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TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON.

THE

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY WEST, NEWMAN AND CO.,

54, HATTON GARDEN, LONDON, E.C.

SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET,

CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.,

AND BY LONGMAN, GREEN, READER AND DYER,

PATERNOSTER ROW.

1885.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

———

Prof. J. O. Westwoop, M.A., F.L.S., &.—Hon. Life President.

COUNCIL FOR 1885.

R. M‘Lacutan, Esq., F.R.S. ace ... President.

J. W. Dunnine, Esq., M.A., F.L.S.

SAMUEL STEVENS, Hsq., F.L.S. ... “| Vice-Presidents.

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H. Goss, Esq., F.L.S. | Other Members of

RapHaEt Mevpota, Esq., F.R.A. S., F. C. S. outer

J. W. Suater, Esq. 0c

eee | 6

j Secretaries.

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Gua)

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CONTENTS.

PAGE

Explanation of the Plates vii

List of Fellows .. BG ix

Additions to the Library xxi

MEMOIRS.

PAGE

I. Monograph of British Braconide, Part I. By Rev. T. A.

MarsHALL. .. i ne an te ae dc 1

II. Further notes upon the markings and attitudes of lepi-

dopterous larve, together with a complete account of

the life-history of Sphinx ligustri and Selenia illunaria.

By Epwarp B. Pounrton, M.A., E.GiSs, Ess: se

III. On a new genus of Histeride. By Grorce Lewis, F.L.S.

IV. List of Lepidoptera collected in Southern Afghanistan.

By Lieut.-Col. C. SwrnHoE, Biss, HZ:

V. Life-history of three species of Western Pacific Rhopalocera.

By Gervase F. Maruew, B.N., RATT Ses 00G. a

VI. On two remarkable cases of mimicry from Elopura, British

North Borneo. By H. J. 8. Pryer. Se ste

VII. On the discovery of a species of the Neuropterous family

Nemopterid@ in South America, with general considera-

tions regarding the family. By Roserr M‘Lacunay,

F.R.S., Pres. Ent. Soc. Lond. ahs ue

VIII. New species of Languriide. By Rev. W. W. Fowter,

M.A., F.L.S. aye = ac Si ae ae

IX. The life-history of Atypus piceus, Sulz. By Frepc.

ENock. Se oc 3 sc 5¢ ee Ac

X. On the classification of the Australian Pyralidina. By

E. Meyricz, B.A. .. ie we as ais sis

Proceedings for 1885

Index ..

iii

( vin 1)

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plates I.—VI. See pages 279, 280 | PlateIX. .. .. .. See page 355

Plate VII. feats wher 323—9 | Plate X. .. See pages 368, 374

Plate VIII. «se. See page 335 |

Hist of Fellows

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

38lstr DECEMBER, 1885.

LIST OF FELLOWS

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Date of

Election.

1875.

1885.

1863.

1884.

1872.

1871.

1881.

1882.

OF LONDON.

Honorary Fellows.

BurMeEIsTER, Hermann, Buenos Ayres.

Hacen, H. A., Cambridge, U.S.A.

Mitne-Epwarps, H., Paris.

Miter, Fritz, Blumenau, Santa Catharina, Brazil.

OstTEN-SACKEN, Baron C. R. von, Heidelberg.

Packarp, A. S., Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A.

SaussurgE, H. de, Geneva.

Srtys-Lonecuames, Baron E. de, Liege.

S1eBoup, C. T. E. von, Munich.

SIGNORET, Victor, Paris.

FELLOWS AND SUBSCRIBERS.

Marked * are Original Members.

Marked ¢ have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.

Marked S. are Annual Subscribers.

Date of

Election.

1877

1885

1880

1867 5.

1856

1883

Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, 20 Old Bond-street, W.

Apams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Enfield, N.

ADKIN, Robert, Wellfield, Lingard-road, Lewisham, 8.E.

AnprRE, Ed., M.S.E. de France, Berlin, Stettin, &c.,

21 Boulevard Brétonniere, Beaune (Cote d Or), France.

ArcuHer, F., Little Crosby-road, Crosby, Liverpool.

ArmitTacE, Ed., R.A., 8 Hall-road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.

ATTYE, Robt. Jervoise, Ingow Grange, Stratford-on-Avon.

BaBinetTon, Charles Cardale, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.,

Professor of Botany, 5 Brookside, Cambridge.

Baker, G. T., The Bracken, Augustus-road, Edgbaston,

Birmingham.

Baty, Joseph §., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., The Butts, Warwick.

Barrett, Charles Golding, 68 Camberwell-grove, S.E.

Barton, Stephen, 32 St. Michael's Hill, Bristol.

Bates, Henry Walter, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., 11 Carleton-

road, Tufnell Park, N.

Beaumont, Alfred, 30 Ladywell Park, Lee, 8.E.

Bere, Carl, Museo Publico, Buenos Ayres.

BIGNELL, George Carter, 7 Clarence-place, Stonehouse,

Plymouth.

Bruuups, T. R., 20 Swiss Villas, Coplestone-road,

Peckham, S.E.

Buatuwayt, Col. L., F.L.8., Hagle House, Batheaston,

Bath.

Buss, Arthur, 48 New Broad-street, E.C.

BLOMEFIELD, Rev. Leonard, M.A., F.L.S., &e.,

19 Belmont, Bath.

X1l

LIST OF FELLOWS.

1881 S. BuoomrieLp, Rev. E. N., M.A., Guwestling Rectory,

1841

1875

1876

1852

1867

1880

1877

1870

1879

1878

1862

1883

1855

1868

1883

1878

1885

1860

1880

1877

1868

1871

1867

1865

187¢

1873

Hastings.

Bonp, Fred., F.Z.8., 5 Fairfield Avenue, Staines.

Borrer, Wm., junr., Parklands, Keymer, Hassocks,

Sussex.

Boscuer, Edward, Bellevwe House, Twickenham.

Boyp, Thomas, Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood

Hill, 8.E.

Boyp, William Christopher, Cheshunt, Herts.

Branpt, Dr. Edouard, Pres. Russ. Ent. Soc., &e., Imperial

Medico-Chirurgical College, St. Petersburg.

. Bripeman, John B., F.L.S., 69 St. Giles’-street, Norwich.

Briaas, Charles Adolphus, 55 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.

Briaes, Thos. Henry, M.A., 55 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.

Broneniart, Charles, M.S.E. et M.S.G. de France, &c.,

8 Rue Guy de la Brosse, Paris.

Brown, Capt. Thomas, Kawau, Auckland, New Zealand.

Browne, Rey. Thomas Henry, M.A., F.G.S., The Cedars,

High Wycombe, Bucks.

Bucxton, George Bowdler, F.R.S., &c., Weycombe,

Haslemere, Surrey.

BurNELL, Edward Henry, 32 Bedford-row, W.C.

Butter, Arthur Gardiner, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 10 Avington-

grove, Penge, S.K.

Butter, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Se., 7 Turle-road,

Tollington Park, N.

. Cameron, Peter, 20 Beech-road, Sale, Cheshire.

CAMPBELL, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c., Rose Hull,

Hoddesdon, Herts.

CaNnpDEzE, Dr. E., Glain, Liége.

CanspALn, W. D., 6 Whittington-terrace, London-road,

Forest Hill, S.E.

. Capron, Edward, M.D., Shere, Guildford.

. CaRMIcHAEL, T. D. Gibson, F.L.S., Castle Craig,

Peebles, N.B.

CARRINGTON, Charles, Ellerslie, Lower Merton, S.W.

Cuampion, G. C., 11 Calder Vale-road, Hlms Park,

Clapham Common, 8.W.

CLARKE, Alex. Henry, 109 Warwick-rd., Earls Court, S.W.

. Cuarke, C. Baron, M.A., F.R.S., &e., Royal Herbarium,

Kew.

CocktE, Capt. George, 9 Bolton-gardens, S.W.

Cotz, William, Lawrel Cotlage, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.

1884

1880

1876 +

1883

1880 8.

1853

1867

1880 +

1883

1873

1885

1837

1875 §.

1875

1885

1873

1874 S.

1876

1874

1884

1849 +

1865

1883

1865

1885

1881 8.

1884

1878

1869

1876 5.

1881

LIST OF FELLOWS. Xill

CottetT, EK. Pyemont, 76 Islip-rd., Kentish Town, N.W.

CopLanD, Patrick F., Hillcote, Buckhurst Hill, Essen.

CoprertuwairTeE, William Charles, Beech-grove, Malton.

CovERDALE, George, 24 Fleming-road, Lorrimore-

square, S.E.

Cowr11, Peter (Librarian of the Free Public Library),

William Brown-street, Liverpool.

Cox, Colonel C. J., Fordwich House, Canterbury.

Cox, Herbert Ed., Ashleigh, Marlborough Hill, Harrow.

Crise, Erank, LL:B:; “B:A., F.L.S:, Sec. R.M.S.,

5 Lansdowne-road, Notting Hill, W.

Crow ey, Philip, F.L.S8., F.Z.S., Waddon House, Croydon.

Daz, C. W., Glanville’s Wootton, Sherborne.

Dent, H. C., F.L.8., C.E., 20 Thurloe-square, 8.W.

DEVONSHIRE, Wim. Cavendish, Duke of, K.G., F.R.S., &c.,

Devonshire House, 78 Piccadilly, W.

Dickson, Prof. W. (Curator, University Library), Glasgow.

Distant, Wm. Lucas, M.A.I., 1 Russellhill-road, Purley,

Surrey.

Donovan, C., junr., Westview, Glandore, Leap, Co. Cork.

Dorta, Marquis Giacomo, Strada Nuova, Genoa.

Dormer, John Baptist Joseph Dormer, Lord, Grove

Park, Warwick.

Doveuas, John Wum., 8 Beaufort-gardens, Lewisham, 8.E.

DowsettT, Arthur, 54, Russell-strect, Reading.

Dructe, Hamilton H. C. J., 43 Circus-road, St. John’s

Wood, N.W.

Dunnine, Joseph Wm., M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8., 12 Old-

square, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C.

D’Ursan, W.S8. M., F.L.S. Albuera, St. Leonards, Exeter.

Durrant, John Hartley-, Bancroft House, Hitchin, Herts.

Eaton, Rey. Alfred Edwin, M.A.

Epmonps, Thomas, T'otnes, Devon.

Epwarps, James, 186 Rupert-street, Norwich.

Epwarbs, Stanley, Kidbrook Lodge, Blackheath, 8.E.

Euwes, Henry John, F.L.58., F.Z.8., Preston House,

Cirencester.

Emicu, Gustave d’, 6 Sebastian-place, Budapesth,

Hungary.

Enock, Fred., 21 Prospero-road, Upper Holloway, N.

Ferrepay, R. W., Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand.

XIV

1878

1874

1865

1883

1885

1881

1880

1883

1855

1876

1884

1865

1855

1874

1879

1865

1846

1885

1877

1858

1879

1881

1883

1876 +

1869

1884

LIST OF FELLOWS.

Finzi, John A., 94 Oxford Gardens, N. Kensington, W.

Fircu, Edward A., F.L.S., Secretary, Brick House,

Maldon, Essex.

S. Frrcn, Frederick, Hadleigh House, Highbury New

Park, N.

Fuercuer, J. E., 26 McIntyre-rd., St. John’s, Worcester.

FietcuHer, W. H. B., M.A., 6 The Steyne, Worthing,

Sussex.

Foxxer, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Holland.

Foran, Charles, Marshfield House, Terminus-road,

Eastbourne.

Fowuer, Rev. W. W., M.A., F.L.8., The School House,

Lincoln.

Freeman, Francis Ford, 8 Leigham-terrace, Plymouth.

Fry, Alexander, F.L.8., Thornhill Howse, Dulwich

Wood Park, Norwood, §.E.

Fryer, Herbert Fortescue, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

Fuuter, Rev. Alfred, M.A., Hast Pallant, Chichester.

Gopman, Frederick Du Cane, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S, &e.,

Park Hatch, Godalming; and 10 Chandos-street,

Cavendish-square, W.

Goruam, Rey. Henry Stephen, F.Z.8., The Chestnuts,

Shirley Warren, Southampton.

Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., F.G.8S., Almora, Berrylands-

road, Surbiton Hill, S.W.

GossE, Philip Henry, F.R.S., Sandhurst, Torquay,

Devonshire.

GREENE, Rey. J., M.A., Rostrevor, Apsley-road, Clifton,

Bristol.

Grut, Ferdinand, F.L.8., Lrprartan, 9 Newcomen-

street, Southwark, 8.H.

Hau, Thomas William, 3 New Inn, Strand, W.C.

Harpine, George, The Grove, Fishponds, Bristol.

Harowp, Baron Edgar von, 52 Barerstrasse, Munich.

. Harris, John T., Newton-road, Burton-on-Trent.

Henry, George, 38 Wellington-square, Hastings.

Hitu, Lewis Fredk., St. Swithin, Haling Common, W.

Hitiman, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes.

Hoxupsworra, Edward, Shanghai.

Hour, Capt. Richard, Heathfield Lodge, Granville-road,

Wandsworth, S.W.

1883 5S. Horner, A. C., Tonbridge, Kent.

LIST OF FELLOWS. XV

Horniman, Fredk. John, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.8., &c.,

Surrey House, Forest Hill, 8.E.

Hupp, A. E., 94 Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol.

IncHBALD, Peter, F.L.S., F.Z.8., Fulwith Grange,

Harrogate, Yorks.

James, Harry Berkeley, F.Z.S., Las Salinas, Valparaiso.

JANSON, Ed. W., 82 Victoria-road, Finsbury Park, N.;

and 385 Little Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

JANSON, Oliver E., 32 Victoria-road, Finsbury Park, N.;

and 85 Little Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

JEKEL, Henri, 62 Rue de Dunkerque, Paris.

. JENNER, J. H. A., 4 Hast-street, Lewes.

. JOHN, Evan, Llantrissant, Pontypridd.

Kane, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.LA., Sloperton

Lodge, Kingstown, Ireland.

Kappe., A. W., 5 Burlington Gardens, Chiswick, W.

Katter, Dr. F., Putbus, Rigen, North Prussia.

Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.

Kaye, Ernest St. G., Jessore, Bengal.

Keays, F. Lovell, F.L.8., Fairmile Court, Cobham,

Surrey.

Kirsy, W. F., Srcretary, 5 Burlington Gardens,

Chiswick, W.

Kraatz, Dr. G. (President of the German Entomological

Society), 28 Link-strasse, Berlin.

Kuper, Rev. Charles Augustus Frederick, M.A., The

Vicarage, Trelleck, Chepstow.

LaMaRCcHE, Oscar, 70 Rue Louvrex, Licge.

Lane, Lieut.-Col. A. M., R.H., Simla, India.

Lane, Henry Charles, M.D., F.L.8., 41 Berners-street,

Oxford-street, W.

Lemann, Fredk. Charles, Blackfriars House, Plymouth.

Lenpy, Major Augustus F., F.L.8., F.G.8., Sunbury

House, Sunbury, 8.W.

Lewis, George, F.L.8., 101 Sandgate-road, Folkestone.

LicuTENsTEIN, Jules, La Lironde, near Montpellier.

Linawoop, Robert Maulkin, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S.,

6 Park Villas, Cheltenham.

LIvInGstonE, Clermont, Hast Lodge, Forest Rise,

Walthamstow, Essex.

LIST OF FELLOWS.

Luewe yn, J. Talbot Dillwyn, M.A., F.L.8., Ynisgerwn,

Neath.

Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.8., The Dome House, Bognor, Sussex.

Luoyvp, R. W., 32 Grafton-square, Clapham Common.

Loaan, R. F., Spylaw House, Colinton, near Edinburgh.

. Lowrz, W. H., M.D., Woodcote Lodge, Inner Park-road,

Wimbledon Park, 8.W.

Lvussock, Sir John, Bart., D.C.L., M.P., F.R.S., Pres.L.S.,

F.G.S8., &e., High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.

Lupton, Henry, Oatlands, Burley, Leeds.

M‘Intosu, J.

M‘LacuHuan, Robert, F.R.S., F.L.S., PResipentT, West-

view, Clarendon-road, Lewisham, 8...

MarseEuL, L’Abbé S. A. de, 271 Boulevard Pereire, Paris.

MarsHat., Rey. Thos. Ansell, M.A., Munton, Salisbury.

MarsHAtL, William, Rutland Gate, Belvedere, Kent.

Mason, P. Brooke, M.R.C.S., F.L.8., Burton-on-Trent.

MatHrw, Gervase F., R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.R.G.S.,

Instow, North Devon.

May, John William, K.N.L., Arundel Howse, Percy

Cross, Fulham-road, 8.W.

Mewpoua, Raphael, F.R.A.S., F.C.S., 21 John-street,

Bedford-row, W.C.

MELVILL, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., &c., Kersal

Cottage, Prestwich.

Meyrick, Edward, Ramsbury, Hungerford, Wilts.

Miues, W. H., 5 & 6 Hare-street, Calcutta.

. Misxrn, W. H., Brisbane, Queensland.

Montetro, Senor Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 72 Rua

do Alecrion, Lisbon.

Moorsz, Frederic, F.Z.S., A.L.S., 110 Oakfield-road,

Penge, 8.E.

Mitier, Albert, F.R.G.S., 1954 Junkerstrasse, Berne,

Switzerland.

MiLuer, Dr. Clemens.

Murray, Lieut. H.

Newcomss, 8. Prout, Northcote, Hast Croydon.

Newman, Thomas P., 54 Hatton Garden, E.C.

NichviLue, Lionel de, F.L.8., Indian Musewm, Calcutta.

NorripGre, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.

OpEerRTHUR, Charles (fils), Rennes.

LIST OF FELLOWS. XV1l

OBERTHUR, René, Rennes.

OLDFIELD, George W., M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8., 80 Ladbroke

Gardens, Notting Hill, W.

Ouivier, Ernest, Ramillons, pres Moulins (Allier),

France.

. Ouuirr, A. §., Australian Musewm, Sydney, N.S. Wales.

OrmErRoD, Miss Eleanor A., F.M.S., Dunster Lodge,

Spring-grove, Isleworth, W.

OrmeRop, Miss Georgiana, Dunster Lodge, Spring-

grove, Isleworth, W.

OwEN, Sir Richard, K.C.B., D.C.L., Lu.D., M.D.,

F.R.S., &c., Sheen Lodge, Mortlake, S.W.

Pascor, Francis P., F.L.S., 1 Burlington-road, West-

bourne Park, W.

Parton, W. H., Waterbury, Connecticut, U.S.A.

PERINGUEY, Louis, Rondebosch, Cape Colony.

PERKINS, Vincent Robt., Wotton-wnder-Hdge, Gloucester-

shire.

Puirson, Arthur, 3 Gray’s Inn-square, W.C.

Pi, H. Bedford, Leaside, Kingswood-road, Upper

Norwood, 8.E.

Pout, J. R. H. Neerwort van der, Amsterdam.

Poote, W. E., 11 Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.

Porritt, George T., F.L.8., Greenfield House, Hudders-

jield.

Poutton, Edward B., M.A., Wykeham House, Banbury-

road, Oxford.

Preston, Rev. Thomas Arthur, M.A., F.L.8., Thurcaston

Rectory, Leicester.

PrReuDHOMME DE BorreE, Alfred (Sec., Ent. Soc. of

Belgium), 19 Rue de Dublin, Ixelles, near Brussels.

Price, David, 48 West-street, Horsham, Sussex.

. Pryer, H. J. 8., Yokohama, Japan.

Puts, J. C., Place de la Calandre, Ghent.

RamspDEN, Hildebrand, M.A., F.L.8., 26 Upper Bedford-

place, Russell-square, W.C.

. Ransom, William Henry, M.D., F.R.S., The Pavement

Nottingham.

Reep, Edwyn C., 35 Calle San Ignacio, Valparaiso,

Chili.

Ritey, C. V., State Entomologist, United States Ento-

mological Commission, Washington.

LIST OF FELLOWS.

Ripon, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, Marquis of,

K.G., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., 1 Carlton-gardens, 8.W.

Rosginson, Frank Edward, Madura, South India.

Rosrnson-Dovetas, William Douglas, F.L.S., F.R.G.S.,

Orchardton, Castle Douglas, N.B.

. Roruera, G. B., High-street Place, Nottingham.

Roruney, G. A. J., Calcutta.

Rytanps, Thos. Glazebrook, F.L.S., F.G.8., Highfields,

Thelwall, Warrington.

SaBEL, Ernest, F.R.G.S., F.Z.8., 6 Grove-road, Clapham

Park, 8.W.

Satie, Auguste, 13 Rue Guy de la Brosse, Paris.

Satvin, Osbert, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., &¢., 10 Chandos-

street, Cavendish-sq., W.; and Hawksfold, Fernhurst,

Haslemere.

Sanpars, T. C., 46 Cleveland-square, Hyde Park, W.

SaunpEerRs, Edward, F.L.S., Treasurer, St. Ann’s,

Mason’s Hill, Bromley, Kent.

SaunpErs, G. S., Cumberland Howse, Mount Sion,

Tunbridge Wells.

Scuauruss, L. W., Ph.D., M.Imp.L.C.Acad., &., Dresden.

Scoutuick, A. J., Albion Lodge, Putney, 8.W.

Seay, Alfred Forbes, Cochin, South India.

Semper, George, Altona.

Suarp, David, M.B., Bleckley, Shirley Warren,

Southampton.

Suaw, A. Eland, 13 Lanhill-road, Paddington, W.

SHELLEY, Capt. George E., 18 Rutland Gate, W.

SHEPHERD, Edwin.

SHUTTLEWoRTH, Edmund, 6 Hall-road, Hamilton-terrace,

St. John’s Wood, N.W.

StaterR, John Wm., 386 Wray-crescent, Tollington

Park, N.

Smiru, Frederick W., Hollywood House, Dartmouth

Point, Blackheath, Kent.

SuituH, Henley Grose, 20 Finsbury Circus, E.C.

Smiru, Sidney Philip, Danes Inn, Strand, W.C.

Soutu, Richard, 12 Abbey-gardens, St. John’s

Wood, N.W.

Spencer, William Blundell, Florence.

Stainton, Henry Tibbats, F.R.S., F.L.8., F.G.S., &c.,

Mountsfield, Lewisham, 8.E.

STEVENS, John 8., 88 King-street, Covent Garden, W.C.

1868

1865

LIST OF FELLOWS. x1x

STEVENS, Samuel, F.L.8., Loanda, Beulah Hill, Upper

Norwood, §.E.

Swanzy, Francis, Stanley Howse, Granville-road

Sevenoaks.

SwinuHok, Lieut.-Col. Charles, F.L.8., F.Z.8., India.

Swinton, A. H., Binfield House, Waterden-rd., Guildford.

TuHomson, Jas., 12 Rwe de Presbowrg, Place de lHtoile,

Paris.

Topp, Richard, 5 Princes-terrace, Bayswater, W.

TrmeEN, Roland, F.R.S., F.L.S. (Curator of South African

Museum), Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.

VaucHan, Howard, 11 Ospringe-road, Brecknock

road, N.W.

VERRALL, G. H., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.

WAKEFIELD, Charles Marcus, F.L.S., Belmont, Uxbridge.

WaLker, Rev. Francis Augustus, D.D., F.L.8., Dun

Mallard, Cricklewood, N.W.

Watker, J. J., R.N., 23 Ranelagh-road, Marine Town,

Sheerness.

Watuace, Alfred Russel, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &., Nutwood

Cottage, Frith Hill, Godalming.

WatsincHam, Thomas de Grey, Lord, M.A., F.L.S.,

F.Z.S., &c., Haton House, Eaton-square, 5.W.

Warp, Christopher, F.L.8., Savile-road, Halifax.

WaArTERHOUSE, Charles O., British Museum, South Ken-

sington, S.W., and Ingleside, Avenue Gardens,

Acton, W.

WatrerHouse, George R., F.Z.8., &c., Cwrton Lodge,

Werter-road, Putney, 8.W.

WEBSDALE, C. G., 78 High-street, Barnstaple.

WEIR, John Jenner, F'.L.8., Chirbury, Beckenham, Kent.

WESTERN, EH. Young, 27 Craven Hill Gardens, Bays-

water, W.

WEstwoop, John Obadiah, M.A., F.L.S., &., Honorary

Lire PresIpDENT, 67 Woodstock-road, Oxford.

Weym_er, Gustav, 58 Kleeblattstrasse, Hlberfeld, Rhenish

Prussia.

Waitt, F. Buchanan, M.D., F.L.8., Annat Lodge,

Perth, N.B.

Wuitr, Rev. W. Farren, Stonehouse Vicarage,

Gloucestershire.

».0.4

1884

1882

1874

1881

1874

1862

LIST OF FELLOWS.

Waite, William, Morden House, 55 Highbury Hill, N.

Wiu1ms, W.J., Zoological Society, Hanover-square, W.

Wi1son, Owen, Cwmffrwd, Carmarthen.

Woop, Theodore, Freeman Lodge, St. Peter’s, Thanet.

Woop-Mason, James, F.G.S. (Curator of the Indian

Museum), Calcutta.

Worma.D, Percy C., 10 Cromwell-avenue, Highgate, N.

1865 S. Youne, Morris, Free Musewm, Paisley.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

DURING THE YEAR

18865.

Abeille (L’). Journal d’Entomologie, redigé par S. A. de Marseul.

Nos. 289—299. The Editor.

Arxinson (E. T.) Notes on Indian Rhyncota, Nos. 1—3. Calcutta,

1884—85. The Author.

Bere (Carl). Quindecim Coleoptera nova faune reipublice Argentine.

8vo. Buenos Aires, 1885. The Author.

Quindecim Lepidoptera nova faune reipublice Argentine et

Uruguayensis. 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1885. The Author.

Ueber die Lepidopteren. Gattung Laora, Walk.

The Author.

Bertkav (Dr. Philipp). Bericht iiber die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen

im Gebiete der Entomologie wahrend des Jahres, 1883.

8vo. Berlin, 1884. Purchased.

BuiomeErFiIeLp (Rey. Leonard). Notice of a second capture of the rare

Longicorn taken near Bath, in September, 1883.

The Author.

Bottes Lez (Arthur). Les Balanciers des Diptéres leurs organes

sensiféres et leur histologie. 8vo. Genéve-Bale, 1885

(1 planche). The Author.

Bronenmart (Charles). Sur la découverte d’une empreinte d’insecte

dans les gres Siluriens de Jurques (Calvados).

Lhe Author.

Sur un nouvel insecte fossile de l’ordre des Orthoptéres

provenant des terrains houilliers de Commentry (Allier).

The Author.

Sur un gigantesque Neuroptére, provenant des terrains

houilliers de Commentry (Allier). The Author.

Note complementaire sur le Titanophasma Fayoli et sur les

Protophasma Dumasii et Woodwardii. The Author.

Les insectes fossiles en général et observations sur quelques

insectes des terrains houilliers de Commeniry (Allier).

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(pie)

Cameron (Peter). A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hyme-

noptera (Tenthredo, Sirex, and Cynips, Linné). Vol. Il.

. Ray Socrery, 8vo. London, 1882. J. W. Dunning.

Canadian Entomologist (The). Edited by William Saunders. Vol. XVI.

Nos. 8—12; Vol. XVII., Nos. 1—5 and 7—10.

The Editor.

Casry (Thomas L.) Revision of the Stenini of North America, North of

Mexico. The Author.

Contributions to the Descriptive and Systematic Coleopterology

of North America. Part II. The Author.

Correspondenzblatt des Entomologischen Vereins ‘Iris’ zu Dresden.

Nos. land 2. 1884. The Editor.

Distant (W. L.) Rhopalocera Malayana. Parts VIII.—X.

Purchased.

Eaton (A. E.) A Revisional Monograph of recent Ephemerid or May-

flies. Part ILI. The Author.

Entomologica Americana. Vol. I. Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.

The Editor.

Entomologist (The). 8vo. London, 1885. T. P. Newman.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine. 8vo. London, 1885.

The Editors.

Goss (Herbert). On some recently-discovered Insecta from Carboniferous

and Silurian Rocks. The Author.

Hansen (H. J.) Fortegnelse over de hidtil i de Danske have fundne

Pyenogonider eller Sespindler. S8vo. Kjobenhavn, 1884.

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Opgjsrelse af Sporgsmaalene: Spiracula cribraria. — Os

Clausum. S8yo. Kjébenhavn, 1884. The Author.

Arthrogastra Danica en monographisk fremstilling af de i

Danmark Levende meiere og Mosskorpioner med bidrag til

sidstnaevnte underardens systematik. 8vo. Kjobenhavn.

1884. The Author.

Harker (Prof. Allen). The Ecto-parasites of the Ox. The Author.

Hupp (Alfred E.) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the Bristol District.

The Author.

Illustrated Science Monthly. Vol. III., Nos. 1—9; Vol. IV., Nos.1 and 2.

, The Editor.

Insect Pests of India. Sec. of State for India.

Journal of Science for 1885. The Editor.

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LicuTenstern (Jules). Les Pucerons. Monographie des Aphidiens.

lére partie. The Author.

LicHTENsTEIN (Jules), A. Morrussier et A. JAumes. Un nouveau cas

d’application de l’entomologie 4 la médecine legale.

McLacuian (Robert). Report of Neuroptera collected by Baron

Nordenskiéld during the voyage of the ‘ Vega’ in 1878—79.

Stockholm, 1885. The Author.

Meenrn (Pierre). L’Eleveur. Nos. 1—5. The Editor.

Messager Agricole du Midi (Le). Tome V., No. 7. The Editor.

Moors (Frederic). ‘The Lepidoptera of Ceylon. Parts X. and XI.

Ceylon Government.

Naturalist (The). See ‘‘ Soctntres (Lonpon).”’

Nature. Nos. 788—839. The Publishers.

Nicévinte (Lionel de), On New and Little-known Rhopalocera from

the Indian region (3 Plates). S8vo. Calcutta, 1883.

The Author.

List of the Butterflies of Calcutta and its Neighbourhood ; with

Notes on Habits, Food-plants, &e. The Author.

Fourth List of Butterflies taken in Sikkim in October, 1884;

with Notes on Habits, &c. The Author.

Onmerop (Eleanor A.) Report of Observations of Injurious Insects and

Common Farm Pests during the year 1884; with Methods

of Prevention and Remedy (8th Report). 1885.

The Authoress.

Observations on the Development of Ox Warble, and Warble

Maggot. 1885. The Authoress.

Pacxarp (A. S., jun.) Ayers’s Development of Gcanthus niveus and its

Parasite Teleas.

Weissmann’s Studies in the Theory of Descent [a Review].

Egg-laying Habits of the Egg-parasite of the Canker-worm.

The Larch-worm.

Paired Sexual Outlets in Insects.

The Hemlock Gelechia.

On the Embryology of Limulus polyphemus (1 Plate). 1885.

Types of Carboniferous Xiphosura new to North America. 1885.

Life and Nature in Southern Labrador. 1885.

The Syncaride, a Group of Carboniferous Crustacea.

On the Gampsonychide: an undescribed Family of Fossil

Schizopod Crustacea.

On the Anthracaride: a Family of Carboniferous Macrurous

Decapod Crustacea, allied to the Eryonidw.

¢ <xiv 3)

The number of Abdominal Segments in Lepidopterous Larve.

On the Structure of the Brain of the Sessile-eyed Crustacea.

4to. Washington. 1884

Unusual number of Legs in the Caterpillar of Lagoa.

Use of the Pup of Moths in distinguishing Species.

Pascor (Francis P.) List of the Curculionide of the Malay Archipelago,

collected by Dr. Odoardo Bececari, L. M. d’Albertis, and

others (3 Plates). Genova, 1885. The Author.

Pértevey (Louis). First Contribution to the S. African Coleopterous

Fauna. The Author.

Puareau (Félix) Recherches Expérimentales sur la vision des Insectes.

The Author.

Palpes des insectes Broyeurs. The Author.

PrevpHommer pr Borre. Matériaux pour la Faune entomologique du

Hainaut. Coléoptéres. 2e et 3e centurie. The Author.

Materiaux pour la Faune entomologique de la Province

d’Anvers. Coléoptéres. 3e centurie. The Author.

Raconor (E. L.) Revision of the British Species of Physitide and

Galerucide. The Author.

Reirrer (Hdm.) Die Nitiduliden Japans. The Author.

Ricnarp (J.) Un mot sur la phosphorescence des Myriapodes. Gand.,

1885. The Author.

Ritey (Charles V.) Reports of Observations and Experiments in the

Practical Work of the Division made under the Direction

of the Entomologist. The Author.

A New Insect Injurious to Wheat. _ The Author.

Recent Advances in Economic Entomology. The Author.

Jumping Seeds and Galls. The Author.

The Psyllide of the United States. The Author.

Improved Method of Spraying Trees for Protection against

Insects. The Author.

Insects in Relation to Agriculture. The Author.

The Article ‘‘ Orthoptera”’ in the Standard Natural History.

The Author.

Catalogue of the Exhibit of Economic Entomology at the

World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition, New

Orleans, in 1884—5. Washington, 1884. The Author.

Report of the Entomologist for the year 1884. The Author.

Notes on Joint-worms. The Author.

On the Hitherto-unknown Mode of Oviposition in the Carabide.

The Author.

The Song-notes of the Periodical Cicada. The Author.

On the Parasites of the Hessian-fly. Lhe Author.

( exexy =)

Ronpant (Camillo). Elenco delle Publicazione Entomologische.

Ital. Ent. Soc.

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Saussure (Henri de). Prodromus (dipodiorum insectorum ex Ordine

Orthopterorum. 4to. Genéve, 1884. The Author.

ScuppEr (Samuel). On the Relative Rank of the Families of Orthoptera.

1868. The Author.

Dictyoneura and the Allied Insects of the Carboniferous Epoch.

The Author.

A Biographical Sketch of Dr. John Lawrence Leconte; with an

Appendix on the Ancestry of the Family. The Awthor.

New Genera and Species of Fossil Cockroaches, from the older

American Rocks. The Author.

Notes on Mesozoic Cockroaches. The Author.

Description of an Articulate of Doubtful Relationship, from the

Tertiary Beds of Florissant. Colorado, 1882.

The Author.

The Karliest-winged Insects of America. A Re-examination of

the Devonian Insects of New Brunswick. (1 Plate.)

Stcnorer (Victor). Liste des Hémiptéres recueillis 4 la Terre de Feu,

par la Mission de la Romanche, et description des espéces

nouvelles. The Author.

Socrrrizs (Transactions of Learned) :—

(ADELAIDE). ‘Transactions and Proceedings and Report of the Royal

Society of South Australia. Vol. VII. 1883—84.

The Society.

(BirmincHam). Proceedings of the Birmingham Philosophical

Society. The Society.

(Boston, Mass., U.S.A.) Proceedings of the Boston Society of

Natural History. XXII., Parts 2and3. The Society.

Memoirs of the Boston Society of N.H. Vol., III., Nos. 9

and 10. The Society.

(Brooxiyn). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Society. Vol. VII., Nos. 11

and 12. The Society.

(Brussets). Annales de la Société Hntomologique de Belgique.

T. XXVIII. & XXIX., Pt. 1. The Society.

Annuaire de l’Academie Royale de Belgique. 1884—5.

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Bulletin de JlAcademie Royale de Belgique. 3e Série,

Hirer Viltes) Wilelnce cea Vin. The Academy.

Mémoires Couronnés. T. XXXVI. The Academy.

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Ent. 1. The Academy.

(- xexviP 7}

Socrertes (Transactions of Learned) :—

(CamBripGe, Magss., U.S.A.) Annual Report of the Museum of

Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 1883—84.

Alex. Agassiz.

(Care Town.) The Transactions of the 8. African Philosophical

Society. Vol. Til. 1881—83. The Society.

(Dusury.) The Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society,

N.S. Parts 5 & 6. The Society.

The Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society.

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(DunvrE). East of Scotland Union Societies’ Report. 1884.

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(Fuorence). Bulletino della Societai Hntomologica Italiana.

Anno XVI., Trim. 3 et 4. 1884. The Society.

(Frankrort). Bericht tiber die Senckenbergische naturforschende

Gesellschaft. 1884. The Society.

(Gunreva.) Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d'histoire

naturelle de Genéve. T. XXVIII., 2e partie. 1883 —84.

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(Genoa.) Annali del Museo Civico di Genova. Ser. 2, Vol. I. (XXI.)

The Museum.

(Guascow.) Proceedings and Transactions of the Natural History

Society of Glasgow. Vol. V., Part 3; and Vol. I. (x.s.),

Part 1. The Society.

(Hacux.) Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 27 Deel., Jahrg. 3 & 4;

and 28 Deel. 1883—85. The Society.

(Lonpon). Proceedings of the Royal Society. Nos. 234—238.

The Society.

Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology).

Vol. II., Parts 10, 11, 13,and 14. Vol. III., Parts 2 and 3.

The Society.

Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology).

Vol. XVIII., Nos. 106—109. The Society.

Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society

of London. 1884, Part 4. 1885, Parts 1—3.

The Society.

Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. Vol. IV., Part 6.

Vol. V., Parts 1—5. The Society.

Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club. Vol. IL,

Nos. 11—13. The Club.

Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England.

Vol. XXI., Parts 1 and 2. The Society.

The Naturalist: A Journal of Natural History for the North of

England. The Editors.

Report of the South London Entomological and Natural

History Society for 1884. The Society.

(Lonpon, Ontario). Fifteenth Annual Report of the Entomological

Society of Ontario. The Society.

( xxvn” )

SocretrEs (Transactions of Learned) :—

(Moscow). Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de

Moseow. 1884. No. 3. The Society.

(New Yor). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (late

Lyceum of Natural History). Vol. I., Nos. 10—13.

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Journal of the New York Microscopical Society. Vol. I., No. 2.

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(PuinapeLruta). Transactions of the American Entomological

Society. Vols. XI. and XII., No. 1. The Society.

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

1883 and 1884.

(St. Prrerssurc). Hore Societatis Entomologicey Rossice.

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(Sanem). Annual Reports of the Peabody Academy of Science.

1874— 84. The Academy.

(ScuarFHausEN). Mittheilungen Schweizerischen Entomologischen

Gesellschaft. Vol. VII., Heft. 1—4. The Society.

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Vol. IX., Part 4. Vol. X., Part 2. The Society.

(Toronto). Proceedings of the Canadian Institute. Vol. IL.

Fase. 3. 1884. The Institute.

(Vienna). Verhandlungen k. k. zool.-botan. Ges. in Wien.

Band XXXV., 1 Halbjahr. The Society.

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(Wetiineton). Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand

Institute. Vol. XVII. 1884. The Society.

Sourn (Richard). The ‘Entomologist’ Synonymic List of British

Lepidoptera. The Author.

SpAanaserc (Jacob). Entomologisk Tidskrift. Arg. 5, Haft 3 & 4.

Stockholm, 1884. The Editor.

Tuomson (C. G.) Opuscula Entomologica. Fasc. 9 & 10. Lunde,

1883—84. The Author.

Waiuxy (Alfred). Notes on Silk-producing Bombyces reared in 1884,

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Wausincuam (Lord). On some Probable Causes of a tendency to

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WarteRHOUSE (Charles O.) and Epwin Wirson. Aid to the Identification

of Insects. Parts 22 & 26. Purchased.

Woop-Mason (James). Report on the Paraponyx Oryzalis: an Insect

Pest of the Rice-plant in Burma. The Author.

Young Naturalist (The). Part 68. 8vo. London, 1885. The Editor.

Zoological Record for 1883. Purchased.

Zoologischer Jahrbucher fiir 1884. Abtheilung II. Arthropoda. 8vo.

Naples Zoological Station.

Zoologist (The). 8vo. London, 1885. T. P. Newman.

THE

TRANSACTIONS

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

FOR THE YHAR 1885.

anes ae

I. Monograph of British Braconide. Part I.

By the Rev. T. A. Marsyaut.

[Read March 4th, 1885.]

Puates I.—VI.

THE object of the present work is to furnish entomologists

with short but sufficient descriptions of our native

Braconide. Since the publication of Haliday’s admirable

‘** Kssay on the classification of Parasitic Hymenoptera,”

&c., in the ‘Entomological Magazine,’ nothing in a

connected form has been attempted on this subject, and

the want of some manual comprising recent discoveries

has no doubt been mainly the cause of the indifference

with which British collectors have treated this group of

insects. The discoveries of the last fifty years, both in

new species and in the biology of those previously

known, are so numerous and interesting that they

cannot fail, if conveniently presented, to attract a con-

siderable class of observers. The number of lepidopterists

who breed their specimens is very large, and contains

many men of inquiring minds who would gladly know

something of the curious parasites that so often frustrate

their labours ; while the advantage which would accrue

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PART I. (APRIL.) B

2 Rey. 'T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

to entomological science from the assistance of such a

host of well-placed observers has often been pointed out.

A minute account of the anatomy and physiology of

these insects is beyond the scope of the present essay,

and must be sought in the works of Gravenhorst, Nees

von Esenbeck, Curtis, Westwood, &c. But such par-

ticulars as are necessary to distinguish the Braconide

from other parasitic Hymenoptera, and to understand

their descriptions, may here be concisely stated.

The Braconide, Ichneumones adsciti, or supplementary

Ichneumons, are closely related, in structure and habits,

to the genuine Ichneumons. They consist of about

twenty-six groups or subfamilies, connected by a few

common characters, and yet so widely separated by

others as to show that links in the series are missing,

and to render their linear arrangement impracticable.

They are, however, all distinguished from the true

Ichneumons by wanting the exterior discoidal transverse

nervure in the fore wings; and by having the /irst

cubital areolet generally, though not always, separated

from the prediscoidal; in the Ichneumons these two

areolets are never distinct. With the exception of one

subfamily, the Aphidiides, they are further remarkable

for the absence of a real articulation between the 2d

and 3d abdominal segments. In the language of Strauss

Durckheim, these two segments are united either (1) by

juxtaposition without imbrication, in which case a suture

is visible, but there is no joint to permit the flexure of

the abdomen ; or (2) by coalition, the segments being

soldered together, without any trace of a suture, and

equally without power of movement. When the junction

of these two segments is visible, it is called the suturt-

form articulation. In many descriptions (as in those of

Microgaster by Wesmael) the 2d and 38d segments are

spoken of as one; but this is inconvenient, and is not

here adopted. The sutuwriform articulation affords the

means of referring to the Braconide certain forms like

Dimeris and Chasmodon, which, having no wings, would

not otherwise be easily recognised. Imperfect articula-

tion of the segments is further developed in some of the

subfamilies, and reaches its maximum in the Chelonides,

most of which have the three segments that are visible

from above soldered together. The Aphidudes, on the

contrary, have all the segments loosely articulated, and

are able to bend the abdomen beneath them so as to

British Braconide. 3

project beyond the head, on which account they have

been called Flewiliventres ; their wings, however, sufti-

ciently distinguish them from the true Ichneumons. I

have placed them last on account of differences which

forbid their being approximated to any other group. It

is not quite certain whether they should not constitute

a primary division equal in value to the rest of the

Braconide.

The neuration exhibits much greater variety than that

of the Ichneumons, and its value in generic division is

consequently higher. The technical terms necessary

for this important part of the subject must now be

explained.

HorismoLoay oF WINGS OF THE BRACONIDA.

Fore WIna.

Areolets. Longitudinal Nervures. Transverse Nervures.

1. preebrachial. ab. costa and subcosta hn. 1st intercubital.

2. pobrachial. united. io. 2d .

3. axillary,sometimes afc. prebrachial. cm. interior discoidal,

divided. aed. pobrachial. or recurrent.

4. prediscoidal. ghik. vadius. if. prebrachial trans-

5. podiscoidal. gh. 1st abscissa. verse.

6. 1st cubital. hi. 2d x je. pobrachial trans-

We 20. ae ik. 3d e verse.

8. 3d a lmnop. cubitus. tu. axillary transverse.

9. radial. qr. anal.

10. anal. sk. metacarpus.

Hinp WInc.

Areolets. Longitudinal Nervures. Transverse Nervures.

1. costal. ab. costal (obsolete). ed. prebrachial.

2. preebrachial. acb. subcostal. ef. pobrachial.

3. pobrachial. aed. prebrachial.

4. anal. afg. pobrachial.

5. radial. bl. metacarpus.

6. cubital. ci. radius.

7. discoidal. dk. cubitus.

8. axillary. ah. anal.

4 Rey. ‘I’. A, Marshall’s monograph of

In descriptions the wings are supposed to be extended

at right angles to the body, as in flight. Between the

costa and subcosta lies the costal areolet, which in the

fore wing is contracted to a vanishing point by the

junction of the two nervures; in the hind wing it is

distinct, although open above, the costa being obsolete.

The enlargement at b, just before the stigma, formed by

the ends of the costa and subcosta, is the parastigma.

The recurrent nervure, or interior discoidal, is called

interstitial when the point m coincides with n; rejected,

when it falls into the Ist cubital areolet (as in the fig.) ;

and evected, when it falls into the 2d. Similarly the

pobrachial transverse is interstitial when it joins the

prebrachial at the point f; and the anal nervure, when

the point g coincides with c. In the hind wing the radial

areolet is petiolated when it is remote from the pre-

brachial; and contiguous, when the two areolets touch

at the point c (as in the fig.); near b is a row of

several small hooks by which the wings are united during

flight.

The number of species in which the wings are un-

developed is small in the Braconide, compared with the

other parasitic groups of Hymenoptera. The apterous

species known are the female Pambolides, Spathius

pedestris, Wesm., 2 , Chasmodon apterus, Nees, 3 and 2? ;

the species with abbreviated wings are Ganychorus

ambulans, Hal., G. aptenodytes, Marsh., Panerema inops,

Forst., and Diaspasta contracta, Hal.

In counting the jomts of the antenne, the minute 1st

- joint, or radicle, immersed in the head, is to be disregarded.

The Ist jot will therefore be the scape (of authors) ; gene-

rally long and stout. This is succeeded by what appears

to be a very short joint, but in reality consists of two,

soldered together; these two, for the sake of convenience,

are reckoned as one, in accordance with the method

originated by Gravenhorst, and followed by Wesmael,

Haliday, and others.

It may be useful to define a few terms of frequent

occurrence in descriptions.

The face is that portion of the front of the head

which les between the antennz, the clypeus, aud the

eyes.

The front, or forehead, extends from the antenne to

tlie foremost ocellus.

The vertex is the space between the foremost ocellus

British Braconide. 5

and the occiput (the concave, vertical, hinder surface of

the head), and is bounded on either side by an imaginary

line drawn from the inner margin of the eye.

The stemmaticum is the space on the vertex (generally

triangular), in which the ocelli are situated.

The gene, or cheeks, are the sides of the head between

the eyes and the occiput, and are limited above by the

vertex.

The parts of the body in general are formed as in the

Ichneumonide. The head varies greatly in shape from

the very broad short head of Microctonus boops to the

elongate suborbicular head of Histeromerus mystacinus.

The antenne with rare exceptions are filiform or seta-

ceous (clavate in Rhopalophorus clavicornis and Aspido-

gonus diversicornis) and multiarticulate; the number of

joints ranging from 10 in R. clavicornis and Trioxys

brevicornis, or 11 in several species of T'rioxys and

Ephedrus, and in Chremylus rubiginusus, 3, to upwards

of 60 in many Rhogadides, reaching to 71 in L. procerus.

The antenne are mostly unicolorous, but are ringed with

white in Heterogamus dispar, 2 , and Helcon annulicornis,

?, white at the base in Perilitus albicornis, ? , and pale

in several species. In a few cases they are hairy

(Aspidogonus diversicornis and Microctonus plumicornis)

and occasionally geniculate (Streblocera, Hutanycerus, and

Rhopalophorus). The antenne of the females are shorter,

stouter, and usually with fewer joints, than those of

the males. The number of joints is determinate ina few

groups, as the Microgasterides and Blacides; more

commonly it varies to a small extent, even in individuals

of the same species. The disk of the mesothorax

commonly exhibits a trilobed appearance, being divided

by two superficial furrows converging towards the scu-

tellum. The 8 lobes correspond with large interior

bundles of muscles, and their external appearance or

absence should be noticed. The sculpture of the meta-

thorax is often an important character. Sometimes it

is divided by one or more carinz or raised lines into

compartments, but less regularly than in the Ichneumons.

The first abdominal segment is either petiolated, sub-

sessile, or sessile, smooth or rugulose: the legs are like

those of the Ichneumons, the trochanters are biarticu-

late, and all the tarsi 5-jointed. ‘The terebra is of

variable length, either entirely concealed, asin Chelonus,

or longer than the body, as in Vipio. Bracon penetrator,

6 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Smith, from Japan (which, however, is not a true Bracon)

has the body # inch long, while the terebra attains the

extraordinary length of 6% inches.

Great pains have been taken to collect information

respecting the parasitism* of these insects. A number

of bred specimens, amounting to some hundreds, has

been kindly contributed by various entomologists, Big-

nell, Billups, Bridgman, Cameron, Fitch, J. E. Fletcher,

W.H. B. Fletcher, and others. In all such cases no labour

has been spared to identify species correctly. The

names of lepidopterous victims are taken from ‘The

Entomologist Synonymie List of British Lepidoptera,’

by R. South, London, 1884. For notes and references

derived from published works, as those of Ratzeburg,

* Parasitism is a somewhat vague term, but may be divided into

the incomplete, as that of the cuckoo, &c., and the complete, as in

the case of hymenopterous insects. A complete parasite is an

animal which lives inside or upon the body of another larger than

itself, devouring its substance and causing it to perish. The

Ichneumons in general are well known to be internal parasites ;

yet Brischke’s observation respecting Oncophanes reported by

Ratzeburg and to some extent confirmed by Bignell, tends to the

conclusion that at least some of the Braconidé are external com-

plete parasites. Whatever doubt may be considered to attach to

this circumstance, we must hesitate still more to receive the

accounts published of the occurrence of Braconide, otherwise

known to be parasites of Lepidoptera, among spiders’ eggs. These

are minute bodies, and any larger insect preying upon them must

be external, and must devour many; in which case it is no more

a parasite than any other carnivorous creature. Hence Brischke’s

statement that he has bred the large Microgaster deprimator,

Nees, from spiders’ eggs, seems inadmissible. Ruthe conjectured

the same Microgaster to be a parasite of Bombus terrestris, L. It

is hard to believe that whereas the other larve of the genus are so

organised as to breathe and live by suction within the body of a

caterpillar, surrounded by humidity and protected from atmospheric

influence, this one alone should live in the spider’s nest exposed,

preying upon eggs, without being subject to the conditions of

parasitism. Pezomachus, however, may readily be quoted as a

received example of an Ichneumon bred from spiders’ eggs; in

which case it must be an external feeder, and not a true parasite.

It is, however, much more commonly and certainly obtained from

the cocoons of Microgaster, being then distinctly an internal

parasite. The history of Pezomachus is not yet cleared up, nor

can we deny (whatever difficulty may exist) that it has proceeded

from spiders’ nests. It behoves future observers, however, to

make very sure that the supposed spider’s nest is the genuine work

of an araneid, and to verify the species. For Apanteles congestus,

Nees, and other Microgasterids make nests of cocoons which have

often been mistaken for the work of spiders, and the breeding of

Pezomachus, Hemiteles, &c., from these is a common occurrence.

British Braconide. 7

Brischke, Giraud, &c. (where no means of verification

exist) the present writer cannot be responsible ; they are

quotations which depend upon the authority of others.

They have, however, been as far as possible scrutinised,

and many rejected as being, from different causes, in-

admissible, or the reasons for disputing their accuracy

have been stated.

In the identification of minute similar species, it is,

as a general principle, safer and easier to trust to good

descriptions than to the inspection of preserved speci-

mens. In many cases, however, the value of types is

indisputable, and large resources of this kind are avail-

able to the enquirer. The general collections of Stephens

and Ruthe are in the British Museum, together with

types of Aphidiides and Microgasterides deposited by

Haliday. The Hope‘Museum at Oxford contains many

named specimens from Wesmael and Férster, to which

were added, in 1884, some of Haliday’s from Trinity

College, Dublin. Gravenhorst’s collection still exists at

Breslau ; that of Nees von Esenbeck at Bonn, in small

glazed boxes ; Wesmael’s at Brussels; Van Vollenhoven’s

at Leyden; Forster’s remains in Europe unsold, while

that of Curtis is less conveniently placed in Australia.

The earliest arrangements of the Braconide, those of

Nees von Esenbeck and Haliday, were based upon the

palpary system, and of them it is unnecessary to say

more than that they exhibit in a high degree the dis-

advantages of that method. Haliday’s system, published

in the ‘ Entomological Magazine’ (vol. 1., pp. 261—266),

still has its value as a remarkable collection of acute

observations, but fails as a linear arrangement ; insects

of the same genus, owing to the arithmetic of the palpi,

being found in widely different places; the group of

Dacnusa, e. g., appears no less than four times over.

The Generic Synopsis of the same author, appended to

vol. ii. of Westwood’s “‘ Introduction,” supplies no general

system, but gives only brief outlines of the genera.

Wesmael, unacquainted with Haliday’s writings, divided

the Braconide into three principal groups. I. Cylostom.

' These have the clypeus notched or emarginate on its

lower edge, and the labrum so withdrawn as to form a

sort of palate to the oral aperture; the mandibles are

too short to cross each other, but, only touching at the

points, they form, with the clypeus, a somewhat circular

opening. I. Clidostomi. The clypeus is not, or hardly,

8 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

emarginate, but rounded or produced; the mandibles

cross each other at the points, and the mouth appears

closed, or the aperture left is very small. IIL. Hxodontes.

The mandibles are not only too short to meet at the

points, but they are curved outwards on each side of the

head, unlike those of any other insects, and useless for

every purpose to which such organs ean be applied.

These divisions, however, are insufficient for the extent

of the subject, and the second is a jumble of dissimilar

forms, being nothing else than the remainder after the

subtraction of the first and third. The more recent

system of Férster (Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, pp. 225—

288) embodies everything of value in the works of his

predecessors, arranged in an order of his own, founded

upon the general appearance of the animals, and in that

respect perhaps as satisfactory as the subject permits.

There exists another variation of this system, published

by Reinhard in Taschenberg’s Hym. Deutschlands,

1866, pp. 73—91. This, being written to suit the plan

of a special work, deals chiefly with genera, arranged in

a different sequence from that of Forster; for higher

divisions recourse must be had to the latter writer.

His synoptical table has been severely criticised, and is

undoubtedly liable to many objections, not the least of

which is that the difficulty of its application is very

deterring to beginners. In the following attempt at

simplification, we shall depart in some respects from the

German method. The divisions termed by Forster

subfamilies are those chiefly to be attended to, as they

are, or are supposed to be, founded upon nature, and of

equal value. The other headings, taken from Wesmael

and Haliday, are here only used as guide-posts, and for

the purpose of catching the eye. Hxcluding Forster’s

Pachylommatoide, as belonging to the Hvaniide, we will

treat the Braconide under six divisions, each including

a number of subfamilies.

British Braconide. 9

—

—"

. Suturiform articulation rigid, connate.

(9) 2. Mandibles in the usual position, touching

or crossing at the points.

(4) 3. Clypeus emarginate, forming with the

mandibles a semicircular opening .. I. Cycnosromt.

(3) 4. Clypeus not so emarginate, fitting closely

to the mandibles.

(6) 5. Abdomen above without sutures, segments

1—3 forming a solid shield; or with 2

superficial sutures at most, but still

exarticulate re .. IL, Cryprocastres.

(5) 6. Abdomen showing the Sean pauaees

(8) 7. Second cubital areolet minute, as in the

Ichneumonidae, often imperfect .. II. Arronarit.

(7) 8. Second cubital areolet eS Senet

lar, or wanting .. : . IV. PoLtymMorrHt.

(2) 9. Mandibles with the points fame aut

wards .. 5c .. V. HxopontTes.

(1) 10. Suturiform articulation, as wall as the

rest, flexible, allowing the abdomen to

be curved forwards under the thorax.. VI. FLExILiveNTREs.

I. Cycnuostom1, Wesm.

(4) 1. Occiput not margined, or only faintly at the

sides.

(3) 2. Pobrachial areolet as long as the Cas

brachial .. oe 1. Braconides.

(2) 3. Pobrachial areolet ahonien than he oe

brachial .. 5c 2. Mxothecides.

(1) 4. Occiput margined, distinct om the verter.

(6) 5. Abdomen petiolated #3 ud .. 4. Spathiides.

(5) 6. Abdomen sessile or subsessile.

(10) 7. Fore wings with 2 cubital areolets; or

the 9 apterous.

(9) 8. Head cubical; abdominal segments dis-

crete; ? winged; hind wings of § with

a stigma .. avs ee AG .. 5. Hecabolides.

(8) 9. Head transverse; abdominal segments

after the 1st connate ; ? often apterous;

hind wings of g without a stigma .. 6.

(7) 10. Fore wings with 3 cubital areolets.

(12) 11. Head cubical, not contracted behind the

eyes ate 56 7. Doryctides.

(11) 12. Head transverse, more or dea connected

behind the eyes.

Pambolides.

i=)

(14) 13. Anal nervure interstitial .. oe 8. IHormiides.

(13) 14. Anal nervure falling into the padiecotdal

areolet.

(16) 15. Abdomen subpetiolated, nearly smooth ;

terebra elongate; thyridia of segments

2—3 invisible; small gnat-like species 3. Ithyssalides.

10 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

(15) 16. Abdomen sessile, almost always rugose,

except the apex; terebra concealed or

short ; thyridia of segments 2—3 visible ;

large robust species .. fe -» 9. Rhogadides.

II. Cryprocastres, Wesm.

Fore wings with 2 cubital areolets; belly

concave from end to end, with sharply

defined edges .. Ae be -» 10. Sigalphides.

(1) 2. Fore wings with 3 cubital areolets ; belly

concave ; edges reflexed; body rugose 11. Chelonides.

(2) 1

III. Arronart, Wesm.

Mesothoracic sutures invisible; radial

areolet ample, reaching the apex of the

wing 26 50 OD : .. 12. Microgasterides.

_—

—_

(1) 2. Mesothoracic sutures distinct; radial

areolet minute, remote from the apex

of the wing as 56 G0 -. 13. Agathidides.

IV. Potymorrut,* Wesm.

(4) 1. Abdomen petiolated.

(3) 2. Fore wings with 2 cubital areolets .. 14. Huphorides.

(2) 3. Fore wings with 3 cubital areolets .. 15. Perilitides.

(1) 4. Abdomen sessile or subsessile.

(10) 5. Fore wings with 2 cubital areolets.

(7) 6. Axillary areolet of the fore wings closed 16. Calyptides.

(6) 7. Axillary areolet of the fore wings open.

(9) 8. Radius straight, its first abscissa long,

distinct; terebra 9 straight .. -. 17. Blacides.

(8) 9. Radius curved, its first abscissa short,

subobsolete ; terebra @ decurved .. 18. Liophronides.

(5) 10. Fore wings with 3 cubital areolets.

(12) 11. Radial areolet very short, the metacarpus

not longer than the stigma .. .. 19. Ichneutides.

(11) 12. Radial areolet elongate, the metacarpu

longer than the stigma.

(14) 13. Hind femora incrassated, sometimes

toothed; head subquadrate, vertex ex-

cavated, the fovea containing the

middle ocellus .. 50 do .. 20. Helcontides.

(13) 14. Hind femora simple; head transverse,

vertex not or hardly excavated, the

middle ocellus not placed in a fovea.

(16) 15. Abdomen linear, longer than the thorax 21. Macrocentrides.

(15) 16. Abdomen ovate, not longer than the

thorax.

* Wesmael’s division Polymorphi, containing heterogeneous

groups, has rightly been objected to as unscientific. Its use here

is merely to indicate the subfamilies which do not enter into any

of the other divisions,

British Braconide. j1

(18) 17. Occiput margined, distinct from the ver-

tex ; axillary areolet with an incomplete

transverse nervure 0 . 22. Diospilides.

(17) 18. Occiput not margined; axillary areolet

with no vestige of a transverse nervure 23. Opiides.

V. Exopontes, Wesm.

(2) 1. Fore wings with 3 cubital areolets (rarely

apterous or subapterous) Sp

24. Alystides.

(1) 2. Fore wings with 2 cubital areolets on 55

Dacnusides.

VI. Fruextmiventres, Hal.

Hind wings with only 2 longitudinal ner-

vures ; prebrachial areolet often in-

complete ; pobrachial areolet wanting 26. Aphidiides.

I. CYCLOSTOMI.

I. BRACONIDES.

As regards British species, the characters coincide

with the single genus

Bracon, Fab.

Fab., Piez., 102 (1804); Wesm., Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 7; Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 235.

Mandibles bidentate, touching at the points, and enclosing, with

the emargination of the clypeus, a somewhat circular opening.

Maxillary palpi 5-, labial 8-jomted. Antenne with a variable

number of joints, even in the same species, from 14 ( ) to upwards

of 40 (f 2); 3d joint longer than the 2d. Occiput not margined.

Mesothoracic sutures distinct. Metathorax not areated, sometimes

carinated. Abdomen sessile, with 7 visible segments. Suturiform

articulation distinct, sinuated or straight. Terebra 2 exserted, of

variable length. Cubital areolets 3, the 2d trapezoidal; recurrent

nervure rejected; przbrachial and pobrachial areolets of equal

length ; pobrachial areolet of the hind wings minute.

The second subfamily, Hzothecides, is closely allied,

and was only separated by Férster as an afterthought,

at the end of his Generic Synopsis, lb. cit., p. 279. In

the Hxothecides the pobrachial transverse nervure is

evected, whereby the pobrachial areolet becomes longer

than the prebrachial. The genus Celoides, Wesm., is

easily mistaken for Bracon, having the pobrachial trans-

verse nervure similarly interstitial; but the occiput is

margined, the 3d joint of the antenne is not longer than

12 Rev. T. A. Marshall's monograph of

the 2d, and the front is deeply excavated above the

antenne,—characters which suffice to relegate it to

Doryctides.

Forster’s genus Iphiaulax, Verh. pr. Rheinl. 1862,

p. 234, contains a few Huropean and many exotic forms,

separated from Bracon on the ground that their abdo-

men is marked by several oblique or transverse im-

pressions. It is here mentioned because J. impostor,

Scop., Ent. Car., 287, the B. denigrator, Fab., Piez.

109, a species of Southern Europe, has been wrongly

supposed to be British. The mistake originated in con-

fusing three different insects, B. denigrator, L., B. deni-

grator, Fab., and Proterops nigripennis, Wesm. Only

the last is British, and to it must be referred the figure

given by Curtis, B. H., lxix, and the specimen existing

in the cabinet of Stephens.

The Braconides constitute a group of great and

unknown extent in tropical regions, embracing the largest

and most highly coloured of the Ichneumones adsciti. ©

Some of these are also found in Southern and Central

Kurope, but in our climate none of the superior forms

occur. ‘The small British species have been totally

neglected by our writers; the number of them is not

yet ascertained ; their determination is difficult ; their

transformations and parasitism very imperfectly under-

stood. The facts we have collected tend to show that

they infest in their earlier stages insects of several

different orders, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera,

and Diptera. Their motions are slow, and their flight

feeble, notwithstanding an ample provision of wings.

They generally lurk in shady places, resorting occa-

sionally, during the hours of sunshine, to umbelliferous

flowers, for the purpose of basking or feeding. Their

predominant colour is black, often diversified with rufous

or yellowish markings; some, however, are almost

wholly testaceous. Those with dark wings uniformly

exhibit underneath the stigma a whitish angulated

streak, ending in a spot, which often renders some of

the nervures, and especially the 1st intercubital, de-

colorous. The males are not easily identified when

separated from their partners: they are usually smaller,

with longer antenne, and exhibit the specific characters

with less distinctness.

Nees v. Hsenbeck (Mon., i., pp. 49—126) described

80 European species of his genus Bracon, divided into

British Braconide. 13

four sections, of which the last alone contains genuine

species according to modern views. Of the 54 therein

comprised, 3 belong to Vipio, Latr., and several more to

Iphiaulax, Forst., Neoneurus, Hal., Coloides, Wesm.,

Doryctes, Hal., and Dendrosoter, Wesm. ‘The number

of real Bracons remaining is not easily ascertained, but

it is very nearly as follows: spp. 27—50, and probably

spp. 66, 69, 70, 73 and 74, making 80; several of these,

however, evidently comprise different insects under the

same name. Wesmael (Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 18388,

pp- 10—57) described 48, of which all but the first

(nominator, Fab.) are genuine. Of these 47, 14 are

supposed to be reproductions of the Neesian species,

including varieties with fresh names; so that the actual

additions made by Wesmael are reduced to 33. Of his

47 species, 25 are here introduced as British, with 1 from

Nees, 2 from Ratzeburg, and 10 new, making 38. The

material at our disposal, brought together by the kind-

ness of contributors whose names are hereinafter re-

corded, is considerable ; but there can be no doubt that

many more native species remain to be discovered.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

I. Second cubital areolet distant from the exterior mar-

gin by twice its length, measured along the cubitus;

anterior side shorter than the interior.

(2) 1. Abdomen punctulato-rugulose ; antennx, ?

25-, g 27-jointed, gone ee than the head

and thorax .. ae .. 9. stabilis, Wesm.

(1) 2. Abdomen smooth ; cone 9 14—17-, J

20—26-jointed, not longer than the head

and thorax .. .. 10. brevicornis, Wesm.

II. Second cubital areolet distant from the exterior mar-

gin by about its own length, measured along the

cubitus ; anterior and interior sides subequal, or the

anterior longer.

SECTION 1. Segments 1—4, or more, or all the segments,

sculptured ; rugulose, aciculated, or punctulate.

(12) 1. Suturiform articulation sinuated.

(9) 2. Metathorax not carinated, or with only an

inchoate carina at the apex.

(4) 3. Abdomen, after segment 1, wholly testaceous 2. letus, Wesm.

(6) 5.

(5) 6.

(3) “7:

(7) 8.

(2) 9.

(11) 10.

(10) 11.

(1) 12.

(14) 13.

(13) 14,

Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

. Abdomen, after segment 1, not wholly

testaceous ; partly black.

Wings blackish ; stigma black; terebra

@ as long as the body 6c . 4. minutator, Fab.

Wings hyaline; stigma pale ; ference

@ shorter than the body.

Antenne g 29-jointed; terebra 9 as

long as the peaae eis fusco-tes-

taceous : .. L. pectoralis, Wesm.

Antenne J 40- jomnede reer much

shorter than the body; stigmaluteous 3. erythrostictus, nu. s.

Metathorax carinated from base to apex.

Head and thorax black; cox black ;

4 posterior femora more or less black 6. longicollis, Wesm.

Head and thorax partly testaceous ;

cox testaceous, often with a black

spot; 4 posterior femora testaceous 5. fulvipes, Nees.

Suturiform articulation straight.

Head and thorax varied with testaceous;

terebra 9? 4 abdomen AC 7. variegator, Nees.

Head and thorax entirely black ; ee

bra 9 abdomen .. oe .. 8. nigratus, Wesm.

Section li. Segments* 1—3 sculptured ; the rest

(2) 1.

(1) 2.

(4) 3.

(3) 4.

smooth.

Abdomen eae black and tes-

taceous es us .- 11. erraticus, Wesm.

Abdomen black, except ie narrow mar-

gins of segment 1, or 1—2.

Metathorax carinated (sometimes sub-

obsoletely); suturiform articulation

straight 06 -. 21. Satanas, Wesm. 3.

Metathorax not aiiainde sutartoria

articulation sinuated . Ae .. 12. exarator, n. 8.

SECTION ili. Segments 1—2 sculptured; the rest smooth.

(4) 1.

(3) 2.

(2) 3.

(1) 4

Wings blackish, or fuscous.

Abdomen testaceous, with or without a

few round discal spots O¢ . 13. triangularis, Nees.

Abdomen black, testaceous at the nate

and sides ae . 14. Roberti, Wesm.

. Wings hyaline, or ae iaighily ee

cated.

. Disk of the mesothorax, ail or

entirely, testaceous .. .. 15. levigatus, Ratz.

. Disk of the mesothorax black.

. Abdomen testaceous in the middle, black

at the base and apex.

* Cf. sp. 16, B. mediator, Nees, 3g.

British Braconide.

(9) 8. Coxe rufo-testaceous O06 56 alt

(8) 9. Coxe black.

(11) 10. Femora and tibiw infuscated ad life

(10) 11. Femora and tibie testaceous 5 Ale.

(7) 12. Abdomen black in the middle, often

bordered with testaceous; or en-

tirely black, except the narrow

margins of segments 1—2.

(16) 13. Abdomen black, bordered with tes-

taceous at the base and sides.

(15) 14. Femora testaceous .. ae -. 27.

(14) 15. Femora chiefly black ie 7 LO:

(13) 16. Abdomen entirely black, except the

narrow margins of segments 1—

2—(3).

(18) 17. Segment 2 with a yellowish dot on

the lateral margins ae we 20s

(17) 18. Segment 2 without a yellowish dot

on the lateral margins.

(20) 19. Metathorax carinated 6 Palle

(19) 20. Metathorax not, or very incompletely,

carinated.

(24) 21. Femora testaceous.

(23) 22. Terebra less than 4 abdomen

(22) 23. Terebra 3 abdomen ..

(21) 24. Femora black.

(26) 25. Segment 2 rugulose only at the base ;

wings subhyaline ate «. 24,

(25) 26. Segment 2 entirely seers ; ieee

infumated .. ¢ . 25.

22.

ee 23.

mediator,* Nees.

7ectensis, nN. S.

fuscicoxis, Wesm.

discoideus, Wesm., var.

tornator, Nn. Ss.

guttiger, Wesm.

Satanas, Wesm., 9.

fraudator, n. s.

epitriptus, n. 8.

larvicida, Wesm.

pretermissus, n. s.

Section iv. All the segments smooth.

(24) 1. Tarsi simple, not incrassated.

(7) 2. Palpi testaceous.

(4) 8. Abdomen entirely black, except the

narrow margins of omen 1—2,

not easily seen 20s

(3) 4. Abdomen not entirely flack apie

and conspicuously testaceous.

(6) 5. Abdomen black in the middle, bor-

dered with testaceous . 27,

(5) 6. Abdomen testaceous in the qieldle?

black at the base and apex . 28.

(2) 7. Palpi blackish.

(9) 8. Wings hyaline; terebra 9? ene

than the body 5 BME

(8) 9. Wings fuscous or iokiew es

bra ? shorter than the body, ex-

Bese in sp. 37, atrator, Nees.

colpophorus, Wes.

discoideus, Wesm.

regularis, Wesm.

caudatus, Ratz.

* The J : B. Pearator. Nees, pion hee ihe 3d segment rugu-

ieee; and so belongs to Section ii.

16 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

(13) 10. Legs testaceous, rarely with some

black portions.

(12) 11. Abdomen* black, testaceous at the

sides; terebra 9 t abdomen... 30. terebella, Wesm,

(11) 12. Abdomen testaceous, only segment 1

black; terebra ? more than 3 abdo-

men .. 31. otiosus, n. 8.

(10) 13. Legs black ; tibim sometimes testaceous

at the base.

(17) 14. Segments 2—7 black and testaceous.

(16) 15. Suturiform articulation straight;

terebra 9 as long as the abdomen 32. variator, Nees.

(15) 16. Suturiform articulation sinuated ;

terebra 9 $ abdomen... .. 33. degenerator, n. 8.

(14) 17. Segments 2—7 entirely black, except

the margins of segments 1—2.

(21) 18. Terebra 9 shorter than the abdomen.

(20) 19. Length, 14 lin.; antennew 9 25—27-

jointed F . 34, osculator, Nees.

(19) 20. Length, 4—1 cae : Seas 2 20—

29. jointed .. BA .. 35. obscurator, Nees.

(18) 21. Terebra 9 longer than the sjiinaen,

(23) 22. Terebra ? as long as the thorax and

abdomen re . .. 36. anthracinus, Nees.

(22) 23. Terebra 9? longer Ta the body .. 37. atrator, Nees.

(1) 24. Tarsi incrassated, sepealy the 4

posterior .. ors -. 38. barypus, 0.8.

1. Bracon pectoralis, Wesm.

Braco pectoralis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838,

Pe eee oR

Testaceous ; antenne and pectus black; abdomen above wholly

rugulose ; suturiform articulation wide, deeply crenate, strongly

bisinuated ; wings subhyaline ; terebra ? about as long as the body.

3. Length, 1}—13; exp. of wings, 33 lin.

Var. 1, 9. Mesothorax, metathorax, and abdomen at the base,

varied with black.

Var. 2,3. Occiput, thorax above and beneath, metathorax, and

scutum of 1st abdominal segment, black; scutellum and a discal

patch on the mesothorax pale testaceous ; segments 2—8 in the

middle indeterminately, and all segments after the 4th, fuscous ;

stigma fusco-testaceous; legs pale, 4 anterior tarsi at the apex,

and hind tarsi entirely, fuscous.

The only English specimen at hand isa g belonging to var. 2.

Antenne 29-jointed. Palpi testaceous. Metathorax smooth.

Abdomen oval, shorter than in most males of this genus; segments

* A var. of B. Meena Ween nee fis Apnea entirely

testaceous.

British Braconide. Ly

1—3 more coarsely sculptured than the rest ; segment 1 black, not

shining, much depressed in the middle, the margins elevated;

sides beyond the scutum testaceous; segments 2—83 with a medial

fuscous blotch, in which the rugosity is most apparent. According

to Wesmael, the stigma is rather vaguely defined on its inner edge,

especially towards the base, owing to the absence of a nervure in

that place. More specimens might perhaps elucidate the author's

meaning, which, as applied to this insect, is at present obscure.

Notwithstanding this, the identification of the species is in no way

doubtful.

Bred by Fitch from Alucita hexadactyla, L., July 8th.

Wesmael examined four specimens taken near Liege.

2. Bracon letus, Wesm.

Braco letus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838,

p> 13s 2.

Bright testaceous; a spot on the occiput, pectus, metathorax,

and 1st abdominal segment, black or blackish ; abdomen wholly

rugulose ; suturiform articulation well marked, crenate, bisinuated,

emarginate in the middle; wings hyaline, stigma fuscous ; terebra

@ aslongastheabdomen. @. Length, 13; wings, 3 lin.

Antenne 27-jointed (according to Wesmael, 26-), black. The

British specimen has a brown spot on each side of the mesothorax

at the base of the wings, from which a fascia extends round the

secutellum, covering the upper part of the metathorax, which is

gibbous and smooth. First abdominal segment infuscated on the

scutum. Ocelli bright red.

Colour more fulvous than in the preceding ; the rugu-

losity of the abdomen finer and more uniform, not

coarser at the base of the segments. The females are

sufficiently distinguishable by the length of the terebra ;

in the present species the vertex is more transverse, the

legs and wings shorter in proportion.

The ¢ here described was formerly in Walker’s col-

lection. Wesmael had only one 2 from Liége.

3. Bracon erythrostictus, n. s.

Testaceus; antennis, stemmatico, occipite, mesothoracis lobis,

metathorace, abdominis vitta interrupta, tarsisque apice, nigris ;

abdomine supra subtiliter transversim rimuloso (in ¢ fere punctu-

lato); articulatione suturiformi crenulata bisinuata; alis sub-

hyalinis, stigmate luteo. Terebra 2 abdominis dimidio equalis,

vel paulo longior.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PaART I. (APRIL.) C

18 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Testaceous; antenne, stemmaticum, occiput, lobes of the meso-

thorax, metathorax, an interrupted longitudinal stripe on the

abdomen, and tarsi at the tips, black; abdomen above minutely

and transversely rimulose (inthe ¢ almost punctulate); suturiform

articulation crenulate, bisinuated; wings subhyaline, stigma

luteous; terebra half as long as the abdomen, or a little longer.

3 ?. Length, 14; wings, 3} lin.

9. Antenne black, 84—388-jointed ; radicle testaceous. Palpi

pale. Disk of mesothorax, and scutellum, black. Metathorax

rugulose, not canaliculated. Scutum of the 1st abdominal segment

black, rugose, with a basal depression; tubercles placed much

before the middle. Second segment with a triangular black rugose

spot, like the scutum of the 1st, of which it seems to be a continua-

tion; segments 3—6 have each a larger, transverse, black patch,

leaving only the lateral margins, and the sutures narrowly, testa-

ceous. Terebra as long as the hind tibia, or half the abdomen.

Wings subhyaline, stigma luteous.

¢ similar; antenne 40-jointed, much longer than the body ; the

1st joint testaceous. Disk of mesothorax with the interstices

between the lobes testaceous; scutellum black only at the base.

Metathorax smooth, with two longitudinal carine uniting at the

apex. Spots upon segment 3—6 smaller than those of the ?, paler,

and not contiguous.

Var. . Less than 1 line long. Antenne broken. Gene and

face, abdominal segments 1—2, at the sides, the latter very broadly,

and the legs, testaceous; the rest of the abdomen pitchy. Bred

by Fitch July 8th.

Resembles B. tenuicornis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac.

Brux., 1838, p. 42, yet the differences of sculpture and

colour are too great to allow it to be referred to that

species. Neither can it be B. scutellaris, Wesm., lib. cit.,

p. 14, for the antenne are much too long, and the tere-

bra too short. A specimen which I took in Corsica

differs in being a trifle smaller, with shorter (80-jointed)

antenne, and the terebra as long as the abdomen.

I took both sexes together ina marsh near the sea,

Milford Haven. Several specimens have since been bred

by Fitch at Maldon, in June and July, from galls on the

couch-grass, Triticum repens, but it is not yet known

upon what insect they are parasitic. Bred from similar

galls by Moncreaff and thought by Walker to be Wes-

mael’s tenuicornis (Entom. y. 240, 451).

British Braconide. 19

4. Bracon minutator, Fab.

Bracon minutator, Fab., Piez., 110; Nees, Mon., 1.,

MOR See

Braco minutator, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

13598,p. lok.

Black; orbits more or less, lateral margins of abdomen, belly,

and tibiz at the base, testaceous; wings fuscous, paler towards the

tips, with a hyaline streak behind the black stigma. Abdomen

rugulose on segments 1—2, afterwards punctulate ; suturiform

articulation notched in the middle, deep, crenulate. Terebra as

ong as the body. Length, § 14; wings, 8}: 9 2; wings, 4$ lin.

?. Head black; labrum, mandibles, and orbits, more or less

rufescent. Metathorax smooth and shining. Abdomen above

black, lateral margins and 3 apical segments almost entirely

testaceous; punctulate, subcarinated; segments 1—2 rugulose ; 1

subquadrate, margined; 2 longer than 38. Belly testaceous. An-

tenne 29—84-jointed. The ¢ is smaller, with the abdomen more

oblong; antenne (in two specimens) 29-jointed ; otherwise like

the ?.

Described from 5 males, 3 females. A large species, and

easy to recognise. First indicated as British by Curtis,

with his usual accuracy (‘ Guide,’ 2d ed., column 115)

where it is marked as contained in his collection. Wes-

mael possessed 2 females. A ? was taken by H. A. Butler,

at Battle, Sussex; a 3 by me, Sept. Ist, at Nunton,

Wilts; others by Fitch, at Maldon. Elisha bred 2 females,

in July, from Argyrolepia zephyrana, Tr. Brischke

reared it from Bembecia hyleiformis, Lasp. (not a British

sp.). According to him (Schrift. nat. Ges. Danz., n.s.,

v. (8) 185) the cocoons are light brown, cylindrical,

filling up the bore made by the larve.

5. Bracon fulvipes, Nees.

Bracon fulvipes, Nees, Mon., 1., 74, S 2.

Braco fulvipes, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1838,

p. 26, pl., fig. 3 (wing).

Black; mandibles, face, orbits more or less, legs, and abdomen,

rufo-testaceous; a variable black longitudinal dorsal stripe more or

less covering the segments; metathorax rugulose, longitudinally

carinated in the middle ; abdomen transversely and finely acicu-

lated; wings nearly hyaline, stigma fuscous; terebra 2? ?—¥$ of

20 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

the abdomen in length. Length, g 13; wings, 3: 2 1;—2};

wings, 3—4} lin.

Var. 1, 9. Metathorax almost smooth; middle and hind coxe

black or testaceous. Rare.

Var. 2, 9. Head rufo-testaceous, stemmaticum black.

Var. 3, 2. Orbits of the eyes entirely black.

Var. 4, 3. Head black, only the mouth and apex of the genx

rufo-testaceous.

Var. 5, 9. Second segment of the abdomen with two additional

black spots, covering the thyridia.

Antenne 9° 29—87-jointed, as long as the body, sometimes

ferruginous beneath towards the apex. Colours variable: some-

times the prothorax is testaceous; the mesothorax may be bor-

dered with the same colour, its disk longitudinally marked with

two lines, or its sides may be testaceous. On each side of the base

of the rugulose metathorax is a small smooth space: the longi-

tudinal carina is sometimes indistinct. Abdomen elongate-oval,

not very shining; segments 1—2 covered with rugulosities crossing

each other irregularly; the following segments transversely acicu-

lated. Segment 1 black, 2 rufo-testaceous with a medial black

spot, quadrate, or rounded behind. The 38 next segments have

usually larger rectangular black patches, forming a continuous

band as far as the 5th inclusive: these vary considerably, and are

liable to be diminished to mere disconnected streaks. Legs rufo-

testaceous, the last joint of the tarsi blackish ; hind cox some-

times black at the base. Wings hyaline, or very slightly tinted ;

stigma and nerves blackish; but the stigma is sometimes pale in

the ? (according to Wesmael, and in one British specimen).

The $ is similar, but smaller; antennz 384—40-jointed, longer

than the body. The black abdominal stripe is usually dilated

posteriorly, covering the entire apical half of the abdomen, except

a narrow margin all round. Not to be confounded with the 3 of

mediator, Nees, sp. 16, which has the abdomen smooth after the 3d

segment, segments 2—3 entirely testaceous, Xe.

The @ is most likely to be confused with longicollis,

Wesm., sp. 6.

The length of the terebra given by Nees is two-fifths

of the abdomen, which corresponds with most of the

British specimens, although in some it is rather longer.

Wesmael, in his diagnosis, states it to be as long as the

abdomen, but subsequently admits that it is sometimes

shorter. It is variable, within certain limits, but does

not in this country attain the length exhibited by the

Belgian specimens.

British Braconide. 21

Generally distributed. Devonshire, Kent, Essex,

Norfolk, London district ; Yorkshire ; Glen Lyon, Clober,

Scotland.

6. Bracon longicollis, Wesm.

Braco longicollis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1359; 205. oe.

Elongate, black; mandibles, sides of the abdomen wholly, or

the basal half, belly, and legs, testaceous: middle and hind coxe,

and claws, black: middle and hind femora more or less infuscated

at the base; metathorax subelongate, with a medial longitudinal

carina (often obsolete) ; 2d and following abdominal segments very

finely aciculated, somewhat shining ; wings subhyaline ; terebra

1 as long as the abdomen, the valves stout, subclavate. f ?.

Length, 13; wings, 3} lin.

Var. 2. Carina of the metathorax obsolete: posterior femora

with a fuscous line above and below, their tibiz fuscous in the

middle. Length, 1}; wings, 24 lin. Two specimens taken by

Bignell.

Antenne ? 29—33-jointed, as long as the body; palpi black ;

mandibles testaceous. Parallel to the metathoracic carina are a

few rugulosities. Abdomen elongate-oval, black; the lateral mar-

gins of segments 1—3—4, sometimes of all, together with the

belly, testaceous. Segment 2 always finely rugulose, and generally

the rest, but the sculpture of these is frequently so minute that

they appear shining. Wings not quite hyaline, with an obsolete

whitish mark under the fuscous stigma.

The undescribed ¢ has 32-jointed antenne, longer than the body.

Metathorax indistinctly carinated, but with some longitudinal

wrinkles. Sculpture and colours of the abdomen as in the more

strongly marked females ; segment 2 aciculated. Fore femora

and tibie slightly infuscated ; middle and hind femora black, their

tibie tipped with black, and the tarsi fuscous.

Easily distinguished from the preceding species. It

is smaller; the head and thorax are uniformly black,

the femora marked with the same colour ; the terebra

is shorter; and it shows no disposition to run into

varieties.

Wesmael’s estimate of the length of the terebra 3—3

of the abdomen, is again somewhat too great for the

British specimens.

Generally distributed ; Leicester, St. Albans, London

district, Devonshire, Sussex, Essex, Norfolk, &c.

22 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

7. Bracon variegator, Nees.

Bracon variegator, Nees, Mon., i., 89; Wesm., Nouv.

Mém. Ac. Brux., 1888, p. 88, 3 2; Cur. Morton’s

Cyclop. Agric., s. v. Bracon; Farm Ins., 370.

Black, varied with yellow ; abdomen broadly ovate, subdepressed,

granulated throughout; segment 2 subcarinated, with a shallow

fovea on each side ; wings fuscous, subhyaline at the apex ; terebra

1or1of the abdomen. 9. Length, 14—14; wings, 3 lin.

Antenne ? 18—20-jointed, shorter than the body; palpi blackish;

mandibles yellow. Face yellow with a large triangular black spot ;

orbits and vertex yellow, stemmaticum and occiput black. Thorax

black, except a spot on each humeral angle, another beneath the

wings, and a large square patch on the mesothorax extending over

the scutellum; the latter, however, is more or less black at the

base. First abdominal segment with yellow lateral margins ;

belly yellow with two longitudinal rows of black spots. The

following segments have sometimes the lateral, borders testaceous,

and in one specimen segment 2 is almost wholly of that colour, the

prominent parts of the surface being blackish. Suturiform articu-

lation bisinuated, crenulate, and notched in the middle; strongly

marked, as are the two following sutures, especially at the sides.

Segments 3—5 rather punctulate than rugulose, somewhat shining.

A smooth medial line is visible in certain lights upon segments 2—5.

Legs varied with fuscous and testaceous; coxe black. Wings

with an obsolete whitish fascia; stigma large, ovate, fuscous; 2d

cubital areolet as long as the 3d, measured on the cubitus.

3, according to Wesmael, similar; antennz 23—24-jointed in

the two British specimens; fore legs black, testaceous at the base.

The antenne, and the length of the 2d cubital areolet,

distinguish this species from B. brevicornis, Wesm.,

which it superficially resembles. The square yellow

patch on the mesothorax is characteristic, and the de-

scription given by Curtis, U. ¢c., unmistakable.

Described from six females, one in Walker’s collection,

the others found in old jackdaw-nests, in company with

B. stabilis, Wesm., sp. 9. Also taken by Fitch not

uncommonly at Maldon. According to Curtis it is a

parasite of Hndrosis fenestrella, Scop.; the 3 2 were

likewise captured by him late in August on Hampstead

Heath. ‘Two males in bad condition, but apparently of

this species, were bred by Elisha from Lithocolletis

torminella, Freyer. Kawall obtained it in April—May

from cones of Pinus abies tenanted by Anobiwm alietis,

British Braconide. 23

Fab., and Coccyx strobilella, L. He considered it a

parasite of the former; but it came more probably from

the Tortrix (Stett. Zeit., 1855, p. 231).

8. Bracon nigratus, Wesm.

Braco nigratus, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1888,

p- 34, 3 ¢@.

Black ; palpi blackish ; fore femora towards the apex, their tibix

at the base, or entirely, and posterior tibiz at the base, testaceous ;

segment 1 obscurely yellowish at the sides, 2—3 each with an obsolete

reddish patch at the basal angles, or more or less obscurely rufous,

or wholly black. Wings fumato-hyaline, stigma and nervures fus-

cous; 2d cubital areolet narrow, a little shorter than the 3d.

Metathorax smooth. Abdomen with segments 1—38 rugulose, dull ;

the rest more shining; suturiform articulation straight. Terebra

Lofthe abdomen. & 9. Length, ¢, 1—1}; 2 14; wings, 24—

3} lin.

Antenne ¢ 31—82-jointed. Belly at the base yellowish, varied

with black. Abdomen suborbicular, not longer than the thorax,

covered with fine rugosity, becoming finer posteriorly, so that the

4th and following segments are more shining and nearly smooth.

Posterior femora (in one specimen) testaceous beneath. Rufous

spots on segments 2—3 more distinct than inthe g. Antenne $

29—31-jointed (in three examples) longer than the body. Smaller

than the ?; abdomen narrower, the rufous spot diffused, in-

distinct.

Four specimens; a female taken by Bignell in Devon-

shire; two males by me near Abergavenny, and a third

at Niton, Isle of Wight.

9. Bracon stabilis, Wesm.

Bracon punctulator, var. b., Nees, Mon., i1., 88, 3 2.

Braco stabilis, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1888,

P20 dh Pi

Bracon stabilis, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., ii., 38, ¢ ¢.

Black, head varied with testaceous ; lateral margins of 1st abdo-

minal segment, and belly, yellow ; anterior tibia and tarsi more or

less, anterior femora sometimes at the apex, and hind tibie at the

base, testaceous ; wings blackish, paler towards the tips, stigma

dark brown, unicolorous ; 2d cubital as in the following species ;

terebra ? 4 the length of the abdomen, which is ovate, depressed,

and rugulose throughout. Length, ¢ 1—1}; wings, 2;—32: ?

14; wings, 33 lin.

24 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Antenne ? black, together with the palpi, 25-jointed, and } as

long as the body. Mandibles, orbits narrowly, two spots beneath

the antennz (sometimes obsolete), margins and under side of the

abdomen, yellowish. Legs black, 2d joint of trochanters, apex of

femora, and base of tibix, testaceous. The tibie sometimes testa-

ceous with a black line in front, and middle and hind femora

entirely black. Abdomenrugulose above, becoming rather punctu-

late towards the apex; segments 2—3 more coarsely rugose at the

base, and the 2d sometimes with a faint longitudinal carina.

The $ is similar, but with more yellow on the face; antennze

27-jointed, as long as the body. Abdomen rather punctulate than

rugulose; segments 2—3 not more coarsely sculptured than the

rest; the two apical segments almost smooth.

Common on umbelliferous flowers, and may also be

beaten from furze, thatch, &c., in spring ; Fitch finds it

on windows. Taken in Cadder Wilderness near Glasgow ;

Leicestershire; Worcestershire; Hainauit Forest; Devon-

shire; Essex. Abundant in old jackdaw nests in a

church-tower in Northants, together with Bracon varie-

gator, Nees. In the same nests Attagenus pellio, L., and

some Jinee were also common, of which the Bracons

were perhaps parasites. Ratzeburg records that Nérd-

linger bred this species from ash-bark, with Hylesinus

crenatus, Fab. W.H.B. Fletcher bred two males and

two females, June 6th, from Gelechia mulinella, Zell.

10. Bracon brevicornis, Wesm. (PI. L., figs. 1a, 1).

Bracon punctulator, var. 8 bis, Nees, Mon., 1., 88, 3 2.

Braco brevicornis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838,

p. 28, pl., fig. 2 (wing).

In Catalogue of Ichneum., p. 96, dele syn. Bracon

variegator, Cur.

Black; head, thorax, and scutellum varied with testaceous;

femora at the apex, tibize and tarsi more or less, Ist abdominal

segment at the base and sides (often the 2d also in the g'), and

belly, testaceous; wings brownish, hyaline at the apex, stigma

sometimes bicolorous; 2d cubital areolet very small, separated

from the exterior margin by twice its own length, measured on the

cubitus, which becomes obsolete a little beyond the 2d cubital

areolet; terebra ? } the length of the abdomen, which is obovate,

depressed, shining, and very finely punctulate. Length, 11—1};

wings, 3 lin.

Antenne ? unlike those of any other species, not longer than

the head and thorax, stout, 14-jointed in two British specimens

British Braconide. 25

(17-jointed according to Wesmael). Palpi, mandibles, and head

testaceous; occiput, stemmaticum, and a facial spot, black; above

this spot is a small black longitudinal carina. Thorax black, with

the disk testaceous, and black stripes on the mesothoracie lobes ;

scutellum testaceous, more or less black at the base and apex.

Abdomen ? ovate, depressed; Ist segmeut testaceous, with a black,

smooth, triangular scutum ; the 2d and following segments black

(according to Wesmael often narrowly margined at the sides with

testaceous), somewhat shining, almost invisibly punctulate. Legs

black, apex of femora, fore and middle tibi and tarsi more or less,

and hind tibize at the base, testaceous ; sometimes the fore cox

are testaceous, and all the femora black only at the base. Stigma

fuscous, with a testaceous spot at the base, which is sometimes

obsolete.

Antenne g 20—26-jointed according to Wesmael, 21-, 21-, 23-

jointed in three British specimens, almost as long as the body ;

black spot on the face sometimes reduced to a mere transverse line,

or the head is black with the orbits and gene testaceous ; scutellum

sometimes black, with the lateral margins testaceous, or entirely

black. Abdomen more oblong than that of the 9; segment 1 often

pale, with a central black spot; 2d often pale, with some obscure

markings. One @ has the right antenna 22- and the left 23-

jointed.

This species, notwithstanding variations of colour, is

easily recognised by the structure of the 2d cubital

areolet in both sexes, and by the antenne of the ?,

which are much shorter and stouter than those of

stabiis 2. Both sexes may be also distinguished from

stabilis by their abdomen, which is shining and almost

smooth ; that of stabilis is dull and ruguloso-punctulate,

except towards the apex.

I once reared the 2 from galls of Andricus terminalis,

Fab., found near London ; and on October 26th, 1884, W.

F’. Kirby bred six males, one female, from H/phestia elutella,

Hub. Brischke obtained a 3 from Dioryctria abietella,

Zinck. A g was bred by 8. Webb at Dover, Aug. 10th,

from Myelois ceratonia, Zell.

11. Bracon erraticus, Wesm.

Braco erraticus, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1838,

Der805, of.

Black, with black palpi ; mandibles, usually some spots on the

head, sides of the abdomen at the base, belly at the base, fore

26 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

femora at the apex, fore tibiz wholly, middle and hind tibie at the

base, testaceous; abdominal segments 2—38 finely rugulose, the

following segments alnfost entirely smooth; wings obscure ;

terebra 2 as long as the abdomen. Length, g 14; wings, 3;

? 1d lin.

Var. 1, 2. Orbits broadly, disk of mesothorax in front, and

margins of abdomen all round, testaceous. Antenne 30-jointed.

Segments 4—5 very finely rugulose.

Var. 2, gf. Head entirely black, except the mandibles.

9. Antenne 29—82-jointed. An orbital spot under the eyes,

another on the vertex, and an intermediate spot on each side,

testaceous. First abdominal segment with the lateral margins

narrowly testaceous; segments 2—3 more broadly, the border

becoming attenuated hindwards, and often continued along the

4th segment. Anterior half or two-thirds of the belly also pale.

Segments 2—3 finely rugulose longitudinally, 3 sometimes nearly

smooth, the rest showing hardly any traces of sculpture. Wings

with a hyaline streak under the stigma.

$ similar; antennz 37-jointed, in one specimen; orbits often

almost entirely testaceous. Segments 2—3 more rugose and less

shining ; segment 4 with some distinct rugosities.

Bignell has taken in Devonshire four females and two

males; one of the latter being var. 2. Elisha bred two

males from Hupecilia ciliana, Hub., July 81st. Brischke

obtained a g¢ variety from Bembecia hyleiformis, Lasp.

12. Bracon exarator, n. 8.

Bracon punctulator, var. 8, Nees, Mon., 1., 88 (e col-

lectione Desmarestiana). 3% ?.

Niger, capitis picturis, abdominis segmento 1mo lateribus, ventre,

femoribus anticis apice, tibiis anticis fere totis, intermediis basi

anguste, posticis latius, testaceis; abdomine ovato, subdepresso,

segmentis Imo et 2do totis, 3tio basi, rugulosis ; ceteris levibus

nitidis ; terebra abdominis fere longitudine ; alis infuscatis, lineola

hyalina, stigmate nigro.

Black; orbits partially, Ist abdominal segment at the sides,

belly, fore femora at the apex, fore tibie almost entirely, inter-

mediate narrowly at the base, hind pair more broadly, testaceous ;

abdomen ovate, subdepressed, segments 1—2 wholly, 3 at the base,

rugulose; the rest smooth and shining; terebra about as long as

the abdomen; wings infusecated, with a hyaline streak, stigma

black. 9. Length, 13; wings, 33 lin.

Nearly allied to stabilis, Wesm., but differs in having the 2d

British Braconide. 27

cubital areolet of normal length, in the sculpture of the abdomen,

and the greater length of the terebra. Antenne ? 31-jointed, as

long as the body, and, like the palpi, black; mandibles testaceous.

Orbits rufo-testaceous on the vertex, which colour is interrupted

beneath, leaving only two or three obscure spots. Metathorax

transversely rugulose in the middle, and obsoletely canaliculated.

Abdominal segments 1—2 rugulose, the 8d more finely at the sides

and base, with a smooth medial line; the rest smooth: segment

2 obsoletely carinated.

This does not seem to be the typical B. punctulator,

Nees, in which the segments after the 3d are not smooth,

the terebra is only as long as the 5th and following seg-

ments, &c. In any case the name punctulator, under

which are comprised several distinct species, must be

rejected.

Asingle ? captured by Bridgman at Brundall, Norfolk,

Sept. 15th.

13. Bracon triangularis, Nees.

Bracon variator, var. a, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1811,

[Dace e

B. triangularis, Nees, Mon., 1., 81, 2.

Black ; palpi concolorous ; mandibles testaceous ; orbits some-

times dull rufous; abdomen fulvous, segment 1, or a spot upon it,

and sometimes a spot on segments 2—4, black or piceous ; legs

black, narrowly rufous at the articulations, and the apex of the

lower trochanters. Wings more or less dark fuscous, with a

hyaline streak. Metathorax smooth. Segment 2 rugulose in the

middle of the base; suturiform articulation bisinuated. Terebra

as long as the abdomen. 9. Length, 1{—2}; wings, 3}—42 lin.

Antenne 380-jointed (in one specimen) somewhat shorter than

the body. Metathorax with vestiges of a carina, and a basal im-

pression. Abdomen elongate-oval, rather longer than the head

and thorax; segment 1 with a piceous spot in the middle, 2 with

an oval, piceous, rugulose, basal spot (forming an imperfect scutum

like that of the 1st) and on each side, a small linear impression ;

3—4 each with a larger, transverse, subrectangular piceous spot.

No doubt these marks are variable; the specimen described by

Nees had segment 1 black, margined, and longitudinally depressed,

fulvous at the apex; 2 with a black triangular basal spot, which

was punctulato-rugose at the base. Terebra straight, the valves

black, hardly ever longer than the abdomen. The wings are

described as black; those of the British specimen are subfuscous,

28 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Bracon megapterus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 22, ? is so described as to include the present

species, except that the terebra is only two-fifths of the

abdomen.

B. triangularis, Nees, was first recorded as British by

Curtis (Guide, 2d ed., 1887, column 115) and as con-

tained in his collection. The specimen above described

was sent by Fitch. Brischke bred it from Bembecia

hyleiformis, Lasp., a Sesid not known as British.

14. Bracon Roberts Wesm.

Braco Roberti, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838,

De iO leu e-<

Black; abdomen testaceous, with the 1st segment, a round rugu-

lose spot at the base of the 2d, and a row of contiguous patches on

segments 83—7, forming a broad band, black; suturiform articu-

lation straight; wings blackish, with an angulated whitish mark

underneath the stigma: terebra 2 as long as the abdomen.

Length, f. 13; wings, 83: 9 2; wings, 42 lin.

Antenne ? 386-jointed, as long as the body; palpi black. Meta-

thorax smooth, not carinated. First abdominal segment with the

lateral margins testaceous; segment 2 testaceous, with a black

rugulose subtriangular basal spot, not reaching the hind margin ;

3—7 with larger, transverse patches, covering the disk except the

lateral margins, which, with the belly, are testaceous. Abdomen,

after the 2d segment, entirely smooth.

The 3 has the antenne about 38-jointed, as long as the body,

and differs from the ? only in size, and in having the knees

obscurely pitchy.

This species has the facies of B. variator, Nees, but

differs in being much larger, with rugulosities at the

base of the 2d segment.

Rare. I took the ¢ in North Devon, Braunton Bur-

rows; and the 2 in a similar sandy situation, Fresh-

water Bay, Pembrokeshire. Wesmael only knew a single

? taken by Robert near Liége.

15. Bracon levigatus, Ratz. (P1.1., fig. 1).

Bracon scutellaris, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., ii., 41, 9 @

(not of Wesm.)

B. levigatus, Ratz., lib. cit., ii., 89.

Testaceous, variable ; head, thorax and abdomen more or less

diversified with black or pitchy ; antenne black, or fuscous, pale

British Braconide. 29

at the extreme base ; legs testaceous, claws black; tarsi, and some-

times hind tibix at the apex, fuscescent. Wings hyaline, stigma

fuscous; apical nervures decolorous. Body entirely smooth and

shining, except the 2d abdominal segment, which is more or less

aciculated ; suturiform articulation sinuated. Terebra longer than

the abdomen; valves black. g 9. Length, f 14; wings, 3: 9

1—1$; wings, 3—5} lin.

The following are the principal varieties of the ? :—

Var. 1. Stemmaticum, occiput, metathorax, 1st abdominal

segment, an aciculated spot on the 2d, and two smaller spots on

each of the 3d and 4th, black. Length, 13 lin.

Var. 2. Vertex and occiput, 3 bands on the mesothoracic lobes,

metathorax, segment 1, and a dorsal band reaching nearly to the

anus, black. Length, 14 lin.

Var. 3. Head black or pitehy; orbits rufescent; mesothoracic

lobes, metathorax, and segment 1, black; the remaining segments

pitchy above ; segment 1 at the sides, suturiform articulation, and

anus, testaceous. Length, 1} lin.

Var. 4. Like the last, but all the dark parts pitchy ; abdomen

pitchy-testaceous. Length, 1 lin.

The colours of the § are more uniform. Head testaceous or

pitchy ; stemmaticum, or vertex, or both, and occiput, 3 stripes on

the mesothoracic lobes (of which the middle one is abbreviated

hindwards), metathorax, and abdomen above, black; segment 2

testaceous with a black discal spot, or entirely pitehy; hinder

margins of the 3d and following segments narrowly pale.

Antenne of both sexes slender, and longer than the body; those

of the J 26—29, of the 9 20—82-jointed; the large females of

var. 1 have the greatest number of joints. Abdomen as long as

the head and thorax; segment 1 longer than its apical breadth,

margined, smooth, elevated towards the apex, narrowed towards

the base, and there excavated; segment 2 aciculated, the rest

smooth. The differences of size and colour between the largest

and smallest @ are such that, if their origin were unknown, they

would be taken for distinct species.

Described from four males, seven females. ‘T'wo

females are in Parfitt’s collection. The remaining nine

specimens are part of a greater number bred by Fitch

at Maldon from the willow-galls of Nematus peduncul,

Hart., during June, July, and August. According to

Ratzeburg, Heyer reared them from similar galls on

Salix aquatica, and Brischke a single specimen from

Salix aurita.

30 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

16. Bracon mediator, Nees.

Bracon mediator, Nees, Mon., 1., 69, 2.

Braco mediator, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1888,

p:'39,/d°.

Black ; mouth, legs (with coxe), and abdomen, rufo-testaceous ;

scutum of Ist segment, and 4 last segments entirely, black;

segment 2 rugulose at the base, 3—7 smooth; wings subhyaline,

stigma blackish; terebra 9? aslongas the body. Length, ¢ 14—2;

wings, 833—43: 9 2—8; wings, 43—53 lin.

Antenne 2 33-jointed, scarcely shorter than the body ; mandibles

and palpi testaceous. On each side of the vertex is a subobsolete

rufous spot, often wanting. Metathorax shining, with an inchoate

apical carina, from which branch out on either side a few rugo-

losities. Second abdominal segment rugulose, except the hind

margin ; sometimes there is a small black spot in the middle of

the base ; suturiform articulation slightly sinuated; segments 8—5

rufo-testaceous, the rest black.

The ¢ is similar; antenne 36—40-jointed, as long as the body ;

segments 2—3 rugulose; 4th black with the base rufo-testaceous,

or rufo-testaceous with the sides and apex black; even the 3d is

sometimes black at the apex.

Described from 18 males and 6 females. The latter

vary considerably in size; one is very large as com-

pared with the rest, being 38 lines long, or 5 lines

including the terebra ; this is the largest British Bracon

Thave seen. B. fuscicoxis, Wesm., is distinguished from

this species by being generally smaller, having black

coxe, a shorter terebra, &c.

I am indebted to Bignell for a knowledge of the habits

of this species, which is a parasite of T'rochilium crabro-

niforme, Lewin, feeding on the wood of the sallow.

Thirty-three specimens, all males, bred from an osier-

stem, two years old, in Yorkshire, were sent to Bignell

in June, 1884, by Harwood, of Colchester. They emerged

from the 7th to the 12th of the month. Four of these

specimens were sent tome. Some years ago I used to

find both sexes commonly in an osier-bed near Aylestone,

Leicestershire, now destroyed. Cameron has taken them

frequently in Cadder Wilderness near Glasgow; and

Fitch near Maldon. Cocoons brown, of loose texture,

filling the cavity occupied by the larva of Sesia; each

cocoon is about 3} lines in length.

British Braconde. SL

17. Bracon Vectensis, n.s.

Niger, palpis fuscis, abdominis segmento 1mo lateribus, 2do toto,

3tio maximam partem, femoribus anticis, tibiisque omnibus, piceo-

flavis, tibiis posterioribus apice fuscis. Ale fumato-hyaline, stig-

mate nervisque fuscis. Metathorax levis. Abdominis segmentum

Imum longius quam latius, marginatum, nitidum, basi excavatum,

apice aciculatum, sicut 2dum; cetera levia; articulatio suturi-

formis recta.

Black; palpi fusecous; segment 1 at the sides, 2 entirely, 3 for

the most part, fore femora, and all the tibiew, pitchy or dull yel-

lowish ; posterior tibiz fuscous at the apex. Wings fumato-hyaline,

stigma and nervures fuscous. Metathorax smooth. Segment 1

longer than broad, margined, shining, excavated at the base, acicu-

lated at the apex; 2 also aciculated; the rest smooth; suturiform

articulation straight. g. Length, 1; wings, 23 lin.

Antenne 26-jointed, stout, longer than the body. The pale parts

are dull ochreous, without any tinge of red: segment 3 is mostly

pale, but the sides and apex are indeterminately blackish ; the

following segments entirely black.

The single specimen was taken at Niton, Isle of Wight.

18. Bracon fuscicoxis, Wesm.

Braco fuscicoxis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1888,

Dad2,.0 2 ;

Black, with pale palpi; mandibles, abdomen in the middle, and

legs, testaceous ; the cox black; metathorax carinated ; 2d abdo-

minal segment rugulose at the base, within the area of a black

spot; wings subfuscous, stigma brown; terebra ? 4 as long as the

abdomen. Length, gf 14; wings, 3: ? 14; wings, 34 lin.

Antenne 9 27—29-jointed, as long as the body. Metathorax

subrugulose, with a distinct longitudinal medial carina. First

abdominal segment black, lateral margins narrowly testaceous; 2d

testaceous, with a medial, obtriangular, rugulose, black spot; 3d

wholly testaceous, or with an indeterminate blackish spot on the

hind margin; segments 2—3 almost microscopically punctulate,

the rest smooth: segments 4—5 black, with testaceous lateral

margins, 6—7 wholly black, shining. Belly testaceous. Wings

with a vestige of the usual whitish fascia.

The g is similar; antenne 387—38-jointed in three specimens,

(according to Wesmael, 30-jointed).

Described from four females and three males. Taken

in Leicestershire, and both sexes together at Nunton,

32 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Wilts; by Fitch at Maldon ; by Bridgman near Norwich;

and by Cameron in Scotland (Possil, Rannoch).

19. Bracon tornator, n.s.

Niger, ore, palpis, abdominis lateribus plus minus, femoribus

anticis apice, tibiis iisdem totis, trochanteribus inferis, rufo-tes-

taceis; coxis nigris; tibiis posterioribus basi flavidis, apice nigris ;

metathorace levi, apice carinato; alis fumato-hyalinis vel sub-

hyalinis; terebra abdominis fere longitudine.

Black; mouth, palpi, sides of abdomen more or less anteriorly,

fore femora at the apex, their tibiw entirely, and the lower tro-

chanters, rufo-testaceous ; cox black; posterior tibiz yellowish at

the base, black at the apex; metathorax smooth, carinated at the

apex ; wings fumato-hyaline or subhyaline; terebra about as long

asthe abdomen. g ?. Length, ? 13; wingsalmost4lin.: f 1;

wings, 3 lin.

Antenne @ 29-jointed (in three examples) a little shorter than

the body. Metathorax smooth, with an inchoate carina at the

apex. Abdomen ovate, as long as the head and thorax, broadly

sessile; segment 1 black, rugulose at the base, its apical tuberosity

large, orbiculate and smooth; lateral margins narrowly yellow :

segment 2 smooth, except sometimes a few minute longitudinal

wrinkles in the middle of the base; the rest of the abdomen

smooth. Segment 2 testaceous, with a black longitudinal band ;

segment 8 with a larger, transverse, black patch, rounded in front ;

segment 4 black with the lateral margins testaceous ; the remaining

segments entirely black. Belly testaceous. Suturiform articulation

straight. In a second ? the testaceous border of segments 2—3

is narrower, and does not reach segment 4; the fore femora have

a black streak at the base. A third 9 in Fitch’s collection differs

in having the wings fuscescent.

$. Antenne 81—33—35-jointed, in three examples; longer

than the body. Fore femora black at the base. Sides of the

abdomen broadly testaceous, that colour extending almost to the

apex, and over the disk, so as to leave a medial black, sub-

interrupted band. Smaller, but otherwise similar to the ?.

I found one @ in Leicestershire, and another at

Nunton, Wilts. Parfitt sent a g¢ for examination, pro-

bably from Devonshire; two were taken by me at

Rannoch ; and two are in Fitch’s collection.

British Braconide. 33

20. Bracon guttiger, Wesm.

Braco guttiger, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1888,

p: 19, o 2; Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., u., 40.

Black; mandibles and palpi testaceous; circular space between

clypeus and mandibles unusually large; legs testaceous, varied

with black; 1st abdominal segment pale at the sides, 2d with a

yellowish spot on each lateral margin; belly testaceous, with trans-

verse black lines interrupted in the middle; wings subhyaline ;

terebra ? +, or sometimes !, as long as the abdomen. Length,

1—1}; wings, 23—383 lin.

Antenne black, 27-jointed in both sexes, those of the 2 as long

as the body, of the g longer. Metathorax shining, with a few

rugosities, and traces of a medial carina. Second abdominal seg-

ment longitudinally rugose, the apical margin, and all the following

segments, smooth: 8th segment of the ? (protruded in one speci-

men) whitish. Suturiform articulation slightly bismuated, emargi-

nate in the middle. Legs dull testaceous, with black cox ; middle

femora with a black line above, or nearly all black; hind tibie,

and all the tarsi, fuscous at the apex. In the g the 3d abdominal

segment has a minute yellowish spot on each side, like the 2d;

otherwise similar to the °.

Var. 3 ?. Abdominal segments 2—8 with a transverse testa-

ceous band.

According to Ratz., lib. cit., 41, parasitic on Coleophora

laricella, Hub., emerging early in June. ‘Taken by

Wesmaelin May and June. Rather common in England;

Earlham, Brundall, Norwich ; Nunton, Wilts, &c.

91. Bracon Satanas, Wesm.

Braco Satanas, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1888,

p- 00,10 2.

Elongate, black; fore femora at the apex, fore tibiew, posterior

tibie at the base, and tarsi more or less, testaceous. Wings sub-

infuscated, stigma and nervures blackish. Metathorax generally,

but not always, carinated. Abdomen oblong, the sides parallel to

near the apex; segment 2 (and base of 3 in the 3) longitudinally

rugulose ; the rest shining, with some shallow scattered punctures.

Terebra } the length of the abdomen, or somewhat less; valves

stout, subclavate. Length, g 14; wings, 33: 9 13; wings, 4 lin.

Var.1, $9. Smaller; terebrat abdomen. Length, 1—1{ lin.

Wesm.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PaRT I. (APRIL.) D

34 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Var. 2. 3. Posterior femora fusco-testaceous. Length, 14 lin.

Wesm.

Var. 3, 9. Segments 2—3 at the sides, and the tibie entirely,

testaceous; terebra more slender, + abdomen. Length, 13 lin.

Wesm.

Antenne ° 33—36-jointed, as long as the body; palpi blackish,

mandibles testaceous in the middle. Metathorax with some

wrinkles on each side of the carina. Abdomen shining ; segment

1 narrowly testaceous at the sides; 2 longitudinally rugulose, with

a faint medial carina, the hind margin smooth ; suturiform articu-

lation slightly sinuated in the middle. Wings with an obsolete

white mark under the stigma. The g is similar, with 37—39-

jointed antenne, longer than the body; 4 anterior tarsi sometimes

testaceous, with the last joint black.

The largest of the British species with a black abdo-

men, and not common. Wesmael’s three varieties have

not yet occurred here. He possessed altogether fifteen

specimens taken near Brussels. Described from a fine

pair taken, the g by Fitch, the @ by Bridgman:

Cameron has captured several in Scotland, at Glenelg,

and Cadder Wilderness, near Glasgow; and I took a ¢

and four females near Abergavenny.

22. Bracon fraudator, n. 8.

Niger, palpis obscuris; ventris basi pallida; ore, orbitis supra

obsolete, segmentorum 1—2 marginibus, pedibusque, rufo-testaceis ;

coxis et trochanteribus superis nigris; tarsis cum tibiarum posti-

carum apice fuscis. Ale hyaline, nervis fuscescentibus, stigmate

testaceo, fusco marginato. Metathorax aciculatus, basi levis,

medio leviter impressus, carina etiam media inchoata. Abdomen

ovatum, depressum, capiti thoracique longitudine quale, seg-

mentis 1—2 aciculatis, ceteris levibus; segmento 1mo sub-

quadrato, marginato; articulatione suturiformi medio vix sub-

sinuata. ‘Terebra abdominis dimidio brevior.

Black ; palpi dusky; belly pale at the base ; mouth, orbits above

indistinctly, sides of segments 1—2, and legs, rufo-testaceous ;

coxe and upper trochanters black; tarsi, and tips of hind tibie,

fuscous. Wings hyaline, nervures pale fuscous, stigma testaceous

bordered with fuscous. Metathorax aciculated, except at the base,

with a medial impression and the commencement of a carina.

Abdomen ovate, depressed, as long as the head and thorax; seg-

ments 1—2 aciculated, the rest smooth; segment 1 subquadrate,

margined; suturiform articulation faintly sinuated. Terebra

shorter than} abdomen. @. Length, 133; wings, 3 lin.

British Braconide. 35

Antenne 29-jointed, rather shorter than the body. Resembles

terebella, Wesm., but as the metathorax and abdomen are not

smooth, the terebra longer, &c., it must be for the present recorded

as distinct.

A single specimen taken by Cameron at Clober, Scot-

land.

23. Bracon epitriptus, n. 8.

Niger, mandibulis piceis, palpis pallidis; metathorace levi ;

abdomine nigro vel (in minoribus) piceo, segmenti 1mi lateribus

apice, 2di macula utrinque laterali, ventre, pedibusque, pallide

testaceis ; segmento 2do basi aciculato, articulatione suturiformi

recta. Ale fere hyaline, stigmate nervisque fuscis. Terebra

abdomine triente brevior.

Var. 1. Duplo minor, pedibus § fusco variis, ? pallidioribus,

coxis piceis.

Var. 2. Segmento 8tio ? rufo-piceo.

Black; mandibles pitchy, palpi pale; metathorax smooth;

abdomen black or (in small specimens) pitchy; segment 1 at the

sides posteriorly, a spot on each side of the 2d, belly, and legs, pale

testaceous; segment 2 aciculated at the base, suturiform articula-

tion straight. Wings subhyaline, stigma and nervures fuscous.

Terebra 4 shorter than the abdomen. ¢ 9. Length, 1—13;

wings, 23—8} lin.

Var. 1. Only half as large; legs § varied with fuscous; cox

pitchy.

Var. 2, 2. Segment 3 rufo-piceous.

Antenne ? 24—28-jointed, slender, as long as the body. Meta-

thorax smooth, often impressed in the middle. Abdominal seg-

ments 1—2 aciculated, the apex of the latter, and the rest, smooth;

abdomen oblong-ovate, acuminated posteriorly, as long as the

head and thorax. Legs pale testaceous, coxe black, or piceous ;

femora sometimes above, and hind tibiz at the apex, infuscated.

Stigma large ; 2d intercubital transverse vein in the ? decolorous.

The g is rarely as large as the 9, generally much smaller, and

narrower; antenne 26—81-jointed, longer than the body: 4 pos-

terior femora, and hind tibize, often infuseated, and the abdomen,

or the whole body, piceous.

The smaller individuals of both sexes have fewer joints

in the antenne, and are palerin colour ; the males have

hardly any aciculation on the 2d segment.

Described from 27 specimens, 9 males, 18 females,

differing in size and development, but apparently all of

one species. The ¢ is not vitripennis, Ratz. (iii. 87),

36 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

which has 23-jointed antenne, and is said to be so like

discoideus, Wesm., as to pass for a variety; nor can

the @ be considered pellucidus, Ratz. (l.c.), the terebra

of which is only 4—4 of the abdomen, and the antenne

23—26-jointed. Both of Ratzeburg’s species, however,

are insufficiently described. The small males are very

like those of discoideus, Wesm., but the latter may be

known by their dusky wings; the females are easily

distinguished.

A common species, but hitherto, as it seems, over-

looked. ‘Taken in the London district, Northants, York-

shire, Devonshire, and Wilts. I have always supposed

it to have some relation to willows ; and this is confirmed

by the breeding of a g by Bignell, Sept. 3rd, from a gall

of Hormomyia capree, Winnertz.

94. Bracon larvicida, Wesm.

Braco larvicida, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 18388,

Doal eos

Black, with pale palpi; mandibles, lateral margins of abdominal

segments 1—2, and sometimes 3, but often the 1st only, obscurely

testaceous; belly entirely, or at the base, and legs, testaceous;

middle and hind coxie black; 4 posterior femora, or only the hind-

most, more or less infuscated; segment 2 rugulose at the base ;

wings subhyaline, stigma fuscous; terebra ? rather more than

i the length of the body. 9. Length, 14; wings, 2$ lin.

Antenne 9 25-joinied, stout, black or fuscous, about $ as long as

the body. On each side of the vertex is an obscure, orbital,

reddish spot, and a similar one below each eye, all sometimes

wanting. Second abdominal segment rugulose on its basal half,

the rest of the abdomen smooth. In one specimen the 2d segment

is almost entirely piceous. The pale margins of segments 2—3

are sometimes obliterated. Suturiform articulation straight.

Metathorax smooth, with an imperfect carina, widely interrupted

in the middle.

Three females taken in N. and §. Devon.

A small ? from Leicestershire, only 1 line long, which

I formerly supposed to be a distinct species, is probably

only a variety of larvicida, with the 4 posterior tibie in-

fuscated at the apex.

British Braconide. Si

25. Bracon pretermissus, n. 8.

Braco immutator, var. 2, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac.

Brux., 1838, p. 16, ¢ 2; antenne 22—26-jointed

(not of Nees).

?. Niger, nitidus, palpis pedibusque concoloribus, geniculis

omnibus, posticis latius, et segmentorum 1—2 lateribus, testaceis.

Ale infumate, stigmate nervisque nigricantibus. Metathorax fere

levis. Abdomen ovatum, segmentis 1—2 scabriculis, illo margi-

nato, ceteris levibus, nitidis; articulatio suturiformis vix medio

emarginata. Terebra abdomine vix paulo brevior. 3 simillimus,

sed segmento 3tio, immo etiam 4ti basi, tenuiter aciculatis.

?. Black, shining; palpi and legs also black, all the knees, the

hind ones more broadly, and the sides of segments 1—2, testaceous.

Wings infumated, stigma and nervures blackish. Metathorax

almost smooth. Abdomen ovate, segments 1—2 aciculated, the

former margined, the rest smooth and shining ; suturiform articu-

lation scarcely emarginate in the middle. Terebra very little

shorter than the abdomen. ¢ very similar, but the 3d segment,

or even the base of the 4th, is finely aciculated. $ 9. Length

1i—13; wings, 83—8+ lin.

Var.1, 92. Legs testaceous, only the posterior femora above,

and the tarsi, black: segment 2 entirely black; antenne 32-

jointed.

Var. 2, 2. Segments 1—2 almost smooth; antenne 82-jointed.

Antenne ? 24—32-jointed, as long as the body. Metathorax

shining, smooth, with a few minute transverse wrinkles, and at the

apex an inchoate carina. Segments 1—2 at the sides, 2 more

broadly, and 3 at the basal angles, testaceous, as well as the

anterior half of the belly; segments 1—2 exarated in the 9, the

rest smooth; in the ¢, segments 83—4, the latter only at the base,

are still more finely sculptured. ¢ similar, as large as the 9;

antenne 82-jointed, longer than the body.

Bracon immutator, Nees, Mon., 1.,76, differs in having

the abdomen fulvous, varied above with black, and the

terebra as long as the abdomen, or longer. Hence I

cannot think that Wesmael’s immutator is the same

species, and still less the varieties. The form which

occurs in England is constant, as above described, and

has every appearance of being a good species.

Common; described from 1 ¢ taken by Bignell;

4 females by myself in September at Nunton, Wilts ;

and 1 @ (var. 2) May 380th, by Fitch at Maldon.

38 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

26. Bracon colpophorus, Wesm.

Braco colpophorus, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 46, 2.

Black; mandibles at the apex, palpi, sides of segment 1, or

1—2—3, femora at the apex, fore tibie entirely, posterior at the base,

testaceous. Wings dark fuscous, with a hyaline streak. Body en-

tirely smooth and shining. Suturifurm articulation almost straight.

Terebra about } abdomen. $ ?. Length, 143; wings,33 lin.

Entirely black above, except the margins of segments 1—3 (only

of segment 1 in British examples), and very shining. Antenne

28-jointed in one ? (25-, accordmg to Wesmael), as long as the

body. Belly testaceous, darker posteriorly. Wesmael gives the

length of the terebra differently in two places, as } and } abdomen;

the former appears to be more correct. The ¢ is similar; antenn

30-jointed.

Fitch has taken both sexes at Maldon, and I have a ?

from St. Albans. The B. colpophorus 2 of Ratzeburg

(Ichn. d. Forst., iii., 72) is doubtful, for he describes the

wings as only a little infuscated, and further compares

it with his B. pellucidus (see sp. 27 infra, ad fin.). It

was bred by Bach from pods of Hrvwm hirsutum, tenanted

by Apion cracce, L., and Apion difficile, Hbst.

27. Bracon discoideus, Wesm.

Braco discoideus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1888,

p. 45, 2 ; Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., 11., 38, 111., 36, ¢ 2.

Black; mandibles, palpi, lateral margins of the abdomen nar-

rowly, belly, and legs, testaceous; hind coxe, hind tibiw at the

apex, and hind tarsi, black or blackish; metathorax smooth; wings

subfuscous, with a whitish spot below the stigma; terebra ? nearly

as long as the abdomen. Length, g 1; wings, 24: 9 1—1};

wings, 23—38+ lin.

Var.1¢9. Hind coxe testaceous. Rare.

Var.2 2. Second abdominal segment with a few rugosities at

the base.

Antenne 9 25-jointed, nearly as long as the body. The narrow

testaceous border of the abdomen sometimes disappears after the

38d segment. The entire disk of the abdomen is always black and

shining, with a few short pale hairs. Some examples have a few

rugosities at the base of the 2d segment, which must be regarded

as exceptional. Squamule and radices of the wings testaceous ;

stigma and nervures blackish.

The # here introduced has 28-jointed antenne, longer than the

body; the 1st abdominal segment is narrowly edged with testa-

British Braconide. 39

ceous at the sides, the rest are piceous-black without paler mar-

gins, but with a few scattered hairs: the hind coxe are black, the

others being testaceous; the hind femora are infuscated, as in one

of the females.

Described from 5 females and 1 male. Common.

London district, Yorkshire, Northamptonshire, Devon-

shire, &e.

Bred plentifully in July by Ratzeburg from the rolled-

up leaves of the aspen, formed by Rhynchites betuleti,

Fab. ; by Reissig from poplar leaves rolled up by R.

populi, L.; by Brischke from the galls of Nematus

vuminalis, L. Giraud states it to be a parasite of Bala-

ninus pyrrhoceras, Marsh.

Bracon vitripennis, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., iii., 87, is

closely allied, and probably exists in England. Like

B. discoideus, but with hyaline wings; legs testaceous ;

hind coxe, and apex of hind tibiew, with their tarsi,

blackish. Abdomen suborbicular, lateral margins and

belly testaceous. Antenne ¢ 23-jointed. Reared from

willow-galls (Weidenrosen) of Salix alba, fragilis, and

aurita, produced by Cecidomyia rosaria, Loew, by

Brischke, according to Ratzeburg; but not mentioned

by Brischke himself; ¢f. Schrift. nat. Ges. Danzig, n. s.

v. 3, 135, 178.

