubescence in the ?.

5. Osmia cerulescens, Linn. (Pl. VIII, fig. 18).

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., i, p. 576 = enea, Smith,

Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 153.

Aineous or bluish. Abdomen of the g short and subovate ; 6th

dorsal segment simple or very slightly emarginate ; 7th bidentate ;

? with the metathoracic area dull; scopa black.

British Hymenoptera. 209

3d. Head and thorax bronzy, or sometimes with bluish tints,

closely punctured, clothed with pale brownish hairs. Antenne

reaching about to the tegule; wings slightly dusky ; metathorax

finely rugose at the base, with a smooth space below. Abdomen

brassy or blue, fringed at the sides and ends of the segments with

ochreous hairs, deeply and largely punctured; 6th segment entire

or obsoletely emarginate; 7th bidentate; beneath with the 2nd

segment almost entire; the 3rd largely emarginate, its emargination

fringed with long hairs; 4th and 5th entire (for genitalia see

Pl. VIII., fig. 13). Legs clothed with pale brownish hairs ; calearia

black.

@. Blue; head and thorax dull, clothed with greyish hairs ;

vertex subquadrate, as wide as the thorax; metathoracic area dull.

Abdomen shining, strongly punctured; 2nd and following segments

with a very narrow apical fringe of whitish hairs; beneath with

the scopa black. Legs clothed with short pale hairs; calcaria

black. Length, 7—10 mm.

Hab. Common, and generally distributed in May

and June.

6. Osmia fulviventris, Panz. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 15).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 56, 18; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 154.

3S more or less bronzy, 9 nearly black; thorax and head obscure

greenish; g’ abdomen subelongate; 9 scopa bright orange ; abdo-

men shining, without pubescent bands.

gf. Head and thorax bronzy green, densely punctured, and

clothed with long pale brown hairs. Antenne reaching not quite

to the scutellum ; wings rather dusky; metathorax rugose at the

base, the triangular area shining towards the apex. Abdomen

bronzy, subelongate, shining, largely punctured, sparsely clothed

with long ochreous hairs, forming dense bands at the apex of each

segment; 6th segment piceous and emarginate at the apex; 7th

bidentate; beneath punctured, 2nd segment slightly emarginate,

8rd largely so, and the emargination fringed with long golden

hairs ; the others entire (for genitalia see Pl. VIII., fig. 15). Legs

clothed with pale hairs; calcaria dark piceous.

@. Head and thorax dull, greenish black, sparingly clothed

with ochreous-grey hairs, and closely and deeply punctured ; vertex

subquadrate ; clypeus emarginate at the apex ; wings smoky brown.

Abdomen shining, black, with a greenish tinge, largely punctured,

almost glabrous above on the 2ndand 3rd segments ; extreme sides

of the segments fringed with orange-yellow hairs; 6th segment

210 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

dull and closely punctured; beneath with the scopa bright orange.

Legs clothed with pale hairs. Length, 9—10 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed, and tolerably abundant

in some localities ; makes its nest in wooden posts, &c.

7. Osmia aurulenta, Panz. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 10).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 63, 22; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 159. ;

$ clothed with greyish hairs, and with bright golden fringes to

the apical segments of the abdomen; 9? clothed on the thorax with

brownish red hairs; all the segments of the body fringed with the

same; scopa red.

3g. Subelongate. Head and thorax black, with a slight metallic

tinge, closely punctured ; face clothed with long pale hairs. Thorax

clothed with brownish grey hairs; metathoracic area dull. Abdo-

men slightly shining, punctured ; basal segment clothed with long

grey hairs, the remainder with their apical margins fringed with

bright golden hairs, the fringes wider on the apical segments; 6th

segment dentate and sinuate at the sides, slightly rounded at the

apex; 7th sharply bidentate; beneath punctured, 38rd segment

visible at the apex, emarginate, the emargination fringed with long

golden hairs; 4th segment entire, rather angular at the apex; 5th

sinuate at the apex; 6th entire (for genitalia see Pl. VIILI., fig. 10).

Legs clothed with greyish hairs.

¢. Stouter than the g, punctured as in that sex; head

sparingly clothed with greyish brown hairs; thorax densely with

fulvous-brown. Abdomen clothed with short fulvous hairs, sides

and apices of the segments with longer, giving a distinct fringe to

each ; beneath, scopa red-brown. Legs clothed with pale fulvous

hairs; calcaria pale. Length, J—11 mm.

Hab. Common in many localities, and generally dis-

tributed, but, according to Smith, does not extend far

north.

8. Osmia bicolor, Schrank. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 14).

Schrank, Ins. Austr., p. 400; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 160.

Black; g clothed with ochreous hairs; 9 with black hairs on the

head and thorax, and bright red hairs on the abdomen; ¢ with the

7th segment bidentate; the 4th segment beneath bearing a small

pubescent tubercle on its disk.

British Hymenoptera. 211

3. Head and thorax closely punctured; face clothed with pale

ochreous-yellow hairs; antenne reaching to the tegule, with the

8rd joint longer than the two following together. Thorax clothed

with long ochreous hairs; wings slightly smoky; metathoracic

area dull. Abdomen shining, finely punctured, the apical margins

of the segments very narrowly piceous, their surface clothed with

long pale ochreous hairs; 7th segment sharply bidentate; beneath

punctured, clothed with long ochreous hairs, margins of the seg-

ments testaceous ; 2nd segment rounded at the apex; 3rd emargi-

nate; 4th truncate, with a small discal pubescent tubercle; 5th

truncate; 6th shining, with a tuft of golden hairs on each side of

its apex (for genitalia see Pl. VIII., fig. 14). Legs clothed with

pale hairs; calcaria testaceous; tarsi testaceous, except the basal

joint, and clothed with golden hairs.

?. Head and thorax densely clothed with black hairs. Antenne

with the 3rd joint very long, as in the gf, being nearly as long as

the three following joints taken together. Abdomen densely

clothed with bright red hairs above and beneath, rather darker

towards the base. Legs clothed with black hairs on the femora,

with brownish hairs on the tibiew, and bright fulvous-red on the

tarsi, which are clear rufo-testaceous; calcaria testaceous. Length,

10—12 mm.

Hab. Purfleet, Northfleet, Reigate, Bristol, Wotton-

under-Edge, &c. Local, but not uncommon where it

occurs.

9. Osmia leucomelana, Kirb. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 16).

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 260; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 161.

Deep black, shining; g with the 7th segment pointed, deeply

foveated at the base; 2nd segment beneath with a large transverse

tubercular plate; @ with the 1st to 4th segments with an apical

band of white hairs on each side.

gf. Head and thorax finely punctured, clothed with ochreous-

grey hairs, those of the face below the antenne paler and very

dense. Antenne piceous beneath, not reaching to the tegule.

Thorax dull; wings very slightly smoky in colour; nervures and

tegulx piceous. Abdomen incurved at the apex, somewhat shining,

punctured, clothed with a short grey pubescence, forming indistinct

apical bands on the 2nd and following segments ; 6th segment with

an obtuse apical tooth on each side; 7th pointed, with a large deep

round fovea at the base; beneath with the 2nd segment elevated

into a large perpendicular tubercular plate, 8rd, 4th, and 5th

212 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

emarginate, and fringed with golden hairs (for genitalia see P1.VIII.,

fig. 16). Legs clothed with pale hairs; tarsi piceous.

@. Head and thorax closely punctured ; face below the antennz

with white hairs at the sides, and with yellowish hairs on the apex

of the clypeus, which is emarginate. Thorax somewhat shining,

clothed round the margins, in fresh examples, with pale brownish

hairs ; scutellum with brownish hairs; metathoracie area dull.

Abdomen shining, coal-black, strongly punctured; Ist to 4th seg-

ments with a lateral streak of silvery hairs at the apex; beneath

with the scopa ochreous-grey. Legs clothed with pale hairs, tarsi

internally with golden; calearia pale. Length, 8—9 mm.

Hab. This pretty little species is rare, and has been

recorded from Charlton, Kent; Hawley, Hants ; Chob-

ham, Weybridge, and Charlwood, Surrey ; near Exeter ;

Leigh Woods, Bristol; Coddenham, near Needham

Market, Suffolk. It makes its nest in dead bramble-

stems.

10. Osmia spinulosa, Kirb. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 12).

Kirb., Mon! Ap. Angl., 11.) p2 204; “pliant aks

Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 162.

Small, black, clothed with brownish hairs; g with the 6th seg-

ment rounded and denticulate; beneath with a long spine on the

disk of the 1st segment, anda smaller one on the 2nd near the

apex; 9 with a pale pubescent streak at the apex of the 4th, 5th,

and 6th segments ; scopa beneath orange.

g- Head and thorax closely and largely punctured, densely

clothed with brown hairs. Antenne not quite reaching to the

tegule ; 8rd joint short, not much longer than the 4th; wings

slightly clouded ; nervures dark piceous ; metathoracic area slightly

shining towards the apex. Abdomen slightly shining, largely pune-

tured; sides of the segments and an apical line on the 38rd, 4th,

and 5th, clothed with pale ochreous hairs; 6th segment rounded at

the apex, with numerous small spine-like teeth on its margin; 7th

produced into a sharp point; beneath with the 1st segment bearing

a strong upright central spine; 2nd with a narrow short subapical

spine ; 8rd visible only at the sides; 4th and 5th entire (for geni-

talia see Pl. VIII., fig. 12). Legs clothed with pale hairs ; calcaria

pale.

9. Very like the g in general appearance, but with the head

and thorax less densely hairy, and the hairs shorter and greyish.

Abdomen shorter, with an apical line of pale hairs on the 4th, 5th,

and 6th segments; beneath with the scopa bright orange-red,

Length, 7—8 mm,

British Hymenoptera. 213

Hab. Common in many places. Deal, Walmer,

Dover, Reigate, Croydon, Hastings, Isle of Wight, Sid-

mouth, Norwich.

CueELostoma, Latr.

Latr., Gen. Crust. et Ins., iv., p. 161.

Elongate, subparallel-sided ; wings with two submarginal cells ;

labial palpi 4-jointed, the apical joint much shorter than 8rd ;

maxillary palpi 3-jointed. Abdomen with the 1st segment not

carinated at the base, where the perpendicular portion meets the

horizontal; five ventral segments exposed in the g, the 2nd bear-

ing a well-defined tubercle or raised line; 5th segment with a

long curved apical fringe ; genital armature with the stipites long

and straight, much thickened at the apex (see Pl. X.); 2 with a

dense ventral pollen-brush composed of hairs with very fine fila-

mentary branches.

(2) 1. g thorax densely hairy; 9 abdominal segments

with white pubescent apical bands... .. florisomne.

(1) 2. # thorax not densely seu a abdominal seg-

ments not banded .. campanularum.

1. Chelostoma florisomne, Linn. (Pl. X., figs. 4—4a).

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x.,i., p.577; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 165.

Elongate, black; g clothed with rather long grey hairs. Abdo-

men incurved at the apex; 2nd segment beneath with a large

tubercle, flattened and shining on its ventral surface; ? with the

head large and quadrate, the mandibles strong; segments of the

abdomen posteriorly fringed with white hairs.

3. Head and thorax closely punctured, clothed rather densely

with long brownish grey hairs; mandibles grooved, simple at the

apex. Antenne with the 8rd to 7th joints produced beneath into

prominent angles. Wings slightly clouded. Abdomen elongate,

densely punctured, clothed with long grey hairs, and with shorter

whitish ones on each side of the apex of the segments ; 7th segment

terminating in two somewhat quadrate teeth, with a strong im-

pression between them; beneath with the 2nd segment produced

into a large tubercle, flattened and somewhat excavated on its

lower surface, and pointed towards the base of the abdomen; 8rd

segment excavated and very shining ; 4th densely clothed with pale

hairs; 5th hairy at the base, its apex with a fringe of long bent

hairs, each hair knotted at intervals, except at the base; 6th

shining, slightly excavated, its apex rounded; 7th shining, with

214 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

only a very short horny portion at the apex; 8th pointed at the

apex (for genitalia, &e., see Pl. X., figs.4—4a). Legs clothed with

grey hairs.

@. Head and thorax somewhat shining, punctured, the former

very large and quadrate on the vertex; mandibles curved, deeply

grooved and bidentate at the extremities, densely fringed with

golden hairs on their inner margins; labrum prominent, shining.

Antenne short, subclavate. Abdomen elongate, deeply punctured ;

apical margin of each segment with a narrow band of white

adpressed hairs; scopa beneath yellowish white. Legs clothed

with pale hairs. Length, 10 mm.

Hab. Common in most places, making its nests in

posts, &c.

2. Chelostoma campanularum, Kirb. (Pl. X., figs. 5—5 Dd).

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl., li., p. 256; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 166.

Small, black, elongate. Antenne simpleinthe f; 2nd segment

of the abdomen beneath raised in the centre; 2 with the abdo-

minal segments entirely black, without apical pubescent bands.

g. Entirely black; head and thorax largely punctured,

sparingly clothed with brownish grey hairs, but more densely on

thé face below the antenne ; wings slightly clouded; metathorax

radiately rugose at the base. Abdomen slightly incurved at the

apex, largely punctured; 7th segment terminating in two blunt

teeth; beneath shining, punctured, 2nd and following segments

more or less pale and membranous at the apex; 5th with an apical

fringe of long curved hairs; 6th shining and somewhat pointed at

the apex; 7th almost entirely membranous in the centre, but hard

and horny at the sides, and with a few scattered hairs; 8th sub-

quadrate, with a few apical hairs (for genitalia, &c., see Pl. X., figs.

5—5 6). Legs clothed with short hairs.

9. Very like the #, but with the antenne shorter and sub-

clavate, the vertex more quadrate, and the abdomen simple at the

apex, its under side clothed with a dense yellowish red scopa.

Length, 6—7 mm.

Hab. Common in many places, often frequenting

Campanula rotundifolia, June and July.

Heriaves, Spin.

Spin., Ins. Lig., fase. ii., p. 7.

Very like the preceding genus, but differing in having the basal

segment of the abdomen carinated at its base, and the 3rd joint of

British Hymenoptera. 215

the labial palpi about equal to the 4th in length; g with five

ventral segments generally more or less visible, the 5th with a

lateral spinose process on each side; genitalia with the stipites

long and slender, slightly curved, but scarcely thickened at the

apex.

1. Heriades truncorum, Linn. (Pl. X., figs. 1—1a).

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., i., p. 575; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 163.

Small, black, very largely and rugosely punctured; 1st segment

of the abdomen carinated semicircularly at its base; apex of the

abdomen rounded in both sexes.

3. Black; head and thorax very largely punctured, clothed

sparingly with brownish hairs; face rather densely clothed with

pale hairs; mandibles broad at the apex and bidentate; antennz

rather long; the apical joint of each slightly flattened; wings

rather clouded; metathorax shining, crenulate at the base. Abdo-

men with the 1st segment transversely and sharply carinated, its base

nearly perpendicular and shining, its dorsal surface deeply punc-

tured and dull like the other segments; 1st and 2nd segments with

a line of white hairs at the apex; apex of the abdomen incuryed,

simple; beneath with only two segments visible, the 2nd densely

hairy; 3rd and 4th slightly emarginate at the apex; 5th denticulate

at the sides, the centre of the apex submembranous; 6th pointed

with a slightly projecting central process; 7th nearly entirely mem-

branous ; 8th long and tongue-like, more or less hairy (for genitalia,

&e., see Pl. X., figs. 1—1a). Legs clothed with silvery hairs.

9. Very like the 7. Abdomen not inflected at the apex, with

the first five segments banded with white hairs at the apex ; beneath

with a dense reddish yellow scopa. Length, 6—7 mm.

Hab. Very rare; the only recorded localities are

Brentford (Kirby), and Dulwich (Ingall).

Stenis, Panz.

Panz., Krit. Rev., ii., p. 246.

Wings with two submarginal cells; maxillary palpi 2-jointed ;

labial palpi 4-jointed; g¢ with the apex of the abdomen simple;

five ventral segments exposed; 6th rounded at the apex ; 7th very

narrow and fragile ; 8th broad and subquadrate, with a slight apical

projection ;, genital armature with the stipites thickened at the

apex and somewhat square (see Pl. X., fig. 2); 9 without any

observable pollen-brush,

216 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

(4) 1. Abdomen unspotted.

(3) 2. Posterior margins of the first four abdominal B06

ments pale .. ie ae . aterrima.

(2) 3. Posterior margins of segments not pale ale -. pheoptera.

(1) 4. Abdomen spotted at the sides re as -. octomaculata.

1. Stelis aterrima, Panz. (Pl. X., fig. 2).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 56,15; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

Qnd ed., p. 188.

Black; head and thorax closely punctured, dull. Abdomen

slightly shining, strongly punctured, the posterior margins of the

segments narrowly pale testaceous.

g. Black; head and thorax largely and rugosely punctured,

and clothed sparingly with greyish hairs; tegule black; wings

dusky, and with the anterior portion of the radial cell brown ;

scutellum with an angular tooth at the base on each side. Abdomen

slightly shining, sparingly clothed with short greyish hairs, largely

and deeply punctured, the posterior margins of the segments nar-

rowly pale testaceous; 6th segment rounded at the apex; 7th only

visible from the ventral side; beneath with only the basal four

segments visible, the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th being densely fringed at the

apex with long golden hairs; the 4th is visible only at its apex;

the 5th and 6th are excavated on their ventral surface and clothed

with golden hairs; the 8th is testaceous and produced at the apex

into two little round processes (for genitalia see Pl. X., fig. 2).

Legs clothed with short grey-brown hairs.

9g. Almost exactly like the g', but the abdomen beneath

simple, showing the ordinary six segments, largely and irregularly

punctured, and sparsely clothed with golden brown hairs. Length,

8—9 mm.

Hab. Not common. Hastings; Southwold; Deal;

Weybridge; Birchwood, Kent; Ilfracombe ; Sidmouth ;

Clifton, near Bristol; Norwich ; Barham. F. Smith

says it is parasitic on Osmia fulviventris, and probably

also on aurulenta; is found sometimes in the flowers of

the mallow.

2. Stelis pheoptera, Kirb.

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 282; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 189.

Exceedingly like the preceding, but differs in both sexes by the

rather more shining thorax, its puncturation not being quite so

close on the disk as that of aterrima, and by the entirely black

abdomen, the apices of the segments of which are not discoloured

British Hymenoptera. 217

as in that species; also by the teeth of the scutellum being scarcely

observable. Length, 8—9 mm.

Hab. Rare. I have never had the good fortune to

capture it myself, but F. Smith says it is local and para-

sitic on Osmia fulviventris, and that it appears in June,

and may be taken in July and August. He gives Batter-

sea, Hammersmith, and Fulham as ancient localities

for it. It has also been taken at Exeter, Norwich, and

in Hampshire.

Unfortunately I have been unable to procure a $ for

dissection.

3. Stelis octomaculata, Smith.

Smith, Zool., iii, p. 1155; Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed.,

p- 140.

Smaller than either of the preceding and less coarsely punc-

tured, and at once distinguished by the yellow spots of the abdo-

men, of which there are two oval ones on the basal and 2nd seg-

ments, an elongate spot on each side of the 3rd and 4th in the 9,

those of the 4th divided into two spots on each side in the g’, and

there is a spot on the 5th in the latter sex. These spots are doubt-

less very variable, as I have a variety of the 3 from Holland

which has only a round spot on each side of the 2nd and 38rd

segments. Length, 6—7 mm.

Hab. Very rare; parasitic on Osmia leucomelana.

Hawley, Hants; Exeter and Sidmouth, Devon.

The species is so rare that I can give no dissections of

the 3.

Antuipium, Fabr.

Fabr., Syst. Piez., p. 364.

Wings with two submarginal cells; maxillary palpi 2-jointed ;

labial palpi 4-jointed. Abdomen with yellow spots; ¢ with the

7th dorsal abdominal segment more or less spinose; six ventral

segments exposed; 7th rounded at the apex, the basal angles very

much produced; 8th produced at the apex into a narrow central

process; genital armature with the stipites short and curved (see

Pl. X., fig. 3); Q with a ventral pollen-brush composed of simple

hairs.

218 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

1. Anthidiwm manicatum, Linn. (PI. X., figs. 3—3 a).

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., i., p. 577; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 168.

Black; clothed with yellowish grey hairs; face and abdomen

with yellow spots; 6th and 7th segments in the g with large

lateral spines at the apex; ? with the abdomen simple, the scopa

beneath golden,

gf. Head and thorax black, closely punctured, clothed with

short yellowish brown hairs; mandibles, except at the apex, a

bilobate spot on the clypeus, the cheeks below the antenne, and a

small spot behind each eye, yellow. Thorax with the tegule

yellow in front; wings slightly dusky. Abdomen black, clothed

with erect greyish hairs, and with a rather denser band of browner

hairs at the apex of each segment, and a tuft of the same along the

lateral margins of each; all the segments, except the 7th, with a

yellow spot on each side; the 4th and 5th often with a second pair

of spots on the disk; 6th and 7th segments spined on each side at

the apex, the 7th with a third very fine spine in the centre. Abdo-

men beneath clothed with grey hairs (for 8th segment and genitalia

see Pl. X., figs. 3—3 a). Legs variegated with yellow, and clothed

with silvery grey hairs.

9. Smaller than the ¢, but coloured almost similarly, the

spots of the abdomen smaller, its apex simply rounded, and the

under side bearing a dense golden scopa. Legs almost entirely

black, with only very small yellow spots. Length, 11—16 mm.

Hab. Very common in many localities, frequenting

labiate plants.

Kucera, Scop.

Scop., Ann. Hist. Nat., iv., 8.

Wings with two submarginal cells; labial palpi 4-jointed; maxil-

lary palpi 6-jointed ; 2nd joint of labial palpi not half so long as the

ist. Antenne of the § very long, reaching nearly to the apex of the

abdomen. Thorax densely hairy; metatarsi of ? dilated on their

external margins; g with six ventral segments exposed; genital

armature stout, the stipites produced into long narrow bent pro-

cesses (see Pl. X., fig. 6).

1. Hucera longicornis, Linn. (Pl. X., figs. 6—6 D).

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x.,i., p. 574; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p..183.

Black ; head and thorax densely clothed with brown hairs; cly-

peus of the g white. Antenne very long, reaching to the 4th

abdominal segment; ? with the antenne short, reaching to about

British Hymenoptera. 219

the tegule. Abdomen with a lateral spot of pale pubescence on the

2nd and 3rd segments, and an entire apical band on the remaining

segments.

g. Head and thorax punctured, densely clothed with bright

‘brown hairs (when fresh); clypeus and labrum yellowish white.

Antenne very long, reaching to about the 4th abdominal segment ;

joints slightly curved. Thorax with the hairs of the disk rather

darker than those of the sides beneath the wings; wings slightly

clouded. Abdomen with the first two segments clothed with long

brown hairs, the rest with short black ones, but occasionally with

an apical band of pale hairs on each; apical segment narrow and

truncate; beneath punctured, apical margins of the segments

smooth and piceous; 6th segment with an elevated line running

parallel to the margin on each side; 7th with a black projecting,

somewhat quadrate tubercle at the apex on each side; 8th shining,

its apex slightly emarginate, and with a few hairs on each side

(for genitalia, &e., see Pl. X., figs. 6—6b). Legs clothed with pale

hairs ; calcaria pale.

@. Quite unlike the J in general appearance, and something

like an Anthophora in shape. Head and thorax densely clothed

with brown hairs, paler on the face and below the wings; labrum

and clypeus black; mandibles piceous at the apex. Antenne

reaching to about the tegule; 8rd joint about as long as the 4th

and 5th together ; wings asin the g. Abdomen ovate, punctured ;

basal segment and base of 2nd clothed with erect pale brown hairs,

the rest of the 2nd and the 8rd with very short black ones, having a

lateral somewhat triangular spot of pale hairs on each side; 4th

segment densely clothed with velvety brown hairs at the base

(usually covered by the preceding segment), and with an apical

band of pale hairs; 5th with an apical band of golden hairs; 6th

with the central glabrous space transversely rugose; beneath

clothed with pale hairs, becoming golden towards the apex. Legs

clothed with pale brown hairs, tarsi inwardly with golden brown

hairs. Length, 15—16 mm.

Hab. Abundant in some places, and generally dis-

tributed.

ANTHOPHORA, Latr.

Latr., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ix., p. 167.

Wings with three submarginal cells; labial palpi 4-jointed;

maxillary palpi 6-jointed. Antenne of the ¢ scarcely longer than

those of the 9; clypeus and labrum in the 3 white; posterior

metatarsi of the 9 outwardly dilated, and the posterior tibie in

this sex with a dense pollen-brush. ¢ with six ventral segments

exposed; 7th subquadrate, with long posterior branches ; 8th short,

220 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

subtruncate at the apex; genital armature stout, the sagitte strong

and forcipate (see Pl. X., XI).

There are two distinct divisions in this genus: in one

the males have the intermediate tarsi more or less pro-

duced, and densely clothed with hairs on one or more

joints ; in the other they have them simple: retusa and

pilipes belong to the Ist division, furcata and quadri-

maculata belong to the 2nd. A. retusa, 3, is further

distinguished from the males of our other species in

ee the posterior tibie furnished with a patella at the

ase.

1. Anthophora retusa, Linn. (Pl. X., figs. 7—7 bd).

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x.,1., p. 575; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 189 = Haworthana, Kirb.

Head and thorax and first two segments of the abdomen in the

é clothed with fulvous-brown hairs, the rest of the abdomen with

black; @ entirely clothed with black hairs; calcaria pale; inter-

mediate tarsi in the ¢ with the 1st joint only, densely clothed with

projecting black hairs.

3. Face clothed with pale hairs ; labrum and clypeus and sides

of the face below the antennz yellowish white, base of the clypeus

with two dark spots, separated by a narrow intervening pale line.

Antenne with the scape pale in front; vertex of the head clothed

with fulvous-brown hairs. Thorax rather closely punctured, densely

clothed with fulvous-brown hairs, which are rather paler round its

edges; wings very slightly dusky. Abdomen punctured, with the

first two segments clothed as the thorax; the 3rd to the 7th clothed

with black hairs, with a rather paler fringe of hairs at the apex; 7th

narrow, truncate at the apex, and longitudinally rugose; beneath

rather shining, clothed with grey and black hairs; 7th segment

shining, dilated, thickened and truncate at the apex; 8th bidentate,

with long apical hairs (for genitalia, &ec., see Pl. X., figs. 7—7)).

Legs with the femora and tibiz clothed with pale brownish hairs ;

calcaria pale; tarsi testaceous, intermediate pair with the basal

joimt densely clothed with projecting black hairs, the remaining

joints with only a few pale spinose hairs at the apex; posterior

pair with the basal joint black and clothed with black hairs, except

at the extreme apex, where the hairs are golden; the rest of the

joints testaceous.

g. Entirely black and clothed with black hairs, except the pale

calcaria and the posterior tibiz and tarsi, which have outwardly a

dense golden scopa; mandibles bifid at the apex, the teeth rounded,

the outer one not much longer than the inner; face transverse,

British Hymenoptera. 221

much wider across the eyes than long; surface of thorax and

abdomen very finely punctured. Length, 15—16 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed, and common in many

_ places.

2. Anthophora pilipes, Fab. (Pl. X., figs. 8—8 b).

Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 883 = acervorum, Smith, Cat.

Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 190 = retusa, Kirb. (nee Linn).

Very like the preceding, especially in the ? , but differs

in the following characters :—

3S. With the pubescence longer and of a less rich brown, more

inclined, especially in faded examples, to a greenish grey tint;

clypeus nearly entirely pale; alar hooks of posterior wings 20 to

22 instead of only about 15 to 16; intermediate tarsi with the Ist

and 5th joints densely clothed with projecting black hairs; the 1st,

2nd, 8rd, and 4th also clothed with extremely long grey hairs;

calearia black; 7th ventral segment more rounded at the apex;

8th much wider, carinated down the centre; apical portion de-

pressed, with a slight reflexed projection on its margin bearing a

few hairs (for genitalia see Pl. X., figs. 8—8 b).

?. Differs from that of retwsa in having the pubescence longer,

the face less transverse, the mandibles with the apical tooth long

and sharp, and the calearia of the posterior legs black.

Hab. Common in most places in the early spring.

3. Anthophora furcata, Panz. (Pl. XI., figs. 2—2 b).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 56, 8; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

and ed., p. 198.

Black, clothed with brownish hairs ; mesothorax with a band of

darker hairs across the middle; § with the clypeus white; legs

simple. Abdomen without bands of paler hairs; 7th segment

bidentate; ° with the 5th and 6th segments densely clothed with

golden red hairs.

3. Head closely punctured, clothed on the vertex with black

and on the face with pale hairs; labrum and clypeus yellowish

white, the apical margin of the latter pitchy black; scape of the

antenne in front with a white line. Thorax finely punctured,

clothed with brown hairs, with a broad but rather ill-defined band

of black hairs between the wings ; wings slightly smoky in colour,

the nervures dark brown. Abdomen shining, finely punctured, the

first three segments clothed with pale brown hairs, the remainder

with black; 7th segment bidentate; beneath with the 4th and 5th

222 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

segments clothed with brown velvety pubescence; 7th segment

with two apical projections; 8th truncate, with a slight central

emargination (for genitalia, &c., see Pl. XI., figs. 2—26). Legs

simple, clothed with brown hairs.

9. Like the g in general colour and shape, but with the labrum

and clypeus black, the 4th segment of the abdomen only clothed

with black hairs, the 5th and 6th with bright golden hairs; dorsal

valve of the 6th segment very narrow and pointed, with the centre

carinated and the sides reflexed; beneath with the apical margins

of the segments piceous, and clothed with golden hairs. Length,

11—12 mm.

Hab. Not very common. London District, Norwich,

Southwold, Deal, Littlehampton, Hastings, Chobham,

Devonshire, &¢.; July and August.

4, Anthophora quadrimaculata, Panz. (Pl. XI,

figs. 3—8 Db).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 55,7; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 192.

Black, clothed with pale hairs ; # with two large black spots at

the base of the clypeus. Abdomen in both sexes with distinct con-

tinuous pale bands of hairs at the apex of the segments. Legs

simple in both sexes, but the intermediate and posterior femora of

the f thickened.

g. Shining black, clothed with ochreous-brown hairs, mixed

with black on the thorax. Head punctured; clypeus, labrum, sides

of the face, a spot near the base of each mandible, and a transverse

line across the top of the clypeus, white; a large spot on each side

of the clypeus at the base, anda small one on each side of the base

of the labrum, also the apical margins of both clypeus and labrum,

black; face clothed below the antenne with silvery hairs, scape

with a white line in front. Thorax rather remotely punctured on

the disk, closely on the sides; wings scarcely clouded; scutellum

shining, impunctate at the base. Abdomen shining; basal seg-

ment clothed with pale hairs, the others with black, each segment

having an apical band of pale hairs; 7th largely punctured,

bidentate at the apex; beneath clothed with pale hairs, finely pun-

tured; 6th segment somewhat membranous at the apex, and with

a central apical slit (for 7th and 8th segments and genitalia see

Pl. XI., figs. 3—3 0). Legs clothed with pale hairs; intermediate

femora much dilated; posterior femora slightly so.

9. Differs from the # in being less shining and clothed with

brighter pubescence; face entirely black; apical fringe of the 5th

abdominal segment black ; dorsal valve of the 6th segment narrow

British Hymenoptera. 223

and grooved round the margin; beneath with the head and thorax

clothed with white hairs, abdomen with dull ochreous-grey hairs.

Legs clothed with white hairs on their outer margins. Length,

10—12 mm.

Hab. Of this species F. Smith says:— ‘“‘ Appears

about the end of June, and constructs its nest in banks,

sandy cliffs, &c.; it frequents the dead-nettle (Lamium

purpureum), and is not uncommon in the vicinity of

London.” I have never taken it myself, but have

received it from Mr. Vincent R. Perkins from Gloucester-

shire; and Mr. Parfitt records it from Exmouth, Devon.

Saropopa, Latr.

Latr., Gen. Crust. et Ins., iv., p. 177.

Differs from Anthophora in having only four joints to

the maxillary palpi.

1. Saropoda bimaculata, Panz. (Pl. XI., figs. 1—1 )).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 55,17; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 186.

Short and broad; head and thorax clothed with bright brown

hairs in the ¢, sooty brown in the ?; face of the f white; labrum,

apex of clypeus, and a central line, white in the 9. Abdomen with

continuous pale bands.

é. Head clothed with bright pale brown hairs; vertex black,

mandibles, except the piceous apices, labrum, clypeus, and face

below the antenne, white; scape of antenne white in front, the

rest black. Thorax black, densely clothed with rather darker hairs

than the head; wings almost clear. Abdomen short and sub-

rotundate, black; basal segment clothed with long pale hairs, the

others with shorter erect black ones, the apex of each with a

narrow band of adpressed pale hairs; 7th segment with a central

earina, branching at the apex, and forming two teeth; seements

beneath fringed with long hairs at the apex, 7th and 8th truncate

at the apex (for which and genitalia see Pl. XI., figs. 1—16). Legs

clothed with brown hairs; posterior femora and tibiae slightly

thickened ; posterior metatarsi as long as the tibie ; calcaria pale.

9. Like the ¢ inshape, but duller in the colour of the pube-

scence; mandibles, labrum, apex of the clypeus, and a line down

the middle of the base, white; antenne entirely black. Disk of

the thorax with sooty brown hairs, those round the margins

brighter and paler. Abdomen as in the ¢; 5th and 6th segments

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PaRT Il. (JULY.) @

224 Mr. EK. Saunders’ Synopsis of

with dense fringes of black-brown hairs; apical dorsal valves very

narrow and pointed; segments beneath with fringes of dull golden

hairs. Legs clothed on their outer sides with pale, somewhat

silvery, hairs. Length, 9—10 mm.

Hab. Common in many localitiesin July and August,

and may generally be traced by the high pitched note of

its flight. Frequents labiate plants.

Crratina, Latr.

Latr., Hist. Nat. Ins., xiv., p. 50.

Wings with three submarginal cells; labial palpi 4-jointed ;

maxillary palpi 6-jointed; ¢ with six ventral segments of the abdo-

men exposed; anal opening inferior; genital armature rather

stout; base of the sagitte covered with a membrane; ? without

apparent pollen-brush.

Of this small genus of glabrous, blue, or metallic-

coloured bees we have only one species in England whose

capture has been really well authenticated. It is closely

allied to the large Xylocopa, so well known on the Conti-

nent; and therefore, although in our limited list it seems

to be somewhat out of place near Psithyrus, that is

where it comes naturally in the more extensive fauna.

I think it is doubtful if Xylocopa should not itself be

moved nearer the commencement of the Apide, but

T have thought better to adopt the position usually

assigned to it by continental writers.

1. Ceratina cyanea, Kirb. (PI. XI., figs. 5—5 a).

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl., i1., p. 808, pl. 17, 7 and 8;

Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 180.

Small, blue, shining, almost glabrous, punctured; 3 with the

clypeus and labrum white; apical segment of the abdomen cari-

nated in the ?.

&. Head blue, closely punctured; antenne black or pitchy,

elypeus and labrum white. Thorax shining, of a less bright blue

than the head, more remotely punctured ; wings with a brownish

tinge; metathorax finely rugose at the base. Abdomen closely

punctured; 6th segment carinated down the middle at the apex;

7th segment inflected, its apex bidentate; ventral segments one to

six visible; 6th and 7th apparently soldered together, the apex

bidentate ; 8th nearly entirely membranous, with a narrow apical

chitinous band (for genitalia see Pl. XI., figs. 5—5 a). Legs pitchy

black; the extreme base of the tibize with a white spot.

British Hymenoptera. 225

2. Very like the 3, but with the face unspotted, and the apex

of the abdomen simply pointed, not inflexed; the 6th segment

above rugose and slightly carinated. Length, 6—7 mm.

Hab. Folkestone; Charlton; Birch and Darenth

Woods; Weybridge; §. Devon. Hybernates in dead

bramble- stems (Ff. Smith).

Pstruyrvus, Lep.

Lep., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ii. (1882) = Apathus, New-

man.

Wings with three submarginal cells ; labial palpi 4-jointed, maxil-

lary palpi 2-jointed; ¢ with the mandibles not fringed with curled

hairs, asin the genus Bombus, and with the posterior tibie out-

wardly convex, dull, and hairy; 2 without any corbicula to the

posterior tibiz, which are outwardly convex, dull, and hairy, like

those of the 3; basal joint of posterior tarsi simple.

A genus of parasitic bees living in the nests of species

of Bombus, and often resembling them so closely in

colour, &c., as to be distinguishable only by the generic

characters given above.

(2) 1. 4th and following ee of the abdomen red in

both sexes .. : es Tupestris.

(1) 2. 4th and following comes of the abe either

white or yellow, or of various colours, but not

all red.

(4) 3. g with the abdomen subglobose, the extreme apex

fulvous; 9 with the extreme apex of the abdo-

men beneath armed with a pointed process .. quadricolor.

(3) 4. g with the abdomen subtriangular, its extreme

apex black; 9 with the apex simple.

(6) 5. Both sexes with the posterior metatarsi almost as

wide as the tibiw, and generally with a line of

yellow pubescence dividing the black of the base

of the abdomen from the white of the apex;

with the sagitte of the cout armature not

toothed beneath .. : vestalis.

(5) 6. Posterior metatarsi much narrower ae the phe

no yellow line of pubescence between the black

and white; g sagitte dentate beneath.

(8) 7. Apical segments of g black or yellow, not white;

6th segment beneath simple, squame of the

genital armature widely triangular; ? with the

apex of the abdomen yellow at the sides, 6th

segment shining at the base ee campestris.

(7) 8. Apical segments of 3 white, 6th sates bienulails

with a distinct callosity on each side, squame

of genital armature narrowly triangular; 9 with

the apex white, the 6th segment rugosely punc-

tured se as a Br ; -» Barbutellus,

226 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

1. Psithyrus rupestris, Fab. (Pl. XI., fig. 8).

Fab., Ent. Syst., ii., p. 820; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p- 221.

Black, clothed with black hairs; hairs of the three apical seg-

ments in the ? and of the four in the f red. Thorax and basal

segments of the abdomen often more or less grey in the 9; wings

dark brown, with blue reflections in the ?.

3. Head clothed with black hairs; cheeks between the eyes

and mandibles about as long as wide ; mandibles bifid at the apex;

antenne with the 2nd and 4th joints of the flagellum subequal, the

3rd a little more than half the length of the 4th; 4th and 5th sub-

equal. Thorax punctured, clothed with long black hairs, often with

a band in front, and the sides below the wings and the metathorax

posteriorly more or less grey ; wings brownish. Abdomen clothed

with black hairs on the Ist, 2nd, and 8rd segments, and with red

on the rest; the hairs of the apical margins of the basal segments

and their sides often grey; beneath punctured, genital armature

with the sagittze hamately toothed beneath; the squama with a

long process on its inner margin; lacinia very long, and angularly

produced inwards at the base, fringed with long hairs, as also the

stipites on their inner margins (see Pl. XI., fig. 8); tibie and

tarsi clothed with reddish hairs.

9. Larger than the g, deep black; wings dark brown with

bluish reflections; apical segments bright red. Legs clothed with

black hairs; apex of the metatarsi and the apical joint of the tarsi

clothed with short reddish hairs. Length, 16—22 mm.

Hab. Common in many localities, and widely distri-

buted, living with Bombus lapidarius.

2. Psithyrus vestalis, Fourcr. (Pl. XI., fig. 7).

Fourer., Ent. Par., ii., p. 450; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

Qnd ed., p. 221.

Black; thorax with a broad yellow band in front; both sexes

with the apex of the abdomen white from the 4th segment, and

with some yellow hairs on the 8rd, separating the black base from

the white apex; posterior metatarsi almost as wide as the tibie;

sagitte of f genital armature not toothed beneath.

3. Head densely clothed with black hairs; antenne with the

‘8rd joint of the flagellum rather shorter than the 2nd; 4th about

as long as the 2nd and 8rd together; 5th slightly shorter than the

4th. Thorax densely clothed with black hairs, and with a broad

bright yellow band in front; wings smoky brown. Abdomen

British Hymenoptera. 227

punctured ; posterior margins of the segments smooth; 1st and

2nd segments clothed with black hairs; 1st often with yellow hairs

intermixed or entirely yellow; 8rd with black hairs at the base and

yellow hairs at the apex; 4th and 5th with white; 6th with white

intermixed with black; 7th with black; beneath shining, largely

punctured ; genital armature with the lacinia short, triangular ;

the sagittz not toothed beneath (see Pl. XI., fig. 7). Legs clothed

with black hairs; apical joints of the tarsi piceous, with reddish

hairs; posterior tibiz rounded and punctured; posterior metatarsi

long and as wide as the tibia.

?. Larger and stouter than the J, but similarly coloured ;

pubescence of the 8rd segment of the abdomen widely yellow at

the apex ; 6th segment above shining, narrowly grooved towards the

apex, sides and apex clothed with short velvety brown pubescence ;

beneath shining, largely punctured, clothed with black hairs ; 6th

segment with a longitudinal elevation on each side close to the

apex; apex simple, clothed with brown velvety hairs; posterior

metatarsi wide, as wide nearly as the tibiw. Legs clothed with

black hairs outwardly ; posterior tibie and all the tarsi with brown

hairs on the side towards the body. Length, 18—22 mm.

Hab. Common and generally distributed. Lives with

Bombus terrestris.

3. Psithyrus Barbutellus, Kirb. (Pl. X1., figs. 6B—6 b).

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 8348 (nec Smith).

Black, clothed with black hairs; both sexes with some of the

hairs on the vertex of the head, a band across the front of the

thorax, and a band behind the scutellum, yellow; 3 with the 8rd

joint of the flagellum much shorter than the 2nd; 4th and 5th

subequal, 4th longer than the 2nd by about one-fourth of its

length in both sexes. Abdomen with the basal segment more or

less clothed with yellow hairs intermixed with the black, sometimes

entirely yellow, rarely entirely black; 4th, 5th, and 6th segments

with white hairs; no yellow hairs at the apex of the ord; 7th in

the f with black hairs; 6th in the ? rugosely punctured, with a

raised dorsal line; 6th segment beneath in the § with two slightly

raised tubercles at the apex; 6th in the ? with its edges reflexed

at the apex and somewhat thickened ; posterior metatarsi distinctly

narrower than the tibie; genital armature of the g with the

sagitte beneath armed with a large triangular tooth (see Pl. XI.,

figs. 6—6 6). Length, 17—20 mm.

3. Differs from that of vestalis in having the vertex clothed

more or less with yellow hairs, in having a yellow band on the

228 Mr. EK. Saunders’ Synopsis of

thorax posteriorly, no yellow on the 8rd segment of the abdomen,

and in having the 6th segment beneath raised into a small oval

tubercle on each side at the apex, and in having the sagitte of the

armature toothed beneath.

Q. Differs from vestalis in being smaller, with the vertex and

a band round the thorax posteriorly more or less yellow, in having

the basal segment of the abdomen more or less clothed with pale

hairs, the 8rd without any yellow at the apex; apical segment

beneath more widely rounded, more shining, the edges more widely

reflexed, and without any velvety pubescence within them; pos-

terior metatarsi decidedly narrower than the tibie.

Hab. Chobham, Norfolk, &c.; probably widely dis-

tributed, but mixed with campestris in most collections.

4. Psithyrus campestris, Panz. (Pl. XII, fig. 1).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 74, 11; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 228.

A very variable species, especially in the ¢, which is

sometimes entirely clothed with black hairs, sometimes

almost entirely with yellowish hairs; but, as far as I

know, the apical segments are never white. Perhaps

the most ordinary variety is that with the basal segment

of the abdomen clothed with yellowish hairs, the 2nd

and the centre of the 8rd at its base with black, and the

apical segments with yellow. The ? has a broad band

across the front and posterior portion of the thorax

yellow ; abdomen with an apical fringe to the basal seg-

ment, and the sides of the apical segments, yellow. The

following structural characters will serve to distinguish

this species from its allies in all its varieties :—

So. 8rd joint of the flagellum of the antenne slightly shorter

than the 2nd; 4th about two-thirds as long as the 2nd and 8rd

together; 6th ventral segment simple, slightly channelled down

the middle, without apical elevations, each side bearing a long tuft

of black hairs; genital armature with the sagitte largely dentate

beneath, the laciniz very broad and triangular, their inner margins

straight, meeting each other in parallel lines (see Pl. XIL., fig. 1).

Q. Dorsal valve of 6th segment narrowly pointed at the apex;

ventral valve narrow and widely reflexed, and thickened at the

sides, causing arather long apical suleature between the elevations.

Length, 17—20 mm.

Hab. Common and generally distributed. Lives with

Bombus hortorum and vars.

British Hymenoptera. 229

5. Psithyrus quadricolor, Lep. (Pl. XII., fig. 2).

Lep., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., i., p. 376 = Barbutellus, 3,

Smith (nec Kirby), Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 222.

Black; thorax with a wide yellow band in front, and some pale

hairs posteriorly round the scutellum ; apex of the abdomen in the

2 clothed with white hairs, extreme apex of the g with reddish

hairs.

Very like the three preceding, but differing in the

following particulars :—

g. 2nd and 4th joints of the flagellum of the antenne sub-

equal; 3rd about two-thirds as longas the 4th. Abdomen shorter ;

5th segment clothed with black hairs, 6th and 7th with rufescent

hairs; 7th segment beneath simple; genital armature very

different from that of any other species, the lacinia produced into

a long, narrow, horny process (see Pl. XII, fig. 2).

?. Differs from any of the preceding in being smaller, with the

abdomen (looked at from above) more rounded; the 7th dorsal

segment shining, finely and irregularly punctured; 6th ventral

segment armed at the extreme apex with a reflexed triangular

spine or tooth, which projects amongst the dense pubescence which

clothes the apex of the segment. Length, 15—20 mm.

Hab. Common in many localities, and generally dis-

tributed. Lives with Bombus pratorum and Schrimshi-

ranus.

Bomsvs, Latr.

Latr., Hist. Nat. Ins., xiv., p. 63.

Wings with three submarginal cells; labial palpi 4-jointed ;

maxillary palpi 2-jointed; mandibles of g fringed with curled

hairs ; posterior tibia outwardly shining, generally with a more or

less distinct impression down the centre; ? with the posterior

tibie dilated and concave outwardly, very shining, with a fringe of

long hairs on each side of the concavity (this arrangement is called

the “corbicula”); g with six ventral segments exposed ; 7th sub-

transparent, shaped much as the 6th; 8th narrower, somewhat

truncate, hairy at the apex; genital armature stout, very variable

in form (see Pl. XII.).

A genus of social bees. Communities consisting of

males, females, and workers.

(1) 6

(18) 7

(9) 8

(8) 9.

(11) 10.

(10) 11.

(13) 12.

(12) 13

(17) 14.

(16) 15.

(14) 17.

(7) 18.

(24) 19.

(21) 20.

Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

. Thorax clothed with yellow or brownish hairs,

unbanded.

. Under side of thorax and abdomen clothed

with black hairs a Pe

. Under side of thorax and ailenatd elothad

with pale hairs.

. &, joints of antenne very slightly rounded

beneath, sagitte of the genital armature

hamate at the apex; 9 and 9, abdomen

without black hairs, tibize with pale hairs. .

. gd, joints of antennse much rounded beneath,

sagitte: of armature not hamate; 9 and,

abdomen with black hairs intermixed with

the yellow, tibiw with black hairs ..

. Thorax banded with black, or entirely black.

. Abdomen clothed with white or tawny or black

hairs at the apex, not red.

. go, sagitte of the genital armature denticulate

beneath; 9 and $ with the tongue Ie

often longer than the entire insect .

3, sagitte not denticulate; 9 and 3 an the

tongue not so long, seldom extending beyond

the metathorax.

Abdomen entirely tawny yellow

Abdomen with black markings.

Face very long, cheeks nearly half as long as

the eyes; extreme apex of the abdomen in

the 3 clothed with black hairs ; @ and 3,

abdomen black at the base, 2nd ah a not

flavous or tawny

. Face not very long, cheeks not eure half the

length of the eyes; apex of the abdomen in

the g white; 9 and % with the basal or

2nd segment yellow or tawny.

3, metatarsi clothed with long hairs along the

upper margin; @ and % with yellow hairs

on the basal segment, at least at the apex

laterally.

3, face with yellow hairs; 9 and 3, basal

segment only of abdomen with yellow hairs

. &, face black; 9 and 3, 2nd PRerEH of

abdomen yellow

3, metatarsi clothed with very shew Haise

along the upper margin; 9 and 9, 2nd

segment only yellow or tawny

Abdomen with the terminal segments gloian

with red hairs.

3, posterior metatarsi clothed with very short

hairs along the upper margin; 9? and 9,

intermediate metatarsi produced at the ex-

ternal apical angle into an angular spine.

3g, face clothed with pale hairs; 9 and 3,

‘abdomen with the first two segments clothed

with pale hairs, the 3rd and 4th with black,

and the apex with red ;

Smithianus.

cognatus.

muscorum.

hortorum.

distinguendus.

Latreillellus.

Schrimshiranus,

soroensis.

terrestris.

sylvarum.

British Hymenoptera. 231

(20) 21. g, face clothed with black hairs; 9 and 8,

abdomen clothed with black at the base and

red at the apex, or with pale, but in the

latter case with no black on the 3rd and 4th

segments.

(23) 22. Red on the apical segments in sharp contrast

with the black of the preceding; 9 and %

with the hairs of posterior tibia red ste

(22) 23. Black of the base of the abdomen gradually

shading into the red of the apex; or the

abdomen entirely greyish with the apex red,

and without a black central band .. .. pomorum.

(19) 24. J, posterior metatarsi outwardly fringed with

long hairs; 9? and 8, intermediate meta-

tarsi not produced at the external apical

Derhamellus.

angle.

(26) 25. Abdomen with the 3rd and following segments

red in all the sexes .. lapponicus.

(25) 26. Abdomen never with more than the 4th and

following segments red.

(28) 27. Basal segments of the abdomen entirely black

in the §; thorax entirely black in 9 and 8 lapidarius.

(27) 28. Basal segments of the abdomen not black in

the g; thorax with a pale band in front in

the 9 and 8.

(30) 29. g, genital armature with the sagittee curved

outwards at the apex, posterior metatarsi

much narrowed at the base; ? and 8, face

wider across the eyes than long, somewhat

square, very little narrowed to the apex .. soroensis, var.

(29) 30. g, genital armature with the sagitte curved

at the apex inwardly, and forming a semi-

circular hook; ? and %, facenarrow, longer

than wide across the eyes, considerably nar-

rowed tothe apex .. rie ar -» pratorum.

1. Bombus Smithianus, White. (Pl. XII, fig. 3).

White, Proc. Linn. Soc. (1851); Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 202.

Head clothed with black hairs; thorax above with bright,

rather dark, fulvous hairs, abdomen with paler; beneath entirely

clothed with black hairs, except the apical segments of the

abdomen.

3. Head clothed with black hairs; face with a little pale pube-

scence below the antenne ; cheeks shining, about as long as their

apex is wide; labrum impressed across the middle, clothed with

black hairs; antenn# with the joints slightly rounded in front ;-

ard joint of the flagellum considerably shorter than the 2nd.

Thorax clothed with bright fulvous hairs of a richer darker colour

than those of any of our other species; wings smoky brown.

Abdomen with paler, yellower hairs, its base rather darker, and 7th

232 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

segment with black hairs; beneath entirely clothed with black

hairs, except the apical segments of the abdomen, which are

clothed with pale ochreous; genital armature with the sagitte

curved downwards, and slightly hamate at the apex, angulated

beneath behind the middle; squama large, produced inwards at

the apex of the stipes, and forming a flat somewhat triangular

process, sharply pointed at its apical angle; the rest of the squama

somewhat quadrangular; lacinia projecting slightly beyond the

squama, sinuate at the apex, and densely clothed with brown hairs

(see Pl. XII., fig. 3), Legs clothed with black hairs.

? and 8. Coloured like the g, and easily distinguished from

any of the other species of this section by the dense black hairs of

the face and under side, and by the rather longer less pointed abdo-

men. Length, 15—20 mm.

Hab. This beautiful species has at present only been

found in the extreme north, and is recorded from Shet-

land and the Hebrides.

2. Bombus cognatus, Steph. (Pl. XIL., figs. 4—4 a).

Steph., Brit. Ent., Suppl., vii., 17, pl. 48, f. 8 = venus-

tus, Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 201 = senilis,

do., 1st ed. == variabilis, Schmied.

Entirely clothed with tawny yellow hairs, varying to dark brown,

those on the thorax and 2nd segment of the abdomen brighter and

darker; g with the joints of the antennx only very slightly

rounded on their anterior margins; genital armature with the

sagittz hamate at the apex; legs of both sexes with pale hairs.

3S. Head subelongate, clothed with pale ochreous hairs ; cheeks

shining, vaguely punctured, about as long as their apex is wide.

Antenne with the 3rd joint of the flagellum almost equal to the

2nd, the remaining joints slightly curved on their anterior margins

and sinuate on their posterior margins. Thorax clothed with

bright orange-yellow hairs, paler below the wings; wings slightly

tinged with brown. Abdomen clothed with pale ochreous hairs;

the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments with a wide band of orange-

coloured hairs at the base; 7th segment clothed with black hairs;

genital armature with the sagittz hamate at the apex; the squama

with its inner margin reflexed, sinuate, produced at both base and

apex, especially at the base, where the process forms a carti-

laginous plate, perpendicular to the dorsal surface of the armature ;

in the sinus isa small sharp tooth or spine; lacinia rather long,

projecting considerably beyond the squama, sharply faleate (see

Pl, XII., figs. 4—4a). Legs clothed with pale hairs, mixed

with black on the tibiz and also on the anterior femora.

British Hymenoptera. 233

? and 3. Like the J in colour, though generally darker; the

abdomen without black hairs; the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments with

a basal band of brighter and darker brown hairs; corbicula of pos-

terior legs with pale hairs; beneath clothed with pale hairs.

Length, 10—18 mm.

Hab. Not uncommon in many places, and generally

distributed.

This species, called by Dr. Schmiedeknecht variabilis,

is the true cognatus, Stephens, of which I have had the

opportunity of examining the type in the British Museum.

In this country I do not think it varies to the extent that

it does on the Continent. Some old specimens, long

exposed to the weather, are nearly grey, and some dark

varieties of the 2? and 8 are brown, not yellow; but I

have never seen anything like the very dark varieties

mentioned by Schmiedeknecht. It is at once known

from Smithianus by the pale under side, &c.; from

muscorum by the characters given in the note to that

species.

3. Bombus muscorum, Linn. (Pl. XIL., fig. 7).

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x.,1., p. 579; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 199 = agrorum, Schmied., &e.

Thorax clothed with tawny yellow hairs; abdomen with yellow

hairs, mcre or less mixed with black, sometimes almost entirely

black ; legs clothed with black hairs ; under side with pale cchreous;

antenne of the § with each joint of the flagellum produced and

rounded on its anterior margin.

gd. Head clothed with black hairs, intermixed in some varieties

with paler ones, especially on the face; cheeks shining, rather

longer than their apex is wide. Antenne with the 38rd joint of the

flagellum considerably shorter than the 2nd, its 4th and following

joints produced and rounded on their anterior margin. Thorax

densely clothed with tawny yellow hairs, in scme varieties with a

few black hairs intermixed. Abdomen clothed with tawny or

ochrecus hairs, more or less intermixed with black (in some

varieties the black appears only on the sides of the Ist and 2nd

segments, in others the black hairs extend nearly all over the

segments, leaving only a paler ochreous fringe at the apex of each) ;

beneath clothed with greyish hairs; genital armature with the

squama deeply emarginate on its inner margin, and with an apical

scmewhat rounded production beyond the emarginaticn; at the

base of the equama is a short spine projecting forwards; lacinia

234 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

densely clothed with hairs beneath, only just showing above the

squama as a short faleate tooth; a second sharp tooth of the lacinia

may be seen just underneath the anterior process of the squama

(see Pl. XII., fig. 7). Legs clothed with black hairs, sometimes

intermixed with pale.

? and 8. Very like the J in colour, varying from bright orange-

yellow, with only a few black hairs on the sides of the Ist and 2nd

segments and legs, to almost black, with the exception of the disk

of the thorax and the under side; in structure the 9 and 3

approach so closely to cognatus as to be scarcely recognisable ; the

cheeks between the eyes and mandibles are slightly shorter and

broader at the apex; the apex of the abdomen beneath has a more

distinct carina. In colour all the sexes may be known from

cognatus by the black hairs on the abdomen and posterior legs, and

the less regular style of the pubescence itself, which is in this

species longer and more ragged. Length, 10—18 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed and very common. The

% varies extremely in size.

4. Bombus distinguendus, Moy.

_Mor., Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., vi., p. 82 = elegans, Smith

(nec Seidl.), Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 202 = fragrans,

Auct. (nec Pallas).

Head, thorax, and abdomen clothed with yellow hairs, a trans-

verse band across the thorax between the wings black; legs

clothed with black hairs.

3S. Face clothed with yellow hairs, intermixed with black on

the sides and vertex; cheeks long and shining; beard of the

mandibles black. Antenne with the 2nd joint of the flagellum

considerably longer than the 8rd, and considerably shorter than the

4th; 38rd about half as long as the 4th; the rest of the joints

slender, scarcely bent, their sides subparallel. Thorax clothed

with yellow hairs, with a well-marked band of black hairs between

the wings; wings slightly dusky. Abdomen clothed with yellow

hairs, the hairs at the base of each segment slightly darker and

brighter than those at the apex; beneath punctured; 8th segment

narrow, parallel-sided, densely hairy at the apex, which is rounded ;

genital armature with the sagitte wide at the base, then narrow,

with an inferior process just beyond the constriction, the apex

widened out triangularly ; stipites longitudinally carinated ; squame

transverse, produced at their interno-anterior angles into a sharp

point; laciniz produced on their inner margin into a narrow blunt

tooth (see Pl. XII., figs. 12—120). Legs clothed with black hairs.

British Hymenoptera. 255

¢ and %. Like the g in colour, and differing only in the

ordinary sexual characters; apex of the abdomen beneath with a

long central keel extending to about the half of the segment.

Length, 15—20 mm.

Hab. Hampstead, Shirley, Norwood, Norwich, Lowes-

toft, Yarmouth, Yorkshire, Scotland ; rare in the South

of England.

5. Bombus Latreillellus, Kirb. (Pl. XII., figs. 12—12 b).

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 880; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 216 = subterraneus, Thoms.

Head clothed with black hairs in both sexes, more or less mixed

with yellowish on the face in the ¥; tongue scarcely reaching

beyond the anterior coxe. Thorax clothed with yellowish hairs in

the g, with a broad black band between the wings; with black in

the § and 2, witha narrow yellow band in front and a few yellow

hairs on the metathorax. Abdomen black at the base; the 4th

and following segments dirty white or yellowish ; the apical mar-

gins of the basal segments fringed with the same colour.

g. Differs from the preceding, besides in the colour characters

given above, in having the 2nd and 4th joints of the flagellum sub-

equal, the 8th ventral segment of the abdomen emarginate at the

apex, and the genital armature with the inferior process of the

sagitte sharply pointed above in front (see Pl. XII., figs. 12—125).

g and §. Differ from distinguendus, so far as I have been able

to make out, only in colour. Length, 16—20 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed in the South of England,

and abundant in some localities.

I have little doubt that Morawitz is right in consider-

ing this as a variety of the preceding; the structural

characters are so slight as to be scarcely worth con-

sidering apart from the colour; and in the 3 we find

varieties which run almost as pale as the typical dis-

tunguendus. Subterraneus, hortorwm, and ligusticus are

now considered as forms of one species, the ? of each

being distinguishable in colour, but the 3 identical; and

I think this species and the last should be united on the

same principle.

The 2? and ¥ resemble hortorum and subterraneus in

colour, but the shorter face and the short tongue will

separate them at once from that species.

236 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

6. eines hortorum, Linn. (Pl. XII, fig. 6).

Linn., Faun. Suec., ed. alt., p. 424; Smith, Cat.

Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 214.

Var. = subterraneus, Auct. (nec Thoms.).

Var. = Harrisellus. Kirb.

Head black; cheeks very long, two-thirds as long as the eyes.

Thorax black, widely yellow anteriorly and posteriorly; abdomen

with the basal segment yellow, the 2nd and 3rd black, the

remainder white, or the whole insect entirely black (Harrisellus) ;

colour varying to almost any extent between the two extremes ;

tongue very long, almost as long as the body in the 9 and 9;

sagitte in the g denticulate exteriorly.

g. Head clothed with black hairs; face very long and parallel-

sided; cheeks shining, very long, more than twice the length of

their apex. Antenne with the 2nd and 4th joints of the flagellum

subequal, the 3rd very short; tongue reaching to the posterior

coxe. Thorax clothed with black hairs, with a wide yellow band

in front, and another across the metathorax; wings more or less

brownish. Abdomen with the basal segment yellow-haired ; the

2nd and 8rd black; the 4th, 5th, and 6th white, and the apical seg-

ment black; beneath clothed with white hairs, 6th segment with

black ; 7th with a few bristly black hairs; 8th somewhat rounded at

the apex, with a very small central emargination; genital armature

with the sagitte finely and sharply serrate beneath; squama wide

in front, narrowed behind, and produced along the stipes towards

its base, then turned back and armed with a recurved spine at its

apex (see Pl. XII., fig. 6). Legs clothed with black or reddish

black hairs; posterior tibie shining.

Var. Harrisellus.—Entire insect clothed with black hairs.

Sand 9. Like the J in colour, but more subject to variation ;

in the # intermediate varieties between the typical form and the

black one are rare, in the $ and ? they are common; head shaped

as in the #; tongue very long, often as long as the body; cheeks

two-thirds as long as the eye; posterior tibie with black hairs.

Length. and 9 16—22mm., 3 12—15mm.

Hab. Very common, and generally distributed.

This species has usually been considered as consti-

tuting two, but there is no satisfactory structural cha-

racter to separate them apart, andthe male armature in

all the varieties is identical: to subterraneus have been

referred the large females of a less bright coloration, with

the abdomen rather broader at the apex, and with its

British Hymenoptera. 237

pubescence slightly shorter. The s of subterrancus has

been distinguished as having the beard of the mandibles

red ; but there is much variation amongst the males in

this respect, and that therefore seems to be a useless

character. The black variety, Harrisellus, is rarer than

the typical form.

7. Bombus nivalis, Smith.

Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 210 = nivalis,

Dahlb. ? ?.

“2, 8—9 lines. The pubescence on the head black; that on the

thorax above yellow, more or less inclining to fulvous, with a band

of black pubescence between the wings; that on the sides, on the

legs, and on the thorax beneath, black; wings subhyaline. Abdo-

men: the pubescence on the two basal segments yellow, on the

8rd it is black, and on the three apical segments of a fulvous-

yellow.”

“%, 6—7 lines. Only differs from the 9 in having the pube-

scence at the apex of the abdomen paler, inclining to white.”

““$, 6—6} lines. The face before the antenne clothed with

yellow pubescence, with a black band between the wings ; beneath

and on the femora it is of a very pale yellow, on the tibie it is

black. Abdomen : the two basal segments with yellow pubescence,

the 8rd and 4th with black, and the apical ones with pale yellowish

white ; beneath the pubescence is also yellowish white.”

I have quoted Smith’s description verbatim, because,

after a careful examination of the specimens in the

British Museum, I do not feel sure that they have been

correctly referred to nivalis, Dahlb. ; and yet they do not

agree exactly with any other British species; they most

closely resemble Schrimshiranus both in form and colour,

but the ¢ has the hairs of the tibie black, and the 3

has the posterior metatarsi less gradually constricted at

the base, although clothed with long hairs as in that

species. Unfortunately the genital armature is not

exposed, so that the species cannot be determined for

certain ; but continental nivalis is such a much larger

and more brightly coloured insect that I cannot imagine

ours can be identical with it. The species was taken in

Shetland in 1852. More specimens are wanted to

decide if it be only a variety of Schrimshiranus or a

distinct species.

238 Mr, E. Saunders’ Synopsis o7

8. Bombus Schrimshiranus, Kirb.

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 8342 = Jonellus, Smith,

Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 209.

In coloration almost similar to typical hortorum, but

smaller, and easily recognised by the following cha-

racters :—

gf. Face clothed with yellow hairs; 3rd joint of the flagellum

more than half the length of the 2nd; cheeks not one-third of the

length of the eyes; genital armature with the sagitte not serrate

beneath, each terminating in a sickle-like hook; the squama and

lacinia very short and simple (the figure of the armature of

pratorum will serve equally for this species). Tibie and tarsi

clothed with reddish hairs.

¢ and 3. Smaller than in hortorwm, the yellow colour less

bright, the face much shorter, the cheeks not being one-third of

the length of the eyes, the tongue not reaching beyond the basal

segment of the abdomen, and the hairs on the posterior tibix

red instead of black. Length, # and ? 15—18mm., 3 10—12mm.

Hab. Rare. Coombe Wood; Purley Downs ; Shirley

Common; Chobham; Hayling Island; Bournemouth ;

Barmouth, N. Wales.

The 8 of this species is one of our smallest Bombi.

9. Bombus pratorum, Linn. (PI. XII., figs. 5—5 b).

Linn., Faun. Suec., ed. alt., p. 424; Smith, Cat.

Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 207.

Thorax clothed with black hairs, with a wide yellow band in front;

face with yellow in the g. Abdomen: Ist segment clothed with

black hairs at the base, generally with yellow at the apex ; 2nd seg-

ment with bright yellow hairs ; 3rd and 4th in both sexes, or some-

times 3rd only in the 3, black; the remainder red; the yellow on

the 2nd segment of the 9 and 8 sometimes nearly absent.

g. Face clothed with yellow hairs, subelongate ; cheeks con-

verging considerably towards the mandibles, shining, about one-

third as long as the eyes. Antenne with the 2nd and 4th joints of

the flagellum subequal, the 8rd two-thirds the length of the 4th.

Thorax clothed with black hairs, with a wide sulphur-yellow band

in front, entirely black posteriorly. Abdomen clothed with black

hairs at the extreme base of the lst segment, with bright yellow on

the apex of the Ist and on the 2nd, with black on the 8rd and

sometimes also on the 4th, and with red on the remainder; beneath

British Hymenoptera. 239

clothed with black hairs on the first three seements, and with red

on the last three ; genital armature in the # shaped as in the pre-

ceding (see Pl. XII., figs. 5—56). Legs clothed with pale hairs

intermixed with black.

é g and 3. Differing from the g, besides in the usual sexual

characters, in having the yellow colour of the hairs rather less

bright, the black abdominal band wider, sometimes nearly covering

the whole body. Length, g and ¢ 15—18mm., 8 10—12mm.

Hab. Very common and generally distributed.

10. Bombus lapponicus, Fabr.

Fabr., Ent. Syst., u., p. 818; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 204.

Head and thorax clothed with black hairs; the face below the

antenne in the g, the thorax widely in front and very narrowly

behind, in both sexes, yellow. Abdomen black at the extreme base

in the 9, on the first three segments in the g; the rest of the

abdomen in both sexes clothed with red hairs.

3. Clothed with rather shaggy hairs. Head clothed with

pale hairs on the vertex, and with yellow on the face below the

antenne; face shorter and wider than in pratorwm, the distance

between the eyes on the vertex being more nearly the length

of the eye; cheeks rugosely punctured, shining, as short as their

apical width. Antenne with the 2nd and 4th joints of the

flagellum subequal, the 5rd about two-thirds the length of the 2nd.

Thorax clothed with black hairs, with a wide yellowish band in

front, and a very narrow one round the metathorax posteriorly ;

wings slightly dusky. Abdomen clothed on the first two segments

with black hairs, and on the 8rd and following segments with red,

the hairs of the basal segments sometimes intermixed with

yellow ; beneath entirely clothed with ochreous-yellow hairs.

g and. Coloured much as the g, but the colours brighter,

and the abdomen black only on the Ist segment and the extreme

base of the 2nd, the remainder red or orange-red. Abdomen

beneath clothed with fine black hairs; hairs of the tibix black.

Length, g and 9 15—17mm., § 12—14mm.

Hab. Mountainous districts; Black Mountain, Breck-

nockshire ; Snowdon; Herefordshire ; Monmouthshire ;

Halifax Moor, Yorkshire ; Loch Rannoch, Perthshire.

TRANS. ENT. £oc. LOND. 1884.—PaRT II. (JULY.) R

240 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

11. Bombus sylvarum, Linn. (Pl. XIL., fig. 11).

Linn., Faun. Suec.,-ed. alt., p. 425; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 208.

Black, clothed with greyish hairs, an indefinite band across the

thorax between the wings, and a very narrow band at the base of

the 8rd segment of the abdomen, clothed with black, the 4th and

following segments with red or yellowish red.

3S. Head clothed with greyish hairs, intermixed with black on

the vertex and at the sides; cheeks shining, remotely punctured,

about as long as their apical margin; mandibles piceous at the

apex. Antenne with the 4th joint of the flagellum equal to the

2nd and 3rd taken together, the 2nd slightly longer than the 8rd,

the remaining joints subarcuate. Thorax clothed with grey hairs,

with a wide indefinite band of black hairs across the centre ; wings

slightly dusky. Abdomen clothed with greyish hairs at the base,

the 2nd segment with ochreous hairs at the base and with grey at

the apex, the 3rd with black hairs at the base and grey at the apex,

and the following segments with yellowish red hairs; each with a

narrow apical band of grey hairs; beneath entirely clothed with

grey ; genital armature with the sagitte curved at the base, the

apex hamate beneath; squama produced at the base inwardly into

a long curved spine; lacinia triangularly produced beyond the

squama, obliquely truncate on its inner margin, which is armed

with a small square tooth, and produced slightly at both angles

(see Pl. XIT., fig. 11). Legs clothed with grey hairs; tarsi piceous

at the apex, clothed with ferruginous hairs.

@ and 3. Like the ¢ in colour, but differing in the usual sexual

characters, and also in having the 2nd segment of the abdomen

often with black hairs intermixed with the grey. Length, 3 and

9 14—16mm., 12—14mm.

Hab. Generally distributed.

The coloration of this species, which varies very little,

will distinguish it from any other, except perhaps the 3

of the rare pomorwm ; but from that, its ¢ may be known

at once by the shorter face, the form of the genital

armature, and the narrow black band at the base of the

38rd segment of the abdomen. On the Continent a

nearly black form occurs, var. nigrescens, Perez, but I

have seen nothing of the kind from this country.

British Hymenoptera. 241

12. Bombus Derhamellus, Kirb. (Pl. XIL., fig. 10).

Kirb., Mon. Ap. Angl., ii., p. 263; Smith, Cat. Brit.

- Hym., 2nd ed., p. 205.

Black, clothed with black pubescence; the 4th and following

segments of the abdomen clothed with red; in the g the thorax

is banded with ochreous-grey hairs anteriorly and posteriorly in

bright varieties, and the basal segments of the abdomen are also

clothed with hairs of the same colour; but in dark varieties the

band across the metathorax is wanting, and the base of the abdo-

men is black; posterior femora clothed with red hairs in both

Sexes.

gf. Head clothed with black hairs; cheeks longer than their

apical width, shining, irregularly punctured. Antenne with the

2nd joint of the flagellum considerably longer than the 3rd, the

4th as long as the 2nd and 8rd together, the following joints sub-

arcuate. Thorax clothed with black hairs, with a band of paler

hairs in front, and also behind in bright varieties; wings slightly

dusky. Abdomen with brownish grey hairs on the two basal seg-

ments, with black on the 3rd, and with red on the remainder, or

with the three basal segments entirely black ; beneath clothed with

reddish hairs; genital armature with the squama produced at the

base inwardly into a long somewhat bent process; the lacinia pro-

duced at the base inwardly into a narrow spine, and sharply pointed

at the apex (see Pl. XII., fig. 10). Legs clothed with reddish

hairs.

? and. Entirely clothed with black hairs, with the exception

of the three apical segments of the body, which are bright red.

Abdomen short and almost as wide as long; hairs of the posterior

tibie red. Length, g and ? 15—18 mm., 8 12—14mm.

Hab. Generally distributed, and abundant in some

localities.

The 2 much resembles that sex of lapidarius, but the

short abdomen and red hairs of the posterior tibie dis-

tinguish it at once.

13. Bombus soroensis, Fab. (Pl. XII., fig. 14).

Fab., Gen. Ins., p. 246; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd

ed., p. 215 = Cullumanus, Kirby.

This species is probably the most variable of all in

colour, and has led to great confusion on account of this

peculiarity, as in some varieties the whole insect is

242 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

black, with the exception of the apex of the abdomen,

which is whitish ; in others the thorax has a wide yellow

band in front, the 2nd segment of the abdomen, and

sometimes also the 1st, is yellow, the 8rd black; the

4th and following segments white, or white with a

narrow red line between the black and white, or red; in

the g# the apex of the abdomen is often clothed with

almost pink hairs, which gives a most characteristic

appearance. I will give here the structural and other

characters by which this species can be known from its

allies.

g. This sex may be known from any other species by the shape

of the genital armature, the sagitts of which are curved outwards

at the apex and thickened, with their apical margin truncate ; they

are also bluntly toothed beneath near the middle; the squama is

long, sinuate on its inner margin; the lacinia bidentate at the apex,

the inner tooth longer and more curved (see Pl. XII., fig. 14).

Besides these characters the white-tailed g may be known from

terrestris by having the 2nd joint of the flagellum shorter, it only

being of the same length as the 3rd, whereas in terrestris it is

nearly once and a half as long, by the longer cheeks and face, and

by the longer more erect pubescence, and by the narrower more

convex posterior tibiz, which are destitute of any longitudinal im-

pression ; from pratorwm and Derhamellus the red-tailed g may

be known by the form of the genital armature, the larger size and

more erect pubescence, and the shape of the posterior metatarsi,

which are much more narrowed at the base, and the more arcuate

joint of the antenne.

%and 9. May be known from terrestris by the longer face and

cheeks, the latter being nearly as long as their apical width, by the

less defined yellow abdominal band, which is of a less bright colour

than in terrestris var. lwcorwm, and generally extends on to the

basal segment, and also by the less compressed apical ventral seg-

ment; the red-tailed varieties differ from pratorwm, which they so

much resemble, in the broader rather more squarely-shaped face,

the shorter tongue and palpi, these latter hardly so long as the

head, and the narrower black abdominal band, which occupies the

8rd segment only. Length, gf and 9 12—17 mm., § 10—12 mm.

Hab. Rare. Croydon; Southend; Brighton Downs;

Bristol; Carlisle; Yorkshire; Scotland.

British Hymenoptera. 243

14. Bombus pomorum, Panz. (Pl. XIL, fig. 9).

Panz., Faun. Germ., 86, 18; Smith, Cat. Brit. Hym.,

2nd ed., p. 206.

— @ greyish, with a darker band across the thorax ; the abdomen

reddish posteriorly; 9 and 3 black, with the abdomen black at the

base, gradually shading into red at the apex, sometimes with the

thorax pale in front and on the metathorax; the % in continental

specimens often fades to a greyish colour.

dé. Head clothed with black hairs; cheeks long, shining, im-

punctate, longer than the width of their apex. Antenne with the

2nd joint of the flagellum longer than the 3rd, the 3rd a little more

than half the length of the 4th. Thorax clothed with grey hairs,

with a rather wide indefinite black band between the wings; wings

slightly dusky. Abdomen clothed with grey hairs on the basal

segment, with reddish hairs on the others, the hairs on the apex of

each segment paler ; segments beneath sparingly clothed with red-

dish hairs; genital armature with the sagitte curved at the apex,

much thickened and obliquely truncate, with a strong inferior

tooth near the base; squama short, triangular, projecting at its

internal angle; lacinia narrow, and somewhat twisted and apiculate

(see Pl. XII., fig. 9). Legs clothed with black hairs, intermixed

with finer reddish ones; sides of the metatarsi subparallel to their

base.

@ and 8. Clothed with black hairs; head long, asin the 3; the

thorax in front and a band on the metathorax often more or less

pale. Abdomen clothed with black hairs at the extreme base,

gradually shading to red at the apex, the transition from one to the

other being almost imperceptible ; in the % the base of the abdc-

men is sometimes reddish, sometimes grey; but this form has not

yet been recorded from this country. Length, § and 9 15—

18 mm., 3 12—14mm.

Hab. Very rare; the g and @ only have occurred in

this country, and we have only one locality recorded,

viz., near Deal, where Mr. F. Smith captured three

males in 18638 and his sona ¢ in 1864. I havea ¢ in

my collection without note of locality.

15. Bombus lapidarius, Linn. (Pl. XII., figs. 8—8 a).

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x.,i., p. 579; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 211.

Clothed with deep black hairs; the 4th and following segments

bright red; 3 with the face, a band across the thorax in front, the

sides of the thorax beneath the wings, and a few hairs round the

244 Mr. EK. Saunders’ Synopsis of

posterior margin of the metathorax, yellow; the posterior tibie in

this sex with red hairs, in the 2? and 8 with black; the ? and 3

have rarely a pale anterior band on the thorax.

3. Head clothed on the vertex with black hairs, and with

yellow on the face; cheeks about as long as their apical width.

Antenne with the 2nd joint of the flagellum slightly longer than

the 4th; the 8rd about two-thirds as long as the 2nd. Thorax

clothed with black hairs, with a wide band of yellow hairs in front,

which is continued under the wings and covers nearly the whole of

the under side; there are also a few pale hairs generally on the

metathorax. Abdomen clothed with black hairs; the sides of the

segments sometimes more or less greyish; 4th and following seg-

ments clothed with bright red hairs; beneath coloured as above ;

genital armature with the sagittz simple beneath, their apices each

with a sharp hama on the inner side; squama rounded in front,

projecting slightly on its inner margin at the base; lacinia flat,

sinuate at the apex (see Pl. XII., fig. 8); posterior tibiz clothed

with red hairs.

?and%. Entirely clothed with deep black hairs, with the

exception of the three bright red segments at the apex of the

abdomen, and in some varieties of a pale anterior thoracic band.

Length, f§ and 9 14—20mm., 3 12—15mm.

Hab. Very common and widely distributed.

The only British species with which this can be con-

founded is Derhamellus, but the ? and ¥ of that species

have the hairs of the posterior tibie red, and the abdo-

men shorter and more globose.

16. Bombus terrestris, Linn. (Pl. XIL., fig. 13).

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., p. 578 = lucorum, Smith,

Cat. Brit. Hym., pt. i, p. 225 = virginalis, Kirby,

Smith, &e.

Head clothed with black hairs, or with the face yellow in var.

lucorum of the g; thorax with black hairs, a band in front yellow,

and often in the g also with a band behind; in some extreme vars.

of the g the yellow is so extended as to leave only a narrow black

band between the wings; abdomen with the basal segment black,

2nd yellow, 8rd and 4th black, the latter at the apex and the two

apical segments white or tawny. In the g the yellow hairs often

cover the Ist and 2nd segments in var. lucorwm, and there is

sometimes a line of yellow hairs dividing the central black belt of

the abdomen into two.

é&. Face short, the cheeks shorter than their apical width.

Antenne shorter than in most of the species, scarcely reaching

British Hymenoptera. 245

beyond the tegule ; 2nd and 4th joints of the flagellum subequal ;

8rd a little more than half as long as the 4th. Thorax with the

pubescence coloured as above, the yellow varying from pale lemon-

yellow, var. ucorwm, to brownish yellow, var. virginalis. Wings

only very slightly dusky. Abdomen variable in colour (see general

description above), the yellow varying in depth and tint like that of

the thorax; genital armature of the g unlike that of any other

species; the sagitte slightly divergent, very deep and much flat-

tened laterally ; squama produced inwardly at right angles to the

stipes; lacinia short, scarcely projecting beyond the squama (see

Pl. XII., fig. 13). Legs clothed with pale hairs; posterior metatarsi

narrowed towards the base.

9 and %. With the pubescence coloured as stated in the general

description, the tint of the yellow varying as in the $3; cheeks

short, shorter than their apical length; tongue reaching to about

the base of the abdomen. Length, J and ? 16—22mm., 3 12—

14 mm.

Hab. Very common and generally distributed.

There can be little doubt that the two forms which

used to be considered distinct, viz., lucorum and virgi-

nalis, are only colour varieties of one species; there is

no structural difference, and the genital armatures of the

males agree exactly.

Apis, Linn.

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., 1., p. 574, 218.

Labial palpi 4-joimted; maxillary palpi 1-jointed; 3 with the

eyes approximate on the vertex; anterior wings with three sub-

marginal cells; abdomen truncate at the base; g with the anal

opening inferior, and with the armature not polished and shining

as in the other genera of the Aculeates, but of the same consistency

as the other abdominal segments, the sagittz lying apparently de-

tached, and only obtainable by dissection.

Communities of males, female, and workers.

1. Apis mellifica, Linn. (PI. XIL., figs. 15—15 )).

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x.,i., p. 576; Smith, Cat. Brit.

Hym., 2nd ed., p. 226.

Brown, clothed with pale brown hairs; margins of the abdo-

minal segments paler.

g. Eyes meeting on the vertex; the pubescence of the thor ax

very dense. Abdomen broad and blunt at the apex (for genitalia

see Pl. XII., figs. 15—156); tibie and metatarsi convex exter-

nally.

246 Mr. HK. Saunders’ Synopsis of

@. Eyes remote on the vertex. Abdomen elongate, conical,

pointed at the apex, longer than the wings; tibie and metatarsi

subconvex externally, the former foveated just above the apex.

3. Eyes remote on the vertex. Abdomen shorter than the

wings, less conical than in the 23; posterior tibiz and metatarsi

dilated and excavated externally, and clothed with long hairs at

the edges, the metatarsi sharply dentate at the base. Length,

13—17 mm.

Hab. Common; the hive bee.

EXXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE V.

Fic. 1. Panwrgus wrsinus, $ armature.

la. ¢ a 7th ventral segment.

10. ” ” 8th ” ”

2. » calcaratus, J armature.

Dias a rc 8th ventral segment.

3. Rophites 5-spinosus, J armature.

3a. 3 a 7th ventral segment.

30. 53 . 9 6 lateral view.

3C. 6 “3 8th ventral segment.

bd. a HA A nA lateral view.

4. Dufourea vulgaris, § armature.

4a. 5: B 7th ventral segment,

4b. f $5 8th i ”

PLATE VI.

1. Nomada Roberjeotiana, 3 armature.

kas vb FY 8th ventral segment, ventral and

lateral views.

2. » solidaginis, J armature.

2d, 202 5, me 8th ventral segment, ventral and

lateral views.

3. » varia, & armature.

BIG, OUNe 5 », 8th ventral segment, ventral and lateral

views.

4, » 6-fasciata, § armature.

4a,4b. ,. 8th ventral segment, ventral and

lateral views.

5. 0 lineola, § armature.

DiQ Ol seer 5 8th ventral segment, ventral and lateral

views.

British Hymenoptera. 247

Fic. 6. Nomada alternata, § armature.

GiaHOlOr ,; a 8th ventral segment, ventral and

lateral views.

Te Fe alboguttata, J armature.

UG TONS 3 a 8th ventral segment, ventral and

lateral views.

8. » jacobee, g armature.

Sia, Sib. 45 ” 8th ventral segment, ventral and

lateral views.

a: » succincta, § armature.

Das I0e 55 5 8th ventral segment, ventral and

lateral views.

10. ss lateralis, § armature.

Olas LOOs s. - 8th ventral segment, ventral and

lateral views.

ne ,» ochrostoma, § armature.

DRT Way es 8th ventral segment, ventral and

lateral views.

PLATE VII.

1. Nomada Fabriciana, § armature.

Its IG ee nf 8th ventral segment, ventral and

lateral views.

2. “ ruficormis, g armature.

Die Vs sep ss Sth ventral segment, ventral and

lateral views.

3 » jurva, gf armature.

Bitin He gp ,, 8th ventral segment, ventral and lateral

views.

4, oe flavoguttata, J armature.

4a,4b. ,, a 8th ventral segment, ventral and

lateral views.

5. » Lathburiana, 3 armature.

SiGi5 ld Ss 5 8th ventral segment, ventral and

lateral views.

6. » jerruginata, J armature.

ban6Os. is Sth ventral segment, ventral and

lateral views.

fie » oifida, § armature.

CO Un fas » 8th ventral segment, ventral and lateral

views.

8. P obtusifrons, $ armature.

9. Hpeolus rufipes, J armature.

a Gomes os 7th dorsal and 8th ventral segment.

1 «,, productus, gf armature.

10 a. $3 7th ventral segment.

248 Mr. E. Saunders’ Synopsis of

PLATE VIII.

Fic. 1. Melecta armata, § armature.

ieee i" 7th ventral segment.

10. ” ” 8th ” ”

2. “B luctuosa, g armature.

Ah 8 3 ah 7th ventral segment.

2b. ” ” 8th ” ”

3. Caelioxys rufescens, § armature.

4, my 4-dentata i.

Be nA acuminata Pr

6. a elongata 5

the a‘ vectis <5

8. Osmia xanthomelana 5

o » rufa ;

10. » aurulenta “5

itil » parietina 5

1, » spinulosa, g armature, showing 8th ventral seg-

ment beneath.

18. » caerulescens, § armature.

14, », btcolor “c

11/5). » fulviventris %

16. », lewcomelana 5p

PLATE IX.

1. Megachile Willughbiella, J armature.

la. i - 6th ventral segment, and much

enlarged spines of do.

2. » maritima, J armature.

2 a. 8 * 6th ventral segment, and much

enlarged spines of do.

26 ae Ae 8th ventral segment.

Bh » ligniseca, f armature.

30 3 5 6th ventral segment, and much

; enlarged spines of do.

4, » circumcincta, J armature.

Aa A ae 6th ventral segment, and much

enlarged spines of do.

5. » centuncularis, § armature.

5a. <s a 6th ventral segment, and much

enlarged spines of do.

6. » sp. ?,* g armature.

6a. s »» 6th ventral segment, and much en-

larged spines of do.

* T figured this from a continental specimen ticketed pyrina in

F. Smith’s collection, but I have now reason to think that it does

not represent true ericetorum.

Fic.

British Hymenoptera. v49

7. Megachile argentata, $ armature.

ia 3 4 6th ventral segment, and much

enlarged spines of do.

PGA Ne

1. Heriades truncorwm, 3 armature.

Ia © pe a 5th ventral segment.

2. Stelis aterrima, g armature.

3. Anthidium manicatum, § armature.

3d. ” ” Sth ventral segment.

4. Chelostoma florisomne, g armature.

4a. “4 ” 5th ventral segment.

5. a campanularum, g armature.

5a. » » 7th ventral segment.

5b. 5 % 8th “a

6. Hucera longicornis, § armature.

6a. ,, » 7th ventral segment.

GOs 53 8 8th s

7. Anthophora retusa, § armature.

Ta. ” ” 7th ventral segment.

TO. Eamets iii) _

8. 5S pilipes, § armature.

8a. ” » 7th ventral segment.

8b. “ en oul a

PLATE XI.

1. Saropoda bimaculata, § armature.

la. 5 mr 7th ventral segment.

iL ah - PP 8th 33

2. Anthophora furcata, g armature.

2a. pues ‘5 7th ventral segment.

2b. ” ” 8th — ”

a: A quadrimaculata, § armature.

bd. i _ 7th ventral segment.

3b. ” ” 8th »

4. Osmia pilicornis, § armature.

5. Ceratina cyanea, on

5a. “6 » 6th ventral segment.

6. Psithyrus Barbutellus, § armature.

6a. Fe + 7th ventral segment.

6b. 19 ” 8th ”

ite ~ vestalis, § armature.

8. is rupestris, § armature, 8th ventral segment

showing beneath.

250

Fic.

Synopsis of British Hymenoptera.

PLATE XII.

1. Psithyrus campestris, J armature.

la. eS o 7th ventral segment.

10. ” ” 8th ”

D. ‘s quadricolor, 3 armature.

3. Bombus Smithianus a

4, i, cognatus a

AG es Ah 8th ventral segment.

5. an pratorum, 3 armature.

Oats 4 apex of sagitte.

(05. on 3 7th and 8th ventral segments.

6. s< hortorum, g armature.

7. 5 muscorun a

8. 4 lapidarius 3

Sidi nas és apex of sagittze.

wh a pomorum, 3g armature.

10. Pr Derhamellus

11. ms sylvarum 3

12. a Latreillellus 3

5 Os = 7th ventral segment.

UDO ne es “¢ 8th

13. 5 terrestris, J armature.

«14, re soroensis i.

15. Apis mellifica, g armature.

ISS GIAM, a sagitte.

UB Oy 3 os <s laterally.

(. 26h.)

XIII. Further notes on the terminal segments of Aculeate

- Hymenoptera. By Epwarp Saunpers, F.L.S.

[Read March 5th, 1884.]

PuaTE XIII.

In the volume of our ‘ Transactions’ for 1882 I made

some remarks on the terminal segments of the genus

Prosopis, and pointed out that good specific characters

were obtainable from an examination of the 8th ventral

seoments of the 3, as well as of the genital armature.

Since then I have extended my observations to the other

genera of the Anthophila, as well as to those of the

Fossores, Heterogyna, and Diploptera, and I find so

many interesting features disclosed by these examina-

tions that I thought a few remarks on them might be

interesting to the members of the Society.

I may observe, in the first place, that the 8th ventral

segment is always distinctly present in the Aculeata,

and I have in several cases removed it entire, so as to

show the connection between the valves. As a rule it

varies more in form than the 7th, especially as regards

its ventral valve. It is the ventral valve of the 8th

segment which bears the three spines in Scolia, the up-

turned spine in Myzine and Methoca, and the spoon-

shaped apical process in Andrena and its allies; and yet

the presence of this 8th segment seems to have been

ignored by most hymenopterists, Klug and a few others

being the exceptions, or to have been mistaken for that

of the 7th, where this latter is hidden beneath the 6th,

as is the case in many genera, such as Pompilus,

Andrena, &. In many others the 8th segment is

entirely hidden, and can only be observed after dissection ;

but even then, as in Prosopis, it exhibits great variety of

form ; there is one character whereby the ventral valve

of the 8th may in most cases be known, viz., that it is

produced basally in the centre, whereas the 7th is only

produced basally at the sides. The dorsal valve of the

8th is generally more or less membranous or corneous,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884,—PaRT Il. (JULY.)

252 Mr. E. Saunders’ further notes on the

and is rarely visible; as a rule it fits into and is of the

same shape as the 7th, but there is an important modi-

fication of it in the Heterogyna, Mutillide and Pompilide,

and the genus Astata, where it bears at its apex two

little pilose processes of a somewhat palpiform nature

(see Pl. XIIL, figs. la, 2a, 38a, &.): these are generally

visible beyond the apex of the 7th segment, and will be

found more fully described under the head Heterogyna,

&c., further on, where the distinctive features exhibited

by the terminal segments in each family and genus that

I have been able to examine are noticed in natural order.

It seems to me that these features, although unfortu-

nately only existing in the 3 sex, afford far better

characters for classification than the neuration of the

wings, which have formed the basis of the arrangement

of the Fossores, &c., which we now use. We know how

subject neuration is to vary, and how often specimens

are found with one or more nervures of the wing im-

perfect or missing; also how in a series of specimens of

one species a certain nervure will vary in its exact rela-

tive position to another; also how in Tropoxylon there

are several cells merely indicated, as it were, by the

very faintest nervures, besides those enclosed by ner-

vures of the ordinary size, so that classing it by the

ordinary nervures it takes its place amongst the genera

having only one submarginal cell; whereas, if the entire

system of neuration be admitted, it would come amongst

those with two.

There is, I think, also very grave doubts whether the

insect we know as Pompilus pectinipes is more than a

variety of the @ of Hvagethes bicolor, with three sub-

marginal cells instead of two, which is the characteristic

of the latter genus. Certain it is that the two forms

often frequent the same locality, and that the 3 of

pectinipes, the @ of which is far from rare, is unknown

to us (the $ which F. Smith refers to it is that of chaly-

beatus) ; and specimens have occurred with three sub-

marginal cells on one side and two on the other. All

these variations in neuration make it to my mind a

very dubious character for classificational purposes,

and, if the characters derivable from the terminal seg-

ments could be used instead, I think they would probably

afford a more natural arrangement, and be far more

constant. I say this after carefully observing that a

certain type of segments will run through a whole genus,

terminal segments of Aculeate Hymenoptera. 258

modified only according to the species, but perfectly

distinct from those of the allied genera; and also that,

in like manner, a general similarity of form will run

through a whole family. Certainly the adoption of these

characters brings genera together in accordance with

those derivable from general outline facies, &¢.,—in fact

gives what appears to be a natural arrangement.

Regarding an aculeate hymenopterous insect theoreti-

cally as a twenty or twenty-one seemented creature, six

or seven of these segments, according to which view is

adopted, are represented at one apex in the combination

which we call the head, which bears various pairs of

appendages denoting the existence of the segments. At

the other apex of the creature two segments, I believe,

are represented in what is called the genital armature of

the g, the 9th abdominal segment beyond the basal

constriction, 7. e., not reckoning the propodeum of New-

man, being represented by the “cardo” of Thomson,

and its appendages by the stipites, the 10th being repre-

sented dorsally by the spatha, and its appendages by the

sagitte ; the 8th segment of the abdomen also in some

genera bears appendages dorsally, as if it also were

tending to join the combination. Now, as the shapes

and appendages of the head-segments are regarded as

amongst the best and most constant for generic classi-

fication, I think there is good reason why the shapes

of the modified segments and appendages which com-

pose and surround the armature should have equal

value.

Of course no single character should be employed to the

exclusion of others, and, without extending one’s obser-

vations to the many exotic genera which I have been

unable hitherto to examine, it is impossible to say how

far these characters will prove constant. Still, from

what I have been able to examine, I have little doubt

that they afford a good basis for classification, and that

the extension of one’s observations would show that a

classification on these sexual characters would produce a

far more natural arrangement than the one we have at

present in use.