Bracon pellucidus, Ratz., lib. cit., i1., 87, 2 , 1s another

kindred species, likely to be found in this country, and

perhaps the 2 of vitripennis, Ratz. Length, 1 line;

terebra $—3 abdomen; wings hyaline ; antenne 23—26-

jointed ; abdomen on each side of the base with a pale

pellucid spot. Legs pale, hind tibie infuscated ; or fore

tibia at the base, and the 4 posterior almost entirely

black. Parasitic in Psyche-cases on alder-leaves, &c.

B. osculator, sp. 84, infra, seems hardly to differ from

pellucidus, except in the colour of the wings.

28. Bracon regularis, Wesm.

Braco regularis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838,

p. 44, 3.

Black; mandibles pale; palpi dusky testaceous; abdomen ?

rufo-testaceous, segment 1 and a patch on 3, 4, 5, black; of the g

only the base and apex black; legs rufo-testaceous, posterior cox,

hind tibize at the apex, and tarsi, black. Metathorax and abdomen

smooth and shining; suturiform articulation straight. Wings

fuscous, paler beyond the stigma, before which is a whitish streak ;

40 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

squamulx pitchy or testaceous. Terebra as long as } of the abdo-

men. gi 2. Length, 13; wings, 33 lin.

9. Antenne 32-jointed, as long as the body, which is entirely

smooth and shining. Metathorax with an inchoate carina at the

apex. Segment 1 subquadrate, margined, elevated in the middle,

black, bordered laterally with yellow; the other segments rufo-

testaceous, 3—5 each with a black discal spot, forming a continuous

band; in another specimen these spots are much diminished, and

fuscous, segment 2 having likewise a round fuscous spot. Hind

tibize sometimes not darker at the tips.

gf. Antenne 35—87-jointed, longer than the body. Abdomen

rufo-testaceous, with the 1st segment, the 6th in the middle or

almost entirely, and the 7th, black; segments 3—5 immaculate.

Sometimes the hind coxe are testaceous with the base black, and

the 4 anterior tarsi testaceous. Otherwise like the ?.

Described from 2 males, 2 females; the latter were

not known to Wesmael, but their correspondence with

the other sex is too complete to be doubted.

Wesmael possessed 4 males taken in June near

Brussels. I found a ¢ at Niton, Isle of Wight, and

another in Northamptonshire. The females were taken

by Fitch at Maldon.

29. Bracon caudatus, Ratz.

Bracon caudatus, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., ii., 40, 2 ; i1.,

Stele Ge

Black; mandibles partly pale, palpi fuscous with pale articula-

tions; metathorax short, abruptly sloping, and, like the abdomen,

smooth; suturiform articulation straight; abdomen testaceous,

with a large black discal patch, leaving a pale margin all round:

legs pale, cox, tips of the hind tibiew, and all the tarsi, fuscous :

wings ample, subhyaline, stigma brown; terebra ? longer than the

body, or about 4 times the length of the hind tibie. Length, ¢ 1;

9? 11; wings, 333; terebra, 13 lin. long.

Zesembles B. caudiger, Nees, Mon., 1., 77, but has a longer

terebra, and is sufficiently distinct. Antenne ? 29-jointed, longer

than the body. Abdomen short-ovate, not quite so long as the

head and thorax ; the black patch on the disk, according to Ratze-

bure, is variable, sometimes terminating with the 3d or 4th seg-

ment; the legs also are more or less black or testaceous.

Antenne ¢ 82-jointed. The black on the abdomen is more

extended than in the 9, covering the last three segments. Legs

fuseo-testaceous, hind cox and hind tarsi blackish.

British Braconide. 41

A 2 was taken near Norwich by Bridgman, May 24th.

The species is now first noticed as British. Reared

abundantly by Reissig, Tischbein, and Brischke from

galls of Andricus terminalis, Fab., that had been kept

during the winter, making its appearance, with many

other parasites, at the end of May. Walker records a

specimen of a Bracon which he bred in March, and 6

more in May, from the same galls collected near South-

gate (Zool. iv. 1456).

The following species (or variety?) should also be

found in England. B. longicaudis, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst.,

iii., 88. Abdomen wholly pale, except the Ist segment ;

terebra longer than that of B. caudatus. @. Length,

14; with the terebra, 23 lin. Bred by Nordlinger at

the end of May from galls upon young oak-shoots (the

species not mentioned). B. caudiger, Nees (Mon., 1.,

77, 108, 2) is stated by that author to have been found

July 4th, by Gravenhorst ‘‘ in Silesize quercu,” and with

caudatus, Ratz., forms a section of the present genus

with a speciality for oak-galls, and furnished, like Calli-

mome, with an unusually long ovipositor, to enable them

to reach the inhabitants of those excrescences.

80. Bracon terebella, Wesm.

Braco terebella, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1838,

Deion et

Black; mandibles, lateral margins of the abdomen narrowly,

belly, femora at the apex, and tibie at the base, testaceous ; meta-

thorax and Ist abdominal segment smooth; wings subfuscous ;

suturiform articulation subsinuated in the middle; terebra ? }

abdomen. ?. Length, 13; wings, 3 lin.

Var. 1, 2. Smaller, antenne 28-jointed, hind femora with the

apical half testaceous, terebra 4 of the abdomen. Length, 1 line.

Var. 2, 2. Abdomen and legs entirely rufo-testaceous. An old

specimen from Walker's collection. Length, 2; wings, 4 lin.

Antenne ? 28—382-jointed, as long as the body. Metathorax and

abdomen entirely smooth. Underneath the stigma is the usual

whitish mark, shaped like a hammer.

Distinguished from B. colpophorus, Wesm., to which

it comes nearest, by the longer antenne, the testaceous

margins of the abdomen, the somewhat lighter wings,

and the colour of the legs.

42 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Described from 4 females. Rannoch, Scotland ;

Hainault Forest ; Pré Wood, near St. Albans. Bred by

Brischke from capsules of Campanula rapunculoides and

persicifolia, galled by Gymnetron campanule, L.

31. Bracon otiosus, n. s.

Ater, nitidus, palpis nigris, mandibulis abdomine pedibusque

testaceis ; segmenti 1mi disco, coxis, trochanterum basi, femorum

anteriorum linea, terebreeque valvis, nigris; tibiis apice, tarsisque

totis, fuscescentibus. Ale subfuscx, stigmate nervisque fuscis,

squamulis nigris. Corpus totum leve, nitidum. Terebra abdomine

paulo brevior.

Deep black, shining; palpi black; mandibles, abdomen, and

legs, testaceous; disk of segment 1, cox, base of trochanters, a

line on the anterior femora, and valves of the terebra, black ; apex

of tibiw, and all the tarsi, fuscescent. Wings pale fuscous, stigma

and nervures darker, squamule black. Entire body smooth and

shining. Terebra a little shorter than the abdomen. 9. Length,

13; wings, 4 lin.

Antenne 25-jointed, shorter than the body. Abdomen as long

as the head and thorax; segment 1 rather longer than broad,

tuberculated on each side of the base, testaceous, with a large,

shining, elevated, black, apical spot; in one specimen entirely

black; the rest of the abdomen bright testaceous; suturiform

articulation hardly sinuated.

Described from 3 specimens in Fitch’s collection. The

abdomen is coloured as in B. piger, Wesm., Nouv. Mém.

Ac. Brux., 1838, p. 48; but that species has black,

stout legs, and the antenne 32—38-jointed. Another

nearly related species seems to be B. palpebrator, Ratz.,

Ichn. d. Forst., 1., 47, pl. vii., f. 8, the face of which, below

the antenne, and the orbits, are testaceous.

32. Bracon variator, Nees.

Ichneumon guttator, Panz., F.G., xcii., 8 (not the fig.)

Bracon variator, Nees, Mon., 1., 79, var. c; Ratz.,

Techn, d. Korst.,a.,,o1-

Braco variator, Wesm., Nouy. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838,

D-. O25 ae

Black, smooth and shining; abdomen elongate-ovate, rufo-

testaceous, with a dorsal band of black variable spots; belly, and

hind tibize at the base (seldom all the tibiw), rufo-testaceous ; head

transverse, vertex narrow; wings blackish, with a subobsolete

British Braconide. 43

hyaline fascia; terebra ? as long as the abdomen, or a little

longer. Length, g 1—14; wings, 23—34: 9 14—13; wings,

3—4 lin.

Antenne 9 27—80-jointed, shorter than the body: mandibles

testaceous or black, palpi always black. Metathorax and abdomen

smooth. Segment 1 testaceous with a black scutum (sometimes

partly testaceous) ; 2—7 testaceous, each more or less filled up with

a black spot; that on the 2d is the smallest, and generally rounded,

the following are rectangular and transverse, leaving always at

least the lateral margins testaceous. Suturiform articulation

straight. Legs black, with the knees, and base of the tibie (often

only of the hind pair), rufo-testaceous. Second cubital areolet

equal to the third, measured along the cubitus.

The ¢ is similar; antennz (in two examples) 82-jointed.

It would serve no purpose to exhibit the numerous

colour-varieties given by Nees, collected in various parts

of Europe, and some of which may be suspected of

belonging to different species. ‘Those taken in England

will be found in general to agree with the above diagnosis.

The absence of rugosity, the black wings and legs, with

the long terebra, are characters easily appreciated.

Bb. Roberti, Wesm., looks like a large variety, but is

distinguished by the rugosity of the 2d segment.

Described from 2 males and 5 females. Found on

umbelliferous flowers, especially in the South of England;

Isle of Wight, Dover, Milford Haven, London district,

&e. Cameron has taken it in Cadder Wilderness near

Glasgow. It is doubtful whether this Bracon is a para-

site of certain small Curculios (Cionide), or of flies of

the genus T’rypeta. Reinhard bred var. c. of Nees from

the swollen capsules of Campanula teucrium tenanted by

Gymnetron campanule, L.; some emerged in autumn,

and others in the following spring (Stett. Zeit., 1855,

p- 105); Brischke and Giraud obtained it from the same

source (Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., 11., 81; Brischke, Schrift.

nat. Ges. Danzig, n. s. v. 8, 1386). In Holland it is said

to have been bred from dried flower-heads of Senecio,

and was supposed to be parasitic on a T'rypeta (S. vy.

Voll., Pinac., p. 38). Other species of Bracon have been

reared from T'rypeta or its allies; thus Perris bred

B. flavator, Fab. (2) from Senecio aquatica, inhabited by

Tephritis marginata, Fall. (Ann. Soc. Fr. (5), iii., 72) ;

Giraud records B. nigripedator, Nees, from Urophora

solstitialis, L.; and Fitch once obtained a Bracon, now

lost, from galls of Centaurea inhabited by the same fly.

44 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

33. Bracon degenerator, Nn. s.

Niger, nitidus; segmenti 1mi lateribus, pedibusque testaceis,

coxis nigris, femoribus tibiisque posterioribus infuscatis; articu-

latione suturiformi late sinuata ; alis fuscescentibus, litura obsoleta

hyalina, anticarum nervo pobrachiali transverso vix interstitiali ;

terebra abdominis apice compressi trientem equante.

Black, shining; sides of 1st abdominal segment, and legs, testa-

ceous, cox black, posterior femora and tibize infuscated; suturi-

form articulation broadly sinuated; wings-somewhat fuscescent,

with an obsolete hyaline streak; pobrachial transverse nervure of

the fore wings hardly interstitial; abdomen compressed at the

apex; terebra } of its length. 9. Length, 1; wings, 23 lin.

Antenne 28-jointed, as long as the body and the terebra together.

Metathorax and abdomen smooth; the latter soft, shrivelled after

death, leaving pale interstices between the segments, elevated

posteriorly, compressed, and truncated. Four anterior tarsi at the

apex, and hind tarsi altogether, fuscous. Pobrachial transverse

nervure not exactly interstitial, subevected, showing a tendency

towards the Hwothecides. This, however, may be merely acci-

dental.

One ? taken in Leicestershire.

34. Bracon osculator, Nees.

Bracon osculator, Nees, Mon., 1., 84, ¢ ? andvar.a?.

Braco bisignatus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838,

p: 56, 93, S.-ve Voli; Pimacs, plt xxiv. cs «(duane

abdomen).

Black, shining; palpi blackish; mandibles, 1st abdominal seg-

ment at the sides, a streak at the basal angles of the 2d, the knees,

and often the fore tibie entirely, flavo-testaceous. Wings fusce-

scent, stigma and nervures black. Body entirely smooth and

shining. Segment 1 not margined, elevated in the middle. Tere-

bra }—1} the length of the abdomen. g ?. Length, 14; wings,

8 lin.

I have not seen the ¢, which Nees in no way dis-

tineuishes from the ?. Antenne 2 25—27-jointed, as

long as the body. Belly flavo-testaceous, with 2 or 4

round black spots near the base, and sometimes behind

them 2 longitudinal black bands extending to the anal

segment. ‘he legs are variable ; the fore tibiza may be

entirely, and the others more or less broadly at the base,

testaceous. According to Nees and Wesmael, the abdo-

men during life exhibits pale sutures, and looks as if

British Braconide. 45

banded with black and yellow. The former writer also

states that the 2d segment is obsoletely carinated, and

has two faint punctures at the base,—characters which

are not visible in the English specimens, nor noticed by

Wesmael. The orbits are liable to be sometimes testa-

ceous. The smooth abdomen and general aspect bring

this species near to B. variator, Nees, but it has a much

shorter terebra, longer and more slender antenne, and

the abdomen above entirely black, except the sides of

the 1st seement. It also resembles B. guttiger, Wesm.,

in colour and size, but the abdomen of that species is

not wholly smooth.

Bignell has taken 4 females in Devonshire. Wesmael

possessed 5, captured near Brussels and in the Campine.

W. H. B. Fletcher has bred a 2 from Coleophora

cespiteila, Zell.

35. Bracon obscurator, Nees.

Bracon obscurator, Nees, Mon., 1., 88, ¢ 2.

Braco obscurator, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838,

DeL0D 5, vk

Black ; smooth and shining; palpi blackish ; mandibles, sides of

segment 1, base of the belly, tibix more or less broadly at the base,

and femora at the extreme apex, testaceous. Wings dusky hyaline,

2d cubital areolet not shorter than the 8d. Terebra shorter than

the abdomen. $9. Length, }—1; wings, 14--2 lin.

Antenne 9 20—22-jointed, shorter than the body. Trochanters

and femora sometimes dull testaceous, tibie of a clearer colour,

the posterior tipped with black, and their tarsi blackish ; or the

legs are entirely blackish, with the extreme base of the hind tibie

pale. Segment 2 is not absolutely smooth, but the aciculation is

hardly visible, and the insect may well remain near its allies in

this section, where it was placed by Wesmael. In one ? the

terebra is rather longer; but still shorter than the abdomen. The

6 issmaller than the 2, with 23-jointed antenne, but otherwise

similar. This species much resembles anthracinus, Nees, and

atrator, Nees, but the terebra is shorter, the 2d segment less

shining, the wings more nearly hyaline, and the 2d cubital areolet

not shorter than the 3d.

A 2 in Fitch’s collection was bred from Ccophora

fulvigutiella, ZGell.; and Bignell reared both sexes

together, May 28th, from Homeosoma sinuella, Fab.

46 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

36. Bracon anthracinus, Nees.

Bracon anthracinus, Nees, Mon., i., 81, ?.

Braco anthracinus, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 54, 3 2.

Black, smooth and shining; mandibles, and lateral margins of

segment 1, testaceous; wings fuscous at the base; 2d cubital

areolet shorter than the 3d, measured along the cubitus; maxillary

palpi very long; terebra ? as long as the thorax and abdomen.

Length, gj }—1; wings, 13—2: ? 1—14; wings, 2—23 lin.

Antenne 2 18—21-, § 18—23-jointed, and not longer than the

body. The narrow testaceous margins of the lst abdominal seg-

ment hardly visible in dried specimens; belly black, sometimes

pale at the base; base of the hind tibize occasionally testaceous 5

wings sometimes hyaline. The ¢ only differs in wanting the

terebra.

Described from 7 males and 11 females. Frequents

umbelliferous flowers, and is generally distributed, ex-

tending into Scotland.

37. Bracon atrator, Nees.

Bracon atrator, Nees, Mon., 1., 82, 3 2.

Black, smooth and shining; mandibles piceous; abdomen

oblong, very shining; an obsolete spot on each lateral margin of

the 1st segment, and belly at the base, luteous; wings obscurely

hyaline; terebra ? longer than the body. Length, 1 line.

Var. 1. Belly almost entirely, hind tibie at the base, and 2d

joint of trochanters, rufous; wings obscure. ¢ 2. Length,

13 lin.

Var. 2. Sides of the abdomen at the base more broadly testa-

ceous. 9.

Var. 8. Antenne @ shorter than the body, 19-jointed. g

similar; mandibles sometimes obscurely testaceous; antenne 18-

jointed in two examples, 15- in another. Length only 3 line.

? Braco parvulus, Wesm., Nouy. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1838, p. 55.

I am unable to speak with certainty of this species,

the specimens I formerly possessed having perished.

The females are distinguished from those of anthracinus,

Nees, by the terebra, which is longer than the body.

Taken in flowers, like the preceding, near Leicester.

British Braconide. 47

38. Bracon barypus, n. 8.

Ater, nitidus; mandibulis, abdominis medio, pedibusque rufis ;

palpis, coxisque posticis basi supra, fuscis; tarsorum articulo

ultimo, presertim posticorum, incrassato, nigro. Als fuscescentes,

stigmate fusco utrinque testaceo, nervis fuscis. Terebra abdominis

vix trientem superans, valvis crassioribus, pilosis, truncatis.

Deep black, shining; mandibles, abdomen in the middle, and

legs, rufo-testaceous; palpi and hind coxe above at the base,

fuscous; last joint of all the tarsi, especially of the hind pair,

incrassated, black. Wings fuscescent, nervures and stigma fuscous,

the latter testaceous at both ends. Terebra scarcely longer than

1 of the abdomen; valves stout, pilose, truncate. ?. Length

13; wings, 33 lin.

Elongate, like a Doryctes. Head subhemispherical; antenne

as long as the body with the terebra, slender, filiform, 37-jointed :

clypeus and mandibles testaceous, the latter tipped with black.

Metathorax produced, carinated throughout its length, smooth and

shining. Abdomen as long as the head and thorax, attenuated

posteriorly, and subcompressed at the apex; segment 1 half as

long again as its apical breadth, which is less than double that of

the base, aciculated, bicarinated, the lateral margins not mem-

branaceous, black; 2, 3, and base of 4, rufo-testaceous, 2 with a

fuscous spot at the base; all the segments except the 1st smooth

and shining; suturiform articulation subobsolete ; thyridia of seg-

ment 2 distinct. Hind cox witha large fuscous basal spot above ;

the rest of the short, stout legs rufo-testaceous, except the last

joint of the tarsi, which, together with the claws, is black, pale at

the base: the fore tarsi have the last joint somewhat incrassated,

the middle and hind pairs more strongly, resembling those of

Acrodactyla among the Ichnewmonidea, and unlike any other

Bracon. Wings narrow, fuscescent, squamule, nervures, and

middle of the pale stigma, fuscous; stigma surrounded by a sub-

testaceous spot: Ist abscissa of the radius clouded with fuscous.

Notwithstanding its general appearance this is a true

Bracon; the occiput is not margined, and the pobra-

chial transverse nervure is exactly interstitial. The

incrassated tarsi distinguish it from all the preceding

species.

My unique specimen was taken by sweeping herbage

near Niton, Isle of Wight, July 26th, 1884.

48 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

II. EXOTHECIDES.

Pobrachial transverse nervure evected. Recurrent nervure

rejected (except in Bathystomus). Suturiform articulation obso-

lete, segments 2—3 being connate (except in Phanomeris).

This division is formed of portions of the genera

Colastes, Hal., and EHxothecus, Wesm., the remaining

species of which are are associated by Forster with the

Rhyssalides. The character by which the Haxothecides

are separated from the Braconides is easy to be seen ; in

the former the pobrachial transverse nervure is evected,

in the latter, interstitial. From the Rhyssalides they

are less obviously distinguished by the absence of a

well-marked occipital margin, though in Phanomeris,

according to Haliday; the occiput is finely margined.

The species are few in number, only five being known to

us as inhabiting England, all described by Haliday

under Colastes ; but according to the Férsterian system

they now belong to four distinct genera.

TABLE OF GENERA.

(2) 1. Suturiform articulation distinct ie .. i, PHANOMERIS.

(1) 2. Suturiform articulation obsolete.

(4) 3. Radius ecaraais eyo the middle of the

stigma .. . li. XENARCHA.

(3) 4. Radius Ereaatine ero hes rare of the

stigma.

(6) 5. Recurrent nervure evected ve 5 .. lil. Barnystomvs.

(5) 6. Recurrent nervure rejected .. a .. iy. RuysIPouis.

. PHANnomeRis, Forst.

Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 235.

Suturiform articulation distinct, sometimes crenate. Occiput

scarcely, or not at all margined. Radius originating from the

stigma somewhat before the middle. Pobrachial areolet of the

hind wings less than one-half the length of the prebrachial. Meso-

thoracic sutures very fine, impunctate. Two species:—

Segment 2 aciculated at the base; wings hyaline .. 1. catenator, Hal.

Segment 2 hardly aciculated at the base; wings in-

fumated .. Ls 5G a os -. 2 frageus, Eal:

British Braconide. 49

1. Phanomeris catenator, Hal. (Pl. L, fig. 2).

Colastes catenator, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 98, 2 (1836).

Exothecus abnormis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

18388, p. 74, 2.

? Bracon dimidiatus, Nees, Mon., i., 108, °.

Black, shining; antenne at the base, palpi, legs (and lateral

margins of the ? abdomen narrowly) pale testaceous; stigma

fuscous ; 1st abdominal segment, base of the 2d, and the suturiform

articulation, rugulose; terebra } of theabdomen. g @. Length,

3—1$; wings, 3—8+ lin.

Head and thorax smooth, shining, with whitish pubescence.

Antenne about 33-jointed, fuscous, testaceous at the base. Meta-

thorax thickly punctulate, pubescent, with some smooth spaces.

Abdomen oblong-ovate, somewhat pitchy-black, a little longer, but

hardly wider, than the thorax: segment 1 obconiec, longer by about

one-half than its breadth at the apex, the tubercles minute, medial,

rugulose, with a longitudinal carina which is bifurcate in front:

the other segments shorter, slightly decreasing in length; 2d

rugoso-striated at the base, the lateral and hind margins smooth ;

3d and following smooth, ciliated before the apex with whitish

hairs; lateral margins of segments 2—5 testaceous in one example,

in another piceous; tarsi at the apex, and hind tarsi entirely, sub-

fuscous; wings hyaline, squamule ferruginous, nervures paler

than the fuscous stigma. ¢ smaller; abdomen linear, piceous in

the middle of the disk; antenne 34-jointed.

Taken by Haliday in Ireland, and by Walker in

England. I captured the male and 2 females at Nunton,

Wilts. Bred by Brischke from Phenusa rubi, Zadd.

Wesmael’s description of Hxothecus abnormis agrees

sufficiently with the above, except that the terebra is

stated to be equal to about one-sixth of the abdomen.

There appears nevertheless little doubt that both he and

Haliday had the same species under observation.

Nothing hinders this from being Bracon dimidiatus,

Nees, except the colour of the abdomen, which Nees

states to be rufous on its apical half. The specimens

taken in England have the abdomen inclining to piceous,

and may possibly be merely a dark variety. In Ruthe’s

collection B. dimidiatus, Nees, is doubtfully identified

with E. abnormis, Wesm.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PaRT I. (APRIL.) E

50 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

2. Phanomeris fragilis, Hal.

Colastes fragilis, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 56, 2.

?. Black; palpi and legs dull testaceous; wings infumated ;

terebra very short. g. Hind cox, femora above in the middle,

tibiz at the tips, and tarsi, infuscated; segment 2 striolated at the

base. g§ 9. Length, 13; wings, 23 lin.

@. ‘*Head a little narrower than the thorax, subglobose, very

smooth; antenn about as long as the body, slender, 24-jointed ;

thorax elongate, attenuated before and behind; prothorax narrow ;

mesothorax very smooth, the sutures rudimentary; metathorax

somewhat scabrous; abdomen oblong, lanceolate, 1st segment

very short, somewhat scabrous, or roughened with punctures, not

carinated ; the remaining segments very smooth, fusco-piceous ;

terebra very briefly exserted; legs ochreous; wings narrow, in-

fumated, stigma and nervures fuscous, the former elliptical, lanceo-

late, receiving the radius in the middle; pre- and pobrachial

nervures approximated in the middle; pobrachial areolet of the

hind wing shorter than } the prebrachial.”— Haliday.

The g has 81-jointed antenne; mesothoracice sutures almost

obsolete ; metathorax with a few minute wrinkles, very shining;

abdomen black. Sides of segment 1, and suturiform articulation

pale; wings slightly infumated, as in no other allied species.

Occiput not visibly margined. Suturiform articulation distinct,

not crenate. Legs sometimes marked with fuscous. Otherwise

like the °.

The Forsterian genera being often so constructed as

to admit but one species, it is difficult to refer to its

place any form with which he was not acquainted. The .

present insect seems best to agree with Phanomeris, on

account of the distinct suturiform articulation.

The ? was taken near London by Walker. A 3 by

Fitch in the New Forest, and two more by Bignell in

Devonshire.

li. XENARCHA, LOrst.

Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 235.

Suturiform articulation obsolete. Head protuberant at the base

of the antennx. Mesothoracic sutures distinct, punctulate. Radius

originating beyond the middle of the stigma.

British Braconide. 51

1. Xenarcha lustrator, Hal. (PI. L., fig. 3).

Colastes lustrator, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 58, 3.

Black; the palpi and legs pale yellow ; abdomen fuscous, testa-

ceous in the middle; stigma large, elliptical, blackish, emitting

the radius between the middle and the apex. ¢. Length, 1);

wings, 2} lin.

Head black, very shining, the front slightly protuberant:

antenne rather longer than the body, 29-jointed, fuscous, paler at

the base: mesothoracie lobes well marked, convex, the sutures

punctulate; metathorax punctulato-rugulose, with an inchoate

carina at the base: abdomen as long as the head and thorax,

depressed, widest at the base of the 2d segment: Ist segment

fuscous, a little longer than its width, longitudinally striolated,

the margins flavescent at the apex (not in my specimen); 2d and

3d segments of equal length, the former striolated like the Ist, and

fuscous above ; the place of the suturiform articulation is denoted

by a smooth transverse impression; apex of segment 2, and

segments 8—4 entirely, testaceous, the remainder pitchy: tarsi

fuscous at the apex: wings hyaline.

One ¢ taken in North Ireland by Haliday, another

by me in the New Forest, and a third in Leicestershire.

Considerably resembles a male Bracon, but must be

carefully distinguished by structure. The occiput is

almost invisibly margined, again showing the insufticiency

of this character for systematic division.

ii. Batuystomus, Forst.

Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 235.

Suturiform articulation obsolete. Recurrent nervure inserted

in the 2d cubital areolet; radius springing from the middle of the

stigma: pobrachial areolet of the hind wing half the length of the

prebrachial. Mesothoracic sutures obsolete. Third joint of the

palpi minute, as in Rhyssalus.

1. Bathystomus funestus, Hal. (Pl. I., fig. 4).

Colastes funestus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 93, 3.

3. Black; palpi and legs pitchy-testaceous. Wings sub-

hyaline, stigma and nervures fuscous. First abdominal segment

bicarinated. @. Disk of mesothorax, abdominal segments 1—2,

and the others at the hind margins, rufo-testaceous; lateral mar-

gins of segment 2 blackish. Length, 2 14; wings, 3 lin.

Antenne g) 32-jointed, in Haliday’s specimen, as long as the

52 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

body; of the ? hardly shorter, 34-jointed; head and thorax very

finely punctulate, pubescent ; metathorax obsoletely areated ; abdo-

men obovate, segment 1 angulated at the base, from thence to the

apex nearly linear, one-half longer than its width, with two carine

slightly convergent posteriorly, the interstices punctulate, and the

apical angles with a membranaceous margin: segment 2 ¢ punc-

tulate at the base; the rest smooth, shorter: legs ochraceous or

subfuscous: stigma large, ovate-lanceolate, emitting the radius

from about the middle.

A single g taken in England by Walker. The ?,

in Fitch’s collection, exhibits differences of colour, but

there is little doubt that it belongs to this species.

iv. Ruysrpouis, Forst.

Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 235.

Suturiform articulation obsolete. Radius springing from the

middle of the stigma: recurrent nervure inserted in the Ist cubital

areolet: pobrachial areolet of the hind wing hardly longer than

1 of the prebrachial. Terebra short, exserted.

1. Rhysipolis meditator, Hal. (Pl. I., fig. 5).

Colastes meditator, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 56, 3.

Black; palpi and legs ferruginous; stigma fuscous; abdomen

brown, the 1st segment black: preebrachial transverse nervure in

the hind wings wanting. ¢ @. Length, 1$; wings, 3 lin.

Head almost hemispheric, as broad as the thorax: antenne

31-jointed, as long as the body: thorax elongate, attenuated in

front and behind, shining, with scattered pubescence ; metathorax

thinly rugoso-reticulated, indistinctly areated, the intermediate

areolet not penetrating between the two dorsal: abdomen linear,

gradually attenuated towards the base: Ist segment one-half

longer than its apical width, at the base only half as wide as at the

apex, the tubercles placed a little before the middle; two acute

longitudinal carine coalesce in the middle of the disk, and con-

tinue thence to the apex; the rest of the surface is shining, and

minutely rugulose: the other segments are smooth, brown, with

darker hind margins: legs elongate, pubescent, ferruginous: wings

subhyaline, radix and squamule ferruginous, nervures and stigma

brown, the latter oblongo-lanceolate : pobrachial areolet of the hind

wing hardly longer than } of the prebrachial. Terebra shorter

than } abdomen.

The ¢ was taken once near London by Walker; a ?

in bad condition is in my collection.

British Braconde. 53

III. RHYSSALIDES.

Head transverse, occiput faintly margined. Abdomen short,

subpetiolated, suboval or spathuliform; thyridia of seements 2, 3,

inconspicuous ; suturiform articulation superficial. Three cubital

areolets, the 2d trapeziform, the 1st intercubital nervure being very

oblique ; recurrent nervure interstitial, or (in Colastes) slightly re-

jected ; pobrachial transverse nervure evected; anal nervure not

interstitial. Terebra elongate.

It will be seen that these characters are the same as

those of the Hxothecides, with the exception of the occi-

pital margin, which, however, is very indistinct. The

separation of the two groups is perhaps unnecessary ; at

all events the interpolation between them of such dis-

similar forms as Spathtides, Rhogadides, &e., in Forster’s

table, does not tend to distinctness. The Rhyssalides

make a somewhat near approach to Clinocentrus, from

which they are best distinguished by the absence of

rugosity on the abdomen.

The few British species are of weak structure and

obscure colours. One of them is remarkable in its

habits, being an external parasite of lepidopterous larve.

The three genera here adopted were united by Wesmael

under Hxrothecus, and separated by Haliday into Rhys-

salus and Colastes, of which latter Oncophanes is a

further section established by Forster.

(2) 1. Hind tarsi shorter than their tibiex, the latter

incrassated in the g. Metathorax com-

pletely areated ae ae oe .. 1. Ruyssauus.

(1) 2. Hind tarsi not shorter than their tibia, the

latter simple in both sexes. Metathorax

not areated, or with only a medial bifid

carina.

(4) 3. Recurrent nervure rejected .. 50 .. li, CoLAsTEs.

(3) 4. Recurrent nervure interstitial .. Be .. lil, ONCOPHANES.

i. Ruyssanus, Hal.

Hal. Ent: Mact,1., 266; iv: 53.

Metathorax with a medial elongate area, and two on each side.

Post-scutellum armed with a conical tubercle. Abdomen short,

subpetiolated, deltoid or spathuliform; 1st segment margined,

sculptured, the rest smooth. Femora subclavate; hind tibie in

the 3 incrassated, except at the base; tarsi § ? short, the 3d pair

not longer than the Ist and 2d, distinctly shorter than their tibia,

54 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

the 1st joint in the ? subincrassated, as long as the three following

joints. Radius originating somewhat beyond the middle of the

stigma; recurrent nervure interstitial; pree- and pobrachial ner-

vures more approximated than usual. Terebra subelevated.

(2) 1. Second abscissa of the radius twice as long as

the first; stigma inecrassated ; colour uni-

form, pitchy- black .. ae . 2. indagator, Hal.

(1) 2. Second abscissa of the radius apo 4 times

longer than the first; stigma attenuated ;

colour pitchy, partly testaceous .. 1. clavator, Hal.

1. Rhyssalus clavator, Hal.

Rhyssalus clavator, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 58, 3 ?.

Piceous ; anterior half of the abdomen, antenne at the base, and

legs, testaceous; stigma fulvescent, attenuated; hind tibie of the

3 clavate, fuscous; terebra as long as the body without the head.

Length, 1—1$; wings, 2—3} lin.

Antenne ? 25—26-jointed, hardly longer than the body. Meso-

thoracic sutures punctulate, meeting in a rugulose fovea. Medial

area of the metathorax extending to the base. Abdomen deltoid,

compressed, truncate at the apex; segment 1 stouter than that of

the g; 2, 8, and 4 at the base, fulvescent; the rest fuscous except

the two last, which are ferruginous. Femora subclavate. Wings

subhyaline, narrower than in the other species; stigma attenuated ;

2d cubital areolet differently shaped, the side formed by the 2d

abscissa of the radius being equal in length to the first intercubital

nervure; pobrachial areolet of the hind wing scarcely longer than

4 of the prebrachial.

Antenne g\ 25—383-jointed (in my specimen 27-jointed), half as

long again as the body. Abdomen spathuliform, depressed; 1st

segment three times longer than broad, the tubercles placed before

the middle, shining, rugulose, the margins raised, and defined

interiorly by an impressed line, testaceous; the rest piceous,

becoming darker towards the apex. Clavate hind tibie fuscous

except at the base.

I have taken both sexes at Barnstaple, but only the

3g now remains.

2. Rhyssalus indagator, Hal. (Pl. I., fig. 6).

Rhyssalus indagator, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 54, d 2.

Exothecus tuberculatus, Wesm., Nouy. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1838; ps 82j.d 2.

Pitchy-black; legs testaceous, hind femora (and in the ¢ the

clavate hind tibie) fuscous, except at the base; terebra as in the

preceding. Length, 1}—2; wings, 3}—8} lin.

British Braconide. 55

Larger and darker than clavator; the wings broader in pro-

portion, fuscescent; stigma broader, fuscous. The 2d cubital

areolet has the side formed by the 2d abscissa of the radius much

shorter than the 1st intercubital nervure. Pobrachial areolet of

the hind wing equal to } the prebrachial. Antenne ¢ 28—30-,

2 24—25-jointed; the numbers 39 and 33 in the Ent. Mag. are

undoubtedly misprints. A 9 taken by Bridgman July 27th at

Earlham, near Norwich, has the stigma unusually narrow, but not

like that of clavator, and the hind femora testaceous. Sometimes

the antenne and 1st abdominal segment are also pale.

Not uncommon in old hedges: taken by Fitch at

Maldon: by me at Bishop’s Teignton, Devon, and St.

Albans ; also a fine series near Abergavenny.

ii. ConastEs, Hal.

Hal., Ent. Mag., i., 266; iv., 55; Forst., Verh. pr.

Rheinl., 1862, p. 241.

Post-scutellum unarmed. Metathorax not areated; with a

medial bifid carina. Antenne and legs long and slender; femora

and tibie simple in both sexes ; hind tarsi at least as long as their

tibie. Abdomen subpetiolated, ovate, depressed; suturiform

articulation obsolete. Terebra exserted. Radius originating before

the middle of the stigma; recurrent nervure rejected or inter-

stitial; podiscoidal areolet shorter than the prediscoidal.

(2) 1. Margin of the occiput fringed with long whitish

hairs .. ate 5c At én :

(1) 2. Margin of the occiput not fringed.

(4) 8. Stigma fuscous, 3 times longer than broad,

emitting the radius just before the middle ;

2d cubital areolet simple in both sexes .. 1. decorator, Hal.

(3) 4. Stigma yellow, 4 times longer than broad,

emitting the radius before 4 of its length ;

lower side of the 2d cubital areolet incras-

sated in the ee ae Xs .. 38. braconius, Hal.

2. hariolator, Hal.

1. Colastes decorator, Hal. (PI. II., fig. 1).

Colastes decorator, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 92, 2.

Exothecus ruficeps, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 78, 3 2, pl., fig. 9 (wing).

Testaceous; antenne at the base, palpi, and legs, ochreous;

stemmaticum, thorax, and 1st abdominal segment black; the rest

of the abdomen piceous; terebra } the length of the abdomen.

Length, 2; wings, 4) lin.

56 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

The distribution of the colours is variable. Antenne @? as long

as the body, 38—40-jointed, fuscous above, rufescent beneath,

paler at the base. Head rufo-testaceous, tinged laterally behind

the eyes with fuscous. Prothorax black above; mesothorax the

same, or with a testaceous central patch. Hind margins of the

abdominal segments fuscous ; segment 2 sometimes partly, and the

anal segment generally, testaceous. Hind tibie and tarsi fuscescent

at the apex. Stigma fuscous. Head wider than the thorax,

Occiput not ciliated, ocelli salient; mesothoracie sutures im-

punctate, converging into a smooth fovea; metathorax smooth,

shining, with a medial bifurcate carina; segment 1 about twice as

long asits breadth, gradually narrowed towards the base, punctato-

rugulose, the other segments smooth, the 4th and following mar-

gined behind; pobrachial areolet of the hind wing less than } the

length of the prebrachial. The 3, not known to me, is described

by Wesmael as similar, but the number of joints in the antenne is

not stated. Antenne after death convoluted at the apex.

Taken by Haliday among felled oaks, at the Cartland

Craigs, Scotland; and twice lately near Plymouth by

Bignell. Wesmael had 5 females and 1 male from

Brussels and Liége. According to Giraud a parasite of

Ortalis connexa, Fab., bred from the fruit of Cynanchum

vincitoxicum—an exotic Asclepiad—is doubtfully referable

to Exothecus ruficeps, Wesm. (cf. Verh. z.-b. G. Wien,

1861, p. 490).

2. Colastes hariolator, Hal.

Colastes hariolator, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 92, @.

Exothecus barbatus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

£558 "pistes ex

Very like the preceding, but smaller; the head is less transverse

or more cubical, and the margin of the occiput ciliated with long

whitish hairs. Testaceous, antenne at the base, palpi, and legs,

ochreous; head, mesothorax more or less, metathorax, and Ist

abdominal segment, black; terebra 3? the length of the abdomen.

Length, 13; wings, 33 lin.

Antenne 2 383—40-jointed; occiput distinctly margined and

ciliated, especially in the middle between the eyes. The colours

are inconstant. The gis like the 9.

Var. 2. Head and thorax entirely black. Hind coxe at the

base, femora at the apex, and tibie except at the base, fuscous.

In a wood near St. Albans I took a 2 with the pro-

and mesothorax testaceous, and another at Bishop’s

British Braconide. 57

Teignton. Bignell has captured four specimens near

Plymouth, one of which is the dark variety. The species

was founded on a single example taken by Walker in

England; Wesmael possessed three males and eight

females from the environs of Brussels.

3. Colastes braconius, Hal.

Colastes braconius, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 57, 3 2.

Exothecus debilis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 75, 3 2, pl., fig. 8 (wing ¢ 2); Ratz.,

Ichn. d. Forst., ii., 45, pl. ii., fig. 12 (wing ?);

ii, An, 3d 2

Black; antennz at the base, palpi, and legs, pale; abdomen in

the middle indeterminately testaceous; stigma elongate, lanceolate,

yellow, emitting the radius much before the middle ; lower side of

the 2d cubital areolet incrassated in the 9; recurrent nervure

almost interstitial; terebra }—} the length of the abdomen,

Length, 3—2; wings, 1—43 lin.

Variable in size and colour. Head subglobose, narrower than

the thorax; antenne slender, 27—81-jointed. Mesothoracic

sutures converging into a wide rugulose depression ; metathorax

punctulate, pubescent, not areated, often with a smooth space in

the middle and a faint longitudinal carina. Abdomen of the 3

linear; of the 2 elongate-ovate, segment 1 obconie, longer than its

apical breadth, striolated, sometimes with a medial carina, and two

contiguous fovex placed transversely behind the middle; the rest

of the abdomen smooth and shining. Legs slender. Wings

hyaline ; radius originating from the yellowish stigma before + of

its length; pre-and pobrachial nervures approximated ; pobrachial

areolet of the hind wing rather less than } the prebrachial.

Var.a. Small. (Length, 3—1; wings, 13—2}lin.). Antenne

22—24-jointed. Piceous, the middle of the abdomen paler, legs

almost whitish; sculpture of the metathorax and Ist segment very

minute.

Var. 8. Larger. (Length, 13; wings, 33 lin.). Antenne 30-

jointed. Head, thorax, and Ist segment black, 2—4 testaceous,

the rest fuscous.

Var. y. Largest. (Length, 2; wings, 4} lin.). Abdomen, after

the 2d segment, fulvescent. Taken by Bignell and myself.

A common solitary parasite of leaf-mining Lepidoptera

and Diptera. Its fragile form, long, folded wings, pale

legs, and slow movements, give it a very gnat-like

appearance. Bred by Reissig in April, and by Ratze-

burg in July, from beech-leaves (Buchenlaube), mined by

58 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

a Tinea which Ratzeburg calls Lithocolletis cavella, Zell.,

but as this feeds on birch the species intended may be

L. tristrigella, Haw. Obtained by Nicelli from ZL. querei-

foliella, Fisch. In England by Dorville, Barrett, and

Elisha, from ZL. lautella, Zell.; by Elisha, March 14th,

from L. tenella, Zell.; and by Fletcher, May 9th, from

Tischeria dodonea, Heyd. Prematurely forced at the

end of February by Elisha from Lithocolletis Bremiella,

Zell., lautella, Zell., cavella, Zell., and Nepticula aucu-

parie, Frey; March 20th from ZL. Cramerella, Fab. ;

and April 27th from LZ. lantanella, Schr. At Cam-

bridge bred by Warren from Ornix betule, Staint.

It does not confine its attacks to Lepidoptera, having

been reared by Reissig and Nérdlinger from Orchestes

fagi, L., and from dipterous leaf-miners, as Phytomyza

nigricornis, Macq. Brischke reports it from a Phyto-

myza, and also from Cryptocampus bellus, Zadd. Inch-

bald and Fitch have bred it from a fly mining the

leaves of Symphoricarpus; and the latter on July 17th

from Phytomyza lonicere, Desv., in the leaves of honey-

suckle. The diversity of food may account for the

differences of size and colour in these parasites.

ili. ONCOPHANES, Forst.

Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 241.

Third joint of the labial palpi united with the 4th. Metathorax

areated. Abdomen subsessile, ovate; terebra exserted, decurved.

Radius originating rather beyond the middle of the stigma, which

is angulated, not rounded, at the ‘point of origin; recurrent ner-

vure interstitial; pobrachial areolet of the hind wing longer than

the prebrachial.

1. Oncophanes lanceolator, Nees. (Pl. II., fig. 2).

Bracon lanceolator, Nees, Mon., 1., 92, ¢ 2 (nec Fab.).

Colastes lanceolator, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 58, 3 ?.

Eixothecus minutus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 838, 3 @.

2 Exothecus levigatus, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., 11i., 48, 3.

Oncophanes, S. v. Voll., Schets., 11., tab. 5.

Black; antenn at the base, palpi, and legs, testaceous; stigma

yellowish; abdomen, after the Ist segment, piceous, often in-

determinately testaceous in the middle, segment 1, and 2 at the

base, rugulose ; hind tibiz stout, subsinuated, whitish towards the

British Braconide. 59

base; terebra as long as} the abdomen. Length, 1—1}; wings

4— 33 lin.

Shorter and stouter in proportion than any of the preceding,

and with fewer joints in the antenne. Those of the ? are not

longer than the body, 20—24-jointed; of the 3, longer than the

body, 24—30-jointed; fuscous, pale at the base. Mesothoracic

sutures impunctate, converging to a punctate pubescent depression

before the scutellum. First abdominal segment hardly narrower

at the base, } longer than its apical breadth, rugulose ; segments

2 and 3 broadest, smooth and shining, the former more or less

striolated at the base, the remaining segments short, and rapidly

decreasing in width to the apex; segment 2 often more or less

ferruginous. Legs either wholly testaceous, or the hind coxe at

the base, and the 2d and 3d pairs of femora and tibiz more or

less, fuscous. The sexes are similar.

Not uncommon in England; found at Hastings, St.

Albans, Maldon. Taken by Haliday also in the Hebrides,

and rarely in Ireland. Bred by Bignell from Tortrix

viridana, L.; the two females thus obtained had the 2d

segment marked with a testaceous spot. Ratzeburg

records the species asa parasite of Recurvaria (leucatella,

Clerck ?) living externally upon the body of the larva, a

fact not noticed in connection with Tortrix viridana.

Brischke’s observation is here translated from Ratz.,

lib. cit., 11., 43 :—

“On May 28th I found on a service-tree [Pyrus

domestica or aucuparia?], between leaves fastened

together by a web, some small caterpillars, probably of

leucatella or some other Tinea. One of these was being

sucked by three parasitic larve, placed externally, two

on the 7th and one on the 9th segment. The parasites

were 4 line long, translucent, and orange coloured on

the posterior half, most likely from the copiously ab-

sorbed juices of the caterpillar. The latter was 5—6

lines long; it remained motionless, although still quite

vigorous. On May 380th the parasites were 3 line long ;

they had changed their positions ; and now a fourth was

to be seen, which before had probably been sucking on

the under side of the caterpillar. On the 31st their

length had increased to 1 line, and the colour was now

more reddish. The caterpillar had shrunk to 4 lines in

length. Finally, on June Ist, when the parasites were

14 lines long, and exhibited lateral rows of tubercles,

three of them quitted the body of the caterpillar, and

60 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

began to crawl about. Towards noon they commenced

spinning white cocoons, and on the 10th appeared the

first ichneumon, which was soon followed by the others.

The cocoons are of avery thin texture and, lying close

together, they are flattened at the sides by mutual

pressure. The egg-state lasts about eight days; the

larva is full-fed in four or five days; and the imago

appears after eight or nine days more. So that the

entire development of the insect is accomplished in less

than a month.” Reissig obtained the ¢ from a similar

cocoon found between elm-leaves. The fact of external

parasitism is confirmed more recently by Brischke,

Schrift. nat. Ges. Danzig, n.s. V., iii., 186.

IV. SPATHIIDES.

Several singular exotic forms belong here, but the

only British genus is

Spatuius, Nees.

Nees, Act. Ac. L. C., 1818, p. 8301; Mon. 1., 11.

Head cubical; occiput margined. Maxillary palpi 5-, labial 3-

jointed. Antenne long and slender. Abdomen depressed, ovate,

with a long petiole; segment 1 nearly as long as the rest taken

together ; 2—3 connate, forming about one-sixth of the remainder

of the abdomen; suturiform articulation obsolete, Terebra elon-

gate. Cubital areolets 3, the 2d subpentagonal, its interior pos-

terior angle much produced, receiving the recurrent nervure; anal

nervure interstitial.

This well-known genus has a considerable literature,

and may be found described at great length in Nees, l. c.,

and Haliday, Ent. Mag., iv., 41—3. The two British

species are thus distinguished :—

Wings fuscous with 3 white bands; petiole as long

as % of the rest of theabdomen ; terebra not longer

than the abdomen .. : ae

Wings subfuscous with 2 darker bands; petiole

nearly as long as the rest of the abdomen ; tere-

bra much longer than the abdomen... os) 20) €@arator, lu.

1. rubidus, Rossi.

British Braconidae. 61

1. Spathius rubidus, Rossi. (Pl. IL., fig. 8).

Ichneumon rubidus, Rossi, Mant., App., il., 110.

Spathius rubidus, Nees, Mon., i., 14; Hal., Ent. Mag.,

rhe 2 De Saeed es

Rufo-testaceous; abdomen (except segment 1) black or blackish ;

tibiz white at the base, hind tibie annulated with fuscous ; coxe

and tarsi more or less pale. Wings fuscous, white at the base and

apex, and with a white fascia beneath the bicolorous stigma.

Terebra nearly as long as the abdomen. gf 2. Length, 1—2;

wings, 13—381 lin.

Antenne longer than the body, of the @ 29-, of the ¢ 31-jointed

(in one specimen); front impressed and transversely striolated.

Thorax less shining than the head, coriaceous. Segment 1, and

base of 2, finely striolated; the rest smooth. The colours vary;

small specimens often have the thorax and petiole infuscated, and

the markings of the wings and legs subobsolete.

Less common than the next species. I captured a ?

on an elm tree near Esher, another among larches in

Pré Wood, St. Albans, and 3% ? out of an old hedge near

Abergavenny. Bridgman has taken two fine typical

females near Norwich. Their parasitism has not been

well traced ; Giraud supposes them to infest Xiphydria

dromedarius, Fab., which seems unlikely. Spathius

anobii, Gir., Ann. Soc. Fr., 1877, p. 415, bred by Perris

from Anobiwm longicorne, Sturm, is very like this species,

and conjectured by Perris to be identical. S. erythro-

cephalus, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1838, p. 131,

3 2, differs only in having segment 2 very smooth, and

may also be the same; it has been bred by Wissman

from Ochina ptinoides, Marsh. S. pedestris, Wesm., is

an apterous form from Louvain, of which Wesmael had

only one specimen.

2. Spathius exarator, L.

Ichneumon exarator, Lin., F. §., 1614, ¢°.

Cryptus clavatus, Panz., F. G., cil., 16, 3, badly

figured.

Spathius clavatus, Nees, Mon.,i.,12; Hal., Ent. Mag.,

iv., 48; Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838,

p- 129, pl., fig. 16 (wing) ; Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst.,

1404 Dio Vil. ie. LO 11.542); 1.41, oo soe Ve

Voll. Schets., i1., tab. 5, 2.

Testaceous, varied with fuscous; palpi, fore coxe, all the tro-

chanters, and tibie at the base, whitish, the last obscurely

62 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

annulated with fuscous. Wings subfuscous, indeterminately clouded

with a darker tint before and underneath the bicolorous stigma.

Terebra as long as the body. g¢ @. Length, 14—34; wings,

3—6 lin.

Longer and usually larger than the preceding; the colours more

dingy; antenne 3 ? 29—88-jointed; petiole and terebra much

longer.

The Linnean name of this insect is here restored.

There are two females in the Linnean cabinet labelled in

that author’s handwriting. The species is common

throughout Europe, attacking Anobiwm pertinaz, L.,

striatum, Ol., &c., which perforate old woodwork. I

obtained a fine series from a hovel, well known to some

entomologists, at Camachgouran, near Loch Rannoch.

The female raises the abdomen so as to bring the terebra

into a vertical position, and explores the burrows of the

beetles with the inserted instrument. If disturbed in

this operation she will not fly off, and may be captured

with the fingers. A similar mode of action is employed

by Ephialtes, and other Ichneumons with a prolonged

ovipositor. Reared by Bouché, Boie, Reinhard, and

Brischke from Anobiwm striatum, Ol. By Giraud from

Ptilinus pectinicornis, L.; and I procured many in Devon-

shire from the same beetle. Van Vollenhoven reports it

as a parasite of Hylosinus fraxini, Fab. According to

Ratzeburg it also attacks Orchestes quercus, L., having

been reared in June from oak-leaves collected the year

before for the purpose of breeding the Curculio; these

leaves had been carefully separated from the twigs, so

that no xylophagous Coleoptera could be found among

them. The Spathius thus obtained must have been very

small, and the fact is so contrary to its habits and

structure as to be liable to suspicion. Its accidental

presence among the oak-leaves is much more probable.

Further observations on the parasitism of this species

are desirable, for it seems impossible that a full-sized

Spathius, nearly 3 lines long exclusive of the terebra,

could be nourished within the body even of the largest

Anobium. A still stranger fact recorded by Ratzeburg

is the rearing of S. exarator by Nordlinger from the

lepidopterous Sericoris ? Nérdlingeriana, Ratz., and

Coccyx Mulsantiana, Ratz., both pupating in cases made

of the leaves of Pinus pinaster.

British Braconide. 68

V. HECABOLIDES.

Established by Forster to include those forms of the

Cyclostomi which have only two cubital areolets. Of the

ten genera enumerated (Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 236)

only five refer to described types; the others must be

consigned to the limbo of MS. names. After the sub-

traction of Pambolus, which appears too widely aberrant

to find a place here, there remains, belonging to the

British Fauna, the single genus—

Hecasouus, Cur.

Cur., B. E., 507 (1884); Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 48

(1836).

Head cubical; abdomen subsessile, the segments discrete, suturi-

form articulation faintly marked; terebra 9 elongate; fore wings

with two cubital areolets; hind wings of the g with a stigma

near the base; the recurrent nervure, but not the anal, interstitial.

1. Hecabolus sulcatus, Cur. (Pl. II, figs. 4, 4a).

Hecabolus sulcatus, Cur., B. E., pl. dvii; Hal., Ent.

Mag., iv.,48; Ratz., Ichn d. Forst., ii., 34, pl. i1.,

fig. 11 (wings 3); ii., 82; 8. v. Voll., Schets.,

ii., tab. 5 (where the striole on the base of the 3d

seoment are not represented).

Anisopelma Belgicum, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,

1888, p. 134, pl., fig. 17 (wing), 2.

Black, the abdomen pitchy; palpi pale; antenne at the base,

and legs, testaceous ; femora, tibiz in the middle, and hind coxe,

more or less fuscous; intermediate tarsi very short; abdominal

segments 1—2 depressed, and, together with the basal half of the

8d, striolated longitudinally, the rest of the abdomen smooth

wings hyaline, stigmata fuscous; terebra ? longer than the body

Length, 1—23; wings, 1:;—3i lin. ff Q.

Antenne @ shorter than the body, 19—26-jointed; of the g

hardly as long as the body, 21-, 22-, 25-jointed, in 38 examples.

The abdomen of the @ is clavate, of the g linear-lanceolate.

The stigma of the hind wings in the g almost fills up the costal

and prebrachial areolets, and is about half the size of the fore-

stigma: no other British Braconid possessing this character is at

present known. Like other parasites of xylophagous insects, it

varies much in size; the g is always smaller than the @.

64 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Parasitic on Ptilinus pectinicornis, L., and may be

taken on old posts and rails perforated by that insect.

My specimens are from Cheltenham and Leicester.

Others are from Fulham, Maldon, Norfolk, and Yorkshire.

According to Ratzeburg also reared from Ochina ptinoides,

Marsh., by Nérdlinger; and by Hartig and Perris from

Ptilinus costatus, Gyll., in old willow-trunks.

VI. PAMBOLIDES.

Head transverse, occiput margined; abdomen sessile (or petio-

lated), with only two apparent segments, the suturiform articula-

tion being effaced, and the 4th and following segments retracted

beneath the 8d; 3 apterous or winged, in the latter case with two

cubital areolets, the anal nervure interstitial (cf. Subfam. VIII.) ; 2

apterous, the terebra exserted.

This curious group is distinguished from most others

by the biarticulate structure of the abdomen. It is in-

cluded among the Hecabolides by Forster (Verh. pr.

Rheinl., 1862, p. 237), but as it has little in common

with that section except the number of cubital areolets,

I prefer for the present to consider it as a separate sub-

family, including 38 genera, Pambolus, Hal., Arrhaphis,

Ruthe, and Dimeris, Ruthe. The two first genera are

not yet known as indigenous ; Dimeris is represented by

a few females. Arrhaphis, Ruthe (Stett. Zeit., 1854,

p- 846) differs from the other two in having the abdomen

petiolated, and the author remarks that it should stand

next to Calyptus, Hal. (Brachistes, Wesm.) among the

Cyclostomi, though in his collection it is associated with

Dimeris. The identity of Pambolus 3 with Dimeris 2

is maintained by Forster (lib. cit., p. 282); but this is

not in accordance with the observations of Fitch, who in

1883 inspected Ruthe’s collection, just before its removal

to South Kensington, with a view to the settlement of

this question, and found it to contain several allied

and unpublished species, including males of Dimeris

diverse from Pambolus. Without confidently asserting

that the two genera in question are not identical, he

concluded that at all events Pambolus biglumis, Hal., 3

is not the same species as Dimeris nura, Luthe, o & ;

and this is sufficient so far as the British Fauna is con-

cerned. It may be useful to reproduce Fitch’s notes so

far as to indicate the resources to be found in the Ruthian

collection, whenever anyone may be disposed to attempt

a revision of this subfamily.

British Braconide. 65

*“‘T found a most interesting lot of these little apterous

or subapterous Bracons :—

Dimeris aptera, Ruthe MS. Seven females taken 8rd

March, 22nd—26th September, 28th December, 1854 ;

antenne 16-jointed.

D. mira, Ruthe. Twelve females and one male taken

380th October, 28th December, 1854, 2nd September,

1855; antenne $ 20-jointed, ? 16-jointed.

An Dimeris sp. ? One male taken 6th June, 1858; base

of abdomen yellow, antenne 18-jointed.

Arrhaphis dubia, Ruthe MS. (an Dimeris 3 ??). Three

males taken 16th September, 1855, 4th June, 1856,

28th July, 1856; antenne 18—24-jointed.

Dimeris inermis, Ruthe MS. Two males, three females

taken 26th October, 1854, 3rd January, 16th September,

1855, 15th August, 1856.

Arrhaphis tricolor, Ruthe. Two males, black, with

black 28-jointed antenne, winged; three females, ful-

vous, with long tricoloured, 19—20-jointed, antenna,

black in the middle, pale at the apex, apterous; taken

93rd—26th October, 1852, 22nd October, 1856 (2), 29th

June, 1858 (3). Bred from various species of Crypto-

cephalus (Stett. Zeit., xx., 103; 1859).

A. imminens, Ruthe MS. Two males, black with

much shorter antenne, taken 7th July, 1854, 24th July,

1856.

Terenusa silesiaca, Ratz. (Bracon silesiacus, Ratz.,

Ichn. d. Forst., ii., 80. Hephylus silesiacus, Forst.,

Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 287; S. v. Voll., Schets., ii.,

tab. 6, fig. 11). Var. An n.sp.? One male, antenne

18-jointed, taken 16th June, 1858; one female.

Terenusa sp.? One small male.”

i. Dimerts, Ruthe.

Ruthe, Stett. Zeit., 1854, p. 844; 1855, p. 329.

2 Pambolus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 49 (1836) ; 8. v. Voll.,

Schets., i., tab. 6.

Head globose, antennx submoniliform, 16—20-jointed, the scape

elongate; space between the mandibles and clypeus ample, semi-

circular; maxillary palpi 5-jointed, 2d joint elongate, 3—5 not so

stout, subequal; metathorax bidenticulate; abdomen subbiarticu-

late, sessile; segment 1 semicircular, divided from the 2d by a deep

suture; suturiform articulation effaced; g¢ with 2 cubital areolets ;

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PART I. (APRIL.) F

66 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

podiscoidal areolet complete ; anal nervure interstitial; ? apterous,

terebra exserted.

According to Haliday (lib. cit., p. 50) Pambolus 3 has

the antenne 28-jointed, the joints of the flagellum

cylindrical ; the 8d joint of the maxillary palpi about

equal to the two preceding; the scutellum bounded at

the base by a double crenate fovea, &c.; and the whole

description exhibits discrepancies which forbid the identi-

fication of the genus with Dimeris.

1. Dimeris mira, Ruthe. (Pl. IL., fig. 5).

Dimeris mira, Ruthe, Stett. Zeit., 1854, p. 845 ; 1855,

p- 329.

Pambolus melanocephalus, Marsh., E. M. M., vi,

D235 2 .

Paraptesis flavipes, Magretti, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.,

Vi, LOSS, Dv LOl Stave Wt.

Blackish brown, very thickly and finely tuberculated, beset with

short adpressed hairs; metathorax bispinose; lst abdominal seg-

ment aciculated; legs, and basal half of the antennze rufescent ;

terebra slender, + of the abdomen in length; the latter obtusely

rounded at the apex; apterous. @. Length, 1—14 lines.

Var. Thorax and base of the abdomen rufescent.

I have never seena g, and Ruthe’s brief description

supplies no more than is given above. The ? specimen

I possess belongs to the var. ; it was given to me some

years ago at Cheltenham, but of the circumstances of

its capture I have no knowledge. Billups captured four

females at Headley Lane on January 28th. One ?

taken near Florence by Piccioli.

VII. DORYCTIDES.

Head cubical; occiput margined; fore wings with three cubital

areolets; abdomen subsessile.

The Doryctides are distinguished from the succeeding

subfamilies by the cubical head; from the Braconides

and Ixothecides, by the margined occiput; from the

Spathiides, by the subsessile abdomen; and from the

Hecabolides, by the number of cubital cells. Of the

three British genera which Férster’s classification here

brings together, Histeromerus is too abnormal to be

mistaken for anything else; Caloides and Doryctes con-

siderably resemble Bracon.

British Braconide. 67

TABLE OF GENERA.

(2) 1. Antenne submoniliform, 18—20-jointed, shorter

than the head and thorax 5c iii. HisrEROMERUS.

(1) 2. Antenne filiform, more than 20- jointed, nearly

as long as, or longer than, the body.

(4) 3. Suturiform articulation distinct; pre- and po-

brachial areolets of the fore ee of equal

length .. nye . i, Casnorpus.

(3) 4. Suturiform articulation abeoleiae : Prete achial

areolet of the fore WIRES shorter than the po-

brachial .. b¢ : 50 a0 .. li, Dorycrzs.

i. CanorpEs, Wesm.

Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1888, p. 59.

Front excavated between the antenne and ocelli; 3d joint of the

antenne not longer than the 2d; occiput margined. The other

characters are those of Bracon. The 2d cubital areolet of the fore

wing is remote from the exterior margin by much more than its

length, measured along the cubitus,—a structure which belongs

only to two British species of Bracon, stabilis and brevicornis,

Wesm. The species of Celoides are parasites of xylophagous

Coleoptera; the two known to be British may be thus dis-

tinguished :—

Legs black ; abdomen testaceous ; recurrent ner-

vure rejected are Be 3 .- L. scolyticida, Wesm.

Legs testaceous ; abdomen black nboves recurrent

nervure interstitial 56 te AD .. 3. melanotus, Wesm.

1. Celoides scolyticida, Wesm. (PI. IL., fig. 6).

Bracon initiator, var. y., Nees, Mon., i., 102, ¢.

Celoides initiator, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 60, ¢ 2, pl., f. 4 (wing). (nec Fab.).

C. scolyticida, Wesm., lib. cit., p. 61.

C. initiatellus, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., ii., 39; of. iii., 41.

Ceeloides, 8. v. Voll., Schets., 11., tab. 5.

Black, smooth and shining; head and abdomen testaceous ;

palpi, mandibles at the base and apex, stemmaticum, frontal im-

pression, and a large square spot on the face, blackish ; prothorax

pleure, and pectus, somewhat piceous; wings subfuscous with a

hyaline stripe beneath the stigma, which is fusco-ferruginous ;

recurrent nervure rejected; 2d, 3d, and 4th joints of the antenne

short and equal; terebra 2? about as long as the body. Length,

23; wings, 5 lines. f Q.

Antenne @ slender, nearly as long as the body, 87—44-jointed ;

suture between the pro- and mesothorax sometimes more or less

68 Rey. ‘I. A. Marshall’s monograph of

testaceous; mesothoracie sutures obsolete in the middle of the

disk, being merged in a punctulate, obscure space before the

scutellum; metathorax and abdomen smooth, the latter sub-

compressed, convex above, as long as the head and thorax; 2d

segment short, 3 as long as the 1st, with two lateral impressed

lines, curved forwards and uniting to enclose a semicircular space ;

dd longest, the rest decreasing in length to the apex; articulations

of the legs subferruginous.

The ¢ is similar; antenne 40—47-jointed, testaceous at the base

beneath; the black facial spot often reduced to a narrow line;

sometimes there is a black line on the occiput ; prothorax more or

less testaceous at the sides ; fore cox and femora, and articulations

of the tarsi, more or less testaceous; apical segments of the

abdomen often infuseated ; wings paler than those of the 2.

Described from three mutilated specimens, a male and

three females, given to me long ago, which agree well

with Wesmael’s description taken from 16 females and

13 males, except that he considers black to be the pre-

dominant colour of the head, while in the British

examples testaceous is more prevalent.

Probably this is the species which Curtis (Guide, 2d

ed., column 115) referred to Bracon initiator, Fab., and

of which a pair exists in the Stephensian collection

in the British Museum. The true initiator is similar,

but more than twice as large, with darker wings, and

49—54-jointed antenne, a parasite of Rhagium indagator,

Fab., and Astynomus edilis, Lin. If British, it is most

likely to be found in Scotland.

C. scolyticida is a parasite of Scolytus destructor, Ol.,

and has been reared abundantly by Radzay and Wiss-

mann, according to Ratzeburg. See Wesm., Bull. Ac.

Brux., 1838, p. 220, and Guérin-Méneville, Bull. 8. E. F.,

1846, p. Ixxvii., on the services rendered by this insect

in keepmg down the numbers of the Scolytus, and

Giraud (Bull. 5. HE. F., 1872, p. x.) on the probable

parasitism of this or an allied species on Bostrychus

typographus, L, The ‘‘B. initiator,” bred by Perris

from Pissodes notatus, Fab., is doubtless referable to

this species.

2. Celoides melanotus, Wesm.

Celoides melanotus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 61,3 2; Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst.; ii., 40, 3.

Testaceous, smooth and shining; antenne black, except at the

base; head, thorax, and abdomen black above; wings subfuscous,

British Braconide. 69

paler towards the tips; recurrent nervure interstitial ; 4th joint of

the antennz as long as the 2d and 8d together; terebra 2 as long

as the body. Length, 14—2; wings, 3—4lin. ¢ 2.

Antenne J ? about 26—27-jointed (Ratzeburg says 29 in g),

searcely as long as the body. Mesothoracie sutures uniting in an

impunctate space before the scutellum. The rest of the structure

resembles that of the preceding species. In the J the apex of the

abdomen is wholly testaceous, and the black colour of the upper

surface less intense than in the 2; in one specimen the 2d segment

is entirely piceous.

Described from five males and three females in good

preservation. One pair was taken on an old railing in

Shropshire, the others are from South Wales; I believe

Chapman bred them from some xylophagous coleopteron,

probably Hylosinus (see KE. M. M., v., 120). Cartereau

found them parasitic on Hylosinus frazini, Fab., and

Nordlinger bred a g on July 3rd.

il. Doryctzs, Hal.

Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 48; Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit.,

1865, p. 246.

Suturiform articulation obsolete or subobsolete; terebra exserted;

recurrent nervure interstitial or rejected; anal nervure not inter-

stitial; prebrachial areolet shorter than the pobrachial ; pobrachial

areolet of the hind wings longer than 4} the prebrachial; hind

wings $ without a stigma; hind cox angularly produced in front.

The insects of this genus have an elongate appear-

ance, which is due to the production of the head behind

the eyes, and the attenuation of the thorax in front and

behind. Mesothoracic sutures rugulose, ending pos-

teriorly in a shallow fovea before the scutellum ; middle

lobe of the mesothorax more or less canaliculated ; meta-

thorax elongate, obscurely divided into five compart-

ments, two larger in front, and three behind, whereof

the medial one penetrates to some distance between the

anterior. Abdomen of the 2 obovate, convex ; of the g

narrower, elongate, and depressed.

In the Ent. Mag., iv., 46, Haliday’s Subgenus III.

Heterospilus has been a source of error and perplexity.

It was misplaced by the printer, and appears to belong

to Spp. 4, 5, 6, whereas it refers only to the footnote on

p- 47 (cf. p. 106, note), its type being the exotic Sp. 6b

HI. questor, the $ of which has a stigma in the hind

70 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

wings. The name Heterospilus must therefore be elimi-

nated from every work on European insects where it

occurs, and Doryctes substituted instead, according to

the author’s intention. At the same page 46, for Sp. 4.

H. D. striatellus, and Sp. 5. H. D. Imperator, read R. D.

striatellus, and R. D. Imperator. In Férster’s Synopsis

(Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 239) all that relates to

Heterospilus, ‘* 3 H. Flagel mit einem Randmal,” &c.,

must be struck out.

Reinhard has described 13 species of Doryctes, para-

sites of the Cerambycide, Buprestide, Anobiide, and

Curculionide. The four British species are very rare.

(2) 1. Second abdominal segment smooth .. 1. imperator, Hal.

(1) 2, Second abdominal segment striolated.

)

(4 3. Abdomen (except the first segment) bright

testaceous a6 os ys .. 2. Heydenii, Reinh.

(3) 4. Abdomen fuscous or piceous.

(6) 5. Vertex and thorax granulated, obscure,

with fulvous pubescence SE 3. spathiiformis, Ratz.

(5) 6. Vertex and thorax ce! Se: meh

very few hairs .. : ‘ .. 4. striatellus, Nees.

1. Doryctes imperator, Hal.

Doryctes imperator, Hal., Ent., Mag., iv., 46, ?.

Ischiogonus zonatus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 127, 2.

Bracon precisus, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., ii1., 36, 2.

Doryctes imperator, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1865,

p- 247, 3 2.

Pitchy-black ; antenne at the base, mouth, and legs, rufo-testa-

ceous; tibise at the base, and palpi, pale; 2d abdominal segment

of the 2 piceo-rufous; wings subhyaline; vertex smooth and

shining: sides of the mesothorax smooth, with an elongate crenate

impression; 1st abdominal segment striolated, the rest smooth;

terebra 9 as long as, or longer than, the body. ¢ @. Length,

241— 31 lines; wings, 44—6} lin.

Var. 1, 9. Abdomen entirely rufous or rufo-testaceous,

we 2,9. Head and abdomen piceo-rufous.

Var. 8, 9. Piceo-testaceous, the head piceo-rufous.

Head rugulose in front, vertex convex, smooth, and shining;

antenne as long as the body, in one 2 29-jointed ; mesothorax

finely granulated, with rugulose sutures, somewhat shining; meta-

thorax elongate, with five are, the two anterior granulated, almost

obscure, the medial area narrow, rectangularly produced in front,

British Braconide. . “al

the posterior arex more rugulose; abdomen 3 narrow, lanceolate ;

of the 2, elongate; 1st segment $ half as long again as its apical

width, of the ? somewhat longer, subattenuated towards the base,

elevated in the middle, depressed at the sides, longitudinally

striolated, or in the middle almost smooth, the following segments

entirely so; wings nearly hyaline, radius originating somewhat

behind the middle of the fuscous stigma. The colours of the 9?

are variable, but the varieties above indicated are much rarer than

the typical form.

Very rare in England, but formerly taken by Curtis,

and a ° by me ina hedge near Abergavenny. Wesmael

had only a single example from Liége. Reinhard’s de-

scription is from 7 males and 21 females collected in

different parts of Germany. Parasitic on the Continent

on Buprestis Berolinensis, Fab., und Astynomus edilis, L.

Brischke saw six issue, on May 23rd, from a hole in

timber made by Astynomus. This longicorn is not yet

extinct in Scotland, and the Doryctes may be expected to

occur in the Black Wood of Rannoch.

2. Doryctes Heydenii, Reinh. (Pl. II., fig. 7).

Doryctes Heydenii, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1865,

Daaoo 9 «

Hlongate, black; mouth piceous; palpi and base of tibiz pale ;

abdomen (except the 1st segment) bright rufo-testaceous: vertex,

and sides of the mesothorax, smooth, shining, the latter with a

rounded smooth foveola continued forwards by a narrow channel;

abdominal segments 1, 2, and base of 8, rimulose; suturiform

articulation subobsolete ; wings hyaline: terebra 9 as long as the

abdomen. Length, 2}; wings, 434 lines. 9. Male not known.

Antenne black, slender, 40-jointed, as long as the body with the

terebra; mesothorax granulated in the middle of the disk, the

three lobes more shining, punctulate; scutellum and metathorax

granulated, obscure; the latter areated, the intermediate area pro-

jecting angularly between the two dorsal, which are partly smooth

at the base; abdomen oblong-ovate, somewhat longer but not

wider than the thorax, compressed, flattened above; segment 1

longer than its apical width, hardly attenuated at the base ; the 4th

and following segments have each a faint transverse impression in

the middle; 2d joint of the trochanters testaceous: stigma and

nervures brown, recurrent nervure interstitial. The abdomen of

the living insect is of a bright orange colour, except the Ist seg-

ment. Valves of the terebra pilose, black.

72 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

I obtained this rare and conspicuous species by beating

an old whitethorn hedge, in July, near the village of

Anstey, Leicestershire. Reinhard’s three specimens

were from Prussia, Hungary, and Italy.

3. Doryctes spathiifornis, Ratz.

Doryctes obliteratus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 44, d (nec

Nees, Wesm., Ratz.).

Bracon spathtiformis, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., i., 37,

3g.

Doryctes spathiiformis, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1865,

D20%, sd. Ss.

Rufo-piceous ; spots on the mesothorax, metathorax, coxe, and

femora, fuscous; trochanters and tibie pallid, the latter broadly

annulated with fuscous in the middle ; wings subhyaline, the three

cubital areolets clouded in the middle with fuscous; head and

thorax clothed with short, fulvous, adpressed pubescence; head

eranulated, scarcely shining; sides of the mesothorax smooth,

with a crenate impression; abdominal segments 1, 2, and base of

3, very finely and closely aciculated, suturiform articulation

usually discernible, but very fine ; terebra ? as long as the body.

3 @. Length, 3—2 lines; wings, 1;—4 lin.

Antenne somewhat longer than the body, of the 9 32-, of the J

36-jointed; mesothorax and scutellum dull, granulated; metathorax

the same, but more shining at the base, areation distinct, the inter-

mediate area small and narrow; 1st abdominal segment gradually

attenuated to the base, where it is only half as wide as at the apex,

in the $ about twice as long, in the 9 13 as long, as its apical

width, finely aciculated throughout; suturiform aciculation marked

by a fine line, visible at least in places; 2d segment and basal half

of the 3d very finely aciculated longitudinally; the following seg-

ments smooth, each having in the middle a brown transverse band ;

recurrent nervure rejected; pre- and pobrachial areolets nearly of

equal length.

[ have translated Reinhard’s description, having before

me only a specimen of Walker’s in bad condition. Rare

in Eneland, but taken also formerly by Curtis. In

Sichel’s collection are six specimens from Brétagne.

Bred by Nérdlinger at Pont Chateau near Grand Jouan

(also in Brétagne) from hazel-sticks containing the larve

of Anobium striatun, Ol. Some of the Braconids emerged

in winter, and others in the following summer.

British Braconide. 73

4. Doryctes striatellus, Nees.

Bracon striatellus, Nees, Mon., 1., 107, 2.

Doryctes striatellus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 46, 2.

D. tabidus, Hal., lib. cit., 47, 3-

Ischiogonus obliteratus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 126, ¢ 2, pl., fig. 15 (wing). (nec Nees,

Hal., Ratz.).

Doryctes striatellus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1865,

p- 256, 3 2.

Shorter and stouter than the two preceding. Black; palpi pale,

mandibles and legs ferruginous, tibiz at the base obsoletely whitish ;

head very slightly narrowed behind the eyes, vertex smooth ; sides

of the mesothorax smooth, with a round foveola, continued forwards

by a linear impression; 1st abdominal segment, and most of the

2d, rimulose; prothorax beneath, and segments 1—3, more or less

piceous or rufous; wings hyaline, stigma and nervures fuscous ;

terebra ? as long as the abdomen. Length, g 1}—1}; 9 23;

wings, 43 lines.

Var. 1, 2. Thorax and abdomen entirely black,

Var. 2, 2. Pro- and metathorax rufous; abdominal segments

1—2 rufo-testaceous.

Head smooth and shining; antenne ? 383—40-jointed, as long as

the body, black, the first two joints piceous; mesothoracic sutures

rugulose, converging in a rugulose obscure space before the scu-

tellum ; metathorax rugulose, very distinctly areated in one speci-

men, the two dorsal arew oblong, rounded at the apex, smooth at

the base; abdomen oblong-lanceolate, flattened above; segment 1

hardly narrower at the base, a little longer than its apical width,

with two inchoate basal carine; suturiform articulation invisible,

or only slightly apparent at the sides; legs stout, fore tarsi nearly

twice as long as their tibie; recurrent nervure rejected ; 2d inter-

cubital nervure decolorous.

Antenne g 383—42-jointed, longer than the body; abdomen

wholly piceous-black; four posterior femora with a black line

above; tibiz at the base less distinctly pallid. In the Ent. Mag.,

iv., 47, the number of joints in the antenne is printed 29, which is

probably a misprint for 39. Bridgman’s specimen has the antenne

33-jointed, which agrees with Wesmael’s description.

Parasitism not known. Haliday says he had seen

one ¢; and his ¢ (tabidus) was taken near London by

Walker. The ¢ has been found recently near Norwich

by Bridgman ; the ? ina house at Worcester by Fletcher,

and another by me at Lastingham, Yorkshire. Bonelli

74 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

sent specimens of the ? to Nees from Italy. Wesmael

was acquainted with 26 of both sexes, taken on windows

and on the fence of a botanic garden. Reinhard

examined only a single pair from Von Heyden’s col-

lection, and doubts their distinctness from D. obliteratus,

Nees, in which the legs are piceous, &c.

ui. HistrRomErus, Wesm.

Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1888, p. 638.

Head depressed, elongate behind the eyes, which are small; oral

aperture large, transverse; maxillary palpi 6-, labial 4-jointed ;

antenne g @ submoniliform, shorter than the head and thorax ;

abdomen sessile; suturiform articulation obsolete; four anterior

legs very short, with clavate tibiw, shorter than the tarsi; hind

tibiz and tarsi of equal length, the metatarsus longer than the

other joints together, curved, incrassated at the base and gradually

diminishing to the apex, where it is again slightly enlarged; three

cubital areolets in the fore wings; 2d intercubital nervure sub-

obsolete ; transverse nervure evected; pre-and pobrachial areolets

of equal length; anal nervure not interstitial ; pobrachial nervure

sinuated not far from its origin; radial areolet narrow, elongate ;

nervures of the hind wings as well defined as those of the fore ;

radius, cubitus, and prebrachial transverse complete; pobrachial

areolet not half the length of the prebrachial.

1. Histeromerus mystacinus, Wesm. (PI. III., fig. 1).

Histeromerus mystacinus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac.

Brux., 1888, p. 65, 2; pl., f. 5 (wing); ff. A—E

(details) ; S. v. Voll., Schets., i1., tab. 5 (wing).

Piceous, smooth; head and thorax black; antenne fuscous,

testaceous at the base; legs, stigma, nervures, and valves of the

terebra, piceo-testaceous; terebra less than 3 the abdomen. 9.

Length, ¢ 1; wings, 24: 9 13; wings, 3} lines.

Antenne ¢ ? about 13 times as long as the head, 17—20-jointed,

the joints discrete, equal, subquadrate, except the last, which is

ovate, acuminate. The shape of the head suggests that of Bethylus

or Hpyris. Palpi and mandibles pale, the former beset with long

hairs; prothorax piceous; Ist abdominal segment rectangular,

somewhat longer than its width, with two curved lateral im-

pressions enclosing a smooth space; terebra rufous, the valves

piceous, darker at the apex. The g§ corresponds in all respects,

but is much smaller; the thorax is piceous instead of black.

British Braconide. fs

The ¢ here described exhibits a singular irregularity

in the neuration. ‘The left fore wing is furnished with

an extra recurrent nervure, connecting the middle of

the 2d cubital areolet with the anal nervure, and forming

a pentagonal areolet equal in size to the preediscoidal.

This curious insect, of unknown habits, has not

hitherto been noticed as British. The pair I possess

was given to me by Ward, who had several which he

wished to get named. They were taken, | believe, in or

about London. Wesmael possessed two females taken

probably near Brussels.

VIII. HORMIIDES.

Head transverse, occiput margined; antennze submoniliform ;

abdomen consisting of more than two visible segments, sessile or

subsessile ; suturiform articulation superficial or effaced; terebra

exserted; three cubital areolets ; anal nervure interstitial.

Distinguished from the Pambolides by the number of

cubital areolets, and of sutures in the abdomen. The

anal nervure is in the same straight line as the pra-

brachial, a character rarely found among the Braconids,

and belonging to no other group of Cyclostomi except

this and the Pambolides. Forster has separated the two

genera by the difference of the suturiform articulation,

which is difficult to seize, and of only secondary value.

On page 240 of his Synopsis (Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862) an

error must be corrected. For ‘‘Erstes und zweites

Segment,” read “‘ Zweites und drittes”; and for “ Erstes

Segment von dem zweiten,” read “‘ Zweites Segment von

dem dritten.”

The genera may be thus distinguished :-—

Prebrachial areolet shorter than the pobrachial ;

antennxy g\ 11-, ? 12-jointed Bis ds .. i. CHREMYLUS.

Pre- and pobrachial areolets of equal length ; an-

tenne g’ @ more than 12-jointed .. 26 .. li. Hormius.

i. Curemyuus, Hal.

Hal., Ent. Mag., i., 266; iv., 50; Penecerus, Wesm.,

Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1888, p. 70.

Antenne submoniliform, as long as the head and thorax, 11—12-

jointed; abdomen wider than the thorax, depressed, ovate; seg-

ment 1 constituting one-fifth of the whole, semicircular, transverse,

with two acute longitudinal carine; suturiform articulation effaced,

76 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

the compound segment thus formed equalling by itself } of the

abdomen ; the remaining segments short, partially retracted beneath

the 2d, but not invisible as in the Pambolides; radius originating

in the middle of the stigma ; 2d cubital areolet trapeziform, shorter

and less produced inwardly than in Hormius; recurrent nervure

interstitial; pobrachial areolet of the hind wings less than 2 the

length of the prebrachial.

1. Chremylus rubiginosus, Nees. (PI. III., fig. 2).

Hormius rubiginosus, Nees, Mon., i., 156, 2.

Chremylus rubiginosus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 51, 2;

Cur., Farm Ins., 365, ¢ 2; S. v. Voll., Schets.,

licetaDOee..

Penecerus rubiginosus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1888, p. 70, 2, pl., £. 7 (wing).

Castaneous; head, antenne at the apex, thorax and base of

abdomen more or less, and stigma, fuscous; palpi pale; terebra

1—2 of the abdomen. ¢. Length, 2; wings, 4 line: 9, length 1;

wings, 2 lines.

9. Granulated, obscure; scutellum and apical half of the

abdomen more shining ; metathorax rugulose, truncate, and bi-

denticulated at the hind angles, but less acutely than in Dimeris,

more or less distinctly divided into five arez, the two dorsal large,

rounded behind, the medial projecting angularly between them;

1st abdominal segment and base of the 2d punctulate, the former

semiorbicular, as in Dimeris, with two acute parallel carine.

The ¢ (which I have not seen) is similar, according

to Curtis, but only } as large, and is remarkable for

having one joint less in the antenne than the ¢, the

ordinary sexual distinction being reversed: cf. Hal.,

Ent. Mag., i., 266, where he appears to have established

the genus upona ¢ specimen, although in iv., 50, only

the ¢@ is described. The same writer says that the

metathorax is ‘‘ haud areatus”’; probably he had before

him a ? in which this structure was not conspicuous,

as in my specimens, and in the six described by

Wesmael.

Widely distributed, and often found in windows of old

houses: I have four females taken in such a situation in

Northamptonshire. According to Curtis (l.c.) it is a

frequent parasite of Bruchus rujimanus, Boh. ; his speci-

mens were bred on April 24th from beans grown in

Essex; Rondani bred it from Bruchus seninarius, L. ;

British Braconide. v7

and Taschenberg says it is a parasite of B. granarius,

Sch. Fitch reared a @ on Sept. 8th from wheat-refuse

infested with weevils (Calandra) ; and Billups another

on May 23rd. Brischke has bred it from the cases of

Tinea pellionella, L.

ii. Hormivs, Nees.

Nees, Act. Ac. L. C. 1818, p. 805; Mon., 1., 152 ; Hal.,

Ent. Mag., iv., 52.

Antenne much longer than the head and thorax, more than 12-

jointed; abdomen more oblong than in Chremylus; segment 1

formed as in Bracon, with an oblong medial seutum and mem-

branaceous margins; suturiform articulation superficial ; segment

2 twice as long as 8, with two longitudinal impressions near the

sides, arcuate, and approximating towards the base; hind margins

of the segments somewhat elevated; segments 4—6 equal, 7—8

minute ; radius originating beyond the middle of the stigma; 2d

cubital areolet with its inner hinder angle much produced, this

angle receives the evected recurrent nervure ; pobrachial areolet of

the hind wings as in Chremylus.

1. Hormius moniliatus, Nees. (Pl. II., fig. 3).

Hormius moniliatus, Nees, Mon., 1., 158, 2; Hale

Ent. Mag., iv., 52, ¢ @; Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac.

Brux., 1888, p. 67, pl., f. 6 (wing), ? ; S. v. Voll.,

Schets., il., tab. 5.

H. piciventris, Wesm., lib. cit., p. 68, $ &-

Metathorax and scutum of the 1st abdominal segment black, the

rest of the body variable in colour, black, red, or testaceous ;

antenne g longer, of the 2 rather shorter, than the body ; wings

yellowish hyaline, often with an indeterminate dusky medial

stripe from the base to the apex; stigma generally yellow; terebra

? exserted, short. Length, 1—1;; wings, 2—2$ lines.

Variable in colour, in the length, and number of joints, of the

antenne, and in the rugosity of the 1st segment, which is graduated

in different specimens until finally it appears almost smooth. I

am unable to find any real difference between Wesmael’s piciventris

and the radical species, and they are here united, in accordance

with the opinion of Haliday. The abdomen in British examples

is testaceous, more or less pitchy, and with the lateral margins

darker; the legs are testaceous, with more or less infuscated

femora, the tips of the tarsi hardly darker.

78 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Var.1. Head, thorax, and antenne, black 9; antenne ¢ testa-

ceous at the base.

Var. 2. Head and thorax ferruginous varied with black; antennz

fuscous.

Var. 3. Head and thorax ferruginous; antenne testaceous,

darker at the base and apex.

Var. 4. Stigma fuscous.

Antenne @ 17—22-jointed; thorax smooth, shining; meso-

thoracic sutures meeting in a rugulose depression; at the base of

the scutellum is a bipartite rugulose foveola; metathorax reticulato-

rugulose, with or without two carine indicating the medial area

between the two dorsal; abdomen regularly ovate, depressed,

pellucid (the ova, according to Nees, being visible in life, strung

into a series posteriorly towards the oviduct); segment 1 trans-

verse, the membranaceous edges depressed, scutum oblong,

rectangular, more or less rugulose, or even smooth ; terebra one-

fourth or one-sixth the length of the abdomen. The g is much

smaller, with 24—25-jointed antenne.

Abundant at the roots of rushes on the sand-hills at

Freshwater Bay, Pembrokeshire ; most of these belong

to the dark varieties (piciventris, Wesm.). Found in

moss at the roots of trees, or shaken out of furze and

dead leaves in spring; St. Albans, Maldon, Worcester,

Headley Lane, &c. Bred by Brischke from Tortrix

corylana, Fab. Cocoons thin, white, cylindrical, attached

together by threads of silk.

IX. RHOGADIDES.

Head transverse, occiput margined; mandibles bifid; maxillary

palpi 6-, labial 4-jointed; abdomen sessile, segments 1—8 largest,

sculptured, thyridia of the 2d and 8d visible; three cubital areolets,

the 2d rectangular (in Clinocentrus and Pelecystoma, trapezoidal) ;

recurrent nervure rejected; pobrachial areolet longer than the

prebrachial; anal nervure not interstitial ; terebra subexserted (in

Clinocentrus and Pelecystoma, exserted).

The insects of this very natural division are of large

or moderate size, and robust structure, with elongate

antenne and abdomen; their integuments are hard,

and more or less covered with rugulosities or punctures ;

their colours are black, testaceous, and rufous, the last

appearing chiefly in bands upon the abdomen, or alter-

nating with black upon the head and thorax of the

typical Rhogades. They are parasites of lepidopterous

larve.

British Braconide. 79

The genus Rhogas, Nees, was divided by him into

three sections (Act. Ac. L. C., 1818, p. 806), comprising

very dissimilar insects. The first and third sections

have the clypeus contiguous to the mandibles, the former

being co-extensive with the Macrocentrides, and the latter

(Ademon, Hal.) agreeing better with the Opiides, accord-

ing to the views of Wesmael and Reinhard; but it was

placed by Haliday between Rhogas and Clinocentrus.

The second section, ‘‘ Species genuine ”’ of Nees, has

been subdivided into five genera, all of which are British,

and may be synoptically represented as follows :—

4) 1. Suturiform articulation obsolete.

(3) 2. Second cubital areolet rectangular; abdomen

longer than the head and thorax, of the 9

strongly compressed from the 2d segment ;

terebra subexserted .. is Be .. ii. PETALODES.

(2) 3. Second cubital areolet trapeziform; abdomen

not longer than the head and thorax, of the

9 only subcompressed at the apex; terebra

considerably exserted :

(1) 4. Suturiform articulation distinct, crenulate.

. Third joint of the maxillary palpi dilated in-

ternally, securiform ; terebra exserted .. lil. PELECYSTOMA.

(5) 6. Third joint of the maxillary palpi simple;

terebra subexserted.

(8) 7. First abscissa of the radius longer than the

second; inthe ¢, segments 4 and following

retracted and concealed beneath the 8d .. iv. HeTrrocamus.

(7) 8. First abscissa of the radius shorter than the

second ; inthe 9, segments 4and following

not retracted and concealed beneath the 3d_ v. Ruoaas.

i. CLINOCENTRUS.

i. Curnocentrus, Hal.

Hal., Ent. Mag., i., 266 (1833) ; iv., 94.

Abdomen @ oblong-ovate, not longer than the head and thorax,

convex above and subcompressed at the apex, segments 1—8 sub-

equal, occupying about % of the total length, the rest being very

short ; spiracles of the Ist segment medial; suturiform articulation

obsolete; sides of the mesothorax impressed with a deep furrow ;

1st cubital areolet hexagonal, one of its shortest sides, the lower,

always decolorous, the rejected transverse nervure falls exactly on

the inner end of this side; 2d cubital areolet trapeziform ; terebra

13 the length of the abdomen. Abdomen g more linear, de-

pressed, segments 1—3 occupying about 3 of its length.

This genus is intermediate between the HLwothecides

and the true Rhogadides, showing affinity to the former

80 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

in the exsertion of the terebra, the obsolete suturiform

articulation, and the trapezoidal shape of the 2d cubital

areolet. Wesmael described three species, forming the

last section of his Hxothecus, all of which appear to be

British, and, with the exception of exsertor, Nees, identical

with those established by Haliday.

1. Hind femora tipped with black .. .. 38. exsertor, Nees.

) 2. Hind femora entirely testaceous. ;

(4) 3. Stigma testaceous, darker at the outer angle 4. cunctator, Hal.

) 4

. Stigma fuscous, the inner angle testaceous ;

in one case wholly fuscous.

5. Segment 3 dull, minutely aciculated .. 1. excubitor, Hal.

(5) 6. Segment 3 shining, smooth, or nearly so.

(8) 7. Stigma J fuscous, unicolorous; terebra ?

as long as 3 abdomen te ae .. 5. vestigator, Hal.

(7) 8. Stigma ¢g bicolorous; terebra ? as longas

4 abdomen .. ec St 3¢ .. 2. umbratilis, Hal.

1. Clinocentrus excubitor, Hal.

Clinocentrus excubitor, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 94, 3 2;

(?).8. v. Voll., Schets., i1., tab. 5.

Exothecus marginellus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 86, 2.

Black; mouth, orbits, mesothorax beneath, legs, and a line

before the wings, testaceous; abdominal segments 1—3 longi-

tudinally rugulose ; segment 1 obconic ; stigma bicolorous; terebra

? as long asthe abdomen. Length, 2—2%; wings, 44—52 lines.

Clypeus testaceous, palpi paler; antenne as long as the body,

383—386-jointed (35- in my specimen), black, joint 1 beneath, and 2

at the apex, testaceous ; metathorax not areated, rugose; abdomen

hardly longer than the thorax, obovate, segments 1—2 longi-

tudinally rugulose, with punctulate interstices, 3 more finely

sculptured, nearly smooth at the apical angles, the hind margin

narrowly testaceous ; the other segments smooth, almost entirely

retracted beneath the 8d, with similar pale margins; segment 1

almost twice as wide at the apex as at the base, shorter than twic

its apical width, with a medial carina which is bifurcate at the

base; wings hyaline, stigma fuscous, its inner half testaceous, ?.

The ¢ has the suturiform articulation more completely effaced, the

abdomen narrower, and sometimes a rufescent patch on the meso-

thorax.

Taken by Haliday in woods, England and Ireland; by

me near Barnstaple. Wesmael found a ? at Charleroi.

British Braconide. 81

According to Van Vollenhoven, four males and five

females were bred from the pupe of Noctua ditrapeziun,

Bork.

2. Clinocentrus wmbratilis, Hal.

Clinocentrus umbratilis, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 95, ?.

Black; face, orbits, sometimes the base of the antennex, pro-

thorax, pectus, disk of the mesothorax more or less, legs with their

coxe, and 3d abdominal segment more or less, testaceous ; stem-

maticum and claws black. Wings hyaline, stigma bicolorous.

Segments 1—2 rimulose, faintly carinated in the middle, 1 almost

linear, 3 and following smooth, 3 slightly punctulate in the ?.

Terebra as long as + the abdomen. ¢ 9. Length, 23; wings,

5 lines.

Like exewbitor in sculpture, but the abdomen is longer and

narrower: segment 1 hardly attenuated at the base, more than

twice as long as its apical width; 1—2 striolated, 3 vaguely punctu-

late in the 9, the punctures disposed in minute irregular striole,

which towards the sides divaricate transversely ; extreme lateral

margins rufescent ; in the J the 3d segment is smooth, and nearly

all testaceous, except the fore and hind margins. Abdomen some-

what nigro-fuscous; belly testaceous. Antenne g 30-jointed.

Scutellum (in one specimen) testaceous.

The ?, which I have not seen, was taken by Haliday

with excubitor and cunctator. I found one 3 at Govilon,

near Abergavenny, and another in the New Forest,

in May.

3. Clinocentrus exsertor, Nees. (Pl. IIL., fig. 4).

Rogas exsertor, Nees, Mon., 1., 207, 2.

Exothecus exsertor, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 87, ¢ 2, pl., fig. 10 (wing).

Bracon orbitator, Nees, Mon., 1., 91, 2.

Black ; mouth, orbits, mesothorax before the scutellum, 3d abdo-

minal segment, and legs, rufo-testaceous; hind femora (sometimes

also the intermediate pair) black at the apex; segments 1—2 and

part of 8, rugulose; stigma bicolorous; terebra nearly as long as

the abdomen. g ?. Length, 13—2; wings, 3{—4} lines.

Variable in the extent of the testaceous markings; orbits and

metathorax often wholly black ; 38d abdominal segment rufo-testa-

ceous only at the sides, or the abdomen is entirely black; the

intermediate femora not always black at the apex.

Antenne 9 as long as the body, 831—386-jointed (84- in my speci-

men), joints 1—2 sometimes testaceous at the base; metathorax

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PART I. (APRIL.) G

82 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

rugulose, the medial area more or less distinct ; 1st abdominal

segment with a medial carina bifureate at the base, longitudinally

striolate, like the 2d; segment 3 more or less testaceous, more finely

striolate, posteriorly smooth, the striole have a tendency to di-

varicate from the medial line and become transverse; the re-

maining segments smooth, extreme apex of the abdomen rufescent;

the hind femora at least are always tipped with black, by which

the species may be known. The ¢ has also 34-jointed antennez in

my specimens, longer than the body; the rugulosity of the 3d

segment is more pronounced, and straight; in one example the

hind cox are infuscated.

Neither wmbratilis nor vestigator, Hal., can be this

species, as their hind femora are concolorous, a reason

which Haliday himself gives (Ent. Mag., iv., 96) for not

uniting wmbratilis and exsertor. E

Not uncommon near St. Albans; I have five males

and one female from that neighbourhood, and a ? taken

in Darenth Wood. Elisha bred a dark ¢ from Hedya

neglectana, Dup., on July 31st.

4. Clinocentrus cunctator, Hal.

Clinocentrus cunctator, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 95, 3°.

Exothecus analis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838,

PSO; 6 72

Black; mouth, orbits, markings of the thorax in front, abdomen .

at the apex, and legs, testaceous; abdomen striolate at the base,

segment 1 obconic; terebra } the length of the abdomen. 2.

Length, 14—2; wings, 3—4} lines.

Like excwbitor, Hal., differing principally in the sculpture of the

abdomen; segments 1—2 somewhat shining, finely striolated, the

interstices impunctate; the other segments dull testaceous, or

infuscated, 3d minutely aciculated transversely, the following

almost smooth; belly pale testaceous; head testaceous, face

beneath the antennie, middle of the vertex, and rim of the occiput,

fuscous; thorax in front, at the sides, and beneath, testaceous, on

the disk are three confluent fuscous patches; metathorax black,

punctato-reticulate, without are; legs pale testaceous; wings

hyaline, stigma pale testaceous, fuscous at the apex. The ¢ differs

in having the posterior abdominal segments less abbreviated and

more broadly smooth; the exterior nervures of the wings are

sometimes incrassated; antenne (in one specimen) 28-jointed.

Antenne 92 80-jointed, as long as the body, blackish above,

ferruginous beneath, joints 1—2 testaceous ; prothorax testaceous

British Braconide. 83

beneath; mesothorax with two longitudinal testaceous lines dilated

behind and uniting near the middle of the disk, curved outwards

in front and bordering the prothorax to the insertion of the wings ;

3d abdominal segment testaceous, blackish at the sides and apex ;

the remaining segments, and belly, testaceous; terebra nearly as

long as the abdomen. In the ¢ described by Wesmael the testa-

ceous dorsal lines of the mesothorax were indistinct, and segments

4—5 blackish.

Not common ; Haliday took his specimens in woods

in the West of Ireland ; I found a 3 near Abergavenny

in May; and Wesmael possessed a male and two females

captured near Brussels.

5. Clinocentrus vestigator, Hal.

Clinocentrus vestigator, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 95, 3 2.

Black ; antennz at the base, mouth, orbits, and legs, testaceous;

abdomen rugulose at the base; stigma of the $ entirely fuscous ;

terebra 2? } the length of the abdomen. Length, 1}—2; wings,

3—4 lines.

Shorter than the preceding species, metathorax more coarsely

rugose; antenne 27-jointed; abdomen shorter, ovate, segments

1—2, and sometimes 3 at the base, rugulose, the rest smooth,

nigro-piceous; terebra less than half as long as in the other

species, stouter, subclavate; wings hyaline, stigma somewhat

larger, fuscous, pale at the base, in the § wholly nigro-fuscous, or

with a small testaceous basal streak.

Var. 1. Third abdominal segment testaceous at the sides, fuscous

in the middle.

Var. 2, 9. Apex of the scutellum fuscous.

Var. 8, ¢. More finely sculptured; head black, face pale

testaceous.

Inhabits England and Iveland. Not common. I have

a & of this species, taken at Nunton, near Salisbury.

uu. Preranoprs, Wesm.

Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838, p. 123; Reinh.,

Berl. ent. Zeit., 1865, p. 248.

Suturiform articulation obsolete ; 2d cubital areolet rectangular;

abdomen sublinear, of the § depressed, of the ? strongly com-

pressed from segment 2 to the apex, longer than the head and

thorax ; terebra subexserted.

84 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

1. Petalodes wnicolor, Wesm. (PI. IIL., fig. 5).

Petalodes unicolor, Wesm., l.c., 2, pl., fig. 14 (wing) ;

Remih., 1. c, S225 ove W Olle ceinacy,y ples Venntene’

(with details of @ abdomen and antenna).

Rogas compressor, Schaff., F. G., 156.

Testaceous ; stemmaticum, a patch on the metathorax, and the

antenne towards the apex, fuscous; valves of the terebra and tips

of the tarsi black; wings subhyaline, stigma yellow, nervures pale

fuscous. ¢ ?. Length, 2i—3; wings 9, 44 lines.

Antenne ? 32-jointed, in two specimens (36-jointed in the one

described by Wesmael), much shorter than the body; front with a

geminated fovea above the antenne; thorax compressed ; meso-

thorax flat on the disk, truncated in front of the ante-scutellar

erenate fovea, the sutures subobsolete; head and thorax granu-

lated, not shining; a smooth space on each side of the scutellum ;

metathorax carinated, villose; abdomen % longer than the head

and thorax, segment 1 rectangular, 23 times as long as its width,

striolated, with narrow, raised, smooth margins, finely carinated

from the base to beyond the middle; segment 2 equal and similar,

except that here begins the lateral compression of the abdomen ;

8 shorter, narrower, more compressed, striolated at the base,

smooth at the apex, as are the following segments, which present

a subcultriform edge above, and successively diminish in length;

suturiform articulation nearly effaced ; belly similarly compressed ;

valves of the terebra flattened, punctulate, scarcely surpassing the

anus. Antenne 3 as long as the body, 42-jointed; abdomen

somewhat longer than the head and thorax, parallel at the sides to

the end of segment 4, depressed, thence to the apex more convex,

and narrower.

The ? is easily distinguished by the elongate com-

pressed abdomen ; the g¢ resembles some of the pale

species of Rhogas, but may be known by the obsolete

suturiform articulation, and the shape of the abdomen,

the sides of which are parallel near the base.

This species has the same habits as Rhogas, attacking

young larve, and undergoing its transformations inside

their dried bodies. A dozen or more males and females

were bred in this manner from larve of Pyg@ra pigra,

Hufn., taken by Norgate in the New Forest. These

larve perished after attaining the length of about

4 lines, and one Petalodes emerged from each through a

hole in the posterior dorsal segments of the hardened

British Braconidae. 85

skin. At Vienna this parasite has been reared by Giraud

from Heterogenea limacodes, Hutfn.

ill. PrLecystoma, Wesm.

Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1888 p. 91.

Third joint of the maxillary palpi dilated internally, securiform ;

suturiform articulation distinct, crenulate; 3 cubital areolets, the

2d trapeziform; recurrent nervure interstitial ; pobrachial areolet

longer than the prebrachial; anal nervure not interstitial; terebra

? exserted. This genus approaches Rhogas and Heterogamus

more nearly than any of the preceding, but differs in the unique

structure of the maxillary palpi, the exserted terebra, and the 2d

cubital areolet, which is not exactly rectangular.

1. Pelecystoma lutea, Nees. (Pl. IIL., figs. 6, 6a).

Rogas luteus, Nees, Mon., 1., 218 (excel. synon.) ;

Schaff., F. G., 156, 9.

Pelecystoma luteum, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1888, p. 92, pl., fig. 12 (wing); Reinh., Berl. ent.

Zeit., 1865, p. 244, ¢ 2; 8.v. Voll., Pinac., pl. iv.,

f. 1 (with details of maxillary palpus and antenna).

Bracon luteus, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., ii., 86, 3 2.

Testaceous ; antenn fuscous, except at the base, 2d joint much

shorter than the 1st; stemmaticum, mandibles at the apex, and

tips of the tarsi, black; abdominal segments 1—4 rugulose; tere-

bra ? hardly equal to}of the abdomen. ¢ 9. Length, 83—4;

wings, 63 lines.

Antenne 9 somewhat longer than the body, 53-jointed in one

British specimen ; mesothorax very convex, sutures distinct, sides

smooth, with an impressed line; metathorax rugose; Ist abdo-

minal segment with a bifurcate carina from the base to the middle ;

wings hyaline, stigma and nervures testaceous, 1st intercubital

transverse nervure somewhat oblique. The ¢ is similar.

The right of this species to be considered British is

established by two females, one mutilated, in Fitch’s

collection; this was bred by Sang from a doubtful

Geometer feeding on fir, Hllopia prosapiaria, L., Thera

Jirmata, Hub., or variata, Schiff. The other from Hetero-

genea limacodes, Hufn., by Raynor on June 22nd. Reissig

and Goureau have both reared it on the Continent from

this host. Wesmael describes also P. tricolor, not yet

known as British, having the first two joints of the

antennee equal, and the abdomen fuscous in the middle,

which Giraud has likewise obtained out of Heterogenea.

86 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

iv. Heterocamus, Wesm.

Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838, p. 120.

This genus is not of equal value with the other genera

of the present subfamily. It was made a subsection of

Rhogas by both Haliday and Wesmael, differing only

from that genus as follows :—

Second cubital areolet so narrow that the 1st abscissa of the

radius is made longer than the 2d; abdomen of the 2 dilated from

the base to the apex of the 3d segment, with rectilinear sides; 4th

and following segments retracted under the 3d, only the extreme

apex protruding; in the g, however, the 4th segment is half as

long as the 3d, and the 5th and following retracted; the antenne

of the ? are ringed with white (as in no other British Braconid,

unless Helcon annulicornis, Nees, be indigenous) ; those of the $

are more slender in proportion (remarks Haliday) than the antenne

of any other Ichneumonideous insect.

1. Heterogamus dispar, Cur. (PI. IV., figs. 1, 2).

Rogas dispar, Cur., B. E.., dxii.; Hal., Ent. Mag., iv.,

1OB;5 OV Sev. Volliss Pinge, upl. vive me omaoe

with details of antenna).

Heterogamus crypticornis, Wesra., Nouv. Mem. Ac.

Brux., 1838, p.120, 3 32).

?. Rufo-testaceous, granulated; thorax more or less, and apex

of the abdomen, fuscous; antenne stout, tricolorous; fore wings

cinereous, hind wings hyaline. ¢ testaceous; thorax more or less,

and abdomen at the apex, fuscescent ; antenne very slender ; wings

hyaline. § @. Stigma bicolorous. Length, 23; wings, 43 lines.

9. Variable in colour; testaceous, with the vertex and occiput

fuscous, or with the head, thorax, and abdominal segments after

the 2d, blackish ; antennz 89—40-jointed, testaceous for } of their

length, then fuscous, then white, afterwards fuscous to the apex ;

the white ring occupies 5—7 articulations; palpi, trochanters, and

anterior cox, whitish ; mesothoracie sutures effaced; metathorax

rugulose, elongate, cylindrical, truncate and bidenticulate at the

apex ; abdominal segments 1—2 punctato-rugulose, longitudinally

carinated; segment 8 thickly punctulate; legs slender, femora

often fuscous at the apex; stigma fuscous, yellow at the base; a

white streak or spot in the Ist cubital areolet, and the portion of

the cubital forming its lowest side effaced by another white streak.

3. Antenne 42—43-jointed, fuscous, the two first joints testa-

ceous ; variable in colour, the vertex, occiput, sides of the meso-

British Braconide. 87

and metathorax, segment 1 at the base, 3 at the apex, and all the

following, are liable to be black or infuscated; the segments after

the 4th are always so; metathorax not bidenticulate.

Found in fir-woods in autumn, but not common.

Taken by Haliday in Ireland and Scotland ; in England

by Curtis and Dale. I have captured the 2 at Birch

Wood, and among larches at Lidford, near Dartmoor,

anda ¢ at Niton, Isle of Wight. Bridgman has taken

the ? at Norwich.

v. Ruocas, Nees.

Nees, Act. Ac. L. C., 1818, p. 306.

Third joint of the maxillary palpi simple. Abdomen linear or

somewhat obovate, sessile; suturiform articulation distinct, crenu-

late; segments 1—3 subequal, longitudinally carinated in the

middle, rugulose or aciculated ; the remainder very short, but not

retracted or concealed beneath the 3d. First cubital areolet

receiving the recurrent nervure much before its apex; Ist abscissa

of the radius shorter than the 2nd; pobrachial areolet longer than

the prebrachial, and therefore the podiscoidal shorter than the

prediscoidal. Anal nervure not interstitial. Terebra subexserted.

The insects of this genus manifest a peculiar economy.

They are solitary parasites of young lepidopterous larve,

the bodies of which they do not quit at the time of pupa-

tion, but make their cocoons inside, protected by the in-

durated skins of the victims. The perfect hogas ulti-

mately escapes through a hole bored in the posterior

dorsal segments of the caterpillar. These facts, now

well established, render improbable the account given by

S. v. Vollenhoven of the production of R. circumscriptus,

Nees, from a Lophyrus cocoon. And Brischke’s remark

on the breeding of another species from a Nematus is

perhaps also erroneous. Whatever progress in the

knowledge of this genus has been made since the

writings of Haliday and Wesmael, is due to Reinhard’s

paper in the ‘ Berliner ent. Zeitschrift,’ which has been

here followed as closely as possible. Of the seven British

species described by Haliday, only three (gasterator,

geniculator, bicolor) retain the names which he assigned

to them ; while out of eight which he indicated as conti-

nental (Ent. Mag., iv., 104) four are now known to be

indigenous. &. irregularis, tristis, armatus, vittiger,

nigricornis, and dimidiatus are here added to the British

list. On the other hand, testaceus has been rejected, for

88 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

reasons which will be stated hereafter. The instability

of the colours renders the determination of the species

difficult, and their exhibition in a tabular form still

more so.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

(16) 1. Legs rufous; ground colour of the body

black, with or without rufous mark-

ings. In other words, the pale por-

tions of the body (if any) are rufous,

not testaceous.

(3) 2. Podiscoidal areolet only 3 as long as

the prediscoidal .. ae 2. reticulator, Nees.

(2) 8. Podiscoidal areolet 3—3 as long as ine

prediscoidal.

(11) 4. Fourthabdominal segment shining, not

margined beneath at the sides.

6) 5. Antenne 60-jointed .. ac =. J. dissecior, Nees:

. Antenne with fewer than 60 joints.

8) 7. Palpi testaceous; hind tibize yew

with black tips ne 3. irregularis, Wesm.

(7) 8. Palpi fuscous; hind tibize ato “itt

black tips; (in gasterator g, yel-

lowish at the base).

(10) 9. Mesopleurze with a rugose dull fovea ;

antenne 9 not more than canes

shorter than the body Oc .. 4. dimidiatus, Spin.

(9) 10. Mesopleurz with a punctate anne

fovea; antenne © 54-jointed, as

long asthe body .. as .. 5. gasterator, Jur.

(4) 11. Fourth abdominal segment (like the 3

preceding) dull, margined beneath at

the sides.

(13) 12. Segment 1 distinctly longer than 2,

contracted at the base ; bade elon-

gate, slender .. se .. 7%. tristis, Wesm.

(12) 13. Segment 1 scarcely longer fie 2,

hardly contracted at the base ; body

short, stout.

(15) 14. Antennz 48—52-jointed a .. 6. geniculator, Nees.

(14) 15. Antenne 37—40-jointed are .. 8. bicolor, Spin.

(1) 16. Legs testaceous ; ground colour of the

body testaceous, more or less varied

with black. In other words, the pale

portions of the body (if any) are tes-

taceous, not rufous.

(18) 17. Antenne 35—40-jointed es .. 10. circumscriptus, Nees.

(17) 18. Antenne with more than 40 joints.

(20) 19. Black species (not variable), with a

testaceous spot on the hae ey

belly black .. $c . 9. nigricornis, Wesm.

(19) 20. Testaceous species, with some EE

black or fuscous; belly pale.

—_~ ~~ ~

Or >

—

for)

British Braconide. 89

(22) 21. Head and mesothorax testaceous, im-

maculate ; stigma yellow, sometimes

fuscous at the apex .. AG .. 12. armatus, Wesm.

(21) 22. Head and mesothorax more or less

black; stigma fuscous, with a pale

spot at the base ors Sic .. 11. vittiger, Wesm.

1. Rhogas dissector, Nees.

Rogas dissector, Nees, Mon., i., 208, ¢; Reinh., Berl.

ent. Zeit., 1868, p. 252, ¢ °; S. v. Voll., Pinac.,

Plev., tigs4.

R. rugulosus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 97, ¢ 2 (nec Nees).

Black, mouth and legs rufous, the latter stouter than in the other

British species; hind tibiew pale, broadly black at the apex; hind

tarsi black. Mesopleure smooth and shining, rugose above, thinly

punctulate on the hinder margin. Abdomen attenuated at the

base, ruguloso-punctate. Second cubital areolet about twice as

broad as its length; 1st intercubital nervure oblique. $ @. Length,

3j—33; wings, 5$—7 lin.

Antenne somewhat longer than the body, black, about 60—64-

jointed, a number reached by no other British species. Face

transversely rugose. Mandibles rufous; palpifuscous or rufescent.

Mesopleure often with a longitudinal rufous stripe. Metathorax

flattened, ruguloso-punctulate, with a medial carina. Abdomen

narrower than in the other species, gradually widening to the end

of the 8d segment; segments 1—2, and 3 at the base, rugulose,

the rest smooth and shining ; segment 1 at the apex twice as broad

as its base; segment 2 as long as its basal breadth. Abdomen of

the @ somewhat compressed at the apex; terebra very short.

Wings ample; 2d cubital areolet as long as the podiscoidal; stigma

more attenuated than usual at the apex; radial areolet narrow.

Coxe rufous ; hind femora subinfuscated at the apex.

Var. a. Abdomen wholly black.

Var. 8. Segment 1 at the apex more or less, and 2 entirely,

piceous.

Var. y. Segments 1—2 bright rufous.

I have not seen this species, which, according to

Haliday, is not rare in Ireland, frequenting umbelliferous

flowers in autumn. In Reinhard’s table it is ranked

among species with the abdomen wholly black, which,

considering the varieties mentioned by Nees and Haliday,

may sometimes lead to difficulty. The true rugulosus,

Nees, has not yet been identified in England; it has

been bred by Brischke from Acronycta euphorbie, Fab.,

and A. abscondita, Tr.

90 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

2. Rhogas reticulator, Nees.

Bracon gasterator, varr. 1, 2, Spin., Ins. Lig., i., 121

(nec Jurine).

Rogas reticulator, Nees, Mon., i., 211; Reinh., Berl.

ent. Zeit., 1868, p. 260, ¢ 2; 8S. v. Voll., Pinac.,

pleiv., fig. 5.

R. nobilis, Cur., B. H., 512; Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 98.

Black, mandibles, and abdominal segments 1, 2, and 8 at the

base, rufous; legs variable. Mesopleure smooth and shining,

rugose above. Abdomen hardly narrowed at the base, rather

short ; segment 1 not longer than its apical breadth, 2 transverse,

both striato-rugose; 3 striolated at the base, very smooth and

shining at the apex, like the 4th and following, which in the $ are

covered with adpressed yellowish hairs, the middle and the apical

margin being glabrous. Podiscoidal areolet only 3 as long as the

prediscoidal, by which the species may be distinguished from

every other. Second cubital areolet subquadrate. § 2. Length,

21; wings, 5 lin. .

Antenne as long as the body, about 50-jointed; palpi black,

seldom testaceous. Mesothorax sparingly punctate, more shining

than.in the other species. Mesopleure sometimes obsoletely im-

pressed with a longitudinal rugose fovea. The hair of the g is

often worn away; the ? exhibits only a thin pubescence.

Var.a. Legs black, Ist pair of knees and tibie fuscous.

Var. 6. Legs rufous, coxe of the Ist, or 1st and 2d pairs,

knees of the 2d and 8d, tibie of the 8d, and all the tarsi, black.

This is described by Nees as the typical form.

Var. y. Antenne at the base beneath, and legs, rufous ; femora

and tibie of the 3d pair, and all the tarsi, black at the apex.

R. nobilis, Cur.

This and the preceding are the only species I have not

seen; both occur in Holland; and Reinhard gives the

distribution of reticulator from England to Syracuse.

Taken by Haliday in Ireland, near Holywood, Belfast, 3 ;

and by Dale at Monk’s Wood, near Cambridge.

3. Rhogas irregularis, Wesm. (Pl. IV., fig. 3).

Aleiodes irregularis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

L838,-p.L0l; oh.

Rogas irregularis, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1868, p. 260,

3 2; 8. v. Voll, Pinac., pl ive. de (head):

Black; palpi testaceous; mandibles, abdominal segments 1 at

the apex, 2 entirely, and 8 at the base, rufous; 8d pair of tibie

British Braconidae. 91

pale yellow, their apex and tarsi, as well as the last joint of the

other tarsi, black; 3d and following abdominal segments very

shining ; spurs of the 3d pair of tibie stout, blunt. ¢ 2. Length,

38—3}; wings, 6—6} lin.

Antenne g§ 55—57-, ? 52—64-jointed, as long as the body, or

longer. Mesopleure shining, minutely punctulate, rugose under

the wings, and with a rugose fovea below. Abdomen elongate, in

the somewhat compressed at the apex, terebra subexserted ;

segments 1—2 rugulose, carinated, 3 rugulose at the base. Second

cubital areolet transverse, a little shorter than the podiscoidal ;

stigma blackish.

Var. a. First abdominal segment wholly rufous, or with a

single black spot.

This species may be recognised by the yellow hind

tibie, tipped with black, and the very shining apex of

the abdomen. The ¢ of gasterator has the base of the

hind tibiew narrowly and indistinctly yellowish, but the

rest is rufous.

Appears to be not uncommon, yet has hitherto escaped

notice. Bridgman has taken eight males and six females

in Norfolk, in May and June; I have a pair in bad con-

dition found near Leicester; taken by Fitch at Maldon

and Harwood at Colchester; W. H. B. Fletcher bred a

pair from Hadena unaninis, Tr.

4. Rhogas dimidiatus, Spin.

Bracon dimidiatus, Spin., Ins. Lig., i1., 125, ¢ .

Rogas dimidiatus, Nees, Mon., i., 214, 9; Reinh.,

Berl. ent. Zeit., 1863, p. 257, ¢ 2; 8. v. Voll.,

Pinaie-apleav tO:

Aleiodes nigripalpis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

LSESs Pa Qs

A. brevicornis, Wesm., lib. cit., p. 98, 2.

Rogas ruficornis, Schaff., F. G., clvi., 10, 2.

Male. Black; mandibles, abdominal segments 1—2, base of 3,

and legs, rufous; coxe (or only the 1st pair), lst joint of the

trochanters, 3d pair of femora and tibie at the apex, with their

tarsi, black. Antenne as long as the body, about 52-jointed, black,

rarely rufous at the base. Wings subinfuscated, scarcely extending

beyond the apex of the abdomen.

Female. Rufous; palpi, gene, apex of the antenne, pectus,

metathorax, 3d and following abdominal segments, and apex of the

8d pair of femora, black, their tarsi fuscous. Antenne rather

stout, distinctly shorter than the body, 87—40-jointed (in my

92 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

specimen 45-jointed), rufous on the basal half of the flagellum.

Terebra hardly visible. Wings short, as in the g, somewhat

darker, with a hyaline stripe. Length, 24—38; wings, 43 lin.

3 2. Mandibles rufous, palpi black; eyes small and not very

prominent, whereby the vertex behind them appears scarcely

narrowed, and the inferior margin of the eyes is above the upper

margin of the oral aperture. Mesopleure punctate, somewhat

shining, rugose under the wings, with a dull rugose fovea below.

Abdomen short and stout, segments 1—2 striato-rugose, 3d at the

apex, and all the following, smooth and shining ; segment 1 some-

times with a basal black spot, not longer than its apical breadth,

very slightly narrowed at the base; 2d transverse; 3d and following

with very fine scattered hairs. Second cubital areolet transverse,

a little shorter than the podiscoidal.

Var. a. A facial spot, base of the antenne, mesothoracic sutures,

scutellum, and two spots on the metathorax, rufous. ¢.

Var. 6. Head and thorax more or less fuseous or black; man-

dibles rufous. ¢.

? Var. y. Metathorax rufous.

I have a # taken at Niton, Isle of Wight, another

from the Pyrenees, and a @ from Darenth Wood. The

last has the metathorax rufous; the antenne are not

quite as long as the body, 45-jointed; the infuscated

wings, and the tarsi, are shorter than in gasterator, to

which I should otherwise have referred this specimen.

R. dimidiatus is widely diffused in Europe, from the

Baltic to the Mediterranean ; its occurrence in England

is therefore nothing remarkable. Giraud records it as a

parasite of Bombyx quercus, L., and Nemeophila russula,

L. The Vienna Museum contains a specimen of var. 8.

(head and thorax black) bred from Caradrina alsines,

Brahm (Berl. Ent. Zeit., 1865, p. 248).

5. Rhogas gasterator, Jurine.

Bracon gasterator, Jur., Hym., pl. vili., Gen. 3, 2,

ant., mand. (nec Spin.).

Rogas gasterator, Nees, Mon., 1., 212, ¢ 9; Hal., Ent.

Mag., iv., 99 2 (not the ¢); Reinh., Berl. ent.

Zeit., 1868, p. 259, 3 2.

Colours as in the preceding, but the hind tibie of the ¢ are

yellowish at the base. Eyes large; vertex a little narrowed pos-

teriorly. Antenne g ? as long as the body, of the g 53—58-

jointed; in the 2 the base of the flagellum is rufous. Meso-

pleure with a smooth subobsolete fovea. Length, 3—8}; wings,

53—53 lin.

British Braconide. 93

The ? may be separated from that of dimidiatus by

the much longer antenne and wings. The ¢ is more

difficult to distinguish. Reinhard, after remarking that

the identity of the sexes brought together under this

species is not free from doubt, discriminates the ¢ of

gasterator as folows:—The eyes are larger than in

dimidiatus, and their inferior margin is situated lower

down than the upper margin of the oral cavity; they

are also more prominent laterally, causing the vertex to

appear somewhat narrowed behind. The mesopleure

are more shining, much more sparingly punctate ; the

longitudinal furrow is very faintly impressed and entirely

smooth, or it is indicated by a small hardly shining fold.

The antenne are usually black. Those of the @ are

dull rufous from the base of the 8d joint to about the

middle. The wings are distinctly longer than the abdo-

men, and subhyaline; the neuration agrees with that of

dimidiatus. The palpi are fuscous, paler at the tips.

I possess two males with 54-jointed antenne, taken near

Abergavenny in June, and four from an osier-bed at

Nunton, Wilts, whose antenne are 53-, 55-, 56-, and 58-

jointed; but the ? is unknown to me.

6. Rhogas geniculator, Nees.

Bracon rugulosus, var. 6, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1811,

(Opba Keb

Rogas geniculator, Nees, Mon., i., 211, ¢; Hal., Ent.

Mag., iv., 99, ¢; Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1863,

De 2625S ave

Aleiodes geniculator, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 118, 3 ¢, pl., fig. 13 (wing); Ratz.,

Ichn. d. Forst., ili., 84, ¢ 2.

Rogas signatus, Nees, Mon., 1., 210, 3.

R. annulipes, Schaff., F. G., elvi., 8.

R. alternator, Nees, Mon., i., 218, ¢; Hal., Ent. Mag.,

iv., 100.

Aleiodes alternator, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

IRcGyoye ue 1M ES Sees

Rogas balteatus, Cur., B. E., pl. dxii., 3.

Variable; black, orbits behind, abdominal segments 1—2, 3 at

the base, and legs, rufous; femora and tibiw (except the Ist pair)

generally tipped with black. Mesopleurx obscure, rugulose above,

and more coarsely sculptured in the wide longitudinal fovea; a

small space behind, next to the metathorax, smooth and shining.

94 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Abdomen hardly narrowed at the base, segments 1—4 margined at

the sides underneath; segment 1 rather longer than its apical

breadth ; 2 transverse ; 4 and the following punctato-rugulose, not

shining. Abdomen of the 9 subcompressed at the apex; terebra -

subexserted. Wings nearly hyaline; 2d cubital areolet slightly

transverse, a little shorter than the podiscoidal; stigma fuscous,

with a pale spot at the inner angle.

Antenne about as long as the body, 48—52-jointed, often brownish

beneath. Mandibles and palpi varying from fuscous to testaceous.

Vertex moderately narrowed behind the eyes.

Var. a. Abdominal segments 1—3 black, with rufous margins.

(R. signatus and annulipes).

Var. 8. Abdomen black, disk of the 2d segment rufous; coxe

black.

Var. y. Rufous; head, scutellum, metathorax, and abdomen at

the apex, black. (R. alternator and balteatus).

Var. 6. Pro- and metathorax rufous, variegated with black

above; mesothoracic sutures, abdominal segments 1—3, and base

of 4, rufous.

Var. «. Rufo-testaceous ; vertex, pectus, and metathorax above,

varied with black.

Described in the Ent. Mag., iv., 99, from specimens

taken by Walker in Jersey and England. The var.

balteatus was found by Haliday near the harbour of

Donaghadee. Frausen at Rotterdam, according to

S. v. Vollenhoven, and Bignell, near Plymouth, have

bred males and females from young larvee of Odonestis

potatoria, L., found in the spring; the transformations

taking place within the dried skin of the victim. Infested

larve of this moth may be found in April and May,

resting on various grasses, and apparently prepared to

moult for the fourth time. Instead of moulting, they

sradually contract and perish, retaining the same posi-

tion. The Rhogas escaped through a perforation, in one

case, of the 9th and 10th segments. Bred by Brischke,

June 80th, from Hedya ocellana, Hiib.; July 6th, from

Orgyia gonostigma, Fab.; also from O. antiqua, L.,

Dasychira selenitica, Ksp., and an undetermined Tortriz.

According to Giraud, bred by Perris from Triphena

fimbria, L.; and, according to Reinhard, from Arctia

caia, L., Porthesia, &e.

British Braconidae. 95

7. Rhogas tristis, Wesm.

Rogas bicolor, var. 8, Nees, Mon., 1., 214, 3 ?.

Aleiodes tristis, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1838,

pa la SSS. ve! Voile abinacemp). iv. 2.10

(with base of antenna).

Rogas tristis, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1868, p. 263,

oe:

Black, palpi and mandibles pale ; orbits and thorax more or less

rufous ; legs rufo-testaceous, femora of the 2d and 3d pairs often

black at the apex. Vertex behind the eyes much narrowed, the

sides subrectilinear. Mesopleur dull, rugulose, with a smooth

shining space near the metathorax. Abdomen elongate, rugulose,

very little narrowed at the base, segments 1—4 margined beneath

at the sides, segment 2 subquadrate. Wings nearly hyaline, stigma

narrow, acuminate, testaceous, bordered with fuscous. 'Terebra

subexserted. Length, 23; wings, 5 lin.

Antenne as long as the body, 45—48-joited in the g, 41—44-

jointed in the @ (in the British specimen, 45-jointed), sometimes

testaceous at the base. Body covered with thin greyish pubescence.

Abdominal segments 1—8 rugulose, apex of the 3d more finely,

4th and following punctulate and slightly shining. The legs are

rufous inclining to testaceous, intermediate in colour between the

two sections in the table of species. The femora are sometimes

more than half black.

Var. a. Thorax entirely black.

Var. 8. Prothorax above and at the sides, and mesothorax

above, rufous.

Var. y. Head entirely and coxe partly, black.

Var. 6. Like the last, but the palpi and mandibles fuscous.

Var. e. Head rufous, a black spot on the face, vertex, and

occiput.

This must be carefully distinguished from R. bicolor.

It is a trifle larger, and more slender in proportion ;

the antenne have more joints; the head is longer (?.e.,

not so transverse), more distinctly narrowed behind the

eyes, and with the sides much less rounded; the eyes

are larger and more prominent; the thorax somewhat

flatter; and in respect of colours (although these are

very variable), the legs of tristis are constantly and de-

cidedly marked with black, while in bicolor only the 3d

pair of femora are exceptionally tipped with that colour.

The head of the ? bicolor is nearly always rufous; that

of tristis black, with the orbits more or less pale.

96 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

R. modestus, Reinh., according to the description, is very

similar, but has the mesopleure smooth and shining.

Discovered near Plymouth by Bignell, and taken also

by Capron. Bignell’s specimen is a 2 with the head

and body entirely black, and the four posterior femora

very broadly tipped with that colour. Fitch has two

specimens agreeing best with var. 8. It is a widely dis-

tributed species in Europe. Brischke bred it from

Eupithecia pimpinellata, Hub., with R. modestus.

8. Rhogas bicolor, Spin.

Bracon bicolor, Spin., Ins. Lig., i1., 128.

Rogas bicolor, Nees, Mon., i., 218; Hal., Ent. Mag.,

iv., 100, ¢ @ (excl. syn. R. prerogator, Nees) ;

Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1868, p. 268, 3 9; 8B. v.

Voll., Pinac., pl.iv., f. 7 (with profile of abdomen,

posterior coxa, and palpus).

Aleiodes bicolor, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838,

Del Os sare

Rogas zygene, Nees, Mon., 1., 210.

Tenater Our. oe thi, tO.

Black, usually with black palpi and pale mandibles; head,

thorax, and seutellum of the ? rufous, of the ¢ varied with rufous;

legs rufous; vertex behind the eyes rounded at the sides. Meso-

pleure asin the preceding. Abdomen shorter and broader. Wings

similar, but the stigma is less attenuated, oval, fuscous, with a

pale spot at the base, or wholly testaceous. Length, 2}—3};

wings, 43—5} lin.

Antenne 87—40-jointed. First abdominalsegment hardly longer

than its apical breadth ; 2d in the § somewhat longer than broad,

in the ? transverse.

Var. a. Body and coxe black, legs rufous. (R. zyg@ne).

Var. 8. Mouth, orbits, and legs rufous; 3d pair of knees and

tarsi fuscous. (R. ater).

Var. y. Head black, orbits behind rufous; thorax black; Ist

abdominal segment at the sides, 2d wholly, except a discal spot,

3d at the sides and basal angles, rufous.

It would be useless to give more colour-varieties. The

most usual forms presented are (1) head and thorax

rufous, and (2) entirely black, except the legs.

Has been found in England, Scotland, and Ireland ;

generally, according to Haliday, on sandy sea-coasts.

Var. @ was reared by Nees von Esenbeck from the larve

British Braconidae. 97

of Zygena filipendule, L., which, before attaining its

full growth, attached itself by the fore legs to a blade of

grass and perished, the skin after death preserving its

natural form and colour. The parasite emerged from

an irregular aole near the tail, on July 7th, 1810. So

far Nees; and his observation is confirmed by the

breeding of var. y from the same Zygena at Shedfield,

Hants, by Mrs. Jenkyns (see pl. iv., fig.3a). Reinhard says

of three specimens bred from Zygena, that two females

were the typical bicolor, and the male was zygene, leaving

no doubt as to the correctness of the synonymy. A black

var. in my collection is accompanied by the larva-skin

of Lioptilus tephrodactylus, Hub., from which it was bred

by R. C. R. Jordan (cf. E. M. M., vi., 1388). Brischke

obtained the species from Jno pruni, Schiff. ; and Von

Heyden, according to Reinhard, a ¢ var. from a hairy

larva feeding upon Ononis, perhaps Mimeseoptilus pheo-

dactylus, Hub.

9. Rhogas nigricornis, Wesm.

Aleiodes nigricornis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 105; Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., 11., 33, 3 9 .

Rogas nigricornis, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1863,

Da 2Oleact

Black ; palpi, mandibles, legs, and an oblong medial spot on the

abdomen, testaceous; orbits above and behind, meso- and meta-

thorax beneath and at the sides, and sometimes the scutellum,

rufescent. Eyes large, vertex narrowed posteriorly. Antenne

45—50-jointed, wholly black, or fuscous beneath. Mesopleure

granulated, somewhat shining; fovea obsolete. Abdomen elon-

gate, of the @ almost obovate; Ist segment 4 longer than its

apical breadth, three times broader at the apex than at the base ;

3d segment broader than the 2d; segments 1—2, and 3 at the base,

finely rugulose, more distinctly so at the sides ; the rest punctulate,

slightly shining. Terebra subexserted. Wings hyaline, stigma

testaceous, bordered with fuscous along the radial areolet; 2d

cubital areolet about twice as broad as its length, not shorter than

the podiscoidal. Length, 38; wings, 6 lin.

This must be carefully distinguished from the dark

varieties of circumscriptus. It is larger, the antenne are

black, and have more joints; the legs are uniform

testaceous, with a rufous tinge; the vertex is recti-

linearly narrowed behind the eyes; the abdomen is more

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—pPaRT I. (APRIL.) H

Y8 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

strongly contracted at the base, and less convex, black,

with a pale spot on the 2d segment; the mesopleure

are more finely granulated and more shining; the wings

are proportionally larger; the colours are not subject

to variation. The sexes are similar.

This species has not hitherto been noticed in England.

It is not uncommon near Abergavenny in July, where it

seems to take the place of circumscriptus ; also taken at

Braemar, Bugbrookand Maldon. According to Ratzeburg,

it occurs in corn-fields and grassy places. He bred several

specimens from naked 16-footed (Tortrix ?) larve, the

name of which is not given.

Reinhard says that Brischke bred a female from Calo-

campa solidaginis, Hub.; Brischke gives it himself in

his Wirths-Tabelle from Xylophasia rurea, Fab.

10. Rhogas circumscriptus, Nees.

Rogas circumscriptus, Nees, Mon., i1., 216; Schiff.,

F. G., clvi; Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1863, p. 269,

o.2s 5.1 ve Volley Pinac.epl. iv. tio. o owatl

wing).

Aleiodes circumscriptus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 106, 3 °.

Rogas pictus, Schiff., I. G., elvi.

R. testaceus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 101 (nec Nees).

Bracon circumscriptus, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., i, 35 ;

ill., 33 (partly).

Aletodes nigriceps, Wesm., lib. cit., p. 109, 2.

Variable, testaceous, more or less marked with black ; abdomen

often black above, with an elongate medial testaceous patch, as in

the preceding species. Antennz 35—41-jointed, testaceous, fuscous

at the apex. Mesopleure dull, granulated, rugose under the wings,

and with an obsolete rugose fovea. Abdomen of the % elongate,

seement 1 half as long again as its apical breadth, segment 2a

little longer than broad; of the 9 somewhat obovate, segment 1

scarcely longer than its apical breadth, 2 somewhat transverse.

The 8d segment in both sexes is broadest, its apex, and the

following segments, punctulate, rather shining. Wings hyaline,

stigma testaceous, often with a fuscous apical spot; 2d cubital

areolet twice as broad asits length, somewhat narrowed exteriorly,

longer than the podiscoidal; radius of the hind wings obsolete.

Terebra concealed. Length, 2}—2}; wings, 4—44 lin.

Antenne as long as the body, with fewer joints than in anv other

British Braconide. 99

British species. | Metathorax granulated, with a faint medial

carina. Abdominal segments 1—3 finely rugulose, more distinctly

at the sides, in the middle often only granulated ; the carina of the

2d segment seldom visible. This may be regarded as the typical

form of the 2d section of Rhogas, comprising Spp. 9-12. They

make an approach to Clinocentrus, and differ from the rest of the

genus in the substitution of a paler tint instead of red; their

wings are longer in proportion, the stigma larger, the pre- and

pobrachial areolets of the hind wings wider, and the radius of the

same wings indistinct: the joints of the antennie are fewer in

number.

The numerous colour-varieties are arranged by Rein-

hard as follows :—

A. Head, prothorax, mesothorax, and legs, testaceous.

Var. a. Testaceous, uniform: apex of the abdomen in the g

sometimes black. Or the metathorax and Ist segment are black

above. (Aleiodes nigriceps, Wesm.).

Var. 8. The same, but the abdomen is black, with a pale oblong

Spot, as in nigricornis. Sometimes there is a black stripe under

the wings.

Var. y. Abdomen wholly, and pectus partly, black.

B. Head black, with testaceous mouth and orbits ; meta-

thorax, Ist abdominal segment, anus, and 3d pair

of femora broadly at the apex, blackish or fuscous.

Var. 6. Prothorax, mesothorax, and abdominal segments 2—3,

testaceous.

Var. «. The same, but with a trilobed black spot on the meso-

thorax.

Var. €. Like the last, but the abdomen is black, with a medial

testaceous spot.

Var.. Like the last, but the pro- and mesothorax are black,

the scutellum rufescent, and there is a black stripe under the

wings. Or the scutellum and a pectoral spot are black.

The dark varieties must not be confounded with nigri-

cornis, Wesm.

By far the commonest species. Bred by Bignell from

half-grown larve of Hbulea crocealis, Hib., June 20th,

Tenocampa stabilis, View., July 5th, and Melanippe

galiata, Hiib., Sept. 21st. Four males by W. H. B.

Fletcher from Cucullia verbasci, L. The larve after

death continue to cling to their food-plant, the parasites

100 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

complete their transformations inside, and finally emerge

through a hole in the 10th—12th segments. The species

has been reared on the Continent from Agrotis agathina,

Dup.; by Brischke from Caradrina alsines, Brahm,

Noctua baia, Fab., Hupithecia castigata, Hub., Anticlea

rubidata, Fab., Tortrix rosana, L., and Dietyopteryx

Holmiana, L. Ritsema found it with Rhogas testaceus,

Spin., in birds’ nests at Haarlem in January, showing

that it hybernates as an imago.

The synonym R. pallidus, Bouché, ought to be erased,

as referring to R. testaceus, Spin. The occurrence of

the latter species in this country is merely hypothetical.

The name was introduced by Haliday, who, relying upon

the descriptions of Spinola and Nees, confused it with

circumscriptus, and treated that name as a synonym. It

is necessary therefore to discard testaceus until some one

can produce an authentic British specimen. From a

remark of Haliday it seems certain that no specimens of

that species were mixed up with those which he examined.

Had this been the case he would not have said (Ent.

Mag., iv., 102) that the antenne of testaceus possess

more joints than those of circuwmscriptus. Rhogas

testaceus (Spin., Ins. Lig., ii., 181; Reinh., Berl. ent.

Zeit., 1863, p. 270) has the antenne 83—35-jointed ;

the 1st abdominal segment in the $ is at most as long

as its apical breadth; in the @, distinctly shorter; the

2d segment in the 9 is slightly transverse, in the @

conspicuously so. The colour is uniform testaceous, or

the metathorax and 1st abdominal segment are marked

with fuscous. It is a parasite of Dicranura vinula, L.,

bifida, Hub., Tortriz rosana, L., Depressaria applana,

Fab., Cilix glaucata, Scop., Porthesia auriflua, L., Plusia

gamma, L., and Hupithecia sobrinata, Hiib. Compare

Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., ii., 35, pl. ii., fig. 4 (wing).

11. Rhogas vittiger, Wesm.

Aleiodes vittiger, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1888,

Peli2 oy

Rogas vittiger, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 18638, p. 267,

ohyeaic

R. seriatus, Schaff., F. G., elvi., 12.

Pale testaceous ; occiput, or whole head (except the orbits), disk

of the thorax (except the scutellum), a patch beneath the wings.

1st abdominal segment almost to its apex, and 3d pair of femora

broadly at the apex, black; tips of the antenne, and two oblong

British Braconide. 101

spots on the 2d segment, sometimes on the 3d also, fuscous. Eyes

large, vertex narrowed behind. Antenne 42—52-jointed, slender,

longer than the body. Mesopleurx very finely granulated, some-

what shining. Abdomen elongate, obovate, broadest at the end of

the 8d segment, then abruptly rounded ; Ist segment half as long

again as its apical breadth, which is double the basal breadth ;

segments 1—3 minutely rugulose, the rest more shining, punctu-

late. Wings hyaline, stigma fuscous, with a pale basal spot; 2d

cubital areolet twice as broad as its length, twice as wide as, and a

little longer than, the podiscoidal. Terebra subexserted. Length,

23; wings, 43 lin.

Var. a. Pro- and mesothorax pale, the latter with three dusky

stripes ; metathorax pale at the sides.

In Reinhard’s table of species this is separated from

circumscriptus only by the form of the vertex, which is

straight behind the eyes, instead of rounded. The ground

colour is a remarkably pale testaceous, almost trans-

parent, the coxe and trochanters nearly colourless.

According to Wesmael (lib. cit., p. 95, note) the Ist

intercubital nervure is slightly oblique. I possess an

old female specimen taken at Barnstaple, which almost

certainly belongs to this species, although not in a con-

dition to exhibit some of the characters very distinctly.

The 52-jointed antenne, the form of the abdomen, &c.,

show that it cannot be circwmscriptus.

12. Rhogas armatus, Wesm.

Aleiodes armatus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 112, 3.

Rogas armatus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1868, p. 268,

ag.

Testaceous, immaculate, or with the metathorax, and abdomen

at the base and apex, fuscescent. Eyes large; vertex behind them

with straight sides; gene of the g§ ending in a vertical tooth, those

of the @ unarmed. Antenne 40—44-jointed, as long as the body

Mesopleure very finely granulated, somewhat shining, the fovea

obsolete. First abdominal segment of the 3 + longer, of the ?

only alittle longer, than its apical breadth, the apex twice as broad

as the base; segment 2 quadrate ; 3 not broader than 2, its apical

margin and the remaining segments punctulate, somewhat shining.

Wings hyaline, stigma testaceous, sometimes fuscous at the apex ;

neuration as in the preceding ; radius of the hind wings obsolete.

Length, 23; wings, 44 lin.

102 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Differs from circumscriptus in the proportions of the

1st abdominal seement, and the number of joints in the

antenne. The abdominal segments 1—3 are very

minutely striolated, not shining.

A male and two females of this new British species,

in fine condition, are in Fitch’s collection. Hitherto

taken in Belgium, Austria, and Switzerland.

II. CRYPTOGASTRES.

X. SIGALPHIDES.

Clypeus entire ; mouth closed; maxillary palpi 6-, labial 4-jointed ;

occiput margined. Abdomen broadly sessile; segments 1—3 con-

nate above, forming a carapace, usually with two superficial,

crenulate sutures; the remaining segments concealed, or (i

Allodorus) very briefly exserted. Two cubital areolets; recurrent

nervure rejected; radial areolet ovate, acuminate, not reaching

the apex of the wing; pre- and pobrachial areolets subequal.

Terebra elongate.

The original genus Sigalphus, Latr. (1802) included

the subfamilies Sigalphides, Chelonides, and Calyptides.

The Chelonides were separated in 1807 by Jurine. Nees

von Ksenbeck, in 1884, divided Sigalphus into two

sections, the 1st comprising the Sigalphides proper (with

a mixture of Calyptus); the 2d containing two species

now referred to the Alysiides. Haliday, in 1885, gave

the name T'riaspis' to Von Ksenbeck’s first section, dis-

tinguishing Calyptus; and in the same year Wesmael

independently established the same divisions, but under

the names Sigalphus and Brachistes. Finally, the

appropriate creation of the genus Allodorus by Férster,

in 1862, reduces Sigalphus to its lowest terms. The

Sigalphides and Chelonides are nearly connected by their

abdominal structure, although differing in the wings and

terebra. They formed together the group Cryptogastres

of Wesmael, which, as represented in Europe, is entirely

isolated, though some of the exotic genera (Spinaria,

Fornicia) exhibit a certain affinity to the Bracon type.

The two British genera may be thus distinguished :—

Segments 4—5 not entirely concealed under the cara-

pace ; the 2d longer than the 3d; avxillary areolet

bisected before the apex by a transverse nervure i. ALLODORUS.

Segments 4—5 entirely concealed; the 2d shorter

than the 8d; axillary areolet undivided .. li. SIGALPHUS.

British Braconide. 103

i. AnLoporus, Forst.

Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 242.

Head broadly transverse, vertex short; mandibles bifid. Pro-

thorax distinct ; metathorax with a tooth on each side. Abdomen

longer and less convex than in Sigalphus, rimulose, not shining ;

carapace triarticulate, segment 1 longer than broad, somewhat

narrowed anteriorly, bicarinated ; segment 2 broadest, longer than

3; segments 4—5 very briefly exserted. Radial areolet longer

than in Sigalphus, almost reaching the apex of the wing; cubitus

and anal nervure distinct; axillary areolet with an additional

inchoate transverse nervure near the middle. Terebra elongate.

This genus has never been described before, and I

possess only one g specimen from which to derive

characters. Allodorus semirugosus, Nees, is given in the

Catalogue, p. 101, but appears to me now too dubious to

be retained as a British insect. Sigalphus glypturus,

Thoms., Opuse. Ent., vi., 1874, p. 559, apparently

belongs to this genus.

1. Allodorus lepidus, Hal. (Pl. IV., fig. 4).

Triaspis lepidus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iii., 125, ¢ ?.

Allodorus pallidus, Reinh., MS. in litt., 3.

Black, antenne at the base beneath, mouth, palpi, and legs,

testaceous; hind tibie and tarsi fuscescent; abdomen obovate,

rimulose. The $ has the vertex, stemmaticum, and occiput, black ;

the rest of the head, the prothorax, and the mesopleure anteriorly,

testaceous. Terebra ? as long as theabdomen. Length, 1}—2} ;

wings, 33—5 lin. *

Head wider than the thorax, flattened in front and behind,

vertex transversely convex, mandibles concealed under the elypeus.

Antenne ? shorter than the body, 29-jointed, pubescent, convo-

luted at the apex, the exterior joints very short, pateriform ; those

of the $ longer than the body, slender, 830—81-jointed (30-jointed

in my specimen); thorax more attenuated at both ends than

that of the ?, metathorax rugulose, with a smooth basal space ;

abdomen longer, obovate, thickly and irregularly striolated, not

shining, subpiceous in the middle; beneath carinated, hardly con-

cave, testaceous; Ist segment twice as broad at the apex as at the

base, with two carine converging towards, but not reaching, the

apex; 2d segment broadest, as long as the 1st; 8d shorter, less

rugulose ; protruding apex of the 4th smooth and shining; 5th

invisible. Coxe and trochanters pallid; hind cox long and stout.

104 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Wings hyaline, stigma and nervures fuscous; cubitus and anal

nervure not decolorous as in Sigalphus.

The description of the ? is from Haliday. The $ I

captured in a wood near King’s Teignton, §. Devon.

Reinhard, after kindly examining this specimen, returned

it with the MS. name pallidus, adding that the same

species occurred near Dresden. After careful examina-

tion I cannot find any difference between this and lepidus,

Hal., and I conclude them to be identical. The types of

lepidus were discovered by Curtis.

ll. SigaLpHus, Latr.

Latr., H. N., iii., 827; Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1885, p. 207.

Head less transverse, suborbicular. Prothorax inconspicuous ;

metathorax hardly bituberculate. Abdomen short, ovate, convex,

rimulose (except at the apex); segment 1 transverse, imperfectly

bicarinated; segment 2 shorter than 3; the remaining segments

concealed under the carapace. Radial areolet not much larger

than the stigma, ovate, acuminate, remote from the apex of the

wing; cubitus and anal nervure decolorous; axillary areolet with-

out an additional transverse nervure. Terebra elongate.

The small black species of this genus are parasites of

Curculionide and Lepidoptera, and may be taken plenti-

fully on umbellate flowers. Some of the males are not

easily distinguished from each other, as is notably the

case with floricola and caudatus. <A difficulty also occurs

in determining whether any particular insect belongs to

this genus or Calyptus. In Forster’s synopsis the two

are widely separated under different rubrics, thus :—

9, Segments 1—3 exarticulate, connate .. SIGALPHUS.

11. Segments 1—3 articulated in the usual

way 3c 5h ee o .. Catyprus (Brachistes).

But as this character is recondite, and, however true,

contrary to appearances, it may be useful to add the

distinction pointed out by Reinhard. On inspecting the

under side of Sigalphus, the belly is found to be concave

from the base to the apex, its margins forming a sharply

defined edge, and not reflexed ; in Calyptus only the 1st

seement (and, in the ¢, the base of the 2d) is acutely

margined; the edges of the rest are reflexed, so as

British Braconide. 105

partially to cover the ventral surface. Both Nees and

Ratzeburg have confused these genera; the former by

regarding Calyptus fasciatus as a Sigalphus, the latter

by describing S. pallidipes under the name of Brachistes

(Calyptus) fagt.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

(2) 1. Thorax rufous ate eit ae .. 8. thoracicus, Cur.

(1) 2. Thorax black.

(4) 3. Both sutures of the carapace obsolete .. 7. ambiguus, Nees.

(3) 4. One or two sutures distinct.

(6) 5. Palpitestaceous .. are ve .. 5. pallidipes, Nees.

(5) 6. Palpi black, or blackish.

(10) 7. Larger species, more than 1 lin., some-

times 13 lin. long.

(9) 8. Abdomen ovate, subdepressed, not wider

behind ; terebra 9 as long as the body 3. striatulus, Nees.

(8) 9. Abdomen subglobose, convex, widest be-

hind; terebra 9 shorter than the body 6. luteipes, Thoms.

(7) 10. Smaller species, 1 lin. long, or less.

(12) 11. Abdomen widest behind, obtuse .. .. 4. obscurellus, Nees.

(11) 12. Abdomen widest in the middle, attenuated

behind.

(14) 13. Terebra ? longer than the body .. 1. caudatus, Nees.

(13) 14. Terebra @ much shorter than the body — 2. floricola, Wesm.

1. Sigalphus caudatus, Nees.

Sigalphus caudatus, Nees, Mon.,i., 268; Wesm., Nouv.

Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835, p. 210; Ratz., Ichn.

d. Horst. i1.,,.25; i.,26; Cur., Farm. Ins.; pp. 289,

244, pl. H., frontisp., f. 20, and pl. xxxv., f. 15,

3 2; Thoms., Opusc. Ent., vi., 1874, p. 561.

Triaspis caudatus, Hal., Ent. Mag., 111., 126, 3 ?

(excl. var.).

Black, shining, legs piceous, tibie rufescent; antenne ? shorter

than the body, 19—28-jointed, those of the g somewhat longer

than the body, 20—24-jointed; abdominal carapace tripartite,

segments 1—2, and often 3 at the base and sides, rimulose; seg-

ment 3 of the f more shining. Terebra 2 longer than the body.

Stigma black. Length, 3—1; wings, 13—2} lin.

Mandibles rufescent ; palpipiceous. Mesothoracic sutures finely

punctulate ; metathorax uneven, sometimes irregularly carinated,

punctulate. Abdomen ovate; 3d segment of the ? subrimulose,

of the ¢ smooth and shining. Legs piceous, cox black; fore

femora at the apex, and tibiw, rufescent; middle and hind tibie at

the apex, and tarsi, fuscous. ‘The femora of the ? are a little

106 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

stouter than those of the ¢. Wings hyaline, stigma black;

according to Ratzeburg, the stigma of the 9? is testaceous, but this

must have been some accidental peculiarity, perhaps in an im-

mature specimen. There are other trifling discrepancies in the

descriptions of authors, but the species is distinct from all others

by the length of the terebra in the 9. The % appears not to differ

from that of the following species, and Wesmael remarks that had

it not been for the difference of the terebra, he should have united

his floricola with caudatus.

Reared from Orchestes quercus, L., which mines in oak-

leaves, by Nérdlinger at Grand Jouan, in Brittany. On

June 6th, at Neustadt Eberswalde, Ratzeburg found the

cocoons in the blisters formed upon oak-leaves by that

Curculio. These cocoons are brown, 1 line long, and

semitransparent, resembling in miniature those of the

Tachinide, minus the spiracles. A similar cocoon was

found by Reissig in oak-leaves rolled up by the larva of

Halias quercana, Hub. Curtis bred several females from

the stems of barley containing the pupex of Oscinis

vastator, Cur. §. v. Vollenhoven assigns a different

origin to this insect, regarding it as a parasite of Tortrix

hypericana, Snell., perhaps erroneously.

2. Sigalphus floricola, Wesm.

Triaspis obscurellus, Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 126, 3 2;

Thoms., Opuse. Ent., vi., 1874, p. 562 (nec Nees).

Sigalphus jfloricola, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,

1835, p. 208, S ¢&.

Very like the preceding. Legs black, fore femora at the apex,

fore tibiz, middle and hind tibie at the base, rufescent. Antenne

19—21-, gf 20—22-jointed. Terebra 92 not longer than the

abdomen. Length, }; wings, 13 lin.

The length of the terebra is the only tangible difference

between this and caudatus; the males seem absolutely

identical. The average size of floricola is somewhat

less, and the antenne appear a trifle shorter. In

adjusting the synonymy I have been guided by the

following considerations:— 1. Haliday and Wesmael

certainly had in view the same species, being the one

that so closely resembles caudatus. 2. Both writers are

of well-known accuracy, yet here we find them at

variance, Haliday considering the species to be obscurellus,

Nees, and Wesmael regarding it as undescribed. The

British Braconide. 107

question is, which of the two is mistaken. 3. S. ob-

scurellus, as described by Nees, is distinct enough from

caudatus, and from the present insect (cf. Wesm., lib. cit.,

p- 210). 4. A common species is found in England

which corresponds with obscurellus, Nees, and not of

Haliday. I have 11 specimens, and, if Haliday’s pre-

occupation of the name obscurellus were correct, these

would have to be renamed as new. Hence it follows

that the mistake is on the side of Haliday, not Wesmael.

This conclusion clears up the difficulty ; and it is further

strengthened by the fact that Curtis (Guide, 2d ed.,

p- 120) gives obscurellus, Nees (by which he meant

obscurellus, Hal.) as a synonym of floricola.

Common, like the preceding. Abundant in Iveland on

sandy shores, according to Haliday. I have taken it in

Birch Wood, Kent ; and also in Leicestershire. Brischke

states it to have been bred from beetle-larv, and in his

Wirths-Tabelle gives it as a parasite of Selandria adwn-

brata, Kl.

3. Sigalphus striatulus, Nees.

Sigalphus striatulus, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1816,

p- 249; Mon.,i., 268, ¢ 2; Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst.,

iy 20,2 + not or Mhoms., Opuse, Hnt,,-vi-,, 1974,

p- 560 (terebra much shorter than the body).

Black ; legs piceo-rufous, cox, trochanters, femora above, tibiz

except at the base, and tarsi, fuscous; antenne 27—29-jointed ;

carapace tripartite, segments 1—3 rimulose, the 8d more faintly ;

terebra ? as long as the body. Length, 14}; wings, 34 lin.

Abdomen @ somewhat shorter than the thorax, rimulose, the

lines of sculpture fainter on the 3d segment, in the shining medial

line of which they are reduced to punctures. Metathorax rugulose,

without carine. The legs, as in the other species, vary in being

lighter or darker. In the ¢ the abdomen is as long as the thorax,

and the 8d segment more shining. Resembling cawdatus in habit,

but larger, with shorter terebra, the 8d segment more rimulose,

and the antenne attaining the maximum of joints for the genus.

Not before noticed as British. Supposed by Ratze-

burg to be a parasite of Pissodes notatus, Fab. I have

one specimen, a ¢ with 27-jointed antenne, taken on

the banks of the Usk, near Abergavenny. Another ¢

which I captured at Barnstaple has the sutures sub-

obsolete.

108 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

4. Sigalphus obscurellus, Nees. (Pl. IV., fig. 5).

Sigalphus obscurellus, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1816,

p. 252; Mon-;1., 270s" 2 @ec Hal? Thoms:):

Less intensely black than caudatus; legs piceous, fore tibize

entirely, and the others at the base more or less, rufescent or

testaceous; antenne @ shorter than the body, 22—23-jointed,

those of the § somewhat longer than the body, 283—25-jointed ;

mouth entirely black ; carapace tripartite, segments 1—3 rimulose ;

seoment 8 of the g sometimes more faintly, but hardly shining.

Stigma black. Terebra 9 somewhat decurved at the apex, as long

as the abdomen, or sometimes a little shorter. Length, 1—1{;

wings, 23—8 lin.

This species has a different habit from caudatus and

floricola, more easily seen than described. It is of a

duller black, broader in proportion, if not longer; the

abdomen is more convex, the rimulosity of the 3d seg-

ment coarser and more constant; even in the ¢ that

segment cannot be called shining, more commonly it is

as much sculptured as the two preceding ; the mandibles,

palpi, and stigma are black, or nearly so. Nees says

that the 8d segment of the g is more rimulose than that

of the ¢, and he gives as a var. a ¢ with that segment

nearly smooth; examples of both are among those

before me.

Six males and five females were bred, on Sept. 9th,

from Gymnetron noctis, Hbst., on toadflax, by Bignell ;

and several of both sexes by Billups on March 16th—

19th from the cabbage-galls formed by Ceuthorrhynchus

sulcicollis, Gyl. Cornelius bred S. flavipalpis, Wesm.,

from Gymnetron antirrhim, Germ. (Stett. Zeit., 1863,

p. 117).

5. Sigalphus pallidipes, Nees.

Sigalphus pallipes, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1816, p. 251,

Dl sVil-». f.325) Mon., 2, 2705.Gur eharm, ines

OOLN iS ee.

Triaspis fulvipes (Cur.) Hal., Ent. Mag., i11.,127, 3 2;

Sigalphus fulvipes, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., ii,

OGs 2%

Brachistes fagi, Ratz., lib. cit., i1., 28, 3 2.

Black, pubescent, legs rufous; antenne of the ? 23-jointed, as

long as the body, stout; of the g 22-jointed, longer; abdomen

short, ovate, dilated behind, anus obtuse; carapace subbipartite,

British Braconide. 109

the 2d suture more or less obsolete ; segments 1—3 (or 1—2, and 3

at the sides more or less) finely rimulose ; terebra as long as the

body. Length, 3—1; wings, 2—23 lin.

The 2d suture is often indistinguishable, which, with the rufous

legs, may assist in separating this from the four preceding species.

Palpi testaceous. Legs sometimes with a narrow fuscous streak

on the femora, or the hind tibie tipped with fuscous; coxe black.

It resembles sp. 6 in habit, but lwteipes is larger, with three

segments distinct, and a shorter terebra.

An abundant insect in England, according to Curtis.

A 2 was taken from a cell of Bruchus granarius, L., in

Russian beans. Subsequently he detected numbers in

the long-pod beans from his own garden. It is also a

parasite of Orchestes semirufus, Gyll., which mines in

birch-leaves; reared by Nordlinger at Grand Jouan.

Brischke obtained both sexes at the beginning of June

from Orchestes fagi, L., feeding on the beech.

6. Sigalphus luteipes, Thoms.

? Sigalphus aciculatus, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., i., 26;

ili., 26, ¢ 2, pl. ii., f. 2 (wing and abdomen).

S. luteipes, Thoms., Opusc. Ent., vi., 1874, p. 561.

The largest British species. Black, with rufous palpi and legs ;

antenne Jf 25—26-, ? 28—26-jointed; abdomen ovate, very con-

vex, not dilated behind ; carapace tripartite, segments 1—2 rimu-

lose, 3 punctulate, hardly shining, sometimes rimulose at the sides ;

radius subsinuated; terebra somewhat longer than the abdomen.

Length, 14; wings, 33 lin.

This is most likely to be Thomson’s species, though

his description is too short. That of Ratzeburg applies

very well, but, as the length of the terebra does not

correspond, I have left a query before the name. ‘The

following isa summary of his description :—‘‘ Terebra

+ the length of the abdomen. Segments 1—2 entirely

rimulose, as well as the base and sides of the 3d, which

is nevertheless shining. Antenne g 25-jointed. He-

current nervure ending 2} times its own breadth before

the end of the 1st cubital areolet. Stigma and squamule

fuscous. Antenne black. ‘Tarsi obscure; in the 9?

brownish. Legs reddish ; coxe, trochanters, femora at

the base and on the upper edge, and hind tibiew at the

apex, black. Metathorax with a carina bifurcated before

the middle smooth before the bifurcation, afterwards

ruculose.” In another place (ii., 26) he notices a g

110 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

with 26-jointed antenne. In three females I find the

antenne 23-, in another 26-jointed; but the antenne of

Sigalphus are variable in the same species. S. flavipalpis,

Wesm., is out of the question, because that writer says

that it so much resembles his floricola as perhaps to be

only a variety.

I have before me five females and one male. ‘T'wo

females were taken by Walker, and two by myself at

Sandwich ; the remaining male and female were sent by

Fitch. Ratzeburg’s S. aciculatus was bred in both sexes

from Ochina hedere, Mull., by Nordlinger at Grand Jouan,

in Brittany ; and again by Jacobi at Nordhausen, from

Anobium rufipes, F., nesting in the decayed branch of a

plum-tree.

7. Sigalphus ambiguus, Nees.

Sigalphus ambiguus, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1816,

p. 258; Mon., i., 272, ¢ 9; Hal., Ent. Mag., m1,

128, 3; Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835, p. 212,

& 2; Thoms., Opusc. Ent., vi., 1874, p. 562.

Black, pubescent, legs rufous; antenne gj 22—24-, of the 2? 22-

jointed ; abdomen convex, rimulose, the carapace undivided ; anus

in the 9 emarginate, terebra shorter than the abdomen. Length,

1i—1} lin.

Male. Black, hardly shining, pubescent, thinly punctulate ;

antenne attenuated at the apex; thorax short, anteriorly gibbous;

mesothoracic sutures broadly and thickly punctate, the inter-

mediate lobe longitudinally depressed; metathorax very short,

apical angles acutely elevated; abdomen very shoit, obovate

convex, entirely and thickly rimulose, dull, posteriorly with an

obsolete smooth longitudinal line, obtusely bicarinated at the base ;

sutures almost wholly obliterated, as in Chelonus; legs short,

cox fuscous; hind legs stouter, tibia at the apex, and tarsi,

darker; wings hyaline, stigma large, ovate, fuscous, the nervures

paler; radial areolet larger than in S. caudatus and the kindred

species. According to Nees, the legs are sometimes fuscous, the

fore femora at the apex, their tibiz entirely, and the posterior tibie

at the base, rufous.

Var. Smaller; antennie 20-jointed; colour of the legs fuscous,

&e.; nervures pale.—Nees.

I have not seen this species; the description is taken

from Haliday, who found two males in Ireland. Wesmael’s

male, taken near Brussels, had black trochanters and

21-jointed antenne.

British Braconide. ht

8. Sigalphus thoracicus, Cur.

Sigalphus thoracicus, Cur., Farm. Ins., 365.

‘Similar in size and form to S. pallipes, but the thorax is of a

red colour: all the legs are bright ochreous, the feet tipped with

fuscous: the head was broken off and lost.”

A 2? was obtained by Curtis from Sicilian beans. In

Ruthe’s collection is a specimen of a Sigalphus with the

thorax red, ticketed ‘‘S. thoracicus.” Nothing more

appears to be known of this species.

X. CHELONIDES.

Clypeus entire, mouth closed. Maxillary palpi 6-, labial 4-

jointed. Occiput margined. Abdomen sessile; segments 1—3

united by coalition, without visible sutures, rarely with two super-

ficial sutures; two other segments concealed, or the 4th rarely

subexserted. ‘Three cubital areolets; recurrent nervure interstitial

or rejected ; radial areolet small, remote from the apex of the wing,

triangular, rarely ovate or lanceolate; pobrachial areolet longer,

rarely shorter, than the prebrachial. Terebra concealed or exserted.

The typical Chelonus and its subdivision A scogaster

form a small natural group, sharply distinguished from

every other by their uniformly rugose surface, and the

undivided carapace of the abdomen. They have been

found, with few modifications of structure, in every

quarter of the globe. Phanerotoma and Spheropyx are

aberrant genera, with few species, having the carapace

superficially tripartite. The former genus stands nearer

to Sigalphus ; the latter to Agathis and Microgaster. The

Chelonides are parasites of Lepidoptera, chiefly, as it

appears, of the Vortricide ; less frequently of Coleoptera.

TABLE OF GENERA.

(4) 1. Abdomen above showing three segments ; lateral

margins not reflexed beneath.

(3) 2. Abdomen beneath simple, edentate; inter-

mediate tibix externally gibbous .. .. i, PHANEROTOMA.

(2) 3. Abdomen beneath with two teeth, pointing

backwards ; intermediate tibie simple .. ly. SPHAROPYX.

(1) 4. Abdomen above not divided into segments ;

lateral margins reflexed beneath.

(6) 5. Eyes hairy; first cubital areolet not separated

from the preediscoidal . . os pe a

(5) 6. Eyes naked; first cubital areolet separated

from the prediscoidal .. 56 ie .. lil, ASCOGASTER.

ii. CHELONUS.

112 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

i. PHANEROTOMA, Wesm.

Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1888, p. 165.

yes naked. Abdomen superficially divided into 8 segments ;

lateral margins not reflexed beneath. Intermediate tibie ex-

ternally gibbous. First cubital areolet distinct from the prediscoidal ;

pobrachial shorter than the prebrachial; recurrent nervure sub-

obsolete. Terebra (in the European* species) subexserted.

1. Phanerotoma dentata, Panz. (Pl. IV., fig. 6).

Chelonus dentatus, Panz., F. G., Ixxxviii., 14; Krit.

Revis., ii., 100.

Sigalphus dentator, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1816, p. 257,

.. Vill 5, 29,1:

Chelonus dentator, Nees, Mon., i., 279, 2.

Ascogaster dentatus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1835, p. 244; cf. lab. cit., 1838, p. 165, 3 2.

Sigalphus rufescens, Latr., Gen. Crust. et Ins., iv., 13.

Phanerotoma dentatus, Thoms., Opusc. Ent., vi., 1874,

p- 582.

Finely rugulose, abdomen striolated. Head rufo-testaceous,

eyes and stemmaticum dusky; thorax and abdomen variable,

usually testaceous with the metathorax and 3d abdominal segment

fuscescent ; legs testaceous, often with the hind femora at the apex,

* The following exotic species has never been described. It is

remarkable for having the terebra more exserted than usual in this

subfamily :—

Phanerotoma noctivaga, u.s.

Testacea, coriacea, oculis (in viva) viridibus ; antennarum apice,

metathoracis litura, abdomine postice, plerumque segmentorum

primi et secundi limbo, tibiisque posticis apice, fuscescentibus ;

femine segmento anali emarginato ; alis hyalinis, stigmate pallido

vel fusco-maculato, terebra abdomine breviore, tenuissima, falcata.

&@. Long. 1—13; alar. exp. 2—8} linearum.

Antenne in both sexes 22-jointed, of the ?, as long as the body,

of the g, longer. Head wider than the thorax, transverse; vertex

flat ; clypeus entire, obtusely rounded, discrete, with two impressions

at the base. Body very finely rugulose, almost coriaceous; abdo-

men very finely rimulose, constructed like that of P. dentata; the

cibbosity before the apex, marking the limit of the 8d segment,

more conspicuous in the g. Terebra as long as } of the abdomen,

curved upwards, very slender and whitish, the valves at the apex

fuscescent. Legs nearly white, only the tips of the hind tibie

fuscescent; hind femora and tibix inerassated ; intermediate tibix

cibbous on their outer edge before the base.

Frequent in the Island of Antigua, flying by night. I took three

males and three females at different times, attracted into the house

by lamps, and saw many more.

British Braconide. 113

together with a ring before the base, and all the tarsi, fuscous.

3 2. Length, 24; wings, 44 lin.

HKyes during life of a fine green colour. Antenne as long as the

body, fuscous towards the apex, 23-jointed. Head subcubical,

pubescent; face carinated. Metathorax with an abbreviated

medial transverse carina. Abdomen subdepressed, segments 1—2

transverse, rimulose, the Ist with two basal carine, converging

and vanishing before the middle; the 3d longer than broad, more

finely rimulose, truncate at the apex, and with a gibbosity just

before the truncature, indicating the posterior limit of the segment ;

both the sutures crenulate. Wings slightly fuscescent, nervures

and stigma brownish, the latter pale at the base; before and

behind it is a decolorous streak ; 2d cubital areolet much attenuated

outwardly ; radial areolet approaching the apex of the wing. In

the hind wing the radial areolet is constrictedin the middle, where

an imperfect transverse nervelet almost joins the costa.

Var. a. Fusco-ferruginous, uniform, orbits and legs paler; hind

tibiz more broadly fuscous ; wings without hyaline streaks.

Var. 8. Ferruginous, disk of the mesothorax fuscous with a

pale patch anteriorly bifid; abdomen fuscous, segment 1, and 2 at

the base, more or less pale.

Var. y. The same, but the vertex and pectus are also fuscescent,

Var. 8. Thorax and abdomen entirely fuscous.

In the darker varieties the hyaline streaks on the

wings are more distinct, the orbits are rufous, and the

hind tibize more highly coloured.

Not uncommon in Southern and Central Europe. I

have a specimen which I took in Corsica. Rare in

England, but one was captured by Dale in Stilton Fen,

Huntingdonshire, August 14th, as recorded by Curtis,

B. E., 672. Another was in Walker’s collection. Several

were taken at Dover by Sydney Webb, in a warehouse,

in August, and conjectured by him, with great proba-

bility, to be parasites of Myelois ceratonie, Zell., occur-

ring in the same warehouse. <A specimen has also been

captured by Billups. Obtained by Reissig from a Tortrix

larva living on the oak; by Brischke out of Rhodophea

advenella, Zinck., from Silesia.

ii. CHELONUS, Jur.

Jur., Hym., 289 (1807) ; Nees, Mon., i., 288, Sect. IV.;

Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835, p. 214.

Eyes naked. Abdomen above with no visible sutures ; lateral

margins reflexed beneath. Intermediate tibiz simple. First

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PaRr i. (APRIL.) I

114 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

cubital areolet not separated from the prediscoidal; pobrachial

shorter than the prebrachial; recurrent nervure interstitial.

Terebra concealed or subexserted.

The species are of stout subcylindrical form, with

hard integuments, covered with rugosity irregularly dis-

posed in striz or reticulated, and mixed with coarse

punctures. They are black, frequently with a pair of

testaceous spots, round or triangular, occupying the

region of the spiracles of the 1st abdominal segment,

and sometimes confluent. In C. Wesmaelii, Cur., the

abdomen is broadly rufous above. The legs are rufo-

testaceous, usually diversified with black. C. pullatus,

Dahlb. (Sv. Ak. Handl., 1888, p. 163) is described as

wanting the 2d cubital areolet, and seems therefore to

belong to some other genus.

The abdomen, viewed from above, generally shows no

vestige of sutures; but one or two are sometimes indi-

cated by slight transverse depressions. On the under

side it has the appearance of being eviscerated ; the

reflexed edges surround an oblong cavity, against the

walls of which the belly is flattened after death by

shrinking. The sutures of the ventral surface are

always more or less visible; in the male at least five

segments may be counted, showing that the shield is

compounded of more than the first three segments.

The sexual distinctions are best seen on the under side ;

the terebra originates just behind the middle of the

abdomen, and is either falcate or straight ; in the former

case it curves upwards in a reverse direction to the con-

tour of the abdomen. ‘The valvula ventralis is distinct,

contained within the shell in repose, but capable of being

moved downwards and backwards so as to allow the

terebra to pass the reflexed apical edge, in which a

shallow groove is often cut for its reception. Many of

the males exhibit a variously-shaped fissure at the apex

of the abdomen, in the centre of which may be discerned

the sheath of the generative organ, sometimes mistaken

for the terebra, and the cause of confusion of sexes in

the descriptions. In most cases the antenne are also a

euide to the determination of the sexes; those of the

male are longer, setaceous, or tapering gradually to the

extremity, while in the female they are shorter, com-

presso-dilated beyond the middle, and thence somewhat

abruptly diminishing to the apex. The absence of a

valvula ventralis will also serve to distinguish the males.

British Braconide. 115

Uniformity of structure and colour makes the species

difficult to separate by the eye, and still more so to de-

scribe. Their nomenclature is in the greatest disorder,

so that without types it is often impossible to say what

species are intended by authors. ‘The earliest attempt

ata monograph of the genus is that by Nees von Esen-

beck (Mag. Ges. Berl., 1816, pp. 265—274), containing

13 species. Dahlbom followed (Sv. Ak. Handl., 1833,

pp. 159—168) with 5, of which only one bears the same

name as a species of Nees. Jn the next year Nees

(Mon., i., pp. 288—298) republished his 138 species

without taking notice of Dahlbom’s work. Wesmael

(Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1885, pp. 214—225, and 1887,

Suppl. pp. 156—163), also unacquainted with Dahlbom’s

paper, published 12, of which only 6 bear the same

names as those of Nees, some of them doubtfully. His

descriptions, and those of Nees, are the chief sources of

information, although the same species is sometimes

given more than once, and in several cases the male is

mistaken for the female. In 1867 Reinhard (Berl. ent.

Zeit., pp. 858—860) adjusted the synonymy of C. sulcatus,

Nees, and eurytheca, Wesm., with the addition of two

new species. And in 1874 Thomson (Opusc. Ent., vi.,

pp. 568—581) published 27 species, 18 with new names.

My coadjutor Fitch and myself have been disappointed

in our efforts to gain information from this paper. ‘To

the above-mentioned works are to be added a few de-

scriptions by Herrich-Schiffer (Ff. G., cli, cliv), and

Curtis (B. E., delxxii).

TABLE OF SPECIES.

Maes.

(16) 1. Abdomen without an apical fissure.

(3) 2. Abdomen broadly rufous above, the apex

and a medial line black eis -. 38. Wesmaelii, Cur.

(2) 38. Abdomen entirely black, or with 2 yel-

lowish basal spots, sometimes con-

fluent.

(13) 4. Third abscissa of the radius of the fore

wing curved, concaye exteriorly ;

radius of the hind wing (in addition

to its basal flexure) curved in the

middle.

(10) 5. Squamule black, or blackish.

(7) 6. Hind tibie rufous, generally tipped with

black, but not black or annulated

with darker colour at the base ; 1st

joint of the hind tarsi broadly rufous at

the base. Length, 24 lines; largest sp. 1. inanitus, L.

116 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

(6) 7. Hind tibiew black or blackish at both

ends (the base often only annulated

with fuscous), rufous in the middle ;

Ist joint of the hind tarsi wholly fus-

cous. Length, 14, seldom 2 lines;

middle-sized spp.

(9) 8. Antenne more than 30-jointed ; frontal

fovea smooth, shining, ea pate

nated byacarina.. 4. carbonator, n. 8.

(8) 9. Antenne 27-jointed; frontal owe rugu-

lose, dull, nearly obsolete, not gemi-

nated or carinated .. ae .. 6. corvulus, n. 8.

(5) 10. Squamule testaceous.

12) 11. Face not remarkably pubescent -. 8. dispar, n.8.

( yP P

(11) 12. Face almost concealed by dense whitish

pubescence .. 9. canescens, Wesm.

(4) 13. Third abscissa of the Hie of ite fore

wing straight; radius of the hind

wing (after its basal flexure) straight

or nearly so.

(15) 14. Antenne 32-jointed, much longer than

the body; length, 14 lin. .. .. 10. catulus, n. s.

(14) 15. Antenne 23-jointed, not longer than the

body ; length, 14 ln. 50 -. LI. pusio, n.s.

(1) 16. Abdomen furnished with an apical fis-

sure.

(18) 17. Apical fissure 10 times broader than

long, its shining edges produced along

each side of the abdomen .. .. 12. risorius, Reinh.

(17) 18. Apical fissure not so much broader than

long, not produced along the sides of

the abdomen, ovate, reniform, or sub-

orbicular ; small spp.

(20) 19. Prothorax much produced, forming a

distinct neck .. i ne ne) lias SECULOM LING:

(19) 20. Prothorax as usual.

(22) 21, Antenne 27—30-jointed ac .. 14. parcicornis, Schaff.

(21) 22. Antenne 20—24-jointed.

(24) 23. Apical fissure about 3 times broader

than long, reniform .. si .. 15. sulcatus, Nees.

(23) 24. Apical fissure subcircular.

(26) 25. Head transverse ; cheeks not dilated... 16. latrunculus, n.s.

(25) 26. Head subcubical ; cheeks dilated wo) Uienecilis ste S.

FEMALES.

(14) 1. Antenne with more than 16 joints.

(7) 2. Hind tibie rufous, generally tipped with

black, but not black or annulated with

darker colour at the base ; Ist joint of

the hind tarsi broadly rufous at the

base. Length, 24 lines; largest spp.

(6) 38. Costa and parastigma fuscous ; antenne

shorter than the body ; frontal fovea

not shining, rugose like the rest of

the head.

(5) 4.

(4) 5.

(3) 6.

(2) 7.

(9) 8.

(8) 9.

(11) 10.

(10) 11.

(13) 12.

(12) 13.

(1) 14.

(16) 15.

(15) 16.

(18) 17.

(17) 18.

(20) 19.

(19) 20.

(24) 21.

(23) 22.

(22) 23.

(21) 24.

British Braconide.

Antenne compresso-dilated beyond the

middle, sama attenuated near the

apex

Antennx pecone ceontetlle diminish

ing to the apex : Sc

Costa and parastigma destacseus an-

tenne as long as the body (setaceous) :

frontal fovea shining, smooth ,

Hind tibie black or blackish at both

ends (the base often only annulated

with fuscous), rufous in the middle;

1st joint of the hind tarsi wholly fus-

cous. Length, 14, seldom 2 lines ;

middle-sized spp.

Antenne 18-jointed a¢

Antenne with more than 18 joints.

Frontal fovea subobsolete, dull and

rugulose like the rest of the head ..

Frontal fovea conspicuous, smooth and

shining.

Hind tibiz broadly rufous in the middle,

blackish at both ends ; tarsi rufous at

the base 5

Hind tibixw black, Wii a narrow Be

scent ring; tarsi wholly blackish

Antenne 16-jointed.

Squamule testaceous

Squamule black. Small species.

Base of the abdomen Reiss

yellowish a0 5C gee del

Abdomen entirely plea

All the femora rufo-testaceous 6, Als}

Femora black, except at the apex.

Head transverse, contracted behind the

eyes; cheeks not dilated.

Apex of the abdomen beneath with a

shallow groove to receive the point of

the terebra é Gc fe

Apex of the abdomen not so grooved ..

Head subcubical, not contracted behind

the eyes; cheeks dilated .. Semis

Altay

117

. inanitus, L.

. submuticus, Wesm.

. speculator, n. s.

. canescens, Wesm.

. corvulus, . 8.

decorus, Nn. 8.

carbonator, n. 3s.

. dispar, Nn. 8.

basalis, Cur.

latrunculus, 0. 8.

14. parcicornis, Schaff.

sulcatus, Nees.

exilis. 0. 8.

118 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

1. Chelonus inanitus,* L.

Cynips inanita, Lin., 8. N., i., 917, 2.

Chelonus inanitus, Nees, Mon., i., 289; Wesm., Nouv.

Mém. Ac. Brux., 18385, p. 217, ¢ 2; C. manitor,

Thoms., Opuse. Ent., vi., 1874, p. 566, 3 ¢.

C. oculator, Dahlb., Sv. Ak. Handl., 1832, p. 159,

pl. iv., f. 14 (2 with details); Wesm., lib. cit.,

p- 216, pl. ii. (wing); Thoms., Opuse. Ent., vi.,

1874, p. 564, S 2; (C. oculatus, Nees, Mon., i., 290,

and all other synonyms and varieties, are doubtful).

Black; palpi black; mandibles rufescent at the tips; abdomen

with or without 2 basal yellowish rounded spots; legs rufo-

testaceous, coxee, trochanters, femora at the base more or less, and

4 posterior tibiz at the apex sometimes, black; tarsi fuscous, black

at the tips, the 1st joint flavo-testaceous with the apex fuscous ;

spurs pale. Wings fumato-hyaline, nearly liimpid at the base; a

curved whitish streak under the stigma, which together with the

outer nervures is dark fuscous; costa and parastigma fusco-testa-

ceous; prebrachial and other basal nervures of all the wings

testaceous ; squamule black; 3d abscissa of the radius of the fore

wings curved, concave outwardly; radius of the hind wings

sinuated. Body coarsely rugose, somewhat shining, beset with

short, scattered, pale hairs. Head reticulato-rugose, striato-rugose

** Chelonus Antillarum, nu. s.

C. inanito simillimus, niger, pubescens, opacus, scaber ; antennis

maris 30-, feminz 26-articulatis; seutello medio leviusculo ; meta-

thorace bicarinato, subquadridentato; abdomine integro, ovali,

antice flavo-bimaculato ; pedibus sordide testaceis, sericeis, coxis

trochanteribusque nigris, femoribus anticis basi, posterioribus fere

totis, tibiis etiam posterioribus apice et ante basin, piceis; terebra

recondita. g ?. Long. 23; alar. exp. 43 linearum.

Palpi pitchy, mandibles black, clypeus bearded with pale pube-

scence, which is also thinly scattered over the whole body. Meta-

thorax acutely bidenticulate, and with several longitudinal carine,

two of which are elevated at the apex; hence subquadridentate.

Abdomen bicarinated and reticulato-rugose at the base, rugoso-

punctate towards the apex, and glistening with hoary pubescence.

The yellowish abdominal spots are triangular, and smaller than in

the similar European species; in one female, obsolete. Wings

hyaline towards the base, with decolorous nervures; dusky towards

the apex, with fuscous stigma and neuration; cubitus and anal

nervure attenuated outwardly and subobsolete ; 3d abscissa of. the

radius not sinuated ; radial areolet shorter and move obtuse than

in C. inanitus.

Common in the West Indies; I found several of both sexes in

Barbados, Martinique, and Antigua.

British Braconide. 119

round the orbits and cheeks; vertex transverse, not widened behind

the eyes, cheeks not dilated; clypeus bisinuated, elevated, shining,

punctulate; frontal fovea rugose, hardly more shining than the

rest of the head, geminated by a carina. Antenne $* as long as

the body, setaceous, 27—30- (usually 28-) jointed; of the ? shorter

than the body, compresso-dilated beyond the middle, the last 5—6

joints rapidly decreasing in size, 283—24- (rarely 25-) jointed.

Mesothorax reticulato-rugose, the reticulations coarser behind, and

falling into irregular strie before the scutellum. Scutellum smooth

in the middle, except two or three faint striw, reticulated and

margined all round; the basal fovea cancellated. Metathorax

short, transverse, truncated, reticulato-rugose, 4-denticulate. Abdo-

men g depresso-cylindrical ; viewed laterally, clavate; obtuse

behind, rather longer than the head and thorax, the sides sub-

parallel, very slightly sinuated near the basal tubercles; of the

shorter, the sides somewhat curved, and the apex rounded; the

base covered with coarse reticulations arranged in strix, two of

which are often more elevated, forming carine ; the reticulations

become shorter and finer posteriorly, so that the apex is more

shining, and almost punctate. Terebra 9 testaceous with black

valves, faleate, concealed in repose, but capable of being protruded

a little beyond the anus. ¢ 9. Length, 23; wings, 4} lin.

Described from 88 males and 29 females, mostly taken

by myself at the same time and place in the Isle of

Wight, and which are uniform in their characters,

agreeing with Wesmael’s oculator and inanitus. The

yellowish abdominal spots are inconstant, appearing but

seldom in the males, and only in a minority of the

females ; a specimen from Maldon has a spot on one side

of the abdomen only.

Common throughout the country, and especially near

the coast of the Isle of Wight at Niton, in July, where I

took 46 in a few hours; 21 more specimens were sent

me by Fitch, obtained by himself and Bridgman. Bignell

has also captured many in Devonshire. A solitary

parasite of Lepidoptera; two females were bred by

Elisha, August 12th, from Catoptria emulana, Schl. ;

in one of these the femora are more broadly black than

usual, and the hind tibiwe are blackish at the base; the

other exhibits no peculiarity. Specimens in Brischke’s

collection (named by Ruthe) were reared from Miana

literosa, Haw., and Tapinostola elymi, Tr.

*A g taken by Bignell has the left antenna 28-, the right 27-

jointed, both unusually short.

120 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

The synonymy of this species is embarrassing, and

perhaps can never be quite cleared up. More species

than one seem to be contained under the name oculator

of authors, and it is useless now to enquire whether

Fabricius, Olivier, Panzer, and Latreille had all the

same insect in view. It appears, however, that Nees

was right in regarding his own C. oculatus as distinct

from Cynips inanita, L. C. oculator, Wesm., is identical

with Cynips inanita, L., and different from C. oculatus,

Nees. ‘This conclusion, attained after much puzzling,

obliges me to unite Cynips inanita, L., with C. oculator,

Wesm., and to restore the Linnean name. The insect

representing Cynips inanita in the Linnean cabinet has

been carefully examined by Fitch, and there is every

reason to believe it to be the common C. oculator, Wesm.

It is a female with the terebra slightly exserted, which

is nothing remarkable. The legs are rufous, only the

hind tibiz black at the apex. The Linnean diagnosis

has the words ‘‘ pedibus ferrugineis’’; the further de-

scription adds ‘‘ pedes ferruginei exceptis tibiis nigris,”

where ‘‘ tibiis ’’ is due to some inadvertence, or perhaps

the word ‘‘apice” is omitted. Wesmael, delighting

over much in subtleties, having erroneously assumed his

own oculator to be the oculatus, Nees, was bound to

follow that writer in regarding inanitus, Nees, as distinct.

He endeavours to establish the distinctness of inanitus

on two grounds only: (1) the terebra projects beyond the

anus; (2) the abdomen seems a little broader, and some-

what more rounded at the sides and posteriorly. The

first difference is merely due to the temporary position

of the organ, and may happen in the case of any female

Chelonus. The second is vague and inappreciable, when

we consider that the individuals of a species are not

cast in a mould. ‘These differences moreover belong

only to the females, no attempt being made to discrimi-

nate the males. There are several English specimens

which will pass for C.inanitus, Wesm., @. I believe

them to be nothing but fine examples of oculator, Wesm.,

having the abdominal spots, and killed at a time when

the genital apparatus was ina state of tension. One

such female was taken by Billups at Walmer; others

by Sharp and Fitch; and by me at Niton, Isle of

Wicht.

For C. oculatus, Nees, Mon., i., 290, see C. carbonator,

sp. 4, infra.

British Braconide. 121

C. oculator, Thoms., Opuse. Ent., vi., 1874, p. 564,

3 ?, is placed in a section characterised by the deeply

reflexed edges of the emarginations of the mesosternum

which receive the fore coxe. I have failed to discover

this character in British specimens of any species.

Moreover, the metathorax is described as ‘‘ concinne

minus fortiter punctatus,” which is inapplicable to our

species.

C. cylindrus, Nees, Mon., i., 291, ¢. Antenne 29-

(a. €.,* 28-) jointed. Perhaps the same as C. oculator,

Wesm. Nees has taken great pains to show that it is

not his C. oculatus.

C. scaber, Nees., Mon., i., 297, d 2, was regarded by

the author as doubtfully distinct from his oculatus.

Length, 2—2} lin. Body stouter and more compact;

abdomen shorter, more oval, without basal carine —

which Nees declares to be never wanting in his oculatus,

another proof of the diversity of that species from

oculator, Wesm.—seldom with yellowish spots; femora

black, only the fore pair rufous at the apex; tibie pale

testaceous, not rufous, the middle pair always darker at

the apex, generally fuscous with the base pale; wings

darker than in oculatus; scutellam not smooth in the

middle. Antenne not described. (Compare C. carbo-

nator, sp. 4, infra). This is said by Haliday and Curtis

to be the same as C. annulipes, Wesm., which Wesmael

himself expressly denies ; by Thomson it is joined doubt-

fully to his C. buccatus, which is insufficiently described.

Ichneumon scabrator, Fab., EH. §., ii., 174, quoted by

Nees as a synonym, is not now in the Banksian col-

lection.

Ruthe in his collection distributed the specimens which

stand under the name C. oculatus, Nees, into three

varieties ; (a) rufipes (b) variipes, and (c) nigripes = scab-

rator, Fab. But his views on the affinities of the

Cheloni were unfortunately never published.

2. Chelonus submuticus, Wesm.

Chelonus submuticus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1835;.p~218,, dig.

Similar to the preceding, but with different antenne. Those of

the ? are as long as $ of the body, 26-joimted (27- according to

** As Nees reckons the radicle, it is necessary always to subtract

1 from his enumerations,

122 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Wesmael), setaceous, not dilated and compressed beyond the

middle, nor suddenly attenuated at the apex. The other differences

are less obvious; abdomen broader, more obtuse behind, the apex

subtruncate, channelled beneath to receive the point of the terebra ;

base with 2 small triangular yellowish spots not touching the

reflexed edges, which are also yellowish for a short distance; 2

faint basal carine not reaching the pale spots. Metathorax

strongly bidenticulate, and with 2 blunter lateral angulations.

Terebra concealed. Wings as in the preceding species; costa,

basal nervures, and parastigma testaceous, the latter with a fuscous

spot. I have not seen the g, which, according to Wesmael, is like

the @, and with similar antenne, but 29—30-jointed. ¢ 2.

Length, 23; wings, 4} lin.

More robust than C. inanitus, L., and evidently dis-

tinct. The antenne alone lead me to conclude that it

is the real submuticus, Wesm., for the other characters

given by him are not likely to be constant. The meta-

thorax is more strongly bidenticulate than in Wesmael’s

description, and the basal carine of the abdomen more

feeble; all the characters, however, are present. As the

cheeks are not dilated, it cannot be C. buccatus, Thoms.,

which that writer compares, as to its antenne and

metathorax, with swbmuticus, Wesm.

One female is in Fitch’s collection.

Bridgman captured, at Brundall, Norfolk, a ¢ closely

resembling the above ?, except that the antenne are

25-jointed. It is no doubt a different species, which I

am unable to name, or to describe intelligibly without

more specimens, including the other sex.

3. Chelonus Wesmaelu, Cur.

Chelonus Wesmaelii, Cur., B. E., pl. delxxi., 3.

Black; palpi testaceous ; abdomen bright rufo-testaceous above

for 2 of its length, with a black medial stripe, sometimes inter-

rupted; legs rufo-testaceous, cox and trochanters black, hind

femora and tibie narrowly at the apex, and all the tarsi except

their basal joint, fuscous. Wings fuscescent, longer and narrower

than in the two preceding species, with a whitish streak beneath

the attenuated stigma; radial areolet elongate, acuminate, the 3d

abscissa almost straight ; radius of the hind wings curved. Rugose,

pubescent; antenne gas long as the body, 82—384-jointed. ¢.

Length, 3; wings, 44 lin.

British Braconide. 123

Size of C. inanitus, L., but more slender, with longer

legs and less coarse rugosity. I have not seen the @,

and the very old specimen of the g which I possess does

not admit of minute description ; but the species cannot

be mistaken. Antenne 32-jointed, setaceous ; according

to Curtis 34-jointed. Metathorax bluntly bidenticulate.

Abdomen somewhat wider behind, with a transverse de-

pression indicating the 1st suture, at which place the

black longitudinal stripe is interrupted in Curtis’s speci-

men; in mine it is continuous, emitting a short branch

on either side; the apex is impressed with a shallow

triangular fovea.

This fine species is not noticed by the continental

writers, and seems to have occurred only in England,

where it must be very rare or local. The locality given

by Curtis is Tollesbury, near Maldon, in Essex. My

specimen is the gift of Walker, who possessed several,

which are now in the Oxford Museum, numbered 334, as

I am informed by the Professor of Zoology.

4, Chelonus carbonator, n. 8.

Niger, abdomine immaculato; palpis nigricantibus; femoribus

anticis preter apicem, mediorum apice ipso, tibiis anticis totis,

posterioribus medio, ferrugineis, vel tibiis posticis nigris rufo-

annulatis. Ale antice infumate, in femina saturatius, postice

magis hyaline; squamule nigre; stigma cum costa nervisque

exterioribus fuscum ; parastigma et nervus prebrachialis testacea ;

areola radialis brevis, stigmate latior, abscissa 3tia curvata; alarum

inferiorum radius sinuatus. Clypeus discretus, punctis ad basin

duobus exiguis impressus; vertex transversus, pone oculos con-

tractus, genis nequaquam dilatis; fovea frontalis nitida, profunda,

geminata. Maris antenne 33—34-, femine 28—33-articulate,

crassiuscule, apicem versus sensim decrescentes. |Mesothorax

antice fortiter punctatus, posterius striato-reticulatus. Metathorax

brevis, valde transversus, 4-denticulatus, medio subcarinatus,

reticulatus. Abdomen sculptura solita exasperatum, carinis basali-

bus nullis, maris apice integrum, obtusum, feminz magis ovatum,

terebra occulta.

Black, abdomen immaculate ; palpi blackish; tips of mandibles,

fore femora except the base, fore tibiz entirely, intermediate femora

at the extreme apex, ferruginous; 4 posterior tibize dull ferruginous,

broadly blackish at the apex and annulated with fuscous near the

base, or the hind tibie black with a subferruginous ring; tarsi

blackish, the 4 anterior rufous at the base. Fore wings infumated,

124 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

darker in the ?, with a curved whitish streak behind the stigma;

hind wings nearly hyaline; squamule black; stigma, costa, and

nervures fuscous, only the parastigma and prebrachial nervure

testaceous; radial areolet short, broader than the stigma; 3d

abscissa of the radius curved; radius of the hind wings sinuated.

Head and thorax rather shining, the former finely and irregularly

rugulose, reticulated, partly striato-rugulose, beset with pale hairs,

especially on the face, which is also tranversely striated; clypeus

shining, densely punctulate, discrete, the punctiform basal fover

very minute; vertex transverse, narrowed behind the eyes, cheeks

not dilated; frontal fovea shining, deep, geminated. Antenne

as long as the body, 83—384-jointed; of the 2 shorter, 28—83-

jointed, incrassated for about % of their length, afterwards slightly

and gradually decreasing. Mesothorax shining, uneven, with

coarse irregular scattered punctures in front, striated and sub-

reticulated towards the scutellum, which is-shining and sparingly

punctulate. Post-scutellum not dentiform. Metathorax short,

very transverse, quadridenticulate, shining, coarsely reticulated,

with traces of a medial carina. Abdomen dull, pubescent at the

apex, as long as the head and thorax, without basal carine,

depresso-cylindrical, reticulated and striato-rugose at the base, the

strie becoming shorter and finer posteriorly, leaving the apex

punctulate and somewhat shining. Abdomen ¢ obtuse and im-

perforate at the apex; of the ? ovate, less bluntly rounded behind;

terebra concealed. g ?. Length, 13—2; wings, 83—3} lin.

Described from two males and two females. One pair

was taken by Billups, the ? is ticketed ‘‘ Margate.”

Bignell captured a g¢ in Devonshire, and the remaining

@ is in Fitch’s collection. A 9% with 34-jointed antenne

is among some Andalusian insects brought by Sharp

from the Sierra Nevada.

Having failed to clear up the obscurity surrounding

C. annulatus, Nees, and annulipes, Wesm., I am forced

to impose a new name, and probably to make a synonym,

for which some excuse may perhaps be found in the

following considerations :—

C. annulatus, Nees, ¢ (wrongly called ? , and accord-

ing to Reinhard = fenestratus, Nees, 3 ) has 88- (t.e., 82-)

jointed antenne, and is the only Neesian species to

which this could be referred. The femora are rufous,

the hind tibie black with a white ring, and the abdomen

is bimaculated with yellow. It is also out of the question

through being coupled by Reinhard with a ? whose

antenne are 16-jointed, viz., fenestratus, Nees. Of

British Braconide. 125

Thomson’s annulatus I can make nothing, except that,

having the squamule ‘‘ plerumque albide,” it cannot be

the present insect. Wesmael’s C. annulipes 3 (excluding

the ¢, the variety, and the synonyms) has the mandibles

black, the abdomen bimaculated, the middle tibiz not

annulated at the base, and the wings almost hyaline ;

the probability of its being the present species is further

diminished by Reinhard’s remark that annulipes, Wesm.,

3 = sulcatus, Nees, 3, with 25- (i.e, 24-) jointed

antenne. C.scaber, Nees, said by Haliday and Curtis

to be annulipes, Wesm., has been already mentioned

under sp. 1. It resembles the present insect in the

colour of the hind tibiz. Thomson’s annulipes is de-

scribed as having the cheeks dilated, the post-scutellum

dentiform, the ? with 24-jointed antenne, and is referred

to annulipes, Wesm., doubtfully, without further expla-

nation.

C. oculatus, Nees, Mon., i., 290, 3¢ @ (excluding

varieties) differs in the colour of the hind tibie, but is

otherwise nearer to this species than to C. inanitus, L.

Length, 2—81 lin. Antenne ¢ 33- (i.e., 32-) jointed,

those of the ? not described. Scutellum smooth at the

base, punctate broadly at the apex. Abdomen immacu-

late, or (in dubious varieties) spotted; always with 2

distinct basal carine. Hind tibie rufous tipped with

black ; tarsi fuscous, not testaceous at the base, but

only on the under side of the 1st joint; femora black at

the base, or entirely black. It will be seen that the

size, the number of joints in the antenne, and the

colour of the tarsi, do not quadrate with our sp. 1., the

numerous examples of which are constant in their

characters.

Two doubtful specimens may here be noticed, which

at present it would be useless to describe. A ¢ taken

by Fitch, agreeing with carbonator, except in size

(length, 24 lines), and in the antenne, which are 29-

jointed. And a @ equally large, in too bad condition

to describe, having the antenne 25-jointed, and the

hind tibiz wholly black. The latter I captured in the

New Forest.

126 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

5. Chelonus speculator, n. 8.

Niger, abdominis basi bimaculata ; palpis nigricantibus; pedibus

testaceis; coxis, femorum anticorum basi, posterioribus preter

apicem totis, tibiarum posticarum apice, nigris, harum basi fusce-

scente; tarsis fuscis, basi testaceis. Ale infumate, tinctu ferru-

gineo, stigmate nervisque fuscis, parastigmate et nervis basalibus

testaceis, squamulis piceis; abscissa 3tia curvata; alarum infer-

arum radio sinuato. Caput reticulatum, orbitis striolatis, fovea

frontali rugulosa, nitida, genis paulo dilatatis. Femine antenne

27-articulate, ultra medium incrassate, vix ad apicem sensim

decrescentes, C. inaniti antennis multo longiores. Corporis ruge

subtiliores. Scutellum medio leve. Abdomen more solito scabra-

tum, ellipticum, carinis basalibus nullis. Metathorax longior,

subquadridentatus, fortius reticulatus. Mesosternum antice haud

reflexum. Terebra occulta.

Black, with 2 large triangular yellowish spots at the base of the

abdomen; palpi dusky; mandibles at the tip, and legs, testaceous;

coxe, fore femora at the base, 4 posterior wholly except the tips,

and tips of the hind tibie, black; these last slightly fuscescent at

the base, their tarsi blackish with the 1st joint testaceous ; calcaria

pale. Wings infumated, with a ferruginous tinge, and a darker

stain underneath the fuscous stigma; parastigma and basal ner-

vures testaceous, the rest fuscous; squamule pitchy ; 3d abscissa

of the radius curved; radius of the hind wings sinuated. Head

reticulato-rugulose, orbits and cheeks striolated; frontal fovea

deep, rugulose, shining; cheeks somewhat dilated. Antenne ?

27-jointed, incrassated beyond the middle and only slightly

attenuated towards the apex, hardly shorter than the body and

much longer than those of C. inanitus 2. Rugosity of the body

finer and more variolose than in that species. Scutellum shining

in the middle. Abdomen longer, not so obtuse behind, but regu-

larly elliptical, without basal carine. Metathorax longer, sub-

quadridentate, more coarsely reticulated. Anterior edge of the

mesosternum not reflexed. Terebra concealed. 9. Length, 2};

wings, 4 lin.

When compared with the ? of C. imanitus this is very

distinct ; more elongate, the abdomen regularly elliptical,

rounded behind instead of obtuse; the antenne are

1 longer, stouter and less attenuated at the apex; the

frontal fovea is smooth and shining; the wings are

darker and more ferruginous; the radial areolet larger,

the 2d cubital more produced inwardly, the parastigma

and basal nervures paler, and the posterior femora

British Braconide. 127

differently coloured. It agrees with Thomson’s de-

scription of C. Gravenhorstt (Opusc. Ent., vi., p. 573),

but not with C. Gravenhorstii, pellucens, Nees, or

eurytheca, Wesm., all which are cited by Thomson as

synonyms. C. euwrytheca, Wesm., is very different, and,

according to Reinhard, is the $ of parcicornis, Schiff.

(see sp. 14, infra). Im any case a new name is here

required.

I captured this 2 on a strawberry-bed in my garden at

Nunton, Wilts.

6. Chelonus corvulus, n. 8.

Chelonus annulipes, var. 1, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac.

Brux., 1888, p. 162 (antenne 26—29-jointed).

Black, abdomen immaculate ; palpi and tips of the mandibles,

fore femora at the apex broadly, the middle pair more narrowly,

and all the tibie testaceous; hind tibie tipped with black and

annulated with dusky near the base; tarsi fuscous, the 1st joint of

the 4 posterior pale at the base; calcaria whitish. Wings in-

fumated, stigma and nervures fuscous, parastigma and basal ner-

vures subtestaceous ; squamule piceous; 3d abscissa of the radius

very slightly curved; radius of the hind wings sinuated. Reticu-

lato-rugose, dull; head more finely sculptured, orbits and cheeks

striolated ; vertex transverse, contracted behind the eyes, cheeks

not dilated; frontal fovea large, shallow, smoother than the rest of

the head, geminated by a carina. Antenne § 27-jointed, longer

than the body; of the 9 24—26-jointed, stouter, shorter, incras-

sated beyond the middle, and near the apex suddenly attenuated.

Mesothorax coarsely reticulated, especially near the scutellum,

slightly shining, with an obsolete medial raised line, the sides and

scutellum more finely rugulose. Metathorax short, transverse,

truncate, coarsely reticulated, bidentate, with 2 longitudinal carinze

diverging posteriorly and sometimes obsolete. Abdomen depresso-

cylindrical, somewhat shorter than the head and thorax, covered

with oblong subparallel reticulations, finer posteriorly, the apical

third smoother and rather shining; at the base are 2 short carine,

subobsolete and confused with the other strie. Abdomen ¢ im-

perforate. Terebra 2 concealed. g 9. Length, 12—2; wings,

3—8} lin.

Described from six males and four females. Common ;

taken on Umbelliferee in Leicestershire, and again near

Barnstaple.

C. annulipes, Thoms., Opuse. Ent., vi., 1874, p. 572,

? agrees with this, so far as the description extends ;

128 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

but the writer doubts whether his species be the same as

Wesmael’s. Wesmael quotes annulatus, Nees, as a

synonym, but doubtfully, because the latter has testa-

ceous femora; in his Supplement he changes his mind,

and thinks they may be the same, since H.-Schaffer

(F. G., cliv., 28) describes the femora as sometimes

black. Reinhard’s opinion has been already mentioned

(see sp. 4). Wesmael also states that the males of his

C. fenestratus belong to annulipes, var. 1 (without pale

spots on the abdomen). But fenestratus, Nees, Wesm.,

is made up of the sexes of two different species, and the

name ought to be abandoned. Reinhard pronounces

sulcatus, Nees, 3 to be certainly the same as annulipes,

Wesm. (but not necessarily its varieties) ; and fenestratus,

Nees, ¢ probably the same as annulatus, Nees. This is

fortunately almost the last sample of the nomenclature

of Chelonus we shall have occasion to give. The present

insect is clearly not annulatus, Nees, nor annulipes,

Wesm., but var. 1 of the latter, which seems a good

species, and requires a name.

7. Chelonus decorus, n. 8.

Niger, abdomine triangulariter bimaculato; palpis testaceis,

basi fuscis; pedibus rufo-testaceis, femoribus anterioribus basi,

posticis preter apicem, nigris; tibiis posticis apice basique, tarsis

omnibus apice, fuscis. Ale subfusco-hyaline, stigmate nervisque

fuscis, costa et parastigmate cum nervo prebrachiali testaceis,

squamulis nigris; areola radialis brevis, lata; abscissa 3tia extus

vix concava; alarum inferarum radius sinuatus. Vertex trans-

versus, pone oculos contractus; gene haud dilatate. Antenne ?

27-articulate, ultra medium dilatatz, apice teretiuscule, corpore

breviores. J ovea frontalis parva, nitida, parum rugulosa. Meso-

thorax antice variolosus, postice reticulatus. Scutellum confertim

variolosum, punctis majoribus undique cinctum. Metathorax a

basi declivis, apice truncato, angulis posticis vix dentiformibus.

Abdomen postice latius, thorace longius, apice rotundato, more

solito scabratum, carinis basalibus nullis. Terebra recondita.

Black; abdomen with 2 triangular basal yellowish spots; palpi

and tips of mandibles rufo-testaceous, the former dusky at the base ;

legs rufo-testaceous, fore and middle femora at the base, hind

femora except the apex, black; hind tibie fuscous at both ends;

all the tarsi testaceous with fuscous tips. Wings subfusco-hyaline,

stigma and nervures fuscous, costa, parastigma, and prebrachial

nervure testaceous, squamule black; radial areolet broader but

British Braconide. 129

not longer than the stigma; 8d abscissa of the radius slightly

concave outwardly; radius of the hind wings sinuated. Body

scarcely shining. Head with a transverse vertex, slightly con-

tracted behind the eyes, cheeks not dilated; reticulato-rugose,

orbits and cheeks striolated, the face transversely ; clypeus punctu-

late, shining; frontal fovea small, shining, somewhat rugulose.

Antenne 2 27-jointed, dilated and compressed beyond the middle,

not much attenuated at the tips, shorter than the body. Meso-

thorax in front variolose, rather shining, reticulated before the

scutellum, which is thickly variolose, margined with coarser punc-

tures. Metathorax coarsely reticulated, the disk inclined from the

base, truncate behind, the angles hardly denticulated. Abdomen

longer than the thorax, a little wider behind, rounded, not obtuse,

at the apex, depresso-cylindrical, covered with the usual oblong

reticulations becoming finer posteriorly, the apex rather shining;

basal carine none. Terebra concealed. 9. Length, 2; wings,

33 lin.

At first sight like C. dispar, sp. 8, 2, but the abdomen

is considerably longer in proportion, the antenne are

much more than 16-jointed, and the sculpture is finer.

The yellowish abdominal spots are triangular, and widely

separated in the middle.

One specimen is in Fitch’s collection, the origin of

which is not stated.

8. Chelonus dispar, n. 8.

Niger; abdomen bimaculatum, maculis triquetris, subconfluenti-

bus. Maris pedes flavo-testacei, coxis, femorum intermediorum

plaga, femoribus posticis preter basin totis, tibiarum posticarum

apice basique (hac anguste) nigris, tarsis fuscis basi testaceis:

femine trochanteres partim fusci, femora intermedia fere ad

apicem nigra. Alz infumatze, costa, nervis, stigmate, fuscis ; para-

stigmate, nervo prebrachiali, squamulis, fusco-testaceis; areola

radialis stigmate longior vix latior; abscissa tertia extus leviter

concayva ; alarum inferarum radius sinuatus. Vertex transversus,

pone oculos contractus; gene haud dilatate. Antenne J 28-, ?

16-articulate, ultra medium dilatate, apice ipso teretiusculo, cor-

pore multo breviores. Fovea frontalis carinata, geminata, haud

nitida. Mesothorax antice punctulato-rugulosus, postice fortiter

reticulatus, sulcatus. Scutellum rugulosum. Metathorax brevis,

truncatus, bis in longitudinem carinatus, angulis posticis denti-

formibus. Abdomen quam precedenti brevius, sculptura solita

fortiori; maris apice integrum. ‘Terebra recondita.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PARTI. (APRIL.) K

130 Rey. 'T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Black; abdomen at the base with 2 large triangular yellowish

subconfluent spots; legs f flavo-testaceous; cox, a streak on the

intermediate femora, hind femora except at the base, hind tibie at

the apex and narrowly at the base, black; tarsi fuscous, 1st joint

more or less testaceous; in the @ the trochanters are partly

fuscous, and the intermediate femora black nearly to the apex.

Wings infumated, especially towards the apex; costa, nervures,

and stigma fuscous; parastigma, prebrachial nervure, and squamule

dull testaceous; radial areolet longer but not broader than the

stigma; 3d abscissa of the radius slightly curved; radius of hind

wings sinuated. Body scarcely shining. Head with a transverse

vertex, contracted behind the eyes, cheeks not dilated; punctulate

in front, orbits and cheeks striolated ; frontal fovea shallow, gemi-

nated by a carina. Antenne g§ 28-jointed, filiform to about the

18th joint, thence gradually attenuated, as long as the body; of the

? 16-jointed, dilated from the middle to near the apex, the last 3

joints smaller. Mesothorax rather shining in front, punctulato-

rugulose, coarsely reticulated or suleate behind. Scutellum rugu-

lose. Metathorax reticulated, short, truncate, the basal portion

more horizontal than in the last species, with 2 medial carine, and

the hind angles dentiform. Abdomen at the base sulcate, after-

wards reticulato-rugose, striated, behind more finely, the apex

somewhat shining. Anus ¢ imperforate; terebra 2 concealed.

3 @. Length, 14; wings, 3 lin.

Described from two males and one female. The

agreement between the sexes is so complete that I

cannot do otherwise than jom them, though the ? was

taken separately. It would be mere guess-work to

attempt to name them from the books ; C. cylindrus, Nees,

Mon., i., 291, ¢ may perhaps be compared, having 29-

(t.e., 28-) jointed antenne ; but it is a larger insect (23 lin.

long), and otherwise different. C. fenestratus, ver. B,

Nees, might be the ° , but it has no separate description,

and the typical form in either sex is quite beside the

mark. Thomson’s C. /fenestratus g¢ has 23-jointed

antenne, and the description is too short; but in any

case that name cannot stand. My specimens are old,

and some few details cannot well be taken from them.

The two males are from Darenth Wood; the female

from Milford Haven.

Reinhard (Berl. ent. Zeit., 1867, p. 860) has proposed

to make another genus of those Cheloni whose females

have 16-joimted antenne, and the males a perforated

abdomen. But the existence of such a species as the

British Braconide. 131

present, together with others indicated by Thomson,

shows that there is no necessary correspondence between

the sexes in these respects.

9. Chelonus canescens, Wesm. (PI. V., fig. 1).

Chelonus canescens, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1835, p. 224, @; Thoms., Opusc. Ent., vi., 1874,

PD. 014,52.

Black ; abdomen immaculate; palpi pale; mandibles testaceous

in the middle; coxe and upper trochanters black; legs rufo-

testaceous, fore femora at the base, 4 posterior entirely except the

apex, and apical half of hind tibie, black, these last with an obso-

lete dusky ring near the base; tarsi fuscous, the hind pair blackish.

Wings subfumato-hyaline, darker towards the apex, stigma and

nervures fuscous, costa, parastigma, przbrachial nervure, and

squamulz testaceous; radial areolet broader than the stigma, 3d

abscissa of the radius straight, radius of the hind wings straight,

except its basal curvature. Body not shining, thinly beset with

whitish hairs, which become thicker on the face, so as almost to

conceal the surface, and form 2 tufts at the angles of the meta-

thorax. Head minutely subrugulose, almost coriaceous; vertex

transverse, contracted behind the eyes; cheeks not dilated; frontal

fovea ample, shallow, not shining, nor geminated. Antenne

23-jointed (about 20-jointed according to Thomson), somewhat

longer than the body; of the 2 18-jointed, as long as the body,

slightly compresso-dilated beyond the middle, joints 15—17

tapering, 18 abruptly smaller, linear. Mesothorax somewhat

shining and punctulate in front, subreticulated with longer punc-

tures before the scutellum, which is minutely punctulate and

almost smooth; post-scutellum not dentiform. Metathorax in-

clined from the base, hardly truncate posteriorly, reticulato-rugose,

bluntly 4-dentate, with 2 short medial ridges not reaching the base

or the apex. Abdomen hardly as long as the head and thorax,

ovate, rounded behind, reticulato-rugulose at the base, and with 2

short carine placed obliquely, the reticulations shorter and finer

posteriorly, interspersed with indistinct punctiform impressions ;

abdomen @? broader and more rounded than that of the ¢, which

is imperforate at the anus. Terebra concealed. g 2. Length,

4—1$; wings, 23—3.

Very like C. corvulus, sp. 6, but differing in the

antenne, the pubescence of the face, the testaceous

squamule, the radial areolet, and the radius of the hind

wings. C. retusus, Nees, 2 may be suspected of being

132 Rev. 'T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

this species; it has 18- (i.¢., 17-) jointed antenne, and

the abdomen grooved beneath at the apex to receive the

point of the terebra. The latter character means very

little, and may be seen in many females accidentally.

Wesmael, however, states that its absence is the only

reason why he did not join the two species. <A greater

difficulty seems to arise from the silence of Nees respecting

the dense pubescence of the face, which distinguishes

canescens from all other species. Thomson doubtfully

assigns retusus, Nees, to his own caudatus.

Described from one male and three females. A pair

is in Cameron’s collection, from Clober, Scotland; Fitch

possesses a 2, and another was taken by me in Bradgate

Park, Leicestershire.

10. Chelonus catulus, n. s.

Niger, abdomine immaculato; palpis nigricantibus, mandibu-

larum apice rufo. Pedes antici rufo-testacei, femorum basi latius

nigra; posteriores nigri, tibiarum intermediarum basi et apice,

posticarum basi tantum, trochanteribus inferis omnibus, rufo-

testaceis ; tarsi fusci, apice potius nigro. Ale subfusce stigmate,

costa, parastigmate, nervis nigricantibus, prebrachiali modo sub-

rufescente, squamulis nigris; areola radialis stigmate brevior,

latior; abscissa 8tia recta; alarum inferiorum radius subrectus.

Corpus opacum, subtiliter confertim punctulatum fere coriaceum.

Gene dilate, unde caput subeubicum, pone oculos non contractum ;

facies albido-pubescens; fovea frontalis ampla, geminata; orbit

cum genis striolate. Maris antenne 382-articulate, corpore

longiores. Mesothorax punctulatus, prope scutellum subreticu-

latus; hoc immarginatum. Metathorax brevis, crasse reticulatus,

acute bidenticulatus. Abdomen thorace longius, cano-pubescens,

more solito subtilius scabratum, carinis basalibus nullis, ano im-

perforato.

Black ; abdomen immaculate ; palpi blackish ; tips of mandibles

rufous; fore legs rufo-testaceous, 3 of their femora black; 4

posterior legs black, intermediate tibize at both ends, hind tibie at

the base only, and all the lower trochanters, rufo-testaceous ; tarsi

fuscous, darker at the tips. Wings subfuscous, stigma, parastigma,

costa, and neryvures blackish, only the preebrachial nervure sub-

rufescent; squamule black; radial areolet shorter and broader

than the stigma; 3d abscissa straight ; radius of hind wings nearly

so. Body dull, minutely and thickly punctulate, almost granu-

lated; head transverso-cubical, not contracted behind the eyes,

cheeks dilated; face beset with whitish pubescence; frontal fovea

British Braconide. 133

ample, geminated; cheeks and orbits striolated. Antenne 3 82-

jointed, + longer than the body, setaceous. Prothorax not pro-

duced. Mesothorax somewhat shining, thickly punctulate, sub-

reticulated with confluent punctures before the scutellum, which is

also thickly punctulate, and not margined. Metathorax short,

transverse, coarsely reticulated, acutely bidenticulate. Abdomen

longer than the thorax, sparingly covered with grey pubescence,

ovato-cylindrical, depressed at the base and striated with oblong

reticulations becoming finer posteriorly to the rounded apex ; basal

carine none; anus not perforated. ¢. Length, 12; wings

23 lin.

Most like C. secutor, sp. 18, but differimg in the im-

perforate anus, short prothorax, darker wings, and

longer antenne.

Taken at Nunton, near Salisbury, in an osier-ground.

11. Chelonus pusio, n. 8.

Niger, abdomine immaculato; palpis nigricantibus, mandibu-

larum apice piceo. Femorum anticorum apices cum tibiis ferru-

ginei; tibiz posteriores ferruginee apice basique nigre; tarsi

nigricantes. Alz fusco-hyaline stigmate nervisque fuscis, para-

stigmate nervoque prebrachiali testaceis, squamulis nigris; areola

radialis lata, stigmate brevior; abscissa 3tia modo non recta;

alarum inferiorum radius etiam basi vix curvatus. Corpus opacum,

confertim subtilius ruguloso-punctulatum. Gene dilate, unde

caput subeubicum, pone oculos haud contractum ; fovea frontalis

minime profunda, subobsoleta. Maris antennz crasse 23-articu-

late, setaceer. Mesothorax et scutellum fere coriacea, hoc im-

marginatum; post-scutellum elevatum, tuberculiforme. Meta-

thorax reticulatus, basi deplanatus, postice truncatus, vix biden-

ticulatus, medio carinatus. Abdomen, ut assolet, scabratum,

baseos carinis duabus inchoatis, ano imperforato.

Black; abdomen immaculate; palpi dusky; mandibles pitchy

at the apex; tips of the fore femora, and all the tibiew, ferruginous,

the 4 posterior black at both ends; tarsi blackish. Wings fusco-

hyaline, nervures and stigma fuscous, parastigma and prebrachial

nervure testaceous, squamule black ; radial areolet broad, shorter

than the stigma; 3d abscissa almost straight; radius of hind wing

hardly curved at the base. Body dull, thickly and minutely rugu-

loso-punctulate. Head transverso-cubical, not contracted behind

the eyes; cheeks dilated; frontal fovea very shallow, subobsolete.

Antenne 23-jointed, stout, setaceous, very slightly tapering towards

the apex (hence probably a 3). Mesothorax and scutellum thickly

134 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

and minutely punctulate, almost coriaceous; the latter not mar-

cined; post-scutellum elevated into a tubercle. Metathorax hori-

zontal, truncated behind, reticulato-rugulose, carinated in the

middle, hardly bidenticulate. Abdomen deplanato-cylindrical,

broader posteriorly, obtuse (hence probably a 3), sculptured as

usual, and with two inchoate basal carine; anus not perforated.

&. Length,1+; wings, 23 lin.

Very like sulcatus, Nees, ¢, but distinguished by

wanting the anal fissure. The sex can only be inferred

from the antenne (which are not quite conclusive) and

from the obtuse abdomen, which is not likely to be that

of ae.

The single specimen was bred by W. H. B. Fletcher

from Elachista atricomella, Staint., or EH. luticomella,

Zell.

12. Chelonus risorius,* Reinh.

Chelonus risorius, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1867,

p. 360, 3.

Black; abdomen immaculate; palpi black; fore tibiz and tips

of the fore femora testaceous; or all the tibie like the tarsi,

** The following is another large species, the § of which exhibits

the anal fissure. As the 9 has not been before noticed, it may be

useful to describe it here :—

C. nitens, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1867, p. 360.

Black, fore femora at the apex, fore tibix, intermediate tibiz on

one side, or entirely, and the hind pair in the middle, testaceous.

Wings subhyaline, stigma and nervures fuscous, parastigma and

prebrachial testaceous, squamule black; radial areolet twice as

large as the stigma, 8d abscissa slightly curved, radius of hind

wings straight except at the base. Head minutely rugulose, vertex

transverse, cheeks dilated. Antenne g broken (25-jointed according

to Reinhard) ; of the 2 27-jointed in one specimen, broken in the

other.. Mesothorax punctate, shining in front, reticulato-rugose

behind; scutellum shining, punctulate. Metathorax dull, rugose,

reticulated, bidentate. Abdomen with the usual sculpture, that of

the $ longer than the head and thorax, subcylindrical, apical

fissure three times broader than its length, margined, ciliated ; of

the ¢ shorter, rounded at the sides, and wider behind. ‘'Terebra

and valvula ventralis visible, prolapsed. g 9. Length, 23;

wings, 5 lin.

Equal in size to C. wmanitus. The sexes correspond in all

respects, and the antenne of the ? show that C. erosus, Schiiff.,

I. G., cliii., 9, which has 16-jointed antenne, does not belong to

this species.

A male and two females were taken by Sharp in the Sierra

Nevada.

British Braconide. 1385

piceous. Wings infumated, stigma and nervures fuscous, only the

prebrachial testaceous; squamule black; 3d abscissa straight ;

radius of hind wings straight except a slight basal curve. Body

slightly shining, punctulato-rugulose. Head finely aciculated,

striolated on the cheeks and orbits, transverso-cubical, not con-

tracted behind the eyes, cheeks subdilated; frontal fovea not

shining. Antenne shorter than the body, 20- (according to Reinhard

18-) jointed. Mesothorax punctulato-rugulose, coarsely reticulated

just before the scutellum, which is rugose. Metathorax reticulated,

acutely bidenticulate at the hind angles, and obtusely on each side

of the base. Abdomen longer than the head and thorax, some-

what wider behind, striato-rugose, the rugosity becoming gradually

finer to the rounded aciculated apex; anus ¢ perforated, the

fissure ten times broader than long, extending to some distance

along the sides of the abdomen, its margins very smooth and

shining. ¢. Length, 14—23; wings, 3—d lin.

I have not seen the ?, which Reinhard conjectures

may possibly be C. subemarginatus, Schaff., F. G., cliil.

Reared by Billups from the galls of Andricus termi-

nalis, Fab., in which numerous insects, including some

lepidopterous larve, find food and shelter.

13. Chelonus secutor, nu. 8.

Niger, abdomine immaculato; palpis nigricantibus, mandibu-

larum apicibus piceis. Pedes ferruginei, trochanteribus superis,

femorum anteriorum basi, posticis preter lateris superioris lituram

totis, tibiarum posticarum apice, tarsis omnibus, nigris. Ale in-

fumate, stigmate nervisque nigricantibus, squamulis nigris ; areola

radialis brevis, lata, stigmati «qualis; abscissa 3tia subbisinuata ;

alarum inferiorum radius basi tantum leviter inflexa. Corpus

elongatum, parum nitidum, subtilius rugulosum. Caput scabri-

culum orbitis striolatis, propter genarum tumorem postice latius ;

facies cano pubescens; fovea frontalis ampla, geminata, nitida,

postice striolata, parum profunda. Antennz 25-articulate, corpore

non breviores. Prothorax eximius, productus, striolatus. Meso-

thorax confertim punctulatus, juxta scutellum variolosus ; hoc im-

marginatum. Metathorax subtiliter reticulatus, truncatus, angulis

posticis obtusis. Abdomen capite et thorace haud brevius, a basi

inde ad apicem obtusum sensim dilatatum, sculptura solita, carinis

duabus baseos inchoatis, rima anali transversa, oblonga.

Black; abdomen immaculate; palpi dusky ; mandibles pitchy at

the apex; legs ferruginous, upper trochanters, 4 anterior femora at

the base, hind pair entirely except a spot on the upper edge,

4 posterior tibix at the apex, and all the tarsi, blackish. Wings

136 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

infumated, nervures stout, and, together with the stigma and para-

stigma, blackish; squamul black; radial areolet short, broad, as

large as the stigma; 3d abscissa slightly bisinuated, convex out-

wardly near the apex; radius of hind wings somewhat curved

near the base, radial areolet narrowly lanceolate. Body dull,

elongate, minutely rugulose. Head finely shagreened, striolated

round the orbits ; cheeks much dilated, so that the head seen from

above is widest behind the eyes; face thinly beset with whitish

hairs; frontal fovea large, shallow, smooth in front, striolated

behind, geminated. Antenne 25-jointed, as long as the body, and

much longer than those of C. sulcatus, Nees, sp. 15, ¢. Prothorax

unusually produced, forming a distinct neck, somewhat shining,

striolated. Mesothorax thickly punctulate, variolose with larger

punctures before the scutellum, which is also punctulate and not

margined. Metathorax finely reticulated, transverse, truncate, not

denticulated. Abdomen as long as the head and thorax, sculptured

as usual, with 2 inchoate carine among the basal strie, narrowest

at the base, and increasing in width to the obtuse apex, beneath

which is an oblong transverse fissure with a small angular pro-

jection on its upper edge, and ciliated with whitish hairs. 3.

Length, 13; wings, 23 lin.

The elongate form, produced prothorax, shape of the

head, and length of the antenne, distinguish this from

sulcatus, Nees, latrunculus, n.s., and parcicornis, Schaff.

It belongs to Thomson’s last section, with cubical head,

immarginate scutellum, &c., but apparently not to any

of his species.

I found one male in an osier-ground at Nunton, near

Salisbury.

14. Chelonus parcicornis, Schaff.

Chelonus parcicornis, Schaff., F. G., cliv., 80; Wesm.,

Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838, p. 162, ?; Reinh.,

Berl. ent. Zeit., 1867, p. 359, 3 9°.

C. eurytheca, Wesm., lib. cit., 1838, p. 158, ¢ (wrongly

called ?).

Black; abdomen immaculate ; palpi, mandibles at the apex, and

legs, testaceous; cox black, the fore pair somewhat pitchy ; fore

femora fuscous on both edges, posterior blackish, the extreme tips

testaceous; hind tibie broadly black at the apex, narrowly fuscous

at the base; tarsi fuscous. Wings infumated; a whitish streak

under the stigma, which, with the nervures, is fuscous ; parastigma

and prebrachial hardly paler; radial areolet larger than the

stigma, 3d abscissa straight, radius of hind wings very slightly

British Braconide. 137

curved at the base; squamulx testaceous. Head and mesothorax

somewhat shining, minutely ruguloso-punctulate; the former

almost coriaceous, not contracted behind the eyes, cheeks sub-

dilated, frontal fovea smooth, shining, carinated in the middle.

Antenne g as long as the body, 27—80-jointed (27- in English

specimens) ; of the ? 16-jointed. Mesothorax more rugulose than

the head, especially near the seutellum, which is shining in the

middle. Metathorax reticulated, rugose, bidenticulate. Abdomen

rather shorter than the head and thorax, sculptured as usual; at

the apex is a large transversely ovate fissure, not quite twice as

broad as long, ciliated. The 9, which I have not seen, is said to

have the coxe testaceous at the apex, and the anus emarginate

beneath to receive the point of the subexserted terebra. S @.

Length, 13; wings, 2 lin.

Described from three males taken in Epping Forest,

Yorkshire, and near St. Albans; and a fourth bred by

W. H. B. Fletcher, July 1st, from Scoparia pheoleuca,

Zell. Reinhard examined five males and nine females

from Germany and Switzerland; two were reared by

Von Heyden from the cases of a Tineid feeding on

juniper.

15. Chelonus sulcatus, Nees. (Pl. V., fig. 1a).

Chelonus sulcatus, Nees, Mon., i., 2938, ¢ (wrongly

called 2; antenne 28-jointed) ; Reinh., Berl. ent.

Keit., 1867, p. 859, d 2; not of Wesm.

C. fenestratus, Nees, Mon., i., 292, & only; not the

vars.; antenne 17- (i.¢., 16-) jointed; Wesm.,

Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1885, p. 223, 2 only.

C. contractus, Nees, Mon., i., 298, 2; not of Ratz.,

Ichn. d. Forst., ii., 24, which is there wrongly

placed under Ascogaster.

Black; abdomen immaculate; palpi, tips of mandibles, 4

anterior femora at the apex, their tibiz, and a broad ring on the

hind tibiz, testaceous ; middle tibie often annulated with fuscous

near the base. Wings infumated; a whitish streak under the

stigma, which, with the nervures and costa, is fuscous; para-

stigma and prebrachial nervure testaceous ; radial areolet short, of

the same size as the stigma, 8d abscissa straight, radius of hind

wings very slightly curved at the base; squamulee fuscous.

Sculpture as in the last species; head transverse, contracted

behind the eyes, cheeks not dilated; frontal fovea dull, rugulose,

carinated in the middle. Antenne ¢ as long as the body, 28—24-

jointed; of the 9 much shorter, 16-jointed, filiform. Scutellum

138 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

rugulose. Metathorax bidenticulate. Abdomen 3 with an oblong,

reniform anal fissure, thrice as broad as long, margined and ciliated

allround. g @. Length, 13; wings, 23 lin.

Described from one male and ten females, all taken at

the same time and place. A second male in Fitch’s

collection is rather doubtful, having the radial areolet

longer and more acute; the antenne are 24-jointed,

and the other characters are those of the description,

except that the hind tibie are testaceous only at the

base. Unless the sexes of these small species are taken

or bred together, and in some numbers, they can scarcely

be determined. Formerly found by me rather com-

monly on umbellate flowersin Leicestershire. Reinhard

examined 32 males and 87 females from central Europe ;

some of them were bred from Retinia buoliana, Schiff.

Brischke reared one from a Tortriz, and another from a

Gelechia, perhaps G. mulinella, Zell.; he describes the

cocoon as 6mm. long, elliptical, white, shining, and

transparent.

The synonymy given above is that determined by

Reinhard, with the exception of C. lugubris, Wesm.,

Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835, p. 219, 3 (wrongly called

2); and C. sulcatus, Jurine, Hym., 291, pl. xii., f. 41,

?, which are both questionable. Jurine, it is true, is

the author of the name sulcatus, but his figure, un-

accompanied by a description, is a mere hieroglyphic

(as Wesmael remarks) ; the only thing certain is that

he has represented some species of which the ¢ has

16-jointed antenne. Thomson describes no sulcatus,

but observes that his C. depressus (Opusc. Ent., vi.,

1874, p. 576, antenne g 21-jointed) is much like

C. sulcatus, Wesm. He has also restored the confusion

which Reinhard laboured to clear up, by making C.

lugubris, Wesm., a synonym of C. parcicornis, Thoms.

‘not of Schaff. and Reinh.), and by redescribing C. fene-

stratus, Nees, in terms altogether vague, as a distinct

species. C. parcicornis, Thoms., seems to be the following

species.

16. Chelonus latrunculus, n. 8.

Niger, abdomine immaculato, palpis concoloribus, mandibulis

apice rufescentibus. Femine pedes cum trochanteribus rufo-

testacei, coxis nigris, tarsis et tibiarum posticarum apicibus infus-

catis. Maris femora anteriora medio late, postica tota, tibise

postice apice, nigra. A C. sulcato haud facili negotio dignoscendus.

British Braconide. 139

Caput, ut videtur, magis cubicum, genis deorsum productis, dila-

tatis, oculis minoribus, antennis multo tenuioribus, maris 22-,

femine 16-articulatis, ultra medium incrassatis, flagelli basi rufa.

Abdomen minus ovatum juxta basin angustatum, lateribus magis

parallelis; maris rima anali potius cordiformi vel subcirculari,

subtus emarginata, ibidemque ciliata, limbo undique depresso

splendente ; pedibus denique femine fere totis testaceis.

Black; abdomen immaculate; palpi black; mandibles rufescent

at the tips; legs 2 rufo-testaceous, including the trochanters,

cox black, tarsi and tips of hind tibie fuscescent; of the g the

four anterior femora are black, testaceous at both ends, hind

femora entirely, and their tibie at the apex, black. Very like

C. sulcatus, Nees, but distinguished as follows :—Head less trans-

verse, more orbicular, cheeks produced downwards, and somewhat

dilated; eyes smaller ; antenne more slender, of the ¢ 22-, of the

@ 16-jointed, compresso-dilated beyond the middle, the last 3—4

joints abruptly diminishing; 1st joint of the flagellum testaceous.

Abdomen less oval, more contracted at the base, the sides more

parallel; anal aperture of the ¢ narrower and longer, 7. e., more

cordiform, emarginate on the lower side and there ciliated, with a

depressed shining margin. ¢ ?. Length, 13; wings, 23 lin.

The colour of the legs in the female renders it pro-

bable that this may be C. parcicornis, Thoms., Opuse.

Ent., vi., 1874, p. 579, ¢ 2, but not of Schaffer and

Wesmael. The sexes differ only in the colour of the

femora, and as they were taken together I presume that

they are correctly paired.

Described from two pairs captured in Northants, and

another from Cadder Wilderness, near Glasgow, in

Cameron’s collection; also a male taken by Fitch at

Maldon.

17. Chelonus exilis, n. 8.

Niger, abdomine immaculato, palpis nigricantibus, mandibulis

apice rufis. Pedes antici testacei, femorum basi nigra; posteriores

nigri tibiis obscure ferrugineis, posticis apice basique fuscis ; tarsi

fusci. Ale fumato-hyaline, stigmate nervisque pallide, parastig-

mate et costa obscurius fuscis; squamule nigricantes; areola

radialis stigmate major; abscissa 3tia recta; alarum inferiorum

radius sinuatus. Corpus parum nitidum, subtiliter scabriculum,

parcius cano pubescens. Caput subcubicum, pone oculos haud

contractum, genis dilatatis, subcoriaceum, clypeo leviore; fovea

frontalis minima, obsoleta. Antenne maris 23-, feminz 16-articu-

late. Mesothorax subtiliter punctulatus, subcoriaceus. Scutellum

140 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

immarginatum; post-scutellum haud elevatum. Metathorax reti-

culatus, in longitudinem bis terve carinulatus, obtuse bidenticulatus.

Maris rima analis fere orbicularis; femine terebra conspicienda

quidem, sed anum haud attingens, recta, valvulis compressis,

testaceis, pilosis.

Black; abdomen immaculate; palpi blackish ; mandibles tipped

with rufous; fore legs testaceous, their femora black at the base;

posterior legs black, their tibie obscurely rufous, the hind pair

fuscous at the base and apex; tarsi fuscous. Wings fumato-hyaline,

nervures and stigma pale fuscous, parastigma and costa darker ;

squamule fuscous; radial areolet larger than the stigma; 3d

abscissa straight; radius of the hind wings sinuated. Body dull,

minutely scabrous, and sparingly beset with grey pubescence.

Head subcoriaceous, subcubical, not contracted behind the eyes,

cheeks dilated; clypeus almost smooth; frontal fovea minute,

obsolete. Antenne 3% 23-, 2 16-jointed. Mesothorax punctulate,

subcoriaceous. Scutellum not margined; post-scutellum not

elevated. Metathorax reticulated, with 2 or 3 longitudinal raised

lines, bluntly bidenticulate. Abdomen as long as the head and

thorax, of the g slightly widened and obtuse behind, of the 9 ellip-

tical; finely reticulated at the base, afterwards punctulate; basal

caring none. Anal aperture of the Jf nearly circular; terebra of

the ? visible, but not reaching the anus; valves testaceous, com-

pressed, hairy. ¢ 9. Length, 14; wings, 23 lin.

This species differs from C. parcicornis, Schaff., in the

number of joints of the antenne; from sulcatus, Nees,

in its more slender form, dilated cheeks, and longer

antenne ; from latrunculus, n.s., similarly, and also in

the colour of the legs.

Described from two males and a female, which were

bred, June 5th, by Warren from Cosmopteryx Lienigiella,

Zell.

18. Chelonus basalis, Cur.

Chelonus basalis, Cur., B. E., 672, No. 8, 2.

Black; basal third of the abdomen determinately testaceous;

legs black; fore femora at the apex, their tibie, and the base of the

hind tibie, testaceous. Wings fuscescent, nervures and stigma

fuscous; radial areolet, &c., as in the other small species. An-

tenne ? 16-jointed, stout, shorter than the body, incrassated before

the apex. Body dull, minutely punctulate, pubescent. Meta-

thorax bidenticulate, and with two medial longitudinal caring.

Terebra concealed. 9. Length, 3; wings, 13 lin,

British Braconide. 141

The smallest known British species, and easily dis-

tinguished by the colour of the abdomen. I have not

seen the male, but most likely it is one of those furnished

with an anal perforation. The two specimens at hand

are very old, and in no condition to be described.

Discovered by Walker, and briefly noticed by Curtis,

l.c. One of the original specimens is in my collection,

and more, as [ learn from Prof. Westwood, in the Oxford

Museum.

iil. AscocasTER, Wesm.

Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835, p. 226.

Eyes glabrous. First cubital areolet distinct from the pre-

discoidal. Otherwise identical with the preceding genus.

A convenient artificial section of Chelonus, improperly

called a genus, co-extensive with Section III. of Nees.

Wesmael originally included in it Chelonus dentatus,

Panz., but for this he afterwards formed, with better

reason, the genus Phanerotoma. The species have been

revised by Reinhard in the Berl. ent. Zeit., 1867, where

he describes seventeen, of which nine have been detected

in Britain. These appear to have been all known to

Haliday and Curtis; the latter is the only English writer

who has described any, but the descriptions are mostly

insufficient for their determination. We have added a

single new species.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

(14) 1. Trochanters rufous (the anterior some-

times fuscous at the base).

(3) 2. Clypeus truncate, reflexed, with a me-

dial acute denticle .. Ae .. L. instabilis, Wesm.

(2) 3. Clypeus obtusangular or rounded.

(5) 4. Hind tibie fuscous, with a white ring.. 2. annularis, Nees.

(4) 5. Hind tibie rufous, tipped with fuscous.

(9) 6. Coxe rufous, sometimes black at the base.

(8) 7. Mesothorax with distinct* punctures.. 38. rujipes, Latr., g.

(7) 8. Mesothorax reticulato-rugose .. .. 4. elegans, Nees.

(6) 9. Coxe black.

(11) 10. Hind tarsi whitish at the base.. .. 38. rufipes, Latr., 9.

(10) 11. Hind tarsi entirely fuscous, or some-

times reddish at the base.

* Except a space before the scutellum, and the mesothoracic

sutures, which in all the species are reticulato-rugose.

142 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

(13) 12. Mesothorax punctate olypans tri-

denticulate .. 5. rufidens, Wesm.

(12) 13. Mesothorax reticulato- | clypeus

obtusangular .. 6. Ratzeburgti, n.s.

(1) 14. Trochanters black.

(18) 15. Mesothorax punctured.

(17) 16. Clypeus rounded.. a ae .. 7. variipes, Wesm.

(16) 17. Clypeus bidenticulate .. Bt .. 8. dbicarinatus, Schaff.

(15) 18. Mesothorax reticulato-rugose.

(20) 19. Front impressed with a distinct mar-

gined fovea .. 9. armatus, Wesm.

(19) 20. Front with an obsolete Honea iene is

not margined . Re ite .. 10. 4-dentatus, Wesm.

1. Ascogaster instabilis, Wesm. (Pl. V., fig. 2).

Ascogaster instabilis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1885, p. 227; Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1867,

p. 864; Thoms., Opusce. Ent., vi., 1874, p. 582,

A. Hisenbecku, Cur., B. E., 672, No. 8, 3.

A. pallida, Ruthe, Stett. Zeit., 1855, p. 298.

Chelonus femoralis and rufiventris, Schaft., F. G., cliv.

Black; antenne at the base, thorax, abdomen, and legs, more or

less rufo-testaceous; trochanters rufo-testaceous. Head very finely

punctulato-rugulose; clypeus discrete, depressed, unidentate, the

apical margin truncate. Mesothorax and pleure punctulate, the

latter impressed with a rugose fovea. Metathorax reticulato-rugose,

truncate, hardly bidentate. g 9. Length, 1}—24+, wings, 3—43 ln.

Palpi black. In the $ the base of the abdomen is more or less

rufo-testaceous; the fore femora at the apex, and all the tibie,

usually of the same colour; the middle or hind tibie, or both,

blackish at the apex. Antenne longer than the body, 32—389-

jointed. Abdomen with two short basal parallel carine, sometimes

obsolete. Wings slightly infuscated, with a whitish streak under

the stigma, which in large specimens has a pale dot at the base;

cubital and anal nervures distinct; recurrent nervure interstitial.

Antenne ? 35-jointed (in one specimen), as long as the body, the

basal half usually testaceous, as are also the thorax more or less,

the abdomen at the base or entirely, and the legs; the posterior

femora, and hind tibie at the apex, commonly fuscous. The

largest British species, distinguished by its truncate clypeus, long

antenne, and conspicuously testaceous abdomen; that of the J,

however, is often wholly black.

Described from two females and four males. Not un-

common ; Leicestershire, Devonshire, Yorkshire, Essex,

&e. Glanville’s Wootton, taken by Dale (Curtis).

British Braconide. 148

2. Ascogaster annularis, Nees.

Chelonus annularis, Nees, Mon., i., 286, 3.

Ascogaster annularis, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit, 1867,

p. 369, 3 ¢.

Black; mandibles, palpi, antennie at the base beneath, and legs,

rufo-testaceous ; posterior, or only hind, coxw, sometimes hind

femora above, and hind tibiz, fuscous, these last with a white ring

in the middle; hind tarsi fuscous; trochanters rufo-testaceous.

Abdomen with or without two lateral basal testaceous spots, which

are sometimes confluent on the disk. Head and thorax thickly

and finely punctulato-rugulose; scutellum smooth; metathorax

and abdomen reticulato-rugulose, the former with two or three

irregular carine. Clypeus hardly discrete, rounded at the apex.

Mesothoracic sutures obsolete. Mesopleure punctulate. Meta-

thorax edentate. ¢ 9. Length, 1}—14; wings, 2i—8 lin.

Antenne ¢ filiform, 28—25-jointed; 9? distinctly shorter than

the body, incrassated before the apex, 21-jointed. The species

may be known by its small size, fine sculpture, and the colour of

the hind tibie.

Described from three males and one female. A male

was bred by Bignell from old furze-sticks containing

larvee of Gicophora lambdella, Donoy. The others I cap-

tured somewhere in the London district. Hellins took a

male at Weston-super-Mare. Bred by Von Heyden from

one of the Coleophoride, according to Reinhard; by

De Graaf from Xysmatodoma melanella. Haw., according

to Vollenhoven, and by Warren from the same on

June 18th.

3. Ascogaster rufipes, Latr.

Sigalphus rufipes, Latr., Gen. Crust. et Ins.,iv., 14 3.

Chelonus rufipes, Nees, Mon., i., 2838; Ratz., Ichn. d.

Forst., i1.,24, 9 2.

Ascogaster rufipes, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1867,

p. 865; Thoms., Opusc. Ent., vi., 1874, p. 588,

hued

A. bidentulus, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1835,

De 20052.

Chelonus multiarticulatus, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., iii., 25.

C. pallipes, Schiff., F. G., cliv.

Black; g with the antenne beneath, mouth, and legs, rufo-

testaceous ; hind cox at the base, hind tibie at the apex, and

their tarsi, fuscous, these last whitish at the base; trochanters

144 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

rufo-testaceous. ° with the basal half of the antenne, mouth,

anterior femora and tibiew for the most part, and hind tibie at the

base, rufo-testaceous ; hind tarsi whitish at the base. Head thickly

punctulate ; clypeus indiscrete, angulated and bidenticulated at

the apex. Mesothorax rather shining, punctulate; pleure punc-

tato-rugulose ; metathorax truncate, quadridentate. g 9. Length,

13—2; wings, 31—4 lin.

Var. 2. Abdomen testaceous at the base; legs as in the g.

Antenne g 2 80—85-jointed. Head covered with whitish

pubescence. Palpi whitish. Mesothoracic sutures irregularly

erenulate. Wings hyaline, with a distinct fuscous cloud under the

stigma, before which is a whitish streak.

Common. Bred by Elisha from Stigmonota Lepla-

strierana, Cur., and Coleophora gryphipennella, Bouché,

both on July 31st. By Bignell from a Tortriv. By W.

H. B. Fletcher, seven males, from Coccyx ustomaculana,

Cur., July 5th. By Brischke from Farias chlorana, L.,

and Tortriz podana, Scop., on willows ; also from T'eras

Holmianum, L., and Hyponomeuta padellus, L.; in his

‘Wirths-tabelle’ it is mentioned asa parasite of Selandria

tenella, Kl. By Bouché, according to Ratzeburg, from

** Tortrix funerana,”’ not in the lists (? Anesychia fune-

rella, Fab.). Ratzeburg also mentions the remarkable

occurrence of two of these Ascogasters in one cocoon

found in a larva of Hmydia cribrum, L., while a second

cocoon from the same victim produced a Microgaster

(iii., 24,47). The cocoon is white and pellucent, like

gold-beater’s skin.

4. Ascogaster elegans, Nees.

Chelonus elegans, Nees, Mon., 1., 287, 3.

Ascogaster elegans, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1867,

p. 806; ¢2.

Black, antenne sometimes at the base beneath, palpi, basal third

of the abdomen, and legs, rufo-testaceous, including the cox and

trochanters ; hind coxe at the base above, 4 posterior tibie at the

apex, with their tarsi, black. Head rugulose, clypeus not discrete,

angulated at the apex. Mesothorax and pleure thickly reticulato-

rugulose; metathorax obliquely descending at half its length,

rugose, bidentate. $9. Length, 2; wings, 3% lin.

I have not seen the ¢. According to Nees and Rein-

hard the antenne of the ¢ are wholly black, of the @

testaceous at the base beneath. Those of the British 9

British Braconide. 145

specimen are, however, entirely black, 36-jointed, slightly

incrassated before the apex. Nees states the metathorax

to be 4-dentate; according to Reinhard, and in the

British example, it is 2-dentate. Nees says that all the

coxe are rufo-testaceous ; Reinhard that the hind coxee

are black at the base above; in the British specimen all

the coxz are so coloured. ‘These discrepancies, and the

want of more specimens, render the identification un-

certain. The insect agrees, however, very well with

Reinhard’s description.

One ¢ taken by Bridgman; Brundall, Norfolk, July

3rd.

5. Ascogaster rufidens, Wesm.

Ascogaster rufidens, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., -

1835, p. 281, ¢; Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit, 1867,

p. 865; Thoms., Opusc. Ent., vi., 1874, p. 584,

Sel:

Chelonus rufipes, Schaff., F. G., cliv. (not Latr.).

C. levigator, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., iii., 25.

Black, antenne 2 on their basal half (of the J only beneath),

mandibles, palpi, and legs, rufo-testaceous ; coxe black, trochanters

rufo-testaceous; tarsi, hind femora, and tibize, fuscous in the

middle. Head finely and thickly punctulate, clypeus hardly

discrete, angulated in front and subtridentate. Mesothorax and

pleure rather shining, strongly punctured. Metathorax bidentate,

Mesothoracic sutures distinct, crenulate. g @. Length, 13—2;

wings, 8}—4 lin.

Var. The fuscous colour on the legs more or less obsolete.

Described from 27 specimens. Antenne g¢ 2 382—34-jointed.

Face covered with white pubescence, faintly carinated above.

Mandibles testaceous. Mesothorax punctate, in the middle rugose

with confluent punctures. Scutellum shining, punctulate. Meta-

thorax reticulato-rugose. Abdomen bicarinated at the base.

Wings slightly tinted, but not with a distinct fuscous cloud, as in

rujipes.

Common. Bred by Fitch from Arctia caia, L., June

80th ; by Elisha from Teleia vulgella, Hub., July 31st ;

by Bignell from Gracilaria syringella, Fab., July 26th.

Taken in Scotland by Cameron and bred by him on

July 1st from Andricus terminalis gall. Ratzeburg’s

levigator is suid by Brischke to be a parasite of Saperda

populnea, L., and obtained from excrescences on Populus

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PpaRT I. (APRIL.) L

146 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

tremula inhabited by that longicorn; also bred by

Brischke from Laverna Hellerella, Dup. Cocoon white,

pellucent, like that of A. rujipes.

6. Ascogaster Ratzeburgqu, n. 8.

Niger, palpis fuscis ; trochanteribus, femoribus tibiisque anteri-

oribus, rufo-testaceis, illis basi, his apice, latius fuscis; tarsis

etiam fuscis. Caput rugulosum, clypeo non discreto, antice angu-

lato. Thorax totus cum pleuris confertim reticulato rugosus ;

metathorax edentatus. Ale leviter infuscate; areola radialis

brevis, stigmati equalis; radu abscissa tertia regulariter curvata ;

nervus recurrens in areolam cubitalem primam rejectus.

Black, palpi fuscous; trochanters, anterior femora and tibie,

rufo-testaceous, the base of the former and the apex of the latter,

broadly fuscous; tarsifuscous. Head rugulose, clypeus indiscrete,

angulated in front. Thorax and pleure thickly reticulato-rugose ;

metathorax unarmed. Wings slightly infuscated; radial areolet

short, of the same size as the stigma; 3d abscissa of the radius

regularly curved; recurrent nervure rejected. ¢. Length, 2;

wings, 33 lin.

Antenne somewhat longer than the body, 34-jointed, entirely

black. Mandibles rufous. Face covered with white pubescence ;

front carinated, and with the usual shallow fovea above the

antenne immarginate. Hind legs wholly black, except the tro-

chanters. Radial areolet not elongate and acuminated as in other

species, but the 3d abscissa of the radius regularly curved through-

out its length, as in Microctonus.

One ¢ taken by Bridgman, July 8rd, at Brundall,

Norfolk, at the same place and time as A. elegans, Nees ;

but the two insects are abundantly distinct.

7. Ascogaster variipes, Wesm.

Ascogaster varipes,* Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,

1835, p. 284, pl. ii. (wing); Reinh., Berl. ent.

Zeit., 1867, p. 866; Thoms., Opuse. Ent., vi.,

LS i4. 0-081, cre

Black, fore femora at the apex, fore tibie entirely, middle and

hind tibiz at the base, rufo-testaceous; trochanters black. Meso-

thoracic sutures obsolete. Head thickly punctate, clypeus discrete,

* The Latin varus, “crooked,” is confounded with varius,

“« diversified,’ in too many entomological names, and is likely to

mislead those who expect to find a meaning in descriptive epithets.

British Braconide. 147

rounded in front, not tridentate. Mesopleure and metathorax

reticulato-rugose, the latter truncate, bidentate. Abdomen ? some-

times testaceous at the base. 3 9. Length, 13—2; wings,

33—4 lin.

Antenne 33—35-jointed. Face feebly carinated. Thorax and

scutellum granulated; mesothoracic sutures obliterated. Wings

slightly tinted. The black trochanters distinguish this from all the

preceding species.

One ¢ taken in Epping Forest, and another by

Bridgman in Workhouse Lane, Norwich, July 6th.

8. Ascogaster bicarinatus, Schaff.

Chelonus bicarinatus, Schaff., F. G., cliv., 10. ¢. @.

Ascogaster bicarinatus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1867,

D009) 2".

Black, palpi dusky; anterior femora at the apex, fore tibie

entirely, and hind tibie at the base, rufo-testaceous ; trochanters

black. Head buecate, punctato-rugulose ; clypeus scarcely discrete,

rounded, bidenticulate. Mesothorax and pleure thickly punctu-

late, somewhat shining. Metathorax reticulato-rugulose, with 2

carine diverging in the middle; obtusely bidentate. ¢ 9. Length,

13; wings, 3} lin.