The great difficulty to be contended with is that of

- obtaining subjects for dissection, and I should be most

thankful to any one who can give me old specimens of

exotic aculeates, however broken, for that purpose, i.e.,

so long as the apex of the abdomen remains.

254 My. EK. Saunders’ further notes on the

I now propose to give a list of the families and

genera which I have examined, with remarks on the

special characters of each, as exhibited in their apical

segments and armature. Of these latter Dufour, in his

‘Recherches Anatomiques,’ &c., has already described a

good many, and his paper is a most important one to

anyone working on this subject. I may remark that his

‘‘hypotome”’ is the 8th ventral segment; his ‘“‘ forceps,”

the pair of stipites; his ‘‘ baguettes du fourreau,” the

sagitte; his ‘‘volselle,” the lacinia of the stipes; his

‘piece basilaire,” the cardo; he only mentions the

spatha as the central piece of the ‘“‘fourreau de la

verge.” In the following descriptions I have adopted

the nomenclature of C. J. Thomson, viz. :—Cardo, the

basal portion, in which the two stipites or outer forceps

move; Spatha, the corresponding basal portion of the

sagitte or inner forceps, which, however, are often

united into a single piece; Lacinia, the apical pro-

duction of the stipes existing in many genera.

Hetrerocyna.—In this section the 8th segment is very

distinctly represented in both valves, and is generally

visible both dorsally and ventrally; the dorsal valve

bears two lateral pilose appendages, which seem to have

been noticed but misunderstood by some entomologists.

Forel, in his ‘Fourmis de la Suisse,’ p. 18, regards

them as part of the genital armature, calling them

“penicilli.” EH. André* also takes this view, calling

them ‘“‘ pinceaux,” and figures them protruding from

under the 7th segment,+ and remarks that they project

from a square plate situated under the epipygium. In

this latter statement he is quite correct, but he does not

seem to have realised that this plate is the 8th dorsal

segment, and in no way connected with the armature

(see Pl. XIII., figs. 1, 1a); in fact he says, at p. 18, that

the abdomen of the ¢ is composed of seven segments.

He also remarks that they are often wanting in Myrmi-

cocystus. I cannot help fancying that their apparent

absence must be due to the retraction of the 8th

segment under the preceding. The most interesting

feature in these little tail-like appendages is that they

are not simple outgrowths from the segments, but are

almost palpiform in their nature; being received into a

** ‘Species des Formicides d’Hurope,’ p.14. + Pl. L., fig. 12a,

terminal segments of Aculeate Hymenoptera. 255

distinct fovea in the substance of the segment, they

naturally remind one of the Cerci in the Orthoptera ;

but the latter occur on the 10th abdominal segment,

whereas these (reckoning the propodeum) occur on the

9th. The “ Cerci”’ of the Tenthredinide, however, occur

on the 9th segment, and to these the penicilli above

mentioned are, I think, clearly analogous. This

character appears to run through the entire section.

Fossores: Mutillide.—Here, again, the “ penicilli”’

occur, at any rate in Mutilla and Myrmosa ; and as they

occur also in Myzine | think it very probable that this

last genus should be removed from the Scoliide, and

placed here. The 8th ventral segment in both Methoca

and Myzine is very plainly visible, and bears a peculiar

upturned process, very different from the apical arma-

ture of Scolia (see Pl. XIIL., figs. 2, 2a, 3, 8a, 3b), &e.

Myzine also lacks the reniform shape of the eye

observable in the Scolude.

Scoliide.—In this family (see Pl. XIIL., figs. 4, 4a, 4 b)

I can find no trace of appendages to the 8th segment

dorsally ; in most species it is produced and somewhat

rounded in the middle, but the ventral valve of the 8th

segment is conspicuously exposed, and armed generally

with three strong elongate prongs. The Scoliide bear a

most striking resemblance in this armature, and also in

the genital armature, which has the stipites flattened

and dilated, to the Bembecide and Nyssonide (see

Pl. XIII., figs. 12, 12a, 14, 14a); andI cannot but think

that the position of these latter in the arrangement

should be transferred from where it now stands to an

earlier place in the section.

Tiphiide.—No apparent penicilli; 8th segment be-

neath with an upturned process (see Pl. XIII, figs. 5, 5 a).

To my mind a very distinct family from the preceding,

the ¢ having the genital armature laterally compressed,

and the cardo apparently produced above, and enclosing

the sagitte.

Sapygide.—No apparent penicilli; 8th ventral seg-

ment simple; exposed ventrally.

Pompilide. — Penicilli distinct; it should therefore,

to my mind, follow the Mutillid@ in arrangement; 7th

segment beneath very short, and visible only as a

shining spot at the base of the 8th; 8th exposed

(sometimes mistaken for the 7th), very variable in form,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PART II. (JULY.) 5

256 Mr. E. Saunders’ further notes on the

and affording excellent specific characters; armature

with the cardo generally very long (see Pl. XIII., figs. 6,

6a, 6b). In Ceropales the penicilli are very wide and

foliaceous, not constricted at the base, and not palpi-

form, in fact are mere lateral productions of the apical

margin.

Astatide (Astata).—This genus, alone of the section

with short prothoraces, so far as my examinations have

gone, has distinct penicilli (see Pl. XIIL., fig.8). This, I

think, is very interesting, as in habits it certainly comes

near Pompilus, and in general character will not agree

with any other group. Thomson has created a family

for the genus; and I certainly think its peculiarities

warrant its adoption. Eighth dorsal valve exposed,

truncate at its extremity.

Sphegide.—No penicilli; eight ventral segments ex-

posed, 8th generally flattened and wide; armature very

variable; cardo short; stipites often armed with strong

spine-like bristles (see Pl. XIII., fig. 11).

Larride.—Highth segment narrow ventrally, often

emarginate at the apex; stipites of the armature sub-

depressed and rather wide, except in Palarus (see

Pl. XIII., fig. 19), which would, I think, be well placed

ina separate family, the 8th segment ventrally being

rounded, and the stipites exceedingly long and narrow,

and bent downwards, fringed with long apical hairs.

Pemphredonide.—Highth dorsal valve simple, ventral

valve armed with an exposed, recurved, or at least

straight process; genital armature often with the

stipites very thin, and overlapping at the apex.

Mimeside.— Almost identical with the preceding

family.

Bembecide.—As above stated, very like the Scoliide.

HKighth dorsal segment simple or bidentate, ventral

segment with a single short spine, 7th segment much

narrowed to the apex; armature with the stipites much

flattened, and somewhat elongate towards the apex,

which is rounded (see Pl. XIIL., figs. 12, 12a).

Nyssonde.—Very like the Bembecide in the shape of

the armature; 8th dorsal segment simple, 8th ventral

with a single apical spine or process; or in Stizus

(see Pl. XIII, figs. 14, 14a), Stizomorphus and Bembe-

cinus with three prongs, as in Scolia.

Mellinide (Mellinus).—Highth dorsal segment simple,

8th ventral with a short apical process; genital arma-

terminal segments of Aculeate Hymenoptera. 257

ture short; the apices of the stipites on their inner

margins each with a wide membranous lateral pro-

duction, the left-hand membrane folding over the right.

In this form of armature this genus seems to stand

alone.

Cerceride.—Highth dorsal segment simple, 8th ventral

bidentate ; armature very variable, but with the stipites

not flattened and dilated towards the apex (see Pl. XIIL.,

fig. 7); 8th segment simple.

Crabronide.—In the genus Crabro the stipites are

produced into a long membranous wing at the apex, and

often may be seen projecting beyond the apex of the

abdomen ; and the cardo in many species is very long

(see Pl. XIIL., fig. 9). In Hntomognathus and Lindenius

the stipites are shorter; and in Oxybelus, although the

cardo is long, the stipites are not wing-shaped, but

simple and elongate. This last genus, however, I

scarcely think belongs naturally to the Crabronide.

Trypoxylonide.—Terminal segments simple; arma-

ture with the cardo short; the stipites not wing-shaped.

The characters above noticed would draw together the

Heterogyna, Mutillide, Pompilide, and Astatide, on ac-

count of the appendages of the 8th dorsal segment; the

Scolude, Tiphide, Bembecide, and Nyssonide, on ac-

count of the form of the armature, and the processes of

the 8th ventral segment; the Pemphredonide and

Mimeside would come close to the Nyssonide, on

account of the apical process of the 8th ventral seg-

ment; the Crabronide, on account of their dilated

wing-like stipites, also show a distinct relation to these

families. The Sphegide and Larride seem to come

together naturally, both as regards habits and structure.

Still I wish to avoid offering any new arrangement until

I have had the opportunity of examining more of the

exotic genera.

DretopteRA.—In this section the 8th segment is

simple, and the armature is very similar in nearly all

the genera, being very convex and highly polished; the

stipites each bearing a long spine, which may be often

seen in life projecting beyond the apex of the abdomen

(see Pl. XITI., fig. 20). In Vespa, however, this spine is

obsolete, or nearly so; the sagittz are generally united.

This section, to my mind, bears strong proof of the

258 Mr. E. Saunders’ further notes on the

value of the characters derived from the armature, as

no one can doubt that it is one of the best and most

natural groups that we have among the Hymenoptera,

and throughout it the armature has a distinct character

of its own quite unlike that of any other section.

AntHopHita.—In this section more attention has been

paid to the genital armature than in the others of the Acu-

leata, for, besides Dufour’s excellent remarks, Schenck,

Thomson, and others have used it with good results,

as exhibiting characters for discriminating the species of

Bombus. Morawitz has figured, in the ‘ Reise Turkestan

von A. Fedtschenko,’ the armature of several species of

Anthophora, and v. Hagens, in the ‘ Berliner Ent. Zeits.’

for 1874, has noticed and described the armature in

many of the genera, besides using it as a character for

the species of the genus Sphecodes. He speaks of the

‘‘yangen’”’ or stipites as being ‘‘ eingliedrig”’ or ‘‘ zwei-

eliedrig,’’ his 2nd joint being the lacinia of Thomson.

I have adopted Thomson’s nomenclature for the parts

of the armature, as it seems to express very well what

is wanted. The lacinia is merely a prolongation or

branch of the stipes, and is often absent, and in some

species it is difficult to know whether one should desig-

nate it by a distinct name or merely treat it as a process ;

still in many genera, such as Bombus, Psithyrus, &c.,

it is such a distinct feature that for descriptive purposes

a special name is useful. V. Hagens, in his remarks

(loc. cit.), mentions the ‘‘ bauchsegmentverlangerung,”

and describes it; but it should be remembered that in

Andrena, &c., this represents the 8th segment, whereas

in Anthophora it represents the 7th. In Halictoides and

Dujourea he mentions that the ‘‘ bauchsegmentver-

lingerung”’ is prolonged into three points. Here he

has evidently been examining the 7th and 8th together,

as the 7th bears two lateral processes and the 8th one

apical; but, clinging tightly together as these two plates

do, it is in no way to be wondered at that v. Hagens

should have been misled.

The lacinia is present in nearly all the genera with

the exception of Andrena and of those in the subdivision

Dasygastre, and, curiously enough, in the parasites or

‘‘euckoos”’ of these latter; but this does not apply to

the parasites of Andrena, viz., the species of Nomada,

which have a distinct lacinia. Still it is worthy of note

that there is often an extraordinary general similarity in

terminal segments of Aculeate Hymenoptera. 259

the apical segments and armatures of the parasites, and

of the bees with whom they live: Megachile and Celioxys,

Chalicodoma and Dioxys, Anthophora and Melecta, are

rather striking cases of this similarity. Throughout

the Anthophila, so far as I have been able to examine

them, the hairs of the armature are branched or

plumose, and the 8th dorsal segment is simple, fit-

ting into the 7th, and of a horny submembranous

texture.

Prosopis and Colletes.—In the Obtusilingues the 7th

and 8th ventral segments have most interesting modi-

fications. I have figured those of Prosopis in our

‘Transactions’ for 1882, Pl. VI., and those of Colletes

are no less peculiar; the 7th is dilated at the apex

into one or two wing-like appendages, very variable

in form, according to the species; the 8th has a cen-

tral apical process, hairy beneath at its apex; the

armature in each genus is of a form peculiar to itself

(vide volume of our ‘Transactions’ quoted above,

Prev EL.

Sphecodes and Halictus. — In these two genera the

7th and 8th ventral segments are nearly simple ;

they lie hidden by the 6th at the base of the arma-

ture as two corneous plates, generally slightly pro-

duced and rounded in the centre; the armature has the

stipites short and somewhat curved, with a distinct

lacinia to each, the sagittz bent downwards at the apex ;

in both genera the form of armature affords excellent

specific characters (vide Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1882,

PS VIDE. EX.):

Nomia.—In this most extraordinary genus the ventral

segments of the abdomen are flattened and somewhat

concave; the 8th is pale and corneous, truncate in the

centre; the 7th is emarginate, with the sides of the

emargination rounded and fringed with golden hairs ;

genital armature with a semicircular membranous apex

to each stipes; the sagitte raised and subtriangular

(see Pl. XIII., fig. 18).

Nomioides.—In this little halictiform genus seven

ventral segments are visible, and the 8th les close under

the armature, and is produced at the apex into an elon-

gate process; the armature has the stipites elongate,

narrow and somewhat curved, the sagitte narrow and

nearly straight.

Andrena.—In this genus the 7th ventral segment igs

260 Mr. EK. Saunders’ further notes on the

hidden beneath the 6th, and the 8th appears at the apex,

being generally somewhat dilated apically and rounded

or subtruncate ; the 7th is sometimes emarginate in the

centre of the apical margin. The armature is very little

liable to variation in the genus, and except in a few

species shows no important modifications. It has the

stipites bent and arched over the sagittz, and each flat-

tened and more or less pilose at the apex (see Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond., 1882, Pl. X). Andrena carinata, Mor.,

is a notable exception.

Macropis.—This genus is most peculiar in its ter-

minal segments (see Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1882,

Pl. X.), the 7th segment being subquadrate and fringed

at the sides with a series of flattened spines; the 8th is

produced at the apex into a_ subrotundate process,

terminating in a sharp point; the genital armature

has the stipites each terminating in two deflected fur-

cate prolongations, very unlike that of the surrounding

genera.

Dasypoda and Cilissa.—In both these genera the 8th

ventral segment is exposed beneath as in Andrena, and

dilated at the apex; the 7th is hidden and generally —

emarginate at the apex, with a lateral projection on each

side (see Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1882, Pl. XI).

Panurgus. — All eight ventral segments exposed in

some species, the 6th being emarginate so as to show

the 7th, the 8th projecting and dilated at the apex,

as in Andrena and its allies; armature with the cardo

very elongate (see Pl. V., figs. 1, 2).

Panurginus.—All eight ventral segments exposed; 7th

slishtly elevated, narrowed and bidentate at the apex ;

8th with an elongated central process fitting into the

emargination of the 7th segment, its apex slightly

swollen and rounded; armature very like that of

Panurgus, with the cardo very elongate.

Dujfourea.—Tth segment hidden, bilobate; 8th with a

long straight central process, visible beyond the 6th ;

armature with the stipites pointed, the sagitte distant

at the base (see Pl. V., figs. 4—4 b).

Systropha.—7Tth ventral segment consisting of a basal

band, from which emerge two elongate processes some-

what curved, thickest in the middle and pointed at the

apex, with an elevated ridge on each on the side nearest

the armature (see Pl. XIIL., fig. 18 a) ; 8th with an elon-

gate apical process, bent upwards, and hairy beneath

terminal seqments of Aculeate Hymenoptera. 261

towards the extremity, which is rounded and dilated

(see fig. 13) ; armature short and stout, stipites with the

apices rounded, and a distinct blunt spine (lacinia), pro-

jecting from beneath, beyond them (fig. 18).

Halictoides.—Tth ventral almost exactly as in Sys-

tropha; 8th with the central process very long and bent

upwards, dilated and thickened at the apex; armature

with the stipites densely pubescent externally.

Rhophitoides.—In the form of the 8th segment and

genitalia almost identical with the preceding, but, having

broken the 7th in the only specimen I have been able to

dissect, I cannot record its form.

Rhophites.— 7th ventral segment with two elongate

flat testaceous lateral processes, slightly widened at the

apex; at the base of each externally is a shorter, small,

curved process ; 8th with a very long central process, as

in the foregoing genera, densely hairy at the apex ;

armature, with the stipites, with a flattened lacinia ;

sagittze widely separated at the base, and converging to

the apex (see Pl. V., figs. 3—8 d).

Biareolina.—7th ventral segment simple ; 8th with an

elongate central process, truncate at the apex, densely

clothed with hairs at the sides and beneath; armature

with the stipites produced at the apex into a semi-

circularly dilated lacinia.

Nomada.— The terminal ventral segments of this

genus are most characteristic ; the 7th is simple, and

with the 8th is hidden; the 8th is generally produced in

the centre into a long process, which is more or less in-

curved at the apex and armed with reflexed spines, vary-

ing greatly in number and form according to the species

(see Pl. VI., VII). In some few species the segment

is subtriangular, but still is armed with spines at the

apex. The armature is rather quadrate in form, and

the stipites largely and deeply emarginate inwardly,

densely clothed on their laciniz with long plumose hairs ;

the sagittze are narrow and covered with the mem-

branous spatha nearly to the apex. Excellent specific

distinctions can be obtained from these characters.

Epeolus.—7th segment truncate at the apex ; 8th with

a short central process, not spinose ; armature with the

stipites wide, and with wide lacinie not tufted with hairs;

sagitte: very wide, united and produced in the centre into

a narrow truncate process (see Pl. VII., figs. 9, 10).

Biastes.—7th and 8th segments hidden, 7th slightly

262 Mr. E. Saunders’ further notes on the

produced at the apex, 8th produced into an elongate

process ; armature with the stipites stout; lacinie long

and very narrow; sagitte produced beyond the apex of

the lacinie ; spatha long, extending to about the apex of

the laciniz.

Of the several other curious genera that are placed

here I have been unable to procure specimens for dis-

section.

Melecta.—7th segment consisting of two elongate con-

vergent rather narrow plates, which are united near the

apex by only a thin membrane, so that in dissecting they

often become separated ; 8th subtriangular, pointed at

the apex; armature large and massive; lacinize pro-

duced into a narrow pilose process (see Pl. VIIL.,

figs. 1, 2).

Crocisa. — Almost as Melecta, but the lacinie of

the armature are broader and set with strong bristly

hairs.

Celiorys.—The terminal segments and armature in

this genus resemble very closely those of Megachile and

the other Dasygastre, the 6th dorsal segment terminates

the abdomen, and the anal opening is inferior, the 7th

dorsal being only visible beneath; only five ventral seg-

ments are exposed ; the 7th isa mere membranous band,

slightly thickened at each side, and almost certain to

get broken in dissecting; the 8th is short and tongue-

like, lying close under the armature ; the armature itself

has the stipites without laciniz, and their apices hairy,

the sagittz covered with a membrane to their apex (see

Pl. VIII., figs. 3—7).

Dioxys.—Similar to Celioxys in the 7th and 8th

seoments, but armature clear testaceous-brown, highly

polished and glabrous; stipites simple and narrow,

slightly curved ; sagittz widely separated, flat, and paler

than the stipites, hamate externally at the apex; be-

tween the sagittz is stretched a membrane, which is

clear at the sides and thicker in the centre (see Pl. XIII.,

fio. 16).

Chalicodoma.— Only four ventral segments clearly

exposed; 5th with a squarish central scale-like spot

at the apex; 6th narrow and submembranous, bear-

ing a dense tract of hairs across its middle, each

terminating in several finer hairs in C. pyrenaica. In

muraria this segment has most remarkable characters ;

terminal segments of Aculeate Hymenoptera. 263 |

at the sides may be remarked the usual recurrent angles,

which are strong and horny; the segment is concave,

membranous posteriorly, and only thickened anteriorly

in a ridge running between the lateral supports, if they

may be so termed; in the centre of this thicker portion,

on its anterior margin, are two long recurved spines

dilated at the apex; at each side, but at some distance

from these central spines, are a number of finer spines

with sharply truncate dilated heads; from these a

thickened line runs diagonally on to the disk of the

segment, bearing a number of simple spine-like hairs,

which appear to be much thickened at the base ; beyond

the anterior spines is a subtriangular apical mem-

branous production (see Pl. XIII., fig. 21a). In C.

sicula the 6th segment has a strong semicircular ridge

dividing the more membranous parts across the disk ;

in front of this at each side is a thick fascicle of some-

what twisted, flat, ribbon-like hairs, so densely matted

together that it is difficult to see one separately ; beneath

these, on the ridge running from them on to the concave

anterior portion of the segment, are a number of fine

simple hairs, on thickened bases ; 7th segment narrow

and membranous; 8th tongue-shaped, with a basal

angle at each side; armature clear testaceous-brown,

glabrous, highly polished; stipites long and narrow,

nearly straight, widened at the apex into a broad in-

ternal hama; sagitte straight, widely apart at the base,

converging to the apex, with a membrane covering the

space between them (see Pl. XIII., fig. 21).

Megachile.—Very like Chalicodoma in character ; the

6th segment membranous, and bearing hairs or spines of

different forms across its centre, its apex sometimes

terminating in a wing-like process; armature with the

stipites more or less straight, generally divergent at the

apices, which are nearly simple; no distinct lacinia, but

the apex of each stipes in maritima is bifurcate ; stipites

very large at the base, and enclosed by a ring-like cardo ;

sagitte simple, united by a membrane (see Pl. IX.,

figs. 1—7).

Diphysis serratule.—The armature of this insect is

quite unlike that of Osmia, in or near which genus it has

been usually placed: it has almost exactly the same

form as that of some of the species of Anthidiwm, next

to which genus I should propose to place it; the white

clypeus of the ¢ also favours this view, which is held

2.64 Mr. EK. Saunders’ further notes on the

also by Professor Perez, ‘ Contr. 4 la Faune des Apiares

de France,’ p. 89.

Anthidium.—Apical segments very variable in form ;

8th sometimes with a narrow apical process, sometimes

tongue-like, as in Megachile ; 7th sometimes rounded at

the apex, with long recurrent basal angles, sometimes

merely a transverse band with short recurrent angles.

In strigatum, Pz. = contractum, Laty., the 6th segment

is produced into a strong central spine, and in flavilabre,

&c., has lateral comb-like processes (see Pl. XIIL., fig.

15 a); armature with the stipites short and curved in-

wards at the apex in some species; in laterale, on the

other hand, they are slightly divergent, and approach

more to Megachile in form; in strigatum they are

foliaceous ; and in flavilabre widely triangular. These

segments evidently exhibit strong specific characters in

this genus, and would probably serve well to divide it

into subgenera (see Pl. X., figs. 83—8a; Pl. XIIL, figs.

15—15 a).

Steis.—7th and 8th ventral segments simple, the 8th

being very slightly produced and rounded in the centre ;

armature with the stipites each suddenly thickened at

the apex into an angular, four-sided, truncate club, bent

inwards towards each other; sagitte simple, slightly

convergent (see Pl. X., fig. 2).

Chelostoma florisomne.—Tth ventral segment bilobed ;

8th triangularly elongate; armature with the stipites

long and straight, enlarged at the apex of each into a

pointed club, hairy on its sides; sagitte straight, con-

vergent at the apex, with a central membrane extending

to their apex; 5th segment fringed with curved spirally

twisted or knotted hairs (see Pl. X., figs. 4—4 a).

C. campanularum.—This species, in the terminal seg-

ments, shows very distinct characters ; the 7th segment

has a slight pilose production on each side, united by a

thin membrane; the 8th is short and subtruncate; the

armature has the stipites very narrow and curved, not

thickened at the apex; the sagitte wide at the base (see

Pl. X., figs. 5—5 b).

Heriades.—Very like C. campanularum in the form of

the armature, but the 8th ventral segment is narrow and

pointed; the 7th I have not been able to extract satis-

factorily ; 5th segment with a row of six or seven teeth

on each side set on a square projection (see Pl. X.,

figs. 1, la).

terminal segments of Aculeate Hymenoptera. 265

Lithurgus.—The 7th ventral segment in this peculiar

genus is simply rounded at the apex; the 8th is widely

truncate; the armature is extraordinarily small for the

size of the insect; the stipites are large and swollen at

the base, and produced at the apex of each into a long

straight process ; sagitts wide at the base, then narrowed

ie i apex, each with an apical dilatation (see Pl. XIIL.,

Boi):

Osmia.—Very variable as regards the number of ven-

tral segments exposed, and probably divisible into many

good subgenera ; 6th segment simply hairy ; 7th mem-

branous or nearly so; 8th tongue-like, sometimes nar-

rowly emarginate at the apex; armature with the

stipites without lacinie, generally very straight and

elongate, curved or angularly bent inwards at the apex,

the apical portion more or less clothed with hairs, and

occasionally slightly dilated at the angle; sagitte

straight or converging beyond the middle, sometimes

united by a membrane at the base (see Pl. VIIL., figs.

8—16).

Anthocopa.—Same as Osmia, but 7th segment dis-

tinct.

Meliturga.—7th ventral segment with two apical bi-

dentate processes, united by only a very thin connection,

recurrent plates wide and straight; 8th terminating ina

narrow process, widened into a spoon-like dilatation at

the apex; armature with the stipites wide at the base ;

lacinia long, narrow, and pointed; obliquely truncate,

viewed sideways ; sagitte short, blade-like, divergent at

the apex (see Pl. XIII., fig. 10).

Eucera and Tetralonia.—In these two genera the style

of the apical segments and armature is almost similar ;

the 7th ventral segment is emarginate in the centre, and

is produced and raised at each anterior angle into two

or three tubercular processes; the 8th is rather wide,

and more or less truncate at the apex; armature stout,

with the stipites terminating in a long narrow lacinia,

often dilated at the apex; sagitte widely triangular

beyond the middle, and externally hamate (see Pl. x;

figs. 6—6 )).

Habropoda, Anthophora, and Saropoda.—7th ventral

segment with a more or less square apical plate, or pro-

duced at the apex into a variously-shaped process, rarely

simply truncate; 8th short and usually five-sided; the

apical margin often with two slight projections bearing

266 Mr. E. Saunders’ further notes on the

a few apical hairs. In Habropoda ezonata the apex of

the 7th has a distinct thickened transverse ridge, beyond

which is a thinner, somewhat quadrate, appendage

fringed with hairs; in H. zonatula, beyond the middle

of the 7th, are two strong lateral spines, and the apex

beyond is attenuated and finely truncate; armature in

all three genera stout and squarish in form; stipites

with very variable lacinie ; sagitte thick, widely sepa-

rated in the middle and converging at the apex, often

dentate on their inner margins (see Pl X., figs. 7, 8;

Pl. XL, figs. 1—8).

Xylocopa.—7th ventral sezment a simple narrow band ;

8th of a somewhat quadrate form; armature in X. violacea

nearly square; the stipites without distinct lacinie,

curved inwards at the apex; sagitte subparallel, their

apices dilated and flattened, bent downwards, and con-

vergent.

Ceratina.—I have had great difficulty in finding the

7th and 8th segments in this genus, but I have a speci-

men of chalcites which shows a distinct submembranous

band, uniting the two sides of the 7th dorsal, and cross-

ing the armature beneath, which I take to be the 7th ;

the 8th is a very fine thin membranous plate, lying

beneath the armature, and emarginate at the apex; the

armature is short and stout ; the stipites with somewhat

narrow laciniz, pilose at the sides and apex ; sagittee

widely separated at the base, and converging to the apex

(see Pl. XI., fig. 5).

Psithyrus and Bombus.—There is very little difference

between these two genera in their armature, &c.; the

7th ventral segment is corneous and bears a few hairs

at the apex ; the 8th similar in texture to the 7th, but

narrower and somewhat pointed; armature with dis-

tinct and very variously-formed lacinie to the stipites,

which are stout ; the sagitte are elongate and vary much

in form, so that the armature affords excellent specific

characters in both genera (see Pl. XI. and XII.).

Apis.— Quite unlike any other genus in the armature,

which has the stipites wide and triangular (see Pl. XIL.,

fig. 15), and the sagitte hidden and separated from them,

only to be discovered by dissection (see Pl. XII., figs.

15a, 15 b); andthe whole armature is of much the same

consistency as the other segments of the body, instead

of being hard and shining as in the allied genera.

Fic.

ternunal segments of Aculeate Hymenoptera. 267

EXXPLANATION OF PuatE XIII.

1. Formica rufa, 3 armature.

Wade 5s ,, 8th dorsal segment, showing penicilli.

2. Mutilla europea, J armature.

DMG or s 8th dorsal segment, showing penicilli.

3. Myzine 6-fasciata, J armature.

Bn i 8th dorsal segment, showing penicilli.

Bley a Ap 8th ventral segment.

4. Scolia bicincta, § armature.

Ae iss 3 8th dorsal segment.

AG ae rf 8th ventral segment.

5. Tiphia morio, 3 armature.

NGi5). ap » 8th ventral segment.

6. Pompilus viaticus, § armature.

idle oe ie 7th and 8th ventral segments.

Cons, . 8th dorsal segment, showing penicilli.

7. Philanthus coronatus, § armature.

8. Astata boops, 8th dorsal segment, showing penicilli.

9. Crabro cribrarius, $ armature.

10. Melliturga clavicornis, 3 armature.

11. Psammophila viatica, or

12. Bembex rostrata, ”

12a, FP 8th ventral segment.

13. Systropha curvicornis, J armature.

18a. “ 5 7th ventral segment.

13 6. f 49 8th fp

14. Stizus ruficornis, J armature.

Alas oe; +s 8th ventral segment.

15. Anthidiwm flavilabre, 3 armature.

15a. x e 5th ventral segment.

16. Dioxys cincta, J armature.

17. Lithurgus cornutus, J armature.

18. Nomia difformis, nF

19. Palarus sp., ‘;

20. Odynerus parietum, cp

21. Chalicodoma muraria, +

21a. * ie 6th ventral segment.

7 7

== ~ +o Ss

Hqsuy wna sa \ ee

( 269.)

XIV. Notes on the Diptera of New Zealand, supplementary

to Prof. Hutton’s last Catalogue of 1881. By W.F.

Kirpy, Assistant in the Zoological Department of

the British Museum.

[Read October 3rd, 1883.]

In the present paper I have not attempted to do much

more than supplement Prof. Hutton’s work with addi-

tional references, which he had overlooked; and to clear

up those species named, but not described, by Adam

White, which, though quoted by Walker as about to

appear in the ‘ Voyage of the Hrebus and Terror,’ were

never published in that work. The specimens of Lim-

nobia are, however, so much damaged that I have not

ventured to attempt to throw any further light upon

them.

The total number of species enumerated by Professor

Hutton is 119 (White’s MS. species not being taken into

account). Four species, including three of White’s, are

described in the present paper, and several others, passed

over by Prof. Hutton, are noticed; but, on the other

hand, various names have been sunk as synonyms, 80

that the total number of species admitted now stands

at 123.

(The MS. of this paper was submitted to Baron

Osten-Sacken, of Heidelberg, before publication; and

he has favoured us with critical remarks on various

points, which I have much pleasure in incorporating,

with due acknowledgment.)

MYCETOPHILIDA.

Rhyphus neozelandicus, Schin.

2 Rhyphus phaleratus, White MS.

The types of R. phaleratus agree fairly with Schiner’s

description, but in a series of specimens the legs

are almost wholly yellow, with the tips of the tarsi

blackish.

TRANS. ENT. 80C. LOND. 1884.—PART III, (00T.) T

270 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s notes on the

[I have a series of specimens. The brown cove are

characteristic. At the same time a complete agreement

is not to be expected, as the colouring of the body is

variable.—O.-S. ]

TIPULIDA.

Cloniophora Wakefield, Westw.

Gymnoplistia Wakefieldii, Westw., Trans. Ent. Soe.

Lond., 1881, p. 872, Pl. XVIII., fig. 5.

Tipula senex, White & Butl.

Tipula senex, White & Butl., Voy. Erebus and Terror,

Ins., :p..27, pl. vil., fig. 15, (167s).

Tipula Novare, Schin.

[Baron Osten-Sacken regards this identification as

probable, but notes that Schiner’s statement that the

second spot is placed ‘‘close to the discoidal cell” is

apparently an error for ‘‘ close to the first discoidal cell.”

He likewise remarks on some apparent discrepancies in

Schiner’s description, such as his not mentioning the

brownish longitudinal stripe on the abdomen; his

calling the white lateral spots triangular, &c. I may

add that we have nine specimens in the Museum, and

that it appears to be a variable species, some of the

specimens, which I cannot regard as specifically distinct,

agreeing very fairly with Schiner’s description. ]

Tipula Dux.

Tipula Dux, White MS.

Long. corp. 6 lin.; exp. al. 17 lin.

Orange; head orange; basal joint of antenne (the rest broken

off), palpi, and most of the upper surface of the muzzle (which is

moderately broad, obtuse, and set with short stiff bristles), blackish;

base of palpi brown, a long black streak running forwards to a

double point from the middle of the vertex. Thorax orange; front

of prothorax and first pleural suture black; a wide black stripe on

the back of the mesothorax, ceasing before the lateral suture, and

with a brown extension on each side in front; and two wide black

stripes on each side, starting at about one-fourth of the length of

the mesothorax, and curving towards each other, but not meeting,

in front of the scutellum, which is wholly orange. Abdomen

Diptera of New Zealand. 271

orange, with a broad black stripe on the back widened at the

extremity of each segment, a black stripe on each side, and a

central one (paler towards the base of the abdomen) beneath; legs

black; front femora yellowish beneath. Wings hyaline, naked,

iridescent, with short longitudinal folds along the outer half of the

upper edge of the front basal cell, along the lower edge of the hind

basal cell, and along the lower edge of the axillary cell ; nervures

brown; costal cells and stigma yellowish brown; the subcostal

cell, as far as the stigma and the cubital cell, clear; a triangular

dusky spot extending to the transverse nervure; halteres yellow,

with the clubs black.

Tipula Clara.

Tipula Clara, White MS.

Head and thorax orange-yellow; antenne, except the long

basal joint, palpi, tip of muzzle, and a spot between the eyes,

dusky ; palpi set with short bristles. Abdomen black, with a stripe

on each side, the incisions and anus yellow ; coxe yellow; legs

brown ; under surface shading into yellowish. Wings nearly as in

T. Dux, but without longitudinal folds; the apex is clouded, and

the triangular spot on the transverse nervure is smaller and more

sharply defined ; halteres yellow, with black tips.

Tipula obscuripennis.

Tipula obscuripennis, White MS.

Exp. al. 1 in.; long. corp. 6 lin.

Reddish brown above, with a greyish bloom beneath. Head

reddish brown, with a white ring round the black eyes. Thorax

greyish, with two contiguous reddish brown stripes occupying the

middle above; they are divided by a narrow pale line, and are

slightly narrower behind than before; on each side is a darker

oval spot, which is continued on the metathorax. This and the

scutellum are pale and shining, the latter edged with dusky behind.

Abdomen reddish brown above, with an obsolete dark spot in the

middle of each segment; 2nd segment almost entirely dusky.

Legs tawny, with the knees and tarsi blackish. Wings hyaline,

with the costal cell and the rather large oblong stigma pale yellow ;

halteres blackish, a transparent space in the costal cell, and the

lower part of the hinder cell with small perpendicular folds.

272 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s notes on the

Tipula viridis, Walk.

Tipula viridis, Walk., Ins. Saund., Dipt., p. 445 (1856).

2 Tipula holochlora, Now.

I am indebted to Baron Osten-Sacken for this sug-

gestion. Judging from the diagnosis (which is all that

Hutton quotes, though Nowicki’s description is lengthy)

I had at first regarded 7’. holochlora as probably identical

with 7’. obscuripennis.

Limnobia vicarians, Schin.

Limnobia chorica, White MS.

Limnobia fumipennis, White & Butl.

Limnobia fumipennis, White & Butl., Cist. Ent., i.,

p. 855 (1875).

Tanyderus forcipatus, Ost.-Sack.

Tanyderus forcipatus, Ost.-Sack., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges.

Wien. xxix., p. 520, figs. (1879).

Dilophus nigrostigma.

Bibio nigrostigma, Walk., List Dipt. B. M., 1., p. 121

(1848).

I am indebted to Baron Osten-Sacken for suggesting

that this species is a Dilophus, as, on examination, I

have found to be the case. But I cannot agree with his

proposed identification of D. nigrostigma with D. specta-

bis, Now., as the former species has a shining black

pronotum in the male, and a uniformly red pronotum in

the female.

Dilophus Zealandicus, Walk.

Bibio Zealandicus, Walk., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., (2),

iv., p. 285 (1858).

Dilophus spectabilis, Now.

This identification is certain, but Baron Osten-Sacken

was led to question it, because Walker’s description is

incomplete, the thorax being varied with black and

dull red,

Diptera of New Zealand. 278

SIMULIID.

Simulium Australense, Schin.

Simulium Australensis, Schin., Reise Nov., Dipt., p. 15

(1868).

S. cecutiens, White MS.

TABANIDA.

Pangonia Lerda, Walk.

Pangonia Lerda, White & Butl., Cist. Ent., i., p. 354

(1875).

P. larda, Hutt.

Pangonia Adrel, Walk.

Pangonia Adrel, White & Butl., Cist. Ent., 1., p. 356

(1875).

Tabanus Sarpa, Walk.

Tabanus Sarpa (White MS.) Walk., Zool., viii., Suppl.,

p. Ixx. (1850).

Tabanus truncatus, Walk.

Tabanus truncatus, Walk., Zool., viii. Suppl., p. lxxii.

(1850).

Tabanus oplus, Walk.

Tabanus oplus (White MS.), Walk., Zool., viii., Suppl.,

p. Ixx. (1850); Butl., Cist. Ent., i., p. 356 (1875).

Tabanus impar.

Tabanus impar, Walk., Zool., viii. Suppl., p. xxi.

(1850).

ACROCERIDA.

Apsona muscaria, Westw.

Apsona muscaria, Westw., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1876, p. 510, pl. v., fig. 2.

ASILIDA.

Promachus floccosus, n. 8.

Exp. al. 17 lin. ; long. corp. 103 lin.

Black, with “dense tawny hair on the face, cheeks, and sides of

the prothorax, more thinly clothed with hair of the same colour at

274 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s notes on the

the base of the abdomen above, and on the whole body beneath,

including the under surface of the femora and tibie ; at the base of

the four anterior femora beneath the hair is more dense, and

shades into whitish ; halteres and pulvilli orange-tawny, 2nd and

3rd segments of the abdomen with snow-white, diverging tufts on

each side. Wings smoky hyaline; costa yellowish.

Opabo, New Zealand.

Described from a single male specimen received from

Mr. H. W. Marsden, of Gloucester. Allied to 7’. strenua,

Walk., from Celebes; but in that species the hairs on

the under surface of the abdomen are decidedly whitish

instead of tawny.

THEREVIDA

Thereva (?) bilineata, Fabr.

Bibio bilineata, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 757, n. 8 (1775).

The type, in very poor condition, exactly resembles

Apiocera merens, Westw., in shape, but the neuration

is quite different.

Thereva innotata.

Thereva innotata, Walk., Ins. Saund., Dipt., p. 455

(1856).

STRATIOMYIDA.

Odontomyia dorsalis, Walk.

Odontomyia dorsalis, White & Butl., Voy. Erebus and

Terror, Ins., pl. vii., fig. 16 (1868).

Odontomyia atrovirens, Bigot.

Odontomyia atrovirens, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France,

(5), 1x., p. 520 (1879).

SYRPHIDA.

Syrphus nove-zelandie, Macq.

Baron Osten-Sacken thinks it probable that S. ortas,

Walk., and S. rectus, Now., are synonymous with this

species.

MUSCIDA.

Tachina lupina, Swed.

Musca lupina, Swed., Nya Handl., viii., p. 289 (1787).

Tachina zelica, Walk.

Diptera of New Zealand. 278

Nemorea nyctemeriana, Huds.

Nemorea nyctmerianus (sic), Hudson, Tr. N. Z. Inst.,

XV. p. 218 (1883).

Appears to be closely allied to, if not identical with,

N. orasus, Walk.

Musca vicaria, Walk.

Musca vicaria, Walk., Ins. Saund., Dipt., p. 848

(1850).

Calliphora quadrimaculata, Swed.

Musca violacea, Walk., Ins. Saund., Dipt., p. 335.

Calliphora hortona, Walk.

Musca hortona, Walk. (1849).

Calliphora awronotata, Macq. (1855).

This species is easily distinguished from the last,

being only half the size.

: Shall wok ng :

BAT 05 Monet nol |

vO . ibs :

ee) mary

a P * ‘ a »

etd Mae

a GS yi we

sirelt: Oat

' ; bee 54

- . ; ; favs AMiy ee Ae

| 1. _heay oe) walonee © aac

oe | ofa aD ed ¢lay a ri

‘

Crane

XV. On the classification of the Australian Pyralidina.

By E. Meyricr, B.A.

[Read April 2nd, 1884. ]

THE present instalment includes the Musotimide, Boty-

dide, and Scopariade, with some additional species of

the two families previously treated. There remain the

Hydrocampide and Pterophoride, which will form the

subject of a third paper; and the Crambide, Phycidide,

and Galleriade, which have been already described

elsewhere. I think that this family subdivision will

allow of the development of the group being properly

understood. Its essential principle is, as I have explained

before, that one family is not bound to be absolutely

separated from another simply by the presence or

absence of a single character, but by a majority of

several distinguishing points ; which is the most that

can be expected from a system really arranged on

natural lines.

It seems to me useless to attempt to judge of the

value of characters for classification, without strict

reference to the principles of evolution. I think it might

be laid down as an axiom, that when an organ has

wholly disappeared in a genus other genera which

originate as offshoots from this genus cannot regain the

organ, although they might develop a substitute for it.

Thus in the Geometrina we have a number of genera in

which the larve have wholly lost three pairs of abdo-

minal legs, the character being proved to be very per-

sistent; it must be held that no genera derived from any

of these could recover the lost pairs of legs, and there-

fore the Geometrid genera with 12-legged larve must be

ancestral types, and not derivative; and for the same

reason the Geometrina must be regarded as a terminal

development, a group which ends in itself and has

given rise to no other groups. The character of the

absence of ocelli may be applied in the same way. So,

in the present group, the Botydide are specially cha-

racterised by the absence of the uncus in the male

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PaRT II. (OCT.)

278 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

genitalia ; so far, that is, as I have been able to examine.

It is therefore certainly probable—since the other

families all, as a rule, have the uncus developed—that

the Botydide are also a terminal development. But we

need not be surprised if we find in the other families of

the group genera where the uncus is also obsolete ;

because the obsolescence of a character normally present

may occur at any time. It is for this reason that single

characters are not usually reliable for family separation.

Similarly, in neuration, when a vein disappears (which

in the higher groups—that is, all except the Tineina—

never occurs except by coincidence with another vein) it

can never reappear in the descendants of the genus ;

the two coincident veins cannot be separated (although

veins which are only partially coincident—i. ¢., stalked—

may be). The Musotimide are therefore also a terminal

group. I do not, however, propose to explain my views

of the process of development of the Pyralidina until

I have finished the remaining families, when they can

be stated more completely; I have only indicated as

much as is necessary to explain the family limits

adopted. I think the principles expressed above may be

briefly defined by saying that for systematic purposes

negative characters are of more importance than posi-

tive.

As mentioned above, I have examined and employed

the structure of the genitalia in the male as giving

characters of family value in this group. In the

absence of information from other sources I do not feel

very secure of my results; and I have not attempted

here to investigate specific differences, assuming that

such exist. Adopting the terminology of Mr. P. H. Gosse

in his memoir on the Papilionide, I recognise the uncus

existing in avery similar form; the scaphium I havefound

occasionally distinct, but usually it appears to be absent ;

the harpes do not appear to be represented at all. The

clasping organs appear to consist of a pair of strong horny

valves, which may be either retractile and usually with-

drawn within the abdomen, or apparently permanently

exserted, only concealed by the anal tuft ; and sometimes

also of a pair of elongate claspers, which appear to be

prolongations of the integument of the abdomen, and

are more feeble than the valves; these claspers are not

usually well-developed and often entirely absent, but

when present the valves are apparently modified and

of the Australian Pyralidina. 279

reduced ; I have not been able always to satisfy myself

of this structure, in the absence of fresh specimens,

through my inexperience of these organs.

I have thought it necessary in these families to give

the characters of all the genera in full, as I have

attempted a more minute classification than that of

Lederer : I conceive that it is absolutely necessary, for

the understanding of the group, to subdivide the genus

Botys as adopted by him, and, although I make no claim

of finality, I think the differences in the structure of the

legs and maxillary palpi which I have utilised will be

found to indicate natural groups, and such as are

capable of scientific definition.

The geographical distribution of many species of

Botydide is amazingly wide ; very many of the Australian

species range through the Malay Archipelago, Southern

Asia,.and Africa down to the Cape of Good Hope. The

cause of this wide distribution, which is not found in

other groups, is at present not intelligible to me, and

more accurate and general information must be awaited.

I will only indicate here the very limited nature of the

indigenous Australian Botydid fauna, consisting princi-

pally of genera allied to Hwrycreon, Ld., which thus

appears to be an older type than the true Botys. All

the more highly developed genera, especially the group

with long antennez, are only represented by species of

Malayan or wider range. The New Zealand indigenous

fauna of Botydide is extremely small, some half-dozen

species, apparently of South American affinity ; and it

possesses also a few species of wide range, which have

made their way thither from Australia or the Pacific

Islands. On the other hand, the New Zealand Scopa-

riad@ are greatly developed, and the genus Scoparia is

the largest lepidopterous genus in New Zealand, where I

have no doubt that there are over 100 endemic species ;

it is also well represented, but much less conspicuous in

Australia. That these facts are of geographical rather

than of climatic importance I have no doubt.

The identifications of Walker’s and Butler’s species

have been made from the types; in the case of other

authors, when the identification has been verified by

other means in addition to their works, I have men-

tioned it.

280 My. E. Meyrick on the classification

EPIPASCHIADA.

I have only examined the genitalia of Catamola, which

seem not to differ from the normal type of the Pyralidide.

I have seen species of this family from China and

Japan.

Catamona, Meyr.

Valves of male exserted, densely scaled; uncus well developed.

In the following additional species the antennal process is erect

instead of recurved, but all other characters agree.

Catamola elassota, n. 8.

3, 14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale greyish ochreous,

coarsely mixed with dark fuscous, Antenne grey, basal process

moderate, erect. Abdomen pale ochreous. Legs dark fuscous,

posterior tibiz whitish above, apex of all tarsal joints white. Fore

wings moderate, triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded,

hind margin rather obliquely rounded; pale greyish ochreous,

mixed with grey, and irrorated with blackish ; a tolerably straight

thick black line from one-third of costa to two-fifths of inner

margin, irregularly interrupted in disc ; a similar line from slightly

beyond middle of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, forming a

right angle in middle, its inner edge emitting an ill-defined linear

tooth inwards at one-third from inner margin; a small black

discal spot; a row of ill-defined subquadrate black spots on hind

margin; cilia ochreous-whitish with two grey lines, basal third

spotted with grey. Hind wings grey, hind margin rather darker ;

cilia grey-whitish, with two indistinct grey lines.

Distinguished from all the rest of the genus by its

small size, the exact position of the antennal process,

and the different costal origin of the second line. Nearest

to C. thyridalis.

Quorn, South Australia, in October ; one specimen.

PYRALIDIDAL.

To the definition of this family should be added: vein 10 of

fore wings separate from 9. Valves of male exserted, clothed with

scales, sometimes modified; claspers sometimes developed ; uncus

generally well developed,

Six additional species are given.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 281

Bauanotis, Meyr.

Valves of male strong ; uncus moderately long.

Balanotis hercophora, n. s.

2,25 mm. Head and palpi ochreous-yellow. Antenne grey.

Thorax ochreous-yellow ; a ring before anterior margin, a large

central spot, a small lateral spot, and another at extremity of

patagia, dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish ochreous, partially

suffused with yellow, with a large irregular dark fuscous spot on

side of each segment. Anterior legs dark fuscous (others broken).

Fore wings moderate, triangular, costa slightly arched, apex

rounded, hind margin rather obliquely rounded ; yellowish white,

veins and margins of dark markings yellow, markings dark

fuscous; a spot on base of costa; four transverse fascie ; first

straight, moderately broad, near base; second straight, from one-

third of costa to two-fifths of inner margin, outer edge with a

short projection above middle; third from two-thirds of costa to

two-thirds of inner margin, irregular-edged, rather strongly

curved outwards in middle, rather sinuate beneath, united with

second by a rather broad streak along costa, and another along

inner margin; fourth hind marginal, inner edge irregular; a

transverse-elongate black discal spot, almost touching costal

border; cilia dark fuscous (imperfect). Hind wings yellow-

whitish, suffused with yellow towards costa and inner margin ;

a small cloudy fuscous spot in dise before and below middle; a

dark fuscous fascia at two-thirds, and another along hind margin,

both as in fore wings, but former not reaching inner margin; cilia

as in fore wings.

A conspicuously distinct species, allied to B. didymalis,

with which it entirely agrees in structure (unless the

male presents differences) except that vein 6 of the fore

wings also rises out of 9 near base, whilst in B. didymalis

6 and 9 rise from a point; not improbably this differ-

ence may not persist in the male.

Port Darwin, North Australia ; one specimen.

Balanotis didymalis, Walk.

I have been enabled to examine the male; the fore

wings have no glandular swelling beneath the costa; the

antenne are evenly ciliated (}). I do not think these

differences need involve generic separation. The genus

cannot be confused with any other structurally except

282 Mr. EK. Meyrick on the classification

Stemmatophora, from which it is separated by the quite

different palpi.

STEMMATOPHORA, Gn.

Valves of male strong; uncus stout, strongly curved.

Stemmatophora vibicalis, Ld.

I have little doubt that Paredra eogenalis, Snell.,

Midd. Sum., 60, Tijd. v. Ent., 18838, pl. vi. 1, is a

synonym of this; Snellen separated his species generi-

cally from Stemmatophora on the ground of certain

differences in the palpi and antenne, which (if the

identification is correct) I am disposed to think in this

instance insufficient. Snellen received his specimens

from Celebes.

Aauossa, Latr.

Valves of male strong; uncus stout, gently curved. In A.

cuprealis the uncus is furnished with a short process beneath its

apex, bearing a sharp horny upwards-bent terminal hook.

Asopta, T'r.

Asopia gerontialis, Walk.

Pyralis gerontesalis, Walk., 896; P. despectalis, ib.,

Suppl., 1243; P. miseralis, ib., Suppl., 1244;

P. achatina, Butl., E. M. M., xiv., 49.

Very similar in appearance to A. farinalis, but readily

separated by its grey colouring.

I have not myself received this species, but specimens

from Eastern Australia are in the British Museum ;

also from Ceylon, Java, Celebes, the Hawaiian Islands,

and West Africa.

Asopia caustica, i. 8.

3, 15mm. Head, palpi, and antenne ochreous, face paler

Thorax ochreous, mixed with fuscous. Abdomen whitish ochreous,

mixed with fuscous. Legs whitish ochreous, anterior pair suffused

with dark fuscous. Fore wings moderate, triangular, costa faintly

sinuate, apex obtuse, hind margin rounded, rather strongly oblique;

whitish ochreous, mixed with brownish ochreous; a pale line from

one-fourth of costa to two-fifths of inner margin, thrice sinuate

outwards, most strongly in middle, posteriorly margined by a dark

fuscous streak; basal area suffused with reddish fuscous, becoming

dark fuscous on margins; a second pale line, dilated on costa,

of the Australian Pyralidina. 283

from two-thirds of costa to four-fifths of inner margin, gently out-

wards-curved, obscurely toothed at one-fourth and three-fourths,

indistinctly margined with fuscous, which forms small cloudy

spots on inner edge opposite teeth ; costa between first and second

lines dark fuscous, marked with three pale dots; a conspicuous

subquadrate blackish discal spot; a cloudy dark fuscous spot on

costa immediately after second line, shading posteriorly into

reddish fuscous; cilia pale whitish ochreous, slightly mixed with

reddish fuscous. Hind wings pale greyish ochreous ; an obscure

irregular dentate grey line beyond middle; cilia as in fore wings.

Appears allied to A. torridalis, Ld., and A. fusci-

costalis, Snell. (which are apparently very similar to

each other, though I have not seen either), but the first

line is quite different, being very much more divergent

on the costa from the second than in either of these as

figured.

Duaringa, Queensland; one specimen received from

Mr. G. Barnard. I think it improbable that this species

is confined to Australia, but cannot identify it with any

other description.

ENDOTRICHA, Z.

Claspers apparently developed. In EH. pyrosalis the claspers

appear to be large and tufted, the valves reduced to a long spinous

process lying beneath the clasper, the uncus well developed; on

apex of abdomen above origin of uncus is a raised rounded

protuberance.

PERSICOPTERA, 0. g.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne moderate, in male apparently very strongly ciliated.

Labial palpi moderate, arched, ascending, 2nd joint with dense

rough projecting scales beneath, terminal joint short, exposed,

filiform. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform. Fore wings with

vein 3 remote from 4, 4 and 5 very near together from angle, 6

from a point with 9, 7 and 8 stalked out of 9, 10 separate, 11 from

near 10, anastomosing shortly with 12. Hind wings as broad as

fore wings; 3 remote from 4, 4 and 5 tolerably approximated from

angle, 7 out of 6 rather near origin, anastomosing with 8 mode-

rately.

Differs from all other described Pyralid genera, except

Semnia, Hb., and Hurypta, Ld., by the anastomosing for

a short space of veins 11 and 12 of the fore wings.

284 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

Lederer forms a separate family (Semniide) for their

reception solely on this ground, as well as one (Homa-

lochroide) for the genus Homalochroa, Ld., in which

these veins anastomose, but do not separate again,

merely an extreme case of the same structure. He

describes one vein as cutting through the other, which

is essentially erroneous. The second of these families

is certainly untenable; and I see no reason at present

for separating any of these genera from the Pyralidide

as defined. Persicoptera differs from Semnia and Hurypta

in that veins 8 and 9 rise separately out of 7, not on a

common stalk, in the presence of distinct maxillary

palpi, in the basal joint of the antenne not being elon-

gate, and other characters.

Persicoptera pulchrinalis, Gn.

Endotricha pulchrinalis, Gn., 220, pl. i1., 7; Scopula

gavisalis, Walk., Suppl., 1475.

A striking species, somewhat variable in the breadth

of the first white fascia.

Sydney, New South Wales; Mount Lofty range, South

Australia; and from Tasmania: in September. I have

seen, but have not been enabled to examine, the male ;

it does not appear to present any singular characters.

DIPLOPSEUSTIS, 0. g.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present, concealed. Tongue

well developed. Antenne moderate, in male tolerably filiform,

evenly ciliated (4), rough-scaled above. Labial palpi moderate or

rather long, 2nd joint straight, porrected, with dense tolerably

short projecting scales, somewhat thickest in middle, forming a

short apical tuft beneath; terminal joint moderate, slender, fili-

form or loosely scaled in middle, obliquely ascending. Maxillary

palpi moderate, strongly dilated with dense scales towards apex,

obliquely truncate. Abdomen rather long, in male with moderate

anal tuft; valves apparently strong, exserted. Fore wings with

veins 4 and 5 stalked, 8 and 9 stalked out of 7. Hind wings

broader by one-fourth than fore wings; 4 and 5 stalked, 7 out of

6 near origin, anastomosing moderately with 8.

Differs from all the other genera of the family known

to me inthe form of the maxillary palpi, which recall

those of Crambus and Scoparia. In superficial appear-

ance the species (especially the second) strongly resemble

of the Australian Pyralidina. 285

Pseudochoreutes, Snell., but structurally they differ con-

siderably from it. The two species described are readily

separated by the difference in the length of the labial

palpi, as well as in marking.

Diplopseustis minima, But.

Cymoriza minima, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1880, 684.

3, 2, 183—16 mm. Head white, crown ochreous-tinged.

Labial palpi two and a half times as long as head, dark fuscous,

internally white, terminal joint black, tip white. Maxillary palpi

white, basal half dark fuscous. Antenne whitish, spotted with

grey on back. Thorax pale greyish ochreous, more whitish pos-

teriorly. Abdomen whitish, segments with a posterior fuscous

suffusion, two penultimate segments wholly fuscous. Anterior

legs dark fuscous ; middle and posterior legs white, spurs banded

with dark fuscous. Fore wings elongate-triangular, narrow, costa

gently arched, apex rounded, hind margin oblique, irregular, with

a rather deep sinuous indentation above middle and an obtuse

bidentate median projection; ochreous-white, mixed with pale

ochreous and thinly irrorated with dark fuscous; veins ochreous-

brown; costa ochreous-brown, marked with several irregularly

placed small ochreous-white blackish-margined spots; an almost

obsolete irregularly dentate pale transverse line at one-third, lower

half suffusedly margined posteriorly with dark fuscous; a small

black discal dot; a pale line from three-fourths of costa to four-

fifths of inner margin, suffusedly margined anteriorly with dark

fuscous, especially towards inner margin, sinuate-curved outwards

above middle; hind marginal area somewhat suffused with

ochreous-brown; a small double black spot on hind margin in

indentation, and two or three others smaller towards anal angle;

cilia with basal half ochreous-white, apical half white, divided by a

sharply marked dark fuscous line; costal cilia ochreous-white with

three subquadrate blackish spots. Hind wings irregularly indented

below apex and sinuate below middle; grey-whitish, towards apex

greyer ; a very indistinct pale sinuate line towards hind margin ; a

cloudy triangular blackish spot on hind margin below middle, its

apex cut by the pale line ; cilia as in fore wings.

Var. a, 16—20 mm. More or less wholly suffused with fuscous,

but markings distinct.

Christchurch and Wanganui, New Zealand; Mel-

bourne, Victoria; Sydney, New South Wales; in

February and March, not uncommon, frequenting rushes

in damp places, and also taken at light. ‘The form

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1884.—PaRT III. (OCT.) U

286 Mr. EK. Meyrick on the classification

described here as typical is the New Zealand one; the

larger and darker var. @ is that found in Australia; but

there can be no question of their specific identity. The

aspect of the species is singular and recalls that of some

Crambide. Butler’s type is a small, dark, sharply

marked specimen, from Formosa.

Diplopseustis hemiophthalma, n. 8.

3,12mm. Head and palpi whitish ochreous; labial palpi one

and a half times as long as head, externally suffused with dark

fuscous, except at apex of terminal joint. Antenne whitish

ochreous, above spotted with dark fuscous. Thorax whitish

ochreous, with a few dark fuscous scales. Abdomen whitish, irro-

rated with dark fuscous. Anterior legs dark grey; middle and

posterior legs whitish, tarsi banded with grey. Fore wings elon-

gate-triangular, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex rounded,

hind margin sinuate above and below middle, oblique; ochreous-

white, mixed with pale ocbreous, and irregularly irrorated with

fuscous and grey; costa suffused with dark fuscous; a pale line

from one-third of costa to one-third of inner margin, suffusedly

margined posteriorly with dark fuscous, curved outwards in middle,

and again less strongly beneath costa; a round blackish discal

spot; costa marked at one-half, five-eighths, and three-fourths

with three semicircular dark-centred pale spots; a pale line from

four-fifths of costa to four-fifths of inner margin, suffusedly mar-

gined with dark fuscous, more strongly anteriorly, slightly angu-

lated above middle; a row of small obscure blackish spots along

hind margin, tending to be confluent in upper sinuation; cilia

with basal third ochreous-white, bounded by a dark fuscous line,

remainder white, with a faint greyish line; costal cilia imperfect.

Hind wings indented above middle; white, irrorated with grey ;

a round black discal spot, surrounded by a white patch; a white

line parallel to hind margin at two-thirds, partially margined with

dark fuscous; a row of small obscure dark fuscous spots along

hind margin, a larger one in indentation; cilia as in fore wings.

Although superficially like Pseudochoreutes, the lines

are quite differently placed to those in the described

species.

Sydney, New South Wales; one specimen in March.

MUSOTIMIDA.

Fore wings with vein 10 absent, 8 and 9 stalked, sometimes also

7 out of 8. Hind wings with vein 6 from upper angle of cell, 7

of the Australian Pyralidina. 287

from upper margin of cell before angle, anastomosing with 8.

Abdomen in male with uncus strongly developed, complex.

Distinguished from all neighbouring families by the

peculiar origin of vein 7 of the hind wings. The

absence of vein 10 of the fore wings is also a remarkable

point, but I hardly expect this to be essential. The

development of the genitalia of the male in these two

genera is more complex than in any others yet examined.

The two genera are immediately separated by the struc-

ture of the palpi and the difference in neuration.

TRICHOPHYSETIS, Nn. g.

Forehead with a short conical scaly projection. Ocelli absent.

Tongue well developed. Antenne moderate, in male stout, fili-

form, clothed with moderate pubescence, with whorls of stiff scales

at joints, except towards base. Labial palpi moderate, tolerably

straight, porrected, clothed with very long fine dense hairs capable

of depression and expansion, terminal joint concealed. Maxillary

palpi long, terminating in a long expansible pencil of loose very

fine hairs. Posterior tibie short, spurs all long and equal. Abdo-

men moderate, in male with moderate anal tuft; uncus broad and

thick at base, forming a long slender downwards-bent hook, the

apex of which touches that of a straight slenderer process from

beneath thick basal part, so as to form a large triangular loop;

claspers moderately long, very slender; valves exserted, reduced

each to a pair of very fine acute processes projecting above and

below claspers, somewhat incurved. Fore wings with veins 7 and

8 stalked out of 9,10 absent. Hind wings with veins 3 and 4 from

point of angle, 5 tolerably approximated at base, 6 from upper

angle, 7 from a bend in upper margin of cell shortly before angle,

anastomosing with 8 immediately from origin to middle. Lower

median of hind wings not pectinated.

Perhaps the expansible tufts of the palpi may not

occur in the female, which is not known to me. A very

curious and interesting genus.

Trichophysetis neophyla, n. 8.

3, 14—15 mm. Head, thorax, and maxillary palpi white.

Labial palpi externally ochreous-yellow, base and apex dark

fuscous, internally white. Antenne pale whitish ochreous. Abdo-

men white, somewhat mixed with pale ochreous, irrorated with

dark fuscous opposite lines of hind wings. Legs white, anterior

tibie dark fuscous. Fore wings moderate, triangular, costa gently

288 Mr. EK. Meyrick on the classification

arched, apex rounded-rectangular, hind margin not oblique, sinuate

below apex, rounded beneath; snow-white, sometimes wholly

suffused with light ochreous; median space generally ochreous-

brown, except on costa; a faint ochreous-brown line near base; a

double slightly-curved fuscous line from one-third of costa to one-

third of inner margin; a double fuscous line from two-thirds of

costa to three-fourths of inner margin, strongly curved outwards,

somewhat sinuate inwards towards inner margin ; a transversely

elongate white discal spot; beneath this in one specimen a large

oval black spot; sometimes a fuscous suffusion towards costa

before apex, and anal angle; a blackish inwardly sinuate line near

hind margin, extending from costa to middle, leaving a narrow

yellow-ochreous hind marginal streak; cilia white, with a dark

fuscous line. Hind wings white, partly mixed and sometimes

almost wholly suffused with ochreous; a double slightly curved

dark fuscous line at one-third, and another at two-thirds, becoming

obsolete towards costa; a very slender brownish ochreous hind

marginal streak, anteriorly obscurely edged with dark fuscous;

cilia as in fore wings.

Certainly very variable, perhaps exceeding the limits

of this description. The neuration of the fore wings is

that of the Pyralidide; the character of the hind mar-

ginal streak clearly indicates affinity with the Hydro-

campid genera.

Rosewood, Queensland, in September; Sydney, New

South Wales, in November; three specimens in thick

bush.

MusorTiMa, n. g.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne moderate, in male stout, dentate, evenly ciliated (3), back

rough-sealed. Labial palpi moderately long, porrected or ascend-

ing, 2nd joint with evenly projecting scales beneath, terminal joint

moderately exposed, ascending, slender, with rough scales beneath

towards apex. Maxillary palpi moderate, dilated with rough

scales, truncate. Posterior tibize with spurs almost equal. Thorax

in male beneath with a curved pencil of hairs on each side behind

anterior legs, projecting laterally. Abdomen moderate, in male

with moderate anal tuft; uncus forming a long slender downwards-

bent hook, which meets at apex a similar less curved process from

beneath its base; from between these at base rises a rather thicker

straight blunt process, variable in length (short in adwncalis, in

nitidalis nearly reaching apex of others) ; seaphium distinct, some-

times with a horny double spine; valves broad, exserted. Fore

of the Australian Pyralidina. 289

wings with 8 and 9 stalked, 10 absent, 11 short. Hind wings

somewhat broader than fore wings; 8, 4, 5 remote; 6 from angle,

7 from considerably before angle, anastomosing with 8 from very

near origin to one-third; transverse vein very faint. Lower

median of hind wings not pectinated.

The species are neatly and elegantly marked. Besides

the four given below I am only acquainted with one

other, Isopteryx acclaralis, Walk., 403 ; it is represented

by a single type in the British Museum, of which I

cannot investigate the structure, but evidently referable

here, and closely allied to M. nitidalis, from which it

may be easiest distinguished by the first line forming a

conspicuous round white spot on fold, and by the white

discal lunule being notably nearer base ; the locality is

given as Ceylon. ‘The larve probably all feed on ferns.

A. Fore wings with upper half of second line curved

outwards .. Bc . aduncalis.

B. Fore wings with upper half of second line curved

inwards or straight.

1. White discal spot divided into two small round

dots .. AG oe .. nitidalis.

2. White discal spot single, transverse.

a. Second line of fore wings forming an acute angle

below middle .. as ats ote .. ochropteralis.

b. Second line of fore wings obtusely bent in

middle .. 3¢ 20 50 OC 7. acrias.

Musotima aduncalis, Feld.

Diathrausta aduncalis, Feld., Reis. Nov., exxxv., 11.

Variable in colour from white to ochreous-yellow.

Auckland, New Zealand ; three specimens in January.

Musotima acrias, ni. 8.

3, ?,17—18 mm. Head and thorax whitish ochreous, suffused

with reddish ochreous. Palpi pale whitish ochreous, base and apex

of 2nd joint reddish ochreous. Antenne whitish ochreous. Abdo-

men whitish, mixed with ochreous. Legs ochreous-whitish, tibiz

irrorated with ochreous-fuscous. Fore wings moderate, triangular,

in female more elongate, costa slightly arched, apex tolerably

rectangular, hind margin somewhat oblique, waved, sinuate below

costa so as to project obtusely in middle, rounded beneath; whitish

ochreous, mixed and suffused with reddish ochreous, with some

scattered fuscous scales; a very small blackish spot on inner

margin near base, and another in disc obliquely beyond it, both

290 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

followed by small obscure white spots; a row of four similar spots,

preceded by small white spots, crossing wing from two-fifths of

costa to two-fifths of inner margin, third spot from costa largest

but not conspicuous ; a conspicuous white 8-shaped discal spot,

margined with blackish; a small obscure white spot on middle of

inner margin, and another between this and discal spot, both pre-

ceded by dark fuscous scales; a small dark fuscous mark on costa

above discal spot ; an indistinct interrupted dark fuscous line from

two-thirds of costa to disc at three-fourths, margined posteriorly

by several small white spots, only distinct on costa, becoming

obsolete below middle; a cloudy dark fuscous line from apex near

and parallel to hind margin throughout, slightly margined with

white posteriorly ; cilia white, with a dark grey basal line broadly

interrupted below middle, and dark grey spots at apex, middle, and

anal angle. Hind wings sinuate below apex; white, partly mixed

with ochreous in disc; a straight dark fuscous line at one-third

from middle to inner margin ; an irregular dark fuscous discal spot,

connected with inner margin by a thick curved dark fuscous line,

from apex of which proceeds a strongly outwards curved line of

obscure fuscous lunules to costa; a broad pale ochreous hind

marginal band, cut near hind margin by an irregular dark fuscous

line preceded by lunulate white spots; cilia white, with an inter-

rupted grey line near base.

Nearly allied to M. nitidalis, but white markings

much less developed; discal white spot not separated

into two dots.

Blackheath (3500 feet), New South Wales, in March ;

Deloraine, Tasmania, in November ; two specimens.

Musotima nitidalis, Walk.

Isopteryx nitidalis, Walk., Suppl., 1417 ; Diathrausta

timaralis, Feld., cxxxv., 28.

Varies principally in depth of colouring, New Zealand

specimens being usually darker and more sharply

marked than Australian, and slightly smaller.

Larva feeds on Adiantum (perhaps also on other

ferns), sometimes doing much damage in greenhouse

plants.

Sydney, New South Wales; Fernshaw, Victoria ;

Cambridge, Taranaki, Otira River, Invercargill, New

Zealand ; common from October to May.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 291

Musotima ochropteralis, Gn.

Isopteryx ochropteralis, Gn., 230.

Varies very little.

Sydney, New South Wales; Fernshaw, Victoria ;

Launceston, Tasmania; Mount Lofty range, South

Australia ; in October, November, January, and March,

tolerably common.

Fam. ?.

The following genus cannot, I think, be included in

any of the families here given, on account of the

essentially different neuration of the hind wings; but I

am not prepared to say whether it may not be classed

with the Pterophoride; the point will be discussed

hereafter.

TINEODES, Gn.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue very long and

slender. Antenne as long as fore wings (according to Guenée not

ciliated). Labial palpi very long, roughly scaled above and

beneath, gradually attenuated, straight, porrected, terminal joint

short, concealed. Maxillary palpi moderately long, considerably

dilated with loose scales. Legs very long and slender; posterior

tibie (in female) with outer spurs two-thirds of inner. Abdomen

elongate, slender, more than twice the breadth of the hind wings,

ovipositor rather long, filiform. Fore wings with 8 and 9 stalked,

11 from middle of cell, long. Hind wings as broad as fore wings ;

8 and 4 remote; 5 and 6 from transverse vein, rather nearer

together than to 4 or 7; 7 from angle of cell, only touching 8 at

about one-fifth.

I have not seen a male. The neuration of the hind

wings is of a primitive type, as compared with ordinary

Pyralids.

Tineodes adactylalis, Gun.

Tineodes adactylalis, Gn., 237, pl. ix., 7; Carcantia

pterophoralis, Walk., 425.

Sydney, New South Wales; one specimen. Walker's

specimen is also Australian ; Guence suggests Africa as

the locality of his type, but only conjecturally, and

there isvat present no reason to suppose that the species

occurs outside Australia.

292 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

BOTYDIDA.

Fore wings with veins 8 and 9 stalked, 7 separate, 10 separate,

or rarely stalked with 9 or 11. Hind wings with vein 6 from

upper angle of cell, 7 stalked or from same point with 6, anasto-

mosing with 8 or rarely free; lower median naked, or rarely with

tolerably defined pectination towards base. Abdomen in male with

valves exserted or retracted; no claspers; uncus obsolete.

The following is a tabulation of the genera given :—

la. Antenne at least as long as fore wings.

2a. Anterior tibize of male with long dense hairs be-

neath.

3a. Antenne in male simple .. 5 a5 .. Phalangiodes.

Obes Be » strongly ciliated oc .. Rhimphalea.

20; », not hairy Ae a3 .. Huclasta.

Ds Antenne shorter than fore wings.

2a. Terminal joint of palpi triangularly scaled.

3a. Patagia in male terminating in a long tuft .. Pelecyntis.

30. », normal.

4a, Antenne in male ciliated with tufts (2) .. .. Tetracona.

4b. + » evenly ciliated (4) ae .. Hellula.

2b. 3 » not triangularly dilated.

3a. Antenne in male bent above middle, with tuft of

scales.

4a. Antenne in male with a tuft of scales on back of

bend ws Semioceros.

4b. Antenne in male with a Seah of tales in bend

beneath x , ain .. Proternia.

8b. Antenne in male not ibeuttc or eetsd

4a. Antenne in male excavated above base, with an

erect projection of scales.

5a. Palpi porrected, triangularly scaled ae .. Pachyarches.

5b. Palpi curved, oon: terminal joint slender,

erect . ic Zinckenia.

40. Palpi chica not A catenl or with hace pro-

jection.

5a. Forehead with distinct horny projection.

6a. Tongue obsolete Sc ac a be .. Sedenia.

6b. », well developed.

7a. Spurs of posterior tibize unusually short .. .. Sceliodes.

7b. a 55 Fr normal.

8a. Hind wings broader by one-half than fore wings Tvritea.

8b. 50 about as broad as fore wings.

9a. Anal valves exserted.

10a. Antenne in male strongly ciliated (14) .. .. Protereca.

10 db. 4 » moderately ciliated (}—%) .. Evurycreon.

9b. x » retracted.

10d.

of the Australian Pyralidina.

. Veins 3 and 4 of hind wings remote se sc

Veins 3 and 4 of hind wage sical a ae

mated

. Veins flat or gcanded.

. Ocelli absent...

5, present.

. Maxillary palpi with fine terminal pencil

not penicillate.

” ”

. Abdomen in male with SeeeTeS Sees anal

fuit ..

. Abdomen in male salient! eaonneile tuft.

. Posterior tibie in male with outer middle-spur

obsolete.

. Posterior tibize in male with outer ou ta rudi-

mentary

. Posterior tibize in sale wath pies ek spur well

developed

. Posterior tibie in male with autee eae -spur well

developed.

. Antenne more than three-fourths of fore wings.

. Maxillary palpi filiform

terminally dilated, Minneuts

” ”

”

to extremity.

. Veins 10 and 11 of fore wings stalked

separate

” th) Led

” ”

present ..

” ” ”

Pe without sinuation.

. Lower median vein of hind vanes with loose basal

pectination ..

. Lower median vein of none (Bee pace

. Labial palpi arched, ascending.

. Maxillary palpi broadly dilated towards apex

= », filiform.

. Patagia in male broadly elongated

normal.

” th)

. Terminal joint of labial palpi cylindrical, truncate.

. Forehead flatly rounded.

7" obtusely but not distinctly paareones!

pointed.

” ” ”

. Terminal joint of palpi slender, needle-shaped ..

” ” ” conical

= », Straight, porrected.

. Middle tibiew in male dilated, grooves often con-

taining a tuft : ; So 56

. Middle tibiz in male not eeeoed:

hardly beyond middle.

. Antenne of ils with median sinuation.

. Posterior tibie in male with end-spurs absent ..

293

Criophthona.

Metallarcha.

Cirrhochrista.

Glyphodes.

Phacellura.

Atelocentra.

Scopula.

Siriocauta.

Margarodes.

not more than three-fourths of fore wings.

. Veins 7 and 8 of hind wings anastomosing almost

Cnaphalocrocis.

Dolichosticha.

Sameodes.

Pessocosma.

Mnesictena.

Molybdantha.

Pachyzancla.

Notarcha.

Deuterarcha.

Conchylodes.

Conogethes,

Mecyna.

294 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

16a. Antenns in male naked .. agi .. Aphytoceros.

16 b. », Clliated.

17a. Veins 4 and 5 of hind wings stalked oc .. Godara.

INF (ay - ‘3 -. separate.

18a. Terminal joint of palpi exposed .. ae .. Nesarcha.

18d. FP + », tolerably concealed.

19a. Hind wings twice as broad as fore wings .. Nomophila.

19d. $3 not more than one-fourth broader

than fore wings.

20a. Forehead flat, very oblique ae .. Beotarcha.

20 b. +p more or less rounded or oavticall

21a. Maxillary palpi filiform .. Botys.

21D. 53 ,, dilated terminally the ae Peale

22a. Posterior tibie of male with middle- BPE almost

equal ac Diasemia.

22b. Posterior tibie of fale with one onubits Me

one-fourth of inner $e a0 he .. Myriostephes.

PHALANGIODES, Gn.

Forehead rounded, somewhat projecting. Ocelli present. Tongue

well developed. Antenne as long as fore wings, in male slender,

filiform, simple. Labial palpi rather short, somewhat ascending,

with long dense projecting scales beneath, terminal joint concealed.

Maxillary palpi very short, rather thick, filiform. Legs very long ;

anterior tibie and three basal joints of tarsi in male clothed with

long fine dense hairs, especially on inner side; middle tibie in

male somewhat expanded in middle, containing a tuft of long fine

hairs enclosed in a groove; posterior tibiz with outer middle-spur

one-half, outer end-spur three-fourths of inner. (Abdomen broken).

Fore wings with veins 2 and 3 short-stalked from angle, 4 and 5

from transverse vein, which is angulated at origin of 4; 7 froma

point with 8; 10 closely approximated to 8, 11 remote, very

oblique. Hind wings broader than fore wings; 2, 3, 4, 5 all

tolerably closely approximated at base; 2 straight, 3 strongly

sinuate towards base, so as to enclose with 4 an elongate-oval pos-

teriorly acute transparent space; 4 from angle, 4 and 5 somewhat

sinuate towards base; 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8

to two-fifths, 6 bent beyond origin of 7.

I have not been able to examine a female, which is

without many of the above abnormal peculiarities ; nor

the genitalia of the male. Lederer’s statement of

the neuration is erroneous, as already indicated by

Snellen.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 295

Phalangiodes neptis, Cr.

Phalena neptis, Cr., 264, F.; Phalangiodes neptisalis,

Gn., 279.

Brisbane, Queensland ; one specimen received from

Mr. W. H. Miskin; the British Museum has also

Australian specimens. Occurs also in Ceylon, India,

and South America.

LEpyRoDES, Gn.

Not having my specimens at hand I cannot give the

full characters at present. The antenne are as long as

the fore wings; the maxillary palpi are stated by

Guenée to be absent, but this is probably erroneous, as

in many other cases.

Nearly allied to Phalangiodes, but without its abnormal

structures.

Lepyrodes geometralis, Gn.

Lepyrodes geometralis, Gn., 278, pl. viil., 6.

Duaringa, Queensland; received from Mr. G. Barnard.

Occurs also in Java, China, Ceylon, and Mauritius.

Evcuasta, Ld.

I have not obtained the Australian species, and can

add nothing to the characters given by Lederer. The

antenne are here markedly longer than the fore wings.

Euclasta maceratalis, Ld.

Euclasta maceratalis, Ld., 481, pl. xv., 11.

Eastern Australia. Besides Lederer’s described types

there are specimens (unnamed) in the British Museum.

The species is certainly very close to LE. splendidalis,

H.-§.

PacuyarcHss, Ld.

Forehead flat, oblique. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne more than three-fourths of fore wings, in male stout

towards base, filiform, evenly ciliated (}—}), sharply excavated

above basal joint, basal joint stout, with a strong erect projection

of scales in front of excavation. Labial palpi rather long, straight,

porrected, triangularly scaled, terminal joint lying in scales of

second. Maxillary palpi rather short, dilated with dense scales

296 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

towards apex, truncate. Posterior tibia with outer spurs in male

one-third of inner. Abdomen elongate, in male with dense anal

tuft of long hair-scales; valves retracted. Fore wings with vein

11 very long and oblique. Hind wings somewhat broader than

fore wings; 3, 4, 5 tolerably approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near

origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third. Costa of fore wings

beneath with a fold of scales towards middle, concealing a pencil

of long hairs.

Pachyarches psittacalis, Hb.

Parotis psittacalis, Hb., Zut., 528, 524; Margarodes

psittacalis, Gn., 808.

Port Darwin, North Australia; one male. Also occurs

in Celebes, China, India, and Ceylon.

MarGaroDEs, Gn.

Forehead somewhat ridged, oblique. Ocelli present. Tongue

well developed. Antennz more than three-fourths of fore wings,

in male filiform, evenly ciliated (4). Labial palpi moderate, por-

rected, broadly dilated beneath with dense projecting scales, ante-

riorly truncate, terminal joint concealed. Maxillary palpi rather

short, dilated towards apex with dense scales, truncate. Posterior

tibiz in male with outer middle-spur one-fourth of very long inner,

outer end-spur one-third of inner. Abdomen elongate, in male

with dense anal tuft of hairs; valves retracted. Fore wings with

vein 11 very long and oblique. Hind wings slightly broader than

fore wings; 3, 4, 5 tolerably approximated at base, 7 out of 6 rather

near origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third. Hind wings beneath

with a dense clothing of hairs along vein 10, stronger and almost

forming a tuft posteriorly, but ceasing before extremity.

Margarodes vertumnalis, Gn.

Margarodes vertumnalis, Gn., 809; Margaronia atli-

talis, Walk., 5838.

Duaringa, Queensland ; Sydney, New South Wales, in

March; two males. Also occurs in the Philippines,

Celebes, Borneo, and India.

Crrruocurista, Ld.

I have not been able to obtain specimens for exami-

nation, and can add nothing to Lederer’s characters.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 297

Cirrhochrista brizonalis, Walk.

Margaronia brizonalis (brizoalis), Walk., 976 ; Cirrho-

christa etherialis, Ld., pl. xviil., 9.

Eastern Australia ; also from Amboina and China.

Puacen~uura, Lnsd. Gld.

Forehead flat, oblique. Ocelli present. ‘Tongue well developed.

Antenne more than five-sixths of fore wings, in male slender,

filiform, evenly ciliated (4). Labial palpi moderate, somewhat

ascending, 2nd joint strongly dilated beneath with projecting

scales, rounded in front, terminal joint concealed. Maxillary palpi

moderate, anteriorly dilated with dense scales. Posterior tibie in

male with outer spurs less than half inner. Abdomen elongate, in

male with large spherically expansible double anal tuft of long

flattened scales; valves retracted. Fore wings with vein 11 long,

oblique. Hind wings rather broader than fore wings; 3, 4, 5 very

closely approximated at base ; 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing

with 8 to one-third.

Lederer correctly writes Phacellura for Phakellura, the

latter form being classically inadmissible.

Phacellura indica, Saund.

Eudioptis indica, Saund., Zool., ix., 3070; Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond., n.s., i., Pl. XIL, 5—7; Phakellura

gazorialis, Gn., 297; Hudioptis capensis, Z.,

Caff., 52.

The larva feeds on melons in gardens and is some-

times very destructive.

Port Darwin, North Australia ; Duaringa, Queensland ;

common. Also occurs in Samoa, Celebes, Java, For-

mosa, China, India, Ceylon, and South Africa.

GLYPHODES, Gn.

Forehead flat, very oblique. Ocelli present. Tongue well

developed. Antenne four-fifths of fore wings, in male filiform,

evenly ciliated (3). Labial palpi moderate, ascending, 2nd joint

with long dense projecting scales beneath, truncate in front, ter-

minal joint concealed. Maxillary palpi moderate, terminating in

a fine pencil of hairs. Posterior tibie in male (excelsalis) with

outer middle-spur one-sixth of inner, outer end-spur one-third; in

female (perspicillalis) with outer middle-spur two-thirds of inner,

298 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

end-spurs equal. Abdomen rather elongate, in male with short

truncate anal tuft; valves retracted. Fore wings with vein 11

long, oblique. Hind wings broader than fore wings; 3, 4, 5

closely approximated at base; 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing

with 8 to beyond one-third.

a. Hind wings with dark fuscous posterior band.

1. Hind margin of both wings narrowly white .. eacelsalis.

2: i oe not white.

i. White discal blotch of fore apes dgiees

from costa... piepersialis.

ii. White discal blotch of ioe wanes not touching

costa .. perspicillalis.

b. Hind wings without dans ane &: sa .. tolumnialis.

Glyphodes tolumnialis, Walk.

Leucochroma tolummalis, Walk., 492 ; Oligostigma sex-

punctalis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, 616,

pl. lx., 12; Glyphodes tomaspilalis, Snell., Tijd. v.

Ent., 1880, 223; G. sexpunctalis, ib., Tijd. v.

Ent., 1888, pl. viil., 12 ; Cataclysta nympha, Butl.,

Proc. Zool. Soc., 1880, 684.

I have not been able to examine the structure of this

species.

Eastern Australia; also from Celebes and Formosa.

Glyphodes excelsalis, Walk.

Glyphodes excelsalis, Walk., Suppl., 1860.

Apparently differs from G. piepersialis only by the

white streak along hind margin of fore wings, and also

along that of hind wings to below middle; and by the

broad blackish margin of the white dorsal streak of fore

wings.

Port Darwin, North Australia; one male. Walker’s

type is stated to be from West Australia. I hardly

anticipate that the species is confined to Australia.

Glyphodes piepersialis, Snell.

Glyphodes piepersialis, Snell., Midd. Sum., 68, Tijd. v.

Ent., 1883, pl. viii., 11; G. malayana, Butl., Proc.

Zool. Soc., 1880, 684.

Duaringa, Queensland; one imperfect specimen re-

ceived from Mr. G. Barnard. Also from Celebes, Borneo,

and F’ormosa.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 299

Glyphodes perspicillalis, Z.

Eudioptis perspicillalis, Z., Caff., 58; Glyphodes

diurnalis, Gn., 294, pl. v., 5; G. parvalis, Walk.,

Suppl., 1855.

Port Darwin, North Australia; one specimen. Also

from Celebes, Java, Ceylon, India, and South Africa.

Srriocauta, Ld.

Fore wings somewhat ridged, oblique. Ocelli present. Tongue

well developed. Antenne five-sixths of fore wings, slender, fili-

form, serrate towards apex, in male (?). Labial palpi moderately

long, straight, porrected, triangularly scaled, terminal joint con-

cealed. Maxillary palpi rather short, filiform. Legs long; pos-

terior tibie (in female) with outer middle-spur one-fourth, outer

end-spur one-third of inner. Abdomen elongate, in male (?). Fore

wings with veins 4 and 5 closely approximated towards base,

almost from a point with3; 11 long, oblique. Hind wings broader

than fore wings; 4 and 5 closely approximated towards base, 3

very near; 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to middle.

Siriocauta testulalis, Hb.

Crochiphora testulalis, Hb., Zut., 629, 680; Gn., 247 ;

Ld., 424 (non Z., Caff., 46); Hydrocampa aqua-

tilis, Boisd., Guér. Ic., pl. xc., 9 (teste Walk.) ;

Maruca aquatilis, Walk., 540.

Lederer’s reference to Zeller (Caff., 46) is quite erro-

neous, the species there described being wholly different.

I have not been able to examine the male.

Duaringa, Queensland ; Sydney, New South Wales ;

two specimens. Also occurs in Amboina, Borneo,

Japan, Ceylon, India, South and West Africa, Honduras,

and Brazil.

Rurmmpuarea, Ld.

Forehead tolerably flat, oblique. Ocelli present. Tongue well

developed. Antenne as long as fore wings, in male filiform,

towards apex somewhat serrate, ciliated with tufts of cilia (almost

1). Labial palpi moderate, somewhat ascending, 2nd joint with

dense projecting scales beneath, terminal joint short, almost con-

cealed. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform. Anterior tibie in

male densely rough-haired beneath, posterior tibize with outer

spurs about half inner, posterior tarsi long, basal joint somewhat

300 Mr. EK. Meyrick on the classification

bent. (Abdomen broken). Fore wings with vein 11 long, oblique.

Hind wings as broad as fore wings; 8 moderately, 4 and 5 closely

approximated at base, 7 out of 6 very near origin, anastomosing

with 8 to one-third.

Lederer erroneously states the maxillary palpi to be

absent.

Rhimphalea sceletalis, Ld.

Rhimphalea sceletalis, Lid., 411, pl. xv., 3.

Duaringa, Queensland; one imperfect specimen re-

ceived from Mr. G. Barnard. I have seen asecond, also

from Queensland. Lederer’s type was from Amboina.

SamEopEs, Snell.

Forehead somewhat ridged, rather oblique. Ocelli present.

Tongue well developed. Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in

male (Snellen) filiform, sinuate in middle, shortly ciliated. Labial

palpi moderate, 2nd joint with rough projecting scales, terminal

joint exposed, smooth. Maxillary palpi short, filiform. Posterior

tibie in male (Snellen) with a thickening above middle, outer

middle-spur one-fourth of inner, end-spurs absent ; in female outer

spurs nearly half inner. Abdomen in male (?). Fore wings with

vein 11 moderately long and oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore

wings ; 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anasto-

mosing with 8 to one-third. Fore wings in male (Snellen) with a

fold on middle of costa beneath.

Sameodes pipleidalis, Walk.

Stenia pipleidalis (pipleisalis), Walk., 420; Lepyrodes

lepidalis, ib., 465; Samea sidealis, ib., 987;

Aymenia meridionalis, ib., Suppl., 1814; Sameodes

trithyralis, Snell., Tijd. v. Ent., 1880, 218; ib.,

1888, pl. viul., 4; Samea vespertinalis, Saalm.,

Ber. Senck. Ges., 1880, 301.

I have not been able to examine the male.

Duaringa, Queensland ; two specimens received from

Mr. G. Barnard. Also occurs in Celebes, Java, Ceylon,

India, and West and Central Africa.

PESSOCOSMA, N. g.

Forehead tolerably flat, oblique. Ocelli present. Tongue well

developed. Antennz three-fourths of fore wings, in male slender,

filiform, markedly sinuate in middle, ciliated with tufts of cilia

of the Australian Pyralidina. 301

(13). Labial palpi moderately long, straight, porrected, triangularly

scaled, terminal joint moderately long, in male exposed, in female

concealed. Maxillary palpi moderate, filiform. Posterior tibie

with outer’ spurs half inner. Abdomen moderate, in male with

short slender apical tuft; valves retracted. Fore wings with vein

11 moderately long and oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore

wings; 4 and 5 approximated towards base, 8 tolerably approxi-

mated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to

beyond one-third.

Closely allied to Sameodes, of which it possesses the

peculiar antennal sinuation of the male, but not the

costal fold of the fore wings, nor are the terminal spurs

of the posterior tibiz absent.

Pessocosma iolealis, Walk.

Lepyrodes iolealis, Walk., 466.

3, 2,16—18 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-fuscous,

mixed with ochreous-whitish. Antenne light grey. Abdomen

ochreous-fuscous, segmental margins white. Legs ochreous-

fuscous, irrorated with white. Fore wings rather elongate-

triangular, narrow at base, costa slightly sinuate, gently arched

towards apex, apex tolerably rounded, hind margin waved, oblique,

somewhat sinuate above, bowed in middle ; ochreous-brown, mixed

with whitish ochreous, and irregularly suffused with dark fuscous ;

markings white, semitransparent, laterally suffusedly edged with

dark fuscous, consisting of several small subquadrate spots; two

transversely placed at one-fourth, lower on inner margin, upper

touching lower of two others transversely placed in disc imme-

diately beyond them ; two larger spots above and below middle of

disc ; an irregular obscure dark fuscous line from four-fifths of

costa to two-thirds of inner margin, forming an angulated curve

outwards on middle third, and followed on upper and lower

portions by several small white lunate marks, on central portion by

three small spots; two or three moderate spots transversely placed

before upper part of this line; cilia white, with a fuscous line at

one-third, terminal two-thirds sharply barred with fuscous. Hind

wings markedly sinuate below apex; ground colour and markings

much as in fore wings, but central spots attenuated and fascia-like,

antemedian spots reduced to a suffused subbasal band; cilia as in

fore wings.

Superficially much resembling Samea and Sameodes ;

smaller and darker than S. pipleidalis, with the mark-

ings differently placed.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—paRT UI. (ocT.) x

302 Mr. EK. Meyrick on the classification

Duaringa, Queensland; Sydney, New South Wales ;

three specimens in March. Herr Snellen returned me

the species as unknown to him.

Dissemta, Gn.

Forehead somewhat rounded, rather oblique. Ocelli present.

Tongue well developed. Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in

male filiform, ciliated with tufts of cilia (13). Labial palpi rather

long, porrected, second joint with long obliquely projecting scales

beneath, terminal joint rather drooping, loosely scaled. Maxillary

palpi moderate, towards apex loosely dilated with scales. Posterior

tibize with spurs almost equal. Abdomen elongate, in male with

slender anal tuft; valves retracted. Fore wings with vein 11

moderate, tolerably oblique. Hind wings one-fourth broader than

fore wings; 38, 4, 5 tolerably remote; 7 out of 6 rather near origin,

anastomosing with 8 to one-fourth, shortly.

I have not examined D. ramburialis, of which my

specimens are not to hand. OD. grammalis is quite

identical in structure with the European D. litierata.

| Diasemia ramburialis, Dup.

Diasemia ramburialis, Dup.; Gn., 3384; Z., Caff., 30;

Isopteryx melaleucalis, Walk., 402; Diasemia

reconditalis, ib., Suppl., 1825; D. leucophealis, ib.,

Suppl., 1826.

I have compared two named European types in

Zeller’s collection with those of Walker and my own.

Duaringa, Queensland ; also from Southern Europe

and Ceylon.

Diasemia grammalis, Dbld.

Diasemia grammalis, Dbld., Dieff. N. Z., ti., 287; D.

spilonotalis, Snell., Midd. Sum., 73.

Herr Snellen kindly sent me a type of his species,

which appears identical with that of Doubleday ; only

the white line of the hind wings forms almost a right

angle inwards above middle, whilst in New Zealand it is

never more than very obtusely bent. Doubleday’s de-

scriptions of New Zealand species are clear and good.

Hamilton, Masterton, and Castle Hill, New Zealand ;

in January and March, common amongst rough herbage

in dry places, but rather local. Also occurs in Java,

of the Australian Pyralidina. 303

Sumatra, and Celebes. I should like to see a series

from various localities.

ScELIODES, Gn.

Forehead with a moderate obtuse conical projection. Ocelli

present. Tongue well developed. Antenne two-thirds of fore

Wings, in male serrate, ciliated with tufts of cilia (1). Labial palpi

rather long, straight, porrected, somewhat ascending, basal joint

with a projecting tuft beneath, 2nd joint with evenly projecting

scales, somewhat produced at apex beneath, terminal joint rather

slender, moderate, exposed, with appressed scales. Maxillary palpi

extremely short, filiform. Posterior tibia with spurs extremely

short, outer spurs somewhat shorter than inner. Abdomen elon-

gate, in male with a moderate anal tuft; valves large, exserted.