Antenne g much longer than the body, 36-jointed. Those of

the original 9 example of Herrich-Schiffer, exemined by Reinhard,

were broken, but 24 joints remained. I have notseen the 2. Face

carinated; viewed from above the carina appears like a small

spine. Wings infuscated; recurrent nervure interstitial. In one

3S the base of the abdomen is obscurely rufescent; in another the

2d suture is indicated by a transverse depression. Closely allied

to variipes, but the clypeus is toothed in front, and the antenne of

the § longer. From armatus, Wesm., it differs in the finer

sculpture, the toothed clypeus, and the shallower, immarginate, less

shining frontal excavation.

Two males taken in Leicestershire, and one in Herts.

9. Ascogaster armatus, Wesm.

Ascogaster armatus, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,

1835, p. 288; Reinh., Berl. ent.. Zeit., 1867,

p-.863, 3° 2".

Chelonus luteicornis, Schaff., F. G., cliu., 8, f 2.

Black, palpi black, base or basal half of the antenne, 4 anterior

femora at the apex, fore tibie entirely, 4 posterior tibie at the

base, rufo-testaceous or rufo-piceous; trochanters black; abdomen

148 Rev. ‘I. A. Marshall’s monograph of

¢ sometimes obscurely rufescent at the base, of the ? rufo-

ferruginous with the apex black. Head broad, rugulose, buceate,

front with a deep, shining, fovea margined on each side; clypeus

discrete, rounded, edentate. Mesothorax, pleure, and metathorax

reticulato-rugose, the last bidenticulate. 9g 9. Length, 22;

wings, 33 lin.

Among the four species with black trochanters this

may be known at once by the mesothorax not being

punctate, but rugose, and by the smooth, deep, margined,

frontal fovea. Antenne ¢ rather longer than the body,

36-jointed (in one specimen); those of the ? shorter,

thickened beyond the middle, 87—88-jointed. In the

only British example, which is a 3, jomts 1—3 are tes-

taceous, with a fuscous line above ; and the palpi are not

black, but dingy testaceous. The abdomen is entirely

black, as in the ¢ described by Wesmael.

The specimen is in Bridgman’s collection, and was

taken at Buckenham, Norfolk, August 17th. It is

accompanied by a broken example, which was named by

Reinhard, in Fitch’s collection.

10. Ascogaster quadridentatus, Wesm.

Ascogaster quadridentatus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac.

Brux., 1835, p. 287; Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit.,

1867, p. 867; Thoms., Opusc. Ent., vi., 1874,

D006 prc

Chelonus similis, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., 1., 42, pl. vii.,

f. 16 (not of Nees).

C. impressus, Schaff., F. G., cliii., 9.

C. quadridens, Schaff., F. G., cliv., 10.

Black, antenne at the base, fore tibix, fore femora at the apex,

posterior tibiz often at the base narrowly, rufo-testaceous. Head

finely rugulose, clypeus hardly discrete, angulated at the apex, not

tridentate. Mesothoracic sutures obsolete. Mesothorax, meso-

pleure, and metathorax reticulato-rugose, the last 2—4-dentate,

3¢@. Length, 13—2; wings, 3}—4 lin.

Var. 9 @. Antenne entirely black; of the 2 33-jointed.

Antenne g 29—80-jointed, 1st joint black tipped with testaceous,

the following joints also testaceous, especially on the under side,

becoming darker to the middle, the rest black. Face covered with

short ashy pubescence, having a fine medial carina reaching from

near the clypeus to the ocelli. Clypeus minutely angulated in the

wiiddle, the angle somewhat raised. Mandibles black, sometimes

British Braconde. 149

testaceous at the points; palpi testaceous or dusky. Metathorax

armed with 4 strong teeth, 2 lateral, and 2 shorter, intermediate.

Wings very slightly tinted, with traces of a decolorous line below

the blackish stigma; 2d cubital areolet broader and shorter than

in variipes, receiving the recurrent nervure near its base. Antennz

? 34-jointed, wings more distinctly tinted near the stigma. One

2 described by Wesmael had the recurrent nervure interstitial in

one wing, and evected in the other.

Of 11 British specimens, 10 belong to the variety with

black antenne, and nine are females. One ? was bred

June 25th from pupa of Endopisa nigricana, Ste., at

Worcester by J. EH. Fletcher; another from galls of

Cynips Kollari, Hart., and a third from EHwpithecia

absinthiata, L. These are in Fitch’s collection. Keared

by Ratzeburg from Hedya ocellana, Fab., when in 1839

that Tortriz was the pest of German apple trees. Bred

by Von Heyden, according to Reinhard, from Carpocapsa

splendidana, Hub. By Goossens, according to Giraud,

from Pardia tripunctana, Fab. Brischke reared it from

Tortriz rosana, L., heparana, Schiff., Dictyopteryx Berg-

manniana, L., Pedisca Solandriana, L., Opadiafunebrana,

Tr., Hndopisa nigricana, Ste., and other Tortricide ; also

from Hyponomeuta padellus, L., malinellus, Zell., Laverna

Hellerella, Dup.; from a sawfly, Nematus leucostictus,

Hart., and a dipteron (?) Anthomyia clbimana (perhaps

Heteroneura albimana, Meig., which, however, is far

removed from Anthomyia). Captured by Curtis at Shot-

over, near Oxiord; by me in Northants, one male, three

females; by Fitch at Hastings and Maldon; near

Guildford, by Capron ; and at Headley Lane, by Billups.

Chelonus impressus, Schaff., was so named from an

accidental impression marking one of the abdominal

sutures.

iv. SpHmropyx, Hal.

Hal., Ent. Mag., i., 266 (1833); Rhitigaster, Wesm.,

Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835, p. 247.

Abdomen with two visible sutures; lateral margins not reflexed;

beneath with two teeth, pointing backwards. Mesothoracic sutures

distinct. Intermediate tibie simple. First cubital areolet distinct

from the prediscoidal. Recurrent nervure rejected. Pre- and

pobrachial areolets subequal. Terebra subexserted, obtuse, ensi-

form.

This genus is placed last in the subfamily, as serving

to connect the Chelonides with the Microgasterides and

150 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Agathidides. The abdomen, though tending to lose the

form of a carapace, still shows a similiarity to that of

Chelonus ; the Ist segment, thorax, and head, are like

those of Agathis ; the terebra and its valves are formed

as in Microgaster. There seems to be no reason why the

name Spheropyx of Haliday should be neglected in

favour of Wesmael’s wrongly spelt Rhitigaster, which is

of later date. The subgenus Acampsis, Wesm., formed

for the reception of Chelonus alternipes, Nees, differs

from Spheropyx in that a portion of the 4th abdominal

segment is visible; but the character is not of generic

value, and the species is not British.

1. Spheropyx irrorator, Fab. (Pl. V., fig. 3).

Ichneumon irrorator, Fab., E. S., ii., 177; ef. DeGeer,

Mém. I., iv., 29, pl. xxxvi., ff. 12, 13.

Chelonus irrorator, Nees, Mon., i., 276, 2; Ratz.,

Ichn. d. Forst., 11., 25.

Rhitigaster irrorator, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1835, p. 248, ¢ 2; Thoms., Opusc. Hnt., vi., 1874,

P2055 5)0t. Mare. elym, pl. xliv. f.4e0 ose Olay

Schets., ii., tab. 5 (? and g¢ abdomen).

Black, with whitish pubescence; segment 83 aureo-sericeous ;

legs hirsute, fore femora at the apex, and their tibiz on one side,

testaceous ; middle tibiz dull testaceous at the base; hind tibize

testaceous with black tips. Wings subhyaline towards the base,

the apical half fuscous ; stigma ferruginous ; beneath it is a whitish

spot. Metathorax rugose, canaliculated. Abdomen showing 3

segments, rugose, clavate. Terebra very short. g 2. Length,

4—5 ; wings, 8—10 lines.

Antenne about as long as the body, 50-jointed. Head narrower

than the thorax; clypeus deeply impressed on each side at the base ;

face carinated. Mesothoracic sutures distinct, the 2 lateral much

deeper than the middle one. Before the smooth scutellum are two

deep impressions. Metathorax shining, rugose, canaliculated in the

middle. Abdomen longer than the head and thorax, gradually

widened to the apex; segments 1—2 rugose, dull; segment 1

bidenticulate at the base, bicarinated, the carinz continued upon

segment 2, but more faintly ; segment 8 very convex, less rugulose,

and covered above with adpressed hairs, forming a golden sericeous

spot. Belly concave, carinated in the middle, armed just behind

the terebra with 2 acute teeth pointing backwards.

Var. Segment 2 blood-red with abbreviated black band; Wesm.,

1. c., 1838, p. 166,

British Braconide. 151

A solitary parasite of Noctue, mostly found in southern

and central Europe, but also known in Sweden and

Holland; taken by Dahl at Vienna, and by Wesmael at

Brussels, Liége, &e. First bred by DeGeer from

Acronycta psi, L. Subsequently, according to Ratze-

burg, by Bouché from Hadena pisi, L. ; by Drewsen and

Boie from Acronycta psi on June 10th; by Brischke,

July 8th, from Acronycta tridens, Schiff.; S. v. Vollen-

hoven records it as several times reared in Holland from

A. tridens ; and Giraud bred it in France from the same

host. Introduced into the British list, perhaps wrongly,

by Curtis (Guide, 2d ed., column 120); but it was not

in his collection. Five specimens in Walker’s collection

at Oxford, ticketed R. irrorator, are nothing but Asco-

gasters ; judging at least from the one kindly lent us by

the Professor of Zoology, which was determined by

Fitch and verified by me. Stephens, in his ‘ Catalogue,’

records the species as British, and taken by himself in

the London district, but no recent captures have occurred.

Our figure is drawn from a foreign example in the

British Museum. Cocoon 5 lines long, hard, white, and

elliptical.

III. AREOLARIL.

XI. MICROGASTERIDES.

Clypeus entire; mouth closed. Maxillary palpi 4—5-, labial 3-

jointed. Vertex short, occiput seldom margined. Mesothoracic

sutures obsolete. Abdomen sessile or subsessile, sutures distinct.

Cubital areolets 2 or 8; in the latter case the 2d is minute, sub-

triangular or stirrup-shaped, often imperfect; radial areolet ample,

nearly reaching the apex of the wing; exterior nervures, and

especially the radial, more or less attenuated and obsolete ; re-

current nervure rejected (except in Acelius); pobrachial areolet

longer than the prebrachial (except in Acelius). Terebra sub-

exserted or elongate.

The number of joints in the antenne is invariable in

each genus, and the same in both sexes. The abdomen

above exhibits usually 8 segments (in Mirax 7, in Acelius

5). The 1st consists, as in Bracon, of a hard, variously

shaped scutum, with soft membranaceous edges, gene-

rally pale-coloured, and not always visible, being shrunk

up in dead specimens. The last segment is very minute.

In the ? the subapical ventral segment is more or less

carinated and acutely produced, forming a fulcrum to

support the terebra, and called the valvula ventralis.

The anterior ventral segments, like those of Bracon, are

152 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

membranaceous, often pale and pellucid. The hind coxe

are incrassated, elongate, approximate, and obliquely

inserted.

The Aréolaires of Wesmael consisted of this subfamily

together with the Agathidides, both distinguished by the

minute 2d cubital areolet, resembling that of the true

Ichneumons. The Agathidides are known at once by

their narrow triangular radial areolet. Latreille’s genus

Microgaster, co- -extensive with this group, was first sub-

divided by Nees von Hsenbeck into two sections, founded

upon the completeness or imperfection of the areolet.

The last species, however, of his 2d section, MW. rugosus,

belongs to the Agathidides, genus Orgilus. Haliday and

Wesmael worked upon the same lines as Nees. Ratze-

burg attempted some further divisions, also based upon

the characters of the areolet, but too minute and

uncertain to be generally acceptable. The arrangement

here adopted is that of Férster, confirmed and illustrated

by Reinhard. Mirax and Acelius are aberrant genera

discovered by Haliday.

TABLE OF GENERA.

(2) 1. Antenne 20-jointed ; pree- and a areolets

ofequallength .. be . li, Ac@&LIUvS.

(1) 2. Antennze with less than 20 saitaie porate

areolet longer than the prebrachial.

(4) 38. Antenne 14-jointed Ac b¢ Ne Ao th Mb b<

(3) 4. Antenne 18-jointed.

(6) 5. Wings with 2 cubital areolets es 2d being con-

fused with the 3d) Sc . lil, APANTELES.

(5) 6. Wings with 3 cubital areolets (he 2a rene more

or less complete).

(8) 7. Spurs of the hind tibiz shorter than } the meta-

tarsus ; segments 2, 3 not or hardly ty

with a transverse furrow af . ly. Micropuiitis.

(7) 8. Spurs of the hind tibiew longer than 3 fhe ie

tarsus; segments 2, 3 impressed with a trans-

verse furrow sd = os ete .. V. MrcroGasTER.

i. Mrirax, Hal.

Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 263; i1., 280 and 467.

Maxillary palpi 4-, labial 3-joimted. Antennie 14-jointed. Eyes

somewhat villose. Abdomen showing 7 segments above, 6 beneath,

smooth and shining. Radius of the fore wings hardly inchoate,

springing from the same point in the stigma as the 1st intercubital ;

two cubital areolets, the 2d imperfectly separated from the radial,

Terebra subexserted,

British Braconide. 1538

1. Mirax spartii, Hal. (Pl. V., fig. 4).

Mirax rufilabris, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 230, 2; S. v.

Voll., Schets., Il. Braconiden, tab. vi., wings,

drawn by Haliday.

M. spartii, Hal., lib. cit., 467; Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeit.,

TOO Wer dire ee

Black ; head rufo-castaneous with a black spot on the vertex;

abdominal segments 1—2 pale yellowish; legs ferruginous; wings

hyaline, yellowish at the base, stigma fuscous with the extreme

apex pale. @. Length, 1; wings, 23 lin.

Head transverse, as broad as the thorax, covered with whitish

pubescence; eyes green, small, minutely and thinly villose.

Antenne scarcely shorter than the body, slender, blackish, with

the pedicel rufescent; scape ovato-cylindrical; 38d joint of the

flagellum longer than the scape, the others decreasing in length to

the apex. Mandibles triangular, bifid. Thorax ovate, depressed ;

mesothorax smooth, sericeous, with fine whitish pubescence ; meta-

thorax and abdomen smooth and shining, the latter as long and as

broad as the thorax, ovato-orbicular, subdepressed, anterior seg-

ments equal, posterior short, transverse; scutum of the 1st

segment very narrow (more so than in Apanteles lateralis, Hal.),

elevated, attenuated at the apex, membranaceous margins broadly

visible; valvula ventralis carinated, produced. ‘Terebra sub-

exserted. Wings hyaline, nervures pale fuscous, squamule fusco-

ferruginous.

First taken, in some numbers, by Haliday, on Spartiwm

scoparium, the common broom; but its association with

this plant seems to have been accidental. Now known

to be a parasite of Nepticula septembrella, Stainton,

which mines the leaves of Hypericum perfoliatum, St.

John’s wort. Fitch bred a specimen from this source

on June 7th, and W. H. B. Fletcher, of Worthing, about

a dozen in May and June, all females.

ii. Acaxius, Hal.

Adelius, Hal., Ent. Mag., i., 262 (1883); <Acelius,

Hal., lib. cit., ii., 281.

Maxillary palpi 5-, labial 3-jointed. Antenne 20-jointed, the

scape elongate. Eyes villose. Occiput contracted, finely margined.

Vertex prolonged behind the ocelli. Abdomen broad, sessile,

shorter than the thorax, showing 5 segments above, 6 beneath,

smooth and shining; segment 1 as long as 2—5 taken together,

154 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

not scutated. Radius of the fore wings subobsolete, isolated,

springing from a point remote from the 1st intereubital ; two cubital

areolets, the 2d imperfectly defined, all the exterior nervures being

obsolete. Terebra subexserted.

The prolongation of the vertex makes the head appear,

from above, subhemispherical. The pre- and pobrachial

areolets are of equal length; recurrent nervure sub-

interstitial; stigma large and rounded, instead of tri-

angular. Metathorax bidenticulate. Tibiz subclavate,

rounded at the apex; in the other genera they are

truncate. In addition to Haliday’s species seven are

described by Forster, Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1851, pp. 30—38,

and one by Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeit., 1858, p. 4. Unlike

other Microgasters, they run with great rapidity. In size

and colours they are variable; in structure uniform.

1. Acelius subfasciatus, Hal: (RIV. fies 5):

Acelius subfasciatus, Hal., Ent. Mag., 11., 232, 9 2;

8. v. Voll., Schets., II. Braconiden, tab. iv.

Adelius subfasciatus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1837, p. 68, pl. (wing), ¢ 2.

Pleiomerus subfasciatus, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., i,

65, fig.

Var. Acelius germanus, Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 232, 3 ?.

(Fore legs, and sometimes the face, coxe, and

trochanters, testaceous. Length, # lin.).

Black; mandibles, palpi, fore tibiz at the base and apex, 4

anterior tarsi, and apex of the trochanters, fusco-testaceous or

piceous. Wings whitish, with two more or less distinct dark

bands, separated by a whitish interval below the fuscous stigma ;

most of the nervures decolorous. Head and thorax minutely

punctulate, dull; abdomen shining. Terebra subexserted. S$ Q.

Length, }—%; wings, 1{—1$ lin.

Antenne gf ? longer than the body, those of the incrassated

in the middle, of the g longer, attenuated towards the apex.

Thorax minutely punctulate ; metathorax elongate, subrugulose,

bidenticulated, not much lower than the scutellum. Legs stout,

4 posterior femora and hind tibie incrassated, the latter clavate.

Calearia shorter than 4 the metatarsus. The dark fasciz on the

wings are variable, and often obsolete.

In a MS. note by Haliday, accompanying his types

preserved in the British Museum, A. germanus and sub-

fasciatus are united into one species. ‘This is no doubt

British Braconide. 155

correct, and also in accordance with the views of Ratze-

burg. Haliday was acquainted with very few specimens,

which he found on willows, and regarded as rare. They

have since proved to be everywhere common pavrasites of

Tineide, and especially, as it would seem, of Nepticula.

Nearly 50 have been bred by W. H. B. Fletcher, of

Worthing, mostly in May, from Nepticula poterii, Staint.,

anomalella, Goze, Weaveri, Dougl., trimaculella, Haw.,

marginicolella, Staint., salicis, Staint., basiquttella, Hein.,

jilipendule, Wocke, plagicolella, Staint., and others;

also from Coccyx ustomaculana, Cur. (?), Coleophora

ahenella, Wocke, and Lithocolletis alnifoliella, Hub.

Elisha has obtained them from Ornix scoticella, Staint.,

or Nepticula aucuparie, Frey., and Lithocolletis Schreber-

ella, Fab.; the last was prematurely forced on March

14th. A very different origin is assigned to them by

Ratzeburg, according to whom Brischke reared them

from the galls of Cecidomyia rosaria, Loew, on Salix alba

and fragilis.

ii. ApantELES, Forst.

Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 245; Reinh., Berl.

ent. Zeit., 1880, p. 361.

Maxillary palpi 5-, labial 3-jointed. Antenne 18-jointed. Eyes

villose. Mesopleure impressed with a smooth fovea. Abdomen

sessile ; suturiform articulation distinct. Radius of the fore wings

subobsolete ; 2 cubital areolets, the 2d being open on the outer

side, and thus confused with the 38d. Spurs of the hind tibie

never much shorter than } the metatarsus.

The total absence of the outer side of the areolet dis-

tinguishes this genus from Wicroplitis and Microgaster ;

it differs also from Microplitis in the more developed

spurs of the hind tibie; and from Microgaster, in that

the 2d abdominal suture is not marked by any transverse

depression. ‘To the genus Apanteles belong most of the

Microgasterides, the natural enemies of Lepidoptera, no

single species of which, in temperate climates, seems to

be free from their attacks. In the tropics, however, their

place is taken by the multitudinous forms of Agathis and

its allied genera. A few species have been recorded as

parasites of other orders than Lepidoptera. Among the

Coleoptera, Rhynchites betuleti, Fab., and Lina tremule,

Fab., have been found to be infested by Apanteles hoplites,

Ratz. ; Orchestes quercus, L., by A. breviventris, Ratz. ;

Anthonomus pomorum, L., by A. impurus, Nees, and A.

156 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

lacteus, Nees; and Hypera variabilis, Hbst., by A. sericeus,

Nees. A. breviventris, Ratz., has been reared from the

hymenopterous Andricus terminalis, Fab.; and in the

Mayr collection at Vienna, according to Reinhard, is a

series of A. albipennis, Nees, bred from Andricus multipli-

catus, Gir. A. lineola, Hal., has without doubt been reared

from the larva of a dipterous insect, Syrphus pyrastrt,

L.; and 4. scabriculus, Reinh., probably from the galls

of Cecidomyia rosaria, Loew. A. wltor, Reinh., by

Brischke from the larva of a Chrysopa. Reinhard, who

has collected most of the above notices, is of opinion

that as the greater part of these parasites have also been

bred from Lepidoptera, the observations connecting

them with other orders require further confirmation.

For example, Andricus multiplicatus, Gir., makes galls

which are abundantly infested by a moth, and it is much

more likely that A. albipennis, Nees, is parasitic upon

this than upon the Cynips. Similarly A. ensiformis,

Ratz., issuing from the galls of Rhodites rose, L., 1s not

thereby proved to be a parasite of that Cynps. The

references to economy in Dours’ Catalogue have not

been copied, as the determinations of the species by

Perris or Goureau are unreliable. The maggots of

Apanteles are themselves subject to the attacks of hyper-

parasites, belonging to the Ichneumonideous genera

Hemiteles, Pezomachus, and Mesochorus, as well as to the

family Chalcidide ; some instances of this we shall have

occasion to notice hereafter. The fine silk cocoons spun

by the larvee of Apanteles are well-known objects, and of

ereat use in the difficult task of determining species.

They are either white, yellow, or buff-coloured, and often

protected by an external web enveloping the whole

brood, except in the case of the solitary species; in a

few instances they are arranged in an alveariform mass,

which always denotes that their victim was a geometrical

larva. Roughly speaking, we may lay it down as a rule

that all the species with a long terebra (Sect. Il.) make

white cocoons ; as also those of Sect. [V. Yellow cocoons

belong to comparatively few species, of Sect. I. and III.

Buff-coloured cocoons are perhaps limited to two or

three species, as A. juniperate, Bouché, and diffcilis,

Nees.

Haliday, in the Ent. Mag., 1834 (i1., pp. 242—254),

described 83 species of this genus, while the number

contained in the present work is 69. This increase is

British Braconide. 157

due to the large supply of materials, mostly bred speci-

mens, kindly contributed by many lepidopterists, to

whom we cannot sufficiently express our obligations.

Among these gentlemen we must specially mention

Bignell, whose whole collection, considerable in numbers

and admirable for its careful preparation, has long been

in our hands for examination. Reinhard’s valuable

papers in the Berl. ent. Zeit. (1880—81) have done

much to facilitate the study of this genus. They contain

a systematic revision of 59 species brought together

from the works of Haliday, Nees, Bouché, Wesmael,

and Ratzeburg. Of these 49 are here introduced as

British. To these are to be added 8 indigenous species

described by Haliday, but not known to Reinhard ; all

these have been identified, with the exception of lineola.

A. perspicuus, analis, sericeus, Nees, and caie, Bouche,

have likewise been verified, and several new species

discovered.

A synopsis of the species will be more intelligible if

we first divide them into sections, and then give a

separate table for each.

Sect. I.—First abdominal segment subquadrate, seldom a little

longer than broad, truncate behind. Segment 2 as long

as 8, or nearly so. Terebra very short. Spp. 1—25.

Sect. I1.—First abdominal segment as in Sect. I. (except A. vinu-

netorum, Wesm., and ewilis, Hal., where its length is

about double its breadth), seldom a little narrowed behind.

Segment 2 much shorter than 3. Terebra elongate, at

least +. as long as the abdomen. Spp. 26—53.

Sect. III.—First abdominal segment about } longer than broad,

rarely more subquadrate, truncated behind. Segment 2

never much shorter than 8, impressed with two oblique

lines remote from the margins, converging to the base,

and enclosing a subtriangular space. Terebra very short.

Spp. 54—58.

Sect. IV.—First abdominal segment attenuated behind, rounded or

lanceolate at the apex, at least twice as long as broad.

Segment 2 not much shorter than 3, with two oblique

impressed lines converging to the base, and enclosing a

subtriangular space. Terebra variable. Spp. 59—69.

In Sect. I. the males of the species with a shorter

terebra, and whose 2d segment is not so distinctly

shorter than the 3d, are liable to be incorrectly referred

to Sect. I.

158 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

In Sect. III. the impressed lines upon the 2d segment

are not marginal or lateral, but discal. When the seg-

ment is only margined by impressed lines afterwards

converging to the hase, as in glomeratus, the species is

referred to Sect. I.

In Sect. IV., when the 1st segment happens to be

somewhat more broadly rounded than usual, care must

be taken not to regard it as truncated.

With these unavoidable exceptions, the sections are

sharply defined, and almost any species may be referred

to its place with certainty.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

Srction I. Segment 1 broad, truncated behind. Segment

2, as long as 8, or nearly so. Terebra very short.

(6) 1. Segment 3 rugulose, at least at the base.

(3) 2. Hind femora more or less testaceous, often

edged with black or fuscous .. .. 1. solitarius,* Ratz.

3. Hind femora wholly black or fuscous.

(5) 4. Segments 1—2 carinated; length, 13 lin. 3. salebrosus, n.s.

(4) 5. Segments 1—2 not carinated ; neh

1 lin. ots : 4, tetricus, Reinh.

(1) 6. Segment 3 smooth, or aay panel and

minutely punctulate.

(12) 7. Hind cox granulated, scarcely shining.

(9) 8. Fore coxx testaceous 30 ae .. 5. ruficrus, Hal.

(8) 9. All the coxe black.

(11) 10. Belly broadly testaceous at the base .. 6. ordinarius, Ratz.

(10) 11. Belly black at the base, or with only a

pellucid spot... O6 7. congestus, Nees.

(7) 12. Hind coxe smooth, shining, mune tale

(18) 13. Legs, with the cox, entirely testaceous,

or only the hind coxee fuscous at the base.

(15) 14. Mesothorax rufous.. 5¢ 5e .. 8. ferrugineus,Reinh.

(14) 15. Mesothorax black.

(17) 16. Valvula ventralis surpassing the anus;

antenne not longer than the head and

thorax ; abdomen rufous, the segments

margined with fuscous . . .. 9. Bignell, n. 6.9.

(16) 17. Valvula ventralis Receurnnece the anus ;

antenne as long as the body ; abdomen

black above, testaceous beneath and at

the apex .. .. 10. analis, Nees, 2.

(13) 18. Legs not wholly testaceous, at ‘least the

hind coxe black.

(28) 19. Hind femora testaceous, often tipped with

black.

* Sp. 2, lineola, Hal., requires to be rediscovered, and is here

omitted.

(21) 20.

(20) 21

(23) 22.

(26) 27.

(19) 28.

(30) 29.

(29) 30

(33) 38.

(40) 39.

(39) 40.

(44)

(43) 42.

(42) 43.

(41) 44.

(50) 45.

(47) 46.

(46) 47.

(49) 48.

(48) 49.

(45) 50.

British Braconide.

Segment 2 not carinated; hind femora

not tipped with black O10 lO:

. Segment 2, and often 3, with a snanine

medial carina ; hind femora usually

tipped with black.

Segments 1—2 Seaueeg edged at the

sides with testaceous - : oo lal

. Segments 1—2 not, or i ori

edged at the sides with testaceous.

. Squamule dull testaceous 56 sal.

. Squamule black.

. Wings dusky hyaline; length, 14 lin.

(cocoons creamy white) ars 13.

Wings limpid; length, 1} lin. (eoeoons

sulphur-yellow) a6 c 3 Lae

Hind femora black or feeoe salon

testaceous on the sides.

Mesothorax and scutellum very shining,

smooth, impunctate .. AG aa ales

. Mesothorax and scutellum more or less

shining, but always with some visible

punctuation.

. Segments 1—2 almost smooth ; Meret

? lin.) 5E be 30 , ve

. Segments 1—2 rugulose.

. Spurs of hind tibie slender, not longer

than 4 the metatarsus.

. Segment 2 not, or hardly, shorter than 3 16.

. Segment 2 more distinctly shorter than 3.

. Stigma and nervures pale fuscous ;

length, ere 35 aye clits

Stigma black, nervures fuscous ; lengtnt

lh Inia, Gq as aa 8s

Spurs of hind tibie stout lender than

4 the metatarsus.

Stigma pale at the base.. ce dc Jig

Stigma unicolorous.

41. Wings dusky hyaline.

Ventral valve 9 neti the anus;

length, 1} lin. Sic 50 405

Ventral valve 9 not surDeree the anus ;

length, 14 lin. . : 56 ao) 7a

Wings limpid eect:

Segment 2 as long as 3.

Metathorax carinated; stigma rufo-

testaceous i < Seas

Metathorax not duvinetad® stigma fus-

cous or fuscescent.

Length, lj lin. .. Fem) cD da Wb

Length, Zlin. .. : . 24,

Segment 2 somewhat Gane fen 3. 25.

159

analis, Nees, 3.

limbatus, n.s.

rubripes, Hal.

rubecula, 0.8.

glomeratus, L.

sericeus, Nees.

Bignellii, nu. 8. g.

spurius, Wesm.

Geryonis, n. s.

zygenarum, N. 8s.

jucundus, 0.8.

cai@, Bouché.

juniperate, Bouché.

gracilis, Cur.

placidus, Hal.

nothus, Reinh.

difficilis, Nees.

160

Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Srcrion II. Segment 1 broad, truncated behind. Seg-

(18)

(9)

(6)

(5)

ment 2 much shorter than 3.

1. All the femora testaceous, hind pair

sometimes edged with fuscous.

2. Fore cox, at least, testaceous.

3. Terebra as long as + of the abdomen.

4. Stigma and nervures fuscescent, the

former with a pale ape at the inner

angle bec 5a) 49)

5. Stigma and neryures hestnonoee: yellow,

the former unicolorous Ree

6. Terebra as long as the abdomen.

7. Antenne entirely black 28

8. Antenne reddish beneath a6 55 PR

9. All the coxe black.

10. Squamule testaceous 30

11. Squamule black.

12. Abdomen 9? after segment 1 strongly

compressed, cultrate; valvula ven-

tralis nad ese the

anus a5 Steer be

13. Abdomen 9? not “tan peed ex-

cept at the apex; valvula ventralis

not surpassing the anus.

14. Stigma unicolorous.

15. Mesothorax thickly punctulate, dull .

16. Mesothorax hardly pungiatie sericeous,

shining QC : ee oe Od.

17. Stigma bicolorous Dic AC <5 Os

18. Hind femora black, sometimes pitchy

at the sides or apex.

19. Stigma testaceous, pellucid.

20. Second abdominal segment smooth 35

21. Second abdominal segment as the

Ist) rugulose .. : 36.

22. Stigma more or less needs faveoaes

23. First abdominal segment rugulose, dull.

24. Segment 2 distinctly rugulose.

25. Stigma bicolorous.

26. First abscissa of the radius curved,

making no angle with the first inter-

cubital nervure ; length, 2 lines. .. 37.

27. First abscissa of the radius making an

angle, as usual, with the first inter-

cubital nervure; length, 1} lin. 38

28. Stigma unicolorous.

29. Mesothorax, and pleure in front, thickly

and rather strongly punctured ; tere-

bra about 3 of the abdomen .. 39

Terebra elongate.

26. punctiger, Wesm.

. letus, n.s.

28. adjunctus, Nees.

lictorius, Reinh.

. falcatus, Nees.

cultrator, 0.8. 9.

2. ultor, Reinh.

decorus, Hal.

dilectus, Hal.

5. xanthostigmus, Hal.

contaminatus, Hal.

pretor, n. s

. emarginatus, Nees.

. obscurus, Nees.

British Braconide. 161

(29) 30. Mesothorax and pleure very finely punc-

tulate, shining; terebra barely 4 of

the abdomen .. are ae .. 40. viminetorum,Wesm.

(24) 31. Segment 2 smooth.

) 82. Wings milky-white or limpid hyaline.

(34) 33. Stigma testaceous, witha fuscous border 41. sodalis, Hal.

) 34. Stigma fuscous.

)

35. Stigma with a pale dot at the inner

angle ; segment 1 scarcely longer than

broad ; length, 14 lin. Se 42. albipennis, Nees.

(35) 36. Stigma unicolorous; segment 1 Tanger

by 2 than its breadth ; ; length, 1p lin. 43. impurus, Nees.

(32) 37. Wings fusco-hyaline, or subhyaline.

(39) 38. Clypeus and face produced, rostriform

(as in Agathis) <Q .. 44. naso, n.s.

(38) 39. Clypeus and face of the usual an

(41) 40. Segment 1 ude wings fusco-

hyaline we .. 45. insimus, Hal.

(40) 41. Segment 1 more than its as Wane as

broad; wings subhyaline .. .. 46. evilis, Hal.

(23) 42. First abdominal segment smooth, or

hardly subrugulose at the apex.

(44) 43. Wings dark fuscous; hind legs entirely

black .. ate AN oe . 47. gagates, Nees.

(43) 44. Wings whitish, or subhyaline ; hind ies

partly testaceous.

(48) 45. Stigma testaceous, edged with fuscous,

or testaceous at the inner angle.

(47) 46. Terebra as long as the abdomen .. 48. Halidaii, Marsh.

(46) 47. Terebra much shorter than the abdomen 49. conifera, Hal.

(45) 48. Stigma fuscous.

(50) 49. Hind femora black, with a longitudinal

testaceous stripe a 4¢ .. 50. lineipes, Wesm.

(49) 50. Hind femora wholly black.

(52) 51. Terebra as long as the abdomen .. dl. longicaudis, Wesm.

(51) 52. Terebra shorter than the abdomen,

(54) 53. Terebra as long as }abdomen.. .. 52. fuliginosus, Wesm.

(53) 54. Terebra as long as 4 or % abdomen .. 43, sicarius, n.s.

Section III. Segment 1 about 3 longer than broad, or

subquadrate, truncated behind. Segment 2 not

shorter, or not much shorter, than 8, impressed

with two oblique lines, remote from the margins,

converging towards the base, and enclosing a sub-

triangular space. Terebra very short.

(2) 1. Metathoraxrugulose .. an .. 54. octonarius, Ratz.

(1) 2. Metathorax smooth, or nearly so.

(4) 3. Segment 2 shorter than 3 =€ .. 5d. abjectus, n. s.

(3) 4. Segment 2 not shorter than 3.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PART I. (APRIL.) M

162 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

(6) 5. Triangular enclosed space on segment 2

aciculated an i ss .. 56. immunis, Hal.

(5) 6. Triangular enclosed space on segment 2

smooth.

(8) 7. Segment 1 one-half longer than broad ;

four posterior femora testaceous, often

with fuscous lines... . 57. cabere, n.s.

(7) 8. Segment 1 hardly longer than praads

subquadrate; four posterior femora

black .. oc oie Ac .. 58. popularis, Hal.

Srctron IV. Segment 1 narrow, attenuated behind and

rounded or lanceolate at the apex ; at least twice as

long as broad. Segment 2 not much shorter than

8, usually impressed with two oblique discal lines

converging towards the base, and enclosing a sub-

triangular space. ‘Terebra variable.

(14) 1. Segment 1 less than three times as long

as its medial breadth.

(5) 2. Hind femoraand tibie entirely or mostly

black.

(4) 3. Segment 1 attenuated posteriorly from

the middle ; length, llin. .. .. 59. fraternus, Reinh.

(3) 4. Segment 1 attenuated posteriorly from

near the apex; length, 1} lin. .. 60. triangulator, Wesm.

(2) 5. Hind femora and tibie testaceous, or

with only slight infuscations.

(7) 6. Metathorax carinated, rugulose .. 61. pallidipes, Reinh.

(6) 7. Metathorax not carinated, smooth, or

finely punctulate.

(9) 8. Mesothorax punctulate .. = .. 62. bicolor, Nees.

9. Mesothorax smooth.

(11) 10. Oblique impressions on segment 2 in-

complete, not reaching the hind mar-

gin; length nearly 2lines .. .. 63. formosus, Wesm.

(10) 11. Oblique impressions on segment 2 com-

plete ; length, 1 line or less.

(13) 12. Abdomen* testaceous with the apex

black; terebra ! of the abdomen;

length, 1 lin. .. aie .. 64. lautellus, n.s.

(12) 13. Abdomen black, testaceous at the sides ;

terebra 4 of the abdomen ; a a

S118 ere * 65. umbellatarum, Hal.

(1) 14. Seat 1 three aren as long as its

medial breadth, or longer.

(16) 15. Hind coxe thickly punctured, dull .. 66. callidus, Hal.

(15) 16. Hind coxe finely punctulate, shining.

* Except varieties, in which the black colour more or less pre-

dominates.

British Braconide. 1638

(20) 17. Hind femora and tibie tipped with fus-

cous; stigma fuscous; spurs of the

middle tibie curved, not shorter than

4 the metatarsus.

(19) 18. Metathorax indistinctly punctulate at

the sides; terebra 4 as ne as the

abdomen i . 67. lateralis, Hal.

(18) 19. Metathorax smooth ; terobre very shore 68. vitripennis, Hal.

(17) 20. Hind femora and tibie unicolorous, tes-

taceous ; stigma rufescent; spurs of

the middle tibie straight, shorter

than 4 the metatarsus ae .. 69. fulvipes, Hal.

Section I.

1. Apanteles solitarius, Ratz.

Microgaster solitarius, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst.,i.,73,3 2.

Apanteles solitarius, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1880,

De oOls

Black, with black coxe; palpi and legs testaceous, 4 posterior

femora, and hind tibie at the tips, more or less black; belly at the

base testaceous. Wings whitish hyaline, stigma fuscous. Meso-

thorax and pleure very finely punctulate, somewhat shining.

Metathorax punctato-reticulate, subearinated. First abdominal

segment subquadrate, slightly narrowed towards the base; 2d

transverse, a little shorter than the 8d; segments 1—2 rugulose,

3 subrugulose, but sometimes nearly smooth; 1—3 more or less

obtusely carinated in the middle; the rest smooth and shining.

Terebra very short. g 9. Length, 14; wings, 3} lin.

Abdomen flat above, beneath towards the apex subeompressed.

The legs of the § are more marked with black than those of the ?;

the hind femora may be all black, or only edged with that colour ;

the middle femora are usually black at the base; or the legs are

entirely testaceous. Antenne 9 as long as the body; those of the

é longer.

Common. Bred by Bignell from Orgyia antiqua, L.,

Teniocampa miniosa, Fab., T. stabilis, View., Zonosoma

punctaria, L., and Hybernia defoliaria, L. A solitary

parasite, attacking young larve, which perish at the

beginning of summer, before they are half grown. One

of Bignell’s has preserved beside it a young larva of 7’.

stabilis. Reared in Germany by Ratzeburg from Psilura

monacha, L., and Oeneria dispar, L.; by Brischke and

Giraud from the same, as well as from Leucoma salicis,

L., and Zonosoma linearia, Hub. Cocoon pale sulphur-

yellow, fixed to a leaf, the sides of which are drawn

together by a few threads, for its protection.

164 Rey. T’. A. Marshall’s monograph of

2. Apanteles lineola, Cur. (Hal.).

Microgaster lineola, Cur., B. E., 821, No. 11; Hal.,

Ent. Mag., i1., 252, 3.

“Male. Thorax very minutely punctulate; femora and tibie

flavo-testaceous; 4 posterior femora on both sides, and their tibize

at the apex, fuscous; wings whitish ; segments 1—3 aciculated.”’

‘Size of M. glomeratus; palpi yellow; legs coloured nearly like

those of M. immunis; stigma and nervures in the middle of the

wing pale ferruginous, the rest decolorous; squamule black;

metathorax punctato-reticulate ; abdomen unusually short and

broad, segments 1—3 punctato-reticulate ; the 1st short, broad, its

apical angles hardly margined with yellow.”

I have not seen this insect, and the above is a trans-

lation of Haliday’s description. It must be nearly allied

to the preceding species, if not the same. Reinhard

hesitated in joining them on account of their different

habits, lineola having been bred from a dipterous insect,

Syrphus pyrastri, L. As this fact appeared doubtful-to

Reinhard, I shall quote the words of Curtis in ‘Farm

Insects,’ p. 81 :—‘‘ The maggots” [of S. pyrastri] “are

green, and I found them in July, 1829, in some abun-

dance on the sea-cabbages, Brassica oleracea, which grow

under the cliffs near Dover. Many of them had been

stung by a little parasitic fly, called Microgaster lineola,

the maggots of which came out of the Sceva larve, and

formed little elliptical silken cocoons almost white.” In

1884 I searched for the Syrphus-larve in the Isle of

Wight, but could only obtain one, which produced a

dipterous imago. These larve are grass-green, with a

black dorsal stripe, common among Aphides on the

south coast, and easily reared. It is to be hoped that

some entomologist before long will obtain from them

A. lineola. In Walker’s collection, at Oxford, are two

females and one male, numbered 104, ticketed lineola ;

but I have not been able to examine them.

3. Apanteles salebrosus, n. 8.

Niger; palpis, femoribus anticis preter basin, mediis apice late,

tibiisque omnibus, rufo-testaceis ; tibiis posticis apice, tarsis isdem

basi, nigris. Ventris basis concolor. Ale hyaline, squamulis,

costa, stigmate, nervis, nigris. Caput et mesothorax crebre punc-

tulata, nitidiuscula; seutellum levius. Pleure parcius punctulate,

nitide. Metathorax crasse reticulato-rugosus, nitidus, subearinatus.

British Braconde. 165

Abdominis segmentum lum vix longius quam latius, basin versus

paulo angustatum, marginatum, late truncatum; 2dum 30 equale ;

segmenta 1—3 rugulosa, medio carinata, sed 3um apice leviuscu-

lum, carina minus elevata; cetera levia, nitida. Terebra brevis-

sima. Valvula ventralis anum non superans. Coxe postice leves,

nitide ; calcaria metatarsis dimidio breviora, pallida.

Black; palpi, fore femora except at the base, middle femora at

the apex broadly, and all the tibiz, rufo-testaceous; hind tibie at

the apex, their tarsi at the base, black. Belly at the base con-

colorous. Wings hyaline; squamule, costa, stigma, and nervures,

black. Head and mesothorax thickly punctulate, somewhat shining ;

scutellum smoother. Metathorax coarsely reticulato-rugose, sub-

carinated, shining. Segment 1 hardly longer than broad, slightly

narrowed towards the base, margined, broadly truncated; segment

2 as long as 3; segments 1—8 rugulose, carinated in the middle;

3 at the apex smoother, less strongly carinated; the rest smooth

and shining. Terebra very short. Valvula ventralis not surpassing

the anus. Hind coxe smooth and shining; spurs of hind tibie

shorter than } the metatarsus, pallid. @. Length, 13; wings,

33 lin.

Not carbonarius, Wesm., which has the metathorax

almost smooth, shining, strongly carinated; and the

base of the belly pale. It is moreover 4 less in size.

The carbonarius of Reinh. differs from that of Wesm. in

having the metathorax reticulato-rugose, and so far

resembles the present species; but the squamule are

testaceous, the size smaller, and the 2d segment shorter

than the 3d.

Two females were bred singly on June 80th by Bignell

from larvee of Oporobia dilutata, Bork., taken in Scotland.

Cocoons lemon-yellow. With them may be compared

A. immunis, Hal., reared from the same victims, and

making similar cocoons, but in structure very different.

4. Apanteles tetricus, Reinh.

Apanteles tetricus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1880,

p. 867, Se.

Black; palpi pale; 4 anterior femora tipped with testaceous,

tibiz testaceous, the hind pair at the base only; belly at the base

piceous. Wings iridescent, subinfuscated, stigma fuscous. Antenne

rather longer than the body. Mesothorax and pleure thickly

punctulate, dull. Metathorax coarsely rugose. Segment 1 sub-

quadrate, slightly narrowed at the base; segment 2 hardly shorter

166 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

than 8, both rugose; 3d rugulose, more strongly at the base; the

rest smooth. Terebra very short. § ?. Length,1; wings, 23 lin.

Minutely pubescent with pale hairs. Metathorax more coarsely

rugose than usual. The rugosity of segment 3 varies in extent, and

is sometimes confined to the base, never entirely absent.

Hitherto only noticed in Devonshire. Gregarious.

Bignell reared two broods, of 6 and 7 respectively, from

Epinephele Ianira, L.; and I found a batch of 30 cocoons

attached to grass near Teignmouth. Very likely these

were from Zygena filipendule, L., the larve of which

were feeding round about. Cocoons white, of coarse

texture, irregularly piled, connected by a slight web.

Brischke says, ‘‘from Hupithecia exiguata, Hub. ; cocoon

single, yellow, rough,’ having apparently mistaken the

species.

5. Apanteles ruficrus,* Hal.

Microgaster ruficrus, Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 253, 3 2.

Apanteles ruficrus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1880,

p. 368, ¢ 2.

Black; palpi testaceous; squamule, belly at the base, and legs,

rufo-testaceous; hind coxe more or less, and tips of the hind

femora, black; hind tarsi, and often the tips of the hind tibie,

fuscescent. Wings subhyaline, iridescent, stigma pale fuscous.

Mesothorax and scutellum thickly punctate, dull; pleurz the same,

with a smooth space beneath the wings. Metathorax rugulose.

** This is most probably the species of which Goureau gives us

the life-history under the name Microgaster globatus, L.? (Ann.

Soe. Fr., 1845, ser. 2, i., pp. 8355—861, pl. vii., ff. 1—5). It was

parasitic on a full-fed Noctua-larva, thought to be Hadena olera-

cea, L., found feeding on the leaves of Iris psewdacorus on June Ist.

The maggot is described as 4 mm. long and 3 m. in diameter, green,

cylindrical, soft, footless, glabrous, attenuated anteriorly; head

brown; mouth transverse, cartilaginous, at the extremity of a

muzzle; upper lip trilobed, lower entire; two black ocular points

upon the second segment; body consisting of 12 segments, those

after the head furnished with lateral tubercles by the help of which

the maggot escapes from the body of the victim. Sixty of these

maggots emerged on June 5th, and spun white cocoons gregariously

under a common web. The perfect insects appeared on June 14th,

and were all dead by the 17th. In the larval state they live by

suction upon the juices of the adipose tissue; the soft structure of

the mouth being not adapted for tearing or masticating solid sub-

stances. Their fluid aliment is constantly secreted by the digestive

powers of the caterpillar, which probably suffers little inconvenience,

showing no other signs of disease than a voracious appetite and a

somewhat retarded growth. Goureau’s views upon this subject are

British Braconide. 167

Segment 1 twice as long as broad, with parallel sides, truncate

rugulose ; 2 broader than 1, as long as 3, narrowed anteriorly, also

rugulose; the rest smooth and shining. Terebra exserted, very

short. Ventral valve somewhat surpassing the anus. Hind coxe

above rugulose, bristly. $2. Length, 11; wings, 23 lin.

Sometimes the apical half of the hind femora is infuscated. The

abdomen of the 2 is acuminate, with the terebra visibly protruding.

The 3d segment is occasionally margined with rufous at the apex,

or there are two rufous spots at the hind angles; examples of both

have been taken by Bignell.

Common; gregarious. Bred by Bignell in May from

Leucania littoralis, Cur. ; and Sept. 7th, from Spilosoma

menthastri, Ksp., 24 specimens, which remained in pupa

10—14 days. By Raynor from Leucania pallens, L.,

28 on a card, of which only 3 are males. In Fitch’s

collection is a card of 9 from Collix sparsata, Hub., others

from Agrotis precox, L., by Porritt, and bred by himself

from Diloba ceruleocephala, L. Cocoons white, irregularly

piled, connected by a web of filaments more closely woven

than that of tetricus.

entirely in accord with those of Ratzeburg, to which we shall refer

under Apanteles fulvipes, Nees (see note, infra). The caterpillar

observed by Goureau, after nourishing 60 parasites, and having been

pierced with 60 holes, retained a languishing vitality for 8—10 days

more, almost without power of motion. A post-mortem inspection

shows in such cases that the holes made by the emerging maggots

are marked each by a black speck. The specks are arranged on

either side along the side of the spiracles, only 5—6 out of 60

occurring elsewhere, as in the back or the belly. This fact indicates

that the maggots live in the vicinity of the trachex, probably

because the air there obtainable is necessary for their imperfect

respiration. The lateral tubercles above mentioned are organs

whose function is temporary, being limited to the few moments

during which the maggot is wriggling through the skin of the

victim. Having forced a hole, and exserted the fore part of its

body, it bends either to the right or left, exposing by that action a

set of tubercles (2—5 in number) on the convex side, while the

same number disappear on the concave side. The exserted tuber-

cles rest upon the edge of the hole, and serve as a point d’appui

for the elevation of the body on the opposite side. The same action

is then reversed, and so on alternately, until the whole body is

disengaged. After the appearance of the perfect parasites, Goureau,

having observed the union of the sexes, introduced among them a

lepidopterous larva, with portions of a cabbage upon which it was

feeding. They refused, however, to deposit their eggs in this

caterpillar, which perhaps was not of a species which they would

naturally attack. They showed a fondness for the cabbage, which

they bit and sucked with avidity, proving that it is not contrary to

their habits to take food in the imago-state.

168 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

6. Apanteles ordinarius, Ratz.

Microgaster ordinarius, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., i., 71.

M. reconditus, Hart., Jahresb., 252 (not of Nees, Wesm.)

Apanteles ordinarius, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1880,

[Us atlenersie “ae

Black; palpi, apex of mandibles, margins of segments 1—2

narrowly, belly at the base broadly, squamule, femora, and tibie,

testaceous; middle femora above, hind femora above and at the

apex, or entirely, with the apex of their tibie, black. Wings

hyaline, stigma fuscous. Mesothorax thickly punctulate, rather

shining; scutellum smooth; pleure punctulate, shining; meta-

thorax rugose, carinated. Segment 1 somewhat longer thar broad,

and, with the 2d, rugulose, both with a smooth medial carina;

2 not shorter than 3, Terebra very short. Hind coxe pumnciulate,

shining. Inner spur of the hind tibie longer than } the meta-

tarsus. ¢ 2. Length, 14—1$; wings, 3}—4? lin.

Second abscissa of the radius inchoate, punctiform. Abdomen

above broad and flat, lanceolate and compressed beneath at the

apex. First joint of the trochanters black, the 2d testaceous.

Much like rwbripes, Hal., but distinguished by greater size, colour

of the legs, &e. Antenne 2 shorter than the body. According to

Reinhard the hind coxe are granulated, dull; Ratzeburg says

nothing about this character, which can hardly be attributed to the

present insect; the hind cox are punctulate indeed, but not less

shining than usual.

Seems to be uncommon in England; but a female is

in Parfitt’s collection, and two males and one femalein

that of Fitch, all having the hind femora black.

Described by Ratzeburg as an abundant and constant

parasite of Lasiocampa pini, L., in Germany. It takes

its name from the regular rows in which the cocoons are

usually placed on the leaves and twigs of the pine.

According to Brischke, the white gregarious cocoons

envelop the larva as with a furred coat; see Ratz., Die

Waldv., pl. iii., f..5.’” Also bred from Bombyx rubi, L. ;

for a detailed account of its hatching from this species,

see Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., i., 65. Hemiteles fulvipes, Gr.,

and areator, Gr., are hyperparasites.

N.B.—The specimens referred to by Brischke, which

were determined by Reinhard, and bred from Myelophila

cribrum, Schiff., are larger, with segment 3 rufous, and

the wings more infumated; probably a different species.

British Braconide. 169

7. Apanteles congestus, Nees.

Microgaster congestus, Nees, Mon., ., 405.

Apanteles congestus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1880,

De Oo) f.

Microgaster globatus, Bouché, Naturg. (1834), 155.

M. intricatus, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 252, 2 ; ¢f. 468, note.

M. perspicuus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1837,

p. 45, ¢ ?; Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., 11., 55 (not of

Nees).

Black; antenne ¢ often beneath and at the tips, with the palpi,

testaceous; fore legs rufo-testaceous, their femora black at the

base; middle and hind legs black, 2d joint of the trochanters and

base of the tibie, rufo-testaceous; or femora and tibie rufo-

testaceous; hind femora at the apex and on the upper edge, black

or fuseous. Wings fusco-hyaline, stigma fuscous. Mesothorax

thickly punctulate, dull; scutellum shining, punctulate; meta-

thorax and segments 1—2 coarsely rugose ; segment 1 longer than

broad, narrowed at the base, truncate; 2 as long as 3. Terebra

very short. Hind cox rugulose above. Spurs of the hind tibie

slender, shorter than } the metatarsus. gf 2. Length 1—1};

wings 2—2} lin.

The hind cox above are distinctly rugulose, almost

as rough as the base of the abdomen, by which character

the species may be separated from spurius, diffcilis,

gracilis, and others, which it closely resembles. Haliday

does not mention the hind cox, but his description of

the nest of intricatus shows that he had this insect in

view. The same remark applies to Bouché’s globatus.

Wesmael’s description is abundantly conclusive. Haliday

(MS. in Brit. Mus.) makes sericeus, Nees, a synonym of

this species; but it agrees much better with the solitary

parasite to which we have united it.

Very common. ‘The gregarious larve form white

cocoons, irregularly piled together, and enveloped in a

woolly ball of oval shape and dull yellow colour, as large

as a hazel- or even walnut. These balls are usually

attached to blades of grass, and resemble the nests of

certain spiders, for which they have often been taken,

e.g., by Ratzeburg, Ichn. d. Forst., ii1., 55, and this is the

species referred to by Cameron, EH. M.M.,x., 211. Ithas

been asserted that the victim-larva before its death spins

this covering for the protection of the undeserving brood

of parasites. See, however, Réaumur, 1., pt. 11., p. 222;

and Haliday (Ent. Mag., ii., 235) remarks that it would

170 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

be a singular fact if a caterpillar whose inside has been

devoured should be found provided with an extra supply

of silk for this unnecessary purpose. Reinhard states

that when this Microgaster inhabits certain larve, e. 4.,

those of Melitea, the cocoons are without an external

covering. But in this case there has probably been

some mistake as to the species. Described above from

specimens reared by Bignell from Hadena pisi, L.,

accompanied by their nest. Bred copiously by other

lepidopterists from Spilosoma lubricipeda, Esp., Acronycta

rumicis, L., Triphena pronuba, L., Calocampa exoleta, L.,

and Cucullia artemisie, Fab., &e. By Brischke from

Vanessa urtice, L., Zygena filipendule, L., Teniocampa

incerta, Hufn., Cucullia argentea, Hutn., C. asteris, Schiff.,

Plusia gamma, L., &e. By Giraud from Pygera anasto-

mosis, L. (cf. Verh. z-b. Ges. Wien, 1866, p. 952), Plusia

chrysitis, L., and Hupithecia abbreviata, Ste.

8. Apanteles ferrugineus, Reinh. MS. (PI. V., fig. 6).

Rufo-testaceus capite et metathorace nigris. Antenne apicem

versus, segmenti 2di area media, pectus pro parte, et abdomen

postice plus minus, fusca vel nigricantia. Venter, alarum squamule,

stigma, nervique omnes, flavida. Coxe postice interdum supra

fusco-maculatz. Corpus totum depressum. Mesothorax confertim

punctatus, nitidulus; scutellum leve, nitidum. Pleure granulate,

spatio sub alis nitido, levi. Metathorax productus, depressus,

utrinque marginatus, medio carinulatus, et cum segmentis 1—2

subtilissime rugulosus, obscurus; segmentum lum longius quam

latius, apice truncatum, basi vix angustatum; 2dum Imo latius,

3tio non brevius, utrinque arcuato-impressum; cetera levia, nitida.

Terebra brevissima. Valvula ventralis inconspicua. Coxe postice

subnitide. Tibiarum posticarum calcaria gracilia, metatarsi di-

midio multo breviora.

Rufo-testaceous ; head and metathorax black. Antenne towards

the apex, a space on the disk of segment 2, the pectus partially,

and the abdomen posteriorly more or less, fuscous or blackish.

Belly, squamule, stigma, and nervures, yellowish. Hind coxe

sometimes infuscated above. ‘The whole body is very depressed.

Mesothorax thickly punctate, rather shining; scutellum smooth,

shining. Pleure granulated, with a smooth space underneath the

wings. Metathorax produced, depressed, margined at the sides,

with a faint medial carina, and together with segments 1—2,

minutely rugulose, dull; segment 1 longer than broad, truncated

at the apex, scarcely narrowed at the base; 2 wider than 1, not

British Braconide. 171

shorter than 3, with two impressed curved lateral lines; the rest

smooth and shining. Terebra very short. Valvula ventralis not

carinated, closely applied to the belly. Hind cox somewhat

shining. Spurs of the hind tibizw slender, much shorter than 3 the

metatarsus. g 9. Length, 14; wings, 23 lin.

A species remarkable for its colour, and differing con-

siderably in structure from any other, though the form

of the 1st segment refers it to this section. The meso-

thorax and scutellum are depressed so as to be in the

same plane as the elongate metathorax, a conformation

resembling that of Belyta, and often belonging to insects

of subcortical habits.

Discovered by Porritt, who reared many from the

larve of Chilo phragmitellus, Hub., inhabiting the interior

of reeds. 29 are preserved on one card. Cocoons

silvery white, subtransparent, attached singly or in

small groups by a few threads to the inside of the reed-

stem.

9. Apanteles Bignell, n.s.

@. Niger, flagelli basi pallida; palpis, abdomine, pedibusque

cum coxis, flavo-testaceis; segmentorum basi fusea. Ale albido

hyaline costa stigmate nervis fusco-testaceis. Antenne perbreves,

capite cum thorace non longiores, submoniliformes. Mesothorax

et scutellum confertim punctulata, subnitida; metathorax leviter

rugulosus, subnitidus. Abdominis segmentum Imum latitudine

sesquilongius, lateribus pone medium paulo angustatum, margina-

tum, truncatum, angulis posticis obtusis, subrugulosum, nitidius-

culum; 2dum transversum, 8tio «quale, 1mo latius, subrugulosum

vel fere leve, subnitidum; cetera levia. Abdomen apice infra

compressum. ‘Terebra subexserta. Valvula ventralis anum paulo

superans. ¢. Antenne tote nigre, corpore longiores, filiformes.

Abdomen nigrum; venter basi pallidus. Femora cum coxis picea

vel fusea, tibiis tarsisque testaceis.

@. Black, base of the flagellum pale; palpi, abdomen, and legs,

with the cox, flavo-testaceous; abdominal segments fuscous at

the base. Wings whitish hyaline; costa, stigma, and nervures,

fusco-testaceous. Antenne not longer than the head and thorax,

submoniliform. Mesothorax and scutellum thickly punctulate,

somewhat shining; metathorax slightly rugulose, somewhat shining.

Segment 1 half as long again as its width, slightly narrowed behind

the middle, margined, truncated, the hind angles obtuse, subrugu-

lose, somewhat shining; 2 transverse, as long as 38, broader than 1,

subrugulose or almost smooth, somewhat shining; the remaining

172 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

segments smooth. Abdomen compressed beneath at the apex.

Terebra subexserted. Valvula ventralis somewhat surpassing the

anus. g. Antenne entirely black, longer than the body, filiform.

Abdomen black; belly pale at the base. Femora and coxe pitchy

or fuscous; tibie and tarsi testaceous. gf 9. Length. 3; wings,

23 lin.

Described from 4 males, 5 females. The sexes are so

unlike that no one, without breeding them, would suspect

their identity. They are also anomalous in some other

respects. Segment 1 is narrowed a little towards the

apex, as in Sect. IV., but still distinctly truncated, as in

Sect. I. Segment 2 is less rugulose than 1, in some

specimens almost as smooth as the following segments ;

it is canaliculated in the middle, and furnished with two

arcuate impressions converging forwards, as in Sect. IIL;

the space enclosed between the lines is raised and

shining ; but this structure is irregular and indistinct. In

the ¢ the abdomen is testaceous; segment 1 at the base,

and 2—5 more narrowly, fuscous. ‘The cariniform edge

of the belly and the subulated valves of the terebra are

black.

Gregarious; bred in some numbers by Bignell from

the larves of Melitea aurinia, Rott., taken in North Devon.

The white cocoons are enclosed in a common web of

cottony texture.

10. Apanteles analis, Nees.

Microgaster analis, Nees, Mon., i., 180; Wesm., Nouv.

Mem. Ac: Brux., 183%, p.59.09"

M. pretextatus, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 254, ?.

Apanteles acuminatus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1880,

Poor oe?

Black; mandibles rufous; abdomen @ at the apex, with the sides

and belly entirely, palpi, squamule, and legs, flavo-testaceous ;

hind cox more or less fuscous; tarsi fuscescent. Abdomen ¢ black,

belly at the base broadly testaceous. Wings hyaline, stigma tes-

taceous. Mesothorax, scutellum, and pleure, thickly punctulate,

dull; metathorax rugose. Abdomen towards the apex subcom-

pressed, acuminated; segments 1—2 rugose, the rest smooth and

shining; segment 1 subquadrate, margined, broadly truncate ¢

2 wider than 1, shorter than 3. Terebra very short. Hind coxe

punctulate, shining. Valvula ventralis somewhat surpassing the

anus. ¢ %. Length, 1!; wings, 23 lin.

Var. 2. Hind femora tipped with fuscous ; segments 1—2, and

base of 3, testaceous ; 7 fuscescent ; or 2—4 testaceous,

British Braconide. 173

Much resembles ruficrus, Hal., in form and sculpture,

but the hind coxe are smoother, and the colours different.

Six specimens were in Fitch’s collection, of which three

are destroyed, leaving three females. On another card

are five males and one female; their origin is not stated.

Bred on the Continent, according to Reinhard, from

Melitea* Maturna, L., and Phebe, Fab. Cocoons white.

11. Apanteles limbatus, n.s.

Niger, segmentorum 1—2 limbo laterali, ventris basi. palpis,

squamulis, pedibusque testaceis ; coxis nigris; femorum posticorum

apice supra, tiblis lisdem apice, tarsis fere totis, fuscis. Ale sub-

fusco-hyaline stigmate fusco. Mesothorax confertim punctulatus,

subnitidus; pleure fere leves; scutellum nitidum punctulatum.

Metathorax rugulosus. Segmentum 1lmum longius quam latius,

basi parum angustatum, cum 2do rugulosum; hoe 3tio vix brevius,

medio subcarinatum, Imo latius; cxtera levia. Terebra sub-

exserta. Coxz postice nitide, punctulate. Tibiarum posticarum

calcar internum metatarsi dimidio longius, intermediarum meta-

tarsi dimidio equale.

Black; lateral margins of segments 1—2, belly at the base, palpi,

squamule, and legs, testaceous; coxe black; hind femora at the

apex above, their tibie at the apex, and tarsi almost entirely,

fuscous. Wings dusky hyaline, stigma fusecous. Mesothorax

thickly punctulate, somewhat shining; pleure almost smooth;

scutellum shining, punctulate. Metathorax rugulose. Segment 1

longer than broad, hardly narrowed at the base, and like the 2d,

rugulose; 2 broader than 1, scarcely shorter than 3, subcarinated in

the middle; the rest smooth. Terebra subexserted. Hind coxe

shining, punctulate. Inner spur of the hind tibie longer than 4

the metatarsus; that of the middle pair as long as 3 the metatarsus.

36 2. Length, 14; wings, 23 lin.

Very near affinis, Nees, Mon., i., 176; Reinh., Berl.

ent. Zeit., 1880, p. 370, which at first I supposed it to

be. It does not, however, agree with Reinhard’s

description; the mesothorax is thickly punctulate, and

hardly shining; the hind femora and tibiez are tipped

with fuscous; the wings are not hyaline, but tinted, and

the stigma is not flavo-testaceous. With the description

** Probably these are the butterflies meant; but authors’ names

being omitted in the Berl. ent. Zeit., there is room for doubt. The

name Maturna has been given to four, and Phebe to three, different

species of Melitea.

174 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

of Nees it does not agree, because it is larger than

glomeratus, L., the 1st segment is not canaliculated in

the middle, and the wings are not pure hyaline.

Described from 14 specimens bred by Bignell: six

females from Abraxas grossulariata, L., and the rest

from unrecorded larve, seven being males. Gregarious.

Cocoons pale lemon-colour, almost white, irregularly

clustered, naked, connected merely by a few threads.

12. Apanteles rubripes, Hal.

Microgaster rubripes, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 258, ?.

Apanteles rubripes, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1880,

joan Uae 2 ;

2 Microgaster gastropache, Bouché, Naturg. (1884),

157; Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., i., 72.

Black, with pale palpi; belly at the base, and legs, rufo-testaceous;

squamule rufo-fuscous; coxe black; hind femora often with a

fuscous apical spot, and hind tibiz tipped with fuscous. Segments

1—2 narrowly edged with testaceous at the sides. Wings hyaline,

stigma fuscous. Mesothorax and pleure thickly punctulate, shining,

pubescent; scutellum smoother; metathorax rugulose. Segment 1

subquadrate, truncate, rugulose; 2 rugulose, shorter than 8, cari-

nated at the base; the rest smooth and shining; segment 8 with

some scattered punctures. Hind coxe above shining, punctulate.

Inner spur of the hind tibize longer than 4} the metatarsus. Terebra

very short. ¢ 9. Length, 14; wings, 33 lin.

Antenne beneath more or less piceous. The synonym

gastropache, Bouché, adduced by Reinhard, is not free

from difficulties. Bouché speaks of a subtriangular

enclosed space upon segment 2, and Ratzeburg insists

specially upon the colour of the coxe, which he says are

not black, but brown. ‘The foreign specimens moreover

were bred from Bombyces, which is not the case in

England. ‘The size mentioned by Reinhard, 2°8 mill.

(= 13 hn.), is rather less than that of British examples.

Reared on the Continent from Bembecia hyleiformis,

Lasp., Bombyx neustria, L., Geometra papilionaria, L.,

Abraxas grossulariata, L., Cymatophora or, Fab., &c.

Some confusion of species may here be suspected.

Closely resembling limbatus, No. 11, but apparently

distinct. It is somewhat larger; the wings are more

hyaline, segment 1 is more quadrate, and its margins

less broadly testaceous ; the cocoons are more obviously

different.

British Braconidae. 175

Bred in England commonly from Geometra papilionaria,

L.; by Curtis, four broods by Bignell, in July, and

another by Raynor were named by Reinhard, in-

cluding, however, one from Cabera pusaria, L., now

destroyed, the cocoon of which shows it to have been

another species. Also reared by Harding from Vanessa

urtice, L., 8 on a card; and 5 by Cameron in Scotland,

from Pieris brassice, L. Gregarious. Cocoons sulphur-

yellow, irregularly clustered, naked, and connected by a

few filaments. They are larger and paler than those of

glomeratus; and much more yellow than those of limbatus.

13. Apanteles rubecula, n. 8.

Niger, palpis, ventrisque basi anguste, pallidis. Pedes rufo-

testacei, femoribus posticis apice nigris, tibiis lisdem apice tarsisque

fuscescentibus. Ale leviter infuscate, stigmate nervisque fuscis,

squamulis nigris. Mesothorax confertissime punctulatus, sub-

nitidus; scutellum levius; metathorax rugulosus, carinulatus.

Segmentum lImum non longius quam latius, basi paulo angustatum,

apice late truncatum, cum 2do rugulosum; hoe 8tio brevius, medio

carinulatum ; cetera levia, nitida; segmentum 8tium vage punctu-

latum. Coxe postice nitide, punctulate. Tibiarum posticarum

calear internum metatarsi dimidio wquale. Terebra brevissima.

Black ; palpi, and belly at the base narrowly, pale. Legs ruto-

testaceous, hind femora black at the apex, their tibize at the apex,

and tarsi, fuscescent. Wings somewhat dusky hyaline, stigma and

nervures fuscous, squamule black. Mesothorax very thickly

punctulate, somewhat shining; scutellum smoother; metathorax

rugulose, carinulated. Segment 1 not longer than broad, slightly

narrowed at the base, the apex broadly truncated, rugulose like the

2d, which is shorter than the 3d,carinulated in the middle; 3d (with

some scattered punctures) and following, smooth, shining. Hind

cox shining, punctulate. Inner spur of the hind tibie equal to }

the metatarsus. Terebra very short. 9. Length, 1}; wings, 33 lin.

Separated from rubripes, Hal., on the following

srounds:—The squamulz are black; the wings have a

dusky tinge; the metathorax is finely carinated; the

cocoon and habits of the larva are different.

Two specimens were bred by Bignell, singly, on June

17th, from half-grown larve of Pieris rape, L. The

cocoon differs in texture and colour from that of rubripes,

Hal. ; it is not woolly, but naked, wrinkled, and cream-

coloured, nearly white ; it is also somewhat larger, as is

the perfect insect.

176 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

14. Apanteles glomeratus, L.

Ichneumon glomeratus, Lin., F. §., 410.

Microgaster glomeratus, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 250, 3 2;

Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881, p. 88, ¢ 2; Bouche,

Naturg. (1834), 150; Tasch., Naturg. wirb. Thiere,

93, pl. iii., ff. 3,4. Gf Réau., Mém., ii., 419, pl.

xxxiil., ff. 2—13; DeGeer, Mém., i., pl. xvi., f. 6;

Bree, in Loud. Mag., 1882, pp. 105—107 ; Westw.,

in Loud. Mag., 1832, p. 801, and pp. 107—109

(economy); Westw., Int., ii., 144 (econ.), and pl.

Ixxvi.,.1. 16 (larva) > Cur., Farm. ings 97:

M. reconditus, Nees, Mon., i.,174; Wesm., Nouv. Mém.

Ac, Brux., 1837, p.47, pl., igs Hes ox

M. crategi, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., 1., 72.

Black, with pale palpi; segment 1 at the sides narrowly, belly at

the base, and legs, rufo-testaceous; hind femora black above towards

the apex, hind tibi tipped with fuscous, coxe black. Wings hyaline,

squamule black, stigma fuscous. Mesothorax thickly and finely

punctulate, somewhat shining; scutellum and pleure smooth.

Metathorax rugulose. Segment 1 longer than its breadth by one

half, the sides parallel, truncate at the apex, concave at the base,

rugulose ; 2 broader than 1, shorter than 3, with two lateral oblique

impressions, rugulose, with a smooth medial obtuse carina; the rest

smooth and shining. Hind coxe punctulate, shining. Inner spur

of the hind tibize shorter than } the metatarsus. Terebra very short.

3 ¢@. Length 1!; wings, 24 lin.

Segments 1—2 are shining, and slightly or moderately rugulose.

The oblique impressed lines on segment 2, common to many species

are here more developed, curved, and approximated at the fore

margin, approaching the structure of Sect. III. They terminate in

two distinct foveze, which are one of the surest marks by which to

recognise the species. The hind femora of the g are usually more

broadly black towards the apex than those of the 9. Antenne ¢

as long as the body.

Var. Antenne ¢ longer than the body; segment 2 smooth; 4

posterior femora with a black line above; stigma pale fuscous.

@. The same, but the 2d segment is rugulose, and the antenne

shorter. Length, 1 line. Bred by me formerly from P. brassicae,

L. Specimens are also in Fitch’s collection. A further observation

of them, together with their cocoons, is desirable. They were

returned by Reinhard with the name glomeratus.

A brood similarly named, and bred by Bignell from

Phigalia pedaria, Fab., is not the present species, but

British Braconide. 177

difficilis, Nees. ‘Two or three of the cocoons are acci-

dentally more yellow than usual.

A. glomeratus is the well-known parasite of all the

species of Pieris. Bignell has also obtained it from

Abraxas grossulariata, L.; the specimens from the moth

are absolutely the same. The sulphur-yellow cocoons of

the gregarious maggots may be found plentifully near

cabbage-gardens. They are irregularly heaped together,

without a common covering, but merely connected by a

slight web. As in the case of congestus, Nees, No. 7, it

has been asserted that this web is constructed by the

dying caterpillar of the butterfly. That this is not the

fact I can testify, from having watched the operations of

these parasites. The Pieris-larva was perfectly inert

and moribund. Curtis counted as many as 67 Micro-

gasters which issued from the body of a single caterpillar

of P. brassice, L.; Bignell counted 142 cocoons from a

similar larva (Entom., xvi., 263). They usually come out

in September and spin their cocoons, in which they pass

the winter. In the following May they hatch, and are ready

to attack the spring-broods of butterflies. Giraud and

Brischke have obtained this species also from Aporia

crategi, L.; and the latter (as he states) from Smerinthus

populr, L., Zygena ephialtes, L., and Bembecia hyleiformis,

Lasp. Miss Pasley, of Windermere (EK. M. M., i., 281),

records the singular fact that an imago of Pieris rape, L.,

emerged from the pupa with two of the yellow cocoons

of this parasite, containing pup, rolled up in the wings.

Bouche (Naturg., 168, No. 61) has described one of the

Chalcidide, which he calls Diplolepis microgastri, living

parasitically in the cocoons of glomeratus, 3 or 4 together:

the cocoons so infested are paler than healthy ones.

Hemuteles fulvipes, Gr., is also a hyper-parasite, frequently

taking the place of the entire brood.

15. Apanteles sericeus, Nees.

Microgaster sericeus, Nees, Mon., 1., 184, 3 2.

M. prepotens, Hal., Ent. Mag., u1., 252, 2.

M. brevicornis, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1887,

p. 50, 2; Apanteles brevicornis, Reinh., Berl. ent.

Zeit., 1881, p. 34, 3 @.

M. fuliginosus, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., iil., 56, partly

(not of Wesm.).

Deep black; mandibles tipped with rufous, palpi pale; fore

femora, apex of the intermediate femora narrowly, and all the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PART I. (APRIL.) N

178 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

tibie, rufo-testaceous; middle and hind tibie more or less tipped

with fuscous. Wings whitish hyaline, squamule black, stigma

fuscous. Antenne ¢ as long as the body; of the ? only 3 as long,

submoniliform at the apex. Mesothorax very shining, subpunctu-

late; metathorax rugulose. Segment 1 longer than broad, with

parallel sides, rugulose and somewhat shining, like the 2d, which is

a little shorter than the 8d; the rest smooth and shining. Hind

coxee smooth, shining. Terebra shortly exserted. Ventral valve

surpassing the anus. Spurs of the hind tibie shorter than } the

metatarsus. g 2. Length, 1—13; wings, 3—38} lin.

A large species, characterised by intense blackness,

very shining thorax, whitish wings, and in the @ un-

usually short antenne, exserted terebra and ventral

valve, whereby the abdomen appears acuminated. M.

sericeus, Nees, has not hitherto been identified, but the

agreement of our larger specimens with his description

is very complete. The structure of the 2d segment, with

two obsolete, lateral, impressed, converging lines, en-

closing a rugulose space, is sufficiently indicated by Nees.

It seems equally certain that prepotens, Hal., is to be

referred to this species, although Reinhard places a (?)

after the name. M. placidus, Hal., which Reinhard

treats as a synonym, is a distinct species, and not hard

to recognise among English specimens. Besides, Haliday

was too careful a writer to describe the same insect under

two different names, with only lineola between them.

Nees compares his sericeus with juniperate, Bouché, but

the latter agrees only in size, differing in the subfuscous

wings, less shining surface, length of the ¢ antennae,

shorter ventral valve, and colour of the cocoons.

Common. A solitary parasite. Bred by Bignell from

Tethea retusa, L., Dianthecia cucubali, Fuess., and

capsincola, Hiib., Hmmelesia alchemillata, L., and Hupi-

thecia pulchellata, Ste. By Fitch from Mimeseoptilus

plagiodactylus, Staint., and by Raynor from Hupithecia

valerianata, Hub. By Cameron, at Milngavie, Scotland,

from Thera juniperata, L. Bignell obtained his specimens

from H. pulchellata on March 24th, out of cocoons taken

in foxglove-flowers the preceding July; hence it appears

that some of them hybernate as pupe, although the

majority come out in July and August. Nees also

obtained his sericeus April 25th out of a larva which feeds

on Digitalis ambigua flowers. Bred on the Continent by

Kriechbaumer, of Munich, from Hypsipetes impluviatus,

British Braconide. 179

Hub. ; according to Ratzeburg by Kirchner from Hypono-

meuta padellus, L. Cocoons pale lemon-colour, or whitish

yellow, attached singly to various plants. Cameron bred

two hyper-parasitic species of Hemiteles from these

cocoons (Zool., 1880, p. 269).

The origin of 4 specimens in Fitch’s collection requires

explanation. They are ticketed as having been hatched

from cocoons of Hypera variabilis, Hbst., and some of the

beetles are preserved with them. The difficulty is that

Microgasters spin cocoons for themselves, and are not

known as using those of other insects.

Under brevicornis, Wesm., = fuliginosus, Ratz.,

Brischke states that he has bred this from Erynnis

alcee, Esp., also from a Geometer and a Tortriz. He

describes the cocoons as white and gregarious, which

renders the whole observation doubtful.

16. Apanteles spurius, Wesm.

Microgaster spurius, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1837, p. 49; Apanteles spurius, Reinh., Berl. ent.

Zeit., 1881, p. 84, Se.

Black; palpi pale; legs rufo-testaceous, fore femora at the base

only, the others entirely, black; hind tibiz rarely fuscescent at the

apex. Wings hyaline, squamule black, stigma fuscous. Meso-

thorax thickly and very finely punctate, dull, more shining at the

hind angles; scutellum sparingly punctulate, shining. Mesopleure

shining and smooth. Metathorax and segments 1—2 rugulose,

dull; segment 1 subquadrate, a little narrowed at the base;

2 hardly shorter than 8, which, with the rest, is smooth and

shining. Terebra subexserted. Hind cox smooth. Spurs of the

hind tibia slender, distinctly shorter than } the metatarsus. ¢ ?.

Length, 1—13; wings, 2—8 lin.

Var. All the femora piceo-testaceous.

Care must be taken to distinguish this from difjcilis,

Nees, and caie, Bouche. In the former the terebra is

very short; in both, the spurs of the hind tibie are

stouter and longer than those of spuwrius, which has also

the legs longer and more slender, especially the joints of

the hind tarsi, the hind tibiz almost always concolorous

at the apex, and makes different cocoons. ‘‘ Probably,

but not certainly,” says Reinhard, ‘‘ MW. pieridis, Bouché,

Naturg., p. 152, is to be regarded as identical with this

species.’’ The cocoons, however, are described by Bouché

as not white, but ‘“‘ dunkelgelb.”’

180 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Common. Gregarious. Bred by Bignell from Vanessa

urtice, L., Melitea aurinia, Rott., Leucania littoraks,

Cur., and Agrotis precor, L. By W. H. B. Fletcher

from Zonosoma orbicularia, Hiib.; by Raynor from

Hypsipetes trifasciata, Bork.; by Porritt from Agrotis

precox, L. Reared plentifully on the Continent by

Nordlinger at Grand Jouan, in Brittany, from Dicra-

nura vinula, L., the larve of which perished just

before their last moult in autumn, and the parasites

appeared early in the following May. By Brischke from

Melitea Maturna, L., Argynnis Latona, L., Polyommatus

Dorylas, Hufn., Zygena ephialtes, L., Bombyx castrensis,

L., Dicranura bifida, Hub., Lophopteryx camelina, L.,

Eupithecia sobrinata, Hib., Thera juniperata, L., and

Pionea forficalis, L. By Giraud from Vanessa urtice, L.,

and Zygena filipendule, L.; and by Franz Low, in

September, from Hadena oleracea, L.

Cocoons white, with hardly a sulphur-tinge, enveloped

in a cottony ball, like those of congestus, but white, and

less regularly formed.

17. Apanteles Geryonis, n. 8.

Niger, palpis pallidis. Segmentum 1lmum lateribus anguste,

venter basi, pedesque, rufo-testacea; femora posteriora supra

nigro lineata vel tota fusca, tarsis apice fuscis; coxe nigre. Ale

hyaline, squamulis fuscis, stigmate subferrugineo vel pallide fusco.

Mesothorax confertim subtiliter punctulatus, opacus; pleure

similes, spatio sub alis nitido. Metathorax punctatus, opacus.

Segmentum 1lmum longius quam latius, basi subangustatum, apice

truncatum, cum 2do rugulosum, opacum; hoc 1mo latius, 3tio

brevius, medio carinatum, linea impressa obsoleta utrinque margi-

natum; cetera nitida, levia. Terebra brevissima. Tibiarum

posticarum calcar internum metatarsi dimidio paulo brevius.

Coxe postice nitide.

Black, with pale palpi; segment 1 at the sides narrowly, belly

at the base, and legs, rufo-testaceous; posterior femora with a

black line above, or wholly fuscous, their tarsi fuscous at the tips;

cox black. Wings hyaline, squamule fuscous, stigma sub-

ferrugineo-fuscous. Mesothorax thickly and finely punctulate,

dull; pleure the same, with a shining space beneath the wings.

Metathorax punctate, dull. Segment 1 longer than broad, slightly

narrowed at the base, truncate at the apex, and like the 2d,

rugulose, dull; segment 2 wider than 1, shorter than 3, carinated

in the middle, margined on each by an obsolete impressed line ;

British Braconide. 181

the rest smooth and shining. Terebra very short. Inner spur of

the hind tibix a little shorter than } the metatarsus. Hind coxe

shining. 9. Length, 1; wings, 24 lin.

Described from 3 females. Smaller than glomeratus, less

shining, and with a differently formed 2d segment. The

legs are more marked with black, and the pleure obscure

with punctulation. Nothing but the colour of the legs,

and the different source from which the insects were

bred, prevents them from being considered A. vanesse,

Reinh. This, however, has the legs wholly pale, and is

parasitic on Vanessa, Argynnis, and Limenitis.

Bred by Bignell from Procris Geryon, Hub. Cocoons

pure white, attached together by some loose threads.

18. Apanteles zygenarum, nN. s.

Niger, palpis pallidis; ventris macula basali, femoribus anticis

preter basin, mediis apice, tibiisque ommibus, rufo-testaceis ;

harum posticis apice fuscis; trochanteribus inferis testaceis. Al

fusco-hyaline, squamulis nigris; stigmate nigro-fusco. Mesothorax

subscabriculus, opacus. Scutellum confertim punctulatum, niti-

dulum. Mesopleure nitide, leves, antice punctulate. Metathorax

carinulatus, et cum segmentis 1—2 rugulosus, subnitidus; horum

1mum longius quam latius, basin versus sensim angustatum, apice

truncatum; 2dum medio elevatum, utrinque arcuato-impressum,

3tio paulo brevius; hoe interdum basi vage subrugulosum ; cetera

levia, nitida. Terebra brevissima. Valvula ventralis magna, sub-

truncata, anum non superans. Cox postice nitide, punctulate.

Tibiarum posticarum calear internum gracile, metatarsi dimidio vix

paulo longius.

Black, with pale palpi; a basal spot on the belly, fore femora

except the base, middle femora at the apex, and all the tarsi, rufo-

testaceous; hind tibie tipped with fuscous; lower trochanters

testaceous. Wings fusco-hyaline, squamule black, stigma dark

fuscous. Mesothorax dull, subscabriculous. Scutellum thickly

punctulate, rather shining. Mesopleure shining, smooth, punc

tulate in front. Metathorax carinulated and, like segments 1—2,

rugulose, rather shining; segment 1 longer than broad, gradually

narrowed towards the base, truncate at the apex; 2 elevated in the

middle, margined on each side with a curved impressed line, some-

what shorter than 3, which is sometimes vaguely subrugulose at

the base; the rest smooth and shining. Terebra very short.

Valvula ventralis ample, subtruncate, but not surpassing the anus.

Hind cox shining, punctulate. Inner spur of the hind tibie

slender, hardly longer than } the metatarsus. ¢ 9. Length, 1};

wings, 3 lin,

182 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Closely allied to difficilis, Nees, and juniperate, Bouche;

it equals the latter in size, but differs from both in

having the mesothorax more thickly punctate and wholly

obscure; the wings are rather lighter than those of

juniperate ; the metathorax is carinated, the abdomen

at the base more finely rugulose and less shining, and

the ventral valve not acuminated.

Two females and 4 males, bred by Bignell from Zygena

jilipendule, L., remain, others having been destroyed.

Bignell has also captured a 2. Cocoons sulphur-yellow,

like those of glomeratus and rubripes. Four cocoons

produced the hyperparasite Hemiteles fulvipes, Gyr.

19. Apanteles jucundus, n. 8.

Niger; palpis, ventris basi anguste, tibiis, femoribus anticis

preter basin, intermediis apice, trochanteribusque inferis, flavo-

testaceis; tibiis posticis, tarsisque omnibus apice, obscuris. Ale

albido-hyaline, squamulis, nigris, stigmate fusco basi subdilutiore,

nervis pallide fuscis, costa prope basin testacea. Mesothorax con-

fertim subtiliter punctulatus, opacus ; scutellum vage punctulatum

apice levi. Metathorax punctato rugulosus, medio carinulatus.

Segmentum 1lmum latitudine media fere sesquilongius, lateribus

perpaulo rotundatis, basin versus leviter angustatum, apice trun-

catum, marginatum, cum 2do rugulosum substriato-punctatum ;

2dum carina media levi, lmo paulo latius, 38tio non multum

brevius, hoc basi utrinque transversim impressuin, carinula media

inchoata, cum ceteris leve. Terebra brevissima. Valvula ventralis

anum non superans. Cox postice leves. Calcaria postica meta-

tarsi dimidio breviora.

Black; palpi, base of the belly narrowly, tibie, fore femora

except at the base, middle femora at the apex, and lower trochanters,

flavo-testaceous; hind tibie, and tips of all the tarsi, obscure.

Wings whitish hyaline, squamule black, stigma fuscous, with a

spot at the inner angle paler, nervures pale fuscous, base of the

costa testaceous. Mesothorax thickly and finely punctulate, dull;

scutellum sparingly punctulate, the apex smooth. Metathorax

punctato-rugulose, with a fine medial carina. Segment 1 about

half as long again as its medial width, the sides very slightly

curved, somewhat narrowed towards the base, truncate at the

apex, margined, rugulose and substriato-punctate like the 2d;

2d with a smooth medial carina, a little wider than the Ist, not

much shorter than the 38d; 3d transversely impressed on each side

of the base, with an inchoate medial carina, smooth and shining

like the remaining segments, Terebra very short. Valvula

British Braconide. 183

ventralis not surpassing the anus. Hind cox smooth. Spurs of

the hind tibie shorter than } the metatarsus. ?. Length, 13;

wings, 3} lin.

Var. Femora testaceous, hind pair with an apical black dot.

Stigma almost unicolorous.

Certainly distinct from glomeratus, which it much

resembles. It is larger; the legs are differently coloured

(except in the variety) ; the stigma has an obsolete pale

spot at the inner angle; the 2d segment is differently

sculptured, wanting the impressed curved lines ending

in two fovee in front, as seen in glomeratus.

One ¢ taken by sweeping, in Northamptonshire ;

another (the var.) is in Fitch’s collection, ticketed

glomeratus.

20. Apanteles caie, Bouche.

Microgaster caie, Bouché, Naturg. (1834), 403.

M. perspicuus, Nees, Mon.,i., 177, ¢ 2 (not of Wesm.

or Ratz.)

M. difficilis var. B., Nees, Mon., ii., 408, 2.

M. glomeratus, Newman, Loud. Mag., 1833, p. 109.

Black; palpi pale; lateral margins of segments 1—2 narrowly,

belly at the base, and legs, rufo-testaceous: fore femora at the

base, posterior femora more or less, tips of all the tarsi, and some-

times of the hind tibiz, fuscous. Wings fusco-hyaline, squamule

black, stigma fuscous. Mesothorax thickly punctulate, dull;

scutellum more sparingly, shining. Mesopleure punctulate in

front, smooth and shining behind. Metathorax and segments 1—2

rugulose, dull; segment 1 subquadrate, truncate, hardly narrower

than 2, which is shorter than3; 8rd and following smooth,

shining; lateral impressed lines of segment 2 wide apart, sub-

obsolete. Terebra stout, subexserted. Ventral valve large,

surpassing the anus, whereby the abdomen appears acuminated,

and apically compressed. Hind cox punctulate, shining. Spurs

of hind tibie somewhat longer than } the metatarsus. § 9.

Length, 14; wings, 24 lin.

The belly, which is broadly testaceous at the base, the terebra

and ventral valve of the ?, sufficiently distinguish this from

difficilis, Nees, and spwriws, Wesm. It also makes different

cocoons. Trochanters black; hind tibie generally without fuscous

tips; posterior femora seldom wholly piceous or fuscous, usually

more or less testaceous at the base or in the middle, the edges

remaining dark,

184 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Gregarious. Bred by Bouché, Newman, and five times

by Bignell, from Arctia caia, L., the broods consisting

of 4—6 specimens. More of these, named by Reinhard

perspicuus, Nees, are in Fitch’s collection, together with

a brood of 9 males, reared by Eedle from Arctia villica, L.

Cocoons dirty white, irregularly heaped together, and

without an external web. Very likely Brischke’s speci-

mens, named by him perspicuus, Nees, and bred from

Cucullia argentea, Hufn., belong to this species. Possibly

also his dificilis, Nees, bred from Aretia cata, L., A. Hebe,

L., and Spilosoma fuliginosa, L.; although this is rather

less likely.

21. Apanteles juniperate, Bouché.

Microgaster juniperate, Bouché, Naturg. (1834), 154;

Ratz:, Vchn? d. Worst. i...

Apanteles juniperate, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881,

Depots oie

Black ; palpi pale; legs rufo-testaceous; fore and middle femora

except at the apex, hind femora entirely, black; middle and hind

tibiz black or fuscous at the apex. Wings infumated, squamule

black, stigma fuscous. Mesothorax punctulate, pubescent, and

with the scutellum, somewhat shining. Mesopleure smooth and

shining. Metathorax and segments 1—2 rugulose; segment 1

rather longer than wide, with parallel sides; 2 subcarinated, as

long as 3; 3 more or less punctulate at the base, and, with the

rest, smooth and shining. Terebra very short. Hind coxze

punctulate, shining. Spurs of hind tibie stout, somewhat longer

than } the metatarsus. gf ?. Length, 14; wings, 8} lin.

Very like A. zyqgenaruwm, No. 18; for differences see

that species. Distinguished from congestus, spurius, and

difficilis by greater size and tinted wings ; from congestus,

moreover, by the smooth hind cox; from spurius by

the stout ‘elongate hind spurs; and from difficilis by the

2d segment, which is not shorter than the 3d. The

cocoons are coloured iike those of difficilis, and unlike

those of the others. Identified erroneously by Nees with

his sericeus; see No. 15. The insects sent to me as

types, named by Reinhard, were in great confusion,

consisting of 8 species: juniperate, Bouché, popularis,

Hal., and difficilis, Nees.

Said to have been reared once from a Bombycid, Laria

V-migrum, L., by Brischke ; otherwise only from Geometre,

and originally by Bouché from Thera juniperata, L., in

British Braconide. 185

which, according to that author, it lives singly. Other

larve, however, according to their size, have been found

to produce from two to eleven. The parasites when

hatched are not gregarious, but form their cocoons

separately. On issuing from the victim they spin each

a rough case, and afterwards a finer cocoon inside it.

The cocoons may be found scattered about on the needles

of the juniper, &c., as in the case of sericeus. ‘They are

of a pale reddish buff, or flesh-colour, like those of

difficilis, but larger. In the Berl. ent. Zeit. they are not

very accurately described as ‘‘ pale yellowish;” and by

Brischke as ‘paler or darker brownish yellow to

sulphur-yellow.”’ In addition to Thera juniperata, L.,

Reinhard mentions LHmmelesia alchemillata, L., and

Eupithecia sobrinata, Hiib. The twenty-nine specimens

examined by me were bred by Bignell from Odontoptera

bidentata, Clerck, Selenia bilunaria, Esp., Crocallis

elinguaria, L., Himera pennaria, L., and Cidaria fulvata,

Forst. In the case of Selenia, eleven parasites came

from the same larva during five or six days, and

remained as pup about a fortnight. It is not easy to

understand how a caterpillar of the size of S. bilunaria

can accommodate eleven of these rather large Micro-

gasters. ‘To the above-mentioned Geometre may be

added, from Brischke, Hupithecia exiquata, Hub., nanata,

Hub., pumpinellata, Hiib., lariciata, Freyer, &c.

22. Apanteles gracilis, Cur.

Microgaster gracilis, Cur., B. E., 321, No. 12; Hal.,

Ent. Mag., i7., 253, 3 9.

Black; legs flavo-ferruginous, 4 posterior femora with a fuscous

streak above and below, or nearly all fuscous, their tibiw also

infuscated in the 3; cox and trochanters black. Wings hyaline,

squamule fuscous, stigma pale ferruginous. Mesothorax and

scutellum thickly punctulate, dull; metathorax smoother and

more shining, usually with a medial carina. First segment 1}

times longer than broad, somewhat rounded at the sides, truncate,

and with the 2d, and base of the 3d, rugulose, dull; segment 2 as

long as 3; the rest smooth and shining. Terebra very short.

Valvula ventralis not surpassing the anus. Hind coxe punctulate,

shining. Spurs of hind tibiz shorter than } the metatarsus. ¢ 9°.

Length, 4; wings, 2! lin.

Like difficilis, Nees, but much smaller; the rugulose part of the

abdomen is less shining, and segment 2 more distinctly broader

186 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

than 1; spurs of hind tibie proportionally shorter. Antenne ? as

long as the body, of the f longer. Stigma rufescent.

Specimens from Leicestershire, under this name, have

long been in my collection. On re-examination I find

them to agree entirely with Haliday’s description, so far

as that extends.

23. Apanteles placidus, Hal.

Microgaster placidus, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 251, 3.

Black; palpi pale; belly at the base, sides of 1st segment

narrowly, femora and tibixw, rufo-testaceous; fore femora black at

the base, posterior pitchy, black above and at the apex, or entirely

black ; hind tibie at the apex, and all the tarsi, fuscous. Antenns

$ much longer than the body, beneath and on their apical half

sometimes flavo-testaceous. Wings whitish hyaline, stigma fusco-

ferruginous. Mesothorax thickly and very finely punctulate, dull

in the middle of the disk, posteriorly, together with the scutellum,

more shining. Metathorax rugulose, sometimes carinulated.

Segment 1 half as long again as its breadth, slightly narrowed at

the base, truncated at the apex, rugulose; segment 2 rugulose, as

long as 3; the rest smooth and shining. Hind coxe punctulate,

shining. Inner spur of the hind tibia not longer than } the meta-

tarsus. Shape slender, elongate. ¢g 9. Length, 14; wings,

23 lin.

Described from a pair in Bridgman’s collection, and a

? taken by myself. The g is remarkable for its very

long antenne, of which the apical half is flavo-testaceous,

perhaps accidentally. Reinhard refers the species doubt-

fully to brevicornis, Wesm., 1. e., sericeus, Nees, but the

possession of both sexes of placidus shows them to be

distinct, as correctly supposed by Haliday.

24. Apanteles nothus, Reinh. MS.

Niger, pedibus flavo-ferrugineis, femoribus posterioribus, tibiis

lisdem apice late, tarsisque fuscis; coxis et trochanteribus nigris.

Ale subfumato-hyaline, squamulis, stigmate, nervis, pallide piceis.

Mesothorax et scutellum confertim punctulata, parum nitida ; meta-

thorax leviter rugulosus. Segmentum lmum subquadratum, mar-

ginatum, truncatum, cum 2do rugulosum, subnitidum; hoe 1mo

non multo latius, paulo brevius quam 8tium ; cetera levia. Terebra

brevissima. Valvula ventralis anum non superans. Calcaria pos-

tica metatarsi dimidio paulo longiora.

Black; legs flayo-ferruginous, 4 posterior femora, their tibie at

British Braconide. 187

the apex broadly. and the tarsi, fuscous; cox and trochanters

black. Wings somewhat dusky hyaline, squamule, stigma, and

nervures pale pitchy. Mesothorax and scutellum thickly punctu-

late, hardly shining; metathorax slightly rugulose. Segment 1

subquadrate, margined, truncate, rugulose like 2, and somewhat

shining; 2 not much wider than 1, rather shorter than 3; the rest

smooth. Terebra very short. Valvula ventralis not surpassing the

anus. Hind spurs a little longer than } the metatarsus. ¢ 9.

Length, }; wings, 14 lin.

This species is the smallest of the section, and very

like gracilis, Cur. The antenne are shorter, the legs

differently coloured, and the proportions of the abdomen

different.

Discovered and bred in some numbers by Bignell from

Anticlea badiata, Hub., Epinephele Ianira, L., Melanippe

galhiata, Hub., Tethea retusa, L., and Spilosoma menthastrt,

Esp. Those from Spilosoma are a trifle larger, but

appear to differ in no other respect. The cocoons are

white, irregularly clustered, and connected by a few

threads.

25. Apanteles eae Nees.

Microgaster difjicilis, Nees, Mon.,i., 182, 2; Apanteles

difficiis, Reinh., Berl. ent. Hei. 1881, Pusoyd eke

M. vestalis, Hal., Ent. Mag., 11., 2538, 3 2.

M. insidens, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., 1., 72.

M. melanoscelus, Ratz., lb. cit., 74, 3.

Black; palpi pale; antenne often dull reddish underneath; sides

of segment 1 narrowly, apex ot 4 anterior femora, sometimes 4

posterior at the sides, 2d joint of trochanters, and the tibiw, rufo-

testaceous; 4 posterior, or only hind tibie, usually tipped with

fuscous. Wings hyaline, squamule black, stigma fuscous or dull

testaceous. Mesothorax thickly punctulate, dull; scutellum more

shining. Mesopleure punctulate in front, smooth behind. Meta-

thorax and segments 1—2 minutely rugulose, rather shining; seg-

ment 1 longer than broad, a little narrowed near the apex, and

truncate; 2 rather shorter than 8, with two obsolete lateral um-

pressions curving inwards anteriorly ; 38 and the rest smooth and

shining. ‘Terebra very short. Ventral valve not surpassing the

anus. Hindcoxz smooth, shining. Spurs of the hind tibize stout,

longer than } the metatarsus. 3g 9. Length, 14; wings, 24 lin.

Differs from juniperate by its smaller size, hyaline

wings, and impunctulate 8d segment, which is longer

than the 2d; from congestus by the smooth hind coxe,

188 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

and the cocoons; from spurius by the stout elongate

spurs of the hind tibiz, and the cocoons; from gracilis

by larger size, and the absence of a carina on the meta-

thorax.

Common. The cocoons are flesh-coloured or buff,

like those of juniperate ; a few, by some accident, are

more yellow. The maggots, on leaving the body of their

victim, make separate naked cases, without clustering

together. From 1 to 20 issue from a single caterpillar,

aecording to its size: Bignell has obtained from a speci-

men of Selenia bilunaria, Esp., a single A. difficilis

accompanied by one of A. cabere. A. difficilis has been

reared frequently from Bombyces, more sparingly from

Zygene, Noctue, and Geometre. In Fitch’s collection

are 17 specimens on one card, bred from Bombyx rubt,

L., by Meldola. Bignell’s numerous broods are from

Zygena filipendule, L., Huchelia jacobea, L., B. rubi,

L., Agrotis precox, L., Hadena pisi, L., Amphidasys

betularius, L., A. strataria, Hufn., and Phigalia pedaria,

Fab.; the last were mixed with A. glomeratus, L., pro-

bably because some of the cocoons were unusually tinged

with yellow. Fitch has reared a brood from a young Arctia

caia, L.; and a second lot in his collection were obtained

by Sotheby (16 specimens) from Melanippe galiata, Hub. ;

a third by E. A. Butler from Selenia bilunaria, Esp.

According to Ratzeburg the species has been reared from

Arctia Hebe, L., Spilosoma fuliginosa, L., Peecilocampa

populi, L., and Diloba ceruleocephala, L. Those recorded

by Nees as coming from Arctia caia, L., are doubtful, and

may belong to his var. 8.=perspicuus, Nees=caie, Bouché,

which is a distinct species. Brischke gives the following

list of victims out of which he has bred this parasite ;

those above mentioned are not repeated. Smerinthus

populi, L., Zygena trifoli and meliloti, Ksp., ephialtes,

L., Leucoma salicis, L., Lasiocampa ilicifolia, L.,

Lophopteryx camelina, L., Notodonta dictea, L., Acronycta

euphorbie, Fab., Miselia oxyacanthe, L., Aplecta tincta,

Brahm, Odontoptera bidentata, Clerck, Hupithecia cen-

taureata, Fab., pimpinellata, Hub., and sobrinata, Hub.,

Melanippe galiata, Hub., and Hucosmia certata, Hib.

British Braconide. 189

Section II.

26. Apanteles punctiger, Wesm.

Microgaster punctiger, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1837, p. 61, 2.

2 Apanteles punctiger, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881,

Ds Oy Gee

Black ; antenne pitchy beneath at the base; palpi, squamule,

belly at the base, and legs, testaceous; middle coxe sometimes at

the base, hind coxe entirely, black; hind tibie at the apex, and

their tarsi except the base, also black. Wings fusco-hyaline, stigma

fuscous or fusco-testaceous, with a pale spot at the inner angle.

Meso- and metathorax, with the scutellum, thickly punctulate,

shining. Segment 1 half as long again as its breadth, truncate, the

sides parallel, covered with shallow confluent punctures; 2 more

than half as long as 8, broader than 1, hardly rugulose; the rest

smooth and shining. Terebra } of the abdomen. Valvula ventralis

not surpassing theanus. ¢ @. Length, 14; wings, 4 lin.

The single British specimen agrees very well with

Wesmael’s description, less exactly with that of Rein-

hard, who states the thorax to be dull instead of shining,

and the stigma testaceous, making no mention of a pale

spot at the inner angle. In the British example the

intermediate coxe are black at the base: the wings are

ample, and tinged with dusky.* The terebra projects

beyond the anus about } of the length of the abdomen ;

if measured from the base it is longer. Wesmael’s

specimen was not in a condition to show the length of

this organ, see lib. cit., p. 62, note.

One ? was captured by Bignell near Plymouth.

27. Apanteles letus, n. s.

Niger, palpis, pedibusque cum coxis, rufo-testaceis ; tibiis pos-

ticis apice, tarsorumque articulis singulis preter basin, nigris.

Abdomen vel rufo-testaceum, segmentis singulis disco plus minus

nigricantibus; vel nigrum, ventris basilate testacea. Alex hyaline,

squamulis, costa, nervis, flavidis; stigma pallidum, flavo-cinctum.

Mesothorax levis, pubescens, iridescens; scutellum et metathorax

levia, nitida. Segmentum 1lmum latitudine media sesquilongius,

* The dusky tinge is not noticed by Wesmael, who would have

onl ypinned specimens for examination. The colour of wings can

hardly be accurately seen, unless a piece of paper is held behind

them, to form a white background.

190 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

apicem versus subangustatum, truncatum, cum 2do leviter rugu-

losum; hoe 8tio brevius, lmo latius; cxtera levia, nitida. Terebra

abdominis quadranti «qualis, subdecurva, valvulis crassioribus.

Valvula ventralis anum non superans, acuminata.

Black ; legs, with the coxe, rufo-testaceous ; hind tibie at the

apex, and each joint of the tarsi, except at the base, black. Abdo-

men either rufo-testaceous, with the disk of each segment more or

less black; or black, with the base of the belly broadly testaceous.

Wings hyaline, squamulz, costa, and nervures yellowish; stigma

almost hyaline, with a yellow border. Mesothorax smooth, pube-

scent, iridescent; scutellum and metathorax smooth, shining.

Segment 1 half as long again as its medial breadth, slightly

narrowed towards the apex, truncated, slightly rugulose like 2,

which is shorter than 8, broader than 1; the rest smooth and

shining. Terebra } of the abdomen, somewhat decurved, the

valves incrassated. Valvula ventralis not surpassing the anus,

acuminated. @. Length, —1; wings, 1$—22 lin.

Described from six females. Antenne almost as long

as the body. Mandibles partly rufous. The variable

abdomen is entirely black above in one specimen ; in the

others the Ist segment is narrowly bordered with testa-

ceous, the following segments are testaceous with a

black discal patch. Two of these specimens were

returned by Reinhard as punctiger, Wesm. ‘They are,

however, much smaller, the 1st segment is not punctate,

and differs in shape, the wings are more hyaline, the

stigma yellow, and the hind coxe testaceous. They are

more like punctiger, Reinh., only too small. The

difference between punctiger, Wesm., and punctiger,

Reinh., is such that they are probably not identical.

Four specimens were bred by Fitch, July 24th, and

seven by Elisha, July 17th, from Gracilaria semifascia,

Haw. ; two also by Elisha, July 31st, from Hupecilia

ciliella, Hub.

28. Apanteles adjunctus, Nees.

Microgaster adjunctus, Nees, Mon., i., 176, ?.

Apanteles adjunctus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881,

p- 06; 2 -

Black ; mandibles, sides of segment 1, belly at the base, and legs,

testaceous; hind coxe black above; hind tibie tipped with fuscous.

Wings dull hyaline, stigma and nervures fuscous. Mesothorax and

scutellum somewhat shining, finely punctulate; metathorax also

British Braconide. 191

shining, slightly rugulose. Segment 1 rugulose, twice as long as its

breadth, rounded behind, the sides parallel; 2 transverse, rugulose,

smooth in the middle, scarcely half as long as 3; the rest smooth

and shining. Terebra about 2 of the abdomen, decurved, the

valves compressed, subclavate. 9. Length, 13; wings, 33 lin.

One of the largest of this section, and resembling

faleatus, Nees, from which it may be separated by the

broader 1st segment, and the hind coxe, which are

testaceous beneath. The terebra also is less curved,

and the valvula ventralis more acute.

A single specimen was bred by Elisha from Lioptilus

microdactylus, Hub.

29. Apanteles lictorius, Reinh.

Microgaster ruficornis, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,

S375 ps oll, t.H,.d |S (moor Nees).

Apanteles lictorius, Reinh., Berl. ent Zeit., 1881,

De ogid ieee

Black; antenne reddish underneath ; mouth, squamule, sides of

segment 1, belly at the base, and legs, rufo-testaceous; hind coxe

wholly, or at the base, black; hind tibie tipped with fuscous.

Wings hyaline, stigma and nervures fuscous. Mesothorax and

scutellum shining, very finely punctulate ; metathorax also shining,

slightly rugulose. Segment 1 rugulose, twice as long as its medial

breadth, its hinder half narrowed, the apex truncate ; 2 rugulose,

half as long as 8; the rest smooth and shining. Terebra hardly

shorter than the abdomen, nearly straight, the valves subclavate.

36 ?. Length, 14; wings, 3} lin.

According to Wesmael the antenne of the g are

testaceous or ferruginous, more or less black above and

at the apex. The ? sometimes has the antenne and

hind coxe entirely pale; and the terebra is described as

slender. As the two descriptions above referred to do

not quite agree, there is some doubt as to the correct-

ness of the synonymy; the British specimen, however,

agrees with the characters given by Reinhard, in all

important respects. It is an old discoloured ? com-

municated by Parfitt, and probably from Dorville’s

collection. Wesmael took ten males and five females

near Brussels in June and July.

192 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

30. Apanteles falcatus, Nees.

Microgaster falcatus, Nees, Mon., 1., 175, ¢ 2 (not of

Ratz.); Apanteles falcatus, Reinh., Berl. ent.

Heit., 188L; pest, oe.

M. equestris, Hal., Ent. Mag., 11., 242, 3 9°.

Black; palpi pale; squamule, sides of segments 1—2 more or

less, belly at the base, and legs, rufo-testaceous; coxe black;

middle coxe @ tipped with testaceous ; hind femora J with a black

line above ; hind tibie tipped with fuscous. Wings hyaline, with

a testaceous tinge; stigma and outer nervures fuscous, the inner

yellowish. Mesothorax and scutellum shining, punctulate ; meta-

thorax more obscure. Segment 1 nearly three times longer than

broad, finely punctured, shining ; 2 half as long as 3, nearly smooth,

with two channels converging towards the base; 3 often margined

with testaceous posteriorly, and, with the rest, smooth and shining.

Terebra shorter than the abdomen, decurved, the valves compressed

and dilated, not clavate. g@ @. Length, 2; wings, 4 lin.

One of the largest species. The valvula ventralis ¢

is obliquely truncate, not acuminate, nor reaching the

anus. The antenne of the ¢ are rather longer, of the

? shorter, than the body.

Common, gregarious; according to Haliday, frequent-

ing the blossoms of the jacobea. Bred by Bignell from

Xylophasia monoglypha, Hufn., on July 24th. Cocoons

white, regularly disposed side by side without an external

covering. Reared by me numerously from a batch of

these cocoons found in Leicestershire.

31. Apanteles cultrator, n. 8.

Niger, palpis, ventris basi, pedibusque, testaceis; coxis nigris ;

femoribus intermediis supra, posticis supra et apice, infuscatis.

Ale hyaline squamulis stigmate nervis fuscis. Mesothorax con-

fertissime punctulatus, parum nitidus; scutellum medio leve;

metathorax rugulosus, nitidulus. Segmentum 1mum duplo longius

quam latius, lateribus parallelis, truncatum, cum 2do rugulosum,

nitidulum, hoe 38tio duplo brevius, sutura postica profundiore, mo

latius ; cetera levissima, a 3tio inde fortiter compressa, cultrata.

Terebra subexserta. Valvula ventralis maxima, cultrata, anum

longe superans.

Black ; palpi, belly at the base, and legs, testaceous; coxe black ;

intermediate femora above, hind femora above and at the apex,

infuscated. Wings hyaline, squamule, stigma, and nervures fus-

cous. Mesothorax very thickly punctulate, scarcely shining ;

British Braconide. 1938

scutellum smooth in the middle; metathorax rugulose, rather

shining. Segment 1 twice as long as broad, the sides parallel,

truncate, rugulose, and somewhat shining, like 2, which is half as

long as 8 and broader than 1; the rest smooth and shining;

suturiform articulation strongly marked; all the segments after

the 2d strongly compressed, cultriform. Terebra subexserted.

Valvula ventralis very large, cultrate, much surpassing the anus.

@. Length, 14; wings, 23 lin.

The form of the abdomen renders this species very

distinct. The shining black ventral valve is almost as

large as the rest of the abdomen, and with the short

terebra projects considerably beyond the anus. Viewed

from above, the abdomen is more compressed and acumi-

nated than in any other species here described.

Two specimens, reared by Raynor from a hairy larva

preserved on the same card, are in Fitch’s collection.

The white cocoons are four in number.

32. Apanteles ultor, Reinh.

Microgaster lactipennis, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., iii., 54,

3S 2 (not lacteipennis, Hal.).

Apanteles ultor, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881, p. 38,

Or eths

Black, with fuscous palpi; legs testaceous, coxe and upper

trochanters black. Wings whitish, costa and stigma pale fusco-

testaceous, the latter edged with fuscous; most of the nervures

decolorous. Mesothorax and scutellum thickly punctulate, dull;

metathorax rugulose with a smooth, margined, medial, area.

Segment 1 a little longer than broad, margined, subcarinated in the

middle, truncated at the apex, rugulose ; segment 2 half as long as

3, and, with the rest, smooth and shining. Terebra } of the abdo-

men. $Y. Length, 14; wings, 3} lin.

This must not be mistaken for xanthostigmus, Hal.,

which has black femora.

A ¢ taken by Fitch at Maldon, August 25th, 1884, is

the only specimen I have seen. It has been bred,

according to Reinhard, from Porthesia chrysorrhea, L.,

P. similis, Fues., and Bombyx neustria, L. Brischke

says that he has reared it from Acronycta psi, L., and

from the larva of a Chrysopa; adding that the cocoons

are single or gregarious, cream-white or brownish yellow,

surrounded by shining silk. More than one species

seem to be here included.

TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1885.—paRTI. (APRIL.) 0

194 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

33. Apanteles decorus, Hal.

Microgaster decorus, Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 245, 3 2;

Apanteles decorus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881,

po3s; 2.

Black; palpi testaceous, fuscous at the base; belly and legs rufo-

testaceous; hind cox and trochanters black; femora black at the

base beneath, the hind pair also with a dark line above; hind tibie

fuscous at the apex, the extreme base pallid, their tarsi mostly

fuscous, the spurs pale. Wings hyaline, stigma fusco-ferruginous,

squamule black. Mesothorax and scutellum very finely coriaceous,

almost smooth, shining. Metathorax and segments 1—2 the same.

Segment 1 a little longer than broad, its sides parallel, truncate at

the apex; 2 half as long as 3, suturiform articulation curved; the

other segments smooth, iridescent. Terebra as long as the abdomen,

with the valves slightly dilated and compressed, straight nearly

to the apex, afterwards a little decurved. Valvula ventralis

acuminated, not surpassing the anus. g ?. Length, 14; wings,

33 lin.

The legs are variable, sometimes fuscous, the fore

femora and tibiz beneath, the 4 posterior femora with a

lateral line, and the base of their tibix, testaceous; the

legs of the g are usually darker than those of the ? , and

the antenne much longer. The 9 differs from that of

emarginatus, Nees, in having the hind femora and tyro-

chanters testaceous, the antenne and terebra longer,

and the stigma unicolorous. Nevertheless, according to

Haliday (MS. note in Brit. Mus.), his decorus and

annularis are the same species; the latter is indis-

tinguishable from emarginatus, Nees, whence it would

follow that the three ought to be united. According to

Reinhard, decorus, Hal., is distinct ; annularis, Hal., and

emarginatus, Nees, probably the same, and this opinion,

which is supported by the appearance of the specimens,

is here adopted.

Taken occasionally by Haliday on the oak and larch;

a ? by me near Abergavenny. Bred by Elisha, two

females and one male, from Conchylis dilucidana, Ste. ;

these males have the legs mostly testaceous. In

Germany Moéschler reared a 2 from Argyresthia Gadart-

ella, L., feeding in catkins of the birch,

British Braconide. 195

34. Apanteles dilectus, Hal.

Microgaster dilectus, Hal., Ent. Mag., 11., 246; Apanteles

dilectus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881, p. 38, 2.

Black; palpi testaceous, fuscous at the base; mandibles rufous ;

antenne at the base beneath, belly, and legs, rufo-testaceous ; cox

and tips of the hind tibie black; or the 4 posterior femora lineated

with black above and beneath. Wings hyaline, stigma fuscous,

pale testaceous at the inner angle; nervures also pale; squamule

black. Antenne 9 stout to the apex, only the last joint acuminated.

Mesothorax thickly and minutely punctulate, almost granulated,

hardly shining; scutellum the same, smooth in the middle; meso-

pleure smooth and shining. Metathorax dull, granulated. Seg-

ment 1 half as long again as its breadth, with parallel sides, truncate

at the apex, rugulose; 2 half as long as 3, granulated or coriaceous,

with two lateral channels curving inwards near the base ; suturiform

articulation curved; the other segments subcoriaceous, hardly

shining. Terebra + the abdomen, or a little longer, the valves

somewhat decurved. Valvula ventralis acuminated, not surpassing

the anus. 9. Length, 14; wings, 34 lin.

The 4 posterior femora are subject to be more or less

black; and the middle tibia may be tipped with fuscous.

Smaller than decorus, Hal., and distinguished by its

bicolorous stigma and shorter terebra.

Bignell has bred three females singly from Gracilaria

syringella, Fab. According to Reinhard, it has also been

obtained on the Continent from a Tortriv feeding on

Syringa vulgaris. Kriechbaumer reared it from a Coleo-

phora, and Brischke considers himself to have bred it

from a very different victim, Leucoma salicis, L.

35. Apanteles xanthostigmus, Hal.

Microgaster xanthostiqgma, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 244, 3;

Apanteles xanthostigma, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit.,

1881, p. 40, ¢ 2.

M. ochrostigma, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1837.

p- 55, ¢ 2; Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., iii., 53.

Black; palpi pale, fuscous at the base; tibiw at the base, fore

tibie entirely, testaceous. Wings whitish, stigma yellowish or

whitish with a fuscous border, costa and base of the radius testa-

ceous, the other nervures decolorous. Mesothorax and scutellum

minutely punctulate, almost smooth, shining; metathorax sub-

granulate, with a medial, depressed, margined area, which is often

196 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

shining. Segment 1 half as long again as broad, with parallel sides,

truncate at the apex, rimulose, with a smooth medial channel;

2 scarcely half as long as 8, and, with the rest, smooth and shining.

Terebra a little shorter thau the abdomen, somewhat decurved, the

valves subclavate. Valvula ventralis acuminated, testaceous, sur-

passing the anus. ¢ @. Length, 1—13; wings, 3—4} lin.

Var. ¢. Femora testaceous, edged above and below with black ;

perhaps immature. Bred by Elisha from Hupithecia exiguata, Hiib.

Common ; taken repeatedly by Bignell in Devonshire,

by Fitch in Essex, and by me in Northamptonshire,

Leicestershire, and Wiltshire. Bignell bred the male

from Diurnea fagella, Fab.; Parfitt, two males from

Swammerdammia cesiella, Hub.; Fitch, three males from

Gracilaria semifascia, Haw., and two females from an

unknown larva; Raynor, one male from J/Zypsipetes

trifasciatus, Bork., and another from Hupithecia exiquata,

Hiib. According to Ratzeburg, many were reared by

Bouché from Tortriz rosana, L., and Reissig obtained a

female from some species of Psyche. Brischke bred it from

Swammerdammia lutarea, Haw. <A _ solitary parasite.

Cocoons white.

36. Apanteles contaminatus, Hal.

Microgaster contaminatus, Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 245, @ .

Black; palpi and legs testaceous; cox and trochanters black ;

fore femora at the base, middle except the apex, and hind pair

entirely, black; hind tibiw at the apex, and their tarsi except the

base of the 1st joint, fuscous. Wings hyaline, squamul, stigma,

and nervures, flavo-testaceous ; costa, from the inner angle of the

stigma to the tip of the wing, as also the base of the radius, fuscous.

Head and mesothorax minutely punctulate, shining; scutellum

smooth, the frenum on either side very shining; mesopleure thickly

punctulate ; metathorax rugulose. Abdomen obtuse, shorter than

the thorax; segment 1 broad, subquadrate, with parallel sides,

truncate, emarginate in the middle of the hinder edge, rugulose ;

2 rugulose, very transverse, shorter than 38, suturiform articulation

sinuated ; the other segments smooth and shining. Terebra curved,

extending about 4 the length of the abdomen; valves subclavate.

Valvula ventralis acute, not reaching the anus. Spurs of hind tibi

longer than } the metatarsus. 9. Length, 14; wings, 3 lin.

The rugosity of the metathorax and segments 1—2 of

the broadly sessile, obtuse abdomen, gives this species

the aspect of a Mucrogaster, Haliday’s description

British Braconide. 197

corresponds accurately, except that the terebra is

insufficiently estimated as shorter than the body. A.

merula, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881, p. 46, 2, which

he hesitated to join to this species, is widely different,

having segments 1—2 smooth, the stigma fuscous, and

the metathorax carinated.

One ? was found by Haliday in the Mourne Mountains,

North Ireland. The 2 specimens here described were

bred by W. H. B. Fletcher from an undetermined Tineid,

mining the leaves of Arctostaphylus wva-ursi, the bearberry.

37. Apanteles pretor, n. 8.

Ater, femoribus anticis apice, tibiis iisdem totis, posterioribus

basi, ferrugineis. Ale fusco-hyaline plaga sub stigmate limpida

hoe nigro-fuscum macula interiore testacea. Radii abscissa Ima

curvata, cum nervo intercubitali Imo angulum nullum fingens.

Mesothorax et scutellum nitida, subtilissime parcius punctulata ;

metathorax subtiliter exaratus, fere opacus. Segmentum 1Imum

latitudine fere duplo longius, nitidum, marginatum, subrugosum,

apice truncatum; 2dum 8tio vix duplo brevius, cum reliquis medio

subcarinatum, leve. Terebra abdomine paulo brevior, recta, valvis

subclavatis.

Deep black; fore femora at the apex, their tibiz entirely, and the

other tibie at the base, ferruginous. Wings fusco-hyaline, with a

limpid space under the stigma, which is dark fuscous, having a

testaceous spot at the inner angle. First abscissa of the radius

rounded, forming no angle with the I1st intercubital nervure.

Mesothorax and seutellum shining, sparingly and very minutely

punctulate ; metathorax finely exarated, almost dull. Segment 1

about twice as long as its breadth, shining, margined, subrugose,

truncate at the apex; 2 a little more than half as long as 3, smooth

and subearinated, as are also the remaining segments. Terebra a

little shorter than the abdomen, straight, the valves subclavate.

S&S ¢. Length, 2; wings, 43 ln.

One of the largest species, and resembling obscurus,

Nees; but the mesothorax is smooth, without the medial

depressions, the stigma bicolorous, &c. From all the

allied species it differs in the wings, as above described,

the upper angle of the 2d cubital areolet not being

indicated.

Described from two males taken by Bignell in §.

Devon; and one female bred by Elisha, Sept. 4th, from

Catoptria emulana, Schl.

198 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

38. Apanteles emarginatus, Nees.

Microgaster emarginatus, Nees, Mon.,i., 182, 2 ; Wesm.,

Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1887, p. 56, 2; Ratz.,

Tehn, d. Forst.) 1u., 59...

Apanteles emarginatus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881,

Det oS

Microgaster annularis, Hal., Ent. Mag., 11., 244, 9 2.

Apanteles annularis, Reinh., lib. cit., p. 40, d 2.

Microgaster hilaris, Hal., Ent. Mag., u1., 245, 2.

Black, sericeous, iridescent; palpi, sides of the belly, and 4

anterior legs, flavo-testaceous; coxe black; imtermediate femora

more or less infuscated at the base; base of the hind tibie and tarsi

flavo-testaceous. Wings whitish hyaline; stigma fuscous, with a

pale spot’ at the inner angle; outer nervures decolorous, the rest

pale testaceous; squamule variable. Mesothorax very minutely

punctulate, somewhat shining; scutellum smooth; metathorax

rugulose, with a medial channel. Segment 1 twice as long as

broad, margined, aciculated, broadly rounded at the apex; 2 trans-

verse, about one-third as long as 38, aciculated; the rest smooth and

shining. Terebra shorter than the abdomen, slightly decurved.

Valvula ventralis not surpassing the anus. ¢ 2. Length, 14;

wings, 34 lin.

The black markings of the legs vary in extent, as

usual; the pale spot in the stigma is liable to be

obliterated. The squamule vary from black to testa-

ceous. The mesothorax, as to punctuation and gloss,

offers no tangible differences. The antenne of the ?

are about as long as the body, of the g longer, as

remarked by Haliday under annularis; but Reinhard

makes them the same length as those of the other sex.

Taken commonly by me near Teignmouth and Aber-

eavenny; also in Epping Forest. Bred by Bignell,

Aug. 2nd, from Depressaria nervosa, Haw.; a 2 by

W. 4H. B. Fletcher from D. carduella, Hub., July 18th ;

a? by Raynor, June 27th, from an undetermined Tortrix-

larva on chamomile, and, June 8rd, from Conchylis

dilucidana, Ste. From the Jortriz-larva issued a second

and very different parasite, Microgaster tiro, Reinh. A.

annularis was bred in Germany, according to Reinhard,

from Gracilaria rufipennella, Hub., and Fribergensis,

Fritzsche. A. emarginatus, according to Ratzeburg, from

Psyche-cases ; according to Reinhard, from Depressaria

cherophylt, Gell. Cocoons white, papyraceous, without

gloss.

British Braconide. 199

39. Apanteles obscurus, Nees.

Microgaster obscurus, Nees, Mon.1., 182, ¢ 2; Wesm.,

Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1887, p.58, 3 2; Apanteles

obscurus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881, p.41, ¢ ?.

M. arenarius, Hal., Ent. Mag., 11., 246, 3 2.

Black; apex of palpi, and tibie 9, ferruginous, the hind pair

fuscous at the apex; those of the g are generally ferruginous only

at the base. Wings dusky hyaline, stigma fuscous, all the nervures

visible. Mesothorax and scutellum thickly punctulate, shining,

the former subtrilobate, the sutures ending before the scutellum in

two rugulose depressions; ante-scutellar fovea large, crenated.

Metathorax rugose. Segment 1 a little longer than broad, acutely

margined, truncate, rugose like 2, which is not half as long

as 8; the rest smooth and shining. Terebra less than } the

length of the abdomen; valves subclavate, hardly decurved. § 9.

Length, 13—2; wings, 3}—44 lin.

A robust species, often as large as falcatus, Nees, and

much resembling a Microgaster, except in the wings.