Fore wings with vein 11 moderately long and oblique. Hind

wings as broad as fore wings; 3, 4, 5 tolerably remote; 7 out of 6

near origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third.

Not nearly allied to any genus known to me; cha-

racterised specially by the peculiarly short spurs.

Snellen’s genus Hretria was founded on this species,

and must lapse.

Sceliodes cordalis, Dbld.

Margaritia cordalis, Dbld., Dieff. N. Z., ii., 288; S.

mucidalis, Gn., 400; Daraba extensalis, Walk.,

Suppl., 1811; Hretria obsistalis, Snell., Tijd. v.

EKnt., 1880, 206; ib., 1888, pl. vi., 12.

Guenée’s description is sufficiently good; Snellen’s

figure is poor, but he informs me that his species is

identical with a type of this insect which I sent him.

Duaringa, Queensland; Sydney, New South Wales;

Mount Lofty range, South Australia; Taranaki and

Wanganui, New Zealand. Tolerably common in February

and March, coming freely to lamps, but not often seen

otherwise. Also from Celebes.

CnapHaLocrocis, Ld.

Forehead flat, oblique, somewhat ridged in front. Ocelli present.

Tongue well developed. Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in

male filiform, joints angularly projecting towards apex, evenly

ciliated (4). Labial palpi moderately long, straight, porrected,

triangularly scaled. Maxillary palpi moderate, dilated with loose

seales towards apex, truncate. Posterior tibie with outer spurs

304 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

about half inner; anterior tibie in male very short, strongly

dilated with hairs. Abdomen elongate, in male with very slender

pointed anal tuft; valves retracted. Fore wings with veins 10 and

11 short-stalked in male, long-stalked in female. Hind wings as

broad as fore wings; 3, 4, 5 closely approximated at base; 7 out of

6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 almost to apex. Fore wings in

male with an indentation beneath costa before middle, covered

above by a rough double coalescing tuft of hairs, and a tuft of

hairs from middle of costa curved back over disc.

Lederer did not make out the peculiar venation of the

fore wings, which destroys the distinction of his family

Homophyside ; nor am I aware that it has been noticed

since. ‘This and the following genus belong to a group

specially characterised by the structure of veins 7 and 8

of the hind wings, which anastomose throughout almost

the whole of their length. The tufts or excrescences on

the fore wings of the male in this and some other

species are probably not to be depended on as generic

characters, which are here well marked in the neuration.

Cnaphalocrocis rutilalis, Walk.

Botys rutilalis, Walk., 665; B. tolealis, ib., 666; B.

nurscialis, ib., 724 ; Cnaphalocrocis iolinalis, Ld.,

pl. xis, 75

Duaringa, Queensland; sent commonly by Mr. G.

Barnard. Also occurs in Celebes, Borneo, China,

Ceylon, India, and Texas (the last locality on the

authority of Snellen).

DoLIcHOSTICHA, Nn. g.

Forehead flat, somewhat oblique. Ocelli present. Tongue well

developed. Antenne four-fifths of fore wings, slender, pubescent,

joints somewhat expanded in middle, with terminal whorls of

scales in male (?). Labial palpi moderate, somewhat ascending,

2nd joint with long dense scales produced beneath in a broad sub-

quadrate tuft, terminal joint small, concealed. Maxillary palpi

rather short, dilated with scales towards apex. Posterior tibiz

with outer middle-spurs about half, outer end-spurs three-fourths

of inner. Abdomen moderate, in male (?). Fore wings with vein

11 long, oblique. Hind wings somewhat broader than fore wings ;

8, 4, 5 tolerably approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin,

anastomosing with 8 almost throughout.

Near Cnaphalocrocis, but 10 and 11 of fore wings

separate,

of the Australian Pyralidina. 305

Dolichosticha venilialis, Walk.

Asopia venilialis, Walk., 873; Botys marisalis, ib.,

(a6

9,17mm. Head pale ochreous, with a fine white line on each

side of face. Palpi ochreous, beneath white. Antenne whitish

ochreous. Thorax light ochreous, paler posteriorly. Abdomen

pale ochreous, apex darker, base whitish. Legs whitish. Fore

wings moderate, triangular, costa straight, moderately arched

towards apex, apex obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded ; whitish

ochreous, thinly scaled ; costa between first and second lines with

about eight small dark fuscous spots; a rather broad indistinct

fuscous suffusion beneath costa from base to second line; lines

fine, fuscous; first from one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner

margin, slightly curved; second from three-fourths of costa to

middle of inner margin, shortly sinuate beneath costa, abruptly

right-angled at two-thirds to below discal spot; discal spot rather

small, linear, dark fuscous; a moderately broad fuscous hind

marginal band, darker anteriorly, rather dilated on costa, and

again more abruptly at anal angle to touch angulation of second

line; a darker hind marginal line; cilia ochreous-whitish, with a

dark grey line at one-third. Hind wings ochreous-whitish, semi-

transparent ; a tolerably straight fine fuscous line from opposite

one-third of costa to two-thirds of inner margin; a short straight

similar line slightly beyond middle from near costa to between

veins 2and 8; hind marginal band and cilia as in fore wings.

The male is unknown to me, and may perhaps have

peculiar characters. A pale inconspicuous species.

Rosewood, Queensland, in September; Sydney, New

South Wales, in May; three specimens. Also occurs

in Borneo. Snellen returned it as unknown to him.

BaorarcHa, n. g.

Forehead flat, very oblique. Ocelli present. Tongue well

developed. Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male apparently

stout, ciliated (?). Labial palpi moderately long, straight, porrected,

with dense tolerably appressed scales, terminal joint moderate.

Maxillary palpi moderate, dilated with dense scales towards apex,

obliquely truncate. Posterior tibia in female with outer spurs one-

third of inner. Abdomen long, in male proportionately very stout,

pointed ; in female (?). Fore wings with vein 11 moderately long

and oblique. Hind wings broader by one-fourth than fore wings ;

8, 4, 5 closely approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anasto-

mosing with 8 very shortly to one-fifth.

306 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

I have not been able to examine the male, and Snellen

gives no characters for it. The genus is peculiar, and

at present of uncertain affinity ; the very oblique fore-

head recalls the first group of the family, but the shorter

antenne are a discordant character.

Beotarcha crassicornis, Walk.

Botys crassicornis, Walk., Suppl., 1455; B. tenialis,

Snell., Tijd. vy. Ent., 1880, 209; ib., 1883, pl.

Vila, oO.

A singularly marked species.

Port Darwin, North Australia; one female. Also

from Celebes.

Nomopuiza, Hb.

Forehead flat, oblique. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed

Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male filiform, ciliated with

tufts of cilia (14). Labial palpi moderately long, straight, porrected,

triangularly scaled, terminal joint concealed. Maxillary palpi very

short, filiform. Posterior tibize with both outer spurs less than

half inner. Abdomen moderately elongate, margins angularly

dilated, in male with short anal tuft; valves retracted. Fore

wings with vein 11 moderate, oblique. Hind wings twice as broad

as fore wings; 3, 4, 5 almost from a point, 4 and 5 closely approxi-

mated towards base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to

before middle.

Also an abnormal and isolated genus, of questionable

affinity ; the unusually broad hind wings and narrow

fore wings show a resemblance to some of the Scopa-

riade, but the reduced and very different maxillary palpi

are probably a sufficient proof that there is really no ~

close affinity.

Nomophila noctuella, Schiff.

Stenopteryx hybridalis, Hb. ; Scoparia itysalis, Walk.,

828.

Duaringa, Queensland ; Newcastle and Sydney, New

South Wales; Melbourne, Victoria; Mount Lofty range,

Wirrabara, and Port Lincoln, South Australia; com-

mon in September, October, and from January to March.

Also throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. In

face of this wide range it should be observed that it

appears to be absent from New Zealand and Tasmania.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 307

TETRACONA, 0. g.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in male filiform, ciliated with

tufts of long cilia (2). Labial palpi moderate, arched, ascending,

basal joint with dense scales forming a terminal projection beneath ;

2nd joint scaled so as to form two similar projections, in middle

and at apex; terminal joint with a fourth similar projection

whence scales diminish to apex, so as to appear obliquely truncate.

Maxillary palpi very short, filiform. Posterior tibie with outer

middle-spur one-fourth, outer end-spur two-fifths of inner. Abdo-

men elongate, slender, in male with a very small bifid anal tuft ;

valves retracted, clothed with fine loose hairs, which rise from the

base and are withdrawn or exposed with the valves. Fore wings

with vein 11 moderately long and oblique. Hind wings slightly

broader than fore wings; 3, 4, 5 approximated at base; 7 out of 6

near origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third.

Probably allied to Agrotera; characterised by the

peculiar four-tufted palpi, of which the terminal joint

resembles that of Agrotera, but is also found in other

genera not nearly related.

Tetracona amathealis, Walk.

Zidiodes amathealis, Walk., 848 ; Pyralis ornatalis, ib.,

Suppl., 1246.

3, 2, 17—21mm. Head, palpi, and thorax reddish orange,

mixed with pale yellow. Antenne whitish ochreous, spotted with

dark fuscous above. Abdomen ochreous, three basal segments

mixed with yellow and orange on back, three terminal segments

suffused with whitish above. Legs white, anterior tibiz ochreous,

tarsi with two ochreous rings and a subapical black band, middle

tibie fuscous above. Fore wings moderately broad, triangular,

narrow at base, costa at first straight, posterior half moderately

arched, apex obtuse, hind margin somewhat bowed, rather strongly

oblique, scales on inner margin dilated before middle; rather light

purplish grey ; a slightly irregular straight dark fuscous line from

two-fifths of costa to before middle of inner margin; basal area

up to this line wholly pale yellow, mixed with reddish orange,

with a short oblique fuscous mark on costa near base; a suffused

whitish central fascia parallel to first line, sometimes indistinct ; a

small black discal dot; a narrow orange irregularly dentate fascia

from three-fourths of costa to three-fourths of inner margin, mixed

with pale yellow, and suffusedly margined with blackish ; a row of

fine black linear marks along hind margin ; cilia pale whitish grey,

308 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

broadly interrupted with white below apex, with a grey line

spotted with dark fuscous. Hind wings whitish; a rather broad

suffused light purplish grey hind-marginal band, closely preceded

by a somewhat irregular purplish grey line, rather sharply dentate

inwards below middle; a triangular reddish ochreous spot, mixed

with pale yellow, on middle of inner margin, posteriorly black-

margined ; a row of black linear marks along hind margin; cilia

white, with an interrupted dark fuscous line.

A very elegant insect, coloured somewhat as in

Agrotera.

Duaringa and Brisbane, Queensland; taken in Sep-

tember, and received from Mr. G. Barnard; seven

specimens.

ZINCKENIA, Z.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male serrate, evenly ciliated

(4), thickened towards base, notched above basal joint, basal joint

stout, with a broad erect projection of dense scales on inner side.

Labial palpi moderate, curved, ascending, 2nd joint with dense

projecting scales beneath, terminal joint moderately long, slender,

pointed. Maxillary palpi moderate, filiform. Posterior tibiz with

outer spurs almost as long as inner. Abdomen moderate, in male

with small slender apical tuft; valves retracted. Fore wings with

vein 11 moderately long and oblique. Hind wings one-third

broader than fore wings; 4 and 5 closely approximated towards

base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third.

Coptobasis, Ld. closely approaches this genus, al-

though widely removed from it by Lederer himself.

The two species are both well known.

Zinckenia recurvalis, F.

Phalena recurvalis, F., E.§.,407; Z., Caff., 55; Gn.,

225; P. angustalis, F., Mant., 309; P. fascialis,

Stoll., pl. xxxvi., 18; Cr. 398; O.; Hydrocampa

albifacialis, Boisd., Mad., 119, pl. xvi., 1.

Sydney, New South Wales; Auckland, New Zealand ;

not common. Also occurs in Java, Japan, China,

Ceylon, India, Mauritius, Madagascar, South Africa,

West Indies, and South America.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 309

Zinckenia perspectalis, Hb.

Pyralhs perspectais, Hb., Exot., 101; Gn., 226;

Zinckenia primordialis, Z., Caff., 56; Spoladea

exportalis, Gu., 227.

Duaringa and Rosewood, Queensland; in September,

not common. Also occurs in India, West Indies, North

and South America, and South Africa.

MoLYBDANTHA, N. g.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male filiform, evenly ciliated

(4), somewhat serrate towards apex. Labial palpi moderate, some-

what arched, ascending, 2nd joint with dense projecting scales

beneath, terminal joint rather short, thick, filiform, exposed,

porrected. Maxillary palpi rather large, broadly dilated with

scales towards apex, obliquely truncate. Posterior tibie with

outer spurs about half inner. Abdomen moderate, in male with

slender somewhat trifid anal tuft; valves retracted. Fore wings

with vein 11 moderate, oblique. Hind wings one-fourth broader

than fore wings; 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near

origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third.

Apparently allied to Notarcha, but immediately sepa-

rated by the triangularly dilated maxillary palpi.

Molybdantha bracteolalis, Z.

Botys bracteolalis, Z., Caff., 830; Isopteryx plumbalis,

Gn., 231; I. abnegatalis, Walk., 404; Botys

abnegatalis, Ld., pl. xi., 17.

Duaringa, Queensland; several specimens received

from Mr. G. Barnard. Also occurs in Sumatra, Java,

Ceylon, West and South Africa.

Eurrhyparodes accessalis, Walk. (stibialis, Snell.) has

considerable superficial resemblance to this species, and

is perhaps nearly related.

CoNCHYLODES, Gn.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocellipresent. Tongue well developed.

Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male filiform, evenly ciliated

(4), rough-scaled above. Labial palpi moderate, arched or almost

recurved, ascending, 2nd joint with appressed scales, terminal

joint slender, filiform, almost acute. Maxillary palpi very short,

310 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

filiform. Posterior tibie with outer spurs less than half inner.

Abdomen moderate, in male with slender anal tuft; valves

retracted. Fore wings with vein 11 very long, oblique. Hind

wings as broad as fore wings; 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out

of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-half. Hind wings in

male with median fold dilated and enlarged in cell into an elongate-

oval depression.

Nearly allied to Notarcha, of which it appears to be a

development.

Conchylodes meritalis, Walk.

Zebronia meritalis, Walk., 479; Z. plexippusalis, ib.,

485; Conchylodes baptalis, Snell., Tijd. v. Ent.,

1880, 42.

I sent a type to Snellen, who identified it as his

species.

Duaringa, Queensland; several specimens received

from Mr. G. Barnard. Also occurs in Celebes, Java,

and Ceylon.

NoTARCHA, N. g.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in male filiform, ciliated with

tufts of cilia (14) or evenly (4), scaled or pubescent above. Labial

palpi moderate, arched, ascending, 2nd joint with dense projecting

scales beneath, terminal joint short, thick, cylindrical. Maxillary

palpi moderate, fiiform. Posterior tibiz with outer spurs some-

what less than half inner. Abdomen elongate, in male with

slender anal tuft; valves retracted. Fore wings with vein 11

long, oblique. Hind wings slightly broader than fore wings ; 3, 4,

5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with

8 to one-third.

The genus forms two sections, distinguished by the

character of the antennal ciliations ; it is not likely that

this point would prove sufficiently definite for generic

separation. The only Kuropean species of the genus is

N. ruralis, Sc., which belongs to the second section,

agreeing Closely with N. multilinealis. The genus is,

however, well represented in the Indo-Malayan region.

Lines dark fuscous.

1. Wings yellow 3 he Si Be .. clytalis.

2. Pr ochreous-whitish .. “ oe .. multilinealis.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 311

b, Lines ochreous-yellow.

1. Discal spot of fore alias Aaa, ie dt

blackish fi . cassalis.

2. Discal spot of fore ines yellow, or arith a ten

dark fuscous seales .. : we .» chrysoplasta.

A. Antenne of male ciliated with tufts of cilia (13).

Notarcha chrysoplasta, n. 8.

3, 2, 22—23 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen,

and legs ochreous-yellow; palpi with a spot on basal joint, and

terminal joint except apex blackish; anterior tibiee with apical half

blackish, tarsi with apex of 1st joint broadly, of others very

narrowly blackish. Fore wings moderate, triangular, costa very

slightly sinuate, gently arched posteriorly, apex obtuse, hind

margin obliquely rounded; light ochreous-yellow, with darker

ochreous-yellow markings; two irregular lines near base; an

irregular somewhat curved line from one-fourth of costa to one-

third of inner margin ; a small discal spot; an irregular line from

costa at two-thirds to middle of inner margin, rectangularly arched

outwards in middle and returning to beneath discal spot; a

suffused subterminal band, contracted or interrupted a little above

inner margin; sometimes three minute blackish subcostal dots

near base, at one-fourth, and two-thirds, and also one on discal

spot, but these are often wholly absent; cilia with basal half

ochreous-yellow, apical half whitish yellow. Hind wings with

ground colour and markings as in fore wings, but two basal lines

absent, no black dots, subterminal band tinged with fuscous-grey ;

cilia as in fore wings.

Belongs to the same group of closely allied species as

N. cassalis, Walk., and N. trigalis, Ld.; distinguished

from the rest by the usual obsolescence of the blackish

dots. Compared with N. cassalis it is larger, the ground

colour yellower and markings less defined, and the sub-

terminal band of hind wings is distinctly tinged with

grey.

Duaringa, Queensland ; four specimens received from

Mr. G. Barnard.

Notarcha cassalis, Walk.

Zebronia cassalis (cassusalis), Walk., 477; Z. auro-

linealis, ib., 478; Astura obrinusalis, ib., 549

(nec Ld.) ; Botys faustalis, Ld., pl. x., 15.

Lederer’s species, figured as obrinalis (obrinusalis),

Walk., is certainly not this insect, but probably identical

312 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

with plutalis (plutusalis), Walk. N. cassalis is the

smallest species of the group, very similar to N. plutalis,

but with the black spots smaller, and the angle of the

second line of the fore wings less rectilinear.

Duaringa and Brisbane, Queensland; common in

September and October. Also occurs in Celebes, Java,

Sumatra, Ceylon, India, and South Africa.

Notarcha clytalis, Walk.

Astura clytalis (clytusalis), Walk., 550; Botys clytialis,

lid:, pl. 55 16:

Duaringa, Queensland; Sydney, New South Wales ;

common on its food-plant. The larva feeds on Sterculia,

and is gregarious, living socially in a large nest of silk

and leaves.

B. Antenne of male evenly ciliated (4).

Notarcha multilinealis, Gn.

Botys multilinealis, Gn., 837, pl. viil., 11; Zebronia

salomealis, Walk., 476, Suppl., 1848; Botys oty-

salis, ib., 723 ; B. annuligeralis, ib., Suppl., 1424 ;

B. basipunctalis, Brem.

Duaringa and Rosewood, Queensland; three speci-

mens in September. Also occurs in New Guinea,

Celebes, Java, Japan, India, and South Africa.

DEUTERARCHA, 0. g.

Forehead rounded, rather projecting. Ocelli present. Tongue

well developed. Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male fili-

form, evenly ciliated (4), rough-scaled above. Labial palpi mode-

rate, arched, ascending, 2nd joint with dense projecting scales

beneath, terminal joint short, thick, cylindrical, truncate. Mazxil-

lary palpi moderate, filiform. Posterior tibiz with outer spurs

somewhat less than halfinner. Abdomen elongate, in male with

slender anal tuft; valves retracted. Fore wings with vein 11

moderately long, oblique. Hind wings somewhat broader than

fore wings; 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin,

anastomosing with 8 to one-fourth.

Distinguished -from Notarcha by the rounded rather

projecting forehead, which yet hardly forms a distinct

protuberance. Both species are somewhat peculiar in

appearance, and have little resemblance to each other.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 313

Deuterarcha xanthomela, un. s.

3, 2, 14-15 mm. Head and palpi light ochreous-yellow.

Antenne fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous, two small spots on

anterior margin and terminal half of patagia ochreous-yellow.

Abdomen fuscous, segmental margins yellow. Legs yellowish,

somewhat suffused with fuscous above. Fore wings moderate,

triangular, costa faintly sinuate, gently arched towards apex, apex

rounded, hind margin rounded, rather strongly oblique; rather

dark fuscous, darker on costa, slightly purplish tinged, with well-

defined ochreous-yellow markings; a rounded spot on inner

margin almost at base, almost reaching costa; a large trapezoidal

blotch extending on inner margin from one-fourth to two-thirds,

its upper edge parallel and very near to costa; a moderately large

suboblong spot on costa at two-thirds, not reaching middle; a

small spot on inner margin before anal angle; sometimes a very

obscure yellowish fascia from costa before apex to below middle of

hind margin; cilia dark fuscous. Hind wings rather dark fuscous,

costa suffused with yellow; cilia dark fuscous.

A handsome and conspicuous species.

Duaringa, Queensland; several specimens received

from Mr. G. Barnard.

Deuterarcha mesochlora, n. 8.

dS, 2,14—16 mm. Head whitish ochreous, crown mixed with

dark fuscous. Palpi whitish ochreous, externally banded with

dark fuscous beneath apex of joints. Antenne whitish ochreous,

annulated with dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous, mixed with

whitish ochreous. Abdomen whitish ochreous, with a suffused

dark fuscous band before middle. Legs whitish ochreous, banded

with dark fuscous. Fore wings somewhat elongate, triangular,

costa faintly sinuate, gently arched towards apex, apex rounded,

hind margin obliquely rounded ; pale dull whitish ochreous ; first

line straight, thick, blackish, from one-third of costa to two-fifths

of inner margin, basal area up to this line rather dark fuscous ;

second line thick, blackish, from three-fourths of costa to beyond

middle of inner margin, obtusely indented outwards in middle,

hind marginal area beyond this line rather dark fuscous ; a cloudy

fuscous discal spot; three small semicircular blackish fuscous-

centred marks on costa between first and second lines; cilia

whitish ochreous, somewhat suffused with fuscous, with a broad

darker line. Hind wings pale ochreous-yellow, with a broad

rather dark fuscous hind-marginal;band, attenuated to anal angle,

314 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

irregularly indented in middle; cilia ochreous-whitish, with a

suffused dark fuscous line.

Readily recognised by the contrast between the pale

central and dark basal and hind marginal areas.

Duaringa, Queensland; several specimens received

from Mr. G. Barnard.

CoNOGETHES, Ni. g.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in male (?). Labial palpi

moderate, arched, ascending, 2nd joint densely rough-scaled

beneath, terminal joint conically scaled, base as thick as apex of

2nd joint, apex pointed. Maxillary palpi rather short, filiform.

Posterior tibiz with outer spurs one-third of inner. Abdomen

moderate, in male (?). Fore wings with vein 11 moderately long,

oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore wings; 3, 4, 5 approximated

at base, 7 out of 6 near origin or from a point with 6 (punctiferalis),

anastomosing with 8 to beyond one-third.

I have not been able to examine the characters of the

male, but they are probably not different from those of

Notarcha, from which the genus is distinguished by the

quite different form of the terminal joint of the labial

palpi.

a. Wings with dark fuscous dots and lines .. punetiferalis.

b. 4, without s AA .. imfundibulalis.

Conogethes punctiferalis, Gn.

Astura punetiferalis, Gn., 820; A. ersealis, Walk.,

980; Botys evaxalis, ib., 995; B. nicippealis, ib.,

999; Astura guttatalis, ib., Suppl., 13881; A.

semifascialis, ib., Suppl., 1881.

Astura semifascialis, Walk., seems to be a variety with

a dark fuscous central suffusion, the markings not

otherwise different.

Brisbane, Queensland; one specimen in September.

Also from Ceram, China, and India.

Conogethes infundibulalis, Snell.

Botys infundibulalis, Snell., Midd. Sum., 64.

I sent a type to Snellen, who returned it as above.

Duaringa and Toowoomba, Queensland, in September ;

two specimens. Also occurs in Sumatra.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 315

PACHYZANCLA, 0. g.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in male (?). Labial palpi

moderate, somewhat arched, ascending, 2nd joint densely rough-

scaled beneath, terminal joint thick, conical, base as thick as apex

of 2nd joint. Maxillary palpi rather short, filiform. Posterior

tibiz with outer spurs one-third of inner. Abdomen moderate, in

male (?). Thorax in male with patagia broadly elongate, nearly

twice as long as thorax. Fore wings with vein 11 moderately long,

oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore wings ; 3, 4, 5 approximated

at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to beyond one-

third.

I have not examined the male, but have seen one.

The genus is distinguished from Conogethes by the elon-

gate patagia (which are not, however, produced into an

elongate pencil as in Omiodes) ; the palpi are essentially

similar, but considerably stouter.

Pachyzancla mutualis, Z.

Botys mutualis, Z., Caff., 40; B. stultalis, Walk., 669 ;

B. retractalis, ib., Suppl., 1447; B. egrotalis,

Snell. (nec Z.), Tijd. v. Ent., 1872, 90, pl. vi., 8;

Midd. Sum., 63.

I sent a type to Snellen, who assures me that it is

identical with a specimen of mutualis, Z., communicated

to him by Zeller himself. The specimens in the British

Museum, added by Butler to Botys bianoralis, Walk.,

are this species (Walker’s is an Omiodes, probably

identical with one of Guenée’s); the specimens added

by Butler to stultalis, Walk., are Botys pheopteralis, Gu.

Duaringa, Queensland ; two specimens sent by Mr.

G. Barnard. Also occurs in Celebes, Java, Borneo,

Japan, Ceylon, and South Africa.

PELECYNTIS, N. g.

Forehead fiat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in male filiform, evenly

ciliated (4), rough-scaled above. Labial palpi moderate, arched,

ascending, basal joint with a tuft of projecting scales, 2nd joint

with long projecting scales beneath, somewhat separated in middle

to form two angular tufts, terminal joint very short, broadly

dilated with scales towards apex so as to become triangular.

316 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

Maxillary palpi moderate, filiform, loosely scaled towards apex.

Posterior tibie with outer middle-spur less than one-third of

inner, outer end-spur less than one-half. Thorax in male with a

tuft of very long scales from extremity of patagia. Abdomen

elongate, in male with dense rather long anal tuft; valves retracted.

Fore wings with vein 11 long, oblique. Hind wings somewhat

broader than fore wings; 3, 4, 5 closely approximated at base,

7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third.

Allied to Pachyzancla, but differing from it and

Omiodes by the triangularly dilated terminal joint of the

labial palpi; it has the elongate tuft of the patagia

much as in Omiodes.

Pelecyntis abstitalis, Walk.

Pyrausta abstitalis (absistalis), Walk., 311; Asopia

lydialis, ib., 874; Botys ustalis, Ld., pl. x., 14.

Duaringa and Brisbane, Queensland, in September ;

three specimens. Also from Amboina, Ceylon, and

India. —

Henuvuna, Gn.

Forehead flat, oblique. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male stout, evenly ciliated

(4). Labial palpi moderate, obliquely ascending, 2nd and terminal

joints triangularly dilated towards apex of each with projecting

scales. Maxillary palpi moderately long, very slender, filiform.

Posterior tibiz with outer spurs nearly as long as inner. Abdomen

moderate, in male with short truncate anal tuft; valves retracted.

Fore wings with vein 11 moderate, tolerably oblique. Hind wings

one-fourth broader than fore wings; 4 and 5 from a point, 7 from

a point with 6, anastomosing with 8 to one-third. Lower median

vein of hind wings with long loose pectination towards base.

Lederer makes the surprising error of stating that

the maxillary palpi are absent, directly contradicting

Herrich-Schaffer, who had seen them ; they are as well

developed as in any genus, but unusually slender.

Moreover, he does not notice the pectination of the lower

median. The genus is of uncertain affinity.

Hellula undalis, F.

Phalena undalis, F., E. §., 362; Gn., 416; Hellula

hydralis, Gn., 416; Scopula criasusalis, Walk.,

1016; Scoparia optatusalis, ib., 1018; Pyralis

subtrigonalis, ib., Suppl., 1244.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 317

H. hydralis, Gu., is certainly only a common variety

of the female.

Duaringa and Toowoomba, Queensland ; Sydney, New

South Wales; Melbourne, Victoria; Mount Lofty

range, Port Lincoln, and Quorn, South Australia ; very

common generally; in September, October, November,

and May. Also occurs in South Europe, India, and

South Africa.

PROTERNIA, 0. g.

Forehead with a blunt rounded projection. Ocelli present.

Tongue well developed. Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in

male stout, evenly ciliated (4), rough-scaled above, sinuate and

bent at two-thirds, with a row of projecting scales in bend beneath,

beyond it rapidly attenuated. Labial palpi moderately long,

straight, porrected or somewhat ascending, 2nd joint with dense

projecting scales beneath, terminal joint almost concealed. Maxil-

lary palpi moderate, slender, filiform. Posterior tibie with outer

spurs half inner. Abdomen moderate (in male broken). Fore

wings with vein 11 long, oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore

wings; 3, 4, 5 tolerably approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near

origin, anastomosing with 8 to near middle.

Allied to Semioceros, from which it differs by the

frontal projection, and by the antennal bend not being

tufted above but containing a row of scales beneath.

Proternia philocapna, u. s.

3, 2, 21—26 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen

rather dark fuscous, mixed with whitish ochreous. Legs dark

fuscous, apex of joints and posterior pair whitish ochreous. Foro

wings moderate, triangular, costa at first almost straight, on

posterior half moderately arched, apex rectangular, hind margin

slightly waved, obliquely rounded ; rather dark fuscous, somewhat

mixed with paler; markings obscurely darker fuscous; first line

irregular, from one-third of costa to before middle of inner margin ;

a small round pale-centred spot in disc before middle, and an

8-shaped pale-centred discal spot; second line from three-fourths

of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, rather sharply dentate,

irregularly curved outwards below middle, followed by an obscure

whitish ochreous line, tolerably distinct towards costa; an inter-

rupted dark fuscous hind-marginal line; cilia whitish ochreous,

mixed with fuscous, suffusedly spotted with dark fuscous towards

base. Hind wings fuscous, darker on hind margin, obscurely

mixed with whitish ochreous towards base; a cloudy dark fuscous

TRANS. ENT. Soc. LOND. 1884.—PaRT UI. (0CT.) yY

318 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

discal spot; a faint irregular dentate pale posterior line; cilia

ochreous-whitish, with an interrupted dark fuscous line.

A very dull-looking species.

Hamilton, New Zealand; five specimens (one male,

four females) taken in a house, presumably attracted by

light, in January.

SEMIOCEROS, N. g.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in male stout, subdentate or

serrate, evenly ciliated (4) (mwrcalis) or with tufts of cilia (14),

rough-scaled above, bent before middle (not in amphicedalis),

sharply bent beyond middle, with a tuft of seales on back above

bend. Labial palpi moderate, porrected or ascending, 2nd joint

with short dense projecting scales beneath, terminal joint short,

stout, obtuse, exposed. Maxillary palpi short, slender, filiform.

Posterior tibiz with outer middle-spurs one-third, outer end-spurs

one-half of inner. Abdomen moderate, in male with very short

truncate tuft; valves retracted. Fore wings with vein 11 mode-

rately long and oblique. Hind wingsas broad as fore wings; 3, 4,

5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with

8 to near middle.

Fasily recognised by the antennal characters. To

this genus belongs also (as I am assured by Snellen)

Botys gratalis, Ld.

a. Fore wings light yellow .. a -o .. chrysorycta.

b. Fr suffused with fuscous.

1. Discal space before second line suffused with

whitish .. oc m0 ae £6 .. amphicedalis.

2. Discal space before second line fuscous -. murcalis.

Semioceros anphicedalis, Walk.

Salbia amphicedalis, Walk., 368.

4, 22 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax rather dark fuscous,

thorax mixed with whitish posteriorly, palpi with lower half white.

Antenne whitish, annulated with fuscous. Abdomen fuscous,

mixed with white, with a suffused white basal band. Legs whitish,

anterior tibie and tarsi, and middle tarsi dark fuscous, apex of

joints whitish. Fore wings moderate, triangular, costa slightly

sinuate, gently arched towards apex, apex tolerably rectangular,

hind margin obliquely rounded; grey-whitish, with purple re-

flections, towards inner margin ochreous-tinged ; costa with about

six small dark fuscous spots; a rather dark fuscous suffusion

of the Australian Pyralidina. 319

along costa from base to three-fifths; a suffused fuscous basal

patch ; a small round dark fuscous pale-centred spot in disc at

one-third, a similar spot below it, and a curved-oblong similar

discal spot ; second line dark fuscous, from four-fifths of costa to

two-thirds of inner margin, waved, middle third abruptly curved

outwards; a broad fuscous hind marginal band, extending almost

to second line; cilia grey, basal third whitish barred with dark

fuscous, with a rather large white spot at anal angle. Hind wings

with ground colour, second line, and hind-marginal band as in fore

wings; a dark fuscous discal spot; cilia white, basal third barred

with dark grey.

I have not seen the type of this species; it is the

only one of Walker’s which I have identified from the

description alone, but I believe it is correct.

Duaringa, Queensland; one specimen received from

Mr. G. Barnard.

Semioceros murcalis, Walk.

Nacoleia murcalis (murcusalis), Walk., 985 ; Isopteryx

sordidalis, ib., Suppl., 1817; Botys hypsidesalis,

ib., 1006.

3, 2,16—21 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen

brownish ochreous mixed with dark fuscous; palpi snow-white on

lower half. Legs whitish ochreous, anterior tibie dark fuscous

towards apex. Fore wings moderate, triangular, costa slightly

sinuate, moderately arched towards apex, apex round-pointed,

hind margin sinuate, rather strongly oblique ; brownish ochreous,

irrorated with dark fuscous; lines rather thick, conspicuous, dark

fuscous; first line irregular, from one-fifth of costa to one-third of

inner margin; second from three-fourths of costa to three-fifths of

inner margin, irregularly dentate, sharply angulated inwards at

two-thirds to beneath discal spot, followed by an ochreous-whitish

line, angulation filled with a dark fuscous suffusion ; a subquadrate

discal spot, not darker than ground colour, but laterally dark-

margined, and a smaller similar spot in disc before middle, the

space between these forming a conspicuous white spot; a more

suffused white spot beyond discal spot, and a whitish mark before

first spot; a row of crescentic dark fuscous spots on hind margin ;

cilia whitish ochreous, with a dark fuscous line at one-third,

terminal portion grey, a subquadrate white spot at anal angle.

Hind wings with ground colour and markings as in fore wings, but

apex suffused with dark fuscous, first line and first discal spot

obsolete, costa suffused with whitish ; cilia white, with a dark grey

line at one-third,

320 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

Duaringa and Toowoomba, Queensland ; Sydney, New

South Wales; Launceston and Deloraine, Tasmania ;

common, in September, November, and March; almost

certainly attached to Acacia decurrens.

Semioceros chrysorycta, n. 8.

3, 2, 14—16 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen,

and legs pale ochreous-yellow; a small dark fuscous spot on

shoulder ; two dark fuscous rings on abdomen before middle, and

a band near apex ; anterior tibiz dark fuscous towards apex. Fore

wings moderate, triangular, costa sinuate, moderately arched

towards apex, apex almost rectangular, hind margin obliquely

rounded ; light ochreous-yellow, markings dark fuscous; an inter-

rupted line almost at base, and a spot on costa near base; an

8-shaped yellow-centred mark in disc at one-third, connected with

inner margin at one-third by a straight line; a suboval yellow-

centred discal spot; a line from three-fourths of costa to two-

thirds of inner margin, sinuate inwards towards costa, sharply

angulated inwards to below discal spot; a narrow streak along

hind margin, forming a triangular spot above middle, and another

at anal angle touching angulation of second line; cilia white, with

a dark grey line at one-third. Hind wings with ground colour and

hind-marginal markings as in fore wings; two dark fuscous lines

at one-third and two-thirds, first straight, second irregular ; cilia

as in fore wings.

Lederer’s gratalis is very similar to this species, but

has a broader dark hind-marginal border, not forming

distinct spots above middle and at anal angle.

Duaringa, Queensland; sent commonly by Mr. G.

Barnard.

APHYTOCEROS, 0. g.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present, but concealed with

scales. Tongue well developed. Antenne three-fourths of fore

wings, in male stout, filiform, quite simple, naked. Labial palpi

moderate, straight, porrected, triangularly scaled, terminal joint

concealed. Maxillary palpi short, dilated with loose scales towards

apex. Thorax densely hairy beneath between 1st and 8rd pair of

legs. Anterior tibie with joints dilated with rough scales at apex ;

posterior tibize with outer spurs less than half inner. Abdomen

moderately elongate, very stout, in male with scanty anal tuft ;

valves exserted. Fore wings with veins 6 and 7 from a point, 11

moderately long and oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore wings ;

of the Australian Pyralidina. 321

lower angle of cell produced; 8 tolerably near 4, 4 and 5 from a

point, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third.

Rather a peculiar type, and perhaps of South American

affinity.

Aphytoceros lucalis, Walk.

Botys lucalis (lucusalis), Walk., 722; B. histrionals,

fd. pla ix, 1S.

Sydney, New South Wales; two specimens taken on

lamps in December and January.

Gopara, Walk., Ld.

I have not the specimens of this genus to hand, and

cannot at present add anything to the characters given

by Lederer.

Godara comalis, Gn.

Pionea comalis, Gn., 368.

Duaringa, Queensland; several specimens received

from Mr. G. Barnard. Also occurs in India.

Borys, Tr.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed,

Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in male filiform, ciliated with

tufts of cilia (14) or evenly (j—+), sometimes pubescent or rough-

sealed above. Labial palpi moderate, straight, porrected, triangu-

larly scaled, terminal joint tolerably concealed. Maxillary palpi

moderate or short, filiform. Posterior tibiz with outer middle-

spur one-fourth to one-half, outer end-spur one-half of inner, or all

long and equal. Abdomen moderate, in male with slender anal

tuft; valves tolerably retracted (in salentialis exserted?). Fore

wings with vein 11 moderately long and oblique. Hind wings

somewhat broader than fore wings; 3, 4, 5 approximated at base,

7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to near middle.

The genus as thus restricted is probably quite wide

enough ; it may bear further subdivision on the basis of

the differences in the spurs of the posterior tibiz, as in

the two main sections given below.

a. Wings greyish fuscous .. a5 me ye .. pheopteralis.

b. ,, Oochreous-whitish < : ot .. incoloralis.

G » yellowish.

1. Hind wings without distinct lines a .. salentialis.

322 Mr. H. Meyrick on the classification

2. Hind wings with distinct lines.

i. Second line of fore lea from three-fifths of

costa equalis.

ii. Second line of fore ene ion near ines fourths

of costa 39 : os -» abruptalis.

A. Posterior tibiee with outer spurs not more than

half inuer.

a. Antenne of male evenly ciliated (4—3).

Botys salentialis, Snell.

Botys salentialis, Snell., Tijd. v. Ent., 1880, 207 ; ib.,

1868, pl. vii., 1.

As noticed by Snellen, the description of Guenée’s

Botys furnacalis comes very near this, but he distinctly

states the middle tibie of the male to contain a long

pencil of hairs, which is not the case in this species ; I

have not been able to identify Guenée’s species, which

he gives as Australian.

Sydney, New South Wales ; three specimens on lamps

in February. Also from Celebes and Java.

Botys incoloralis, Gn.

Rae incoloralis, Gn., 882; B. melonalis, Walk., 702 ;

Spilodes nitetisalis, ib., 773; S. dasconalis, ib.,

773 (nec Ld.) ; Botys albidalis, ib., Suppl., 1411;

B. ruficostalis, Ld., Verh. z. b. G. Wien, 1855,

217%, pl. U., 4.

I have seen a specimen of Lederer’s rujficostalis,

probably authentic, in Zeller’s collection ; it is certainly

this species. Lederer’s identification of Walker’s dasco-

nalis is quite erroneous, according to his figure; I am

not aware that this species occurs in North America.

Duaringa, Queensland ; two specimens received from

Mr. G. Barnard. Also occurs in Celebes, Java, India,

and West Africa.

b. Antenne of male ciliated with tufts of cilia (13).

Botys pheopteralis, Gn.

Botys pheopteralis, Gn., 840; B. otreusalis, Walk.,

6387; B. triarialis, ib., 689; B. neloalis, ib., 648 ;

B. abstrusalis, ib., 668; B. pharaxalis, ib., 725;

B. immundalis, ib., Suppl., 1448.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 323

Specimens of this species in Zeller’s collection are

labelled pheopteralis, Gn., and are probably authentic.

Duaringa, Queensland ; Sydney, New South Wales, in

January; several specimens. Also occurs in Java,

Formosa, China, Ceylon, Mauritius, West Africa, and

South America.

Botys abruptalis, Walk.

Asopia abruptalis, Walk., 871; A. dotatalis, ib., Suppl.,

1305; A. suffectalis, ib., Suppl., 1807; Botys

jucundalis, Ld., 468, pl. viil., 17.

Duaringa, Queensland ; one specimen sent by Mr. G.

Barnard. Also occurs in Ceylon, India, and West Africa.

B. Posterior tibiee with spurs all nearly equal.

Botys equalis, Ld.

Botys equalis, Ld., 468, pl. x., 3.

_Duaringa, Queensland ; three specimens received from

Mr. G. Barnard. Also occurs in India.

ATELOCENTRA, N. 2.

Forehead flat, somewhat oblique. Ocelli present. Tongue well

developed. Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in male thick,

filiform, evenly ciliated (3), with whorls of scales at joints. Labial

palpi long, straight, porrected, elongate-triangularly scaled, ter-

minal joint moderate, lying in scales of second. Maxillary palpi

moderate, dilated with loose scales towards apex. Posterior tibiz

with both outer spurs in male rudimentary, almost obsolete.

Abdomen moderate, in male with short anal tuft; valves retracted.

Fore wings with vein 11 long, very oblique. Hind wings somewhat

narrower than fore wings; 3, 4, 5 tolerably approximated at base ;

7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to beyond middle.

Distinguished by the obsolescence of both outer spurs

in male.

Atelocentra chloraspis, un. 8.

3S, 18 mm. Head and antenne fuscous. Palpi rather dark

ochreous-fuscous, white towards base beneath. Thorax ochreous-

brown. Abdomen reddish ochreous. Legs snow-white, anterior

tibie dark grey towards apex. Fore wings short, rather broad,

triangular, costa at first straight, towards apex moderately arched,

apex rectangular, hind margin slightly oblique, straight, rounded

824 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

beneath; ochreous-brown, irrorated, especially towards base, with

dark reddish fuscous scales, which are metallic-blue in some lights ;

first line indicated on inner margin at two-fifths; a very large

light brassy yellow costal blotch, dark-margined, extending on

costa from one-fourth to three-fifths, reaching towards anal angle

more than half across wing, margins irregularly rounded, with a

small indentation in middle of lower margin, beneath which is a

pale yellow dot; within this blotch are two very small round

ochreous dark-margined spots towards costa, two small dark

fuscous dots towards lower margin, and a few dark scales in

middle; an outwards-curved dark fuscous line from costa at five-

sixths to close before hind margin below middle, followed by a row

of five small light brassy yellow spots, the three lowest mostly

suffused with reddish ochreous; costa towards apex paler; hind

margin dark reddish fuscous, except a pale interrupted marginal

line; cilia grey, with a blackish basal line. Hind wings brownish

ochreous, becoming very much paler towards costa and inner

margin; a pale brassy yellow central dot, surrounded by dark

fuscous scales; an obscure dentate dark fuscous line towards hind

margin; cilia as in fore wings, becoming much paler towards anal

angle.

A beautiful and conspicuous species, certainly with

some perceptible affinity to the European sambucalis,

S. V. (which, however, has the outer end-spur de-

veloped).

Fernshaw, Victoria; one fine specimen in November,

taken in swampy forest.

Scopuna, Sehrk.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male rather stout, filiform,

evenly ciliated ({—}), rough-sealed above. Labial palpi rather

long, straight, porrected, elongate-triangularly scaled, terminal

joint concealed. Maxillary palpi moderate, dilated with loose

scales towards apex. Posterior tibie with outer middle-spur in

male obsolete, in female half inner, outer end-spur one-half to

three-fourths of inner. Abdomen moderate, in male with mode-

rate loose anal tuft; valves exserted. Fore wings with vein 11

moderately long, oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore wings; 8

rather remote, 4 and 5 closely approximated towards base, 7 out of

6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to near middle.

This genus differs from all others of the family repre-

sented in Australia in having the outer middle-spur of

of the Australian Pyralidina. 325

the male obsolete, whilst all the rest are as usual. In

Europe there are very many species thus characterised,

and they undoubtedly form a connected group, but are

not necessarily to be included in a single genus; on

this point I need express no opinion at present. Some

at least, however (prunalis, Schiff., olivalis, 8. V., ferru-

galis, Hb., &c.), agree exactly with the characters given

above, and I have therefore redefined the genus Scopula

as adopted by Guenée to contain them.

Scopula dicealis, Walk.

Scopula dicealis, Walk., 792.

3S, 2, 20—22 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax pale

greyish ochreous; palpi suffused with fuscous on sides, beneath

white. Abdomen pale greyish ochreous irrorated with fuscous,

segmental margins whitish. Legs ochreous-whitish, anterior tibize

fuscous. Fore wings broadly triangular, costa moderately arched

on posterior half, apex rectangular, hind margin obliquely rounded,

slightly sinuate beneath apex; pale greyish ochreous, irrorated

with rather dark fuscous; lines distinct, dark fuscous; first from

before one-fourth of costa to two-fifths of inner margin, obtusely

bent in middle; second from three-fourths of costa to before two-

thirds of inner margin, obscurely subdentate, moderately curved

outwards from a little beneath costa to beneath discal spot, thence

straight; discal spots pale, of the ground colour, margined with

dark fuscous; first longitudinally oval; second 8-shaped ; a row of

dark fuscous hind marginal dots; cilia pale greyish ochreous, with

two obscure dark fuscous lines. Hind wings pale greyish ochreous,

irrorated with dark fuscous, becoming more whitish towards base ;

discal spot small, dark grey, and a fainter similar one before it; a

cloudy dark grey rather irregular curved line at three-fourths; apex

sometimes suffused with fuscous; a row of dark fuscous hind

marginal dots; cilia ochreous-whitish, with two dark fuscous

lines.

Closely allied and very similar to the European S.

prunalis, Schiff., but paler and more ochreous-tinged.

Larva pale green, feeding on nettle (Urtica), in

March.

Fish River Caves, New South Wales ; common on the

limestone hills amongst its food-plant in April.

326 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

Mecyna, Gn. (nec Steph.).

Forehead flat, somewhat oblique. Ocelli present. Tongue well

developed. Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male filiform,

tolerably evenly ciliated (3). Labial palpi long, straight, porrected,

triangularly scaled, terminal joint moderately long, lying in scales

of second. Maxillary palpi moderate, dilated with scales towards

apex, obliquely truncate. Middle tibie in male broadly and flatly

dilated, with a groove on inner side, generally containing a large

exsertible tuft of woolly hairs; posterior tibis with outer spurs

half inner. Abdomen moderate, in male with moderate anal tuft;

valves exserted. Fore wings with vein 11 moderate, rather oblique.

Hind wings somewhat broader than fore wings; 3, 4, 5 approxi-

mated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to

one-half.

Characterised by the triangularly dilated maxillary

palpi, and the grooved middle tibie of male. I find it

impossible at present to speak accurately about the

species of this genus, which vary locally in colour, and

require to be distinguished structurally. I cannot

assert that there are others.

a. Middle tibie of male containing a very large tuft of

“hairs .. 45 ve polygonalis.

b. Middle tibiw of male without tuft .. ae -. deprivalis.

Mecyna polygonalis, Hb.

Pyralis polygonalis, Hb.; Mecyna ornithopteralis, Gnu.,

411,

The Australian form described by Guenée as orni-

thopteralis only differs from the European in the some-

what broader and more extended dark border of the

hind wings. Guenée’s figure is exaggerated. I have

not been able to examine properly the European form,

but believe there is no structural difference. Probably

some of the other species described by Guenée are

merely local modifications of this also.

Larva in Australia on various Leguminose (Temple-

tonia, &c.), in October and November. The following is

a description of the Australian larva, which may be

compared with that of other forms :—EHlongate, cylin-

drical, somewhat tapering towards both ends, with very

long scattered whitish hairs; yellowish green; a broad

fuscous lateral stripe, containing three large irregular

of the Australian Pyralidina. 327

nearly confluent black raised spots on each segment,

each spot marked with a white dot on upper and lower

margins; beneath these an irregular oval ochreous-

reddish spot on each segment from 5th to 12th; sub-

spiracular line slender, white, towards segmental divi-

sions yellow, marked with an oblique black bar beneath

each spiracle ; spots beneath subspiracular large, black ;

head black, mouth yellowish; 2nd segment black, with

slender dorsal and subdorsal white lines; 12th and anal

segments black above, with irregular whitish dorsal

spots.

Toowoomba and Duaringa, Queensland ; Sydney and

Blackheath (3500 feet), New South Wales; Fernshaw

and Melbourne, Victoria ; Hobart, Tasmania ; Adelaide,

Quorn, and Port Lincoln, South Australia; generally

common, from September to December, and in March.

Also from Southern Europe.

Mecyna deprivalis, Walk.

“Mecyna deprivalis, Walk., 806 ; Botys maorialis, Feld.,

CXxxly., 34.

Smaller, darker, and more suffused than the pre-

ceding. I have only been able to dissect one male, but

could find no trace of the large tuft of hairs so con-

spicuous in the preceding species.

Auckland, Wanganui, and Christchurch, New Zealand;

rather common, in January and March. Also occurs in

Ceylon; I believe this form is also found in South

Kurope.

Larva in New Zealand on Sophora tetraptera (Legu-

minose@) ; it differs from the preceding, but I have not a

complete description.

MYRIOSTEPHES, 0. g.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in male filiform, with whorls

of rough scales at joints, evenly ciliated (4). Labial palpi mode-

rately long, straight, porrected, triangularly scaled, terminal joint

somewhat pencil-form, partially concealed. Maxillary palpi mode-

rate, dilated with rough scales towards apex. Posterior tibize with

outer middle-spur in male one-fifth, in female one-half of inner,

outer end-spur two-thirds of inner. Abdomen moderate, in male

328 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

with moderate anal tuft; valves exserted. Fore wings with vein

11 moderately long, oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore wings;

3 moderately remote, 4 and 5 approximated at base; 7 out of 6

near origin, anastomosing with 8 to middle.

Differs from Botys especially by the dilated maxillary

palpi.

Myriostephes matura, nu. 8.

3, 2,11—14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-yellow ;

palpi externally fuscous-tinged, beneath white. Antenne ochreous,

spotted with dark fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-yellow, paler

posteriorly. Legs pale grey, anterior tibia darker. Fore wings

moderate, triangular, costa faintly sinuate in middle, arched

towards apex, apex tolerably acute, hind margin sinuate beneath

apex, obliquely rounded; ochreous-yellow, often shading into

brownish ochreous posteriorly ; costal edge dark fuscous from base

to beyond middle, thence yellowish white to four-fifths; limes

ochreous-fuscous, faintly subdentate ; first from one-fourth of costa

to one-third of inner margin, slightly curved ; second from a small

blackish spot at two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin,

gently curved to below middle, then shortly broken inwards; discal

spot transversely linear, obscure, ochreous-fuscous; a blackish

fuscous hind marginal line; cilia white, with a strong sharply

marked blackish line at one-third. Hind wings yellow ochreous,

posteriorly suffused with fuscous, in female broadly suffused with

rather dark fuscous; a faint discal spot; second line, hind-

marginal line, and cilia as in fore wings.

Sydney, New South Wales; common amongst dry

scrub, in November, December, and March.

MNESICTENA, N. g.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in male filiform, evenly

ciliated (1—4), or biciliated (1) (notata), rough-scaled above.

Labial palpi moderate or long, straight, porrected, triangularly

scaled, terminal joint somewhat pencil-form, partially concealed.

Maxillary palpi moderate, dilated with rough scales towards apex.

Posterior tibiz with outer middle-spurs one-half, outer end-spurs

two-thirds of inner. Abdomen moderate, in male with short anal

tuft; valves exserted. Fore wings with vein 11 moderately long,

oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore wings; 8 moderately

remote, 4 and 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin,

anastomosing with 8 to two-fifths. Hind wings with lower median

loosely and thinly pectinated towards base.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 329

Distinguished from its nearest allies by the pectination

of the lower median of hind wings; this character is,

however, much less marked than in the Crambide.

Besides the three New Zealand species (all endemic), I

have very little doubt that Scopula amitina, Butler (of

which S. cinerea, Butler, is clearly a mere variety), from

Chili, belongs to this genus; I have seen the types, but

have not been able to examine their structure; they

are, however, closely allied specifically to Mnesictena

marmarina and M. flavidalis.

a. Fore wings with a clear white spot in disc.

1. Hind wings with a distinct lme .. XC -. marmarina.

2 *; without 5 Rc yi .. notata.

b. Fore wings without white spots ae Ec .. flavidalis.

Mnesictena marmarina, 0. 8.

3, 2, 20—28 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax varying

from ochreous to grey; palpi externally suffused with dark grey,

beneath white. Abdomen varying from yellowish to grey. Legs

ochreous-whitish, anterior pair suffused with grey. Fore wings

broadly triangular, costa moderately arched on posterior half, apex

obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded ; yellowish ochreous, irro-

rated with grey, sometimes wholly suffused with grey; lines

slightly dentate, dark grey; first from one-fifth of costa to one-

third of inner margin, obtusely bent in disc; second from four-

fifths of costa to three-fourths of inner margin, externally margined

with paler, between two-thirds and four-fifths strongly curved

inwards to beneath discal spot; a tolerably round white spot in

disc above middle, preceded and followed by subquadrate darker grey

shades; apical half of costa pale, with four dark grey spots; arow

of minute dark grey dots on hind margin ; cilia grey, tips ochreous-

whitish. Hind wings yellowish, irrorated with grey, sometimes

mostly suffused with pale grey; two small round dark fuscous

spots placed one obliquely above and before the other in disc; a

dark grey line at three-fourths, sinuate inwards beneath costa, and

sending a curve inwards beneath discal spot ; a grey hind marginal

band, obsolete towards anal angle, broader and darker at apex;

hind marginal dots and cilia as in fore wings.

Near M. flavidalis, but larger and much greyer;

always distinguished by the clear white spot in disc.

Palmerston, Christchurch, and Dunedin, New Zealand ;

several specimens in December, January, and March.

330 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

Mnesictena flavidalis, Dbld.

Margaritia flavidalis, Dbld., Dieff. N. Z., i., 287;

M. quadralis, ib., 288 ; Scopula dipsasalis, Walk.,

796; Botys otagalis, Feld., exxxiv., 35.

Variable in brightness and depth of colouring.

Auckland, Taranaki, Napier, Wellington, Christchurch,

and Dunedin, New Zealand; probably generally abundant

throughout the North and South Islands, from January

to March.

Mnesictena notata, Butl.

Scopula notata, Butl., Cist. Ent., 1., 4938.

Arthur’s Pass (8000 feet) and Dunedin, New Zealand ;

a local species; several specimens in January.

NESARCHA, 0. g.

Forehead flat, oblique. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male rather stout, filiform,

evenly ciliated (4), rough-scaled above. Labial palpi very long,

straight, porrected, 2nd joint with dense evenly projecting scales

beneath, terminal joint rather long, exposed, with shorter pro-

jecting scales beneath. Maxillary palpi moderate, dilated with

loose scales towards apex. Posterior tibiz with outer middle-spur

in male one-sixth, in female one-half, outer end-spur in male one-

third, in female one-half of inner. Abdomen elongate, in male

with moderate anal tuft; valves exserted. Fore wings with vein

11 moderately long, oblique. Hind wings hardly broader than

fore wings; 3 remote, 4and 5 somewhat approximated at base,

7 out of 6 rather near origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-half.

Of doubtful affinity, but I think there is a relationship

with Mnesictena ; the form of wing is peculiar, but can-

not be regarded as generic.

Nesarcha hybreadalis, Walk.

Scopula hybreadalis (hybreasalis), Walk., 797 ; Scopula

paronalis, ib., 797; Adena xanthialis, ib., Cr.,

198.

3, 2, 24-31 mm. MHead and thorax varying from light

ochreous to fuscous, white at base beneath. Antenne ochreous,

spotted with dark fuscous above. Abdomen whitish ochreous,

of the Australian Pyralidina. 331

towards apex sometimes suffused with fuscous. Legs whitish

ochreous, anterior tibie fuscous. Fore wings moderately broad,

triangular, costa at first slightly, on posterior half strongly arched,

apex almost acute, hind margin with upper half excavated, lower

half sinuate, so that there is formed a blunt rounded median pro-

jection ; varying from light yellow ochreous or reddish ochreous to

rather dark fuscous, often with these colours irregularly mixed and

suffused, sometimes slightly purplish-tinged; lines tolerably dis-

tinct, dark fuscous; first from one-fourth of costa to one-third of

inner margin, dilated beneath; second from three-fourths of costa

to two-thirds of inner margin, tolerably parallel to hind margin,

irregularly subdentate ; sometimes a small pale ochreous-margined

spot before first line beneath costa; a triangular white spot on

middle of costa, its apex cut off by a pale ochreous streak, some-

times partially or wholly obsolete; a very small white spot on

costa at two-thirds; second line preceded on costal third by three

or four partially confluent variable small white spots, sometimes

wholly obsolete; cilia greyish ochreous mixed with fuscous, with

two dark fuscous lines. Hind wings sinuate below apex; pale

yellow ochreous; a grey discal dot, and sometimes a second beyond

it; generally a grey line about two-thirds, tolerably parallel to

hind margin; sometimes hind margin more or less suffused with

dark grey; cilia as in fore wings.

A very variable species, of peculiar appearance.

Auckland, Palmerston, Christchurch, and Dunedin,

New Zealand; common in December, January, and

March.

METALLARCHA, 0. g.

Forehead with an obtuse truncate-conical or elongate flattened

projection. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed. Antenne

three-fourths of fore wings, in male filiform, slender, evenly

ciliated (3—3). Labial palpi moderate, straight, porrected, 2nd

joint with long projecting scales beneath, terminal joint concealed.

Maxillary palpi moderate, filiform. Posterior tibia with outer

middle-spurs one-third to one-half, outer end-spurs one-half of

inner. Abdomen elongate, in male with short anal tuft; valves

retracted. Fore wings with vein 11 moderate, rather oblique.

Hind wings as broad as fore wings; 38, 4, 5 somewhat approxi-

mated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to before

middle.

A genus of beautiful species, distinguished from

Eurycreon by the retracted valves and filiform maxillary

palpi, but otherwise very closely allied.

332 Mr. EK. Meyrick on the classification

a. Hind wings with apex yellow .. ‘a ie .. eurychrysa.

b. i is », dark fuscous.

1. Fore wings with large triangular dark- eee

orange patch from costa .. 5c .. calliaspis.

2. Fore wings with three orange or yellow Blctoten:

a. Central blotch very broad .. oi ac -. achoealis.

: 9 » fascia-like.

i. Central blotch straight .. ays .. diplochrysa.

ii. +5 », bent over posteriorly at aes +. epichrysa.

A. Frontal projection long, flattened, terminal edge

somewhat excavated.

Metallarcha calliaspis, n. 8.

3, @,17—21 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen reddish

ochreous-yellow; palpi externally dark fuscous on upper half;

shoulders and a central spot of thorax dark fuscous. Antenne

dark fuscous. Legs dark fuscous, tarsal joints yellowish at base,

middle and posterior tibiz yellowish. Fore wings moderate,

triangular, costa faintly sinuate, arched towards apex, apex

tolerably rounded, hind margin obliquely rounded; light greyish

ochreous; a reddish ochreous-yellow spot at base of inner margin ;

a large blackish triangular blotch, irrorated with whitish grey,

extending on costa from about one-third to five-sixths, its apex

reaching nearly or quite to inner margin at two-thirds, sometimes

truncate; this blotch connected with base by a tolerably broad

streak along costa; within the blotch are three irregular orange or

reddish spots, placed in a triangle, and occupying nearly the whole

of the blotch; a blackish hind-marginal band, suffused anteriorly

into ground colour; a few blackish scales along inner margin;

cilia dark shining grey, with a basal ochreous-whitish line followed

by a blackish line. Hind wings reddish ochreous-yellow; a

blackish discal dot, sometimes obsolete ; a well-defined broad dark

fuscous hind marginal band, attenuated and disappearing before

anal angle; cilia as in fore wings.

Variable to some extent, but very distinct.

Petersburg and Port Lincoln, South Australia ;

tolerably common in October and November, frequenting

Beyeria opaca (ELuphorhiacee).

B. Frontal projection truncate-conical.

Metallarcha diplochrysa, n.s.

3S, 2, 16—19 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen deep

ochreous-yellow; sides of face, upper half of palpi externally,

shoulders and a central spot of thorax, dark fuscous; abdomen

of the Australian Pyralidina. 833

with 2nd, 3rd, and 7th segments, lateral and posterior margins of

intermediate segments, and a spot on 8th, dark fuscous. Antenne

grey. Legs dark fuscous, tarsal joints towards base and posterior

tibiz ochreous-whitish. Fore wings moderate, triangular, costa

faintly sinuate, arched posteriorly, apex tolerably rounded, hind

margin obliquely rounded, very faintly sinuate below apex; dark

fuscous, more or less mixed with greyish ochreous; markings deep

ochreous-yellow, sometimes reddish-tinged; a rather large basal

blotch, not reaching costa, sometimes suffused with ground colour

towards inner margin ; a moderately broad rather irregular fascia

extending from beneath costa before middle to middle of inner

margin, generally truncate above, edged with blackish; a similar

fascia from costa at three-fourths, reaching towards anal angle

three-fourths across wing, posterior edge sinuate inwards in disc;

sometimes a yellow suffusion on costa before apex and on lower

part of hind margin: a blackish hind-marginal line; cilia dark

glossy grey, with a white basal line, followed by a black line.

Hind wings deep ochreous-yellow, sometimes reddish-tinged; a

small blackish discal spot; a broad blackish hind-marginal band,

contracted in middle, and lower half much narrower; cilia as in

fore wings.

Varies in depth and colouring.

Petersburg, Port Lincoln, and coast near Mount

Gambier, South Australia; common in October and

November, frequenting Beyeria opaca.

Metallarcha epichrysa, n. 8.

3, 9, 14—22 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax bright yellow;

upper half of palpi externally, and shoulders dark fuscous. Antenne

yellowish. Abdomen light ochreous-yellow. Legs deep ochreous-

yellow, anterior pair suffused with blackish above. Fore wings

moderate or rather elongate, triangular, costa faintly sinuate,

moderately arched posteriorly, apex tolerably rounded, hind

margin oblique, slightly rounded; very pale bluish grey, finely

irrorated with black; markings bright yellow; a triangular blotch

extending on inner margin from base to two-fifths, upper side near

and tolerably parallel to costa; a rather broad direct fascia from

middle of inner margin, its upper extremity bent over posteriorly

and truncate, not reaching costa; a narrower fascia from three-

fourths of costa to near inner margin before anal angle; cilia

bright yellow, apical third rather dark shining grey. Hind wings

light ochreous-yellow; sometimes a cloudy fuscous discal spot,

generally absent; a fuscous hind-marginal band, its inner edge

proceeding from two-thirds of costa almost to hind margin in

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PART III. (oCT.) 4Z

334 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

middle, thence rectangularly bent and running to middle of inner

margin, lower half of band suffused with ground colour except on

inner edge ; cilia ochreous-yellow, tips paler.

A very elegant species, variable in size.

Quorn and Petersburg, South Australia; common in

October, appearing to frequent Dodonea lobulata.

Metallarcha eurychrysa, nu. 8.

3,22 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs

light ochreous-yellow; palpi somewhat mixed with dark fuscous

above; antenne spotted with dark fuscous; shoulders and a small

central spot of thorax dark fuscous; anterior legs suffused with

dark fuscous. Fore wings moderate, triangular, costa faintly

sinuate, somewhat arched posteriorly, apex tolerably rounded, hind

margin obliquely rounded; pale yellow; markings dark fuscous ;

a rather narrow streak along costa throughout, attenuated to a fine

line posteriorly; a somewhat bent narrow fascia at one-third,

dilated on costa; a broader fascia from two-thirds of costa to

before anal angle, twice slightly sinuate; a rather narrow hind-

marginal band, attenuated to a point at anal angle, anterior edge

dentate, posterior marked with small triangular ochreous-yellow

spots; cilia pale yellow, tips greenish. Hind wings pale ochreous-

yellow; a fuscous-grey attenuated streak from costa at three-

fourths to hind margin below middle, thence abruptly bent and

continued very obscurely and almost obsoletely to middle of inner

margin ; cilia pale ochreous-yellow.

The hind-marginal band of the hind wings is only

visible on its anterior edge.

Ardrossan, South Australia; February and April; a

Specimen received from the Adelaide Museum, which

possesses a second.

Metallarcha achealis, Walk.

Botys achealis (acheusalis), Walk., 1007.

I have not obtained this species for description. The

markings of the fore wings are much as in M. eurychrysa,

but the pale yellow is replaced by deep orange ; the hind

wings are deep orange, with a dark fuscous hind-mar-

ginal band. Although I have not examined the structure,

the species is probably referable here, and is conspicu-

ously distinct.

Several specimens from Eastern Australia in the

British Museum.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 335

PROTER@CA, N. g.

Forehead with a short rounded projection. Ocelli present.

Tongue well developed. Antennx three-fourths of fore wings, in

male filiform, biciliated with tufts of cilia (13). Labial palpi

moderately long, tolerably straight, porrected, 2nd joint with rough

projecting scales above and beneath, terminal joint somewhat

pencil-form, partially concealed. Maxillary palpi moderate, slender,

filiform, apex somewhat pencil-form. Posterior tibie with outer

middle-spur somewhat more than half, outer end-spur nearly equal

to inner. Abdomen elongate, in male with moderate anal tuft;

valves exserted. Fore wings with vein 11 moderately long, rather

oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore wings; 8, 4, 5 approxi-

mated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to two-

fifths.

Apparently related to Hurycreon, but the frontal pro-

jection is less developed, the antenne much more strongly

ciliated, the maxillary palpi not terminally expanded.

Protereca comastis, n. 8.

3, 2, 11—13 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdo-

men brownish ochreous, more or less irrorated coarsely with

blackish; palpi white beneath. Legs ochreous-whitish, anterior

and middle tibiz irrorated with blackish above. Fore wings elon-

gate-triangular, costa sinuate, slightly arched posteriorly, apex

round-pointed, hind margin very obliquely rounded; ochreous-

whitish, suffused with reddish ochreous except in disc ; generally a

dense blackish irroration (especially in male) forming a basal patch

and broad fascie following first and second lines, the last fascia

separated from second line on costa by a pale spot ; lines blackish,

rather thick; first at one-third, slightly curved; second from three-

fourths of costa to three-fifths of inner margin, sinuate inwards

below middle ; an irregular dark fuscous discal spot; cilia ochreous-

whitish, base more ochreous, with two dark grey lines, first

interrupted. Hind wings ochreous-orange, with some scattered

black scales anteriorly; a blackish line beyond middle, sinuate

inwards below costa, angulated below middle; a blackish hind-

marginal band, very narrow on lower half, gradually dilated on

upper half; cilia grey-whitish, basal half blackish.

Evrycreon, Ld.

Forehead with an obtuse rounded or conical projection. Ocelli

present. Tongue well developed. Antenne three-fourths of fore

wings, in male filiform, evenly ciliated (;—%). Labial palpi

336 Mr. EK. Meyrick on the classification

moderate, straight, porrected, 2nd joint with long projecting scales

beneath, terminal joint concealed. Maxillary palpi moderate or

rather long, expanded with loose scales towards apex. Posterior

tibiz with outer spurs one-half to three-fourths of inner. Abdomen

elongate, slender, in male with moderately long anal tuft; valves

exserted. Fore wings with vein 11 moderately long, oblique.

Hind wings as broad as fore wings; 3, 4, 5 somewhat approximated

at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third to

two-fifths.

The genus as here restricted is probably well repre-

sented in Australia by indigenous species.

a. Hind wings yellow.

1. Hind wings with a dark fuscous hind-marginal band _beatalis.

Qs oe > Without 30 5 3 4 ptoalis.

b. Hind wings not yellow.

1. Second line of fore wings nearly straight .. -. massalis.

2. _ - i not nearly straight.

a. First line of fore wings obsolete .. Be -. familiaris.

, es < 5 tolerably distinct.

i. Cilia barred with light and dark 5 +. capnochroa.

ii. 5, notbarred .. a 50 Sc e. xenogama.

Eurycreon ptoalis, Walk.

Botys ptoalis (ptousalis), Walk., 728; Osiriaca inturhi-

dalis, ib., Suppl., 1498.

I have not been able to obtain specimens for descrip-

tion, but the species is obviously nearly allied to H.

familiaris, and probably correctly referable here. It is

very similar to H. familiaris, but considerably larger

and with ochreous-yellow hind wings.

Eastern Australia.

Eurycreon familiaris, n. 8.

3, 2,15—16 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen pale

brownish ochreous, shoulders darker. Palpi dark fuscous, lower

half white. Legs white, anterior pair suffused with dark fuscous

above. Fore wings moderate, triangular, costa almost straight,

somewhat arched towards apex, apex rounded, hind margin

obliquely rounded; light ochreous-brownish, costa somewhat

darker ; a very small blackish spot on costa at four-fifths; some-

times some scattered dark fuscous scales forming an ill-defined line

from this to two-thirds of inner margin, middle third curved out-

wards, but these are often wholly absent; some obscure dark

of the Australian Pyralidina. 337

fuscous hind-marginal dots; cilia whitish, with a blackish line at

one-third. Hind wings light ochreous irregularly suffused with

grey, with a faint darker line as in fore wings; hind-marginal dots

and cilia as in fore wings, dark line of cilia interrupted.

The single Tasmanian specimen is greyer than those

from Sydney.

Sydney, New South Wales; Deloraine, Tasmania ;

several specimens in November, December, and February.

Eurycreon xenogama, 0. s.

3,18—19mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-

whitish, suffused with light fuscous. Palpi externally dark fuscous,

lower half white. Legs whitish, anterior pair and middle tarsi

suffused with dark fuscous except at apex of joints. Fore wings

elongate-triangular, narrow at base, costa sinuate, posteriorly

moderately arched, apex rounded, hind margin obliquely rounded ;

ochreous-whitish irrorated with fuscous, so as to appear pale

fuscous ; lines slender, ill-defined, dark fuscous, rather irregular ;

first from one-fifth of costa to one-fourth of inner margin, slightly

curved; second from three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner

margin, rather indented in middle, abruptly bent back from above

anal angle to beneath discal spot; a round slightly paler spot in

disc before middle, fuscous-margined, and a subquadrate similar

discal spot, space between them paler; a row of cloudy dark

fuscous dots on hind margin; cilia ochreous-whitish, with an in-

terrupted dark grey line at one-third, and a cloudy grey line at

two-thirds. Hind wings ochreous-whitish, fuscous-tinged, faintly

suffused with darker towards apex and on a blotch below middle of

hind margin; a cloudy dark grey sinuate line beyond middle, in

dise abruptly curved outwards into a narrow sinuous loop; a small

cloudy grey discal spot; hind-marginal dots and cilia as in fore

wings.

@,13—14 mm. Head and thorax darker fuscous than in male.

Fore wings ochreous-fuscous mixed with dark fuscous; lines and

discal spots as in male, but blackish fuscous, much stronger; first

line preceded and second line followed by an irregular white mavr-

gin, discal spots surrounded with white; cilia darker. Hind wings

white, towards base of inner margin fuscous-tinged; discal spot

and line as in male, but much stronger and blackish; a large

blackish apical blotch, and another smaller one on hind margin

above anal angle, touching loop of discal line; cilia white, with a

blackish basal line, and faint grey posterior line.

The sexes are at first sight very different, the female

being considerably smaller, and the markings very much

838 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

more sharply contrasted; the markings are, however,

exactly the same in form.

Adelaide, South Australia ; four specimens (two males,

two females) in October.

Eurycreon capnochroa, n. 8.

3, 2,12—16 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen whitish

ochreous, mixed with fuscous and dark fuscous ; lower half of palpi

white. Antenne white, annulated with dark fuscous. Legs dark

fuscous, apex of joints white. Fore wings moderate, triangular,

narrow at base, costa slightly sinuate, gently arched posteriorly,

apex tolerably rounded, ‘hind margin oblique, waved, faintly

sinuate, rather bowed in middle; pale whitish fuscous, densely

irrorated with rather dark fuscous; lines dark fuscous, tolerably

distinct ; first at one-fifth, rather bent in middle; second from two-

thirds of costa to rather beyond middle of inner margin, slightly

indented at one-third, sharply angulated inwards at two-thirds to

beneath discal spot, sometimes followed by a faint pale suffusion ;

a dark fuscous dot midway between base and discal spot; discal

spot linear-crescentic, ochreous-whitish ; hind margin spotted with

dark fuscous; cilia white, with two broad dark fuscous lines,

obscurely barred, costal cilia marked with three or four quadrate

dark fuscous spots. Hind wings with ground colour as in fore

wings ; first line obsolete, second as in fore wings; a small dark

fuscous discal spot; cilia as in fore wings.

The sexes are exactly similar.

Murrurundi, Sydney, and Blackheath (3500 feet), New

South Wales; Launceston, Tasmania; Port Lincoln,

South Australia ; common from November to April.

Eurycreon beatalis, Feld.

Botys beatalis, Feld., exxxv., 5.

Peak Downs, Queensland ; Sydney, New South Wales ;

two specimens in March.

Eurycreon massalis, Walk.

Scopula massalis, Walk., 792; Dosara celatalis, ib.,

829.

3, 2%,15—17mm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale ochreous, in

female suffused with reddish ochreous ; palpi white at base beneath.

Antenne grey-whitish. Abdomen pale ochreous. Legs ochreous-

whitish, anterior pair suffused with dark fuscous. Fore wings

of the Australian Pyralidina. 339

moderate, triangular, costa sinuate, moderately arched posteriorly,

apex rounded, hind margin obliquely rounded; pale ochreous, in

female suffused with reddish ochreous; costal edge dark fuscous ;

some dark fuscous scales towards base of inner margin; first line

obsolete, represented by a blackish mark on submedian fold before

middle, tending to be connected with second line along fold; a

small round spot in dise before middle, and a similar discal spot,

reddish ochreous, sometimes obsolete ; sometimes a pale line along

lower median vein in disc; second line reddish ochreous suffused

with blackish, especially towards costa, running from costa before

apex to three-fourths of inner margin, almost straight, slightly

indented inwards in middle, sometimes margined posteriorly by a

pale streak ; a waved dark fuscous hind-marginal line; cilia light

shining grey, with a darker line near base. Hind wings whitish

ochreous, hind margin broadly suffused with darker fuscous; cilia

as in fore wings.

Not closely allied to the indigenous species, from all

of which it differs by the regular conical frontal pro-

jection.

Duaringa, Queensland; Murrurundi, New South

Wales, in November; several specimens. Also occurs

in Ceylon and West Africa.

CRIOPHTHONA, N. g.

Forehead with a long truncate conical projection. Ocelli present.

Tongue well developed. Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in

male rather stout, filiform, evenly ciliated (3), sometimes rough-

scaled above (haliaphra). Labial palpi moderately long, straight,

porrected, with rough projecting scales, somewhat truncate at apex,

terminal joint concealed. Maxillary palpi moderate, filiform, with

loose scales towards apex. Posterior tibiw with outer spurs one-

half to two-thirds of inner. Abdomen elongate, in male with

moderate anal tuft ; valves retracted (?). Fore wings with vein 11

moderately long, oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore wings; 3

remote, 4 and 5 tolerably remote or from a point (haliaphra), 7

out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to middle.

The two species included here do not exactly agree,

but both differ from Hurycreon and agree with Sedenia

in the very long frontal projection.

a. Fore wings white .. Bic aye a .. haliaphra.

Gees. SV ROLCY = «ic ae ais ee .- finitima.

840 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

Criophthona finitina, n. 8.

36,15mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale greyish ochreous,

irrorated with dark grey. Antenne greyish. Palpi dark fuscous,

beneath white towards base. Legs white, anterior pair dark fuscous.

Fore wings elongate-triangular, narrow, costa slightly sinuate,

moderately arched posteriorly, apex rounded, hind margin very

obliquely rounded ; light grey, finely irrorated with black, towards

costa broadly suffused with darker grey; lines broad, cloudy, dark

grey, slightly sinuate; first from one-fourth of costa to two-fifths

of inner margin, second from five-sixths of costa to four-fifths of

inner margin ; a small cloudy whitish spot on costa before second

line ; discal spot small, round, cloudy whitish, dark-margined ; an

interrupted dark grey hind-marginal line ; cilia whitish grey, with

an interrupted dark grey line. Hind wings grey, somewhat lighter

towards base; cilia grey-whitish.

An inconspicuous species, in form resembling Sedenia.

Quorn, South Australia; one specimen in October.

Criophthona haliaphra, n. 8.

36, 13mm. Head whitish mixed with fuscous. Palpi dark

fuscous, beneath white at base. Antenne whitish, spotted with

fuscous. Thorax and abdomen whitish irrorated with dark fuscous.

Legs dark fuscous, posterior tibia and apex of all joints white,

anterior tibiz with a white band. Fore wings elongate-triangular,

costa sinuate, posteriorly arched, apex rounded, hind margin very

obliquely rounded; white, with scattered dark fuscous scales;

markings ochreous-fuscous irrorated with dark fuscous; an ill-

defined basal patch, separated from first line by a narrow space ;

first line broad, posteriorly suffused, from one-third of costa to two-

fifths of inner margin, rather curved; second from five-sixths of

costa to four-fifths of inner margin, moderately curved outwards

between middle and three-fourths, anteriorly margined by a mode-

rately broad dark fascia, of which the anterior edge is straight; a

small round spot in dise, suffused into first line; an indistinct

somewhat 8-shaped discal spot, white, margined with dark fuscous ;

an irregular hind-marginal fascia, separated by a narrow space

from second line; cilia with basal third white, bounded by an in-

terrupted black line, remainder grey. Hind wings fuscous-grey,

paler towards base; a very ill-defined pale line at three-fourths,

anteriorly darker-margined, angulated outwards below middle;

cilia whitish, with a dark fuscous line at one-third, and a lighter

posterior line.

Sydney, New South Wales; one specimen.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 341

SEDENIA, Gn.

Forehead with a long terminally excavated or truncate conical

projection. Ocelli present. Tongue absent. Antenne three-

fourths of fore wings, in male tolerably filiform, evenly ciliated

(4—3), rough-scaled above. Labial palpi rather long, straight,

porrected, with rough projecting scales, attenuated and somewhat

drooping towards apex. Maxillary palpi moderate, with loose

projecting scales towards apex. Posterior tibie with outer spurs

two-thirds of inner. Abdomen elongate, in male with a moderate

anal tuft, sometimes with an obliquely erect rounded process on

apex of abdomen (rupalis); valves exserted. Fore wings with

vein 11 moderately long, rather oblique. Hind wings as broad as

fore wings; 3, 4,5 remote; 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing

with 8 to middle.

Characterised specially by the absence of the tongue,

which appears to me wholly obsolete; though neither

Guenée nor Lederer notice this character.

a. Fore wings white .. oe 6 a5 -. Tupalis.

Osean; » whitish ochreous .. AE .. cervalis.

'Sedenia rupalis, Gn.

Sedenia rupalis, Gn., 280.

Murrurundi and Bowenfels (2500 feet), New South

Wales; Melbourne, Victoria ; Quorn, Port Lincoln, and

Kangaroo Island, South Australia; rather common, in

October, November, and January.

Sedenia cervalis, Gn.

Sedenia cervalis, Gn., 250, pl. iii., 8; Ld., pl. vii, 4;

Scopula itonusalis, Walk., 794; S. pictoalis, ib.,

1016.

Sydney, New South Wales; Hobart, Tasmania ;

Mount Lofty range and Wirrabara, South Australia ;

common, in October, December, and March.

TRITHA, Nn. g.

Forehead with a conical projection. Ocelli present. Tongue

well developed. Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male

slender, filiform, evenly ciliated (4). Labial palpi moderate,

straight, porrected, with dense rough projecting scales beneath,

rather longer towards apex, terminal joint concealed. Maxillary

342 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

palpi moderately long, somewhat expanded terminally. Posterior

tibize with outer spurs less than half inner. Abdomen stout, in

male with short truncate tuft ; valves retracted. Fore wings with

vein 11 moderately long, oblique. Hind wings broader by one-

half than fore wings; 8 closely approximated to 4 at base, 4 and 5

in male stalked, in female closely approximated towards base, 7

out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to middle.

I have only seen one poor male, and am not sure of

the characters of that sex, but the genus is sufficiently

distinguished from its allies by the breadth of the hind

wings, which are half as broad again as the fore wings.

The genus is truly intermediate between Hurycreon and

Scoparia, and certainly approximates to the ancestral

form of Botydide.

Tritea ustalis, Walk.

Scopula ustalis, Walk., Suppl., 1477; S. turbidalis,

ib., Suppl., 1477; Botys affinitalis, Ld., 475,

pl. xii., 4.

Lederer’s figure is exceedingly poor, the fore wings

being much too broad.

Duaringa, Queensland ; Sydney and Blackheath (8500

feet), New South Wales; Adelaide, Wirrabara, and

Ardrossan, South Australia; rather common, in October

and March.

SCOPARIADA.

Fore wings with veins 8 and 9 stalked, 7 separate, 10 separate.

Hind wings with vein 6 from upper angle of cell, 7 stalked with 6,

anastomosing with 8 (or very rarely free); 4 and 5 generally from

a point or stalked; lower median naked, or sometimes with well-

defined pectination. Abdomen in male with valves usually

exserted; claspers not developed; uncus generally developed.

Maxillary palpi broadly triangularly dilated, porrected, not resting

on labial palpi.

I am not yet confident of the limits of this family,

but believe it can be constantly distinguished from the

Botydide by the characters as given, especially by the

development of the uncus. Should the latter character

not prove invariable, the form and position of the maxil-

lary palpi, and the structure of veins 4 and 5 of the

hind wings, are additional points. Similarly a majority

of characters must be used to separate the family from

of the Australian Pyralidina. 843

the Crambidae, since the pectination of the lower median

vein of hind wings is as well developed in Nyctarcha as

in any Crambid.

a. Lower median vein of hind wings distinctly pectinated.

1. Vein 1b of hind ue with aoe distinet sant

nation .. Nyctarcha.

2. Vein 1b of hind Sue not peotinated oe .. Lclipsiodes.

b. Lower median vein of hind wings not pectinated.

1, Discal area of hind wings above lower median

with long hairs.

a. ‘Terminal joint of palpi long, with long dense

loose hairs .. Tetraprosopus.

B. Terminal joini of t palpi moderate, with ap-

pressed scales . sr .. Xevoscopa.

2. Discal area of hind wings without fons es .. Scoparia.

KcLIPsIoDES, N. g.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male rather stout, filiform,

evenly ciliated (4), above pubescent and rough-scaled. Labial

palpi moderate, straight, porrected, 2nd joint with dense rough

projecting scales beneath, longer towards apex, terminal joint

moderate, exposed, cylindrical, loosely scaled, tolerably pointed.

Maxillary palpi long, as long as 2nd joint of labial palpi, towards

apex triangularly dilated, obliquely truncate. Posterior tibia with

outer spurs rather more than half inner. Abdomen moderate, in

male with moderate anal tuft; valves exserted, uncus rather long,

bent downwards. Fore wings with vein 10 moderately near 9,

oblique ; 11 widely remote from 10, in middle bent towards 12,

very short, not passing cell. Hind wings one-fourth broader than

fore wings; 8 from near angle, 4 and 5 from point of angle, 7 from

a point with 6, anastomosing with 8 to beyond one-third. Yore

wings with small tufts of raised scales on surface. Hind wings

with lower median loosely but tolerably distinctly pectinated

towards base, 16 not pectinated.

Lclipsiodes crypsixantha, n. 8.

3,%,15—17mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen

dark fuscous ; palpi white at base beneath; margins of abdominal

segments yellowish. Legs black, apex of joints and median ring

of anterior and middle tibia white. Fore wings moderate,

triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, hind margin

obliquely rounded ; dull dark fuscous, sometimes with a few grey-

whitish scales ; lines black, formed of spots of raised scales; first

from one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin, somewhat

344 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

curved; second from three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner

margin, rectangularly bent in middle and curved inwards to

beneath discal spot ; discal spot transverse, raised, black; a row of

blackish dots before hind margin, sometimes followed by a row of

gréy-whitish submarginal lunules; cilia dark grey, with a dark

fuscous basal line. Hind wings clear ochreous-yellow; a well-

defined moderately broad dark fuscous hind-marginal band, rather

dilated towards inner angle, continued narrowly along costa; cilia

grey, with a dark fuscous basal line.

Sydney, New South Wales; Port Lincoln, South

Australia; in September, November, February, and

March, common but local.

NyYcTARCHA, N. g.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocellipresent. Tongue well developed.

Antenne less than two-thirds of fore wings, in male stout, filiform,

evenly ciliated (4—4), above pubescent (atra) or rough-scaled

(ophideres). Labial palpi moderate, straight, porrected, 2nd joint

with dense projecting scales beneath, longer towards apex, terminal

joint exposed, thick, somewhat expanded with scales towards apex

and obliquely truncate. Maxillary palpi long, not much shorter

than labial, expanded with scales towards apex, truncate. Posterior

tibiz with outer spurs half inner; legs short. Abdomen rather

stout, in male with moderate anal tuft; valves retracted, uncus

moderately long. Fore wings with vein 11 moderate, rather

oblique. Hind wings rather broader than fore wings; 38, 4, 5

approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8

to one-fifth to one-third. Hind wings with lower median and 16

each strongly pectinated towards base.

A peculiar and interesting genus, probably of an early

type.

a. Hind wings dark fuscous ec Be a .. dita.

(Panes » orange.

1. Fore wings with a pale spot on costa .. .. ophideres.

as », With six scattered pale spots -. persumptana.

Nyctarcha persumptana, Walk.

Orosana persumptana, Walk., Tort., 459.

?,16mm. Head black, spotted with ochreous-orange on fore-

head and crown. Labial palpi black, towards base yellow-ochreous;

maxillary palpi black, apex pale ochreous. Antenne black. Thorax

black, with two anterior dots and a posterior spot ochreous-orange.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 345

Abdomen black, segmental margins ochreous-orange. Legs black,

middle and posterior tibiz broadly banded with ochreous-yellow,

apex of all joints whitish ochreous. Fore wings rather short,

triangular, costa hardly arched, apex rounded, hind margin rather

obliquely rounded; black, with six light yellow ochreous spots;

first on inner margin at one-fourth, erect, transverse, reaching

more than half across wing; second quadrate, in disc before

middle; third small, transverse, on inner margin beyond middle ;

fourth on costa before two-thirds, transverse, direct, reaching half

across wing; fifth minute, on costa close beyond fourth; sixth

subquadrate, above anal angle; cilia dark purplish fuscous, terminal

half whitish ochreous round apex and on a spot at anal angle.

Hind wings bright orange; a very small round black discal spot 5

a broad blackish hind-marginal band, inner edge somewhat exca-

vated above middle, narrowly continued along costa; cilia as in

fore wings.

A strikingly handsome species.

Sydney, New South Wales; one specimen in October.

Nyctarcha ophideres, Walk.

Orosana ophideres (ophideresana), Walk., Tort., 459.

dS, 2, 11—18 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen,

and legs dark fuscous; a white line round eyes; apex of joints of

maxillary palpi and lower half of labial palpi white ; abdominal

segments margined with orange-ochreous ; tibia banded with

ochreous-whitish, apex of all joints ochreous-white. Fore wings

moderate, triangular, costa almost straight, apex rounded, hind

margin obliquely rounded ; dark fuscous, with scattered silvery-blue

metallic scales; lines darker, almost obsolete; first from one-

fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin, somewhat curved :

second from two-thirds of costa to beyond middle of inner margin,

subdentate, rectangularly bent in middle and curved inwards to

beneath the obsoletely darker discal spot; a transverse sub-

triangular ochreous-whitish spot on costa immediately before

second line, reaching nearly half across wing ; sometimes some

ochreous-whitish dots on hind margin; cilia dark grey, with a

blackish line at one-third, terminal portion with a broad whitish

patch at apex and sometimes a spot at anal angle. Hind wings

bright orange; a moderately large black discal spot, confluent with

costal border; a broad blackish hind-marginal band, projecting

triangularly inwards above anal angle, and continued narrowly

along costa; cilia as in fore wings.

346 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

Sydney, New South Wales; several specimens in

January and March, frequenting swampy scrub, and

flying in the sunshine. Also occurs in India and Mada-

gascar, without variation.

Nyctarcha atra, Butl.

Orosana atra, Butl.

Castle Hill and Lake Wakatipu, New Zealand; not

uncommon in December and January, flying on dry

srassy mountain slopes, at 2000—38000 feet, hard to

see.

Scoparia, Hw.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocellipresent. Tongue well developed.

Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male filiform, evenly ciliated

(about +). Labial palpi moderate or long, tolerably straight, por-

rected, 2nd joint beneath with long dense projecting scales, longer

towards apex, terminal joint moderate. Maxillary palpi rather

long, strongly dilated with scales towards apex, obliquely truncate.

Posterior tibie with outer spurs about half inner. Abdomen

moderate, in male with moderate anal tuft; valves exserted, uncus

short. Fore wings with vein 11 rather short, tolerably oblique.

Hind wings from one-third broader to twice as broad as fore wings;

3 remote from 4, 4 and 5 from a point or stalked, 7 out of 6 near

origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third to one-half. Hind wings

with discal area above lower median without hairs.

I have not made a complete examination of the species

which I possess of this and the two following genera,

which are very numerous; and the characters given

above may require some modification. I do not propose

now to describe any of these species, as they will all be

fully described in a paper shortly to appear in the

‘Proceedings’ of the New Zealand Institute; I give,

however, a list of those described already by other

authors, and identified by me as belonging here. I have

altogether about sixty species of Scoparia, by far the

larger number being from New Zealand; none are com-

mon to Australia and New Zealand.

Scoparia exhibitalis, Walk.

Scoparia exhibitalis, Walk., 1500.

Sydney, New South Wales; from August to October,

common,

of the Australian Pyralidina. 347

Scoparia minusculalis, Walk.

Larva in moss on tree-trunks, in January.

Bealey River, Akaroa, and Dunedin, New Zealand ;

tolerably common in forest, in January and February.

Scoparia minualis, Walk.

Christchurch and Otira George, New Zealand ; common

in forest, in January.

Scoparia ustimacula, Feld.

Scoparia ustimacula, Feld., cxxxv.. 17; S. conifera,

Butl., Cist. Ent., ii., 498.

Castle Hill, New Zealand ; taken by Mr. J. D. Einys.

Scoparia pongalis, Feld.

Scoparia pongalis, Feld., exxxvii., 33.

Makatoku and Dunedin, New Zealand ; several speci-

mens in forest in March.

Scoparia diphtheralis, Walk.

Scoparia diphtheralis, Walk., 1501.

Hamilton, Napier, Wellington, Christchurch, and

Otira George, New Zealand; common at light, from

December to March.

Scoparia submarginalis, Walk.

Hypochalcia submarginalis, Walk., Cr., 48; Nephopteryx

maoriella, ib., Suppl., 1720.

Generally abundant in New Zealand, from Cambridge

to Lake Wakatipu; from November to March, on fences,

rocks, &c. ; very variable. :

Scoparia indistinctalis, Walk.

Hypochalcia indistinctalis, Walk., Cr., 48; Scoparia

rakaiensis, Knages, KH. M. M., iv., 80.

Wellington and Lake Wakatipu, New Zealand ; com-

mon, from December to February.

348 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

Scoparia cleodoralis, Walk.

Scopula cleodoralis, Walk., 798.

Sydney and Blackheath (3500 feet), New South Wales;

Mount Macedon, Victoria ; Mount Wellington and Delo-

raine, Tasmania ; common from November to February.

Scoparia Feredayi, Knaggs.

Scoparia Feredayt, Knaggs, HE. M. M., iv., 80; S.

moanalis, Feld., exxxvii., 34.

Eketahuna, Wellington, Bealey River, and Lake

Wakatipu, New Zealand; not uncommon, from January

to March.

Scoparia exilis, Knaggs.

Scoparia exilis, Knaggs, EH. M. M., iv., 81.

Christchurch and Lake Wakatipu, New Zealand ; not

uncommon on dry grassy hills, in October, December,

and April.

Scoparia sabulosella, Walk.

Crambus sabulosellus, Walk., Cr., 178.

Generally common in New Zealand, from Hamilton

to Invercargill, in dry grassy places, in December and

January. Butler has identified with this species a

specimen from Chili ; I have seen this, which is certainly

very similar, but I cannot positively assert that it is

identical.

Scoparia trivirgata, Feld.

Crambus trivirgatus, Feld., cxxxvii., 29.

Christchurch and Lake Wakatipu, New Zealand ;

tolerably common on dry grassy hills, in December,

February, and March.

Trerraprosorus, Bul.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male with joints angularly

projecting, pubescent. Labial palpirather long, straight, porrected,

2nd joint with long dense projecting scales beneath, forming a long

oblique apical tuft, terminal joint rather long, with dense rather

long loosely appressed scales. Maxillary palpi long, strongly

dilated with scales towards apex, obliquely truncate. Posterior

tibiz with outer spurs one-third of inner. Abdomen moderate, in

of the Australian Pyralidina. 349

male with short anal tuft; valves exserted, uncus moderate,

slightly curved. Fore wings with vein 11 rather short, very little

exceeding cell. Hind wings two and a half times as broad as fore

wings; 3 rather remote, 4 and 5 from a point, 7 out of 6 near

origin, anastomosing shortly with 8 to one-third. Hind wings

with discal area above lower median furnished with numerous

long hairs.

Tetraprosopus Meyricku, Butl.

Tetraprosopus Meyrickiit, Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H.,

(5); 1x., 1882, 97.

Since placed by Butler in the British Museum collection

under Nephopterya favilliferella, Walk., which is a quite

different species, belonging probably to Xeroscopa.

Blackheath (8500 feet), New South Wales; Mount

Macedon, Victoria; Mount Gambier, South Australia ;

locally abundant in November and December on the

trunks of fibrous-barked Eucalypti; varies a good deal.

I take this opportunity of protesting (without offence

to Mr. Butler’s complimentary intentions) against the

general use of specific names such as the above.

XEROSCOPA, N. g.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well developed.

Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male filiform, evenly ciliated

(about +). Labial palpi rather long, or long, straight, porrected,

2nd joint with dense projecting scales beneath, longer in front,

terminal joint moderate, partly exposed. Maxillary palpi mode-

rate, strongly dilated with scales towards apex, obliquely truncate.

Posterior tibize with outer spurs about half inner. Abdomen

moderate, in male with moderate anal tuft ; valves exserted, uncus

moderate. Fore wings with vein 11 moderate, rather oblique.

Hind wings from one and a half times to more than twice as broad

as fore wings; 3 remote, 4 and 5 short-stalked, 7 out of 6 near

origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third. Hind wings with discal

area above lower median more or less furnished with long fine hairs.

Besides the two following species, I have about fifteen

others, almost all from New Zealand.

Xeroscopa ejuncida, Knaggs.

Scoparia ejuncida, Knaggs, EK. M. M., iv., 81.

Bealey River, Mount Hutt, and Lake Wakatipu, New

Zealand, at an elevation of 2500—4000 feet ; common,

in January and March.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884,—parT 1. (00T.) 2A

350 Classification of Australian Pyralidina.

Xeroscopa rotuella, Feld.

Crambus rotuellus, Feld., exxxvil., 30.

Mount Hutt; taken commonly by Mr. R. W. Fereday,

in January.

Nore.

Ennychia melissalis, Walk., is a specimen of the

Kuropean Threnodes pollinalis, 8. V.; there is no reason

to believe that this species could occur in Australia, and

I have no doubt there is an error of locality.

Scoparia objurgalis, Gn., and S. australialis, Gn., I

have not yet been able to identify satisfactorily.

(851%)

XVI. The lepidopterous genus Cocytia. By ArtHuR

G. Burier, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e.

[Read May 7th, 1884. ]

THE genus Cocytia was founded by Dr. Boisduval in

1829: he says of it (Mon. Zyg., p.4), ‘Je Vai établi sur

un trés-bel insecte rapporté de la Nouvelle-Guinée par

M. le capitaine Durville”; and he refers it to the

Zygende.

In 1874 Dr. Boisduval published his ‘‘ Monographie

des Agaristidées”’ in the ‘ Revue et Magasin de Zoologie,’

pp. 26—110, and he there erected a tribe Cocytides for

the reception of the single species Cocytia durvillet.

In February, 1875, I published ‘‘ Notes on certain

genera of Agaristide, with descriptions of new species,”

in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’

pp. 185—144; in this paper I raised the species to the

rank of a family Cocytiide, to be placed between the

Agaristide and Zygenide, and at the same time I added

the description of a second species from the Aru Islands,

C. chlorosoma.

The family Cocytiide is characterised by its long

erect palpi, unusually developed in the female so as to

resemble the palpi, in some species, of the Noctuid

genus Ophideres; in its antenne it more nearly resembles

the Castniide than either the Agaristide or Zygenide,

but even more closely some genera of Hesperiide ; these

organs are long, straight, gradually clubbed towards the

distal extremity, and then tapering and curved at the

tip; the body is as robust as in the most powerful

Bombyces, and the form, transparency and coloration

of the wings, reminds one vividly of the Sphingid

genus Hemaris; the neuration, however, though in

some respects like that of Hemaris, yet shows certain

features characteristic of the transparent-winged Zyge-

mide.

The one genus yet known has, so far, consisted of

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PaRT II. (0CT.)

852 Mr. A. G. Butler on the

two species, to which I now have to add a third (lent to

me for description by my friend Walter de Rothschild) ;

it was obtained by Mr. Veitch’s collector, Charles Curtis,

at Batchian, and, at Mr. Rothschild’s request, 1 name it

C. veitchia.

The characters of the three species of Cocytia can be

best indicated by a key thus :—

a. Wings hyaline-white, with broad black borders and

thickened black internervular streaks gradually

tapering from the external border ; reddish cae

subbasal patch on primaries large ae . C. durvillei.

b. Wings hyaline-white, with narrow black eriernel

borders ; ; internervular streaks narrower and

emitted abruptly from the external border ; red-

dish orange subbasal patch small and rounded .. C.chlorosoma.

ce. Wings hyaline-yellowish, with narrow black external

borders; internervular streaks emitted abruptly ;

reddish orange subbasal patch large ae .. C. veitchit.

The following are the species :—

1. Cocytia durvillet.

Cocytia durvillei, Boisduval, Mon. Zyg., p. 22, pl. i.,

fig. 1 (1829); Sp. Gén. Lep., 72, pl 15; ties

(1858).

Male and female, New Guinea; male, Port Moresby ;

female, Ké Dulan; B. M.

2. Cocytia chlorosoma.

Cocytia chlorosoma, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.,

ser. 4, vol. 15, p. 144 (1875).

Male, Aru, B. M.

We only possess two male examples of this species.

3. Cocytia veitchii, n. 8.

As large as C. durvillei, but the wings of a transparent yellowish

colour (not due to scales, as these are absent from the clear por-

tions of the wing-surface), the black external borders narrow as in

C. chlorosoma, the rays or intermediate streaks being emitted

abruptly as in that species, so that the inner edge of the external

border is not sinuated as in C. dwrvillev; primaries with the orange

subbasal patch as large as in the latter species, and of a similar

lepidopterous genus Cocytia. 353

form; centre of the abdomen of a more golden metallic-green

than in either the New Guinea or the Aru species. Expanse of

wings, 89 mm.

Batchian (C. Curtis). Coll. W. Rothschild.

It will be seen, from the foregoing description, that

this species, though differing from C. durvillei and

C. chlorosoma in its yellower wings, is in other respects

intermediate in character.

Paid

4 Bad) 1

‘ Ag

Maes

oat Bett oh

aa Wears

Gite

ig?

I 5

( 3855 )

XVII. Descriptions of new species of Indian Lepidoptera-

Heterocera. By F. Moors, F.Z.8.

[Read June 4th, 1884.]

THE species here described belong to the tribe of Bomby-

cites, the first enumerated being an extremely rare form

of Chalcosiide, of the genus Devanica, allied to D. Risa

of Doubleday. An Arctiid of the genus Rhodogastra.

Some Notodonts, including a new genus with a large

apical patch of colour somewhat similar to that on some

Indian species of Phalera. Of Liparide, two species of

the genus Lelia, two of the allied genus Lelioides, a fine

new Huproctis, and a new genus allied to Stilpnotia. Of

the family Lasiocampide, a species of the curious genus

Apha from the Nilgiris, a Ganisa, anda Tagora from

Bombay, several species of the genus Hupterote, of

which the species are extremely difficult to discriminate.

Besides these the Bombyx collaris of Guérin and the Jana

lineosa of Walker have been taken as the types of new

genera ; and of the genus Muwrlida both sexes are for the

first time here characterised. Other species of this

numerous family follow, of the genera Brachytera,

Sangatissa, Messata, and of the extremely rare Apona,

remarkable for the great length and plumose character

of its antenne; Syrastrena; Lenodora; a fine Gastro-

pacha, with curiously divaricating markings on the fore

wings. Also species of the genera Trabala and Lebeda.

In the family Limacodide are two species of Walker’s

genus Aphendala.

CHALCOSIIDA.

DEVANICA, 0. g.

Sephisa,* Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i., p. 41 (1882).

Devanica bicolor, n. 8.

@. Fore wing black, crossed by a yellow outwardly-oblique

medial band; veins indistinctly lined with blue. Hind wing

* Previously used for a genus of Lepidoptera.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—paRT III. (OCT.)

356 Mr. F. Moore’s descriptions of new

yellow, with a black marginal band, which is broad and truncated

at the apical end and very narrow at anal end; base of wing also

slightly black. Body, legs, and antenne bluish-black. Expanse,

1} in.

Hab. Cachar (W. Mason). In coll. British Museum

and Calcutta Museum.

This species is nearest allied to D. Risa (Hterusia

Risa, Dbld.). It differs from D. Risa in its much

smaller size, the yellow band on fore wing being placed

across the middle, whereas in D. Risa it is at one-third

from the base; the black marginal band on hind wing

is one-third less in width at the apex, and the band also

extends to the angle; in D. Risa this band is very

broad, and is confined to the apical area.

ARCTIIDA.

Rhodogastra fraterna, U. 8.

Nearest to R. rhodopa. Differs in the wings being longer, the

costal border of fore wing less convex, and the hind wing more

regularly triangular. Brownish creamy-white; the medial area

of both wings semitransparent; two black dots at base of fore

wing. Thorax creamy-white, with black dots; abdomen above

déep red, with lateral row of black spots; legs above reddish ;

antenne red. Expanse, 2% in.

Hab. Bombay (Leith). In coll. F. Moore.

NOTODONTIDA.

Carea obsolescens, n. 8.

3d. Fore wing pale reddish-ferruginous, crossed by a slender

indistinct brownish outwardly-oblique ante-medial line, a waved

post-medial line, and a submarginal row of brown speckles; cilia

purplish-ferruginous. Hind wing ferruginous-white, with slightly

darker veins and outer border, and a very slight indistinct lunular

spot at end of cell. Thorax, palpi, and legs above ferruginous ;

abdomen above pale ferruginous.

@. Fore wing dark reddish-ferruginous; transverse markings

indistinct, as in male. Hind wing pale reddish-ferruginous.

Thorax, palpi, and legs above dark ferruginous ; abdomen above

ereyish-ferruginous. Expanse, male 1} in., female 1} in.

Hab. Bombay (Leith); Coonoor (Lindsay). In coll.

I’. Moore.

species of Indian Lepidoptera. 857

ZARANGA, 0. g.

Fore wing large, elongated, triangular; costal margin arched

towards the end, apex rounded; exterior margin oblique and

sinuous; posterior margin short; cell broad at its end, extending

more than half the length of the wing; first subcostal emitted at

one-eighth before end of the cell, second from the end, quadrifid ;

disco-cellular inwardly-oblique, concave at each end, bent in the

middle; a slender forked discoidal veinlet emitted within the cell ;

upper radial from end of the cell in a line with subcostal, lower

radial from middle of disco-cellular; three median branches,

middle branch from close to end of the cell, lower at one-third

before the end; submedian much recurved. Hind wing short,

triangular, apex convex, exterior margin very oblique and sinuous ;

costal vein much arched from the base, extending to apex, sub-

costal also much arched and recurved; cell very broad, extending

more than half the length of the wing ; two slender discoidal veinlets

emitted within the cell; two subcostal branches on a footstalk at

one-third beyond the cell; disco-cellular concave, radial from the

middle; middle median from close to end of the cell, lower at

one-third before the end; submedian and internal veins slightly

curved. Body moderately stout, thickly clothed with adpressed

hairs; abdomen extending beyond hind wings; thorax crested ;

palpi small, pilose ; antenne bipectinated to tip, basal joint tufted ;

legs pilose.

Zaranga pannosa, Ni. 8.

Fore wing hoary-black, with a large vinous-brown subapical

patch, and a similar coloured patch extending from below the cell

to posterior margin, the subapical patch with black-speckled sinuous

outer border; the medial interspace between the patches is numer-

ously marked with yellow scales, which more or less form lunular

marks ; a yellow-speckled spot at base of the wing, a lunular spot

on the costa towards the apex, and a row of speckles along exterior

margin. Hind wing dusky vinous-brown, the medial area dusky

white; a series of black and yellow speckled lunules ascending

from anal angle; cilia yellow-speckled. Thorax, head, and legs

hoary-black ; abdomen vinous-brown, tuft with some yellow hairs ;

tarsi with white bands; antenne dark brown. LExpanse, 23 in.

Hab. Umballa District (Reid). In coll. F. Moore.

LIPARIDA.

Lelia lilacina, n. 8.

3. Fore wing pale lilacine pinkish-grey; costal border and a

fascia below the cell pale brownish-ochreous ; with a discal

358 Mr. F. Moore’s descriptions of new

angular row of six small dentate spots, the lowest spot slightly the

largest. Hind wing pale dusky greyish-brown, along the costal

border lilacine-white. Thorax lilacine-grey; abdomen greyish

brown; head, palpi, and legs above pale brownish-ochreous ;

antenne greyish-brown, shaft white. Expanse, 1/4 in.

Hab. Coonoor, Nilgiris (Lindsay). In coll. F.

Moore.

Lelia pallida, u.s.

Nearest to L. angulifera (Procodeca angulifera, Walker). Wings

comparatively longer and narrower; pale ochreous-white. Fore

wing slightly ochreous along the costal and posterior border, with

a discal angular row of minute very indistinct blackish spots.

Thorax, head, and legs brighter ochreous; abdomen yellowish.

Expanse, 1,, in.

Hab. Bombay (Leith). In coll. F. Moore.

Lelioides rubripennis, u. 8.

&. Fore wing pale pinkish-red, the medial area longitudinally

from base to exterior margin sparsely speckled with whitish scales ;

a curved discal series of six indistinct brown-speckled spots. Hind

wing white. Thorax, head, palpi, and legs pale red; abdomen

whitish. Expanse, 12, in.

Hab. Burmah. Incoll. British Museum.

Leliodes lactea, n. 8.

@. Cream-white. Fore wing with a curved discal series of six

indistinct minute black spots, the lowest spot beneath the lower

median vein. Thorax creamy white; abdomen greyish-white ;

front of thorax, head, palpi, and legs ochreous-yellow; antennz

brown, shaft white. Expanse, female 1} in.

Hab. North Punjab (B. Powell). In coll. F. Moore.

Euproctis immaculata, n. 8.

?. Both fore and hind wings pure white. Body slightly

greyish white, anal tuft golden yellow; antenne ochreous-brown,

shaft white. Expanse, 2} to 22 in.

Hab. Java (Horsf.), Sikkim. In coll. British Museum

and F'. Moore.

This species has much the appearance of a large

specimen of Porthesia virguncula.

species of Indian Lepidoptera. 359

CHARALA, N. g.

S$, @. Fore wing much shorter and more regularly triangular

in form than in Stilpnotia (S. salicis) ; both wings more densely

and smoothly clothed with scales; cell broader at the end; sub-

costals closer together and the medians wider apart. Hind wing

shorter, broader; exterior margin more convex; cell wider, the

four medians also somewhat wider apart. Body of male more

slender; antenne more finely bipectinated in male, and with

longer branches in female; palpi longer and projected beyond the

head ; legs more slender and less pilose.

Charala sericea.

Stilpnotia sericea, Moore, Desc. Lep. Coll. Atk., p. 45

(1879).

Hab. Himalayas (Masuri, Davjiling).

LASIOCAMPIDA.

Apha flava, n. 8.

3. Dull deep lemon-yellow. Fore wing from the base to the

dise suffused with brown, and obliquely crossed by a darker brown

angular subbasal line, and a medial line and four sinuous discal

lines, beyond which is a submarginal very indistinct brown-

speckled sinuous line, this latter line having a contiguous inner

dark brown-speckled spot between the median veins, and is termi-

nated at the apex by two dark brown-speckled spots. Hind wing

with a transverse very indistinct subbasal line, a medial distinct

brown line, and less distinct submarginal sinuous line with two

contiguous subanal brown-speckled spots. Body and legs dull

brownish-yellow. Expanse, 23 in.

Hab. Nilgiris. In coll. F. Moore.

Ganisa similis, n.8.

3S. Dark greyish-brown. Fore wing with a darker brown

transverse subbasal band, three or four curved discal sinuous lines,

followed by a more distinct oblique outer duplex line ; a pale grey

short linear streak on each vein between the oblique band and

outer margin, and a grey-bordered dark brown spot at end of the

cell. Hind wing with three darker brown transverse curved

medial discal sinuous lines, followed by a submarginal row of

indistinct brown-bordered grey spots; cilia dark brown. Expanse,

male 23 in.

Hab. Darjiling. In coll. F. Moore.

360 Mr. F. Moore’s descriptions of new

Nearest allied to G. plana. Differs in its larger size,

the fore wing being longer and the duplex line more

oblique. On the hind wing the dark line bordering the

submarginal spots is obsolete.

Tagora discrepans, nN. 8.

3. Yellowish-ochreous. Fore wing with an indistinct trans-

verse subbasal and three or four discal sinuous purple-brown lines,

a slightly waved outer discal pale-bordered darker brown line, and

a less defined zigzag submarginal line. Hind wing with a nearly

straight medial discal transverse prominent brown line, and a less

defined zigzag submarginal line. Both wings with the basal area

and the interspace between the outer discal line and submarginal

zizgag line suffused with pale lilacine-purple, some specimens

being almost entirely covered, and nearly obliterating the trans-

verse markings. Expanse, 23 to 3 in.

Hab. Bombay (Dr. Leith). In coll. British Museum

and F. Moore.

PALIRISA, 0. g.

Wings large, very broad, lanuginose, cilia long. Fore wing

short, costa much arched towards end, exterior margin slightly

convex; first, second, and fifth subcostal branches emitted together

from end of the cell, third from below the second at one-third,

and fourth at one-fifth, beyond its base; cell very short; disco-

cellular bent inward near upper end, radial from near the middle ;

the middle median from near end of the cell, lower at nearly one-

half before the end; submedian with a slender lower basal branch.

Hind wing broad; costal margin long, exterior margin convex ;

abdominal margin long; costal vein extending to apex; subcostal

with first branch emitted at one-fifth before end of cell; disco-

cellular very oblique, upper end bent inward, radial from near

lower end; cell very short, triangular; middle median emitted at

one-fourth and lower median at one-half before end of the cell;

submedian extending close to the margin. Body long, woolly ;

palpi thick; antennz broadly bipectinated to tip in male, less so in

female ; legs densely pilose.

Type. BP. lineosa.

Palirisa lineosa.

Jana lineosa, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., iv.,

p. 912; Butler, Types Lep. Het. B.M., v., p. 71,

pl. 198, f. 4.

Hab. Silhet.

species of Indian Lepidoptera. 361

Palirisa cervina.

Jana cervina, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1865, p. 807.

Hab. Dayvjiling.

Eupterote subdita, u. 8.

g. Dark vinous-brown. Fore wing with similar transverse

markings to those in H. vinosa, the subbasal being disposed nearer

the base, the duplex line narrower, the submarginal line nearer,

and the intervening spots absent except the upper and lower.

Hind wing with the four discal lines closer together, the duplex

line narrower, and the zigzag submarginal line nearer; no inter-

vening spots. Under side dark vinous-brown. Both wings with

similar outer transverse markings to the above, the basal and

intervening lower areas being dark yellow. Collar yellow. Ex-

pause, 3 in.

Hab. Jubbulpore (Dr. F. Butler). In coll. British

Museum.

Eupterote vinosa, i. 8.

3,2. Vinous-brown. Male: Fore wing with two blackish

subbasal, two antemedial, and four discal lines, followed by a

broader duplex outer line, and a slender zigzag submarginal line

with dark black intervening spots; the outer middle line with

clouded external border. Hind wing with four blackish sinuous

lines, a broad duplex line, outer spots, and zigzag line. Under side

brownish-ochreous; markings less distinct. Female: Upper side

with similar but less distinct markings ; the submarginal spots in-

distinct. Expanse, male 33 in., female 3$ in.

Hab. Jubbulpore (Dr. F. Butler). In coll. British

Museum.

Eupterote cupreipennis, 0. 8.

gS. Upper side pale coppery-red. Fore wing with four sub-

basal transverse black zigzag lines, four discal sinuous lines,

followed by a lunulated duplex line with suffused black inner

border, beyond which is a submarginal zigzag line with inter-

vening lower and upper spots; between the outer subbasal and

inner discal line is a prominent black triangular costal patch.

Hind wing with a subbasal and four discal sinuous black lines,

suffused inner-bordered black duplex line, and a submarginal zig-

zag line. Under side paler; both wings with the discal sinuous

lines broad, suffused_inner-bordered duplex line, and zigzag sub-

marginal line.

362 Mr. F'. Moore’s descriptions of new

?. Paler; both wings with less distinct sinuous lines, duplex

line, and very indistinct submarginal zigzag line. Expanse, male

and female 4 in.

Hab. Madras. In coll. British Museum.

Eupterote suffusa, 0. s.

3. Upper side ochreous-brown. Fore wing suffused with

vinous-brown towards the base; with two transverse antemedial

indistinct blackish sinuous lines, two small medial patches, and

four discal sinuous lines, followed by a very contiguous duplex line,

less distinct submarginal zigzag line with intervening ill-defined

spots. Hind wing with four indistinct transverse sinuous lines, a

distinct duplex line, and indistinct submarginal zigzag line. Body

above vinous-brown. Under side ochreous-brown. Both wings

with paler markings than above. Expanse, 3 in.

Hab. Jubbulpore (Dr. F. Butler). In coll. British

Museum.

This species has both the fore and hind wings of a

more regularly triangular form than in either EH. vinosa

or Li. subdita.

Eupterote variegata, n. 8.

$. Vinous-brown. Fore wing with a very indistinct subbasal

transverse darker line, a prominent blackish medial wide sinuous

line and four discal sinuous lines, followed by a duplex line, and

zigzag submarginal line with intervening upper and lower; spots;

bordering the subbasal line is a yellowish patch, the medial area of

the wing bordering the medial and discal lines is also yellowish,

and the area between the duplex line and submarginal line is

prominently yellow. Hind wing with four indistinct discal lines,

distinct duplex line and submarginal zigzag line, the interspace

between the latter yellowish. Collar and front of thorax yellow.

Under side yellow ; the costal borders suffused with vinous-brown,

the outer markings paler than above. Expanse, 32 in.

Hab. Jubbulpore (Dr. F. Butler). In coll. British

Museum.

In this species the wings are comparatively longer

than in allies.

EHupterote griscipennis, n. s.

g. Under side brownish purplish-grey. Fore wing with a very

indistinct subbasal, medial, and three or four sinuous brownish

lines, a more distinct duplex line with its outer edge dentated, and

species of Indian Lepidoptera. 363

an indistinct submarginal zigzag line with intervening spots.

Hind wing with three or four obsolescent sinuous lines, a more

distinct duplex line with dentated outer border, and an indistinct

submarginal zigzag line with intervening spots. Under side

greyish ochreous-brown. Both wings with a prominent single

broader outer discal line, the other markings obsolescent. Expanse,

27 in.

Hab. N.India. In coll. F. Moore.

Eupterote dissimilis, n. 8.

gf. Upper side greyish-brown. Fore wing with very faint

traces of a darker subbasal line, an indistinct medial line and four

or five discal sinuous lines, a straight duplex line, and submarginal

zigzag line with intervening lower and upper spots, the upper spots

erey-speckled. Hind wing with obsolescent discal sinuous lines,

indistinct duplex line, and submarginal zigzag line with inter-

vening lower spot. Under side uniformly greyish-brown. Both

wings with very faint traces of a single outer discal line and sub-

marginal zigzag line. Expanse, 32 in.

Hab. N.W. Himalaya. In coll. F. Moore.

Eupterote contaminata, n. 8.

“g. Pale dull ochreous-yellow. Fore wing with traces of sub-

basal and discal transverse pale-stained purplish-red wavy lines,

followed by an outer discal straight distinct line, bordering which

the area is stained with pale purplish red, defined by the sub-

marginal zigzag line. Hind wing with a distinct purplish-red outer

discal line and pale-stained submarginal zigzag border. Under

side yellow, with similar but paler markings than above. Expanse,

3 in.

Hab. Bombay (Dr. Leith). In coll. F. Moore.

Allied to H. imbecilis and EH. Taooensis.

Eupterote sinuata, n. 8.

3g. Pale vinous-brown. Fore wing with two diffused blackish

subbasal lines, an antemedial line, four well-defined narrower

sinuous discal lines, the antemedial and inner discal being slightly

confluent along the veins, followed by a duplex line and very

prominent black zigzag submarginal line with intervening pale

area and black upper and lower spots, the penultimate lower spot

being large and black. Hind wing with a diffused subbasal

364 Mr. F. Moore’s descriptions of new

blackish line, and four discal sinuous lines, followed by a diffused

black duplex line, and prominent submarginal zigzag line with pale

intervening area and large penultimate lower spot. Under side

paler. Both wings with outer markings as above. Expanse,

42 in.

Hab. Himalayas. In coll. British Museum.

Nearest allied to H. wndata (B. undatus, Blanchard,

Jacquemont’s Voy., iv., pl. 24, f. 8).

Eupterote consimilis, n. 8.

3. Differs from H. similis in being paler and of a reddish-grey

tint. Fore wing with the three subbasal and first discal sinuous

lines darker, broader, and almost confluent, the other discal lines

more regularly sinuous, the duplex line dentated, the submarginal

line and intervening spots more distinct. Hind wing with four

curved medial discal sinuous lines, less curved duplex line, and

widely separated submarginal zigzag line. Front of thorax

ochreous-yellow; head, palpi, and fore legs dark red. Under side

yellowish, with purple-brown discal bands as above.

@. Upper side redder, with similarly disposed markings.

Under side yellowish, with discal and submarginal markings as

above. Expanse, male and female 3$ in.

Hab. Dayrjiling (Grote). In coll. F. Moore.

Hupterote auriflua, n. 8.

3. Upper side dark yellow. Both wings with two slight brown

slender discal transverse lines. Fore wing with a slight sub-

marginal zigzag line and indistinct intervening spots.

@. Upper side golden-yellow. Both wings with a narrow

discal transverse purple-brown band, and a submarginal indistinct

brown-speckled zigzag line with intervening upper and lower large

brown spots. Under side golden-yellow, with similar transverse

discal line and indistinct traces of a submarginal zigzag line.

Body darker golden-yellow. Expanse, male 2} in., female 3 in.

Hab. Malabar (Watkins). In coll. F. Moore.

EHupterote Todara, n. s.

S. Upper side deep yellow. Fore wing with two transverse

subbasal very indistinct sinuous lines, two discal lines, and a

prominent straight outer discal line, beyond which is a submarginal

indistinct zigzag line with intervening prominent brown upper and

species of Indian Lepidoptera. 365

lower spots. Hind wing with a very faint trace of a transverse

inner discal brown sinuous line, and a prominent straight outer

discal line, submarginal line not visible. Under side as above,

with a single inner discal sinuous line, straight outer line, and

traces of submarginal line and intervening spots. Front of thorax

and costal edge of fore wing brownish ochreous. Expanse, 2% in.

Hab. Nilgiris. In coll. F. Moore.

Eupterote castanoptera, n. 8.

3, 2. Upper side sienna-red. Male: Fore wing with ex-

tremely faint traces of two subbasal and five equidistant transverse

sinuous brown bands, followed by a more distinct outer discal

duplex line, the outer border of the latter being slightly dentated ;

beyond is an extremely faint trace of a zigzag submarginal line

and intervening spots. Hind wing with extremely faint traces of

three medial transverse zigzag lines, a more distinct outer discal

curved duplex line, and traces of a submarginal zigzag line. Under

side of the same colour as upper side, the duplex lines only being

visible. Front of thorax and bands on abdomen yellow. Female:

Upper side with the transverse bands more distinct. Under side

paler, tinged with ochreous basally, the discal and duplex lines

only visible. Expanse, male 33 in., female 34 to 4 in.

Hab. Nepal (Gen. Ramsay). In coll. F. Moore.

Eupterote nigricans, nu. 8.

3. Dark brown. Fore wing with two black transverse sub-

basal curved lines, three equidistant medial paler sinuous lines,

and five discal slightly more distinct zigzag lines, the outer one of

the latter bordered externally by an oblique straight duplex darker

line, bordering which is a submarginal dentated line with inter-

mediate black spots, the upper spots being grey-speckled; the

basal area before the curved line slightly ochreous. Hind wing

with slightly ochreous-brown basal area; five transverse discal

black sinuous lines, an outer discal darker duplex line, and a sub-

marginal dentated line with intermediate blackish spots. Body

dark brown; a distinct ochreous-yellow collar on front of thorax.

Expanse, 3} in.

Hab. Jubbulpore (Span) ; Saugor (flunter). In coll.

F.. Moore.

Nearest allied to H. wndata, Blanchard.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—parRT UI. (OCT.) 2B

366 Mr. F. Moore’s descriptions of new

Eupterote alterata, n.s.

g. Ochreous-yellow. Fore wing with a transverse subbasal

indistinct purplish-brown slightly waved band, a medial zigzag

band, and indistinct traces of four discal sinuous lines, followed by

a distinct duplex line, the outer border of which is dentated, the

submarginal zigzag line indistinct, the intervening upper and lower

spots large. Hind wing with indistinct traces of a medial and

three discal sinuous lines, the duplex line very prominent and its

outer border indistinctly dentated; an indistinct submarginal zig-

zag line. Under side brighter coloured; all the transverse lines

more prominent. Expanse, 4 in.

Hab. Darjiling (Atkinson). In coll. F. Moore.

EHupterote permutata, n. 8.

Near to H. discordans (Butler, Types Lep. Het. B. M., v., p. 66,

pl. 96, f. 6, #). Smaller in size, and of a paler yellow colour.

Fore wing differs in having only one subbasal transverse indistinct

purplish-brown zigzag band, one medial band, and four discal

sinuous lines; a single outer discal slender line, and with more

distinct spots intervening before the submarginal zigzag line. Hind

wing with no apparent lines except a single prominent discal line

and indistinct submarginal dentated zigzag line. Expanse, 3 in.

Hab. Bengal. Incoll. F. Moore.

Hupterote immutata, 0. 8.

Upper side pale straw-yellow. Fore wing with two transverse

subbasal very indistinct purplish-brown zigzag bands, and traces of

three discal similar slender bands, followed by the more distinct

duplex line with dentated outer border, the submarginal denticu-

lated line being indistinct, and the intervening upper and lower

spots prominent, Hind wing with very indistinct traces of a sub-

basal and three discal purplish-brown zigzag bands, the duplex

dentated line and submarginal denticulated line more distinct.

Under side: Both wings with the same subbasal and discal lines as

above. Expanse, 3} in.

Hab. Nepal (Gen. Ramsay). In coll. F. Moore.

Nearest to H. mutans, Walker (Butler, Types Lep.

Het. B. M., v., p. 67, pl. 96, fig. 8), typical specimens

of which are under examination, and which differ on the

fore wing in having but one subbasal band and three

species of Indian Lepidoptera. 367

discal bands, and on the hind wing in having one sub-

basal and two discal bands, these bands also being

differently positioned across the wings.

Hupterote mollis, n. 8.

3. Pale yellow. Fore wing with two transverse subbasal in-

distinct purple-brown bands, which are confluent at the costal end,

and the colour also extends to base of the wing; a medial zigzag

band, and three less distinct discal sinuous lines, the outer bordered

by a straight line, beyond which is the submarginal line with

intervening upper and lower darker spots, the former spots being

bordered with white speckles; some diffused brown speckles also

at the apex. Hind wing with four medial transverse indistinct

purple-brown sinuous lines and outer straight line; an indistinct

submarginal zigzag line with intervening spots. Abdomen with

purplish-brown bands.

@. With less distinct subbasal lines, but with more distinct

discal lines and submarginal markings. Expanse, 23 in.

Hab. Bombay (Dr. Leith) ; Coonoor, Nilgiris (Lind-

say). In coll. F. Moore.

Eupterote caliginosa, n. 8.

3. Dark brown. Fore wing with some extremely indistinct

blackish transverse discal sinuous lines, an oblique straight darker

duplex line, and a submarginal dentated line with intermediate

blackish spots. Hind wing with a transverse medial darker duplex

line, and submarginal dentated line with intermediate black spots.

Body entirely dark brown. LExpanse, 23 in.

Hab. Jubbulpore, Central India (Span). In coll. F.

Moore.

Differs from LH. nigricans on the fore wing, in the

duplex line being comparatively farther from the outer

margin; and on the hind wing, in the duplex line being

disposed quite across the middle of the wing.

Eupterote lativittata, n. 8.

g. Yellowish ochreous. Fore wing with a broad purplish

brown diffused ill-defined transverse subbasal band, and an almost

confluent similar medial band, followed by a straight discal line,

beyond which are very faint traces of spots, the marginal border of

the wing from the zigzag submarginal line being entirely purplish

brown; veins brown-speckled, Hind wing with a broad purplish

368 Mr. F. Moore’s descriptions of new

brown suffused basal and medial band, a discal straight line, zigzag

submarginal line with faint intervening spots, the outer border

from the submarginal line being entirely purplish-brown. Under

side paler yellowish-ochreous. Both wings with a slender purplish

brown medial zigzag band, straight discal line, and brown outer

marginal band. Expanse, 23 in.

Hab. Bombay (Dr. Leith). In coll. F. Moore.

This species is allied to H. Canaraica, Moore (P.Z.8.,

1879, p. 410).

Eupterote persimilis, n. 8.

3. Upper side pale brownish-ochreous. Fore wing with

extremely faint traces of darker transverse sinuous discal lines, an

indistinct straight duplex line, and submarginal zigzag line. Hind

wing with extremely faint traces of discal sinuous lines, more

distinct curved duplex line, and faint zigzag submarginal line.

Under side yellowish-ochreous. Both wings with only a single

transverse discal brown line. Thorax yellowish-ochreous in front.

Eixpanse, 3 in.

Hab. Calcutta (Atkinson). In coll. F. Moore.

Hupterote dissimilis, n.s.

6. Pale brownish ochreous. Fore wing with a pale brown

subbasal transverse curved line, a medial broader sinuous line,

faint traces of three or four sinuous discal lines, followed by a

recurved more distinct duplex line, an extremely faint sub-

marginal zigzag line and intervening spots. Hind wing with a

pale brown medial transverse sinuous line, extremely faint traces

of slender discal lines, and a more distinct straight duplex line, the

submarginal zigzag line being almost obsolete. Under side pale

yellowish-ochreous. Both wings with a prominent outer discal

broad purple-brown line. Front of thorax pale ochreous-yellow.

Expanse, 3} in.

Hab. Deyra Dhoon, N.W. Himalaya (Austen). In

coll. F’. Moore.

Eupterote cinnamomea, 0. s.

3; ¢@. Cinnamon-brown; female darkest coloured. Both

wings with almost imperceptible traces of transverse sinuous

darker-coloured bands; a distinctly formed dusky brown straight

duplex line, and submarginal zigzag line with intervening spots.

Expanse, male 33 in., female 4 in.

Hab. Canara, S. India (Ward). In coll. F. Moore.

species of Indian Lepidoptera. 369

Eupterote similis, n. 8.

3, 2. Cinnamon-brown. Male: Fore wing with three in-

distinct brown subbasal zigzag lines, two medial lines, and three

discal lines, followed by a straight outer discal slender duplex line,

and a submarginal zigzag line with intervening upper and lower

spots. Hind wing with two subbasal and three discal indistinct

brown sinuous lines, followed by a curved discal duplex line, and a

submarginal zigzag line. Under side coloured and marked as

upper side. Female: Darker coloured than the male. Both wings

with similar but darker lines, and less distinct submarginal zigzag

line. Expanse, male 33 in., female 34 in.

Hab. Calcutta (Atkinson). In coll. F. Moore.

Eupterote decorata, n. 8.

&. Pale ochreous-yellow. Fore wing with five subbasal trans-

verse purple-brown curved lines, and four discal sinuous lines, the

second and outer subbasal and the inner discal line the broadest,

the two latter being partly confluent across the veins ; a broad outer

discal duplex line, and a submarginal zigzag narrow line, the apical

area being broadly purple-brown. Hind wing with four medial

discal sinuous lines, broad duplex line, and distinct zigzag sub-

marginal line. Under side yellow. ‘Both wings with discal

sinuous lines and very broad outer line, submarginal line, and

apical patch. Expanse, 3} in.

Hab. Punjab. In coll. British Museum.

Eupterote affinis, n. s.

Nearest allied to EH. consimilis. Male: Dark brownish ochreous.

Fore wing with similar but more distinct transverse zigzag sinuous

lines, duplex line, and submarginal zigzag line, the latter with

intervening spots. Hind wing with three medial discal sinuous

lines, very prominent duplex line, and submarginal zigzag line.

Under side reddish-ochreous. Both wings with medial discal

sinuous lines and broad outer discal line, the submarginal zigzag

line very indistinct. Front of thorax ochreous-yellow. Female :

Uniformly reddish-ochreous. Both wings with similar markings

to male. Expanse, 4 in.

Hab. N. India. In coll. British Museum.

Distinguished from FE. consimilis in the fore wing of

the male having the medial lines confluent, and on the

hind wing in the medial discal lines being situated

370 Mr. F. Moore’s descriptions of new

further from the base, the inner line also being

broader. The under side of the male is also differently

coloured.

SPALYRIA, n. g.

3. Wings short, broad, ample, lanuginose. Fore wing almost

straight to near the apex; exterior margin almost erect, posterior

margin long; cell extending to one-third the wing; first subcostal

emitted at one-sixth before end of the cell, second trifid, third

thrown off from below second at one-half, and the fourth at one-

fifth from the base; fifth emitted from end of the cell; disco-

cellular bent outward near upper end, lower end concave, radial

from the upper angle; middle median emitted at one-fifth and

lower at one-half before end of the cell; submedian with a slender

lower basal branch. Hind wing with the costal margin extending

to posterior angle of fore wing; exterior margin very convex ; cell

one-third the wing; two subcostals on a footstalk at a short

distance beyond end of the cell; disco-cellular bent outward near

upper end, lower end very long and outwardly oblique, radial from

upper angle ; middle median at one-fourth and lower at one-half

before end of the cell. Body very woolly; antenne bipectinated

to tip in male, serrated in female; palpi short, thick ; legs densely

pilose.

Type. SS. collaris (Bombyx collaris, Guérin, Delessert’s

Voy..,, pl. 275, os).

Hab. Nilgiris. In coll. F. Moore.

MuRLIDA.

Murlida, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., ii., p. 422

(857—9),2 «

Fore wing comparatively shorter in the male, longer in the

female, and less triangular in form than in the corresponding sexes

of Hupterote. Fore wing with first subcostal from near end,

second quadrifid; cell short, less than one-third length of the

wing; disco-cellular bent in the middle; two upper medians from

contiguous angles at end of the cell, lower at beyond one-third

before the end. Hind wing with short triangular cell; disco-

cellular very oblique, bent acutely near upper end below the radial ;

lower median at nearly one-half and middle median at one-sixth

before end of the cell.

species of Indian Lepidoptera. 371

Murlida lineosa.

Lasiocampa lineosa, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M.,

vi., p. 1440 (1855), 2.

Murlida lineosa, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., it,

p. 422 (1857—9), @.

3. Upper side pale yellow. Fore wing with a very indistinct

subbasal transverse sinuous slender blackish line, three similar

discal lines, followed by a contiguous straight line, beyond which

is a zigzag submarginal line with intervening spots, all the spots

being small except the penultimate upper and lower one. Hind

wing with three medial transverse sinuous similar lines, the outer

line extremely indistinct, followed by an outer discal straight but

more prominent line, beyond which is a very indistinct zigzag line.

Under side slightly paler. Both wings with the markings as on

upper side, but much more distinct, the hind wing also having the

intervening spots between the outer discal line and the zigzag sub-

marginal line.

?. Ochreous-yellow. Both wings on the upper side with

similar but somewhat less distinct markings. Underside also with

similar markings, except that the spots on submargin of hind wing

are absent. Expanse, male 3 in., female 33 in.

Hab. Nepal. In coll. British Museum.

Murlida fraterna, nu. 8.

3g. Upper side darker yellow than in M. lineosa. Fore wing

with five equidistant transverse blackish lines, a prominent con-

tiguous discal line, a slender zigzag submarginal line, and prominent

intervening black spots, the transverse lines being broader than in

M. lineosa, and the outer line is broken at upper end into short

longitudinal streaks. Hind wing with two extremely indistinct

medial discal lines, a prominent outer discal straight line, slender

indistinct submarginal with traces of intervening spots. Under

side marked as above, the inner lines indistinct.

@. Darker yellow than in male; markings similar but less

distinct. Expanse, male 23 in., female 3§ in.

Hab. Darjiling. In coll. F. Moore.

Brachytera primularis, n. 8.

gd. Upper side pale creamy-yellow. Fore wing with a slender

indistinct ochreous-brown subbasal waved band, a more distinct

straight oblique outer discal band, and less distinct submarginal

zigzag line with two basal and a slight apical intervening spots.

372 Mr. F. Moore’s descriptions of new

Hind wing with a slender indistinct medial line, a more distinct

curved outer discal line, and submarginal zigzag line. Under side

as above; the lines more distinct. Head, palpi, and fore legs

yellowish-ochreous; antenne brown. Expanse, 2 in. to 2} in.

Hab. Coonoor, Nilgiris (Lindsay); Shevaroy Hills

(Dr. Shortt). In coll. F. Moore.

Sangatissa albipars, n. 8.

3. Fore wing glossy white, traversed by a longitudinal row of

sparsely-disposed brown speckles curving from base of the posterior

margin to the apex; a similar row of speckles above the posterior

angle. Hind wing dull ochreous-yellow. Thorax ochreous-white ;

head, palpi, abdomen, and legs ochreous-yellow; antenne pale

ochreous-brown, with whitish shaft. Expanse, 13 in.

Hab. Bombay (Dr. Leith). In coll. F. Moore.

Allied to S. citrinula (Dreata citrinula, Walker, Catal.

Lep. Het. B. M., xxxii., p. 876).

Messata flavida, n. 8.

3. Pale yellow. Fore wing traversed by three brown-speckled

oblique nearly straight bands, which proceed from the apex to

posterior margin, the inner band most distinct and terminating at

one-third from the base, the others at equal distances at their base.

@. Brighter yellow. Fore wing with the inner speckled band

curving towards the base of posterior margin. Thorax and abdo-

men bright yellow; head and palpi ochreous ; pectus and fore legs

above chestnut-brown ; antenne ochreous, shaft pale yellow. Ex-

panse, 23 in. :

Hab. Nilgiris. In coll. F. Moore.

Messata castanoptera, ni. 8.

3. Dull chestnut-brown. Fore wing crossed by a darker

brown ill-defined subbasal band, an oblique straight discal dark

speckled-brown narrow band, and a broad marginal band. Hind

wing with a transverse narrow medial discal dark brown-speckled

band, and a broad submarginal band. Body, palpi, and legs dark

chestnut-brown ; antenne pale brown. Expanse, 2} in.

Hab. Nilgiris. In coll. F. Moore.

species of Indian Lepidoptera. 373

Apona Shevaroyensis, n. 8.

&. Dull greyish purplish-brown. Fore wing with four or five

very indistinct darker-coloured transverse discal sinuous lines, the

outer one followed by a straight oblique pale-bordered prominent

line, beyond which the submarginal zigzag-bordered area is darker

and of a glaucescent-grey colour; a small dark spot at end of the

cell. Hind wing-with very indistinct discal sinuous lines and a

more distinct outer discal pale-bordered lunular line, beyond which

is an extremely indistinct submarginal zigzag-bordered area.

Under side duller coloured, the discal sinuous lines somewhat

more distinct, the outer oblique lines on fore wing recurved and

less distinct, that on the hind wing more distinct. Antenne dark

brown, shaft white.

@. Somewhat browner in colour; marked as in male. Expanse,

male 43 in., female 43 in. a

Hab. Shevaroy Hills, Madras (Dr. Shortt). In coll.

F. Moore.

Allied to A. plumosa (Moore, P. Z.8., 1872, p. 579).

Differs in its much larger size and obliquity of mark-

ings.

Nisaga modesta, n. 8.

3. Upper side pale glossy brownish-ochreous; cilia darker

coloured. Body and legs dark ochreous-brown. Expanse, 1} in.

Hab. N.India. In coll. British Museum.

Differs from N. simplex in the uniform colour of the

upper side, and in the absence of the prominent dark

brown-speckled longitudinal streaks between the veins.

SYRASTRENA, 0. g.

Wings small. Fore wing elongated, narrow, triangular ; cell

long, extending to one-third the wing; first subcostal emitted at

one-half before end of the cell, second from close to the end, trifid,

the fourth from below third near its base, and fifth from below

fourth near its base ; disco-cellular very slender, inwardly oblique,

recurved; two upper medians from end of the cell, second at one-

fourth, and first or lower at three-fourths before the end; sub-

median slightly recurved, with a very slender short basal lower

branch. Hind wing with the costal vein arched at the base, and

with a precostal curved spur ; subcostal two-branched, first branch

emitted at one-half before end of the cell and slightly joined to

costal; cell triangular, lower end longest; disco-cellular slender,

374 Mr. F. Moore’s descriptions of new

outwardly oblique; three upper medians on a footstalk beyond end

of the cell, first or lower median from close to the end; a sub-

median and an internal vein. Body short, stout; palpi porrect,

thick, pointed in front, projected conically beyond the head;

antenne bipectinated to tip in both sexes; legs hairy.

Syrastrena minor.

Metanastria minor, Moore, Desc. Lep. Coll. Atk.,

p. 78 (1879).

Hab. Darjiling. In coll. British Museum.

Lenodora signata, n. 8.

3; 2. Pale dull ferruginous-brown, palest in the female. Fore

wing with a small white lunate spot at end of the cell. Expanse,

male 13 in., female 2 in.

Hab. Bengal (Russell); Deyra Dhoon (Austen). In

coll. F. Moore.

The typical species of Lenodora (Lasiocampa vittata,

Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M., vi., p. 1440) differs in

the fore wing having a longitudinal white streak extend-

ing from base of fore wing through the cell to near the

outer margin.

Lenodora fusca, n. 8.

3d. Umber-brown. Fore wing uniformly coloured throughout.

Expanse, 13 in.

Hab. Bombay. In coll. F. Moore.

Distinguished by its uniform colour and absence of

mark on the fore wing.

Lenodora fasciata, n. 8.

?. Dark umber-brown. Fore wing with an oblique outer

discal transverse pale fascia. Hind wing duller brown. E xpanse

23 in.

Hab. Coonoor, Nilgiris (Lindsay). In coll. F. Moore.

Gastropacha divaricata, n. s.

?. Dark purplish-red. Fore wing with four equidistant

medial transverse purple-black narrow bands, the inner band erect

and waved, the two central slightly angulated beyond the cell and

terminating together before the posterior margin; the outer band is

cre

species of Indian Lepidoptera. “BB

darkest, and is also angulated near its upper end, thence extending

very obliquely to posterior margin, where it joins the inner band

each of the bands have a suffused indistinct violet-grey border,

and there is a violet-grey fascia extending upward from the pos-

terior angle. Hind wing paler red. Thorax, head, palpi, and legs

dark purplish-red; abdomen paler. Expanse, 3+ in.

Hab. Darjiling. In coll. F. Moore.

Trabala irrorata, n. 8.

2. Upper side dark olivaceous ochreous-yellow, sparsely

speckled with dark purple-brown scales, which are most numerously

disposed on the exterior border, sinuously across the inner dise

of both wings and subbasally across the fore wing, and also on

the posterior border of the fore wing. Both wings with a discal

transverse zigzag series of large lilacine-grey spots, which are also

thickly speckled with the dark brown scales; fore wing also with

the posterior border blotched with lilacine-grey, and with a promi-

nent lilacine-grey spot with dark brown-speckled border in the

middle of the cell. Cilia entirely yellow. Under side slightly

paler than the upper side ; both wings with the discal zigzag spots

as above, the exterior borders less sparsely speckled with brown

scales; a slight brown-speckled sinuous discal band also on the

hind wing ; cell-spot indistinct. Body brighter yellow, anal tuft

lilacine-white. Expanse, 23 to 34 in.

Hab. Java (Horsfield); Mergui (Anderson). In coll.

British Museum and Calcutta Museum.

Lebeda fasciata, nu. 8.

g$. Pale brownish ochreous. Fore wing with four medial trans-

verse obliquely-curved ferruginous-brown sinuous fascie, the two

middle fascie joined together at their upper end before the costa; a

submarginal zigzag row of indistinct blackish grey-speckled spots; a

whitish dot at end of the cell. Hind wing with two medial and a

submarginal curved transverse diffused ferruginous-brown fascie.

Under side uniformly paler ; with faint darker brown traces of an

outer discal and a submarginal fascia on the fore wing, and of the

three curved fasci on the hind wing. Expanse, 3 in.

Hab. Khasia Hills (Austen). In coll. F. Moore.

Allied to L. ampla and L. ferruginea, from both of

which it is quite distinct.

376 New species of Indian Lepidoptera.

Lebeda purpurescens, n. 8.

S$. Purplish-red. Fore wing with four indistinct medial trans-

verse brown sinuous lines, and a submarginal zigzag row of blackish

grey-speckled spots; a conspicuous ochreous-yellow subbasal spot.

Under side paler; both wings with two darker purplish-red outer

discal transverse obliquely straight fascie, and a submarginal

macular fascia. Expanse, 23 in.

Hab. Borneo. In coll. F. Moore.

LIMACODIDA.

Aphendala tripartita, n. 8.

3, 2. Allied to A. transversata. Differs in being darker

coloured; the subbasal band is almost erect, in A. transversata this

band being oblique, and its upper end extending to the middle of

the costa; the exterior band is also oblique, with its lower end

terminating within the posterior angle, and the exterior pale band

is also erect, with its lower end terminating on exterior margin

above the angle. Expanse, male 7 in., female 13 in.

Hab. Manpuri (Horne); Jubbulpore. In coll. F.

Moore and British Museum.

Aphendala divaricata, nu. 8.

@. Upper side pale purplish brownish-ochreous. Fore wing

with a slender dark ochreous-brown band curving upward from

posterior margin at one-third from the base to one-third before the

apex, and from which a straight erect similar band extends from

its costal end to the posterior angle. Body dark ochreous-brown.

Expanse, 1} in.

Hab. Silcuri, Cachar (W. Mason). In coll. India

Museum, Calcutta.

(< SEM)

XVIII. Life-history of sixty species of Lepidoptera ob-

served in Mhow, Central India. By BR. W.

ForsayetH, Surgeon-Major, A. M. D.

[Read August 6th, 1884. |

Puates XIV, XV.

Durine my residence at Mhow I have been enabled to

make the following observations upon various Lepi-

doptera. The species have been named and arranged

throughout by Mr. A. G. Butler, of the Natural History

Department, British Museum, to whom I wish to return

my best thanks. The following is a synopsis of the

characters of the larve and pupe observed :

RHOPALOCERA.

Papilio Erithonius, L.—Larva thick, abrupt, sluggish. Small hood.

Concealed double erectile horn on hood. Pura suspended by

thoracic band and caudal ligature on leaf.

Delias eucharis, Drury.—Larva vermiform, sparingly hirsute. Pupa

suspended by thoracic band and caudal ligature on leaf.

Terias Alsiope, Mén.—Larva vermiform, naked. Pupa pointed head,

flattened thorax, suspended as above noted on leaf.

Tirumala Limniace, Cram. Larva juliform, naked ; two thoracic and two

caudal horns. Pura suspended by tail. Gold spots.

Limnas Chrysippus, l.—Larva juliform, naked ; six long fleshy horns on

body. Pupa suspended by tail. Gold band and puncta.

Junonia Orithyia, L.—Laxrva armed with numerous hairy spines. Head

bifid. Pupa suspended by tail, rough, yellow and purple.

J. Gnone, u.—Larva armed with numerous hairy spines. Head bifid.

Pura suspended by tail, rough, yellow and purple.

Precis Lemonias, .—Larva armed with numerous hairy spines. Head

bifid. Pura suspended by tail, rough, yellow and purple.

Hypolimnas avia, Faby.— Larva armed with numerous hairy spines.

Head entire, with two horns on vertex. Pura suspended by tail.

Projections along abdomen and dorsum of thorax.

Melanitis Ismene, Cram.—Larva oblong; head with two spined horns.

Spindle-shaped body. Pura smooth, suspended by tail.

Symphedra thyelia, Fabr.—Larva, body surrounded by numerous long

fleshy horizontal arms furnished with hairs. Pura suspended by

tail. Angular. Gold spots and lines.

Pyrgus Galba, Fabr.—Larva vermiform. Head hairy, on a neck. Pupa

fastened by spine at tail, in a leafy case. Greenish white efflores-

cence on body.

TRANS. ENT. 80C. LOND. 1884.—PaRT III. (OCT.)

378 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

Pamphila Mathias, Fabr.—Larva vermiform. Head triangular, on a

neck. Pupa fastened on grass stem by thoracic band and caudal

ligature. Smooth, with pointed head.

SPHINGES.

Daphnis nerii, L.—Larva ocellated. Short soft caudal horn. Pura of

ordinary form. Cocoon of silk and earth on or near surface of

ground.

Polyptychus dentatus, Cram. — Larva marked with puncta. Fleshy

caudal horn. Pupa ordinary. Cocoon: Earthen cell; sub-

terraneous.

Acherontia Styx, Westw.—Larva green. Yellow lateral strie. Fleshy

pointed caudal horn. Larva brown and white. Dark lateral

strie. Dark brown row of patches on dorsum of thorax. Fleshy

pointed caudal horn. Pura ordinary. Cocoon: Earthen cell; sub-

terraneous.

Cherocampa celerio, L.—Larva ocellated. Long acuminate caudal horn.

Pura: Head of pupa keel-shaped. Cocoon: Silk, earth, and

leaves, on surface of ground.

C. thyelia, L.—Larva ocellated. Short acuminate caudal horn. Pupa:

Head keel-shaped. Cocoon: Leaves and silk, on surface of ground.

C. Oldenlandie, Fabr.—Larva ocellated. Long acuminate caudal horn.

Pura: Head keel-shaped. Cocoon: Leaves, or earth and silk, on

surface of ground.

Protoparce orientalis, Butl.—Larva marked with lateral strie. Long

acuminate caudal horn. Pura with large detached maxillary

sheath. Cocoon: An earthen cell; subterraneous.

Clanis cervina, Walk.—Youne Larva: Large acuminate head. Strong

pointed caudal horn. Lateral strie. Mature Larva: Rounded

head. Short fleshy caudal horn. Lateral strie; rough skin.

Pura, ordinary form. Cocoon: An earthen cell; subterraneous.

C. Deucalion ?, Walk.—Laryva with lateral strie. Short soft caudal horn.

Pura, ordinary form. Cocoon: An earthen cell; subterraneous.

BOMBYCES.

Trilocha albicollis, Walk.—Larva sphingiform, naked. Cocoon: Firm

yellow silk, oblong-oval, on leaf.

Dabarita subtilis, Walk.—Larva smooth, bladder-headed. Cocoon: Boat-

shaped, silk, firm, on leaf.

Chilena strigula, Walk.—Larya hairy; three long tufts. Cocoon: Strong

silk, oblong-oval, arboreal.

Trabala Vishnu, Lef.—Larva hairy; two head tufts. Cocoon: Silken,

arboreal, irregular shape.

Megasoma venustum, Walk.—Larva hairy ; thoracic brush and patch.

Cocoon: Strong silken, oblong-oval, arboreal.

Lebeda Buddha, Lef.—Larva hairy ; thoracic brush and patch. Cocoon:

Strong silken, oblong-oval, arboreal.

Nioda fusiformis, Walk.—Lanrya hairy, tufted; thoracic brushes. Caudal

arrow-headed plumes. Cocoon: Silk and hairs, arboreal; ham-

mock-like.

Psalis securis, Hiibn.—Larya hairy ; head tufts; dorsal brushes. Cocoon:

Silk, arboreal, oblong-oval.

Euproctis lunata, Walk.—Lanva hairy; dorsal brushes. Cocoon: Bags

of silk and clay, under but near surface of ground,

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 379

Pseudomesa incerta, Walk.—Larva: Short scanty hairs; no brushes or

tufts. Cocoon: Thin silk hammock.

Perina nuda, Fabr.—Larva sparingly hirsute; large head; no brushes or

tufts. Nococoon. Pura suspended by silk fibres on leaf.

Trisula variegata, Moore.—Larva: Scanty and long hairs; fleshy grub-like.

Cocoon: Sand and stones bound together with strong silk, on

surface of ground.

Alope ricini, L.—Larva hairy, in whorls; no tufts or brushes. Cocoon:

Silk and hairs, arboreal, hammock-like.

Creatonotus tnterruptus, L.—Lanva hairy, in whorls; no tufts or brushes.

(No notes of cocoon.)

Areas lacticinea, Cram.—Larva hairy, in whorls; no tufts or brushes.

Cocoon: Silk and earth, on and partly under surface of ground.

Lacides ficus, Faby. — Larva sparingly hirsute; hairs longish; legs

normal. Cocoon: Earthen cell; subterraneous. No efflorescence

on PUPA.

Miresa albipuncta, H.-S.— Larva slug-like, spined, stinging. Cocoon

hard, oval, egg-like; subterraneous.

Aphendala tripartita, Moore—Larva slug-like, spined, stinging. Cocoon

hard, oval, egg-like; subterraneous.

Parasa lepida, Cram.—Uanrva slug-like, spined, stinging. Cocoon hard,

oval, egg-like, on the trunk and branches of the mango tree.

NOCTUA.

Sphingomorpha chlorea, Cram.—Larvya: Anterior pair of prolegs small,

naked, semi-looping ; concealed dorsal bar. Cocoon silk and clay ;

subterraneous. No efflorescence on PUPA.

Achea melicerta, Drury.—Larva: Anterior pair of prolegs rudimentary,

naked, semi-looping ; concealed dorsal bar. Cocoon leaf and silk,

arboreal. White efflorescence on PUPA.

Ophiodes separans, Walk.—Larva: Anterior pair of prolegs small, naked ;

movement not noted; no concealed dorsal bar. Cocoon leaf and

silk, arboreal. No efflorescence on PUPA.

Homoptera solita, Walk.—Two anterior pairs of prolegs obsolete, loop-

ing; no bar. Cocoon leaf and silk, arboreal. No note of

efflorescence.

H. continua, Walk. — Larva: 1st pair of prolegs obsolete, 2nd rudi-

mentary; semi-looping. Cocoon leaf and silk, arboreal. White

efflorescence on PUPA.

Cosmophila indica, Guén.—Larva semi-looping (no other notes). Cocoon

arboreal, rolled leaf. No note of efflorescence.

Ercheia diversipennis, Walk.—No figure. I think it was a semi-looper.

Cocoon leaf and silk, arboreal. No note of efflorescence.

Selepa celtis, Moore.—Larva hairy; movements normal ; feet normal.

Cocoon boat-shaped, silk, on a leaf. No note of efflorescence.

S. curviferella, Walk.—Larva hairy; movements normal; feet normal.

Cocoon of silk and clay; subterraneous. No note of efflorescence.

Tegna hybleella, Walk.—Larva maggot-like, translucent, naked, soft.

Legs normal. Cocoon dense, leathery, seed-like. On a leaf,

under a silk net.

Glottula dominica, Cram.— Larva sparingly hirsute; short hairs; legs

regular. Cocoon: Harthen cell; subterraneous. No efflorescence

on PUPA.

Heliothis armiger, Hiibn.—Larva naked, sphingiform. Cocoon: Earthen

cell; subterraneous, No efflorescence on pupa,

380 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

Prodenia retina, Guén.—Larva naked, sphingiform. Cocoon: Earthen

cell; subterraneous. No efflorescence on pupa.

Plusia chrysitina, Martyn.—Larva naked, sphingiform; two anterior

pairs of prolegs obsolete ; looping ; no concealed dorsal bar. Pura

in net of silk, in roll of leaf. No efflorescence.

Celena canorufa, Walk.—Larva naked, sphingiform, almost semi-looping.

Pura in earthen cell; subterraneous. No efflorescence.

Remigia frugalis, Fabr.— Larva naked, semi-looper. Pura in earthen

cell; subterraneous. No efflorescence.

GEOMETR&.

Hypochroma dispensata, Walk.—Larva naked, looping. Pupa on surface

of ground under a thin net.

PYRALES.

Scopula strenualis, Walk.—Larva maggot-like, naked, soft, translucent.

Pura in rolled leaf, under a fine net.

Botys molusalis, Walk.— Larva maggot-like, naked, soft, translucent.

Pura in rolled leaf; no cocoon or net; fastened by caudal

ligature.

NYMPHALIDAL.

EUPLG@INA.

Iimnas Chrysippus, Linn.

Mhow, August 30th, 1879.

Larva found feeding on the leaves of a shrub with

fleshy leaves, exuding quantities of a milky juice on

being torn, and with a compound purple flower, called

by the natives ‘‘Ankra.’’ The larva is furnished with

six long, fleshy, smooth arms. Legs 6, 8, 2. Colour

and markings shown in figure.*

During September I procured several specimens, but

failed to rear a single imago; some specimens dying,

others being the prey of a large dipterous parasite like a

blue-bottle fly.

Oct. 5th. Got two more larve. One changed into

a chrysalis the same evening or during the night.

Suspended by anal extremity only. Of a fleshy ground

colour, with a medial brown and gold stripe, and gold

puncta about head and thorax.

Oct. 22nd. One of the specimens last noted became

an imago this morning.

A common butterfly about here.

* It not being possible to reproduce all Mr. Forsayeth’s numerous’

figures, a selection of the most important has been made by

Messrs. Butler and Moore.—H. A. F.

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 381

Tirumala Limniace, Cramer.

Mhow, September 12th, 1881.

Found the larve on a species of creeper or vine with

a stout woody stem and greenish yellow bark; leaves

broad, smooth, and pointed at extremity. This vine

grew close to a tree in my garden, and clung to its

branches. All the specimens I bred were obtained from

this one plant.

An outline sketch of the larva is given, showing the

four smooth black fleshy ‘‘ horns,’ two anteriorly and

two posteriorly. The colour of the body is a pale

yellowish green, ribbed with black transverse lines.

Black markings exist on head, as shown in figure to the

left of larva.

The larve possess no irritating powers; they curl

up and simulate death for some moments when handled.

A fine web attaches them by the prolegs to the leaf

on which they are at the time feeding; this pecu-

liarity they possess in common with the larva of

Papilio Erithonius.

The pup are attached by the tail only; at first of a

ereen colour, but in a day or two numerous patches

of gold of the most brilliant lustre appear on the body

and head, and a crescentic line of dots in the situation

marked ‘‘a”’ in sketch.

The imagines appeared from Sept. 26th to Oct. 20th

from two different broods of larve found on the same

plant. Oi these two were females and five males. The

latter possess a curious pouch on the under side of

posterior wings a little below their centre. It opens

from the upper side of the wing, and contains a fine

granular powder-like plumbago, quite inodorous. Front

pair of legs rudimentary in both sexes. The males also

possess a dense tuft of long yellow hairs like a brush, at

each side of last segment of abdomen, but underneath

the cuticle. I never saw them protruded, and am un-

acquainted with their use.

The species did not seem to me a common one in the

locality, and I met with but few others than those

frequenting the above noted plant in my garden. Their

flight or habits present nothing noteworthy. They are

not very strong on the wing.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PaRT II. (O0T.) 20

382 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

SATYRINA.

Melanitis Ismene, Cramer. (Pl. XIV., figs. 2—2 ).

Mhow, October, 1879.

Got the larva from a native. It feeds on grass. In

a few days it became a pupa.

Sept. 16th, 1881. Found a specimen of above larva

to-day. Legs 6, 8,2. Front aspect of head figured at

Pl. XIV., fig. 2a.

Sept. 17th. Found a chrysalis of this species on a

grass stem.

Sept. 21st to Oct. 7th. Found several of these larve

on a species of large grass growing in clumps of about

four feet in height; leaf broad, long, and lanceolate.

Oct. 22nd. Three imagines out to-day. Front legs

extremely small and delicate, would hardly be noticed

on a casual inspection. Basal and terminal joints of

palpi very small; middle large and curved. Club of

antenne very slender and graduated to a point. The

wavy shading of brown on under surface of wings is

much deeper in some specimens than others ; the former

are also the larger, and markings underneath are some-

what different. Posterior coste of wings scalloped.

Oct. 23rd. Another imago out to-day.

Oct. 24th. I saw some of these flying near dusk after

sunset in grass jungle when no other butterfly was to be

seen, or had been visible for more than an hour pre-

viously. The flight is rather jerky, and movements

curiously furtive; the insect perching with wings in

erect position, thus resembling a dry leaf, and being

very difficult to detect amongst bushes, &c., in con-

sequence. It is evidently well aware of this, as, when

pursued, it invariably makes a short flight and then

settles suddenly, thus hoping to elude capture, in which

ruse it is frequently successful.

Larva and pupa figured on Plate XIV., figs. 2, 2b).

NYMPHALINA,

Junona Orithyia, Linn.

Mhow, August 27th, 1881.

Larva found on a small labiate herb in a field close to

my house. Head and body of avery dark shining black,

shading into brown when seen by reflected light. Head

on a short neck, latter of an orange colour for a short |

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 383

distance; caudal extremity also tipped with orange.

Body covered with perpendicular spines armed with

strong radial hairs, which, however, have no irritating

effect on the human skin. Head bifurcated ; reddish

spot in centre of face; a small spinous process on each

upper angle of eye. Legs 6, 8, 2.

Pupa suspended by tail; naked; wing-covers of a

muddy yellow; rest of body of a purplish colour,

variegated by lines of a dull creamy white. Slight

projections of an angular nature along abdomen.

A pupa formed on August 30th became an imago on

September 7th.

Junonia Ginone, Linn.

Mhow, October 1st, 1881.

About this date and the end of September I found

several larve precisely similar to those described above

as of Junonia Orithyia, but without the orange tip on

tail. They formed a pupa also identical in shape and

markings. The larve were found on a different herb to

those of J. Orithyia. The imagines proved to be quite

distinct in colour and markings, though if brown was

substituted for the azure-blue ground of Orithyia, their

general appearance would be very similar. At the time

T made no examination as to sex, and was under the

impression that the present species was closely con-

nected with, or a different brood of, that described above

as J. Orithyia.

Precis Lemonias, Linn.

Early in October, 1881, I found a larva on same plant

as that on which I found the specimens of August 27th

(Junonia Orithyia). It has the orange neck and also a

slight orange patch of same colour above anal legs, and

seems identical with larve of J. Orithyia. Pupa also

identical in appearance. On October 21st the imago

came out, and I noted at the time, on cursory examina-

tion, that it was the same as J. Orithyia, except that

under surface of secondaries had a reddish tinge, and

were without ocelli underneath.

With regard to the three species last described, viz.,

J. Onithyia, J. Cinone, and Precis Lemonias, 1 am

not aware if the larva of each has been separately bred

and described. If such has been done, the error which

384 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

Ihave made will be apparent. Personally I must express

my disbelief that the larve of the three species can be

so similar as to be mistaken one for the other. Mr. A. G.

Butler informs me that Horsfield and Thwaites “bred

all three,’ but he does not say if the larve have been

figured or described, and if they are so very similar as

stated in my notes.

Hypolimnas avia, Faby.

Mhow, October 9th, 1881.

Larva found on a small herb with a purple flower.

I could not ascertain the name.

The larva somewhat resembles that of Junonia

Orithyia, but the head is entire, of a red colour, and

armed with two fleshy horns covered with short spines.

The body is also armed with similar processes. Though

the imagines are numerous in this locality I have only

come across a single larva.

The pupa also resembles that of J. Orithyia in form

and colouring, but of course much larger in size. It

is suspended by the tail only, and has spinous pro-

jections along the centre of abdomen and dorsum of the

thorax.

A favourite haunt of the imagines is fields of the

yellow-flowered Rameli, but I have never found a larva

on this plant.

Symphedra thyelia, Fabry. (Pl. XIV., figs. 8, 3a).

Mhow, November 5th, 1879.

Larva brought by a native, who stated that it fed on

the ‘‘ Tendu” tree, a large tree somewhat resembling the

ash. General colour a light grass-green; a row of

purple spots along centre of back. Margin of body

armed with long, horizontal, fleshy processes, covered

with fine green hairs of a non-irritating character. Legs

6, 8, 2. Movements regular.

Noy. 12th. Changed to a chrysalis last night. Green

colour; angular, with dark and gold spots and lines.

Suspended head downwards; no thoracic band.

Subsequently, in November, I obtained several more

larve and pup, and on Dec. 1st I note that ‘ another

larva has become a pupa during the night.”

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 385

Jan. 6th, 1880. ‘Imago of last noted specimen came

out this afternoon. The chrysalis was not kept in the

sun or exposed to its influence.”

The larva is shown, poorly figured, at Pl. XIV., fig. 8 ;

the pupa suspended from twig at fig. 3a.

PAPILIONIDA.

PIERINA.

Terias Afsiope, Mén. (Pl. XIV., figs. 1, 1a).

Mhow, October 5th, 1881.

Found the larva on the leaves of a seedling of a species

of yellow-flowered leguminous tree, with a flower like

broom. The larva being small, and exactly similar in

colour to the leaf on which it feeds, is by no means easy

of detection. It is vermiform in shape, green with a

lateral white line on either side. Legs 6, 8,2. Move-

ments regular.

Pupa attached by tail, and by a thoracic sling, in the

horizontal position. Wing-cases shaped like a keel;

head prolonged into a point. Colour at first green;

afterwards turns a dingy brownish green colour.

Imagines emerged on October 14th, but I cannot say

how long the pupal stage lasted, not having precise notes

on this point.

The species is tolerably common in the locality,

generally flying low over green herbage in gardens and

cultivated ground.

Larva and pupa figured on Plate XIV., figs. 1, la.

Delias eucharis, Drury.

Mhovw, Noy. 22nd, 1881.

IT am not certain of the food-plant of the larva, having

found only one, and that was fastened up, just about to

change to pupa. The chrysalides are, however, generally

found on leaves of Butea frondosa. They have also been

found on Mahwa.

The pupe are fastened by a thoracic brace and a

caudal ligature to the under side of leaves. They are of

two colours, one as shown in figure; the other with

similar markings, but of a deep glazed brown on the

bodies, and with wing-cases of a light shade of dull

sap-green.

386 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

PAPILIONINA.

Papilio Erithonius, Linn.

Mhow, September 17th, 1881.

I first found this curious larva on a species of orange

or sweet lime tree, a large shrub with green fleshy leaves

and thorny branches, common in Indian fruit gardens.

Subsequently I found them on a small green herb,

crowing in grassy patches amongst cultivated fields.

General colour of larva a soft velvet-like grass-green.

A white line runs along either side just above the legs.

The abdomen is of a greenish white colour. Legs 6, 8, 2.

Two small fleshy acuminated tubercles on the upper

side of terminal segment, and also on the hood-like first

segment. Between these latter, on pressure between

finger and thumb, a double horn, soft and erectile, of a

pink colour, shoots out and quivers slightly. These

processes are not perceptible when the larva is at rest ;

they seem to be propelled outwards as a snail extends

its tentacles; they are rather yellowish at the base and

reddish towards extremities. When extrusion takes place

a rather pungent, aromatic, but certainly not disagree-

able, odour is given out. The larve seldom shoot forth

these processes on being handled or irritated, but only

on pressure being made. When the apparatus is with-

drawn no trace of an aperture is perceptible.

The first segment forms a species of hood, partly

concealing the head. On the dorsum are two crescentic

patches, consisting of rows of ocelli. The young larva °

differs greatly from the mature caterpillar, having

numerous processes, armed with stiff hairs or spines,

along either side and head, and being of a totally

distinct colour.

The larve appear invariably to attach themselves

to the leaf on which they are feeding by a fine, almost

invisible, web. On removing a larva from the leaf the

web is dragged away by the feet, and then is easily seen.

I have also noticed that they devour their exuvie, at

least I never could find a cast skin in the cages in which

I bred the larve from early youth to maturity.

When about to change its condition the larva attaches

itself to a leaf by the anal feet, and supports the thorax

by a strong silken band, the dorsum invariably being

inferior, and the position that of a person reclining

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 387

supine in a hammock; this is shown in the sketch above

noted, taken from life.

The pupx are of two colours, green and brown, but

identical in form; the green specimens predominated in

those I bred, in the ratio of five to three. Iam unable

to say if these colours of the pupz denote different sexes

in the imagines, but think it probable. It is certainly

not due to food, the larve of both being fed on the same

shrub.

A pupa of the morning of September 12th became an

imago at 11 a.m. on September 27th. I bred eight

specimens; on September 17th all had changed to pupe,

and early in October to imagines; but I have not the

precise dates. None of the larve were infested with

ichneumons. The imagines are tolerably common in

Mhow, and are generally seen in gardens or amongst

cultivated fields. They fly at an ordinary pace and are

not difficult to capture.

HESPERIIDA.

Pamphila Mathias, Fabr.

Mhow, August 27th, 1881.

Larva found on long coarse green meadow grass.

Head triangular, on a neck; a brown line along the

margin of head. Body grass-green, with light yellow

bars across back. A whitish line along either side above

the origin of legs. Legs 6, 8, 2.

Sept. 8rd. Two larve have become pupe; they lie

along a blade of grass, attached by a band across thorax,

and also at tail. Head generally points upwards. Body

of a translucent green colour, quite naked and unenclosed

in a covering of any description.

Sept. 13th. Both pupe have become imagines to-day.

They are a species of Hesperude very common about

here, flying briskly by day, and settling on leaves of trees

at dusk.

Oct. 9th. Another imago out to-day; same history

as above.

Pyrgus Galba, Faby.

Mhovw, Sept. 15th, 1881.

Larva found on a small herb, in a rolled leaf. General

colour green, finely striated transversely. Head dark

brown, covered with short hairs. Neck marked with

388 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

orange and black, and sprinkled with small white dots.

Legs 6, 8, 2.

The larva lies inside a roll formed by a single leaf

turned over on itself. The posterior part of the body

was incurved as if it was about to assume the pupal

condition. When taken out of its habitation and placed

on a fresh leaf the larva soon forms another residence

by drawing over the edge of the leaf towards the centre

by means of silk ligatures, in the usual manner of leaf-

rollers.

Pupa situated in a leafy case, made by binding leaves

together with a slight silken web, after the manner of

some Noctue; it also has the remarkable greenish

white efflorescence on its surface, which I have hitherto

observed as a peculiarity characteristic, with few excep-

tions, of the arboreal Noctue—i. e., those species which

make a cocoon of leaves and silk on or above ground on

herbs, shrubs, &c.

The pupa attached in cocoon by spine at tail.

Oct. 8th. Imago out to-day. Upper wings very dark

green, with white or very pale yellow markings; under

surface yellow, with faint brownish markings.

SPHINGIDA.

CH@ROCAMPINA.

Cherocampa celerio, Linn.

Mhow, July 23rd, 1881.

I have observed two rather distinct varieties of this

larva. The first were brought to me on above date.

General colour green; telescopic neck. ‘Two ocelli on

each side of thorax. The anterior consisting of a yellow

ring, enclosing a green disc, on which are five or six

dark-coloured puncta. The posterior on next segment

is a plain yellow disc.

The second variety I obtained on Sept. 15th. General

colour brown, lighter on sides; a dark broad patch of

the same colour runs along the dorsum. On the borders

of this patch is a stripe of very pale lilac, marked with

short black horizontal lines. Small yellow puncta are

scattered along the sides above origins of legs. Spiracles

yellow. Large ocellus on 4th segment, consists of a

deep blue-black ring enclosing a yellow field, in the

centre of which is a patch of deep brown with five blue

puncta in it. The smaller ocellus on next segment is

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 389

formed by a yellow disc, margined by a deep blue band.

Horn on last segment black at apex, graduating into a

reddish tint at base.

Both varieties were identical in shape, fed on the

same herbs—a common balsam, and another plant with

large palmate leaf, of which I do not know the name.

The pupe and imagines also proved to be similar.

I bred several of both in separate cages.

The larve bind dead leaves, bits of earth, &c., with

silken ligatures, loosely together on the surface of the

sround; under these they change to pupe. The latter

have a curiously keel-shaped head, spine at anus, and

metallic markings on a pearly ground, something like

that seen in papier-maché work. This pearly sheen is

best developed on the front aspect of the wing-covers.

The imagines on and after issuing from the cocoons

discharge a quantity of brown watery fluid from the

anus.

I bred several imagines from July to October. I have

notes only of the periods of four, viz. :—

Formed cocoon. Became pupe. Tmagines.

1. July 24th. July 28th. Aug. 13th.

2. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto.

8. July 26th. fs Aug. 16th.

4, Aug. 30th. ? Sept. 21st.

Cherocampa thyelia, Linn.

Mhow, Sept. 26th, 1881.

The larva, of which I have found only a single speci-

men, I got wandering in my verandah ; probably it feeds

on the convolvulus often called “‘railway creeper” in

India. Ground colour a rich grassy green. The head

and front segments are retractile; last segment armed

with a short spine. The lateral margins of the body are

ornamented with ocelli, seven in number on each side.

The anterior ocellus consists of a pale pink circle, sur-

rounding an area of blue, in which are small white

puncta. The remaining ocelli have the pink margin

enclosing a semicircular patch of brown, without

puncta. ‘

The pupa is keel-headed, resembling those of C. celerio

and C.Oldenlandie in shape and colouring.. The larva

undergoes its change in a cell made on the surface of

the ground under leaves.

390 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

Cherocampa Oldenlandie, Faby.

Mhovw, July 28rd, 1879.

Found the larva on a species of balsam common in

gardens here. They are also found on a plant which

grows in damp shady places, with a large palmate

7-divided leaf on a fleshy stem springing from a rhizome.

Fruit, soft berries, sessile round stem. The larva has

sometimes a green instead of a purplish ground colour.

The larvee make cocoons on the surface, or partly

below ground. One specimen I noted proceeded as

follows :—‘‘ The larva has made a depression in the earth

at one corner of the cage, and has pulled a leaf of the

plant on which it was feeding down over it, fastening it

with silk, a net of which material loosely woven forms

the roof of the cell. On the portion of the net not

protected by the leaf are mounted small lumps of earth

so as to completely hide the larva underneath. It must

have placed these lumps in position after forming the

net by pushing them through the interstices from within,

as when I first noticed it the larva was inside, and only

a few scattered lumps on the outside of the net; after-

wards I found the net quite covered with earth, yet the

larva could not have emerged, the network being too

closely woven.”

The pupa is very similar to that of Cherocampa celerio,

iat the peculiar pearly markings are deficient or very

ull.

The periods of some larve are shown as follows :—

Larva went into cell. Pupa formed. Imago came out.

1. July 27th. July 30th ? Night of Aug. 12th.

Do) te eeu <5 etd Morn of Aug. 16th.

8. Aug. 2nd. Aug. 5th. Morn of Aug. 25th.

ERE Ts a pits ? (probably same time).

5. ,, 22nd.) Devoured by dipterous parasites

6. ,, 22nd.) like “‘ oak-flies.”’

Te lee dl oa 2 Sept. 16th.

Daphnis nerii, Linn.

Mhow, July 24th, 1879.

Larva found on a species of oleander indigenous here.

I also found it on a shrub with a rosaceous flower

resembling the orange blossom. General ground colour

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 391

a light grass-green; a white line on each side, with

minute white round spots on each segment except the

last, and a single spot only on each side of second last

seoment. A beautiful large ocellus on 3rd segment at

each side, with deep blue margin, shading into turquoise

towards a pale blue centre. The spine on last segment

yellow ochre-colour, of a soft structure, and curving

downwards and backwards. Legs 6, 8, 2.

July 26th. A larva about to become pupa. Previous

to change they become of a dull sap-green colour, belly

ochre, losing all their characteristic markings. | Cocoon

made on or partly beneath surface of earth out of

particles of clay and fine sand held together by strong

silk.

Aug. 18th. Pupa of July 26th became an imago this

evening. I bred other imagines as late as January in

the succeeding year.

Aug. 8rd, 1881. A larva formed cocoon this evening ;

the imago came out on August 24th.

SPHINGIN A.

Protoparce orientalis, Butler.

Mhow, August 27th, 1879.

This larva feeds on a species of convolvulus which

commonly ornaments the trellis-work of verandahs in

Indian houses and at railway stations; hence vulgarly

known to Europeans as ‘‘ railway creeper.” The larva

is abundant wherever this plant is growing; ground

colour a grassy green; a strong and large ‘‘ horn” on

last segment of a yellow colour. ‘The spiracles are

generally surrounded by coloured margins, varying in

different specimens. In some I noted the outer circle

was dark brown, surrounding an inner one of yellow,

inside which was a red field. In others only the first

spot presented three colours ; the remainder were merely

brown at centre and yellow outside. The semi-hori-

zontal lines above the spiracles are sometimes dark

brown with white underneath, or simply greenish white

lines only.

One of these larve was infested by two thread-worms

resembling some species of Filaria, about as thick as

fine sewing-cotton, and attaining a length of four inches.

One I found on the larva when captured, the second a

day or two afterwards in the cage in which the same

392 My. Forsayeth on the life-history of

larva was confined. I presume they inhabited the

larval intestine; or possibly, like the Dracunculus in

the human subject, the muscular tissues. This is the

only case in which I have observed such an occurrence.

The larva, when about to change, burrows to some

depth below the surface of the ground, forming an oval

cell, the walls of which harden so that it can be dug up

intact, and inside which it becomes a pupa. No silk of

any kind is used in forming the cocoon or cell.

The pupa is provided with a separate sheath for the

long maxille, as shown in the figure; it is of a reddish

chestnut-brown colour. Immediately after casting the

larval exuvium the pupa is of a translucent green colour ;

after a time the envelope hardens, and turns to a bright

chestnut tint.

I bred numbers of the larve from July to September.

They appeared to me to be about the commonest species

of Sphinx found in the vicinity, and are reared without

difficulty.

ACHERONTIIN A.

Acherontia Styx, Westw.

Mhow, October 5th, 1881.

Of two larve figured by me, I have some doubt as to

which is the larva of A. Styx, as will be seen from the

history detailed below.

On above date I got several of both these larve in

abundance in one field of ‘‘ Tilli” (?jessamine). In the

whole country I found them in only this one situation.

That they were two distinct species of larve I am certain,

having observed specimens in various stages of growth.

They burrowed under ground, forming cells of earth of

an oval shape, in which they changed to pupe; similar

in all particulars to that figured. The two species of

larvee were bred in separate cages, and, on comparing

the pupe of each with the other, I could detect no

difference. Before the imagines could come out I had

to pack up my specimens en route for England, and did

not keep the cocoons and pupe of each species distinct.

On arrival in England I was unable to unpack my

cases until early in September. I then found three

imagines dead after emerging from pupa-cases. Other

pup were devoured by parasites, and two were crippled

in emerging, being probably killed by shocks to the box

in which they were packed. All the imagines, so far as

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 393

examined by me, appeared to be the same, but, owing to

their imperfect condition, this may admit of doubt (?).

That the larve were different I cannot doubt, and, as

Mr. A. G. Butler informs me that there are two species

of Indian ‘‘ death’s-heads,’”’ I believe the two larve in

question represent those two species. It is, of course,

possible that all the pup# of one larva died, and the

imagines found represented only one species; but this

is not probable, as I had about the same number of

pupe in each case.

Curiously, in an old note-book dated Nasirabad,

August 20th, 1877, I find that I there bred several

‘‘ death’s-heads”’ from ‘‘ large green caterpillars of some

Sphinx’; and further, “‘ When the moths are touched

they raise the wings, and move the abdomen up and

down, making a creaking noise, and ejecting an orange-

coloured fluid from the anus. The abdomen seems to

contract and expand when the insect makes the above

sound.”

SMERINTHIN A.

Clanis cervina, Walk. (Pl. XV., figs. 1, 2).

Mhow, August 25th, 1881.

This larva feeds on the leaves of ‘‘ Palas,’’ Butea

frondosa. I have always found it on the small bushes,

not on the trees, and only in this one situation. The shape

of the young larva differs somewhat from that of the

full-grown one, as will be evident from inspection of the

ficures. The shape of the head especially is very

distinct; also the size and shape of caudal spine.

General colour a grass-green; white lines along the

sides. Small yellow puncta on the enormous head.

Thad the greatest difficulty in rearing these larve, and,

although I procured numerous specimens, yet I was

singularly unfortunate. In the first place I found it

almost impossible to preserve the ‘‘ Palas” leaves fresh

for even an hour or two in the cages, either the twigs in

water or in damp earth. Then the larve, after reaching

maturity, either died without any apparent cause, or

developed parasites, or rotted in the cocoons after be-

coming pupe, or even before they had changed. Finally,

when by dint of perseverance I had got a few larve to

all appearance safely under ground, I got orders for

home, and had to pack up all specimens as I best could

for the journey. ‘These four larve retired under ground

394 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

in October ; on March 8rd following I opened the cells

of earth carefully and found them still unchanged. I

next examined them in England on August 28th, 1882,

and found two larve dead, unchanged, one dead pupa,

and the third changed to an imago,—dead, of course,—

and wings rather undeveloped owing to want of room

to expand while packed up in cotton wadding.

The pupa is of the ordinary form of the order, with-

out detached maxilla-case (Pl. XV., fig. 2). The larva,

young specimen (Pl. XV., fig. 1 a), front of head (fig. 15).

The mature larva (Pl. XV., fig. 1).

Amongst the numerous larve which I have bred not

one gave me a tithe of the difficulty which I encountered

with this species. They seemed to die on every possible

opportunity, such as changing skin, &c., and I frequently

despaired of ever obtaining a pupa. Possibly the best

chance of obtaining perfect specimens would be by dig-

ging, in the winter months, under the ‘‘ Palas”’ bushes ;

but the wild boar and bears generally anticipate one in

endeavours of this kind after ‘‘ grubs.”

Clanis Deucalion ?, Walk. :

Mhow, July 9th, 1879.

Found a large larva of some Sphinx wandering

amongst grass. General ground colour light yellowish

green. White lines running at a slight angle from

dorsum to edge of abdomen. A short blunt horn on dor-

sum at caudal end. Buried itself the same day at noon.

Took it out of earth on July 21st. The pupa was

made in a large oval earthen cell below surface of

ground. Imago came out the night of August 7th or

morning of the 8th. By the great size of the abdomen

it would seem to be a female.

This specimen possessed the most extraordinary

vitality. It recovered four times from poisoning by

chloroform after apparent death on each occasion ; it

also recovered after being twelve hours in a cyanide

bottle. The same thing occurred after chloroform and

twelve hours in a box with camphor. Finally I had to

inject chloroform into abdomen, pinch the thorax, and

leave it over cyanide all night. This eventually killed it.

Figure (outline) of larva, the only specimen I have

met with. Figure of pupa and imago on page 1, sketch-

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 395

book No. 6. ‘The specimen itself was destroyed by

mites or lost, I forget which.

Polyptychus dentatus, Cramer.

Mhow, September 8rd, 1879.

These large larve are found on leaves of the ‘‘ Lasora”’

or ‘‘Gondi,” a tree of considerable size, something like

the English oak. General ground colour a fine rich

green with puncta, as shown in the figure, which was

taken from a larva about to change, and presenting a

pinky brown ground colour instead of the green normal

tint noted above. They are easily reared and pretty

abundant, but I have never caught any wild imagines.

The above specimen, with two others, burrowed under

ground same day. On Sept. 6th I dug it up, and found

the larva shrivelled in size inside a cell of earth of an

oval shape; the colour now of a dull greenish brown.

It remained unchanged until Sept. 8th, when I note

“that it changed to pupa during the night or early

this morning,” ‘“‘larva-skin quite moist and fresh.”

The pupa was of a fine chestnut-brown, and shape as

figured.

Sept. 22nd. First imago out to-day. General ground

colour of body and wings a bistre-brown. Thorax pep-

pered with white; wave-like markings on wings of a

deep velvety brown tint; body mouse-coloured; legs

naked, creamy white ; under wings plain brown colour ;

body very large. ‘They simulate death when touched,

falling down and contracting their limbs, and will

remain in any posture in which they may be placed for

an indefinite length of time.

ARCTIIDA.

Alope ricini, Linn.

Mhow, August 17th, 1881.

I have always found this larva on a climbing con-

volvulus with purplish flowers, commonly grown on

verandahs here.

Head of a deep black colour; body very dark brown ;

a brown line down centre of back with a yellow margin

on each side; a similar but fainter line along each side

of body, interrupted at junctions of segments. Body

thickly covered with tufts of brown hairs in whorls,

tipped with dirty white.

396 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

The cocoon is frequently made in the form of a hori-

zontal hammock (but sometimes vertical), spun of fine

silk, in which the hairs of the body are interwoven; a

dark spot generally marks each end of hammock. Pupa

slightly adherent by caudal end to hammock.

The larva figured I found on September 5th, 1881,

and describe it as somewhat like that of Alope ricint,

but stripe down back of a muddy yellow; an irregular

line of dirty white along sides; head black, upper lip

and palpi white. General colour of body a light brown ;

without hair, except small scattered filaments on back

and on sides above the legs.

On Sept. 7th I record that ‘‘ To my astonishment, on

looking at this larva to-day, I find it covered with hair.

On searching the cage I found the mystery explained by

acast skin. Itis the Alope ricint; curious its casting

all the hairs first, so many days before it threw off the

skin.”

Those larve noted spun cocoons as follows :—July

29th, August 22nd, August 26th; imagines came out

August 18th, September 7th, September 12th.

Creatonotus interruptus, Linn.

ATOR: November 2nd, 1881.

Small hairy larva; Indian ink-brown colour ; whitish

yellow line along back; similar marks along lateral

margins ; whorls of hair on each segment ; head slightly

divided between eyes on vertex. No notes of pupa.

Arcas lacticinea, Cramer.

Mhow, September 20th, 1881.

Larva found on a shrub with fleshy stem and leaves,

from which a milky juice exudes on fracture, called

“ Ankra”’ by the natives. Body clothed with tufts of

long shining black hair in whorls. In the earlier stages

the larve have a light reddish brown patch on the

dorsum ; they afterwards become a deep shining black

all over, but in reflected light a brown shade appears

about the base of the hairs. They are very active in

their movements. The hairs do not seem to irritate or

penetrate the human skin when the larva is handled.

Cocoons made of silk with earthy particles adhering,

on and partly under the surface of the ground.

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 397

LITHOSIIDA.

Lacides ficus, Faby.

Mhow, September 7th, 1881.

Larva found on the leaves of ‘‘ Piple,” ‘‘ Pakar,” or

‘“‘Pakal,” a species of Ficus somewhat like LI’. religiosa,

but without the long attenuated apex of the leaf of

the latter. The larve are also found on the leaves of

F. religiosa. Head shining black; body dark velvety

brown, dotted with red papille, from which issue weak

white hairs. A bright yellow patch exists on lateral

margin of segment between pectoral and ventral legs; a

similar patch also between last ventral and anal legs ;

pads on ventral and anal legs are very large. Legs

6, 8,2. The colouring of the larve varies in different

stages of growth, the younger larve having yellow

markings along back and orange on neck.

Pupa armed with five or six small spines at apex.

Colour rich glossy chestnut. Cocoon in one instance

was made on surface of earth, but as a rule they are

made under the surface; composed of silk, into meshes

of which earth is woven.

The imagines are active, and equally endowed with

powers of flight. The male has bipennate antennae,

female filiform. The larve are easily bred and tolerably

abundant.

LIMACODID.

Miresa albipuncta, H.-S. (Pl. XIV., fig. 8—8 c).

Mhow, August 2nd, 1879.

The larva is found plentifully on the leaves of ‘‘ Palas”

shrubs (Butea frondosa) ; most abundantly on the fresh

growth which springs up from stumps cut away the

previous season. It is quite conspicuous on the upper

sides of the leaves, and makes no attempt whatever to

conceal itself or elude observation. On being handled a

stinging pain is felt, and an irritable rash produced on

the part touched, similar to that caused by nettles. The

pain lasts for about ten minutes, with considerable

itching, but leaves no ultimate ill effect. The larve are

very sluggish, and do not attempt to escape when

handled. On being touched by the hand or by another

insect they move the head from side to side as if

endeavouring to sting the assailant with their hairs.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—parRT I. (ocT.) 2D

398 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

The pectoral legs are very small. There are one pair of

prolegs apparently on each segment posterior to the

pectoral legs ; the anal legs are not well marked. The

prolegs are membranous and very difficult to distinguish,

the movements being snail-like or vermiform, by waves.

The head is under a hood formed by the 1st segment,

and is not visible even when the larva is feeding ; it

can, however, be protruded voluntarily by the larva.

_ The pupa is formed in a small oval, very dense, shell-

like cocoon (Pl. XIV., fig. 8c) near surface of ground,

or on under side of leaves in some few instances. Those

made in confinement were always attached by base to

wooden floor of the cage, and covered over with sand

or earth from one to two inches in depth. The shape

of the pupa is peculiar, the body being curved, and

wing-cases extending almost to the extremity of the

abdomen. (Pl. XIV., fig. 8a).

The larva is figured at Pl. XIV., fig. 8, and one of the

eight large dorsal spined arms magnified at fig. 8b.

Aphendala tripartita, Moore. (Pl. XIV., fig. 14).

Mhow, August 16th, 1879.

‘Larva not common. Found on “Palas” (Butea

frondosa), on date-palm, and on a shrub which I am

unable to name. Habits similar to those of M. alli-

puncta. Head under a hood formed by Ist segment.

The spines possess the property of irritating the human

skin, and the movements and anatomical characteristics

of prolegs are the same as in the species above men-

tioned. The largest larva I obtained was 12 in. long,

nine chrome-yellow spiracles, and ten lilac spots along

each side; the same number of spots along centre line

of dorsum. There are four rows of fleshy spines, armed

with poisonous hairs on dorsum and lateral margins.