According to Haliday the valvula ventralis ¢ is pale,

and considerably surpasses the anus, but these characters

do not appear in the @ above described, nor are they

noticed by Nees and Reinhard. The antenne of the 3

are longer than the body, the fore tibia sometimes

fuscous in the middle, and the hind tibiz more broadly

fuscous than in the @.

Taken by Haliday in numbers on Salix argentea near

the sea-shore; I captured a g at Niton, Isle of Wight.

Bignell bred the ¢ July 12th, and the @ July 80th, from

Ebulea crocealis, Hub. A solitary parasite. Cocoons

silvery white. Giraud, doubtless erroneously, gives it as

a parasite of Trypeta arnice, Meig.

40. Apanteles vininetorum, Wesm.

Microgaster viminetorum, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac.

Brux., 1887; p: 00; "2 =

Apanteles viminetorum, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881,

p- 42, 2.

Black; fore tibize entirely, and the others at the base, testaceous.

Wings subhyaline, stigma blackish, nervures fuscous, the outer

decolorous. Thorax shining, punctulate. Segment 1 almost twice

as long as broad, somewhat narrowed posteriorly, truncate, finely

aciculated, the base smooth and shining; segment 2 half as long as

200 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

3, broader than 1, with two basal impressions, and, like the rest,

smooth and shining. Terebra as long as }+ of the abdomen, the

valves compressed and, viewed laterally, very stout. g 2. Length,

1; wings, 23 lin.

Three males were bred by Bignell, singly, from Hla-

chista magnificella, Tengstrém, June 30th. Two males

and two females by W. H. B. Fletcher from Lita instabil-

ella, Dougl. According to Reinhard, also bred from

Elachista adscitella, Staint., and from mines of LE. aire,

Staint., on Aira cespitosa. Cocoons glossy white.

41. Apanteles sodalis, Hal.

Microgaster sodalis, Hal., Ent. Mag., u1., 246, 9;

Apanteles sodalis, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881,

p- 42, of 2 .

Black; base of the belly pitchy, subpellucid; tibize, apex of fore

femora, and base of 4 posterior tibiew, rufo-testaceous, in the

more narrowly. Wings whitish hyaline, stigma dull stramineous,

or testaceous, with a fuscous border. Mesothorax and scutellum

punctulate, shining; metathorax rugulose. Segment 1 twice longer

than broad, with parallel sides, truncate, rugulose; 2 broader than

1, half as long as 8, and, with the remaining segments, smooth and

shining. Terebra as long as + the abdomen; valves subclavate.

Valvula ventralis not surpassing the anus. ¢ 2. Length 1};

wings 34.

Haliday had only one ?, which he compares with

obscurus, Nees, probably a small specimen. The pale

stigma of sodalis somewhat resembles that of xantho-

stigmus, Hal., but the latter insect has the mesothorax

more shining, and the 1st segment broader.

Four males and seven females were bred, April 21st,

by C.J. Boden, from Solenobia inconspicuella, Staint.

I captured a male and two females in Birch Wood, and

a @ near Teignmouth. Parfitt has also taken the

species at Exeter. According to Reinhard it has been

reared by R. v. Stein, in Bohemia, from a Tortrix

feeding on the alder. Brischke also bred it from a

Tortrix. Cocoons white, silky, gregarious, and sur-

rounded with wool.

British Braconide. 201

42. Apanteles albipennis, Nees.

Microgaster albipennis, Nees, Mon., 1., 186, 3 2;

Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., 1i1., 52, 2 (not of Hal.).

M. lacteipennis, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 244, 3 (not lacti-

pennis, Ratz.).

Apanteles albipennis, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881,

p. 43, 3 2.

Deep black; legs coloured as in the last species. Wings milky-

white, costa and stigma black, the latter usually with a pale dot

at the inner angle. Mesothorax shining, minutely punctulate ;

scutellum smooth in the middle, punctulate at the sides; meta-

thorax shining, slightly punctulate. Segment 1 hardly longer than

broad, shining at the base, subrugulose and with a few punctures

towards the broadly truncate apex; 2 not a quarter as long as 3,

and, like the rest, smooth and shining. Terebra a little shorter

than the abdomen; valves subclavate. Valvula ventralis not

reaching the anus. 9g 2. Length 13; wings 4 lin.

Distinguishable from the other white-winged species

by greater size and longer terebra, as also by the tes-

taceous dot usually seen at the base of the stigma. In

the hind wings the apex of the subcostal nervure is

distinctly fuscous.

Rather common. Bred by Bignell, June 22nd, from

Lioptilus microdactylus, Hub., emerging after the victim-

larva has taken up its winter-quarters in the stem of

Eupatorium cannabinum. Kaltenbach reared from the

same plume-moth an Apanteles identified by him with

Microgaster levigator, Ratz. = hoplites, Ratz. Although

hoplites, Ratz., is sufficiently distinct from albipennis,

Nees, there is nothing to show this in Ratzeburg’s

description; and hence it may be surmised with great

probability that Kaltenbach’s insect belongs to the

present species. Obtained by Elisha, July 31st, from

Tita tricolorella, Haw., one male, five females; a female

from Conchylis Francillana, Fab.; five males, seven

females from Hupecilia ciliella, Hub.; one male, two

females from Douglasia ocnerostomella, Staint., July

6th ; and three males from Catoptria e@mulana, Schl.,

August 16th. Brischke bred it probably from Hrgatis

Brizella, Tr. Three males were taken by me at Barn-

staple, and another at Niton, Isle of Wight. Rein-

hard mentions the existence, in Mayr’s collection at

Vienna, of a series of this species bred from galls of

202 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Andricus multiplicatus, Gir. But according to Giraud

(Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien., 1859, p. 860), Ephippiophora

costipunctana, Haw., occurs frequently in the same galls.

It is therefore more probable that the Apanteles is a

parasite of the moth, than of the Cynips. A solitary

parasite. Cocoons glossy white.

43. Apanteles impurus, Nees.

Microgaster albipennis, var. 6., Nees, Mon., i., 187,

3 2 (according to Haliday, MS. in Brit. Mus.).

M. candidatus, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 248, 3 @.

M. wnpurus, Nees, Mon., i., 187, 9; Wesm., Nouv.

Mem. Nc.” Brux., 1837, p- 55, pl. fora, 9g or

Ratzelchn. d:ehorst. i. ol. «oe

Apanteles impurus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881, p. 48.

Black; palpi fuscous; fore tibize, fore femora at the apex, middle

and hind tibiz at the base, flavo-ferruginous. Wings white, stigma

nigro-piceous, nervures in the middle testaceous, elsewhere de-

colorous; costa pale at the base. Thorax punctulate, shining.

Segment 1 half as long again as broad, truncate, margined, with

parallel sides, slightly aciculated; segment 2 short, broader than 1,

and, with the following segments, smooth and shining. Terebra

as long as the abdomen, valves slender, scarcely curved. { ?.

Length 14; wings 3 lin.

Similar to the last species, but smaller: the 1st

abdominal segment is narrower, the terebra shorter, and

not clavate.

Common in the Isle of Wight in August; Devonshire ;

Northants; Kent, &&. Bred by Bignell from Tortrix

Forsterana, Fab., three males, two females. According

to Ratzeburg, obtained from apple-blossoms inhabited

by a Curculio, Anthonomus pomorum, L. According

to Reinhard, from Gracilaria syringella, Fab., and from

the heads of thistles. Brischke reports that he bred

this species from Lycena Corydon, Fab., and Eupithecia

sobrinata, Hub.; the cocoons are described as single,

and woolly, that from the Lycena white, from the

Eupithecia, yellow; a difference which seems to indicate

some confusion of species, for no Apanteles of this

section makes yellow cocoons. Cocoons white, with a

satiny gloss, like those of albipennis, Nees; several joined

together by a few threads.

British Braconide. 208

44, Apanteles naso, N. 8.

Niger, obscurus, ventris basi concolore, palpis fuscis, geniculis

anticis, tibiis posterioribus basi, testaceis. Ale subinfuscate,

squamulis, stigmate, nervis, nigro-fuscis. Clypeus elongatus, unde

facies antice triangularis, in rostri speciem producta. Caput cum

mesothorace ob puncturam subtilissimam coriaceum, haud nitidum ;

scutellum paulo levius; metathorax rugulosus. Segmentum Imum

latitudine media duplo longius, apicem versus perpaulo angustatum,

truncatum, aciculatum; 2dum dimidio brevius quam 8tium, levis-

sime aciculatum, utrinque arcuato-impressum, medio carinulatum ;

cetera leviuscula, parum nitida. Abdomen breve, lanceolato-com-

pressum, forcipe anali exserto. Coxe postici leviuscule. Calcaria

postica metatarsi dimidio breviora.

Black, not shining; base of the belly concolorous; knees of the

fore legs, and base of the 4 posterior tibiz, testaceous. Wings

somewhat dusky; squamule, stigma, and nervures, blackish.

Clypeus and face elongate, triangular, produced into an obtuse

rostrum. Head and mesothorax very minutely punctulate, or

coriaceous, not shining; scutellum somewhat smoother; metathorax

rugulose. Segment 1 twice as long as its medial width, very slightly

narrowed towards the apex, truncated, aciculated; 3 twice as long

as 2, the latter faintly aciculated, having on each side a curved

impression, and in the middle an indistinct carina; the other seg-

ments smoother, but not shining. Abdomen short, lanceolate,

compressed; the anal forceps exserted. Hind coxee rather smooth.

Spurs of hind tibiew shorter than } the metatarsus. g. Length 1;

wings 24 lin.

Reinhard has described two species, vipio and longi-

palpis, having the oral parts produced into a rostrum, as

in the genera Vipio and Agathis; but the present insect is

distinct from both. The prolongation of the face,

measured from the eyes, is about equal to the greatest

length of one eye. The maxillary palpi are not longer

than usual. The whole body is without gloss, except

three smoother lines on the mesothorax, and the scutel-

lum. The abdomen is short, narrow, and compressed.

The wings are infuscated as in injimus, Hal.; not so

deeply as in gagates, Nees.

IT found this ¢ on the sand-hills at the mouth of the

Exe, opposite Star-Cross, Devon.

204 Rey. T. A, Marshall’s monograph of

45. Apanteles infimus, Hal.

Microgaster infimus, Hal., Ent. Mag., 11., 248, 3 2.

Apanteles infimus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881, p. 44,

Black; tibiz at the base rufo-testaceous. Wings fusco-hyaline,

stigma blackish, nervures fuscous, distinct, except the base of the

radius. Mesothorax minutely punctulate, and, with the scutellum,

shining. Metathorax rugulose. Segment 1 subquadrate, faimtly

margined, truncated, rugulose, narrower than 2, which is half as

long as 8, and smoother than 1, having only a few wrinkles; the

rest are smooth, sericeous, iridescent. Terebra about } as long as

the abdomen, the valves stout, nearly straight. Valvula ventralis

pallid, acuminated, not surpassing the anus. ¢ 2. Length,

1—11; wings, 83—3$ lin.

The dusky wings distinguish this species from /fuligt-

nosus, Wesm. From viminetorum, Wesm., it differs in

having the 1st segment broader, not twice as long as

wide, and more rugulose ; the wings are more distinctly

infumated. The rugulosity of the 2d segment is a

doubtful character, varying in different individuals, and

hence the difficulty of distinguishing by their descriptions

the four species tenebrosus, Wesm., fuliginosus, Wesm.,

infimus, Hal., and viminetorum, Wesm. Of the first of

these I have not seen any British example: those sent

to me with the name tenebrosus, in Fitch’s collection,

have all dusky wings, and must be referred to the present

species.

Five more in the same collection are labelled as having

been bred from Acrolepia pygmeana, Haw. The only

reason that hinders them from being considered the

same as Microgaster ensiformis, Ratz., 1., 70 (also from

A. pygmeana) is that the terebra of the latter is as long

as the abdomen. Reared by Elisha, one male and two

females, from Chauliodus cherophyllellus, G6ze, Sept. 4th.

I captured two pairs at Nunton, Salisbury, on Sept. 1st.

Stated to have been bred by Brischke from Pseudoterpna

pruinata, Hufn., and Butalis noricella, Gell.; ‘“‘ cocoons

eregarious, yellow, woolly’: the colour assigned renders

some mistake probable.

British Braconide. 205

46. Apanteles exilis, Hal.

Microgaster exilis, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 247, 2.

Apanteles exilis, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881, p. 44,

3 Ee.

Black ; belly pitchy at the base; apex of the palpi pale; fore

femora except at the base, middle femora at the apex, fore tibia,

and 4 posterior tibiz at the base, testaceous. Wings subhyaline,

stigma dull testaceous. Thorax shining, punctulate. Segment 1

elongate, more than twice longer than broad, with parallel sides,

broadly rounded behind, punctulate; 2 short, with two lateral

oblique channels, smooth and shining like the rest of the segments.

Terebra shorter than } the abdomen; valves linear, straight. ¢ 9.

Length, 14; wings, 23 lin.

Differs from all the preceding in the linear and narrow

shape of the 1st abdominal segment, which is not, how-

ever, attenuated posteriorly, as in the [Vth Section.

Brischke says ‘‘ bred from a Tortriz; cocoons gregarious,

white, woolly.”

One ¢ was taken by me in Birch Wood.

47. Apanteles gagates, Nees.

Microgaster gagates, Nees, Mon., i., 188, 9; Wesm.,

Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1887, p. 57, 2.

Apanteles gagates, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881, p. 45,

oo.

Deep black; fore femora at the apex, fore tibix at the base or

along the inside, and sometimes middle tibie at the base, testaceous.

Wings fuscous, with a pale streak under the black stigma, nervures

fuscous, distinct. Mesothorax and scutellum smooth, shining;

metathorax the same, with a few scattered punctures, and sub-

rugulose in the middle. Segment 1 of the J a little longer than

broad, of the 2 quadrate, truncate, margined, rugulose at the apex;

2 much shorter than 3, and, with the others, smooth and shining.

Body thinly clothed with short black hairs. Terebra a little shorter

than the abdomen, with compressed subclavate valves, decurved at

the apex, hairy. Valvula ventralis not surpassing the anus. g ?.

Length, 13 ; wings, 37 lin.

This fine species was first discovered to be British by

Bignell, who took several of both sexes near Plymouth,

Aug. 21st, 1884; and on Aug. 29th—380th I captured

three males by sweeping a hedge at Nunton, near

Salisbury. According to Reinhard it has been bred from

Mimeseoptilus bipunctidactylus, Haw.; and also from

flowers of the scabious,

206 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

48. Apanteles Halidaii.

Microgaster albipennis, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 248, ¢ @

(not of Nees and Ratz.).

Black; palpi pale, the 1st joint of the maxillary more or less

fuscous ; apex of fore femora, their tibia, and base of the posterior

tibizw, testaceous. Wings whitish hyaline, stigma pale with a

fuscous border, or fuscous with the inner angle pale ; costa fuscous,

most of the nervures decolorous. Elongate, slender ; mesothorax

almost invisibly punctulate; scutellum smooth ; metathorax punce-

tulate ; abdomen smooth and shining; segment 1 one-half longer

than broad, punctulate towards the apex, margined, truncate ;

2 half as long as 3; suturiform articulation curved, convex pos-

teriorly. Abdomen 9 at the apex acute, lanceolate. Terebra as

long as the abdomen, falcate, the valves compressed. Valvula ven-

tralis elongate, testaceous, acute, surpassing the anus. Anal forceps

of the f exserted. g 9. Length, J 1; wings, 2!: ? 14-1);

wings, 23—8 lin.

Most like albipennis, Nees, but much smaller, more

slender, with a differently coloured stigma and longer

terebra. The stigma is variable, either pale flavo-piceous

bordered all round with fuscous, or fuscous with the

inner angle pale; the former variety was that known to

Haliday ; the latter differs in no other respect, and

certainly belongs to the same species. Haliday com-

pares it with his candidatus, i.e., albipennis, var. B,

Nees, saying that it is one-half smaller, which is correct,

but the insects are otherwise sufficiently distinct. The

present species is easily recognised. It seems to be

uncommon in England, and was not known to Reinhard.

Described from two females bred by W. H. B. Fletcher,

of Worthing, from Ptochewusa inopella, Zell.; their

stigma is pale in the middle ; two males and five females

reared by the same at the end of July from Coleophora

limoniella, Staint. (cf. E. M.-M., 1884, p. 60); and a

pair from Gracilaria ononidis, Gell.; their stigma is

darker, with a pale basal dot.

49. Apanteles conifere, Hal.

Microgaster conifere, Hal., Ent. Mag., u1., 247, ¢ 2.

9. Black; palpi, tibie, tarsi, and fore femora, flavo-testaceous ;

coxe black; intermediate femora with an abbreviated black line

above and below; hind femora fuscous with a testaceous lateral

stripe, or wholly fuscous; hind tibie at the apex, with their tarsi,

British Braconide. 207

infuseated. g. Fore femora with a fuscous line above, the others

almost entirely fuscous. Wings hyaline, squamule, stigma, and

nervures flavo-testaceous; stigma with a pale fuscous border ;

exterior nervures colourless. Mesothorax smooth, sericeous, iride-

scent; scutellum and metathorax smooth, shining, the latter with

some faint wrinkles. Segment 1 twice as long as broad, the sides

parallel nearly to the apex (which is obtusely rounded), smooth and

shining, minutely aciculated towards the apex; 2 shorter than 3,

bifoveated in front, and, like the remaining segments, smooth and

shining. Terebra hardly + of the abdomen; the valves clavate.

Valvula ventralis not surpassing the anus. ¢ @. Length, 13;

wings, 3 lin.

Antenne @ as longas the body. Belly entirely black

and shining. I have only seen one ?, in Fitch’s col-

lection, which agrees fully with the description, except

that, whereas Haliday states the size to be equal to that

of glomeratus, L., the present individual is somewhat

larger.

Found by Haliday among larch trees, but rarely.

50. Apanteles lineipes, Wesm.

Microgaster lineipes, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,

SST, Pat. Le

Black; apex of palpi, a line on each side of the femora, fore

tibiz, middle tibiew entirely or (like the hind pair) at the base only,

testaceous; hind tarsi fuscous. Wings hyaline, stigma and ner-

vures dark fuscous. Mesothorax very minutely punctulate, shining ;

scutellum, metathorax, and abdomen smooth and shining. Segment

1 half as long again as broad, with parallel sides, margined, trun-

cate; 2 halfas long as 3. Terebra as long as the abdomen, nearly

straight ; valves subclavate. @. Length, 14; wings, 3} lin.

Reinhard (Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881, p. 45) describes a

species lineatus, which he says is very near eee

Wesm., differing only in smaller size, and in having a

fusco-testaceous stigma. Wesmael gives the length of

lineipes as 1% lin., in which respect only the British

specimen fails to agree with the description. As the

stigma is dark fuscous, [ have not referred it to Rein-

hard’s insect ; though it is very probable that the two

species ought to be united.

Two females are in Cameron’s collection, taken in

Cadder Wilderness, near Glasgow.

208 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograyh of

51. Apanteles longicaudis, Wesm.

Microgaster longicauda, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

18387, p. 54, 2 (not of Ratz.)

Apanteles longicauda, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881,

Darts 6 Pa

Microgaster terebrator, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., ii., 52.

Black; belly pitchy at the base; palpi, fore femora at the apex,

and their tibiz, middle and hind tibie at the base, pale testaceous.

Wings whitish hyaline, somewhat greyish towards the tips, stigma

and nervures fuscous, the latter distinct. Mesothorax very finely

punctulate, rather shining; metathorax finely and thickly punctu-

late, or more or less smooth; scutellum and abdomen smooth,

somewhat shining, especially the former. Segment 1 longer by

one-half than its breadth, with parallel sides, truncate, sometimes

coriaceous and dull towards the apex; 2 half as long as 3. Terebra

as long as the abdomen, scarcely curved; valves almost linear.

$92 Length, 1;—2; wings, 3}—4$ lin.

I nave seen no ?, and only 1 g, in Fitch’s collection,

which was named by Reinhard. Ratzeburg reared the

species in some numbers from Recurvaria leucatella,

Clerck; and Hofmann, at Stuttgart, from Atemelia

torquatella, Lien.

52. Apanteles fuliginosus, Wesm.

Microgaster fuliginosus, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,

1837, p. 52, Sd 2 (not of Ratz.)

Apanteles fuliginosus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881,

p:.46; o- 2.

Black; palpi at the apex, 4 anterior femora at the apex some-

times, their tibie wholly or at the base, and hind tibie at the base,

testaceous. Wings hyaline, stigma dark fuscous, nervures paler

but distinct, except the base of the radius. Mesothorax minutely

punctulate and, with the scutellum, shining. Metathorax slightly

rugulose, or smooth. Segment 1 a little longer than broad, with

parallel sides, broadly truncate, punctulate, smooth at the base;

2 shorter than 8, and like the rest, smooth, sericeous, iridescent.

Terebra } abdomen, nearly straight ; valves clavate. g 2? Length,

1—1}; wings, 3—33 lin.

This species must be distinguished from viminetorum,

Wesm., which has the Ist segment narrower, and

attenuated towards the apex; and the 2d segment

British Braconide. 209

rugulose. From infimus, Hal., it may be known by the

hyaline wings.

Two males and three females were bred by Bignell

from Gracilaria syringella, Fab.; he has also captured

the g. According to Giraud the species has been bred

by Heeger from Lyonetia Clerkella, L.(?) A solitary

parasite. Cocoons silky white, semitransparent.

53. Apanteles sicarius, 0.8.

Niger, palpis, femorum anticorum apice, tibiis anticis, posteri-

orumque basi late, testaceis; maris tibiis anticis medio infuscatis.

Ale g hyaline, ? levissime infumate, stigmate costa radiique basi

nigricantibus, nervis exteris fuscis, omnibus distinctis. Caput

eum thorace nitidum, leve, omnium subtilissime punctulatum.

Abdomen leve, nitidum, supra planum; segmentum Imum sub-

tiliter punctulatum, sesquilongius quam latius, truncatum, margi-

natum, lateribus parallelis; 2dum 8tio duplo brevius, lineis duabus

lateralibus antrorsum in baseos foveas triangulares convergentibus

impressum ; cetera levia; articulatio suturiformis curvata, postice

convexa. Terebra abdominis dimidio xqualis, vel paulo longior,

valvis compressis, fortiter clavatis. Valvula ventralis acuta,

testacea, anum superans. Tibiarum posticarum calcaria metatarsi

dimidio breviora.

Black ; fore femora at the apex, their tibiz, and the posterior at

the base broadly, testaceous; fore tibiz of the g infuscated in the

middle. Wings g hyaline, ? very slightly infumated, stigma,

costa, and base of radius, blackish, the other nervures fuscous, all

distinct. Head and thorax smooth, shining, with almost invisible

punctulation. Abdomen flat above, smooth and shining; segment

1 minutely punctulate, } longer than its breadth, with parallel

sides, truncate, margined; 2 half as long as 8, more strongly

margined by two impressed lines curving inwards to a pair of

triangular basal fover; the rest smooth; suturiform articulation

curved, convex posteriorly. Terebra }—% abdomen; the valves

compressed and strongly clavate. Valvula ventralis acute,

surpassing the anus, testaceous. Spurs of hind tibiw shorter than

3 the metatarsus. ¢ 9. Length, 13; wings, 3} lin.

The ¢ is hardly distinguishable from the 3 longicaudis,

Wesm., determined by Reinhard: in the latter, however,

the fovea at the base of the scutellum is obsolete, and

most of the nervures decolorous ; in sicarius the fovea is

distinct, and all the nervures at least visible. The ? of

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PaRT. I. (APRIL.) P

210 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

longicaudis is at once known by the terebra, which is as

long as the abdomen.

Two males and four females were discovered by

Bignell at Bolt Head, Devon, in July; and a 3 was

bred by him from Diasemia literata, Scop.

Srotion III.

54. Apanteles octonarius, Ratz.

Microgaster octonarius, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., 111., 52, ? .

Apanteles octonarius, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881,

De teo as mea

Black ; palpi pale; antenne beneath towards the base fusco-

ferruginous; belly at the base, and legs (except the coxe and

upper trochanters), rufo-testaceous; segments 1—2 margined

laterally with the same colour; hind femora sometimes dusky at

the tips, or with a fuscous line beneath, or nearly all fuscous ;

hind tibie darker at the apex. Wings hyaline, squamule and

stigma fuscous, neryures fusco-testaceous. Mesothorax and

scutellum nearly smooth, and, like the whole body, shining;

metathorax rugulose; pleurze smooth. Segment 1 longer by 3 than

its breadth, very slightly narrowed at the base, subrugulose at the

sides and apex, broadly truncate; 2 transverse, shorter than 3,

with two impressed lines converging towards the base, and

enclosing a smooth subtriangular space. Terebra very short.

Valvula ventralis not surpassing the anus. Hind coxe smooth.

Spurs of the hind tibie longer than 3 the metatarsus. § 2.

Length, 11; wings, 3 lin.

Distinguished from all other species of Section III. by

the rugulose metathorax.

Bignell reared 4 males and 3 females, July 23, from a

larva. of Notodonta ziczac, L., and Brideman has taken

both sexes at Norwich. In Germany Ratzebure obtained

8 females at the end of May from a half-grown larva of

Gnophria quadra, L., found on a beech tree. Observing

4 maggots arranged symmetrically on each side of

the victim, and which appeared to be sucking it, he at

first supposed them to be external parasites. Very

likely,” he says, ‘‘I found the caterpillar just after the

Microgasters had bored their way out of it. In about

seven days the perfect insects appeared.”’ According to

Reinhard this species hus frequently been reared from

Lithosia complana, L., and Tortrix rosana, L.; from the

British Braconide. PAE

latter host by Brischke, who adds, ‘‘ cocoons united in a

flocky white heap.’’ Cocoons white, faintly tinged with

lemon-colour.

55. Apanteles abjectus, v. s.

Niger; venter basi concolor; palpi pallidi; pedes cum trochan-

teribus inferis testacei; cox nigre; femora posteriora supra et

infra fusca, vel fusca, plaga media testacea; tibie postice apice

ipso cum tarsis infuscate. Ale hyaline squamulis stigmate nervis

fuscis. Corpus totum leve, nitidiusculum; abdominis segmentum

Imum solito latius, latitudine haud longius, truncatum, sutura

inter hoe et 2dum profundius biimpressa ; 2dum transversum, 38tio

brevius, lineis duabus obliquis lateralibus antrorsum convergentibus

impressum. Terebra brevissima. Valvula ventralis anum non

superans. Cox postice leves. Calearia postica metatarsi

dimidio paulo longiora.

Black; base of the belly concolorous; palpi pale; legs, including

the lower trochanters, testaceous; cox black; posterior femora

fuscous above and beneath, or fuscous with a testaceous medial

streak; hind tibie at the extreme apex, as well as their tarsi,

infuscated. Wings hyaline, squamule, stigma, and nervures

fuscous. Body entirely smooth, somewhat shining; segment J

uncommonly wide, not longer than its width, truncate, the suture

between it and segment 2 with a deep double impression; 2 trans-

verse, shorter than 3, impressed with two oblique lateral lines,

which converge forwards. Terebra very short. Valvula ventralis

not surpassing the anus. Hind cox smooth. Spurs of the hind

tibie a little longer than } the metatarsus. 9. Length, 1;

wings, 2} lin.

This resembles octonarius in having the 2d segment

shorter than the 8d, but the 1st segment is broader and

shorter, the metathorax smooth, and the cocoons different.

It answers to the description of Microgaster nigriventris,

Nees, Mon., i., 178, except that the 2d cubital areolet of

that species is said to be subinchoate, a difference of

structure which forbids the union of the two.

Two females were bred by Bignell, May 27, from

Lophopteryx camelina, L. Three males and four females

are in Fitch’s collection, bred from Notodonta dromedarius,

L.; and four males, two females, bred from an unknown

victim by F’. Norgate; also three males and two females

bred from Notodonta dicteoides, Esp., taken in the New

Forest by Norgate, in Bridgman’s collection. Cocoons

brownish white.

212 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

56. Apanteles immunis, Hal.

Microgaster immunis, Hal., Ent. Mag., 11., 250, 2.

Black; palpi pale, sometimes dusky at the base; belly at the

base, femora, and tibiew, flavo-testaceous; coxe and upper

trochanters black; middle femora with a blackish line above and

below; hind femora blackish, with a longitudinal testaceous stripe ;

posterior tarsi, and hind tibiz at the apex, fuscous. Wings hyaline,

squamule, costa, and stigma fuscous. Thorax and pleure almost

smooth: mesothorax iridescent; metathorax very minutely and

sparingly rugulose. Segment 1 almost twice as long as broad,

hardly rounded at the sides, truncated, smooth at the base,

minutely aciculated towards the apex; that of the gj narrower,

quite twice as long as broad, and smoother; 2 as long as 3, with

two oblique impressed lines converging forwards and enclosing a

subtriangular aciculated space; suturiform articulation marked

with two impressions; the rest of the abdomen smooth and

shining. Terebra very short. Valvula ventralis not surpassing

the anus. Hind cox smooth. Spurs of hind tibiz equal to half

the metatarsus. ¢ 9. Length, 14; wings, 33 lin.

Var. 9. Abdominal segments 1—3 bordered with testaceous,

8 more broadly; legs without fuscous marks.

The dark lines on the femora are variously developed

in 11 specimens, sometimes obliterated on the inter-

mediate pair, on the hind pair always more or less

present. The ¢ is much more slender than the ?, and

the antenne are longer than the body.

A solitary parasite of Geometre. Bred by Bignell

from Pseudoterpna pruinata, Hufn., male, July 20;

Hybernia marginaria, Bork., and H. leucophearia, Schiff.,

females, June 23; Cheimatobia brumata, L., the var. ;

Oporobia dilutata, Bork., from Scotland, 2 females.

Raynor obtained 2 females, July 7, from Bupalus

piniarius, L. Bridgman, 1 male from an undetermined

larva. Bignell and myself have captured females. The

Scotch Oporobia also produced Apanteles salebrosus,

No. 8, ante. Cocoons pale sulphur-yellow.

57. Apanteles cabere, n.s.

Niger; ventris basi rufescente, palpis pallidis, pedibus testaceis,

coxis nigris, femoribus posterioribus supra et infra plus minus

nigro-lineatis, vel totis pallidis, tibiarum posticarum dimidio cum

tarsis fusco, his prope basin testaceis. Als hyaline, squamulis

British Braconide. 9138

stigmate nervis fuscis. Corpus totum leve, nitidiusculum;

segmentum Imum latitudine sesquilongius, marginatum, lateribus

parallelis, apice truncatum, angulis- rotundatis; 2dum_ longius

quam A. abjecto, 3tio wequale, transversum, lineis 2 obliquis

antrorsum convergentibus aream triangularem levem includentibus

impressum. Terebra brevissima. Valvula ventralis anum non

superans. Coxe postice leves. Calcaria postica metatarsi dimidio

paulo longiora.

Black; palpi pale; belly at the base rufescent; legs testaceous,

with black cox; posterior femora more or less edged with black

above and beneath, or wholly pale; apical half of hind tibiw, with

their tarsi, fuscous, the latter testaceous at the base. Wings

hyaline, squamule, stigma, and nervures fuscous. Body smooth,

slightly shining; segment 1 half as long as its breadth, margined,

with parallel sides, truncate at the apex, the angles rounded;

2 longer than in A. abjectus, as long as 3, transverse, impressed

with two oblique lines converging forwards and enclosing a smooth

triangular space. ‘Terebra very short. Valvula ventralis not

surpassing the anus. Hind coxe smooth. Spurs of hind tibie a

little longer than } the metatarsus. ¢ 9. Length, 14; wings, 34 lin.

This species is very near immunis, Hal., but certainly

distinct; the triangular space on the 2d segment is

smooth, and the cocoons different.

A solitary parasite of Geometre. Bred by Bignell,

3 2, from Cabera pusaria, L.; 2, from Lodis lactearia,

L.; 3%, from Selena bilunaria, Esp., and Lomaspilis

marginata, L. The cocoons, in which they remained, in

one case, from September to April, are brownish white,

like those of abjectus.

58. Apanteles popularis, Hal.

Microgaster popularis, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 250, 3.

Black; palpi pale, fuscous at the extreme base; sides of segment

1 narrowly, fore femora at the apex, tibiw, and fore tarsi,

testaceous; posterior tibie at the apex, hind tibie also beneath,

blackish. Wings whitish hyaline, squamule, costa, and stigma,

dark fuscous; nervures pale, the outer colowless. Mesothorax

smooth, sericeous, the punctulation almost invisibly minute;

scutellum, metathorax and abdomen smooth, impunctate, shining.

Seement 1 scarcely longer than broad, sides somewhat rounded,

and slightly converging behind the middle to the truncated apex ;

2 as long as 8, with two impressed lines converging forwards and

enclosing a smooth subtriangular space. Terebra very short,

214 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Valvula ventralis not surpassing the anus. Hind coxe sma:

Spurs of hind tibize shorter than + the metatarsus. f ?. Length, 14

wings, 23 lin.

Smaller and less elongate than immunis, Hal., and

further distinguished by the smoothness of the 2d

abdominal seement, and colour of the wings. The 2d

segment is longer ‘than in abjectus; the Ist segment

shorter than in “cabere, from which last it may ¢ also be

known by the colour of the legs.

Common. Gregarious. The habitual parasite of

Euchelia jacobee, L., from which it has been several

times reared, by Bignell, Sotheby, and myself. In July

and August the parasites issue from the body of their

victim, to the number of 6—9 in each brood, and make

white cocoons in an irregular mass, in which they

hybernate. Mesochorus jfacialis, Bridgman, is_ their

hyperparasite.

Srecrion IV.

59. Apanteles fraternus, Reinh.

Apanteles fraternus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881,

Deets aoe

Black ; palpi pale; femora fuscous, tibize fusco-testaceous, paler

at the base. Wings hyaline, often sublacteous, stigma fuscous

or testaceous. Mesothorax and scutellum punctulate, scarcely

shining; metathorax and abdomen smooth, shining. Segment 1

twice longer than its medial breadth, with sides parallel as far as

the middle, afterwards lanceolate; segment 2 with two impressed

lateral lines converging forwards into deep fovexr and enclosing a

triangular space. Terebra very short. ¢ 2. Length, 1; wings,

2 lin.

Similar to the following species, but much smaller,

and less elongate in form.

Bred by Bignell in some numbers from Aspilates

ochrearia, Rossi. The minute white cocoons are arranged

in an alveariform mass, the shape of which is determined

by the position of the victim at the time of its death.

In one case the geometrical larva is stretched almost

straight upon the twig, and the cocoons form three long

rows, with a few irregularly added in the middle. A

similar arrangement of cocoons is described under the

venus Microgaster (q.v.), but does not seem to occur in

any other species of Apanteles. Brischke confirms this :

he says ‘‘cocoons as in Microgaster flavipes.” According

British Braconide. 915

to Reinhard, the cocoons of A. fraternus are sometimes

more than 100 in number. Several masses of them,

collected by Rogenhofer, are preserved in the zoological

museum of Vienna. See Entom., xvi., 166.

60. Apanteles triangulator, Wesm.

Microgaster triangulator, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

LOST g. Deca rac Oe

Apanteles triangulator, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881,

Deity oeer.

Black; palpi and legs testaceous; coxe black; fore femora black

at the base; middle and hind femora edged with black above and

beneath, or the last entirely black; tarsi and tips of the tibie

fuscous. Wings hyaline, stigma and nervures fuscous; the former

sometimes pale. Mesothorax very minutely punctulate, scutellum

smooth, both shining, as also is the metathorax. Abdomen smooth

and shining; segment 1 twice as long as broad, with sides parallel

nearly to the apex (which is obtusely lanceolate, or rounded), smooth,

rimulose at the apex; segment 2 somewhat shorter than 3, much

broader than 1, with two impressed lines curving forwards and

enclosing a smooth subtriangular space. ‘Terebra very short.

32. Length, 14; wings, 3} lin.

I captured one ¢ near Abergavenny, and a ? isin

the collection of Billups. Giraud records it as a parasite

of Thecla W-album, Knoch. Brischke bred it from

Stauropus fagt, L., and from Pseudoterpna pruinata, Hutn. ;

he says the cocoons are yellowish, woolly, single or

erecarious. Wesmael reared six males and two females

from a bundle of pale yellow cocoons attached to a blade

of grass near Boisfort, Belgium, in the middle of June.

W.H.B. Fletcher bred a ¢ from Psychoides Verhuellellus,

Heyd. Billups a 2? from Boarmia gemmaria, Brahm,

April 1st; its cocoon is white, without any perceptible

tinge of yellow.

61. Apanteles pallidipes, Reinh.

Apanteles pallipes, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881, p. 48,

cohen

Black; antennie at the base, belly at the base, palpi, and legs,

pale testaceous; hind coxe usually black at the base. Wings

hyaline, stigma testaceous or fusco-testaceous. Mesothorax some-

what shining, very finely punctulate; metathorax rugulose, dull,

with a medial carina. Segment 1 twice as lone as its medial

216 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

breadth, narrowed towards the apex, forming an elongate triangle,

rugulose; segment 2 a little shorter than 8, transverse, with two

impressed lines converging forwards, and enclosing a triangular

space; the other segments smooth. Terebra very short. ff 9.

Length, 14; wings, 84 lin.

This species looks very like fulvipes, Hal., from which

it may be known by the form of the Ist segment, and by

the rugose metathorax, bisected by a longitudinal carina.

In fulvipes the Ist segment is more than three times as

long as its medial breadth, and the metathorax smooth, or

nearly so, without a longitudinal carina. Some specimens

of pallidipes have the legs slightly varied with fuscous.

Abundant; attacking almost exclusively the larve of

the genus Plusia; though, if there be no mistake, Brischke

at Danzig has also obtained it from Spilodes verticalis, L.,

Cucullia argentea, Hufn., and Vanessa urtice, L.

Bignell has bred series from Plusia gamma, L.; one

of these broods remained 32 days in pupa, hatching out

Oct. 16th; another set, bred by W. H. B. Fletcher, came

forth August 9th; another, bred by J. E. Fletcher, on

September 30th; Rogenhofer at Vienna, according to

Reinhard, has reared it from the same. Also obtained

by Bignell from Plusia iota, L., and P. chrysitis, L.

Numerous examples are in Fitch’s collection, bred by

him from Plusia gamma, and by Meldola from P. iota, L.

Goureau bred 24, on August 23rd, from the white agglo-

merated cocoons surrounding a larva of Plusia festuce, L.,

collected on August 9th (Ann. Soe. Fr. (2), i11., 8361; 1845).

Cocoons white, enclosed by the gregarious maggots in an

oval ball of flocculent texture, as large as a pigeon’s egg;

resembling the nest of congestus, N., except that the latter

is smaller and yellow.

62. Apanteles bicolor, Nees.

Microgaster bicolor, Nees, Mon., 1., 181, 9; Ratz.,

lichn. dis Porsts as,470.95 22

Apanteles bicolor, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881,

D140, od 2

Microgaster circumscriptus, Nees, Mon., i., 181, @.

M. exiguis, Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 249, ?.

M. ardeepenelle, Bouché, Naturg. (1884), 158, 2.

M. lividipes, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1837,

Ds Odse0 re

Black; palpi pale; belly testaceous at the base; abdomen above

often rufo-testaceous at the base or in the middle; legs testaceous ;

British Braconde. 217

hind cox, with their femora, often more or less infuseated.

Wings hyaline, stigma testaceous. Mesothorax thickly punctulate,

dull; metathorax more shining, punctulate. Abdomen 2 com-

pressed. Segment 1 more than twice as long as its medial breadth,

slightly rugulose, with sides parallel as far as the middle, from

thence to the apex converging, lanceolate; segment 2 nearly

smooth, with 2 impressed lines converging towards the base, and

enclosing a triangular space; the rest smooth and shining. Terebra

as long as } of the abdomen, subdecurved; valves subclavate, pilose.

32. Length 14; wings 2§ lin.

The colour of the abdomen and legs varies, even in

the same brood; but the species is easily known by its

structure. The antenne are testaceous at the extreme

base; those of the ¢ are also frequently dull rufous

beneath.

An abundant parasite, living in small families, or

solitary, according to the size of the larva attacked.

Not common in Geometre, but once bred by Bignell (four

males, five females) from Gnophos obscuraria, Hub.

Usually infesting singly the leaf-mining T'inee. Reared

twice by Elisha from Lithocolletis lantanella, Schr.,

March 14th; from Gracilaria tringipennella, Zell., May

81st; semifascia, Haw., July 17th; Psychoides Verhuel-

lellus, Heyd., Catoptria emulana, Schl., Sept. 4th; and

Nannodia Hermannella, Fab., June 9th. By Parfitt and

Fletcher from Lithocolletis vacciniella, Scott. By W. H. B.

Fletcher from Elachista teniatella, Staint., May 9th. On

the Continent, by Reissig and Ratzeburg, from L. cavella,

Zell., pomifoliella, Zell., emberizipennella, Bouché, Tis-

cheria complanella, Hib., &e. By Brischke from Plutella

porrectella, L., Lithocolletis lantanella, Schr., and L. spine-

colella, Kol. Ratzeburg remarks that the parasitic mag-

got works its way through the dry epidermis of the leaf

inhabited by the Tinea, and attaches its cocoon by a few

threads to the under side. Boucheé’s ‘ ardezpenella”’

was from Gracilaria syringella, Fab., = ardeipennella, Tr.

Captured frequently in England, by Dorville, Bignell,

Bridgman, Haliday, &c. Cocoons white, according to

Bouché; greyish brown, according to Ratzeburg; pale

yellow, according to Parfitt; silky-white and single,

according to Brischke. Those which I received from

Bignell were of the usual silvery white.

218 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

63. Apanteles formosus, Wesm.

Microgaster formosus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1837; p: 60, plo fk Cer:

Apanteles formosus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881, p. 50,

ye Cie

Black; mouth, palpi, squamule, 1st abdominal segment, belly

at the base, and legs, flavo-testaceus; hind cox at the base, or

wholly, black; hind femora and tibie darker at the tips, their tarsi

also infuscated. Wings hyaline, stigma fuscous. Thorax very

smooth and shining; metathorax with the apex produced, anda

wide shallow depression on each side, giving it somewhat the form

of a saddle. Segment 1 smooth and shining, more than twice as

long as its breadth, the sides parallel nearly as far as the rounded

apex, where it is somewhat rugulose; 2 shorter than 3, transverse,

with two oblique basal impressions, smooth and shining, like the

remaining segments. Terebra short. Valvula ventralis surpassing

the anus. Internal spur of the middle tibize slightly curved at

the apex. § 2. Length 18; wings 4? lin.

A species remarkable for structure, colour, and the

doubt connected with its earlier state. In addition to

the form of the metathorax above described, the 2d

abdominal segment is peculiar. The two oblique basal

impressions fail before reaching the posterior margin, and

consequently do not enclose a triangular space; and the

middle of the anterior margin is angularly produced.

The 1st segment differs from that of A. fulvipes, Hal., and

its allies, in being broader, shorter, and not attenuated

hindwards till just before the apex. The abdomen of the

3 is smaller and narrower than that of the ?, and the

1st seement infuscated towards the apex. The unknown

Ichneumon intercus, Schr. (Knum. ins. Austr., 764), as

to its description, agrees very closely with the 2 of

this insect.

Wesmael’s original specimen, of doubtful sex, was

taken near Liege. According to Reinhard, both sexes

have since been reared at Vienna from Orgyia antiqua, L.,

making pure white cocoons. Bignell, in England, bred

a?, June 20th, 1881, from a half-grown larva of Tenio-

campa stabilis, View., which is preserved with it, together

with a white cocoon of the usual appearance. But he

has also reared the ¢ from Uropteryx sambucaria, L.,

and in this case the cocoon is totally different, being

yellowish brown, of a shining gummy texture, and raised

upon a long stiff footstalk of the same material, This is

British Braconide. 219

entirely unlike anything constructed

by a Braconid (see fig.), and rather re-

sembles the pedicellate ege of a Chry-

sopa. The cocoons of Perilitus cannot

be compared, for they are suspended

by a thread, not elevated upon a rigid

peduncle. Bignell obtained several of

these cocoons from Uropteryx in the

same manner, although I have only =—

three of his now before me. Hisob- ===

servation is singularly confirmed by

the fact that among insects kindly communicated by

Parfitt for examination, I find a & of A. formosus,

accompanied by a similar pedunculated cocoon. This

specimen is an old one from Dorville’s collection. The

Microgasterides do not avail themselves of pupa-cases

made by other insects, but manufacture their own; nor

is it likely that the g of any species constructs a

cocoon totally different in material and design from

that of the ?. Some further observations alone can

explain this difficulty.

64. Apanteles lautellus, n. s.

Niger, palpis, pedibus, abdomine, flavo-testaceis; hoe apice

nigro, interdum supra et apice, vel fere totum nigrum. Coxe

postice basi plus minus nigre, vel tote testacez ; tibie postice

apice infuscate. Ale hyaline, squamulis, stigmate, nervis, pallide

piceis vel testaceis. Mesothorax et scutellum levia nitidula ;

metathorax levis. Segmentum lImum leve, a basi ad apicem

sensim argustatum, lanceolatum, apice rotundato, latitudine media

plusquam duplo longius, rufum vel nigrum; 2dum transversum,

8tio brevius, 1mo latius, lineis duabus obliquis antrorsum con-

vergentibus spatium triangulare includentibus impressum, cum

ceteris leve. Terebra abdominis partem quintam equans, val-

vulis erassiusculis subdecurvis. Valvula ventralis ampla, anum

paulo excedens.

Black; palpi, legs, and abdomen flavo-testaceous; the last black

at the apex, sometimes above, or almost wholly black. Hind coxe

more or less black at the base, or entirely testaceous; hind tibixe

infuseated at the apex. Wings hyaline, squamule, stigma, and

nervures pale piceous or testaceous. Mesothorax and scutellum

smooth, somewhat shining; metathorax smooth. Segment 1

smooth, gradually narrowed from the base to the apex, lanceolate,

the apex rounded, more than twice as long as its medial breadth,

220 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

rufous or black ; 2 transverse, shorter than 3, broader than 1, with

two impressed oblique lines converging forwards and enclosing a

triangular space, smooth like the remaining segments. Terebra

1 of the abdomen, valves somewhat incrassated, subdecurved.

Valvula ventralis large, a little surpassing the anus. 9. Length,

1; wings, 23 lin.

Described from ten females. The form of the 1st

segment refers this species to the [Vth Section, and dis-

tineuishes it from the few others that are abnormally

coloured. ‘Typical specimens have segments 1—4 testa-

ceous, the 1st rather more rufous, and the rest black ;

the cox are entirely pale. In two or three examples the

abdomen is dark above, and the hind or even the middle

cox fuscous at the base. But several are so placed on

a card as to prevent their examination.

Bred April 27th by Elisha from Lithocolletis lautella,

Zell. (five specimens); from L. lantanella, Schr. (five

specimens) ; July 17th, from Gracilaria semifascia, Haw.

(three specimens) ; and one dark coloured and in bad

condition, but apparently of this species, from Litho-

colletis cavella, Zell.

65. Apanteles wmbellatarum, Hal.

Microgaster umbellatarum, Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 247, 2.

Black; palpi, sides of the abdomen, legs, squamule, stigma, and

nervures, pale yellowish; 4 posterior femora with a line above and

beneath, and tips of the hind tarsi, fuscous; cox also fuscous,

the hind pair pale at the apex. Wings hyaline. Mesothorax

smooth, sericeous, iridescent; metathorax and abdomen smooth,

shining ; the latter compressed inthe 9. Segment 1 twice as long

as broad, with sides parallel as far as the middle, afterwards

narrowed to the rounded apex ; 2 much broader than 1, with two

strongly impressed lines converging forwards and enclosing a sub-

triangular space. Terebra } abdomen, decurved; valves clavate.

Valvula ventralis large, triangular, but not surpassing the anus.

@. Length, 3; wings, 13 lin.

This species, one of the smallest of the genus, is

intermediate between Sections II. and III. ; the exserted

terebra refers it to the former, and the abdominal

structure to the latter. It most resembles bicolor, Nees.

Taken by Haliday in autumn on the flowers of Angelica

sylvestris. Two females, bred by W. H. B. Fletcher, of

Worthing, from Lithocolletis spinicolella, Kol., are the

only specimens I have seen,

British Braconide. 921

66. Apanteles callidus, Hal.

Microgaster callidus, Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 248, @ .

Apanteles callidus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881,

p49, dg:

Microgaster majalis, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,

1837, p. 64, 3 2. |

Black ; palpi, squamule, belly at the base, segments 1—8 at the

sides, sometimes 3 entirely, and legs, testaceous; hind coxe

wholly or at the base, hind tibie at the apex, with their tarsi,

fuscous. Wings dull hyaline; stigma fuscous, often pale. Meso-

thorax very finely punctulate, rather shining ; metathorax punctu-

late, smoother in the middle. Abdomen compressed beneath ;

segment 1 slender, more than three times longer than its medial

breadth, narrowed from the base to the apex, rugulose ; 2 with two

impressed lines converging forwards and enclosing a triangular

rugulose space; the rest smooth. Hind coxe large, granulated.

Inner spur of the middle tibie slightly curved. Terebra very

short. Valvula ventralis not surpassing the anus. g 2. Length,

13; wings, 3} lin.

Var. Hind femora and tibie fuscous at the apex, or the former

with a fuscous line above.

The distinctive character lies in the punctulate, or

granulated, and incrassated hind coxe; in lateralis,

Hal., they are smoother; moreover the ? of lateralis

has a longer terebra. <A. vitripennis, Hal., is larger,

and the hind coxe are smooth. The wings of callidus

are very narrow.

Not very common. Reared by Bignell, in small broods

of 83—6, from Nemeophila plantaginis, L., Abraxas grossu-

lariata, L., and Triphena orbona, Hufn. Captured near

Norwich by Bridgman. Cocoons white.

67. Apanteles lateralis, Hal.

Microgaster lateralis, Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 248, S$ ?.

Apanteles lateralis, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881, p. 49,

Sis:

2 Microgaster rufilabris, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., 1., 69, 2 .

Black; palpi, squamule, margins of segments 1—2, belly at the

base, and legs, testaceous ; hind coxe black (sometimes pale at the

apex), hind femora broadly, and tibiw, fuscous at the apex. Wings

hyaline, stigma fuscous. Mesothorax very finely punctulate,

rather shining ; metathorax with a few punctures, nearly smooth.

Abdomen compressed beneath; segment 1 slender, three times

222 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

longer than its medial breadth, narrowed posteriorly, shining,

almost smooth; 2 with the usual impressed lines converging

forwards; the rest smooth aifd shining. Terebra as long as } the

abdomen, or a little less. Hind cox punctulate, shining. Valvula

ventralis surpassing the anus. Inner spur of the middle tibize

slightly curved. g?. length, 1}—123 ; wings, 24—3 lin.

Var. 1, §. Hind femora mostly black; middle tibiz fuscous at

the apex.

Var. 2, 9. Stigma pale testaceous. Bred by W. H. B. Fletcher

from Hlachista teniatella, Staint.

This species closely resembles vitripennis, Hal., and

the males are hard to distinguish, except by the smoother

metathorax and larger size of the latter. Reinhard, in

his ‘ Bestimmungs-Tabelle,’ distinguishes the two species

by the females only.

Common. Bred by Dorville from Hupithecia assimilata,

Guenée; a ?, Sept. 15th, by Bignell from Symethis

oxyacanthella, L. If the synonym from Ratzeburg be

correct, it isalso a parasite of Typonomeuta padellus, L.,

bred by Kirchner. It is abundant in a wood close to my

house, at Nunton, Salisbury, and is taken at Maldon by

Fitch. Cocoons white.

68. Apanteles vitripennis (Cur.), Hal.

Microgaster vitripennis, Cur., B. E., 821; Hal., Ent.

Mag., i1., 248, 3 @.

Apanteles vitripennis, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881,

p. 00, 3 8.

Microgaster fulcriger, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,

1837, p. 65, 3 2.

M. flavilabris, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., 1., 69, pl. i,

ligt) Ol

Black; palpi, squamule, margins of segments 1—2, belly at the

base, and legs, testaceous; hind coxe at the base, or beneath, or

wholly, black; hind tibiew, and often hind femora, tipped with

black; hind tarsi fuscous, the joints pale at the base. Seg-

ments 2—8 ? sometimes testaceous above, with a black patch

common to both, not connected with the rest of the black surface.

Wings hyaline, stigma fuscous. Mesothorax very finely punctulate,

sericeous, shining; metathorax smooth, especially in the middle.

Abdomen smooth and shining; segment 1 nearly three times as

long as its medial breadth, attenuated from the base to the sub-

rugulose apex, lanceolate; 2 with the usual impressed lines con-

verging forwards, and a central ridge, continued from the Ist

British Braconide. 9958

segment, somewhat rugulose. Terebra very short. Hind cox

shining, punctulate. Valvula ventralis surpassing the anus. Inner

spur of the middle tibie slightly curved at the apex. ff &.

Length, 13; wings, 4} lin.

The abdomen, as in lateralis, Hal., is short, narrow,

and compressed, giving to the ¢ somewhat the aspect,

as Haliday remarks, of Hvani.

Not common. I havea & taken at Abergavenny, and

a @ from Leicestershire. Raynor has bred the ¢ at

Brandon, May 16th, from Thera variata, Sehitt. ; the

cocoon is accidentally stained at one end orange-red.

Four males and a female were also reared by Sotheby,

May 7th, from cocoons found sticking to heather ; and a

¢ by Billups from Boarmia gemmaria, Brahm. Bignell

obtained a ¢ on April 14th from a larva of B. repandata,

L., not half-grown; it remained in the pupa-state about

20 days. According to Reinhard both sexes have been

bred on the Continent from Spilosoma fuliginosa, L.,

and Brischke records it from Lasiocampa pini, L., but

he probably refers to the next species. Cocoons white.

69. Apanteles fulvipes, Hal.

Microgaster fulvipes, Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 249, 3 2.

Apanteles fulvipes, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1881, p. 51,

aif.

Microgaster glomeratus, Nees, Mon.,1i., 179 (excl. syn.) ;

Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1837, p. 65, pl.,

figs. 6, K (wing and base of abdomen), 3 2.

M. nemorum, Hartig, Jahresb., 252; Ratz., Ichn. d.

HOES 1 O9.ad Lo Pla vile, de 1d, 2

Black ; palpi, mandibles at the apex, squamule, and legs, flavo-

testaceous; base of the belly pitchy-rufous; hind coxe black,

sometimes pale at the apex. Wings hyaline, stigma fusco-testa-

ceous. Thorax very finely punctulate, moderately shining. Seg-

ment 1 very finely aciculated, nearly four times as long as its

medial breadth, gradually narrowed from the base to the apex,

lanceolate; 2 with the usual converging impressions enclosing a

triangular aciculated space ; the rest smoothand shining. Terebra

very short. Hind coxe shining, punctulate. Valvula ventralis

not surpassing the anus. Inner spur of the middle tibie straight ;

spurs of hind tibie shorter than } the metatarsus. g¢ 2. Length,

145; wings, 33 lin.

Smaller than vitripennis, Hal., with narrower wings

and paler stigma; the abdomen is less compressed, the

224 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

triangular space on the 2d seoment aciculated ; the spurs

of the middle tibiz straight, and the legs uniformly tes-

taceous, except that the hind tibie of the 3 at the apex,

and their tarsi, are sometimes darker.

Very abundant from about the vernal equinox, appear-

ing earlier than the other species. It seems to be omni-

vyorous, having been bred by Bignell in great numbers

from Vanessa Atalanta, L., Porthesia similis, Fues.,

Diloba ceruleocephala, L., Noctua xanthographa, Fab.,

Triphena orbona, Hufn., and jfimbria, L., Amphipyra

pyramidea, L., Miselia oxyacanthe, L., Xylocampa areola,

Esp., Xylina ornithopus, Rott., Asteroscopus sphinx, Hufn.,

Catocala nupta, L., Selenia bilunaria, Ksp., Himera pen-

naria, L., and Larentia viridaria, Fab. The broods

from Miselia considerably outnumber the others. From

Diloba only two parasites were excluded ; from Misela

as many as 88; the average number is about 20. The

period of pupation lasts about a fortnight. In certain

cases they are carried under ground by the retreating

caterpillar, and, when hatched, force their way upwards

through the soil. Ratzeburg* says that in Germany

they are the constant enemies of Lasiocampa pum, L.,

* The abundance of this species caused it to be employed by

Ratzeburg as the subject of his experiments and observations.

See Ichn. d. Forst., i., 62, for description and life-history of the

larva and pupa: pl. vii., ff. 23, 24 represent a Lasiocampa larva

opened, showing the position and appearance of the parasites in

the inside, natural size; f. 25, another larva, with the same para-

sites recently emerged, and preparing to spin their cocoons, &e.

Ratzeburg’s great work on the parasites of insects affecting the

cultivation of woods and forests, being written in German, is less

extensively known in this country than it deserves to be. The

following epitomized extract will show the interesting nature of his

enquiries, so far as concerns A. fulvipes :—‘ The full-grown larva,

at the time when it proceeds to spin its cocoon (on the outside of

the dead caterpillar that has served for its victim), is 2—3 lines

long, greenish white, with a green intestinal canal. The trophi are

in a more rudimentary state than in other Ichneumon-larve that

have been observed. The labial palpi consist of a single joint ; the

maxille are represented by two white processes ; and the future

mandibles are indicated by the thickened ends of a brownish curved

streak, of a horny consistence. Of the clypeus and antenne no

rudiments appear. Of the 12 segments which compose the body,

1—3 are denoted by the absence of the lateral swellings which dis-

tineuish 4—10, each of which bears a spiracle. Each segment is

furnished with a transverse row of minute black tubercles. The

pupa (pl. vii., f. 81) is 2 lines long, showing all the organs of the

perfect insect, packed into the smallest space; the antenne lie

British Braconide. 295

little less numerous than his ordinarius. The following

additional names of victims are from Brischke :—Ocneria

dispar, L., Pygera pigra, Hufn., Acronycta tridens, Schiff.,

Melanippe galiata, Huib., and Chesias spartiata, Fues.

Cocoons white.

iv. Micropuitis, Forst.

Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 245; Reinh., Berl.

ent. Zeit., 1880, p. 358.

Maxillary palpi 5-, labial 3-jointed. Eyes villose. Antenne 18-

jointed. Mesopleure impressed with a crenate fovea. Abdomen

sessile ; suturiform articulation obsolete. Radius of the fore wing

along the belly between the legs; the colour is yellowish white,

and no pubescence appears.—The larva of a Microgaster differs

from that of most insects in undergoing several considerable

changes of form in the course of its growth, presenting three

principal stages. (1) At first, while less than 1 line in length, it is

a slender vermiform creature, of 12 segments, without a distinct

head, and destitute of the singular caudal vesicle which sub-

sequently appears. (2) When about 12 lines long it is proportionally

much thicker, and the head becomes well defined. At this time

the spinning-organ may be discerned, consisting of a linear duct

which commences at the head, and lies parallel to the alimentary

canal as far as the middle, where it bifurcates, and is continued in

two branches to the anal segment. ‘The caudal vesicle just men-

tioned is a round bladder-like body attached to the last segment,

and covered by a fine skin which the microscope shows to be

studded with points or tubercles. It appears only during the

middle life of the larva, becoming absorbed, like the tail of a young

batrachian, before the attainment of full growth, and as soon as

the tracheew are developed. Hence it has been supposed to be an

organ of respiration; but this seems to leave unexplained the

earlier mode in which that function is performed. (8) The third

stage differs from the two preceding in the exhibition of trachee,

and the suppression of the caudal vesicle. The mouth now consists

of a porrected haustellum, situated in the middle of four tubercular

processes, the analogues of the future palpi.”—The parasite derives

its nutriment by sucking the adipose tissue of the victim. The

latter, without being lacerated, is thus subjected to continual

exhaustion and irritation, producing marasmus, which is at last

precipitated into death by the breaking up of the tracheal system

caused by the numerous perforations of the skin through which the

parasites effect their egress.—The presence of a ravenous brood of

Microgasters in the body of a larva of L. pint does not prevent the

same larva from being struck by other Ichneumons. Ratzeburg

has detected the maggot of an Anomalon, distinguished by its

larger size, in the midst of these parasites: the fact is delineated

in vol. iii., pl. 9, ff. 28, 24. As the Anomalon takes a much longer

time to attain its full size than the Microgasters, it is probable that

the deposition of the egg of the former took place before those of

the latter ; unless we suppose the Anomalon to perish prematurely

by the exhaustion of its supply of nutriment.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—paRT I. (APRIL.) Q

226 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

almost complete; three cubital areolets, the 2d triangular, minute.

Hind coxe and spurs of hind tibie short, the latter not half the

length of the metatarsus. Terebra very short, or concealed.

The 1st abdominal segment is furnished atthe apex with a shining

tubercle. The 2d segment is smooth and shining, only in two

species dull and coriaceous. The cocoons are different from those

of Apanteles and Microgaster. They are pergamentaceous or

papyraceous, somewhat glossy, naked, grey, brown, yellow, and, in

two instances, pea-green, but never pure white. They are either

wrinkled, or strongly ribbed or fluted longitudinally, like the seeds

of Artemisia, and found singly or in small clusters.

This genus and the following are comprised in Ruthe’s

posthumous paper on Microgaster, published by Reinhard

in Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860, pp. 105—160. The descriptions

are among the very best that are to be found in hyme-

nopterous literature. The section of Microgaster cha-

racterised by Ruthe (lib. cit., p. 125), containing sixteen

species, received from Forster the name Microplitis.

Reinhard (lib. cit., pp. 8583—860) has given a summary

of Ruthe’s work, with rectifications and a synoptical

table, upon which the following is founded.

The species generally attack Lepidoptera, but Brischke

states that he has bred M. fumipennis, Ratz., from two

saw-flies, Schizocera geminata, L., and a Macrophya ;

while Ratzeburg reports the same parasite from Hmphytus

succinctus, K1.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

(14) 1. First abdominal segment never more

than 1} times as long as its breadth,

mostly shorter, not attenuated to-

wards the apex, which is broadly

rounded.

(5) 2. Segment 2 dull, coriaceous.

(4) 3. Hind tarsi blackish or fuscous .. 1. Spinola, Nees.

(3) 4. Hind tarsi testaceous .. 2. wanthopus, Ruthe.

(2) 5. Segment 2 shining, smooth.

(7) 6. Segment 1 smooth and shining -. 3. ocellate, Bouché.

(6) 7. Segment 1 punctato-rugulose.

(9) 8. Stigma unicolorous, or only a little

paler at the base .. a .. 4. vidua, Ruthe.

(8) 9. Stigma bicolorous, determinately pale

at the base.

(13) 10. Wings deeply infumated.

(12) 11. Tibiw obscure rufous; antenne 9 as

long as } of the body 5c

(11) 12. Tibi rufo-testaceous; antenne g

longer than # of the body .. 54

5. tristis, Nees.

dolens, n.S,

British Braconide. 227

(10) 13. Wings slightly infumated ., «. 7. spectabilis, Hal.

(1) 14. First abdominal segment narrow, about

twice as long as broad, attenuated

towards the apex.

(16) 15. Antenne more or less testaceous .. 8. mediator, Hal.

(15) 16. Antennsw black.

(20) 17. Hind femora rufous; seutellum thickly

punctulate and dull.

(19) 18. Segment 2 testaceous at the sides;

stigma broadly pale at the base;

cocoons greenish white, almost

smooth ok se 56 .. 9. mediana, Ruthe.

(18) 19. Segment 2 wholly black; stigma uni-

colorous, or with only a small pale

basal dot; cocoons ash-coloured,

strongly ribbed is ; - 10. tuberculifera, Wesm.

(17) 20. Hind femora mostly black ; seutellum

more or less shining.

(22) 21. Metathorax punctato-rugose .. -» Ll. adunca, Ruthe.

(21) 22. Metathorax reticulato-rugose .- 12. borealis, n.s.

1. Microplitis Spinole, Nees.

Microgaster Spinole, Nees, Mon., i., 166; Wesm.,

Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1837, p. 41, pl. (wing) ;

Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860, p. 145, 3 2 (not

of Hal.).

Black; palpi pale; belly of the ? broadly pale at the base ; legs

rufo-testaceous ; cox, upper trochanters at the base, hind femora

at the extreme tips, and hind tarsi, nigro-fuscous, the last sometimes

paler. Scape of the antenne rufescent (black in the English

specimens). Face covered with white pubescence. Wings in-

fumated, squamule, stigma, and nervures dark fuscous, the stigma

determinately yellow at the inner angle. Head more shining than

the mesothorax and scutellum, which are ruguloso-punctulate and

dull. Metathorax rugulose, subreticulated, carinated. Segment 1

rugulose, 1; times as long as its apical breadth, slightly and

gradually narrowed towards the base, the apical half convex and

subearinated ; segment 2 uneven, more or less aciculated at the

base, and with 2 indistinct arcuate impressions before the apex.

Terebra concealed. g 9. Length, 13—2; wings, 44 lin.

Var. 3 @. Middle femora atthe base, and hind femora entirely,

black.

The ? is more slender than wanthopus, Ruthe, and

distinguished from that species by the dark colour of the

hind tarsi. Segment 1 is rather shining, flat on the

basal half, and posteriorly gibbous, with or without a

faint medial carina. Segment 2 is not always aciculated

228 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

at the base, nor are the arcuate impressed lines before

the apex uniformly distinct. Segment 3 sometimes

exhibits a transverse subtestaceous band. The sutures

of the mesothorax are indistinctly visible. The 3 differs

in having the belly black at the base.

The ¢ was bred by Nees v. Esenbeck in July, 1809,

from a cocoon found on an oak-twig, and from 7. oleracea,

L. It formed a green pearly cocoon, and remained in the

pupa-state a fortnight. He also states that he captured

several more of both sexes between June and August at

Sickershausen. Brischke bred the species from Misela

oxyacanthe, L., and Plusia gamma, L.; he describes the

cocoon as being of a bright bluish green. According to

Giraud, Rogenhofer reared it from Habrostola tripartita,

Hufn. W. H. B. Fletcher, of Worthing, bred a pair,

belonging to the var., from Lyperina cespitis, Fab.

Wesmael procured four males and one female in Belgium,

but, as he says the hind tarsi are sometimes testaceous,

some of these may have been xanthopus. The ? has

been twice taken at Maldon by Fitch, in August ; and by

Billups at Margate. I captured a ¢ near Barnstaple,

another in Darenth Wood, a third at Cheltenham, a

fourth at St. Albans, and a fifth in an osier-bed at

Nunton, Salisbury, Sept. 8rd. The remarkable grass-

green cocoons are made by two different species of this

genus; those of sordipes, Nees, are described as similar

(though not so by Brischke), and the species may probably

be found in England, though I have seen no specimens.

2. Microplitis xanthopus, Ruthe. (Pl. V., fig. 7).

Microgaster xanthopus, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860,

Dal Aine es.

Black; palpi and legs rufo-testaceous, including the hind tarsi ;

cox, upper trochanters, and claws, black. Wings infumated, with

a testaceous tinge, squamule piceous, nervures and stigma fuscous,

the last determinately yellow at the inner angle. Head, meso-

thorax, and scutellum ruguloso-punctate and dull. Metathorax

coarsely intricato-rugose, carinated. Segment 1 rugulose, not

much longer than its apical breadth, considerably narrowed

towards the base, where isa large oblong fovea. Segment 2 vaguely

and indistinetly rugulose, without any arcuate impressions. 'Tere-

bra very short. Valvula ventralis large, acuminated. 92. Length,

2; wings, 4 lin.

British Braconide. 229

Very nearly allied to the preceding, but doubtless dis-

tinct. Antenne entirely black, scarcely shorter than the

body. Face with scanty whitish pubescence. The 1st

segment is not flat on the basal half, but longitudinally

excavated, not remarkably gibbous posteriorly, and not

carinated. The belly at the base is concolorous, or

nearly so. The valvula ventralis is more conspicuous

than in other species, reaching or even exceeding the

anus. The terebra of the British specimen is subexserted,

but not so long as in the four German females described

by Ruthe, viz., one-fifth or one-fourth of the abdomen.

A single specimen is in Bridgman’s collection.

3. Microplitis ocellate, Bouche.

Microgaster ocellate, Bouché, Naturg. (1884), 161 ;

Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., i., 48;im., 48; Ruthe,

Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860, p. 182, 3 2.

M. canaliculatus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1837,

peti,” 9%

M. ingratus, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 286, ¢; ¢f. Reinh.,

Berl. ent. Zeit., 1880, p. 359.

Black; palpi pale at the apex; antennex beneath reddish fuscous ;

sides of segment 1 narrowly, and legs, testaceous; coxe black ;

sometimes the base of the femora, the hind tarsi, and the last joint

of the 4 anterior tarsi, blackish. Wings slightly infumated, with

an obsolete darker stain beneath the fuscous stigma; squamule

testaceous; nervures fuscescent. Antenne g @ longer than the

short, compact body. Head and mesothorax dull, granulated, the

hind margin of the latter, and the punctulate scutellum, more

shining. Metathorax short, rugulose, subreticulated. Abdomen

smooth and very shining; segment 1 subquadrate, rounded pos-

teriorly, anteriorly depressed and excavated. Terebra concealed.

Valvula ventralis subtruncate. 9g 2. Length, 13—2; wings,

34—4} lin.

Mandibles rufous, fuscous on the outer edge. Clypeus shining,

the rest of the face dull. Mesothoracic sutures obsoletely in-

dicated. Metathorax with an indistinct carina sometimes bifur-

cated hindwards. Abdomen oval, shorter than in the other species,

everywhere smooth and shining. Stigma often with a pale dot at

the inner angle. Legs short.

Described from 44 specimens, ¢ 2. A common

parasite of the hawk-moths, Smerinthus ocellatus, L.,

and S. populi, L. Has been bred on the Continent by

Bouché, Ratzeburg, Reissig, Dahlbom, Giraud, and

230 Rey. 'f. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Brischke ; andin England by Bridgman, Bignell, Brown,

Wilson, Fitch, and myself. The broods, consisting of

a dozen individuals, or less, are excluded in the middle

of September, and remain as pupe till the following May

or June. Cocoons greyish brown, rough, longitudinally

and irregularly wrinkled, naked, strong, and closely

agglutinated together. From one of Brischke’s cocoons

appeared the hyperparasite Mesochorus splendidulus, Gr.

Ratzeburg reports that in Germany Bachmann obtained

a ? on Sept. 22nd from Acronycta psi, L., which became

an imago on the 14th of April following; but the

observation is given doubtfully.

4. Microplitis vidua, Ruthe.

Microgaster viduus, var., Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860,

p. 184, 3 @.

Black; palpi more or less pale; sides of segment 1 narrowly,

and legs, testaceous; cox and upper trochanters, fore femora at

the base, the others wholly or partially, black ; hind tarsi infus-

cated. Wings infumated, squamule black, stigma and nervures

fuscous. Antenne ? a little longer than the body. Head, meso-

thorax, and scutellum dull, finely granulated. Metathorax rugu-

lose, subreticulated, subearinated. Abdomen smooth and shining,

except the 1st segment, which is rugulose, about 14 times longer

than broad, with parallel sides almost to the apex, and then

broadly rounded. Terebra subexserted, and, with the valvula ven-

tralis, much shorter thanthe anus. ¢ 9. Length, 13; wings, 4 lin.

The typical form, which I have not seen, differs,

according to Ruthe, in being short and compact, for he

compares it with the larger examples of ocellate, Bouché.

The metathorax is less coarsely rugulose, the 1st segment

a little broader, and its sculpture almost obsolete. The

var. is intermediate between this form and tuberculifera,

Wesm., from which it is distinguished by the broader

Ist segment, not attenuated towards the apex; the pos-

terior femora are black, the stigma unicolorous, and the

cocoons different.

There are three British specimens at hand ; one ¢ taken

by me in Leicestershire, and a @ bred by Bignell from

Tenocampa incerta, Hufn.; a go April 28th from an

unknown victim by Billups. Brischke bred it from

Smerinthus populi, L. The cocoon is more or less brownish

grey, and most resembles that of MW. tuberculifera, Wesm.,

but is larger and more irregularly wrinkled.

British Braconide. 231

5. Microplitis tristis, Nees.

Microgaster tristis, Nees, Mon., i., 168, ¢ 2, where

‘“‘abdomine toto rufo”’ is an evident misprint for

‘toto nigro”’ (not the vars.); Wesm., Nouv. Mém.

Ac. Brux., 1887, p. 89 (not the var.); Ruthe,

Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860, p. 188, ¢ 2.

Deep black; palpi fuscous; tibiw, fore femora at the apex, and

anterior tarsi at the base, obscurely rufous; posterior tibiz often

black, except the base and apex. Wings fuscous, with an obsolete

pale streak across the middle; squamule black, nervures and

stigma fuscous, the latter determinately yellow at the inner angle.

Antenne 2 { the length of the body, filiform; those of the $

rather longer than the body, setaceous. Head and mesothorax

punctulate, the latter rather shining, especially towards the hind

margin; scutellum smooth and shining. Metathorax rugulose,

subreticulated, carinulated. Abdomen smooth and shining, only

the Ist segment with a few minute exarations or scratches, a little

longer than its mean breadth, with a shallow basal impression, and

slightly widened from the base to the apex, which is broadly

rounded. Terebra very short. g @. Length, 11—13; wings,

3—3} lin.

Var. gf. Stigma unicolorous. Length, 13 lin.

This species strongly resembles adunca, Ruthe, but the

ist segment is shorter, and the antenne of the ¢ longer.

Nees and Ruthe describe the palpi as testaceo-rufous,

black at the base; Wesmael, as dull testaceous; those

of the English specimens are uniformly dusky. The

var. g differs only in size and the colour of the stigma,

but may still prove to be a distinct species: the speci-

men is in Fitch’s collection, labelled ‘‘ luctuosus, Hal.” ;

it belongs, however, to the present genus.

Of the genuine tristis, Nees, Bignell has bred twenty

from Dianthecia cucubali, Fues. ; their pupa-state lasted

from Sept. 14th to May 22nd. In Ruthe’s collection is

a specimen from Plusia moneta, Fab. Brischke reared

it from Dianthecia capsincola, Hwb., Cucullia verbasct,

L., C. argentea, Hufn., and C. artemisie, Hufn. Besides

these, Giraud records it as bred from Plusia illustris,

Fab., by Bellier de la Chavignerie, and from Plusia

consona, Fab., by himself. The cocoons are reddish

brown or tan-coloured (sometimes greenish, according to

Brischke) and not wrinkled, generally adherent to each

other ; they exactly resemble those of spectabilis, Hal.

232, Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

6. Microplitis dolens, n. s.

Atra, palpi fuscis, pedibus rufo-testaceis, femoribus intermediis —

maximam partem, posticis totis, nigris; tarsis infuscatis. Ale

quales M. tristi, fuse, aut perpaulo pallidiores, multo tamen

saturatiores quam spectabilr. Femine antenne longiores quam

tristi, filiformes; maris corpore longiores, setaces. Cztera

emnino ut in sp. precedente.

_ Deep black; palpi dusky ; legs rufo-testaceous, three-fourths of

the middle and the whole of the hind femora, black; tarsi infus-

cated. Wings like those of tristis, fuscous, or less deeply tinged ;

but darker than in spectabilis. Antenne 9? more than three-

fourths the length of the body, filiform; those of the g longer

than the body, setaceous. The rest as in the preceding species.

3 ?. Length, 1%; wings, 3} lin.

The clear testaceous tibize and the longer antenne of

the 2 distinguish this from tristis, Nees; from spectabilis,

Hal., it differs in size and in the colour of the wings.

There are four specimens, one male and three females.

The ¢ belongs to Fitch’s collection, and is ticketed

“ snectabilis, Hal.” ; it might pass for a large var. with

unusually dark wings, but corresponds better with the

three females. One of these is in the same collection ;

the other two were taken by me, at Milford Haven and

at Nunton, Wilts. Their wings are very dark, and the

characters above noted, distinct.

7. Microplitis spectabilis, Hal.

Microgaster tristis, var. y, Nees, Mon., i1., 169, 3 9;

M. tristis, var. 1, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

LSSigastoo, oe

M. spectabilis, Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 286, °.

M. parvulus, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860, p. 189, 3 2.

Black; palpi and legs rufo-testaceous ; femora more or less in-

fuscated, anterior coxie fuscous or testaceous; belly pitchy at the

base. Wings nearly hyaline, with a testaceous, or sometimes a

dusky, tinge; squamule, nervures, and stigma fuscous, the latter

at the inner angle determinately yellow. Antenne ¢ @ longer

than in tristis, sometimes rufescent beneath. Head and meso-

thorax granulated, obscure ; scutellum more shining. Metathorax

somewhat produced, rugulose, reticulated, and carinated. Abdomen

smooth and shining, only the Ist segment minutely punctulate,

subquadrate, with parallel sides and smooth apex, which is broadly

rounded. Terebra very short. g¢ @. Length, 14; wings, 3 lin,

British Braconide. 938

The smallest species; some German specimens, accord-

ing to Ruthe, being only 3 lin. long. It most resembles

dolens, but differs both from that and tristis in the colour

of the wings, which are very slightly tinted, and by

Haliday described as pale ferruginous. The decolorous

line which crosses the wing is hardly perceptible.e The

sides of segments 1—2 are narrowly dull testaceous.

Ruthe possessed 20 males and 386 females, taken

between May and June in the neighbourhood of Berlin ;

Haliday only one ?, and he says that it is very rare in

the north of Iveland. I captured formerly about a dozen

in Leicestershire; more recently a male near Aberga-

venny, and two females in Northamptonshire. Fitch

has bred a ? at Maldon from an undetermined larva ;

in Bridgman’s collection are four males and six females

reared by Norgate from T'richiosoma betuleti, K1.; these

are a trifle larger than other specimens. Bred by Dor-

ville from Dianthecia capsincola, Hub., one ? and four

cocoons on a card. The cocoons are indistinguishable

from those of tristis, Nees. According to Brischke bred

from Eupithecia succenturiata, L., and eaxiguata, Hub. ;

but as he says the cocoons are like those of M. tubercult-

fera, Wesm., there is probably some error.

8. Microplitis mediator, Hal.

Microgaster mediator, Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 235 ; Ruthe,

Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860, p. 126, 3d °.

M. fulvicornis, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1887,

Datta .o

M. dorsalis, Nees, Mon., i., 170 (¢% only ; not of Spin. ;

the ° isa true Microgaster, Hal. MS.).

Black; palpi pale; antenne testaceous, towards the apex more

or less fuscous, the scape black; legs testaceous, hind coxe at the

base, and tips of all the tarsi, blackish ; abdominal segments 1—2,

and base of 8, more or less testaceous, the disk or seutum of 1—2

usually black. Wings yellowish hyaline, dusky towards the tips,

omitting the radial areolet; nervures fuscous, stigma black, its

basal } determinately pale. Head, mesothorax, and scutellum

granulated, dull; metathorax reticulato-rugose, subcarinated.

Segment 1 more than twice as long as broad, attenuated and

rounded at the apex, minutely aciculated; the other segments

smooth; 2 with two discal impressions converging forwards and

enclosing a subtriangular space, which is generally black. Terebra

very short. 3g ?. Length, 13; wings, 3 lin.

234 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Var. 1. Scutum of the 1st abdominal segment at the apex, or

entirely, pale. Taken by Ruthe as the typical form, but this is not

so in England.

Var. 2. Segments 1—3 testaceous, only the scutum of the first

black.

Var..3. Coxe, base of intermediate femora, and hind femora

entirely, blackish.

It would be useless to multiply varieties; the narrow

form of the Ist segment, taken in conjunction with the

colour of the antenne, will almost always determine the

species.

Two broods, of five and six respectively, were bred by

Bignell, June 30th, from larve of Cerastis spadicea, Hib.

Another set by Dorville from Eupithecia subfulvata,

Haw. I formerly took several specimens in Leicester-

shire and at Darenth Wood. Cocoons reddish brown,

with some longitudinal wrinkles, clustered together.

Obs. To this species belong the specimens referred to

by Reinhard (Berl. ent. Zeit., 1880, p. 860, No. 7) as

M. medianus, Ruthe, by mistake for mediator, Hal. The

colour of the antenne and description of the cocoons

render this a certainty. The insects alluded to were

reared repeatedly from Oporina croceago, Fab., Xylina

Sureifera, Hufn., and Hadena unanimis, Tr. The cocoons

are described as reddish tan-coloured and naked. Rein-

hard remarks that in the 3 the testaceous part of the

2d segment is often much diminished, and that the

antenne vary from testaceous to black.

9. Microplitis mediana, Ruthe.

Microgaster medianus, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860,

pec 27-

Black; palpi pale; antenne black; legs testaceous, hind coxe

and tarsi, sometimes all the coxe, black; hind femora sometimes

tipped with fuscous; abdominal segments 1 at the sides, 2—3

entirely or mostly, and belly at the base, testaceous. Wings dusky

hyaline, including the radial areolet; squamule testaceous, ner-

vures and stigma blackish, the latter broadly pale at the inner

angle. Head, mesothorax, and scutellum granulated, dull; meta-

thorax reticulato-rugose, distinctly carinated. Segment 1 more

than twice as long as broad, attenuated and rounded at the apex,

minutely aciculated; the other segments smooth; 2 with two

discal longitudinal impressions, between which is a slightly raised

British Braconde. 935

space. Terebra very short. $ @. Length, 14—1}; wings,

31— 33 lin.

Var. 1. Only segment 2 at the sides testaceous.

? Var. 2. Antenne testaceous, the apex, and scape above,

fuscous ; wings hyaline, basal third of the stigma, and squamul,

pale; legs, including the hind tarsi, testaceous; hind coxe black.

Length, 14—1} lin. Ruthe, from four specimens.

Ruthe had eight specimens, but he does not distinguish

the sexes. A 3 bred by me differs only in having longer

antenne, and more dusky wings. The difficulty with

this species is how to distinguish its darker varieties

from tuberculifera, Wesm. It appears that the latter

seldom has the 2d segment largely testaceous, and never,

perhaps, the 38d. The stigma also of tuberculifera is not

distinctly pale at the inner angle, but obsoletely, or

more generally, unicolorous. No other tangible dis-

tinction can be pointed out, and the safest way is to

breed the insects. It will then be found that mediana is

a solitary parasite of young larve, and that it makes a

greenish-white, almost smooth, cocoon; while tubercult-

fera is only occasionally solitary, and makes grey-brown

cocoons, deeply ribbed from end to end.

I have seen fourteen specimens of mediana, Ruthe.

In addition to those bred, four were taken at Norwich by

Bridgman, and two or more formerly by me at Lamport

Hall, Northants. Reared singly by Bignell from Tenio-

campa stabilis, View., and Polia flavicincta, Fab. ; and

by me in 1884 from young larve of Cucullia verbasci, L.

These larve were from 4—6 lines long when they pyro-

duced each a parasite, July 8th—138th; the perfect

insects to the number of five (four females and one male)

appeared between July 21st and 26th. LBrischke says

that he bred it from Melanippe galiata, Hub. The

greenish-white cocoons are naked and longitudinally,

but not deeply, wrinkled.

10. Microplitis tuberculifera, Wesm.

Microgaster tuberculifer, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,

1837, p. 48, ¢ 2 (not the vars.) ; Ruthe, Berl.

ent. Zeit., 1860, p. 128, 3 2.

Like the preceding in all respects, except that the stigma is uni-

colorous, or very narrowly pale at the base. Abdomen black, only

the membranaceous sides of segments 1—2, and the belly at the

base, testaceous. g 9. Length, 1}—13; wings, 34—84 lin.

236 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Common in autumn; taken frequently by Bignell,

Bridgman, myself, and others. Twice bred singly by

Bignell from half-grown larve of Teniocampa miniosa,

Fab. But four from one larva have been reared by

Parfitt out of Hupithecia succenturiata, L.; their cocoons

are clustered together. According to Brischke, bred

from Phlogophora meticulosa, L., Eupithecia succenturiata,

L., EH. castigata, Hub., and EH. exiguata, Hub. ; in each

case singly, and therefore probably the larve were all

small. Bred by Giraud from Apamea basilinea, Fab.,

Triphena fimbria, L.; and by Bellier de la Chavignerie

from Agriopis aprilina, L. The Ruthian collection con-

tains a specimen with the base of the abdomen orange,

bred from Cerastis vaccinii, L., at Grabow, in Mecklenburg.

The cocoons are typical of the genus, and widely different

from those of mediana, Ruthe. They are ash-coloured,

naked, and deeply fluted or ribbed from end to end, like

carraway seeds.

11. Microplitis adunea, Ruthe.

Microgaster aduncus, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860,

pe L2G 5%

Deep black; apex of the maxillary palpi testaceous, the rest

fuscous ; anterior femora at the tips, their tibie, and basal half of

the hind tibiz, testaceo-rufous. Wings narrow, infumated ; stigma,

squamule, and nervures fuscous. Antenne ? filiform, not much

longer than half the body. Head, mesothorax, and scutellum

thickly punctulate, the last, together with the hind edge of the

mesothorax, somewhat shining. Metathorax coarsely punctato-

rugulose, carinated. Abdomen smooth and shining, segment 1 only

showing some minute exarations or scratches; this segment is

twice as long as its breadth, scarcely narrowed posteriorly, and

rounded at the apex; the apical tubercle very shining. Terebra

subexserted, and, with the subtruncated valvula ventralis, not

surpassing the anus. @. Length, 13; wings, 3 lin.

The antenne are very like those of tristis, Nees, scarcely longer

than the head and thorax; the joints diminish in length towards

the apex, so that the few last are as broad as long, but their thick-

ness remains the same; the scape is much thicker than the 1st

joint of the flagellum. Segment 1 wholly black, including the

membranaceous sides. Belly convex, compressed only at the base,

where it shows the usual pellucid piceous spot. Stigma uni-

eolorous. The minute 2d cubital areolet is almost semicircular,

surrounded by a thickened nervure. Legs short, stout; hind tibize

as thick as their femora, and hardly longer than their tarsi,

British Braconide. 237

The unique British specimen answers well to Ruthe’s

description, except that the posterior tibie are more

broadly black, having less than their basal half testa-

ceous. It appears very like tristis, until the 1st abdo-

minal segment is examined. Ruthe’s description was

made from a single 2.

Taken by me on the banks of the Usk, near Aberga-

venny.

12. Microplitis borealis, n. s.

Niger, palpis fuscis, geniculis anticis rufo-testaceis, tarsis tibiisque

omnibus fuscis, his summa basi rufescentibus. Ventris basis, seg-

mentorum lmi 2dique latera testacea. Ale leviter infuscate,

squamulis nigris, nervis stigmate nigro-fuscis. Antenne maris

corpore multo longiores, setacee. Caput cum mesothorace con-

fertissime punctulatum fere opacum; scutellum paulo levius;

mesothorax subtricanaliculatus, suturis haud penitus obsoletis.

Metathorax fortiter reticulato-rugosus, carinatus. Segmentum

Imum duplo longius quam latius, a basi ad apicem attenuatum,

rotundato-lanceolatum, sicut cetera levissimum. Segmentum

2dum basi intra marginis flavedinem utrinque oblique impressum.

Black; palpi fuscous ; fore knees rufo-testaceous; all the tarsi

and tibiz fuscous, the latter narrowly rufescent at the base. Base

of the belly, and sides of segments 1—2, testaceous. Wings slightly

infumated, squamule black, nervures and stigma nigro-fuscous.

Antenne g much longer than the body, setaceous. Head and

mesothorax very thickly punctulate, hardly shining; scutellum

somewhat smoother; mesothorax showing traces of the three

sutures. Metathorax coarsely reticulato-rugose, carinated. Seg-

ment 1 twice as long as broad, attenuated from the base to the apex,

which is lanceolate and rounded; all the segments very smooth.

Segment 2 with an oblique impression on each side of the base,

within the testaceous margins. ¢. Length, 1}; wings, 3} lin.

The sex is shown by the length and form of the

antenne. It agrees In many respects with lugubris,

Ruthe, especially the var. with dusky tibie; but I doubt

its identity with that species, on account of the broad

pale margins of the Ist segment, and base of the 2d.

If not lugubris, it is at least closely allied.

Glenelg, Scotland. ‘The specimen is in Cameron’s

collection.

238 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

v. Mrcroaaster (Latr.).

Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 245; Reinh., Berl.

ent. Zeit., 1880, p. 354.

Maxillary palpi 5-, labial 3-jointed. Eyes villose. Antenne 18-

jointed. Mesopleure rarely with a rugulose fovea. Abdomen

sessile; suturiform articulation distinct. Radius of the fore wing

almost complete; three cubital areolets, the 2d often imperfect.

Hind coxe elongate; spurs of the hind tibize not shorter than half

the metatarsus. Terebra more or less exserted.

Distinguished at a glance from Microplitis by the

length of the hind spurs, and the distinctness of the

suturiform articulation. The genus is placed last in the

subfamily, as being upon the whole nearest to the

Agathidides. It contains the largest and most typical

forms, artificially associated, in consequence of the

completeness of the 2d cubital areolet, with an inferior

group, which might even be made a separate genus,

with as much propriety as Apanteles.

I. Abdomen narrow, subecompressed, slightly or not at all rugulose

at the base. Terebra subexserted. Wings hyaline; radial

areolet ample; 2d cubital subtriangular, often incomplete.

Hind legs elongate. Middle-sized or minute species, allied

to Apanteles, Sect. IV.

II. Abdomen broader, deplanate, rugulose at the base. Terebra

considerably exserted. Wings coloured ; radial areolet nar-

rower ; 2d cubital stirrup-shaped, usually complete. Hind

legs incrassated. Larger species.

The cocoons of Microgaster, so far as they have been

observed, are white, or dirty white, glistening, papy-

raceous, and without a common envelope, or with a

very scanty one. In the larger species, after the escape

of the insect, one half of the cocoon is usually left semi-

transparent, the lining being thrust into the hinder end.

Some of the smaller species, which issue in great

numbers from the same caterpillar, arrange their cocoons

regularly, like the cells of a honeycomb, only their

heads are not all turned in the same direction. Such

species will.always be found to have infested a geometrical

larva, and the form of the cake of cocoons is determined

by the space left between its body and the support to

which it clings, as shown in the annexed outline by

Bignell, from a photograph taken after the flies had

British Braconide. 289

emerged. We have already seen that one or two species

of Apanteles arrange their cases similarly. The fact,

thus explained, indicates no special instinct on the part

of these parasites, being merely an inevitable result.

Cocoons of M. flavipes ex B. repandata.

Of 23 European species of Microgaster described by

Ruthe and Reinhard, the following seven have not yet

been detected in England :—nobilis, Reinh., sticticus,

Ruthe, ruficoxvis, Ruthe, procerus, Ruthe, deprimator,

Nees, Wesmaélii, Ruthe, and dorsalis, Nees. M. depri-

mator, Nees, which I have taken in the Pyrenees, is con-

jectured by Ruthe to be a parasite of Bombus terrestris, L.

If this be correct, its occurrence here is very probable.

Brischke says he has bred it from spiders’ nests; but

this is inconsistent with the known habits of the whole

tribe, none of which are external parasites, but live

within the body of a single victim larger than them-

selves.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

Section I. First segment distinctly longer than its

apical breadth.

(12) 1. Second segment not shorter than the 3d.

(9) 2. Segment 2 without longitudinal im-

pressed lines on the disk.

(4) 3. Head and thorax more or less testa-

ceous .. Ac 56 .. 1. alvearius, Spin.

(3) 4. Head and thorax Bee

(6) 5. Metathorax rugulose ; terebra exserted 2. posticus, Nees.

(5) 6. Metathorax smooth ; terebra very short.

(8)

8) 7. Legs (except the hind coxe), and sides

of the belly, testaceous; length,

1 line .. 3. flavipes, Hal.

(7) 8. Legs pitchy- feenak sities of the rei

black ; length, 4 line ts .. 4. minutus, Reinh.

(2) 9. Segment 2 with two impressed longi-

tudinal lines on the disk.

(11) 10. Metathovax carinated .. -. 5. marginatus, Nees.

(10) 11. Metathorax canaliculated .. So Ley

(1) 12. Second segment much shorter than

the 3rd,

calceatus, Hal,

240 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

(14) 13. Suturiform articulation curved, con-

caye behind .. H .. 7. connexus, Nees.

(13) 14. Suturiform articulation straight .. 8. tiro, Reinh.

Section II. First segment not, or hardly, longer than

its apical breadth.

(18) 1. Segment 2 rugulose.

(7) 2. Abdominal segments 1—3 rugulose.

(4) 3. Abdomen at the base, and cox, red 9. russatus, Hal.

(3) 4. Abdomen at the base, and at least the

hind coxe, black.

(6) 5. Squamule black 30 ae .. LO. rugulosus, Nees.

(5) 6. Squamule rufous ats os preellmsconcus mss:

(2) 7. Abdominal segments 1—2 rugulose.

(11) 8. Anterior half of the belly testaceous.

(10) 9. Stigma subbicolorous .. ve .. 12. novicius, n.s.

(9) 10. Stigma unicolorous .. ay: .. 13. subcompletus, Nees.

(8) 11. Anterior half of the belly black or

pitchy fuscous.

(13) 12. Femora rufous .. : oe .. 14. globatus, L.

(12) 13. Femora more or less finer

(17) 14. Antennx @ setaceous.

(16) 15. Wings more or less infuscated; meta-

thorax carinated .. we .. 15. tibialis, Nees.

(15) 16. Wings hyaline ; metathorax not cari-

nated .. 40 5c oe .. 16. hospes, n.s.

(14) 17. Antenne 9 filiform .. 52 .. 17. crassicornis, Ruthe.

(1) 18. Segment 2 smooth.

(20) 19. Segment 2 with two arcuate impressions

diverging forwards .. 50 .. 18. spretus, n. s.

(19) 20. Segment 2 with no such impressions 19. politus, n.s.

Section I.

1. Microgaster alvearius, Fab.

Ichneumon alvearius, Fab., EK. 5., Suppl., 282; Cryptus

alvearius, Fab., Piez., 90.

Mierogaster alvearius, Spin., Ins. Lig., ii., 149; Cur.,

B._E., pl. ccexa.3 Nees, Mons, 17, 072: ale

Ent. Mag., i1., 240; Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., ii,

50; Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860, p. 158, og.

Cf. Réau., Mem., , 482, pl. 0.8. Qe a Westw.,

Imts ii. 148, pl. ee ft, 17 (cocoons).

Testaceous, variable; antennz above, metathorax, disk of the

abdomen, belly at the apex, knees of the hind legs, their tibie at

the tips, and their tarsi, blackish. Wings hyaline, squamule pale,

stigma and some of the nervures fuscous, the rest colourless. Head,

British Braconide. 241

mesothorax, and secutellum finely punctulate. Metathorax smooth,

shining, carinulated. Abdomen compressed beneath; segments

1—2 aciculated; segment 1 twice as long as broad, much narrower

than 2, which is as long as 3. Terebra subexserted. Valvula

ventralis not reaching the anus. ¢ 9. Length, 1; wings, 2} lin.

Very like flavipes, but differently coloured. The sexes are

similar. Antenne about as long as the body, dusky above, the

scape testaceous. Pleurz smooth, punctulate only in front. Pectus

infuscated posteriorly. Segment 1 with the sides parallel for

about } of its length, thence slightly converging to the truncated

apex. Segments 1—3 with yellow lateral margins. Second cubital

areolet interrupted and decolorous on the outer side. The white

spurs of the hind tibie are barely half as long as the metatarsus.

A common autumnal parasite of Geometre. Bred by

Fabricius and Curtis from Rumia luteolata, L.; by

Hofmann of Stuttgart, Dorville, Parfitt, and Bignell,

from Boarmia gemmaria, Brahm.; the latter bred 95 on

Sept. 3rd from a larva taken on August 19th. Parfitt

states that he has repeatedly found the cocoons on twigs

of the Jessamine. Less frequent on the Continent; un-

known to Wesmael and Brischke, not seen by Nees, spoken

of by Ratzeburg as a rarity, and Ruthe only knew two

females received from Ratzeburg. The last writer informs

us that it also attacks Nematus septentrionalis, L., and

has been obtained by Reissig, but females only, from that

sawfly ; afact that requires further verification. Cocoons

dirty white, regularly disposed in an alveariform mass

beneath the victim-larva; the whole mass is bound

together by a strip of web round the edge. The same

habits belong to the larve of M. flavipes, Hal., and

minutus, Reinh.

N.B.—Buckler’s references to this species in E. M. M.,

iv., 252, vi., 165, xiv., 184, are incorrect.

2. Microgaster posticus, Nees.

Microgaster posticus, Nees, Mon., i., 172, 9; Ruthe,

Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860, p. 150, 3 ¢.

M. marginellus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1837,

jteee-b) eiciem ee

@. ‘Black, slender; palpi and coxe whitish; antenne beneath,

and mandibles, rufescent; belly and legs pale luteous; hind knees,

tips of the hind tibie, and hind tarsi, fuscous. Abdomen narrow,

varied with luteous in the middle. Wings subhyaline, base and

squamulz luteous, stigma fuscescent. Mesothorax very thickly

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885,—PaART I. (APRIL.) Rk

242 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

punctulate; scutellum shining; metathorax rugulose, carinated.

Segments 1—2 substriato-rugulose. Terebra hardly as long as }

the abdomen.”

“Head shining, indistinctly punctured; face almost rugose, with

short erect hairs, in the middle with a cariniform elevation, some-

what dull, clypeus more shining. Antenne nearly as long as the

body, hairy, fuscous above, reddish testaceous beneath. Pleure in

front and pectus punctured, with a narrow and hardly crenulate

furrow. Segment 1 a little longer than broad, hardly wider behind,

the basal half elevated and impressed in the middle; segments 1—2

rugulose, 2 flat, longer than 3; segments 1—2 black, the others

more or less fusco-testaceous on the hind margin, seldom almost

wholly testaceous. Belly entirely fusco-testaceous, almost whitish

at the base. Valvula ventralis large, acuminated. First abscissa

of the radius rather obliquely inserted in the stigma; 2d cubital

areolet small, complete. Legs stout; trochanters almost whitish ;

hind cox incrassated.’”’—Ruthe.

I have not seen the ?, from which the ¢ differs in some

respects. Abdomen black, the 1st segment edged with yellow at

the sides; belly pale at the base. Hind coxe infuscated above.

Segment 1 2} times longer than broad, margined, with parallel

sides, the apex rounded ; canaliculated in the middle and impressed

with a basal fovea; segment 2 broader than 1, shorter than 3,

aciculated in the middle, smoother at the sides. Antenne longer

than the body; scape testaceous at the base; flagellum reddish

beneath. Second cubital areolet elongate, incomplete at both ends.

Trochanters concolorous with the legs. @ 9. Length, 14; wings,

23 lin.

Smaller than marginatus and connexus, Nees, from

which it is distinguished by the rufous hind coxe, rugu-

lose metathorax, and exserted terebra of the @. Ruthe

says little about the ¢, and, the proportions of the abdo-

men differing from those of the ¢, the specimens were

for a long time doubtful. :

Only two males are now at hand, but sixteen were bred

by Bignell from Porthesia similis, Fues., July 25th, 1884.

Not to be confounded with MW. connexus, Nees, a commoner

parasite of the same moth.

3. Microgaster flavipes, Hal.

Microgaster flavipes, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 241, 9;

Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860, p. 152, 3 ¢.

Slender, black; palpi, antennz beneath, belly at the base, sides

of segment 1 narrowly, and legs, pale testaceous ; claws and hind

British Braconide. 243

cox black, the latter sometimes pale at the apex. Wings hyaline,

squamulie and costa testaceous, stigma and nervures pale fuscous,

or subferruginous. Head shining, sparingly punctulate; meso-

thorax thickly punctulate ; scutellum smoother. Metathorax and

pleure smooth, shining, the former carinated. Abdomen com-

pressed beneath at the base, elongate; segments 1—2 aciculated ;

1 almost thrice as long as its apical breadth, margined, the sides

nearly parallel; 2 as long as 3, narrower at the base than the apex,

the margins raised, and converging anteriorly. Terebra sub-

exserted. Valvula ventralis not reaching the anus. g¢ @. Length,

1; wings, 23 lin.

The face is somewhat more punctulate than the rest of the head,

subearinated above, in the more distinctly. Antenne 2 about as

long as the body, pale testaceous, dusky above and at the apex, the

scape black. Ruthe makes segment 1 only 14 times as long as its

breadth, which is certainly incorrect ; he also says that the hind

femora are black, evidently meaning the hind coxe. Segments 2,3

bear vestiges of a medial carina; and 3 is also sometimes sub-

aciculated at the base. Second cubital areolet incomplete on the

outer side. Hind coxe incrassated, punctulate, more strongly in

the 2. Hind femora and tibie subinfuscated towards the apex,

especially in the ¢.

Haliday had one 2, taken on a hazel in north Ireland.

Since then the species has been repeatedly bred from

Boarma repandata, L., by Kriechbaumer and Brischke

on the Continent, and by Bignell here (see Entom., xiii.,

244). In Fitch’s collection is a brood of twenty reared

from the same source by Cooper, of Folkestone, June

14th. Brischke also bred it from Cleora angularia,

Thnb. The cocoons and habits of the larva are the

same as those of MW. alvearius.

4, Microgaster minutus, Reinh.

Microgaster minutus, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1880,

Pavol, oO 2.

Like the preceding, but smaller. Pitchy-black ; palpi, antenne

towards the base, and legs, pale testaceous; 4 posterior femora,

and hind tarsi more or less, infuscated ; hind cox fuscous ; belly

at the extreme base pitchy. Wings hyaline, squamule testaceous,

stigma fusco-testaceous, almost all the nervures decolorous. Head

and mesothorax punctulate, shining; scutellum, pleure, and meta-

thorax smooth, shining, the last carinated. Abdomen compressed

beneath ; segments 1—2 aciculated; 1 twice as long as its breadth,

244 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

with parallel sides; 2 a little broader than 1, somewhat shorter

than 3. Terebra subexserted. Anal forceps of the 9 exserted.

Valvula ventralis 2 not surpassing the anus. g 9. Length, }—1;

wings, 2—2+ lin.

This smallest species of the genus differs from flavipes,

Hal., in the colour of the legs and belly, as well as the

shorter 1st abdominal segment. Antenne ? as long as

the body ; of the ¢ much longer and stouter. The 2d

cubital areolet forms an isosceles triangle whose base is

obsolete, so that nothing but the thickening of the other

two sides hinders the insect from being joined to Apan-

teles. The spurs of the hind tibie are shorter than half

the metatarsus.

Reinhard established the species from a pair of un-

known origin. Bignell has since reared a brood of thirty

from Cleora glabraria, Hub., and in Fitch’s collection are

a fg and ¢ from the same larva, with cocoons of a larger

number. ‘The specimens were named by Reinhard him-

self. Five more broods in the same collection have been

destroyed, but their cocoons remain, together with two

caterpillars of glabraria. Cocoons and habits of the

larva similar to those of M. alvearius and flavipes.

5. Microgaster marginatus, Nees.

Microgaster marginatus, Nees, Mon., i., 169, ? ; Ruthe,

Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860, p. 155, 2.

@. “Black; palpi pale; lateral margins of segments 1—3—4

above and beneath, rufo-testaceous ; base of the belly, and some-

times the posterior edges of segments 3, 4, yellowish; legs rufo-

testaceous, the hind pair more obscure, their coxe above more or

less, the apex of their femora, their tibiz at both ends, and their

tarsi, black; 4 anterior tarsi black at the tips. Wings dusky

hyaline, squamule testaceous, stigma and nervures dark fuscous.

Antenne longer than the body, fuscous above, ferruginous beneath,

filiform. Mesothorax thickly and finely punctured, dull, scutellum

with larger but more scattered punctures; metathorax rugulose,

carinated. Segment 1 somewhat widened posteriorly, very little

longer than broad, canaliculated, thickly punctato-rugulose ; 2 sub-

quadrate, rather longer than 3, finely rugulose, impressed with two

longitudinal parallel lines, enclosing a raised cariniform space ;

3 coriaceous, its hind margin, with the rest of the segments,

smooth and shining. Terebra about 3 the length of the abdomen,

Valvula ventralis not surpassing the anus,”’—Ruthe.

British Braconide. 245

I have not seen the ¢: the undescribed ¢ differs in

some respects, as follows :—

é. Black; palpi, lateral margins of segments 1—2 broadly,

and belly at the base, yellowish; legs asin the 9, but the hind

pair are not darker. Antenne entirely black, much longer than

the body. Moderately shining; head, mesothorax, and scutellum

thickly punctulate. Segment 1 attennated from the base to the

apex, narrowly truncated, about 3 times as long as its medial

breadth, aciculated; 2 as long as 3, with two longitudinal im-

pressed lines enclosing an aciculated space, and an oblique

impression near each anterior angle, within the yellow margin;

the rest smooth. Hind coxe elongate, incrassated, thickly punctu-

late, hairy. Spurs of hind tibie straight, shorter than 4 the meta-

tarsus. g 2. Length, 13; wings, 4 lin.

Described from three males. Their abdomen differs

structurally from that of the 2 in about the same degree

as in the case of posticus, Nees. M. calceatus, Hal., is

not a synonym of this species, as given by Reinhard,

but of pubescens, Ratz. The two species are closely

allied, but in marginatus the metathorax is longitudinally

carinated ; in calceatus, canaliculated. The resemblance

of the S marginatus to Apanteles vitripennis, Hal., is

very striking. The structure of the 1st segment is the

same in both, and they are only separated by the areolet,

the metathoracic carina, and the 2d segment, of margi-

natus. In fact, the Microgasters of this section are

hardly distinct from Apanteles. The difference between

them is reduced to the areolet, and further attenuated

by the fact that many Microgasters have this areolet

open on the outer side, while in Apanteles it is just as

often well defined on the two inner.

One ¢ was bred by Bignell from Larentia viridaria,

Fab., May 28th. The cocoon preserved with it probably

belongs to another insect, being dusky brown, and woolly.

Another ¢ was taken by Bignell at Bickleigh, Devon ;

and the third by me near Teignmouth.

6. Microgaster calceatus, Hal.

Microgaster calceatus, Hal., Ent. Mag., 11., 241, 2.

M. pubescens, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., 1., 67, 3; wu,

pl. u., f.18 (wing) ; Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860,

elo Ose?

Black ; palpi flavescent with the apex dusky; lateral margins of

segment 1, and 2 partly, belly at the base, and legs, testaceous ;

246 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

hind coxe, apex of their femora, their tibie at both ends, and their

tarsi, black; 4 anterior tarsi blackish at the tips. Wings hyaline,

somewhat dusky at the tips; squamule testaceous, with a brown

spot; stigma and nervures dark fuscous. Antenne entirely black,

longer than the body. Moderately shining; head and mesothorax

very finely, scutellum and metathorax more strongly, punctulate,

the latter smooth at the apex, and indistinctly bisected by a longi-

tudinal impression. Abdomen shining; segment 1 a little longer

than broad, with parallel sides, rounded behind, smooth except a

few punctures; 2 as long as 8, punctate, with two longitudinal

channels, between which is an obtuse cariniform elevation ; suturi-

form articulation bent, concave posteriorly ; segment 3 sometimes

with a few punctures. Hind coxe large, punctulate. Terebra sub-

exserted. Valvula ventralis not surpassing the anus. Spurs of

hind tibiz whitish, longer than } the metatarsus. g ?. Length,

13; wings, 4 lin.

Var. 2. Anterior cox blackish at the base.-—Ruthe.

Described from two males and one female. The male

has longer antenne and a more slender abdomen. Hali-

day’s description of calceatus agrees with that of pubescens

by Ruthe much better than with that of marginatus, to

which it is assigned by Reinhard. Thus Haliday gives

the antenne as entirely black, and says nothing of a

carina on the metathorax, as he certainly would have

done in speaking of marginatus. He describes the wings

as dusky at the apex, which is true of this species, but

hardly of marginatus. The three specimens have the

canaliculated metathorax, and are undoubtedly pube-

scens, Ratz.; one of them has also been verified by

Reinhard.

A @ was bred by Ratzeburg from a young larva of

Ocneria dispar, L., and sent to Ruthe. In England

Raynor has obtained the ¢ at Brandon, June 16th, from

Thera variata, Schiff. ; and Bignell the ¢ from the same

victim, June 24th. The second g was reared by Bignell

from Lobophora carpinata, Bork., April 10th. Cocoons

straw-coloured, or dirty yellowish white. Bignell’s

specimen from Lobophora is accompanied by a dark

brown cocoon, lighter in the middle, and apparently

belonging to an Ophionid.

British Braconide. 947

7. Microgaster connexus, Nees.

Microgaster connexus, Nees, Mon., 1., 174, 2.

M. consularis, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 241; Ruthe, Berl.

ent. Zeit., 1860, p. 158, 3 °.

M. dilutus, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., iii., 49, 2? ; Bairstow,

E. M. M., 1879, p. 116, 3.

Black; palpi, antenne towards the base, lateral margins of

segment 1, belly at the base, and legs, testaceous; hind femora and

tibize at the apex, with their tarsi, blackish; hind coxe often

infuscated above; anterior tarsi tipped with fuscous. Wings sub-

hyaline, squamule testaceous, nervures and stigma fuscous; the

last with the inner angle pale only in the 9. Head in front, and

thorax, very thickly punctulate ; metathorax more or less rugulose,

carinated. Abdomen, except segments 1—2, smooth and shining ;

segment 1 twice as long as broad, with parallel sides, elevated from

the base to the middle, rounded at the apex, finely striolated, some-

times almost smooth; 2 broader than 1, shorter than 3, also

striolated, its fore and hind margins curved, preserving a uniform

distance from each other; the remaining segments have a few

minute punctures. Hind coxe punctulate. Terebra subexserted.

Valvula ventralis truncated before reaching the anus. gf ?. Length,

13; wings, 83 lin.

The antenne of the 3 are a little longer than those of

the @, and almost entirely black, except the scape. This

and the next species are easily known by having the 2d

seement distinctly shorter than the 3d. The rufous

coxe, bicolorous stigma of the @, &c., combine to render

connexus unmistakable.

A common parasite of Porthesia similis, Fues., and in

that respect resembling M. posticus, Nees. Reared in

Germany by Nordlinger and Kriechbaumer. Bignell

has obtained several large broods of both sexes; one of

18 individuals hatched August 18th, having been 87 days

‘in the pupa-state ; another, of 24, occupied the same

number of days. In Fitch’s collection are the remains of

another brood. Nees v. Esenbeck, who only knew the ¢ ,

assigns this parasite to a different victim, Spilosoma fult-

ginosa, L., and agrees with Ruthe and Haliday in stating

that the caterpillar spins a covering for the protection of

the Microgasters, mixed with its own dusky hairs; ¢f. Hali-

day, /.c., note. This can only mean that the parasites did

not cause the death of their victim until the latter had

begun to weave its own pupa-case. In the instances

248 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

observed by Bignell the larva perished before attempting

pupation. Cocoons white, with a satiny sheen, and

slightly woolly. Brischke obtained only one parasite

from a larva of Porthesia, and another from Acronycta

tridens, Schiff., which he assigns to this species, calling

the cocoon light brown, perhaps only another way of

expressing impure white.

8. Microgaster tiro, Reinh. (Pl. VL, fig. 2).

Microgaster tiro, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1880, p. 357,

GLE

Black; palpi pale; antenne sometimes rufescent beneath; 4

anterior legs testaceous; hind legs blackish, with the trochanters,

and base of the femora, of the tibia, and of the tarsi, testaceous ;

middle cox at the base, hind coxe entirely, black. Lateral mar-

gins of segment 1, and base of the belly laterally, but not in the

middle, testaceous. Wings hyaline, squamule and costa testa-

ceous, neryures and stigma fuscous, the latter pale at the inner

angle. Antenne of the ? as long as the body; of the g, longer:

Head, mesothorax, and scutellum shining, almost invisibly punctu-

late; pleure smooth; metathorax subrugulose, rather shining,

carinated. Segments 1—2 punctato-rugulose; segment 1 wider

than in any of the preceding species, about 1} times as long as broad,

with parallel sides, excavated at the base, truncated at the apex ;

2 broader than 1, half as long as 3, obliquely truncated at the

anterior angles ; suturiform articulation straight. Terebra longer

than 3 the abdomen. Valvula ventralis subacuminated, somewhat

surpassing the anus. Hind legs elongate, their femora and tibie

incrassated. ¢ 9. Length, 14; wings, 3 lin.

Intermediate between the present section and the

typical Microgasters which follow. In the length of the

Ist segment it resembles the former ; in the breadth of

the same segment, the compact form of the body, and

length of the terebra, it approaches the latter.

Described from two males and one female. One male

is in Fitch’s collection, bred by Raynor, June 27th, from

a Tortriv-larva feeding on chamomile. From this same

larva issued a second and different parasite, Apanteles

emarginatus, Nees. Another ¢ was bred by Fitch, April

26th, also from an unknown Tortriz-larva. The @ was

captured by me in Northamptonshire. Cocoons white.

British Braconide. 249

Section II.

Y. Microgaster russatus, Hal. (Pl. VI., fig. 1).

Microgaster russatus, Hal., Ent. Mag., 1., 237; Ruthe,

Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860, p. 109, ¢ 2.

M. basalis, Ste., Ill. M., vii., Suppl. 4, pl. xxxvii.,

fone ow

M. dimidiatus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1837,

p. 28, 3; pl., f. a (abdomen).

Black; palpi, flagellum, abdominal segments 1—38, belly, and

legs, rufous ; hind tibie at the apex, and their tarsi, more or less

infuscated; claws black. Wings fusco-ferruginous, the basal half

and the radial areolet more testaceous; Ist abscissa of the radius

clouded; squamule, nervures, and stigma fuscous, the last at the

inner angle determinately luteous. Head and thorax thickly

punctulate, but somewhat shining; scutellum smooth ; metathorax

rugose, with or without a medial carina. Segments 1—8 rugulose ;

1 subquadrate, its basal angles rounded, with an impression between

them, the apex truncate; 2 transverse, longer than 8, both feebly

carinated in the middle; the rest smooth and shining. Terebra

hardly + of the abdomen; valves subclavate. Inner spur of the

hind tibie half as long as the metatarsus. g ?. Length, 2—22;

wings, 4—5 lin.

Antenne ? as long as the body, the two basal joints black ;

flagellum mostly fusco-ferruginous, the apex sometimes testaceous.

Those of the g are 4 lines long, and much darker. Face and

elypeus granulated, dull; mandibles ferruginous, darker at the

tips. Mesothorax depressed in the middle, and there almost rugu-

lose, with vestiges of the thoracic sutures. Pleure and pectus

punctate, the former smooth above the usual fovea. Abdomen g

longer than the thorax, depressed, with parallel sides; of the ?

shorter and more rounded; the apical black segments taken

together are not so long as the Ist segment. ‘The wings of the 3

are lighter than those of the 9, which latter have a deeper stain

beneath the stigma.

The most conspicuous species of this subfamily, and

rare; the British Museum contains one male from Haliday

(Ent. Soc. Coll.), two males and one female from Stephens’

collection, and three males from that of Desvignes.

Ruthe had inspected five males and two females from

Berlin, Danzig, and Oranienburg; Wesmael captured a

male near Brussels, and two others are recorded by

S. v. Vollenhoven, taken at Rotterdam and the Hague.

Haliday found both sexes very scarce on the muddy

250 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

coasts of north Ireland. I have seen two males taken

by Billups at High Beech, Epping Forest. Brischke

bred this species from Orthotelia sparganella, Thnb.

Cocoons white, woolly, transparent.

10. Microgaster rugulosus, Nees.

Microgaster rugulosus, Nees, Mon., i., 163, ¢; Ruthe,

Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860, p. 112, 3.

M. infumatus, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 287, 3.

M. opacus, Ruthe, lib. cit., 1858, p. 5; and 1860,

1 Ore tha Ko

@. Black; mandibles, abdominal segments after the 3d, and

belly, reddish luteous; palpi and legs testaceo-rufous; coxe and

claws black. Wings infumated; squamule black; nervures and

stigma fuscous, the latter nearly black. Body thickly punctulate,

dull; scutellum shining, slightly punctulate; metathorax sub-

reticulato-rugulose, carinated. Abdomen subovate, depressed ;

segments 1—8 dull, finely and densely rugulose; 1 impressed at

the base ; 2 twice as long as 3; the rest smooth; belly carinated.

Terebra scarcely + of the abdomen. Spurs of hind tibiz shorter

than + the metatarsus. Valvula ventralis acuminated.

3. Antenne rufo-fuscous beneath; abdomen black at the apex ;

hind tibiz sometimes at both ends, with their tarsi, fuscous. Meta-

thorax more strongly reticulato-rugose. Abdomen somewhat

longer than the thorax, hardly convex, with parallel sides ; segment

1 impressed with a furrow ; 3 hardly more than half as long as 2;

the other segments obsoletely punctulate, shining, together not

much longer than the 2d. Wings fuscous. ¢ 92. Length,

13—2; wings, 32—4 lin.

Antenne @ fuscous, filiform, the scape black. Pectus and

pleure thickly ruguloso-punctulate, the latter above the longi-

tudinal furrow, smooth and shining. Segment 1 coarsely rugose,

almost reticulated, 2—8 more finely; 1, 2 of nearly equal length ;

2 broader than 8 and about twice as long; 3 at the apex, and all

the remaining segments, more or less reddish luteous. Coxe at the

apex and underneath rufo-testaceous; hind tibize at the base

somewhat infuscated. The @ differs in the colour of the abdomen,

the antenne are » longer than the body, the wings darker, and the

legs varied with black.—Ruthe.

This species, of which Fitch possesses two males, is

next in size to russatus, Hal., and apparently still rarer

in England; there isa ¢ in the British Museum from

Desvignes’ collection. The only specimens of which any

British Braconide. 951

notice exists were bred by Curtis singly from half-grown

larve of Acronycta rumicis, L., taken at Dover. The

confused account of them given in B. E., 821, No. 1,

seems to mean that three of the parasites became pup

in August, two of these hatched in September, and the

third remained a pupa till the following May. One of

these was the ¢ described by Haliday. Curtis saw in

them the M. deprimator, Fab. and Panz., which is in-

correct ; neither is Panzer’s fig. (F. G., Ixxix., 11) a 2,

as he states it to be. On the Continent the species is

better known; Nees hada ¢ from Berlin; Ruthe a male

and two females from Freienwalde and Danzig; and

Reinhard speaks of a plurality of specimens examined

by him.

11. Microgaster scoticus, n.s.

Niger, palpis, ventris lateribus juxta basin, segmentique 2di

margine utrinque, flavo-testaceis; pedibus cum coxis 4 anterioribus

rufis. Femora postica apice summo, coxeque postice, nigra; tarsi

omnes rufi, unguiculis fuscis. Ale subfumato hyaline, squamulis

testaceis, nervis fuscescentibus, stigmate fusco; fascia sub stigmate,

et apice, paulo obscurioribus. Antenne crasse, corpore fere duplo

longiores. Caput nitidum, vix punctulatum. Mesothorax et

scutellum confertissime punctulata, vix nitida. Metathorax punc-

tato-rugosus, carinatus. Abdomen breve, coxis posticis eum tro-

chanteribus non longius; segmentis 1—2 punctato-rugosis, 8tio

exarato. Segmentum Imum vix longius quam latius, basi exca-

vatum, perpaulo angustatum, longitudinaliter canaliculatum, apice

rotundato-truncatum; 2dum 38tio parum longius, hoe nitidum

quidem, sed distincte exaratum et vage punctatum; cetera levis-

sima. Areola cubitalis 2da subeompleta. Calcaria postica crassa,

metatarsi dimidio longiora.

Black; palpi, sides of the belly near the base, and lateral mar-

gins of segment 2, flavo-testaceous; legs, with the 4 anterior coxe,

rufous; hind coxe, and extreme tips of the hind femora, black; all

the tarsi rufous, with black claws. Wings subhyaline, slightly in-

fumated ; squamule testaceous ; nervures and stigma fuscous, the

latter darker; a blotch under the stigma, and the apex of the wing,

also darker. Antenne stout, almost twice as long as the body.

Head shining, scarcely punctulate. Mesothorax and scutellum

very thickly punctulate, hardly shining. Metathorax punctato-

rugose, carinated. Abdomen short, not longer than the hind coxe

with their trochanters ; segments 1—2 punctato-rugose, 3 faintly

rugulose. Segment 1 hardly longer than broad, excavated at the

base, and very slightly narrowed, longitudinally canaliculated,

252 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

rounded and truncate at the apex; 2 scarcely longer than 3,

which last is somewhat shining, although distinctly subrugulose

and vaguely punctate; the other segments very smooth. Second

cubital areolet almost complete. Spurs of hind tibiz stout, longer

than 3} the metatarsus. ¢. Length, 14; wings almost 4 lin.

Distinguished from the two preceding by having testa-

ceous squamule; with them it has little affinity, except

the sculpture of the 8d segment. The antenne are very

stout, compressed, and, though broken, still nearly twice

as long as the body. The abdomen is unusually small ;

belly pitchy-black, with a yellow pellucid streak on each

side beneath segments 1—2; segment 1 is narrowly

edged with yellow, 2 more broadly; 3 is much less

coarsely sculptured than 1—2, but cannot be regarded as

smooth. Legs elongate, stout ; middle tibize longer than

their tarsi, their spurs as long as the metatarsus; spurs

of the hind tibizw very stout, shorter than the meta-

tarsus. Anal forceps exserted, pale testaceous. Areola

complete, except at the outer lower angle.

One specimen taken in Scotland by Cameron.

12. Microgaster novicius, 0. 8.

Niger, palpis, segmentorum 1—2 lateribus, supra anguste, latius

infra, testaceis; pedibus preter coxas et trochanteres superos rufo-

testaceis; femorum posticorum apice ipso, tibiis lisdem tarsisque,

infuseatis. Alize fusco-hyaline, squamulis piceis; nervis, stigmate,

fuscis, hoe bicolore. Caput et mesothorax nitida, subtilissime

punctulata; scutellum leve ; metathorax carinatus et segmenta

1—2 punctato-rugulosa. Segmentum Imum subquadratum, basi

haud angustatum ; 2dum 8tio xquale, hoc et seqq. levia, nitida.

Terebra abdominis quadrantem equans. Valvula ventralis acumi-

nata, anum superans. Calcaria postica metatarsi dimidio paulo

breviora.

Black; palpi, margins of segments 1—2 narrowly above, beneath

more broadly, testaceous; legs, except the coxe and upper tro-

chanters, rufo-testaceous ; extreme tips of the hind femora, with

their tibie and tarsi, infuscated. Wings fusco-hyaline, squamule

pitchy ; nervures and stigma fuscous, the latter bicolorous. Head

and mesothorax shining, very minutely punctulate; scutellum

smooth; the carinated metathorax, and segments 1—2, punctato-

rugulose. Segment 1 subquadrate, not narrowed at the base; 2 as

long as 3, which, with all the rest, is smooth and shining. Terebra

lof the abdomen. Valvula ventralis acuminated, surpassing the

British Braconide. 258

anus. Spurs of the hind tibie rather shorter than } the metatarsus.

3 @. Length, 14; wings, 24 lin.

The species may be known by the stigma, which 1s

indeterminately pale at the inner angle, and the very

smooth thorax and scutellum, the former being almost

invisibly punctulate in front only. In one specimen

segments 3—4 are narrowly bordered behind with testa-

ceous. The belly is black, the edges of its segments

piceous, and near the base is the usual pellucid lateral

spot. The terebra, viewed from above, projects very

little beyond the abdomen. The antenne of the are

not much longer than those of the ?, which are not

much longer than the body. Wings hyaline at the base,

towards the apex somewhat dusky; 2d cubital areolet

triangular. Hind tibie pale at the base.

There are five specimens, three males and two females,

in Cameron’s collection ; one of the cards is marked

** Cadder.”’

18. Microgaster subcompletus, Nees.

Microgaster subcompletus, Nees, Mon., i., 165; Wesm.,

Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1837, p. 33; Ruthe,

Berl. ent. Zeit., 1863, p. 114, ¢ 2.

M. annulipes, Hal., Ent. Mag., 11., 238, °.

Black; palpi pale, with the basal joint black; antenne rufescent

beneath; belly testaceous or pale pitchy, darker behind; segment

2 margined laterally with testaceous; legs rufous, except the cox

and upper trochanters ; hind femora and tibize at the apex, with

their tarsi, fuscous, the joints of the tarsi rufous at the base. Wings

subfumato-hyaline, darker at the apex; squamule and stigma

blackish, nervures fuscous. Face not shining, finely and trans-

versely rugulose. Mesothorax and scutellum shining, minutely

punctulate ; metathorax punctato-rugulose, carinated, the hinder

angles somewhat produced. Abdomen depressed; segments 1—2

substriato-rugulose ; 1 subquadrate, very slightly narrowed at the

base, margined ; 2, 3 subequal, transverse; 3 and the following

smooth and shining, 3 however is very faintly aciculated. 'Terebra

1 or 3 of the abdomen; valves almost linear. Valvula ventralis

subacute, not surpassing the anus. Spurs of hind tibie longer

than 3 the metatarsus. ¢ 9. Length, 1;—2; wings, 33—43 lin.