Stinging powers severe. The membranous prolegs are

best seen when the larva is forced to crawl along an

edge, such as that of a card or a paper-knife ; the pro-

legs are then tolerably defined as they grasp the edge at

each side to keep the larva from toppling over.

The cocoons are similar to those of Miresa albipuncta,

and are made under the surface of the ground. The

larve are infested by a large dipterous parasite some-

what like, but larger than, the common house-fly.

Larva figured at Plate XIV., fig. 14.

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 399

Parasa lepida, Cramer.

Mhow, November 24th, 1879.

The larva, which is tolerably common, feeds on the

leaves of the well-known mango-tree of India.

The description given of Miresa albipuncta applies to

this species so far as concerns the legs; pectoral legs

six. Prolegs merely membranous folds, so indis-

tinguishable one from another that I could not count

them, or even see them, unless the larva was in motion,

when they appeared as waves commencing at the thorax

and ending at the anus, the mode of progression re-

sembling that of a snail. A blue line runs down centre

of dorsum, with a paler blue line along either side of

body. At the posterior (anal) end of the lateral lines is

a black tuft; two similar tufts exist at the anus. Two

red tufts adorn the dorsum of thorax, also two on dorsum

of second last segment; rows of green tufts also run

along dorsum and lateral margins. Some of the spines

in the inferior lateral line of tufts terminate in short

white hairs, and have a small whitish process in the

centre of the tuft.

The cocoons and pup resemble those of M. albipuncta,

but are invariably made on the trunk or branches of the

mango-tree, unconcealed in any way. The texture is

very dense and hard, but brittle like an egg-shell. I

hate not noticed any stinging powers in the case of this

arva.

LIPARIDA.

Psalis securis, Hubn.

Mhow, August 25th, 1881.

Larva found amongst long meadow grass, on which it

feeds. Head dark brown ; broad lemon-yellow band along

each side of body. On dorsal surface of the central seg-

ments are four dense tufts of short deep brownish orange

hairs ; two head and one tail tuft of long dark brown or

blackish hairs ; other thinner tufts of hair of a whitish

colour on each segment at sides of body. Front legs

six, black; posterior eight, sienna-red; caudal two,

ditto. Black velvet line down centre of back, bordered

on either side by a yellow band of small oblong marks,

varied by a bright orange mark on every fourth yellow

patch.

400 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

Cocoon of silk, attached by greater length to stem of

grass. An opening defended by hairs exists at inferior

extremity for egress of imago. Head of pupa towards

this aperture.

From a cocoon spun on Sept. 1st an imago came out

on night of Sept. 11th. It occupied, when at rest, the

position shown in tke sketch, the front legs stretched

out in advance of the head, and was sluggish and not

easily excited to move during the day.

Parasitic on this larva is a large yellow-bodied insect

like a sawfly, with long antennew, which are perpetually

in a state of tremulous motion. A single parasite

occupies a whole pupa.

Euproctis lunata, Walk. (Pl. XIV., figs. 5—6 c).

Mhow, September 28rd, 1879.

The eggs, covered with down from the abdomen of the

female, are deposited in oblong masses on the twigs of

Acacia Gummi-aralice and allied species (Pl. XIV.,

fig. 5a). The larve feed on leaves of above tree, also

on Zizyphus jujuba and garden rose.

The larve hatched from a mass of eggs on Sept. 23rd,

changed skin for the first time on Sept. 27th, again on

Oct. 6th, and a third time on 15th to 18th of October.

I noticed that all the larve were not the same size. On

Oct. 29th some had begun to spin cocoons of a loose

web-like character, singly and gregariously in the

corners of the cage. Nov. 5th: Most of the larve had

spun cocoons on this date, and by Nov. 11th almost

every one had done so. The cocoons are soft silken

bags formed under surface of earth, but close to it, and

with particles of clay adherent to them.

Pup with small caudal spine. Male smaller than

female, and distinguished by its larger antenna-cases.

The imagines, when touched, fall down and simulate

death. General colour white, with black oblong patch

at centre of primaries.

Male smaller than female, with large doubly-plumed

antenne. In the female the antenne are smaller, but

otherwise resemble those of male. The extremity of

female abdomen is also furnished with a large mass of

silky down, absent in the male, and used to clothe the

ege-masses after deposit on twigs of the food-plant. In

the female the mouth is rudimentary; I could find no

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 401

trace of maxilla. The labial palpi were 3-jointed,

middle largest, terminal very small. The legs were

feathered. No spines on anterior tibia ; two spines at

extremity of middle tibie; two spines at centre, and

also at extremity of the posterior tibie. In the male,

mouth and legs same as in female, except that the

anterior tibie are furnished with a thick tuft of hair, in

which is concealed a strong, jointed, ensiform spine.

Larva and male and female pupa figured at Pl. XIV.,

fies, 5;.5 6, 5c.

Nioda fusiformis, Walk. (Pl. XV., figs. 5—5/f).

Mhow, September 6th, 1881.

Found two of these curious larve on a Babul

(Acacia sp.) tree. Legs 6, 8, 2. General ground colour

bluish grey. A double line of red dots (tubercula)

studded with hairs exist along each side of body. On

the dorsum a broad black line runs frofn the brush-like

thoracic plumes to the base of the caudal plume. On

the dorsal surface of the two segments immediately

preceding the caudal plume are two tubercles of a red

colour, and without hairs. The head is adorned by

two long plumes of black hairs; a similar plume, but

consisting of hairs of three different lengths, ornaments

the last segment; the pennate extremities of these hairs

are very singular and elegant. On each side of the

thoracic segments is a short plume of similarly feathered

black hairs, mixed with longer simple white hairs. On

the dorsum of thorax and of 1st abdominal segment are

four thick shaving-brush-like tufts of vertical short

white hairs; the three thoracic are separated by a short

interval from the fourth tuft.

Sept. 7th. Both larve spun small hammocks or

cocoons of whitish silk mixed with the hairs off their

bodies, and having an opening at one end for escape of

the imago, similar to those of Psalis secwris. The larva

skin remains in cocoon at one end. Pupa: Front clear

milky white colour; back marked with brown. It is

attached by caudal point to cocoon. Very fine hairs

sparsely scattered on body.

Sept. 16th. One imago out this morning. In posture

and general appearance resembles P. securis.

Larva, details of hairs, and pupa (Pl. XV., figs. 5—5f).

402 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

Pseudomesa incerta, Walk.

Mhow, September 5th, 1881.

Larva found on the leaves of Pipal, Babul, and

Ber trees. Colour light brown with creamy variega-

tions and dark markings, as shown in figure ; belly and

lower margin of body of a greenish brown. Along

dorsum a double row of tubercles exist armed with

minute spines ; sparse tufts of hair of simple character

exist along lateral margins of segments. All the hairs

and spines are simple, and possess no irritating pro-

perties.

The pupa is suspended back downwards in a hammock

of very thin and openly-worked silk; it is attached to

the net by caudal spine. A tuft of black hair exists on

the head; hairs also along dorsum of thorax. The

remainder of body is thinly clad with short white down.

Colour a dull dark purply brown. The wing-covers

appear short in proportion to remainder of body, espe-

cially in female pup, which are also much larger than

the male.

The male imago is active, and with plumose antenne

and fully-developed wings. The female is much larger

in size, with rudimentary wings, simple filiform antenna,

and an enormous abdomen clothed with very short light

fawn-coloured hair. It is extremely sluggish in its

movements, seldom even moving from one position for

days. The females are extremely prolific, laying great

numbers of eggs in semiglobular masses attached to

leaves, &¢., and covered with fine down torn from their

bodies. They live for about a week, and then, having

deposited all their eggs and stripped themselves bare of

down, die, shrivelled, naked and atrophied objects—but

the shadow of their former selves.

The larve vary in size; I have found some about one-

third longer and three times as bulky as that figured.

They are occasionally infested with a minute red tick-

like parasite.

Perina nuda, Fabr. (Pl. XIV., figs. 7—7b; Pl. XV.,

figs. 6a—6d).

Mhow, August 29th, 1881.

The larva feeds on the Gular (Ficus sp.), but I have

also found it on the Pipal (Ficus religiosa). It is very

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 403

sparingly hirsute, having feeble white hairs along the

lateral margins of body, also springing from the yel-

lowish velvety tubercles on body, and from two of the

red tubercles on head; the hairs do not irritate the

human skin.

The pupe bear a considerable resemblance to those of

butterflies, suspending themselves by a few irregularly

decussating fibres of silk on the under side of a leaf,

and are uncovered by a net or cocoon of any description.

The tension of the silken cords generally inverts to a

slight degree the edge of the leaf, but not sufficiently to

conceal the pupa: when the leaf is viewed from below.

The surface of the pupa next the leaf is of a pale

yellowish white, but its outer surface is coloured with

yellow, green, and brown.

The male imago is very active, clear-winged, and with

large plumose antenne. The female much larger, with

white wings and body, very sluggish, and dull in dis-

position. The imagines do not seem common here; I

have never captured them at light. The females are

very inactive at all times, but the males attempt to

escape from the breeding-cages even in the daylight, on

the least disturbance being made; they are not, how-

ever, diurnal in their habits.

Ova, larva, and pupa figured on Pl. XIV., figs. 7, 7 a,

Pl. XV., fig. 6b, shows the posterior or medial leg

of both sexes. Only two spines exist at extremity of

tibia, none at its centre. Legs sparingly covered with

hair.

Pl. XV., fig. 6c. Anterior tibia of male, with hinged

appendage fitting into hollow on one side.

Pl. XV., fig. 6a. Palpus, magnified; the two basal

joints largest ; clothed with hair ; joint between terminal

and medial portions not well defined; basal joint about

as long as the two others combined.

Pl. XV., fig. 6d. Apex of male abdomen, with integu-

ment removed to expose internal organs.

The maxille are very slender, and about the length of

the head. Palpi not conspicuous, somewhat recurved.

Antenne of the male broadly pennate; of the female

also pennate, but much narrower than in the male.

404 My. Forsayeth on the life-history of

Trisula variegata, Moore.

Mhow, August 28th, 1881.

The larva, of which I have only seen a single speci-

men, was stated to have been found on the leaves of a

Pipal tree (Ficus religiosa). It was thick, fleshy, and

“‘ orub-like,” of a dull sap-green colour, and the body

scantily clothed with moderately long hairs.

The cocoon was made of sand and small stones firmly

bound together with silk of very strong texture, in a

corner of the cage, partly under the surface of the

earthen or sandy layer in its bottom.

The pupa has a curved caudal spine, and is of a rich

chestnut-colour. It did not appear to be fastened within

the cocoon.

The imago came out on October 6th. I have not met

with another specimen. :

LASIOCAMPIDA.

Chilena strigula, Walk. (Pl. XIV., figs. 6—6 b).

Mhow, September 17th, 1881.

Larva found feeding on leaves of a small thorny bush,

somewhat like Acacia. General colour black and yellow.

Body adorned by tufts of hair on each segment, short

along dorsum and margins, except one long tuft of black

hairs tipped with white on terminal segment, and two

similar tufts on 2nd and 8rd segments; other shorter

hairs of an orange colour on body, as in figure. Legs

6, 8, 2.

Cocoon formed of strong silk attached by long axis

to stem of shrub; inferior extremity arranged to open

for extrusion of imago.

Pupa of a dark chestnut-brown colour, without spines ;

truncated at its caudal extremity.

Imagines came out about middle and end of October.

Figures of larva, pupa, and cocoon on Plate XIV.,

figs. 6, 6a, 60.

Trabala Vishnu, Lefebvre.

Mhow, September 12th, 1881.

Larva feeds on the leaves of the pomegranate, rose,

and probably other shrubs. It somewhat resembles in

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 405

general appearance that of Lebeda Buddha, but is with-

out the peculiar bunch of short hairs on dorsum of

thorax which exists in the latter species. General

eround colour is that known as “‘old gold.” The lateral

tufts of hairs are also of the same colour, but the two

head-plumes are black. Head pink, marked with yellow

strie ; spots on back are blue and studded with scanty

short black hairs ; belly a yellowish green, marked with

pink and brown bars transversely. Body elsewhere is

covered with a smooth fleece of short golden fur. Legs

6, 8, 2, pink. It is one of the handsomest larve I have

met with, and tolerably easily reared.

The cocoon is formed on a twig of the food-tree ; spun

of yellow silk intermixed with hairs of larva. It is firmly

attached by silk and hair wound round the twig above

and below the cocoon. The peculiar shape is shown in

ficure. An opening exists at inferior end of cocoon,

through which the skin of the larva is extruded after

the change to the pupa. In some cases I have noted

that an opening in the form of a slit appeared to exist

in-each end of the cocoon.

The pupa is of a yellowish red colour, quite smooth

and devoid of spines or hair, except at caudal end,

where there is a tubercle armed with minute spines, to

which silk is fastened in order to attach pupa inside the

cocoon. The shape of the neck and thorax of pupa is

remarkable.

The male imagines are green, with large pennate

antenne. The under wings are extended horizontally,

and at an angle of about forty-five degrees from the

centre line of the body when the insect is in repose.

The upper wings remain in their usual situation, meet-

ing along the internal costz in central line of dorsum.

This is shown in the figure of the male drawn during

life.

The female is larger than the male, and of a yellow

colour, so presents a great contrast to the opposite sex.

A wild specimen, which I found dead near some recently-

deposited eges on a tree, was much larger than those

which I bred from the larva in captivity. This was no

doubt due to deficient food supply. The eggs of the

female are attached to leaves, and covered with down

and white hairs from the vicinity of the anus of the

mother.

The younger larve have silver instead of gold-coloured

406 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

fur. The imagines are very sluggish, and are indisposed

for flight during the day.

Megasoma venustum, Walk.

Mhow, August 27th, 1881.

Larve very common on leaves of Babul and Ber trees

in Central India; they vary in their markings at various

stages of growth, so that figures, unless all taken

at the period of most complete development, will be

found to differ considerably. The full-grown specimens

are characterised by = semi-lunar double markings on

the dorsum, as in figure. At the ends of these markings

minute red papille exist armed with spines, but having

no irritating properties. At the anterior commissure of

the semi-lunar markings a light blue spot exists. General

colour of larva a greyish brown. Tufts of long simple

hairs at lateral margins of segments, with shorter

dilated hairs amongst their roots. Two peculiar trans-

verse patches of short coloured hairs ornament the

dorsum of the thorax. When the larva is irritated these

patches open out from within, and display deep blue-

brown hairs, with a line of reddish orange in front of

each. When quiescent these patches are denoted by a

mere line of blue, with red in front and white behind.

Abdomen of larve black, with a yellowish-white spot on

each segment.

T have found full-grown larve as above, but without

the = markings; these are very rare, and on being

bred developed the same imagines as the other speci-

mens.

The cocoon is hammock-shaped, formed on a twig of

the Acacia tree, attached along whole length of one side,

and is formed of strong whitish or brown silk. On its

external surface are coloured bars, formed apparently by

the attachment of the short hairs on the dorsum of the

thorax of the larva. The cocoons are generally formed

in a perpendicular position, the head of the pupa being

upwards.

Pupa rather cylindrical in shape, clothed with fine

hairs, of a brownish-red colour. Female much larger

than male.

Imagines, both male and female, extremely sluggish

by day, and even by night the female does not appear to

move about. The wings of the female are occasionally

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 407

but partly developed, and I have bred specimens which

did not leave the pupa-case, but remained attached to

it by abdomen, filling it with eggs before having had

intercourse with a male. The mouth appears rudi-

mentary and useless. Wings large and extending beyond

extremity of abdomen. On issuing from pupa-case the

abdomen is full of perfectly-developed eggs with hard

shells. Should the female be confined alone the eggs

will be deposited, but will not produce larve; on add-

mitting the male fertile eggs will be produced. But

how does the seminal fluid penetrate the dense shells of

the eggs and reach to the bottom of the mass of eggs

contained in the ovaries? ~The whole abdomen of the

female is simply a conglomerated mass of eggs, no room

being required for digestive organs, as the imago never

feeds from birth to death.

Seven-eighths of the larve I bred proved to be females.

The male imago has wings much shorter than abdomen,

but is capable of flight, is very sluggish, and simulates

death when handled. When examined immediately

after issuing from pupa-case the extremity of the abdo-

men is seen to be furnished with an easily detachable

tuft of fine hair of a light brown colour, tipped with

dark brown.

Lebeda Buddha, Lefebvre (Pl. XV., figs. 8—8 0).

Mhow, August 22nd, 1881.

The larva feeds on the leaves of the Mahwa tree, and

bears a considerable resemblance in appearance and

habits to that of Megasoma venustum, but the markings

on the back are quite distinct, being irregularly oval

velvety brown patches, containing four blue papille

armed with long hairs. They never have the )( (half-

moon) marks so characteristic of M. venustum. General

ground colour of larva dark grey. A narrow crimson

line across dorsum of 2nd segment, behind a tuft of

dense short hair; lateral margins clothed with tufts of

long simple hairs of a whitish brown colour. Very few

hairs with expanded extremities are to be seen, except

in the dense dorsal tuft, and two or three in dots along

the lateral margins. These larve are apparently much

more rare than those of M. venustum, and I had difficulty

in feeding them, as, strange to say, they obstinately

408 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

refused any leaves of Mahwa, except those of the identical

tree on which they were found.

The pupa and cocoon are very similar to those of

M. venustum, but the latter is not marked with cross-

bars outside, or quite so hammock-like, and it is of

thinner silk.

The male imagines have abdomen longer than wings,

and a curious porcine aspect about head and thorax.

The females resemble those of M. venustnm, except in

colouring. Both sexes rather more active than those of

former species, but evidently very closely allied.

Figure of male imago, pupa, and larva (Pl. XV.,

fies. 3, 8a, 8b).

BOMBYCIDA.

Trilocha albicollis, Walk. (Pl. XV., figs. 10, 10a).

Mhow, August 14th, 1881.

Larva feeds on the leaves of Pipal (Ficus religiosa).

General ground colour a soft pale brownish grey, diver-

sified with pale ochre-brown puncta and markings. A

soft spine on dorsum at caudal end.

Cocoon of a cylindrical shape, attached by one side to

leaf, and also secured by a web of loose silk netting

above it; it is formed of yellow silk, and is of firm

texture.

Pupa not particularly noted.

From a cocoon made on August 18th the imago came

out on August 25th. Body and wings of a soft pale

French grey. Antenne plumose, hooked at the end.

The wings are extended horizontally when at rest. The

medial and posterior legs are without spines.

Figures of larva on a Pipal leaf and cocoon (Pl. XV.,

figs. 10, 10a).

NOTODONTIDA.

CAREINA.

Dabarita subtilis, Walk. (Pl. XIV., figs. 4—4 b).

Mhow, October 15th, 1879.

The larvee feed on the leaves of a tree called ‘ Jaman”

by the natives. They have a very peculiar appearance,

owing to the large bladder-like expansion of the 1st

seoment of thorax. This appears capable of contraction

and dilation at will; in the latter condition the head is

almost concealed within it.

The cocoons are formed of strong yellow silk, of an

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 409

ovoid-oblong form, somewhat boat-shaped. Generally

spun on the surface of a leaf.

Pupa smooth, and without spines at caudal end.

The imagines, both male and female, are active, and

similar in general appearance. Antenne long and fili-

form. Maxille coiled, as long as thorax. Labial palpi

recurved, 3-jointed ; terminal smallest. Scales on body

and wings very firmly attached, except under the thorax.

The 1st joint of the posterior tarsi is of extraordinary

size; it is clothed with fine hairs, which when removed

display a covering of small scales; on removing these

latter a strong brush of white hairs, arising at the

inferior extremity of the tibia, are seen at “a.”

I cannot conceive the utility of the curious brush de-

scribed above, as it is so firmly bound down by the scaly

integument into the hollow of the tarsal joint that,

except through accident, I should hardly have discovered

it. The Ist joint of the tarsus is hollowed out on one

surface in order to allow the brush to lie in its concavity.

I find no notes as to whether this is a sexual peculiarity.

I have a note that the anterior tibie in a female were

found to possess the hinged joint which was noted in

the males, but I am not certain that this is always the

case.

The larva and male and female pupa are figured on

Plate XIV., figs. 4, 4a, 40).

GLOTTULIDA.

Glottula dominica, Cramer.

Mhow, August 20th, 1879.

Larva feeds on the spongy interior of the large, acumi-

nate, single, fleshy leaves, from one to two feet long, of

a plant grown in gardens here, bearing a white flower on

a compound branching stalk ; 1 am ignorant of its name.

The larva lives in concealment, mining in the inter-

cellular tissue between the two surfaces of the leaf.

Pupa formed in a subterranean earthen cell. No

white efflorescence on surface.

Imago (male ?) has two brushes at base of abdomen.

Maxille very short.

The eggs are deposited on the surface of the leaf,

in a spiral form, and are sparsely clad with short hairs.

410 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

APAMIIDA.

Prodenia retina, Guenée.

Mhow, September 4th, 1881.

Larva found on a purple-flowered climbing convolvulus

(railway creeper). It has a curiously abrupt truncation

of caudal extremity. General colour a pinky brown;

pinkish line down centre of back. A double row of

spots exists on each lateral margin; the superior row

consists of triangular patches, black above, with a yellow

line at base, except the third patch from the head, which

is altogether black in colour. The two anterior patches

have more yellow at base than any of the others. The

inferior row of patches is wholly of a black velvet

colour. Legs 6, 8, 2. Progression regular.

The larva buried itself under earth Sept. 4th, closing

the hole by which it entered with a plug of damp clay.

The cocoon is formed of a cell of earth some inches

below surface.

Pupa a bright chestnut-colour, with two small spines

at apex.

Imago came out on September 20th.

Perigia centralis, Walker ; Celena serva, Walker ;

C. cano-rufa, Walker (Pl. XIV., fig. 11).

Mhovw, October 12th, 1881.

The larve were obtained in great abundance, and in

various stages of growth, on the leaves of Rameli, a

plant cultivated for the sake of its oil in this locality

(see Pl. XIV., fig. 11). The movements are almost semi-

looping in character, yet the larva has sixteen legs.

I have not recorded the characteristics of cocoon and

pupa, but I believe the change took place in small

earthen cells below surface of the ground, and that the

pupe were of the usual chestnut-colour, without any

white efflorescence on surface.

HELIOTHIDA.

Heliothis armiger, Hubn.

Mhow, October 1st, 1881.

Larva feeds on the flowers of Zinnia elegans, indigenous

in this locality. It burrows into the centre of the mass -

of pistils, which it devours, going from flower to flower,

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 4il

and not touching the leaves. There are darker varieties

of the larva than that figured, but otherwise identical.

The pupa is formed in a cell of clay below the surface

of the ground, similar to those made by some Noctue.

Apparently no silk is used in its formation. The pupa

is of a light yellowish chestnut-colour ; body smooth ;

at the caudal end are two spines separated at base, and

meeting at apices.

PLUSIID2.

Plusia chrysitina, Martyn (Pl. XIV., figs. 13, 13 a).

Mhow, October 8th, 1881.

Larva found on a flowering cereal called ‘“‘ Rameli,”

grown in cultivated lands in this vicinity, and now in

bloom. Owing to the colour of the larva it is very

difficult to detect by the eye, but numbers are easily

procurable by beating into an umbrella. Two front

pairs of prolegs absent. Movements looping.

Pupa made in a delicate net of silk within a partially-

rolled leaf. It is coloured as shown in figure (Pl. XIV.,

fig. 13 a), and has no white efflorescence.

The imago, of which I bred but one, has a crested

thorax, and large golden patches on the upper surface of

anterior wings.

Figure of larva on a stem of Rameli, also of pupa,

Plate XIV., figs. 13, 134.

GONOPTERIDZ.

Cosmophila indica, Guenée.

Mhovw, October 4th, 1881.

Small larva found on Razal, a plant with an edible

flower, in my garden. Semi-looping in progression.

Pupa contained in a cocoon in a partially-rolled leaf.

HOMOPTERID.

Homoptera solita, Walk. (Pl. XIV., fig. 9).

Mhow, October 7th, 1881.

Larva found on the leaves of seedlings of a leguminous

tree. ‘Movement looping. Two front pairs of ventral

legs deficient ; remainder normal (Pl. XIV., fig. 9).

Pupa made in a leafy cell, lined with loose silken web.

412 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

Head superior. Attached to cocoon by apical spines

(Pl. XIV., fig. 9 a).

Imago has a stout body, with crested thorax. General

colour brown, with wavy marks on wings. The anterior

legs are so thickly covered with hair, on tibie and upper

tarsi, that I could not make out the spines, but I fancied

that there were two weak ones at extremity of tibia.

Maxilla well developed; labial palpi appear to have the

two last joints about equal in size. Antenne filiform.

Homoptera continua, Walk. (Pl. XV., fig. 9).

Mhow, September 14th, 1881.

Larva found on a small thorny shrub. General ground

colour green; whitish along the dorsum. A yellow line

divides each eye into two portions; a yellow line, on

which are blue puncta, runs along the lateral margins

of body. Legs: pectoral, six; ventral first pair obso-

lete, second pair rudimentary, third and fourth normal ;

anal legs, two. Semi-looping.

Pupa made in a leafy case, lined with spiders’ web-

like silk. The pupa is attached inside cocoon by the

apical spines, and is covered with a white efflorescence.

I bred two imagines. General colour dark brown ;

one with plain wings, the second with two white trans-

verse, carpet-pattern-like, bands across the upper wings,

and a crested thorax.

Figure of larva on Plate XV., fig. 9.

HYPOGRAMMIDA.

Ercheia diversipennis, Walk.

Mhow, September 24th, 1881.

Larva found on grass. General colour a pale soft

grey on superior surface ; abdominal surface is of a fine

deep pink or lake tint.

Cocoon made by binding down a leaf on itself, a piece

of grass also attached.

Selepa celtis, Moore (Pl. XV., fig. 4).

Mhovw, October 10th, 1881.

I found on a shrub, called by the natives ‘‘ Bahera,”’

two curious little brownish larve. They have their

heads surmounted with several exuvie of the heads of

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 413

the larva in its younger stages, and remind one very

comically of the typical Jew “old clothes’ man.

I omitted to sketch the larve before they had changed,

but I believe they were clothed with short thin brown

hair. Legs normal.

Cocoon formed of silk, somewhat like a boat over-

turned, with apparently an opening at one end, and

curiously adorned by three larval “skulls” on its top

like a sepulchral tumulus (see Plate XV., fig. 4).

Selepa curviferella, Walk. (Pl. XV., fig. 8).

Mhow, September 15th, 1881.

The larva feeds on the leaves of Gular, a species of

Ficus common in India. General ground colour a yel-

lowish orange. The head and three patches on dorsum

black. White puncta also exist on the dorsal aspect of

each segment. Abdomen of a yellow colour. Legs

GyaB sds

Cocoon generally subterraneous; of an oval form,

composed of silk, with earthen particles adherent to its

outside. Some larve, which I had confined by tying a

muslin bag around a bunch of leaves actually growing

on the tree, made cocoons on the leaves; but this was

no doubt owing to the exigencies of their situation.

The above plan, when it can be carried out,—for in-

stance, on one’s own premises,—I found an excellent

one, the larva getting its food in the best condition for

nourishment, and under the nearest approach to natural

conditions. It will, of course, only suit such larve as

make cocoons on the leaves or stems of the food-plant.

The objections are that in some cases the larve eat

their way through the muslin bag and so escape, and

that also they seem rather more liable to detection by

lizards, &c., than when able to roam over a larger

compass.

Figure of larva on Plate XV., fig. 8.

Tegna hybleella, Walk. (Pl. XIV., fig. 10).

Mhow, August 15th, 1881.

The larva is very common on the leaves of Gular trees

in my garden; it is naked and “‘ maggot-like.” When

handled it ejects a yellow fluid from the mouth, and

endeavours to escape by lowering itself by a filament of

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1884.—paRT Ill. (ocT.) 24

414 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

silk to the ground. It spins a net on the leaf, partially

curling it up, and sometimes rolling it; but as a general

rule the margins of the leaf are merely approximated,

and a cobweb-like net spun across from side to side,

beneath which the larva feeds on the internal parenchyma

of the leaf. A single larva will thus destroy several

leaves, and when the former are numerous the tree

which they infest soon presents a blasted appearance.

At the end of October and early in November I found a

second brood of these larve on the same trees.

The cocoon is of a dense leathery nature, and re-

sembles a flat brown seed. It is made under a thin net

of silk on one of the leaves inhabited by the larva, or in

its immediate proximity.

This larva, in its appearance, habits, &c., seems to

me to present a strong resemblance to that of Scopula

strenualis, a leaf-roller. I have not compared the

imagines, but I hazard the opinion that the life-history

of each indicates a closer relation than that at present

supposed to exist between them.

Figure of larva on Plate XIV., fig. 10.

OPHIUSIDA.

Sphingomorpha chlorea, Cramer. (Pl. XV., figs. 7, 7 a).

Mhow, September 8rd, 1881.

Larve rare in this locality. Found on leaves of a

thorny shrub-like acacia, but having white bark. I only

obtained three specimens during the whole season ; they

are very beautifully marked. Ground colour a light

erass-green, with white spots and figures all over the

dorsum and sides, the most noticeable being of an

)( shape, and running along the centre line of back. At

the spot marked ‘‘A”’ in figure is a transverse bar of an

orange colour in the centre, and deep blue at each

extremity, but visible only when the larva is in motion.

The movement is semi-looping, and the habits of larva

somewhat similar to those of the loopers. Front legs

six, sienna-red colour; prolegs eight, but front pair

much smaller than the remainder ; anal two.

The pupa is formed in a cocoon of silk and clay under

the surface of the ground, not attached by caudal end,

and of a dull reddish brown colour, without any white

efflorescence. Body unarmed,

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. 415

The larve (three) went under ground on Sept. 6th:

the imagines came out on Sept. 23rd and 24th. Curious

collar on neck. Thorax clothed with hair, under which

are large expanded, somewhat pear-shaped, scales. An-

tenn in repose lie along back close to central suture of

wings ; they are long and filiform. Enormous plumes

of hair on legs, especially anterior legs of males.

Figure of larva and pupa Plate XV., figs. 7, 7a.

Achea melicerta, Drury.

Mhow, August 28th, 1881.

The larva found feeding on the flower of the garden

rose, also on the leaves of Zizyphus jujuba or Ber.

General ground colour a velvety purplish grey. Rows of

black puncta on side and dorsum; two red papille on

dorsum near caudal end; two white puncta on dorsum

just above anal legs. When the larva is in motion a

velvety black patch with three white puncta on its pos-

terior margin is seen on dorsum of thorax. HEyes white ;

two white dots on vertex. Movement semi-looping.

Legs, six; prolegs, anterior pair rudimentary, remainder

normal.

Cocoon formed by binding leaves together with silk

into an oval cell; the interior is lined with fine silk.

The pupa is fastened inside cell by anal hooks; it is

covered with a coat of bluish white efflorescence, easily

rubbed off, the pupa itself being of a greenish brown

colour. Some specimens in confinement made cocoons

of silk and gravel, &c., on the surface of earth in box,

but this is not the natural mode. Inside male abdomen

are dense brushes of fine long yellow golden hairs.

Ophiodes separans, Walk.

Mhow, September 7th, 1881.

Larva found on the leaves of Guava tree. General

colour a pale soft grey; faint markings of light brown

on body; a deep brown mark between each proleg on

abdomen. No peculiar concealed patch on dorsum of

thorax. Legs six; prolegs eight, but anterior pair

smaller than the others.

Cocoon made by fastening two adjacent leaves together

in such a natural manner that it would at first glance

seem as if they had grown in that position; between the

416 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

surfaces of the leaves, bound together with a few silken

ligaments, lies the pupa.

Pupa of a deep brown, almost black colour, fastened

in cocoon by the numerous fine, hooked, apical spines.

It is without any of the white efflorescence generally

seen on the pupe of those Noctue which make their

cocoon of leaves and silk on the plant upon which they

feed. .

REMIGIIDA.

Remigia frugalis, Faby.

Mhow, October 19th, 1881.

The larva is found on grass. The two anterior prolegs

are obsolete. Movement looping. When the body is

curved in the act of looping two black transverse bars

become visible on dorsum of thorax, posterior to the last

pair of legs.

I find that I have neglected to note the character of

cocoon or pupa, but from memory I am under the im-

pression that the transformation took place in an under-

eround earthen cell.

Imagines of a general ground colour of brown; a

transverse bar on upper wings near the posterior coste.

One specimen has densely plumed posterior legs; the

other two are naked.

BOARMIIDA.

Hypochroma dispensata, Walk. (Pl. XIV., figs. 12, 12 a).

Mhow, October 14th, 1881.

Larva found on leaves of Zizyphus jujuba. Legs

6, 2,2. Three anterior pairs of prolegs obsolete. Move-

ment looping. Vertex bifid when viewed from above

and behind.

Cocoon made on the surface of the ground, net-like,

very thin silk, and the meshes large and open like those

of a fishing-net ; quite useless for purposes of conceal-

ment of pupa.

Pupa rather attenuated towards apex of abdomen.

Imago with delicate ashen-white wings, with fine black

linear markings. ‘The posterior coste of the under

wings project beyond those of the front wings. The

position of the wings when the imago is at rest is hori-

zontal, and they are partly extended at a considerable

angle from the central line of body.

Figure of larva and pupa on Plate XIV., figs. 12, 12a.

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow. A17

BOTIDIDA.

Botys molusalis, Walk.

Mhow, September 5th, 1881.

Larva feeds on a small nettle-like annual with a soft

serrated leaf. It is naked and ‘‘ maggot-like,” body soft

and translucent, of a delicate grass-green colour. Head

black, and black marks on lateral margins of front

thoracic segments. Legs 6, 8, 2.

The larva rolls over the leaf on which it feeds by

attaching cables to the edge of one side, and then to the

midrib; on tightening these the half leaf is formed into

a tube, the whole operation being carried out in a rapid

and very interesting manner. The larva then goes

inside the roll, and completes the fortification under its

protection.

The pupa is of a chestnut-colour, and is located inside

the roll last inhabited by the larva, attached by a caudal

ligature. No net is spun around it, nor is it enclosed in

any description of cocoon.

Scopula strenualis, Walk.

Mhow, August, 1881.

The larve, which are abundant in some situations,

feed on the leaves of the common Bambu of India. They

bind the two edges of the long acuminate leaves

together, or sometimes several leaves in a bundle, thus

forming a long narrow cylinder, in which the larva lives

and eats. One end of this cylinder is after a time filled

with excrement; it is then deserted and a new one

made. The larve appear to devourthe inner parenchyma,

and thus preserve the cylinder as a habitation while it

also affords food. They are “‘maggot-like” in appear-

ance, smooth, of a greenish yellow colour, and with

sienna-red heads. Legs 6, 8, 2.

On searching many cases on the Bambu tree itself I

found two pupe inside one of the cylinders, under a fine

network of silk of open texture, and also fastened down

by the apex of abdomen. Eyes of pupa black; body a

pale chestnut.

On Sept. 7th I removed a number of larve inhabiting

fresh cylinders from the tree (without disturbing them

from their habitations), and placed the whole on the top

of soft earth, in a box covered with muslin to prevent

418 Mr. Forsayeth on the life-history of

their escape. I judged the larve to be near their trans-

formation. In a day or two I removed the dried-up

cases, and examined the earth in the box; I found that

the larve had buried themselves under ground, making

a loose cocoon of earth and silk woven together.

Nov. 5th following, ‘‘I examined the cocoons, and

found the larve unchanged in each, shrivelled up, dry,

and dead. I can now find no larve on the Bambu in

my garden.”

Why should these larve have gone under ground in

preference to undergoing their transformation in what

would appear to be the natural situation, viz., inside the

cylinder, the cylinder being in each case available for

the purpose ?

Compare this larva and its habits with the larva of

Tegna hybleella; the resemblance appears to me to be

great, yet the latter is placed amongst the Noctueg.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE XIV.

Fig. 1. Larva of Terias Asiope.

la. Pupa of ditto.

2. Larva of Melanitis Ismene.

2a. Front view of head of ditto.

2b. Pupa of ditto.

3. Larva of Symphedra thyelia.

3a. Pupa of ditto.

4, Larva of Dabarita subtilis.

4a. Male pupa of ditto.

4b. Female pupa of ditto.

5. Larva of Euproctis lunata.

5a. Mass of eggs of ditto.

56. Female pupa of ditto.

5c. Male pupa of ditto.

6. Larva of Chilena strigula.

6a. Cocoon of ditto.

66. Pupa of ditto.

7. Pupa of Perina nuda.

Ta. Larva of ditto.

7b. Ova of ditto, magnified and in section.

12'a.

Lepidoptera observed in Mhow.

Larva of Miresa albipuncta.

. Pupa of ditto.

Dorsal spine of larva of ditto, magnified.

- Cocoon of ditto.

Larva of Homoptera solita.

. Pupa of ditto.

Larva of Tegna hybleeila.

Larva of Celena cano-rufa.

Larva of Hypochroma dispensata.

Pupa of ditto.

Larva of Plusia chrysitina.

. Pupa of ditto.

Larva of Aphendala tripartita.

PLATE XV.

Full-grown larva of Clanis cervina.

. Young larva of ditto.

. Front of head of young larva of ditto.

Pupa of ditto.

Lebeda Buddha, male.

. Pupa of ditto.

. Larva of diito.

Cocoon of Selepa celtis.

Larva of Nioda fusiformis.

. Feathered hairs of caudal plume of ditto.

. Side tufts of ditto.

. White hairs of side plumes of ditto.

. Dots on body of ditto.

. Hair of front plume of ditto.

. Pupa of ditto, front and back view.

. Labial palpus of Perina nuda.

. Posterior and medial leg of ditto.

. Anterior tibia of ditto.

. Male organs of ditto.

Larva of Sphingomorpha chlorea.

. Pupa of ditto.

Larva of Selepa curviferella.

Larva of Homoptera continua.

Larva of Trilocha albicollis.

Cocoon of ditto.

419

aisha rel 3 i w .

; et , SLE Serer,

=, 2p alg (‘9 a

tig a AUD re :

adh 0 \ " de a a, hte w ea

ae + Ah Se) my, m0 Me SDMA: 9 J

‘ ‘ve Tare Wid, RE 7

+’

i a PP A ror wea Y

421 )

XIX. Further additions to Mr. Marshall’s Catalogue of

British Ichneumonide. By Joun B. Bripeman,

F.L.S.

[Read July 2nd, 1884.]

From several circumstances I have had but little time

during the collecting season of 1883 and the past winter

to devote to Entomology, consequently the present list

does not contain all the novelties I have met with; the

remainder I hope to be able to include in next year’s

list. At present there seems to be no diminution in

the additions to the number of continental or new

species hitherto overlooked in this country.

Besides the entomologists mentioned in my previous

papers, I am this year indebted to Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher

for a great many bred ichneumons, and many of them

are new to our fauna and some new to Science; perhaps

the most important occurrence was that this year he has

been fortunate enough to breed the male and female of

Pezomachus Hopei, Gr. This is the first time that the

two sexes of any one of Gravenhorst’s subapterous

Pezomachi have been bred; the male proved to be one

of Gravenhorst’s species of Cryptus. ‘To Mr. Fletcher,

and the other entomologists who have so kindly assisted

me, my best thanks are due.

ICHNEUMONID.

ICHNEUMONIDES OXYPYGI.

Ichneumon herachana, un. 8.

Abdomine rufo apice nigro, pedibus nigris, femoribus posticis

plus minusve basi nigris; annulo antennarum albo. @.

Head narrow behind the eyes; cheeks not buccated ; apex of cly-

peus depressed, widely rotundate, rather deeply separated from the

face, shining, moderately punctured (punctures rather scattered) ;

face rather more closely punctured ; below the ocelli rather coarsely

punctured, much smoother behind them. Antenne about half

the length of the insect, subconvoluted ; basal joint of flagellum

nearly twice as long as wide; 6th quadrate, the intermediate

TRANS. ENT. $0C. LOND. 1884.—paRT UI. (OCT.)

422 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to Mr. Marshall's

joints diminishing in length. Mesothorax and scutellum distinctly

higher than the metathorax ; punctures on mesothorax rather fine

and somewhat scattered; punctures on scutellum scattered and

barely visible. Metathorax rugose, are five, supero-medial tri-

angular, apex rounded, sides slightly curved outwards, behind in-

curved, spiracles rather short, ovate, the posterior face divided

into three aree; laterally the coste terminate in a short blunt

projection. Abdomen, the first three segments punctate, punctured

more sparingly on the 1st than on the other two; the remaining

segments polished, with traces of very fine puncturing ; gastroceli

small and not very distinct ; 2nd segment rather longer than wide,

remainder transverse, apex of the 2nd the widest; aculeus just

protruding. Hind coxe without the brush, finely and rather

closely punctured. Areolet of wings subrhomboidal, the nervures

not quite touching above, the outer nervure in its greater part

transparent; recurrent nervure received just behind the middle.

Legs moderate.

Black. Antenne, 8th to 12th joints whitish, the extreme joints

sometimes more or less stained with brown; apex of antenne pale

beneath ; stigma fuscous. Abdomen red; base of petiole, the 5th

and following segments, black. Legs, apex of front femora, tibie,

and tarsi piceous; hind femora varies from black extreme base

red, to red extreme apex black; the rest of the legs are black-

brown; coxe black. Length, 8 mm.

This insect belongs to Holmgren’s Section 7. B, and

at first sight is somewhat like J. gasterator, Steph.

These ichneumons, unfortunately all females, were

bred by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, of Worthing, from

Depressaria heracliana; he was uncertain from what

locality the larvee came. I have also taken one speci-

men at Lynn. I have no doubt but that the species

recorded by Mr. Parfitt in his list of Devonshire ichneu-

mons as bred by Mr. D’Orville from the same host, and

doubtfully named J. gasterator, Steph., by Rev. T. A.

Marshall, is this species.

ICHNEUMONIDES PLATYURI.

Platylabus pumilio, Holm.

Holm., Ichn. Suec., 819, 8, 2.

I detected this insect among some taken by the Rev.

K. N. Bloomfield in the neighbourhood of Guestling.

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 423

ICHNEUMONIDES PNEUSTICI.

Pheogenes cicutella, Siebold.

Pheogenes jucundus, 3, Wesm., Ichn. Misel., 65.

P. cicutella, Brischke, Ich. d. Proy. W. u. O-Preuss,

DOS, Bia

Under the head of P. jucundus Wesmael described a

male Pheogenes which he had received from Siebold

under the name of J. cicutella, and remarked that he was

not at all certain he was right, but if he was not

Siebold’s name must have the priority. Herr Brischke

says that the female of jucundus does not belong to

P. cicutella, and describes the two sexes of the latter,

re-establishing Siebold’s name.

Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher bred two males from Orthotelia

sparganella taken in the New Forest ; there was a third

specimen, which unfortunately escaped.

CRYPTIDA.

Cryptus pygoleucus, Gr., 3; Agrothereutes Hopei, Gr., 2.

From Eupecilia ambiguana Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher has

been fortunate enough to breed Agrothereutes Hopei and

Cryptus pygoleucus, this is the first time there is any

record of these being bred together, and from their great

similarity they are certainly the same species. Brischke

bred on two occasions Agrothereutes Hopei from Psyche

cases (P. viciella), and because Siebold bred Hemimachus

albipennis, Ratz., also from Psyche cases, and because

they were somewhat alike in colour, came to the con-

clusion that A. Hopei was the female of H. albipennis ;

but it is now certain that this is incorrect. The Rey.

T. A. Marshall, in his Catalogue, has given H. albi-

pennis as a synonym of H. avidus, Forst.

Prof. C. G. Thomson, in Opusc. Ent., describes a

species as Spylocryptus dispar, the male of which is C.

pygoleucus, Gr.,and the female Pezomachus (Agrothereutes)

abbreviator, Gr. These, I believe, are only associated

from structural resemblance, and not improbably this

view is correct; there may be more than one species

mixed up with C. pygoleucus, which is a very variable

species, or, as Brischke says, probably A. Hopei may be

only a variety of A.abbreviator. I do not think this very

likely, because Hopei is common, and I have never seen

a specimen with any black on the thorax; and if they

424 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to Mr. Marshall's

were only varieties, one having the thorax black, the

other red, I think specimens with intermediate colora-

tion would be not uncommon.

Gravenhorst describes a variety of P. abbreviator with

a red scutellum, and Vollenhoven figures, in ‘ Pinaco-

eraphia,’ A. batavus, Voll., which appears to me to be

only one of Gravenhorst’s varieties. I have only seen

three or four specimens of A. abbreviator, but the variety

with the red scutellum I have not yet seen.

As Gravenhorst first described C. pygoleucus and

P. Hopei in the Supplement, I think the name given to

the male must stand, and Forster’s genus Agrothereutes

must be transferred to the ‘‘ has beens.”’ The insect

belongs to Thomson’s subgenus Spylocryptus.

OPHIONIDA.

Anomalon cylindricum, n. 8.

Abdomine rufo, apice et segmento secundo dorso nigris, pedibus

fulvis, coxis nigris, tarsis posticis linearibus.

Head not dilated behind the eyes; clypeus subangulated, termi-

nating in a point; face rather closely punctured; forehead more

coarsely punctured, with a mesial elevated line running down

from the anterior ocellus. Antennz somewhat shorter than the

insect. Thorax, mesothorax finely punctured, in front of the

scutellum a few fine transverse rug, scutellum scarcely depressed,

with a fine raised ridge at the sides and obliterated behind; meta-

thorax with a distinct deep central groove, the upper part bounded

by prominent coste, which run downwards and outwards; below

fainter ones run transversely. Legs slender; joints of hind tarsi

cylindrical. Abdomen slender; aculeus half the length of the

1st segment. Wings, the recurrent discoidal divided above the

middle, the recurrent nervure interstitial, transverse anal divided

just above the middle.

Face and mouth yellow; the upper boundary of the yellow on

the face forms a W ; a reddish blotch behind the eyes. Antenne

black. Thorax black. Abdomen red; a dark streak on the back

of the 2nd segment; the 5th and following segments black ; front

and middle legs fulyous; front cox, greater part brownish black ;

middle coxe black; hind legs, coxe, and trochanters brownish

black ; femora, tibise, and tarsi brownish red; femora above and

towards the apex of the tibie fuscous; base of wings and stigma

testaceous. Length, 14—16 mm.

Two specimens in Mr. Fitch’s collection, one bred

from Euchelia jacobee.

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 425

This species appears to me to be undescribed, and

comes next to A. rufwm, but differs from that species in

coloration; it is also like A. perspicillator. Of this

Gravenhorst described the male only, and he says,

“antenne scarcely more than one-half the length of the

body ;” in this species it is decidedly three-fourths the

length of the insect. Brischke (Die Ichn. d. Prov.

W. u. O-Preuss) says somewhat half as long as the

body ; it is just possible that this may be the female of

perspicillator, but I think it is not.

Anomalon anxiwn, Wesm.

Wesm., Bull. Acad. Roy. Brux., vol. xvi., pt. il.,

p. 130, 10.

Mr. Fitch has sent me a male Anomalon which I

pelieve to be this species; it was bred by Mr. Elisha

from Eupecilia udana, April 31st, 1884.

Anomalon anomelas, Grav.

Grav., I. E., iii., 683 ; Brischke, Ichn. d. Prov. W. u.

O-Preuss, 30.

This species was sent to me by Mr. Harwood, of

Colchester.

Anomalon arquatum, Grav.

Grav., I. E., iii., 668, 123.

This pretty species was bred by Mr. G. C. Bignell

from Teniocampa gothica. It belongs to Holmgren’s

Sect. 1-ma. B. b., transverse anal nervure not divided.

Anomalon minutum, Ni. 8.

Abdomine rufo, dorso fusco, pedibus fulvis, coxis posticis, nigris,

aculeo segmento primo longitudine.

Head and thorax very coarsely punctured; eyes slightly hairy ;

head a little wider than the thorax; behind the eyes not dilated ;

forehead with a slight thin line ; face towards the clypeus narrow,

smooth, and shining, upper part with a few coarse scattered punc-

tures; clypeus rounded; teeth of mandibles subequal, the lower

one slightly the shorter; clypeus obsoletely separated from the

face. Antenne about two-thirds the length of the body, filiform.

Mesothorax obsoletely trilobed ; scutellum depressed in the middle ;

metathorax rugose; no aree. Abdomen long and slender; 1st

426 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to Mr. Marshall’s

and 2nd segments of equal length, linear; spiracles of the Ist

slightly projecting, remainder compressed; aculeus rather shorter

than 1st segment. Legs slender; hind tarsi slightly thickened ;

basal joint four times as long as wide. Recurrent discoidal ner-

vure of wings joining cubital before the middle and divided above

the middle; recurrent nervure not interstitial; transverse anal

nervure not divided.

Face, mouth, lower part of cheeks, two spots on vertex, yellow.

Legs red; hind coxe black; hind trochanters partly and apex of

hind tibie fuscous ; front coxe and trochanters of male sometimes

yellow ; base of wings reddish, stigma piceous. Abdomen red;

back of all the segments fuscous, and sides also of hinder ones;

aculeus red, apex fuscous. Antenne reddish beneath. Male and

female. Length, 4:55—5 mm.

Bred by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher from Chrysocoris

festaliella taken in the New Forest.

This species is much smaller than any with which I

am acquainted, and has a longer aculeus; the slightly

hairy eyes place it intermediate between Anomalon and

Trichomma, whilst the absence of the transverse anal

nervure puts it into Foerster’s genus Agrypon.

Campoplex bucculentus, Holm.

Campoplex bucculentus, Holm., Mon. Oph, Suec., 36,

cs eee

C. melampus, Foerst., Mon. d. Gatt. Camp., 783,

Oo S4

C. bucculentus, Holm., Skand. art. af Ophion Camp.,

4013, o's. 2s

Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher took a female Campoplex at

Deal in the middle of August, which is certainly C.

melampus, Foerst. ; this Holmgren says = C. bucculentus,

Holm.

Limneria Elishe, n. 8.

Abdomine nigro; femora postica nigra, tibiis posticis, apice et

ante basin, nigris; areola nulla; aculeo segmento primo paulo

breviore.

Head, seen above, transverse, sides almost parallel; face parallel,

with white pubescence; clypeus slightly separated from the face;

apex rounded; mandibles rather wide, teeth subequal. Antenne

about as long as the insect. Thorax one-third longer than high ;

metathorax long, supero-medial area pentagonal, longer than wide,

lateral areze not or imperfectly subdivided; sides of post-petiole

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 427

rounded, rather longer than wide; 2nd segment one-third longer

than wide; the 8rd subquadrate; aculeus about one-sixth the

length of the abdomen, the whole of the latter covered with fine

white pubescence. Wings without an areolet; transverse anal

nervure of lower wing not divided.

Black; mandibles and base of wings yellow; cox black, tro-

chanters yellowish; extreme base of middle and basal half of hind

ones black; front femora reddish; middle ones, base piceous, apex

reddish ; hinder pair black; tibie pale reddish; hinder ones, apex

and mark before the base dark; tarsi pale reddish straw-colour ;

apical portion of the joints more or less fuscous. Male and female.

Length, about 3 mm.

This little Limneria appears to me to be very distinct

from any described species; it was bred by Mr. G.

Elisha, after whom I have named it, from either Orne

scoticella or Nepticula aucuparia.

Limneria gracilis, Grav. ?

Abdomine subcompressa ; pedibus fulvis, coxis posticis nigris,

tibiis posticis apice et ante basin nigris, tarsis posticis nigris, basis

rufis ; aculeo longitudine sextz partis abdominis.

Head above transverse, behind the eyes rather narrow ; clypeus

not separated from the face; teeth of mandibles of equal length.

Antenne shorter than body; 2nd joint of flagellum rather shorter

than the 1st. Thorax cylindrical, much longer than high, nearly

twice as long; mesopleura with punctures running into wavy

aciculations, dise shining; metathorax long, with five arez above ;

supero-medial area elongate, variable in length, not closed behind.

Abdomen slender; post-petiole about twice as wide as the petiole,

and about one-third shorter ; sides somewhat parallel in the male,

and more rounded in the female; 2nd segment one-third longer

than wide ; the 3rdin the female subquadrate, longer than wide in

the male; aculeus about one-sixth the length of the abdomen.

Areolet of wings petiolated or subsessile; recurrent nervure

received beyond the middle; transverse anal not divided.

Black; mandibles, base of wing, apex of scape of antennx

sometimes, front coxe of female, front and middle ones of male,

and trochanters, except the basal joint of hind pair, yellow ; femora

red, hind ones often at the base and apex more or less fuscous ;

front and middle tibie pale testaceous, hind pair white, sometimes

more or less clouded, apex and before the base black ; front tarsi

reddish, extreme apex fuscous; middle tarsi rufo-fuscous, base

paler; hind pair nigro-fuscous, base pale. Stigma varies from

428 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to Mr. Marshall's

piceous-yellow to pale brown; nervures dark. Male and female.

Length, 3°5-—5 mm.

I at first thought this insect was a variety of L. virgi-

nalis, Gr., but, on going through this group of Limneria,

a closer examination proves that it is distinct; the

female appears to be undescribed. I received several

specimens bred from Gracilaria stigmatella by Mr. W.

H. B. Fletcher. I have also seen specimens bred by

Mr. G. Elisha from the same host, and I have taken it

myself at Wimbledon and in the neighbourhood of

Norwich. It differs from LZ. virginalis in its smaller size,

and in having the hind femora generally more or less

fuscous at the base and apex, the front coxe of the

female and front and middle coxe of male yellow; the

post-petiole is slender, rather longer than wide, in

virginalis it is subquadrate with distinctly projecting

spiracles ; the supero-medial area of the metathorax is

long and narrow, in the other species it is transverse.

Timneria cylindrica, Brischke.

Brischke, Die Ichn. d. Prov. W. u. O-Preuss, 53.

Bred by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher from Gelechia inopella

from Freshwater, Isle of Wight, beginning of October,

1883.

Limneria robusta, Woldst.

Woldstedt, Mélanges biologique, ix., 689, 3, ?.

This very distinct Limneria has been taken in the neigh-

bourhood of Shere by Dr. Capron, and I have also taken

it in Norfolk. In colour it resembles L. difformis, and like

it has the transverse anal nervure divided; the meta-

thorax is almost without superior arez, having only a

transverse ridge distinct; the 3rd segment of the abdo-

men is transverse, and the aculeus about one-half the

length of the abdomen.

Limneria ovata, Brischke.

Brischke, Die Ichn. d. Prov. W. u. O-Preuss, 44, ?.

Dr. Capron sent me, last year, a Limmneria, taken at

Shere, which I have little doubt is this species. It is

in colour like L. difformis; the transverse anal nervure

is divided ; the areew of the metathorax distinct, five in

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 429

number ; the 8rd segment of the abdomen is transverse ;

aculeus quite half the length of abdomen; the head is

narrow and transverse; and the stigma very pale.

Limnerta ruficornis, n. 8.

Antenne subtus, abdominis medio pedibusque rufis, coxis posticis

nigris, aculeo exserto.

Head somewhat narrow behind the eyes; face transverse, sides

parallel, covered with silvery pubescence ; clypeus not separated

from the face ; teeth of mandibles of equallength. Antenne of male

about the length of the insect, of female rather shorter. Thorax

longer than wide; metathorax rather long, supero-medial area

hexagonal, longer than wide, lateral aree sometimes divided, some-

times not so; the petiole as long or a little longer than the post-

petiole, and about half the width; post-petiole longer than wide,

and varies in shape; 2nd segment about one-third longer than

wide, rather longer in the male than in the female; 3rd sub-

quadrate; aculeus exserted about one-third the length of the Ist

segment. Legs slender. Areolet of wings sessile or subsessile ;

recurrent nervure received in or just beyond the middle ; transverse

anal nervure not divided.

Black; basal half of antennez, as well as scape beneath, pale

yellowish red, more or less of the apex the same colour; mouth

and mandibles yellow ; base of wings and a spot before them pale

yellow; apex of 2nd, 5th, and remaining segments of abdomen

pale red; 8rd and 4th the same colour, the 38rd more or less black

at the base. Legs pale red; front and middle coxz yellow, hind

cox black, apex reddish yellow ; trochanters yellow ; stigma very

pale piceous.

? Var. One male. Antenne darker; apex of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th

segments of abdomen reddish.

Male and female ; length, 4°5--5 mm.

Bred by Mr. J. H. Fletcher from Hlachista cerussella.

The ? var. I took at Brundall, near Norwich. This

insect comes very near L. longipes, but the antennz. is

differently coloured, as are the coxe and trochanters ;

the insect is also much smaller, and the head is not so

large. I believe it is a good species.

Limneria rufata, n. 3.

Abdominis medio pedibusque rufis, trochanteribus flavis, coxis

posticis nigris, J, 2.

Head transverse, narrow behind the eyes. Antenne about as

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1884,—PaART II. (OCT.) 2F

430 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to Mr. Marshall's

long as the body; face covered with silvery pubescence. Meta-

thorax with five superior aree ; supero-medial pentagonal, scarcely

longer than wide, open behind ; postero-medial not concave. Post-

petiole of 1st segment shorter than the petiole and two and a half

times wider, one-third longer than wide; sides sometimes parallel,

sometimes rounded, a slight longitudinal furrow at the base of the

post-petiole more or less distinct; 2nd segment about one-third

longer than wide; 3rd transverse; aculeus about one-third the

length of the abdomen. Areolet of wings varies from almost

sessile to petiolated, the outer nervure generally imperfect; re-

current nervure received beyond the middle; transverse anal

nervure of hinder wing not divided. Claws of tarsi simple.

Black ; apex of 2nd segment of abdomen, the whole of the 3rd

and the 4th, more or less red. Legs red; front and middle cox

generally slightly fuscous at the base and yellowish at the apex,

hind cox black; trochanters yellow, hinder ones generally with

a fuscous spot within; extreme base of hind tibiew yellowish, apex

slightly fuscous; apex of tarsal joints more or less fuscous; last

joint of middle tarsi fuscous; mandibles yellow; stigma and

nervures brown ; base of wings yellow. Length, 4—5 mm.

Bred by Mr. C. J. Boden and Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher

from Choreutes scintillulana.

This insect seems to me very near Limneria cognata,

Brischke.

Limneria reticulata, n. 8.

This insect, I have no doubt, is mixed up with L.

evareolata, Ratz. The description in Ratzeburg (Die

Ichn., 1ii., 87) is very meagre, barely more than that of

coloration ; whilst Holmgren’s Mon. Oph. Suec., 96, will

do equally for this species or exareolata. The difference

lies in the punctures of the mesonotum and mesopleura.

The species I have retained the name for has the meso-

pleura distinctly and coarsely punctate; in reticulata

indications of punctures are barely visible, and the

mesonotum is only reticulate, whilst in exareolata the

reticulations are coarser and punctate, the male more

strongly so than the female. Holmgren makes no

mention of the antenne of the male, which are unusually

long.

This species was bred by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, in

both sexes, from the larve of a Tortrix which he found

on the flowers of Cornus in 1884. The other species—

L. exareolata—he bred from Coccyx ustomaculana,

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 431

Mesochorus facialis, n. 8.

Testaceus; abdomine nigro, medio testaceo.

Head narrow behind the eyes; teeth of mandibles subequal ;

face transverse ; lower part of face by the side of the eyes and

between the eye and base of mandible rather coarsely aciculate.

Thorax smooth and shining, rather densely covered with fine

white pubescence; metathorax with five complete are ; meso-

pleura smooth and shining, with here and there a hair-pit in the

middle. Abdomen, the sides of 1st segment with scarcely a trace

of a raised ridge, the whole abdomen smooth and shining, with

scarcely a trace of pubescence; 2nd segment rather longer than

wide ; 8rd slightly transverse ; aculeus not quite so long as the 1st

segment. Legs moderate. Wings, internal cubital nervure not

interstitial, external radial not straight, transverse cubital received

just before the middle, transverse anal not interrupted.

3. Pale testaceous; greater part of antenne fuscous; lateral

lobes of mesonotum with a fuscous streak, a fuscous blotch on the

anterior part of middle lobe; anterior part of upper surface of

metanotum blackish. Abdomen black; extreme apex of Ist seg-

ment, sometimes base also, a large central blotch on 2nd and 8rd

segments, testaceous-yellow, and obscurely so the apex of 3rd and

sides of remaining segments. Legs testaceous-yellow ; hind tarsi

pale, apex dark, extreme base slightly fuscous ; extreme apex of

tarsi fuscous; stigma fuscous.

¢. Like the male, but the upper part of the head and thorax is

darker ; the breast and mesopleura are dark.

Male and female ; length, 4 mm.

This pretty little species belongs to Holmgren’s Sect. I.

Bred by Mr. G. C. Bignell from Apanteles popularis at

the beginning of June, 1884.

TRYPHONIDA.

Eclytus fontinalis, Holm.

Holm., Mon. Tryph. Suec., 128, 2; Voll., Pinac., pl. 32,

fig. 4; Brischke, Ichn. d. Prov. W. u. O-Preuss, 42.

_ This species was first sent to me by Mr. W. H. B.

Fletcher, who bred it from Pedisca solandriana. Ihave

since seen a specimen captured by Mr. G. C. Bignell in

the neighbourhood of Plymouth this year.

432 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to Mr. Marshall’s

Mesoleius sepulchralis, Holm.

Both sexes of this fine species were bred by Dr.

Osborne, of Milford, Ireland, from Zarea fasciata (Ent.

Mo. Mag., xx., 145). Holmgren, who named and de-

scribed the species (Disp. Syn. Mesol. Scand., 10, 20;

Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Hand., B. 13, No. 12), was only

acquainted with the female. The male is very similar,

but differs in the following points :—The face, clypeus,

and mandibles are white, as are the tubercles before the

wings, the front and middle coxe, and trochanters ; the

middle coxe are black above, and the hind trochanters

white beneath ; the base of the hind tibie is white almost

to the middle; the anterior tibia and tarsi are entirely

white, or rather white slightly stained with ochre, and

the apical joint of the hind tarsi is whiter than in the

female.

Cteniscus triangulatorius, Grav.

Tryphon triangulatorius, Grav., I. E., ii., 205, 188

(Vater tT ):

Exenterus triangulatorius, Holm., Mon. Tryph. Suec.,

235, 21.

This insect has been taken by Mr. G. C. Bignell in

the neighbourhood of Plymouth.

Exochus Fletcheri, n. 8.

Niger; facie, @ flava, 2 macula flava; pedibus rufis, coxis

nigris.

Head smooth and shining; face a little narrower below the

antenna than above, moderately protuberant, covered with coarse

punctures ; a moderately deep VY depression above the antenne

(these about half the length of insect); head narrow behind

the eyes; head, thorax, and abdomen covered with scattered white

pubescence. Thorax smooth and shining, with fine scattered hair-

pits ; mesothorax faintly trilobed; scutellum subdepressed ; lateral

aree of metathorax not divided; supero-medial area much wider

behind than in front. Abdomen regularly covered with coarse

punctures; apical margins smooth and shining ; 1st segment about

as long as wide, bicarinated ; keels extending from base to middle ;

the lateral margins with distinct keels; the spaces between the

central keels and to the apex smooth; remaining segments trans-

verse. Femora incrassated. Wings without areolet; transveise

anal nervure interrupted below the middle.

Black ; face and apex of cheek between eye and mandible yellow,

with a central oval fuscous blotch. Male. Upper part cf face of

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 433

female yellow, interrupted below by an oval fuscous blotch; a

spot on vertex and base of wings yellow. Legs fulvous; coxa,

black; front trochanters sometimes slightly fuscous at the base ;

middle and hinder trochanters blackish, more or less reddish at the

apex; extreme base of tibie yellowish; tarsi slightly fuscous-

stained; base of 1st joint of hind tarsi yellowish, apex fuscous, as

well as remaining joints. Two males, one female. Length, 5 mm.

This small Hxochus belongs to Section B. aa. ff. w.

kk. Ul. m. of Holmgren’s Disp. Meth. Exochorum Scand.,

and differs from the description of H. frontellus; it is

smaller and has no yellow before the wings.

Bred by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, of Worthing, after

whom I have the honour to name this very distinct

species, from larve of Gelechia notatella taken at Wicken

Fen.

PIMPLIDA.

Pimpla strigipleuris, Thoms.

Thoms., Opuse. Ent., 747, 5, ¢, 2; Entom., xvii., 69.

Bred by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher from Depressaria

herachiana.

Pimpla similis, n. 8.

Nigra, pedibus rufis, coxis anterioribus nigris, stigmate nigro-

fusco.

This insect in size and shape is extremely like P.

brevicornis, but the thorax is entirely free from sculpture,

the abdomen a little more strongly punctured; the legs,

except the front coxe, are clear red, the apical portion

of last joint of tarsi is fuscous; the wings are clearer,

the antenne are longer, and the stigma is dark brown

with a pale base.

I have taken a female at Brundall, near Norwich, and

Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher has bred both sexes from E:phippi-

phora scutulana.

Glypta lineata, Desvignes.

Desv., Brit. Mus. Cat., 78, 18.

Var. 1. Female. Thorax entirely black.

I have taken this variety in the neighbourhood of

Norwich.

Lissonota errabunda, Holm.

Holm., Mon. Pimp. Suec., 58, 27.

Taken by Mr. W. Bennett in the neighbourhood of

Guestling.

pte

hal”

yi fa ph eahiie

aT ‘

Pp’ Fe

Tre iF |

( 4385 )

XX. Notes on the life-history of Porphyraspis tristis,

a palm-infesting Cassida from Brazil. By A.

SrpNEY OLLIFF.

[Read September 8rd, 1884.]

Tue Cassida which I now have the pleasure of exhibiting

in all its stages was recently received by Lord Walsing-

ham in a small collection of insects formed by Mr. John

Cameron Grant in the neighbourhood of Bahia. My

attention was first called to this insect by observing the

curious excrementitious covering, closely resembling an

inverted bird’s nest in miniature, with which the larva

protects itself from the heat of the sun. The species

proves to be the Porphyraspis tristis of Boheman,*

and is found not uncommonly feeding gregariously on

the tender portions of the leaves of the cocoa-nut palm,

to which it is said to do considerable damage. The

larva of this insect was brought before the notice of the

Society at a recent meeting by Dr. David Sharp, who

does not, however, appear to have recognised the merdi-

gerous nature of its covering.t The larve of many of

the Cassidide, as well as certain species of Crioceride,

are well known to form for themselves a covering of their

excrement; but I am not aware that any account has

been published of a coleopterous larva making a nest-

like habitation for itself, with the exception of Porphy-

raspis palmarum, Boheman, figured and described by

Candéze in his excellent paper on the Metamorphoses

of Exotic Coleoptera.{ This larva forms a nest, which

it carries on its back, very similar in appearance to that

of P. tristis, and is found on a palm, supposed to be a

species of T’hrinax, in the island of San Domingo.

I am inclined to think that this nest-forming habit

* ‘Monographia Cassididarum,’ i., p. 95 (1850) ; Wagener, MT.

Miinch. Ent. Ver., v., p. 53 (1881).

+ Cf. imfra, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. xviii; ‘ Zoologist’ (3)

viii., p. 891 (1884).

+ Mém. Soe. Liége, xvi., p. 390, pl. v., fig. 5 (1861).

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PaRT III. (OCT.)

436 Mr. A. Sidney Olliff’s notes on the

will prove to be common to all the larve of the genus

Porphyraspis, as I have in my possession nests very like

those of the two above-mentioned species, which were

received from Brazil in a dried condition with numerous

specimens of P. rugosus, Boheman.

The covering of the larva of P. tristis is composed of

a number of filaments greatly resembling vegetable

fibres ; it is broadly oval in form, varying from 4—9 mm.

in breadth according to the size of the larva, and is of a

dirty reddish brown colour. This structure is carried

on the back of the insect, and is supported by a forked

anal appendage such as is found in the larve of the

genus Dolichotoma and other Cassidide. Candéze failed

to detect an appendage of this kind in the larva of

P. palmarum, but says that in that species the filaments

composing its covering are firmly attached to the upper

surface of the 8th abdominal segment.

The following is a brief description of the larva of

Porphyraspis tristts :—

Ovate, strongly convex above, flattened below, considerably

broader in front than behind, pale yellowish white. Head vertical,

moderately large, rather longer than broad when viewed from

above, slightly emarginate in front, furnished with a few long

bristly hairs near the anterior angles, the median line strongly

impressed. Antenne very short, 3-jointed; the two basal joints

transverse, the apical much narrower, and provided with two or

three bristly hairs. Ocelli six on each side; four near the base of

the antenna, forming an oblique series, and two just behind these

a little nearer the lateral margin. labrum rather large, transverse,

bilobed. Mandibles rather short and robust, obtusely bifid at the

Larva oF PoRPHYRASPIS TRISTIS.

apex. Thoracic segments broad, clothed with minute hairs near

the sides. Abdominal segments much narrower than those of the

thorax, all of about equal length, but gradually decreasing in

breadth towards the apex ; segments 1—5 with a moderately large

life-history of Porphyraspis tristis. 437

fleshy protuberance on each side; these protuberances are nar-

rowed towards the apex, and are furnished with a few short bristly

hairs; the 6th and 7th segments with the protuberances much

larger and rounded externally; the anal segment is provided

on its upper surface with a forked appendage, which is bent

forwards in the direction of the head; the sides of this appendage

are chitinous, and are held together by narrow membranous cross-

pieces ; by its combined strength and lightness it seems admirably

adapted for carrying the heavy covering of excrement. Stigmata

eight on each side, arranged as in the European Cassidide. Legs

short and robust, provided with a few rather long bristly hairs ;

claws simple, strongly curved. Length of adult, 42 mm.

Compared with the larva of Porphyraspis palmarum,

as figured by Candéze, this species is much broader

behind. It also differs in having the head larger and

the protuberances on the 6th and 7th abdominal seg-

ments rounded externally instead of tapering to a

point.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—pPaRT II. (ocT.) 26

aaa

0 Aes , pf hast Me

Ns Li ee Cateye +4 ha

Pre ig = duce Ne DEN

7 - 4 i j to) Lh af Atte id N

| oe yaahigaie Wied re

17 e , Be h rs aut nee

pipally stn

ith sic el i Ale Ai Vi hing rep

11 ind

x : lc srl tes if wid BD if sth cone] ' i",

i 10 ot Peetied tag sl ie ¢

in, be hima a vet, di "

, ; uudain’) Jaen Sec areata ae Lis

a) , . . ae ‘f aceeleee hace.

i Rit: rele ahhh # a

: 4 shee

‘ . i erry a a

7 a |

: * . i i 4 i ) \ ' hi ivs us fog .

4 , Aah ' ina ul

2 “<

: ‘

. :

P a

(

a ,

}

) : ‘. :

‘ |

)

( 489 )

XXI. The water-beetles of Japan. By Davin Suarp.

[Read September 3rd, 1884. ]

In the ‘Transactions’ of this Society for 1873 will be

found a paper on this subject, and a supplement thereto

was published in the volume for the ensuing year, 1874.

The present paper, together with the two just alluded to,

will be found to enumerate all the water-beetles of the

families Haliplide, Dytiscide, Gyrinide, and Hydro-

philide at present detected in the Japanese islands.

Mr. Lewis’ recent visit to Japan has demonstrated

that the coleopterous fauna of those sunny islands is

richer comparatively than the corresponding regions of

Kurope; but the water-beetles form apparently an

exception to this rule, and the fauna in this department is

in variety and number of species at present inferior to that

of our own part of the globe. It is probable, however,

that this is to a certain extent due to the fact that water-

beetles require special modes of collecting, and are thus

apt to be neglected, and also to the fact that they are

comparatively more numerous, or at any rate more

accessible in northern lands: as an instance of which it

may be mentioned that Lapland is very rich in these

insects. The fauna of the northern portions of the

Japanese Archipelago is as yet not so well known to us

as that of the southern parts, and, when it has been

well explored during favourable seasons, it will probably

be seen that the poverty of Japan in water-beetles is

not so great as it at present appears.

A detailed comparison of the water-beetle fauna of

Japan with that of other regions would therefore be at

present premature ; but I can scarcely omit to point to

the fact that as yet but one species of the great genus

Hydroporus has been detected there, while in Britain

it is represented by thirty-six species; and North

America is also very rich in it.

The total number of Dytiscide known from Japan is

at present only about forty species, while in Britain we

have 105.

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND, 1884.—paRT Iv. (DEC.) 2H

440 Mr. David Sharp on the

HALIPLIDA.

Hatliplus ovalis.

Testaceus, vertice, prothoraceque anterius in medio fusco-macu-

latis; elytris seriatim fortiter punctatis, maculis nigris quadratis

disjunctis ornatis. Long. 833—41} mm.

Var. Testaceus, immaculatus.

This species is most nearly allied to the European

THaliplus fulvus, Fab., but is smaller, the space separating

the eyes is rather less, and the serial punctures on the

elytra are considerably coarser. The spots on the wing-

cases are usually more quadrate and less linear than

they are in H. fulvus, but both species vary so much in

their markings that little importance can be attached

to this.

Nugata, Tokio, Yokohama, and Kashiwagi.

Haliplus sharpi.

Haliplus sharpi, Wehncke, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1880,

p. 74.

Hakodate; two examples from a stagnant pool.

Haliplus japonicus.

A small series of exponents indicates that the two

specimens from which the species was described (Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 55) were immature examples

of an immaculate variety. The individuals now obtained

are spotted in a somewhat indistinct manner, with

about ten small quadrate black marks arranged so as to

form two angulate transverse series, one on the middle,

one behind it; the head is black.

DYTISCID.

Hydrovatus acuminatus.

Hydrovatus acuminatus, Motsch., Et. Ent., 1859, p. 42.

Two examples; Suruga (near Sazaki) and Otsu. Also

in China and Malaya.

Bidessus frontalis.

Breviter ovalis, convexus, ferrugineus, nitidus, antennis ex-

trorsum, abdomine elytrisque fuscis, his ad apicem et ad latera

water-beetles of Japan. 441

vage testaceo-signatis, fortissime punctatis; clypeo anterius mar-

ginato. Long. 1} mm.

This is a very distinct species of remarkably short

form, and, owing to its margined clypeus, is to be placed

in Group 1 of my arrangement of the Species of this

genus. ‘The thorax is only finely punctate, and has a

very distinct plica on each side; the punctuation of the

elytra is very coarse, and there is a basal plica con-

tinuous with that on the thorax and of about the same

length.

Yokohama, and Sakai near Osaka, June 7th, 1881.

Hyphydrus japonicus.

Typhydrus japonicus, Sharp, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1878, p. 54.

H. frontalis, Sharp on Dyt., p. 381.

Mr. Lewis having brought back a considerable series,

Tam unable to distinguish H. frontalis from H. japonicus,

and consider they are but one species varying con-

siderably in punctuation. All the females belong to the

opaque form, there being no examples like H. japonicus

2 a, or H. frontalis 2 of my monograph. The tubercle

on the Ist ventral segment of the male is probably

subject to being worn down as the result of some

attrition.

Hyphydrus leviventris.

Hyphydrus leviventris, Sharp on Dyt., p. 381.

Yokohama, Tokio; apparently rare. Only two males

have been found; one of them has a carina on the 1st

ventral, so that it is probable the presence of a peculiar

dull space instead of this carina (as described in the

monograph) is the result of the latter being worn down

by attrition.

Celambus vittatus.

Ovalis, convexus, nitidus, ferrugineus, prothorace basi capiteque

utrinque nigricantibus, elytris lincis nigris longitudinalibus ad

basin discretis, ad apicem fere confluentibus ; subtus pectore ab-

domineque nigerrimis, nitidis; antennis extrorsum fuscis ; elytris

ad basin parce fortiter punctatis, punctis subtilioribus immixtis, ad

apicem dense punctatis. Long. 5 mm.

Mas, unguiculo anteriore tarsorum anticorum crassiore, magis

curvato, subabbreviato,

442 Mr. David Sharp on the

This is very closely allied to Dytiscus impresso-punctatus,

but has a much more scanty punctuation, and the under

surface is shining; it is equally near to Celambus chi-

nensis, but is more closely punctate, and has black lines

on the wing-cases.

This is apparently rare, only four examples having

been met with. Junsai, August 29th, 1880; Uyeno,

Tokio, in the latter part of autumn.

Deronectes anchoralis.

Oblongo-ovalis, subdepressus, subopacus, subtus nigricans,

capite in medio prothoracisque lateribus testaceis, supra testaceus,

capitis vertice prothoraceque anterius et late in basi nigris, elytris

nigro-lineatis, lineis confluentibus hic inde maculis interruptis

testaceis ; antennis pedibusque testaceis, illis extrorsum, his tarsis

nigricantibus. Long. 5—5} mm.

Mas, tarsis anterioribus fortiter dilatatis, unguiculis longissimis,

fere rectis.

This species belongs to Group 4 A of my monograph,

and may be placed near Dytiscus depressus, Fab., though

not closely allied to any other species ; the male is very

remarkable on account of its elongate claws, which are

quite as long as all the rest of the tarsus. The punctua-

tion of the surface is excessively dense, and the sutural

series of punctures on each wing-case is very distinct ;

the thorax is rounded at the sides and narrowed behind,

and the denticle near the extremity of each elytron is

very evident in each sex.

A good series of this species was found at Chiuzenji

the fourth week in August, 1881; they were found

amongst weeds in the very strong-running stream which

feeds the lake there.

Deronectes simplicipes.

Oblongo-ovalis, nitidus, testaceus, prothorace anterius nigricante,

basi maculis duabus plus minusve conjunctis nigris, elytris lineis

confluentibus nigris, hic inde maculis testaceis interruptis ornatis ;

prosterno, pectore abdomineque nigris, antennarum palporumque

apicibus fuscis; prothorace lateribus obliquis haud rotundatis,

angulis posterioribus rectis. Long. 4mm.

This species should be placed next Hydroporus sardus,

Har. Its surface is very nearly smooth; there is, how-

ever, a punctuation along the anterior margin, and more

water-beetles of Japan. 443

at the base, the punctuation of the wing-cases is ex-

tremely indistinct, and there are two more or less

distinct longitudinal series of impressed punctures. The

confluent black lines leave the base and apex pale, as

also some lateral spots, and one or two on the disc.

The sexual characters are very slight, but there is

apparently a slight dilatation of the front and middle

tarsi of the male.

A series of eighteen specimens was found in rivers

and streams at Sapporo.

Deronectes hostilis.

Oblongo-ovalis, nitidus, testaceus, prothorace utrinque plaga

fusca, elytris lineis nigris, hic inde maculis pallidis interruptis,

ornatis; prosterno pectore abdomineque nigris; antennarum

palporumque apicibus fuscis ; prothorace lateribus curvatis, angulis

posterioribus obtusis. Long. 43 mm.

Mas, tarsis anterioribus dilatatis unguiculis elongatis.

This is very similar to D. simplicipes, but has the

sides of the thorax differently shaped, the black marks

of the upper surface are less extensive, and the male

feet more largely developed.

A single example was received from Japan by Mr.

Lewis in 1874. ‘The locality, South Kiushiu.

Hydroporus natrix.

Late ovalis, subdepressus, subopacus, niger, fronte in medio,

prothoracis fascia transversa elytrisque guttis rotundatis testaceis,

antennis pedibusque fusco-testaceis; supra subtilissime punctulato,

punctisque majoribus sparsis, pretereaque in elytro singulo seriebus

duabus punctorum. Long. 3—3; mm.

Body entirely without pubescence; antenne pale yellow, infus-

cate externally ; the upper surface with pallid marks, vis., a large

round spot on the middle of the head, four such spots placed

transversely at the base of the wing-cases, a second transverse

series of four spots (of which, however, the two inner are most

frequently absent) across the middle, two other spots (also fre-

qnently wanting) behind these, and a small one quite at the

extremity; the thorax has a transverse pale fascia of variable

width across the middle.

This species belongs to Group 3 of the genus, but

cannot be placed in any of the subsections of that

444 Mr. David Sharp on the

croup defined in my work on the Dytiscide ; the under

surface has on the breast and basal abdominal segment

numerous extremely coarse punctures, the prosternal

process is broad and tricarinate, there is a rudimentary

abbreviated longitudinal impression near each side of

the thorax, so that the insect must be placed between

Sections A and C of the group referred to. No con-

spicuous sexual distinctions can be observed.

Found at Chiuzenji, in the lake, on the south side,

the fourth week of August, 1881; a large variety with

all the spots largely developed was found, in three

examples, at Sapporo.

H yphydrus rwalis.

A small series of this well-known insect was met with

at Sapporo, and a single example at Awomori. These

Japanese individuals differ scarcely at all from the North

American variety Hydroporus obesus, Lec.

Agabus insolitus.

Oblongo-ovalis, depressus, nigerrimus, nitidus, antennis, palpis

pedibusque anterioribus rufis, pedibus posterioribus piceis, elytris

versus latera guttulis duabus pallidis ; corpore superne obsoletissime

reticulato, fere levigato, prothoracis margine laterali crasso. Long.

5+ mm., lat. 3 mm.

This is a very abnormal species for a member of the

genus Agabus, the coxal lines being but little turned

outwards behind, and the swimming-legs slender, and it

has more the aspect of a Platynectes or Agabinus ; it is,

however, connected to a certain extent with the more

ordinary Agabi by means of A. optatus, and the characters

therefore are not sufficiently definite to justify the

establishment for it of a genus distinct from the poly-

morphic Agabus. The outlines of the thorax and elytra

are continuous, the hind angles of the former slightly

obtuse, the reticulation of the wing-cases is almost

obliterated, but the subserial punctures, though fine, are

distinct and numerous; there is a pale spot on each near

the side beyond the middle, and a second close to the

apex. The prosternal process is broad and flat, its

anterior portion strongly margined; the wing of the

metasternum is very slender, the rather large hind cox

and the basal ventral segments are finely strigose. The

water-beetles of Japan. 445

legs are slender, the femoral sete very small. The front

and middle tarsi of the male are almost undilated, but

are furnished beneath with very evident glandular pube-

scence.

A single example of the male sex was found in Higo

in 1882.

Agabus optatus.

Ovalis, parum convexus, niger, nitidus, antennis, palpis tarsisque

rufis, pedibus piceis, elytris versus latera guttula parva pallida ;

corpore supra densissime omnium subtilissime reticulato. Long.

63 mm., lat. 34 mm.

Notwithstanding the fact that the coxal lines are less

directed outwards behind than usual this species may

be placed in the same group as A. japonicus, from which

species it is readily distinguished by its smaller size

and the uniform black colour ; the prosternal process is

only moderately broad, but is flat and distinctly mar-

gined; the swimming-legs are slender, their tibiz glabrous

on the infero-external face; the hind coxe are rather

large, the wing of the metastermum moderate.

A single female example was found in Kiishiu in 1874

(Mr. Wada).

Platambus jfimbriatus.

Ovalis, angustulus, convexus, nitidus, rufus, abdomine apicem

versus picescente, supra subenescens, capitis maculis magnis, pro-

thoracis lateribus, elytrorumque marginibus laterali basalique late

flavis; elytris politis, punctis seriatis magnis impressis. Long.

7 mm.,, lat. 3} mm.

This insect is narrower than Dytiscus maculatus, and

readily distinguished by the very broad lateral and basal

margins of the upper surface, and by the very large im-

pressed punctures on the elytra.

The series of nine examples shows very little variation,

and the male characters are very slight, there being

only an extremely slight incrassation of the front and

middle tarsi.

Found at Chiuzenji in the fourth week of August, and

in the lake at Hakone.

Copelatus japonicus.

Oblongo-ovalis, depressus, fusco-piceus, capitis prothoracisque

marginibus dilutioribus, elytrorum marginibus laterali basalique,

446 Mr. David Sharp on the

antennis pedibusque testaceis ; corpore supra subtiliter punctulato,

thorace versus angulos posteriores strigulis brevissimis impressis ;

elytris striis argutis sex, externa posterius parum abbreviata,

striaque submarginali modice elongata. Long. 6 mm., lat. 3 mm.

The male has the front and middle tarsi a good deal

dilated, and in the female the sculpture at the hind

angles of the thorax is coarser. The species belongs to

Group 10, and is not closely allied to any other. The

only two individuals found are immature; one was

obtained in Kiishiu (Mr. Wada), the other has no locality

recorded.

Rhantus erraticus.

Ovalis, subdepressus, subopacus, subtus niger, supra testaceus,

capite nigro-variegato, prothorace in medio plaga transversa nigra,

elytris crebrerrime nigro-irroratis, antennis pedibusque ante-

rioribus testaceis, femoribus basi nigricante, pedibus intermediis

nigris geniculis tarsisque rufis; corpore superne densissime minus

subtiliter rugoso. Long. 13 mm., lat. 6 mm.

This species resembles greatly a large flat Colymbetes

pulverosus, but it has the peculiarity of being dull above

owing to a much less obsolete sculpture than exists in

the males of other species of this genus. The male

has the front and middle tarsi a good deal incrassate,

and the claws of the anterior feet are elongate and

simple. The female is unknown.

A single example occurred at Yumoto, August 24th,

1881.

Dytiscus marginals.

The occurrence of this species in Japan, which was

previously somewhat doubtful, has been certified by the

capture of one female example at Chiuzenji and another

at Sapporo.

Dytiscus sharpt.

Dytiscus sharpi, Wehncke, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1875,

p- 500.

This species was met with, though only in four or five

examples, at Uyeno, in Tokio, December, 1880. The

female before me is of much interest, as, though the

peculiar sulcation seen in so many of the species of the

genus Dytiscus is not present, yet there are on the

external part of the elytra three or four slight grooves

or striw, being, as it were, the rudimentary condition or

water-beetles of Japan. 447

commencement of this sexual peculiarity. The female

differs from the male also in having the thorax finely

punctured all over, as in the corresponding sex of

D. punctulatus, the punctures being, however, less dense

than in D. punctulatus.

Hydaticus thermonectoides.

Breviter ovalis, anterius attenuatus, convexus, ferrugineus, ely-

tris nigro-irroratis, irrorationibus post medium in fascias duabus

nigras condensatis. Long. 10 mm., lat. 6 mm.

The unique specimen, a female, seems to indicate a

Hydaticus of peculiarly short form, somewhat similar to

a Thermonectes or Rhantaticus in appearance, to be placed

near Hydaticus ponticus. There is no black marking on

the head and thorax; the elytra show very indistinct

longitudinal lines of yellow among the black specks ;

the hind legs are remarkably short. The upper surface

has a distinct fine punctuation, but unless this be

characteristic of the female there is no sexual sculpture.

The species may be readily distinguished from H. rhan-

toides by the broad shape and the different markings on

the wing-cases.

Found on the Wada Pass.

Sandracottus hunteri.

A single example of this well-known species has

occurred in Higo.

GYRINIDA.

Gyrinus japonicus.

Gyrinus japonicus, Sharp, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1873, p. 55.

G. curtus, Regt., Ann. Soc. Fr., 1882, p- 168 (nec

Motsch.).

This has been brought from Yokohama by Mr. Lewis,

and the series now found shows that the species should

be placed in the section with dark epipleure, although

-in certain examples a faint rusty colour is apparent on

the middle of the basal portion of these parts. The

species is remarkable on account of a very distinct

sexual sculpture existing in the female, a large portion

of each wing-case being covered in that sex by a patch

448 Mr. David Sharp on the

of very fine alutaceous sculpture, rendering the surface

Opaque, except that at the suture and at the apex it is

rather broadly, at the outer margin narrowly, shining.

The individuals from Yokohama have the epipleure

quite dark, while the specimens formerly brought from

Nagasaki possess the faint rufescent tinge above men-

tioned, but clearly all are one species.

Gyrinus curtus.

Gyrinus curtus, Motsch., Bull. Mosc., 1866, 1., p. 165 ;

Sharp, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 417;

nec Regt., Ann. Soc. Fr., 1882, p. 168.

This species belongs to the group with red epipleure,

and I think Motschulsky’s name was really intended for

it. The sexual sculpture of the female, so apparent in

G. japonicus, is in G. curtus much more indistinct.

Nagasaki and Sapporo.

Gyrinus gestrot.

Gyrinus gestrot, Regt., Ann. Soc. Fr., 1883, p. 165.

Mr. Lewis captured a series of this species near

Yokohama at the commencement of winter, and also

met with it near Sendai, and at the Ogura Lake in

July.

Orectochilus regimbartt.

Elongato-ovalis, fusco-niger, supra undique subtiliter punctato-

tomentosus, infra epipleuris pedibus abdomineque late ferrugineis ;

labro lato rotundato, mediocriter elongato. Long. 83—9 mm., lat.

4mm.

Mas, elytris sutura parum elevata, ad apicem fere recte truncatis.

Fem., elytris sutura valde elevata, apice in medio angulariter

producto.

This species is very distinct from any other with which

I am acquainted. The labrum is just about twice as

broad as it is long; the thoracic punctuation is extremely

indistinct, and that on the elytra quite fine, and more

scanty in the male than in the female. The male

anterior tarsi are only moderately dilated.

I have named this distinct species in honour of Dr.

Maurice Régimbart; by the assistance of his carefully

water-beetles of Japan. 449

executed plates it is now possible to determine with

certainty the species of this very difficult family.

Found in the lake of Chiuzenji about the end of

August, 1881.

Orectochilus agilis.

Anguste-ovalis, fusco-niger, elytrorum margine externo angustis-

sime, epipleuris pedibusque, ferrugincis, supra equaliter punctato

tomentoso, capite levi; subtus piceus; elytris apice subrecte trun-

cato, angulis externis obtusis ; labro sat producto, rotundato. Long.

64mm., lat. 3 mm.

This is another species very distinct from any yet de-

scribed, being about the same size as O. villosus ; it is

much less convex, more regularly oval, and it is at once

distinguished by the yellow margin of the Wing-cases ;

the outer apical angle of the wing-case is not broadly

rounded, as in O. villosus, but the hind margin, being

nearly straight, the side meets it so as to form a slightly

obtuse angle. The male front tarsi are a good deal

dilated, and the outer apical angle of the tibia is

rounded.

A good series was taken in the river at Kumamoto about

the end of May, 1881, but most of the examples are

very immature. Rough weather had occurred, and the

specimens had taken refuge under weed on the beach.

Orectochilus punctipennis.

Ovalis, angustus, convexus, supra niger, subenescens, nitidus,

undique punctato-tomentosus, punctatura minus obsoleta, subtus

piceus, abdomine flavescente, pedibus testaceis, labro sat producto,

rotundato; elytrorum apice oblique truncato, angulo externo

rotundato-obtuso. Long. 54 mm., 25 mm.

Closely allied to O. villosus, auct., rather smaller and

narrower and scarcely so convex, but at once to be dis-

tinguished by the (for this genus) unusually coarse

punctuation of the elytra; the outer apical angle of the

wing-cases is also less broadly and completely rounded

than it is in O. villosus. The dilatation of the male

front feet is rather less than it is in O. villosus, the apex

of the tibia is similarly formed. The only two examples

found are both rather immature, and show, especially

the female, slight traces of some longitudinal depressions

on the posterior part of the wing-cases.

450 Mr. David Sharp on the

Ogura Lake, July 1st, one female; Tokio (Mr. Tanaka),

one male.

HYDROPHILIDA.

Hydrocharis libera.

Ovalis, convexa, nigra, antennarum basi testaceo; dense sub-

tiliter punctato, elytris seriebus punctorum impressis conspicuis ;

prosterno posterius mutico, metasterno posterius apice spinam

brevem in medio formante; femoribus posterioribus fere impunc-

tatis. Long. 19 mm., lat. 10 mm.

This species is excessively similar to the European

H. caraboides, auct., but is readily distinguished by the

middle of the prosternum being without spine, by the

impunctate femora, and by the projection of the meta-

sternum in the middle behind forming a longer free

spine. This latter character will distinguish the species

from H. affinis, besides the colour differences in the legs,

palpi, and inflexed margin of the wing-cases.

Five examples were found at Hakodate towards the

end of September, 1880.

Hydrocharis affinis.

Hydrocharis affinis, Sharp, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1873, p. 58.

H. flavipes, var., Sharp, op. cit., p. 59 (nec Steph.).

Mr. Lewis has now secured a series of about a dozen

examples of this species. ‘Though very closely allied to

the European H. flavipes, I think it will prove distinct,

the size being very much greater, the thorax more

transverse, the striation on the wing-cases always dis-

tinct, and the middle of the prosternum rather differently

formed, being shorter in proportion and less produced

behind, more obtusely rounded in front. The specimen

recorded as being possibly a variety of H. flavipes is, I

am satisfied, now that I have had an opportunity of

comparing it with a series of H. affinis, only a small, ill-

developed, immature individual of that species.

Found in Ogura lake, near Nara, towards the end of

June, and at Niigata in September; I have also a speci-

men of the species from Castlenau’s collection labelled

Shanghai.

water-beetles of Japan. 451

Hydrophilus rufipes.

The species recorded in Mr. Lewis’ catalogue of

Japanese Coleoptera as Sternolophus fulvipes, Motsch.,

is this species, common in Eastern Asia; what S. ful-

vipes, Motsch., may prove to be I am still unable to

determine.

HyYpDROCYCLUS, N. g.

Gen. Hydrobio affinis; corpus rotundatum convexum, palpi

maxillares, sat elongati, thoracis longitudine, crassiusculi, articulo

pseudo-basali recto, articulo ultimo precedente longiore ; mentum

magnum, planum, anterius rotundatum, dense sculpturatum.

Mesosternum processu elevato, posterius excavato. Pedes tenues,

haud natatores, tarsi posteriores subtus pubescentes, haud ciliati.

This rather curious form can only be placed near

Hydrobius, from which it is readily distinguished by the

elongate palpi, and by the clothing of the under surface

of the hind feet ; the mesosternal process is peculiar ; it

is rather broad, placed transversely with a subacuminate

free extremity, and from its hollowed posterior face

emits a very slender process, which connects between

the middle legs with a narrow prolongation of the meta-

sternum. ‘The basal halves of the femora are densely

and finely pubescent; the antenne are nine-jointed,

with short ciub ; one of the anterior tibial spurs is elon-

gate and much curved.