The resemblance of this species to the next is very

close, but it may be distinguished by the following

characters :—It is more slender and depressed; the

254 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

antenne are not so stout, the flagellum is more or less

rufous underneath, and the apical joints are almost

twice as long as broad ; the mesopleure and pectus are

less visibly punctulate; the metathorax more finely

rugulose; segment 2, and sometimes 1, is narrowly

margined with testaceous ; the belly in front is pale

instead of black; segment 3 is never absolutely smooth,

but always slightly aciculated; the terebra is longer and

more slender; the hind femora and tibize are always

dusky at the apex, and the joints of the tarsi testaceous

at the base; the wings are more ample, and the 2d

cubital areolet, if completed, would not be stirrup-

shaped, as in globatus, but triangular.

Common; usually attacking Vanessa Atalanta, L.,

and several times bred by Bignell, as also by Norgate,

Fitch and Sotheby, and by Giraud in France. Bignell

has also obtained it from Hypena proboscidalis, L.; and

Elisha from Dicrorrhampha tanaceti, Ste. A single 2 bred

by Elisha from Sericoris euphorbiana, Freyer, June 9th, is

only 13 lin. long, and its terebra one-third the length of

the abdomen. According to Reinhard it likewise infests

Vanessa cardui, L., Cucullia scrophularie, Esp., C.

verbasci, L., and Spilodes verticalis, L. Brischke bred it

from S. verticalis, L., and Phoxopteryx derasana, Hub. ;

Giraud from Acronycta rumicis, L., and Tortrix viridana,

L. Cocoons white, somewhat woolly, and with one half

more opaque than the other.

14. Microgaster globatus, Nees.

Microgaster globatus, Nees, Mon., i., 168; Hal., Ent.

Mag., ii., 287; Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1837, p. 81, pl., f. c; Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeit.,

1860, p. 120, ¢ ?. The synonymy found in all

older writers is doubtful.

Black; palpi pale, with 2 basal joints dusky ; antenne wholly

black; belly black, or only slightly pellucent at the base; legs

rufous, except the cox and upper trochanters ; hind femora some-

times at the apex, with their tarsi, fuscous. Wings fumato-hyaline,

darker at the apex, squamule and stigma blackish, nervures

fuscous. Face dull, thickly punctulate. Mesothorax and pleure

finely and thickly punctulate, subrugulose; scutellum more

sparingly, rather shining; metathorax rugulose, subreticulated,

carinated. Abdomen more or less depressed, somewhat narrowed

at the base and apex; segments 1—2 rugose, subreticulated,

British Braconide. 255

margined; segment 1 subquadrate, 2—3 subequal, transverse ; 3 and

following smooth and shining. Terebra shorter than 3 the abdo-

men. Valvula ventralis acuminated, not surpassing the anus.

Spurs of hind tibie longer than } the metatarsus. SP. Length,

13—2; wings, 33—4} lin.

Var. Legs unicolorous, rufous, &e. Microgaster rufipes, Nees,

Mon., i., 164, 9 2; M. swhincompletus, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., holy

vs aren

The stout antenne of the ¢@ are about as long as the

body; the ¢ differs only in having them longer and

more setaceous, and a more depressed abdomen. The

base of the clypeus, and tips of the mandibles, are

rufescent. Labial palpisometimes dusky. Wings some-

times almost hyaline, tinged towards the base and on

the costa with testaceous. The hind femora, and, less

often, their tibiz, are liable to be fuscous, or even black,

at the tips, and the same tibiz are generally very pale at

the base. A var. with the fore femora black at the base

is conjectured by Ruthe to be M. anthomyiarum, Bouché

(Naturg., 1834, 160); and those with more hyaline

wings are M. amentorum, Ratz. (i., 68). The difficulty

of recognising the present species, as well as the preceding

and following, is very great, in consequence of slight

variations. Ruthe states the result of his experience to

be, that uniformity in the colour of the legs and wings

always prevails in the same brood; in another brood

from the same species of larva will be seen, perhaps, a

small variation; while a brood proceeding from a

different species will present more marked deviations,

not only in colour, but in size, form, and degree of

punctuation. Individuals occur with the femora and

tibis more or less blackened, which can neither be

referred with certainty to this species, nor to tibialis,

Nees, and, as their cocoons are indistinguishable, it is

rnot vey unlikely that the two species ought to be united.

Like tibialis, Nees, it seems to be a solitary para-

site of the smaller moths, and therefore cannot be

the Ichnewmon globatus, Li.; there are, however, hardly

any bred specimens at hand. <A @? in Fitch’s collection

was bred by Elisha, June 9th, from Sericoris ewphorbiana,

Freyer, a & from Conchylis Smeathmaniana, Fab., May

16th; and §. v. Vollenhoven reared one from Spilodes

verticalis, L., in July. Brischke bred it singly from

Eupithecia linariata, Fab., HE. campanuata, Schaft.,

256 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Spilodes verticalis, L., and Tachyptilia populella, Clerck.

Ratzeburg’s M. amentorum was bred singly in some

numbers from the foreign Tortrix amentana, Ratz. ; and

by Brischke from Phleodes immundana, Fisch. The

dubious M. anthomyiarum, Bouché, was obtained from

Anthomyia ceparum, Bouché. Cocoon white, not woolly.

15. Microgaster tibialis, Nees.

Microgaster tibialis, Nees, Mon., i., 168; Ste., Ill. M.,

vii., Suppl. 3, pl. xxxvii., f. 2; Wesm., Nouv.

Mém. Ac. Brux., 1837, p. 85; Ruthe, Berl. ent.

Zeit., 1860, p. 122, 3 2.

M. nigricans, Nees, Mon., 1., 167, 3.

M. meridianus, messorius, 3 2, and luctuosus, $ , Hal.,

Ent. Mag., i1., 239.

Black, including the palpi, or these may only be black at the

base; legs also black, or black and red in various proportions.

Wings infumated, paler at the base; squamule black, nervures and

stigma fuscous. Antenne subsetaceous. Face dull, thickly

punctulate. Body rather shining; mesothorax finely and thickly

punctulate; metathorax and segments 1—2 rugose, the former

carinated. Terebra shorter than } the abdomen. g¢ 2. Length,

1i—2; wings, 2}—4} lin.

All writers agree in separating this from globatus,

Nees, although no intelligible difference can be pointed

out, except the colour of the legs. The structure of

both forms is the same, and subject to the same varia-

tions; usually the 2 of tibialis is a little more slender,

but sometimes the reverse is the case. So also with

respect to the rugosity of the metathorax and abdominal

segments. The antenne appear a little shorter than

those of globatus, and the last joints are subquadrate.

The wings are more or less deeply tinged; sometimes

almost hyaline. As to the legs, the only remaining

means of distinction, they are (at least the hind pair)

either altogether black, or the femora only; or the

femora are rufous with black streaks, or finally altogether

rufous, in which case the species become merged in

globatus. The following are the leading varieties :—

Var. 1, M. ambiguus, Ruthe.. Metathorax and segments 1-—2

finely rugulose; palpi testaceous with the basal joint dusky ; legs

rufous, cox and hind tarsi black. Length often only 14 lin.

Var. 2, M. maculatus, Ruthe. Metathorax and segments 1—2

more or less finely rugulose; palpi testaceous, or dusky at the base ;

British Braconide. 257

femora black at the base, or with a black stripe above and beneath,

most conspicuous on the middle, and least on the hind pair.

Length, about 13 lin.

Var. 3, M. vulgaris, Ruthe. Metathorax and segments 1—2

more finely rugulose; cox and femora black; fore femora with

the apical half, middle femora only at the tips, and hind femora

entirely, black or fuscous ; anterior tibie and tarsi entirely rufous ;

hind tibie at the tips, and their tarsi, generally black, or the last

wholly rufous. Length, 12—2 lin.

Var. 4, M. luctwosus, Hal., J. Palpi fuscous; fore legs with the

knees, tibiz, and tarsi, rufescent; middle tibie the same with the

apex fuscous; hind tibie rufescent only at the base; wings very

dark; lateral margins of segment 1 narrowly testaceous. Length,

2 lin.

Very common. A solitary parasite of small Lepi-

doptera. Bred by Bignell from Hmmelesia decolorata,

Hub. The pupe were buried during the winter. A 2 in

Fitch’s collection, answering to messorius, Hal. (tibise

testaceous, wings very dark), was reared by Hlisha,

June 9th, from Peronea Shepherdana, Ste. Brischke

bred it from Tachyptilia populella, Clerck. I possess

19 specimens, including most of the above varieties,

collected throughout the country, from Rannoch to the

Isle of Wight. Cocoons white.

16. Microgaster hospes, n. 8.

Niger, palpis fuscis, tibiis rufis; femoribus femine anterioribus

apice, posticis etiam lateribus, rufis, maris totis nigris. Ale hyaline,

squamulis nigris, nervis et stigmate ferrugineo-fuscis. Caput cum

mesothorace nitidum subtilissime confertim punctulatum ; scutellum

leve; metathorax et segmenta 1—2 punctato-rugulosa, ille haud

carinatus. Segmentum lmum subquadratum, basi non angustatum ;

2dum 8tio equale, hoc et seqq. levia nitida. Terebra abdominis

dimidio «qualis, curvata, valvulis clavatis. Valvula ventralis

magna, picea, acuta, anum non superans. Pedes quam M. novicio

crassiores, breviores, presertim feminz. Calcaria postica meta-

tarsi dimidio breviora.

Black; palpi fuscous, tibize rufous; anterior femora of the 2 at

the apex, hind femora also at the sides, rufous, those of the ¢

entirely black. Wings hyaline, squamule black, nervures and

stigma reddish fuscous. Head and mesothorax shining, thickly

and very finely punctulate; scutellum smooth; metathorax and

segments 1—2 punctato-rugulose, the former not carinated. Seg-

ment 1 subquadrate, not narrowed at the base; 2 as long as 3,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1885.—PART I. (APRIL.) §

258 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

which, with the remaining segments, is smooth and shining.

Terebra as long as } the abdomen, curved; the valves clavate.

Valvula ventralis large, pitchy, acute, not surpassing the anus.

Legs stouter and shorter than those of M. novicius (sp. 12),

especially in the 9. Hind spurs shorter than } the metatarsus.

3. Length, 13; wings, 33 lin.

Described from one male and two females. The belly

is not pale at the base. Antenne @ setaceous, attenuated

towards the apex. Certainly distinct from globatus-

tibialis, having a different facies; the wings are hyaline,

or nearly so; the metathorax is without a carina, the

terebra somewhat longer, and its valves more clavate.

From Scotland ; Cameron’s collection.

17. Microgaster crassicornis, Ruthe.

Microgaster Spinole, Hal., Ent. Mag., 11, 238, 3 ?

(not of other authors).

M. crassicornis, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeit., 1860, p. 124, 2.

Black; palpi blackish; legs rufo-testaceous, coxe, trochanters,

femora at the base, and tarsi, black. Wings infumated, squamule

black, nervures and stigma fuscous. Antenne ? filiform, stout,

hirsute, the 3 penultimate joints subquadrate ; of the g stouter,

longer than the body, subsetaceous. Face thickly punctulate,

gibbous above the clypeus. Mesothorax and scutellum smooth and

shining. Pleure sparingly punctulate in front. Metathorax and

segments 1—2 rugulose, subreticulated, the former carinated.

Segment 1 subquadrate, narrowed at the base, with a shining

tubercle at the apex; 3 and following smooth, shining. Terebra

almost + the abdomen; valves stout, subclavate. Valvula ventralis

acuminated, not reachine the anus. Legs stout; spurs of hind

tibie as long as + the metatarsus. ¢ 9. Length, 2; wings,

41 lin.

This, like the preceding, is not easily distinguished

from tibialis. It equals the largest of that species in

size; the antenne of the ? are of uniform thickness to

the apex, rather shorter than the body, and beset with

black hairs. Face covered with hoary pubescence. The

chief distinction in both sexes is the smoothness of the

thorax, without visible punctures as in globatus-tibialis.

The rufous legs appear not to vary much; the fore

femora are black at the base more or less, the 4 posterior

have a black basal streak above and below, broader on

the middie pair, which are sometimes altogether black.

British Braconide. 259

Haliday calls the palpi rufous, but this is within the

limits of usual variation.

Found rarely by Haliday on muddy coast of north

Treland. In Cameron’s collection are two males and

three females from Glenlyon, Scotland; also captured

by Sharp at Thornhill, and by me formerly at Loch

Rannoch. Brischke bred it at Danzig from Hupithecia

campanulata, Schiaff., and describes the cocoon as solitary,

thin, silky, white.

18. Microgaster spretus, n. s.

Niger, palpis pallidis, pedibus anterioribus rufo-testaceis, posticis

piceis, tibiis iisdem medio rufescentibus, coxis omnibus nigris,

tarsis anterioribus apice ipso, posticis totis, fuscis. Als hyaline,

squamulis, nervis, stigmate, piceis. Antenne perbreves, capite

eum thorace vix longiores, submoniliformes. Corpus totum sub-

nitidum. Caput subtilissime, mesothorax fortiter confertim punctu-

latus; scutellum medio leve ; metathorax subtiliter dense punctu-

latus, carinatus. Segmentum lmum vix longius quam latius,

lateribus fere parallelis, ruguloso-punctatum, truncatum, apice

medio emarginatum, longitudinaliter canaliculatum; segmentum

2 et seqq. levia, nitida, illud canaliculis 2 arcuatis antice diver-

gentibus in longitudinem tripartitum, articulatione suturiformi

curvata, postice concava. Terebra brevissima. Valvula ventralis

anum non attingens. Pedes breves, crassi; posticorum calear

internum metatarsi dimidio multo longius.

Black; palpi pale; 4 anterior legs rufo-testaceous, hind legs

piceous, their tibize rufescent in the middle; all the coxe black;

anterior tarsi at the tips, hind tarsi wholly, fuscous. Wings

hyaline, squamule, nervures, and stigma fuscous. Antenne very

short, hardly longer than the head and thorax, submoniliform.

Body rather shining. Head very finely, mesothorax thickly and

more strongly, punctulate ; scutellum smooth in the middle ; meta-

thorax thickly and finely punctulate, carinated. Segment 1 hardly

longer than broad, the sides nearly parallel, ruguloso-punctate,

truncated, emarginate behind in the middle, longitudinally canali-

culated; segment 2, and the rest, smooth and shining; 2 longi-

tudinally trisected by two curved impressed lines which diverge in

front; suturiform articulation curved, concave behind. Terebra

very short. Valvula ventralis not reaching the anus. Legs short,

stout; inner spur of hind tibiz much longer than 3 the metatarsus.

@. Length, 14; wings, 23 lin.

This and the following species are very distinct from all described

Microgasters, having the 2d segment smooth, and free from rugosity.

260 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Anterior legs somewhat dull testaceous; hind pair piceous, with

pale trochanters, and their tibia somewhat reddish in the middle.

Belly black, except a pellucid lateral basal spot. Antenne unlike

those of any other species; all the joints are short, and, after the

4th, moniliform, slightly tapering towards the apex, and not longer

than broad. Second segment shining, with only a few scattered

punctures ; divided into 8 lobes by two arcuate channels which

commence near one another on the hind margin and diverge to the

anterior angles. Four anterior legs very short, their tarsi longer

than the tibiw, and the spurs almost as long as the metatarsi ; hind

legs incrassated and longer, their spurs also nearly equal to the

metatarsi. Areolet minute, incomplete on the outer side, the other

2 sides closely approximated, and, with the 1st abscissa of the

radius, much incrassated ; outer nervures decolorous.

The only specimen was bred by Bignell from Rhodo-

phea consociella, Hub. Cocoon not preserved.

19. Microgaster politus, nu. s.

Ater, palpis pallidis basi fuscis, ventre toto pedibusque nigris, his

flavo-variis. Ale hyalinz, apicem versus subinfuscate ; squamule

niere ; nervi cum stigmate fusci; areola cubitalis 2da triquetra, modo

non completa. Corpus totum nitidum. Caput, mesothorax, scu-

tellum, subtilissime parcius punctulata, fere levia. Metathorax

subrugulosus, haud carinatus. Abdomen depressum, ventre leviter

convexo, basi compresso; segmentum Imum non longius quam

latius, basi impressum, marginatum, subtilius striolatum, apice

rotundato-truncatum ; segmentum 2dum transversum, 3tio equale,

marginatum, cum ceteris levissimum. Pedes subgraciles ; calcaria

postica metatarsi dimidio paulo longiora.

Deep black; palpi pale, fuscous at the base; belly entirely, and

legs black, the latter partly flavo-testaceous. Wings hyaline, some-

what dusky towards the apex; squamule black; nervures and

stigma fuscous ; areolet triangular, almost complete. Entire body

shining. Head, mesothorax, and scutellum rather sparingly and

very finely punctulate, almost smooth. Metathorax subrugulose,

not carinated. Abdomen depressed, belly convex, compressed at

the base; segment 1 not longer than broad, impressed at the base,

margined, finely striolated, rounded and truncate at the apex;

2 transverse, as long as 8, margined, and very smooth, like all the

rest of the segments. Legs rather slender; spurs of hind tibixw a

little longer than } the metatarsus. ¢. Length, 14; wings,

34 lin.

Remarkakle on account of the smoothness of the 2d abdominal

segment, It resembles Apanteles longicaudis 8, with the wings

British Braconde. 261

of a Microgaster. The shining body, smooth abdomen, and colour

of the legs are the chief peculiarities. Femora black, the 4 anterior

flavo-testaceous at the apex; all the lower trochanters flavo-

testaceous; 4 anterior tibie flavo-testaceous at both ends, the fore

pair inclining to fuscous in the middle; hind tibie black, except

the base; tarsi infuscated, hind pair darkest. Antenne longer

than the body, setaceous. Entire abdomen smooth and shining,

only the Ist segment minutely aciculated; segment 2 not half as

long as broad, with two marginal channels somewhat converging

in front; 3 about as long as 2. Second cubital areolet triangular,

the sides not much incrassated, outer side interrupted as usual near

the lower angle.

I captured this insect in a wood near my house at

Nunton, Wilts, in 1884.

XII. AGATHIDIDES.

Clypeus entire; mouth closed. Maxillary palpi 5—6, labial

3—4-jointed. Vertex short; occiput excavated. Mesothoracic

sutures distinct. Abdomen sessile; sutures distinet. Cubital

areolets 2 or 3; in the latter case the 2d is minute, subquadrate or

triangular; radial areolet minute, narrow, lanceolate, not nearly

reaching the apex of the wing; nervures distinct; recurrent ner-

vure rejected; pobrachial areolet as long as the prebrachial, or

longer. Terebra elongate.

This subfamily, comprising the rest of Wesmael’s

Aréolaires, is easily known from the Microgasterides by

the small radial areolet, scarcely broader, and not much

longer, than the stigma, ending long before the apex of

the wing. The number of joints in the antenne is

variable in the species and sexes; the mesothorax tri-

lobate ; the 1st abdominal segment with hardly any, or

with no, membranaceous edges; the abdomen longer,

and in the ? not strongly carinated beneath ; the valvula

ventralis less conspicuous, being flattened against the

belly ; and the terebra never very short.

The Agathidides are somewhat poorly represented in

Europe, and especially in Great Britain; but in the

equatorial regions, where they supplant the Microgasters,

the number of species, rivalling the Bracons in size and

colours, in incalculable.

The genus Agathis was founded by Latreille in 1805,

to include species which have the face triangularly

produced. Those without this peculiarity were arranged

by Nees v. Esenbeck, in 1814, under his genus Microdus.

262 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

In 1887 Wesmael divided Microdus into two subgenera,

Earinus and Therophilus, characterised by the presence

or absence of the nervure dividing the Ist cubital areolet

from the prediscoidal. Férster, in 1862, published the

same two divisions as genera, but with new names,

Diatmetus and Humicrodus.* Reinhard, the latest writer

upon this group, has judiciously sanctioned the names

Earinus and Microdus, which are here adopted. In

Forster’s Synoptical Table we find Microdus and its

allies erected into a new subfamily, distinct from Agathis,

which he calls EHwmicrodoide, but which others might

prefer to write Humicrodontoide. The alleged ground of

separation is nothing but the comparative length or

shortness of the face, which in our opinion is not a

sufficient reason for the establishment of a subfamily,

the rest of the structure in both groups being similar.

At this rate Vipio must constitute a new subfamily apart

from Bracon, and our Apanteles naso (ante, sp. 48), with

two cognate species described by Reinhard, should form

another group equal in value to the Microgasterides.

Declining to admit this inconsistency, we have regarded

Agathis, Microdus and their allies, as forming one

natural subfamily, Agathidides. The genus Orgilus,

Hal. (Ischius, Wesm.), was invented for the reception of

Microdus obscurator, Nees, having only two cubital

areolets, and otherwise aberrant; to which have since

been added a few more species.

TABLE OF GENERA.

(6) 1. Three cubital areolets in the fore wings.

(3) 2. Face triangularly produced, rostriform .. i. AGaruis, Latr.

(2) 3. Face of the usual form.

(5) 4. First cubital areolet separated by a distinct

nervure from the prediscoidal .. .. Ui. Earinus, Wesm.

(4) 5. First cubital areolet not so separated .. ii. Micropus, Nees.

(1) 6. Two cubital areolets in the fore wings .. iv. Orarnus, Hal.

* Forster objected to Microdus that it had already been used as

the name of a genus of fishes, and therefore proposed to eall it

Eumicrodus. According to entomological rules this is not neces-

sary, for the name in ichthyology is Microdon, which is not quite

the same; and further, Microdon (like Mastodon, Megalodon, and

many more) being wrongly formed, should not take precedence

over the correctly-spelt Microdus.

British Braconide. 263

i, Acatuts (Latr.).

Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1837, p. 23.

Maxillary palpi 5-, labial 4-jointed. Face, maxille, and labium

produced, rostriform. Mesothorax distinctly trilobate. Mesopleure

with traces of a longitudinal furrow. Three cubital areolets, the

first (as in Microdus) confused with the prediscoidal.

Viewed in front, the head is elongate-triangular, obtusely cari-

nated, with a fovea on each side above the labium; face perpen-

dicular ; eyes naked, globose, prominent; occiput obscurely mar-

gined. Body elongate. Abdominal segments 1—8 longer than the

rest taken together; segment 1 slightly narrowed towards the base,

and rugulose ; 2 with a deep fovea at each hinder angle, between

which fovez is a gibbous space. Segments 2 and 8 marked with a

curved transverse impression, which in the small British species is

not very conspicuous. Wings infuscated, with a decolorous streak

under the stigma, breaking the continuity of the nervures. The

wings being identical with those of Microdws, only the form of the

head can be used as a divisional character.

The Agathides are not common in this country. Only

28 specimens have come to my knowledge belonging to

two nearly-allied species, both of which have been bred

from Lepidoptera.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

) 1. Abdomen rufous in the middle .. 1. malvacearum (Latr.), Nees.

(1) 2. Abdomen entirely black.

) 3. Rostrum longer than the head;

wings very dark .. ae

(3) 4. Rostrum not longer than the head ;

wings lighter.

(6) 5. Palpi rufous, black at the base .. 5. rwjipalpis, Nees.

(5) 6. Palpi blackish.

7. Areolet quadrangular; terebra as

long as the abdomen .. .. 4. brevisetis, Nees.

(7) 8. Areolet triangular, subobsolete ;

terebra as long as the body .. 3. anglica, n.s.

2. nigra, Nees.

1. Agathis malvacearum (Latr.), Nees.

Agathis malvacearum, Laty., H. N., xiii., 175; Nees,

Monee Id 37 he:

Ichneumon Panzeri, Jur., Hym., pl. viii, f. 2.

Black, shining; abdomen in the middle, and legs, rufous; coxe,

trochanters, femora at the base, posterior tibie at the apex, and

tarsi, black. Wings pale at the base, darker at the apex ; 2d cubital

264 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

areolet small, subquadrate. Terebra longer than the body. 3 @

Length, 3} lin.

Metathorax bicarinated, each carina with a row of punctures on

both sides; the space between the carine transversely striolated.

Segment 1 striato-rugulose at the base; its apical half rufous ;

segment 2 rufous with the hind margin black. Wings. whitish

from the base to about the middle, afterwards darker; areolet

forming a truncated triangle.

A species of central and southern Europe, but said by

Stephens to have been taken by himself in the London

district, though no recent captures are recorded. A

male and two females are in Walker’s collection at

Oxford, as I am informed by Westwood, but some

proof is required to show that Walker took them in this

country.

Giraud bred it in France from Parasia lappella, L.,

and Goureau, in great numbers, from P. carlinella, Doug].

(Ann. Soc. Fr., 1858, p. 275).

2. Agathis nigra, Nees.

Agathis nigra, Nees, Mon., 1., 128; Wesm., Nouv.

Mém: Acs Brux:, 1887, p. 23, oy 23 18s ve, Voll;

Pinaic.pl.29 124,09

Black, with black palpi; anterior femora at the apex broadly,

and all the tibix, rufo-testaceous; posterior tibie tipped with

black. Wings fuscous, with a whitish streak below the stigma,

which, with the squamule and nervures, is black. Antenne $ 9?

22—24-jointed. Rostrum longer than the head. Head and thorax

smooth and shining; mesothorax with a few vague punctures;

metathorax uneven, with two longitudinal carine and a few trans-

verse lateral wrinkles. Segment 1 with a deep basal fovea, longi-

tudinally convex from thence to the apex, weakly striolated at the

base, the rest of the abdomen smooth and shining. Radial areolet

longer and more acute than that of A. anglica; 2d abscissa of the

radius obsolete; 3d abscissa straight; 2d cubital areolet triangular,

petiolated, sometimes irregular or obsolete. Terebra 4 longer than

the body. g§ @. Length, 2; wings, 34 lin.

Distinguished from other species by the longer rostrum,

and intense colour of the wings. Coxe and trochanters

black; 4 posterior femora in British examples con-

colorous ; in two cases the hind tibiz bear vestiges of a

dusky ring near the base ; intermediate tibie also black

at the tips. The 2d cubital areolet is very irregular.

British Braconide. 265

Rare; but eleven specimens, five males and six females,

have fortunately been bred by Elisha from Hupecilia

roseana, Haw., August 18th.

8. Agathis anglica, n. 8.

Ater, femorum anteriorum apice late, tibiisque, testaceis, pos-

terioribus apice fuscis, ante basin obsolete fusco annulatis, tarsis

‘fuscis. Ali infuscate, squamulis, stigmate, nervis, nigricantibus.

Antenne $ 9 29—81-articulate. Rostrum quam A. nigr@e multo

brevius. Caput, mesothorax, scutellum, levia, nitida ; metathorax

subrugulosus, femine nonnihil levior, carinis 2 longitudinalibus

approximatis, postice divergentibus. Segmentum Imum ut in sp.

precedente conformatum, sed basi lve, alioquin aciculatum ;

cetera levia, nitida; segmentum 2 ut in sp. precedente. Areola

radialis minuta, stigmate minor; radii abscissa 2da obsoleta, 3tia

nonnihil curvata, introrsum concava; areola cubitalis 2da tenuis-

sima, fere obsoleta, subtriangularis. Terebra corpori longitudine

sequalis.

So like the preceding that it will suffice to point out the differences.

Posterior tibia with a dusky ring before the base ; wings less deeply

tinted ; antenne with more joints ; rostrum much shorter ; segment

1 smooth at the base, aciculated behind; radial areolet shorter, 3d

abscissa of the radius curved; areolet not petiolated; terebra not

longer than the body. g @. Length, 13; wings, 3+ lin.

Commoner than A. nigra; I have taken several speci-

mens, though only one male and two females now remain,

captured at Milford Haven. W. H. B. Fletcher has bred

a ? from Coleophora albitarsella, Zell., or discordella,

Yell., and a ¢ from Depressaria nervosa, Haw.

4, Agathis brevisetis, Nees. (PI. VI., figs. 8, 8a).

Agathis breviseta, Nees, Mon., Ip dioleeg ee cy West.

Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1887, p. 25, 2; 8. v.

Wollt meine. ples 29, to O50 Se

Black; anterior femora at the apex broadly, and tibiz, testaceous,

posterior tipped with black and with a black ring before the base ;

tarsi black, testaceous at the base. Wings infuscated, squamule,

stigma, and nervures blackish. Antenne g @ 27—82-jointed.

Head, mesothorax, and scutellum smooth and shining ; metathorax

subrugulose, with 2 smooth discal spaces, sometimes obsolete,

between which are 2 faint carinw, somewhat diverging hindwards.

Segment 1 with a smooth basal excavation, the rest aciculated ; the

other segments smooth and shining. Radial areolet broader and

266 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

longer than in the preceding; 2d abscissa of the radius not quite

obsolete, punctiform, being the upper side of the subquadrate

areolet. Terebra as long as the abdomen. g 9. Length, 2;

wings, 34 lin.

Distinguishable from the last only by the shorter tere-

bra, and a small difference in the wings. Third abscissa

of the radius straight; 2d cubital areolet quadrangular,

narrowed towards the stigma; radial areolet larger. It

is also very like Microdus cingulipes, Nees, but, besides

the generic distinction, the latter may be known by

having the areolet stirrup-shaped and petiolated, and the

hind tibize whitish.

W. 4H. B. Fletcher bred a 3 from EHuchromia mygin-

dana, Schiff., June 18th; Snellen three males in July

from Chrosis rutilana, Hiib.; Brischke, from Cleodora

striatella, Hub. ; Bouché, from Pyrausta purpuralis, L.,

according to Ratzeburg. Three males were taken by me,

and two males and three females by Bignell, in Devon-

shire; three females in Scotland, by Cameron.

5. Agathis rufipalpis, Nees.

Agathis rufipalpis, Nees, Mon.,i., 129; Wesm., Nouv.

Mém. Ac. Brux., 1837, p. 24, 3 2.

Black, shining; maxillary palpi, except the base, and legs partly,

rufous. Wings fuscous; areolet subsessile. Segment 1 striolated.

Terebra longer than the body. ¢ 2. Length, 2 lin.

First joint of maxillary palpi wholly, and 2d at the base, black ;

labial brownish black. Abdomen subrugulose at the base, not

carinated. Legs variable; fore pair testaceous, their trochanters,

and femora beneath at the base, black, their tarsi (and those of the

middle pair) fuscous, the Ist jomt testaceous; middle legs black,

their femora at the apex, and their tibiew, testaceous; hind legs

black, tibie testaceous, the apex black.

I have seen but one of this species, which Curtis

(Guide, 2d ed., column 116) reported to be British, and

in his collection. Taken originally by Nees at Sickers-

hausen, and by Bonelli in Italy. Bred by Brischke

from Nannodia Hermannella, Fab. Elisha reared one

? from the same victim, July 6th.

267

British Braconide.

ii. Harinus, Wesm.

Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1837, p. 8.

Maxillary palpi 5-, labial 3-jointed. Face not produced or rostri-

form. Mesothorax obsoletely trilobate. Mesopleure without a

furrow. Three cubital areolets, the 1st separated from the pre-

discoidal.

To this genus belong a few rather large species with

hyaline wings. The nervure separating the Ist cubital

from the prediscoidal is largely interrupted. According

to Reinhard the mesothorax is not trilobate; never-

theless the sutures are always slightly indicated.

TaBLE OF SPECIES.

(2) 1. Mesothorax rufous ate he .. 8. nitidulus, Nees, var.

(1) 2. Mesothorax black.

(4) 3. Second abdominal segment rufous .. 2. zonatus, n. 8.

(3) 4. Second abdominal segment black.

(8) 5. Hind coxe rufous.

(7) 6. Hind tibia rufous, white at the base ;

terebra as long as theabdomen .. 3. nitidulus, Nees.

(6) 7. Hind tibie whitish, the tips and a

basal ring fuscous ; terebra as long

as the thorax and abdomen .. 1. gloriatorius, Panz., var.

(5) 8. Hind coxe black A ae .. 1. gloriatorius, Panz.

1. Earinus gloriatorius, Panz. (Pl. VL, fig. 4).

Bassus gloriatorius, Panz., F. G., cii., 17, 3 (1809).

Microdus gloriator, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1814,

p. 188); Mon.,1., 145, 3.

M. (Earinus) affinis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1837, p. 11; delusor, Wesm., lib. cit., p. 12 (var.

with rufous coxe and trochanters), ¢ ¢; 8. v.

Voll., Pinac., pl. 29, f. 7, 7a, 7 b (details of head,

thorax, and hind leg).

Black; palpi yellowish; legs rufo-testaceous, hind tibie yellow,

their tips, a spot or ring near the base, and all the tarsi, fuscous ;

coxe usually black, sometimes rufo-testaceous. Wings hyaline,

squamule and base of the nervures testaceous, the rest and the

stigma rufo-fuscous. Body shining, thinly beset with white hairs,

those on the head and thorax blackish. Antenne ¢ ? 31—35-

jointed. Labial palpi 3-jointed. Head and mesothorax with

minute scattered punctures ; sutures of the latter just visible, con-

verging posteriorly into a smooth fovea before the scutellum, which

is also smooth; metathorax almost smooth, margined, bicarinated,

268 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

the apical angles somewhat produced. Segment 1 striolated, with

2 carine vanishing before the apex; basal fovea large, oblong,

smooth ; segment 2 more or less striolated in the transverse de-

pression. Terebra as long as the body without the head. ¢ ?

Length, 24; wings, 5 lin.

The sexes are similar; the antenne of the ¢ have

only 2—8 more joints than those of the @. Segments

1—2 are always more or less aciculated, never quite

smooth. Wesmael’s delusor is certainly not distinct ; I

have taken it commonly with the others at the same

time and place.

Common in Devonshire; taken by Bignell and myself

near Plymouth and Teignmouth; also in numbers on

the banks of the Usk at Abergavenny, in May and June ;

by Bridgman at Norwich, and Fitch at Maldon.

2. Harinus zonatus, n. 8.

Niger, ore, palpis, flagelli dimidio basali, macula pone oculos

orbitali, abdominis segmento 2do, pedibusque totis, rufo-testaceis.

Ale leviter infumatz, squamulis rufo-testaceis, nervis, stigmate,

fuscis. Antenne maris 82-articulate. Metathorax transversim

rugosus, carinis 2 basi et apice junctis medio divergentibus in-

structus. Mesopleure nitide, punctulate, fovea crenata nulla.

Segmentum lmum striolatum, basi excavatum; cetera leevia

nitida. Areola cubitalis Ima a prediscoidali nervo distinctissimo

sejuncta; cubitalis 2da triquetra, petiolata, incompleta.

Black; mouth, palpi, basal half of the flagellum, an orbital spot

behind the eyes, 2d abdominal segment, and legs entirely, with

coxe and tarsi, rufo-testaceous. Wings slightly infumated,

squamule rufo-testaceous, nervures and stigma fuscous. Antenne

3 82-jointed. Metathorax transversely rugose, with two carine

diverging in the middle, united at each end. Mesopleure shining,

punctulate, without a crenate fovea. Segment 1 striolated, exca-

vated at the base; the rest smooth and shining. First cubital

areolet-very distinctly separated from the preediscoidal ; 2d petio-

lated, imperfect. g. Length, 13; wings, 3 lin.

Described from two specimens in Fitch’s collection.

Their mesothorax is damaged by pins, but the trilobed

structure is discernible, imperfect and effaced in front.

The legs are entirely rufo-testaceous, only the claws

dusky. The 2d segment is rufo-testaceous, trans-

versely bisected by an impressed line, fainter in the

middle.

Bred from Hupecilia notulana, Zell.

British Braconide. 269

3. Earinus nitidulus, Nees.

Microdus nitidulus, Nees, Mon., i., 144; M. (Harinus)

nitidulus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1837,

bso. pLa(wing), 3) 2.

Var. M. thoracicus, Nees, Mon.,i., 143, 9 ; M. (Harinus)

thoracicus, Wesm., lib. cit., p. 9, 2 (mesothorax

TULOUS) > Oa ve Voll, Einae., pli2Z0 tO) 2:

Black; palpi testaceous; legs rufous, hind tibie broadly whitish

at the base, tarsi black. Wings hyaline, squamule testaceous,

stigma blackish; 3d abscissa of the radius sinuated. Antenne

& 2 386—87-jointed. Head and thorax beset with whitish pube-

scence; mesothorax finely punctulate, the sutures faintly traced ;

metathorax with 2 carine, which diverge near the base and thence

run parallel to each other to the apex ; between them sometimes is

a third imperfect carina. Abdomen smooth, shining; segment 1

tricarinated, the middle carina not touching the base. Terebra as

long asthe abdomen. gf ?. Length, 3 ln.

Unknown to me; the only authority for its occurrence

in England is Cur., Guide, 2d ed., column 116. Brischke

describes the cocoon as ‘6mm. long, 2mm. broad,

almost cylindrical, moderately hard, white, somewhat

rough’’; there is such a specimen in the Ruthian

collection.

ili. Micropus, Nees.

Nees, Act. Ac. L. C., 1818, p. 804; Reinh., Berl. ent.

Zeit., 1867, p. 351.

Maxillary palpi 5-, labial 4- or 3-jointed. Face not produced or

rostriform. Mesothorax more distinctly trilobate. Mesopleure

with a rugulose furrow. ‘Three cubital areolets, the 1st confused

with the prediscoidal.

The only available character for distinguishing this

genus from the preceding is the absence, or rather the

incompleteness, of the nervure which divides the 1st

cubital areolet from the prediscoidal. As all writers

since Wesmael are agreed to sanction this principle, it is

here admitted. Nevertheless the character is of no

more than sectional or specific value, and begins already

to lead to inconvenient results. JI am acquainted with

one species which is technically excluded from Harinus

by its distinct mesothoracic sutures, and equally from

Microdus because it exhibits the dividing nervure.

270 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

TABLE OF SPECIES.

(12) 1. Second abdominal segment smooth,

or with only some faint rugulosity

at the base of the curved trans-

verse impression.

(3) 2. Mesothorax rufous .. vs 5. calculator, var.

(2) 3. Mesothorax black.

(5) 4. Hind coxe rufous .. oC .. 3. tumidulus, var.

(4) 5. Hind coxe black.

(11) 6. Hind tibiw rufous, their apex fuscous.

(8) 7

. Segment 2 more or less testaceous ;

(length, 3 lines) .. bc .. 1. linguarius, Nees.

(7) 8. Segment 2 entirely black.

(10) 9. Orbits and squamule black ; length,

3 lines te 56 oe .. 2. Clausthalianus, Ratz.

(9) 10. Orbits partly, squamule wholly,

rufous ; length, 2+ lines .. 3. tumidulus, Nees.

(6) 11. Hind tibize white and black .. .. 4. cingulipes, Nees.

(1) 12. Second abdominal segment wholly or

partially striolated.

(16) 13. Third segment entirely smooth.

(15) 14. Mesothorax rufous .. 5. calculator, Panz.

(14) 15. Mesothorax black... ate .. 6. brevicaudis, Reinh.

(13) 16. Third segment with one half at leas

rugulose.

(18) 17. Hind coxe rufous; sometimes black

at the base .. aie a0 .. 17. rufipes, Nees.

(17) 18. Hind cox black.

(20) 19. Hind tibiw half white, half black .. 8. rugulosus, Nees.

(19) 20. Hind tibie rufous, their apex black 9. mediator, Nees.

1. Microdus linguarius, Nees.

Microdus linguarius, Nees, Mon.,i., 149; Reinh., Berl.

ent. Zeit., 1867, p. 149, 3 2.

Black, shining; palpi black; legs rufo-testaceous, cox and tro-

chanters black, hind tibiz sometimes, and tarsi always, fuscous at

the apex; segment 2 rufo-testaceous at the sides and above, where

there is a more or less extended, isolated, black patch. Wings

rufo-fuscescent, squamule black, nervures and stigma fuscous.

Face triangular, subproduced. Antenne 27—30-jointed. Meso-

pleure subrugulose beneath, with a crenulate fovea. Metathorax

reticulato-rugulose, with 2 approximate carine, diverging in the

middle. Segment 1 striolated, depressed at the base, where the

margins are obtusely raised, emitting 2 faint carinw, which are

effaced before the middle; gibbous posteriorly ; the other segments

smooth and shining. Nervure between the Ist cubital areolet and

the prediscoidal widely interrupted. Terebra longer than the body,

British Braconide. O71

or thrice the length of the abdomen. ¢@. Length, f 2, ? 3;

wings, 4—5} lin.

Described from one male and two females. The male

differs in having the 2d segment entirely black above ;

the antenne are 27-jointed. Those of the females are

29- and 30-jointed respectively. In one the 2d segment

is margined with black posteriorly. Belly pale at the

base. Second cubital areolet triangular, petiolated.

The species is next in size to Clausthalianus.

I captured the g at Milford Haven, and one ? near

St. Albans; the other is of unknown origin. Nees v.

Ksenbeck records a pair taken by him at Sickershausen.

2. Microdus Clausthalianus, Ratz.

Microdus Clausthalianus, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., i., 58,

plo yi., f. 12, 2 Remh:-Berl:.ent. Zeit:, 1867;

p- 354, Sf 2.

Black ; mandibles, palpi, and legs, rufo-testaceous, including the

trochanters ; cox black, the anterior sometimes pitchy beneath;

hind tibiz at the tips, and their tarsi, fuscous. Wings infumated,

squamule black, nervures and stigma fuscous. Antenne J 9 365-

jointed, rather longer than the body. Mesopleure smooth and

shining, rugulose only in front, and beneath the crenulate fovea.

Metathorax reticulato-rugulose, with vestiges of the usual carine ;

evenly convex, and not, as in twmidulus, gibbous behind the middle.

Segment 1 striolated ; 2 with a medial, transverse, arcuate, im-

pressed line, smooth and shining, like the remaining segments.

Terebra as long as the body; its valves setaceous. g 2. Length,

3; wings, 53 lin.

Three males and five females are in Fitch’s collection.

The species looks like a large tumidulus ; but the squamule

are black instead of rufous, the palpi wholly pale, the

orbits without a rufous spot; the antenne have a few

more joints, and the metathorax is differently shaped ;

but the last character is difficult to seize. Ratzeburg

describes it as 3 lines long, which is correct, but his fig.

represents it 23 lines, or nearly the size of tumidulus,

raising a doubt whether the real Clausthalianus has been

used for the illustration. The rufous orbits of twmidulus

are not a constant character, and probably the size of

this species and the colour of the squamul are the only

real means of discrimination.

Two males and three females were bred singly from

272 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Semasia rufillana, Wilk., in July ; and another pair from

Depressaria scopariella, Hein. Also a ? by W. Bennett

from Ephippiophora scutulana (i. e., either cirsiana, Zell.,

or Pflugiana, Haw.). Ratzeburg records that several

females were reared by Saxesen from Tortrix hercyniana,

Tr., in the Harz mountains. Cocoon 5 lines long, re-

sembling tissue-paper.

3. Microdus tumidulus, Nees. (Pl. VI., fig. 5).

Microdus tuwmidulus, Nees, Mon., i., 147; Wesm.,

Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1837, p. 16, pl. (wing) ;

Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1867, p. 354, 3 2.

Black; maxillary palpi dusky, or pale with the basal joint dusky ;

labial dusky with the apical joint pale; a spot on the posterior

orbits, and the legs, rufo-testaceous; cox, upper trochanters, hind

tibie at the apex, and their tarsi, black; sometimes the hind tibiz

are obsoletely ringed with dusky near the base. Wings infuscated,

squamule testaceous or pitchy, nervures and stigma fuscous.

Antenne ¢ 9 28—80-jointed. Metathorax somewhat gibbous

behind the middle, and sloping thence abruply to the apex, rugulose,

with 2 carine diverging in the middle and enclosing an ovate space.

The rest as in the preceding species. Terebra as long as the body.

$?. Length, 13—23; wings, 23—4} lin.

Var. 1, 2. Hind coxe rufo-testaceous.

Var. 2, ¢ 2. Orbits entirely black.

Five specimens, two males and three females, taken

near St. Albans; and one male bred by W. H. B. Fletcher,

of Worthing, from Ptochewusa inopella, Gell.; the last

belongs to var. 2. According to Reinhard bred once by

Méschler from pupa (?) of Phthoroblastis acuminatana,

Ill., which feeds on Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.

4. Microdus cingulipes, Nees.

Microdus cingulipes, Nees, Mon., 1., 148, 2; Wesm.,

Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1837, p. 18; Reinh., Berl.

ent. Zeit., 1867, p. 354, 3 2.

Black; palpi dusky, hardly paler at the apex ; 4 anterior femora

at the apex, and their tibie, rufo-testaceous; hind tibie white, the

apex, and a ring near the base, blackish; hind tarsi white at the

base; the other tarsi darkened towards the last joint, which is

black. Wings slightly infuscated, squamule black, nervures and

stigma fuscous. Antenne ¢ 9 80—81-jointed. Metathorax rugu-

lose, with 2 more or less obsolete carine, effaced before the apex,

British Braconide. 273

enclosing a somewhat raised area. Second segment smooth, with

a transverse impression; the following segments also smooth and

shining. Second cubital areolet petiolated, stirrup-shaped. Terebra

as long asthe body. g¢ 2. Length, 2; wings, 3} lin.

Extremely like the preceding, but, besides the colour

of the legs, it may be known by the radial areolet, con-

tracted into a mere line, the curved radius following the

contour of the stigma; the areolet is more distinctly

petiolated; the squamule black ; the body shorter and

broader ; and the 1st abdominal segment rather narrower

at the base.

Common; generally found on Umbellifere. Two

females are in Fitch’s collection; and I took a pair at

Niton, Isle of Wight, in 1884; several specimens formerly

in my collection have perished.

According to Giraud bred by Fallou from Hupithecia

helveticaria, Boisd., found feeding upon juniper at

Fontainebleau.

5. Microdus calculator, Fab.

Ichneumon calculator, Fab., KE. §8., Suppl., 225 ; caleu-

latorius, Panz., F. G., lxxxiii., 18, ?.

Bassus calculator, Fab., Piez., 98; Cur., B. E.,

plo lxxaia, 3

Microdus calculator, Nees, Mon., 1., 144; Reinh., Berl.

ent. Zeit., 1867, p. 355, 3 2.

M. abscissus, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., 1., 58; u., 46,

pl. ii, £. 22; iii, 45.

Black; mandibles, palpi, mesothorax, anterior pleure, fore and

middle legs, rufo-testaceous; coxe black (anterior coxe of the g

rufo-testaceous) ; hind legs black, their femora tipped with rufous

and the base of their tibix dirty white. Wings only slightly in-

fumated, iridescent, with the usual hyaline streak, stigma and ner-

vures fuscous. Metathorax rugose. Segments 1—2 striolated,

2 with a transverse impressed line, the apex and the remaining

segments smooth and shining. Terebra as long as the thorax and

abdomen. $9, Length, 24—8 lin.

A typical species, the wings having no vestige of the

nervure dividing the 1st cubital areolet from the pre-

discoidal. Ratzeburg says the antenne of the % are

shorter than the body, but they are not so represented

by Curtis. Belly whitish at the base, and cariniform

throughout its length. Segment 1 narrowly edged with

pale colour at the sides and apex.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—paRTI. (APRIL.) T

274 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

This species seems to have been found in England

only by Curtis, and no recent specimens are forth-

coming. The locality named isthe New Forest, about a

mile to the north of Lyndhurst, where early in September,

1822, Curtis captured both sexes alighting on the flat

stump of a felled tree. Others have been taken in

central Europe and Italy. The ¢ was bred by Ratze-

burg from buds of pine-tree occupied by Pissodes notatus,

Fab., at Borutin, in Upper Silesia. The @ by Tischbein

from Orchesia micans, Panz. By Giraud also from

a Boletus with Scardia boleti, Fab., and Tinea parasitella,

Hub. By Schénbach from galls of the beech-tree.

6. Microdus brevicaudis, Reinh.

Microdus brevicaudis, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1867,

prooo, 2.

@. Black; palpiat the apex testaceous; anterior femora at the

apex, and their tibie, rufo-testaceous, hind tibie whitish, fuscous

at the tips and below the base. Wings infumated. Antenne 29-

jointed. Mesothorax distinctly trilobate. Mesopleure shining, im-

pressed with a crenate furrow. Segments 1—2 rugulose; 2 at the

apex, and all the following segments, smooth. Terebra a little

longer than } the abdomen. Areolet sessile, subquadrate, Length,

12 lin.

The 1st segment is longitudinally rugose, the rugulosity of the

2d is very fine, consisting of transverse curved lines, concave

anteriorly. Hind tarsi blackish brown, whitish at the base.

The above is Reinhard’s description of the ? , which I

have not seen. ‘The following is very likely to be the

3, but from the nature of the case there can be no

certainty :—

&. Palpi black; hind tibie the same colour as the others, fus-

cous at the tips and below the base. Antenne 29-jointed. Second

segment with a triangular striolated discal patch, the apex of which

reaches the hind margin; the sides smooth; striae somewhat

sinuated, but not transverse, nor concave anteriorly. In other

respects the specimen agrees with Reinhard’s description, and,

according to his table, it is brevicaudis.

Reinhard does not say much about the wings. Those

of the ¢ have the 1st cubital areolet divided from the

prediscoidal by a visible nervure, contrary to the law of

the genus Microdus; while the trilobate structure of the

mesothorax excludes the species from Harimus.

British Braconde. 275

The specimen is in Fitch’s collection, and was bred,

July 24th, from the larva-case of Coleophora troglodytella,

Dup., at Guestling, near Hastings.

7. Microdus rufipes, Nees.

Microdus rufipes, Nees, Mon., i., 146; Wesm., Nouv.

Mém. Ac. Brux., 1837, ‘p. 15; Ratz., Ichn. d.

Forst., ii., 47; Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeit., 1867,

preven =

Black; palpi dull testaceous; legs, including the cox, rufo-

testaceous; posterior, or only the hind tibix, and their tarsi, tipped

with fusecous. Wings slightly infumated, squamulie subtestaceous,

or pitchy, nervures and stigma fuscous. Antenne § 2 382—34-

jointed. Mesothorax deeply trilobate. Metathorax rugose, with a

medial carina not reaching the hind margin. Mesopleure with a

crenate fovea. Segments 1—2, and half of 38, striolated; 2 with a

curved, and 8 with a straight, transverse impressed line. Second

cubital areolet stirrup-shaped, shortly petiolated; nervure separating

the 1st cubital areolet from the praediscoidal inchoate at both ends.

Terebra as long as the body without the head. $@. Length,

2—23; wings, 4—4# lin.

Var. Anterior half of the 2d abdominal segment rufous.

The 2d segment in some specimens is pitchy, or sub-

ferruginous; in one ¢ the hind coxe are black at the

base. But the general colour of the legs, together with

the extended rugulosity of the abdomen, are good

characters by which to determine the species. According

to Nees all the tibie are tipped with fuscous, and the

terebra is as long as the body ; hence Wesmael doubts

whether his own rufipes is the same; but such dis-

crepancies are not of much consequence.

Four males and two females from Darenth Wood, and

a male bred by Elisha, July 31st, from Coleophora

gryphipennella, Bouché. Giraud also bred it from a

Coleophora, and Goossens from Pardia tripunctana, Fab.

According to Ratzebure, Bouché reared male and female

from Hedya ocellana, Fab.; and again from Andricus

terminalis, Fab., in which several lepidopterous larve

are to be found.

276 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

8. Microdus rugulosus, Nees.

Microdus rugulosus, Nees, Mon., i., 148, 2; Reinh.,

Berl. ent. Zeit., 1867, p. 857, 3 2.

Black ; palpi fuscous, the maxillary rufous at the tips; anterior

femora and tibize rufous; basal half of hind tibie white with a

fuscous ring, the other half black; spurs white; hind tarsi black,

white at the extreme base. Wings infumated. Segments 1—3

punctulato-rugulose, 2—8 in the middle transversely impressed ;

the other segments smooth and shining. Second cubital areolet

sessile. Terebra as long as the body without the head. ¢ 2.

Length, 2 lin.

Var. Anterior coxe and hind femora rufous, the latter tipped

with black; segment 2 rufescent at the base.

Introduced as British on the authority of Curtis, Guide,

2d ed., column 116; no specimens being at hand. The

description is from Nees and Reinhard. According to

Nees it differs from cingulipes in the rugulosity of the

abdomen, and the form of the 2d cubital areolet. Seg-

ment 1 rimuloso-striate; 2—3 punctulato-rugulose and

dull, each with a straight transverse medial depression ;

3 on the hind margin, and ali the following, smooth and

shining. Reinhard says the terebra is as long as the

body. Coxe and upper trochanters black, the lower

rufous. Anterior legs rufous, their femora narrowly

black at the base.

One 2? was taken by Nees v. Esenbeck at Sickers-

hausen. Subsequently, according to Reinhard, obtained

at Hambach by Eichhoff, in July, from bark at the roots

of oaks, together with Bostrychus villosus, Fab. ; and by

Von Heyden from rotten wood in forests, and on the

trunks of oaks.

9. Microdus mediator, Nees.

Microdus mediator, Nees, Mon., i., 146; Reinh., Berl.

ent. Zeit., 1867; p. 357, 2.

Black ; palpi concolorous; femora and tibie rufo-testaceous, hind

tibiz with a ring near the base, and the apex, blackish; tarsi fus-

cous. Wings infumated, squamule black, nervures and stigma

fuscous. Antenne 29-jointed. Metathorax finely reticulato-rugu-

lose, with 2 longitudinal carine. Segment 1 rugulose, 2, and 3 at

the base, minutely rimulose, more punctulate at the sides; the rest

smooth and shining ; segment 2 distinetly shorter than broad, and

with a medial transverse depression, more faintly repeated on the

British Braconide. 277

3d. Second cubital areolet sessile, quadrangular. Terebra as long

as the abdomen. 9. Length, 2} lin. The British specimen is

only 1} lin. long; wings, 3 lin.

Distinguished by the shortness of the terebra and of

the 2d segment. In the British specimen the femora

are narrowly infuscated at the base; the intermediate

tibiz, as well as the hind pair, are infuscated at the tips,

and faintly annulated below the base with the same

colour.

One ? taken at Maldon by Fitch, August 11th.

iv. OraiLus, Hal.

Hal., Ent. Mag., i., 262; iii., 143; Reinh., Berl. ent.

Zeit., 1865, p. 260.

Maxillary palpi 6-, labial 4-jointed. Face not produced or rostri-

form. Mesothorax trilobate. Mesopleure with a crenulate furrow.

Two cubital areolets, the 1st distinct from the pradiscoidal.

Form narrow, linear. Head scarcely as wide as the thorax ;

occiput distinctly margined; face with 2 deep fover above the

clypeus. Wings short, narrow; stigma lanceolate, not bulging

beyond the costa; radial areolet narrow, cuneiform, yet broader

than in the preceding three genera, ending much before the apex

of the wing; radial originating beyond the middle of the stigma }

1st intercubital nervure oblique, almost in a line with the 3d

abscissa of the radius. Hind cox, spurs of the hind tibiw, and

terebra, elongate ; the cox also incrassated.

In the ‘ Magazin der Gesellschaft naturf. Freunde zu

Berlin,’ Nees v. Esenbeck, in 1814, described four species

of this genus, forming Section II. of his Wicrodus, viz.,

M. punctulator, levigator, obscurator, and annulator.

These he repeated in his Monograph in 1834, with the

addition of another species, rugosus, which he incon-

sistently placed under Microgaster. Haliday, in 1883,

established the genus Orgilus for Microdus Sect. Il. of

Nees, and in 1888 described the British species obscurator,

regarding levigator and annulator as synonyms. He

placed Orgilus, on account of the number of joints in the

palpi, in the same group as Zele and Macrocentrus ; an

arrangement which is supported by the general resem-

blance of those genera. ‘The aftinity of Orgilus, how-

ever, fo the Agathis-Microdus-group is much more

striking, and those who regard the palpi of Hymenoptera

as affording characters of only secondary value, will

278 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

probably agree with Nees, Wesmael, Ratzeburg, and

Forster in considering the genus here rightly placed.

Wesmael, in 1837, published it under the name Ischius ;

Hartig in the same year united it with Hubadizon; and

Ratzeburg (1844—52) distributed the three species known

to him under Ischius, Microdus, and a new genus named

Macropalpus. Orgilus is fully discussed, and four species

described, by Reinhard, /. ce.

Orgilus obscurator, Nees. (Pl. VI., fig. 6).

Microdus obscurator, Nees, Mon., i., 151; levigator,

150; annulator, 152, 2.

Orgilus obscurator, Hal., Ent. Mag., iii., 145; Reinh.,

Berl. ent. Zeit., 1865, p. 263, ¢ 2; 8. v. Voll.,

Pinac., pl. 29, f. 9 (@ abdomen).

Ischius obscurator, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1837, p. 21, pl. (wing) ; Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., ii.,

46,3 9.

Eubadizon leptocephalus, Hart., Jahresb., 1837, p. 268,

Ook

Macropalpus leptocephalus, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., 1,

57, ¢ %, pl. vii, f. 9 (with parts of the mouth).

Black, with black palpi; 4 anterior femora at the apex and

underneath, and the tibiz more or less, rufescent. Wings in-

fumated, with a decolorous angulated mark beneath the stigma,

which, as well as the nervures, is fuscous. Antenne 27—33-

jointed, of the ? as long as the body, of the J, longer. Head and

thorax hardly shining; mesothoracic sutures shallow. Meso-

pleure, at least above the fovea, smooth. Metathorax rugulose.

Segments 1—2 minutely and thickly exarated, dull; the apex of

both, and sides of the latter, with the remaining segments, smooth

and shining; segment 2 not shorter than its basal breadth. Hind

cox dull, pubescent. Terebra sometimes as long as the body ;

usually somewhat shorter. ¢ 9. Length, 13—24; wings, 23—3} lin.

Var. fg. Antenne at the base, and 2d abdominal segment at

the sides, rufous.

The variations are trifling, and never such as to

obscure the species. The wings are more or less dark,

and segments 1—2 sometimes nearly smooth.

Not uncommon, especially on sandy coasts; found by

Haliday in England and Ireland ; by me often at Milford

Haven, in the Isle of Wight, and in the Forest Hills,

Leicestershire ; also at Rannoch; in Corscia, and the

British Braconidae. 279

Pyrenees. Bred singly by Elisha and W. H. B. Fletcher

from Coleophora alcyonipennella, Kol. ; by J. Sang from Lita

acuminatella, Sircom; by Colquhoun from Coleophora dis-

cordella, Zell. ; by W. H. B. Fletcher from Huchromia ny-

gindana, Schiff. ; Coleophora niveicostella, Fisch.; Laverna

miscella, Schiff., and one undetermined larva; and by

Weston from galls of Cynips Kollari, Hart., inhabited by

various Tortricide (Hintom., 1880, p. 259). According

to Reinhard it is most commonly obtained from Retinia

buoliana, Schiff., and other Tortricide ; Brischke bred it

from this host and from R. resinana, L.: in the Vienna

Museum is a ? from Anacampsis anthyllidella, Hub.

According to Ratzeburg, bred by Reissig and Heyer from

R. buoliana; also by Dr. Giraud. At the Hague,

according to §. vy. Vollenhoven, July 4th, from Depres-

saria hypericella [i.e., either liturella, Hiib., or contermi-

nella, Zell.], and, July 27th, from a Coleophora.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE I.

Fic. 1. Bracon levigatus, Ratz., 2.

La. >», Obrevicornis, Wesm., ?,

1b. - 5) Gawine.

2. Phanomeris catenator, Hal., ?.

3. Xenarcha lustrator, Hal., 3.

4. Bathystomus funestus, Hal., 2.

5. Rhysipolis meditator, Hal., 2.

6. Lhyssalus indagator, Hal., 2.

a. ss AA , od leg.

PLATE II.

1. Colastes decorator, Hal., 2.

2. Oncophanes lanceolator, Nees, 9.

3. Spathius rubidus, Rossi, 2.

4. Hecabolus sulcatus, Curt., 2.

4a » » & Wings.

5. Dimeris mira, Ruthe, ?.

6. Cealoides scolyticida, Wesm., @.

7. Doryctes Heydenit, Reinh., ¢.

280

Fic.

Nope

oop WD =

CST he ge ke

Monograph of British Braconide.

PEAT ait

Histeromerus mystacinus, Wesm., .

Chremylus rubiginosus, Nees, 2.

Hormius moniliatus, Nees, ?.

Clinocentrus exsertor, Nees, 2.

Petalodes wnicolor, Wesm., @.

Pelecystoma lutea, Nees, .

” » », maxillary palpus.

PLATE IV.

Heterogamus dispar, Curt., 3.

9 ” ’ 2 v

Rhogas irregularis, Wesm., ¢ .

. Zygena filipendule larva from which Rhogas bicolor

has emerged.

Allodorus lepidus, Hal., 3.

Sigalphus obscurellus, Nees, 2.

Phanerotoma dentata, Panz.

PLATE V.

Chelonus canescens, Wesm., 9.

5 sulcatus, Nees, g abdomen.

Ascogaster instabilis, Wesm., ¢ var.

Spheropyx wrorator, Fab.

Mirazx spartir, Hal., ?.

Acelius subfasciatus, Hal., 3.

Apanteles ferrugineus, Reinh., 2

Microplitis canthopus, Ruthe, ?

PLATE VI.

Microgaster russatus, Hal., 3.

5 tiro, Reinh., ?.

Agathis brevisetis, Nees, 3.

3 an , head.

Earinus gloriatorius, Panz., 2.

Microdus twmidulus, Nees, ?.

Orgilus obscurator, Nees, ¢.

« aol)

Il. Further notes upon the markings and attitudes of

lepidopterous larve, together with a complete account

of the life-history of Sphinx ligustri and Selenia

ilunaria (larve). By Epwarp B. Pouuton, M.A.,

F.G.8., F.Z.8., of Jesus and Keble Colleges,

Oxford.

[Read September 3rd, 1884. |

Prats VII.

In the following paper I have described the segments of

larve as follows:—Head, Ist, 2nd, and 8rd thoracic

segments (or prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax),

followed by the abdominal segments numbered one to

nine. It seemed better to adopt this more accurate

method of description than to number the segments

from the head backwards after the ordinary manner

(which was used in my last paper in this Society’s

‘ Transactions,’ 1884, pp. 27—60).

1. Tur OnToGENY or SPHINX LIGUSTRI.—I was enabled

to obtain ova through the kindness of Mr. Meldola and

Mr. William White (who informed me that Messrs. W.

and J. Davis. of Dartford, had fertile ova for sale). This

was very fortunate, as I was anxious to work out the

ontogeny, and fertile ova of Sphinx ligustrt have always

been difficult to obtain.

Ovum.—The ova were laid July 8th (1884): they are

oval, but without much difference between the two sexes

(about 1°75 mm. long and 1°5 mm. wide). They are

slightly flattened from above downwards; the colour is

a bright yellowish green, evidently harmonizing better

with the under than the upper sides of the leaves of its

food-plants, and especially so with regard to privet.

Twenty of the eggs sent to me were fixed to privet-

leaves, and of these seventeen were attached to the

under side and only three to the upper. Of course

these were laid in confinement, and it is very likely that

all the ova are fixed to the under side in a state of

nature. There is also a probably more important

TRANS. ENT. 0c. LOND. 1885.—PaRr ll. (aUG.) U

282 Mr. Poulton’s further notes wpon the

reason why this should be the case, for the ova are thus

protected to a large extent from rain and sun, besides

being sheltered from observation. After a few days a

depression appears on the upper surface, and the colour

becomes less delicate and transparent. Soon afterwards

the ovum is opaque, yellowish, and mottled with bright

green. The young larve emerged July 16th—18th,

their development being thus very rapid.

Stage 1—The following statements depend upon the

observation of about fifty larve fed in separate divisions

upon privet, lilac, and ash. It may be regarded as

certain that these young larve generally eat part of the

ege-shell after emergence. I did not see this actually

taking place, but I watched it in the case of Smerinthus

ocellatus, and a comparison of what was left of the shells in

both cases showed that S. ligustri has the same habit.

The amount eaten was very variable, but was never more

than three-quarters of the whole, and often there was

an aperture barely large enough for emergence. In

such cases the larve cannot have eaten the shell after

hatching.

The larva just after emergence was 5°25 mm. long

when extended in walking, and the horn was 3 mm. long.

Sometimes, however, the horn was very nearly as long

as the body. The colour of the body is a pale, transparent,

very slightly greenish yellow, the head being much greener

than the body (see fig. 1, x 4, Plate VII). The horn is

black, but the upper half of its length is transparent and

ereenish, because the green internal fluid shines through

the dark exterior. It certainly cannot be called ‘‘ green,”’

as Kleemann states. The horn tapers very slightly

and is straight, except that the upper part is bent

downwards in a gentle curve. The blunt tip is bifid, and

each process ends in a fine and fairly long bristle, so

that the structure is prong-like when viewed from above.

The body is thinly clothed with long fine black hairs.

These are arranged in four rows, two dorsal (one on

each side of the middle line), and two lateral (a little

above the spiracles). Each of these four rows is made

up of two hairs on each segment, from the 1st to the

7th abdominal (both inclusive). Posterior to the latter

the hairs are more abundant, but still thin, and without

definite arrangement. Upon the thoracic segments the

hairs are arranged so as to continue the four lines

described above, but they are less numerous (at any rate

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 288

in the case of the two upper rows, where there is only

one hair to each row on each segment). The head is

thinly covered with similar hairs.

In addition to these long hairs there must be a com-

paratively thick coating of much smaller ones. I was

able to prove their existence at a later date by the use

of the compound microscope, or even by a powerful

hand lens; but I was away from home and without a

sufficiency of appliances when the larve were in the

first stage. There can be no doubt of their presence,

and they cover the horn as well as the body. The two

bristles forming the terminal prong are also hairs. The

mandibles are green with the cutting edges black: the

ocelli are black and distinct. The spiracles are hard to

make out, and the dorsal vessel is visible but not

distinct. The head is rounded and of a generalised

larval shape and not Sphinx-like. The horn is flexible

and movable. It soon becomes straight, and may be

held at an angle or parallel with the back. The young

larve spin webs for foot-hold, and readily suspend them-

selves by threads. This fact has already been observed

by Kleemann, and it is very interesting, as the habit is

so entirely abandoned later, although it appears again

before pupation. The disappearance of this habit pro-

bably follows from the great size and weight of the

larva, which render this method of attachment and

suspension comparatively useless. It is of especial use

when the larva clings to the flat under side of the leaf

at any point except (that usually selected) the projecting

midrib. Later the larva gains security by the extreme

power of its claspers. A similar change of habit is better

seen in the larva of Dicranura vinula, because here the

presence of the web exactly corresponds to foot-hold

upon the leaf. It is to be noted, however, that this

larva does not lose the habit to the same extent as

S. ligustri (or S. ocellatus), and that when young it

clings to the smooth upper surface of the leaf. The

protective resemblance is to the under side of the leaf,

and the larve are especially hard to distinguish when

seated on the midrib, and in this position they seem

nearly always to rest. The dorsal vessel becomes very

distinct after the larve have fed for a short time, and

the tracheal system is visible. The larva becomes

sreener, and the first trace of marking appears with the

formation of a white circular patch round the base of

284 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

each long hair in the four rows. The patches are

especially distinct on the dorsal rows, and the larva

therefore shows four spots on the back of each abdominal

segment in front of the 8th, and two spots on the back

of each thoracic segment. Weismann describes and

figures similar spots on the thoracic segments of a larva of

Smerinthus populi in the first stage. These white patches

are the first readily seen shagreen dots. Then minute

white spots appear all over the body, which are the

white areas round the bases of the smaller hairs. Then

by a linear arrangement of the white spots (in which

both large and small take part) the essential markings

are established (see fig. 2, x 8, Plate VII.). The sub-

dorsal becomes distinct before the oblique stripes, and

the latter are rather faint during the whole of this stage.

The white subdorsal is perfectly normal, extending the

whole length of the body and bending gently upwards

anteriorly in the 1st thoracic segment, and posteriorly

into the base of the horn (being continuous with the

7th oblique stripe). The subdorsal may be seen to be

formed of white dots, which are also present over the

whole: surface, but are not conspicuous. So also with

regard to the oblique stripes, but here there is an

interesting relation to the larger spots. The anterior

dorsal pair on each segment always form part of the

stripes, but the latter, converging posteriorly, fall within

the hinder pair. So also the anterior spots only of the

lateral rows on each segment fall into the oblique lines.

The long hairs can still be seen on the spots while the

latter are contributing to the oblique lines. There is a

very minute and faint ‘‘ 8th stripe” in front of the Ist

oblique stripe on the 1st abdominal segment. It does

not extend downwards far enough to meet the subdorsal.

The effect of the series of large dorsal dots on the

thoracic segments (two on each) is to produce the

appearance of a very indistinct line above and parallel

with the anterior part of the subdorsal. This line is

also contributed to by the smaller dots. As the small

anterior oblique stripe does not reach the subdorsal, but

stops at about the level of the hinder end of this

indistinct line, there is an appearance of continuity

between the anterior stripe and the line. This, however,

does not really take place, as the former stripe is pro-

longed for a very slight distance below the posterior

end of the horizontal line. These markings are very

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 285

persistent in after stages, and they are therefore described

in detail. This stage lasts about six or seven days in

most instances. At the close of the stage (before

changing the skin) the larve are about 12 mm. long

when extended in walking. (Fig. 2, x 38, Plate VILI.,

shows a larva at this period of growth). The larva is

about 10°5 mm. long when rather retracted at rest, the

horn 4 mm. long.

Stage 11.—The markings of this stage almost exactly

resemble those of the last (see fig. 8, x 2, Plate VII.),

and the origin of the lines and stripes from linear series

of shagreen dots is equally obvious. ‘The large spots

and long hairs have now disappeared, except those that

enter into the Sth stripe and indistinct line above the

subdorsal on the thoracic sezments. ‘This line is whiter

than the other markings, which are yellowish white (see

fig. 8, x 8). Minute hairs still terminate the shagreen

dots, whether arranged in lines or covering the surface

of the body. This fact is true of the dots whenever

they appear in any stage. The margins of the claspers,

tips of true feet, and spiracles have a pinkish tinge.

The horn is pink immediately after the change of skin,

but it soon darkens, and possesses a brownish-red

ground colour covered with dark tubercles (shagreen

dots) pointing upwards and terminated by minute hairs.

The apical pair is arranged so as to cause a bifid termi-

nation, but this is not nearly so distinct as in the last

stage. On each side of the base the ground colour of

the horn is free from tubercles, and hence appears as a

brownish red continuation of the 7th oblique stripe.

The horn is movable, and is sometimes depressed, so as

to become parallel with the line of the back, while at

other times it is elevated to the usual position of an

angle of 45°. The same thing occurs in the first stage.

The larva still rests, as a rule, on the midrib of the

under side of a leaf. The head is shagreened, and shows

indications of its ultimate appearance in the occurrence

of a marginal line (white) round the face. In this

stage the oblique stripes are very distinct, and the sub-

dorsal indistinct, except anteriorly. The length of a

full-grown larva comfortably stretched at rest is about

18 mm. After ecdysis the skin is, 1 believe, always

eaten, except the head and horn, which seem to be

invariably rejected. This stage lasted about nine days

in most cases.

286 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

Stage II1.—After the second ecdysis the larve very

much resemble the previous stage. The chief difference

is in the subdorsal, which has disappeared except

anteriorly, and is indistinct even where it is retained.

The horizontal stripe above the subdorsal is distinct,

and so are the prominent white spots on the thoracic

segments (one pair on each). This line has the same

relation to the 8th stripe, but the continuity is only

apparent, for careful observation shows that the latter

extends below the posterior extremity of the former.

This is also true of previous stages. At this time, and

in the second stage, the larva bears the closest resem-

blance to a Smerinthus larva in every respect, except the

dark colour of the horn and the shape of the head. In

this stage the larva habitually rests (still upon the mid-

rib) in the Sphinx attitude, which is also assumed,

though exceptionally, in the second stage, and is even

seen in the first. There is still a trace of the bifid

termination to the horn (see fig. 10, x 50, Plate VII.).

Shortly after ecdysis the colours darken in certain parts:

the pink horn becomes dark brown with black tubercles,

as before, the effect being nearly black, except at the

sides of the base. <A black cloud appears on the side of

the head and extends downwards behind the yellow line

at the margin of the face. ‘There is much variability in

this respect, some larve having no trace of black on the

head. ‘The spiracles are ochreous, as in the adult, but

more faintly. The true legs become red, and a dark

purplish margin appears round the claspers. The anal

flap has a white margin. The ground colour is yellowish

ereen above, darker green below, and this latter extends

upwards in front of the oblique stripes as a dark shading

for one-third of their length. (The depth of colour is

very variable). The shagreen dots are yellowish white,

those forming the stripes being much larger and whiter

than the others. At first the component dots of the

stripes are distinctly separate, but later they enlarge

and fuse, producing the appearance of a white band,

upon which is a single row of tubercles, each emitting a

minute hair. These tubercles are the original shagreen

dots, and each is placed in the centre of a white area,

which has spread from the base of the former into the

ground colour. The areas form the white stripe, and

they can be readily distinguished, as each is situated

upon one of the secondary rings into which each

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 287

segment is divided. The secondary annulation began

in the first stage, and is present throughout larval life.

There are eight of these annuli on each of the seoments

that bear the oblique stripes, except the 8th abdominal.

Where this latter segment is crossed by the upper part of

the 7th stripe entering the base of the horn the annula-

tion is not present, and the adjacent areas are not sepa-

rated by furrows (between the annuli on other seoments),

and therefore fuse at an early date. The 7th stripe 1s

also much whiter and more conspicuous than the others.

As the larva advances in this stage the subdorsal and

the stripe above it become indistinct, but the 8th stripe

becomes more prominent, and is especially well seen as

a V when the larva is looked at from above. The head

is shagreened, as in previous stages.

But the most interesting fact about this stage is the

appearance of the purple borders to the white stripes.

These were never present at ecdysis, and in some

instances they did not appear at all in this stage (in the

case of very light varieties). So also the time at

which they made their appearance varied greatly, and

the extent to which they were developed. The stripes

are linear and very narrow: they first appear as a

brownish rather than purple edge to the central part of

the Ist and 7th stripes. Then they appear in front of

the others nearly at the same time, and without any

definite order. It seemed that the 1st stripe gained a

border rather before the 7th. The purple edge is not a

modification of the white stripe, but is distinctly due to

a darkening of the ground colour. So far from the

shagreen dots having any relation to the border, they

are either absent from it or very small (which is also true

of the ground colour anterior to the whole length of the

stripe). There is nothing spot-like in the first appearance

of the border ; it is always very narrow and linear. Its

first appearance confirms the view that I expressed last

year (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pt. I., 1884), 2. e., that

the border is a modification of the ground colour in

front of the white stripe, and is not due to the drawing

out of patches of colour that appear in this position :

in fact that the border is linear primarily and not

secondarily. Kleemann states that the larve acquire

the purple borders in the fourth stage, and Weismann

says that he has observed the same thing. Nearly all

my larve acquired the borders in the third stage, as

288 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

above. At the conclusion of this stage the larva is

about 25 mm. long, when stretched comfortably at rest.

This stage only lasted about six days. A larva at the

end of this stage, comfortably extended at rest, is shown

at fig. 4, x 2.

Stage [V.—The larva at the beginning of this stage is

exactly similar to one in the last, except for the greater

size of the purple borders. The subdorsal and line

above it are present at first, but subsequently disappear,

while the 8th stripe remains. The pair of distinct dots

are at first visible on each thoracic segment, but they

afterwards cease to be recognisable, together with the

line of which they form part. The 7th stripe is con-

tinuous, and so also are the central parts of the others

where the purple border is present. The latter varies

in amount, and I have seen it almost absent, except on

the 1st and 7th stripes. Immediately after ecdysis the

dots of the stripes are separate (fig. 9, x 4). The stripes

are pure white where they are bordered with purple, but

yellowish above this part, while the purple gives place

to dark green. The purple and pure white change to

the other colours before reaching the posterior limits of

the segment they are crossing, while in the fifth stage

the change takes place in the next segment posteriorly.

The white stripes are continued inferiorly and anteriorly

into a very distinct row of white tubercles on the next

segment anteriorly (as in the adult). The ground colour

of the part of the surface on which the oblique stripes run

(except the inferior continuations just mentioned) is a

much brighter and yellower green than the rest of the

body. The upper yellowish part of the oblique stripes

is formed of distinct and separate yellow tubercles.

This is the stage of the Sphinx attitude, and the head is

held higher and further back than at any other time.

As the larva approaches the end of the stage it becomes

very adult-looking, this effect being especially produced

by the shagreen dots becoming less conspicuous. There

is creat variation in the darkness of the larve, the dark

forms having black sides to the head, while the purple

borders deepen anteriorly and inferiorly into very nearly

black. The lightest larve have hardly any black on the

head, and the purple only deepens to brownish. There

is every shade of difference between these extremes. A

full-grown larva in this stage is about 33 mm. long in

the Sphinx attitude, but much longer when extended

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 289

(see fig. 5, rather over natural size). This stage lasts

about six days.

Stage V.—At the beginning of this stage the larva is

about 33 mm. long when at rest in a rather contracted

state after the effort of ecdysis. This is the last stage,

and the larva is, of course, well known. Nevertheless,

there are some extremely interesting facts about it,

especially concerning the change from a shagreened to a

very smooth larva. Immediately after eedysis the body

is shagreened all over with minute ‘dots, which still

terminate in hairs (see fig. 6, Plate VII., natural size).

I formerly suggested (in the paper already referred to)

that the row of white dots continued anteriorly and

inferiorly from the white stripes were the remnants of

the shagreen dots. This is now certain, for they have

been traced through the ontogeny, and further, even in

this stage, each one of them terminates in a minute

hair, which is retained to the end. The shagreening

very quickly disappears, but it can be detected with a

powerful lens, and always remains visible (though very

minute) upon the under surface of the body. Although

the horn is so smooth and shining in this stage, traces

of the tubercles can still be made out. The 8th stripe

is always present after ecdysis, but it quickly dis-

appears. The deep black of the horn and sides of the

head are replaced by dark green after ecdysis, but the

latter darkens in a few hours. The shagreening seems

to disappear by a change of colour into that of the

surrounding ground colour, and a gradual disappearance

of the raised eminence which forms each dot. There is

the same variability in darkness as shown by the

different degrees of depth attained by the lower part of

the purple border. When this becomes very dark some

patches appear on the other (inferior) side of the white

stripe. I described this variety last year from a single

instance found in the field, but it was quite common

among the larve reared during the past summer. The

larve turned brown in many cases on August 21st, this

stage having lasted about nine days. Thus the whole

larval life lasts about five weeks. There were many

exceptions to the periods given for each stage (which

were, as far as possible, average instances).

Summary.—There are many interesting points about

this life-history. Such are the well-developed subdorsal

in the early stages (for the probable existence of which

290 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

Weismann argued, although it had not been observed

by Kleemann), the 8th stripe and horizontal stripe

above the subdorsal (anteriorly), the relation of the

large shagreen dots to the markings in the first stage,

and their long persistence on the thoracic segments, the

appearance of the purple stripes in the course of the

third stage, the change from a shagreened to a smooth

larva in the fifth stage, and the immense size of the

horn in the first stage, its bifid tip, and the fact that it

is movable. The great resemblance to a Smerinthus

larva is also very interesting, the only essential diffe-

rences being the loss of shagreen in the last stage and

the acquisition of purple borders in the third, and the

shape of the head. It is probable that the ontogeny is

in some respects more primitive than that of Smerinthus

larve. It is certainly more advanced in the later stages,

as is proved by the purple borders, the change to a

smooth skin, and the relatively early and complete

disappearance of the subdorsal. Nevertheless, in the

first stage the subdorsal predominates over the oblique

lines to a greater extent than in Smerinthus, and the

horn is far larger, more distinctly bifid and it is movable.

It is very probable that all these are primitive characters.

It is certain that relative size is primitive, for the horn

is universally largest in the earliest stages. In this

respect S. ligustri is probably the most primitive Sphinx

larva known. It is therefore likely that the other

characters are also primitive, and that additional know-

ledge concerning the horn of the ancestral Sphinx larva

is afforded in the early stages of this ontogeny. I shall

presently give reasons for the belief that the bifid

termination is a primitive feature, derived from a com-

parison of the larve in which it has been observed.

It will further be rendered probable that the power of

movement is also primitive.

2. Furtruer Norrs upoN THE ONTOGENY OF SMERINTHUS

ocELLATUS. — As I was rearing a number of these larvae

from the ege for the purpose of experimenting upon

phytophagic coloration, there was a good opportunity

for noting any additional facts in their ontogeny (which

is systematically given by Dr. Weismann).

Stage I.—I have seen the young larva eating its egg-

shell after emergence, but it is never completely eaten,

and sometimes only enough for escape. Sometimes a

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 291

larva eats part of another empty shell lying close to the

one from which it has just emerged. In one case I saw

a newly-hatched larva attack a thread of the gauze to

which the eggs were attached, but it soon left this and

ate its shell. The process of gnawing through the shell

can be watched with a lens. Very slow progress is

made as long as the larva is completely within, and is

biting at the concave surface of the shell. When a

small hole has been made one mandible is thrust out-

side, and the shell is very quickly eaten away from the

edge of the aperture, until the larva can emerge. The

young larva is of a beautiful yellowish-green colour

upon the body, while the horn is red. (The length is

5°5 mm. when extended in walking; the horn 2 mm.

long, and thus much shorter than that of S. ligustri).

The horn is bifid, like that of S. ligustri (but to a less

extent), and terminates in two bristles, while the rest of

its surface and that of the body is densely covered with

short whitish hairs. There were never any indications

that the horn could be moved. The head is thinly

covered with similar hairs. The larva spins a web in

the same manner as S. ligustri. (It should be men-

tioned that these webs are very slight, and only detected

by careful watching. This may explain the failure of

other observers in finding them). The ocelli are black

and very distinct on the light green head. The oblique

stripes and subdorsal can be just made out with difficulty

in a newly-hatched larva, but there is no darkening of

the ground colour in front of the stripes, although this

appears at the end of the stage. The usual attitude on

the leaf was as in VS. ligustri, and with the same pro-

tective significance. At the end of the stage the regular

markings are very distinct. Even at this time the sub-

dorsal is more distinct anteriorly than in the rest of its

extent. I was very much astonished to find a very

small proportion of the larve with the head of the typical

Smerinthus shape, while the others possessed the more

generalised round shape. I could at first hardly believe

the accuracy of the observation, but it was subsequently

confirmed, and there can be no doubt that this is an

instance of the passage backwards of a character in the

ontogeny actually taking place before us. The shagreen

dots are very numerous, and each hair springs from the

summit of a dot. The markings are caused by the dots

becoming arranged in a linear series, without the ground

292 Mr. Poulton’s further notes wpon the

colour being as yet affected. The annulation of the

segments is very distinct and continues throughout.

The 8th stripe is present. The markings are yellowish.

Weismann has stated that there are no markings on the

newly-hatched larve. This is certainly the general

effect of the larve, but a lens and a good light will

prove that the markings are really present.

Stage II.—In this stage the markings are whiter. On

the summit of the head are two prominent light red

tubercles; these are only enlarged shagreen dots, and

each has a hair upon it. The apical tubercles are the

topmost of the two rows that form a marginal line

round the head as seen from the front. The horn is red

and bifid. It is covered with hair-bearing tubercles,

which persist upon it and upon the body throughout the

whole of larval life. The eradual spreading of a white

area from the base of a tubercle in the oblique stripes

is well seen in this stage. At the beginning the stripes

are only rows of separate tubercles, except where the

7th stripe enters the 8th abdominal segment. In this

case the ground colour is white from the first (and here

there is no annulation to keep the dots apart). Although

the tubercles enlarge in this stage they do not coalesce,

except in the 7th stripe, and here they ultimately

coalese where the stripe crosses the 7th as well as the

8th abdominal segment. The markings are exactly on

the plan of the adult, except that the subdorsal is faintly

continued posteriorly between the oblique stripes (and

even this is sometimes present in the adult). The best

way of seeing the hairs of this larva is to hold it up to

the light and examine some surface (e.g., the back) in

profile with a lens. It is then seen to be densely covered

with very short hairs, each projecting from the summit

of a shagreen dot.

Stage I11.—Almost exactly similar to the last. The

subdorsal has disappeared, except anteriorly. The horn

is bifid in many cases, and is red above, faintly so

below, white at the sides. There is much variability in

the amount of red on the horn. The red tubercles on

the head are rather less defined in shape, and the colour

often spreads on to the smaller tubercles near the two

large ones (see fig. 12, x 3, Plate VII.). The 8th stripe

is barely indicated by a linear arrangement of tubercles.

There is a linear arrangement of dots on each side of

the dorsal vessel, which is very conspicuous when the

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 298

larve are seen from above. The darkening of the ground

colour in front of the oblique stripes takes place from

above downwards: in Sphinx ligustri it was in the

reverse direction (but the purple appeared in front of the

middle of a stripe). The Sphinx attitude of this larva

is somewhat geometriform, the last two and sometimes

three pairs of claspers being used, the others retracted

very completely. This is also true of the other stages.

On examining the hairs upon the shagreen dots with a

compound microscope (using a lens of about fifty

diameters) it is seen that nearly all of them are forked

at the tip. The fork generally consists of two prongs,

but occasionally of three or even four, and sometimes

the hairs end simply. With higher powers (200 dia-

meters) it is seen, in optical section, that the base of the

hair penetrates the apex of the shagreen tubercle (see

fig. 11, x 188, Plate VII.). The hairs on the red

tubercles (on the summit of the head) seemed to be

rudimentary, and were not forked in any larve that I

examined. The ends of the hairs often appeared as if

they were cut off short, while the sides were produced

into slight horns: this is evidently a form of two-

pronged fork. These appearances are found on the

hairs of the whole surface. I do not yet know how far

these facts about the hairs are true of all the other

Stages.

Stage 1V.—The markings are similar to those de-

scribed in the last stage. The darkened ground colour

in front of the stripes has no dots on it, or only very

small ones. So also with the dark dorsal line, which

has a row of dots on each side of it, producing altogether

a very midrib-like appearance. Thus ina larva uniformly

dotted with white tubercles, the linear arrangement of

the tubercles produces white stripes, while their linear

disappearance produces dark lines. The red tubercles

are still present, and their colour tinges a few small

ones near to them. ‘Towards the close of the stage

their colour becomes less conspicuous, and often inclines

towards orange. It is now noticed for the first time that

the first spiracle is concealed beneath a fold of the

contracted prothorax in the protective attitude. The

horn is still red and white. The hairs, which are so

minute over the general surface, are at all times much

longer upon the anal flap and last pair of claspers. At

the close of the stage the horn becomes light blue, but

294 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

its tip is sometimes green. Before ecdysis the light red

tubercles on the head of the last stage can be seen

through the skin of the fourth.

Stage V.—A faint pink tinge is very common upon the

white stripes of this species, and it is especially noticeable

in this stage, although it also occurs in the fourth. It

occurs on the tubercles and ground colour, and is chiefly

developed on the 7th stripe, although it is often present

on the others, and even on the remnant of the subdorsal.

The two tubercles on the head are now blunt, but still

large: their summits are red at the beginning of the

stage, the bases yellow (see fig. 18, x 2, Plate VII.).

Very soon the red is entirely replaced by yellow (see

fig. 14, x 2. Plate VII.). The head is not generally

a bright blue, like the tail, but is greenish at first,

becoming greenish blue later (sometimes it is bright

blue). My larve did not, as a rule, nibble off each

other’s horns, but a few were treated in this way. I

found seven larvee on one small tree of Salix Babylonica,

and nearly all of them had lost more or less of the horn.

This injury may take place quite early in the life-history,

and I think that it is often extremely hurtful or even

fatal, as a considerable amount of fluid is lost. The

midrib-like appearance often occurs in this stage also,

produced by the dark dorsal line with a row of white

tubercles on each side.

Conclusions.—I formerly suggested that the red spots

which sometimes appear in Smerinthus larvee are due to

reversion to a more brightly coloured condition. It is

possible that the pink tinge to the white stripes is to be

explained in the same manner. But the brightly-

coloured and prominent tubercles on the head can only

be interpreted as of historic significance, indicating that

the shape and colour of this larva have become subdued

for protective purposes. The tubercles are important

both in shape and colour in the second and third stage ;

the colour becomes faint at the close of the fourth, and

in the last stage their shape has altered, becoming

inconspicuous, while the bright colour which now only

appears on the tips of the tubercles, disappears soon

after the beginning of this period. Thus we have a

character that strongly supports the interpretation of the

bright spots as due to reversion. ‘The difference seems

to be that the history of the disappearance of the head

tubercles can be traced in every ontogeny, while the

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 295

spots have ceased to form any part in the average

ontogeny. Nevertheless, when they are present, their

variability is so excessive that the various steps towards

the disappearance of the system can be made out with

a fair degree of probability. It is also likely that the

history of the rise in both cases has been similar to that

of the decline. Certainly this is true of the head

tubercles. They are enlarged and brightly-coloured

shagreen dots; the topmost of each row that forms a

yellow margin to the face. This is proved by the hair

that still remains on their summits. As they disappear

each red tubercle again becomes yellow and similar to

the others, except for its greater size. So also the

simplest form of the system of red spots is seen in

those larvee with a very small patch on each side of the

spiracles (except the Ist), and perhaps a small patch on

each of the four anterior pairs of claspers. ‘Then we

have larve with these rows formed of large and con-

spicuous patches, and with another series of patches

above the spiracular row. The spiracles are in all larve

surrounded by a reddish line, and the simplest form of

the system seems to consist in a slight peripheral

spreading of this colour. These coloured patches consist

of modified ground colour, although shagreen dots may

be found uponthem. The apparently uniform occurrence

of the patches in the later stages is certainly an argu-

ment against my explanation, and is in favour of that

offered by Weismann. Mr. William White’s observations

upon this subject render it probable that the spots often

appear at a much earlier date than that at which they

were noticed by Weismann. The uniformity of this onto-

geny is very remarkable. There is practically no diffe-

rence between the first and last stages, except the more

obvious hairs and complete subdorsal of the former and

the triangular head of the latter. Two of these

distinctions occasionally fail, as has been shown. ‘This

uniformity may point to very long-continued protection

by the existing form of markings. ‘Traces of other

conditions are seen in the hairs, head-tubercles, and

reddish spots. It will probably be very instructive to

examine the hairs of the young larva with fairly high

powers. At present I have only used the hand-lens

(except in more advanced stages). It will be interesting

to ascertain the form of the forked ends of the hairs in

the early stages if, indeed, they are forked at such

times).

296 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

Since writing the above I have examined the larve in

the first stage under high powers, and I find that both

S. ocellatus and S. populi are covered with minute

hairs with highly forked ends, while there are more

thinly scattered longer hairs some of which are not

forked at all, while others terminate in a comparatively

small and simple fork. These longer hairs are arranged

upon the back in the same way as the long hairs of the

first stage of S. ligustri, and in S. ocellatus there

are similar dorsal rows of white spots, which form

part of the oblique stripes, as in S. ligustri, except

that the spots of the posterior pair are included in the

stripes of the former, while they fall outside them in

the latter. These facts bring the young stages of

Smerinthus and Sphinx very near together. There is

also a specially prominent row of the longer hairs upon

the prothorax, just behind the head, of the young

Smerinthus larve, and these leave their effects, much

later in the ontogeny, as a row of conspicuous shagreen

dots in this situation.

Mr. Meldola describes from Mr. Roland Trimen, in

the Appendix to his translation of Weismann’s book

(‘Studies in the Theory of Descent,’ part ii., p. 527), a

very remarkable larva of a Smerinthine hawk-moth,

Lophostethus Dumolini, which seems to throw some light

upon the appearance of Smerinthus larve, when the

forked bristles remained of appreciable size through-

out the ontogeny. ‘This larva bears~on all segments

(except the head and prothorax) black spines, springing

from tubercular bases. The longest spies form two

dorsal rows from the metathorax to the 7th abdominal

segment. Some of these spines are beset with prickles

for the upper three-fourths of their length, and the

caudal horn is also covered with prickles. There are also

lateral rows of spines. The young larve have longer

spines with long prickles on them, and the caudal horn

and the spines on the meso- and metathorax are

distinctly forked. I expect that it will be proved that the

caudal horn does not correspond to a spine, but that the

prickles upon it represent dwarfed spines. This is

certainly so in Smerinthus, where traces of the long and

short hairs with their forked extremities are found upon

the horn in the first stage. The points of special

resemblance have been italicised in the above description.

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 297

3. NoTES UPON THE ADULT LARVA OF SMERINTHUS POPULI.

—The anterior spiracle is hidden when the larva is at rest,

asin S. ocellatus, and it is also less conspicuous when

exposed. There is hardly any ground colour in the

oblique stripes, except the 1st and 7th, and only a fair

amount in the upper part of the 7th (extending ante-

riorly through the 7th abdominal segment). There is

just a trace of the subdorsal anteriorly, but it is barely

visible, and only consists of dots. The 7th stripe is

continued anteriorly and inferiorly on to the 6th abdo-

minal segment by a line of dots. So also similar hnes

of dots are seen upon the 8rd, 4th, and 5th abdominal

segments, but they are not as continuous with the

oblique stripes behind them as in the former instance.

In all cases they are less oblique than the normal

stripes, and they have the appearance of a subspiracular

line which has been diverted upon each segment into

approximate parallelism with the oblique lines. There

is the usual annulation of the segments. I could not

feel sure about the existence of apical tubercles on the

head during previous stages. There is no 8th stripe.

The shagreen dots ter minate in the usual (simple) hairs.

These observations were made upon two larve in the

last stage found upon two species of Salix. Both larve

were yellowish green.

4, NoTES UPON AN ADULT LARVA OF SMERINTHUS TILIZ.—

The ontogeny of this species is described by Weismann, but

it was important for me to examine the larva, especially

concerning the question of the origin and structure of

shagreen ‘dots. An adult larva was found at Oxford,

August 13th, 1884. There was no trace of an 8th

stripe or of the subdorsal. The shagreen dots are not

nearly so rough as those of S. ocellatus or populi, and

yet they terminate in hairs in nearly all cases. The

hairs are short and bristle-like, with simple ends. The

curious and brightly-coloured plate above the anus is

simply composed of large coalesced tubercles still

retaining their hairs. The horn is covered with hair-

bearing tubercles. The yellow stripes have rather dark

anterior: margins formed by a deepening of the ground

colour. There are two blunt apical tubercles on the

head, of a rather darker orange than the band round the

face, which has now spread into the ground colour,

although the scattered hairs upon it show its origin in

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—paRt II. (AUG.) xe

298 Mr. Poulton's further notes upon the

shagreen dots. The annulation of the segments is

very regular and distinct, and the shagreen dots are

arranged in rings, one to each annulation (this is

always the case in shagreened larve). The prothorax

has three or four such rings, but they are rather con-

fused; the mesothorax has five, the metathorax six, the

Ist abdominal seven, and the succeeding six segments

eight rings each. Posterior to these there are no rings

or annuli, with the exception of three rings upon some

irregular folds behind the caudal horn, which represent

(I believe) the 9th abdominal segment.

5. NorEs UPON THE ADULT LARVA OF MACROGLOSSA STELLA-

TaRUM.—This ontogeny has been given very fully by Weis-

mann. I received a large number of larve in the last

stage from Malvern during the past summer. The bifid

termination of the horn could be traced in several

individuals, even at this late stage. It is probably very

distinct at earlier periods. The spiracle upon the pro-

thorax is red, while the eight others are black and far

more distinct. There is a black line round the former,

which can only be seen by careful searching. I have

not before noticed an instance of different coloration

among the spiracles. The segments are distinctly annu-

lated, except the 8th abdominal, and the number of

rings seems to be as in the larve described (eight upon

most of the segments). In a rather contracted attitude

the segments taper rapidly from the 1st abdominal to

to the small head. When startled the head and thoracic

segments are sharply retracted into the 1st and 2nd

abdominal, which become swollen. (This is especially

true of the former segment.) When the larva is

stretched the tapering is not so distinct, and extends

further back. Thus we have a behaviour identical with

that of Cherocampa elpenor without the modification of

marking which have appeared in the latter. Weismann

and Meldola give instances of such terrifying attitudes

without the co-operation of terrifying markings, but it is

probable that the object of M. stellatarwm is simply that of

a rapid withdrawal from danger, and perhaps a partial

protection of the head. It is thus likely that the first

stage in the evolution of the terrifying attitude (such as

that of C. elpenor, &c.), is a case of protection in one of

its simplest forms. The habit becoming fixed and

producing further structural modifications as the

markings and attitudes of lemdopterous larve. 299

withdrawal of the anterior part of the body became more

complete, the attitude acquired an entirely new signi-

ficance when the sudden swelling of the segments

became a source of terror to enemies. After this the

course taken must have been that described by Weismann.

I do not think that M. stellatarum has yet reached the

point at which terror is caused by its attitude. The

white shagreen dots are terminated by minute and

simple hairs, and the relation of the larval markings to

the shagreen dots is exactly similar to that described in

S. ocellatus, &e. Anteriorly the subdorsal consists of a

linear series of enlarged dots only ; posteriorly the effect

of the dots is heightened by a whitening of the ground

colour. These two conditions gradually shade into each

other. Above the line there are no dots upon the

shading of darkened ground colour. The subspiracular

line has no doubt a similar history, but it does not show

the whole origin in its different parts as is the case with

the subdorsal. The shagreen dots upon the horn are

black.

6. THE ORIGIN OF SHAGREEN DOTS IN SPHINGIDH.—

This is rendered apparent by an examination of a larva

of S. ligustri or S. ocellatus in the first stage. In

both species the dots are terminated by hairs which are

of considerable length; they are hairy larve with

tubercles at the base of the hairs. In later stages the

tubercles are alone apparent to the naked eye, but the

use of a lens at once shows that a rudimentary hair is

present upon the summit of each, and this remains true

throughout the ontogeny. This explanation holds good

for all shagreened Sphinx larve yet examined from this

point of view (the genera Smerinthus, Sphinx, and Macro-

glossa), and there can be no doubt about the validity of

this interpretation of the shagreen dots of Sphingide.

Shagreen dots are the persistent tubercles at the bases

of hairs which have become so shortened as to escape

notice.

Weismann mentions the presence of small warts, each

emitting a single bristle, upon the larva of Deilephila

euphorbie in the first stage (page 202 of the English

translation of his Hssay on the markings of Caterpillars,

&e.). Although these warts must be the origin of the

shagreen dots in this species, Weismann does not take

such a view, for he describes the independent origin of

300 Mr. Poulton’s further notes wpon the

the shagreened appearance in the third stage (page 208).

So also, on page 246, he describes the larva of Macro-

glossa stellatarum in the first stage as “‘ set with small

single bristles,” and he figures tubercles at the base of

the bristles (plate iii., fig. 1); but he describes the

shagreening as appearing for the first time in the fourth

stage (page 247). Inasmuch as I have proved that the

shagreen dots of the adult Macroglossa larva terminate

in minute hairs, there can be no doubt of the real origin

of the dots in the first stage, where the hairs are more

apparent.

7. THE ORIGIN OF THE OBLIQUE AND OTHER LINES IN

Spuincipa.—Last year I suggested that these stripes

were primarily due to the linear arrangement and large

size of some of the shagreen dots, and that secondarily

the ground colour became affected. This suggestion

followed from an examination of a larva of S. ocellatus,

in which the colours had undergone the changes which

precede pupation. It was then seen that all the white

had faded from the ground colour of the oblique stripes,

but that the latter could still be distinctly traced by the

lisposition of large shagreen dots. The paragraph upon

this subject concluded with the words, “It is very

probable that the origin of the white markings from the

shagreen dots can be proved inthe ontogeny.” It seems

to me that this suggested origin is now abundantly

proved in the ontogenies described in the present paper.

In Sphinx ligustri it is very marked in all stages except

the last, and it occurs even in this (in the anterior

inferior extremities of the stripes). In the other stages,

directly after ecdysis, the oblique stripes consist of dots

only without any change in the ground colour (see

fig. 9,x 4, &c., Plate VII.). Later, in some of the

stages, the bases of the dots spread into the ground

colour, so that the latter is affected peripherally from

the base of each dot. As this process continues the

areas meet, and a continuous stripe results. Thus the

history is repeated in most of the stages in the ontogeny.

Some markings may remain in the condition of a row

of dots only, even in the adult larva. ‘This is the case

with nearly all the markings of S. populi, or of the

lines which border the dorsal vessel of S. ocellatus, &e. Or

the same marking may show both conditions transitional

into each other, as in the subdorsal of M. stellatarum,

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 301

&e. There is one fact about the formation of the

oblique stripes that strongly confirms this opinion. It

has already been pointed out that the 7th stripe is

always the first to have its ground colour altered to the

tint of the dots, and the first part of the stripe to

undergo this change is that which crosses the 8th

abdominal segment. and enters the base of the horn.

Now this is the only segment crossed by the oblique

stripes which is not annulated. All segments anterior

to the 8th abdominal are divided into rings (generally

eight in number), and upon these shagreen dots are

arranged in regular rows, one upon each ring. It

follows that the rows of dots are separated by the deep

furrows that intervene between the rings, and the

enlarged dots that form the oblique stripes are therefore

similarly separated. Hence these dots are rendered

distinct, and the constitution of the stripe is quite

apparent, when fusion would have taken place (pro-

ducing quite different appearances), if the segments

were not annulated. But the 8th abdominal segment is

not annulated, and here therefore the spreading area

round the base of each dot has not to cross a furrow in

order to coalesce with that of the next dot. Consequently

fusion takes place at an early date, and this stripe is

generally much larger and more distinct than the

others, being the oldest continuous stripe in the indi-

vidual ontogeny, and doubtless in the phylogeny also.

Some appearances led me to suspect that the stretching

of the larval skin during growth in each stage was one

factor in causing the dots to spread and fuse. It was at.

all times obvious that the dots were most entirely

separate immediately after ecdysis. Again, the rapid

disappearance of the small dots upon the back, at the

beginning of the fifth stage of S. ligustri, seems to be

chiefly due to this process.

The importance of the shagreen dots in this respect

is seen in the fact that most of the larval markings of

all the English species of Smerinthus, of Macroglossa,

and of Sphinx ligusiri, are due to their arrangement,

size, and fusion (in many cases). The same thing is

probably true of many other Sphingide, but they have

not hitherto been examined from this point of view.

Since writing the above I find that Weismann attributes

importance to the shagreen dots in rejation to markings

in Deilephila euphorbie and D. hippophaes, suggesting

802 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

the origin of certain marks by the gradual crowding and

coalescence of the dots in the former species, and the

special coloration and fusion of two dots upon a variable

number of segments in the case of D. hippophaés (see

pp. 204 and 221 of the English translation of the Essay

on the markings of Caterpillars).

8. THE ORIGIN OF THE COLOURED BORDERS TO THE

OBLIQUE AND OTHER LINES IN Spuinaipm.—These borders

seem to be always formed of modified greund colour.

Dots are either absent from the borders, or, when

present, very small. It seems probable that the first

trace of a border arose in the diminishing in size of the

dots. This alone makes a relatively dark stripe, for

the colour of the larva elsewhere is due to the ground

colour modified by the closely-set light-coloured dots.

After this the effect must have been increased by a

special darkening of the ground colour, and in some

instances (e.g., Sphinx ligustri) by a change of colour

altogether, ‘The dark superior border to the subdorsal

of M. stellatarum has a similar history. This theory of

the origin of the dark borders is borne out by the

ontogeny of those species which I have been able to

observe.

9. SOME CHARACTERS OF THE HORN IN THE PRIMITIVE

Spuinx Larva.— It has been seen that the horn of

S. ligustri is distinctly bifid in the first stage (see figs.

1 and 2, Plate VII.), and less markedly so later (see

fig. 3). The same was true of S. ocellatus, and this

character persists through a considerable part of the

ontogeny. (This summer, 1885, I have found that the

horn of the young larva of S. popult is also forked).

The same structure is described by Weismann in the

first and second stages of Anceryx pinastri. The fork

is so marked in this species that I have no doubt that it

really exists in more advanced stages, but requires a

lens for its detection. Weismann also figures, in his

Essay on the markings of Caterpillars (plate v., fig. 38),

the margined larva of Deilephila euphorbié shortly after

emergence from the egg, with the horn terminated by

two diverging bristles. Mr. Meldola also, in an editorial

appendix to his translation of Weismann’s essay, quotes

from Mr. Roland Trimen the fact that the caudal horn of

the young larva of Lophostethus Dumolini is forked at the

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 308

extremity (page 528). Finally, in certain individuals of

M. stellatarum, I found distinct traces of the fork in the

last stage. Comparing these observations, the structure

appears to be most persistent in the larva (MM. stellatarum)

with a primitive form of marking, longitudinal stripes ;

and especially prominent in early stages of another

larva with the same marking (A. pinastri). I have no

doubt that it is largely developed in the first stage of

M. stellatarum also. It further occurs in the earlier

stages of the larve with the more advanced oblique

stripes at the time when the primitive markings (after-

wards lost or much diminished) are well developed upon

them. This is especially well seen in S. ligustri, where

the fork is very distinct in the first stage, when the sub-

dorsal is also the most prominent marking, while the

fork ceases to be recognisable about the time when the

last traces of the subdorsal disappear (after the third

ecdysis).° We are thus led to the conclusion that the

forking of the horn is a primitive character, of historic

value only in the ontogeny, and remaining longest in

forms that have other primitive features persistent. The

horn was also covered with hairs (in common with the

rest of the body), each of which projected from a

tubercle. The terminal prong consisted of two enlarged

diverging tubercles terminated by large hairs or bristles.

In the difficult question of assigning a function to this

structure the bifid termination must be taken into con-

sideration. So also the immense size of the primitive

horn must be remembered, shown by its greater relative

predominance in the earlier stages of the ontogeny,

especially in the case of S. ligustri. Finally, great

importance must be attached to the fact that the horn

is movable in the two first stages of S. ligustri, and

entirely under the control of the animal’s will. These

facts seem to indicate that the horn was primarily a

defensive structure. Further, Mr. Meldola, in the above-

mentioned Appendix (page 527), states that the caudal

horn of Cherocampa Lycetus is freely movable, and he

suggests that the horn may be ‘a remnant of a flagellate

organ having a similar function to the head-tentacles

of the Papilio-larve, or to the caudal appendages

of Dicranura.” A curious point was incidentally dis-

covered in examining the larve under a compound

microscope. The caudal horn exhibits distinct move-

ments synchronous with the contractions of the dorsal

304 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

vessel. This was often seen in S. ligustri and S. ocellatus,

by the use of a lens magnifying fifty diameters. The

movement always took place, and was a source of con-

siderable difficulty when I tried to obtain an outline

drawing of the horn by means of the camera lucida.

It seems that this movement (which is in the vertical

plane) is less in amount before ecdysis.

10. INSTANCES OF THE PROBABLE PASSING BACKWARDS OF

CHARACTERS IN THE ONTOGENY.—In the above-described

ontogenies there were certain cases in which we seem to

witness the actual passage of characters backwards into

an earlier stage than that in which it had previously

appeared for the first time. Thus in S. ocellatus a very

small proportion of the larve in the first stage possessed

the specialised head of the genus, the others having a

rounded head. The gradual acquisition of this character

by the first stage is to be expected, for this period has

already acquired everything else that is distinctive of

the second or even later stages. Again, in S. ligustri

the purple borders to the oblique stripes appear, as a

rule, in the third stage, but the time at which they

appear and the extent to which they develop are very

variable, and sometimes they are not present at all.

The instances in which the borders did not appear until

the fourth stage were, however, rare in my experience,

but they seem to have been universal in the case of

other observers. Here, then, is a character which has

nearly, but not quite, established itself in the third

stage. So also with the forked termination of the

caudal horn in S. ocellatus and S. ligustri. This

character is fading out of the advanced stages of these

two ontogenies. In the first stages it is always present,

but later the structure is very irregular in the degree to

which it is developed, and it is only present in a certain

proportion of the larve, that proportion becoming

smaller as the stages advance.

11. THE IMPORTANCE OF MAINTAINING THE CONTINUITY OF

SERIAL MARKINGS.—I have already pointed out (last year)

that a slight suggestion may produce the effect of a

continued series when the marking has been repeated

sufficiently often. If the series be of protective value

such suggested continuity may be of great importance

to the species. Conversely a very decided break in an

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 305

otherwise complete series must tend to attract attention.

Such a break is rendered necessary by very deep-seated

anatomical facts in any series of markings that arise

round the spiracles, because of the absence of these

latter upon the meso- and metathorax. The series

could be rendered continuous in either of the following

ways :—(1) by concealing the spiracle on the prothorax

(which is the real difficulty, for the series is complete,

and ends at the Ist abdominal without it); (2) by

acquiring a different mark round this spiracle so as to

prevent it from forming part of the series; or (3) by

continuing the marks upon the meso- and metathorax

regardless of the absence of spiracles. This latter is

seen in the extreme forms of the spotted varieties of

S. populi. The second is seen in M. stellatarum, where

the anterior spiracle is red (and far less conspicuous) ;

the others black. The very interesting cases of S. ocel-

latus and populi are instances of the first method. In

the protective attitude the anterior spiracle is completely

concealed by approximated folds of skin. In S. popult

also it is less conspicuous at all times. This is very

interesting, because the spiracles are brightly coloured

(in both species), and that upon the prothorax would be

far more conspicuous than the others in the Sphina

attitude. In S. ligustri the spiracles are far less con-

spicuous, and the interruption does not attract attention.

There are probably many other instances of the different

methods by which a series of spiracular markings may

be rendered continuous. In many Noctua larve the first

and last spiracles are much larger than the others, but

this is probably due to physiological needs, and the

series is not rendered conspicuous by size or colour.

12. PuyropHacic coLoRATION.—(1) S. ocellatus.—During

the past summer I bred a number of larve from the ege,

and I certainly found some considerable difference pro-

duced by the different food-plants. Thus apple and crab

caused whitish-green larve; while Salix cinerea, and

especially S. rubra, produced adult larve tending

towards the yellowish form. 8. viminalis did not pro-

duce nearly such white larve as the apple, but, con-

trary to my expectation and experience, the larve were

almost intermediate. Thirty larve were experimented

upon, in five batches, fed respectively upon the food-

plants mentioned above. All the larve, except two or

306 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

three, arrived at maturity. At the same time the effect

produced was not so great as I expected in the case of the

yellowish forms, which were hardly more than intermediate

varieties. But there can be no doubt that some effect

was produced, and the subject must be considered settled

to that extent. The ova were bought from Mr. Davis,

of Dartford, and the numbers selected were too great

for accident to have caused the results (which were

uniform in each of the five lots). At the same time my

experience in the field this year has been different from

that of previous years (recorded in my last paper), im

that I have come across many instances of larve upon

food-plants which tended towards the variety other than

that found. The most noteworthy instance was that of

a bright yellowish variety upon apple, and of two

opposite varieties on a tree of Salix ferruginea (?).

Hence the question is more complicated than it

formerly appeared to be. It seems that the only way

in which the results of the breeding experiments and

experience in the field can be correlated is by supposing

that phytophagic effects are hereditary and gradually

accumulate until the influence of a food-plant during a

single larval life may not be sufficient to overcome the

inherited tendencies following from the effects of another

kind of food upon many generations of larve. Thus in

my breeding experiments there was a much greater

tendency towards the whitish rather than the yellowish

variety. I was unable to ascertain if this was due to

the food of the parents, as Mr. Davis informed me that

his larve had been kept together (having been found

upon various species of food-plants). As a matter of

fact, however, there was already evidence before me

(last year) that the solution of the difficulty is not so

simple as it appeared to be. I read Mr. Meldola’s notes

upon this subject (in Weismann’s ‘ Studies in the Theory

of Descent,’ part ii.), and assumed that his instances

pointed in the same direction as my own observations.

On reading them a second time I found that I had made

a mistake (reversing in my mind the effects of the two

food-plants), and that the instances are in exact opposi-

tion to what I should have expected. He quotes in-

stances of numerous yellow-green larve being found

upon S. viminalis and white-green upon S. triandra.

Now these results are the very reverse of protective, for

S. viminalis has leaves with very white under sides, and

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larre. 307

those of S. triandra are green underneath, as in S. rubra.

My own. observations being very strongly in favour of

the protective value of the coloration in this species,

and Mr. Meldola apparently believing the same thing, I

had fallen into the error of supposing that his instances

agreed with my own. Furthermore, all the larve I

had found upon S. viminalis had been white-green, and

those upon sallows (S. rubra) with green under sides,

like S. triandra, had been yellow-green; so that my

observations were the exact reverse of those quoted by

Mr. Meldola. But even without observations upon the

particular species (S. viminalis) I should have doubted

whether the instances alluded to were entirely normal,

and expressed the real phytophagic tendency of the two

plants. Such doubts would follow from the general con-

clusions arrived at concerning the effect of leaves,

with certain colours and surfaces. The same opposition

in experience is also indicated by Mr. Meldola when he

speaks of six larve being found upon a species of sallow,

four of them being bright ereen and two bluish green.

Nevertheless, my experiments rather supported Mr.

Meldola’s instances than my own view, for the S. viminalis

larve were not nearly so whitish as those fed upon

apple. I am hoping to experiment upon the effect of

this food-plant and of S. triandra, on a large scale

during the present summer (1885).

(2) S. ligustri.i—Mr. Meldola quotes two instances of

phytophagic coloration in this larva. In one case the

larvee feeding on lauristinus were darker than those upon

privet; in the other instance ash produced a more

greyish green than either lilac or privet. I have noticed

the same thing with regard to larve found upon ash, but I

should say that these larve resembled the lilac forms, and

differed from the privet. Mr. W. Davis’s expression

‘‘ greyish green,” quoted by Mr. Meldola, apples extremely

well to the larve which | have found upon lilac. It is

now many years since | have observed this difference (at

Reading, Oxford, and this year at Great Malvern)

between the adult larve found upon privet and lilac.

The difference is very hard to define, but very real.

The green ground colour and the purple stripes are

duller in the lilac larve, and the difference is independent

of the lightness or darkness of the larve, for light and

dark individuals occur in both varieties. This year |

reared twenty-four larve from the egg, in two separate

308 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

lots, fed respectively upon lilac and privet. I also fed a

detachment upon ash, but the larve did not thrive. In

the fifth stage the difference appears, and is quite

obvious, although much less so than that of S. ocellatus.

An attempt has been made to show the effects of this

experiment in fig. 7 (lilac) and B (privet), natural size

(Plate VII.). This phytophagic effect is also protective,

for the under sides of privet leaves are of a yellower

brighter green than in the case of lilac, and the total

effect of the two bushes is in the same direction,

especially when looked at from a little distance. The

difference is made by texture rather than colour. The

protective nature of the two colours is also very apparent

when the larve are found upon the bushes.

(3) S. populi.—There are very great differences in the

ground colour of these larve, quite equal to those of

S. ocellatus, but it is not known whether there is any

relation with the food-plant. The two chief varieties

are similar to those of S. ocellatus, a bright yellowish

green and a very white bluish green. I feel sure that

many years ago I found the latter variety with a blue

horn, and so resembling S. ocellatus that they could not

be distinguished for certain (until pupation). S. populi

is occasionally found upon various species of Salix, and

this year I have come across one upon S. Babylonica and

one upon a tree evidently allied to S. cinerea. Both

larve were light yellowish varieties, and this would be

the tendency of the food-plants in the case of S. ocellatus.

On the other hand, the larve bred from the same batch

of eggs may vary greatly, even if fed upon the same

plant. During the past summer Mr. A. Sidgwick proved

this, poplar being the food used. It is very likely that

further work upon this larva may throw light upon the

case of S. ocellatus. It will be especially interesting to

note the relation of the red spots (which are more

common and more developed in this species than in

S. ocellatus) to the ground colour. I believe that in this

species the spots have no relation to any particular

shade of ground colour. I certainly remember yellowish

larvee with the spots, and in my paper in the ‘ Trans-

actions’ of this Society (Part I., April, 1884, Plate L.,

fig. 2) an extremely pale larva is figured with the spots

developed to a very remarkable extent (I am indebted to

the kindness of Mr. G. C. Bignell for the loan of the

drawing which was figured). ‘These facts would favour

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 309

the suggestion that there is no significance in the red

spots occurring only upon the yellowish variety of

S. ocellatus.

A more detailed account of the experiments upon

S. ocellatus and S. ligustri, together with a consideration

of the difficulties attending the interpretation of many

facts by a theory of ‘‘ phytophagic ” coloration, and an

account of the structural basis of colour in larve and

its dependence upon the food-plant, will be found in my

paper, “On the essential nature of the colouring of

phytophagous larve,” &c., Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xxxviii.,

No. 237, pp. 269—815.

13. ‘THr ONTOGENY OF THE LARVA OF SELENIA ILLUNARIA.

—The eggs were laid (April 4th and 5th, 1884) by

a captured female of the spring brood, and were kindly

sent to me a few days later by Mr. W. Holland, of

Reading. They are oval, 1 mm. in their longer, and

‘75 mm. in their shorter diameter, and a little flattened

from above downwards. The eges were all red-brown in

colour when they reached me, but subsequent observa-

tions upon the later brood showed that they are first

light yellow, and that they darken to red-brown in two

or at most three days after being laid. Just before

hatching the eggs again change colour, becoming very

dark grey, almost black. This darkening is generally

complete in one day, but it takes place more rapidly in

the ova which hatch latest. The larve emerge in from

one to three days after the last darkening is complete.

The larve first appeared May 2nd, and all had emerged

by May 11th, but a large proportion of the ova (23 out

of 57) were hatched on the first two days of this period,

while the rest of the eggs gradually hatched on the

remaining days.

The chief object in working out this ontogeny was to

test further the theory I suggested last year (after work

on the Kphyride) that young Geometer larve assume

attitudes conducing towards protection during rest upon

the surface of leaves, which will, of course, be very

different to the well-known positions taken up in later

life, when the larve cling to branches of the food-plant.

Stage 1.—The young larve (fig. 15, x 6, Plate VIL.),

when first hatched, are about 2°75 mm. long when

extended, and are rather stout. They have the habit

(very common among Geometer larve) of moving the

310 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

anterior part of the body rhythmically to and fro for a

considerable time, while holding by their claspers.

When disturbed they sometimes fall with a thread, but

generally quite passively, bending the body into a

(ventrally concave) U, and remaining in that position

for a long time. In this attitude the head and three

thoracic segments are bent backwards, and the true legs

folded upwards towards the head, while the anterior

pair of claspers are bent backwards towards the last

pair. This attitude is sometimes imperfectly assumed,

but, if the larva be further disturbed, all the details are

carried out in full. The favourite attitude of rest is that

shown in fig. 15, Plate VII., the back being curved so

that the head is only slightly raised above the supporting

surface. In this position the rhythmic lateral move-

ments often result from gentle disturbance, and also

occur spontaneously. The body of the larva is nearly

cylindrical, the head being much the widest part, and,

after this, the region of the posterior claspers; the

intermediate part being nearly uniform, but becoming

slightly wider towards the extremities. The ground

colour is black, as seen from above, but in many speci-

mens the two anterior thoracic segments, and those

behind the 5th abdominal, are lighter in colour, the

hind part of the hind claspers and anal flap being

lightest. The sides and ventral surface are brown, of

which the shade varies in depth in different individuals.

There are four white intersegmental bands across the

back, in the central part of the body, separating the seg-

ments from the Ist to the 5th abdominal inclusive. These

bands are made up of irregularly-shaped white spots,

which produce the effect of a continuous stripe upon a

superficial examination. The first band is the most

distinct, but they are all very prominent, because of

their strong contrast with the ground colour. Only the

first band is continued ventrally (much less broad),

while the others cease at the spiracular level, where

they are broadest. The head is not of the common

Geometer shape, with a deeply-notched crown, nor does

it present any of the other irregularities so often met with

in this group. It is rounded and lobed by a mesial line,

which divides below enclosing a white or greyish triangular

mark (the clypeus) above the labrum, which is also light-

coloured. The rest of the head is black. The whole of

the body is thinly clothed with fine long hairs. There

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 311

is a small tubercle with a few prominent hairs on each

side of and above the anus. The spiracles cannot be

distinguished with the naked eye. After twenty-four

hours’ feeding the larve are about 4 mm. long, and they

are not quite so stout proportionately. When disturbed

they now let themselves down with a thread. In the

bent-up (U-lke) attitude a slight lateral bend of the

head is sometimes seen. This is an interesting fact, as

it exhibits a tendency towards the greater asymmetry

afterwards more commonly observed. A light line now

appears on the sides of the three thoracic segments,

and the white markings of the four bands at the same

level appear to continue this line backwards as an

interrupted spiracular line. There are traces of a fifth

band between the 5th and 6th abdominal segments.

The anterior band is, as before, far more distinct than

the others. The light ground colour which appeared

anteriorly and posteriorly in some specimens has

now generally darkened. ‘This seems to take place

directly after feeding for the first time. In two days

the length is 5 mm., and the larva is very uniformly

cylindrical. There is no change in the markings or

habits. A little later the ground colour of the larve

becomes less black, though still remaining dark. In six

days the larve are about 7 mm. long, and in nine days

most of them (eight out of twelve) changed their skins

for the first time.

Stage I1.—(See fig. 16, x 2, Plate VII.). I was not able

to observe whether the skins were eaten, but this is pro-

bably the case, as no traces of the cast skins could be

found. In this and succeeding stages the same lateral

movements occur, although they are less often seen after

the second stage. The larve are stout and about 8 mm.

long at the beginning of this stage. During rest the head

(which is unchanged in colour and shape, except for

a little flattening) and two anterior thoracic segments

are bent backwards, and the bend pointed and made

apparently angular by the 8rd pair of true legs, which

are held out straight. Thus this position is assumed

before the appearance of the ridge bearing the 8rd pair

of true legs in later stages, which makes the same

attitude so much more irregular and effective. The

irregular spiral attitude is also often seen in this stage,

and when this is the case the head and two anterior

thoracic segments are bent on one side as well as

312 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

backwards. There is not much tendency towards falling

after disturbance, but a thread is always ready if the

larva should be roughly shaken from its hold. The

larva is still hairy, but the hairs are less prominent.

There is the same pair of small tubercles posteriorly,

and they remain throughout larval life. The markings

are very similar to those of the last stage. The anterior

white band is by far the most distinct, and consists of

two chief rather yellowish patches with smaller dots.

It is continued underneath, but is interrupted at the

sides. The two succeeding bands are comparatively

inconspicuous, and are formed of small dots. The

fourth is not sharply defined and bright, but is much

broader than any of the others, being continued on to

the 5th abdominal segment as a light greyish cloud.

This cloud is continued (becoming narrower) on to the

ventral surface. There is a light line on the sides of

the first three thoracic segments, and traces of the same

line further backwards at the junction of the lghter

ventral and darker dorsal ground colours. ‘There is

also a very faint white line in the position of the sub-

dorsal, extending from the 2nd abdominal segment to

the posterior end of the body. The dorsal ground

colour is very dark brown, becoming dull black behind

the 5th abdominal segment. The colour is darker in

front of and behind the first white band and anterior to

the last band. The depth of the ground colour varies

in different individuals. The ventral ground colour is

lighter brown. The darkening in front of the posterior

white band is continued on to the sides, but not

ventrally. The protective resemblance (in colour and

attitude) is evidently to the excrement of birds. The

size is rather small for this, but it is probable that both

the colours and the habit have been handed backwards

from more advanced stages. It is, however, very likely

that the resemblance is of use in this stage, although

the small size must be the chief protection, at any rate,

from some enemies. ‘Towards the close of the stage

there are some changes which anticipate the appearances

which follow the next ecdysis. Thus the 4th and 5th

abdominal segments become rather swollen, and the

light cloudy colour extends and produces a somewhat

mottled appearance on this part of the larva.

Stage II1.— (See fig. 17, natural size, Plate VII.).

This stage began sixteen days after hatching in the case

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 318

of nearly all the larvee observed. Only at this point in

the ontogeny are there considerable changes in the

larve, for the first two stages were very similar to each

other, and the last two are practically the same as the

third. The length is about 11 mm. when the second

ecdysis is taking place, and the larva is fairly stout on

entering the third stage. It is very difficult to accurately

measure the larve in this and (to a less extent) in

succeeding stages, because the body is so rarely extended.

The important structural characters of the larva from this

time forward concern the head, the 8rd pair of thoracic

legs, and the 4th and 5th abdominal segments. The

head is much flattened, and appears merely as a con-

tinuation of the body, the constriction between it and

the 1st thoracic segment becoming quite inconspicuous.

The 8rd pair of thoracic legs are placed upon the summit

of avery large and prominent transversely-directed ventral

ridge. The importance of this structure is to render

conspicuous the dorsal bend of the body at the 38rd

thoracic segment in the protective attitude assumed

during rest. At such a time the head and 1st and 2nd

thoracic segments are bent backwards so far as to be

almost parallel with the anterior abdominal segments,

while the 8rd pair of legs are held straight out from

their ridge on the convexity of the abrupt bend in the

3rd thoracic segment; but the extremities of the legs

are generally curved inwards so as fo nearly meet.

The effect is greatly increased by lateral swellings on the

2nd thoracic segment, and by the Ist and 2nd pair of

legs being bent up towards the head, and thus becoming

invisible except on a close inspection. The colours, as

will be seen, greatly aid the effect of this extremely

irregular and unlarva-like attitude. The protection is

by resemblance to a brown and crumpled leaf-fragment,

or to the excrement of birds, according to the colour ;

and at this stage the larva is generally at rest upon the

leaves. The 1st, 2nd, and 8rd abdominal segments are

extremely round and cylindrical, and it is difficult to

detect the furrows between them. The 4th and 5th

abdominal segments are much swollen, and each has

two small dark dorsal tubercles terminated by a single

hair. These two segments are held in a slight curve

with the concavity below. Other similar, but much

smaller, tubercles are sparingly scattered over the body

of the larva. There are also the two posteriorly-directed

TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1885.—PpaRT Il. (AUG.) Y

314 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

anal tubercles. The lateral margins of the anal flap

are invisible, except upon careful observation. A few

scattered hairs are still present, and are rather more

abundant anteriorly and posteriorly. The ground colour

varies from red-brown to dull yellow; in all cases

mottled with lighter tints. The anterior white ring of

earlier stages is present as two short transverse pale

yellow lines, one on each side of the dorsal middle line

in the anterior part of the 2nd abdominal segment. An

inconspicuous lightish cloud sometimes extends back-

wards from these marks for a short distance. The

transverse markings are sometimes covered by the

reflected posterior part of the 1st abdominal segment in

the protective attitude. There are no traces of the next

two bands, but the light colours on the side of the swollen

4th and 5th abdominal segments are the remains of the

fourth band, which became diffuse and cloudy in the

second stage. The 4th abdominal segment is not

covered with the light cloud to such an extent as the

5th. There is a tendency towards a_ longitudinal

arrangement of the lighter markings, especially in the

more cylindrical parts of the larva. The under side of

the head and Ist and 2nd thoracic segments is much

lighter, and of a dull yellow colour. This of course

becomes the upper side in the protective attitude (see

fig. 17, Plate VII.). The spiracles are very indistinct at

all stages. The segments behind the fifth abdominal

are darker in colour, generally showing a combination

of very dark grey and rich brown. ‘The ventral surface

of the first four abdominal segments is rich brown with

creamy mottlings longitudinally arranged, the colours

being continued on to the under side of the transverse

ridge bearing the 38rd pair of true legs. The upper

surface of this ridge is very dark. In many larve the

brown is replaced by greyish tints. The protective

attitude of Stage III. is remarkable for its excessive

irregularity in the vertical plane. Occasionally there is

a deviation to one side, especially in the bend at the

8rd thoracic segment; but this is exceptional, and the

efficiency of the attitude is not, as a rule, due to a

spiral or bilaterally asymmetrical position, as in the

case of the Hphyride. Nevertheless, the larva at rest

is wholly unlike a Geometer in the usual position of

resemblance to a twig, although this attitude is assumed

during later stages. During the maintenance of the

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 315

former attitude the larva nearly always clings to the

leaf on which it is feeding, and does not return to the

twig in the intervals of rest (as during the succeeding

stages). The great feature of the attitude is the

remarkable bend in the 8rd thoracic segment, and the

intensely exaggerated effect produced by the 3rd pair of

thoracic legs projecting from their prominent ridge. There

is also a bend (in the opposite direction, dorsally con-

cave) in the 2nd abdominal segment, and another

(ventrally concave) between the 4th and 5th, pointed by

the pair of dorsal tubercles on each of these segments.

The larva is supported by a thread of silk in the pro-

tective attitude. When the thread is cut in two the

larva falls into another position, showing that there is

considerable tension on the thread. In this second

position it remains steady for some time, but eventually

the first attitude is again assumed, usually after the

appearance of the lateral movements. When a larva is

disturbed it is most remarkably passive, thus carrying

out its resemblance to immovable objects; but if the

disturbance be increased the lateral movements begin.

Fourth and Fifth Stages. — The colours and markings

of the last two stages are quite similar to those of the

third in nearly all cases (see fig. 18, natural size, Plate

VII.; end of fifth stage). Occasionally the white band

on the 2nd abdominal segment seems to be absent, and

sometimes it is concealed beneath the reflected hinder

part of the Ist abdominal segment. The attitude is,

however, quite different from that assumed in the third

stage, and is of the type most usual among Geometers,

protection being gained by resemblance to a twig. The

head and first two thoracic segments are bent back, as

in the third stage, but not to an equal extent, and the 3rd

pair of thoracic legs are held as before, and the support-

ing thread often passes between them. The bend is, as

before, rendered more effective by the swollen sides of

the 2nd thoracic segment. The rest of the body is held

straight, especially the cylindrical Ist, 2nd, and 38rd

abdominal segments. The resemblance to a twig, with

a projection on one side of the extremity, is very

striking. The projection is formed by the head and

first two thoracic segments, for by position, shape, and

colouring the line of the body is continued into the ridge

on the 8rd thoracic segment and the 3rd pair of thoracic

legs, which appear as the real termination of the object.

316 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

When the larva is not at rest the ridge bearing the 3rd

pair of thoracic legs is bent upwards, so as to be nearly

parallel with the head and two anterior thoracic seg-

ments, presenting a remarkable appearance. The

colouring of the whole, the swollen 4th and 5th abdo-

minal segments with their tubercles, and the manner in

which the claspers are applied to the branch,—all

assist in forming a very perfect imitation of a twig.

Just before spinning up the larva becomes very stout

and short. The fourth stage began twenty-three days

after hatching in the case of most of the larve, but

press of work prevented me from ascertaining the length

of this stage and the one succeeding it. ‘The duration

of the stages is, however, extremely variable. Thus

out of seventeen larve hatched in the same twenty-four

hours, one was changing the first skin, several the

second, while many had already entered the third stage.

Four larve (out of the seventeen) spun slight cocoons

just thirty days after hatching. In these instances the

whole period was shorter than usual, and hence each of

the stages mentioned above (as far as possible average)

was also abbreviated. The larve of this and other

batches pupated after variable periods all greater than

thirty days, but most of them less than forty. In some

few instances, however, the two last stages (especially)

were immensely prolonged, so that larvee which hatched

about May 5th had not spun up at the end of July.

Although these last larve died before pupation there can

be little doubt that in this greatly prolonged larval

period, ina few cases, and in the extreme irregularity

altogether, there are indications of an older monogon-

eutic condition. This is all the more interesting in a

species which exhibits seasonal dimorphism to such a

marked degree as S. illunaria (in the perfect state).

This dimorphism must, of course, have arisen gradually,

long after a digoneutic condition had been established ;

and the very exceptional degree which is shown by the

former implies immense antiquity for the latter. Further-

more, the species has been polygoneutic in the present

year (1884), but the indications of the ancient monogo-

neutic condition are less remarkable in relation to

polygoneutism than to such extreme and exceptional

seasonal dimorphism, for well-marked instances of the

former relationship have been already adduced. It

must also be remembered that the dimorphism of this

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 817

species includes a very great difference in size between

the imagines of the two broods, as well as a most

decided divergence in colour.

The dates of the various events of the life-history

during the present year (1884) have been as follows :—

The ova were laid April 14th and 15th; the larve

hatched from May 2nd to the 11th; the first larve spun

up June Ist, the others at various subsequent dates all

through June and into July. I conducted experiments

with artificially induced cold upon most of the pupe,

but the imagines emerged a few days after the with-

drawal of the ice in all cases. A few pupe were not

exposed to cold, and these had pupated towards the

beginning of July, emerging in about twelve days. The

eggs of the next brood were laid on July 4th, and a few

days afterwards, by a moth which had been exposed to

ice in the pupal state for thirteen days. (The male

which fertilised the eggs had been similarly exposed for

nine days). The tendency of this cold would, of course,

be towards diminishing the number of broods in the

year, and, as it did not have this effect, it may be left

out of consideration, except as keeping back all sub-

sequent events by a period about equal to that passed

in the cold. The eggs hatched in the middle of July,

and the larve spun up from the 20th of August to the

middle of September. One, however, only spun up on

October 29th. The perfect insects emerged in from two

to three weeks, but a considerable proportion have not

emerged and constitute the winter brood. Eggs for a

third brood were laid September 15th and the following

days, turning brown in two or three days, as on previous

occasions. The larve began to hatch on October 4th.

These larve are not adult at the present date (December

18th). They have been partially kept back by the

difficulty of obtaining food at this time of the year, but

there is great doubt as to whether they could have lived

at all in the open air, unless, indeed, these larvee hyber-

nate. Thus there have been three broods of larve this

year, and some individuals of the first brood showed

tendencies towards a winter pupation (but died as larvae) ;

many individuals of the second brood are passing the

winter as pupe, and it seems likely that the third brood

will hybernate as larve.

Summary.— There are a few especially interesting

features in this ontogeny. The two first stages are

318 Mr. Poulton’s further notes wpon the

extremely unlike the remaining three in ground colour,

markings, and shape. The two former are very dark,

almost black, with white bands at intervals round the

central part of the body, while the larva is cylindrical.

The three last stages are very similar to one another,

but much more complicated than the first two, and the

break very sudden. The chief traces of continuity are

seen in the permanence of the anterior white band in a

modified form, and in the changes that take place

towards the end of the second stage. These latter,

however, are probably due ina great measure to the

actual existence of the third stage beneath the tightening

skin of the second. The last three stages bring out the

importance of attitude in a very interesting way. With

a similar colouring and structure the appearance of a

larva in the third stage at rest is extremely different

from one in the fourth or fifth stage, and the difference

is correlated with a position upon leaves or branches

respectively. Itis very likely that some such difference will

be found in the ontogeny of all Geometer larve which are

protected in the advanced stages by resembling twigs.

The rhythmical lateral movements are very hard to ex-

plain. The habit seems to be extremely ancient, as it is

so widespread and so frequently manifested. At present

I can only suggest a possible use in the unvarying and

mechanical characters of the movements which are cer-

tainly very unlike those generally seen in organic forms.

14. THE UTILISATION OF THE CHANGES IN COLOUR BEFORE

PUPATION FOR PROTECTIVE PURPOSES. —In a paper read

before this Society last year (November 7th, 1883), I

suggested that the darkening of certain larve before

pupation is probably of protective value. I was not

then aware that this suggestion had been previously

made by Mr. Meldola (see his paper in Proc. Zool. Soce.,

1878, p. 155, and the Appendix to his translation of

Weismann’s book quoted above, p. 525). Mr. Meldola

instances the darkening of Sphinx ligustri, and this was

the very larva which prompted me to make an identical

suggestion, quite independently, although many years

afterwards. In my last paper I gave instances of green

larve protected by their resemblance to leaves, which

became brown when they wandered over the bare ground

before burying, and other larve which darkened less,

still retaining green as their predominating colour, and

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 319

which found suitable places for pupation in damper and

greener situations. I did not then know any instance of

protection by a change of colour in the reverse direction.

I am now able to supply such an instance. During the

present summer (1884) I bred a number of the larve of

Ennomos angularia. The adult larva is dark brown in

colour, and in this respect, as well as by its attitude, is

extremely well protected by resemblance to the dark

twigs of its food-plant (elm). The pupal period is very

short, and passed in the hottest part of summer, and

the cocoon is very loosely constructed of leaves, between

which the larva and subsequently the pupa are generally

visible. In this case the brown colour of the larva is

discharged before pupation, and it becomes green (see

fic. 19, natural size, Plate VII.), and is therefore well

protected in its new surroundings. The pupa is also

ereen, but is dimorphic, one form being light bluish

ereen covered with white dots, and the other dark

brownish green sprinkled with black dots (see figs. 20

and 21, natural size, Plate VII.).. Both forms are well

protected in the cocoon, and it is probable that the

dimorphism is of direct value (see my paper quoted

above for other instances of the direct value of

dimorphism). In S. ddlunaria the larva only becomes

green over a small part of its surface, and the pupa is

of the ordinary shining reddish brown colour, but the

cocoon is fairly complete, so that the contents are

hidden. I may also add to the instances adduced last

year the case of M. stellatarum feeding on Galiwm verum

in dry situations exposed to the sun, which darkens very

completely all over before pupation, and which wanders

over the earth before making a slight cocoon, within

which it may be sometimes visible. Again, there is

the unusual darkening of the larva of D. vinula, which

makes its cocoon on the bark; while other larve (S.

populi and ocellatus), with the same food, darken very

slightly, but pupate in the earth, which is covered with

sreen vegetation beneath such trees (growing in moist

places). Of course there will remain a great many

larve which do not gain protection in this way, for

example, all those which form complete cocoons at once

or bury without wandering and exposing themselves in

new surroundings with which their colours do not

harmonise. I only urge that certain larve. gain pro-

tection by making use (through natural selection) of the

320 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

changes of colour before pupation, and this theory is, I

think, much supported by the unusual change of colour

in the larva of EH. angularia.

15. ON A CURIOUS HABIT OBSERVED IN SOME LARVE

BEFORE PUPATION. — This summer (1884) I have been

told by my sister of a curious habit that she has noticed

in the full-fed larve of M. stellatarum. When these

have ceased to feed, but before the colour has darkened,

they cover themselves all over with a brown fluid from

their mouths. My sister describes the process as

occupying considerable time, being conducted with the

greatest care. The mouth is even brought into contact

with the dorsal surface of the 1st thoracic segment, so

that this is moistened together with all other parts of

the larva. The same observer considers that several

layers of fluid are poured out over the larva, and she

believes that the changes of colour before pupation are

produced in this way, stating that the moistened part of

the surface is quite different in colour from that which

has been hitherto untouched. This interesting observa-

tion seemed to render intelligible a fact which must have

been noticed by every breeder of caterpillars, 7. e., that

adult larvee which are thoroughly wet all over the body

are often seen in the breeding-cages. I had also noticed

that such larve had ceased to feed before this took

place, and that soon afterwards they changed colour and

wandered about’ to find a spot suitable for pupation.

With this interpretation I watched carefully, and in a

few days I saw the adult larva of S. populi carefully and

very systematically covering itself with fluid. I then

recognised the moistened surface as quite similar to that

which | had often seen before, when I did not know of

the method by which the moisture was applied. Since

then I have seen the same thing in M. stellatarum,

although in this case the fluid (if any) seemed to dry at

once, and was hardly ever visible. The movements of

the head are exactly those indicated by the term

“licking.” It seems hkely that this habit is really very

common, perhaps universal, among larvee, but I do not

feel any certainty as to its use. Ido not.see how it can

affect the change of colour, for this must be due to com-

paratively deep-seated processes, whereas the fluid is

superficial. Further, the larva of S. populi does not

change in colour to any extent, and only on the back,

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larva. 321

while the fluid was applied to the ventral surface as well

as to all other parts. At the same time it is very likely

that the moistened part may, while wet, appear different

in colour from the dry part. The change of skin at

pupation does not essentially differ from an ordinary

ecdysis, and it is therefore difficult to understand why

the skin should receive such elaborate preparation for

the former event only. It is to be hoped that further

observation may decide upon the frequency of the occur-

rence and lead to some suggestion as to its use.

16. AN ANATOMICAL REASON FOR THE SPECIAL PROTECTION

OF LARVH.—Larve differ from most other organisms in

their lability to death from slight injuries. The reason

for this is to be chiefly found in the anatomical con-

struction of a larva, which may be described as a soft-

walled cylindrical tube which owes its firmness, and,

indeed, the maintenance of its shape, to the fact that it

contains fluid under considerable pressure. The pressure

is exerted by the muscular parieties of the body. The

advantage of this construction is as obvious as its

danger: the larva possesses a motive force which can be

applied to any movable part of the surface through the

medium of the fluid. Indeed, it does not seem possible

that the emission of a process of the body-wall could be

effected with any great power under any other system of

construction, at any rate, in soft-bodied animals. And

it is necessary that larve should thrust out various

projections with great force. Thus the claspers must

retain the larva (often of considerable weight) upon the

food-plant during high winds; and the force with which

they hold is seen in the fact that larve may be often

injured by roughly and rapidly detaching them. Again,

many larve possess flagella or shorter projections, which

must be swiftly emitted for the purpose of driving away

ichneumon flies, &c. Then there are fluid secretions,

which must be ejected with considerable force, and glands

producing a disagreeable odour, which are bodily everted

at a moment’s notice (larve of certain phytophagous

Hymenoptera). This motive force is also known in

very different organisms: the eye-bearing “tentacles ”’

of the snail are thrust out by such means. The

retraction of all processes which are emitted in this way

must be by invagination, and this is most readily

performed by means of an axial muscle attached to the

322 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

interior surface of the apex. The retractor muscle of

the snail’s tentacle is well known to have this arrange-

ment, and I have found striated muscle fibres similarly

attached to the eversible glands of hymenopterous larve.

The most striking of all the instances of this kind of

protrusion is, I think, afforded by the well-known flagella

of the larva of D. vinula. The pink flagella are very

long and narrow, and are protruded with great rapidity.

At the base of each flagellum there is a small transparent

area extending round the whole circumference, and

through this, as through a window, the processes of

invagination and evagination can be readily watched.

When the invaginating flagellum has shortened to half

its length, the tip has, of course, been drawn inwards as

far as the transparent base, and a pink line is seen in

the axis of the latter, rapidly lengthening inwards until

the whole axis is pink. As invagination becomes com-

plete the pink axis disappears inwards as the transparent

part is itself invaginated. The same phenomena are

also seen in evagination in the reverse order. The

protrusion and withdrawal of claspers seems to be

essentially due to the same process. The whole shape

of the larva also depends on the fact that it contains

fluid under considerable pressure, as can be readily seen

in a dying larva, in which the muscles have lost their

tone. Under these circumstances the larva entirely

collapses, and the only traces of movement are seen in

its thoracic legs, which depend upon their own muscles,

and are not moved by the fluid (although the elevations

upon which they are placed owe their firmness to this

cause).

It. is hardly necessary to point out that this con-

struction is extremely dangerous, for a very slight

wound entails great loss of blood, while a moderate

injury must prove fatal. The larve of S. ocellatus (and

many others) nibble off each other’s horns, and the

wounded larve ‘although they do not seem to be aware

of the injury) lose a great deal of blood, and, although

they may recover, are generally stunted; and often, I

am sure, the loss of blood proves fatal. If the wound

be at all extensive the fat-body and viscera protrude,

owing to the pressure on the side distal to the wound

(that on the proximal side having been relieved by

escape of blood). It is, I believe, in consequence of

these iacts that the various means of protection in larve

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 323

are almost always of a passive kind. When active

(flagella) they seem to be directed against the attacks of

ichneumons, which produce fatal results in quite another

way. Nearly all the means of defence against other

enemies are such as tend to prevent the larva from

being seen or touched, rarely such as to be of any avail

when actually attacked. There may be various changes

in the mode of defence, but the object is always the

same,—to leave the larva untouched, a touch being

practically fatal. If the disguise of a twig-like Geometer

be seen through, in some cases the larva may drop to

the ground; but, if followed, there is no further defence.

The larva of C. elpenor is protected by resemblance to

the brown or green (according to its colour) parts of its

food-plant. When it is discovered and attacked it

assumes the terrifying attitude, but, if this fail to

terrify, it possesses no other means of protection. So

also the unpleasant taste or smell are powerless for

those foes which attack the larve notwithstanding such

protection, and the ‘‘ warning colours” of distasteful

larvee have been acquired to prevent experimental or

inadvertent “tasting” on the part of enemies (which

would, of course, be fatal owing to the larval con-

struction). And of all the various modes of protection,

by far the commonest is that of resemblance to sur-

rounding objects, a means for rendering the larva

practically invisible. It seems probable that the

extremely perfect and very various means of defence

are related to the unusual delicacy which results from

larval organisation.

EXPLANATION OF Puate VII.

Fic. 1, X 4 diam.—The larva of Sphina ligustri just after hatch-

ing, extended in walking. There are no markings, the colour is

yellowish, the head greenish. There are two rows of hairs on the

back, two hairs in each row upon most of the segments. There is

another row of hairs upon each side slightly above the spiracles

(with the same arrangement of hairs). The hairs are scattered

thinly and irregularly upon the head and posterior to the 7th

abdominal segment. The caudal horn is seen to be immensely

long, and distinctly bifid at the tip. Its colour is black, but the

upper half is greenish, because the black surface is rather trans-

324 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

parent, and allows the green fluid within to shine through. The

termination consists of two tubercles, from each of which a single

bristle projects.

Fic. 2, X 3 diam.—A larva of S. ligustri at the close of the

first stage, extended in walking. The horn is somewhat longer

in this individual, and is now held straight, sometimes at the angle

shown, and sometimes parallel with the back. The larva is now

bright green, and shows the (white) markings of the stage,—a

subdorsal and the system of oblique stripes. These markings are

formed by the linear arrangement of minute white shagreen dots

that cover the body (not shown), and of larger dots at the bases of

some of the long hairs. The two kinds of dots are essentially

sunilar, for the smaller ones also terminate in minute hairs (seen

with a lens). Before these markings were established there was a

stage when the dots at the bases of the larger hairs became con-

spicuous, especially in the case of the dorsal rows, so that most of

the segments showed four large white spots when looked at from

above. On the thoracic segments there were only two such spots.

These spots can still be seen in the figure, some of them taking

part in the stripes, while some are outside the latter. The sub-

dorsal is more distinct than the stripes, and is entirely made up of

the smaller dots. A very faint and small ‘8th stripe” is seen

upon the Ist abdominal segment above the subdorsal. There is a

horizontal line upon the thoracic segments parallel with and above

the subdorsal. It is chiefly formed by the single pair of large dots

upon each segment, and on a superficial examination it looks like

the anterior continuation of the 8th stripe. This, however, is not

really the case, as the latter is prolonged slightly below its posterior

termination.

Fig. 3, X 2 diam.—A larva of S. ligustri at the close of the

second stage, comfortably extended at rest. The larva much

resembles that shown in fig. 2. The movable horn is brownish

red, covered with black tubercles (shagreen dots), which are absent

at the sides of the base, and thus cause the appearance of a reddish -

patch where the 7th stripe enters the base of the horn. The tip is

still bifid, but less markedly so. The fork is due to two pronounced

tubercles with the hairs upon them. The origin of the larval

markings from the arrangement of shagreen dots is very obvious.

The dots terminate in minute hairs at this time and in future

stages. The long hairs have now disappeared, and so also have

the large spots, except those that enter into the ‘8th stripe” and

the line above the subdorsal. The latter is now less distinct,

except anteriorly, while the oblique stripes are very clear. There

is a pink tinge upon the thoracic legs, claspers, and spiracles. The

shagreened head is surrounded by a marginal white line.

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 325

Fic. 4, X 2 diam.—A larva of the same species at the close of

the third stage, comfortably extended at rest. The markings are

very similar to the last. The subdorsal is now indistinct anteriorly

and absent elsewhere. The large white spots are still present

upon the anterior segments, and contribute to their markings.

There is still a trace of the bifid termination of the horn in some

individuals, but this feature requires higher magnification for its

detection than has been employed in this figure. The side of the

head is now often darkened by a black cloud, which spreads from

above downwards, behind the (yellow) marginal line. There is

great variability in this character, and it is often absent, as in the

individual figured. The spiracles are faintly ochreous, the thoracic

legs red, and the claspers dark purplish. The ground colour is

often dark green below, which extends upwards as a border to the

lower third of the white stripes in the darker individuals. During

erowth in this stage the shagreen dots of the oblique stripes

become enlarged, fuse, and form continuous lines. The annulation

of the segments keeps the dots separate for some time (as each dot

in a stripe is on a separate annulus, and there is a deep furrow

between adjacent annuli). In the 8th abdominal segment there is

no annulation, and here therefore the dots coalesce much earlier

than elsewhere, and the stripe is more distinct than the others.

The anal flap is bordered with white. The purple borders to the

oblique stripes appear in this stage. They are never present at

the beginning, and there is extreme irregularity in the time at

which they appear and the extent to which they are developed.

Sometimes they are not present at all in this stage. The borders

are linear, and they are first seen in front of the middle of the 1st

and last stripe, afterwards upon the intermediate ones. The

shagreen dots are absent from the purple borders, or, if present, are

very small, the borders being modified from the ground colour.

At this stage the Sphinz attitude is often assumed during rest;

in previous stages it was also seen, but far less commonly. In the

present stage, and in the second, there is the greatest resemblance

between this larva and that of Smerinthus ocellatus. The purple bor-

ders of the individual figured are rather more developed than usual.

Fic. 5.—Slghtly over the natural size. Larva of S. ligustri

at the close of the fourth stage, at rest in the Sphinw attitude,

which is more marked in this stage than in any other. The larva

at first exactly resembles the appearance in the last stage, but the

purple borders are broader. The remnant of the subdorsal and

line above it, with the large dots, are at first present, but disappear

later. The ‘‘8th stripe” remains. The stripes are white where

they are bordered with purple, yellowish above this, while the

purple is replaced superiorly by dark green. The ground colour

326 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

round the oblique stripes is much yellower and brighter than

elsewhere. The larva is shagreened all over, but the stripes become

continuous at an earlier period than in the third stage. The purple

borders are darker anteriorly and inferiorly, becoming black in the

darker individuals (there is great variability).

Fre. 6, natural size.—Larva of the same species at the beginning

of the fifth (and last) stage immediately after eedysis. The larva

in this stage is well known. For a few hours after ecdysis the horn

and sides of the head are greenish, gradually becoming black,

The shagreen dots (terminating in hairs) are also present, but very

minute, and the ‘8th stripe” is visible. Very soon these

characters cease to be recognisable, although the scattered white

points which form the anterior inferior extremities of the stripes

remain to the end, and are true shagreen dots, for each of them

has a minute hair upon it. There are also very small but distinct

dots on the ventral aspect of the body. Traces of shagreening can

even be detected at first upon the caudal horn, which later becomes

very smooth and polished.

Fie. 7, A and B, natural size—Two abdominal segments from

the central part of the body of a full-grown larva of S. ligustri,

viewed from the left side, showing phytophagic differences. The

larva from which (A) was drawn had been fed upon lilac for its

whole life, while (8) had been fed upon privet. Both are dark

varieties, but it is seen that (a) has a darker duller ground colour,

and the purple border is not bright, as in (B). It is very difficult

to bring out the differences between the larve in a figure. ‘Too

many annuli are represented on the segments: there should be

eight upon each.

Fic. 8, X 3 diam.—The head and anterior segments of the larva of

S. ligustri at the close of the second stage, viewed from above.

The figure shows the subdorsal, distinct in front, faint behind,

between the Ist and 2nd oblique stripes. These markings are

formed of yellow shagreen dots. The ‘‘ 8th stripe” and line above

the subdorsal are formed of white dots, among which the larger

spots are conspicuous. The annulation of the segments is shown,

and it is seen that the dots composing the markings are separated

by the furrows between the annuli.

Fic. 9, X 4 diam.—The Ist and 2nd abdominal segments of the

larva of S. ligustri, rather strongly contracted, just after the third

ecdysis (fourth stage). The segments are looked at from above.

At this early period in the stage the arrangement of the shagreening

is well seen, and the relation of the dots covering the body

generally to those forming the markings. It is seen that there is

a ring of dots upon every annulus in the segment, and that a

single dot in each ring becomes much enlarged and very white

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larve. 827

when the level of the oblique stripe is reached. By this enlarge-

ment of a single dot at the appropriate level in each annulus the

oblique stripes and other white markings arise. The 8th stripes are

seen together as a V, and their constitution is shown to be similar to

that of the other stripes. The purple borders are very small at the

beginning of the stage, but the figure shows that this marking has

nothing to do with the dots (which are absent from it), but arises

as a darkening of the ground colour. The annulation of the

segments is very distinct.

Fie. 10, X 50 diam.—The extremity of a well-formed horn of a

larva of S. ligustri in the third stage, viewed from above. The horn

is covered with black tubercles (shagreen dots) terminated by minute

hairs, which are always directed upwards. The bifid tip is formed

of two rather larger tubercles with longer hairs. This feature is,

of course, much more pronounced in earlier stages.

Fie. 11, x 188 diam.—A single tubercle (dot), seen in optical

section, from the side of the horn of the larvaof Smerinthws ocellatus

at the end of the third stage. The hair upon the apex is forked.

The great majority are of this kind, but sometimes three or even

four prongs are found in this species; and some hairs terminate

simply. The penetration of the base of the hair into the apex of

the tubercle can be just made out, as shown in the figure. The

hairs are transparent and colourless.

Fic. 12, x 8 diam.—The head of the larva of S. ocellatus in the

third stage, as seen from the front. The larva was an extremely

yellow variety, even at this period. (It was a larva found upon

Salix rubra in the summer of 1884). The head is covered with

yellow shagreen dots (with hairs). These are arranged round the

margin as a yellow line in which they have coalesced, but are still

recognisable. The two dots at the apex of the head and the

summit of the marginal lines are bright red in colour, and greatly

enlarged (although they still retain the hairs). At this time they

form a very conspicuous feature.

Fie. 138, x 2 diam.— The head of a whitish-green larva of

S. ocellatus at the beginning of the fifth stage, viewed from the

front. The red tubercles, which were so distinct in the last figure

(12), were also prominent in the second stage, and continued into

the fourth. At the close of this latter stage, however, the colour

becomes yellowish or orange. In this figure (18) it is shown that

the tubercles still retain the red colour upon their rounded

summits, but their relative size is much less, and their shape is

not conspicuous.

Vie. 14, x 2 diam.— The head of a yellowish-green larva of

S. ocellatus, advanced in fifth stage (about 50 mm. long) when

looked at from the front. In this figure the red has entirely

328 Mr. Poulton’s further notes upon the

disappeared from the tubercles, which are now only distinguished

from the others by their greater size. In these three figures there

is traced the gradual disappearance of a structure which must

have been very conspicuous, from its colour and position, when it

reached its culmination in the fifth stage. Its present significance

appears to be historic. This seems to support the argument that

the Smerinthus larva was brightly coloured, but has undergone

alterations for protective purposes. The brightly-coloured spots

that often appear on the body of Smerinthus larve are explained

as due to reversion by this theory.

Fic. 15, x 6 diam.—The larva of Selenia illunaria just after

emergence from the egg, seen from the left side. The figure

represents the habitual attitude of rest at this stage. The body is

almost black, thinly covered with hairs (not shown), and encircled

by four white interrupted bands.

Fie. 16, x 2 diam.— The larva of S. tllunaria towards the

beginning of the second stage, seen from above. The ground

colour is not so dark, the anterior band is distinct, the others much

less so; the posterior band has become broad, and has spread

backwards over the 5th abdominal segment as a light greyish

cloud. The ground colour is still dark brown, becoming dull

black posteriorly, but there is much variability. The protection at

this stage is due to a resemblance to the excrement of birds,

which is much assisted by the irregular (sometimes) asymmetrical

attitude.

Fic. 17, natural size.-—The larva of S. tllunaria in the third

stage, seen from the right side, at rest in the protective attitude.

The appearance is now much altered. The anterior band is visible

as two transverse pale yellow marks on the dorsal surface of the

anterior part of the 2nd abdominal segment. The last band is also

present as a light cloud upon the sides of the 4th and 5th abdo-

minal segments, which are swollen, and each of them has two

tubercles on the back. The ground colour consists of various

shades of brown, or sometimes of dull yellow. The last pair of

thoracic legs are placed on a prominent transverse ridge projecting

from the ventral surface of the 8rd thoracic segment. By holding

the ridge and the legs, as shown in the figure, the bend in the 8rd

thoracic segment is made to appear exceedingly angular. The

head is very flattened, and continues the line of the two anterior

thoracic segments, and, like them, it is lighter on the under

surface. The Ist and 2nd pairs of thoracic legs are bent upwards, and

are thus inconspicuous. There are also other bends in the body of

the larva, as shown in the figure. The very irregular attitude is

assumed upon the surface of the leaves of the food-plant, for the

larva does not at this time retire to rest upon the twigs. Hence

markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larva. 329

the protection is not by resemblance to a twig, but to an irregular

fragment upon a leaf, such as the excrement of a bird or a brown

piece of leaf.

Fic. 18, natural size.—The full-grown larva of S. illunaria, seen

from the left side, at rest upon a twig. ‘There is no essential

difference between the colouring of this stage (fifth) and that of the

third (fig. 17), and the intervening fourth stage is, of course, similar.

Nevertheless, the appearance is very different, and this is entirely

due to the attitude. The bend in the 3rd thoracic segment is still

very prominent, but it is not so great asin the third stage. The

effect is still to prolong the line of the body into the ridge on the

ventral aspect of the 3rd thoracic segment and the 8rd pair of thoracic

legs. The rest of the body is held straight, and the resemblance

is to a lateral twig of the branch upon which the larva is resting.

The effect of the anterior bend is very peculiar and unlarva-like.

The white marks upon the 2nd abdominal segment are nearly

always present. The thread which supports the larva in the

protective attitude often passes between the 3rd pair of thoracic legs

(see figure). The attitude and appearance in the fourth stage is

similar to that just described and shown in fig. 18. The ground

colour is very variable.

Fic. 19, natural size.-—The larva of Hnnomos angularia before

pupation, seen from the right side. The colours have undergone

change, and the larva was taken out of its cocoon to be figured. The

adult larva was dark coloured and twig-like, but the colours have

entirely changed to greenish tints. Thus the larva is inconspicuous

against the surrounding leaves, which are fastened together to

form its cocoon. This is important, for the loose construction of

the latter renders the larva easily visible.

Fie. 20, natural size.—The pupa of H. angularia, seen from the

left side. The pupa was nearly ready for the emergence of the

imago, for the darkened eyes can be seen through the covering

In this form the pupa is bluish green, covered with white points.

Fic. 21, natural size.—The pupa of H. angularia, seen from

above. ‘The figure shows the other form of this dimorphic pupa.

It is of a brownish-green colour, sprinkled with black dots. Both

these forms are well protected in the cocoon, and it is probable

that the species is directly benefitted by the dimorphism.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PaRT. 11. (AUG.) 2

a Sh or)

cP Piste 0 Lee ae

UE oO a ’

: i , le a

( 3831 )

III. On a new genus of Histeride. By Grorcr

Lewis, F.L.S.

[Read February 4th, 1885. |

Puate VIII.

I round a genus of Coleoptera in Japan whose members

deviate so far from the Histerid@ in their general struc-

ture that, after a careful examination of their characters,

I excluded it from a paper on this family in the ‘ Annals

and Magazine of Natural History,’ February, 1884, and

merely alluded to it on page 137 as probably belonging

to the Synteliide. A more perfect scrutiny of the insects

convinces me, however, that they are true Histerids,

although their location in the family is not easy to

determine. There is much that is abnormal in their

structure. If the elytral striz and general surface

sculpture is considered important, they may be placed

near the cylindrical species of Platysoma; but there is

no lip or chin to the prosternum, and, if this is thought

to be an essential character, the genus must be put near

Tryponeus. I am inclined myself to set them in the

catalogue after Platysoma, because they are allied to the

latter genus in their habit of life and mode of seeking

their prey, rather than to Teretrius or Tryponeus.

The genus rests even now on four well-marked species,

and two of these have a large range over Japan and

occur in localities whose extreme limits lie 700 miles

apart; we may rest therefore on the assurance that a

genus so widely distributed is not confined to Japan

alone, for although it is true the beetles from having

a definite habitat are inclined to be local, they also

belong to a class likely to be conveyed long distances

in floating timber. In August, 1880, I saw large oak-

trees on the beach at Horobetsu,—strewed there by a

gale in the Pacific,—and trunks of such size doubtless

landed large numbers of insects on the sea-border of

Southern Yezo. But there are more weighty reasons

for the supposition of a wide distribution. Lately

TRANS. ENT. §0C. LOND. 1885.—parT Ul. (AUG.)

aoe Mr. G. Lewis on a

Dr. Sharp, while writing a memoir on the Japanese and

Ceylonese Colydiide, found twelve of the genera were

represented in both collections; and five species are

found in Ceylon as well as Japan. And another insect

found as yet in Japan alone—Sympanotus pictus, Sharp,

—is closely allied to Coxelus guttulatus, Leconte, and in

coloration agrees with it spot for spot. Thus small

entomophagous Coleoptera living under bark or in

rotten timber, as Colydiide do, are exposed to conditions

which are in a great part the same all the world over;

and we find them agreeing inter se more than those

kinds that in the imago-state lead an active, and there-

fore a more diversified, life, rather than one in which

concealment is continually courted.

My captures were made in moist forest-lands where

such insects as Cucujus, Hololepta, and many Niti-

dulide were abundant, but the number of specimens

I obtained was small—not above forty altogether. Like

Teretrius and Tryponeus, Niponius is entomophagous,

and essentially diurnal; but instead of following the

Platypi, which bore diametrically into the timber, it

seeks out Scolyti and Tomici, which reside either in the

bark or not far from the cambium. In fine weather in

June, at Kashiwagi, I have taken Niponius, in company

with Cyphagogus, crawling over the bark of oaks in

search of fresh burrows.

There are other Coleoptera which have something in

common with Niponius. Osorius and Nemosoma, for

instance, have the armature of the head formed on a

similar plan, and there is a certain correspondence in

their habits. These usually live in old trees, and, when

seeking food, force themselves through galleries partially

obstructed by frass or fragments of wood, or burrow for

their pabulum in the wood-mould created by decay under

the bark; but in Osorius there are stercoraceous as well as

arboreous species both in Japan and Ceylon, and it is

only the latter which have the epistoma cornute. These

facts taken together are evidence that habit, or the mode

of life of an insect, precedes structure, and in these

genera is the primary cause of the arrangement of the

organic elements which build up the frontal formation

we see in the species named. But, when stating that

habit is sufficient to account for the manner of their

construction, we must not forget that when a structure

is once set up, modification of habit and modification of

new genus of Histeride. 333

structure advance together, and act reciprocally one on

the other.

Nrpontus,* n.g.

Corpus elongatum, cylindricum, nitidum. Caput magnum non

retractile, epistomo cornuto; mandibulis validibus reflexis, biden-

tatis. Antennis elongatis, ante oculis insertis, clava ovali 4-articu-

lata, 8° obsoleto. Pronotum parallelum, punctatum caput longium

utrinque marginatum, scutellum minutissimum. Prosternum

angustatum marginatum, lobo antico nullo. Elytris tenuis striatis.

Pygidium foveolatum. Meso- et metasternum canaliculatis. Pedes

sat elongatis, tibiis extus basali dente armatis.

Niponius impressicollis, n.s. (Pl. VIII, figs. 1—11).

Cylindricus, sat elongatus, robustus, niger, punctatus. Antennis

y; 5 Ser, I

pedibusque, nigro-piceis, clava tarsisque rufis; epistomo cornuto,

piceo, transversim bicarinato, thorace grosse punctato, utrinque

profunde impresso. Elyiris striis 1° validis et cxteris puncti-

formibus vel obsoletis. Propygidio quadri foveolato. Pygidio pro-

funde bisuleato. Long. 5—53} mm.

This species is the largest and most robust of the

series, and is distinguished from the others by the depth

of the impressions in the thorax. I obtained eighteen

specimens; gathered in pairs or single examples, from

localities ranging from Yuyama in Higo to Junsai in

Yezo.

Niponius osorioceps, n.s. (Pl. VIIL., figs. 12—14).

Cylindricus, elongatus, niger, punctatus, pedibus nigro-brunneis,

epistomo piceo transversim tricarinato, thorace grosse punctato

utrinque obsolete impresso, elytris striis N. impressicollis simil-

limis. Propygidio pygidioque profunde bifoveolatis. Long. 44mm.

This insect is less robust than the last; the chief

specific differences lie in the sculpture of the propy-

gidium. Only two examples were captured, both in

Higo, one at Yuyama and the other at Konose.

Niponius furcatus, n.s. (Pl. VIIL., figs. 15—19),

Cylindricus, angustatus, niger, punctatus, antennis, pedibusque

piceis, thorace grosse punctato, sine fovea, propygidio quadrisuleato

pygidio biimpresso. Long. 4} mm.

* The name of this genus is derived from the word Nipon, of

which Japan is a corruption. ,

334 Mr. G. Lewis on a

The narrow form of this species, the divergent direc-

tion of the projections on the epistoma, and the different

form of the abdominal sulci separate it from the others.

There are five specimens in my cabinet from Yuyama.

Niponius obtusiceps, n.s. (Pl. VIII., figs. 20—23).

Cylindricus, elongatus, brunneus, punctatus. Antennis pedi-

busque rufis, epistomo obtuso subfurcato, thorace grosse necnon

minute punctato. Elytris fasciis transversis medio nigris. Propy-

gidio punctato, pygidio bisuleato. Long. 4 mm.

The colour separates this from all the others, and it

is also remarkable in having the propygidium without

fove or sulci. The large thoracic punctures also are

interspersed with some of a fine grade which is peculiar

to it. The elytral strie are almost alike in all the

species, and are not consequently of use as discrimi-

nating characters.

One example was taken at Oyayama near Kumamoto

in Higo, and eight others have come to me through a

collector I sent to the Ishikari River in Yezo in 1883.

new genus of Histeride. 335

EXPLANATION OF PuatE VIII.

Fie. 1. Niponius impressicollis.

2. re under side.

3 Ar mandible.

4 s labrum and lingua.

5. eS mentum.

6. e maxilla.

uf bi clypeus and labrum detached.

8 6 antenna.

9. Bs profile.

10. 5 fore leg.

ile - hind leg.

12. Niponius osorioceps.

13. es profile.

14. a face.

15. Niponius furcatus.

16. 5 profile.

ie x face.

18. - middle leg.

19. hind leg.

20. Niponius obtusiceps

21. profile.

22): AS face.

23. . fore leg.

Figs. 2—7 are from dissections and drawings kindly provided by

the Rey. A. Matthews. The under side of the thorax in fig. 2 is

drawn as if pushed back from the abdomen.

( 387 )

IV. List of Lepidoptera collected in Southern Afghanistan.

By Lieut.-Col. C. Swinuosn, F.L.8., F.Z.S.

[Read October 1st, 1884.]

Puate IX.

Tuts list represents the Lepidoptera collected by me

personally during the year I spent in field-service

between Sibi and Kandahar during 1880—81. I took

up a trained native collector with me, who collected

every day, and, so long as he lived, my collection

increased rapidly; but unfortunately the man was

murdered one morning by a Ghazi, who got into my

quarters in Kandahar a few months after my arrival

there ; and my very severe duties as administrative head

of the whole of the Commissariat in Southern Afghanistan

left me very little time to collect insects. To my own

list I have added the few species from Afghanistan

described up to the present, and I believe the subjoined

list, meagre as it is, represents all the Lepidoptera from

that country of which we have as yet any knowledge.

RHOPALOCERA.

NYMPHALIDA.

EUPLE@INA.

1. Limnas chrysippus.

Papilio chrysippus, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr., p. 268

(1764).

Specimens from Koondalane taken in March, Mach

in August, Chaman in May, Quetta in September, and

Kandahar in October ; it was nowhere common, but one

or two were to be seen occasionally wherever we stayed

throughout the year, when the weather was not too

cold. This insect appears to have no particular season

for appearing. In Kurrachee I have taken examples of

it in every month of the year, the specimens captured

during the winter months being, as they also were in

TRANS. ENT. SOc. LOND. 1885.—PaRT III. (SEPT.) 2a

338 Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe’s list of Lepidoptera

Afghanistan, of a much smaller size than those taken

in the warmer months.

SATYRIN A.

2. Amecera menava.

Lasiommata menava, Moore, P.Z.S., 1865, p. 499,

plo, xx. 13:

Kwas Valley, Beloochistan, 8000 ft. elevation (Lang).

3. Hpinephele davendra, Moore (var. roxane).

E/pinephele roxane, Felder, Reise Noy. Lep. ii1., p. 491,

pl. 69, figs. 12, 13 (1867).

Chaman and the Kojak, May and June; Ispingil,

June; Mach, in the Bolan Pass, July; Kandahar, May

and June (H. Roberts). Fairly common ; itis uniformly

paler than H. rovane, but I have a pair that can hardly

be distinguished from that species.

4, Hpinephele interposita.

Epinephele interposita, Erschoff, Lep. Turk., p. 22,

pl. iw, tf. Lox(ls74):

Chaman, May; Kandahar, May (/7. Roberts).

5. Hpinephele narica.

Papilio narica, Hubner, Eur. Schmett., 1. f. 704—707

(1825).

Chaman, May.

6. Hipparchia pimpla.

Satyrus pimpla, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., iii., p. 494,

pl. 69, f. 10, 11 (1867).

Kwas Valley, Beloochistan, 8500 ft. elevation (Lanq).

7. Hipparchia parisatis.

Satyrus parisatis, Kollar, Denkschr. Akad. Wien,

Math. Nat. Cl., 1., p. 52, n. 7 (1850).

Bolan Pass (Mach), July; Chaman, May; Balgoi,

May; Kandahar, May and June (H. Roberts). Very

common.

collected in Southern Afghanistan. 339

8. Hipparchia anthe.

Papilio anthe, Ochs., Schmett. Eur., i., p. 169, n. 2

(1807).

Chaman, May.

9. Hipparchia thelephassa.

Humenis thelephassa, Hubner, Samml. Exot. Schmett.,

i., pl. 85 (1816—24).

Chaman, May; Quetta, May and September; Gwal,

May; Kandahar, May (H. Roberts). Fairly common.

10. Ypthima bolanica.

Ypthima bolanica, G. F. L. Marshall, P.Z.S., 1882,

p: (09.

Mach, Bolan Pass ; September.

NYMPHALINA.

11. Melitea robertsii.

Melitea robertsii, Butler, P. Z.S., 1880, p. 406, pl. xxxix.,

Chaman, April and May; Kandahar, May and June

(H. Roberts). Fairly common.

12. Pyrameis cardui.

Papilio cardu, Linn., Faun. Suec., p. 276, n. 1054

(1761).

A few taken at Kandahar in October and November,

1880 ; very plentiful in March and April following. The

gardens about Kandahar were alive with regular swarms

of this butterfly in the last month; but I did not

observe it at Quetta or anywhere else on our lines of

communication between Sibi and Kandahar; Quetta,

May, 1882.

13. Junonia orithya.

Papilio orithya, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr., p. 278 (1764).

Quetta, September. Not observed anywhere else,

340 Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe’s list of Lepidoptera

LYCHINIDA.

14. Chrysophanus phleas.

Papilio phleas, Linn., Faun. Suec., p. 285, n. 1078

(1761).

P. timeus, Cramer, Pap. Exot., ii., t. 186, , F (1779).

Chrysophanus stygianus, Butler, P. Z.S., 1880, p. 408,

pl. xxxix., 4. '5-

Quetta, September; Kandahar, October to January.

Very common. With a long series such as I have, con-

taining the typical forms of all the three above named,

it is absolutely impossible to separate them.

15. Lycena persica.

Lycena icarus, var. persica, Bien., Lep. Ergeb., p. 29

(1870).

Quetta, April to June; Kandahar, April to June

(Roberts) ; also October and November. Very common.

Also a very large variety taken at Quetta in August and

September ; and at Kasian and the Lora Valley in June ;

fairly common.

16. Lycena bracteata.

Lycena bracteata, Butler, P. Z.S., 1880, p. 407, pl.

RXR, 045

Kandahar, May and June (H. Roberts).

17. Lycena chamanica.

Lycena chamanica, Moore, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal

(1884), vol. 58, part 11., No. 1, p. 8.

Kandahar, November ; Quetta, August and September.

18. Lycena bilucha.

Lycena bilucha, Moore, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal

(1884), vol. 53, part 11., No. 1, p. 9.

Chaman, May.

19. Lycena fugitiva.

Lycena fugitiva, Butler, P. Z.8., 1881, p. 606.

Chaman, May; Gwal, May; Sheerog, June; Quetta,

March to May. Very common.

collected in Southern Afghanistan. 341

20. Polyommatus beticus.

Papilio beticus, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1. (2), p. 789 (1766).

Quetta, May, June, and September; Ispingil, June ;

Kasian, June; Lora Valley, June; Kandahar, April

to June.

21. Catochrysops contracta.

Lampides contracta, Butler, P.Z.8., 1880, p. 406,

Dip XXXIV. 1. 3

Kandahar, May and June. Very common (Roberts).

22. Catochrysops sp.

Near C. amyntas, Fab., of Europe, and nearer still to

the American form, C. comyntas, Godart; but, as I got

only one female example (Quetta, September), it is

necessary to wait for further specimens before it can be

properly identified.

23. Zizera karsandra.

Polyommatus karsandra, Moore, P. Z.8., 1865, p. 505,

| o)tp.6-6-agnm aly

Metazai, May.

24. Zizera kandura.

Polyommatus kandura, Moore, P. Z.8., 1865, p. 772,

pls xe te 7:

Quetta, September.

The under side of the only example taken is much

paler than the type, but it is otherwise identical.

25. Zizera trochilus.

Lycena trochilus, Freyer, Neuere Beitr., v., pl. 440,

f. 1 (1844).

Quetta.

26. Scolitantides cashmirensis.

Scolitantides cashmirensis, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1874, p. 272.

Kandahar, May and June. Very common (Roberts).

342 Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe’s list of Lepidoptera

27. Thecla mirabilis.

Theclu mirabilis, Ersch., Lep. Turk., p.7, pl.i., f. 4

(1874).

Chaman, May.

Among the three taken one is a very perfect example

identical with Erschoft’s figure.

28. Aphneus acamas.

Lycena acamas, Klug, Symb. Phys., pl. 40, figs. 7, 9

(1884).

Common at Chaman in May.

One very large female, taken at Chaman, measuring

1°6 in.; also a large var. received from Karain, June,

1882, measuring 1°53 in.

PAPILIONIDA.

PIERIN 4.

29. Preris mesentina.

Papilio mesentina, Cram., Pap. Exot., ui., pl. 270,

fo AB hyie2).

Chaman, March; Quetta, March to May and September ;

Ispingil, June; Karain, June; Kandahar, April, June,

October, and November. Very common.

30. Aporia belucha.

Aporia belucha, G. F. L. Marshall, P. Z.8., 1882,

p- 760.

Ziarut Pass, Kwass Valley, June; 8000 ft. elevation

(Lang).

31. Synchloé daplidice.

Papilio daplidice, Linn., Syst. Nat. (1), i, p. 760

(01%):

Quetta, February to April, August and September ;

Goolistan, April; Chaman, May and August; Balgai

and Kasian, June; Kandahar, February, April, August,

and October. Common everywhere above the Bolan.

collected in Southern Afghanistan. 343,

32. Synchloé wranica.

Papilio tranica, Bienert, Lep. Ergebn., p. 27 (1870).

Kandahar, June; common (Roberts).

33. Ganoris rape.

Papilio rape, Linn., Faun. Suec., p. 270, n. 1036

(1761).

Pontia Mannii, Mayer, Stett. ent. Zeit., 1851, p. 151.

Quetta, March to May ; Goolistan, May; Lora Valley,

June; Chaman, May; Kandahar, January, March,

April, October, and November. Very common every-

where.

Out of the many hundred examples I have examined

some are referable to G. rape, and some to the true type

of G. Mannu, but there are so many intermediate that

it is impossible to separate the two forms.

34. Ganoris brassice, Linn., var. nepalensis.

Pieris brassice, var. nepalensis, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nep.,

pl. vi., f.1, 3°(1846):

Kasian, June. One male example only.

35. Catopsilia crocale.

Papilio crocale, Cramer, Pap. Exot., i., pl. 55, c, p

(1779).

The perfect wings of a female sent me from Quetta

by Capt. Yerbury, but without date of capture.

36. Colras helichtha.

Colas helichtha, Lederer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,

ii., p. 33 (1853).

Quetta, August and September; Kandahar, April to

June (Roberts), and October.

It was scarce at Kandahar, but fairly plentiful at

Quetta; this appears to me to be one of the most

distinct species in the genus. If it ever was a hybrid

between C. erate and C. edusa, as suggested by Dr.

Staudinger, it is now so constant that it is impossible to

mistake it for anything but what it is; then again

Capt. Elwes says C. erate.is only a variety of C. hyale,

344 Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe’s list of Lepidoptera

and as regards C. edusa, from 1879 up to the present

neither Howland Roberts nor Lang succeeded in getting

it. My collectors hunted every day for ten months, and

out of the many collections I have received from Quetta

since I left Afghanistan, I have not obtained a single

example of C. edusa.

37. Colias erate.

Papilio erate, Esper., Kur. Schmett., i. (2), pl. 119,

f. 3 (1806).

Quetta, August to October; Kandahar, August to

October. Very common.

All the females obtained by me are yellow, but many

of them have regular leprous patches of white on the

wings below.

38. Colias pallida.

Colias pallida, Staud., Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 8, n. 54

(1861).

Quetta, September; Chaman, April; Kandahar,

October to April.

Some of the females are yellow and some white; it

is very probably only a variety of the above, but can

easily be distinguished, because all the males are more

or less streaked with yellow in the black border of the

fore wings, and the basal and central area of the hind

wings below in all fresh specimens, yellow and white of

both sexes, is dark greenish, leaving a broad marginal

band of the lighter colour.

39. Colias sareptensis.

Colias sareptensis, Staud., Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 5, n. 64

(1871).

Quetta, May and September; Kandahar, February to

October. Very common.

All the females obtained by me are white. Capt.

Elwes, in his paper in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1884,

part I., April, states his belief that the three last-named

species, as well as C. nilagiriensis of Felder, are merely

varieties of C. hyale. This is very probably true,

insomuch that they very likely had some such common

ancestor; but it is an indisputable fact that they are all

collected in Southern Afghanistan. 345

common in countries where C. hyale is not now found ;

where, in fact, if C. hyale ever did occur, it 1s now

extinct, and is replaced by these varieties or new species,

both terms, where the normal form is pushed out by a

new and constant type, being synonymous; and | do

not quite understand why he blames naturalists for

giving these new forms new specific names, because a

synonym is absolutely necessary to enable one clearly to

record the habitat of the variety or new species. I could

not, for instance, record C. erate, C. pallida, and C.

sareptensis as Afghan varieties of C. hyale, because forms

of exactly the same kind are found in many other

countries, and therefore I must be thankful that I can

enter them as C. erate, C. pallida, and C. sareptensis,

because, though they may all have descended from

C. hyale, and though the latter may still have occasional

varieties like all three, still the three in many countries

where C. hyale does not now exist are very plentiful,

very constant, and very unlike tpyical C. hyale, and

have, in point of fact, become new species.

40. Teracolus fausta.

Papilio fausta, Oliv., Voy. dans ’Emp. Ottom. Atlas,

pl 88) f:'4 ab (1801).

Quetta, September; Kandahar, October and November.

Common.

Major Howland Roberts also took a few at Kandahar

in June and July. It is the common form of this genus

in Persia, Afghanistan, Beloochistan, and Sind.

HESPERIIDA.

41. Pamphila karsana.

Hesperia karsana, Moore, P.Z.8., 1874, p. 576, pl.

Ixvil., fig. 6.

Quetta, September; Kandahar, October and November.

Not common ; four pairs taken in all.

42. Hrynnis marrubu.

Hesperia malvarum, var. marrubii, Rambur, Herr.-

Schaff., Schmett. Hur. I. Hesp., r, 14, 15 (1845).

Quetta, May and September; Kandahar, April, October,

and November. Very plentiful.

346 Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe’s list of Lepidoptera

43. Erynnis dravira.

Pyrgus dravira, Moore, P. Z.8., 1874, p. 576, pl. Ixvil.,

fig. 5.

Kandahar, October. Common.

HETEROCERA.

SPHINGIDA.

1. Deilephila robertsi.

Deilephila robertsii, Butler, P.Z.8., 1880, p. 412,

ply Kxxdke, Mos eio, ALO?

Kandahar, July. Common.

2. Deilephila lvornica.

Sphinx livornica, Hubn., Eur. Schmett., Sphing.,

p. 96, n. 5, pl. 12,:f. 65.

One taken at Quetta in July.

8. Husmerinthus kindermanne.

Smerinthus kindermannii, Lederer, Verh., zool.-bot.

Ges. Wien, il., p. 92 (1858).

Kandahar, June, July, and August.

4. Cherocampa cretica.

Deilephila cretica, 2, Boisd., Ann. Soc. Linn. Paris,

18275 Dp. L1S.apk. 6:

Kandahar, June. Common in the vineyards.

5. Cherocampa stipularis, n.s. (Pl. IX., fig. 1).

Fore wings, antenne, head, thorax, and abdomen dull fawn-

colour, with a reddish tinge; antenne thicker than usual, and

deeply crenulated; fore wings with all the veins dark and plainly

visible, a large cream-coloured transverse spot covering the whole

space at the end of the discoidal cell, continued in a pale shade to

the inner margin, forming a sort of pale band across the wing ;

inner margin covered with brown hairs, which deepen outwardly,

and partly extend along the outer border. Hind wings brickdust-

colour, becoming pale towards the costa and abdominal border ;

outer border darker, with a dark-coloured submarginal stripe of

collected in Southern Afghanistan. 347

Six square spots; fringe cream-colour. Abdomen with segmental

stripes of reddish brown, fringed with cream-colour. Below pale

dull pinkish; legs and body pinkish cream-colour. Expanse of

wings, 2,9, in.

Chaman, May.

6. Macroglossa stellatarum.

Sphinx stellatarum, Linn., Syst. Nat., i. (2), p. 808,

n. 27.

Quetta, September; Kandahar, January, February,

November, and December. Very common.

LITHOSIIDA.

7. Detopeia thyter.

Deiopera thyter, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877,

p- 361.

Quetta, May and September; very common. Kanda-

har, November ; one taken.

All true thyter of Mr. Butler’s type.

8. Detopera pulchella.

Tinea pulchella, Linn., Syst. Nat., i. (2), p. 884, n. 849.

Kandahar, June.

NOCTUZ.

LEUCANIIDA.

9. Leucania loreyt.

Noctua loreyi, Duponchel, Hist. Nat. Lep. Fr., vii., i.,

p. 8k, ply 105; 4 7 (1827).

Quetta, May.

XYLOPHASIDA.

10. Spodoptera cilium.

Spodoptera cilium, Guenée, Noct., i., p. 156 (1852).

Quetta, September ; Dubrai, October.

HELIOTHIDA.

11. Heliothis armigera.

Noctua armigera, Hiibner, Noct., pl. 79, f. 370.

Quetta, September ; Kandahar, April. Very common.

348 Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe’s list of Lepidoptera

12. Heliothis rubrescens.

Thalpophila rubrescens, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M.,

XV.) p- l6Si

Quetta, September.

13. Heliothis peltigera.

Noctua peltigera, Wien. Verz., p. 89, n. 2.

Quetta, September. Common.

APAMIID.

14. Caradrina belucha, n.s. (Pl. IX., fig. 2).

Allied to C. insignata, Walk., but quite distinct. Head and fore

joint of palpi white; thorax and fore wings yellowish cinereous,

irrorated with brown, and with brown markings ; costa with largish

spots; reniform and orbicular quite distinct, the former 8-shaped,

the latter round; basal, ante-medial, and post-medial broken zigzag

lines, and outer series of brown longitudinal streaks almost forming

a band and black marginal lunules; fringe yellowish and brown

interlined; abdomen pale cinereous; hind wings silvery white,

cinereous near the margin, with a marginal brown line; fringe

white. Expanse of wings, 1,5 in.

Quetta, September.

15. Laphygma exigua.

Noctua exigua, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett., Noct., f. 362.

Quetta, September.

NOCTUIDA.

16. Spelotis undulans.

Spelotis undulans, Moore, Sci. Res. Yark. Miss., Lep.,

p20; plea, tf. LO as79):

Killa Abdoolla, May; Sagee, May; Dubrai, October.

17. Spelotis coruscantis, n.s. (Pl. IX., fig. 3).

Thorax and fore wings sericeous brownish grey; abdomen pale

grey ; fore wings irrorated with brownish atoms; orbicular spot

very large, elliptical; reniform spot small, nearly round, both

indicated by dark brown lines; costa with brown marks, and many

collected in Southern Afghanistan. 349

spots of the same colour all over the wing; outer border brown,

with the line running into the veins, and with white dots on the

under side; fringe grey, very deep; hind wing with the basal half

silver-grey, gradually darkening into the darker brownish colour

on the outer half; fringe white; the whole surface of both wings

with a bright glittering sheen on it. Expanse of wings, 1;, in.

Chaman, May.

18. Agrotis suffusa.

Noctua suffusa, Hubn., Eur. Schmett., Noct., fig. 134.

Quetta, September.

19. Agrotis segetwm.

Noctua segetum, Wien. Verz., p. 81, pl. la, figs. 3a,

1), fig. 3b.

Quetta, September ; Dubrai, October.

20. Agrotis aversa.

Agrotis aversa, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., x.,

p. 345.

Kandahar, April.

21. Agrotis cespitis, n.s. (Pl. IX., fig. 4).

Very pale fawn-colour ; thorax with a slender brown band in front ;

abdomen whitish; tarsi with black bands; fore wings with pale

brown marks on the costa, mostly in pairs, a dark brown sinuous

marginal line; orbicular spot long, large, and club-shaped, with

brown border ; claviform long and narrow; reniform large, with

incomplete brown borders; an interior and exterior brown irregular

undulating line; fringe pale cinereous, with a brownish line

running through the centre of it; hind wings white, tinted with

fawn-colour towards the costa. Expanse of wings, 1,4,—1¥, in.

Quetta, August and September.

22. Agrotis conformis, n.s. (Pl. IX., fig. 5).

Very pale fawn-colour; last joint of the palpi white, the

remainder brown; abdomen fawn-colour, rather paler than the

thorax; fore wings uniform pale fawn-colour, with a reddish tinge ;

orbicular and reniform spots large, round, very faint, the former

350 Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe’s list of Lepidoptera

the larger, with a double ring round each, with the space between

the rings slightly paler than the ground colour; fringe white ;

hind wings white; unmarked. Expanse of wings, 1} in.

Quetta, September.

ORTHOSIIDA.

23. Orthosia uniformis, n.s. (Pl. IX., fig. 6).

Pale fawn-colour; head whitish; thorax, abdomen, and fore

wings uniform pale fawn-colour; unmarked; orbicular and reni-

form spots large, round, very faintly indicated by whitish lines

round them; hind wings white; the entire surface of both wings

covered with a silvery sheen. Expanse of wings, 1 in. 23-10ths.

Quetta, September.

ANTHOPHILIDA.

24. Anthophila ligaminosa.

Amphipyra ligaminosa, Eversm., Bull. Soc. imp. Nat.

Mosce., 1851, xxiv., No. 2, p. 630.

Kandahar, April.

25. Agrophila sulphuralis.

Phalena (Pyralis) sulphuralis, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. (2),

p. 881.

Quetta, September and June; common. Kandahar,

November ; a few only taken, one example being almost

pure bronze-colour, with nearly all the usual black

markings absent.

26. Leptosia quinaria.

Leptosia quinaria, Moore, P. Z.8., 1881, p. 371.

Quetta, September.

PLUSIIDA.

27. Plusia aurifera.

Noctua aurifera, Hubner, Kur. Schmett., Noct., pl. 98,

f. 4638.

Quetta, September.

28. Plusia circumflexa,

Phalena (Noctua) circumflexa, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 844,

n. 128.

Kandahar, October.

collected in Southern Afghanistan. 351

29. Plusia extrahens.

Plusia extrahens, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., xii.,

p. 929.

Quetta, September.

AMPHIPYRIDA.

30. Axiopena fluviatilis, n.s. (Pl. IX., fig. 7).

Allied to A. maura, Kichw., A. karelini, Menetr., En. Corp. An.

Mus. Imp., Lep., part iii., p. 160, pl. xvii., f. 5 (1863). Wings

more faleate; colour of wings soot-brown; red of the hind wings

covering less than the basal half; submarginal red markings

wanting; anal portion and the entire under side of hind wings

differs widely in having the red almost obliterated, the colour only

being visible in the anal margin, and in a couple of basal streaks.

Expanse of wings, 4y4 in.

Quetta ; sent me by Capt. Yerbury. Date of capture

not recorded. Found on the water-courses. Captain

Yerbury states he has on several occasions found their

wings on the banks in the early morning.

The only other example of this curious genus as yet

discovered was referred by Menétries to the family

Arctiide, with which it certainly has no real connection,

it being a Noctua and not a Bombyx. It is nearest allied

to the Amphipyride, but is also closely allied to the

Bendide, and will hereafter most probably, on the

discovery of more species, find a place in a new family

yet to be founded.

TOXOCAMPIDAi.

dl. Spintherops spectrum.

Noctua spectrum, Esp., Schmett., iv., 181, pl. 100,

f. 3, 4.

Quetta, June. Common.

32. Apopestes phantasma.

Spintherops phantasma, Kversmann, Bull. Mosc., 1848,

p- 546.

Kandahar, May.

352 Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe’s list of Lepidoptera

CATOCALIDA.

33. Catocala afghana, n.s. (Pl. IX., fig. 8).

Fore wings exactly resembling H. elocata, Esp., of

Europe, but the hind wings are of a different colour,

and have the central black band stopping short of the

abdominal margin, and formed exactly as in C. arizona

of Grote.

Gwal, June; Quetta (no recorded date).

OPHIUSIDA.

34. Grammodes stolida.

Noctua stolida, Fabr., Sp. Ins., ii., 218, 54.

Moostaff, at the mouth of the Bolan Pass; March.

35. Thria inepta.

Thria (2) inepta, Butler, P.Z.8., 1881, p. 620.

Chaman, April and May.

GEOMETRITES.

ACIDALITDA.

36. Acidalia ornata.

Phalena ornata, Scopoli, Ent. Carn., 219, 545.

Quetta, July; one taken. Kandahar, October ; two

taken. November and December, very common.

37. Idea negataria.

Idea negataria, Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., xxii.,

p. 751.

Kandahar, October.

FIDONIIDA.

38. Sterrha sacraria.

Phalena sacraria, Linn., Syst. Nat., i. (2), p. 868

(i767).

Quetta, September; verycommon. Kandahar, October;

common. November, two or three taken.

collected in Southern Afghanistan. B53

39. Tephrina ossea, n.s. (Pl. IX., fig. 9).

Allied to J. falsaria, Walk. Dirty bone-colour; antennz

blackish in the male, and deeply pectinated throughout, simple,

and of the general colour in the female ; a blackish spot at the end

of the cell in each wing; costa of fore wings and a deep faint

marginal border rather darker than the rest of the wings; other-

wise the wings are unmarked. Expanse of wings, § 1 in. 3-10th,

2 1 in. 2-10ths.

Quetta, March, May, and September.

HERMINIIDA.

40. Aginna turpatalis.

Bocana turpatalis, Walker, Lep. Het., xvi., p. 174.

Male, Quetta, in September. Female taken in Bombay

in September.

PYRALIDA.

41. Pyralis farinalis.

Phalena (Pyralis) farinalis, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1. (2)>

p- 88, n. 327.

One taken at Kandahar in April.

42. Aglossa pinguinalis.

Phalena (Pyralis) pinguinalis, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1. (2),

p- 882, n. 336.

(Juetta, May and September; Kandahar, April and

October.

HERCYNIDA.

43. Pyrausta ostrinalis.

Pyralis ostrinalis, Hubner, Pyral., pl. 17, f. 118.

One taken at Kandahar in November.

44. dAischremon disparalis.

Afschremon disparalis, Herr.-Schaff., Schmett. Mur.,

vi., p. 140, f. 184, 135.

One taken at Kandahar in November.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PART III. (SEPT.) 2B

354 Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe’s list of Lepidoptera

45. Aporodes meleagrisalis.

Herbula meleagrisalis, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M.,

XVll., p. 824. ,

Quetta, March and May; Metazai, May; Kandahar,

November.

BOTIDIDA.

46. Spilodes sticticalis.

Phalena (Pyralis) sticticalis, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., (2),

p- 888, n. 340.

One taken at Quetta in September.

47. Scopula ferrugalis.

Pyralis ferrugalis, Hubner, Pyral., p. 27, n. 18, pl. 9,

f..54; pl. 23, f. 150.

One taken at Kandahar in November.

SCOPARIIDA.

48. Stenopteryx hybridalis.

Pyralis hybridalis, Hubner, Pyral., pl. 17, fig. 114.

Quetta, March and September; Metazai, May; Kanda-

har, February, October, and November. Very common.

CRAMBIDAs.

49. Hromene bella.

Tinea bella, Hubner, Tin., fig. 60.

Two taken at Chaman in May.

PHYCID.

50. Acrobasis umbella.

Acrobasis (?) umbella, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M.,

KEK, P- Yoo.

Kandahar, May.

collected in Southern Afghanistan.

EXXPLANATION OF Puate IX.

. Cherocampa stipularis

. Caradrina belucha

. Spelotis coruscantis .

. Agrotis cespitis

wd conformis

. Orthosia uniforms

. Axiopena fluviatilis ...

. Catocala afghana

. Tephrina ossea

B55

CLAS Oiiees)

V. Life-history of three species of Western Paevfic

Rhopalocera. By Grrvass F. Matuew, R.N.,

F.L.S., &e.

[Read February 4th, 1885. |

PLATE X.

Papilio Schmeltzi, Herr.-Schaff.

This fine butterfly, which I believe is the largest*

species inhabiting the Fiian Islands, was not un-

common at Suva and Levuka in May, June, and August,

1882-3-4, and I also met with it at Mango and Vanua

Balavu, and it probably occurs upon all the other

islands of the group.

From notes I have been able to make of its habits |

am inclined to believe that there is a succession of

broods throughout the year, although they are doubtless

more plentiful during certain months. They are difficult

to obtain in perfect condition, for they frequent thick

forest undergrowth, where they soon lose their tails and

get their wings torn. They fly in an irregular jerky

manner, and, when frightened, go off at a rapid pace.

On June 6th, 1884, while collecting in the forest near

Suva, I saw a female fluttering about a small shrub in

a shady spot beneath some thick-foliaged trees. I had

long hunted in vain for the larva among a variety of

what I had imagined were likely food-plants, and now

at last the secret was about to be disclosed. Keeping

perfectly still, I watched, as the butterfly flitted from

twig to twig, and presently saw her alight upon a leaf,

and, with vibrating wings, thrust her abdomen beneath

* T have a large female Ornithoptera (I believe an undescribed

species) which was given to me by a friend, who assured me that

he had received it from Fiji; but I have spoken to many people at

Suva and Levuka, and they are all confident that they have never

seen or heard of such a large butterfly, nor do the natives know of

it. However, it is not impossible that such a species may exist in

the less explored portions of the islands, particularly in Vanua

Levu, the large northern island.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PaRT III. (SEPT.)

358 Gervase F. Mathew’s life-history of three

it, and in a moment the egg was deposited! She then

flew up and wheeled several times round the bush, but,

as she showed no disposition to lay another egg, I netted

her, as she was a remarkably fine and perfect specimen.

Upon examining the shrub I found the egg fixed to the

under side of the leaf, not far from the tip, and, after

thus discovering the food-plant, | had not much difficulty

in finding a supply of ova, larve, and a few pupe.

The shrub upon which the larve feed is a species of

Aralia (probably a small variety of Aralia vitiensis of

A. Gray), and at a little distance reminds one of our

English spindle-tree. It grows to a height of from

eight to ten feet, bears broadly lanceolate dark glossy

ereen leaves, and clusters of small white sweetly-

smelling flowers, with a perfume something like that of

privet. Its berries are at first creen, but turn to bright

scarlet when ripe. They germinate freely, but do not

seem to grow quickly, for the ground in the neigbourhood

of an old bush is often thickly covered with little plants

about a foot high, with a single stem nearly as thick as

one’s little finger. It was upon these small plants,

growing in shady places, that the larve, &¢., were

chiefly to be found. Sometimes as many as three or

four ova were to be seen upon a single leaf, but they

were probably deposited by different females, as they

were generally of different age. As a rule the same

female only lays one ege upon the same leaf, though

she may deposit several upon the same plant. These

ova were terribly subject to the attacks of a minute

hymenopterous parasite. Only about one in a dozen

produced a larva, the remainder giving birth to three or

four ichneumons, so small that they were barely visible

to the naked eye.

The egg is perfectly globular above and flattened at

the base. When newly laid it is of a pale straw-yellow,

but changes to orange in about twenty-four hours, and

a couple of days before the larva emerges to a mottled

orey, the black head of the young caterpillar showing

plainly through the upper part of the shell.

The ege laid on morning of June 6th hatched on the

afternoon of June 11th. After resting for a little while

the young larva turned round and carefully devoured the

empty shell. Itwasthena quaint-looking little creature ;

its head black and shining; 2nd segment surmounted

by a pair of white-branched spines, seated upon ear-like

species of Western Pacific Rhopalocera. 359

protuberances pointing forward over the head on each

side, and forming a kind of hood; dorsal surface greyish

white, with a black bar across the 4th and 5th segments ;

subspiracular and ventral region black, subdorsal white ;

branched spines upon each ‘segment, those on the anal

segment being the longest, and. pointing backwards.

‘After the first moult the markings of the larve remain

much the same, but the ear-like protuber ‘ances are not

sO conspicuous, and assume a spiny appearance, and

the white spines have become reduced to small, fleshy,

wart-like tubercles of a reddish-brown colour upon all

the segments but the 6th, 7th, 12th, and 138th, where

they are white.

After the second moult there is a marked difference in

the appearance of the larva; its whole surface is of a

glistening reddish-brown colour, and the 8rd, 4th, and

5th segments have become much thickened ; the spines

upon the 2nd segment, projecting over the head, are of

a creamy white, and a nuchal Y-shaped tentacle is

emitted between them when the larva is irritated ; there

is an oblique whitish stripe on 8th and 9th segments,

and an irregular whitish subdorsal spot on the Lith and

12th segments, and a narrow shining white subspiracular

line. At this stage of its existence the larva has a

peculiar slimy appearance, its skin looking as if it was

too tight for it.

After the third moult the larva somewhat loses this

shining peculiarity, and more nearly approaches its final

dress, the reddish brown giving way to mottled greens,

ereenish yellows, browns, and reds.

The full-grown larva is from 50 mm. to 55 mm. long,

rather stout and plump in proportion to its length, and

with the 8rd, 4th, and 5th segments considerably

thickened ; there are two small pointed tubercles upon

the crown of the 2nd segment, just behind the head,

and from between these, when the larva is annoyed, it

protrudes its peculiar Y-shaped nuchal tentacle, which

is of a bright carmine colour; there are also three or

four small blunt tubercles on each side of the dorsal

line on the 83rd, 4th, and 5th seoments, and faint

indications of tubercles on each side of the dorsal line

on the remaining segments, those on the anal segment

being conspicuous and pointing backwards. The whole

colour of the upper surface, as far as the spiracular

stripe, a beautiful apple-green, mottled and marbled

360 Gervase F. Mathew’s life-history of three

with oblique and transverse markings of darker, paler,

and golden green ; upon the 8rd, 4th, and 5th segments

the golden green predominates, and towards the spira-

cular stripe, upon the 8rd segment, there is a blotch of

greenish blue; a broad glistening white stripe, very

narrowly bordered by black above, above the spiracles,

and extending from anterior of 5th segment and termi-

nating in anal flap just above the claspers ; a triangular

brownish-red patch running from mouth obliquely up-

wards to dorsal line, and having its base on posterior of

5th segment; a broad oblique stripe on 8th segment

springs from the spiracular stripe, and runs backwards

a little into the 9th segment nearly to dorsal line,

blackish red above and mottled with white and grey

below, its lower part forming a triangular blotch; a

similar but smaller stripe on 10th segment; head and

legs reddish brown; ventral and anal claspers pale

slate-colour ; under surface whitish, mottled with grey ;

spines golden green.

The above is a description of what appears to be the

typical larva, but they vary a good deal, some having

scarcely any oblique or transverse markings, while

others are beautifully marbled with madder-brown or

eolden olive.

When full-fed the larva remains in one position for

about twenty-four hours, during which period it voids

the contents of its intestinal canal. It then proceeds to

spin the usual pad of silk for the insertion of the anal

hooks of the chrysalis, and, having compieted this and

its silken girdle, it remains quiescent for another twenty-

four hours, or generally less, and then changes to a

chrysalis.

None of the larvee I reared showed any disposition to

wander when they were full-grown, but attached them-

selves to the twig where they last fed, and took no pains

whatever to conceal themselves ; and those I found at

large were equally exposed.

Neither the larve nor chrysalids, as far as-I could see,

appear to be subject to the attacks of ichneumons, for

all those I found produced butterflies, and the numerous

empty chrysalids I saw showed no signs of having given

birth to anything else than their lawful occupants. But

once I happened to come across a chrysalis which had

only just turned, and while it was in a soft and helpless

state was being attacked by a number of very small red

species of Western Pacific Rhopalocera, 361

ants, who had managed to bore their way into it, and

its violent writhing attracted my attention. When I

passed that way again a few hours after there was

nothing left but a little piece of shell attached to the

anal hooks. If this chrysalis had had time to harden I

do not believe the ants could have harmed it.

The chrysalis is from 80 mm. to 35 mm. long, angu-

lated; head strongly bifid; back considerably humped ;

sheath of haustellum prominent; body much pinched

in at centre, where the suspending silken girdle supports

it; ridged subdorsally, and with two small tubercles

each side of lower part of abdomen; all the upper parts

of a beautiful deep bluish green ; costal portion of wing-

sheath streaked with silvery white; a spiracular silvery

white abdominal streak; 2 short ventral silvery stripe

near the anal point; central portion of the abdomen

bright golden green, forming a conspicuous triangular

mark; sheath of haustellum and other parts slightly

tinged with golden green. Shortly before the butterfly

emerges the chrysalis changes to a deep leaden green

colour, and then to black, and the butterflies generally

appeared between seven and eight in the morning.

Papilio Godeffroyi, Semp.

This is, I believe, the only species of Papilio (and the

largest butterfly) occurring in the Samoan islands. It

was common near Apia, on the island of Opolu, and at

Pango-Pango, on the island of Tutuila, in June, 1884,

and is probably to be found upon all the islands of the

group. I was fortunate enough to take it in all its

stages. Its habits are almost similar to those of Papilio

Schmeltzi. The perfect insect flies rapidly among the

forest trees, and often ascends to a considerable height,

being attracted by the flowers on the topmost branches.

I only succeeded in capturing one, although I had

several other chances. They fly in a wild irregular

manner, and are diflicult to net. The larve were not

uncommon, and I took them of all sizes. They fed

perfectly exposed upon young stunted plants of Aralia

evowing in shady and sheltered places. This Aralia

differed slightly from the Fijian, the leaves being larger

and the shrub altogether more robust; but it was

evidently merely a climatic variety.

The ova were attached to the under sides of the leaves

362 Gervase F. Mathew’s life-history of three

in the same manner as those of Papilio Schmeltzi, and

were similar in every particular. They were also

terribly attacked by the same kind of parasite. Here,

however, the similarity ceases, for the larve, chrysalids,

and perfect insects are quite different.

The young larva is black, with a white V-shaped

mark on the back, running through the 5th and 6th

segments. pines black, those upon the anterior seg-

ments being the longest, and curved backwards at their

tips ; head black and shining.

After the first moult there is very little change, the

white V-shaped mark is slightly larger, and the general

colour smoky black.

At the third stage the head is black and shining ;

general colour dusky black; a greyish-white oblique

stripe runs up from spiracular line from 5th segment to

apex of 6th segment, and joins over the back, and

appears, when the larva is viewed from above, like a

broad (V-shaped mark ; a shining white line just above

each of the ventral claspers; subdorsal conspicuous,

curved pointed spines upon 2nd to 18th segments, those

on the 2nd segment the longest, and pointing outwards,

and slightly curved backwards at the tip, and with an

additional small spine at their base; and there is also

an additional spime upon the 3rd and 4th segments,

between the subdorsal row and spiracles ; the spines on

6th to 8th segments are very small; ventrai and anal

claspers slaty gray.

The fourth stage is similar to the third stage, with

the following exceptions: the whole larva has become

very shining, and looks as if its skin was too tight for

it; the V-shaped mark is much smaller; the spines

are smaller, and of a golden-brown colour, tipped with

black; the spines on 6th to 8th segments have dis-

appeared ; the white stripe above the ventral claspers to

anal segment is much broader; the ventral claspers

shining ‘whitish grey.

The full- grown larva is from 50 mm. to 55 mm. long,

rather plump, tapering slightly ‘towards the anal

extremity, and with the 4th, 5th, and 6th segments

considerably thickened ; whole colour a beautiful golden

ereen ; oblique darker ere en stripes pointing backwards :

a darker narrow dorsal line widening out to a diamond-

shaped longitudinal spot at the segmental divisions ; a

double stripe between this and the oblique stripes ; from

species of Western Pacific Rhopalocera. 363

the 2nd segment, in a line with the mouth, a somewhat

triangular blotch of a deep velvety madder-brown runs

obliquely upwards through 3rd and 4th to base of 5th

segment, and connects over the back with a similar

marking on the other side; this stripe is continued

through the 6th segment, where it meets the broad

shining white stripe, which runs above claspers to vent ;

the triangular blotch is bordered above by a pale golden-

green line; on 8th and 10th segments a somewhat

triangular madder-purple blotch, bordered above by a

narrow white stripe; head shining brownish green, with a

narrow white line down centre of face, and a \/-shaped

mark over mouth; legs pale reddish brown; ventral

and anal claspers smoky black; two bluntish orange-

coloured spines upon the 2nd segment, just behind the

head, and at the base of each of these a minute orange

tubercle, between which, and a little to the rear of the

spines, is the nuchal valve, through which, when the

larva is irritated, the usual tentacles are emitted; the

tentacles are of a deep carmine, and give off the

accustomed pungent odour; on 8rd and 4th segments a

pair of subdorsal blunt spines; on 5th, and from 9th to

18th segments, a single subdorsal spine on each side ;

all the spines orange, faintly tipped with black.

‘These larve varied a good deal; in some the oblique

stripes and triangular blotches were entirely absent, the

whole surface, above the white spiracular stripe, being of

a beautiful green, more or less marbled or streaked with

darker and golden greens; while one or two larve I took

had the markings upon one side only! a circumstance

I do not remember to have met with before.

The chrysalis is from 80 mm. to 85 mm. long, angu-

lated; head very strongly bifid, the extreme points

tipped with black; back gradually arched; sheath of

haustellum prominent ; costal edge of wing-case ridged ;

body pinched in at centre; whole surface a beautiful

golden apple-green; spiracles well marked, darker ; seg-

mental divisions clearly defined, pale yellowish brown.

The chrysalis is invariably attached to the midrib of

a leaf, while those of Papilio Schmeltzi are just as in-.

variably attached to a stem.

There was a peculiarity about these larve which I

have not seen mentioned as having been noticed in the

larve of any other species of Papilio. On the crown of

the 2nd segment, just behind the head, there is a horny

364 Gervase F. Mathew’s life-history of three

plate, with a transverse slit or valve in it, through

which the nuchal tentacle is emitted; and when this

tentacle is thrust out to its fullest extent the larvae have

the additional power of shooting out a fine, colourless,

thread-like filament from the tip of each branch of the

tentacle, the larva tossing its head backwards, or moving

it rapidly from side to side all the time. As soon as the

cause of irritation is over these little filaments are first

withdrawn before the tentacle itself disappears through

the valve-like aperture. All the time the tentacle is

exposed an unpleasant pungent odour, as of rotten

oranges, 1s distinctly perceptible; but this is, I believe,

common to most larve of the Papilionide. In confine-

ment I noticed that the larve fed only by day, remaining

perfectly quiescent during the night; and the larve of

P. Schmeltzi have the same habits.

Rearing larvee on board ship is, of course, attended

with much difficulty, as it is nearly impossible to obtain

a constant supply of fresh food for them. However, in

the case of the larve just described I found it easy to

dig up small plants—about a foot high—of Aralia

(taking care to see that there was as much earth as

possible attached to the roots). These I placed in empty

biscuit-tins, with more earth, and kept well watered,

and found that they remained fresh for weeks. Indeed,

as I write this (August 21st), the plants are still alive,

and throwing out a new crop of leaves. Another thing

in my favour was that during the two months the larvee

were feeding we were cruising among the Fijian,

Samoan, and Tonga Islands, where plenty of the food

could be got, and, as we were seldom at sea for more

than afew days ata time, I was able to gather fresh

food pretty frequently, and only allowed the larve to eat

the growing plants when we were actually at sea and

their other food had shrivelled.

The tins were secured upon a table in my cabin, and

on the wall behind these were some pictures framed in

maroon-coloured velvet. One morning | noticed that

a larva of Papilio Godeffroyi had attached itself to a

-leaf which was almost touching one of these frames,

and when I looked at it the next morning I was surprised

to see that it had changed to a chrysalis of a beautiful

deep rose-colour. After this | thought I would try some

experiments, so | pinned some twigs, to which were

attached larve that were on the point of changing, to

species of Western Pacific Rhopalocera. 365

pieces of cork, to which I had gummed scarlet, blue,

black, yellow, and white papers. Those placed on

scarlet and white changed to rosy-pink chrysalids, those

on blue and yellow to green, and those on black to very

dark green. The chrysalids of Papilio Godeffroyi have

a thinner shell, and are more delicate than those of

Papilio Schmeltzi, and in consequence they were probably

more susceptible to rays of light, for the former were

more influenced by the colour of the background than

the latter. The newly-changed chrysalids of both

species were pale green, and it was not until several

hours had elapsed that they assumed the colour of their

surroundings. They are also very soft, and are covered

with a thin coating of some viscid substance, which

may have the power of absorbing refracted rays of

colour-light as they dry and harden.

The Aralia grew more abundantly upon the Tongan

islands than at Samoa or Fiji, but I saw no signs what-

ever of either of these butterflies at Tongatabu, Vavua,

or Lefuka (the three islands of the group which we

visited), at which I was rather surprised, for these

groups are not very far apart.

Xois Sesara, Hew.

This beautiful little butterfly, which appears to be

confined entirely to the Fijian Islands, is usually to be

seen by the sides of paths in the bush, or in moderately

open spots in the forest where the ground is overgrown

with a thin carpeting of a species of couch-grass, upon

which its larve feed. It flies in a weak uncertain

manner, and frequently alights upon a blade of grass or

upon a flower. | watched the females time after time in

the hope of seeing them deposit their eggs, but never

detected them doing so; so 1 came to the conclusion

that they are dropped as the butterflies fly over the

srass. Of course I was very anxious to find the larvae,

and had many a long and unavailing hunt for them ;

and it was not until the afternoon of August 2nd, 1884,

that my labours were crowned with success. In a

certain pathway through the bush, near Suva, there was

a small open spot where the grass grew in patches, and

here X. Sesara were flying in considerably numbers, and

many of them looked as if they were dropping their eggs ;

so, thinking this was a likely place, I went down on my

hands and knees and tore the grass up by the roots, and

366 Gervase F. Mathew’s life-history of three

shook it over a clear piece of ground, which I had

previously prepared for the purpose, as I thought it very

possible that the larve might be night-feeders, con-

cealing themselves among the roots during the day.

At the very first shake, to my infinite delight, out

dropped an unmistakable Satyrid larva, which, of course,

could be no other than that of X. Sesara, for the

only other Satyrid occurring near Suva is the ubiquitous

Melanitis Leda, whose larva I was very well acquainted

with. This larva appeared to be about full-grown, and,

having found it so easily, I thought there would not be

much difficulty in getting a plentiful supply of them;

but a couple of hours’ hard work under a broiling sun

only produced two more of them, one the same size as

the first, and the other about half-grown. A few days

after I found three more small larve near the same

place. One or two pieces of the food-plant dug up by

the roots, with earth attached, and placed in a small

wide-mouthed bottle, kept alive and fresh and continued

to throw up young shootsin my cabin for several weeks ;

and upon these the half-dozen larve were successfully

reared, and produced butterflies at Sydney during

September.

The larve in confinement were rather sluggish in

their habits, and when not feeding rested upon a dead

or withered blade of grass, well down towards the roots,

and their colour so harmonised with the dried stems

that they were difficult to see. When annoyed they

generally curled themselves into a ring and fell to the

ground, though sometimes they remained on the blade

of grass and raised their anterior segments Sphinz-like.

The full-grown larva is from 18 mm. to 20 mm. long,

cylindrical, tapering towards each extremity, and with

the anal segment produced into two points; head

smooth, subcordate, slightly porrected, and manifestly

larger than the 2nd segment; whole colour a light

pinkish brown, or pinkish putty-colour; dorsal stripe

darker and bordered on each side by a line of a still

deeper shade; subdorsal line darker than the general

ground colour, and bordered below by another line of a

paler hue, and below this there are several longitudinal

lines ; just above the spiracles there is a pale waved

line, and below them a conspicuous pale stripe; spiracles

very small and black; ventral surface slightly darker

than the upper; head same colour as the body, with a

species of Western Pacific Rhopalocera. 367

small V-shaped mark above the mouth, a line down the

centre, and three waved lines on each side of face;

ocelli deep brown. The whole larva is covered with very

minute raised dots, which give it rather a roughened

appearance, and there are also a few fine hairs, which,

however, are scarcely visible to the naked eye ; segmental

divisions clearly defined.

One of the small larve, when I first took it, was

pale green, with pinkish dorsal and lateral lines, but

became drab or putty-colour when it was about half-

erown.

When ready to pupate the larva attaches itself by its

anal hooks to a pad of silk spun on the under side of a

grass-stem, and generally well down towards the roots

of the plant.

The chrysalis is 9 mm. long, short and stumpy, with

the margins of the wing-sheaths strongly ridged ; a ridge

across the back from just beyond the anal angle of wing-

sheath, and two conspicuous curved ridges on back of

abdomen, and one smaller one; several small dorsal

tubercles. Whole surface a warm putty-colour, reticu-

lated and dotted with reddish brown; keel of ridges

rather darker. One chrysalis out of six was of a

beautiful pale golden green, with the margins of the

wing-sheaths pink, and a few scattered pink dots and

lines.

This butterfly was very abundant near Suva, on the

island of Viti Levu, and at Levuka on Ovalau; but I

did not meet with it at Mago or Vanua Balavu, two

other islands of the Fijian group. It occurs throughout

the year.

368 Life-history of three species of Rhopalocera.

EXXPLANATION OF Puatere X.

Fic. 1. Larva of Papilio Schmeltzt.

2. Pupa of 5 55

3. Larva of P. Godeffroyt.

4. Pupa of .;

5, 6. Larva of Xois Sesara.

7. Pupa of a .s

8. 7 of ce (green var).

9. Triscolia patricialis, Burm.

10. Scoliomima insignis, Butl.

11. Mygnimia aviculus, Sauss.

12. Coloborhombus fasciatipennis, C. O. Waterh.

( 369 )

VI. On two remarkable cases of mimicry from HKlopura,

British North Borneo. By H. J. 8S. Prvyer.

[Read December 3rd, 1884. ]

PuateE X.

Sincr the appearance of my friend Mr. George Lewis’

valuable paper on the mechanical action of solar

rays I have sought evidence for and against the views

expressed therein, more particularly as affecting the

questions of protective coloration and mimicry. Having

obtained lately, while in Borneo, two most striking cases

of mimicry which I think will throw some light on both

points, I venture to lay the following remarks before the

Society.

The first case is a large coleopteron mimicking an

equally large hymenopteron :—

Description.—The beetle: Size, 12 in. long; expanse

of wings, 24 in. The elytra are only 3 in. long, leaving

the greater portion of the body exposed, after the

manner of the Staphylinide. Antenne, 1 in.; legs

long, hind pair 12 in. Colour: Antenne, head, thorax,

elytra, body, and legs, jet-black; wings also black, but

having a large conspicuous white patch occupying the

apical third of the wing; tip of the wing black.*

The wasp: Size, 12 in. long; expanse of wings, 23 in.

Antennx, ~in.; legs long, hind pair 12 in. Colour:

* Coloborhombus fasciatipennis, un. Ss.

Niger velutinus; alis nigro-fuscis, fascia lata ante apicali alba.

Long. 16 lin.

Velvety black, with scarcely any violet tint above; distinctly

tinted with violet-blue below. The wings nearly black on the

costa, shading into dark fuscous posteriorly, with slight bluish tints

here and there. Near the apex of the wing there is a broad semi-

transparent white band. Abdomen with a whitish silky spot on the

side of the basal segment beneath.

Hab. Borneo.

This species differs from C. hemipterus, Fabr., from Java, chiefly

in having a white band across the wings. The thorax is, however

a little more transverse.—C. O. WATERHOUSE.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PaRT Ill. (SEPT.) 2c

370 My. H. J. S. Pryer on two remarkable

Antenne, head, thorax, and body, jet-black ; wings also

black, but having a large conspicuous white patch

occupying the apical third of the wing ; tip of the wing

black.*

It will be seen that they agree in shape and colour,

and the only difference is an unimportant one, in the

length of the antenne; the shape of the beetle agrees

as nearly as it is possible to imagine insects so widely

separated as a wasp and beetle could be.

It is singular that there is also a second species of

wasp very closely resembling the one described, also

common in North Borneo; it is, however, rather larger,

and with yellow antenne instead of black.

The second case is a large lepidopterous insect, a

Sesia, mimicking a very large hymenopterous Scolia :—

Description.—The moth is a male, and therefore pre-

sumedly somewhat smaller than the female. Size,

1} in. long; expanse of wings, 2in. Antenne, $ in. ;

hind legs nearly as long as the body, very hairy. Colour:

Antenne black ; palpi yellow; head black; upper part

of thorax black, lower part yellow; body black, with a

conspicuous yellow band in the middle, and a little

yellow on lhe 1st segment; legs black; wings of a

uniform metallic blue-black, only excepting a clear space .

on the anal angle of the hind wing.t

* Mygnimia aviculus, Sauss. (Described from Java).—W. F.

KIRBY.

+ ScoLiomima, n. g.

Allied to the African genus Toosa (— Ninia) ; primaries elon-

gated, rather narrow, the costal margin nearly straight, slightly

arched towards the apex, which is moderately acute; outer margin

very oblique; inner margin nearly straight; costal vein lying very

close to the margin, terminating a little beyond the middle of the

costa; subcostal five-branched, the first two branches emitted

before the end of the cell; the third and fourth emitted from the

anterior angle of the cell, the fifth forking from the fourth half-way

between the cell and the outer margin; disco-cellulars forming an

oblique zigzag line; upper radial emitted above the middle of the

disco-cellular ; lower radial and third median branch emitted close

together, and widely diverging from the first and second branches,

which are also emitted close together; the whole (owing to the

narrowness of the wing) being somewhat crowded together at the

inferior extremity of the cell; submedian following the inner

margin in its slight deviation from a straight line; secondaries

elongated, with nearly straight costal margin; outer margin very

eradually arched to abdominal margin, which is short and straight ;

costal vein running close to edge of costa; subcostal branches

running parallel to about the basal third, where they unite

cases of mimicry from Hlopura. 371

The bee: Size, 12 in. long; expanse of wings, 2% in.

Antenne, 2 in.; hind legs nearly as long as the body

and hairy. Colour: Antenne black; head yellow;

upper part of thorax black, lower part yellow, extending

to the 1st segment of the body; rest of the body black,

with a conspicuous yellow band in the middle ; wings of

a uniform metallic blue-black; the anal angle of the

hind wing projected. The colours of both bee and moth

were identical when alive, but since their capture the

yellow on the bee has changed to a brownish tint, and

abruptly ; disco-cellular veinlet obsolete; median branches widely

separated ; submedian and internal veins widely divergent ; head

large, broad, with prominent eyes; palpi large, recurved, densely

sealed, with acute terminal joint; antenne long, very thick,

smooth, coarsely pectinated in front (not bipectinated); tapering,

and with a small terminal pencil of hair at the distal extremity ;

collar broad; thorax very robust and convex; abdomen long,

coarsely scaled, especially towards the anal extremity, which has

an almost woolly appearance owing to the numerous long pro-

jecting scales which clothe the last three segments ; anterior legs

rather short and thick, the tibie broad and coarsely scaled ; pos-

terior legs densely clothed with coarse hair-scales, as in Melittia.

Scoliomima insignis, n. s.

An admirable mimic of T'riscolia patricialis; the primaries

metallic sap-green, with the apical border from fourth subcostal

branch to third median bronze-brown (forming an almost triangular

patch of this colour); secondaries bronze-brown, but nearly the

whole basal half occupied by a broad patch of metallic sap-green 5

a transparent white spot at base of interno-median area; nearly

the whole of the area enclosed between the submedian and internal

veins also hyaline white; head black-brown, antenne blue-black ;

palpi chrome-yellow, with black terminal joint; collar brilliant

golden yellow; thorax black-brown, with two patches of yellow

scales at the back ; abdomen blue-black, with a golden-yellow belt

on the basal segment and another on the 4th segment; under

surface of body black, extremity of femora of posterior legs with a

few white hairs; tarsi fringed with white hairs ; expanse of wings,

56 mm.

The scales on the collar of this species are bent, in order to catch

the light, and thus render the resemblance which this yellow band

bears to that on the back of the head of the Tvriscolia more

striking; the hairy legs no doubt help to make up the deficiency in

the width of the abdomen needed to complete the similarity of

the moth to the wasp.

The genus Scoliomima agrees best with Toosa, Walk., in form

of wings, with Melittia in the clothing of its legs; but in its

antenn it comes nearer to Tarsa, though very distinct, owing to

the unipectinate character of these organs. It should stand

between Toosa and Melittia.—Arruur G. BUTLER.

372 Mr. H. J. 8. Pryer on two remarkable

the yellow on the body of the moth is now almost

obliterated by grease.*

The habits of these insects, as far as my observations

go, are that the wasp, bee, and beetle fly about under

the shade of the forest; the wasp and beetle frequently

settle on the ground; the bee flies very heavily, making

a loud buzzing noise; the moth, when first seen, was

flying rapidly about a bush in the open, and was captured

while at rest on a leaf in the full blaze of the sun.

The wasp (or beetle) is abundant, but difficult to

capture ; when flying or on the ground at a distance of

six feet it is quite impossible to distinguish the wasp

from the beetle, and I cannot therefore say which is

most common, as I only succeeded in securing a single

specimen of each. The bee is very common, but I

only saw one of the Sesia, which was taken on Pulo

Balhalla, an island just outside Sandakan Bay, and

about two miles from Elopura.

I have unsuccessfully endeavoured to apply Mr. Lewis’

theory to account for the remarkable resemblance shown

in coloration, as having been effected by the mechanical

action of light only, but in both instances we have an

equally remarkable resemblance in form, which I think

shows in a marked manner, more particularly in the

case of the wasp and beetle, a wonderful intentional

resemblance, indicating clearly the handiwork of an

Almighty designer, effected doubtless by the agency of

natural selection ; in contradistinction to an objectless

blind mechanical action of the laws of light, which

cannot fortuitously have also altered or adapted the

shape and size simultaneously in both cases to heighten

the protection undoubtedly obtaimed by the resemblance

in colour.

Granting for the sake of argument that the habits of

the wasp and beetle are alike, and that both are sub-

jected to the same solar influences, still in the case of

the bee and moth the habits are very different. The

moth when first seen was flying rapidly, and afterwards

settled in the sun, this being in accordance with the

usual habits of a Sesia, the bee, on the contrary, spend-

ing most of its time in the shade. The question of

solar influence is also further complicated by the presence

* Triscolia patricialis, Burm. (Described from Sumatra).—

W. F. Kirsy.

cases of mimicry from Elopura. 373

of a second species of wasp marked in nearly the same

manner as the first.

From the view that the three insects (two wasps and

a beetle) owe their similar coloration, irrespective of

solar influence, to natural selection, the case at once

becomes easy of comprehension. In the forests of

Borneo the greatest destroyers of insect-life on the

eround are lizards and birds such as the Pittas; the

wasp and beetle, which frequently run on the ground,

are conspicuously marked with a white spot, and exhibit

this as a flag of danger to any would-be destroyer ;

no living creature would knowingly twice attack such a

formidable insect as this wasp. I have seen a small

Sphex attack and paralyse the largest of the tropical

spiders. It is easy to understand how the beetle,

having the same habits as the wasp, has ultimately

assumed the same garb as the wasp through the influence

of natural selection. It is also very probable that the

resemblance in colour, shape, and habits indicates an

even closer intimacy between the wasp and beetle, as

the latter may be a parasite on the wasp, when the

resemblance would be beneficial in a twofold measure.

All three are very restless, sometimes running or flying

in the shade, and at others in the sun, but always

recognisable from a distance by the white spot.

It is also easy to understand how the moth became so

much like the bee, by the action of natural selection ;

all the Sesie resemble bees and wasps to a certain

extent, although their habits are widely different from

the Hymenoptera. The Sesie spend a great deal of

their existence either sunning themselves on a trunk or

leaf, or flying with so great rapidity as to be nearly

invisible. This particularly large Sesta has come to

resemble in coloration a large bee, owing to the survival

of those most closely approaching the bee, until the

resemblance has become perfected in the manner we

now see it, these having a manifest advantage when

propagating their species.

374 Two remarkable cases of mimicry.

EXPLANATION OF PuaTE X.

Via. 9. Triscolia patricialis, Burm.

10. Scolionwma insignis, Butl.

11. Mygnimia aviculus, Sauss.

12. Coloborhombus fasciatipennis, C. O. Waterh.

(“375”)

VII. On the discovery of a species of the Neuropterous

family Nemopteride in South America, with general

considerations regarding the Family. By Ropert

M‘Lacuuan, F.R.S., Pres. Ent. Soc. Lond.

[Read March 4th, 1885. |

Tur insects forming the family Nemopteride (or—as

some no doubt prefer to read it—Nematopteride) have

remained until now probably the only important group

of Neuroptera that was unknown either in North or

South America, and, notwithstanding their marvellous

form, they appear to have excited so little interest in

America that in the last (8th) edition of Dr. Packard’s

‘Guide’ the family is dismissed with half-a-dozen lines

of mention, including the statement that ‘the species

are found in Western Asia and in Northern Africa.”’*

The form of these insects is so essentially peculiar that

I had almost despaired of the possibility of the family

occurring in America; still there was always the hope

that it might be found in Chili (that land of marvels in

insect-productions), and in Chili it has been found. Mr.

J. J. Walker, R.N., late of H.M.S. ‘ Kingfisher,’ recently

gave me a single example of a species observed by him

not uncommonly on a sandy spit at Coquimbo, North

Chili, at the end of January and beginning of February.

Mr. Walker was (perhaps unfortunately) perfectly familiar

with the striking black and yellow species of the sandy

shores of South-eastern Europe: he was not aware that

the family had not been noticed from America, and,

moreover, he paid but little attention to Neuroptera

generally ; therefore he brought home only this single

specimen, which was exhibited by me at the meeting of

this Society held on October 1st, 1884.

The family stands much in need of generic subdivision,

but unfortunately, with the exception of the European

forms, the species are so limited in amount of available

* Dr. Packard here overlooks the fact that the typical species are

essentially South European, and that the family has long been

known to extend into India, Australia, and all over Africa.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885. PART UI. (SEPT.)

376 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan on a species of the

materials as to render this a work of difficulty. In

1842,* however, Rambur, in his Hist. Nat. Névropteres,

p- 382, essayed a division into three genera, viz:—(1) Ne-

moptera (restricted), for the black and yellow ‘‘ Kuropean”’

forms, with the mouth strongly produced into a beak ;

(2) Halter, for mostly transparent forms, with the long

narrow hind wings more or less dilated towards the

tips, and the mouth also produced into a beak; (8)

Brachystoma, for a single hyaline species, in which the

mouth (or front) is short. Nemoptera (as restricted) is

very natural; alter is somewhat heterogeneous ;

Brachystoma remains practically unknown to me save

from the figures in Savigny’s Descript. de l’Egypte.

Certain species described by Klug (whose work was

apparently not known to Rambur), Westwood, &c., such

as N. capillaris, filipennis, &ec., with almost hair-like

hind wings, form an especially distinct group or genus.

In considering the new Chilian insect, Rambur’s

Brachystoma+ comes prominently forward, for the front

is more decidedly shorter { than is indicated in Savigny’s

figure. Unfortunately the palpi, &c., are not in good

condition. The insect might be placed provisionally in

Brachystoma; but that term had previously been used

by more than one author (and even in Insecta), so I propose

for it the generic term Stenotenia, and leave it for future

decision as to whether Rambur’s Brachystoma be abso-

lutely congeneric with it, or otherwise.

STENOTENIA, n. g.

(=Brachystoma, Ramb.?, nom. preoc.).

Antenne rather short, setaceous, but stout, the joints strongly

distinct, except towards the apex. Head above narrowly trans-

verse; front very short; cheeks strongly developed, with a very

deep fovea on each, in part impinging upon the cheeks, in part on

** But one year previously Westwood (Proc. Zoological Soe. Lond.

1841) had essayed a division into sections, &c., without names.

+ F. Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Newroptera, pt. ii., placed under

Brachystoma many species to which his divisional character

“Os vix elongatum” by no means applies, and which should be

transferred to Halter, &e.

| The ordinarily rostrate front in Nemopterid@ usually results

from all the parts (front proper, clypeus, and labrum) being greatly

elongated (the labrum especially so), and this is exaggerated owing

to the labium usually extending beyond the apex of the labrum.

Neuropterous fanily Nemopteride. 377

the sides of the true front.* Clypeus and labrum scarcely distinct,

very short and transverse (labium and palpi uncertain). Pronotum

short and transverse. Abdomen short and slender. Legs slender;

first tarsal joint equalling all the others united, 5th as long as the

2nd to 4th united. Anterior wings transparent (of the form usual

in the Old World species with transparent wings), network rather

close. Posterior wings very long, narrowly tape-like, not dilated

towards the end (but twisted, as is usual), not conspicuously ciliated.

Stenotenia Walkeri, n. 8.

Antenne about 43-jointed, black, the basal two joints yellowish

beneath. Head deeply bisinuate posteriorly above; yellow, a broad

transverse blackish brown band above, behind the antenne, a very

broad band of same colour in which the antenne are inserted

(leaving only a narrow yellow line between it and the band on the

vertex); front yellow; orbits yellow; the posterior portion of the

top of the head brownish in the sinuations. Pronotum yellow; at

about one-third of its length the posterior portion is strongly

separated from the anterior by an elevated ridge, leaving a

depressed transverse collar, slightly clouded with brownish; the

posterior portion with a large median, and two smaller lateral,

brownish black spots, and the deflexed sides are also broadly of the

same colour; there are also numerous small brown dots, whence

arise short black hairs. Meso- and meta-nota blackish, with short

black hairs, but the inner sides of the lateral lobes of the mesonotum

and the scutellum of the metanotum (excepting in its centre) are

yellow. Breast and sides of thorax yellow, varied with brown.

Abdomen (%) yellow, above with a narrow black longitudinal

median line, and a broad lateral black band (leaving only narrow

subdorsal yellow lines); beneath it is wholly yellow, excepting a

narrow lateral blackish line below the lateral sutures, and there are

numerous small semituberculate black dots, whence spring black

hairs: terminal dorsal segment blackish in the middle, clothed with

long black hairs, triangularly excised in its posterior margin;

appendages stout, cylindrical, very obtuse, somewhat conical if

viewed laterally, slightly incurved, yellow, with a blackish spot

externally, furnished with long black hairs: terminal ventral

segment large, yellow, furnished and fringed with long black hairs,

its apical margin rounded; it is deeply concave if viewed from

* Savigny’s figure indicates precisely analogous fovex as existing

in the Egyptian species on which Rambur founded ‘‘ Brachystoma,”

and an approach towards a similar structure, but much less pro-

nounced, occurs in others.

+ In honour of Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N.

378 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan on a species of the

above, and with an appearance as of a large raised tubercle in the

middle of the cavity. Legs yellow, with numerous short, but

strong, black hairs; cox internally, femora internally at the base,

and externally at apex, tibie externally at apex, tarsal joints at

apex, marked with brown ; claws piceous, yellowish at base.

Anterior wings long-oval, very obtuse, costal edge straight;

vitreous and very shining, but the costal margin to below the

radius is broadly smoky grey; pterostigma scarcely indicated;

neuration black, set with rather long divaricate black hairs; sub-

costa and radius conspicuously yellow; costal nervules simple;

cellules mostly quadrangular. Posterior wings very narrow, not

dilated near the tips, greyish, but the inner margin transparent ;

subcosta and radius yellow;* only very faint indications of the

usual darker fasciations; marginal veins blackish; the veins and

the margins with short black hairs.

Length of body (1), 11mm. Expanse of anterior wings, 56 mm.

Length of an anterior wing, 26 mm.; greatest breadth ot same,

93 mm. Length of a posterior wing, 58 mm.; breadth of same,

y mm.

Hab. Coquimbo (J. J. Walker).

In facies this insect quite agrees with several Old

World forms, in which the wings are transparent but

have the costal margin tinted.

Croce, n. g.

I propose this generic term for a group of species,

usually of small size, characterised by the front being

very strongly produced into a slender beak, by short

antenne (which are usually somewhat thickened towards

the apex), by transparent anterior wings with very open

neuration and usually with a strongly-defined ptero-

stigmatic mark, and especially by long setaceous

posterior wings, strongly ciliated, in which even the

rudiments of neuration are scarcely to be traced.

Taking N. filipennis, Westwood, as the type of this

genus, I think the following should also be placed

* T do not remember to have seen any description of the neuration

of: the hind wings of Nemopteride, other than a vague statement

that there are two longitudinal veins. In reality there are three

such veins, viz., the subecosta and radius, which become confluent a

little before the apex, as in the anterior, and a third vein equivalent

to one of the cubiti. The marginal veinlets are simple (straight or

oblique), but in those species in which these wings are very strongly

dilated before the apex, such as ‘“‘ N. dilatata,” “N. Huttii,” &c.,

they are complex in the dilated portion.

Neuropterous family Nemopteride. 379

therein, viz.:—N. alba, Oliv., N. aristata, Klug, N.

capillaris, Klug, N. setacea, Klug, and N. pusilla,

Taschenbere.*

This group of excessively delicate species appears to

re especially partial to the desert regions of Africa and

sia.

Of Nemoptera as restricted to the four characteristic

species that find a place in the “ Kuropean Fauna,”

viz., N. Coa, L., N. lusitanica, Leach, N. egyptiaca,t

Rambur (hebraica, Westwood), and N. sinuata, Oliv.,

nothing further need be said.

But there remain many species which for the present

may find a place in Halter, Rambur, species with trans-

parent wings, and the front prolonged into a beak.

Halter, as defined by Rambur, should have the posterior

wings ‘plus ou moins dilatées” before the apex. if

taken literally, several of these remaining species could

not in this case rest in this genus. But the form and

amount of dilatation varies greatly in different species

(and also slightly according to sex). I think it will be

found that tarsal characters of some importance exist in

several of these species, but my materials are too few.}

These insects (excepting the well-known European

forms) are very difficult to obtain, and | only possess

about sixteen species of the family as a whole, which,

however, contrasts favourably with other collections |

have seen. Less than thirty species are known, and it

is very probable that the names by which some of these

are represented are really only synonyms.

* According to this association of species, Croce is practically

identical with Westwood’s group (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1841, p. 13),

characterised by the words ‘ale posticwe setacex, haud fasciate.”

+ Rambur’s egyptiaca was characterised from Savigny’s excel-

lent figure. Hagen (Stett. ent. Zeit., 1866, p. 451) identifies it with

sinuata, Oliv., but erroneously. It is more allied to luwsitamca,

Westwood’s hebraica (Thes. Ent. Oxon.) was from Syria, whence

I also possess the insect, which is undoubtedly that figured by

Savigny.

| Westwood, in 1841, separated these species into two groups,

according to the dilatation, or otherwise, of the posterior wings;

but a more radical subdivision, based upon other characters, may

become necessary.

( 338i)

VIII. New species of Languriide. By Rev.

W. W. Fowzer, M.A., F.L.S.

[Read March 4th, 1885.}

Tur following new species of Languriide are from

Guinea, with the exception of one fine species of Calli-

languria from the Philippine Islands ; they are more

particularly interesting, as comparatively few species

have hitherto been described from Africa. One new

genus, which appears to be distinct, has been formed,

and it is probable that two or three of the other species

have a claim to generic value: the more, however, that

the Languriide are studied the more evident it becomes

that an entire revision of the family is necessary, and

that the genus Languria, at all events, is composed of a

number of heterogeneous groups that will ultimately

have to be separated. There is one character that

hitherto has been much neglected, but which seems

likely to prove very useful, and that is the formation of

the parts of the head and the position of the antenne.

In the Languriide the antenne are inserted in sockets,

which vary very much in size, shape, and depth ; these

stretch obliquely from the eyes to the clypeus, and are

therefore larger or smaller, accordingly as the eye

approaches the clypeus or is removed farther from it.

In some genera (e. g., Fatua, Callilanguria, Langurites,

and Goniolanguria), there is a clear corneous space

between the eye and the commencement of the socket ;

in others, as in Teretilangurta, there is no intervening

space, and the eye appears to open straight upon the

socket. If we examine the various species of the genus

Languria we shall find that many of them have a clear

space between the eye and the antennal socket (as, for

instance, L. lata, L. discoidea, L. atriceps, and the

species, as a rule, that have the prothorax red), whereas

other species (e. g., L. mgens, L. geniculata, L. Lewisi,

&e.), have the eye opening immediately, or almost

immediately, on the socket, as in Teretilanguria, to

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PART III. (SEPT.)

382 Rev. W. W. Fowler on new

which genus these particular species bear a closer

external resemblance than they do to the majority of the

ordinary species of Languria.

Another very important point is the relation of the ely-

peus to the labrum. These parts seem to a certain extent

to be correlative; if the clypeus is small the labrum is pro-

portionately large; if, however, the clypeus is large the

labrum is proportionately small, and in some cases the

corneous portion forms a mere strip, or the labrum is

entirely membranous and partially concealed behind the

clypeus. A few instances may perhaps be mentioned.

In Callilanguria the clypeus is very short (this is

especially noticeable in C. eximia, n.s.); the labrum,

however, is actually longer than the clypeus, and is very

distinct ; in Pachylanguria the clypeus is long and the

labrum short; in Teretilanguria the clypeus is very

large and distinct, rather convex, with the suture plain

and well-marked, and the apparent labrum is reduced

to a narrow strip; in Doubledaya, again, the clypeus is

very narrow and emarginate, while the labrum is rather

large and membranous ; in Goniolanguria the clypeus is

very peculiar, being large, with a strong ./-shaped

emargination; in Langurites it is large and distinct,

and the labrum is also well-marked. The clypeal suture

usually runs straight across between the base of the

antenne, but it is rather variable as to position and

distinctness, and is often distinctly curved ; when it is

strong the head is usually depressed just before it: how-

ever, whatever may be the size of the clypeus, the socket

for the reception of the antennex appears to be continued

to meet it. The nearer, then, that the clypeal suture

approaches to the mouth the larger the sockets become ;

this is very apparent in several of the genera mentioned,

and more especially in genera akin to Cladoxena; in

the latter genus the head is large and the clypeus is

very small and situated at the extremity ; the antennal

socket accordingly runs along the whole side of the

front part of the head as far as the mouth; a clypeal

suture in some specimens appears to be indicated

between the antenne, and may prove deceptive, but

there is no real division, and the length of the antennal

socket indicates its true position.

In the division of the Languriide great stress has

been laid upon the number of joints in the club of the

antenne, and yet the genus Languria, as at present

species of Languriide. 383

constituted, contains many species that vary considerably

in this point; the formation of the apex of the elytra

is also a strong point, and yet now there are Langurie

with rounded, truncate, and produced apices ; the mouth-

parts and the skeleton of the under side will also

probably be found useful.

The species described below are all from the collection

of Mr. Gorham, who has kindly put into my hands his

whole collection of the group, and has given me many

valuable hints and notes concerning them.

Mr. Gorham intends shortly to give an account of the

species of Languria of the Dutch Royal Expedition to

Sumatra, in the Notes from the Leyden Museum.

I have received a small number of Assam Langurie

from Mr. G. Lewis, which appear to comprise two or

three new species, and also a new species from my brother

in Assam. ‘These I hope to describe in a future paper.

I ought to add, in conclusion, that all the species

described have been carefully compared by Mr. Gorham

with Mr. Crotch’s type-specimens from Africa, and that

they are all quite distinct from his species.

CaLLILaNGurRia, Crotch, Cist. Ent., xiii., 1876, p. 5.

Callilanguria eximia, n. 8.

Elongata, postice acuminata, prothorace cum epipleuris viridi-

geneo, elytris cupreis, antennis pedibusque nigris; capite magno,

lateribus fortiter dilatatis, parum punctato, fronte leviter impressa ;

antennis modicis, clava 5-articulata; prothorace elongato, vix

rotundato, et postmedium leviter contracto, basi marginata bi-

sinuata, levissimo, puncturis paucis majoribus irregulariter dispo-

sitis; elytris longis, angustis, levibus, apicem versus acuminatis,

haud striatis, puncturis subtilioribus seriatim dispositis, interstitiis

subtilissime punctatis ; tarsis dilatatis. Long. 27°5 mm.

HKlongate, narrowed towards apex; prothorax greenish bronze ;

elytra cupreous ; antenne and legs black; femora with a bronze

reflection. Head large, with the sides very strongly dilated to

receive the large mandibles; eyes situated on the top of the head,

rather prominent, finely granulate; clypeus very narrow; labrum

large and distinct, furnished with long hairs; prothorax nearly

twice as long as broad, very smooth, with sides slightly rounded,

almost parallel; base bisinuate, margined, marginal fold strongly

punctured; on the dise and sides there are a few scattered and

rather large punctures; elytra very long, gradually narrowed to

apex, with regular rows of fine punctures, which are almost

384 Rev. W. W. Fowler on new

obsolete towards base and apex; apices truncate, with a slight blunt

tooth near suture.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

This fine species appears to be the largest of the

Languriide, in point of length, that has yet been de-

scribed.

Laneuria, Latr., Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins., ii., 1802,

1209.

Languria Nyass@, 0. 8.

Oblonga, parallela, tota ferruginea, antennis pedibusque uni-

coloribus; capite modico, leviter impresso, punctato; antennis

brevibus, clava male distinguenda, triarticulata; prothorace sub-

quadrato, confertim fortiter punctato, lateribus fere parallelis, ad

basim sensim contractis, his et basi marginatis; scutello sat

magno, punctato; elytris oblongis, parallelis, striato-punctatis,

interstitiis subtiliter punctatis, apicibus rotundatis; corpore subtus

ferrugineo, profunde punctato, metasterno fortiter-canaliculato.

Long. 9—9:75 mm.

Oblong and rather broad, entirely of a ferruginous colour ; head

moderate, inserted into the thorax as far as the eyes, which are

large, black, and not very prominent; antenne rather short, with

a badly-defined 3-jointed club; prothorax almost quadrate, coarsely

punctured, with sides and base margined, the latter very slightly

sinuate, almost straight, the former almost parallel, very slightly

contracted towards base; base with a small round impression and

a very indistinct short stria on either side; elytra oblong, with

sides almost parallel, about twice as long as prothorax, with plainly

punctured striz, and rows of small punctures on each interstice ;

in a cross light the elytra are plainly rugose transversely ; legs

rather stout, tarsi somewhat dilated, femora strongly punctured ;

under side ferruginous, deeply punctured ; extreme posterior mar-

sins of abdominal segments piceous.

Hab. Lake Nyassa.

This species appears to form a type of a distinct

section of the genus. I should propose to give it generic

value under the name of Promecolanguria; there are,

however, other species that come near it, and which

require examination before the genus can be formed

finally.

species of Languride. 385

Languria Calabarensis, n. 8.

Tota nigro-cyanea, corpore subtus rufo, antennis pedibusque

(femoribus preter genua exceptis) nigris ; capite sat magno, oculis

prominentibus; antennis modicis, clava latiori 4-articulata ; pro-

thorace leviter convexo, apicem versus rotundato, diffusius et

fortius punctato, utrinque stria profunda basim attingente in-

structo; scutello magno postice acuminato; elytris basi pro-

horacis latioribus, humeris prominentibus, ordinibus punctorum

seriatim dispositis, apicibus rotundatis ; pedibus robustis, femoribus

late rufis, tarsis fortiter dilatatis. Long. 10 mm.

Nigro-cyaneous, with antenne and legs black, except the base of

the femora, which is broadly red; under side entirely red; pro-

thorax subquadrate, slightly convex, rounded in front, very slightly

contracted towards base, broadest a little before middle, with a

strong basal stria on each side ; scutellum large, pointed, with two

large deep circular punctures; elytra rather broad, considerably

wider at base than base of prothorax, set with very regular rows of

round punctures; interstices very slightly coriaceous, almost

smooth; legs rather stout; tarsi considerably dilated.

Hab. Old Calabar.

Languria dubia, n.s.

Elongata, nigro- vel viridi-enea, corpore subtus fusco-piceo,

antennis et pedibus (basi femorum ad extremum excepta) nigris ;

capite prothorace angustiori, oculis haud prominentibus, antennis

modicis, clava lata 4-articulata; prothorace subquadrato, sub-

depresso, lateribus vix rotundatis, fere parallelis, marginatis,

diffusius punctato; scutello semicirculari; elytris sat longis apicem

versus sensim acuminatis, tarsis dilatatis. Long. 10 mm.

Rather elongate, nigro-cyaneous, shiny, under side pitchy ;

head rather large, eyes not prominent; head with a strong

depression before clypeus; clypeus large and much more strongly

punctured than dise of head; antennz of moderate length, with a

broad flat 4-jointed club, of which the 1st joint is the smallest, the

2nd and 8rd large and broad, and the 4th narrower than the two

preceding; prothorax black, subquadrate, with the sides very

slightly rounded, almost parallel, without basal striz ; scutellum

semicircular ; elytra with prominent shoulders, slightly acuminate

towards apex, with regular rows of moderate-sized punctures,

interstices slightly coriaceous ; legs black, except the extreme base

of the femora, which is rufous.

Hab. Guinea; Cameroon Mountains.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—partT Ill. (SEPT.) 2D

386 Rev. W. W. Fowler on new

This species comes rather near the preceding, and I

thought at first that it might be the other sex; the

absence, however, of the striz at the base of thorax,

the round scutellum, and the different sculpture of the

elytra, seem to show that it is a distinct species.

Languria Murrayi, nu. s.

Tota lete cyanea, antennis pedibusque cyaneis vel nigro-cyaneis ;

capite sat magno, oculis prominentibus; antennis robustis, sat

longis, clava lata 4-articulata; prothorace convexo, fere subgloboso,

lateribus fortiter rotundatis, marginatis, ad basim valde depresso,

latitudinem longitudine fere equante, diffusius punctato ; scutello

magno, fortiter depressso; elytris ad basim depressis, inde sub-

depressis, ad apicem sensim contractis, apicibus latis subrotundatis,

punctis seriatim dispositis instructis; corpore subtus cyaneo;

pedibus nigro-cyaneis ; coxis rufis. Long. 8 mm.

Of a deep bright blue colour, with antennz and legs black or

slightly eyaneous; head rather large, with prominent eyes; prothorax

about as broad as long, very convex, with sides strongly rounded

and gradually contracted behind; base of prothorax very strongly

depressed, forming a horizontal fold before posterior margin ; disc

and sides with rather large shallow punctures; scutellum large,

much depressed, circular, but fixed in a triangular cavity ; elytra

rather broad, becoming gradually narrower towards apex, convex

at base, and from thence rather depressed to apex ; apices rounded,

truncate just at their extremity, with even rows of moderate-sized

round punctures; interstices almost smooth; legs robust; tarsi

somewhat dilated.

Hab. Old Calabar.

Languria femoralis, n. 8.

Tota nigro-zenea vel picea; capite triangulari, oculis magnis

prominentibus, antennis robustis, clava 4-articulata ; prothorace

magno, latitudine longiori, convexo, subgloboso, lateribus fortiter

rotundatis, leviter marginatis, hoe et capite diffusius et fortius

punctatis; elytris prothoracis medio angustioribus, ad apicem

sensim contractis, ordinibus punctorum seriatim dispositis, utroque

producto subacuminato; pedibus robustis, nigris, femoribus ad

basim late rufis; corpore subtus piceo. Long. 6°75 mm.

Nigro-wneous or piceous; under side piceous; head large, tri-

angular, rather strongly punctured, with large prominent eyes ;

antennze somewhat robust, with a 4-jointed club, black except the

base, which is pitchy; prothorax convex, with sides strongly

species of Languriide. 387

rounded, diffusely and strongly punctured; elytra narrow com-

pared with prothorax, with regular rows of punctures ; shoulders

not prominent; each elytron is depressed towards suture near

apex, and the apex is produced into a blunt point; legs rather

stout, black; base of femora broadly rufous.