The Chinese genus Hydrocassis, Fairm., is probably

an allied form, having, according to the description, a

different mesosternal structure.

Fydrocyclus lacustris.

Rotundato-ovalis, piceus, antennarum basi, palpis, tibiis tarsisque

rufis ; supra fortiter punctato, capite thoraceque punctis inequali-

bus mixtis; elytris fortiter seriatim punctatis, interstitiis alternis

fortiter, apicem versus subasperate, punctatis, margine laterali dis-

tante serrato. Long. 7 mm., lat. 5 mm.

Head coarsely punctured, behind with fine punctures between

the larger ones, these latter in the middle not extending to the

front margin. Thorax very transverse, distinctly margined all

round, with numerous distinct irregularly-placed punctures, and

with other very fine, more numerous, punctures between these.

Elytra with regular series of coarse punctures, which behind and

at the sides become strive, and the alternate interstices bear coarse

452 Mr. David Sharp on the

punctures, which on the posterior part become more or less

asperate.

This is a lake species, occurring in water of low

temperature, and has been found at Hakone and Chiu-

zenji, but is apparently rare.

Hydrobius pauper.

Oblongo-ovalis, niger, supra nigro-zneus, antennarum basi,

palpis tarsisque rufis; supra crebre punctatus, elytris preterea

seriatim punctatis, interstitiis etiam punctis interjectis irregulari-

bus parum conspicuis. Long. 7 mm., lat. 3} mm.

This species is very closely allied to H. fuscipes, auct.,

more especially to the form recently distinguished by

Thomson as H. picicrus, but, compared with the latter,

it is found to be rather narrower, to have the punctuation

of the upper surface rather finer, and on hinder half of

the elytra more scanty, and the strie less marked; it

is, however, most satisfactorily distinguished by the

pubescence and punctuation of the hind femora, which

is very much diminished in the present species, being

confined to a smaller area, and on that area much less

dense, and indeed is almost altogether wanting on the

posterior portion of the femur.

Mr. Lewis has brought only a few specimens, and the

only recorded locality is Oyama on the main island.

Hydrobius fuscipes.

Dytiscus fuscipes, L., Faun. Suec., No. 766.

Horubetsu, in Yezo ; one example.

Philydrus harold.

’ P. cinctus, Harold, Deutsche Ent. Zeit., 1877, p. 343

(nec Say).

Major, ovalis, convexus, nitidus, niger, antennis, palpis tarsisque

testaceis, palpis articulo pseudo-basali basin versus late infuscato,

antennarum clava obscura, prothoracis elytrorumque marginibus

brunneo-testaceis, pedibus piceis, supra crebrius punctato ; meso-

sterni processu faleato. Long. 7} mm.

This species, closely allied to P. japonicus, differs by

its considerably larger size, and by the broadly infuscate

base of the palpi, as well as by the greater prominence

water-beetles of Japan. 453

of the apex of the mesosternal process. It is very

similar to Hydrophilus cinctus, Say, from which it differs

by the falcate mesosternal process, as well as other

structural characters. It is pretty certainly the species

recorded by Harold (loc. supra cit.) as being P. cinctus,

Say, and this latter name must therefore be erased from

the list of Japanese Coleoptera.

Sendai, Oct. 20th, 1880, four examples; Osaka, July

6th, one example.

I have dedicated the species to Baron Hdgar von

Harold, to whom Science is deeply indebted for his

contributions to the knowledge of the coprophagous

lamellicorn, and other, Coleoptera.

Philydrus subsignatus.

Phiiydrus subsignatus, Harold, Deutsche Ent. Zeit.,

1877, p. 342.

This insect has not been met with by Mr. Lewis. It

was found by Donitz in the lake at Hakone.

Plulydrus uniformis.

Ovalis, sat convexus, nitidus, niger, antennis palpis, thorace,

elytris, tibiis, tarsis capitisque macula utrinque testaceis ; crebre

fortiter, punctatus; mesosterni lamina magna. Long. 4 mm.

This little insect, with the upper surface coloured as

in Hydrophilus bicolor, Payk., is much smaller. The

extremities of the maxillary palpi are suffused with

fuscous-colour ; the punctuation of the elytra is not

dense, and larger serial punctures are not to be observed.

The large mesosternal lamina has its lower edge free

from serration or inequalities, but has a very minute

acumen at its anterior angle.

Yokohama, February, 1880.

Philydrus vilis.

Ovalis, sat convexus, nitidus, niger, antennis, palpis, tibiis

tarsisque testaceis, antennarum clava infuscata, capite nigro

macula utrinque testacea, thorace elytrisque fusco-ferrugineis,

versus latera dilutioribus; crebre fortiter punctatus ; mesosterni

lamina parva. Long. 4mm.

454 Mr. David Sharp on the

The punctuation of the elytra is not dense, and there

are no serial punctures to be observed ; the mesosternal

lamina, though sharply elevated, extends but little

forwards in the anterior direction. The darker colour of

the upper surface and the smaller mesosternal lamina

make the species very easily distinguished from P.

uniforms.

A single individual in very bad condition was found

at Sapporo.

Philydrus ornaticeps.

Minutus, ovalis, sat convexus, nitidus, niger, antennis, palpis,

tibiis, tarsis, thorace elytrisque testaceis, capite nigro, macula

utrinque testacea; crebre punctatus; mesosterni lamina parva.

Long. 2—23 mm.

This, one of the smallest species of the genus, is in

colour very similar to P. wniformis, as also in punctua-

tion, and, as in that species, no serial punctures are

present ; the mesosternal lamina, though sharp and

definite, is very small.

Kioto, July 4th, 1881. Also found by Mr. Lewis in

1863 at Kiu Kiang, in China.

Philydrus umbratus.

Ovalis, sat convexus, niger, supra fusco-testaceus, prothorace

elytrisque versus latera dilutioribus, capite nigricante utrinque

flavo-maculato, antennarum basi, tibiis, tarsis palpisque testaceis,

his articulo ultimo extrorsum infuscato; supra crebre equaliter

punctato, elytrisque preterea seriatim punctatis, seriebus punc-

torum posterius profundioribus. Long. 5} mm.

This species is well characterised by the distinct lines

of close punctures on the wing-cases, which become

deeper behind so as there to form evident strie; besides

this the elytra are closely punctured, and on some of the

interstices there can be distinguished in addition a few

larger punctures; the insect is very similar to P.

simulans, but is readily distinguished by the absence of

deep striz, and by the greater development of the ordi-

nary diffuse punctuation of the wing-cases, so that the

irregular larger punctures on some of the alternate

interstices are not very conspicuous as they are in P.

simulans. ‘The mesosternal lamina is large.

This appears to be one of the commoner species of

water-beetles of Japan. 455

the genus in Japan, and has been met with at Nikko,

Niigata, Yokohama, and Hakodate.

Laccobius bedeli.

Breviter ovalis, convexus, niger, capitis macula utrinque, pro-

thoracis lateribus, antennis, palpis, pedibus elytrisque testaceis, his

confertim fusco-lineatis, pallide subguttatis; prothorace crebre

fortiter punctato, inter puncta polito; elytris omnino regulariter

seriatim punctatis ; mesosterni lamina magna. Long. 3 mm.

This, though very similar to the European L. bipune-

tatus, does not agree sufficiently therewith to justify its

being treated as a mere variety thereof. L. bedeli is

larger, and the elytra are smoother, the very regular

punctures being smaller and placed much farther from

one another, the two pallid spots near the apex charac-

teristic of L. bipwnctatus are absent, and the mesosternal

lamina is much larger.

This is the insect formerly alluded to in Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 61, as possibly a variety of L.

minutus, L., but, now that the characters of that insect

and the allied species in Europe have been ascertained,

it is evident that the Japanese insect is also distinct,

and I have with much pleasure named it in honour of

M. Louis Bedel, whose kind assistance has greatly

helped me in making out its characters.

Although only «a few examples have been brought

back the species is probably very common, as it has

occurred at several localities, Yokohama, Oyama, Sendai,

Hakodate.

Laccobius oscillans.

Ovalis, sat convexus, niger, capitis macula parva utrinque, pro-

thoracis lateribus, antennis, palpis pedibusque testaceis ; elytris ex

parte majore nigricantibus, plus minusve pallido-subguttatis, lateri-

bus apiceque pallidioribus, seriatim punctatis interstitiis magis

sparsim seriatim punctatis; prothorace inter puncta majora tan-

tum obsolete alutaceo-punctato. Long. 23 mm.

This is excessively similar to the Kuropean ZL. alternus,

but under the microscope it is seen that the thorax is

only obscurely alutaceous. This character is of too much

importance in the genus to allow the union of the

Japanese and European insects ; the former, indeed, is

intermediate between the two groups of Huropean species,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PaRr Iv. (DEC.) 21

456 Mr. David Sharp on the

for in the species said to have a polished thorax a good

microscope reveals more or less distinct traces of the

alutaceous sculpture, so that the L. oscillans, where the

thorax is undoubtedly, though indefinitely, alutaceous,

cannot be satisfactorily placed in either of the two

groups.

A fair series of ZL. oscillans has been obtained at

Hakodate. It sometimes exhibits a pallid spot near

the extremity of each wing-case, like the European L.

bipunctatus.

Note.—A specimen of what is apparently a third

species of Laccobius has been obtained by Mr. Lewis at

Hakodate, but the surface is obscured by a very fine

coating of some mineral substance that cannot be re-

moved, and that renders its accurate observation im-

possible.

Berosus vestitus.

Niger, capite superne thoraceque late in medio senescentibus, hoe

ad latera testaceo, antennis, palpis, pedibus elytrisque testaceis his

crebre fusco-irroratis, subtiliter striatis, crebre punctatis, sub-

tiliterque pubescentibus. Long. 4 mm.

-Head and thorax closely punctate, the latter with a longitudinal

smooth space on the middle. Elytra rather closely punctate, with

blackish punctures, each of which bears a fine depressed hair, and

with fine strie, which are rather more distinct at the apex than at

the base. Mesosternal carina reduced to a raised line running

along the middle of the mesosternum; carina on basal ventral

segment distinct and rather elongate.

Only two individuals have been found of this very

distinct little species, one at Bukenji, the other at

Niugata in September, 1881.

Octhebius inermis.

Niger, opacus, antennis, palpis pedibusque testaceis; capite

thoraceque fere impunctatis, illo vertice trifoveolato, hoe posterius

fortiter angustato, et membrana pellucida angustissima marginato,

medio canaliculato, disco utrinque longitudinaliter impresso, versus

angulos anteriores oblique impresso; elytris seriatim vix regu-

lariter punctatis, nudis, interstitiis haud punctatis. Long. 2mm.

The labrum is entire; the thorax becomes a little broader from

the front for nearly one-half the length, and is then abruptly nar-

rowed, the excised portion being bordered with a very narrow

margin of white membrane; viewed in a certain direction the

water-beetles of Japan. 457

longitudinal impression on each side of the middle channel is seen

to be divided into two impressions; the large impression marking

off the portion at the anterior angles is deep and very broad. The

under surface is rendered ashy by a very minute dense pubescence,

the two terminal segments being left bare.

The species is not closely allied to any other, but may

be placed near O. nanus, St.

A single example was met with at Miyanoshita in

May, 1880.

Hydrochus equalis.

Supra, metallico-ferrugineus, subtus niger, antennis, palpis pedi-

busque testaceis; prothorace fortiter punctato, subinequali, vix

foveolato, posterius angustato; elytris seriatim fortiter et profunde

punctatis, interstitiis angustis, fere omnino similibus et «qualibus.

Long. 3 mm.

This little insect, though very similar to H. japonicus,

is distinct by the absence of evident areole on the

thorax.

Only two individuals have been found, one at the

Ogura Lake, the other at Osaka, both in the early days

of July, 1881.

Helophorus sp. ?

The only evidence of the occurrence of any species of

this well-known genus in Japan* is a very dirty speci-

men, found at Kobe, of what may perhaps be our common

species, H. griseus, though its condition does not allow

this to be certainly decided.

Cyclonotum orbiculare.

Hydrophilus orbicularis, Fab., Syst. Ent., 229, 5.

The Japanese individuals are rather less globose, and

have a slightly coarser punctuation, than the Kuropean

individuals.

It is apparently confined to the north in Japan, having

been found at Hakodate, Sapporo, and Otaru, in the

island of Yezo.

Mr. Lewis failed to take Spheridium in Japan, al-

though continually looking for it. The genus is as

common in China as in Britain.

* Since this was written a second species of Helophorus has been

received, and is described at the end of this paper.

458 Mr. David Sharp on the

Cercyon setulosus.

Oblongo-ovalis, subdepressus, niger, antennis palpisque testaceis,

pedibus sordide testaceis; prothorace ad latera vix subsinuato,

angulis posterioribus obtusis haud rotundatis, parce obsoleteque

punctato; elytris subopacis, striatis, striis fere impunctatis, postice

paulo profundioribus, interstitiis haud punctatis, obscure setosulis.

Long. 2 mm.

Allied to C. algarum and C. aptus by the subopaque,

less punctate, upper surface, and by the interstices of

the elytra being but little convex behind; from C. aptus

it is readily distinguished by the more slender legs,

which are armed with finer spines, and by the hind tibiz

being undilated at the extremity. The fine setulosity on

the interstices of the elytra, though obscure, is diagnostic

of this species.

Half a dozen specimens have been found, but the

locality has not been preserved ; no doubt the insect is

of maritime habits.

Cercyon sharpt.

Cercyon Sharpi, Harold, Deutsche Ent. Zeit., 1878,

p- 68.

I have not been able to identify Von Harold’s descrip-

tion with any insect known to me. The species is a

little doubtful, as Harold misunderstood my description

of C. dux in certain points. Ido not think, however,

that his description can apply to the species just named.

Found at Tokio by Hilgendorf.

Cercyon aquaticus.

Cercyon aquaticum, Muls., Palp., p. 174.

This European species was found in seven examples

at Otaru.

Cercyon ovillum.

Cercyon ovillum, Motsch., Schrenck’s Reisen, p. 129.

Two examples of this common Amur-land species were

met with at Sapporo.

water-beetles of Japan. 459

Cercyon unipunctatus, var.

Coccinella unipunctata, L., Faun. Suec., No. 470.

A single example of a variety with remarkably coarse

sculpture was found at Tomakomai, August 18th, 1880, in

company with a series of the European C. quisquilius.

Cercyon vagus.

Ovalis, convexus, posterius subacuminatus, nitidus, piceus, supra

obscure rufus, hie inde vage piceo-suffusus, antennis palpisque

testaceis, pedibus rufis; prothorace crebrius sat subtiliter punctato,

elytris profunde striatis, interstitiis parce obsolete punctatis. Long.

23 mm.

To be placed near C. ustus, but readily distinguished

by the deeply striate elytra so that the interstices are

convex, and by the obsolete punctuation of these latter,

the striz are only obscurely punctured. Only two

individuals have been found, and, as the coloration of

the surface differs in the two, it is evidently variable,

and need not at present be alluded to in detail.

Found at Miyanoshita in May, 1880, and also at

Oyama.

Cercyon placidus.

Ovalis, convexus, nitidus, niger, antennis palpisque testaceis,

pedibus rufis; prothorace subtiliter minus crebre punctato; elytris

anterius seriatim punctatis, posterius profunde striatis, interstitiis

parce punctatis. Long. 2} mm.

Black, with the head and thorax picescent, very shining, with

quite fine and scanty punctuation on the thorax; on the elytra

there are very distinct series of punctures; those near the suture

are quite fine at the base, but become deep striew behind.

The species may be at a glance distinguished from

C. vagus by the fine thoracic punctuation, and from

C. ustus by the elytra being marked with deep. striz

behind.

Found at Hitoyoshi and Nikko, but only three examples.

Cercyon e@qualis.

Ovalis, convexus, nitidus, ferrugineus, supra niger, anterius

picescens, antennis palpisque testaceis, pedibus rufis; prothorace

crebre fortiter punctato; elytris seriatim punctatis, posterius sub-

striatis, interstitiis crebre fortiter punctatis, Long. 2} mm,

460 Mr. David Sharp on the

Extremely similar to C. placidus, but readily dis-

tinguished by the coarser punctuation of the thorax and

elytra, the latter being also less deeply striate behind.

It is distinguished from C. ustus by the shorter form,

blacker and more unicolorous upper surface, and by the

rows of punctures on the elytra being deeper at the

extremity.

I have seen only two examples, found at Nikko.

Cercyon rotundulus.

Breviter ovalis, convexior, ferrugineus, antennis palpisque tes-

taceis, supra piceus, nitidus, prothorace sat crebre et sat fortiter

punctato, elytris equaliter crenato-striatis, interstitiis parce punc-

tatis. Long. 2mm.

Distinguished from C. ustus and C. placidus by the

shorter and more convex form, and from the former by

the much less punctate elytra; and from C. placidus by

the striz being less deepened behind, and it has more-

over the basal joint of the hind tarsus much shorter

than either of those species.

Only two examples have been seen by me: Miyano-

shita, May, 1880, and Chiuzenji, August 19th, 1881.

Cercyon rubicundus.

Rotundulus, convexus, ferrugineus, nitidus, antennis palpisque

testaceis sat crebre subtiliter punctatis, elytris seriatim sat fortiter

punctatis, seriebus postice haud magis impressis. Long. 2 mm.

This little insect will be distinguished amongst its

allies by the rotund form and the shining, more pallid,

upper surface. It has short legs, and the polished space

on the middle of the metasternum is less expanded

laterally than is usual, and is flat and very definitely

punctate.

Miyanoshita and Nagasaki.

Oosternum sorex.

Cercyon sorex, Sharp, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond., 1874,

p- 418.

I indicated when describing it the probability that

this insect would have to be generically separated from

Cercyon, and it now appears that it may be placed in

water-beetles of Japan. 461

Oosternum, recently established for a Central American

insect. Only another solitary individual of this minute

species has been brought back by Mr. Lewis; found at

Nagasaki on the 1st of March, so that it appears to be

a rarity.

PERATOGONUS, N. g.

Corpus subrotundatum, convexum, supra et infra politum.

Labrum exsertum. Mentum planum, obsolete punctatum, opacum,

pubescens. Prosternum in medio parvum, utrinque ante coxas

nullum. Femora margine anteriore recto, posteriore angulariter

dilatato, glabra. Pedes intermedii valde distantes, mesosterni

processu latissimo, brevi, in medio anterius angulariter prominulo.

Pedes posteriores breves, tarsis perbrevibus.

The above characters readily distinguish this curious

little insect from all the other genera of Spheridiide yet

known. It may be placed between Oosternum and

Deltostethus. The five joints of the very short tarsi

are each almost of one length, and the claws are very

minute.

Peratogonus reversus.

Rotundatum, convexum, nigro-piceum, politum; antennis, palpis

pedibusque testaceis; elytris profunde striatis, striis internis ad

basin subtilioribus, ibidemque discrete punctatis. Long. 2 mm.

The head and thorax are almost impunctate, but the elytra are

scored by very coarse striz, those towards the sides being directed

obliquely upwards; the interstices, like the head and thorax, are

shining and almost impunctate; there are only eight true strie,

the two outer ones being replaced by a few coarse serial punctures.

The metasternum has a few very coarse and deep punctures on

each side.

Found in a few examples at Nagasaki in March and

April.

Cryptopleurum subtile.

Cryptopleurum atomarium, var. ?, Sharp, Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 420.

Breviter ovale, parce pubescens, ferrugineum, thorace in medio

plus minusve infuscato, capite, prosterno pectoreque nigricantibus,

antennis pedibusque testaceis ; prothorace subtiliter crebre punc-

tato, elytris sat profunde striatis, striis anterius evidenter punctatis,

interstitiis sat crebre obsolete punctatis. Long. 2mm,

462 Mr. David Sharp on the

Very closely allied to the Kuropean C. atomariwm, but

smaller and paler, and readily distinguished by the much

ieebler punctuation of the surface. Like its European

congener, it varies considerably in size and in depth of

coloration.

Found at Otsu and Otaru.

Pachysternum hemorrhoum.

Pachysternum hemorrhoum, Motsch., Bull. Mosc., 1866,

i, p. 168; Von Harold, Deutsche Ent. Zeit.,

1878; p. 69°? ?

I still fail to identify this insect, and think it very

doubtful whether Harold was correct in his identification

of it. Indeed, I should suppose the latter entomologist

was speaking of Megasternwm distinctum were it not for

his saying that the thorax is ‘‘ sehr fein punktirt.”” For

some further remarks on Harold’s views as to this

species cf. Ent. Mo. Mag., xv., pp. 278—9.

List oF JAPANESE WATER-BEETLES.

HALIPLIDA.

HAuirwvs. Haliplus sharpi, Wehncke.

Haliplus ovalis, Shp. » japonicus, Shp.

DYTISCIDA.

NOTERIDA. BIvEssvs.

Novervs. Bidessus frontalis, Shp.

Noterus japonicus, Shp. Hydroporus japonicus, Shp.

CANTHYDRUS. HypHypRrvs.

Flydrocanthus politus, Shp. Hyphydrus japonicus, Shp.

9 frontalis, Shp.

LACCOPHILINI. Fe leviventris, Shp.

LAccoPHILus.

Laccophilus lewisius, Shp. Ca@LAMBUS.

* flexuosus, Aubé.

3 difficilis, Shp.

BS Kobensis, Shp.

HYDROPORID Ai.

HypRrovatvs.

Hydrovatus acuminatus, Motsch,

Coalambus vittatus, Shp.

DERONECTES.

Deronectes anchoralis, Shp,

» simplicipes, Shp.

* hostilis, Shp.

water-beetles of Japan. 463

Hyproporvs.

Hydroporus natrix, Shp.

Hyphydrus rivalis, Gyll.

COLYMBETIDA.

AGABUS.

Agabus japonicus, Shp.

» optatus, Shp.

» tnsolitus, Shp.

» conspicuus, Shp.

PLATYNECTES.

Agabus dissimilis, Shp.

PLATAMBUS.

Platambus fimbriatus, Shp.

Agabus pictipennis, Shp.

Inuysivs.

Ilybius apicalis, Shp.

CopELATUS.

Copelatus japonicus, Shp.

5 ? spec.

RHANTUS.

Colymbetes pulverosus, Steph.

Rhantus erraticus, Shp.

DYTISCIN1.

Dytiscus.

Dytiscus sharpi, Wehncke.

» marginalis, L.

HYDATICIDA.

Hypaticts.

Dytiscus grammicus, Germ.

Hydaticus thermonectoides, Shp.

Fs rhantoides, Shp.

a bowringi, Clix.

Dytiscus vittatus, Fab.

SANDRACOTTUS.

Sandracottus hunteri, Shp.

GRAPHODERES.

Hydaticus Adansi, Clk.

” japonicus, Shp.

ERETES.

Dytiscus sticticus, Linn.

CYBISTRINI.

CyYBISTER.

Cybister japonicus, Shp.

5, lewisianus, Shp.

Dytiscus tripunctatus, Ol.

Cybister brevis, Aubé.

GYRINIDA.

DINEUTES.

Dineutes marginatus, Shp.

GYRINUS.

Gyrinus curtus, Motsch.

» japonicus, Shp.

Gyrinus gestrot, Regt.

ORECTOCHILUS.

Orectochilus regimbarti, Shp.

. agilis, Shp.

9 punctipennis, Shp.

HYDROPHILIDA.

HypDROPHILUS.

Hydrophilus cognatus, Shp.

oi japonicus, Shp.

STERNOLOPHUS.

Hydrophilus rufipes, Fab.

HyprocuHakis.

Hydrocharis afinis, Shp.

os libera, Shp.

Hyprosits.

Hydrobius fuscipes, L.

“e pauper, Shp.

Hyprocycuus.

Hydrocyclus lacustris, Shp.

PHILYDRUS.

Philydrus haroldi, Shp.

"9 japonicus, Shp.

eS umbratus, Shp.

ef simulans, Shp.

5 subsignatus, Har.

- uniformis, Shp.

Pa vilis, Shp.

5 ornaticeps, Shp.

HELOCcHARES.

Helochares striatus, Shp.

3F lewisius, Shp.

LAccostus.

Laccobius bedeli, Shp.

PP oscillans, Shp.

464 Mr. Sharp on the water-beetles of Japan.

VoLYULUS. Cercyon setulosus, Shp.

Volvulus profundus, Shp. » algarum, Shp.

», sharpi, Har.

AMPHIOPS. », laminatus, Shp.

Amphiops mater, Shp. » aquaticus, Muls.

», ovillum, Motsch.

BErosvs. Spheridium quisquilius, L.

Berosus punctipennis, Har. - unipunctatum, L.

» japonicus, Shp. Cercyon vagus, Shp.

», vestitus, Shp. » placidus, Shp.

», lewistus, Shp. » @qualis, Shp.

», ustus, Shp.

Hyprocuvs. » rotundulus, Shp.

Hydrochus japonicus, Shp. » olibrus, Shp.

7 @qualis, Shp. », rubicundus, Shp.

HELOPHORUS. OosTERNUM.

Helophorus sp. ? Cercyon sorex, Shp.

5 auriculatus, Shp.

MEGASTERNUM.

OctrHEBIUS. Megasternum gibbulum, Motsch.

Octhebius inermis, Shp. a5 distinctum, Shp.

CycLONOTUM. PACHYSTERNUM.

Cyclonotum latum, Shp. Pachysternum hemorrhoum, Motsch.

Es simplex, Shp.

Hydrophilus orbicularis, F. CRYPTOPLEURUM.

is breve, Shp. Cryptopleurum subtile.

CERCYON. PERATOGONUS.

Cercyon dux, Shp. Peratogonus reversus, Shp.

» aptus, Shp.

ADDENDUM.

Helophorus auriculatus.

Niger, supra fusco-eneus, palpis pedibusque testaceis; thorace

ad latera anterius sinuato, angulis anterioribus prominulis; elytris

regulariter seriatim punctatis, interstitiis alternis subelevatis et

ultra medium subtuberculatis. Long. 6mm.

This is a very distinct species, with a peculiar forma-

tion of the sides of the thorax, the front angles being

unusually prominent, and the sides a little behind the

front somewhat dilated, so that a slight emargination

exists behind the front angles; on the under surface a

prominent carina extends longitudinally a little distance

from the side; the thorax is covered with fine granu-

lations, those near the side being more distinct ; its sulci

are fine; there is a short series of punctures on each

side of the suture of the elytra at the base.

Miyanoshita.

GeApaue

XXII. Revision of the Hydrophilide of New Zealand.

By Davip SHarp.

[Read September 38rd, 1884. |

I wave recently submitted the New Zealand specimens

of Hydrophiiide in my collection to an examination with

a view to determining the species and throwing some

light on their classification. As the result I find I have

twenty-four species which | am obliged to refer to twelve

genera; five of these genera—lHydrobius, Paracymus,

Tornus, Cyclonotwm, and Cercyon—are each represented

only by a single species, and of these five genera

no less than four are found in other countries, the

species in New Zealand being the same as that found

abroad. Cercyon is represented by an introduced

Kuropean species; Hydrobius, Paracymus, and Cyclo-

notum each by an Australian species; while Tornus at

present seems likely to be a peculiar endemic New Zea-

land form. Of the other seven genera no less than six

are peculiar to New Zealand, so far as we at present

know, while the cosmopolitan genus Philydrus is repre-

sented by three species. This result is very remark-

able, for the genera of Hydrophilide are, as a rule, very

widely distributed ; and, if we consider also that some

of the most cosmopolitan genera of the family are quite

unrepresented in the fauna, we cannot but admit that

the New Zealand fauna of Hydrophilide is, as a whole,

of the most remarkable character. The genera Hydro-

philus, Berosus, Hydrochus, and Octhebwus, all of which

are nearly cosmopolitan, and all found in Australia,

may be mentioned as examples of forms we should

expect to find in New Zealand, but which apparently are

absent.

The Hydrophilide are insects of an unattractive cha-

racter, and usually of inactive and retiring habits, and

it may be taken as certain that there exist in the country

numerous species with which 1 am unacquainted, and

which, when known, may modify the opinion I have just

TRANS, ENT, SOC. LOND. 1884,—PaRT IV. (DEC.)

466 Mr. David Sharp’s revision of the

expressed. Indeed in Broun’s ‘ Manual of New Zealand

Coleoptera’ there are described eight or nine species

which I have been unable to identify, and several of

which are no doubt valid species. It must not be for-

gotten also that the study of these insects, except so far

as regards those of the temperate regions of the

Northern Hemisphere, is very little advanced, so that it is

really premature to generalise as to the peculiarities of

those in New Zealand.

In order to facilitate the determination of the New

Zealand forms I have made an analytical table of the

genera; but, as it is drawn up of course only from those

forms known to me, little reliance should be placed in it,

as such tables are only really trustworthy when the com-

ponents of a fauna are exhaustively known.

Anterior coxse extending to the front of the pro-

1 sternum .. Phelerosus.

* | Anterior coxe not extending to the front of the

prosternum : : 50.25

9 {Basal joint of hind font saorter than, the ond joint 3.

* (Basal joint cf hind foot longer than the 2nd joint 4.

Maxillary palpi elongate, as long as or longer than

3: the head .. ae .. Philydrus.

Maxillary palpi shorter than the head 5.

Mesosternum armed in the middle with an erect

5. process .. 36 be 30 Some Os

Mesosternum unarmed St 0 7.

2nd joint of hind foot at least ‘eice as font as the

Ist 8.

6. [eae ieee of hind foot only slightly longer than the

Ist. 5 de

Joint of pees ets Sh Inia pevainne: ae

8. versely in adaptation to the succeeding a 10.

Joint of antenna preceding club simple .. rage bi es

Elytra with serial punctures; length of body

10 8 mm. Hydrobius.

* \)Elytra with only diffuse punetuation length of

body, 2 mm. te . Paracymus.

rl (Hind tarsi compressed, not tie panchi . Tormus.

* | Hind tarsi not compressed, densely pilose beneath Hydrostygnus.

( Hind claws short, with very short basal lobe -. Saphydrus.

7. Hind claws longer, with lobe beneath yay

( half the length .. Sc Rygmodus.

9 { Antenne 9-jointed ; middle coxse nition Benen? Adolopus.

* (Antenne 8-jointed ; middle coxe less separated .. Cyloma.

( Basal joint of hind foot ae a little ge than

following .. Cyclonotum.

* | Basal joint of hind foot more than twi ice as ‘long as

following .. Ac he ag 5¢ .. Cercyon,

Hydrophilide of New Zealand. 467

Hydrobius assimilis.

Hydrobius assimilis, Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1842, p. 48.

H. zealandicus, Broun, Man. N. Z. Col., p. 77.

This is an abundant insect in Australia.

In New Zealand I am acquainted with it only as

occurring in the Auckland and Christchurch districts,

and I think it may possibly be an introduction.

Paracymus nitidiusculus.

Hydrobius nitidiusculus, Broun, op. cit., p. 78.

This also is one of the commoner Australian insects.

Specimens from that country in Castlenau’s collection

were labelled Philydrus ceruleus, Macleay. Although it

is probable that Macleay has described one or two

species of Paracymus or Anacena as Philydri, yet

there does not appear to be any P. ceruleus among

them, neither do any of his descriptions agree with this

species, so that it is likely the present trivial name will

stand.

The only specimens I have seen from New Zealand

were sent me by Captain Broun.

SAPHYDRUS, 0. g

Ex affinitate generis Hydrobii. Palpi maxillares breves, capite

breviores, haud crassi, articulis inter se longitudine parum dis-

simile, articulo ultimo quam precedente paulo longiore et tenuiore ;

mentum latum valde transversum, anterius emarginatum. An-

tenne 9 articulate, clava laxa elongata; mesosternum muticum ;

femora subtus pubescentia ; tarsi posterioresnullo modo remiformes,

breves, subtus pubescentes haud rigide ciliati, articulo basali brevis-

simo; unguiculi parvi simplices. Pronotum basi obsolete margi-

nato; elytra striata.

This genus consists of insects having the appearance

and coloration of convex Philydri, but is more nearly

allied to Hydrobius, from which it differs by the more

feeble palpi, broad and emarginate mentum, unarmed

mesosternum, and themore laxly articulated tarsal joints,

furnished beneath with pubescence instead of rigid ciliz.

Although very different in size and appearance from the

genus Anacena, the systematic characters bring the two

468 Mr. David Sharp's revision of the

near together; but Saphydrus has striate elytra, and

the inflexed epipleura is pubescent for all its length, and

marked off by a raised line extending four-fifths of the

length of the wing-case. It comes equally close to

Rygmodus, but the claws are small, with indistinct basal

lobe.

The genus will probably prove peculiar to New Zea-

land. The nearest ally I know of to it is a Chilian

genus not yet described.

I have at present included in the genus insects having

glabrous and others having punctate-pubescent femora ;

it is probable, however, that it will prove a correct

course to ultimately separate the former as a distinct

genus, between Saphydrus and Rygmodus; but, as the

few species known to me appear to indicate that the

sculpture of the femora may, when more species are

known, not prove a sufliciently definite distinction, I do

not think it necessary to propose two genera at present.

The four new species known to me may be tabulated

thus :—

Femora punctate and pubescent beneath a evga

Femora glabrous .. on yc ze an oa) ee

{Blytra with a pale humeral spot .. .. S. suffusus.

* | Elytra without. . ‘ S. obesus.

(ist joint of antennal club scarcely so long

2. as broad .. aC ae vs .. SS. longulus.

last joint of antennal club longer than broad S.antennatus.

Saphydrus suffusus, n. 8.

Breviter ovalis, sat convexus, dense punctatus, elytris pubescentia

tenuissima wegre observanda vestitis, fuscus, elytris margine externa

maculaque humerali pallidioribus, prothoracis lateribus argute

testaceis, pedibus rufis, antennis palpisque fusco-testaceis illarum

clava fusca ; femoribus posterioribus subtus crebre punctato-pube-

scentibus. Long. 5 mm., lat. 8} mm.

The head and thorax are closely and rather coarsely punctate

shining, blackish, the anterior part of the clypeus more or less

flavescent, and the sides of the thorax yellow. Elytra densely

punctate, with a very fine indistinct pubescence, and with eight or

nine rows of closely placed punctures, which are not very distinct

amongst the general punctuation, while the external are quite in-

distinct ; there is a well-marked pallid humeral spot ; the seutellum

is sparingly and finely punctate.

Greymouth and Mouri Creek (Helms, No. 279).

Hydrophilida of New Zealand. 469

Saphydrus obesus, n. 8.

Breviter ovalis, latus, sat convexus, crebre punctatus, nigricans,

elytrorum margine externo piceo, prothoracis lateribus argute tes-

taceis, pedibus piceis tarsis dilutioribus, antennarum basi palpis-

que sordide testaceis; femoribus posterioribus subtus dense punc-

tato-pubescentibus. Long. 64mm.,Jat.4mm. ~

Very similar to S. suffusus, but larger, of darker colour,

the elytra almost quite destitute of pubescence, and not

quite so densely punctate; the nine or ten series of

punctures rather more distinct, and with no pallid

humeral spot; the club of the antenna also is more

elongate, and the very dense and distinct punctuation

of the femora leaves no doubt the species is distinct.

Greymouth ([elms) ; sent to me with S. suffusus, and

at the time not distinguished from it by me.

Saphydrus antennatus, ni. 6.

Ovalis, sat convexus, nitidus, piceus, limbo dilutiore, pedibus

testaceis, antennarum basi palpisque fusco-testaceis ; crebre punc-

tatus et in elytra profunde seriatim punctatus, seriebus postice

profundioribus; femora posteriora glabra. Long. 6 mm., lat.

84 mm.

Extremely similar to S. longulus, but with much

larger antennal club and longer legs, and also with the

palpi and base of the antennew darker ; the clongution of

the legs is accompanied by a considerably greater

development of the claws and their lobe, so that the

species approximates much to the genus Iygmodus.

Greymouth (Jlelms); one example sent with S.

longulus, and not distinguished at the time from it

by me.

Saphydrus longulus, n. 6.

Ovalis, sat convexus, nitidus, piceus, limbo dilutiore, antennarum

basi, palpis pedibusque testaceis; crebre punctatus et in elytra

profunde’ seriatim punctatus, seriebus postice profundioribus ,

femora posteriora glabra. Long. 64 mm., lat. 44 mm.

Head blackish, with the epistome indefinitely broadly pale,

rather closely and finely punctate, very shining. Thorax also very

shining, moderately closely and coarsely punctate, the punctuation

more effaced on the disc than at the sides. Scutellum almost im-

470 Mr. David Sharp’s revision of the

punctate. Elytra coarsely punctate, and with very distinct series

of punctures.

Greymouth (Helms, No.46). I have only two examples,

both in bad preservation.

RyeGmopvs.

Ryemopus, White, Voy. Er. and Ter. Ins.; Broun,

Man, N. Z. Col., p. 79.

The important characters of this genus are the 9-

jointed antenne, joints 4 to 6 being moderately large,

and the elongate laxly articulated club; the maxillary

palpi being rather short, with the three outer joints

equal in length; the prominent eyes; unarmed meso-

sternum, with the middle coxe almost contiguous ; the

legs elongate and slender, so that in the natural posi-

tion the hind femora extend a little beyond the sides

of the wing-cases, the knees being thus visible from

above ; the pilose tarsi, and above all the claws furnished

beneath with an elongate lobe ; to which may be added

that the elytra are of shining blue or metallic-colour.

The basal joint of the hind tarsus is short, only one-

third or one-fourth of the length of the following, with

which, when viewed externally, it is so closely connected

that the division between them is not very perceptible,

and it was probably this that caused White to place the

genus in the Heteromera. There is no doubt, however,

that it belongs to the Hydrobiini; with the ordinary forms

of which—such as Anacena—it is closely connected by

means of Saphydrus, although the long slender legs and

the bright metallic colour of the upper surface give

these insects an appearance foreign to the tribe to which

they belong. These peculiarities are quite accounted for

by the fact that the Rygmodi are not—in the perfect

state, at any rate—aquatic in their habits, but frequent

the foliage of plants. Broun has described several

supposed new species of the genus, one of which—

R. oblongus—is probably a Saphydrus; and as to the

others, his descriptions do not enable me to decide

whether they are distinct from R. modestus or not.

I shall not tabulate the four species known to me, as

the brief diagnoses I have given will enable each to be

determined with certainty.

At first sight there seems to be no sexual characters

by which externally to distinguish the sexes. I have,

Hydrophilide of New Zealand. 471

however, succeeded in finding a good test for the sexes

in the shape of the claws of the front feet, which in the

male are much more abruptly bent than they are in the

female, and are furnished with a shorter but more

prominent lobe.

Rygmodus modestus.

Rygmodus modestus, White, Voy. Er. and Terr., p. 11.

RR. pedinoides, White, op. cit., p. 12.

Ovalis, sat convexus, nitidus, niger, elytris vel metallescentibus

vel cyaneis, antennarum articulo basali sordide testaceo ; prothorace

in medio parce obsoleteque punctato; elytris striatis, interstitiis ad

basin planis, apicem versus convexis, sat crebre fortiter (versus

suturam subtilius) punctatis. Long. 6 mm.

This is apparently the commonest and most variable

species, and the one that has least peculiarities.

Auckland and Greymouth; abundant in both localities,

and usually represented in the older collections of New

Zealand Coleoptera. The Auckland individuals are

smaller and more brilliantly coloured than those from

Greymouth, but no important difference exists between

them. I also quite fail to find any character of im-

portance by which to distinguish the types of R. modestus

and R. pedinoides, White, from one another, and think

it very probable that R. incertus, R. opimus, and R.

cyaneus, Broun, may also be the same species.

Rygmodus femoratus, n. 8.

Ovalis, nitidus, niger, femoribus lete rufo-testaceis, elytris vel

cyaneo-nigris vel viridi-nigris. Long. 8 mm., lat. 4} mm.

This species is readily distinguished by the bright-

~ coloured femora. In general aspect it is excessively

similar to the larger, more obscurely-coloured varieties

of R. modestus, and differs but little from it in details ; it

has, however, the punctuation on the disc of the thorax

less effaced, that of the interstices of the wing-cases

slightly more distinct, and the explanate or flattened-out

side of the thorax broader. It varies a good deal in the

punctuation, and in the convexity of the interstices ; it

is not a mere variety of R. modestus, as, besides the

evident, though slight, distinctions of sculpture and of

the colour of the legs, the minute pubescent punctuation

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PaRT Iv. (DEC.) 2k

472 Mr. David Sharp’s revision of the

of the under surface is much denser than in R. modestus,

and the antennal club is a good deal more elongate.

Mr. Helms has sent me several specimens of this

insect from Greymouth.

Rygmodus unguicularis.

Late ovalis, parum conyexus, nitidus, niger, elytris cyaneis ;

unguicularum lobo subtus valde curvato apice longius libero. Long.

9 mm., lat. 5mm.

This is, though very similar to the preceding species,

a rather larger “and flatter insect, with the punctuation

on the dise of the thorax much more developed, the

hind angles of the thorax more broadly rounded, and

the elytral strie not deeper behind. It is distinguished

by a good and very easily perceived structural character

from the other species, viz., the form of the appendage

to the claws, as given in the diagnosis.

We are indebted to Professor Hutton for the discovery

of this species; he sent me three specimens from

Dunedin in 1878.

Rygmodus ovalis, 0. 8.

Grains angustulus, parum convexus, niger, elytris cyaneis;

dense punctatus, pretereaque in elytris seriatim punctatus. Long.

8 mm., lat. 4mm.

Of narrower and more elongate form than the other

species, and readily distinguished by the dense com-

paratively evenly distributed punctuation of the upper

surface, the elytral striz being on the other hand re-

duced, so that they are inconspicuous amongst the

diffuse punctuation. The antenne and palpi are quite

black ; the punctuation of the thorax is the same at the

sides and on the middle, and the base of the thorax is

more rounded and less bisinuate than in the other

species ; the striation of the elytra is quite distinct at

the apex, but at the base is only to be distinguished as

rather larger punctures placed in a serial manner

amongst the other punctuation, which is close and

rather coarse. The pubescent punctuation of the under

surface is very dense and fine. The tarsal claws are

rather more feeble than in the other species.

Mr. Wakefield gave mea specimen found on the West

Coast by Mr. Slack; and Mr. Helms has recently met

Hydrophilide of New Zealand. 473

with three examples at Bedley, on the road between

Greymouth and Christchurch.

PHILYDRUS.

I have three New Zealand species of this genus, which

may be thus distinguished :—

Mesosternal lamina large .. AY ne En aeugils

Mesosternal lamina small .. Ae oF ae .. LP, abditus.

Pitchy ; head with obscure yellow spot on each

1 side in front ip ate rac .. LP. tritus.

* ) Sordid testaceous; the black head with large

yellow spot on each side in front.. .. LP. variolorum.

Philydrus tritus.

Philydrus tritus, Broun, Man. N. Z. Col., p. 78.

Auckland and Tairua (Broun) ; Christchurch (Wake-

field).

Philydrus variolorum.

Philydrus variolorum, Broun, Man. N. Z. Col., p. 79.

Auckland (Lawson) ; Tairua (Broun) ; Wellington and

Christchurch (Wakefield).

The character from which the specific name is derived

is not a natural one, and will be found only very rarely

present ; individuals with the surface pitted occur occa-

sionally in a great number of species of water-beetles,

probably from being pressed on sand or something of

that sort during the metamorphosis.

Philydrus abditus, n. s.

Oblongo-ovalis, parum convexus, niger, supra fusco-niger lateri-

bus pallidioribus, tibiis, tarsis, antennarum basi palpisque testaceis,

his apice summo fuscescente, capite utrinque macula parum dis-

tincta testacea ; corpore supra nitido, crebre sat fortiter punctato ;

mesosterni lamina parva. Long. 4mm.

The colour above is of a dilute black, getting paler at

the margins, with the head quite black ; I cannot detect

any serial punctuation amongst the diffuse punctuation

of the wing-cases, but very vague indications of an

obsolete striation can be seen here and there. The

maxillary palpi are comparatively short.

This species may readily be distinguished from the

474 Mr. David Sharp’s revision of the

other two by the small stature and the diminished meso-

sternal lamina, which is hardly one-fourth the size of

what it is in the larger species.

A single individual was sent me by Captain Broun, I

believe from Tairua, on the same card as a specimen of

P. tritus.

Tormuvs, n. g.

Corpus superne valde convexum. Labrum transversum haud

occultum. Oculi indivisi. Antenne 9-articulate, articulis 3—6

simplicibus, clava sat elongata articulis 7o et 8o transversis.

Pedes intermedii contigui, mesosternum lamina erecta munitum ;

femora subtus haud punctato-pubescentia, brevia, tibie spinosule,

tarsi posteriores articulo basali perbrevi, secundo elongato. Abdo-

men e segmentis quinque, sat dense pubescentibus, compositum.

This genus is allied to the New World Derallus, with

which, however, it is far from closely agreeing, and is

systematically distinguished by the 9-jointed antenne,

and by the joint preceding the club being simple. It

may be placed in the New Zealand list near to Saphy-

drus, though it is far from being allied to that genus in

most of the peculiarities of its structure.

Tormus helnsi, n. 8.

Ovalis, omnium conyexissimus, niger, supra e#neus, antennis

palpisque testaceis, pedibus rufis; nitidus, parce obsoleteque punc-

tatus, elytris ad latera et posterius seriebus abbreviatis punctorum

majorum. Long. 3 mm., lat. 13 mm.

The excessively convex form, and the shining brassy

upper surface, together with the peculiar sculpture of

the wing-cases, readily distinguish this from all the

other New Zealand Hydrophilide. The base of the

thorax is extremely rounded near the sides, so that the

hind angles are very obtuse, almost quite rounded ; on

the posterior part of the wing-cases there are series of

coarse punctures directed obliquely somewhat upwards,

but quite absent from the anterior portions ; on the wide

interstices between these series are numerous finer

punctures, but the basal region is only very finely and

sparingly punctate; there is an abbreviated sutural

stria, which does not reach half-way to the front.

Tam greatly obliged to Mr. Helms for presenting me

with the only example yet found of this insect. It was

captured near Greymouth.

Hydrophilide of New Zealand. 475

HYDROSTYGNUS, 0. g.

‘Corpus ovale, convexum; labrum porrectum, emarginatum,

palpi maxillares crassiusculi, parum elongati, articulo pseudo-

basali sat elongato, sequente longiore, hoe quam ultimo paulo

longiore ; mentum haud latum, longitudine vix latius; antenne

9-articulate, articulis intermediis omnino discretis; pedes inter-

mediz plus minusve distantes, metasternum inter eas productum,

cum mesosterni processu conjunctum ; tibiis crassis, mucronibus

elongatis presertim anteriorum, femoribus posterioribus subtus

punctatis, sed vix perspicue pubescentibus, tarsis omnibus subtus

densius pubescentibus, posteriorum articulo basali brevi quam

secundo triplo breviore ; corpore subtus omnium densissime sub-

tilissime pubescente.

This is another peculiar genus; it bears a great

resemblance in appearance to Cyclonotum, but belongs

rather to the Hydrobiini in the neighbourhood of Saphy-

drus and Rygmodus ; the large exposed labrum, the thick

legs, and the tarsi hairy beneath, are characters which,

taken conjointly, distinguish this from all the other New

Zealand forms of Hydrophiliide. The two species known

to me, though similar in general appearance, differ in

some important structural characters, which will be

alluded to in the specific descriptions; at present there

would be no advantage in treating them as distinct

genera.

Hydrostygnus brouni, n. 8.

Ovalis, haud latus, convexus, nitidus, nigro-piceus, marginibus

piceis, antennis palpisque testaceis, pedibus piceis tarsis rufescenti-

bus; corpore supra crebre sat fortiter punctato elytrisque prxterea

seriebus decem conspicuis punctorum majorum. Long. 54 mm.,

lat. 3 mm.

The epistome is broadly emarginate behind the large labrum ;

the eyes not prominent, indistinctly facetted. The punctuation of

the head and thorax is rather close and distinct, that of the elytra

is more scanty, and becomes obsolete towards the apex, the serial

punctures are rather large, deep, and approximate, and that next

the suture is behind deepened into a definite stria. The basal joint

of the antenne is as long as the three following together, but

shorter than the club; the mesosternal portion of the pectoral

prominence is very short, and has the form of a crescent attached

to the front of the middle of the metasternum, the middle legs

being widely separated ; the prominent middle of the metasternum

is coarsely punctate, the tibiw are only moderately stout, and the

hind tarsus is moderately laxly articulated.

476 Mr. David Sharp’s revision of the

A very mutilated example, deprived of its palpi, some

of the legs, and all the tarsi, except a portion of one of

the posterior pair, was sent me several years ago by

Captain Broun, I believe from Tairua, as No. 10; not-

withstanding this I cannot reconcile the insect with any

of the descriptions in his ‘Manual of New Zealand

Coleoptera’; Cyclonotum flavicorne would appear to be

somewhat allied to it, and may probably belong to

Hydrostygnus, but the characters ‘‘ rather short, epistome

truneate in front, with rather prominent eyes,” are

expressions which it would appear almost impossible an

entomologist could apply to this species.

Hydrostygnus linsi, n. 8.

Ovalis, latus, niger, sat nitidus, antennis palpisque rufis, tarsis

piceis ; corpore supra dense punctato, elytrisque preterea seriebus

decem punctorum majorum, seriebus internis obsoletescentibus

sed suturali apicem versus in striam continuata; tibiis crassis rude

scabrosis. Long. 7} mm., lat. 5mm.

This very remarkable Hydrophilid is readily identi-

fiable by the thick, densely scabrous, middle and hind

tibie ; the punctures of the external series of the elytra

are remarkably large and definite, but give rise to no

appearance of striation; the sutural series is scarcely

distinguishable in front, but behind forms a fine well-

marked stria. The mesosternal portion of the pectoral

prominence is rather large, quite as long as it is broad,

and the middle legs are comparatively slightly separated ;

the hind tarsi are quite laxly articulated, and are fur-

nished with long bushy pubescence beneath.

We are indebted to Mr. Lins, of Mouri Creek, about

sixteen miles from Greymouth, for the discovery of this

and some other remarkable species of Coleoptera. Mr.

Lins is placed in a district which certainly supplies

some remarkable insects, and it will be a great benefit

to Science if he can devote some time to their research.

Cyloma lawsonus.

Cyloma lawsonus, Sharp, Ent. Mo. Mag. ix., p. 152;

Broun, Man. N. Z. Col., p. 85.

Hitherto found only in the Auckland district. Auck-

land (Lawson) ; Tairua and Whangarei Heads (Broun).

Hydrophilide of New Zealand. ATT

Cyloma thomsonus, 0. 8.

Ovalis, convexus, parum nitidus, niger, antennarum basi palpis-

que sordide testaceis, elytrorum apice late maculaque humerali

flavis; supra crebre equaliter punctatus, et in elytris preterea

sericbus punctorum majorum. Long. 4; mm., lat. 2 mm.

The very large yellow apex of, and the conspicuous

humeral spot on, the elytra render this distinguishable

at a glance; the apical yellow spot runs forward along

the lateral margin near the base, and in some examples

reaches the humeral spot. The elytral series of punc-

tures are very distinct, and are of about uniform coarse-

ness throughout, except that the two next the suture are

much finer, and that the sutural is deepened into an im-

pressed stria behind.

I have long had a small series of this species from an

old collection in my possession, and have recently

received an example from G. M. Thomson, Hsq., of

Dunedin, confirming it as beyond doubt a New Zealand

insect.

Cyloma guttulatus, n. 8.

Ovalis, convexus, testaceis, capitis thoraceque medio elytrisque

fuscis, his sutura margineque externo testaceis, ad basin et ante

apicem guttulis albidis numerosis, abdomine nigricante. Long.

3 mm., lat. 14 mm.

Head very densely punctate, yellow at the sides, broadly fuscous

or piceous along the middle. Thorax rather sparingly and finely

punctate on the middle, at the sides with numerous coarse punc-

tures mixed with the finer ones. Elytra each with ten series of

coarse punctures extending from base to apex, the interstices almost

impunctate, except near the suture; they are broadly testaceous at

the apex, along the outer margin, and the suture, so that a large

patch on each is left dark; and at the base there are numerous

spots, some larger, some smaller, of a whitish or ivory colour; and

there is another transverse series of similar marks behind the

middle. The legs and antenne are yellow, the club of the latter

being a little infuscate ; the tarsi are short.

Greymouth ; a single individual sent by Mr. Helms

with a large number of Adolopus helmsi, and passed over

at the time by me as an immature example of that

species.

478 Mr. David Sharp’s revision of the

ADOLOPUS, N. g.

Corpus parvum, rotundato-ovale, superne convexum. Antenne

9-articulate, clava elongata, laxe articulata; palpi mazxillares

breves, articulis tribus ultimis longitudine subequalibus, articulo

pseudo-basali crassiore, mentum transversim quadratum, anterius

late depressum. Prosternum in medio longitudinaliter carinatum.

Coxe intermediz distantes, metasterno inter eas longius pro-

ductum, cum processu triangulari mesosterni sutura recta con-

junctum, processu hoe ad _ latera marginato. Femora pos-

teriora subtus glabra; abdomen densissime subtilissime punctato-

pubescens, segmento basali in medio carinato. Tarsi posteriores

parum elongati, et parum crassi, articulo basali brevi, secundo

parum elongato sed quam precedente evidenter longiore.

This genus will consist at present of two small New

Zealand species of Hydrophilide having the aspect of

Cyclonotum, but differing therefrom by the basal joint of

the hind feet being shorter than the 2nd joint. Although

certain species—found in South America, Oceania, and

Australia—of the subgenus Dactylosternum show a much

greater abbreviation of the basal joint of the hind foot

than do the normal Cyclonota, yet in them this joint is

always longer than the 2nd; and this character, being

of great importance in the classification of the Hydro-

philide, the reversal of the relative lengths of these two

joints in Adolopus necessitates its isolation.

Adolopus helmsi, n. 8.

Piceus, limbo dilutiore, elytrorum apice irregulariter pallido,

pedibus rufis, tarsis, palpis antennisque testaceis, harum clava

fusca; corpore supra crebre punctato, et in elytris seriatim fortiter

punctatis, seriebus ad basin desinentibus. Long. 3 mm., lat. fere

2mm.

The punctuation on the head, thorax, and basal portions of the

elytra is close and rather coarse; on the head it becomes finer in

front, so that on the epistome it is excessively fine, the surface

there being opaque and alutaceous ; the series of punctures on the

elytra are coarse behind, and at the sides none of them extend to

the base, the outer ones stopping short rather abruptly at about

one-fifth of the length ; those nearer the suture extend very nearly

to the base, becoming, however, very fine in front, and the one or

two next the suture hardly extend so far forwards as the two or

three outside them; the sutural series becomes deepened behind

into an impunctate stria.

Greymouth (Helms, No. 48).

Hydrophilide of New Zealand. 479

This is apparently one of the commonest beetles in

the Greymouth district, as I have received it several

times, and in numerous examples. A variety occurs

rarely having the apex of the elytra dark.

Adolopus altulus.

Cyloma altulum, Broun, Man. N. Z. Col., p. 86.

This is extremely similar to A. helmsi, but is a trifle

smaller, has the serial punctures of the elytra behind

much coarser, the series near the suture very much

shorter, and the margins explanate behind ; the punctu-

ation of the thorax is also finer and more scanty.

Auckland (Lawson).

I have also received several examples of this insect

from Captain Broun, so that it is no doubt one of the

species designated in his ‘Manual,’ and I think the only

one it can be is Cyloma altulum.

Cyclonotum marginale.

Cyclonotum marginale, Sharp, Ent. Mo. Mag., 1876,

p- 21; Broun, Man. N. Z. Col., p- 88.

This is one of a group of Australian and South

American species which, on account of the reduction in

length of the basal joint of the hind foot—which is but

little longer than the following joint—and of the convex

orbicular form, will require to be separated from Cyclo-

notum proper, and from Dactylosternum ; but to do this

at present without indicating all the described species

that pertain to it would be premature.

C. marginale is an Australian insect, and has appa-

rently been found in New Zealand only about Auckland.

Cercyon flavipes.

Spheridium flavipes, Fab., Ent. By ste, 1; po Ol.

This well-known European insect has no doubt been

introduced into New Zealand in company with cattle or

sheep, in whose dung it occurs. It is probably common

in the islands at present, as I have seen several examples

from Auckland and Greymouth.

480 Hydrophilide of New Zealand.

PHELEROSUS, ND. g.

Antenne 7-articulatx ; palpi maxillares parum elongati, articu-

lis longitudine subzqualibus; prothorace elytris angustiore basi

quam apice haud latiore; prosternum ante coxas omnium brevis-

simum. Femora posteriora glabra. Generi Berosi proximus sed

femora posteriora tantum ad summum basin pubescentia discedit.

Although so close to the widely-distributed genus

Berosus, I think this insect had better be isolated there-

from, the hind femora being pubescent only where they

touch the coxe; the side-pieces of the prosternum are

less prolonged inwardly than they are in Berosus, and

the prothorax is slightly impressed on the middle.

Phelerosus pallidipennis, n. 8.

Capite thoraceque eneis, densissime punctatis, hujus margine

anteriore et lateribus cumque elytris pallide testaceis ; subtus niger ;

pedibus palpis antennisque testaceis, femoribus basi nigro, palpis

apice infuscato ; elytris striatis, interstitiis parce obsoleteque punc-

tatis. Long. 4 mm.

Eyes very prominent; thorax sinuate at the sides, with the

angles rounded, and a broad, rather indistinct, impression on the

disc, and a slight ciliation near the front angles; scutellum

metallic, closely punctate ; elytra convex, very regularly and dis-

tinctly striate, the strie distinctly punctured, the scanty punctua-

tion of the interstices quite indistinct.

A specimen of this species was first sent to me by G.

M. Thomson, Esq., from Dunedin, and shortly after-

wards Mr. Helms sent three individuals from Grey-

mouth.

( 481 )

XXIII. Descriptions of new species of Tenthredinide and

Cynipide from Mexico. By Prrmr Cameron.

[Read September 8rd, 1884.]

Tue following paper (describing fourteen new species)

is supplementary to my work on the Hymenoptera of

Central America in Messrs. Godman and Salvin’s

‘Biologia Centrali-Americana.’ The principal fact

recorded in it is the occurrence in Mexico of three

distinctly northern genera of sawflies, namely, Nematus,

Huura, and Hemichroa, genera which have not hitherto

been recorded so far south. Among the Cynipide the

genera Aulax, Hucela, and Megapelmus are also new for

the fauna.

I am much indebted to Herr Rogenhofer, of the

Vienna Museum, for the opportunity of examining the

Mexican Hymenoptera of the Museum under his charge.

TENTHREDINIDA.

Nematus mexicanus, nN. 8.

Livid testaceous; face, sides and apex of abdomen above, and

legs, obscure livid yellow; antenne, metanotum, and back of

abdomen, except at apex, apex of hind tibie and tarsi, black;

anterior tibiz inclining to fuscous. Wings clear hyaline; costa

and stigma whitish yellow. Antenne shorter than the abdomen,

almost glabrous; 38rd joint a little shorter than 4th. Vertex raised

in centre; frontal area a deep wide depression; antennal fovea

large, longer than wide. Clypeus deeply incised; palpi fuscous.

Wings longish; 2nd cubital cellule double the length of 3rd, not

angled where the recurrent nervures are received; 3rd cellule a

little widened at apex; the 2nd recurrent nervure received a little

in front of 8rd transverse cubital. Abdomen longer than the head

and thorax together, narrowed towards the apex; its last segment

largely developed above; cerci long; ovipositor long, nearly half

the length of the abdomen; the sheath at apex pilose. Blotch

small; cerci large, white; claws bifid, spurs shortish. The vertex

and mesonotum are very finely punctured; on the middle lobe of

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—PaRT IV. (DEC.)

482 Mr. Cameron’s descriptions of new

the latter is a central furrow; the extreme apex of the scutellum

is black, and there is a narrow obscure black line down its centre.

Length, 7 mm.

Closely allied to the European N. hemorrhoidalis,

Spin., and to the North American N. chloreus, Norton.

The occurrence of a Nematus so far south is of much

interest, this being the first record of that northern

genus in Central America.

Hab. Northern Sonora, Mexico (Morrison).

Euura mexicana, 0. 8.

Luteous; the vertex broadly, the head entirely behind, the

middle lobe of the mesonotum, except at the apex, the lateral,

except at the sides, the scutellum, except at the apex, breast, meso-

pleura behind, metapleura, metanotum, and basal third of abdo-

men, black, the black passing into brown at its junction with the

luteous. Scape of antenne and the basal joints of flagellum

black, the rest fulvous; they are as long as the abdomen, and have

the 8rd joint shorter than the 4th, and are covered with a close

pubescence. Lateral sutures on vertex deep, and there is a broad

transverse one behind the ocelli. Front projecting, a hollow be-

tween it and the eyes; at its top in the centre is a fovea, and it is

separated from the vertex by a curved depression. Clypeus incised.

The legs are paler coloured than the body; the coxe are black at

the base; the apices of the tarsal joints are fuscous; claws bifid.

The cerci are nearly as long as the metatarsus, pallid yellow.

Wings hyaline; costa pallid ; stigma fuscous, whitish at the base.

Apical half of sheath of ovipositor black; claws bifid. Length,

5°d mm.

Hab. Northern Sonora, Mexico (Morrison).

This comes very near L. ovum, Walsh.

Hemichroa nigricans, n. 8.

Black, shining; tegule, pronotum at base, apex of femora

(anterior broadly), apex of coxe, trochanters, tibiw, and tarsi,

white ; apex of hind tibie and tarsi black. Front finely punctured ;

face covered with a white longish pubescence; frontal area clearly

defined ; there is a broad transverse furrow behind the ocelli, and

a short longitudinal one issues from its centre to the back of the

head ; lateral sutures indistinct; clypeus broadly incised. Wings

hyaline ; costa fuscous ; stigma livid; the 1st radial cellule much

shorter than 2nd; the transverse radial nervure is received a little

species of Tenthredinide and Cynipide. 483

past the 2nd transverse cubital; the 2nd cubital cellule has a

horny point; 3rd cubital cellule longer than broad, of nearly equal

breadth throughout; 2nd recurrent nervure almost interstitial.

Abdomen stout, broad at apex, not very much longer than the head

and thorax together; its apex above is dull white; cerci short,

thick, fuscous. Long. 6°5 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Northern Sonora (Morrison).

Blennocampa bicolorata, n. 8.

Black ; pronotum, mesonotum (except scutellum), and tegule,

blood-red; clypeus and labrum dull white. Mandibles piceous.

Antenne about as long as the abdomen, thickish, covered with a

dense stiff pubescence; 3rd joint nearly one-half longer than 4th;

lateral sutures on vertex deep and broad behind, shallow in front

of ocelli; frontal area not defined, but there is a shallow fovea down

from the front ocellus. Clypeus transverse ; first radial cellule the

longest ; transverse radial nervure straight and received in the

apical third of the 3rd cubital cellule, which is long, and receives

the recurrent nervure not far from its base; the transverse median

nervure is received before the middle of the cellule. The wings

are dark fuscous. Claws apparently simple. Length, nearly

5 mm.

This species is most nearly related to B. inhabilis,

Harris sec. Norton, but that has the antenne shorter ;

the abdomen is also shorter, it being ‘‘ short, nearly as

wide as long”; while in B. bicolorata it is distinctly

longer than wide. The mesopleura is red in front, and

the transverse radial nervure is bent and received near

the 3rd transverse cubital.

Hab. Chapulte and Orizaba, Mexico (Bilimik) ; Mus.

Vienna.

Strongylogaster Rogenhoferi, nu. s.

Abdomen and legs rufo-testaceous. Head black clypeus,

labrum, mandibles, and palpi white. Antenne black ; the basal

joint and the apex of 4th to the 7th white. Thorax black; the

edges of the middle lobe of mesonotum, scutellum, tegule, pro-

notum, and the pleure, except a small black mark below the

tegule, an oblique one on the mesopleura, and a mark over the

middle cox, white. The antenne are nearly as long as the

thorax and abdomen together, but slightly thickened beyond the

middle; the 3rd joint a little longer than 4th. Sutures on vertex

flat and shallow; frontal area not defined; the front ocellus is

484 Mr. Cameron’s descriptions of new

situated in a hollow. Clypeus truncated at apex. Wings hyaline ;

stigma and costa livid testaceous. The transverse radial nervure

is received in the apical third of the cellule; the 2nd cubital

cellule is a very little longer than 3rd; the transverse median ner-

vure is received near the middle; the 2nd recurrent in basal fourth

of the 8rd cubital cellule. The coxe and trochanters are paler than

the rest of the legs. Clawsbifid. Male. Length, 9mm.

A very distinct species. I have named it after Custos

Rogenhofer, of the Vienna Museum.

Hab. Orizaba, Mexico (Bilimik) ; Mus. Vienna.

Strongylogaster fumipennis, n. 8.

Black ; apex of clypeus, labrum, anda thin line on pronotum

obscure white ; anterior tibise and tarsi fuscous in front. Wings

smoky; nervures and stigma black. Antenne longer than the

head and thorax together, not much thickened beyond the middle.

Frontal area clearly defined, enclosing the lower ocellus ; the apex

rounded, the base projecting and narrowed between the two hind

ocelli; the apex dilated, and from its sides a carina runs to the

eyes. Clypeus transverse; 8rd cubital cellule distinctly longer

than 2nd, the apex not very much dilated; 1st radial cellule much

longer than 2nd ; transverse basal nervure received past the middle

ot the cellule. Male. Length, 10 mm.

Closely allied to S. nigredo, Norton, but is larger, and

differs otherwise in having the antennz longer and not

so much thickened at the apical half, in the mouth and

a line on the pronotum being white, and in the 3rd

cubital cellule being much longer than the 8rd; the Ist

radial cellule being also longer compared to the 2nd,

this not being the case with nigredo.

Hab. Mexico.

Ptilia crassula n. s.

Black, shining; labrum and mandibles piceous; pronotum

broadly, tegule, tibie, and tarsi, white; the apex of hind tibie

broadly, and hind tarsi, except at the base, black. Antenne

piceous, not much longer than the thorax ; covered with a micro-

scopic pile. Sutures on vextex broad and deep in front of the

ocelli; front ocelli in a deep round pit. Front bluntly keeled be-

tween the antenne. Wings clear hyaline; costa and stigma

griseous-testaceous. The first three cubital cellules are together

not much longer than the 4th ; the 3rd is much broader than long;

species of Tenthredinide and Cynipide. 485

the 2nd recurrent nervure is received in the 3rd cellule, but almost

touching the 2nd transverse cubital nervure. Female. Length,

nearly 6 mm.

Hab. Northern Sonora, Mexico (Morrison).

Ptilia nigerrima, nu. 8.

Black ; the anterior tibiz dirty white in front. Wings hyaline ;

nervures and stigma black. Antenne a little longer than the

abdomen, covered with long hair. Sutures on vertex broad and

deep, and converging in front of the ocelli, shallow at the side of

the ocelli, deep and broad behind them. The Ist recurrent nervure

is received a little in front of the middle of the cellule; the 2nd is

interstitial; 3rd cubital cellule a little broader than long. The

body is broad and thick ; the legs are covered with pale microscopic

down, and the knees incline to piceous. Male. Length, 5 mm.

Hab. Northern Sonora, Mexico (Morrison).

Ptilia luteiventris, n. s.

Black ; abdomen luteous ; knees piceous ; anterior tibie dirty white

in front. Wings hyaline; nervures and stigma fusco-piceous. An-

tennz not much longer than the thorax ; covered with a microscopic

pile. The three cubital cellules are together shorter than the

Ath ; the Ist recurrent nervure is received in the middle; the 2nd is

interstitial; 3rd transverse cubital nervure bent outwardly; the

3rd cubital cellule broader than long. Female. Length, 5°5 mm.

Hab. Northern Sonora, Mexico (Morrison).

Obs. Ihave placed the above-described three species

in Ptilia, as I have defined it in Biol. Cent. Amer.,

Hymen., p. 42, as the 2nd recurrent is received rather

in the 3rd than in the 2nd cubital cellule; but these

species illustrate the difficulty of using the neuration in

generic definitions, for actually they are intermediate

between Ptilia and Dielocera.

CYNIPID.

Aulax rufipes, 0. 8.

Black; the antenne and legs (including the coxez) red; scape

somewhat infuscated; the abdomen at the base, the sides, and

ventral surface, of a more obscure red than the legs; oral region

and mandibles (except at the apex) piceous-red. Head with the

vertex shining, finely punctured ; the face opaque, more strongly

486 Mr. Cameron’s descriptions of new

and closely punctured; the lower part at the base of the mandibles

striated. The thorax opaque, closely rugose-punctate, except a

smooth, shining, impunctate space on the mesopleura. The

lateral furrows on mesonotum distinct; scutellar fovee smooth

and shining, longer than broad. Antenne 13-jointed; 1st joint

nearly double the length of the 2nd; 3rd distinctly longer than

4th; the last double the length of 12th, and a little thicker than

it. Head and thorax closely covered with a pale pubescence;

abdomen smooth and shining; 8rd segment (or 2nd after the

petiole) long, almost concealing the others. Wings hyaline; ner-

vures pallid fuscous; radial nervure rather broad; cubitus reach-

ing to the apex of the wing, but rather faint. The male has the

8rd joint of the antenne bent laterally and dilated at the apex, and

the other joints are longer; the reddish colour extends laterally

down from the eyes, and, if anything, the pubescence on the thorax

is denser. Length, 2°5 mm.

Hab. Mexico (Bilimik) ; Mus. Vienna.

Cothonaspis rufiventris, 0.8.

Black; abdomen at the base, at the sides, and on ventral surface,

piceous-red. Antenne longer than the body; scape smooth and

shining; flagellum opaque, covered with a microscopic pile, and

very faintly striated; 8rd joint longer than 4th; the last two sub-

equal. Head and thorax smooth and shining, the latter very

obscurely aciculated above; scutellar cup shallow, longer than

broad, the base more sharply pointed than apex; the fovee at

base of scutellum obsolete. Wings hyaline, ciliated at apex;

radial nervure closed, about one-half longer than broad; cubitus

obsolete. Length, scarcely 14 mm.

This is a Cothonaspis as defined by Foerster. There

is a slight trace of pilosity on the base of abdomen,

but it certainly does not form a dense tuft like what we

have in EHucela.

Hab. Mexico (Bilimik); Mus. Vienna.

Euceela incisa, n. 8.

Black, opaque; the flagellum of antenne to the 7th joint and

legs piceous-red; the-coxe, except at apex, the middle of the

femora broadly, and the apex of hind tibize and hind tarsi, black ;

the legs sparsely covered with white glistening hairs. Wings

hyaline ; nervures white ; radial cellule closed at base, longer than

broad ; cubital nervure obsolete. Antenne as long as the entire

body and hind legs, when stretched out behind; 1st joint of scape

species of Tenthredimde and Cynipide. 487

double the length of 2nd; 1st joint of flagellum a little longer than

the 2nd; the joints taper a little in thickness towards the apex.

Cup of scutellum oval, shallow, the edge piceous; fovee at its

base large, deep. Hair-fringe on abdomen griseous, of moderate

size; the metanotum covered with longish white hair. The front

of the pronotum is produced in the middle into a plate, which

projects a little above the base of the mesonotum, is depressed in

the centre, and is broader at the bottom than at the top. The

sides are clearly margined and distinctly separated from the rest

of the pronotum. The latter is, at the sides close to the head,

covered with a dense tuft of griseous hair, and it has there a

distinct margin. Clypeus rounded; mandibles piceous. Length

4mm.

Hab. Mexico (Bilimk).

If Foerster’s ideas of the limits of genera are to be

carried out the above species should form the type of a

new genus, owing to the peculiar structure of the pro-

thorax. It comes, I think, nearest Psilodora. The

peculiar form of the pronotum is only an extreme

accentuation of what we have indications of in other

species of Hucelides.

Megapelmus mexicanus, n. 8.

Black ; legs rufous; the coxe at basal half, basal three-fourths

of hind trochanters, and the four hind femora above and beneath,

black. Wings hyaline; nervures blackish; radial cellule longer

than broad. Antenne longer than the body; the flagellum faintly

fuscous on lower side at base; the 3rd joint a little longer than the

4th. Sutures on mesonotum shining, microscopically aciculate.

Scutellum rather flat, but still raised in the centre; at the apex it

has rather an abrupt slope, as has also the metathorax; the apex

of the scutellum has a distinct border above, and this border goes

also along the sides, but it is much more distinct at the apex,

where it is elevated above the rest of the scutellum, which, in

front of it, is depressed. The transverse carina in front of the

scutellum is distinct. Petiole nearly one-half the length of the

abdomen. The sides of the head and of the thorax covered with

a longish white pubescence. Length, 4 mm.

Closely allied to the European M. eucharoides, Dalm.,

but differing in having the radial cellule narrower ; the

sutures on mesonotum not crenulated ; scutellum longer

and flatter and much more distinctly margined behind.

Hab. Mexico (Bilimik) ; Vienna Museum.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884.—ParT lv. (DEC.. 2L

488 Descriptions of Tenthredinide and Cynipide.

Ibalia ruficollis, n. 8.

Black; the greater part of the pronotum, tegule, and abdomen

red. Wings fuscous. Antenne thin; the basal joint four times

as long as the 2nd; the 8rd a little shorter than the 4th. Head

rugose, the sides strongly striated ; a carina runs from the outer

ocelli to the base of the antenne, forming a somewhat square area,

having a keel in the centre, and from this central keel strong

striations run obliquely to the sides. Mesonotum very strongly

transversely striated, the sides and pronotum more finely and

obliquely ; at its junction with the mesothorax the pronotum is

strongly margined, the margin projecting over the mesonotum,

especially at the middle, which is indented; mesopleura hollowed,

finely punctured. Scutellum transversely striated, like the meso-

notum, its sides margined, the margin at the apex indented like

the pronotum. In the centre of the metanotum is a shield-shaped

area, longer than broad, smooth and shining, and with a straight

keel in its centre; from this area some keels run obliquely down

the sides. Over the hind coxe is a broad tubercle, which ends in a

moderately sharp point. Below the hind wings is a reddish mark,

touching the suture of the mesopleura, which is smooth and

shining opposite it. Petiole short, broader than long, smooth,

shining. The 2nd segment of abdomen longer than 38rd, which is

of the same length as 4th; the 5th a little longer; 6th on the

upper side a little longer than the three preceding together. The

head and thorax covered with a pale pubescence; legs with a

longer and stiffer pile of the same colour. Length, nearly 12mm.

The striations on the mesonotum are wide apart, and

have the space between them smooth and shining. The

lateral sutures of the mesonotum are deep, wide, smooth,

and shining; the central becomes indistinct beyond the

middle.

Hab. Pinos Altos, Chihuahua, Mexico (Buchan-Hep-

burn).

( 489 )

XXIV.—Facts concerning the importation or non-importa-

tion of Diptera into distant countries. By C. R.

OsTEN-SacKEN.

[Read October 1st, 1884.]

Tur conditions attending the importation of Diptera

across the ocean to distant parts of the world are not so

simple and so uniform as one might suppose. Importa-

tion will not occur for centuries in cases where it might

be expected from day to day; and again, it will some-

times take place under circumstances most improbable,

and @ priori impossible to foresee. My purpose, in pub-

lishing a few cases of importation and non-importation

which I have been able to investigate, is to invite the

attention to such occurrences, principally in the colonies

of Great -Britain, where they must be continually going

on, and, unless noted down by contemporaries, must be

easily forgotten and lost to science. The close investi-

gation of phenomena of that class may even have a

bearing on some questions connected with the distri-

bution of insects in geological time.

The substance of this paper has been published by me

in German, in the ‘Stettiner entomologische Zeitung’

(No. 4 case in 1861; the other cases in 1880).

1.—ERISTALIS TENAX.

“* Hristalis tenax is in its way a remarkable phenome-

non, for which there does not seem to exist any other

boundaries in time or space (vertically or horizontally)

than those which put an end to insect-life in general.

It flies round the top of our Schneeberg, and it is equally

common in the sewers of the city of Vienna. And when

the frosty November fogs have swept out all insect-life,

recently hatched, but torpid, specimens of H. tenaz may

still be frequently seen on walls and fences” (Frauenfeld,

Beitr. z. Fauna vy. Dalmatien, in the Verh. Zool.-Bot.

Verein, 1856).

Eristalis tenax occurs throughout Europe; in Lap-

land, where it is common, as well as in Southern Italy,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884. PART IV. (DEC.)

490 O.R. Osten-Sacken on facts concerning the

Corsica, and Malta; in Algiers (Loew, Sudafr. Dipt., p.

318); in Gibraltar and Madeira (Schiner, Novara, 360) ; in

Cairo and round Mount Sinai (Walker, Entom., v., 274);

in the Canary Islands, Madagascar, and Bourbon (Macq.,

Dipt. Exot., ii., 2, p. 80); in China (Schiner, Dipt.

Austriaca, Syrphide, p. 114); in Siberia and Japan

(Loew., Wien. Ent. Monatschr., ii., p. 101); in Northern

Persia (Rondani, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., iv., p. 295); it is

also common in Syria (Schiner, l.c.). For the occur-

rence at the Cape I do not find any authority, except the

passage in Schiner, l. c., p. 10, where it seems to be a

lapsus calami, as the statement is not repeated under the

head of H. tenax on p. 114.

During my twenty years’ collecting in North America

I had never met with this species, until November 5th,

1875, when I found a specimen, to my great astonish-

ment, on a window in Dr. Hagen’s house in Cambridge,

Mass. A year later, October and November, 1876, I

observed several specimens on fences in Newport, Rhode

Island. In June, 1877, I left America, but, as I ascer-

tained afterwards, during that year the fly had become

so common that, according to Dr. Hagen’s statement,

‘hundreds were caught” (see his Lecture before the

Soc. of Nat. History in Boston, Dec. 18, 1877). Between

1876 and 1878 many specimens were taken in the

vicinity of Boston, in Galena, Illinois (compare Psyche,

ii., p. 260), and even in Georgia (Psyche, ii., p. 188).

Mr. Williston (Can. Ent., 1881, p. 176) says that it had

become very common in New Haven, Conn.; he also

had received specimens from beyond the Rocky Moun-

tains (Washington Territory). Von Roeder’s collection

in Hoym (Anhalt) contains specimens taken about

1876—77, in Georgia and Missouri, by the well-known

collector Mr. Morrison.

This sudden appearance of EH. tenax in all parts of

the United States, in localities thousands of miles apart,

and within a short period of three or four years, is a

very extraordinary phenomenon, and requires an ex-

planation. Two hypotheses as to its mode of introduction

are possible.

Ej. tenaz may have been imported from Europe in

ships to one of the harbours on the Atlantic. But if

this importation happened long ago it would have been

noticed earlier; if it has taken place recently it leaves

unexplained the almost simultaneous appearance of the

importation or non-importation of Diptera. 491

fly in Georgia, Missouri, Illinois, and even on the

Pacific coast.

The other possible hypothesis is that Hristalis tenax,

like some other European species (for instance, Syrphus

pyrastri), was indigenous on the western side of the

American Continent only, and not on the eastern; and

that it began to spread eastward since civilization in its

westward progress came in contact with the area of its

occurrence. The Colorado-beetle reached the Atlantic in

that way, and A. Fuller is another remarkable instance.

Dr. Horn says (Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., No. 6, 1884) :—

“Tn 1874, when working with Dr. Leconte on the

Rhynchophora, among all his material only a single

specimen of Aramiges Fulleri was contained, and that

came from Montana. A year or two later it was received

from all parts of the country, and was dreaded as one of

the worst hot-house pests. How did this species spread

so suddenly over so large a territory? Prof. Lintner

had first found the insect in 1876. Mr. Dimmock finds

it very troublesome in hot-houses, particularly on roses.”

EF. tenax may have reached Missouri and Illinois years

ago without being noticed; it attracted attention as soon

as it appeared on the Atlantic coast, where dipterologists

could recognise it. This supposition is supported by the

fact that H. tenax exists in Siberia and Japan; but it is

somewhat weakened by the circumstance that, as far as

I know, it has never been found in California. I have

been collecting seven months in California, in 1876, and

have carefully examined the collection of Henry Edwards,

Esq., in San Francisco, without seeing a single specimen

of that species. However that may be, the suddenness

of the appearance of H. tenax on the Atlantic coast of

North America is a very extraordinary fact; and if im-

ported from Europe, this fly is a noteworthy instance of

an importation after nearly four centuries of intercourse.

2.—SARCOPHAGA CARNARIA.

Importation, after all, is not such a very easy matter

as it would seem. It took four centuries to import

Eristalis tenax into America (if it was imported at all),

a very common species spread all over the Old World,

and which owes its very name to the remarkable powers

of endurance of its larve. I will give now an instance

of an equally common and equally enduring European

492 OC. R. Osten-Sacken on facts concerning the

species which has not yet made its appearance in

America.

Sarcophaga carnaria, like its congeners, shows, in the

larva stage, most remarkable powers of endurance and

adaptation. Putrid vegetable matter and dung (Bouché,

Naturg. d. Ins., p. 60); meat, fresh or rotten; ulcers on

men and animals suit it well (Portchinski, ‘Trudy’ of

the Russian Ent. Soc., ix., p. 106—109). It will undergo

its transformation even when starving and not full-grown

(Portchinski, J. c.). When Claude Bernard introduced

the larva artificially into the stomach of a dog, it came

out undigested and alive with the dejections. Portchinski

tried the same experiment with a frog and a bird (Sylvia

hortensis) ; with the former the larva remained alive ;

with the latter it came out dead, but undigested.

Under such circumstances it was natural to expect

that, of all flies which swarm around human dwellings,

S. carnaria would be among the first mtroduced into

North America; and yet such is not the case. After

the publication of Mr. R. H. Meade’s Monograph of

' Huropean Sarcophage (Ent. Mo. Mag., xu., p. 216 sqq.,

1876), I sent him for comparison a collection of North

American Sarcophage, in the expectation that Huropean

species would be found among them. Mr. Meade found

in that collection twenty-four true Sarcophage and four

Sarcophagide belonging to other genera; but among

those species there was not a single one that could be

absolutely identified with any European species. A

single species from the Far West (Colorado and Lake

Superior) comes very near the European S. similis,

Meade.

Now it is well known that Musca domestica, Cyrtoneura

stabulans, Calliphora vomitoria and C. erythrocephala,

Anthomyia canicularis and Stomoxys calcitrans, all of

them common European house-flies, are equally common

in the Atlantic States of North America; and also that

they have been imported into the most distant colonies,

like Chili, Australia, and New Zealand, where they were

not indigenous. LRhyphus fenestralis, Scenopinus fenes-

tralis, and the handsome green-eyed Scyphella flava occur

on windows in North America, just as much as in Europe.

Sarcophaga carnaria, as far as I know, has never been

mentioned as occurring in any of those countries. (All

the above-named flies are, for instance, mentioned by

Dr. Schiner in the Novara work as brought home from

importation or non-importation of Diptera. 493

distant regions, except S. carnaria. The single instance

in Macq., Dipt. Exot., ii., 3, p. 95, that this species had

been received from Haiti requires further confirmation).

It would seem, therefore, that there are some obstacles

to the introduction of this species by means of shipping

into distant countries. It may be that the chances of

transportation are diminished in this case owing to the

circumstance that S. carnaria, although living about

human dwellings, does not often appear within them;

and for this reason, even if it made its appearance on

board ship, would be less apt to remain within it than

the other house-flies. But as this reasoning is not

applicable to the larve, the case remains doubtful.

Similar remarkable cases of non-importation may be

quoted in the vegetable kingdom. A great many of the

common European weeds have been imported into the

United States, and have to a considerable extent, espe-

cially in the environs of towns and villages, almost

crowded out the native flora. One might naturally have

expected that the poppy and the blue-bottle (Centawrea

cyanus) would be, with the cereals, among the first

arrivals. Nevertheless these two weeds have never

spread in America.

3.—PsILOPUS PALLENS.

This is an instance of importation under the most

improbable circumstances. The dolichopodid Psilopus

pallens, Wied., although it occurs along the Atlantic

coast of North America, has the general appearance

(colouring, &c.) of a European Psilopus, quite different

from the numerous American representatives of that

genus, which have the more brilliant colouring of

tropical species. Wiedemann received it from North

America more than half a century ago. When I sent

Dr. Loew the first specimens which I found, he wrote

me that they were absolutely identical with a species

which he had found on the island of Rhodes (Psilopus

albonotatus, Loew). This was remarkable, but I have

gathered some facts since which bridge over the distance

between Rhodes and New York. In the collection of

Mr. Bergenstamm, in Vienna, I have seen specimens of

the same species from Barcelona; and Mr. Van der

Wulp informed me that it has been found in Amsterdam

and in Haarlem (cf. Tijdschr. voor Ent., xi., p. 20).

494 OC. R. Osten-Sacken on facts concerning the

New York was originally a Dutch colony, and Psilopus

pallens may have been imported from Holland to New

York very early. The peculiar mode of life of this

species, quite different from its congeners, helps to

explain the otherwise improbable fact of the importatio

by ship of a Psilopus.

Ordinary Psilopus run on leaves of plants, usually far

from human dwellings. On the contrary, P. pallens

I have always found in and about houses; I even took

specimens on the walls of a foreign Consulate in one of

the busiest quarters of the city of New York (Bowling

Green). Other specimens were found by me on the out-

side walls of houses in Newport, Rhode Island and Sag

Harbour, Long Island—that is, always not far from the

sea-shore. Thus we are justified in supposing that P.

pallens, in frequenting ships’-cabins, has been able to

withstand the long voyage across the Atlantic. Still the

wanderings of this species and its partiality for sea-ports

are very remarkable, and it would be worth while to

investigate the perhaps peculiar conditions of its meta-

morphosis.

4:—Tue ImportaTIoN or Gwnats (Culex) INTO THE

SanpwicH Isnanps.

The following case may be typical of the mode of

importation of gnats across the ocean :—About 1828—80

an old ship from Mazaltan, Mexico, was abandoned on

the coast of one of the Sandwich Islands. Larve of

Culex were probably imported in the water-tanks upon

it. The natives soon became aware of the appearance

round that spot of a—to them unknown—blood-sucking

insect ; it so far excited their curiosity that they used to

congregate in the evening in order to enjoy the novelty.

Since then the species spread in different localities, and

in some cases became a nuisance.

This was related to me by Mr. T. R. Peale, the well-

known American entomologist and artist, who visited

the Sandwich Islands a few years later with the United

States Exploring Expedition, under command of Capt.

C. Wilkes (1838—40). A distinguished American, who

spent many years on the islands and whose acquaintance

I made in Washington, confirmed the story to me, and

told me that he remembered positively that there were

no mosquitoes on the islands about 1823,

importation or non-importation of Diptera. 495

This version is at any rate more probable than another

which I read in the German periodical, ‘Die Natur’

(1857, p. 232), that onats were intentionally imported

into those islands by a mischievous sea-captain, in

vengeance against the inhabitants !

However, as the genus Culex seems to be cosmopolitan,

it is very probable that native species existed on some of

the islands of the Pacific Ocean. I read in F. D. Ben-

net’s ‘Narrative of a Whaling Voyage round the Globe

from the Years 1833 to 1836’ (London, 1840) that on

Raiatea, one of the Society Islands, he met with a grey

Culex, handsomely spotted with black, which was very

common and annoying in the jungle, but seldom appeared

in the villages. On Pitcairn Island the same traveller

was told that the mosquito (Culex) had been but recently

introduced.

5.—SyYRPHUS PYRASTRI.

The geographical distribution of this common species

offers some peculiarities which deserve to be noticed. It

is common throughout Europe, but not as far north as

Lapland; it occurs in Egypt, Algiers, on the Canary

Islands, and Madeira (Schiner, J. c., and Macquart) ;

eastwards it has been found in Moscow (Fedtchenko),

Kharkow (Jaroscheffski), and in the Volga-Ural region

(Kversmann). Its occurrence farther east is very pro-

bable, but data are wanting. The S. lunatus, Wiede-

mann, from China, which this author calls ‘‘the

representative of the European S. pyrastri, only a little

smaller,” may perhaps be the same species.

A species which I cannot distinguish from S. pyrastri

is quite common in the region between the State of

Colorado and the Pacific Ocean, including California.

Say discovered it as early as 1820 on the Arkansas

River, near the Rocky Mountains—at a time, therefore,

when that region was as distant from the centres of

civilisation as some places in the interior of Africa are

at present. He was aware of its resemblance to the

Kuropean species, and for this reason called it S. affinis;

the difference which he notices, ‘‘a somewhat darker

colour,” is unimportant.

We thus have in the occurrence of S. pyrastri on the

western side of the American Continent a clear case of a

disconnected area of distribution. Remarkable as this is,

it is still more remarkable that the occurrence of S.

496 O.R.Osten-Sacken on importation of Diptera.

pyrastri is confined to the western side of the American

Continent. As far as I know, it has never been found in

the Atlantic States. As Say discovered it east of the

Rocky Mountains more than sixty years ago, it is diffi-

cult to understand what prevented it from spreading

farther east and reaching the Atlantic Ocean. It remains

to be seen whether the increase of the intercourse between

east and west in North America, which has taken place

lately, will not in the end bring about that result. But

it is difficult to conceive why it has not happened earlier.

A species which occurs in St. Petersburg, in Egypt, and

on the Canary Islands must possess, as to climate, con-

siderable powers of adaptation.

S. pyrastri also occurs in Chili (see Macq., D. E., ii.,

pp. 83 and 88); for I have myself seen specimens from

there, and this is a new instance of the relationship of

the Chilian with the Californian fauna; but this same

fact renders very improbable the hypothesis of the

importation of that species on ships. If it had been

imported from Europe to California and Chili, it would

in all probability have been introduced to New York,

Charleston, and other Atlantic ports much earlier.

S. pyrastri is not a circumpolar insect. I mean to say

that the other Syrphi common to Europe and North

America (ribesii, topiarius, Zett., abbreviatus, lapponicus,

umbellatarum, L. (?), cinetellus, Zett. (?)) all occur in

Lapland, and therefore may have reached America by

way of Greenland, in an earlier geological period.

S. pyrastri does not occur in Lapland, and is not an

insect of the extreme north ; therefore its occurrence in

Western America can be explained only (barring the

hypothesis of importation) by a migration across the more

temperate regions of Asia, and then over the islands,

connecting both continents. Still its non-occurrence in

the Atlantic States remains unexplained.

( 497 )

XXV. An Essay of Comparative Chetotaxy, or the arrange-

ment of characteristic bristles of Diptera. By C. R.

OstTEN-SACKEN.*

[Read November 5th, 1884.]

I propose the term Chetotaxy for the arrangement of

bristles on the different parts of the body of the Diptera,

the composition of this term being analogous to phyllo-

taxy, the order or arrangement of the leaves of plants.

The characters derived from the number and position of

bristles (macrochete) have been gradually gaining

eround in dipterology, but it has not been attempted to

introduce a uniform nomenclature for them. The study

of the Diptera of South-Eastern Asia, on which I have

been recently engaged, excited for the first time my more

immediate interest in the bristle-bearing families of Dip-

tera (Diptera chetophora) they may be called), whilst my

attention had hitherto been confined tothe Tipulide, Taba-

nide, Syrphide, &¢., which are all bristleless (I propose to

call them Diptera eremocheta). I soon perceived that I

could not proceed much further with the study of the

Diptera chetophora without an attempt at a comparative

chetotaxy ; and this gave occasion to the present essay.

In the choice of terms my principal aim was to prefer

such that are more or less obvious, that is, to derive the

names bestowed upon the macrochetz from the places

of their insertion. The bristles on the vertex, for in-

stance, I call vertical bristles; those on the sides of the

front, fronto-orbital, &c. Such terms offer the double

** The present paper appeared originally in the Mitth. d. Miinch-

ener Entom. Vereins, vol. v., pp. 121—188, 1881. In distri-

buting my extra copies to correspondents I added a postscript,

consisting of two pages printed on a separate sheet. (The contents

of this postscript are reproduced in an article of mine in the Wien.

Ent. Zeit., 1882, p. 91). In the present edition the substance of

the postscript is incorporated in the body of the paper; a woodcut

is added (borrowed from Prof. Mik’s paper, ‘Zu Osten-Sacken’s

Chetotaxie,’ &c., in the Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1882); some useful

remarks by Prof. Mik in the same paper are adverted to, and some

additions are made on the last two pages. Otherwise the edition is

unchanged, except a few emendations of little moment.—O. S.

TRANS. ENT. S0C, LOND. 1884.—PaRT Iv. (DEC.)

498 C. R. Osten-Sacken’s essay on

advantage of being easily remembered, and not easily

disputed; many of them have been anticipated by earlier

writers. In following this plan, however, I met with a

difficulty in the incomplete or uncertain terminology* of

certain parts of the body of the Diptera, especially of the

thorax, and this afforded me an opportunity for de-

veloping it. In doig this I purposely pyreferred a

purely conventional to a homological or anatomical

nomenclature. The latter is much easier to praise than

to carry out, being often subject to uncertainty and

dispute. Thus, what dipterologists hitherto called meta-

notum has been recently proved to belong to the meso-

thorax (see the paper of Mr. Hammond in the Journal

Linn. Soce., vol. xv.), and if the arrangement is sustained

we shall have either to change the term for another or

to continue to use it as a merely conventional term.

The difficulties of descriptive Entomology are great

enough without such uncertainty of terms, and it is

evident that a conventional terminology offers more

chances of fixity ; it may very well exist alongside of a

homological and anatomical terminology. It was princi-

pally the pleura which required some development of the

nomenclature of its different regions, and of the sutures

which divide them. The term “pleura itself, being con-

ventional, and not anatomical, I have formed the new

names of the combinations of this word with other

words indicative of the position of the parts which I

intended to name (mesopleura, metapleura, &c.).

Bristles easily fall off, and the scars which they leave

are not always recognisable; in such cases we may

sometimes be in doubt whether we have a defective

specimen or an individual aberration before us. State-

ments about chetotaxy must therefore be made, as well

as received, with some caution.

It is hardly necessary to add that in this, as in all my

previous publications, I adopt Loew’s terminology (ex-

plained in the Monogr. N. Am. Dipt., vol. i.) as my rule

and the basis to start from, only I prefer the Latin terms

to their equivalents in English. Although somewhat

incomplete and too hastily written, that chapter was

composed by Loew at a late period of his career, and

* T deliberately prefer terminology, which is consecrated by usage

dad by the best writers, to horismology, which is not to be found in

Webster’s Dictionary, except in the incorrect form of orismology.

comparative Chetotaxy. 499

with the full benefit of a long experience. It was a

deliberate attempt (as Loew says in the introduction to

it) to act as an arbiter between the conflicting terminolo-

gies of previous writers, and for this reason it deserves

the highest consideration. In the nomenclature of

bristles I have taken into account the terms introduced

by earlier writers, as far as consistency permitted it.

Sufficient attention has not yet been paid to the fune-

tions of the macrochetzx in Diptera, and to the remark-

able circumstance that, while they occur with great

recularity through a long series of families, they are

wanting in others.

Among the Orthorhapha the Diptera eremocheta (bris-

tleless) form the rule, the chetophora the exception ;

but this exception comprises the large and important

families of Asilide and Dolichopodide. (The bristles on

the legs of the Mycetophilide and Culicide are not

properly macrochetz).

Among the Cyclorhapha the Diptera chetophora are

the rule; the eremocheta form the exception, but a very

important one—the large family of Syrphide.

Macquart thought that the macrochete serve as a

protection to the parts of the body upon which they are

inserted; that they act as buffers in cases of sudden

contact. In the Introduction to his ‘Nouvelles Observa-

tions sur les Tachinaires’ (Ann. Soc. Entom. Fr., 1845,

pp- 289—240) he says :—‘‘ Hin examinant la situation et

la direction de ces soies, qui sont d’ailleurs les mémes

dans la plupart des Muscides, il est impossible d’en

méconnaatre la destination. Hlles protegent toutes les

parties supérieures de la téte contre les chocs, et l’on ne

peut guére douter que ces moyens de préservation n’aient

été accordés a cette famille immense, a l’exclusion de la

généralité des autres Dipteres, pour compenser la faiblesse

des tégumens. Les quatre soies occipitales, en se di-

rigeant en arriére, défendent le cou; les deux stemma-

tiques, tournées en avant, préviennent les dangers aux-

quelles les ocelles sont exposés, surtout pendant le vol ;

les latérales du rang intérieur, dirigées en dedans, forment

une voute pour abriter le crane qui recouvre le cerveau ;

enfin, celles du rang inférieur dans les femelles, tournées

en avant, defendent les cotés du front, élargis dans ce

sexe.” Macquart might have continued in the same

strain about the bristles of the thorax; the supra-alar

bristles protect the root of the wings from above; the

500 C. R. Osten-Sacken’s essay on

mesopleural perform the same office in front; the meta-

pleural fan of bristles (in certain families) acts as a

screen in front of the halteres, &c. Hence the persistency

of the certain bristles in the same places, not only

through the immense divisions of the Calyptrata and

Acalyptrata, but even among more distant families, like

Asilide and Dolichopidide ; hence also the possibility of

a uniform terminology.

Still, this hypothesis of Macquart’s does not explain

how certain families can exist without any macrochete

at all. The intecuments of a Tabanid are apparently

not harder than those of a T'achina, and yet they are

unprotected by bristles. We may perhaps get over this

difficulty by observing the different mode of locomotion

of different groups of Diptera. There is a well-marked

contrast in this respect between the aérial Diptera, which

are most of the time on the wing and use their legs

merely for alighting (Tabanide, Bombylide, Syrphide),

and the pedestrian Diptera, which use their legs for

running or seizing their prey, and fly only at intervals

(most of the Cyclorhapha, except the Syrphide; among

the Orthorhapha, the Asilide and Dolichopodide). The

pedestrian Diptera are those principally provided with

macrochetz, probably because in their mode of life—

running upon leaves, struggling with their prey, or

ovipositing on caterpillars—they are more exposed to

contacts and collisions than the aérial Diptera. The

latter are not only in this respect less exposed, but most

of them possess the power of regulating the momentum

of their flight, which involves the faculty of poising

themselves in the air. Observe the flight of a Syrphus,

the cautious way in which he turns round a solid object

and repeatedly touches it with the tip of his tarsi, with-

out alighting, and compare it to the headlong flight of a

Calliphora. The most bristly of all the Diptera and the

least cautious in their flight are the Calyptrata, those

very flies which C. C. Sprengel, in his ‘Das entdeckte

Geheimniss der Natur, 1798,’ called the “stupid flies”

(die dumme F'liegen), for their clumsiness, their inability

to discover honey in flowers, and the ease with which they

are deceived by odours and appearances. Stratiomyide,

Tabamde, Bombylide, Syrphide, all have the power of

poising, and all are absolutely or nearly eremocheta.

Therevide and Empide, which also have that power, are

provided with only very few macrochete. I assume,

comparative Chetotaxy. 501

therefore, that macrochete are organs of orientation,

connected with the nervous system, being in their useful

action not unlike the whiskers of a cat.

We may go further, and connect this generalisation

with another one which I recommend to the attention of

observers. That faculty of poising seems, for some as

yet unknown reason, to be connected with contiguous

eyes in the male sex. Most of the above-named families

of Diptera eremocheta which possess that faculty (T'aba-

nide, Bombylide, Syrphide, &e.) have holoptic males (as

I will call them for brevity’s sake). The Diptera cheto-

phora hardly ever have holoptic males (even among the

Orthorhapha, as the Asilide and Dolichopodide), the

only exceptions, as far as I remember, occur among

certain Calyptrata (for instance, Hydrotea, Ophyra, Ho-

malomyia), and it is very remarkable that just these

possess, more than their relatives, the faculty of regu-

lating their momentum. Diaphorus (Dolichopodide) is,

by exception, also holoptic. Thus we have on one side an

opposition between macrochete and eyes; on the other

side a coincidence between macrochetz and legs.

The Diptera eremocheta, as I have shown, are for the

most part holoptic in the male sex; at the same time

they are principally aérial insects; they use their wings

for locomotion, their legs for alighting only (Stratio-

myide, Bombylide, Tabanide, most Syrphide,* &c.).

On the contrary, the Diptera chetophora use their legs

as much as, sometimes more than, their wings; they

run, climb, snatch their prey, &c. (most of the Muscide,

Phoride, Dolichopodide, Asilide) ; in consequence, their

legs are much more developed and differentiated than

the legs of the eremocheta, but the males are very

seldom holoptic. What a contrast, for instance, between

the soaring, bristleless, holoptic Bombylius, and the

bristly, pedestrian Phora !

These two groups do not, however, embrace all the

Diptera. The Tipulide, for instance, cannot be called

* Among the Syrphid@, Chilosia, Chrysochlamys, Volucella,

Rhingia, and Brachyopa have some macrochetz on the sides of

the thorax and on the scutellum, but none on the head. Some

Syrphida, like Xylota, are occasionally seen running upon leaves;

Grischner (Wien. Ent. Zeit., 1884, p. 200) makes the same ob-

servation on Calliprobola speciosa; but these are exceptions to

the usual aérial habits of Syrphide. Certain Bombylida, like

Toxophora and Mulio, have conspicuous macrochete, and the

males are nevertheless holoptic.

502 C. R. Osten-Sacken’s essay on

either aérial or pedestrian; at the same time they are

neither holoptic nor cheetophorous.

“Insects organised for an exclusively aérial life,” says

Dr. A Forel (Libellula, Tabanus, Bombylius, &c.), ‘‘ de-

pend on their eyes; they generally have very little

developed antenne, and are absolutely helpless in the

dark ; they hardly dare to walk. .... In other insects

(for instance, ants) the eyes play a subordinate part;

these may be called antennal insects; they can work

by night or underground, as well as by day” (A. Forel,

Beitrag z. Kenntniss der Sinnesempfindungen der

Insecten; Mitth. d. Munchener Entom. Vereins, ii.,

1878). T%pulide and some of the Nemocera in general,

Chirononude, Mycetophilide, and Cecidomyide may pro-

bably be ranked among the antennal insects. Culex,

for instance, attacks us in the dark, following the scent

by means of its antenne. In the male Culex, according

to the observations of A. M. Mayer, the antennz are

organs of hearing, and serve to discover at a distance

the piping of the female (see Amer. Journ. of Sci., vol.

108, pp. 89—103). Thus the secondary sexual character

of Culex, consisting in the different structure of the an-

tenn, would find its natural explanation in a functional

difference.

It is by no means impossible that the macrochete

are useful in more than one way; it will belong to the

observer and the anatomist to determine whether, for

instance, they may not serve for the transmission of

sound (mere perception of the sound-waves of the air,

and not specific hearing), like the long antenne of

certain Orthoptera or moths.

The further discussion of this subject would draw me

beyond my present aim, which is a merely practical one,

the settlement of the terminology of the macrochete,

and, by that means, the utilisation of a set of characters

which, it seems to me, have not yet been sufficiently

appreciated in descriptive Entomology.

I.—TERMINOLOGY OF THE Parts oF THE THORAX.

This terminology refers especially to the Diptera

Cyclorhapha; but the same sutures and regions of the

pleurze can be recognised more or less distinctly in the

Orthorhapha. Some of the sutures sometimes become

less distinct or obsolete—for instance, in the Tipulide.

comparative Chetotaxy. 503

The appended figure is borrowed from Prof. Mik (J. ¢.) ;

p is the prothorax, s the scutellum.

A. SuTurss.

Dorsopleural sutwre.—It runs from the humerus to the

root of the wing, and separates the mesonotum (or

tergum) from the pleura. (No. 1 in the figure).

Sternopleural sutwre. — Horizontal suture below the

dorsopleural and parallel to it; it separates the meso-

pleura from the mesosternum. (No. 2 in the figure).

Mesopleural suture. — Runs from the root of the wing

downwards, and separates the mesopleura from the

pteropleura. (No. 3 in the figure).

B. Portions oF THE PLEURA.

Mesoplewra, square piece in front of the root of the

wing, and between the dorsopleural and sternopleural

sutures. It answers to the anterior lateral plate of the

mesothorax of Lowne (Anat. of the Blowfly, Plate 5,

f. 5), and to the parapteron of Hammond (‘On the

Thorax of the Blowfly,’ Journ. Linn. Soce., xv., pl. i.).

(a of the figure).

Pteropleura, situated under the insertion of the wing,

and behind the mesopleural suture. It is the posterior

lateral plate of the mesothorax of Lowne, and the epi-

sternum of the mesothorax of Hammond (l.c.). (b of

the figure).

Sternopleura; it is that portion of the mesosternum

which, from its position, forms a part of the pleura (c of

the figure). It is convenient to have a separate name

for it, as very important bristles are inserted upon it,

although it is not separated by any suture from the

middle portion of the mesosternum.

Hypopleura, a distinct piece above the two last pairs

of coxe, and behind the sternopleura, from which it is

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1884,—PartT Iv. (DEC.) 2M

504 C. R. Osten-Sacken’s essay on

separated by a suture. It answers to the side of the

metasternum of Lowne, and the epimeron of the meso-

thorax of Hammond. (d of the figure).

Metapleura, immediately above the hypopleura, and

behind the pteropleura ; a more or less convex, tubercu-

lar piece between the root of the wing and the haltere :

in the Asilide it bears a characteristic fan-like row of

bristles; between it and the metanotum the callus

metanoti lateralis of Loew (Mon. N. A. Dipt., i., p. xiv.)

is placed. (e of the figure).

C. Orurr Terms For Parts oF THE THORAX.

Scutellar bridges, the small ligaments which on each

side of the scutellum connect it with the mesonotum,

crossing the intervening suture. (Prof. Mik proposes to

call them in Latin, jugum scutellare).

Presutural depression, a triangular depression usually

existing in the angle formed by the transverse meso-

thoracic suture and the dorso-pleural suture; a slight

swelling at its bottom is the prealar callus.

Prealar and postalar callus; more or less distinct tu-

bercles which often exist, the former in front of the

wing, the latter between its root and the scutellum ;

they often bear characteristic bristles. (In my former

writings I have occasionally used the term prescutellar

callus for post-alar, but the latter is preferable). The

word callus, here as elsewhere, is taken for the German

Schwiele, in the sense of tubercle, swelling, and not

merely of a hardness of the skin (which is the sense of

callus in Webster’s Dictionary). In this, as in other

cases, I have preserved the terminology adopted by Loew

in the Monogr. N. A. Dipt., vol. i. (1862).

Supra-alar cavity, an excavation of the mesothorax

above the root of the wing, along the edge of which the

supra-alar bristles are inserted. It is divided into an

anterior and a posterior portion by a small ligament,

which runs towards the root of the wing (alar frenum).

II.—Tae TERMINOLOGY OF THE BRISTLES.

1.—In studying the chetotaxy of the Diptera it was

natural for me to begin with those families in which the

arrangement of the bristles is the most simple, that is,

with the Diptera Acalyptrata. After having adopted a

terminology for these, the next step was to ascertain

comparative Chetotaxy. 505

how far it was applicable to the other great divisions of

Diptera. I found that the homologies were go striking

that there was no great difficulty in applying the same

nomenclature of bristles to all the large divisions of the

order. The terminology given below refers, therefore,

first of all to the Acalyptrata (especially the Ortalide and

Lrypetide); but at the end of this paper a brief sketch

of its application to the principal other divisions is

given. This sketch ig necessarily approximative, and

not exhaustive ; many other characteristic hairs and

bristles remain in each family to be observed, described,

and perhaps named; this is left to the specialist ; my

aim was, by indicating the homologies, to insure the

uniformity of the nomenclature.

2.—It must be borne in mind that, in enumerating the

lateral bristles of the head or thorax, one side only is

always considered. Thus, two fronto-orbital bristles

means that there are two on each side of the head. On

the contrary, the bristles on the central portions of the

head or thorax are enumerated in pairs. Thus, vertical

bristles, one inner and one outer pair, means that there

are two vertical bristles on each side, one of which

belongs to the inner, the other to the outer pair.

3.—The abdominal bristles do not require any special

terminology; their position is easily defined by naming

the abdominal segment on which they are inserted.

Only the marginal bristles may be distinguished from

the discal, as Rondani has done it (Prodr: in, p. 244).

In describing the bristles on the legs, the rule enunciated

by Prof. Mik (in his ‘ Dipterologische Untersuchungen,’

Vienna, 1878, p. 8, note) should be followed :-—« On the

legs I distinguish a front and hind side, and upper and

under side. When a leg is stretched out horizontally,

and perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the body,

the front side is that which ig turned towards the head :

the hind side that which looks towards the anus; the

meaning of upper and under side follows as a matter of

course. I call preapical bristles those which occur

principally on the front side of the hind femora of many

Dolichopodide, single, elongated, erect bristles.” The

same term of preapical bristle was used by Dr. Schiner

for a characteristic bristle at the end of the tibiz in some

Acalyptrata (especially Sciomyzide). Thus the former

would be the femoral, the latter the tibial preapical

bristle,

506 C. R. Osten-Sacken’s essay on

A. CrpHatic BristLEs.*

Vertical bristles, so called from their position on the

vertex; there are two pairs of them, the inner and the

outer one; both are inserted more or less behind the

upper and inner corner of the eye. They are either

erect or the bristles of the inner pair are converging,

those of the outer diverging. These two pairs of bristles

are the most persistent of all, among the Acalyptrata,

although even they disappear in some genera. (For the

identification of these bristles I recommend the head of

Tetanocera).

Post-vertical pair of bristles, in the middle of the upper

part of the occiput, behind an ideal straight line, con-

necting the vertical bristles of the inner pair. They are

generally small or absent; large and conspicuous in

Tetanocera.

Ocellar pair of bristles, on the ocellar triangle ; they are

always diverging and pointing forward; often wanting.

Fronto-orbital bristles, placed on each side of the front,

near the orbit, immediately below the vertical bristles,

on the little stripes which generally run down from the

vertex on each side of the front of the Ortalide. There

is only one pair of them (on each side), or two, one below

the other; often none. In the Ortalide they are gene-

rally placed high on the front; in other families (T'eta-

nocera, Sapromyza, &¢.) they reach lower.

** The terminology of the parts of the head is confused and con-

tradictory in different writers, and for this reason an explanation is

necessary. Frontal orbit I call the whole interval between the

frontal stripe and the eye. The term is not always appropriate,

especially for the T’achinid@, where that interval occupies the

ereater part of the front; but I prefer to retain it rather than to

change the terminology adopted by Loew in the Monogr. N. Am.

Dipt., vol. i. These parts are the Wangenscheitelplatten of Prof.

Brauer (Die Zweifliigler des Kais. Mus. in Wien), and the optica

frontis of Rob. Desvoidy. When there is no distinct frontal stripe,

as in some Acalyptrata (for instance, the Hphydride@), the dividing

line of the orbits is merely an ideal one. There is no separate term

in Loew for the portion of the face, very distinct in many Cy-

clorhapha, between the lower part of the frontal fissure and the

antennal fover ; a stripe which generally contains, in the Calyp-

trata, a vertical ridge bearing a row of bristles. We have no other

choice but to use Robineau Desvoidy’s term facialiwm (plural,

facialia), also adopted by Walker. This piece is very distinct in

the Ephydride, and, although level here, it is bounded by sutures

and often bears a row of hairs. Stenhammar calls it epistomatis

partes laterales, which is too cumbrous for use,

comparative Chetotaxy. 507

Lower fronto-orbital bristles occupy the lower part of

the front, above the antenna, along the orbit. They are

differentiated from the ordinary fronto-orbital bristles in

not being quite in a line with them—that is, in being

inserted either a little nearer to the orbit (T'rypetide) or

a little farther (Scatophagide) ; they also differ from the

upper fronto-orbital bristles in being smaller or inserted

closer together. They are not of frequent occurrence.

Vibrissa (Meigen, vol. i., xxix.), a stout bristle on the

lower end of the facialia, immediately above the peristo-

mium and below the antennal fovez on each side, often

accompanied by some smaller bristles. Vibrisse are

characteristic of some families; they are wanting in the

Trypetide and Ortalide.

Facial bristles,* inserted in a series on each side of

the middle portion of the face, above the vibrisse, along

the facialia; they are especially conspicuous in the

Tachuude. They are rare among the Acalyptrata; the

Ephydride, for instance, have some weak ones on each

side of the face.

In some genera other characteristic bristles occur,

less persistent than those enumerated above, that is,

appearing sometimes in one species and disappearing in

another in the same genus. Such is an occipito-orbital

bristle in some Ortalide, inserted on the posterior orbit

of the eye; one or several genal bristles on the cheek,

near the lower corner of the eye, &c. A row of bristles

along the posterior orbit of the eye in the Dolichopodide

have been aptly called by Loew cilia of the posterior

orbit; similar bristles exist in the Diptera Calyptrata, in

the Asilide, &c. They are often plumose.

B. Tuoractc Dorsat Bristizs.

I divide the thoracic dorsum into regions, as they are

indicated by the existing structural features: the dorsal

stripes indicative of the position of the longitudinal

thoracic muscles, and the thoracic transverse suture (or

rather furrow) separating the anterior from the posterior

bundles of the vertical muscles. Thus we obtain the

* Rondani (Prodr., iii., p. 244) calls the facial bristles sete

orales, a term which is misleading, because oralis means belonging

to the mouth, as well as belonging to the face. (We have the oral

organs and oral margin, both referring to the mouth). Rondani’s

other terms, sete verticales, ocellares, and frontales, are the same

as mine.

508 C. R. Osten-Sacken’s essay on

dorso-central region in the middle (III.), and the dorso-

humeral (I.) and dorso-alar (II.) regions on each side.

This division will be found very convenient for localising

any bristle we may have to describe. These Roman

numerals will be sometimes used by me to represent the

corresponding regions. Thus supra-alar bristles (I1.)

will mean supra-alar bristles (dorso-alar region).

I. Dorso-humeral region.—lt is bounded by the anterior

end of the thorax and the thoracic transverse suture on

two sides, and by the dorso-plural suture and dorso-

central region on the two others (No. I. of the figure).

I distinguish here :—

I. The humeral bristle (Loew, Europ. Helomyziden),

inserted on the humeral callus; in the Acalyptrata either

one or none at all; in the Calyptrata often several.

2. The post-humeral bristles, as far as I know, with

rare exceptions, two inserted immediately above the

dorso-pleural suture, between the humeral callus and

the root of the wing; both are inserted at the bottom of

the presutural depression, a triangular depression which

usually exists here in the Cyclorhapha.

3. A presutural bristle, immediately in front of: the

thoracic suture, above the presutural depression. It is

not found in the Ortalide, but occurs in most Trypetide,

Sciomyzide, and Sapromyzide. It may be homologous

with a bristle in the same place in the Diptera Calyptrata,

but which is less conspicuous among the other bristles

which they have in the same region, and which I call

intra-humeral. The Asilide possess very characteristic

and persistent presutural bristles (two or more).

The Acalyptrata, as far as | am aware, have no other

bristles in the dorso-humeral region. The Diptera

Calyptrata have several bristles besides, which may be

called the intra-humeral bristles. There are often two,

sometimes three or more of them, and they are inserted

between the outer dorso-central row on one side, and the

humeral callus and the presutural depression on the

other (compare below the notice on the Diptera Calyp-

trata).

II. Dorso-alar region.—Between the transverse suture

and the scutellum on one side, and the root of the wings

and the dorso-central region on the other (No. II. of the

figure). In the Acalyptrata this region only contains

the group of—

comparatwe Chetotaxy. 509

Supra-alar bristles, usually three; one is inserted on

the post-alar callus (which is often indistinct in the

Ortalide), very near the scutellar bridge and almost in

a line with the prescutellar bristles; the second is in

front of the first, just at the top of a small ridge or liga-

ment (alar frenum), which descends to the root of the

wing and crosses the supra-alar cavity; the third is in

front of the second, on the edge of the anterior portion

of that cavity. These bristles are not placed ina straight

row; their bases form a triangle. A fourth supra-alar

bristle sometimes exists in the Ortalide, behind the

mesothoracic transverse suture and above the posterior

post-humeral bristle. As far as I can ascertain, this

last bristle is distinctive of the section Ortalina; I do

not find it in the other sections of the Ortalide. The

Diptera Calyptrata often have a series of more than

three supra-alar bristles along the edge of the anterior

supra-alar cavity. Hven among the Asilide, the supra-

alar bristles form a distinct group.

The Diptera Calyptrata show other bristles in the same

region ; they often form a longitudinal row of two or

three, placed between the supra-alar group and the

outer dorso-central row. They may be called intra-alar

bristles.

III. Dorso-central region.—Bounded by two imaginary

lines drawn from the scutellar bridges forward, and

coinciding with a space free of bristles that exists on the

outer side of the dorsal rows, and that is often occupied

by a dorsal thoracic stripe (No. III. of the figure). This

region contains the dorso-central bristles, arranged in two

or four longitudinal rows. They are often wanting in

the Ortalide. In the Dolichopodide the intermediate

pair of rows is represented by two, sometimes only one

(Liancalus) row of peculiar, minute bristles, which Prof.

Mik (Dipterol. Unters., Wien, 1878, and also Verh. z.-b.

Ges. Wien, 1880, p. 600) calls the acrostichal bristles. In

the absence of dorsal rows of bristles (for instance, in

the Ortalide, Tetanocera, &c.) there is often a transverse

row of four (or two) bristles in front of the scutellum ;

they represent the terminal bristles of the (here non-

existing) dorsal rows. I call them prescutellar bristles.

Sometimes (in Trypeta) there is only a single pair of

prescutellar bristles, while a second pair, more in front

and farther apart, represent the (absent) outer dorsal

row. The prescutellar bristles are always inserted

510 C. R. Osten-Sacken’s essay on

between the scutellar bridges. A bristle usually existing

immediately outside of the scutellar bridge, almost in a

line with the prescutellar bristles, belongs to the dorso-

alar region, and has been already mentioned above as

the hindmost bristle of the supra-alar group. In the

Asilide there are often two longitudinal short rows of

small bristles in front of the scutellum ; they may be

called prescutellar rows.

C. THoractc Pueurat Bristues.

Prothoracice bristle (Loew, Monogr. N. Am. Dipt., iii.,

p. 83).—A strong bristle immediately above the front

coxe, which exists in Loew’s division Ortalina. The

bristle called Borste «ber der Vorderhiifte in Loew’s paper

on Helomyzide, p. 16, is homologous to this. It also

exists in Cordylura, but not in Scatophaga; in the

Calyptrata several bristles are generally found here.

Mesopleural bristles.—Inserted on the mesopleura, in

the angle formed by the horizontal dorsopleural suture

and the vertical mesopleural suture. There are often

(for instance, in the section Ortalina) several bristles

here, arranged in a row along the vertical mesopleural

suture; there are two such bristles in Scatophaga, none

in Dryomyza nor in Helomyza. In the Diptera Calyptrata

these bristles form a conspicuous row.

Sternopleural bristles. — One or several on the sterno-

pleura, below the longitudinal sternopleural suture. In

Loew’s divisions Ortalina and Cephalina there is one

such bristle above the middle coxe. Loew calls it the

mesothoracic bristle, which name I cannot adopt, how-

ever, as it is too indefinite. There is one such bristle in

Scatophaga, one or two in Helomyza and Blepharoptera,

two in Sapromyza, and three in Dryomyza; none in

Loew’s Platystomina. In some Anthomyie I perceive

three (one anterior, two posterior); in some Deaxie and

Tachine also three (two anterior, one posterior); in

Sarcophaga three (one anterior, one posterior, and one

between them).

Pteropleural bristles.—Inserted on the pteropleura ;

are of rare occurrence, and generally difficult to perceive ;

Trypeta, for instance, has a weak bristle inserted on

the pteropleura, under the root of the wing.

Metapleural bristles. — On the metapleura; they are

especially conspicuous in the Asilide, where they form a

fan-like row.

comparative Chetotaxy. 511

Hypopleural bristles.—On the hypopleura ; as far as I

have observed, occur only in some of the Diptera

Calyptrata, which have a row or a tuft of them.

TII.—Appriication of tHE TERMINOLOGY OF THE BRISTLES

TO THE PRINCIPAL LARGE Divisions oF DIPTERA.*

Diptera Acalyptrata.—To illustrate the chetotaxy of

this division I select the genus T’rypeta, as being pro-

vided with the most complete set of bristles among the

Acalyptrata. The chetotaxy of the Trypetid Platyparea

peciloptera may be expressed thus :—

Head: Vertical bristles, outer pair but little shorter

than the inner ; post-vertical pair small ; ocellar pair of

moderate size; fronto-orbital (2); lower fronto-orbital (8).

Thoracic dorsum: I. Humeral (1), post-humeral (2),

presutural (1). II. Supra-alar (3). ILI. A prescutellar

pair ; a second pair more in front, but farther apart.

Pleura: Mesopleural (2), sternopleural (1), ptero-

pleural (1, very small).

Scutellum (4).

This is the usual type of chetotaxy in the genus Try-

peta in the wider sense ; in describing, therefore, that of

any given species it will suffice to say chetotaxy normal,

and to indicate the differences. Instead of two fronto-

orbital bristles, there is sometimes only one ; instead of

three lower fronto-orbital bristles, there are often only

two: in some cases there are three dorso-central pairs

of bristles, the third being in front of the suture (Loew,

Die Europ. Bohrfliegen, p. 5); the scutellum has some-

times only two bristles, sometimes as many as six.

If we compare the above formula with the chetotaxy

of the Asiatic Trypetid Ptilona, v. d. W., we perceive at

once important differences, which lead us to the con-

clusion that the genus, although a Trypetid, cannot be

* An Arabic numeral, placed in brackets after the name of a

bristle or bristles, indicates the number of them; the Roman

numerals, whether placed before or in brackets behind, indicate

the region of the thoracic dorsum where the bristle is inserted :—

I., Dorso-humeral region; II., dorso-alar; III., dorso-central.

Thus, one intra-alar bristle (II.) means one intra-alar bristle (dorso-

alar region). This addition may seem superfluous, because the

term intra-alar bristle already implies that the bristle belongs to

the dorso-alar region ; still, 1 have occasionally used it because I

thought that, owing to the novelty of the subject, it would be easier

thus to recall the position of the different bristles.

512 C. R. Osten-Sacken’s essay on

referred to Trypeta in the wider sense of Meigen and

Loew. Ptilona (at least a species from the Philippine

Islands, which I have before me, and which seems closely

allied to P. brevicornis, vy. d. W.) has no ocellar bristles;

only one fronto-orbital, inserted very low down, a little

above a single fronto-orbital of the lower row. On the

thorax: I., no-presutural; III., only one pair of pre-

scutellar bristles. The rest is normal. I hold the

absence of the presutural bristle (I.) as the more im-

portant and decisive character.

Some African species of Dacus, according to Loew,

have no dorso-central bristles at all. (the Asiatic Dacus,

which I can compare, have one prescutellar pair).

Loew (J. c.) describes the lateral bristles of the thoracic

dorsum as forming two rows on each side; I believe that

we gain a much clearer view of them when we consider

separately those of the dorso-humeral and of the dorso-

alar region. As soon as J adopted this mode of grouping

I became aware of the importance of the presutural

bristle (I.), as characteristic of a true T'rypeta, and of a

bristle behind the suture (II.), which occurs in the

section Ortalina, but is wanting in the other sections of

the Ortalide.

In contrast to the complete chetotaxy of Trypeta, I will

give an instance of an incomplete one, in Psila fimetaria.

Head: Vertical bristles, two pairs of medium size;

ocellar pair very small; no post-vertical; no fronto-

orbital.

Thoracic dorsum: I. One presutural. Il. Only two

supra-alar, the posterior one is wanting. III. A pre-

scutellar pair. (All the other dorsal bristles are wanting).

Pleura: No bristles. Scutellum: Two.

Diptera Calyptrata. — Cephalic bristles. — The vertical

(improperly called soies occipitales by Macquart, Ann. Soc.

Ent. Fr., 1845, p. 289), post-vertical, and ocellar (soies

stemmatiques of Macquart) are easy to distinguish among

the other hairs and bristles; the fronto-orbital bristles

(soves laterales of Macquart) afford important characters

in this family, and are sometimes very numerous,

forming one or several rows. Among the Tachinide

they afford secondary sexual characters. The facial

bristles are also of importance here.

Pleural bristles. —They are represented by one or

several prothoracic bristles above the front coxee; by a

number of mesopleural, and two, three, or four sterno-

comparative Chetotaxy. 513

pleural, the position of which may afford valuable generic

characters. Most of the Calyptrata, except the Antho-

myide, have a tuft or row of bristles on the hypopleura,

a region which is destitute of them in the other families

of Diptera.

The dorso-central region contains the usual four rows

of bristles, more or less complete*; the dorso-humeral

region one or several bristles on the humeral callus, two

posthumeral, on the presutural triangular depression,

and a few other bristles, inserted in the interval between

the humeral callus, the presutural depression, and the

outer row of the dorso-central region; these bristles I

have called the intra-humeral bristles. In the Anthomyina

there are usually only two such bristles; one of them

seems to be the homologue of the presutural bristle of

the Acalyptrata, and is inserted immediately above the

presutural depression; the other is in front of the

former, near the humeral callus. In Calliphora erythro-

cephala, Lucilia Cesar, &c., | perceive four such bristles

that are more conspicuous than the others; three along

the presutural depression, the fourth near the humeral

callus.

The dorso-alar region contains (usually) two posterior

supra-alar bristles, inserted on the post-alar callus; the

second of them, as usual among the Acalyptrata also, is

placed immediately above the alar frenum; and a row of

anterior supra-alar bristles, three or more, along the

edge of the anterior supra-alar cavity. The other

bristles of this region may be called the intra-alar

bristles, and form a longitudinal series of two or three,

between the supra-alar bristles and the outer row of the

* The outer row is called by Kowarz, “die inneren Dorsal-

borsten” (Die Dipterengatt. Lasiops. in den Mitth. d. Miinchener

Vereins, 1880, p. 125, note), because he applies to the Muscide

the terminology adopted by Mik for the Dolichopodide. But I

believe that, in a terminology generally applicable, it will be found

much more convenient, even unavoidable, to distinguish the inner

and outer pairs of rows of dorso-central bristles. When the inner

rows are very much differentiated, as is the case in the Dolichopo-

dide, they may be called by the name preposed by Prof. Mik for

them—acrostichal bristles. But it must be borne in mind that

these bristles represent the inner rows of the dorso-central bristles

ina great many Diptera; and that it is for this reason inconvenient

to call ‘“‘innere dorsal Borsten”’ that pair of rows which in reality

is the outer. This is one of those cases where it seems to me a

change in the nomenclature adopted by former authors becomes

unavoidable.

514 C. R. Osten-Sacken’s essay on

dorso-central. They sometimes form a spurious, irre-

cular row or series with the intra-humeral bristles of

the dorso-humeral region.

The passage from hairs to bristles is so gradual among

the Calyptrata that the number of bristles of a given

kind is sometimes difficult to state, and sometimes

variable in the same species, adventitious hairs assuming

the proportion of bristles. The more hairy a species is,

the more it seems lable to such variations.

In the stride, as an exception, the differentiation

between the macrochetz and ordinary hairs is feebly

developed in some genera, and not at all in others.

Syrplide are aérial, and generally destitute of macro-

chet ; the exceptions have been noticed on p. 501.

Myopide.—Macrochetze almost undeveloped, hardly

distinguishable from hairs or minor dristles; undistin-

euishable in Conops; in Stylogaster a pair of conspicuous

vertical bristles, and distinct fronto-orbital ones.

Dolichopodide. — Only one (outer) pair of vertical

bristles; a post-vertical is so placed that it may be

interpreted as the inner vertical pair. Ocellar pair very

high on the vertex, between the vertical bristles, and

very conspicuous. Cilia of the posterior orbit (Loew) ;

humeral (1), post-humeral (2), some intra-humeral (I.),

distinct supra-alar and intra-alar bristles (I].). In the

dorso-central region two dorso-central outer rows; two

(sometimes only one—Liancalus) rows of small bristles

representing the inner dorso-central rows, and which

Prof. Mik has called the acrostichal bristles (Dipterol.

Untersuch., Wien, 1878). On the pleura, in Dolichopus,

a characteristic prothoracic bristle. (Prof. Mik observes

‘* Medeterus has from two to six bristles here, one above

the other’’).

Asilide. — The cephalic bristles are indistinct among

numerous hairs. A pair of ocellar bristles, and another

pair (immediately behind) are sometimes discernible.

A series of occipito-orbital (often plumose) bristles are

homologous to the cilia of the posterior orbit (Loew)

of the Dolichopodide. On the thorax, one (Leptogaster)

or more presutural bristles (I.) are characteristic ;

several supra-alar bristles on the post-alar callus (II.) ;

and a number of intra-alar bristles (Asilus) ; in Lepto-

gaster, a very characteristic single intra-alar bristle (II.).

Often two longitudinal prescutellar rows of a few short

bristles. On the pleure, sometimes a few mesopleural

comparatwe Chetotaxy. 515

bristles (Laphria), often hardly distinguishable from

hairs, and a characteristic fan-like row of metapleural

bristles. (Mik says that Loew called it Haarschirm in

the Empide).

There is a mine of systematic characters yet to be

explored in the study of the chetotaxy of the Asilide.

As an instance I[ will cite Dasypogon diadema and D.

teutonus, placed by Loew in the same ultimate sub-

division of Dasypogon (sensu stricto). A glance at the

chetotaxy of these species shows that D. teutonus has

no bristles on the scutellum, while in D. diadema the

scutellum is beset with 4—6 strong macrochete. A

further examination reveals other abundant differences

in the arrangement of the bristles on the thorax and

the legs ; it discloses at the same time other characters

peculiar to each of the species,—in the shape of the

abdomen, in the structure of the forceps of the male,

&c.,—all of which tend to prove that these species

belong to two very distinct genera. And yet when we

read the descriptions (not excepting even those of Loew)

we find almost nothing but colours mentioned. When

Rondani (Prodr., i., p. 157, and Corrigenda, iv., p. 7)

introduced a new genus for D. diadema (Cheilopogon,

afterwards called Seilopogon), he did so merely because

this species has the 4th posterior cell closed; in con-

sequence of which other writers have placed in that genus

all the Dasypogonine with a hook on the anterior tibia,

which have the 4th posterior cell closed, without

any regard to other characters or to other genera which

may have been previously established for such species.

Midaide.—They are entirely destitute of macrochete,

and I have shown (Berl. Ent. Z., 1883, p. 292) that, for

this as well as for other reasons, the relationship between

them and the Asilide is not as close as is generally

supposed.

Empide.—The characteristic bristles are often, as in

the Asilide, indistinct among other hairs; but whenever

these are less dense, some of the bristles become easily

recognizable; one larger humeral, and several smaller

ones; post-humeral bristles; a fan-like metapleural

row, similar to that of the Asilide, &c.

Bombylide. — lt is only in a very few genera of this

extensive family that the macrochete are differentiated

in a more or less striking manner from ordinary hairs.

Thus in Toxophora there is a number of conspicuous

516 C. R. Osten-Sacken’s essay on

macrochetse on the thorax; but as their bases are

hidden by other, shorter hairs, their homologies can

only be guessed at; on the head there is an ocellar pair,

but no other macrochete. In accordance with this,

Toxophora is among the least aérial among Bombylide ;

it has short wings, and remains most of the time on

flowers. Mulio obscurus has many macrochete about

the thorax, the nomenclature of which is as uncertain

as that of the macrochetze of Toxophora; the abdomen

of Mulio also shows conspicuous rows of large bristles.

The North American Systropus, although so little hairy

_ that the macrochetze would be easily perceptible, has

none whatever. The same may be said of Phthiria.

In the genera of Anthracina and Bombylina, which form

the bulk of the family, the dense hairiness or fur pre-

vents us seeing any macrochete ; still, traces of them

may be occasionally seen; for instance, among the

yellowish fur of some Bombylii a pair of black hairs are

often visible above the root of the wing, which may

represent supra-alar bristles; in Anthrax flava and con-

geners a tuft of macrochete exists on the post-alar

callus.

Therevide.—With the species of Thereva, which are

covered with a dense fur, we experience the same diffi-

culty as with the Bombylide; but that difficulty vanishes

with the glabrous or subglabrous species, and here we at

once observe much more marked homologies with the

normal cheetotaxy of the other families. There are none

of the normal cephalic pairs of bristles ; even the ocellar

pair, elsewhere so persistent, is wanting. No humeral

bristles ; a row of three or four bristles, which must be

considered as post-humeral, as they are inserted on the

triangular presutural depression (which is distinctly

visible here, although it cannot exactly be called a

depression). Two anterior supra-alar bristles (on the

edge of the anterior supra-alar cavity), and one posterior

(on the post-alar callus). Two pairs (sometimes only

one) of prescutellar bristles, one exactly in front of the

other. Four scutellar bristles.

Strationyide, Tabanide, Leptide, Acanthomeride, and

Xylophagide (if such a family exists, of which I am by

no means certain) are entirely destitute of macrochete,

and form a natural group, the Diptera eremocheta par

excellence. I have never met with a single instance of

the presence of any macrocheete in those families, This

comparative Chetotaxy. > BF

character is important, and of easy application in some

doubtful cases. Thus several forms described as Xylo-

phagi may at once be recognised as not belonging there

by the presence of macrochete (for instance, X. brun-

neus, Wied., which is a Therevid). On the contrary,

Lampromyia, which has no macrochete whatever, is a

Leptid, and not an Empid, as has been sometimes

contended.

Nemocera. — All the families forming this artificial

group are destitute of macrochete. The stouter hairs

on the thorax and scutellum of Culex, and the bristles

on the legs of the Mycetophilide can hardly be considered

as such.

The Culicide, Chironomde, and Tipulide are dis-

tinguished by the development and the sexual differenti-

ation of the antennez, which are in this case very

probably the principal organs of orientation (as I have

shown above, on p. 500). The same conclusion may

perhaps be arrived at with regard to the Cecidomyide

and Mycetophilide.

It is worthy of notice that Simulide and Bibionide,

remarkable for the great sexual differentiation in the

structure of head and eyes (holoptic males; differenti-

ation between upper and lower facets), execute aérial

dances, implying a power of regulating their flight.

The Blepharoceridé may be placed in the same group.

I have observed Rhyphus (holoptic male) performing a

similar dance, which consists in a slow flight up and

down with outstretched legs. In all these cases we see

a confirmation of the connection I have adverted to

above between holoptic eyes, the power of regulating

the flight, and aérial life and dances.

;

a j /

A 411 Tha}

| hic

i . wee hoya

Zs mona 1 “pinay

- At ae eta it

i ii oat ei ihe

‘=

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

For tHe YEAR 1884.

February 6, 1884.

J. W. Dunnine, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., &c., President, in the chair.

The President appointed Sir Sidney S. Saunders, Mr. F. P. Pascoe,

and Mr. R. Meldola as Vice-Presidents for the year.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of Members.

Edward B. Poulton, Esq., M.A.(Wykeham House, Banbury Road,

Oxford), and 8. Prout Newcombe, Esq. (Northcote, East Croydon), were

balloted for and elected Members of the Society.

Exhibitions, déc.

Mr. P. Crowley exhibited eggs, larval galleries, pupze and imagos of

Castnia eudesmia, Gray. The specimens had been lately received from

Valparaiso by Mr. Watkins. The eggs greatly resembled grains of white

wheat in size and colour; the larval galleries (so-called cocoons) appeared

to consist of silk and sawdust, and were exceedingly tough and hard; they

were from one foot to sixteen inches long and about four inches in circum-

ference; in some instances they were very closely adherent to the spiny leaf

of the food-plant (Pourretia coarctata); the empty pupa-case protruded from

the side of these galleries, after the manner of a Cossus pupa, which it

much resembled.*

* The metamorphoses of this species have been described and figured by

Philippi, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxiv. (1863), pp. 337—841, pl. ili.; cf. Westw., Trans.

Linn. Soe. (2), i., 164; pl. xxviii., figs. 1—4.—[W. F. K.]

(aD

Mr. G. C. Champion said the Pouwrretia was very common in Central

America, being largely used as a hedge plant, and locally known as

“ pinuela.” :

Mr. W. F. Kirby exhibited a beautiful coloured photograph of the

abnormal Samia, which was bred by M. Alfred Wailly (cf. Proc. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1883, p. xxvii).

Mr. H. T. Stainton called attention to the life-history of Aglossa pin-

guinalis, Linn., as lately worked out by the late Mr. Buckler (Ent. Mo.

Mag.,, xx., 193), showing that the lard- and butter-eating capabilities of the

larva, with its special adaptation for such a mode of life, were merely a

fable, which had been fully accepted as a fact from the days of De Geer

aud Réaumur to the present time. In answer toa question from Mr. Fitch,

Mr. Stainton said that Mr. Buckler was likewise acquainted with the larva

of Aglossa cuprealis, Hiibn., but how far its history had been written he

did not know.

The Secretary exhibited photographs of the upper- and under-side of

the female Hypocephalus armatus, Desm., ou behalf of Dr. D. Sharp, and

read the following note :—

“The accompanying photographs have been sent to me recently by

M. Antoine de Lacerda, of Bahia, and appear to represent the female sex,

hitherto unknown, of the interesting beetle Hypocephalus armatus. So far

as can, be gathered from these photographs of a mutilated example, it

appears that the female greatly resembles the other sex, but that the

prothorax is proportionally only about half as long, and that the enormous

hind legs of the male are replaced by limbs of a considerably less exag-

gerated, though similar, type. The supposition has been entertained that

the female of this insect might prove to be very different to the male, and

offer further evidence as to the position in classification of this much-

discussed insect. As regards the latter point, I may remark that the

sexual differences are quite such as we might expect to find in an aberrant

Prionid, and that they are therefore some additional evidence that Lacordaire

was correct in his views as to the position of Hypocephalus. M. de Lacerda

informs me that this species occurs in the interior of Bahia, and that

specimens have to be obtained through the aid of ignorant and unobservant

people, and therefore little information can be given as to its habits; but it

is said to be found crossing roads and paths after showers in summer. The

female from which the photographs have been taken was probably picked

up dead.”

The Secretary referred to Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1883, p.cxlvi; Bull.

Soc. Ent. Belgique, 1884, p. li; and to M. Fairmaire’s note, with figures,

in ‘ Le Naturaliste,’ p. 397.

Mr. I’. P. Pascoe exhibited selections from a collection of Curculionidae

from New Guinea, consisting of specimens collected by D'Albertis and

—— —

@ mmt~)

others, comprising upwards of three hundred species, of which probably

one half were undescribed.

The President observed that, with a view to the fertilization of clover,

the agriculturists of New Zealand have for some time been anxious to

import humble-bees into their colony ; previous experiments having failed,

Mr. Nottidge, of Ashford, had been endeavouring to supply the want.

Impregnated humble-bees are often found in a state of torpor, hiding in

holes in banks and hedgerows when the process of hedging and ditching

was carried on in November and December. Mr. Nottidge advertised for

specimens, offering a small sum for every living queen; and the result was

that he was able to dispatch to Christchurch, N. Z., a parcel of twenty

impregnated queens on the 138th December, 1883, and a lot of sixty on the

10th January, 1884. Hach queen was packed in dry. moss, and placed

im a separate box, with a cake of candy in case of the temperature on the

voyage rising to such a height as to revivify them, but with instructions

to keep them at about 40°. The humble-bees were sent in ships fitted

with refrigerators for the carriage of meat, and it was hoped that by

maintaining a temperature not exceeding 40° they would remain in a

semi-torpid state until their arrival in the colony. The success of the

experiment remains to be seen; but it will be tried on a larger scale at

the end of the present year.

The President said that he had just received the first part of the

Transactions of the Huddersfield Naturalists’ Society, which contains

‘“A Catalogue of the Lepidoptera found in the Huddersfield District,” by

Messrs. Mosley and Porritt. The list includes 666 species. In his intro-

ductory remarks on the Macro-Lepidoptera, after mentioning that those

marked as having been taken by Mr. Inchbald were captured from about

1855 to 1870, Mr. Mosley adds :—

“Many of the latter gentleman’s captures were in the district about

Storthes Hall, and Mr. Alfred Beaumont and Mr. J. W. Dunning can

corroborate many of the records. Since that time great changes have

taken place, and the young collector must not now expect to go straight

to certain localities and take certain species, for many are now no more.

It is very strange to reflect upon a great number of species which, during

the period referred to, were common or even abundant in the pastures

between Castle Hill and Farnley Tyas, such as several of the Ringlets,

Skippers, Blues, and at other places Burnets and Foresters absolutely

swarmed, all of which are now entirely gone.”

The President added that he could certainly corroborate most ot

Mr. Inchbald’s records, but the last year in which he (Mr. Dunning)

collected in the Huddersfield district was 1850; and the extinction of

so many common species since that time was certainly remarkable. Thus

Anthocharis cardamines, “used to be common behind Castle Hill about

(Cane

twenty years ago, but now entirely disappeared”; Vanessa urtice, “ was

abundant throughout the district twenty years ago, but now only occasional

stragglers are seen”; Vanessa Io, “common formerly, but now rare”;

Satyrus Afgeria, “formerly on Castle Hill side, now entirely disappeared ”;

S. Megara, the same; S. Janira, “ very common at Almondbury and Castle

Hill up to within the last ten or fifteen years, but now disappeared”’;

S. Hyperanthus, and Chortobius Pamphilus, “formerly at Farnley”; Lycena

Alewis, ‘‘ Mollicar pastures, formerly”; L. Argiolus, “ used to be taken freely

among the holly-bushes about Storthes Hall and Carr Wood, but now

extinct there”; Hesperia Tages, “formerly in Storthes Hall fields”; Procris

statices, “used to occur commonly in a field near Lepton Great Wood, but

not seen for last twenty-five years” (it was common at Storthes Hall about

1848): Zygena lonicere, “along with last, but now gone”; Euchelia

jacobee, “used to be found in fields at the bottom of Kirklees Wood,

and at Lumb; now gone”; Chelonia plantaginis, “ formerly abundant on

Crosland and Norland Moors; a few still exist on Norland Moor”; Liparis -

salicis, ‘‘ formerly in King’s Mill Lane; now entirely gone”; Orgyia pudi-

bunda, “formerly, Storthes Hall”; Bombya rubi, ‘formerly common

on Crosland and Norland Moors; now extinct”; Bb. quercus = callune,

“extremely abundant on Crosland Moor up to about 1873, but not seen

recently”; Saturnia carpini, “used to be common on Crosland Moor”;

Trachea piniperda, “used to be common in fir woods at Storthes Hall”;

Agriopis aprilina, ‘used to occur, not unfrequently, at Storthes Hail; not

seen of late years”; Heliodes arbuti, ‘‘ Castle Hill side; not seen there

recently”; Huclidia mi and glyphica, “formerly”; Phytometra e@nea,

‘formerly on Castle Hill side”; Nyssia hispidaria, “ used to be taken in

wood at top of Storthes Hall Lane, also in Mollicar and Honley Woods,

but not seen of late years”; Asthena candidata, “not seen recently”;

Acidalia incanaria, “not seen of recent years”; Abraxas ulmata, “used to

swarm in Birks Wood, Woodsome, about twenty years ago, but now not found

there; since then single specimens have been taken in the town, and

at Clare Hill”; Hybernia leucophearia, “ Storthes Hall and Woodsome,

formerly’; Hubolia mensuraria, ‘used to be in profusion in old pastures

behind Castle Hill”; Hnnychia octomaculalis, ‘ Mr. J. Varley used to take

this pretty species in plenty in Dungeon Wood and Spring Wood, but it

had been quite lost for many years until 1882, when it was reported as

having been seen in Dungeon Wood.” Could it be that all these thirty

prominent species have really disappeared from the district in so short

a time? if so, what is the cause of this disappearance? and have other

species taken their place ?

Mr. Alfred Beaumont said that the disappearance of many species from

the Huddersfield district during the last twenty or thirty years was an

indubitable fact; and he attributed it principally to the smoke consequent

upon the growth of the town and the increase in the number of mills

outside it. Moreover, the district included in the list was of small extent,

say five or six miles round the town; if a radius of ten or twelve miles

were taken, probably most of the missing species would still be found

within those limits.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir expressed his belief that butterflies were everywhere

in Britain considerably scarcer than was the case thirty years ago, and this

quite irrespective of the influence of bad seasons. He especially instanced

Aporia crategi, which used to occur in numbers in Sussex, but he had only

met with a single specimen since 1840; twenty years ago this butterfly was

exceedingly common in the New Forest, but now it was almost entirely con-

fined to a very few localities in the western part of the forest; he had no

doubt Mr. H. Goss, who was present this evening, could fully confirm this.

Mr. A. E. Hudd said that certainly in the West of England butterflies

generally were much rarer than they used to be; he drove from Bristol

to Llangollen last July in beautiful weather, and did not see a single

butterfly during the journey.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse said these opinions quite expressed his own

views as to the rapid decrease in our British butterflies, and he hoped that

the publication of these opinions would have some weight in deterring

enthusiastic collectors from capturing every possible specimen of any

butterfly they might meet with.

The Secretary read the following report :—

To the Council of the Entomological Society of London.

‘GENTLEMEN, — We the undersigned, re-appointed a Committee to

further examine into and report upon the supposed presence of Phyllowera

vastatrix on vines in the Colony of Victoria, have the honour to present

the following Report :—

“In a former Report, submitted to the Council on June Ist, 1881,

we, and our colleague, Mr. Roland Trimen (who is no longer in England),

stated that the evidence then before us did not appear conclusive as to the

existence of Phyllowera in the Colony, and we urged that the Colonial

authorities should forward to the Society specimens of the creatures

(believed in the colony to be Phylloxere), mounted as microscopic slides ;

and also vine-roots, supposed to be attacked, preserved in alcohol. The

latter has lately been done, and two bottles, containing such roots, have

been received through Sir Joseph D. Hooker, K.C.S.I., C.B., F.R.S., &e.,

accompanied by a copy of a letter dated ‘Melbourne, 24th September,

1883,’ from the Hon. James Service, Premier of Victoria.

*‘We have carefully examined these roots, and regret to be obliged to

report that the Phyllowera is undoubtedly present upon them, and in

some numbers,

( o7ae)

“Tn the Premier's letter it is stated that all the vines supposed to

be infested have been dug up and destroyed, and that the roots sent are

some of those that remained in the ground from vines so destroyed.

Furthermore it is stated that the insects on the roots are in the first stage

of development, and that others, more advanced, will be forwarded at

a later date.

‘“We find that the insects now examined are mostly very small; but

there are a few considerably more advanced, and more than half grown.

“The roots left in the ground after the destruction of the vines no

doubt retain their vitality for a considerable period, and so long as any

vitality exists the insects will no doubt continue to live and breed upon

them. ‘This is a very serious matter, and we strongly advise that all

ground upon which vines believed to be infected have been grown, should

be dug out to a depth sufficient to eradicate all the roots, and that the

soil be carted away and thoroughly burnt; or, if possible, the ground

may be submerged for a considerable time (though we doubt the efficacy

of this); or, failing the practicability of either of these suggestions, that

the ground be copiously saturated with some one of the chemical pre-

parations (such as bisulphide of carbon) used in France in such cases.

In addition to this we should strongly recommend that plots of land upon

which vines believed to have been infected have grown, should not again

be used as vineyards until after the lapse of several years.

“We ask you to cause a copy of this Report to be sent to Sir Joseph

Hooker, and have the honour to remain,

Your obedient Servants,

Ropert McLacuuan, F.R.S.

Epwarp A. Fitcn, F.L.S.

London, 7th January, 1884.”

The Secretary read a communication from Prof. Thistleton Dyer, of

the Royal Gardens, Kew, acknowledging the receipt of the report, with an

expression of Sir Joseph Hooker’s thanks for the same. A copy of the

report had been sent to the Agent General of Victoria.

Papers read.

Mr. J. W. Douglas communicated a paper “ On a new species of the

genus Orthezia” (O. menariensis), received from M. J. Lichtenstein, who

obtained it from Montecristo, where it was found on Erica arborea.

Drawings of the insects were exhibited.

Sir Sidney 8S. Saunders communicated some “Further notes on the

Caprification of domestic Figs, with reference to Dr. Paul Mayer’s comments

thereon.”

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part V, of the ‘Transactions’ for 1883 (Index, &c.) was on the table.

Cyr)

March 5, 1884.

SPECIAL GENERAL MEETING.

J. W. Dunnina, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., &c., President, in the chair.

Pursuant to a requisition presented to the President and Council, and

in accordance with chapter xix. of the Bye-Laws, a Special Meeting was

convened for this day, to consider the desirability of obtaining a charter

incorporating the Society.

Prof. Westwood, Hon. Life-President, proposed :—

“That it is desirable to obtain for the Society a Royal Charter of

Incorporation.”

Mr. Stainton seconded the proposition.

The meeting was addressed by Mr. Verrall, Mr. M‘Lachlan, Mr. Slater,

and the President.

On being put to the vote, the proposition was carried nem. con.

ORDINARY MEETING.

Prof. J. O. Westwoop, M.A., F.L.S., &c., Hon. Life-President, in the

chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of Members.

The Rev. Alfred Fuller, M.A. (Hast Pallant, Chichester), and Hamilton’

C. J. Druce, Esq. (43, Circus Road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.), were balloted

for and elected Members of the Society.

Exhibitions, de.

Mr. E. A. Fitch exhibited a large geodephagous larva (probably belonging

to a Leistus or a Nebria), which had recently been raised by a young man

at Maldou who was suffering from bronchitis.

Mr. J. W. Dunning called attention to a paper entitled ‘ Description

of a Pieris new to science—Pieris Spilleri, mihi,” by A.J. Spiller, published

in ‘ The Entomologist,’ vol. xvii., p.62. The species was taken in Natal in

1881 by Mr. Spiller, and he seems to have taken some pains to ascertain

that it was nondescript :—‘“ I beg therefore to name it after myself.” The

practice of naming a new species after its captor, simply because he first

captured it, was to be discouraged: ‘names taken from persons should not

be lightly applied ; this distinction should be reserved for those whose works

and scientific labours give them a claim to the admiration of posterity.”

The story, at once ludicrous and melancholy, of Qicophora Woodiella, as

narrated by Mr. Sidebotham (Entum., xvii., 52), should be a warning to

nomenclators against the hasty imposition of persoual uames. If the

( vit )

attempt of one entomologist by this means to confer honour (often un-

deserved) upon another may be excused, what can be said for the man who

is not content to wait till the compliment is paid him by another, but

insists upon crowning himself? The President believed the case to be

without precedent, and, as it was certainly a departure from good taste,

he trusted Mr. Spiller would not find an imitator.

Whilst on the subject of paronymic nomenclature, the President desired

to enter a protest against such grotesque barbarisms as Huaelhydrus,

Tyndallhydrus, Darwinhydrus, and Spencerhydrus, which met his eye on

perusing the pages of the ‘Zoological Record’ for 1882. Those mon-

strosities are due to Dr. David Sharp, and are published in the Scientific

Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society. It might be doubtful which

was the most to be pitied, the poor water-beetles, or the eminent men

whose names Dr. Sharp had thus profaned. If done in ignorance it might

have been passed over in silence; but in Dr. Sharp’s case it could only

be that he has sinned from eccentricity prepense. Such hideous and

unmeaning forms only tend to bring scientific nomenclature into contempt.

It was puzzling to imagine how any educated man (vel doctus, vel doctor)

could deliberately write, much less print, such names; and still more, how

any scientific Society could allow them to appear in their Transactions.

Mr. R. M‘Lachlan said that the Dublin Society had no choice in the

matter, as the names in question were published in the ‘ Comptes rendus

de la Soc. Ent. de Belgique’ for 1880. See also Ent. Mo. Mag., xvii., 187,

where it is suggested that ‘‘ the most egregious of the horrors” were brought

forward merely to show Dr. Sharp’s contempt for nomenclators.

Mr. H. J. Elwes protested against the custom adopted by Mr. Moore

and others of using Hindoo mythological names; they were more difficult

to remember than any other names he had met with.

Mr. FE. P. Pascoe remarked that there was the difficulty of spelling as

well as of remembering any barbarous names; we were accustomed to

names with a Greek or Latin derivation, and he thought that no others

should be used.

Mr. R. M‘Lachlan thought that we should not argue too much from

our own insular predilections; what we should often consider a barbarous

name would be quite familiar to a Russian, and vice versd.

Prof. Westwood recommended a study of the principles laid down in

Linné’s ‘ Philosophia Botanica’ and in Fabricius’ ‘ Philosophia Entomo-

logica’ to all nomenclators. He thought a Hindoo god as worthy of having

an insect named after it as any of the Greek or Roman gods or goddesses.

Papers read.

Mr. Ei. Saunders read the concluding part of his ‘Synopsis of the

British Hymenoptera Aculeata—Part II1. dpide.” Also “ Further Notes

ou the terminal segments of Aculeate Hymenoptera.”

April 2, 1884.

J. W Duwnine, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., &c., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of Members.

Edward Pyemont Collet, Esq. (76, Islip Road, Kentish Town, N.W.),

Stanley Edwards, Esq. (Kidbrook Lodge, Blackheath, S.E.), F. Lovell

Keays, Esq., F'.L.S. (Fairmile Court, Cobham, Surrey), Edmund Shuttle-

worth, Esq. (8, Winckley Square, Preston), and John A. Finzi, Ksq.,

formerly a Subscriber, were balloted for and elected Members of the

Society.

Exhibitions, de.

The President read a letter received from Mr. A. J. Spiller.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited specimens of Sigalphus obscurellus, Ns.,

and Diospilus oleraceus, Hal., bred from the cabbage-stem galls of Ceutho-

rhynchus sulcicollis. Mr. Billups believed that the former species emerged

from the galls, whilst the latter species emerged from the earth-cocoons

made by the weevil larvee. Specimens of C. sulcicollis, Gyll., its cocoons,

and gall were also exhibited.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir remarked that he had found it impossible to grow

any of the cabbage-tribe in his garden, owing to the amount of “club”

resulting from the attacks of this weevil; the only remedy he had found to

be at all efficient was the free use of gas-lime.

Mr. Billups also exhibited three specimens of Dimeris mira, Ruthe,

captured at Headley Lane last January; and two specimens of Ceroptres

arator, Hart., bred from the galls of Cynips Kollari. Also a long series of

the very local Philonthus thermarum, Aube, taken from a cucumber-frame

on the West Ham marshes.

Mr. H. Bedford Pim remarked that he had captured twenty specimens

of P. thermarum in a hotbed at Dulwich last year.

The Rev. Alfred Fuller exhibited an interleaved copy of the first volume

of Stainton’s ‘ Manual,’ containing several early figures of larvee made by

the late William Buckler. He also made some remarks on the thorough-

ness of the work done by his late friend, stating that not a figure would be

admitted into his work until he was satisfied of its likeness (many specimens

being repeatedly sketched before a figure was thought satisfactory), and not

until the complete life-history had been worked out.

The President alluded to the pleasure it gave him to hear that the Ray

Society had procured Mr. Buckler’s drawings. Mr. Fuller’s remarks, from

a twenty-five years’ knowledge of his work, were but another testimony to its

( 8)

great value. He trusted the publication of the volumes—whether three or

four—would not be delayed.

Papers read.

Sir Sidney 8. Saunders read a paper, ‘‘On the Pediculus melitte of

Kirby, and its affinities with reference to the larva of Meloé.” ‘This was

illustrated by the exhibition of many microscopic preparations of the speci-

mens referred to in the memoir, and by an exhibition of many thousand

specimens of the yellow larvee of Meloé.

Mr. H. J. Elwes read a paper, “On the Genus Parnassius,” especially

referring to the remarkable form and development of the anal pouch in the

females us a specific character, to the geographical distribution of the

species of the genus; and made some remarks on their life-history.

Edwards’ and Burmeister’s writings on the genus were referred to, -and

Mr. Elwes commented on the remarkable fact that almost every systematic

writer except Boisduval had entirely overlooked the presence of the anal

pouch. Mr. Elwes illustrated his remarks by numerous diagrams, and by

the exhibition of specimens of every known species and form occurring in

the genus. A discussion followed, in which Messrs. Dunning, Fitch, Weir,

Kirby, Pascoe, and Slater took part.

Mr. E. Meyrick read a further paper on the classification of the

Australian Pyralidina, treating of the families Musotimide, Botydide, and

Scopariide. He remarked that only forty per cent. of the Botydide were

endemic, whereas the general average in all other groups, except the

butterflies, was about ninety per cent.

Lord Walsingham communicated a paper on “North American Tor-

tricide.”

May 7, 1884.

J. W. Dunnine, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., &e., President, in the chair.

The President feelingly alluded to the loss the Society had sustained

since their last meeting through the death of their Vice-President, Sir

Sidney Saunders, who was then present and read a paper to the Society.

He made some remarks on Sir Sidney’s life and works, and said it was the

second time it had fallen to his lot to announce the death of a Vice-President

in harness; now it was “ one of the oldest and worthiest of our colleagues,

and one who with a genuine love of Science combined the courtesy and

kindness of a gentleman.”

Donations to the Library were aunounced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of Members.

W. H. Patton, Esq. (Waterbury, Connecticut, U.S.A.), and Wilham

White, Esq. (Morden House, 55, Highbury Hill, N.) were balloted for and

elected Members of the Society.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. W. F. Kirby exhibited a remarkably small and dark variety of

Samia Cecropia, Linn., bred by M. Alfred Wailly.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited an Aphis from apple, and a large

Aphidius bred therefrom, the cocoon of the parasite being formed underneath

the body of the Aphis. Also, on behalf of the Rev. F. A. Walker, three

dragonflies, captured in the island of Rhoda, opposite Cairo. Mr. M‘Lachlan

identified these as a male Crocothemis erythrea, Brullé, and a pair of

Trithemis rubrinervis, Selys.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited upwards of sixty specimens of Hemiptera,

captured at Headley Lane on January 14th last. The collection included

the following species:—Metacanthus punctipes, Germ., Tropistethus holo-

sericeus, Hahn, Peritrochus puncticeps, Thoms., Drymus sylvaticus, Fabr.,

Stygnocoris sabulosus, Schill., Cymus claviculus, Fall., C. glandicolor, Hahn,

Monanthia costata, Fabr., M. cardui, Linn., Acalypta parvula, Fall,

Piezostethus cursitans, Fall., and Anthocoris sarothamni, D. & S.

The Secretary, on behalf of Mr. Samuel Stevens, exhibited specimens

of Andrena fulva, Schr., and read a note referring to their destructive

habits to a garden-lawn at Upper Norwood, “by burrowing in the grass

and throwing up small mounds of mould ali over the lawn.” Mr. M‘Lach-

lan and Mr. Waterhouse said they had been consulted as to means of

remedying similar evils caused by this bee, and Mr. Waterhouse further

remarked that it was particularly abundant this spring in his own garden

at Wandsworth.

Mr. A. 8. Olliff exhibited a new species of Helota, an Eastern Asian

genus, collected in Angola by Dr. Welwitsch; he proposed to describe it

under the name Helota africana. Mr. Olliff said that Lord Walsingham

had pointed out to him a similar and equally unexpected case of geographical

distribution in the genus Deuterocopus of Zeller, belonging to the Ptero-

phorida, which up to this time had only been known from Java, and of which

he has lately received an undescribed species from Bathurst, West Africa.

Mr. E. A. Fitch exhibited specimens of Isusoma orchidearum, Westw.,

bred from insect-affected shoots of Cattleya Triane, sent to him by Mr.

R. P. Percival, of Southport. The affected shoots were exhibited, also

specimens of swollen rootlets which bore evidence of insect attack, but from

which at present nothing had been bred. Mr. Fitch remarked that he still

believed the Jsosoma to be parasitic on some other insect, which was the

( =a 3

destructive species—probably some dipteron, because the seven specimens

of the Isosoma bred had emerged from one small hole in a shoot (exhibited).

Mr. Percival also noticed a difference in the larve, remarking “that those

in the roots are of a yellow colour, and those in the growth whitish-looking ;

they also vary in size.” Mr. Fitch had not examined the larve, being

anxious to determine the resulting imagos; he attributed his failure in

breeding the Jsosoma host to the fact that he had great difficulty in keeping

the shoots fresh, as Mr. Percival, being an orchid-grower, had of course cut

off the affected parts directly they were noticed.

Mr. M‘Lachlan expressed his belief in the parasitic habits of the

Kurytomide. He also called attention to the volume recently issued by the

Ray Society, now on the table, ‘ British Oribatide, by Albert D. Michael,”

noticing its chief points of excellence, and remarking that such a work did

honour both to the Society and to the author. Mr. Pascoe (who said Mr.

Michael always drew his figures from two specimens, one living, and one

dead and mounted), Mr. Waterhouse (who said Mr. Michael had presented

a beautiful series of his types to the Trustees of the British Museum), and

Mr. Dunning (who could not believe that the volume only represented five

years’ work), all bore testimony to the great value of the work, and to the

remarkable figures of the internal anatomy of such minute mites.

Mr. A. G. Butler communicated the following note :—

Note on the North American Genus Hemileuca. By A. R. Grote.

“The genus Hemileuca, established by Walker in the British Museum

Lists, has for its type the Bombycid moth Maia of Drury, a black and

white Spinner with curious dark red tuftings of hair at the end of the

body, most noticeable in the male. The moth is distributed over the

eastern portion of North America, and is in certain localities, such as

New Jersey, and again in Illinois and Missouri, tolerably abundant ;

being easily roused to flight in the daytime. The normal colour of the

wings or the ground colour may be considered to be black, with a white

median band more or less irregular, and enclosing the discal marks drawn

across both pairs. The specimens vary in the density of wing-vestiture,

some being very crape-like in appearance and thinly scaled. A number

of subspecies have been erected, some of which, like Nevadensis, may still

intergrade with the typical form; others, like Yava-pai and Grotet, seem

more stable in their characters. But the probability is that they are all

more or less nearly related to the typical form, the insect being in reality

plastic and readily accommodating itself to variation. An examination of

a number of the subspecies has shown me that the antenne retain the

colour of those of Maia, and thus give a hint of the parentage of these

apparently differing forms. And this is true of the curious form called

Euleucophaus tricolor by Dr. Packard, who makes it the type of a different

(sr

nus. But this moth, in all and every structural particular, agrees with

Maia. In the similarly-coloured antenne we have the permanent character

of Hemileuca still persistent. But the wings have become dusty grey or

whitish, an undefined colour borrowed perhaps from the arid plains of

Utah, where the moth lives. Dr. Packard suggests this reason for its

peculiar colour, but, having compared the mouth-parts, feet and head, and

neuration, I can find no reason for separating the moth under a new genus.

It must be called Hemileuca tricolor. The red tuftings are persistent on

the body also, as well as the antennal peculiarity. In another form from

Arizona there is a wider divergence from the Maia type. The red tuftings

still appear in this species, which is called Argyrauges Neumegeni. But

the antenne are different in colour, and the head is no longer so sunken as

in Maia. The ornamentation is modified, and departs more widely from

the type of Maia than any of the other forms here mentioned. While there

is every probability that in H. tricolor we have to do with a bleached form,

belonging structurally to the type of Maia, we may consider Newmageni to

be distinct enough to form a different genus. In classifying it as a species

of Huleucopheus, its describer was evidently led by its white colour to

associate 1t with tricolor.”

Mr. W. L. Distant said that this once rare moth was now common since

its larva had been discovered; a correspondent of his had bred it commonly,

and he hoped that it would become acclimatized in this country; the eggs

which had been sent to him had hatched before the oak-leaves appeared,

but he hoped to retard their development so as to obviate this difficulty

next year.

Paper read.

Mr. A. G. Butler communicated a paper, ‘“‘ On the Lepidopterous genus

Cocytia,” remarking on the two already known species (C. Durvillii, Boisd.,

and C. chlorosoma, Butl.), and describing a new species (C. Veitchit) some-

what intermediate in character between them.

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part I. of the ‘ Transactions’ for 1884 was on the table.

June 14, 1884.

J. W. Donnine, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., &c., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

( sive)

Election of Members.

Capt. Richard Holt (Heathfield Lodge, Granville Road, Wandsworth,

S.W.) and W. F’. de Vismes Kane, Hsq., M.A., M.R.I.A. (Sloperton Lodge,

Kingstown, Ireland) were balloted for and elected Members of the Society.

Evhibitions, dc.

Mr. G. Coverdale exhibited a box containing many Micro-Lepidoptera

and several Macros set, on pith with gum, without pinning, according to

his new process, described in the ‘ Entomologist’ for June (xvii. 131).

Messrs. Dunning, M‘Lachlan, and Fitch made some remarks thereon.

Mr. R. M‘Lachlan exhibited galls on the roots of various species of

Cattleya, similar to those exhibited at the last meeting which produced

Isosoma orchidearum, Westw., which had been received from the Hon. and

Rey. J. T. Boscawen. He also exhibited the extraordinary heliciform

lepidopterous larva-cases from East Africa—about 200 miles inland from

Zanzibar—which he had described and figured in Ent. Mo. Mag,, vol. xxi.,

p- 1; also, from the same locality, several other cases of Psychid@, one

species bearing a remarkable resemblance to a Dentalium ; and an egg-case,

probably of a Mantis, very similar to those exhibited at the last December

meeting but not identical, these being neither so large nor so delicate and

transparent.

Mr. M‘Lachlan also exhibited nearly 100 microscopic slides of British

Aphides, prepared by the late Francis Walker in 1847, which had been pre-

sented to him by Mr. P. Hubert Desvignes, son of the late Mr. Peter

Desvignes, who was one of the original members of the Society ; these

slides evinced great care and skill in microscopic mounting, considering

that nearly forty years had elapsed since they were prepared.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited several specimens of Cremastogaster

scutellaris, Oliv., captured while running about on the pavement of Church

Street, Greenwich. As there was a cork importers in the immediate -

neighbourhood of the capture, and as the ants commonly nested in bark,

their presence was not difficult to account for.

Mr. W. C. Boyd exhibited some remarkably fasciated strawberry plants

from his garden at Cheshunt; it was thought that the attacks of a

Phytoptus had caused the abnormal growth.

Mr. W. H. Patton communicated the following—

Some Notes on the Classification and Synonymy of Lig-Insects.

Being unable to accept the views as to the position of the Agaonide

expressed by Sir 8. S. Saunders in the valuable memoir published in our

‘ Transactions’ for 1883, I present to the Society the reasons, as briefly as

possible.

( xv )

Sir 8. S. Saunders’ arguments (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, pp. 10—

20) for placing the Agaonide in the Cynipide, aside from showing the

relationship of these groups in the ovipositor and ventral valve (characters

which are not distinctive of the family) prove nothing, for he shows no unity

in the antenne and wings, the fig-insects agreeing with the Chalcidide in

these organs. In the slight curve of the ovipositor the fig-insects clearly

resemble the Chalcids more than the Cynipids; but it is useless to argue

this point, for there is no essential difference im the ovipositor of the two

families, the structure and general form of the ovipositor being alike in

both, as a comparison of Cynips and Hurytoma will readily show.

Regarding Sir S. 8. Saunders’ observation that the ovipositor of the

Agaonide differs from that of Callimome in having the fifth ventral seg-

ment serve as the ventral valve, it may be said that he has himself ably

shown that the ovipositor arises in this position in Halticella and Idarnella,

which go with Callimome in the Chalcidide. His new genera show an

important character in having the fifth ventral segment form the tip of the

abdomen, but it should be noted that in Cynips itself, however it may be

in Rhodites and the Figitides, this segment is not prolonged, but is like

that of Halticella.

The Cynipide have straight, slender antenne, with never less than

thirteen distinct joints. ‘The Agaonide have elbowed, more or less clavate

antenne, with never more than twelve joints. In the Sycocolacides, as in

some other Chalcidida, there are, it is true, thirteen joints in the elbowed

antennee of the female; but to count this number we must enumerate the

annulations of the club, as in Sycophaga, and also the annulations between

the second and third joints proper, as in Idarnodes. In the Cynipide the

wings have the radial and cubital cells complete, except in a few genera,

like Onychia, in which these cells are still distinctly outlined and the basal

transverse vein present. In the fig-insects no wing-cells are formed. The

peculiar dentate claspers of male Agaonid@ are like those of Chalcidide,

but the Cynipida, as far as known, have claspers of the form usual in other

families of Hymenoptera.

The elbowed antenne and absence of closed wing-cells are the characters

distinctive of the Chalcidide with respect to the Cynipide, and these

characters exclude the fig-insects from the Cynipide. The venation of

Eupristina, which Sir $8. 8. Saunders cites as an exception, is as distinctly

Chalcidian as that of Chalcus itself, and bears not the slightest resemblance

to that of any Cynipid. A wingless male is unknown among the gall-flies,

while in the Chalcidide we already had Anthophorabia.

The following characters define the Agaonid@ :—

Female. Head with two longitudinal grooves and with recurved occipital

spine. Mandible witha serrate appendage. Mentum with leaf-like append-

age. Antenne 10—12 jointed; 3rd joint produced externally into a spine

( xvi #)

(in Hupristina and Blastophaga a joint appears between the 2nd and 3rd of

the other genera, making the produced joint count as the 4th). Abdomen

oval and cylindric, or tapering and compressed; 5th ventral segment

elongate, cultriform; ovipositor exserted. Wings developed; venation

Chalcidian.

Male. Mandibles short, bidentate; palpi obsolete. Antenne short,

38—7 jointed. Abdomen with the four basal joints swollen; the following

joints slender and tubiform; claspers represented by two divergent dentate

appendages. Wings wanting.

These characters exclude the Haplostomata of Saunders, a group which

may prove to be parasitic. ‘They have not the peculiar characters of the

veritable seed-feeders. Should they prove to be sycophagous the term

Sycophagides should be retained for them, as the genus Sycophaga is

included ; otherwise Saunders’ term Sycocolacides may be employed.

Francis Walker’s descriptions of fig-insects in the ‘Entomologist’ of

January, 1875, which have appeared so unsatisfactory to recent students,

admit of ready explanation if we bear in mind that they were not com-

municated for publication by Mr. Walker himself, but were found among

his papers and published after his death. They bear internal evidence of

having been written before Part IV. of his ‘ Notes on Chalcidize’ was pub-

lished (1871), and a comparison of the descriptions in the two publications

shows that he had not intended to publish these ‘ Hntomologist’ descriptions

at all, as they are mere duplicate or synonymous descriptions of those

published in the ‘ Notes,’ and are based on the same specimens. The

synonymy is as follows :—

Sycopuina, Walk., 1871 (= Pseudisa and Isanisa, Walk., 1875).

SYCOPHILA MEGASTIGMOIDES, Notes, p. 64 — Pseudisa smicroides, Entom.

vil. 15.

SYCOPHILA DECATOMOIDES, Notes, p. 64 = Isanisa decatomoides, Entom.

vill. 16.

Sycopra, Walk., 1871 (= Agrianisa, Walk., 1875).

SYcoBIA BETHYLOIDES “2”, Notes, p. 60 = dgrianisa myrmecoides, Entom.

viii. 17.

Walker’s description of the petiole in Agrianisa as “‘ extremely developed,

longer than the metathorax” might appear to invalidate this synonymy,

but the specific name, myrmecoides, shows that by “petiole” he meant the

whole first abdominal segment.

Poranisa, Walk., 1875 (== Idarnella, Westw., 1883).

PoLANISA TRANSIENS (Walk.).

Idarnes transiens, Notes, p. 62 = Polanisa lutea, Entom. viii. 18.

Idarnella transiens, West., ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 37.

( xvu_ )

Micranisa, Walk., 1875.

MIcRANISA PTEROMALOIDES (Walk.).

Idarnes pteromaloides, Notes, p. 63 = Micranisa (sp. innom.), Entom.

vill. 18.

Iparnes, Walk., Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 47.

IpaRnes sTaBILIs, Notes, p. 62 = I. orientalis, Entom. viii. 17.

This differs from typical Idarnes in its more slender legs and scape of

antenne.

Paper read.

Mr. F. Moore communicated “ Descriptions of new species of Indian

Lepidoptera Heterocera.

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part II. of the ‘ Transactions’ for 1884 was on the table.

July 2, 1884.

J. W. Dunninea, Esq., M.A., F.L.8., &e., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of Members.

Dr. Fritz Miller (Blumenau, Santa Catharina, Brazil) and Dr. A. S.

Packard (Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A.) were balloted for and elected

Honorary Members of the Society; and Charles Golding Barrett, Esq.,

was elected an Ordinary Member.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse remarked on the great changes which occurred

in the colours of insects from exposure to light, changes so startling that

they would certainly mislead anybody not cognisant of the fact; as a rule,

brilliant fiery red became changed to bright green, blue to black, green to

purple or purplish brown, and pale yellow to light brown. In illustration,

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited certain specimens of the following Coleoptera

before and after exposure in the show-cases of the British Museum :—

Eurhinus cupratus, Illig., Poropleura bacca, Kirby, Humolpus ignitus, Fabr.,

Doryphora cincta, Germ., and Omoplata aulica, Boh.

Mr. W. L. Distant remarked that from this cause quite recently old

and exposed specimens of Lepidoptera had been described as new species.

( xvi” 5

Mr. E. P. Collett exhibited a specimen of Calosoma sycophanta, Fabr.,

captured on the cliff near Foreness Point, Kent, by Mr. Cockerill, in 1879;

also thirteen females of Athous difformis, Lac., captured last June by sweeping

at night at Guestling, near Hastings, by the Rev. KE. N. Bloomfield.

Dr. Sharp exhibited two nests or cocoons he had received from Mr. James

Inglis, of Dilkhoosha, India, each containing a large stag-beetle, Odonto-

labis carinatus, Reitter. These nests were constructed in the thatch of a

house, which was mixed with much earthy matter, and were lined with some

fine earthy substance making the interior smooth. Mr. Inglis sent them

under the impression they were the hybernacula or ‘“ winter-nests” of the

stag-beetle; but they were more probably the cocoons in which the insect

had undergone its transformation to the imago state, although it was im-

probable that the larva of so large an insect should live in and feed on

the thatch.

Dr. Sharp also exhibited a small insect recently received, together with its

larva and peculiar nests constructed by the latter, from Senor Antonio de

Lacerda, of Bahia. The beetle is a small Cassida identified by Mr. Water-

house as Porphyraspis tristis, De}. Senor Lacerda states that they are found

on the “ young leaves of the cotto-nut tree.” The larva constructs a nest,

similar in form to a bird’s nest, and composed of coarse vegetable fibres,

which are apparently attached to the insect by a membranous process

extending from the hind part of the dorsal region of the insect; the latter

is thus completely concealed by these fibres, so that no one would suspect

there was an insect beneath them.

Mr. W. F. Kirby exhibited drawings of a new species (and probably

genus) of Mymaride, which had been bred by Mr. J. M. Gooch from the

Coccus affecting St. Michael oranges, and which appeared to be near the

genus Limacis, Forst., but had some of the characters of the T'etrastichide ;

also an extensive series of drawings of the saws of sawflies drawn by Mr.

Gooch under the camera from fresh specimens.

Mr.'T. R. Billups exhibited specimens of Trichopterya brevicornis, Mots.,

a species hitherto only found in Madeira, which were shaken out of a stack

of radish seed at Canning Town, West Ham, in November, 1883.

Mr. Billups also exhibited specimens (some living) of Pelopeus archi-

tectus, St. Farg., and its nest, which was found attached to a leaf of tobacco

from Owensboro, Kentucky, and taken from a hogshead weighing over

12 cwt. recently opened at Whitechapel.

Mr. Kirby remarked that he had seen a similar nest to the one now

exhibited attached to a pod of maize.

Mr. A. Sidney Olliff exhibited a small coleopterous larva, said to be one

of the Staphylinida, and possibly that of a species of Philonthus or Quedius,

which was found by the Rev. Robert Dunn, of Cricklade, engaged in a

vigorous encounter with a large earthworm. ‘The specimen was the one to

which Mr, W. E. Darwin called attention in a letter published in a recent

number of ‘ Nature’ (vol. xxx., p. 146). Mr. Olliff said that although he

did not think there was anything particularly remarkable in finding a larva

of this kind attacking a worm, except as showing the great courage and

voracity of the creature, he brought it for exhibition this evening as

members of the Society might feel interested in seeing the specimen to

which Mr. Darwin had referred.

Mr. Billups thought this no uncommon occurrence, as he had frequently

witnessed encounters between the larva of Ocypus olens and earthworms, and

had kept Carabus auratus alive on nothing but earthworms for more than

five months.

Dr. Sharp remarked that Cybister Reseli had been kept alive from five

to seven years by being fed on earthworms once or twice a day; he thought

that the larva exhibited was carabideous, and that earthworms were the

favourite food of carnivorous Coleoptera.

Mr. W. Cole thought it very probable that the later stages of many

entozoa which were known to exist in earthworms, and had been sought for

in vain in birds, would very probably be found in coleopterous insects.

Mr. H. T. Stainton communicated a newspaper cutting taken from the

‘Dundee Advertiser’ of June 27th, 1884, in which it was recorded from

Dunning, near Perth, that the gooseberry sawfly (Nematus ribesii) larva was

making sad havoe with the black currant bushes; he had never known this

larva to attack black currants in his own experience.

Mr. Waterhouse and Mr. Fitch thought it extremely improbable that

the larva of N. ribesii would eat the black currant.

Paper read.

Mr. J.B. Bridgman contributed “ Further Additions to Mr. Marshall's

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide.”

August 6, 1884.

J. W. Donnina, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., &c., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

EKahibitions, de.

Mr. F. P. Pascoe exhibited some curious white puffy balls he had found

on a vine growing in a greenhouse when staying at St. Helier’s, Jersey,

doubtless the work of Coccida, and probably belonging to Lecanium (Pul-

vinaria) vilis.

Prof. C. V. Riley confirmed the determination,

( se)

Mr. J. H. Durrant exhibited specimens of the three British species of

Blaps (B. mortisaga, L., B. mucronata, Latr., B. similis, Latr.), all lately

captured in the neighbourhood of Hitchin.

Mr. W. L. Distant exhibited an ordinary specimen of Cilia spinula,

Schiff, and remarked that though its peculiar position when at rest had

been described, it had not been noticed that it thus perfectly resembled

a species of the homopterous genus Plata. Its anterior wings, vertically

raised, with the upper surface exposed, are only visible, the antenne being

hidden and the head depressed, so that it appears truncate in front. Familiar

with the Homoptera, Mr. Distant concluded that he had discovered a species

of [lata new at least to Britain, until he came to set out the specimen.

He further remarked that the recently loosely-used term “ mimicry” could

not be applied here, as the moth could hardly be considered to mimic a

Fata which did not occur in our fauna.

Mr. A. G. Butler remarked on the great similarity sometimes existing

between lepidopterous and homopterous insects; he had lately described a

Lithosiid allied to Nudaria from New Holland, which he certainly thought

at first was an Homopteron; the resemblance was so striking that he had

named the genus Homopsyche ; the hairs along the costa were very striking,

and he quite believed this was a case of mimicry. Quite lately he had

found a second specimen in the Museum collection which had been put

away in the supplementary cabinet as not a lepidopterous insect.

Mr. E. A. Fitch called attention to the great resemblance that Cilia

spinula bore to the excrement of a bird, when at rest on the upper side of

a leaf, as was its common practice.

Mr. G. C. Champion said when collecting in Central America he was

frequently deceived as to the orders to which certain insects belonged, and

was often surprised at their great resemblance to other natural objects.

Mr. F. P. Pascoe, in connection with the above, exhibited a large and

pretty Chalcid (which Mr. Fitch determined as one of the Cleonymide), which

he had lately captured at St. Helier’s, quite thinking it was an Hemipteron ;

when running it had its wings overlapping in true bug fashion.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited specimens of the two following Tenthredinide,

new to Britain, which had been determined by Mr. Cameron :—Blenno-

campa alternipes, Kl., captured at Loughton last May, and Camponiscus

apicalis, Brischke, captured at Weybridge last May. ‘The latter species

was only described last year, and is probably exceedingly rare. Also

specimens of a hymenopterous insect taken from the burrows of Halictus

morio at Chertsey on July 21st last.

Mr. Fitch said this latter insect was a Chelogynus (probably C. lap-

ponicus, Thoms.), one of the Dryinid@; he could not account for its

presence in the bee burrows, but he called attention to the remarkable

anterior raptorial claws, and exhibited Curtis’s figure (Brit. Ent. fol. 206).

C ear

Miss E. A. Ormerod exhibited a piece of leather perforated by Gistrida,

the punctures being more than one to the square inch. Miss Ormerod

called attention to what is known of the life-history of our bot-flies, and

especially of the warble-fly (Hypoderma bovis, DeG.), and made considerable

allusions to the practical necessity of attempting to lessen the amount of

injury occurring both to the cattle themselves and to the great loss from

warbled hides. Apparently what was required was to know the exact time

when the egg is laid in or on the cattle, and how early in life is the maggot

come-at-able under the bullock’s hide, then probably methods of precaution

or remedy might be recommended that would be tolerably effective. Miss

Ormerod thought that the injury occasioned by the Gistrus larva could be

prevented with slight trouble and expense, and hoped that the necessary

observations to ensure successful treatment would be made.

Mr. W.L. Distant agreed as to the great injury occasioned to the hides

by these pests, and recommended Miss Ormerod to address a letter to the

‘Leather Trades Journal’ upon the subject; he believed many people

engaged in the leather trade would be willing to lend their assistance

towards the object of lessening the number of warbled hides.

Mr. E. A. Fitch said that the amount of damage occasioned by the

CHstrus larvee was very uncertain; he had always found short-horn beasts

(and especially yearling and two-year olds) most affected, and three and four

year old Welsh or Scotch beasts—commonly known as ‘ runts’—quite free

from attack; he believed that the warble opened in May or June, but

there appeared to be some special difficulty in breeding the perfect Gistrus,

as he had tried it from many scores of larve, but had never yet succeeded.

Prof. C. V. Riley expressed the interest he felt in the remarks of Miss

Ormerod. In reference to the time of year when the cavity opened, it

would differ somewhat in different countries and with individual larve. In

the State of Illinois, where he had much experience with the species, the

larva left the cattle in May and June; oviposition extended over a period

of several weeks, and there would be a corresponding difference in the

period of opening of the cavity. For this reason it was best to defer

destruction of the “warble” till late in the autumn, when the rubbing of

kerosene along the backs, or the use of a little mercurial ointment would

destroy the larve. ‘The insect was rarely injurious to grown cattle, but

when abundant affected the health of yearlings. ‘The interests of the cattle

raiser and of the leather dealer had little in common, and it was for this

reason that it was so difficult to get concert of action on the part of stock-

raisers in freeing their animals from the insect.

Miss Ormerod thanked Prof. Riley for his information, and said she

could give some confirmation of his remarks, as in some Northumbrian

districts the application of a mixture of oil with a small amount of turpentine

or of strong pickling brine had effected a perfect cure.

C xxiv)

M. Wailly exhibited a large box of bred Lepidoptera, especially of silk-

producing Bombyces. Amongst them was the hybrid between <Attacus

Roylei and A. Pernyi which was believed to be extinct, but it had been

preserved by one of his correspondents in Landes; two full-fed larvee and

some cocoons were exhibited: the preservation of this hybrid had proved

that they were not mules, neither had they degenerated. Also hybrid larvee

between Samia Cecropia and S. ceanothi (californica); the parents had

paired without forcing in any way, but no pairing between the sexes of

S. ceanothi could be obtained; he believed these would produce S. Glovert.

Also hybrids between the Himalayan Attacus Roylei and the North China

A. Pernyi. M. Wailly remarked that in the first year the cocoon of the

hybrid had a thick outer envelope, but in the third year this had been

thrown off, and the cocoon almost exactly resembled the typical cocoon of

A. Pernyi. Also specimens of Cricula trifenestrata from the mountains of

Madras—a species which had never previously been bred in Europe; the

elongate perforated cocoons, of a golden yellow colour, were found in masses

of two to three hundred; the silk was of little commercial value. There

was also an interesting series of Aitacus Atlas, comprising the large form

from the Himalayas, the dull and obscurely-marked one from Ceylon, and the

almost uniformly red-brown one from Sarawak, but these specimens were

much brighter than those from Ceylon; the Bornean specimens had been

obtained for M. Wailly by Rajah Sir James Brooke.

The Secretary exhibited a specimen of Chrysopa perla, L., and a photo-

graph of the same taken by Mr. G. C. Bignell, of Stonehouse, who had lately

paid much attention to Micro-photography as a means of illustrating the

neuration of certain insects.

The Secretary exhibited, on behalf of Mr. M‘Lachlan, four specimens

of Cecidomyide which had emerged last month from the Cattleya galls

exhibited at the June meeting, and read some remarks on the same from

Mr. M‘Lachlan and from Prof. Westwood.

Prof. C. V. Riley took exception to Mr. Fitch’s concluding remarks,

that the gnats were certainly Cecidomyide, if not belonging to the

restricted genus Cecidomyia, and were probably the true gall makers.

The rearing of these few Cecidomyids from the galls did not necessarily

warrant the conclusion that they were the architects of the gall. While the

flies had not been critically examined, they did not have the appearance of

true gall-making species, and he was of opinion that they were merely

inquilines, breeding probably in the gall substance. Such inquilines were

often mistaken for gall-makers, aud he cited instances. The galls from

which the specimens came should be carefully examined. In reference

to the phytophagic nature of Jsosoma in America, as illustrated by

Isosoma hordei, I. vitis, and I. tritici, there could be no question whatever.

The matter has been definitely settled. The Jsosoma larva is always

( xi =)

easily distinguished from any Cecidomyid larve, and has been watched

in the newly-forming galls on wheat, and its feeding and .development

observed.

The Secretary read the following extract from a letter from Dr. Fritz

Miller to Mr. R. Meldola :—

“My brother, Dr. Wilhelm Miller, a young man of twenty-seven years

of age, has been with me for nearly a year, and is at present diligently

studying the larve of our Nymphaline. He is likely to make some very

interesting observations, and has already reared a considerable number from

- the egg to the pupa. We now know the larve of the following genera of

Nymphaline :—Protogonius, Paphia, Siderone, Prepona, Apatura (?; imago

not yet bred), Ageronia (five species), Myscelia, Hpicalia, Didonis, Callicore

(?; imago not yet bred), Gynacia, Heterochroa (ten species), Smyrna,

Victorina, Junonia, Phyciodes, Hypanartia, and Pyrameis. We also know

the larvee of Dione and Colenis; but these genera do not belong to the

Nymphaling, but are allied to Hueides and Heliconius.

“The larve of several genera or even groups of genera of Brazilian

Lepidoptera are confined to allied plants. ‘Thus all our species of Heli-

conius (two), Hueides (two), Colenis (two), and Dione (two), feed upon Passi-

flore ; Phyciodes, Anartia, Junonia, and Victorina on Acanthacee ; our five

species of Ageronia and Myscelia Orsis feed upon one and the same species of

Dalechampia ; our species of H’picalia and Didonis feed upon Atchornea and

Tragia respectively, plants belonging to the same family (Huphorbiacec),

and our two species of Siderone feed upon the same Casearia. On the

other hand, larve belonging to other genera feed on plants belonging

to very different families. ‘Thus some of the species of Paphia feed on

Piperacea (like Protogonius), and others on Laurinee@; those of Prepona

feed on Leguminose (Juga), Monimia, &e.; the larvee of Heterochroa feed

on Fubiacee (five species), Cecropia (two species), Melastomee (one species),

Rubus (one species), and Malpighiacew (one species on Tetrapterys).

* Many young larvee of the genera Protogonius, Paphia, Siderone, Pre-

pona, Ageronia (except the gregarious larvee of A. Amphinome and A. For-

nax), Myscelia, Hpicalia, Gynecia, and Heterochroa have the remarkable

habit of eating the space next to a vein of the leaf bare. My brother first

called my attention to this. All] these larvee have the still more remarkable

habit of lengthening the stalk by attaching particles of dirt to it. The

small brown larve are often difficult to distinguish from the withered

brown leafstalk, and must be admirably concealed from many enemies in

this manner. But the collector who has once discovered this habit can

easily detect the whereabouts of such larve by the leafstalks, when he

would otherwise only be able to detect them by the closest observation.

“My brother has made some very interesting observations, which

I believe to be quite new, on various pup, which when in the dark are

( save}

suspended (as is invariably the case in other Nymphaling), but in the light

raise themselves more or less. There are some which actually execute

lateral movements if a light is thrown upon them from the side.

“ Pantherodes pardalaria was noticed in ‘ Nature’ as drinking and

voiding large quantities of water. Herr Heczko, a good observer of living

insects, who has been residing here for the last year, has noticed the same

habit in Papilio Polydamas. He counted from twenty to twenty-six

(usually between twenty-three and twenty-six) evacuations in a minute,

and the sand behind the animals was completely soaked. Pantherodes

pardalaria was very scarce here last summer, although it is very common

in many seasons. I once saw a whole swarm of these moths sitting on

stones grown over with Podostomee in a rapidly-flowing rocky brook. They

were looking down just above the water, and were probably engaged in

drenching themselves with it.”

Mr. A. G. Butler did not know whether Dr. Fritz Miller had proved

that Dione and Colenis were not Nymphaline, as they were always classed

with them.

The Secretary read the following :—

Note on the Habitat of Platychile pallida, Fabr.

By Roxanp Trimen, F.R.S., &e.

“This curious Cicindelide, so long a rarity in collections, was two

years ago discovered close to Cape Town by Mr. L. Péringuey, who kindly

pointed out the locality to me, and went with me to examine it and search

for specimens of the beetle. So singular did the station prove to be that

I no longer felt any surprise at the insect being so very seldom met with

previously.

“The haunt of Platychile turns out to be the sandy sea-beach about

three miles and a half north of Cape Town. On the day of our visit to

the spot we examined two low sand hummocks without success; but in a

third very low one, just above high-water mark at the highest tides, I at

length unearthed a Platychile, and, almost immediately afterwards, two

others. ‘This little hummock and its immediate vicinity proved very rich

in the precious insect, yielding between forty and fifty examples. To obtain

them was a simple process ; we merely lay down on the beach, and slowly

turned over the loose drift-sand. The beetles were completely covered by

the sand, but were only from one to two inches below the surface; when

uncovered they lay perfectly still, as if dazzled by the light, but with limbs

and (usually) jaws extended. When seized they bit energetically, and

usually exuded a dark liquid from the mouth. When thoroughly roused,

or dropped after being seized, they ran with great rapidity in a true

Cicindela-like fashion, and also for a little time displayed much activity in

the cyanide bottle.

(“xe”)

“There can, I think, be little doubt that Platychile is nocturnally

active, retiring under the sand during the day. Its pale unvaried tint is

well adapted to concealment among the sand. We could not discover any

burrows attributable to this beetle or its larva, the holes here and there

-examined not yielding any specimens of the species.

“South-Africa Museum, Cape Town,

24th June, 1884.”

Paper read.

Mr. Butler communicated a paper by Surgeon-Major R. W. Forsayeth,

“On the life-history of sixty species of Lepidoptera observed in Mhow,

Central India.” Mr. Butler referred to the more remarkable species, and

Mr. Forsayeth’s three books of drawings were exhibited.

September 3, 1884.

R. M‘Lacutan, Esq., F.R.S., &e., Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of a Member.

Lieut.-Col. Charles Swinhoe (12, The Close, Winchester) was balloted

for and elected a Member of the Society.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. G. Coverdale exhibited a box of British Micro- and other Lepi-

doptera, all of which were set in his new method, without pinning, which

he had greatly improved upon since the last exhibition.

Mr. H. T. Stainton called attention to the rarity and interest of many

of the specimens exhibited. He especially referred to some specimens of

a Goniodoma captured on the Shoebury saltings, which appeared to be

almost intermediate between G. auroguttella and G. limoniella, being of

the colour of the former and having the pale costa of the latter species.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited two large and very hard woody excrescences

on birch twigs from the New Forest ; there was a difference of opinion

whether they were a form of the familiar “ witch-knot” supposed to be

produced by a Phytoptus, or whether they were only hardened sap caused

by some injury the twig had received, and having no connection with

insect-attack.

Mr. Billups also exhibited a specimen of Ocypus cyaneus, Pk., captured

in North Devon by Mr, W. South this summer, and a series of Lowops

coccmeus, Meyer, taken at Chobham last August. Also a box containing

(' =xvr#)

many specimens of Odynerus reniformis, Gmel., and its parasite, Hlampus

Panzeri, Fabr., together with many portions of the burrows of the wasp,

showing the beautifully-curved entrance to the same: these nests were

collected at Chertsey last June.

Mr. W. F. Kirby, on behalf of M. Wailly, who was present as a visitor,

exhibited cocoons of Cricula trifenestrata, from Yercaud, Madras: also

cocoons of Ceratocampa imperialis, and M. Wailly said that his suspicions

that this larva was a cannibal had been fully verified by Mr. E. F.

Hitchings, of Warren, Mass., who thus writes respecting this species :—

‘J was much pleased to see the account of Ceratocampa imperialis. I

had had some small experience with the larva, which I will relate. In the

fall of 1881 I obtained several almost full-grown larve and put them in a

box with plenty of pine and button-wood leaves; in a few days I noticed

that several had disappeared, and upon examination found the skins with

the juice all extracted. They were all of large size, and I found one or two

of these skins held in the manner described by you. I then put in several

full-grown larve of 7’. Polyphemus, and they were disposed of in the same

way. This led me to conclude they were carnivorous. In 1882 I noticed

the same thing.”

Papers read.

Mr. E. B. Poulton read a paper entitled “Further notes upon the

markings and attitudes of Lepidopterous larvee, together with a commplt

account of the life- -history of Sphinx ligustri and Selenia illunaria (larva).”

Mr. Poulton illustrated his remarks by the exhibition of numerous coloured

drawings, also by many enlarged diagrams. An interesting discussion

followed, in which Messrs. Stainton, Jenner Weir, White, M‘Lachlan, and

others joined.

Mr. A. §. Olliff read * Notes on the life-history of Porphyraspis tristis,

Boh., a palm-infesting Cassida from Brazil.”

Dr. David Sharp communicated a paper ‘On the water-beetles of

Japan” and a “ Revision of the Hydrophilide of New Zealand.”

Mr. P. Cameron communicated “ Descriptions of new species of T’enthre-

dinide and Cynipide from Mexico.”

October 1, 1884.

J. W Duwnine, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., &., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of a Member.

Haygarth Addison, Esq. (145, Seven Sisters Road, Finsbury Park, N.),

was balloted for and elected a Member of the Society.

(> ‘Sein *)

Evhibitions, dc.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir exhibited an imago of Pyrameis cardui, taken by

him in September last in the New Forest. Three of the five black spots

in the disk of the upper side of the lower wings had blue pupils; the

specimen thus approached the Australian form of the insect (P. Kershawit),

the blue pupils in the black spots being one of the chief characteristics of

the latter species.

Mr. Weir also exhibited a specimen of a large locust from the Kalahari

Desert, South Africa, which he had received from Mr. Farini. It had been

brought to England with the Earthmen now exhibiting in London, and was

stated to be used by that race as an ordinary article of food.

Mr. A. C. Horner exhibited the following British Coleoptera :—One

specimen of Myrmedonia Haworthi, Steph., from a miscellaneous collection

made by Rev. O. Pickard Cambridge at Bloxworth, Dorset. Three speci-

mens of Philonthus astutus, Er., captured near Folkestone—a species only

lately introduced as doubtfully British by Rev. W. W. Fowler (see Ent. Mo.

Mag. xx. 168). Several specimens of Dyschirius eatensus, Putz,, also from

near Folkestone; two specimens were caught in the act of devouring ants.

Five Homalota languida, Er., one H. planifrons, Wat., and five H. eximia,

Sharp (hitherto only recorded from Scotland), captured at Tonbridge.

Several H. luteipes, Er., from Tonbridge and Winchester. Several speci-

mens of Ocalea latipennis, Sharp, from Tonbridge; this is usually considered

a northern insect; O. castanea, Er., was exhibited for comparison. ‘Two

specimens of Stenus morio, Gr., from Tonbridge. A specimen of Trichonya

Markelli, Aube, found ina run of Formica flava under a stone at Lulworth,

Dorset. A long series of Lathridius testaceus, Stcph., from fir-bark at Ton-

bridge. Several specimens of Cryphalus fagi from beech-bark at Tonbridge.

The two sexes of Phlwotrya Stephensi, Duv., showing the extremes of size

from about eighty specimens captured by night on the trunk of a half-

decayed horse chestnut at Tonbridge.

Mr. J. J. Walker exhibited a series of forms of Chilian Colias, com-

prising C. Cunninghami, Butl. (both sexes), from Punta Arenas, Straits of

Magellan; a long series of C. minuscula, Butl., showing great variation in

the width of the black border in the male, taken at Coquimbo in August

and September, 1883; C. Vautieri, Guér., a series chiefly from Coquimbo,

Talcahuano, and Valparaiso; also C. Lesbia, Fabr., from Monte Video, and

a specimen of an unnamed species from Matucana, Peru (near Lima and

7788 feet above the sea), closely resembling superficially Scalidoneura

Hermina, Butl., but without the distinctive character in the venation of the

fore wings.

Mr. Walker also exhibited a collection of Lepidoptera made in the

South Sea Islands in March, April, and May, 18838. It included ten species

(" =xvitiy })

of Diurni, viz., Danais Archippus from the Marquesas, Tahiti, Eimeo, and

Rarotonga ; a long series of Diadema Bolina, Linn., showing great variations

in the size of both sexes, and in the colour and marking of the females

from the different islands. Those from the Marquesas Islands (Faton-hiva

and Nuka-hiva) are small, the females very dark; in Tahiti and Eimeo both

sexes are very much larger than in the Marquesas, some of the females

exceeding four inches in expanse, and are usually very dark coloured; while

those from Rarotonga and Aitutaki vary greatly in size, and the females are

usually very handsomely suffused with red, in this respect approaching the

Kast Indian form. Nearly the whole of the specimens were bred from

larvee feeding on a species of Commersonia (Malvacea). Diadema unicolor,

Salv. & Godm., a few from Rarotonga. Euplea Eleutho, Quoy & Gaimard,

along series from Tahiti and Eimeo. Huplea sp. (as yet unnamed), a series

from the island of Aitutaki, varying in colour from entirely black to a

handsome white-spotted form approaching Eleutho. Melanitis Leda, Linn.

a long series from Tahiti, Eimeo, and Rarotonga. Atella Gaberti, Guer.,

a series from Tahiti, where it is one of the commonest butterflies. Lycena

Betica, Linn., from Tahiti and Eimeo; L. Plato from Rarotonga and

Aitutaki; and L. communis, Bdv., from Tahiti and Aitutaki. The collection

included four species of Sphingide, viz., Sphina convolvuli (or a very nearly

related species), bred from larve found in Tahiti and Eimeo feeding on

various species of Convolvulus, and from pup dug up in sweet-potato

patches in Pitcairn Island; also a very abnormal specimen of perhaps a

distinct species captured at Nuka-hiva, Marquesas; Cherocampa Erotus,

Cram., from Nuka-hiva and Tahiti; a beautiful series of C. celerio, Linn.,

bred from larve found in Tahiti and Eimeo, feeding indifferently on ‘ taro”

(Calocasia esculenta), “ape” (C. costata), and “nono” (Morinda citrifolia) ;

Macroglossa sp., taken numerously at flowers in Tahiti and Eimeo, anda

few bred from larvee found on Morinda citrifolia. It also included various

Noctue, Geometre, and Pyrales, particularly a species of Ophideres from

Rap-a or Oparo Island (also seen in Aitutaki and Tahiti), and Achea

melicerta, which was observed in the Marquesas, Tahiti, Kimeo, ‘Rap-a,

Rarotonga, Aitutaki, and Ati, but not seen in Pitcairn Island; most of

the specimens were bred from larvee feeding on Mimosa, Ricinus, &c., in

Nukahiva, Rap-a, and Tahiti, it being most abundant in the first-mentioned

island.

Mr. R. M‘Lachlan exhibited a specimen of Nemopteride, which was

captured by Mr. J.J. Walker at Coquimbo. This was remarkable as

hitherto no species of this family had been known to occur in America.

This new species appeared to come nearest to Brachystoma, Rambur ;

unfortunately the tips of its hind wings had been nibbled off by cock-

roaches.

Mr. M‘Lachlan also exhibited the photograph of the wings of a dragon-

eae:

( <xixe )

fly sent to him by Dr. Puton; he remarked how beautifully, and of course

correctly, the neuration was shown, and suggested that if possible this

method should be used for entomological illustrations generally if it were

_ possible to reproduce the figures in any number, about which he should like

to hear some practical opinion. The process by which the photograph was

produced is described in ‘ La Nature’ for August 23rd, 1884.

Mr. R. Meldola said that previous to the meeting he had inspected the

photograph exhibited, and was much impressed with the sharpness with

which the neuration had been reproduced upon the sensitised paper. He

was of opinion that this method might be made of general practical use for

the multiplication of any number of copies if instead of printing upon

albumenised paper, as had been done in this case, the wing had been

exposed in the usual way over a bichromatised gelatine film. By this

means a printing-block could be obtained by the well-known methods which

would give the neuration white upon a black ground. If, on the other

hand, it was found advisable to have the neuration black upon a white

ground a glass negative might first be taken by exposing the wing pressed

over a gelatine plate, and then this negative, when used to print, over a

bichromatised gelatine film would give upon the latter a positive impression,

which could, as before, be used as a printing-block. Any transparent wings

might be adapted to the process; in the case of Lepidoptera it would, of

course, be necessary to first remove the scales.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited a species of Homalomyia which had proved

destructive to a field of collard, or colewort; six or eight of the yellowish

larvee being found in almost every stalk. One specimen exhibited had

seven legs, there being four on the left side; the posterior leg being

doubled from the coxa, the femur was entirely split, and both legs were

thence quite perfect and distinct.

Papers read.

Baron Osten-Sacken communicated “ Facts concerning the importation

or non-importation of Diptera into distant countries.”

Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe communicated a “ List of Lepidoptera collected in

Southern Afghanistan by himself.”

Mr. Rudolph Rosenstock communicated “ Notes on Australian Lepi-

doptera, with descriptions of new species.”

( *xx )

November 5, 1884.

J.W. Dunnine, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., &c., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of a Member.

A.W. Kappel, Esq. (2, Burlington Gardens, Chiswick, W.), was balloted

for and elected a Member of the Society.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. J. J. Weir exhibited, on behalf of Mr. J. W. Douglas, Idiocerus

cognatus, Fieb. (I. distinguendus, Kbm.}, a species new to the British list of

Homoptera, taken in September and October last from a white poplar tree

at Lewisham. It is distinguished conspicuously from I. tremule by its

constant paler coloration, by the broad central fascia on the elytra never

continned to the costa, and by structural differences. Specimens of [diocerus

tremulé were exhibited for comparison.

Also the following Coccid@, taken at Lewisham :—

Lecanium ribis, A. Fitch: a quantity of the “scales” fixed to a shoot

of red currant. These scales abound on the currant bushes in sheltered

situations, but no harm accrues ; they ure rarely found on the wood of the

preseut year.

Lecanium esculi, Koll.: male imago, and male and female shell-scales,

from horse-chestnut.

Lecanium aceris, auct.: male and female shell-scales, from sycamore.

Lecanium coryli, Linn.: female shell-scales, from hazel-nut tree.

Lecaninm genevense ?, 'Targ.: male and female shell-scales, from haw-

thorn.

And hymenopterous parasites which emerged from the female scales of

the last four species, probably belonging to the genera Coccophagus and

Eneyrtus.

The “scales” of many of the species of Lecanium are very much alike,

as may be seen in those of L. @sculi and aceris, which inay really be those

of only one species on different trees ; but others, such as L. ribis, are very

distinct in formation. In most cases satisfactory determinations of the

species are only to be obtained by prolonged observation of the sexes in all

the stages of life.

Mr. A. 5. Felton, who was present as a visitor, exhibited a large

collection of Lepidoptera and Hemiptera, containing many interesting

species, collected from 1875 to 1883 in the province of Espirito Santo,

Brazil, by Bazilio Carvallo Daemon.

(er)

Mr. R. Meldola exhibited a specimen of Nonagria sparganii, Esp.,

captured at Deal early in last September.

Mr. 'T. Wood exhibited Cis bilamellatus, a new species recently described

by him, captured at West Wickham on September 15th last.

Mr. W. F. Kirby exhibited specimens of E’phestia elutella, Hiibn., and

E. parasitella, Staud., which were doing much damage to cocoa-beans from

the West Indies and South America in the Metropolitan Wharf of Messrs.

Anderson, Weber, and Smith; also Bracon brevicornis, Wesm., a parasite

of the Hphesti@. Mr. M‘Lachlan suggested heat as the only remedy for

getting rid of the pests, but Mr. Jenner Weir and Mr. Fitch pointed out the

impracticability of application in the large bonded and other warehouses;

in the present case the stock affected exceeded 20,000 bags.

Mr. J. J. Walker instanced an attack of E’phestia elutella on ship’s

biscuits; when the biscuits were removed the moths came out in thousands.

Mr. A. S. Olliff exhibited a specimen of Passandra 6-striata, Dalm.,

euptured on the Zambesi in 1878 by Dr. Bradshaw, lent to him by Mr.

Swierstra, of the Museum at Amsterdam. He remarked there was but

one example in Britain—a small specimen in Mr. Pascoe’s collection, from

Angola.

Paper read.

Baron Osten-Sacken communicated a revised edition of his “ Essay on

comparative Cheetotaxy, or the arrangement of characteristic bristles of

Diptera.”

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part III. of the ‘ Transactions’ for 1884 was on the table.

December 8, 1884.

J. W. Dunnine, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., &c., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of Members.

Baron C. R. Osten-Sacken (Haus Mai, Heidelberg) was balloted for and

elected an Honorary Member of the Society; and James J. Walker, Esq.,

R.N., a Subscriber, was elected an Ordinary Member.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. H. T. Stainton exhibited specimens of Goniodoma Millierella, bred

from Statice virgata in the South of France, recently received from M.

Constant, and British specimens of G. auroguttella, Fisch.-Réssl., bred from

Atriplex laciniata, for comparison. Although Mr. Stainton quite believed

( xxxu )

they were distinct species, he had as yet failed to find an appreciable

character to separate them. Specimens of G. limoniella, bred from Statice

Limonium, were also exhibited.

Mr. H. Goss exhibited specimens of Bankia argentula, Hiibn., from a

new locality on the borders of Cambridgeshire and Suffolk; also a drawing

of the larva of this species, received from Mr. Brown, of Cambridge. The

drawing represented the larva as feeding on some species of grass appa-

rently belonging to the genus Festuca, though, according to Mr. Buckler,

the larva feeds on some species of Poa.

Mr. R. M‘Lachlan said it would be interesting to British entomologists

to know that Tapinostola Bondii, Knaggs, had occurred on the island of

Riigen in the Baltic (Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. 482); it was only known

previously from Central Greece and Britain.

Mr. W. F.. Kirby alluded to Noctua subrosea, Steph., as another British

moth with very limited distribution (Britain, Livonia, Finland).

Mr. J. Jenner Weir, on behalf of Mr. E. Lovett who was present as a

visitor, exhibited a collection of Micro-Lepidoptera from the neighbourhood

of Grahamstown, Cape Colony, and made some remarks on their great

resemblance to British species. ‘They were collected by Mr. H. F. Billing-

hurst. .

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited specimens of the following Aculeate

Hymenoptera captured at Chobham during the past season :— Lasius

umbratus, Nyl., Stenamma Westwoodii, Westw., Myrmosa melanocephala,

Fabr., Myrmecina Latreillii, Curt., Methoca ichneumonoides, Latr., Pompilus

pectinipes, Lind., P. spissus, Schiddte, P. viaticus, Fabr., P. niger, Fabr.,

P. chalybeatus, Schiddte, P. Wesmaeli, Thoms., Priocnemis obtusiventris,

Fabr., P. affinis, Lind., P. hyalinatus, Fabr., P. exaltatus, Fabr., Agenia

punctum, Fabr., Ceropales maculata, Fabr., Ammophila hirsuta, Scop., A.

sabulosa, L., Tachytes pectinipes, L., Miscophus bicolor, Jur., Stigmus pen-

dulus, Panz., Diodontus minutus, Fabr., Mimesa equestris, Shuck., Psen

ater, Fabr., Cerceris arenaria, L., Trypoxylon attenuatum, Smith, Ento-

mognathus brevis, Lind., Crabro dimidiatus, Fabr., C. capitosus, Shuck.,

C. palmarius, Schreb., C. scutellatus, Schreb., C. Wesmaeli, Lind., C. poda-

gricus, Lind., C. peltarius, Schreb., Harpactus tumidus, Panz., Oxybelus

uniglumis, L.; Odynerus antilope, Panz., O. sinuatus, Fabr., O. trimargi-

natus, Zett., O. reniformis, Gmel., O. parietinus, L., Humenes coarctata. L.

Also Hllampus Panzeri, Fabr., from the burrows of O. reniformis, Hedy-

chrum fervidum, St. Farg., and Chrysis cyanea, L.

Mr. Billups also exhibited the following Ichneumonide, &c., collected in

various localities during the present year:—Ichneumon vaginatorius, L.,

Trogus lutorius, Fabr., bred from Cherocampa porcellus, Phygadeuon curvus,

Schr., Cryptus titillator, Gr., Pezomachus insolens, Forst., P. geochares,

Forst., Paniscus virgatus, Foure., Casinaria tenuiventris, Gr., Limneria

( xxx )

erassicornis, Gr., L. difformis, Gmel., L. majalis, Gr., and cocoons,

Canidia subcincta, Gr., Banchus falcator, Fabr., Gidemopsis scabriculus,

Gr., Pimpla melanocephala, Gr., P. rufata, Gmel., Glypta scalaris, Gr.,

Lissonota segmentator, Fabr., L. sulphurifera, Gr., Spathius clavatus, Panz.,

“Sigalphus obscurellus, Nees, from cabbage galls of Ceuthorhynchus sulci-

collis, Microgaster flavipes, Hal., bred from Boarmia repandata, M. minutus,

Reinh., bred from Cleora glabraria, Protelus chrysophthalmus, Nees, Macro-

centrus linearis, Fabr., and group of cocoons, Diapria carinata, Nees, and

D. nigra, Nees.

Mr. A. S. Olliff exhibited Aciphus singularis, recently described in the

‘ Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine,’ from Brazil. It had the appearance

of one of the Staphylinide, but was a Cucuwjus strongly resembling Dia-

grypnodes Wakefieldii, Waterh., from New Zealand.

Mr. R. M‘Lachlan exhibited specimens of Trichoptera lately collected

in Unst, North Shetland, by Mr. C. A. Briggs (see Ent. Mo. Mag.

ex ltep))

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited a specimen of Julodis Finchi from

Karachi, a Buprestid of nearly twice the size of the largest hitherto known

species, recently described by him in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural

History.’

The Rey. Leonard Blomfield contributed a note on the capture of a

second specimen of, as was supposed, Acanthocinus @dilis near Bath in

October last, which was found on a man’s back who was engaged in chop-

ping blocks of wood which proved to be North-American pine, and which

contained numerous burrows of the Longicorn. Mr. Blomefield alluded to

the first notice of the occurrence of this species in a paper which he read

before the Bath Natural History Society on December 12th, 1883, a copy

of which was presented to the Society’s library.

Messrs. Waterhouse, Champion, and Janson pointed out that the insect

referred to was a Monohammus, and the former gentleman identified the

species as M. titillator, Fabr.; a specimen in the National Collection was

found alive at Caterham Valley, Surrey. It was also remarked that the

Acanthocinus was indigenous at Rannoch, and occurred commonly at many

other localities, such as Manchester, Hull, in the Durham coal-pits, and

even a living specimen in the British Museum, being frequently distributed

in scaffold-poles and other imported timber.

Paper read.

Mr. H. J. 8S. Pryer contributed a paper “On two remarkable cases of

mimicry from Elopura, British North Borneo, with remarks on Mr. George

Lewis’ paper read before the Society on 4th October, 1882.” ‘The cases of

mimicry referred to was that of a large coleopteron (Nothopeus fasciatt-

pennis, n. s., C. O, Waterhouse) mimicking an equally large hymenopteron

( xxxiv )

(Mygnimia aviculus, Sauss.), and of a large lepidopteron (Scoliomima, n. g.,

Butler, insignis, n.s., Butler) mimicking a large hymenopteron (T'’riscolia

patricialis, Burm.).

Mr. A. G. Butler made some remarks upon the very interesting cases

of mimicry alluded to, and contributed a description of the moth, for which

he formed a new genus of Avgeriide, coming next to the African genus

Toosa(= Ninia). He also referred to the remarkable mimetic resemblance

between the two species of Myrmecopsis, Newman, with their distinctly

petiolated abdomen, and species of Polybia or Agenia. Mr. Butler said it

was both interesting and curious to find that in India the female Argynnis

Niphe, Linn., mimics Danais Chrysippus, Stoll; while in Australia the

sexes of the representative of A. Niphe (A. inconstans, Butl.) are similar,

the Australian Danais being so small that it is not worth mimicking. The

well-known case of Papilio Merope, Cram., was also interesting: further-

more, that the Catocaline were directly opposed to Mr. Lewis’ views, since

the upper surface of the hind wings, which are least exposed to the action

of the sun’s rays, are the most brilliantly coloured portion of these insects.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse remarked upon and exhibited specimens of the

following two cases of mimicry: a species of Myocoris (Hemiptera) and a

species of Joppa (Hymenoptera) from the Amazons ; a dipteron allied to

Dasypogon, the hymenopterous <Abispa australis, and the coleopterous

Hesthesis ferrugineus, M‘L., from Australia. Mr. Butler said the lepi-

dopterous genus Dycladia would complete the trio in the first-mentioned

case. Mr. Waterhouse did not think it possible that the Longicorn could

be parasitic on the wasp, as was suggested by Mr. Pryer. Mr. Fitch

thought if there was any community of habitat it would be that the wasp

nested in the burrows of the Longicorn.

Several members took part ina discussion upon the various points raised

by Mr. Pryer’s criticism of Mr. Lewis’ paper.

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part LV. of the ‘ Transactions’ for 1884 was on the table.

( seeav °)

ANNUAL MEETING,

January 21, 1885.

J. W. Dunnine, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., &., President, in the chair.

An abstract of the Treasurer’s accounts for 1884 was read by Mr. H.T.

Stainton, one of the Auditors.

The Secretary read the following :—

Report oF THE Councin FoR 1884.

In accordance with the Bye-Laws, the Council begs to present the

following Report :—

During the year 1884 the Society has lost, by death, one Honorary

Member (Prof. J. C. Schiddte, of Copenhagen), and two Ordinary Members

(Sir Sidney Saunders and Sir Arthur Scott); the former of whom was an

Original Member, a former President, and at the time of his death one of

our Vice-Presidents. The names of five other Members have been

removed, by resignation or otherwise. Sixteen new Members have been

elected, and two Subscribers have become full Members.

The list of Honorary Members has received three additions ; Dr. Fritz

Miller, Dr. A. S. Packard, and Baron Osten-Sacken having been chosen to

fill the places vacated by Prof. Zeller, Dr. Leconte, and Prof. Schiddte.

The Council has great pleasure in announcing that Mr. W. B. Spence,

one of our few remaining Original Members, has presented to the Society

the Entomological Library of his father, the late Mr. Wm. Spence. This

addition will serve as a welcome reminiscence of our former Honorary

Member, the co-adjutor with the Rev. Wm. Kirby in the preparation of the

famous ‘ Introduction to Entomology.’

The Transactions for the year (exclusive of the Proceedings) form a

volume of 517 pages, containing twenty-five memoirs contributed by

nineteen authors, and illustrated with fifteen plates, of which four are

coloured. The Council has to thank Lord Walsingham for the presentation

of Plate 4 (North-American Tortricide). To give effect to the Resolution

that all Members shall be entitled to receive the Transactions, it has been

thought advisable to print an additional hundred copies, and the style has

been altered by printing the descriptive portions of papers in a smaller

type. This necessitates some little additional expenditure, but the Council

trusts that the alterations will commend themselves to the Society

generally.

( XxKVE ))

The following is an abstract of the financial operations for the year:—

RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS.

Balance from 1883 - - - £4 | Rent and Office Expenses - £126

Contributions of Members - 257 | Publications - - - - 275

Sale of Publications - - 78} Library - : - - - 28

Interest on Consols . - 9

Donations : - “ =P 79

£427 | . £424

The application for a Royal Charter of Incorporation, which was

unanimously approved at the Special Meeting held on March Sth last,

is still under the consideration of Her Majesty in Council. But as regards

all internal affairs, the retrospect for the year is highly satisfactory: the

number of members has increased, valuable additions have been made to

the Library, and the Librarian has been exceptionally busy, the Meetings

have been better attended than at any previous period, and the Memoirs

published in the Transactions maintain the reputation of the Society and

form a volume which is a worthy successor to the thirty-one which have

preceded it. The Council is well pleased with the progress made in 1884,

and trusts that the Members will not relax their efforts to advance the

interests of the Society and promote its objects, namely, the improvement

and diffusion of Entomological Science.

11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,

21st January, 1885.

The Secretaries not having received any notice proposing to substitute

other names than those in the lists prepared by the Council, the following

Members form the Council for 1885:—T. R. Billups, H. Druce, J. W.

Dunning, E. A. Fitch, H. Goss, F. Grut, W. F. Kirby, R. M‘Lachlan,

R. Meldola, E. Saunders, J. W. Slater, S. Stevens, and J. J. Weir.

The following are the officers elected :—President, R. M‘Lachlan,

F.R.S.; Treasurer, E. Saunders, F.L.S.; Secretaries, E. A. Fitch, F.L.S.,

and W. F. Kirby; Librarian, F. Grut, F.L.S.

The President then delivered an address, at the conclusion of which

Mr. H. 'T. Stainton proposed a cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Dunning for

his services as President during the year, and requested that he would

allow his address to be printed with the ‘ Proceedings.’ The proposal was

seconded by Jonkheer May, and carried unanimously. The President

returned thanks.

Mr. M‘Lachlan proposed a vote of thanks to the Treasurer, Secretaries,

and Librarian, which was seconded by Mr. Waterhouse, and carried

unanimously.

Messrs. Saunders, Fitch, Kirby and Grut made some remarks in

acknowledgment.

C -xaxvin |}

ABSTRACT OF RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS FOR 1884.

Receipts. Payments,

£8. d. Lh e3Gs

To Balance, 1 Jan. 1884 - 819 9] By Rent, Salary, Office Ex-) 125 18 0

Subscriptions, 1884 - iS) 120 56 penses, &c. =)

Entrance Fees - 2 a0. 30) Printing - - = Lot ed

Arrears - ; y = We ae 0 Colouring, Plates, &e. - 83812 3

Compositions - b £ SH AIG. Books, Binding, &e. - 2212 4

Donations : : = 7h) 9 ae

Transactions - 2 = ty i) al

Interest on £313 4s. oe 9 4 0

Consols Balance, 1Jan.1885 - 2 7 6

£425 11 10 £425 11 10

ASSETS.

Gil seids

Balance - - - = - - - - =/\yuenh 6

Subscriptions due, considered good—say_ - - - 1010 0

Consols, £318 4s. 8d. - : - - (cost) 293 4 0

£306 1 6

LIABILITIES.

(None.)

H. T. Srarinton.

Audited and found correct. J. JENNER WEIR.

J. W. May.

January 14th, 1885.

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

GENTLEMEN,

The recurrence of another Annual Meeting imposes on

me the pleasant duty of saying a few words by way of retrospect

of the year’s proceedings; and, on yielding up the Presidency,

I beg to renew my thanks for the undeserved distinction you

have conferred upon me, to express my hope that during the last

two years the position of the Society has not deteriorated, to

repeat my ardent wish for the prosperity of our body, and to

declare my firm belief in its future.

I had hoped that it would have fallen to my lot to announce

that our petition for the grant of a Royal Charter of Incorpora-

tion had received a gracious response. It is with regret that I

can say nothing more than that the petition is still under the

considération of the Lords of the Council, who have not arrived

at any decision as to what advice should be tendered to Her

Majesty on the subject.

If the year 1884 has not been marked by any striking

incident, it has not been one of retrogression or stagnation.

If we have not advanced by leaps and bounds, our onward

progress is none the less sure for being gradual and regular.

Development is the order of the day, and even an incorporeal

entity like the Society cannot escape the universal law of

Evolution.

From lower to higher, from simple to complete,

This is the pathway of the Eternal Feet;

From earth to lichen, herb to flowering tree,

From cell to creeping worm, from man to what shall be.

This is the solemn lesson of ail time,

This is the teaching of the voice sublime ;

Eternal are the worlds, and all that them do fill;

Eternal is the march of the Creative Will;

Eternal is the life of man, and sun, and star,

Ay, even though they fade awhile, they are;

And though they pause from shining, speed for ever still.

( xxix ))

During the past year Death has not deprived us of many of

our colleagues; but if he has been lenient in point of number, of

the three whose loss we have to deplore one was an Honorary

Member, and another was a Past-President and actual Vice-

President at the time of his decease.

JORGEN CHRISTIAN ScHIODTE was born in Copenhagen on the

20th April, 1815, and died there on the 22nd April, 1884. His

‘Genera og Species af Danmark’s Hleutherata’ was published

when he was only twenty-six years of age, and in the following

year he was appointed Director of the Entomological Department

of the Museum at Copenhagen, a post which he filled down

to the time of his death. In 1854 the title of Professor was

conferred upon him. From 1886 he has been a continuous

contributor to many scientific publications on the Continent,

the bulk of his contributions relating to the order Coleoptera.

For upwards of twenty years he edited the ‘ Naturhistorisk

Tidsskrift,’ and published in it the series of beautifully-

illustrated papers on the transformations of Coleoptera,

which may be said to constitute his most notable work. His

Specimen Faune Subterranee, originally appearing in the

Transactions of the Royal Danish Society of Science (1849),

was, at the request of Mr. Spence, translated into English by

Dr. Wallich, and the translation, with some additional remarks

by the author himself, was published in our own Transactions

(1851). In the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 101, is a short paper by

Schiddte ‘‘ On some Staphylinide found in the nests of Termites,”

at the end of which it is stated that ‘‘ this paper will be printed

in full, illustrated with plates from the Author’s drawings, in the

Transactions of the Society.” I cannot find that this intention

was ever carried into effect, but a paper on the same subject,

** Corotoca og Spirachtha, Staphyliner som fode levende Unger og

ere Husdyr hos en Termit,” was published in the Danish

Transactions in 1856. It was in 1870 that Schiddte was

chosen one of our Honorary Members, and four years later a

similar honour was bestowed upon him by the Entomological

Society of France. His meritorious career has now closed ;

and though, perhaps, his reputation may decrease even in the

short perspective of a generation or two, his countrymen are

justified in regarding him as the worthiest successor of Fabricius

whom Denmark has yet produced; all must admit that he

( i

did good service in his day, and deserves to be remembered

as the Danish Coleopterist of his time.

Sipney Smith SaunpDERS was born at Wandsworth in June,

1809, and very early in life he entered the Consular Department

of the Foreign Office; in 1835 he was appointed British Consul

in Albania, was transferred to Alexandria in 1859, and was

Consul-General for the Ionian Isles from 1864 to 1870, when he

returned home to England. His long and meritorious services

earned him the Companionship of the Order of St. Michael and

St. George in 1860, and shortly after his retirement he received

the honour of knighthood. He was one of the original Members

of our Society, President for 1874 and 1875, a Vice-President

in 1873 and 1876, and on the 6th February last I had the

pleasure of nominating him as one of my Vice-Presidents for

1884. He read a paper at that meeting, On the Caprification of

Figs, and a second paper at the April meeting, On the Pediculus

Melitte of Kirby. Those who were present on that occasion

cannot fail to recollect the self-obliviousness and the youthful

enthusiasm with which our venerable friend, then in his

75th year, read his abstruse and closely-reasoned com-

munication; or to recall the shock with which we learned

that, less than a fortnight afterwards, and before the proofs

had been corrected, Sir Sidney was no more. He died on the

15th April, 1884.

The following is, I believe, a complete list of Sir Sidney

Saunders’ published papers :—

1. Descriptions of some new species of Coleopterous Insects lately

received from Monte Video. ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. i. 149 (read

6th October, 1834).

2. Account of the attacks of various Insects upon Wine Corks. Proce.

Ent. Soc. Lond. 1835, p. lv.

3. Description of a Species of Mygale, from Ionia, with its Nest. Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond. iii. 160. (1842).

4. Additional Observations on the habits of Mygale. Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond. iii. 165. (1842).

5. Description of a new genus of Diptera allied to Stratiomys. Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond. iv. 62. (1845).

6. Descriptions of two new Strepsipterous Insects from Albania, parasitical

on Bees of the genus Hylews, with some account of their habits and

metamorphoses. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1850, p. viii; Trans. Ent. Soe.

Lond., 2 Ser., i. 43.

(at 9)

7. Descriptions of some new Aculeate Hymenoptera from Epirus. Proc.

Ent. Soc. Lond. 1850, p. xvi; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 2 Ser., i. 69.

8. Notices of some new Species of Strepsipterous Insects from Albania,

with further observations on the habits, transformations, and sexual

economy of these parasites. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 2 Ser., ii. 125. (1853).

9. Observations on the habits of the Dipterous Genus Conops. ‘Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond., 2 Ser., iv. 285. (1858).

10. Stylopidarum, ordinem Strepsipterorum Kirbii constituentium, mihi

tamen potius Coleopterorum Familie, Rhipiphoridis Meloidisque propinque,

Monographia. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 1.

11. On the habits and economy of certain Hymenopterous Insects which

nidificate in Briars, and their parasites. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1873,

p- 407. -

12. On the adult larve of the Stylopide and their puparia. ‘Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 195.

13. On the habits and affinities of Apocrypta and Sycophaga, of the

Hymenopterous family Agaonide, with description of a new species of

Apocrypta from the figs of Ficws Sycomori of Egypt. Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond. 1878, p. 313.

14. Caprification of the Sycamore fig—Correction of an Error. Ent.

Mo. Mag. xv. 190 (1879).

15. Capture of a Dufowrea in Hants, a genus of Hymenoptera new to

Britain. Ent. Mo. Mag. xvi. 181. (1880).

16. On the habits and affinities of the Hymenopterous Genus Scleroderma,

with descriptions of new Species. ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 109.

17. Capture of rare Hymenoptera on the South Coast of England. Ent.

Mo. Mag. xviii. 160. (1881).

18. Notes on the Huchalcis vetusta, Dufour (Fam. Chalcidide) ; and on

the terminal segments of the females in Halticella and its allies. Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 291.

19. Error as to Fig-insect from Ficus religiosa. Ent. Mo. Mag. xix. .

163. (1882).

20. Descriptions of three new Genera and Species of Fig-insects allied

to Blastophaga, from Calcutta, Australia, and Madagascar; with notes on

their parasites and on the affinities of the respective races. Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond. 1883, p. 1.

21. On the Cynips carice of Hasselquist, and other Fig-insects allied

thereto; with description of a new Species from Australia, Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 383.

22. Further notes on the Caprification of domestic Figs, with reference

to Dr. Paul Mayer’s comments thereon. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 97.

23. On the Pediculus Melitta of Kirby, and its affinities, with reference

to the larve of Meloe. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 107.

Thus from 1834 to 1884 Sir Sidney Saunders was a con-

tributor to our Transactions, and all his important memoirs

have appeared in the Society’s publications. It has been truly

( xii)

said that his published writings were far too few to represent

his extensive knowledge of our science. I cannot doubt,

however, that many of his memoirs, ¢.g., those on the Stylopide

or bee-parasites, on the briar-insects, the fig-insects, and other

Hymenoptera, will have an enduring value and preserve him

from oblivion. His carefulness and accuracy in observation

and research, his kindly encouragement of those who needed

it, and his unfailing courtesy to all, combined to constitute a

man with whom it was a pleasure to be associated; and to us,

at least, who have known him personally, and been allied

with him as Members of this Society, the memory of our

late colleague will continue ever green.

The only other Member of our Society of whom, during the

past year, we have been deprived by a too early death is Sir

Artuur Doventas Bateman Scort, Bart., who had but recently

joined us, and died in March last in the 24th year of his age.

Though he was not one of our body, I cannot refrain from a

passing reference to the loss of Epwin Brrcwatu. A native of

Leeds, he was for some years resident in Dublin, and the

best portion of his entomological career was spent in the

sister isle; whilst the latter part of his life was passed in the

Isle of Man, where he died on the 2nd May, 1884, at the age

of sixty-five years. His papers in the Ent. Mo. Mag. (vol.

iii. 1866, with a supplement in vol. x., 1873) are, perhaps, his

most important contributions to Entomological knowledge; and

of these it may be said that they tell us all we know—but how

much less than we ought to know—of the Lepidoptera of

Ireland. Is it too much to hope that the Entomology of

Ireland may no longer be left to the casual investigation of

a Yorkshire Lepidopterist ? and that the day is at hand when

the Irish themselves will study the insects of Ireland, and

establish an Entomological Home Rule ?

The Nestor of Swedish Entomologists, Otor ImManuEL

Fanurmvs, passed quietly away on the 28th May last. He was

one of twin brothers, born on the 23rd March, 1796, in the

Island of Gothland ; having graduated at Upsala, he entered the

service of the Swedish Government, and was employed in the

Customs Department, to the head of which he eventually rose.

Cle)

From 1840 to 1847 he was a Member of the Royal Council, and

performed the functions of Chancellor of the Exchequer and

afterwards of Home Secretary. In 1847 he was appointed

Governor of the province of Gothenburg; in 1864 he returned

to Stockholm, and sat in the First Chamber as Member for

Gothenburg ; for several years he was Deputy Speaker of the

House, and not until 1878 did he retire from public life.

Combining practical statesmanship with a love of Natural °

History, and especially of Entomology, he was associated with

Schonherr (1837-42), describing no less than 480 new species in

the ‘Genera et Species Curculionidum,’ and with Boheman

(1851-57) in the preparation of the ‘Insecta Caffraria annis

1838-45 a J. A. Wahlberg collecta,” describing the Buprestide,

Lycide, Histeride, and a considerable portion of the Scarabeide.

Between 1870 and 1872 he also published in the Transactions of

the Stockholm Academy of Sciences five separate papers, entitled

** Coleoptera Caffrarie a J. A. Wahlberg collecta.” Elected a

member of that Academy in 1840, he was its President in 1847,

and in 1879 he was chosen an Honorary Member of the

Entomological Society of Stockholm.

Another veteran Coleopterist, AuaustE CHEvronat, has

lately been removed. He was one of the foundation Members

and for the last ten years an Honorary Member of the

Entomological Society of France; and from 1831 to his death

he has been a constant writer in the ‘Annales’ and other

entomological periodicals, the whole of his communications

relating to Coleoptera, to the study of which Order of Insects

he exclusively devoted his attention. The first volume of our

Transactions (1836) contains his ‘“‘ Description d’un nouveau

Genre de Curculionites’”’ (read 7th July, 1834), and another

paper from his pen will be found in the first volume of the

Journal of Entomology (1862). M. Chevrolat was for many

years engaged at the Administration de lOctroi, but it is

more than a quarter of a century since he retired from his

official duties. He lived all his life in Paris, and died there on

’ the 16th December, 1884, in the 86th year of his age.

Our annual volume of Transactions contains twenty-five

memoirs, of which, if I were at liberty to make a selection,

several might be mentioned as of more than ordinary interest

( -xlive)

and value. With the exception of 1873, this is the first year in

the history of the Society that we have published nothing from the

pen of Prof. Westwood ; but I rejoice to add that our venerable

Life-President has completely recovered from the serious

accident which befell him in the spring. The Transactions are

now delivered gratis to every Member, in town and country alike,

whose subscription for the year has been paid; this has neces-

sarily caused some little increase in our expenditure and some

diminution in our receipts; but I trust this will be more than

counterbalanced by the increased number of our Members, which

ought to be the natural consequence of the more liberal policy

adopted under the auspices of our Treasurer.

Nosmall portions of the publications for 1884 of the Linnean

and Zoological Societies have been devoted to entomological

subjects. Thus, the second part of the Rev. A. EH. Haton’s

‘* Revisional Monograph of recent Hphemeride,” and an im-

portant paper by Mr. Lowne, ‘‘On the Compound Vision and

the Morphology of the Eye in Insects,” have appeared in the

Linnean Transactions, whilst the Journal of the same Society

contains a memoir by Mr. H. W. Bates, “On the Longicorn

Beetles of Japan.” In the Proceedings of the Zoological

Society there are nine entomological papers, the authors being

Prof. Wood-Mason, the Rey. O. Pickard-Cambridge, Colonel

Swinhoe, and Messrs. C. O. Waterhouse, Godman, Salvin,

Druce, H. W. Bates, and Distant. But perhaps the most

striking entomological work produced in this country during the

year that has just expired is Mr. A. D. Michael’s volume on ‘ The

British Oribatide,’ issued by the Ray Society as the volume for

1883. When it is remembered that Mr. Buckton’s ‘ Monograph

of the British Aphides’ has only just been completed, that the

volume for 1884 (now on the eve of distribution) is another

instalment of Mr. Cameron’s ‘ Monograph of the British Phyto-

phagous Hymenoptera,’ and that the volume for 1885 is to be the

first portion of Mr. Buckler’s ‘‘ Lepidopterous Larve,”’ I think it

must be admitted that the Ray Society has done well for British

entomologists, and merits all our support. It is perhaps to be

regretted that these entomological works cannot all be issued to

the public from one and the same source, and some day or other

this will have to be effected, by the co-operation or affiliation of

different societies and a classification of subjects. But that day

( sly)

has not yet arrived, and in the meantime it is pleasant to find

that so many bodies are independently, but in perfect harmony,

assisting in the advancement of that branch of Science to which

we are devoted, and the furtherance of which is the sole object

of our corporate existence.

I beg again to congratulate you upon the smooth working

of our new electoral law. The redistribution of the seats in our

Council has been accomplished without a jar, and I have again

to announce an unopposed return. No other candidate having

been nominated, I have to declare that Mr. McLachlan is the

President for 1885 ; that the Treasurer, Secretaries and Librarian

have been re-elected; and that Messrs. Billups, Druce, Dunning,

Goss, Meldola, Slater, Stevens and Weir are the other Members

of the Council for the coming year.

And now, Gentlemen, it only remains for me to say Farewell.

To the Officers and other Members of the Council my warmest

thanks are due for their co-operation and support. ‘he attend-

ance at the Council Meetings has been unprecedented. It may

seem invidious to make any selection, but from the necessity of

the case the successful conduct of the Society’s affairs mainly

depends upon the activity and tact of the gentlemen who occupy

the posts of Treasurer, Secretary and Librarian. Those offices

well filled, the Society can survive a roi fainéant ; but pardon me

if I warn you against a repetition of the experiment of electing

a mere dabbler in Science to be your President. Believe me, I

am deeply grateful to each and all of you for your kindness to

myself personally ; but I heartily rejoice that my term of office

has expired, and that I am to be succeeded by one who is an

Entomologist in fact as well as in name. Fifteen years ago I

resigned the acting Secretaryship into the hands of Roserr

McLacuian: it is with far greater pleasure that I now vacate

for him the Presidential Chair.

o0Y a

i ahd.

P Ee

8110 tele tigi judi Ke 1

aie 431] Ninh YM ah idaive iain pisos Fe ahd

et ba VN Op OAET. ial

See tt es areha ay math S fs

I sre Tenedntged ene Fe 8) RS DA ee ethol aa

per) aul as ert tL wi anoldeaaels Sugar i Ceti

: Hed SF Wis aes aha (ty i a

a. = 577 »

a 4

= '

a \! if len LS

4 % :

R ; ) if; =

rey : bys 4) 5 shies ail at!

, . A

; 7 4 ' . Pa —

0 ; or ney oa ih, b>) *.

he) ts P ide ‘te

SP lcm als Oy 0s | ; ah J

> - <

- 4

; “ oct & oot * ~ Aa

: hae

: wi, (iy

= i 29 (389 3a

Sa |

| i ever ie

: ‘5 ‘ ex ie Maer a} api. ae te why ara

re a

; : ; yas aa

INDEX.

Notr.—Where the name only of an Insect or Genus is mentioned,

the description will be found on the page referred to.

The Arabic Figures refer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’; the Roman

Numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’

PAGE PAGE

GENERAL SUBJECTS ........ Xlvii | HYMENOPTERA ........0. li

COmMOPTERA eee ccciecijeee es XLVAIL || NUMPINOPTERA staisie cis cic ec lili

DOMME Ae Geter cr cto siacceisei nee « | ONBUROPTERAS Sneriisceciese X11

ELM MTP TRAY isla eiaiesa se,ecsieiele LI MOBTHOPTERA ticteaiisieiusiiee | LXII

GENERAL SUBJECTS.

Annual Meeting, xxxv.

Caprification, notes on, 97.

Cheetotaxy, an essay on, 497.

Classification of Australian Pyralidina, 61, 277.

Coleopterous larva raised by young man, vii.

Colour-changes induced by exposure, xvii.

Dimorphism, 50.

Drawings of lepidopterous larvee exhibited, ix,

Earthworms and coleopterous larve, xviil.

Exerescences on birch twigs, xxv.

Fig insects, classification of, xiv.

Galls on cabbage-stem, ix; on Cattleya roots, xiv.

Geographical distribution, 279, xi.

Habits of Australian bees, 149.

Humble bees exported to New Zealand, iii.

Importation of Diptera, 489.

Leather destroyed by (stride, xxi.

Markings of lepidopterous larve, 27.

Mimicry, xx, XXxiil.

Movements of pup affected by light, xxiii.

Nomenclature, vii.

( ivory

Pediculus melitte, 167.

Photographs of insect wings exhibited, xxii, xxviii.

Phyletic parallelism, 56.

President’s Address, xxxviii.

Protection by resemblance, 35, 48.

Protective attitudes in lepidopterous larve, 88.

Ray Society’s volume alluded to, xii.

Saunders, Sir Sidney, death of, x.

Setting of Lepidoptera, xiv, xxv.

Strawberry-plants, fasciated, xiv.

Treasurer’s Accounts, xxxvli.

Triungulinus andrenetarum, 108.

COLEOPTERA.

Acanthocinus edilis, alluded to, xxxiii.

Aciphus singularis, exhibited from Brazil, xxxiii.

Adolopus, 478. A. altulus, from New Zealand, 479.—helmsi, 478.

Agabus insolitus, 444.—optatus, 445.

Athous difformis, exhibited from Hastings, xviii.

Berosus vestitus, 456.

Bidessus frontalis, 440.

Blaps, three British species exhibited from Hitchin, xx.

Calosoma sycophanta, exhibited from Foreness, xviii.

Cantharis vesicatoria, larva alluded to, 110.

Cercyon equalis, 459.—aquaticus, from Japan, 458.—flavipes, from New

Zealand, 479. — ovillum, from Japan, 458. — placidus, 459.—

setulosus, 458.—sharpi, alluded to, 458.—sorex, an Oosternum, 460.

—unipunctatus, var., 459.—vagus, 459.

Ceuthorhynchus sulcicollis, exhibited with galls, ix.

Cis bilamellatus, exhibited from West Wickham, xxx.

Celambus vittatus, 441.

Copelatus japonicus, 445.

Cryphalus fagi, exhibited from Tonbridge, xxvii.

Cryptoplewrum subtile, 461.

Curculionide from New Guinea, exhibited, ii.

Cyclonotum marginale, from New Zealand, 479.—orbiculare, from Japan,

457.

Deronectes anchoralis, 442.—hostilis, 443.—simplicipes, 443.

Diphucephalus, species from Australia, 157.

Cyloma guttulatus, 477.—lawsonus, 476.—thomsonus, 477.

Dyschirius extensus, exhibited from Folkestone, xxvii.

Dytiscus marginalis, from Japan, 446.—sharpi, alluded to, 446.

Euryomia brunnipes, from Australia, 157.

Gyrinus curtus, 448,—gestroi, 448,—japonica, 448, from Japan.

Haliplus japonicus, alluded to, 440.—ovalis, 440.—sharpi, from Japan, 440.

Helophorus, species from Japan, 457. H. awriculatus, 464.

Helota, new species from Angola exhibited, xi.

Homalota eximia, languida, luteipes, planifrons, exhibited, xxvii.

( xlix )

Hydaticus thermonectoides, 447.

Hydrobius assimilis, from New Zealand, 467.—fuscipes, from Japan, 452.

pauper, 452.—zealandicus, synonym of assimilis, 467.

Hydrocharis afinis, from Japan, 450.—libera, 450.

Hydrochus equalis, 457.

Hydrocyclus 451. H. lacustris, 451.

Hydrophilide of New Zealand, 465.

Hydrophilus orbicularis, a Cyclonotum, 457.—rufipes, alluded to, 451.

Hydroporus natrix, 444.—vrivalis, alluded to, 444.

Hydrostygnus, 475. H. browni, 475.—linsi, 476.

Hydrovatus acuminatus, from Japan, 440.

Hyphydrus frontalis, synonym of japonicus, 441.—japonicus, 441,—levi

ventris, 441, from Japan.

Hypocephalus armatus, remarks on and photograph exhibited, ii.

Julodis finchi, exhibited from Karachi, xxxiii.

Laccobius bedeli, 455.—oscillans, 455.

Lathridius testaceus, exhibited from Tonbridge, xxvii.

Meloé, larvee of, 108.

Monohammus titillator, exhibited from Bath, xxxiii.

Myrmedonia haworthi, exhibited from Bloxworth, xxvii.

Ocalea latipennis, exhibited from Tonbridge, xxvii.

Octhebius inermis, 456.

Ocypus cyaneus, exhibited from N. Devon, xxv.

Odontolabis carinatus, exhibited with cocoons, xviii.

Oosternum sorex, alluded to, 460.

Orectochilus agilis, 449.—punctipennis, 449.—regimbarti, 448.

Pachysternum hemorrhum, alluded to, 462.

Paracymus nitidiusculus, alluded to, 467.

Passandra sexstriata, exhibited from the Zambesi, xxxi.

Peratogonus, 461. P. reversus, 461.

Platambus fimbriatus, 445.

Phelerosus, 480. P. pallidipennis, 480.

Philonthus astutus, exhibited from Folkestone, xxviii. — thermarum,

exhibited from West Ham, ix.

Philydrus abditus, 473. — cinctus, alluded to, 452.— haroldi, 452.—

omaticeps, 454.—subsignatus, from Japan, 453.—tritus, from New

Zealand, 473.—umbratus, 454.—uniformis, 453.—variolorum, from

New Zealand, 473.—vilis, 453.

Phleotrya stephensi, series exhibited, xxvii.

Platychile pallida, note on habitat of, xxiv.

Porphyraspis tristis, life-history of, 435 ; exhibited, xviii.

Protetia mandarinea, from Australia, 157.

Rhantus erraticus, 446.

Rygmodus, 470. R. femoratus, 471. —modestus, 471.—ovalis, 472.—

pedinoides, synonym of modestus, 471.—unguicularis, 472.

Sandracottus hunteri, from Japan, 447.

Saphydrus, 467. S. antennatus, 469.—longulus, 469.—obesus, 469.—

suffusus, 468.

( “lee

Spheridium, alluded to, 457. S. flavipes, a Cercyon, 479.

Stenus morio, exhibited from Tonbridge, xxvii.

Tormus, 474. T. helmsi, 474.

Trichopteryx brevicornis, exhibited from Canning Town, xviii.

Trichonyx mirkelli, exhibited from Lulworth, xxvii.

Water-beetles of Japan, 439.

DIPTERA.

Apsona muscaria, from New Zealand, 273.

Bibio bilineata, probably a Thereva, 274.—nigrostigma, a Dilophus, 272.

Calliphora auronotata, synonym of hortona, 275.—hortona, 275,—quadri-

maculata, 275, from New Zealand.

Cecidomyide bred from Cattleya galls, xxii.

Cloniophora wakefieldii, from New Zealand, 270.

Culex, introduced into Sandwich Islands, 494.

Dilophus nigrostigma, from New Zealand, 272.—spectabilis, synonym of

zealandicus, 272.—zealandicus, from New Zealand, 272.

Diptera of New Zealand, 269; arrangement of bristles, 497.

Eristalis tenax, distribution of, 489.

Homalomyia, specimen with seven legs exhibited, xxix.

Limnobia fumipennis, 272,—vicarians, 272, from New Zealand.

Musca hortona, a Calliphora, 275.—lupina, a Tachina, 274.—vicaria,

from New Zealand, 275.—violacea, a Calliphora, 275.

Nemorea nyctemeriana, from New Zealand, 275.

Odontomyia atrovirens, 274,—dorsalis, 274, from New Zealand.

(strus destructive to leather, xxi.

Pangonia adrel, 273,—lerda, 273, from New Zealand.

Promachus floccosus, 273.

Psilopus pallens, distribution of, 493.

Rhyphus neozelandicus, from New Zealand, 269.—phaleratus, alluded to,

269.

Sarcophaga carnaria, distribution of, 491.

Simulium australense, from New Zealand, 273.

Syrphus pyrastri, distribution of, 495.—nove-zelandie, alluded to, 274.

Tabanus impar, 273,—oplus, 273,—sarpa, 273,—truncatus, 273, from New

Zealand.

Tachina lupina, from New Zealand, 274.—zelica, synonym of lupina, 274.

Tanyderus forcipatus, from New Zealand, 272.

Thereva bilineata, 274,—innotata, 274, from New Zealand.

Tipula clara, 271.—dux, 270.—holochlora, alluded to, 272.—novare,

synonym of senex, 270.—obscuripennis, 271.—senex, 270,—viridis,

272, from New Zealand.

HEMIPTERA.

Aphides, Walker’s microscopic preparations exhibited, xiv,

Coccide, various species exhibited, xxx.

Flata, mimicked by C. spinula, xx,

(ae 4)

Hemiptera, exhibited from Headley Lane, xi; exhibited from Brazil, xxx.

Idiocerus cognatus, exhibited from Lewisham, xxx.

Lecanium vitis, exhibited from Jersey, xix.

Loxops coccineus, exhibited from Chatham, xxv.

Orthezia, new species of, 81. O. menariensis, 81.—urtice, life-history

alluded to, 85.

Phylloxera vastatrix, in Victoria, v.

Pulvinaria vitis, exhibited from Jersey, xix.

HYMENOPTERA.

Agaonide defined, xv.

Agrianisa myrmecoides, synonym of S. bethyloides, xvi.

Agrothereutes hopei, female of C. pygoleucus, 423.

Allodape simillima, from Australia, 157.

Andrena carinata, genital armature alluded to, 260.—/ulva, destructive to

lawns, xi.

Anomalon anomelas, 425,—anzxium, 425,—arquatum, 425, new to Britain.

—cylindricum, 424.—minutum, 425.

Anthidium, 217. A. manicatwm, 218.

Anthophora, 219. A. acervorum, synonym of pilipes, 221.—furcata, 221.

—haworthana, synonym of retusa, 220,—pilipes, 221.—quadri-

maculata, 222.—retusa, 220.

Apanteles popularis, parasite of, 431.

Apathus, synonym of Psithyrus, 225.

Aphidius from apple Aphis exhibited, xi.

Apis, 245. A. mellifica, 245.

Aulax rufipes, 485.

Blastophaga, remarks on oviposition of, 99.

Blennocampa alternipes, exhibited from Loughton, xx.—bicolorata, 483.

Bombus, 229. B. agrorum,-synonym of muscorum, 233.—cognatus, 232.—

cullumanus, synonym of soroensis, 241.—derhamellus, 241.—dis-

tinguendus, 234.— elegans, 234,—fragrans, 234, synonym of

distinguendus.—harvrisellus, variety of hortorum, 236.—hortorum,

236.—jonellus, synonym of schrimshiranus, 238.—lapidarius, 243.

lapponicus, 239.—latreillellus, 235.—lucorum, synonym of terrestris,

244,—nivalis, 237.—pomorum, 243.—pratorum, 238.—schrimshira-

nus, 238.—senilis, synonym of cognatus, 232.—smithianus, 231.—

soroensis, 241.—subterraneus, synonym of latreillellus, 235; variety

of hortorum, 236.—terrestris, 244.—variabilis, 232,—venustus, 232,

synonym of cognatus.—virginalis, synonym of terrestris, 244.

Camponiscus apicalis, exhibited from Weybridge. xx.

Campoplex bucculentus, new to Britain, 426.—melampus, synonym of

bucculentus, 426.

Ceratina, 224. C. cyanea, 224.

Ceroptres arator, bred from C. kollari galls, ix.

Chalcid mimicking an Hemipteron, xx.

Chelogynus from the burrows of H. morio, xx.

Chelostoma, 213. C. campanularum, 214.—florisomne, 213.

() ai)

Celiorys, 191. C. acuminata, 196. — elongata, 195. — mandibularis,

alluded to, 196.—quadridentata, 193.—rufescens, 194.—simplezx,

synonym of elongata, 195.—umbrina, variety of rufescens, 194.—

vectis, 192.

Cothonaspis rufiventris, 486.

Cremastogaster scutellaris, exhibited from Greenwich, xiv.

Cryptus pygoleucus, sexes of, 423.

Cteniscus triangulatorius, new to Britain, 432.

Dimeris mira, exhibited from Headley Lane, ix.

Diospilus oleraceus, exhibited from cabbage-stem galls, ix.

Diphysis serratule, genital armature described, 263.

Dufourea, 163. D. vulgaris, 163.

Eclytus fontinalis, new to Britain, 431.

Epeolus, 188. E. productus, 188.—rwjfipes, 189.—variegata, synonym of

rufipes, 189.

Eucera, 218. FE. longicornis, 218.

Eucela incisa, 486.

Euura mexicana, 482.

Evagethes bicolor, alluded to, 252.

Ezenterus triangulatorius, a Cteniscus, 432.

Exochus fletcheri, 432.

Fig-insects, classification of, xiv.

Glypta lineata, variety of, 433.

Hemichroa nigricans, 482.

Heriades, 214. H. truncorum, 215.

Humble bees exported to New Zealand, iii.

Hymenoptera, synopsis of British, 159; exhibited from Chobham, xxxii.

Ibalia rujicollis, 488.

Ichneumon heracliana, 421.

Ichneumonide exhibited, xxxii.

Idarnella, Idarnes, alluded to, xvi, xvii. I. orientalis, synonym of I. sta-

bilis, xvii.

Isanisa decatomoides, a Sycophila, xvi.

Isosoma orchidearum, bred specimens exhibited, xi, xxii.

Limneria cylindrica, new to Britain, 428.—elishe, 426.—gracilis, 427.—

ovata, new to Britain, 428.—reticulata, 430.—robusta, new to

Britain, 428.—rufata, 429.—rujicornis, 429.

Lissonota errabunda, new to Britain, 433.

Megachile, 196. M. argentata, 203.—centuncularis, 202.—cireumeincta,

200.—ericetorum, 202.—ligniseca, 201.—maritima, 197.—pyrina,

synonym of ericetorwn, 202.—ustulatus, from Australia, 157.—

willughbiella, 199. ;

Megapelmus mexicanus, 487.

Melecta, 189. M. armata, 191.—luctuosa, 190.

Mesochorus facialis, 431.

Mesoleius sepulchralis, new to Britain, 432.

Micranisa pteromaloides, alluded to, xvii.

Mymaride, drawings of exhibited, xviii.

(* io 3

Myzine, position of, 255.

Nematus curtispina, larva alluded to, 46.—mexicanus, 481.—ribesii, said

to attack black currant, xix.

Nomada, 164. N. alboguttata, 174.—alternata, 172.—armata, 183.—

baccata, synonym of alboguttata, 174.—bifida, 179.—borealis, 178.

—bridgmaniana, synonym of lateralis, 176.—fabriciana, 185.—

ferruginata, 184.—/flavoguttata, 186.—fucata, 166.—furva, 187.—

guttulata, 175.—jacobee, 172.—lateralis, 176.—lathburiana, 173.—

lineola, 171.—obtusifrons, 182.—ochrostoma, 180.—roberjeotiana,

181.—rujicornis, 177.—rujfilabris, synonym of guttulata, 175.—

sexfasciata, 168. — solidaginis, 167. — succincta, 170. — varia,

synonym of fucata, 166.—xanthosticta, synonym of lateralis,

176; synonym of obtusifrons, 182.

Nomia, species from Australia, 156.

Odynerus, species from Australia, 156.

Osmia, 204. O. enea, synonym of c@rulescens, 208.—aurulenta, 210.—

bicolor, 210.—cerulescens, 208.—fuciformis, synonym of pilicornis,

206; synonym of xanthomelana, 207.—fulviventris, 209.—leuco-

melana, 211. — parietina, 208. — pilicornis, 206.—rufa, 205. —

spinulosa, 212.—vulpecula, alluded to, 208.—xanthomelana, 207.

Palarus, position of, 256.

Panurgus, 160. P. calcaratus, 160.—ursinus, 161.

Pelopeus architectus, exhibited with nest, xviil.

Pheogenes cicutella, new to Britain, 423.—jucwndus, alluded to, 423.

Pimpla similis, 433.—strigipleuris, new to Britain, 433,

Platylabus pumilio, new to Britain, 422.

Polanisa lutea, synonym of I. transiens, xvi.

Pompilus pectinipes, probably a variety of H. bicolor, 252.

Pseudisa smicroides, synonym of 8. megastigmoides, xvi.

Psithyrus, 225. P. barbutellus, 227.—campestris, 228.—quadricolor, 229.

—rupestris, 226.—vestalis, 226.

Ptilia crassula, 484.—luteiventris, 485.—nigerrima, 485.

Rophites, 162. R. quinquespinosus, 162.

Saropoda, 223. 8S. bimaculata, 223.

Sigalphus obscurellus, exhibited from cabbage-stem galls, ix.

Stelis, 215. 8S. aterrima, 216.—octomaculata, 217.—pheoptera, 216.

Strongylogaster fumipennis, 484.—rogenhoferi, 483.

Synopsis of British Hymenoptera, 159.

Terminal segments of Aculeata, 251.

Trigona, habits of two Australian species, 149. T. carbonaria, alluded

to, 149.

Tryphon triangulatorius, a Cteniscus, 432.

Zarea fasciata, parasite of, 432.

LEPIDOPTERA.

_Achea melicerta, life-history of, 415.

Acherontia styx, life-history of, 392.

Achrea grisella, from Australia, 157.

( Shey)

Acrobasis funerea, 65,—axanthomelalis, 64, a Catamola.

Adena xanthialis, synonym of N. hybreadalis, 330.

Aidiodes amathealis, new genus for, 307.

Aglossa, genitalia described, 282. A. cuprealis, from Australia, 72; life-

history alluded to, ii.—pinguinalis, life-history of, ii.

Alope ricini, life-history of, 395.

Amorbia humerosana, alluded to, 124.

Amphisa discopunctana, from N. Carolina, 127.

Apha flava, 359.

Aphelia inquadrana, 134.

Aphendala divaricata, 376.—tripartita, 376 ; life-history of, 398.

Aphytoceros, 320. A. lucalis, from Australia, 321.

Apona shevaroyensis, 373.

Arcas lacticinia, life-history of, 396.

Asopia abruptalis, a Botys, 323.—caustica, 282.—dotatalis, synonym of

B. abruptalis, 323.—farinalis, from New Zealand, 61.—gerontialis,

alluded to, 282. — lydialis, synonym of P. abstitalis, 316. —

suffectalis, synonym of B. abruptalis, 323.—venilialis, new genus

for, 305.

Astrapometis, 67. A. sabwralis, 67.

Astura clytalis, new genus for, 312.—ersealis, 314,—guttatalis, 314,

synonym of C. punctiferalis.—obrinusalis, synonym of N. cassalis,

311.—punetiferalis, new genus for, 314.—semifascialis, variety of

C. punctiferalis, 314,

Atella propinqua, 94.

Atelocentra, 323. A. chloraspis, 323.

Attacus pernyi,—roylei, hybrid alluded to, xxii.

Bactra lanceolana, from N. America, 134.

Balanotis, 69; genitalia described, 281. B. didymalis, 69, 281, 282.—

hercophora, 281.—mnesibrya, 71.—recurvalis, 70.

Bankia argentula, exhibited with drawing of larva, xxxi.

Bertula thyrisalis, a Catamola, 64.

Beotarcha, 305. B. crassicornis, from Australia, 306.

Bombyx collaris, new genus for, 370.

Botys, 321. B. abnegatalis, synonym of IM. bracteolalis, 309.—abruptalis,

from Australia, 323.—abstrusalis, synonym of B. pheopteralis,

322.—achealis, new genus for, 334.—«grotalis, synonym of P.

mutualis, 315.—e@qualis, from Australia, 323.—affinitalis, synonym

of 7. ustalis, 342.—albidalis, synonym of B. incoloralis, 322.—

annuligeralis, 312,—basipunctalis, 312, synonym of N. multi-

lineatus.—beatalis, a Eurycreon, 338.—bianoralis, alluded to, 315.

—bracteolalis, 309.—clytialis, 312, new genus for.—crassicornis, a

Beotarcha, 306.—dasionalis, alluded to, 322.—evazalis, synonym

of C. punctiferalis, 314.—faustalis, synonym of N. cassalis, 311.—

fugalis, new genus for, 75.—furnacalis, alluded to, 322.—histrio-

nalis, synonym of A. lucalis, 321.—hypsidesalis, synonym of S.

murcalis, 319.—immundalis, synonym of R. pheopteralis, 322.—

infundibulalis, new genus for, 314.—incoloralis, from Australia,

( dei-)

322.—iolealis, synonym of C. rutilalis, 304.—jucundalis, synonym

of B. abruptalis, 323.—lucalis, new genus for, 321.—marisalis,

synonym of D. venilialis, 305.— melonalis, synonym of B.

incoloralis, 322.—molusalis, life-history of, 417.—multilinealis,

312,—mutualis, 315, new genus for.—neloalis, synonym of B.

pheopteralis, 322.—nicippealis, synonym of C. puncetiferalis, 314.

—nurscialis, synonym of C. rutilalis, 304.—otagalis, synonym of

M. flavidalis, 330.—otreusalis, synonym of B. pheopteralis, 322.—

otysalis, synonym of N. multilinealis, 312.—pheopteralis, from

Australia, 322.—pharaxalis, synonym of B. pheopteralis, 322.—

ptoalis, a Hurycreon, 336.—rujicostalis, synonym of B. incoloralis,

322.—rutilalis, a Cnaphalocrocis, 304.—salentialis, from Australia,

322.—stultalis, alluded to, 315.—tenialis, synonym of B. crassi-

cornis, 306.—triarialis, synonym of B. pheopteralis, 322.—ustalis,

synonym of P. abstitalis, 316.

Brachytera primularis, 371.

Butterflies, scarcity of in Britain, iii.

Cacecia cerasivorana, from Wisconsin, 122.—obsoletana, from Montana,

123.—parallela, 122,—purpurana, 122,—rosaceana, 122, from Wis-

consin.—sanbornana, alluded to, 123.—transiturana, from Montana,

123.

Cacozelia, alluded to, 65. C. cholica, 66.

Callerebia yphthimoides, an Ypthima, 89.

Carcantia pterophoralis, synonym of T. adactylalis, 291.

Cardamyla, alluded to, 68. C. carinentalis, alluded to, 68.

Carea obsolescens, 356.

Carpocapsa pomonella, from Wisconsin, 147.

Castnia eudesmia, eggs, pup, &c., exhibited, i.

Cataclysta nympha, synonym of G. tolumnialis, 298.

Catamola, 63; genitalia described, 280. C. elassota, 280.—funerea. 65,—

thyridalis, 64.—xanthomelalis, 64.

Cenopis reticulatana, alluded to, 126.

Ceratocampa imperialis, cocoons exhibited, xxvi.

Charala, 359. C. sericea, 359.

Cherocampa celerio, 388,—oldenlandia, 390,—thyelia, 389, life-history

of.

Chilena strigula, life-history of, 404.

Choreutis scintillulana, parasite of, 430.

Chrysocoris festaliella, parasite of, 126.

Cilix spinula, protective resemblance in, xx.

Cirrhochrista etherialis, synonym of C. brizonalis, 297.—brizonalis, from

Australia, 297.

Clanis cervina, 393,—? deucalion, 394, life-history of.

Cnaphalocrocis, 303. C. iolinalis, synonym of C. rutilalis, 304.—rutilalis,

from Borneo, 304.

Cocytia chlorosoma, 352,—durvillet, 352, alluded to.—veitchii, 352.

Colias, notes on genus, 1. C. alexandra, 17,—alpherakii, 23,—anthyale,

16,—astrea, 17,— barbara, 17, —boothii, 25,— christina, 17,—

( er 4

ehrysodona, 23, —chrysomelas, 16,—chrysotheme, 16, — cunning-

hamii, 9, alluded to; exhibited from Chili, xxvii—dinora, 12.—

edwardsi, 17,—elwesii, 23,—emelia, 17,—eogene, 13,—erate, 20,

23, — eriphyle, 16,—erschofi, 25, —euxanthe, 12,— fieldii, 7,—

flaveola, 9,—harfordi, 17,—helictha, 23, — hyale, 20,— interior,

17, — keewaydin, 17, —ladakensis, 24,—laurentina, 17,— lesbia,

13,—alluded to: exhibited from Chili, xxvii.—meadti, 8—minus-

cula, 9, alluded to; exhibited from Chili, xxvii.—myrmidone, 7,—

nereine, 23,— nilgherriensis, 23, — occidentalis, 17,— olga, 7,—

pelidne, 19,—philodice, 16,—rutilans, 9,—sareptensis, 23 —scud-

deri, 17,—shipkee, 24,—simoda, 23, —staudingeri, 14, —stolicz-

kana, 13,—subaurata, 23,—theia, 13,—thisoa, 14,—vautieri, 9,

alluded to; exhibited from Chili, xxvii—vilwiensis, alluded to,

ily,

Conchylis angulatana, from N. Carolina, 132.—comes, 129.—dorsistriatana,

132.—edwardsiana, 128.—fulvotinctana, 132.—hospes, 131.—pli-

cana, 131.—sartana, alluded to, 129.—sonore, 130.

Conchylodes, 309. C. baptalis, synonym of C. meritalis, 310.—meritalis,

from Australia, 310.

Conogethes, 314. CC. infundibulalis, 314, — punctiferalis, 314, from

Australia.

Cosmophila indica, life-history of, 411.

Crambus rotwellus, new genus for, 350.—sabulosellus, 348,—trivirgata, 348,

a Scoparia.

Creatonotus interruptus, life-history of, 396.

Cricula trifenestrata, exhibited, xxii; cocoons exhibited, xxvi.

Criophthona, 339. C. haliaphra, 340.—/initima, 340.

Crochiphora testulalis, a Seriocauta, 299.

Curena externalis, probably a Scenedra, 77.

Cymoriza minima, new genus for, 285.

Dabarita subtilis, life-history of, 408.

Danais archippus, exhibited, viii.

Daphnis nerit, life-history of, 390.

Daraba extensalis, synonym of S. cordalis, 303.

Delias eucharis, life-history of, 385.—nigidius, 93.

Depressaria heracliana, parasites of, 422, 433.

Deudorix democles, 95.

Deuterarcha, 312. D. mesochlora, 313.—xanthomela, 313.

Devanica, new name, 355. D. bicolor, 356.

Diadema bolina, series exhibited, xxviii.

Diathrausta aduncalis, new genus for, 289.—timaralis, synonym of M.

nitidalis, 290.

Diasemia, 302. D. grammalis, from Australia, 302.—leucophealis, syno-

nym of D. ramburialis, 302.—ramburialis, from Australia, 302.—

reconditalis, synonym of D.ramburialis, 302.—spilonotalis, synonym

of D. grammalis, 302.

Dichelia sulfureana, from North America, 127.

Diplopseustis, 284. D. hemiophthalma, 286.—minima, 285.

( lv )

Dolichosticha, 304. D. venilialis, 305.

Dosara celatalis, synonym of E. massalis, 338

Eccopsis fasciatana, 135,—permundana, 135, from N. America.

Ecdytolopha, from N. America, 14€.

Eclipsiodes, 348. EH. crypsixantha, 343.

Elachista cerussella, parasite of, 429.

Endotricha, genitalia described, 283. E. ethopa, 79.—heliopa, 78.—

ignealis, alluded to, 78.—pulchrinalis, new genus for, 284.—puncti-

costalis, 79.—pyrosalis, 79,—ustalis, 79, alluded to.

Endromis versicolor, larva referred to, 33.

Ennychia melissalis, synonym of T. pollinalis, 350.

Ephestia elutella,—parasitella, destructive to cocoa-beans, xxx.

Ephippiphora scutulana, parasite of, 433.

Ephyride, protective attitude of larve, 38.

Ercheia diversipennis, life-history of, 412.

HLretria obsistalis, synonym of S. cordalis, 303.

Euchelia jacobee, parasite of, 424.

Euclasta maceratalis, from Australia, 295.

Eucosma circulana, alluded to, 121.

Eudioptis capensis, synonym of P. indica, 297.—indica, a Phacellwra,

297.

Eupecilia ambiguana, 423,—udana, 425, parasite of.

Huproctis immaculata, 358.—lunata, life-history of, 400.

Eupterote afinis, 369.—alterata, 366.—asimilis, 363.—auriflua, 864.—

caliginosa, 867.—castanoptera, 365.—cinnamomea, 368.—consimilis,

364.—contaminata, 363.—cupreipennis, 361.—decorata, 369.—dis-

similis, 368.—griseipennis, 362.—immutata, 366.—lativittata, 367.

—mollis, 367.—nigricans, 365.—permutata, 366.—persimilis, 368.

similis, 369.—sinuata, 363.—subdita, 361,—suffusa, 362.—todara,

364.—variegata, 362.—vinosa, 361.

Eurrhyparodes accessalis, alluded to, 309.

Eurycreon, 335. EH. beatalis, from Australia, 338.—capnochroa, 338.—

familiaris, 336. —massalis, 338.—ptoalis, from Australia, 336,—

xenogama, 337.

Ganisa similis, 359.

Gastropacha divaricata, 374.

Gauna subferralis, alluded to, 74,

Gelechia inopella, 428,—notatella, 433, parasite of.

Goniodoma auroguttella, xxv,—limoniella, xxv, exhibited and referred to.

—wmillierella, exhibited from 8. France, xxxi.

Glossina habitalis, a Stericta, 67.

Glotiula dominica, life-history of, 409.

Glyphodes, 297. G. diurnalis, synonym of G. perspicillalis, 299.—excel-

salis, from Australia, 298.—lomaspilalis, synonym of G. tolumnialis,

298.—malayana, synonym of G. Piepersialis, 298.—perspicillalis,

299,—piepersialis, 298, from Australia.—sexpunctalis, synonym of

G. tolumnialis, 298.—tolumnialis, from Australia, 298.

Godara comalis, from Australia, 321.

( lili )

Grapholitha duodecemstriata, 146.—vitrana, from Arizona, 146.

Heliothis armiger, life-history of, 410.

Hellula, 316. H. hydralis, female variety of H. undalis, 317.—uwndalis,

from Australia, 316.

Hemileuca, note on genus, xii.

Homopsyche, alluded to, xx.

Homoptera continua, 412,—solita, 411, life-history of.

Hydrocampa albifacialis, synonym of Z. recurvalis, 308. — aquatilis,

synonym of S. testulalis, 299.

Hymenia meridionalis, synonym of 8. pipleidalis, 300.

Hypochalcia indistinctalis, 347,—submarginalis, 347, a Scoparia.

Hypochroma dispensata, life-history of, 416.

Hypochrysops hecalius, 94.

Hypolimnas avia, life-history of, 384.

Isopteryx abnegatalis, synonym of M. bracteolalis, 309.—acclaralis, new

genus for, 289.—melaleucalis, synonym of D. ramburialis, 302.—

nitidalis, 290,— ochropteralis, 291, new genus for.— plumbalis,

synonym of M., bracteolalis, 309.— sordidalis, synonym of S. mur-

calis, 319.

Jana cervina, 361,—lineosa, 360, new genus for.

Junonia enone, 383,—orithyia, 382, life-history of.

Lacides ficus, life-history of, 397.

Lelia lilacina, 357.—pallida, 358.

Lelioides lactea, 358.—rubripennis, 358.

Larva-cases, heliciform, from East Africa, exhibited, xiv.

Lebeda buddha, life-history of, 407. — fasciata, 375. — purpurescens,

376.

Lenodora fasciata, 374.—fusca, 374.—signata, 374.

Lepidoptera from South Sea Islands exhibited, xxvii; from Brazil

exhibited, xxx.

Lepyrodes geometralis, from Australia, 295.—iolealis, new genus for, 301.

—lepidalis, synonym of S. pipleidalis, 300.

Leucochroma tolumnialis, a Glyphodes, 298.

Limnas chrysippus, life-history of, 380.

Lophoderus mariana, from Florida, 123.—politana, from Wisconsin, 123.

—triferana, from N. Carolina, 123,

Loxotenia glaucana, 128,—sescuplana, 123, alluded to.—virescana, from

Arizona, 123.

Margaritia cordalis, a Sceliodes, 303.—flavidalis, new genus for, 330.—

quadralis, synonym of M. flavidalis, 330.

Margarodes, 296. WM. atlitalis, synonym of M. vertumnalis, 296.—psitta-

calis, a Pachyarches, 296.—vertumnalis, from Australia, 296.

Margaronia brizonalis, a Cirrhochrista, 297.

Maruca aquatilis, synonym of S. testulalis, 299.

Mecyna, 326. MM. deprivalis, from Australia, 327.—ornithopteralis, syno-

nym of M. polygonalis, 326.

Megasoma venustum, life-history of, 406.

Melanitis ismene, life-history of, 382.—libya, alluded to and figured, 90.

C sie.)

Messata castanoptera, 372.—flavida, 372.

Messatis sabirusalis, is Endotricha pyrosalis, 78.

Metallarcha, 331. M. achealis, 334.—calliaspis, 832.—diplochrysa, 832.

—epichrysa, 333.—eurychrysa, 334,

Metanastria minor, new genus for, 374.

Miresa albipuncta, life-history of, 397.

Mnesictena, 328. M. flavidalis, from New Zealand, 330.—marmarina,

329.—notata, from New Zealand, 330.

Molybdantha, 309. M. bracteolalis, from Australia, 309.

Murlida, 370. M. fraterna, 371.—lineosa, 371.

Musotima, 288. M. acrias, 289.—aduncalis, from New Zealand, 289.—

nitidalis, 290,—ochropteralis, 291, from Australia.

Myriostephes, 327. M. matura, 328.

Nacoleia murcalis, new genus for, 319.

Nephopteryx favilliferella, alluded to, 349.—maoriella, synonym of S. sub-

marginalis, 347.

Nepticula aucuparia, parasite of, 427.

Nesarcha, 330. N. hybreadalis, 330.

Nioda fusiformis, life-history of, 401.

Nisaga modesta, 373.

Noctua subrosea, distribution alluded to, xxxii.

Nomophila, 306. WN. noctuella, from Australia, 306.

Nonagria sparganii, exhibited from Deal, xxx.

Notarcha, 310. WN. cassalis, from Australia, 311.—chrysoplasta, 311.—

clytalis, 311,—multilinealis, 312, from Australia.

Notodonta ziczac, protective attitude of larva, 43.

Nyctarcha, 344. N. atra, from Australia, 346.—ophideres, 345.—per-

sumptana, 344.

Ocrasa, 72. O. albidalis, 73.—decoloralis, alluded to, 72.

Gidematophaga, 73. Cd. egalis, 74.

Gnectra distineta, 126.—irrorea, 125.—striata, 126.—violaceana, from

Wisconsin, 125.

Gnogenes, 75. CG. fugalis, 75.

Oligostigma sexpunctalis, synonym of G. tolumnialis, 298.

Ophiodes separans, life-history of, 415,

Orniz scoticella, parasite of, 427.

Orosana atra, 346.—ophideres, 345,—persumptana, 344, new genus for.

Orthotelia sparganella, parasite of, 423.

Osiriaca inturbidalis, synonym of L. ptoalis, 336.

Paconia albifimbrialis,is Endotricha pyrosalis, 78.

Pedisca agricolana, 139,—albiguttana, 138, from N. America.—aspidana,

140.—bolanderana, 136,—castana, 139, from Arizona.—caniceps,

137.—circulana, 136,—constrictana, 140, from N. America.—coro-

sana, 139.—dorsisignatana, from N. Carolina, 140.—emaciatana,

157.—giganteana, from N. Carolina, 139.—morrisoni, 138.—otio-

sana, 140,—pulveratana, 140,—rectiplicana, 139,—robinsoniana,

136,—scudderiana, 140, from N. America.—solandriana, parasite

of, 431.—strenuana, from N. America, 140,

( 1 4

Pachyarches, 295. P. psittacalis, from Australia, 296.

Pachyzancla, 315. P. mutualis, from Australia, 315.

Palirisa, 360. P. cervina, 361,—lineosa, 360, from India.

Pamphila mathias, life-history of, 387.

Pantherodes pardalaria, alluded to, xxiv.

Papilio erithonius, life-history of, 386.—polydecta, note on, 87; described,

88.

Parasa lepida, life-history of, 399.

Paredra eogenalis, probably synonym of S. vibicalis, 282.

Parnassius, on the genus, x.

Pelecyntis, 315. P. abstitalis, from Australia, 316.

Penthina hebesana, from N. Carolina, 136.—impudens, 135.—malachitana,

from N. Carolina, 136.

Perigia centralis, life-history of, 410.

Perina nuda, life-history of, 402.

Persicoptera, 283.

Pessocosma, 300. P. tolealis, 301.

Phacellura, 297. P. indica, from Australia, 297.

Phalangiodes, 294. P. neptis, from Australia, 295.

Pharmacis sartana, alluded to, 121, 129.

Phoxopteris, a probable new species from Arizona, 145.—burgessiana,

145,—nubeculana, 145,—platanana, 145, from N. America.

Phtheochroa, a species of from Mexico, 132.

Platynota flavidana, from N. America, 127.—labiosana, from Arizona,

128.—semiustana, 128.—sentana, from Montana, 128.—stultana,

127.

Plusia chrysitina, life-history of, 411.

Polyptychus dentatus, life-history of, 395.

Precis lemonias, life-history of, 383

Prodenia retina, life-history of, 410.

Proteopteryx emarginana, alluded to, 144.

Proternia, 317. P. philocapna, 317.

Protereca, 335. P. comastis, 335.

Protoparce orientalis, life-history of, 391.

Psalis securis, life-history of, 399.

Pseudoconchylis, 133. P. laticapitana, 133.

Pseudodipsas brisbanensis, 95.

Pseudomesa incerta, life-history of, 402.

Pyralis achatina, synonym of A. gerontialis, 282.—e@gusalis, 74,—decora-

talis, 76, new genus for.—despectalis, synonym of A. gerontialis,

282.—docilisalis, is Endotricha pyrosalis, 78.—fraterna, is A. fari-

nalis, 73.—gerontesalis, an Asopia, 282.—miseralis, synonym of A.

gerontialis, 282.—nauplialis, is S. habitalis, 67.—ornatalis, syno-

nym of T. amathealis, 307.—perspectalis, a Zinckenia, 309.—

porphyralis, is S. habitalis, 67.—saburalis, an Astrapometis, 67.—

stilbealis, is Endotricha pyrosalis, 78.—subtrigonalis, synonym of

H. undalis, 316.

Pyrameis cardut, variety from New Forest, exhibited, xxvii.

—eoe

( ter ))

Pyrausta abstitalis, new genus for, 316.

Pyrgus galba, life-history of, 387.

Remigia frugalis, life-history of, 416.

Retinia, a species from N. Carolina, not R. duplana, 133.

Rhimphalea, 299. R. sceletalis, from Australia, 300.

Rhisina puncticostalis, an Endotricha, 79.

Rhodaria robina, is Endotricha pyrosalis, 78.

Rhodogastra fraterna, 356.

Salbia amphicedalis, new genus for, 318.

Samea sidealis, 300,—vespertinalis, 300, synonym of S. pipleidalis.

Sameodes, 300. S. pipleidalis, from Australia, 300.—trithyralis, synonym

of S. pipleidalis, 300.

Samia, photograph of abnormal specimen, exhibited, ii. S. cecropia,—

ceanothi, alluded to, xxii.

Sangatissa albipars, 372.

Sceliodes, 303. SS. cordalis, from Australia, 303.—mucidalis, synonym of

S. cordalis, 303.

Scenedra,75. 8S. decoratalis, 76.—externalis, 77.

Sciaphila arizonana, 124.

Scoparia, 346. S. australialis, alluded to, 350.—cleodoralis, from Australia,

348.—conifera, synonym of S. ustimacula, 347.—diphtheralis, from

New Zealand, 347.—ejuncida, new genus for, 349.—exhibitalis,

from Australia, 346.—ewilis, 348,—feredayi, 343,—indistinctalis,

347, from New Zealand.—itysalis, synonym of N. noctuella, 306.—

minualis, 347,—minusculalis, 347, from New Zealand.—moanalis,

synonym of S. feredayi, 348.—objurgalis, alluded to, 850.—optatu-

salis, synonym of H. undalis, 316.—pongalis, from New Zealand,

347.—rakaiensis, synonym of S. indistinctalis, 347.—sabulosellus,

348,—submarginellus, 347 ,—trivirgata, 348,—ustimacula, 347, from

New Zealand.

Scopula, 324, SS. criasulalis, synonym of H. undalis, 816.—dicealis, 325.

—dipsasalis, synonym of M. flavidalis, 330.—gavisalis, synonym of

P. pulehrinalis, 284.—itonusalis, synonym of S, cervalis, 341.—

massalis, a Hurycreon, 338.—notata, new genus for, 330.—paronalis,

synonym of N. hybreadalis, 330.—pictoalis, synonym of 8. cervalis,

341.—strenualis, life-history of, 417.—turbidalis, synonym of T.

ustalis, 342.—ustalis, new genus for. 342.

Sedenia, 341. SS. cervalis, 341,—rwpalis, 341, from Australia.

Selepa celtis, 412,—curviferella, 413, life-history of.

Semasia apacheana, 143.—argenticostana, 142,—argutana, 143, from N.

America.—corculana, alluded to, 141.—? helianthana, from Avri-

zona, 144.—montanana, 143 —ochreicostana, 141.—tenuiana, from

Arizona, 143.—vestaliana, alluded to, 142.

Semioceros, 318. S. amphicedalis, 318.—chrysorycta, 320.—murealis, 319.

Sephisa, mame changed to Devanica, 355.

Sericoris agilana, 136,—bipartitana, 186, from N. America.—cesialbana,

alluded to, 136.—constellatana, 136,—dealbana, 136,—instrutana,

136, from N, America.

(. Gira

Siriocauta, 299. 8S. testulalis, from Australia, 299.

Smerinthus, markings of larvee, 27.

Spalyria, 370.

Sphingomorpha chlorea, life-history of, 414.

Sphinx, markings of larve, 27.

Spoladea exportalis, synonym of Z. perspectalis, 309.

Steganoptycha fasciolana, from Wisconsin, 145.—incarnana, 145,—lago-

pana, 145, alluded to.

Stemmatophora vibicalis, from Queensland, 71, 282.

Stenia pipleidalis, a Sameodes, 300.

Stenopteryx hybridalis, synonym of N. noctuella, 306.

Stericta, male characters described, 66. S. habitalis, alluded to, 67

Symphedra thyelia, life-history of, 384.

Syrastrena, 373. S. minor, from India, 374.

Tachyris clementina, is male of TJ. melania, 92.— melania, note on,

91.

Tagora discrepans, 360.

Teniocampa gothica, parasite of, 425.

Tapinostola bondii, occurrence of in Riigen, xxxii.

Tegna hybleella, life-history of, 413.

Teras directana, 126,—retractana, 147, alluded to.

Terias esiope, life-history of, 385.

Tetracona, 307. T. amathealis, 307.

Tetraprosopus, 348. T. meyrickti, from Australia, 349.

Tineodes, 291. T. adactylalis, from Australia, 291.

Tirumala limniace, life-history of, 381.

Titanoceros, 62. T.cataxantha, 63.

Tmetocera ocellana, from Wisconsin, 145.

Tortrix pallorana, alluded to, 124.—peritana, 124,—quercifoliana, 124,

from N. Carolina.

Trabala irrorata, 375.—wvishnu, life-history of, 404.

Trichophysetis, 287. T. neophyla, 287.

Tricomia auroralis, is Endotricha pyrosalis, 78.

Trilocha albicollis, life-history of, 408.

Trisula variegata, life-history of, 404.

Tritea, 341. T. ustalis, from Australia, 342.

Xeroscopa, 349. X. ejuncida, 349,—rotuella, 350, from New Zealand.

Ypthima robinsoni, 89,—ypthimoides, 89, alluded to and figured.

Zaranga, 357. Z. pannosa, 357.

Zebronia aurolinealis, synonym of N. cassalis, 311.—cassalis, new genus

for, 311.—meritalis, a Conchylodes, 310.—plexippusalis, synonym

of C. meritalis, 310.

Zinckenia, 308. Z. perspectalis, from Australia, 309.— primordialis,

synonym of Z. perspectalis, 309. — recurvalis, from Australia,

308.