Hab. Guinea; Cameroon Mountains.

Languria monticola, n. 8.

Elongata, cyanea, capite prothoraceque rufo, antennis, basi

excepta, nigris, pedibus versicoloribus, corpore subtus rufo, apice

abdominis fusco; capite triangulari, oculis prominentibus ; antennis

modicis, clava 4-articulata; prothorace latitudine longiori, lateri-

bus leviter antice rotundatis, postice sensim contractis, ad basim

depresso, et stria basali utrinque evidenter instructis; scutello sat

magno, rufo; elytris ceruleo-cyaneis, ordinibus punctorum seriatim

dispositis; femoribus nigris, ad basim rufis, tibiis plus minusve

piceis, tarsis testaceis, unguibus piceis. Long. 5°75—6 mm.

Elongate, cyaneous, with head and prothorax red; antennsze

with 4-jointed club ; head triangular, with prominent eyes, rather

strongly and deeply punctured; prothorax longer than broad,

slightly cordate, rather diffusely punctured, with a well-marked

depression at base, terminated at each end by a plain longitudinal

stria ; scutellum rather large, red; elytra bluish, with shoulders

distinctly raised, with regular rows of moderate-sized round punc-

tures; femora black, with base red; tibiz pitchy or reddish ; tarsi

testaceous; claws pitchy.

Hab. Guinea ; Cameroon Mountains.

STENOLANGURIA, N. g.

Elongata, angustata, capite lato prothoracis latitudinem sequante

vel superante; clypeo magno, convexo; oculis magnis promi-

nentibus, antennis basim prothoracis haud attingentibus, clava

biarticulata ; prothorace latitudine multo longiori, basi bisinuata,

angulis posticis fortiter acuminatis ; elytris apicem versus sensim

angustatis, humeris prominentibus, apicibus ad extremum plus

minusve divaricatis, utroque producto et acuminato, pedibus longis

teretioribus.

This genus appears to present a distant aflinity to

Oxylanguria on the one side, and rather a strong con-

nection with Langurites on the other; the chief marks

of distinction are the divaricate apices of the elytra,

which are more or less strongly pointed, and are

388 Rev. W. W. Fowler on new Languriide.

furnished with a more or less evident blunt tooth before

their extremity, the large and rather prominent clypeus,

and the elongate form, subcylindrical thorax, and com-

paratively slender legs; the whole surface of the body

is more or less asperate or finely wrinkled between the

punctures ; this asperation is also visible on the femora.

Stenolanguria tricolor, n. 8.

Angusta, capite nigro, antennis piceo-flavescentibus, pedibus

basi femorum excepta piceis; prothorace rufo, subcylindrico,

obsolete punctato, lateribus leviter marginatis; elytris cyaneis,

seriatim punctatis, intra puncturas rugose asperatis; apicibus

sensim divaricatis, fortiter acuminatis; pedibus longis, piceis; basi

femorum, capite subtus, prosterno et metasterno testaceis. Long.

7°25 mm.

Elongate, narrow; head black, impressed, diffusely punctured ;

prothorax red, elongate, with rather large, diffuse, and shallow

punctures; elytra cyaneous, rugosely asperate, with rows of large

shallow punctures, divaricate at apex, and each produced into a

strong point, and furnished with a blunt tooth a little before the

extremity.

Hab. Old Calabar.

Stenolanguria Gorhami, n. s.

Perangusta, tota viridi-enea, antennis piceis, pedibus nigris vel

nigro-piceis ; prothorace elongato, subcylindrico, leviter marginato,

obsolete punctato; elytris seriatim punctatis, interstitiis leviter

asperatis, apicibus ad extremum divaricatis, acuminatis; pedibus

longis teretibus. Long. 6°2 mm.

Very narrow, entirely of a dull greenish colour; antenne and

legs black; head large and broad ; eyes very large; head with eyes

broader than prothorax; prothorax narrow, elongate, with sides

slightly rounded, gradually contracted towards base, diffusely

punctured with rather large obsolete punctures; elytra with rows

of rather large, shallow, almost square, punctures; interstices

very narrow, finely asperate; apices slightly divergent, each pro-

duced into a plain, though rather blunt, point; legs long and

slender.

Hab. Cameroon Mountains.

( 389 )

IX. The life-history of Atypus piceus, Sulz.

By Frepc. Enock.

[Read May 6th and June 3rd, 1885. |

Durine the year 1875 I read that most charming book

by the late T. Moggridge, entitled ‘ Harvesting Ants and

Trap-door Spiders,’ in which is just mentioned the fact

that ‘‘ there is but one British or North Kuropean repre-

sentative of the Territelarie.” I determined to search

for this, but the information given in Blackwall’s

‘Spiders of Great Britain’ was so small that I scarcely

knew how or where to begin my search; however, I

obtained the ‘ Supplement to Harvesting Ants and Trap-

door Spiders,’ and therein I read Mr. Brown’s account

of his discovery of this grand spider at Hastings, in

which he states :—‘‘ My attention was first arrested by

the sight of something hanging down which looked like

the cocoon of some moth.” With this clue I started

early in 1876 to search the banks at the sides of such

lanes as remained around the North of London,—at

Tottenham, Edmonton, working round towards Hendon,

then to Hampstead,—which seemed to be the most

likely place where I might see the ‘‘ something hanging

down which looked like the cocoon of some moth”; but

after many long and weary back-aching searches I[

began to think I should not be successful; and on

March 26th, 1876, I had but a small part of the Heath

left unworked, this composed of steepish banks, with

stunted gorse and broom bushes scattered about. I

searched the ground most carefully, and much to the

amusement of the keepers and policemen, who seemed

to doubt my sanity, my constant reply to their questions

being ‘I am looking for spiders”; and I found that my

movements were watched, particularly when I was

searching at night. They had heard of ‘‘ butterfly

catching,’ but never before of anyone wanting spiders :

however, I managed to allay their doubts and fears,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—PaRT Iv. (DEC.) 25

390 Mr. F. Enock on the

going on with my nose and eyes almost close to the

ground, looking under tufts of grass at the base of

various bushes, until at last my attention was suddenly

arrested, for there was ‘‘ the something hanging down

which looked like the cocoon of some moth.” But now

a fresh difficulty arose; Hampstead Heath was ‘‘ pre-

served,” and I thought that possibly I might get myself

into a ‘pickle ”’ by ‘‘ disturbing the soil.”” So I went to

the superintendent, and told him [ had found the spiders,

and wanted to dig them up, and, as I was by this time

pretty well known to him, he soon gave me permission

to dig up my precious find. This I did after repeated

failures, the tubes being so delicate; and I was re-

peatedly interrupted in my work by the usual Hampstead

ramblers, who are, to say the least, inquisitive. After

many trials 1 managed to box seven tubes, each con-

taining a female Atypus.

Some of these I forwarded to Rev. O. P. Cambridge

for identification: he replied ‘that he was not able to

identify them positively unless he saw the mature male,”

but thought it might prove to be Atypus Beckii, as the

late Richard Beck used to work Hampstead for spiders.

I now had my work cut out, for my only directions

were :—‘‘ You might find them (the males) from October

to spring, I think, so far as I know; they are never

found in a tube, but are wanderers, taking shelter by

day in any holes or corners, and among stones, débris,

&e.”’ I must confess I did not see why the male should

not form a tube as well as the female, for, until it

reached maturity, it certainly would require a home of

its own.

In going over the ground at Hampstead I soon found

that the colony of Atypt was much larger than I at first

imagined; but, like all so-called ‘‘rarities,” they only

wanted looking for. I found the nests in the most

awlkward places to get at—numbers just at the foot of

an old gorse bush, which I might not pull up to enable

me to get at them; others concealed by stunted bushes

of wild sage, the tube going down between the roots,

and often just when I had reached to within an inch of

the end, my digger would catch an unlucky bit of root,

causing the tube to break short off, the spider escaping

by retiring by the back door, a habit they are particularly

fond of.

life-history of Atypus piceus. 391

I searched high and low for the male among dead

leaves and grass, under stones, both by day and by

night, even going so far as to fancy I might possibly

trap them by placing long glass phials in the ground

(the mouths just level with the surface), close to the

tubes of the females; but only a ‘‘ devil’s coach-horse”’

beetle, Ocypus olens, was stupid enough to fall in. I

made many unsuccessful journeys in search of the

mature male, but at the same time I added very

much to my knowledge in several points connected with

Atypus.

On October 20th, 1877, I made my twenty-ninth visit

to the colony, examining a great many tubes, noting any

change in their outward appearance, &c. I had almost

reached my last tube when I came upon one near a

stunted sage plant, having an opening at the end with

the edges turned in, showing that something had entered.

I felt sure that I was now on the right scent, and, going

down on my knees in a moment, with my knife I cut

away every bit of dry stalk of sage and grass; then

quietly scraped away the sand from around the top,

keeping hold of the aérial part of the tube, with the

bent file working round it, gently raising small quantities

of sand, each time going deeper, until [ had uncovered

about seven inches of the tube. After another ten

minutes’ digging the bottom of the tube was reached ;

my digger placed under, and the whole nest heaved out.

I then noticed something moving up inside; this was

the female, which soon forced its way out at the open

end. I then observed at the other end something which

looked like an old skin. I touched it, when it immedi-

ately spread its legs, betraying itself to be the long-

sought-for mature male. I cannot describe my feelings

or my movements at that moment. I only know I was

highly excited, and immediately ran to the Highgate

Post Office, and sent a post-card to the Rev. O. P. Cam-

bridge, apprising him of my success. On the 22nd I

sent this male on to him, receiving a reply which some-

what disappointed me, viz., that the male was not A.

‘* Becku,” but piceus.

However, having now settled the identity of the

Hampstead Atypus, I determined to follow up my

observations, until I had completed its life-history ; and

I venture to think that the following facts will prove

392 Mr. F. Enock on the

that this representative of the marvellous trap-door

spiders is well worthy of the relationship.

In Blackwall’s ‘ Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland,’

p- 15, I find it stated that the female Atypus deposits

between thirty and forty eggs, &c., but, so far as my

experience goes, this is considerably under the number,

for whenever I have dug a tube containing young I

always made a point of carefully counting them. My

first capture was made October 29th, 1876, at night; I

dug up a large tube containing a female and 129 young.

February 31st, 1877, female and 157 young; this tube

was nearly eleven inches long. September 25th, 1877,

a female and 148 young; besides a great many other

family tubes, in every one of which there were over 100

young.

On August Ist, 1877, I dug up a tube, ten inches long

(example), from half to five-eighths of an inch in

diameter for about six inches and a half down then

widening out into a sort of pouch, containing something

hard, which | at first imagined was a male. I carefully

cut a slit across the tube, enabling me to see that it was

the cocoon of eges suspended in a beautiful hammock of

silk, one inch long, the flat ends of which were about

three-sixteenths wide, attached to the top and bottom

of the pouch. I also found another tube the same date,

containing an unfinished cocoon of eggs. Sept. Ist,

1879, another, which | carefully replaced.

Sept. 25th, 1879, a short tube containing female and

young; these latter were quite white, evidently only

just hatched, many of them being very feeble and

scarcely awake. 1 dug another tube, in which the

young seemed to be a few days oider.

The following are a few of the dates when I found

tubes with female and young :—Sept. 13th, 1881 ; Sept.

25th, 1877 ; Sept. 26th, 1879; Oct. 8rd, 1884; Oct. 6th,

1879; Oct. 6th, 1883; Oct. 29th, 1876; Novy. 1st, 1877 ;

March 81st, 1877; and April 5th, 1879. I consider the

last two rather late, but I find that we had wet weather

in March, 1877, and a heavy fall of snow March 25th,

1879; no doubt keeping the young back.

April 2nd, 1876, I found a number of young Atypi

wandering about on some wild sage, their silken threads

crossing and recrossing from twig to twig. They were

passing along these threads ; all seemed inclined to get

life-history of Atypus piceus. 393

as high as possible. I boxed a few, which I examined

under my microscope, when I noticed a peculiar move-

ment apparently in or under the eyes, but could not

arrive at any satisfactory conclusion as to the cause,

and the spiders soon died.

On Sept. 18th, 1881, I dug up a tube containing a

female and young, a number of which had only just gone

through their jirst moult, the cast-skins in the tube

testifying to this fact.

Finding the young Atypi wandering about on the

wild sage, on April 2nd, 1876, somewhat puzzled me ;

so I wrote to Rey. O. P. Cambridge, informing him of

the fact. He replied:—‘‘ This, if a usual mode of

putting their families out, would be, so far as I know,

quite a new fact in their history; and, if usual, you

would be sure to find them again so placed.” I have

carefully searched for them, but only once have I found

one (April 20th, 1877), almost at the exact spot where

I found the others.

I was much puzzled as to the length of time which

elapses, from the entry of the male into the nest of the

female, to when the young made their appearance. My

idea was that eighteen months would prove to be about

the time, and, though I searched year after year for

proof, I did not ascertain until the present year (1885) ;

but now I am able to place it beyond a doubt.

On Oct. 15th, 18838, I dug up at Woking (where I have

found four very large colonies) five tubes, each con-

taining a male and female. I removed the males

and reset the five tubes (containing the impregnated

females) in a bank at the bottom of my garden;

this bank I made of turves from the Common,

arranging it with great care, so that it should resemble

their natural habitat as much as possible, facing

S.W. To each of these five tubes I placed a good-

sized wooden peg, with the number painted on, so

that there should not be any chance of it washing out.

These five and many others have been under almost

daily notice ever since, being a constant source of

interest during the spring and summer of 1884.

On March 28th, 1885, the sun was very hot, shining

full upon my bank. I noticed the tubes (about thirty),

which during the winter had been nearly flat to the

bank, were showing signs of ‘‘ spring cleaning,” and the

394 Mr. F. Enock on the

following day, in each of the five tubes containing the

impregnated females put into this bank October 15th,

1883, I observed a small round hole, one-sixteenth inch

diameter, just at the apex of the aérial portion (example).

I had waited so long that now, when I saw what I

believed would prove a realisation of my idea, I could

not rest long away from my bank ; but nothing appeared

that day. The following morning (March 380th) was

warm and muggy, or what the country-folks call

‘a blight.” Whilst watching these tubes, at 10 a.m.,

I observed a young Atypus emerge from the small hole

in No. 5; it was shortly followed by others, until ten

had left the home of their birth, never more to return.

A few emerged from the tubes Nos. 1 and 8. The

following are my notes taken on the spot :—The first

young Atypus emerged at 10 a.m. from the hole in

No. 5, walked a short distance to the foot of a grass-

stem, up which it crawled, leaving its silken thread as it

went along ; when this one had climbed about an inch

high, another young one came out, taking hold of the

silken cord, followed on adding his cord to it, and so on

each one following the leader, which had, by the time

the tenth one emerged, mounted up several inches, and,

climbing up a small twig, it would descend again to the

main stem, up which it climbed, bridging over the space

from twig to twig with the never-ending silken cord,

along which each one followed, strengthening it as they

passed, until it became quite visible, glistening in the

sun.

The young Atypi still went on mounting higher

and higher: ‘‘ Excelsior ’’ was evidently their motto. I

had previously stuck some pea-sticks on the top of the

bank just above these tubes, and the first spider was not

such a great while in reaching one, up which it crawled,

followed by the others. The first arrived at the top

(some 8 ft. 6 in. from the ground), walked round and

round, the others soon joined it, and not one of the ten

seemed inclined to descend by the same way they came

up; the rising wind gently swayed the sticks about,

until some of the spiders were blown off into mid-air,

still keeping a hold upon their endless silken cords, until

they became attached to other sticks; these they

mounted as the first, were again blown off on to the

erass, at 5 p.m., where they hid themselves, no doubt

life-history of Atypus piceus. 395

taking lodgings therein for the night, during which we

had a sharp frost of six degrees.

The next morning al! the small outlets in the tubes

were carefully spun up, and, judging from the ‘‘ mesh ”’

of the web, [ should say the female had, with a mother’s

care, closed the opening so securely that the remaining

members of her family could not make their débit until

more favourable weather.

Another tube with female and young, taken Oct. 15th,

1883, I put into a large flower-pot of sand, which I

placed in a conservatory. March 16th, 1884, an

exceedingly hot day, I found the young Atypi crawling

all about some geraniums, over and around which they

had made a regular sort of silken trellis by their crossing

and recrossing. Nearly all had disappeared by next

morning. I was called away, and prevented from

securing any of them, but noticed that two had found

their way into a large bell-glass nearly filled with sand,

already containing two tubes with females.

On October 4th, 1884, I dug up a tube containing a

female and young, which I immediately reset in a large

flower-pot with sand up to within an inch and a half

of the top. This I placed in a warm room, where I

could examine it at any time. On the 7th the aérial

part was much inflated; the 9th, the female evidently

enlarging her premises, the heap of sand lying at the

end, giving me good evidence that she had added about

one inch in depth to her tube. No doubt the warmth of

the room brought on the young somewhat earlier than

usual, for on January 380th, 1885, I noticed a small

round hole at the top of the tube. The next day (Jan.

31st) I observed seven young ones crawling round and

round the inside edge of the pot under the glass cover ;

Feb. Ist, fifteen; the 2nd, thirty-one ; and the 8rd, fifty-

four. These continued their peregrinations during the

whole of the day, forming a perfect tunnel of silk,

attached to the cover and edge of the pot. I noticed

that they could easily force their way through the silken

walls when pressed too hard by their followers.

Feb. 4th was a very fine day; I placed the pot out in

the sun. I was called away from home that day, and

the spiders were left out all the night, which was a very

wet one, followed by a sharp frost. On looking for them

next day not one was to be seen; but, on closer examin-

396 Mr. F. Enock on the

ation, I found they had descended from their aérial

tunnel to the angle formed by the sand and side of the

pot, where they had formed several horizontal tunnels,

covered over with sand; but how this was done had

long been a mystery to me, and to endeavour to solve it

I thought that possibly the tube was at first viscid, the

female forcing the excavated sand out at the top, which,

falling down, adhered to the silk, for I could hardly

believe that the spider came out and covered the outside

with sand, &c.; but to prove this, I reset a large female

in a pot, leaving the end of the tube just level with the

eround ; I covered this with the lid of a small pill-box

the same size as the tube, then I covered the surrounding

sand with a layer of bright red brick-dust, and carefully

removed the lid, leaving the tube quite clean. During

the next night the female lengthened her tube three-

quarters of an inch; and this was covered with blac

sand, proving that it was done from the inside. But

yet this did not satisfy me as to how the sand was

affixed: however, the accident of leaving the pot con-

taining the young out all might was the means of

clearing up the mystery to my entire satisfaction, be-

sides enabling me to watch the young Atypus commence

life on its own account, by laying the foundations of its

future home.

Shortly after I had brought the pot back to my room

the warmth caused all the Atypi to come out of their

sandy tunnel, and ascend to their aérial one. I then

took the pot out again into the cold, which had the

desired effect upon them, for they quickly descended to

the sand, evidently determined to select suitable sites for

their dwellings; most of them entered the various

tunnels in the sand from which they had escaped but an

hour or two before, the rest walking round and round,

carefully examining any irregularity or small depression

in the sand. Two of them were much interested in a

minute piece of sandstone standing up at the side of the

pot, and one, after coming into contact with it three or

four times, appeared to finally settle that this bit of

sandstone would form a very good support for the end

of its tube, for it commenced moving its spinners from

it to the inside of the pot, and towards the tiny corner

formed by this sandstone. After weaving a silken carpet

of about a quarter of an inch long by one-eighth of an

life-history of Atypus piceus. 397

inch wide, it commenced twisting its abdomen up and

over from side to side, each time fixing the ends of the

silk to the sandstone and floor, gradually moving up

towards the side of the pot, to which it fixed some

silken cords, but not so thickly as at the lower end; it

continued this twisting movement until it had roofed

itself in, thus forming an upright tube a quarter of an

inch long and fully one-sixteenth wide. The end fixed to

the pot was turned up very slightly, the other to the

sandstone and level of sand-line. The time occupied

was just one hour. I could see through the silk

distinctly, and, as the level of the sand was only one

inch and a half from the top of the pot, I was enabled

to fix my magnifier at the right focus for observing every

movement of the spider, which next walked to the lower

end and commenced biting the sand, taking one—two—

ten mouthfuls ; then, turning round, it proceeded to the

other end, when I saw it had a load of sand between its

falces, each grain of which it most deftly guided (I might

almost say handled) with its fangs, literally pushing the

erains through the sides of the tube, the silk of which

was evidently adhesive, or else some viscid fluid was

ejected on to the sand. After exhausting its supply it

reversed its position, returned to the bottom, repeated

the action of biting the sand, turned round again with

its load, and distributed each grain in the most

methodical manner. Occasionally, after unloading, it

would put its fangs through the side and take hold of

some grain of sand on the outside, placing it in the

desired position ; then, withdrawing them, reversed its

position, bringing its spinners into action, strengthening

the walls with another layer of silk. I watched it for

just one hour and a half, at the end of which time it had

completely covered the silken tube with sand, every

grain of which it brought up between its falces from the

surface of the ground. I continued to watch, but could

only see the sand pushed through, and occasionally one

fang, or both, adjusting the grains.

The next morning a small quantity of sand had been

forced out at the top end, showing that the industrious

little inmate had continued its labour during the night

by excavating into the sand, and this it continued to do

during the greater part of the day. The following night

it had lengthened the aérial portion of the tube, covering

398 My. F. Enock on the

it with sand. While this one was engaged making its

tube some of the others were still walking about, and,

coming close to the tube, the builder immediately

stopped work, and the loafers their walk for a moment ;

then they quietly shelved off in another direction, but

never once crossed the tube, for, though they are peace-

able enough when roaming about together, directly they

have made anything like a tube for themselves they

appear to lose their family affection, and, I regret to

say, show fight if molested.

During the following night all the young spiders had

disappeared, and in the course of a few days I noticed a

large number of tiny tubes around the angle of the

pot, while others had attached theirs to some bits of

loose moss.

Since the above observations were made I have read,

in ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for 1876

(vol. viii., p. 241), an account, by Rev. O. P. Cambridge,

of an Atypus which he watched making a new nest.

The only thing I did not observe which he mentions was

that, after the spider had placed the earth against the

sides, it patted it all over with its feet. No doubt the

young one’s feet were too small and tender.

Considering that there are in each family tube from

100 to 150 individuals, we might reasonably expect to

meet with this grand spider in far greater abundance ;

but I do not hesitate in saying that as they emerge from

the tubes on a bright sunny day great numbers of them

are destroyed by the ants which swarm about the

various colonies.

On March 380th, whilst watching the young Atypi

emerge from the five tubes, I noticed an ant with a

spider in its jaws; ‘‘to keep the balance true,” on the

other side of the tube was an impudent-looking crab-

spider, Xysticus thomisus, with an ant in tts jaws.

We must now suppose an interval of three or four years,

and probably more, elapses between the last and the

next act which I am able to go on with, for I cannot give

any proof as to the time Atypus takes to reach maturity ;

I believe it is at least four years. I hope I shall not be

considered ungallant by describing the habits (so far as

Iam able) of the male first; but, as the female is cer-

tainly the most interesting (though not the handsomest)

of the two, I shall endeavour to let her have the last word.

life-history of Atypus piceus. 399

As previously stated, I captured my first male October

20th, 1877, in the nest of the female. I searched a

ereat many times during 1878 for the immature male,

which I firmly believed lived in a tube just the same as

the female.

On Oct. 19th, 1878, I examined nearly one hundred

tubes, digging up suspicious-looking ones, resetting them

if not wanted. One protruding from the bank an inch

and a half caught my eye, as looking more delicately

made than the others, besides having an opening at the

top, with the edges turned outwards, showing something

had escaped. I dug it up with great difficulty, as it was

a very delicate one, though not more than four inches

long (example). It was, as I expected, empty. I boxed

it very carefully, together with the loose débris at the

bottom of the tube: this I most carefully examined

under my microscope, and at last found two immature

palpi (example), proving that the tube had been occupied

by an immature male. On Oct. 23rd I dug up two tubes,

similar to the above, the edges of the hole turned out-

wards, and in each tube I found a pair of immature

palpi. I find in my note-book the following :—‘‘ I think

this proves that the male does either make or steal a

tube, wherein to come of age. ‘Try digging small

tubes.” Subsequent experience leads me to think the

idea of an immature male turning a female out quite

impossible.

My next advance was made Sept. 18th, 1881, when I

found four males at the bottom of the tubes of the

female, and one male alone. ‘This I boxed, together

with the tube and débris, among which I found the two

immature palpi. This certainly strengthened my case,

but it was not until July 6th, 1888, at Woking, that I

dug eighteen small tubes, about four inches long

(examples), from a bank covered three or four inches

deep with pine-needles. I examined each occupant

under my microscope; one of them was of a much

lighter colour than the others, and when I did manage

to get the palpi into the field, at last I saw the immature

male before me. After thoroughly satisfying myself I

directed his footsteps towards the open end of the tube,

which I had stretched wide: he soon disappeared. I

reset this one in a flower-pot, examined it from day to

day until July 17th, when | perceived an unpleasant

400 Mr. F. Enock on the

smell from the tube, dug it up, and found the spider

dead, its abdomen putrid.

July 7th, 1884, just a year after, I dug up two tubes

(example), which I felt sure, from their resemblance to

the others, were males; and so they proved to be, each

containing an immature male. These I reset in a small

bell-glass, making the holes close to the side, to enable

me to watch their movements. Both soon made them-

selves at home by carrying their tubes up an inch from

the surface, attaching the end to the glass. <A short

time after one died ; the other lived happy and contented

for some time.

On Oct. 8th I examined the tube, at 10 p.m.; all

quiet. The following morning, at 9 a.m., there was the

mature male walking about, having emerged during the

night. I noticed that this spider, as it walked round

and round, left a silken thread behind; but others,

which had been living for some time in the tube with

the female, and then escaped, did not in their wandering

leave any such thread.

Although I have searched in every nook and corner,

among dead grass, &c., in close proximity to the tubes

of the females, I have never yet been so fortunate as to

capture a wandering male, though I have since my first

capture, Oct. 20th, 1877, obtained twenty-five mature

males, all of which I found in the tubes of the females.

I therefore conclude that it is the habit of the male to

emerge from its tube at night.

Beside the above number I found seven mature males

in their own tubes, and from these I obtained the

following facts :—

On Oct. 9th, in the evening, I placed a male in a large

flower-pot filled with sand to within one inch and a half

of the rim: in the centre was a large tube containing a

female, placed there the previous day. Next morning

(Oct. 10th), on removing the cover, the male was not to

be seen, but a newly-mended rent at one side of the tube

showed where he had gone.

Oct. 15th, 1883, in the morning, I found a male in its

own tube (example), and, among the débris, almost a

perfect skin and part of another. I also dug several

tubes containing females, which I disturbed as little as

possible. In the afternoon I reset one of them in a

12 in. bell-glass, the aérial portion of the tube lying flat

life-history of Atypus piceus. 401

on the surface of the sand, the end just reaching to the

side. I then turned out the male at the opposite side,

and he, spreading his legs, walked rapidly away, keeping

close to the side, until he set his foot upon the collapsed

tube of the female, when he stopped suddenly ; the next

moment he commenced making an opening in the tube,

using his fangs for the purpose of tearing an opening.

After each effort he paused to tap with his palpi;

after doing this seven or eight times he made a rent

right through both sides, and, walking through, he

came out at the other side, evidently much to his

surprise. I then, with my pliers, picked the end of the

tube up, and, as the male came round again, hung it in

his pathway, with the result that, coming into contact

with it, he stopped as before, commenced to serenade

with his palpi, followed by an attempt to force an

entrance, more tapping in the short intervals, until

at last he tore an opening in the tube, and immediately

thrust his palpi and falces through, another tap, and

I suppose he concluded he was accepted, for he quickly

disappeared down the tube and out of sight. Next

morning the rent was neatly repaired. I did not see

anything more of the male until July 16th, 1884, when

I noticed the skin lying at the end of the tube, pretty

good evidence that, after living happily for nine months,

he had fallen a victim to the appetite of his partner.

On October 8rd, 1884, I placed a male in a pot of

sand; then, taking a tube containing a female, I dangled

it over the pot, so that the aérial end just touched the

sand at one side. The male was then at the opposite

side: I gently roused him to activity, and he fairly ran

round the pot until he touched the suspended tube, and

there he stopped, as if paralysed; but only for a moment,

as if to collect his thoughts. He then tapped, and

evidently this has some great charm in it for the female.

I have tried the same with my finger, but with quite a

different result, in the shape of a very sharp reminder

that I had better go away. ‘The tapping was followed

by attempts to tear an opening. I then interfered,

driving him off, which he resented by making most

ferocious bites at my pliers. I then set the tube in

another pot, and turned the male in. On examining, at

10.15 p.m., I caught the male serenading, so watched

him, and in less than five minutes he had torn an

402 Mr. F. Enock on the

opening and disappeared: the rent all closed up by next

morning. This male managed to escape with his life

Dec. 24th, 1884.

On July 7th, 1884, I dug up three immense tubes

containing females, one a forked tube; this I examined

in the evening, and was surprised to find a magnificent

male in, too; no doubt they had been living together

since October, 1883. I reset this tube, but have not

seen anything of the male since, so conclude his old skin

was too valuable to part with.

The male reared Oct. 9th, 1884, I placed in a large

pot, nearly filled with sand, over which I spread some

loose moss. From the thickness and width of the silken

carpet | should imagine the spider had been walking

round and round all night. It had made a very flimsy

horizontal tube, about an inch and a half long, among

the moss (examples), in which it hid during the daytime,

coming out at dusk to resume its journey round the pot.

I generally found it had constructed a very frail covering,

I suppose at the approach of daylight.. It came out

nearly every night until January 17th, 1885, when I

found it dead.

Another of the males found in its own tube lived in

good health for two months, when one morning, at

J a.m., | found it almost dead, its abdomen dry and

shrivelled up. I gave him a good shower-bath from a

fine rose water-pot, and at 2 p.m. the abdomen was fully

distended, and the spider as active and as savage as

ever he had been—at 9 p.m. going his rounds—and lived

some time after.

Although I offered flies to these wandering males, not

one would accept my hospitality; a cold shower-bath

seemed to do them more good than anything else. From

the ease with which the males can climb I believe that

most of them find their way to the tubes of the females

the same night as they emerge from their tubes, as they

are always in close proximity to those of the females ;

some marvellous power leading them to the tubes of

mature females.

I have tried putting males in pots which contain im-

pregnated females, with the result that, instead of the

sudden stop on coming into contact with the tube, they

immediately run away as fast as possible.

I think I have gone through all my notes respecting

life-history of Atypus piceus. 403

the male, and must now leave the female and the most

interesting part of their history, viz., that of their food,—

what it is, and how they obtain it,—to our next meeting,

when I hope to finish the life-history.

We now come to the problem, which is the most

important to the welfare of humanity, whether in times

of peace or war, and no doubt at the present time,—the

question of the food-supply,—is troubling some of the

highest as well as the lowest, and [ venture to think that,

in some respects, the humble Atypi are the best off.

They certainly are a most contented family, always

adapting themselves to circumstances.

Before giving my own observations respecting the

food of this spider, I will refer to what has already been

recorded. First, I find, in ‘The Zoologist,’ Mr. Newman

gives an account of the first capture of Atypus in England

by Mr. Brown, in which is the following :—‘‘ On drawing

out one of the sacs I observed a worm at the lower end,

partially within the sac and partially outside, and that

the spider had evidently been eating a considerable

portion of its anterior extremity. It is not unlikely

that this kind of food may frequently fall to the lot of

the spider.”* Mr. Brown adds, ‘‘1 never saw any flies

or fragments of insects in the nests.”

From this I should imagine the nests were broken,

for at the bottom of all tubes I have dug is a trodden

floor of earth, upon which, and mixed with bits of roots,

I find the débris of all sorts of insects. Mr. Meade, in

answer to Mr. Newman, says :—‘‘ I cannot help thinking

it was a fortuitous circumstance, that an earth-worm

was found in the retreat of the Atypus, though it is quite

possible the spider would feed upon the earth-worm

when it came in its way. I believe these spiders are

erratic in their habits, and none of them bring home

prey to their retreats.”

Mons. E. Simont (of Paris) considers that the food of

this spider consists almost entirely of earth-worms.

Possibly the French representative may, for there is no

accounting for tastes; and such food is certainly in

** See ‘ Zoologist,’ vol. xiv., 1856, p. 5021, ‘‘ Notes on Atypus,”’

by E. Newman.

+ Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 5e ser., tom. ui., 1873, p. 109.

404 Mr. F. Enock on the

keeping with the slugs and snails, &c., which our

neighbours are so fond of. The dimensions of the tube

of this spider, as given by Mons. Simon, being totally

different to our representative,—and also the fact

mentioned that the tubes are found ‘‘ concealed by

stones or in moss, which one must remove carefully,

and in large masses, in order to detect them,’—lead me

to think that one or the other is wrongly named piceus.

I should much like to know in what way Mons. Simon

‘frequently surprised Atypus in the act of holding

earth-worms in their falces.” I presume the nest must

first have been dug up, and, if so, I cannot understand

how the spider would retain its hold after the tube has

been torn open, which must have been done before the

spider could be seen.

My own humble opinion concerning worms as the food

of Atypus entirely agrees with that of Mr. Meade,—that

if a worm in its boring pushes against the lower wall of

the chamber, where the lining is very thin, the spider

seizes it by its head and holds on tight; the worm,

finding it cannot go back again, withdraws its body

from its burrow, and, falling to the bottom of the nest,

it twists and twirls about, a liberty the spider resents by

making rapid bites at it, soon reducing it to mince-

meat.

April 9th, 1879, I dug up a large tube, which had a

small opening at the top, the earth rammed hard on the

floor or lower end of the tube. On tearing the tube open

I found a worm three inches long, nearly bitten in two at

half an inch from its head. It had also two minute

punctured wounds at an eighth of an inch from the tip,

plainly showing that the spider had pinned it as soon as

it touched the aérial portion.

On February 4th, 1884, one of my garden colony had

ejected a piece of an earth-worm.

These are the only instances respecting worms which

have come under my own observation.

From the numerous examinations I have made of the

débris taken from the bottom and around the end of

various tubes, [ long ago came to the conclusion that

insects form the sti sple food of - dtypus. During April and

May I have observed the ejected débris to consist of

several species of Andrena and Nomada, with a few

Cicindela; then, later on, various Muscide ; finishing

life-history of Atypus piceus. 405

up, in August and September, with earwigs, flavoured

with a few woodlice.

Having mentioned a few of the delicacies which form

the food of the spider, the next important question, and

one which hitherto has not been answered, is—How does

the spider obtain its food ?

The Rey. O. P. Cambridge, in his ‘ Spiders of Dorset,’*

writes :—‘‘ The young of Atypus piceus live with their

mother in their tubular abode for a considerable time

after they are hatched, coming out at times for air and

exercise, and fed by insects brought into the tube by

their parent. At least so | conclude, from having found

the débris of beetles and earwigs in the tube along with

the young brood of spiders.”

I venture to entirely disagree with this. I do not

think the young ever return to the maternal abode after

making their exit in April; neither do I think it possible

for the female spider to leave and return to the tube

loaded with food for its young. We have but to look at

the form of its body and legs to see at once how

unadapted they are for walking even on a level surface,

much less up a steep bank. My opinion is that the

female never quits its tube; certainly not in search of

food; but if a large stone or other hard substance

should prevent its downward boring, it might, possibly,

under such circumstances, leave its nest.t I have tried

running a stick in a diagonal direction towards the end

of the tube, and so compelling the occupant to quit,

which it did, forcing the aérial end open, always

falling headlong down the bank, seemingly unable to

* *Spiders of Dorset,’ by Rev. O. P. Cambridge. See p. xxxiii

of Introduction.

+ But even under such circumstances the spider shows very

great reluctance to leave the original tube. On October 15th, 1888,

I found one, three inches long, containing a mature female, in a

bank having but a shallow depth of soil below it the. hard yellow

sandstone, into which the spider had bored. I had to cut a solid

piece off to enable me to lift the tube out of the hole. (Ha«ample.)

—Whenever I have compelled a female to quit her tube, she has

always left her siken threads behind; and I think that if she was

in the habit of leaving her tube to go marketing (as some con-

clude she does), she certainly would not venture out in the dark

without leaving her cord behind. But though I have examined

numbers of tubes, the first thing in the morning before the dew is

off either the grass or other spider’s webs, I have never met with

any such unmistakeable proof in connection with Atypus.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—paRT Iv. (DEC.) 2F

406 Mr. F. Enock on the

obtain a hold, it afterwards formed a tunnel along the

bottom of the bank, excavating the following night.

When examining the aérial portion of the tubes I

noticed a number of small patches, which appeared

to be newly-mended holes or rents, exactly the same as

those made by the male, and repaired by the female. I

also noticed punctured holes, about the size of a pin;

these were generally of one size in a large tube. I

compared these with the ‘‘ gape” of a female spider, and

found they agreed pretty nearly. I have often put a large

female Atypus in a shallow lid of a tin box, then teased

her, until she threw back her falces, opening them wide,

and literally erecting her long fangs (example), then

closing them instantaneously, at the same time making

a slight forward movement. I tried this experiment,

once with my finger, into which she drove her long fangs

with such force, followed up with a terrific clenching

movement, that, on withdrawing, the blood flowed freely

from each puncture. This experiment led me to think

that these long fangs were used in penetrating the aérial

portion, and aiding in obtaining its food, the spider

lying in ambush, either in or close to the aérial portion

of the tube. With this idea I determined to watch my

captives.

On January 6th, 1879, at 10 p.m., with the aid of a

dark lantern, I examined three tubes, dug up and reset

in separate pots of sand :—

No. 1 had constructed a beautiful aérial part, attaching

the end to the inside of the pot.

No. 2. The aérial part was an inch long, lying hori-

zontally on the surface of the sand.

No. 38, had brought her tube just above the level of the

sand.

On teasing No. 2 with a small dry twig, the spider

came up (at least so I imagined from a slight movement

noticed), and on repeating the gentle scratching the

tube was suddenly drawn down a quarter of an inch.

The spider had evidently pulled the sides in, leaving about

three-sixteenths of an inch space on each side. I madea

note, as follows :—“‘ Does the spider pull the tube in, so

making a sort of pit-fall at each side, into which

beetles, &c., might fall, and in their endeavour to escape

attract the attention of the spider, which might then

inflate the tube, and so hold the insect ?”’

life-history of Atypus piceus. A407

I afterwards teased No. 3 (with the short tube). The

fangs were immediately thrust through, bent over,

followed by a sudden pull,—just the movement given to

my finger; then were quickly drawn in again. 1 longed

for a fly, to see if I could tempt the spider to give me

proof of the method of feeding; and, as fortune would

have it, I found a T'rypeta in one of my breeding-boxes.

Holding it by the wings with my pliers, I let it just

scratch the end of the tube of No. 8, when almost

immediately it was pierced through by the cruel fangs

of the spider within. Wishing to see if it was held, |

gave the fly a gentle pull, and so did the spider; and I

saw the fly pulled right through the roof or side of the

aérial portion of the tube down to the lower regions. I

left them at 11.15 p.m., and the next morning the rent

was neatly repaired.

April 25th, 1879, I tried teasing No. 1, and the

instant I touched the tube the end of the twig was

seized, and so suddenly that I drew it back as quickly,

and with it the huge female Atypus, which had driven

its fangs into the twig. I managed to get it down its

tube again, and an hour after the rent was mended. I

broke it open again, hoping to catch her mending, but

she was not near. I found the rent again repaired in less

than an hour.

From the above experiments, I felt tolerably certain

as to how the food is obtained by these spiders. From

some cause or other my captives did not do at all well,

though I tried all sorts of places to make them comfort-

able, and for the next two years I did not make much

progress.

On removing to Woking in June, 1882, I commenced

working the country lanes and commons, expecting to

find Atypus, and on April 12th, 1883, I discovered a very

large colony on the banks at each side of a road, from

which I removed a number of tubes to my garden-bank,

where they soon settled down, making the aérial part

about 13 to 2 inches long.

On July 16th, 1883, I held a large blow-fly by its

wings, letting it crawl up the bank until it walked upon

one of the tubes. The spider evidently came up a short

distance, and went back. I then took a firmer hold of

the fly, and rubbed its head against the tube. [ soon saw

signs of something coming up. | continued the rubbing,

408 Mr. F. Enock on the

the tube quietly and almost imperceptibly becoming

distended, the spider evidently making some sort of

move which I could not then make out; and there was

no time for reflection, for after a moment’s pause the

fangs were thrust right through the fly, followed by a

crunching sound as the spider closed and almost crossed

the tip of the fangs around its prey. I let go with my

pliers and watched; the left-hand fang was withdrawn

just into the tube, which was immediately torn, the fang

refixed into the fly; the right fang was then withdrawn,

and quickly seized the fly through the opening made;

then the spider commenced to give several tugs, until it

had pulled the fly right through, backing down the

tube with it fast in its falces, leaving a rent a quarter of

an inch long by three-sixteenths of an inch wide. After

an interval of three minutes I saw the tube move, and

up came the spider, moving very cautiously towards the

rent, on reaching which she opened her falees and

literally taking hold of the rough edges, drew them

towards each other in the most marvellous manner until

almost close together; she then backed a little, and

turned right round, bringing her spinners to the edge at

one side; she seemed to be able to use these spinners

with as much ease as we do our fingers; taking hold of

one edge she pulled it almost close to the other, then

making some seven or eight zigzag movements with the

spinners she completely closed the rent, leaving it most

neatly repaired. ‘The spider then returned to feast upon

the blow-fly, which she had no doubt hung up in her

delightfully cool larder at the bottom of her tube.

The next morning the rent was covered with sand so

carefully that I could scarcely detect where it had been.

Since this experiment I have frequently teased the tube

with the tip of my finger, and had very narrow escapes

of being transfixed. At other times the tube would be

drawn in, in such a determined manner that I quite

understood the movement to mean, “I don’t want any-

thing more.”” I have known a spider to retain her hold

upon the tube in this manner for several hours.

July 23rd, 1883.— I repeated the trial upon the same

tube with a blow-fly, and with exactly the same results.

I also tried another large tube, the spider striking so

quickly that it clipped off the head of the fly in the

neatest manner possible, besides scratching my finger.

life-history of Atypus piceus. — 409

It soon pulled the head through and down the tube. I

then immediately placed the trunk of the fly at the rent ;

the spider coming up to mend at once seized and dragged

it down.

Immediately after this I caught a large Sarcophaqa;

holding it to the open rent, it was seized at once, and,

being a strong and lively fly, it gave the spider a great

deal of trouble; but after pulling, pushing, and jerking

for twenty minutes, she managed to pull it through.

Before she had time to return I had another fly ready at

the opening, towards which she drew near, and, taking

in the situation at a glance, she immediately pulled the

tube in with the unmistakeable ‘I don’t want any more”’

movement.

On March 19th, 1884, the warm sun shining full on to

my garden-bank, I took my stand just where I had some

dozen tubes in my field of vision, watching them in the

hope of seeing some voluntary attempt to obtain food.

After watching for over an hour, suddenly I saw a pair

of fangs dart through one of the tubes and then as

quickly withdrawn. I immediately got my magnifier to

bear upon this one, and not a moment too soon, for once

more the fangs darted through, paused for a moment,

then back again, leaving four tiny punctures in the

somewhat hard winter covering of the tube. I looked

for the cause of this movement, and discovered just at

one side of the tube a small hard-coated beetle on its

back, which, in its endeavours to right itself, had kicked

against the spider’s tube. I observed, too, that when

the fangs were darted through, the tips were pointing

upwards. I immediately caught a fly, holding it head

downwards in such a position that I could see the fangs ;

it was seized in a moment, and pulled through and down

in a most business-like manner ; the rent mended in less

than five minutes, and I did not see the fangs as i desired.

At 12.25 of the same date (March 19th, 1884) I caught

a large male Anthophora, and, holding it by its wings,

allowed it to touch a tube hanging down the bank; the

bee buzzed a little, and the spider immediately pulled

the tube in and held it for some time. I then held the

bee to a tube, the occupant of which had but a short

time before taken a large fly. The bee was seized in a

moment, but from behind. I released my hold, and it

strugeled and buzzed loudly, but all to no purpose~— the

410 Mr. F. Enock on the

spider held on. In a quarter of an hour it had turned

the bee completely round, now holding it by its head.

After ten minutes’ hard tugging, the spider pulled it

through and down, a very large rent 2 in. by } in. having

been made in the tube. In five minutes the spider

returned, and commenced pulling the torn edges together

until they almost touched; it then retired for twenty

minutes. At 1.25 it returned, reversed its position, spun

a few threads across the rent, and then once more

retired, this time for close upon an hour, when it came

up and finished mending the rent, leaving it perfectly

joined—just two hours after the Anthophora was seized.

I caught another Anthophora, and held it to a tube

which had not been opened since October, 1883, a very

hard and dry one, protruding about two inches from the

bank. The moment the bee set foot upon it, it was

seized from behind and underneath. A quarter of an

hour the spider was trying to reverse the bee, for it

seemed to know it could not draw the bee down tail first.

I was called away for twenty-five minutes, but on my

return I found the bee had disappeared and the rent had

been repaired. Six days after, I noticed the spider had

ejected the dry and mutilated remains of the Anthophora.

One large Atypus seized and dragged down two large

blow-flies in ten minutes.

July 13th, 1884.—At 10 a.m. I offered a Stomoxys to

the immature male Atypus, whose tube was attached to

the side of a bell-glass for about 13 in. high. I placed

the glass so that the sun shone on to the tube, then

taking the Stomoxys by the wings I allowed it to touch

the tube, and, having previously arranged my magnifier,

I could see through the aérial part of the tube. Directly

the fly moved, up came the spider with a rapid but

stealthy step, until it was exactly under the fly, then

throwing its head back it opened its falees as wide as

possible, the fangs being almost at right angles to the

upright tube ; a moment’s pause, just like a cat about to

spring upon a bird, then a lightning-like thrust, driving

the fangs through and just over the thorax of the fly,

closing them with a crunch; then backing, it pulled the

fly through and down, but did not repair the rent until

the following night.

I then tried one with a worm, which was seized, the

worm struggling so hard that it pulled itself in two, the

life-history of Atypus piceus. 411

head end crawling down at the side of the tube; the tail

end held for some time, until I gave it a gentle pull,

when it was released immediately. I held another worm

a dozen times each at various tubes; one spider came

up, and, just when I expected it to strike, it backed and

pulled the tube in deep. Another struck four times and

quickly relaxed its hold, refusing to take it in. The other

did the same—not one would retain their hold after

apparently tasting the worm. I made a hole in one tube

and forced the worm to crawl down; a few days after

the mutilated remains were lying outside.

On September Ist, 1884, a blow-fly which I put to a

tube was seized by its ovipositor and one leg, and before

any attempt was made to pull it in the spider reversed it.

On September 7th I offered drone and blow-flies, all of

which were seized from behind, and in every case

reversed before being dragged down the tube.

On September 25th I teased a large tube in No. 2

colony; it moved a little. I then placed my finger just

above the subterranean part, then, continuing to tease

the end with a piece of twig, it was seized; down went

my finger, imprisoning the spider in the aérial part,

which I tore open, and was amazed to find an immense

mature male. After boxing him I drew up the tube,

finding the female at the bottom. This is the only time

I have ever found the male nearest the top of the tube.

In every other instance he has invariably been at the

extreme lower end, the female above.

I had noticed that all the flies offered to hanging tubes

had been seized from behind; this I could not quite

understand, but on thinking over the subject I fancied

the spider might be in the habit of striking underneath.

I immediately obtained a supply of flies; taking one i

held it in the same way as before, by its wings, the head

up, and allowing it to walk up the bank until it stepped

upon a tube hanging down, with the result that the

fangs were driven in from behind. I then carefully

examined and found the tips were pointing up and

towards the commencement of the aérial portion, showing

that the spider was then head downwards, on its back !

I repeated this experiment upon every tube hanging

down, and in every case with the same result. I then

tried upon the tubes in the upright or normal position,

having the end attached to grass-stems, &c. Holding

412 Mr. F. Enock on the

the fly in the same position, by the wings, I allowed it

to crawl up and touch the tube; here the spider struck

from above and down, and as there was no need for

reversing the fly it was pulled in and down in much less

time.

I next tried upon a horizontal tube ; the spider moved

along until it was evidently under the fly, when from the

movement it turned over on its back exactly like a shark,

not suddenly, but a stealthy screwing movement, until it

was just beyond the fly; then striking like lightning, it

buried its fangs in the fly.

Although I did not require further proof, I tried

another experiment upon a horizontal tube by enticing

the spider almost to the extreme end, then placing the

fly nearer the subterranean part. By the movement of

the tube I saw that the spider had turned back. I kept

the fly moving until it was suddenly seized, the fangs

now pointing wp and towards the end, away from the

subterranean part. Although the fly was half between

the spider and its quiet resting-place, it was quite equal

to the apparent dilemma, for after a good deal of holding

on by one fang at last it turned itself round, and quickly

pulled the fly down.

There can be no doubt as to which is the normal

position of the aérial portion of the tube. If, when a

spider is put into a pot of sand, it will, after making a

sort of horizontal tunnel or tube, always carry the tube

up the side of the pot, and no doubt it does the same

thing on the banks, attaching the ends to grass or other

stems above it; but this frail support is soon swept down

by the falling earth, the wonderful spider adapting itself

to its changed position. A careful examination of the

spider shows how marvellously it is formed for obtaining

its food without ever leaving its tube.

I have repeatedly tried to induce Atypus to feed from

November to the end of February, but could not succeed

unless the weather was very warm; and I believe that

the moisture of the bank in winter is quite sufficient to

sustain life until the spiders are able to obtain their

natural food (insects) in plenty.

When digging tubes up in search of the male, I have

found various insects—in one a blow-fly, in another a

woodlouse, in a third a large fly, and in one a larva of

Agrotis segetum; all of these were apparently fixed to the

side, a short distance from the bottom.

life-history of Atypus piceus. 413

On the sand in the bell-glasses containing a tube of a

female I had put several pup of Cerwra vinula, and in the

other a number of Pyg@ra bucephala. On June 21st, 1884,

several bucephala emerged, one of which must have

crawled over the spider’s tube, for I found it newly

mended, with a large number of scales attached, and

one of the bucephala missing. I dug the tube up, April

20th, 1885, to look for the young, which I expected out

when the small hole was made for them, and there at the

bottom of the tube I found the rudimentary wings and

the cornea of the eye of the missing bucephala! On

June 26th, in the other glass, the spider had seized and

killed a freshly-emerged female vinula, but it was too

large to pull down.

I think I have now said sufficient concerning the food

of Atypus, what it is, and how obtained. My garden

colony has been an endless source of pleasure to my

friends, who have been highly delighted at seeing these

spiders feed.

When I commenced writing these notes, I thought I

should finish the account of the habits of the female in

a more pleasant manner, but my last observations

prevent me doing so. The truth must be told, which is,

that under certain circumstances she is a cannibal,

eating her own offspring. When the female, by making

an outlet in her tube, plainly intimates to her brood that

it is time and her desire for them to go out into the

world on their own account, and, if the weather should not

be warm or fine enough, she closes the entrance again

and massacres the lot or any remaining. As previously

stated, the tubes of the five impregnated females had, on

March 28th, 1885, a small round hole at the apex, and a

few young emerged on March 30th; and during the

following night a sharp frost occurred, causing the

females to fasten up the holes, and though we had very

warm weather on April 17th and after that date, the

holes were not reopened in any of the five tubes.

On April 20th I dug up three tubes, and found the

female the sole occupant; not a young one to be seen,

but a number of empty skins, which, from their colour,

could not, I think, have belonged to the young when /irst

they moulted. ‘Two other impregnated females made

holes in their tubes, but no young escaped from these ;

I dug them up and found nothing but the female; these

had been set in bell-glasses placed in the shade.

414 Mr. F. Enock on the

One of the questions asked by Mr. Moggridge is the

following :—‘‘ What is the precise structure of the nest

of Atypus, and are they always uniform in character at

all seasons of the year ?”’*

You will see by the specimens upon the table that the

nest consists of a silken tube from seven to twelve inches

long, of which an inch and a half to two inches forms

the aérial portion; this in the normal condition is

attached to the surrounding grass-stems or any pro-

jecting stone, and generally it simply follows the slant

of the bank; but it is more often found hanging

down, its frail attachment being easily broken by any

rolling stones. The use of this aérial portion is that it

really forms the snare of the spider, the delicate silken

lining being set in motion the instant an insect sets foot

upon it, the spider frequently lying in ambush just at

the top of the subterranean part.

This aérial part of the tube is not always uniform in

character at all seasons of the year. From April to

October it presents much the same appearance, nearly

always distended, except in wet weather, when it becomes

flattened to the bank. Some writers have said it regains

its shape by inflation, but I am inclined to doubt the

power of the spider to raise sufficient wind to distend a

tube when flattened.

After October the aérial portion is not distended, but

seems to shrink and become somewhat wrinkled; and

after a heavy fall of snow or rain it is often flattened so

hard to the bank that it is most difficult to see. Dry,

frosty weather hardens the tube, so much so that when

warm weather sets in at the end of March the spider has

been unable to draw a fly through.

During the past winter all the tubes in my garden-

colony have been dry and hard. ‘The very heavy fall of

snow flattened every one of those in an exposed position.

No attempt was made by the spiders to ‘“‘inflate”’ them ;

instead of this, as soon as the warm weather set in they

started making a new aérial tube, and this leads me to

speak about the branched tubes, several of which I sent

to the Rev. O. P. Cambridge some years ago; and in an

article in the ‘Annals and Magazine’t for 1878 he

* * Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders’ (Supplement), p. 187.

+ O. P. Cambridge in Ann. & Mag. N. H., Feb., 1878, pp. 106 and

107.

life-history of Atypus piceus. 415

writes, ‘I am unable to conjecture what the significance

of these branched tubes may be.’’ My own opinion is

that when the aérial portion of the tube becomes flat-

tened and fixed to the earth, the spider, being unable to

“inflate” it at the return of the warm weather, imme-

diately sets about constructing another, thus forming a

forked tube. Another explanation is this :—At Hamp-

stead the ground above and about the colony is constantly

being disturbed in several ways, and frequently the aérial

portion is covered or partially so, perhaps only half of

it; then the spider starts a new one and often carries

it up, making it longer than the buried part of the aérial.

At Woking the plan of repairing some of the roads is

characteristic of the ‘‘natives’’ in more ways than one.

In the roads where no footpath exists, with high banks

at each side, the plan is to allow the sand and stones to

roll down into the road until they become inconvenient,

then a wise man is sent from somewhere, and armed

with a shovel he proceeds to shovel the rubbish up; but

not into a cart—that would be progressing at too great a

rate; he just shovels it up and “slaps” it on to the bank

again, but how long it remains there in some of the

roads depends upon how soon after ‘‘a lover of spiders”

passes that way. This method of road-mending does

not improve or add to the comfort of the Atyp: which

may be in the banks, many of whose tubes are com-

pletely ‘‘slapped”’ over, in some cases too deep for the

imprisoned spiders to dig themselves out, though I have

often found that they have done so. I exhibit one which

I dug out of a “cake,” under which I came upon the

original aérial portion; this had been flattened, the

spider boring straight through until it reached the

surface again. I reset this, and after a few days’ rest

the spider took to the original aérial portion, and never

once entered (so far as I can judge) the second one,

forming the branch. In another tube I found the aérial

portion rammed full of sand (example), until at last the

spider, finding it could not break an opening, started

another branch.

On May 7th, 1884, I noticed a most extraordinary

tube in a turf bank (example). It had no less than five

branches protruding from the bank; the owner (a huge

female) was at the bottom. This bank was at the side

of a road which faced south-west, and I think it most

416 Mr. F. Enock on the

probable that each branch had become flattened and

attached to the bank during the winters, the spider

adding a new one each spring-time.

Some time ago I placed a flat piece of slate on the

aérial portion of a tube, leaving a very small part visible.

In a day or two the spider commenced to eject the sand,

and form a new aérial portion.

In one of the examples of branched tubes you will

observe the branch is at the subterranean end. I think

this has been formed in consequence of some disturbance

of the soil, which at Woking is exceedingly light,

and it is possible that a severe blow from the shovel of

the road-repairer might have driven a stone down on to

the tube an inch or so from the end, flattening it in ;

and when the spider desired to deepen, it had no

alternative but to start a branch.

Before leaving the subject of the form of the tubes, I

will endeavour to answer another of the questions

suggested by Mr. Mogeridge,* viz., ‘‘ Do the young, like

their relatives in the south, construct nests like those of

their parents in miniature ?”’ ‘To this I reply that they

certainly do follow the example of their parents in every

way, and to quote the words of Mr. Moggridge, when

referring to the nest of the true trap-door spiders,

‘‘T believe that the nests are, as a rule, the result of

many successive enlargements, and that the nest of the

infant, the tube of which is no bigger than a crow-quill,

is not abandoned, but becomes that of a full-grown

spider. This must require time, but how long, whether

months or years, we have yet to learn.”

I am afraid it will be many years before I am able to

give much proof as to the age to which these spiders

attain. As I said before, the ground at Hampstead is

constantly changing from various causes, and I have had

great difficulty in obtaining proof positive of the age of

any one female. Though I marked some of the tubes

which were in the most concealed places, yet these pegs

and the tubes were constantly destroyed by the swarms

of holiday-folk, who wear all the grass and everything

else off the face of the earth.

I paid a visit to my old Hampstead colony on April

*« Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders’ (Supplement), p. 187.

} ‘ Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders,’ p. 123,

life-history of Atypus piceus. 417

1st, 1885, and found very few of the nests left, some of

their favourite hillocks having been levelled by ‘ The

Board.”

On March 12th, 1879, Mr. Cochrane, the obliging

Superintendent of Finsbury Park, who had become

much interested in my diggings, very kindly brought

his pony-trap round to the colony, and with the help. of

two or three of his men cut off a prominent piece of the

bank about eighteen inches square, containing several

tubes of females, which I should judge were at least three

years old. This huge lump was safely placed in a large

tea-chest, and landed in my garden at Holloway, where

for about a year the three or ‘four spiders seemed to do

pretty well; but, what with cats and smoke, they did

not flourish as I had hoped.

On June Ist, 1882, I turned the contents out of the

tea-chest, and in demolishing the earth I found one of

the nests all right, the female well and savage. But in

the confusion of removing to Woking she was damaged,

and died in a few days. ‘T think I shall be within limits

in putting the age of this spider at six years !

Many of the tubes from the Woking colony transferred

to my garden-bank April 12th, 1883, were very large

ones, and evidently of good age, some of the tubes quite

ereen with moss; all the spiders are at the present time

in good health and spirits, and [ have become so attached

to them that I shall feel leaving them as much as any-

thing. I hope to move them, ‘though I fear that after

living so long and drawing their supplies from my

garden-bank they will not care to settle in a flower- -pot.

I should imagine Atypus was about four years in

reaching maturity, then eighteen months is taken up

before the young are turned out, and how long the

female lives after that time I have yet to learn. I have

one still alive and savage which turned her family out

March 16th, 1884, and, “judging from the vigour with

which she grasps a fly or my finger when teased, I can

safely say her teeth are not failing.

I imagine many females live ‘and die “old maids,”

though not before re: aching a good age; and, comparing

their nests with those of younger ones, | fancy not far

short of ten years !

There is one point mentioned in Mr. Brown’s* account

Notation rere Suton ZAoologist,’ vol. xiv. (1856), De 5021.

418 Mr. F. Enock on the

of his captures which I should like to refer to; it is the

supposed power possessed by Atypus to ‘‘inflate”’ its

tube. No doubt, had Mr. Brown examined more tubes,

in all probability he would have arrived at some other

conclusion, for you will observe in his account he says,

““In one case, on opening the box in which the nest was

placed, he perceived a movement throughout the tube,

as if it were being inflated; this soon subsided, but the

following morning he was surprised to see the whole

tube inflated, especially at the end which had lain upon

the bank,” &¢. I have watched many times for this

“inflation,” but all the movement I have noticed resulted

from the spider creeping along from end to end; and I

believe during the night they gave a few twirls with

their spinners, strengthening the tube so that it would

bear its own weight, and the aérial portion, being the

strongest, would present the most inflated appearance.

But to enable me to arrive at a more satisfactory con-

clusion than mere supposition, I made the following ex-

periments with some large tubes and powerful females :—

No. 1.—8 in. long. I laid straight out.

No. 2.—7 in. long. I laid in a bent position, at right

angles.

No. 3.—10 in. long. I tied up with cotton four inches

from the aérial top end, but only just tight

enough to prevent the female passing from

the subterranean end.

No. 4.—10 in. long. Four inches of the subterranean

end was tied, the spider at the other.

No. 5.—8} in. long. Two inches from end, the spider in

the middle part.

No. 6.—8 in. long. I laid a flat piece of glass along and

half-way over the edge of the tube for four

inches down, so that the spider could not pass.

I flattened every part of each tube, leaving the spiders

at the ends, their heads towards the contracted part of

the tube. Next morning I examined each one most

carefully :—

No. 1.—The spider had walked from end to end, distending

the tube the whole distance.

No. 2.—Was empty, an opening at the aérial end showing

the spider escaped there after traversing the

length, the tube still retaining the ‘‘inflated”’

appearance.

life-history of Atypus piceus. 419

No. 3.—A very large tube, in which I found a male as well

asa female next morning; the female had been

left in the lower part of the tube from which

I had not removed the ball of earth usually

found at the end, and no doubt the male was

just above this when I laid the tube in the

box ; however, the pair of them could not get

up sufficient wind to ‘‘inflate” the aérial

portion, though both of them were found close

to the contraction, leaving the part traversed

during the night well distended.

No. 4.—Another huge female, left in the aérial part,

through which she walked before dark, gently

distending it as she passed along; but not

any alteration in the subterranean part,

which was as flat as when I left it.

No. 5.—Where the spider was confined in about four

inches of the middle part, which was dis-

tended next morning, the two ends to which

she could not obtain entrance were perfectly

at.

No. 6.—The spider had traversed and distended the free

portion up to where the end of the piece of

glass was laid on, but beyond this there were

no signs of any ‘‘inflation”’ having taken

place.

The sum total of the above experiments was, that

wherever the spider had a free passage, either at the

aérial, or subterranean end, or in the middle of the tube,

it distended it by simply passing along; but the parts of

the tubes contracted were not altered in any way what-

ever, all being perfectly flat, just as I kept them on the

previous day, and | think satisfactory proof that the

spider does not distend any part of her tube by ‘‘ inflating.”

Should the day after rain has fallen be warm and

bright, the aérial part nearly always presents a very

much distended appearance. I attribute this to nothing

else than the power given to the spider enabling it

(though only a spider) to know when to put its snare

(the aérial portion) in such a condition that the flies will

alight upon it in ignorance of what it may be, and suffer

accordingly.

There is just one more fact which I noticed, and then

I have exhausted my notes and, | am afraid, your

420 Mr. F. Enock on the

patience too. On December 27th, 1884, I examined a

large female Atypus under my microscope with a power

of about 40 diameters, and just in the folds of the joint

of the legs where the covering is very thin I could see

most distinctly the circulation of the vital fluid, and

counted twelve to thirteen beats per minute; this I

observed from twenty to thirty times, my nephew con-

firming my observation a dozen times.

To enable me to form a correct idea of the progress

made by a spider in a given time, I have filled a deep

bell-glass with layers one inch deep of black, white, and

yellow sand. In this will be placed some young Atypi,

which will commence their tubes on black sand. As

soon as white sand is thrown out I shall know the spider

has gone down one inch in a certain time, and so on,

carefully noting down date as each successive colour is

reached ; and in course of some years I hope to solve

the only facts about which I am in doubt, viz., how long

it is before the male and female reach maturity, and

how long the female lives.

Since putting my notes into order I have made one

other observation upon the young which emerged on

February 38rd, 1885. Many of them have now formed

very delicate tubes, attaching the aérial portion to the

sides of the pot. On April 24th I caught a small Pha-

langiwm (? sp.), and holding it by its legs I touched one

of the tubes with it, but without any notice being taken.

I tried another wpright one; the tiny spider came up

directly, striking in the same manner and with as much

precision as its mother, the fangs penetrating the body

of the Phalangium, which was drawn through and down

out of sight in less than five minutes. This is the jirst

meal taken by any of the brood. Next day the spider

was very busy excavating, throwing out quite a quantity

of sand.

In bringing my notes to a conclusion, I think I cannot

do better than just recall one fact in the history of this

interesting spider—that when the first young one emerges

from the tube it takes an upward course, leaving behind

it a silken cord, which is taken hold of and added to by

each one as they emerge and follow on. Cannot we

follow their example by adding our small amount of

knowledge, and so make the pathway stronger and easier

for our fellow-students who may come after us ?

( 421 )

X. On the classification of the Australian Pyralidina.

By E. Meyrick, B.A.

[Read August 5th, 1885.|

Tus paper includes the remaining families of the

Pyralidina, viz., Pterophoride, Alucitide, Hydrocampide,

and Oxychirotide, together with such additional species

of the previous families as have been obtained since

their publication; and therefore completes for the present

the results of my investigations on the Australian species

of this group.

The thirteen families into which I have divided the

group (including throughout the world at present some

2500 described species, a number which will probably

be at least quadrupled), appear to me to be mainly

collateral branches descended from a group of extinct

forms. I think that the Phycidide may be regarded as

a development of the Galleriade, the Botydide of the

Scopariade, and the Hydrocampide and Musotinide of

the Pyralidide. With these exceptions it does not

appear to me that any of the families can be regarded

as immediately derivable from any other known existing

forms. The Pyralidide and Epipaschiade are referable

to-a common ancestor very httle removed; and the

same may be said of the Scopariade and Cramlbide ;

whilst the Galleriad@ come from somewhere between

these two presumptive ancestors. The Tineodide,

Oxychirotide, Pterophoride, and Alucitide are relics

of a once more extensive section of the group, now

reduced to a fragmentary condition, and approaching

most nearly to the Crambide and Scopariade. Of course

no linear order can express these affinities fully, but I

think the following arrangement the most convenient :—

Epipaschiade, Pyralidide, Musotimide, Hydrocampide,

Botydide, Scopariade, Crambidae, Galleriade, Phycidide,

Tineodide, Oxychirotide, Pterophoride, Alucitide.

The original type-form of the Pyralidina may be

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—paRt iv. (pDro.) 26

422 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

considered to have had in the fore wings vein 1 basally

furcate (the furcation soon being lost), and veins 8 and

9 stalked ; in the hind wings la, 1), and 1c all present,

6 only approximated towards 7 at base (soon becoming

stalked with 7), and 8 free, but approximated to 7 in

middle, and soon constantly anastomosing with 7.

The family Tineodide, referred to above, is formed for

the reception of the peculiar genus Tineodes, of which

the generic characters have been given. The family

diagnosis will be as follows :—Maxillary palpi triangu-

larly dilated; fore wings with 8 and 9 stalked, 7

separate ; hind wings with 5 and 6 from transverse vein,

rather nearer together than to 4 or 7, 8 anastomosing

at a point with 7, lower median naked.

PTEROPHORIDA.

The characters of this and the following family, and

of the genera included in them, are given in the paper

read with this, which will be published early in next

year’s volume, and need not be repeated here.

Cosmoctostis, Meyr.

Cosmoclostis aglaodesma, Meyr.

Sydney, New South Wales.

TricHopritus, Wlsm.

Trichoptilus scythrodes, Meyr.

Sydney, New South Wales; Port Lincoln, South

Australia.

Trichoptilus ceramodes, Meyr.

Sydney, New South Wales; Port Lincoln, South

Australia.

Trichoptilus xerodes, Meyr.

Toowoomba, Queensland; Bathurst, New South Wales;

Adelaide, Wirrabara, and Port Lincoln, South Australia.

PuaryptTiuia, Hb.

Platyptilia faleatalis, Walk.

Platyptilus falcatalis, Walk., 931; Meyr., Trans. N. Z.

Inst., 1884, 128; P. repletalis, Walk., 931.

Christchurch to Invercargill, New Zealand.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 423

Platyptilia emissalis, Walk.

Platyptilus emissalis, Walk., 980.

3,2, 17—22 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous or

dark fuscous, mixed with whitish, face usually suffused with red-

dish ochreous; frontal tuft short, conical. Palpi light ochreous,

irrorated with reddish ochreous. Antenne fuscous. Legs fuscous,

tarsal joints broadly whitish towards base. Fore wings cleft from

two-thirds, segments rather broad, Ist segment slightly dilated,

hind margin subconcave, oblique, 2nd segment rather strongly

dilated, hind margin gently rounded, oblique; ochreous-brown,

sometimes suffused with fuscous, and more or less mixed with

whitish scales, sometimes forming oblique strie; a small dark

fuscous spot on submedian fold at one-fourth, and another beneath

costa before middle, both sometimes obsolete; a triangular dark

fuscous blotch on costa at two-thirds, apex resting on base of cleft,

anterior side suffused, posterior side tolerably defined; a rather

broad dark fuscous fascia (sometimes not much darker than ground

colour) crossing both segments above base, posteriorly bounded by

a straight whitish line; hind margin suffusedly darker ; costal cilia

dark fuscous, between blotches and before apex white; rest of cilia

whitish, on hind margin with a sharp black basal line, on inner

margin with a small spot of black scales at two-thirds. Hind

wings cleft firstly from middle, secondly from near base, Ist

segment gradually dilated throughout, apex equilateral-triangular,

2nd segment moderately dilated, hind margin straight, very oblique,

8rd segment linear; fuscous; cilia light greyish, with a short black

line at base on apex of 1st segment, 3rd segment with some small

short black scales scattered along inner margin, especially towards

base, and three or four inconspicuous fine black hair-scales at two-

thirds.

Southern specimens are more deeply coloured and

somewhat larger than northern.

Toowoomba, Queensland; Sydney, Bathurst, Glen

Innes, and Mount Kosciusko (up to 6000 feet), New

South Wales; Mount Wellington, Tasmania. Common

from September to January.

Platyptilia Haasti, Feld.

Platyptilus Haasti, Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. exl., 58;

Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst., 1884, 128.

Distributed throughout New Zealand.

494 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

Platyptilia heliastis, Meyr.

Platyptilia heliastis, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst., 1884,

129.

Castle Hill, New Zealand.

Actprinia, Hb.

Aciptilia innotatalis, Walk.

Pterophorus innotatalis, Walk., 945; Meyr., Trans.

N. Z. Inst., 1884, 124.

This species is easily separated from the larger but

very similar A. tetradactyla by the absence of dark

stripes on the legs.

Masterton to Invercargill, New Zealand.

Aciptilia furcatalis, Walk.

Aciptilus furcatalis, Walk., 950; Feld., Reis. Nov., pl.

exl., 52; Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst., 1884, 128.

Cambridge to Otira River, New Zealand.

Aciptilia lycosema, Meyy.

Aciptilia lycosema, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst., 1884, 124.

Wellington to Dunedin, New Zealand.

Aciptilia monospilalis, Walk.

Aciptilus monospilalis, Walk., 950; Meyr., ‘Trans.

N. Z. Inst., 1884, 124; A. patruelis, Feld., Reis.

Nov., pl: cxl.,coG:

Distributed throughout New Zealand.

Aciptilia aptalis, Walk.

Aciptilus aptalis, Walk., 950.

3,2, 16—20 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen,

and legs yellowish white. Fore wings cleft from middle, segments

rather narrow, gradually finely attenuated; very pale whitish

yellowish, becoming white towards base of costa; some fine

irregularly scattered blackish speckles, sometimes nearly obsolete,

but usually forming a transverse mark at base of cleft, two dots on

of the Austrahan Pyralidina. 425

costa before and after middle of 1st segment, a dot on inner

margin of Ist segment towards apex, three dots on inner margin

of 2nd segment, a dot at apex of each segment, and sometimes one

or two others; cilia whitish. Hind wings cleft firstly from before

middle, secondly from near base, segments linear; white; cilia

white; vein 10 strongly pectinated towards base.

Nearest allied to 4. monospilalis ; probably also related

to A. malacensis, Z.

Larva pale green (undescribed) ; feeds on Astrotriche

floccosa (Araliacee), eating the leaf into holes from

beneath. Pupa exposed, appressed to lower surface of

leaf; rather thinly clothed with curved bristly whitish

hairs; pale green, with dorsal and subdorsal rows of

black dots.

Brisbane, Queensland; Sydney, New South Wales ;

George’s Bay, Tasmania; from September to April,

common amongst its food-plant ; also occurs in the New

Hebrides, Fiji, and Tonga.

Note.—In A. innotatalis veins 2 and 11 of the fore

wings are both absent, as in A. tetradactyla, A. spilo-

dactyla, and A. pentadactyla ; in A. furcatalis, A. lyco-

sema, A. monospilalis, and A. aptalis vein 11 is absent,

but 2 is present; the oldest type of the genus, in which

veins 2 and 11 are both present, as in 4. galactodactyla,

is not represented in this region. It may therefore be

inferred that the genus did not originate here (but

probably in Europe) ; but that its introduction into New

Yealand dates back to a remote period: the single

species found in Australia must be regarded as a

straggler which has recently found its way thither from

the Pacific Islands.

DoxostERES, Meyr.

Doxosteres canalis, Walk.

Pterophorus canalis, Walk., 948.

Bees Li —Lo mm. Head and thorax brownish ochreous,

suffusedly irrorated with white. Palpi ochreous, apex of 2nd joint

white. Antenne whitish grey. Abdomen ochreous, base and

apex mixed with white. Legs white, anterior tibie striped with

ochreous. Fore wings cleft from before two-thirds, Ist segment

moderate, parallel-sided, hind margin subconcave, extremely

oblique, 2nd segment somewhat narrower, slightly dilated, hind

426 Mr. EK. Meyrick on the classification

margin slightly rounded, very oblique; light brownish ochreous,

with irregularly scattered black and white scales, tending to form

streaks along basal half of costa and submedian fold; an indistinct

darker spot at base of cleft; cilia white, on inner and hind margins

pale greyish ochreous except towards base, with two blackish basal

dots on hind margin of each segment. Hind wings cleft firstly

from two-fifths, secondly from near base, Ist segment tolerably

narrow, spatulate, 2nd segment moderate, caudate, 3rd segment

linear; fuscous; cilia pale greyish ochreous.

Duaringa and Brisbane, Queensland; Sydney and

Blackheath (8500 feet), New South Wales; Mount

Graham and Wirrabara, South Australia; from Septem-

ber to November, and in February; rather common.

Mimeseortiuus, Wallgr.

Mimeseoptilus orites, Meyyr.

Mimeseoptilus orites, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst., 1884,

126.

Clinton, New Zealand.

Mimeseoptilus lithoxestus, Meyr.

Mimeseoptilus lithoxestus, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst.,

1884, 127.

Arthur’s Pass, New Zealand.

Mimeseoptilus charadrias, Meyr.

Mimeseoptilus charadrias, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst.,

1884, 126.

Arthur’s Pass, New Zealand.

Mimeseoptilus celidotus, Meyr.

Lioptilus celidotus, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst., 1884,

125.

Sydney and Mount Kosciusko (5000 feet), New South

Wales; Christchurch and Lake Wakatipu, New Zealand;

in December, January, and April.

Mimeseoptilus pheonephes, Meyr.

Mount Wellington, Tasmania.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 427

Mimneseoptilus leuconephes, Meyr.

Mount Kosciusko (4700 feet), New South Wales.

Crnouosa, Wlsm.

Cenoloba obliteralis, Walk.

Pterophorus obliteralis, Walk., 945; Wlsm., Ent. Mo.

Mag., 1885, 176.

This species, said to be Australian, is unknown to me.

Oxyptilus cinctipedalis, Walk., 939 ; Pterophorus diffu-

salis, ib., 945; and P. deprivatalis, ib., 946. These

species I have not yet succeeded in identifying ; nor can

I speak with certainty of P. tinctidactylus, Newm.

ALUCITIDA.

Auucita, Z.

Alucita phricodes, Meyr.

Duaringa, Queensland ; Sydney, New South Wales.

HYDROCAMPIDA.

Uncus in $ well-developed, complex. Fore wings with 10 often

out of 8, rarely also 7. Hind wings with lower median not pecti-

nated, 7 out of 6, 8 anastomosing with 7 beyond cell.

la. Vein 10 of fore wings rising outof 8... .. Paraponyx.

iby ‘ Ap * separate.

2a. Labial palpi very long, straight 50 .. Schenobius.

2b. * 5, moderate, generally arched.

3a. Terminal joint of labial palpi acute .. Anydraula.

3b. e es ‘s ae obtuse.

4a. Veins 4 and 5 of hind wings stalked .. Hydreuretis.

4b. 3 Ap 95 Se separate .. Scirpophaga.

ANYDRAULA, N. g.

Forehead vertical; ocelli present; tongue slender, developed.

Antenne two-thirds, in male moderately ciliated (1), above with

angularly projecting scales at joints. Maxillary palpi moderate,

loosely scaled. Labial palpi moderate, curved, obliquely ascending,

Qnd joint beneath rough-haired or with a loose rough projecting

tuft of scales towards apex, terminal joint shorter than 2nd, slender,

pointed. Abdomen in male with valves strong, exserted, scaled ;

428 Mr. EK. Meyrick on the classification

uncus long, slender, curved, with a straight slender process from

base beneath not reaching apex; claspers indicated by a slender

spine. Posterior tibiz with outer spurs half inner; anterior tarsi

sometimes dilated with rough hairs. Fore wings with veins 8 and

9 stalked, 11 short. Hind wings with vein 7 absent (coincident

with 8), 8 anastomosing shortly with 6 beyond cell.

Nearly allied to Cataclysta, which it resembles in

appearance, but well distinguished by the presence of

ocelli, the separation of vein 10 of the fore wings from

8, and the rough-haired 2nd joint of palpi.

Anydraula glycerialis, Walk.

Cataclysta glycerialis, Walk., 450.

3, 2,15—18 mm. Head and thorax ochreous mixed with dark

fuscous, sides of face, collar, and patagia except shoulders silvery

white. Palpi dark fuscous mixed with yellowish, base and terminal

jot white, 2nd joint beneath with loose apical tuft. Antenne

dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish ochreous, posteriorly paler. Legs

ochreous whitish, anterior tibiz and apex of tarsal joints suffusedly

dark fuseous. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa straight, pos-

teriorly slightly arched, apex round-pointed, hind margin sinuate,

oblique; silvery white; markings pale yellow-ochreous, strongly

margined with dark grey; a streak along costa from base to three-

fifths; a rather narrow fascia from middle of costa to one-fourth

of inner margin; a moderate fascia from two-thirds of costa to

middle of inner margin, much narrowed at extremities, posterior

edge angularly projecting at one-third and three-fourths from costa;

a rather narrow fascia from five-sixths of costa, bent inwards

beneath costa, almost touching hind marginal fascia below middle,

thence sending a sharp truncate angle inwards to near middle of

second fascia, terminating in anal angle; a narrow fascia along

hind margin; cilia white, tips grey. Hind wings silvery white ;

markings light yellow-ochreous, strongly margined with dark grey ;

a transverse dark grey mark in dise before middle; an irregular

direct central fascia not reaching margins ; a spot on inner margin

below middle ; a dark grey line near and parallel to anterior edge of

hind marginal band; a moderate hind marginal band, attenuated

above apex and to anal angle, containing a row of five confluent

irregular deep black spots with bright brassy-metallic centres ; cilia

white, tips grey.

Sydney and Blackheath (3500 feet), New South Wales ;

Sale, Victoria; locally common, frequenting damp

of the’ Australian Pyralidina. 429

ground in February and March, but not near water ;

the larva cannot therefore be aquatic.

Anydraula drusialis, Walk.

Cataclysta drusiusalis, Walk., 450.

3$,14mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen whitish

ochreous; 2nd joint of palpi dark fuscous except towards apex.

Legs whitish, anterior tarsi with three basal joints very broadly

dilated with blackish scales; two small black tufts between posterior

coxe. Fore wings rather elongate-triangular, narrow at base,

costa posteriorly slightly arched, apex rounded, hind margin some-

what bowed, oblique; silvery white, with ochreous-yellow mark-

ings, obscurely margined with dark fuscous; a small basal patch,

bounded by a thick dark fuscous streak from one-fifth of costa to

one-fifth of inner margin; a moderate fascia from two-fifths of

costa to two-fifths of inner margin, anteriorly not dark-margined,

produced along costa to join a second somewhat broader fascia

from two-thirds of costa to anal angle, of which the anterior edge

projects obscurely in middle; space between first and second fascia

mixed with black scales, tending to form four irregular lines; a

third narrower fascia from costa near apex, and a fourth hind mar-

ginal, both confluent with second towards anal angle, where they

form a blotch, containing an elongate light shining grey spot ; cilia

pale grey, tips white. Hind wings silvery white; a fuscous spot on

inner margin towards base ; a moderate irregular ochreous-yellow

fascia from below two-fifths of costa to anal angle, posteriorly

dark-margined; two blackish lines at two-thirds parallel to hind

margin, beneath bent downwards to anal angle, the second termi-

nating in a golden metallic spot; space between these lines and

anterior fascia mixed with black scales, tending to form lines on

veins; an ochreous-yellow hind marginal fascia, preceded by a

narrow band of thickly-strewn blackish scales, and containing four

large subquadrate deep black spots, each including an irregular

bluish-metallic spot; cilia with basal half grey, terminal half

white.

Described from Fijian specimens, but I believe they

do not differ from Australian.

Townsville, Queensland ; also occurs in Borneo and

Fiji.

430 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

Paraponyx, Hb.

Forehead vertical; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antenne

two-thirds, in male shortly ciliated (}—3%), with angularly projecting

scales at joints, at least towards apex. Maxillary palpi short,

dilated with loose scales. Labial palpi moderate, curved, more or

less ascending, 2nd joint loosely scaled or rough-haired beneath,

terminal joint variable, obtuse or tolerably pointed. Abdomen in

male with valves strong, exserted, scaled; uncus moderately long,

slender, curved, with a somewhat upwards-curved nearly equally

long but remote process from base beneath. Posterior tibiz with

outer spurs half inner. Fore wings with veins 9 and 10 out of 8,

11 moderate. Hind wings with veins 4 and 5 closely approximated

or from a point, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 from

or near origin to }—3,

A nearly cosmopolitan genus, of which the larve are

probably all aquatic. Besides the species given below I

have probably two others from Queensland, but the

specimens are not in a condition to describe.

la. Hind wings with an annular discal spot .. .. marmorea.

1b. 3) without annular discal spot.

2a. Hind wings with a median line furcate above.

3a. Median line of hind wings thick ai -. polydectalis.

3b. a a $5 3 slender ae .. dicentra.

2b. Hind wings without furcate median line.

4a. Hind wings with two parallel lines becoming

blackish beneath ae be .. myina.

4b. Hind wings without blackish nee.

5a. Fore wings clear white . aA decussalis.

5 b. Fore wings mes praca with b Tight sreyish

fuscous .. 5 50 nitens.

Paraponyx polydectalis, Walk.

Cataclysta polydectalis, Walk., 451.

3, 2,15—18 mm. Head white. Palpi with 2nd joint densely

sealed, terminal joint two-thirds of 2nd, pointed ; white, 2nd joint

externally fuscous except towards apex. Antenne ochreous-

whitish. Thorax white, slightly mixed with ochreous, with a

small blackish spot on middle of patagia, and two others more

indistinct behind. Abdomen white, base of segments ochreous-

tinged. Legs white, anterior tibise and apex of tarsal joints dark

fuscous above. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa almost

straight, apex rounded, hind margin gently rounded, rather oblique ;

of the Australian Pyralidina. 431

snow-white, with light ochreous-yellow blackish-margined mark-

ings; base and costa to two-thirds tinged with pale ochreous,

costal edge to two-thirds blackish ; a small black spot in middle of

base, and another midway between base and first line ; first line

narrow, curved, from before one-fourth of costa to one-fourth of

inner margin, marked with a small black spot in middle; a small

blackish longitudinal mark above middle beyond first line; an

obliquely-placed oval white strongly black-margined spot in dise

beyond middle; second line narrow, rather wider beneath, running

from two-thirds of costa obliquely outwards to below middle,

thence acutely curved inwards through lower edge of discal spot to

middle of wing, and again rectangularly bent to inner margin,

somewhat sinuate near costa and inner margin; a narrow hind

marginal fascia, connecting with an elongate blotch on posterior

third of inner margin; an irregular fascia near before this, broadest

above middle, extremely attenuated opposite angle of second line;

cilia grey-whitish, with a dark fuscous line. Hind wings snow-

white, markings light ochreous-yellow, blackish-margined; a

blackish transverse line near base, not reaching inner margin; a

narrow blackish median fascia, separating above middle into two

costal branches, the second curved outwards; a moderate fascia

near before hind marginal fascia, touching it at both extremities ;

a narrow hind marginal fascia; cilia white, with a dark fuscous

line, base marked with three small quadrate deep black spots above

middle of hind margin.

?. Fore wings mostly suffused with light ochreous, all markings

indistinct, blackish markings obsolete except indistinct discal spot

and the small spot on first line; hind wings as in male.

Distinguished from all others by the blackish furcate

median fascia of hind wings, and the three black spots

in cilia of hind margin.

Sydney, New South Wales; flying commonly over

pools, from February to April; also from Fiji.

Paraponyx dicentra, n. 8.

3, 2, 15—21 mm. Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs white.

Antenne whitish ochreous. Palpi with 2nd joint densely scaled,

somewhat rough beneath, terminal joint about half 2nd, tolerably

pointed; white, 2nd joint externally suffused with fuscous except

towards apex. Fore wings very clongate-triangular, costa pos-

teriorly slightly arched, apex rounded, hind margin obliquely

rounded ; snow-white, with light ochreous-yellow markings, irregu-

larly and obscurely maigined with dark fuscous, in female very

432 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

pale and indistinct; some scattered dark fuscous scales towards

costa and base, sometimes forming a small spot near base in

middle; an indistinct narrow transverse streak about one-third,

parallel to hind margin, not reaching costa, containing a small

irregular black spot in middle; an irregular fascia from costa at

three-fourths, upper half slender, moderately curved outwards,

thence tolerably straight to inner margin at two-thirds, lower half

moderately broad; two small transversely placed blackish discal

spots above angle of this, partially connected anteriorly so as to

form a crescentic mark; a moderate irregular fascia at five-sixths,

rather suddenly contracted at one-third and two-thirds; a blackish

subterminal line near and parallel to hind margin, separated from

a narrow hind marginal light ochreous-yellow unmargined fascia

by a white line; cilia whitish, with a blackish line interrupted into

spots. Hind wings white; an indistinct blackish lme near base; a

fine blackish median line from middle of inner margin, above

middle furcate and sending two branches to costa, second beyond

middle, curved; a moderate irregular light ochreous-yellow fascia

about three-fourths, irregularly blackish-margined, contracted

towards costa, emitting a projection posteriorly above middle;

subterminal line, hind marginal fascia, and cilia as in fore wings.

Readily known by the white ground colour, ochreous-

yellow markings, double blackish discal spot of fore

wings, and fine furcate median line of hind wings.

Duaringa, Queensland ; sent down commonly by Mr.

G. Barnard.

Paraponyx myina, n. 8.

3¢,15—21 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen

light greyish ochreous, irrorated with dark fuscous ; palpi with 2nd

joint broadly scaled, somewhat rough beneath, terminal joint about

two-thirds of 2nd, thick, tolerably obtuse. Legs ochreous-whitish,

anterior pair suffused above with dark fuscous. Fore wings very

elongate-triangular, costa almost straight, apex rounded, hind

margin obliquely rounded; pale greyish ochreous, irrorated with

fuscous, with cloudy dark fuscous markings; a small spot in dise

at one-fourth, connected with inner margin by a faint line ; a small

transverse blackish discal spot beyond middle; an indistinct line

from two-thirds of costa to three-fifths of inner margin, projecting

outwards in an irregular curve above middle, forming a small spot

on costa, sometimes with an obscure yellowish spot below middle;

a very ill-defined line at five-sixths; on these two lines are some-

times yellowish spots above middle; a fine slightly waved sub-

terminal line; cilia pale greyish ochreous, with two partially

of the Australian Pyralidina. 433

interrupted dark fuscous lines. Hind wings pale greyish ochreous,

irrorated with fuscous, sometimes} whitish towards base; two

parallel well-defined dark fuscous lines, second indistinct on upper

half, from beyond middle of costa to middle of inner margin, with

an irregularly rectangular angulation at one-third from costa

subterminal line and cilia as in fore wings.

Very similar in general appearance to P. hebraicalis,

Snell., which I have not seen; but, if the description

and figure are accurate, P. myina is easily recognised

by the characteristic median parallel lines of hind

wings.

Duaringa, Queensland; six specimens sent by Mr. G.

Barnard.

Paraponyx decussalis, Walk.

Zebronia decussalis, Walk., 481; Z. medusalis, ib.,

486.

3, 2,14—16 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs

white; anterior tibiz and tarsi suffused interiorly with fuscous.

Palpi with 2nd joint densely scaled, terminal joint nearly as long

as 2nd, roughened with scales anteriorly, pointed; white, 2nd joint

externally fuscous except towards apex. Fore wings elongate-

triangular, costa almost straight, apex rounded, hind margin

gently rounded, rather oblique; snow-white; costa somewhat

sprinkled with ochreous towards base; two small round blackish

spots placed transversely in disc at one-third, the upper posterior ;

a somewhat 8-shaped black discal spot beyond middle; a slender

irregular light ochreous fascia from two-thirds of costa to two-

thirds of inner margin, mixed with blackish on costa, from below

costa to middle semicircularly curved outwards; a very irregular

light ochreous fascia midway between this and hind margin,

tolerably thick on upper half, very slender on lower; a waved dark

fuscous line near and parallel to hind margin, connected with it by

irregular fuscous scales on veins; cilia white. Hind wings white ;

a central light ochreous discal spot, hardly perceptibly connected

with a short irregular line from middle of inner margin; a narrow

irregular partially interrupted light ochreous fascia at three-fourths,

tolerably parallel to hind margin; a waved dark fuscous line near

hind margin ; cilia white.

Shorter-winged and more neatly marked than the

other Australian species.

Duaringa, Queensland; several specimens sent by

Mr. G. Barnard ; also occurs in Ceylon.

434 Mr. EK. Meyrick on the classification

Paraponyx marmoreda, NN. 8.

?,17—19 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous, irrorated

with whitish. Palpi with 2nd joint with long rough projecting

hairs beneath, terminal joint short, pointed, partly concealed;

dark fuscous mixed with whitish. Antenne pale greyish ochreous.

Legs whitish ochreous, anterior pair suffusedly spotted with dark

fuscous on joints. Fore wings very elongate-triangular, costa

posteriorly gently arched, apex rounded, hind margin obliquely

rounded ; ochreous, more or less entirely suffused with fuscous; a

narrow curved whitish fascia before one-fourth ; an obscure whitish

dark-bordered line before middle, irregularly sinuate in dise ; an

indistinct whitish line from three-fourths of costa to beyond middle

of inner margin, obscurely double in dise above middle, upper half

strongly sinuate inwards, in middle rectangularly bent inwards to

middle of dise, thence again rectangularly bent to inner margin;

the narrow median space between this and preceding line more or

less obscurely whitish, only distinctly white on a costal spot beyond

first line, a subquadrate spot in angle of second line more yellow-

ochreous ; an irregular ill-defined white subterminal fascia, sinuate

inwards at one-third and two-thirds; cilia grey-whitish, with two

fuscous lines and a subbasal blackish line. Hind wings whitish,

with fuscous markings ; a small spot on inner margin near base ;

a larger subtriangular spot on middle of inner margin, posterior

edge closely followed by a parallel line; an irregular roundish

ochreous dark-margined discal spot; second line white, dark-

margined, from two-thirds of costa to touch first line on inner

margin, forming a rounded-angular projection outwards above

middle ; beyond second line ground colour fuscous, with an irregular

whitish subterminal fascia, projecting inwards in middle to touch

angle of second line; cilia as in fore wings.

Distinguished from all other species by the ochreous

dark-margined discal spot of hind wings.

Duaringa, Queensland; Sydney, New South Wales ;

SIX specimens in February.

Paraponyx mtens, Butl.

Paraponyx nitens, Butl., Cist. Ent., i1., 556; Hygraula

nitens, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst., 1884, 122.

The genus Hygraula cannot be maintained; I failed

at first to discover ocelli in this species, but afterwards

proved their existence; they are usually concealed in

the male, but tolerably distinct in the female.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 435

Sydney, New South Wales ; Melbourne, Victoria ;

Lake Alexandrina, South Australia ; Hamilton to Lake

Wakatipu, New Zealand; from November to March,

rather common.

HyYDREURETIS, 0. g.

Forehead vertical; ocelli present; tongue short. Antennee

three-fourths, in male shortly ciliated (4), with projecting seales at

apex of joints. Maxillary palpi moderate, loosely scaled. Labial

palpi moderate, somewhat arched, somewhat ascending, 2nd joint

roughly scaled, terminal joint moderate, cylindrical, obtuse, or

pointed. Abdomen in male with uncus moderately long, strong,

curved, with an upwards-curved shorter remote process from base

beneath; valves strong, exserted, scaled. Posterior tibize with

outer spurs somewhat more than half inner. Fore wings with

veins 4 and 5 from a point or stalked, 8 and 9 stalked, 10 closely

approximated to 9 towards base, 11 moderate. Hind wings with

veins 4 and 5 stalked, 7 out of 6 near origin, 8 anastomosing with

7 from origin to two-thirds.

This genus is almost exactly intermediate between

Paraponyx and Schenobius, and doubtless forms the

developmental connection between them. The larve are,

I believe, aquatic and case-bearing.

Hydreuretis euryscia, i. 8.

3, 23mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen white. Palpi with

terminal joint as long as 2nd, rather slender, pointed; whitish,

2nd joint grey. Antenne grey. Legs whitish, anterior and middle

pair suffused with grey. Fore wings very elongate-triangular,

costa almost straight, faintly sinuate, apex rounded, hind margin

tolerably straight, rather oblique ; white; veins indistinctly indi-

cated with pale fuscous; costal edge slenderly fuscous ; upper and

lower medians and submedian fold marked by strong cloudy dark

fuscous streaks from base to middle of disc; a suffused dark

fuscous fascia at one-fourth, extending from upper median to inner

margin; a narrow transverse dark fuscous discal spot; a dark

fuscous fascia from five-sixths of costa to middle of inner margin,

two-thirds somewhat curved outwards, slender and subdentate on

upper half, moderately broad on lower half; a narrow dark fuscous

fascia from costa before apex to inner margin at three-fourths,

gradually dilated beneath, confluent at both extremities with a

narrow hind marginal fascia; cilia whitish. Hind wings white ; a

cloudy fuscous spot towards middle of disc; an indistinct fuscous

486 My. E. Meyrick on the classification

streak from apex rather near hind margin, becoming obsolete

below middle; an indistinct fuscous line near and parallel to hind

margin ; cilia white.

Readily distinguished from the following species by

the white head and thorax, pointed palpi, and nearly

obsolete markings of hind wings.

Sale, Victoria ; one specimen taken by Dr. Lucas.

Hydreuretis tullialis, Walk.

Hydrocampa tullialis, Walk., 462.

3, 17—21 mm.; 2, 25—26 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax

ochreous-brown, sometimes irrorated with dark fuscous. Antenne

fuscous. Abdomen varying from whitish to ochreous. Legs white,

anterior pair internally suffused with fuscous. Fore wings very

elongate-triangular, in female extremely elongate, costa very

slightly arched, apex obtuse, hind margin tolerably straight, rather

oblique ; ochreous-brown or fuscous, sometimes irrorated or suffused

with dark fuscous ; an indistinct white suffusion in male forming

bands before and beyond middle, not reaching margins, in female

absent; a slender, sometimes almost obliterated, white dark-

margined line from five-sixths of costa to three-fourths of inner

margin, forming a small spot on inner margin, irregularly sinuate

inwards on lower half; a similar nearly straight line near hind

margin; cilia pale fuscous, base white spotted with blackish.

Hind wings white; a cloudy irregular fuscous streak from two-

thirds of costa to middJe of inner margin, in male more or less

obsolete, in female suffused towards base beneath; a more defined

fuscous or dark fuscous streak at three-fourths, parallel to hind

margin ; a narrow pale ochreous hind marginal fascia, finely dark-

margined ; cilia white, with basal dark fuscous dots on veins.

Variable in depth of colouring.

Sydney, New South Wales; in March and April, at

lamps and over pools.

Scuenosius, Dup.

Forehead with conically projecting scales ; ocelli present ; tongue

very short or obsolete. Antenne in male two-thirds, in female

less than one-half, in male tolerably stout, moderately ciliated.

Maxillary palpi moderate, triangularly dilated with scales. Labial

palpi very long, straight, porrected, clothed with dense loosely

dilated scales, broadest in middle, terminal joint not distinct.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 437

Abdomen in male with valves moderate, scaled, exserted ; uncus

moderately long, curved, beneath with an upwards-curved remotely-

divergent process from base meeting it again at apex. Posterior

tibie with outer spurs four-fifths of inner. Fore wings with veins

8 and 9 stalked, 10 approximated to 9 towards base, 11 moderate.

Hind wings with vein 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8

to one-third.

Scheenobius imparellus, Meyy.

Scheenobius imparellus, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W.,

1878, 176.

Gayndah, Queensland; Sydney, New South Wales ;

locally common in Mayrch.

ScrrpoPpHaGa, T'r.

Forehead vertical. Maxillary palpi moderate, loosely dilated

with scales. Labial palpi moderate or rather short, porrected or

somewhat ascending, loosely scaled, terminal joint short, partly

concealed. Other characters quite as in Schenobius.

Scirpophaga patulella, Walk.

Tipanea patulella, Walk., Tin., 522; Seirpophaga

exsanguis, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W.,

1882, 161.

Brisbane, Queensland; Glen Innes (3000 feet) and

Sydney, New South Wales; Fernshaw, Victoria ; Delo-

raine and Hobart, Tasmania; Mount Graham, South

Australia ; very common.

Scirpophaga ochroleuca, Meyr.

Scirpophaga ochroleuca, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W.,

1882, 162.

Duaringa, Queensland.

OXYCHIROTIDA.

Wings linear. Fore wings with veins 7 and 10 both rising from

stalk of 8 and 9. Hind wings with vein 7 out of 6, anastomosing

with 8, lower median not pectinated. Maxillary palpi triangularly

sealed.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1885.—paRr iv. (DEC.) 2H

438 Mr. EB. Meyrick on the classification

OXYCHIROTA, 0. g.

Forehead with short cone of scales; ocelli absent; tongue well-

developed, slender. Antenne almost as long as fore wings, with

angularly projecting scales at joints. Maxillary palpi moderate,

porrected, triangularly sealed. Labial palpi moderately long,

straight, porrected, roughly haired above and beneath, gradually

attenuated. Middle and posterior tibiz with all outer spurs obso-

lete. Fore wings linear-lanceolate, inner margin with small scale-

teeth, cilia 2+; veins 2, 8, 4 very short, 5 from near 4, 6 from

middle of short transverse vein, 7 out of stalk of 8 and 9, 8 and 9

long-stalked, 10 out of stalk of 8 and 9 beyond 7, 11 moderate,

from near angle, 12 free. Hind wings linear, acute, inner margin

with small seale-teeth, cilia 5; veins 2, 3, 4 apparently very short

but indistinct, 5 from point with 4, short, transverse vein im-

perceptible, 7 out of 6, anastomosing with 8 to beyond middle

of wing.

This extraordinary genus has exactly the form of wing

of a Gracilaria, yet its true position admits of no doubt.

In repose the wings are extended and appressed to the

surface on which the insect is resting, in the attitude of

Eupithecia. Owing to the small size of the species,

and excessive narrowness of the wings, the neuration of

the hind wings especially is extremely cramped and hard

to make out from the single specimen, but I believe the

details given above are correct. Probably in the male

the genital uncus will be found to be developed.

Oxychirota paradoxa, Nn. 8.

?,11mm. Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and legs ochreous,

mixed with whitish. Antenne whitish, annulated with grey.

Fore wings linear, slightly dilated beyond middle and attenuated

again to apex, acute, about nine times as long as broad ; brownish

ochreous, with scattered black scales; markings cloudy, obscure,

formed by the coalescence of pearly-whitish scales; these form

indefinite longitudinal streaks on veins towards base, a broad

fascia before middle, a narrow one at two-thirds, and two or three

cloudy posterior spots ; cilia pale ochreous-greyish, on inner margin

with three or four very small teeth of black scales. Hind wings

linear, acute; brownish ochreous, mixed with black scales, and

with indefinite irregular pearly-white transverse markings; cilia

pale ochreous-greyish, with five or six very small teeth of black

scales on inner margin.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 439

Sydney, New South Wales; one specimen at rest

on a fence in June.

APPENDIX.

The following are additional species and notes since

the publication of other families :—

EPIPASCHIADA.

Catamona, Meyr.

Catamola capnopis, n. s.

3, 9, 17—22 mm. Head, palpi, and antenne blackish ;

antenne of male filiform, ciliations one-half, process rather short,

erect. Thorax blackish grey. Abdomen dark grey, segmental

margins whitish. Legs blackish, apex of joints whitish. Fore

wings triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hind margin

obliquely rounded; dark grey, coarsely mixed with black and

whitish scales; first line thick, cloudy, blackish, rather irregular,

from one-third of costa to beyond one-third of inner margin; a

small blackish discal spot before middle ; second line thick, cloudy,

blackish, followed by a pale line, subdentate, from beyond middle

of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, upper half tolerably

regularly curved outwards; cilia grey, with a blackish line. Hind

wings rather dark grey; in male a faintly indicated paler post-

median line towards costa; cilia grey, with a darker line.

Nearest to C. elassota, with which it agrees in the

shorter erect antennal process, which in all the other

species is longer and thrown back ; but easily separated

by the quite different form of the second line, besides

the larger size and more blackish colouring.

Mount Kosciusko, New South Wales; five specimens

taken in January, at from 4300 to 4700 feet.

CacoZELiA, Grote.

Cacozelia costigeralis, Walk.

Pyralis costigeralis, Walk., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., I.

(8rd ser.), 121.

3S, 22-23 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax blackish ;

tuft of maxillary palpi ochreous-whitish. Abdomen dark fuscous

mixed with ochreous-whitish. Legs black, irrorated with whitish,

apex of joints white, posterior tarsi whitish ochreous beneath.

Fore wings triangular, costa gently arched, at two-fifths with a

hard glandular swelling forming a rounded protuberance, apex

440 Mr. K. Meyrick on the classification

rounded, hind margin rounded, rather oblique; veins 4 and 5

stalked; lower surface with a membranous scaled ridge above vein

6 extending from one-third of length to near two-thirds ; fuscous,

densely irrorated with black, and with a few fine scattered whitish

scales; a very indistinct row of whitish dots in dise at three-

fourths parallel to hind margin, and a hind marginal row of

whitish dots; cilia grey, towards base dark grey. Hind wings

grey-whitish, posteriorly more or less broadly suffused with grey,

hind marginal edge dark grey ; cilia grey-whitish, becoming dark

grey towards base; veins 4 and 5 from a point, 7 and 8 sometimes

joined at a point.

Immediately distinguished from the other species of

the genus by the structural differences. In this species

veins 7 and 8 of the hind wings occur either free or

united ata point, a rare form of variability. In view of

this inconstancy, I think Cacozelia may be held to in-

clude all the species of the family which possess the

long maxillary pencil of hairs in the male. The

glandular costal swelling of this species (similar to that

fonnd in some species of Balanotis) and membranous

discal ridge are probably restricted to the male.

Mount Kosciusko (4000 feet), New South Wales;

Hobart, Tasmania; three specimens in January and

February.

PYRALIDIDA.

Batanotis, Meyr.

Balanotis carinentalis, Walk.

Having obtained specimens for examination, I find

that the species has well-developed maxillary palpi and

ocelli, both of which are erroneously stated by Lederer

to be absent; the genus Cardamyla, founded on this

species and supposed by Lederer (Walker’s characters

being useless) to be distinguished by this deficiency,

must therefore cease to have any existence. In this

species the antenne of male are very shortly ciliated

(one-fifth) ; veins 4 and 5 are separate in fore wings and

hind wings; vein 6 of fore wings rises from a point with

stalk of 8 and 9; the costa of fore wings has no

elandular swelling; all other characters quite as in

Balanotis.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 441

Persicoptera, Meyr.

The antenne of male are strongly ciliated with fascicles of

cilia (23).

DRYMIARCHA, Ni. 8.

Forehead with hairs projecting in a rough cone; ocelli present 5

tongue well developed. Antenne in male moderately bipectinated.

Maxillary palpi obsolete. Labial palpi rather long, straight, por-

rected, densely scaled, obtuse, above with a dense expansible tuft

of scales. Thorax hairy beneath. Abdomen in male with valves

moderate, exserted, clothed with long scales ; uncus moderate,

curved. Fore wings with vein 1 moderately furcate at base, 4 and

5 from very near together, 7 out of stalk of 8 and 9, 8 to below

apex, 10 sinuate. Hind wings with veins 4 and 5 almost from a

point, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 free, closely approximated to 7 beyond

origin.

A very distinct genus, most allied to Gidematophaga.

Drymiarcha exanthes, i. S.

gS, 29 mm. Head light purple-reddish, mixed with grey-

whitish. Palpi dull fuscous-purplish, tuft mixed with grey-whitish,

base white. Antenne grey-whitish. Thorax purple-reddish, on

posterior half with a central grey-whitish streak. Abdomen pale

ochreous, posteriorly mixed with grey. Legs whitish, anterior

tibia mixed with grey above. Fore wings triangular, narrow at

base, costa nearly straight, somewhat sinuate, apex obtuse, hind

margin strongly bowed, rather oblique ; pale grey-reddish, lightest

towards anal angle; basal third rather dark reddish fuscous,

bounded by a slender whitish grey-margined line from one-third of

costa to two-fifths of inner margin, angularly bent outwards in

middle and less prominently inwards near inner margin; a white

dot in dise above middle; a slender white grey-margined line from

two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, upper portion

perpendicular to costa, tolerably straight, below middle acutely

angulated inwards to beneath discal spot, thence slightly curved

outwards; costa between first and second lines suffused with white ;

a large ochreous-reddish costal patch beyond second line, margins

suffused with fuscous ; cilia light fuscoug;purplish, basal half grey.

Hind wings rather light ochreous-yellow ; a moderately broad dark

erey hind marginal band, below middle suddenly ceasing, but

sending from lower corner a short narrow suffusion inwards towards

442 My. E. Meyrick on the classification

base; cilia pale yellow, opposite band with tips and a median line

dark grey.

A conspicuous and striking insect.

Sydney, New South Wales ; one specimen in August,

beaten from Banksia serrata.

BOTYDIDA.

LEPYRODES, Gn.

Forehead flat, obliqne; ocelli present; tongue well-developed.

Antenne as long as fore wings, filiform, in male shortly ciliated

(;). Labial palpi short, porrected, with dense projecting scales

above and beneath, anteriorly truncate, terminal joint short, fili-

form. Maxillary palpi short, filiform. Anterior tarsi in male with

broad dense tuft of hairs on basal joint beneath; posterior tibiz

with outer spurs nearly equal inner. Abdomen elongate, in male

with short slender anal tuft, valves retracted. Fore wings with

vein 11 very long, oblique. Hind wings somewhat broader than

fore wings; veins 4 and 6 tolerably approximated, 7 out of 6 near

origin, anastomosing with 8 to near middle.

The characters of this genus given by Lederer

(copying Guenée) are in part erroneous.

LoncHopeEs, Gn.

Forehead rounded, vertical; ocelli present; tongue well-deve-

loped. Antenne five-sixths of fore wings, in male filiform,

minutely ciliated (). Labial palpi rather short, curved, ascending,

2nd joint with appressed scales, somewhat rough beneath, terminal

joint very short, cylindrical. Maxillary palpi absent. Posterior

tibiz with outer spurs half inner. Abdomen very long, anal

segment extremely elongate, valves retracted. Fore wings with

vein 10 rising out of the stalk of 8 and 9, 11 very oblique. Hind

wings as broad as fore wings; veins 4 and 5 approximated at base

7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to near middle.

This genus I believe to be undoubtedly identical with

Guenée’s Lonchodes, founded on two South American

species; I have certainly one other species from the

South Pacific Islands. Lederer was unacquainted with

the genus; the size of the eyes, which he quotes from

Guenée, affords no definite character. This genus and

the following Hydriris are characterised by the maxillary

palpi being really absent; they appear to form a

of the Australian Pyralidina. 443

specialised development of the group of Notarcha and

Molybdantha.

Lonchodes mannalis, Walk.

Botys mannusalis, Walk., 726.

I saw the types of this species in the British Museum ;

I did not examine them, but the species appeared to

belong to this genus, and to be distinct from the

following.

Lonchodes ceramochra, n. 8.

3S, 24-25 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and

legs pale ochreous; palpi suffused with fuscous. Fore wings

elongate-triangular, narrow towards base, costa moderately arched

on posterior half, apex rounded, hind margin rounded, rather

strongly oblique; rather light ochreous, slightly irrorated with

fuscous; extreme costal edge fuscous, costa suffused with fuscous

towards base; a cloudy dark fuscous dot beneath costa at one-fifth,

and another at one-third; a small quadrate spot unevenly outlined

with dark fuscous in disc above and slightly before middle; a

slender sharply dentate dark fuscous line from two-thirds of costa

to beyond middle of inner margin, irregularly curved outwards,

below middle sending a sharp tooth inwards to below discal spot ;

an irregular dark fuscous hind marginal line; cilia grey-whitish,

with a dark fuscous line near base. Hind wings with ground

colour, discal spot, posterior and hind marginal lines, and cilia, as

in fore wings.

Duaringa, Queensland ; two specimens received from

Mr. G. Barnard.

Hypriris, n. g.

Forehead tolerably flat, oblique; ocelli present; tongue well-

developed. Antenne five-sixths of fore wings, in male shortly

ciliated (4), with angularly projecting scales at joints. Labial palpi

moderate, arched, ascending, 2nd joint with dense broadly pro-

jecting scales beneath, terminal joint short, triangularly dilated

with scales, obliquely truncate. Maxillary palpi absent. Posterior

tibie with outer spurs half inner. Abdomen elongate, in male

with moderate anal tuft, valves retracted. Fore wings with vein

10 closely approximated to 9 towards base, 11 oblique. Hind

wings as broad as fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at base,

7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to middle.

t44 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

Hydriris chalybitis, n. s.

3, ?,16—17 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous,

somewhat mixed with dark fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, towards

base whitish. Antenne pale ochreous. Legs whitish ochreous,

anterior pair suffused with fuscous. Fore wings elongate-triangular,

narrow towards base, costa moderately arched on posterior half,

apex obtuse, hind margin rounded, rather strongly oblique ; light

ochreous, irregularly irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous,

between first and second lines clearer and more whitish ochreous

except towards costa; base mixed with black and leaden-metallic

scales; first line from one-fourth of costa to one-fourth of inner

margin, indistinct, dark fuscous, irregularly curved outwards ;

these discal spots and second line leaden metallic, dark-margined ;

first spot round, beneath costa before middle; second similar, on

submedian fold obliquely before first; third 8-shaped, beyond

middle; second line from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of

inner margin, slightly irregular, moderately curved outwards; an

oblique apical streak and apical portion of costa and hind margin

suffused with rather dark fuscous; cilia pale ochreous, base fuscous.

Hind wings pale ochreous, somewhat mixed with fuscous, becoming

clearer and more whitish ochreous towards base; a rather thick

blackish transverse line very near base, not reaching costa; a dark

fuscous dot below costa at one-third, and a blackish sometimes

metallic-centred median dot; second line as in fore wings, but

indistinct; cilia as in fore wings.

Duaringa, Queensland; several specimens received

from Mr. G. Barnard; also occurs in Tonga and the

New Hebrides.

Gopara, Walk.

My specimens are all females, and I cannot therefore

yet give the full characters of this genus; but if separable

from Orobena, Gn. (which I doubt), it must be by the

costal tuft and hairs of the middle legs in the male,

since the stalking of veins 4 and 5 in the hind wings is

not constant, some specimens having them separate,

and others stalked, with intermediate gradations.

Godara comalis, Gn.

Pronea incomalis, Gn., 369, is, I have no doubt, only

the female of this species; it varies considerably, the

varieties which I have (all from the same place) covering

of the Australian Pyralidina. 445

all the differences of marking given, and the structural

differences being sexual characteristics.

Semrioceros, Meyr.

Semioceros chrysorycta, Meyr.

I have taken this species also in Ceylon.

HYALoOBATHRA, Nn. g.

Forehead, flat, oblique; ocelli present; tongue well-developed.

Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male filiform, moderately

ciliated (1). Labial palpi moderate, straight, porrected, with broad

rough projecting scales above and beneath, attenuated to apex.

Maxillary palpi short, filiform, apex somewhat penicillate. Abdo-

men in male with valves retracted. Posterior tibixe with outer

spurs halfinner. Fore wings with vein 10 very closely approxi-

mated to 9, 11 oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore wings; cell

very short, veins 3, 4, 5 approximated, 7 out of 6 near origin,

anastomosing with 8 to near middle; a small oval perfectly

transparent bladder in cell at base (probably in male only).

Allied to Botys, but immediately distinguished by the

transparent bladder at the base of the hind wings.

Hyalobathra archeleuca, n.s.

3, 20—21 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax light brownish

ochreous. Abdomen whitish ochreous, becoming white on sides

and beneath. Legs white, above irregularly suffused with fuscous.

Fore wings triangular, moderately broad, costa on posterior half

moderately arched, apex rectangular, hind margin somewhat

bowed, rather oblique; light fuscous, slightly reddish-tinged, along

costa more ochreous-tinged; lines slender, blackish, rather in-

distinct and tending to be interrupted, waved; first from one-

fourth of costa to two-fifths of inner margin, curved outwards ;

second from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin,

forming a small spot on costa, whence it runs obliquely outwards,

in middle rather abruptly curved, and sinuate inwards above inner

margin; a small cloudy dark fuscous discal spot in middle; faint

indications of a subterminal line; cilia whitish ochreous, with a

sharply marked dark ferruginous basal line. Hind wings pale

fuscous, slightly reddish-tinged; costa broadly and inner margin

more narrowly suffused with pure white; a tolerably distinct

waved dark fuscous line at three-fourths, parallel to hind margin,

446 Mr. EK. Meyrick on the classification

with an abrupt triangular indentation below middle; cilia as in

fore wings.

Sydney, New South Wales, in September and October ;

three specimens.

Myrioris, n. ¢.

Forehead tolerably flat, rather oblique; ocelli present; tongue

. well-developed. Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in male

shortly bipectinated, pectinations rather thick, flattened, clothed

terminally with rather long cilia. Labial palpi rather long,

straight, porrected, clothed with dense projecting scales above and

beneath, somewhat attenuated towards apex, terminal joint con-

cealed. Maxillary palpi short, terminally dilated with dense

scales. Thorax posteriorly hairy. Abdomen in male with moderate

anal tuft, valves small, exserted, scaled. Posterior tibie with outer

spurs half inner. Fore wings with vein 10 approximated to 9, 11

moderately oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore wings; veins

3, 4, 5 somewhat approximated, 7 out of 6 near origin, anasto-

mosing with 8 to middle.

Near to the preceding, but specially characterised by

the pectinated antenna.

Myriotis ptoalis, Walk.

Botys ptousalis, Walk., 728; Osiriaca inturbidalis, ib.,

Suppl., 1498.

3,23mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax whitish ochreous;

sides of palpi and shoulders tinged with fuscous. Abdomen

whitish ochreous, yellowish-tinged. Legs whitish, anterior femora

dull carmine-reddish, anterior tibie and middle femora dark

fuscous. Fore wings triangular, moderately broad, costa gently

arched, apex round-pointed, hind margin somewhat bowed,

oblique; pale brownish ochreous, costa suffused with yellowish

ochreous ; cilia grey, tips grey-whitish. Hind wings light ochreous-

yellow ; cilia yellow-whitish, base greyish. Under surface of both

fore wings and hind wings with a strong dark fuscous transverse

streak from costa towards apex, tolerably parallel to hind margin,

reaching half across wing.

Having obtained this species for examination, I find

that my conjectural reference to Hurycreon was quite

unwarranted.

Sydney, New South Wales, in September ; two speci-

mens.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 447

Mrcyna, Gn.

Mecyna rhodochrysa, Ni. 8.

3, 21mm. Head and antenne light greyish ochreous, ciliations

one-third. Palpi dark fuscous, beneath white. Thorax grey.

Abdomen ochreous-yellow. Legs white, anterior pair banded with

dark grey; posterior tibie with outer spurs one-third of inner.

Fore wings triangular, moderately broad, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, hind margin bowed, rather oblique ; fuscous, with bluish

reflections; apex and hind margin suffused with pale lilac, mixed

with pale bluish metallic scales; a very large quadrate bright

yellow blotch, extending on inner margin from before middle to

near anal angle, upper edge rather near and tolerably parallel to

costa, anterior and posterior sides rather broadly margined with

dull crimson, tolerably straight, upper edge marked with two small

fuscous spots, and lower edge with two cloudy crimson dots; a

sinuate cloudy dark fuscous line from three-fourths of costa to

middle of posterior edge of yellow blotch; a row of small dark

fuscous spots on hind margin ; cilia deep yellow, tips lighter. Hind

wings and cilia unicolorous ochreous-yellow.

A beautiful and very distinct species; I think the

bright colouring 1s adapted to the flowers of the

Loranthus. .

Larva 16-legged, cylindrical, tapering posteriorly ;

claret-coloured, spiracular area brighter ; segmental

divisions pale yellowish-rosy ; spots fuscous ; head pale

reddish brown, reticulated with darker; 2nd segment

with a pale reddish brown bisected dorsal plate; anal

plate pale reddish brown, anterior half dark brown.

Feeds between the cuticles of leaves of Loranthus

(Loranthacee), usually towards the tip, which oradually

curls back to form a kind of shelter ; sometimes the

tips of two leaves are drawn together ; the refuse is

accumulated in a mass above the withered part of the

leaf. Pupa in an oval cocoon amongst this refuse.

These larve were discovered by Mr. Gervase F. Mathew,

R.N., from whose notes the above description is taken.

Sydney, New South Wales; three specimens bred in

October from larve found full-fed early in the same

month. The imago is probably very retired in habits.

448 Mr. EK. Meyrick on the classification

MyriostepHes, Mey.

Myriostephes heiamma, n. 8.

3, 2,16—17 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen

deep yellow; a whitish line on margins of eyes; antenne in male

shortly ciliated, without projecting scales at joints ; palpi white at

base beneath. Legs ochreous-whitish, anterior pair yellowish

above. Fore wings triangular, costa slightly sinuate, posteriorly

gently arched, apex obtuse, hind margin somewhat bowed, rather

oblique; deep yellow; marking rather light purplish fuscous,

spots and second line darker; first line from one-third of costa to

two-fifths of inner margin, slender, sinuate; a very small spot

beneath costa at two-fifths, and a second beyond middle; second

line from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, middle

third tolerably evenly curved outwards, preceded by a moderately

broad band becoming obsolete on costa and inner margin ; a cloudy

fascia immediately before hind margin, obsolete at extremities; a

dark purplish fuscous hind marginal line; cilia deep yellow,

becoming yellow-whitish towards tips. Hind wings yellow, some-

what mixed with grey; a cloudy suffused dark grey fascia from

costa beyond middle to hind margin below middle, attenuated to a

line beneath, on costa confluent with a suffused dark grey almost

marginal fascia, attenuated beneath and reaching only to middle

of hind margin; a dark grey hind marginal line; cilia yellowish,

with a dark grey line becoming obsolete below middle of hind

margin, tips paler.

Not closely allied specifically to M. matura, but

structurally identical except in the absence of projecting

scales on the antenne of male.

Duaringa, Queensland; two specimens sent by Mr.

G. Barnard.

STEREOCOPA, N. g.

Forehead rounded; ocelli present; tongue well-developed

Antenne three-fourths, in male very shortly ciliated, joints very

short, with angularly projecting scales, basal joint swollen. Labial

palpi moderate, arched, ascending, 2nd joint appearing very broad

through long dense projecting scales beneath, terminal joint almost

as long as 2nd, slender, cylindrical, not pointed. Maxillary palpi

very short, filiform. Abdomen in male with short anal tuft, valves

retracted. Posterior tibize with outer spurs half inner. Fore wings

with vein 10 approximated to 9 towards base, 11 oblique. Hind

wings as broad as fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at base,

of the Australian Pyralidina. 449

7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to middle; lower

median with a few long hairs towards base.

Allied to Notarcha and Molybdantha, but characterised

by the peculiarly formed palpi, swollen basal joint of

antenne, and hairs of lower median vein.

Stereocopa scoparialis, Walk.

Gabrisa scoparialis, Walk., Suppl., 1266.

3, 2,11—15 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, andabdomen

whitish ochreous, often mixed with dark fuscous. Legs ochreous-

whitish, obscurely banded with fuscous. Fore wings elongate-

triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hind margin obliquely

rounded; whitish ochreous, often suffused with fuscous; lines

dark fuscous, starting from small spots on costa ; an indistinct line

near base; first line before one-third, rather irregular, sometimes

thick; a spot on middle of costa, connected with anterior margin

of a curved subquadrate pale obscurely dark-margined discal spot ;

second line from three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner

margin, indented beneath costa, below middle abruptly curved

inwards to beneath discal spot, thence rectangularly bent to inner

margin ; cilia pale whitish ochreous, basal half chequered with

quadrate fuscous spots. Hind wings pale whitish ochreous, more

whitish towards base, sometimes mixed with greyish; a cloudy

fuscous discal spot ; second line fuscous, formed as in fore wings ;

a fuscous apical suffusion, and a smaller fuscous spot on hind

margin below middle; cilia as in fore wings, but less distinctly

spotted.

Sydney specimens are much lighter than the others

which I possess.

Sydney, New South Wales; Hobart, Tasmania; Mount

Lofty, South Australia ; six specimens in October and

December.

Evurycreon, Ld.

Hurycreon homophea, n. s.

3, 2,15—18 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen light

greyish ochreous. Palpi dark fuscous, lower half white. Legs

white, anterior pair suffused with dark grey. Fore wings tri-

angular, narrow towards base, costa slightly sinuate, nearly

straight, apex rounded, hind margin obliquely rounded; light

greyish ochreous; costal edge suffusedly darker towards base; a

small grey discal spot, sometimes obsolete; a slender white streak

450 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

along costa from beyond middle to near apex; second line blackish,

slightly irregular, partially obsolete, proceeding from a small spot

on costa at three-fourths towards anal angle, below middle

rectangularly bent inwards to beneath discal spot, thence again

rectangularly bent to inner margin at two-thirds; cilia ochreous-

whitish, with two sharply-marked blackish lines. Hind wings

grey, becoming whitish grey towards base; a small dark grey

discal spot, sometimes obsolete; an irregularly curved dark grey

line from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin,

rectangularly indented below middle; cilia as in fore wings, but

second line less distinct.

Closely allied to EH. familiaris, from which it is best

separated by the hind wings; the fore wings also greyer

and somewhat narrower, and characterised by the slender

white posterior costal streak.

Bathurst, New South Wales (2300 feet) ; Deloraine,

Tasmania; eight specimens in November. The Tas-

manian specimen mentioned under L. familiaris, Meyr.,

belongs to this species, H. familiaris having only been

found round Sydney.

Note.— To the characters of the genus Hurycreon

should be added: Lower median vein of hind wings

more or less distinctly pectinated towards base.

SCOPARIADA.

Scoparia, Hw.

Scoparia protorthra, n. 8.

3, 9?,15—17mm. Head, palpi, and thorax mixed with dark

fuscous and white; palpi twice breadth of eyes. Antenne dark

fuscous, ciliations one-fourth. Abdomen whitish ochreous, base of

segments greyish. Legs dark fuscous, banded with ochreous-

whitish, posterior tibiz ochreous-whitish. Fore wings elongate-

triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, hind margin

faintly sinuate, obliquely rounded; pale greyish, mixed and

suffused with white, and coarsely irrorated with black; a small

black mark from base of costa; some irregular ochreous-yellow

scales before first line; first line indistinct, slender, white, pos-

teriorly obscurely black-margined, from one-third of costa to two-

fifths of inner margin, indented in middle; orbicular and claviform

both small, round, black, detached, claviform rather larger; reni-

form 8-shaped, white, obscurely blackish-margined ; second line

slender, white, blackish-margined, faintly waved, indented beneath

of the Australian Pyralidina. 451

costa and above inner margin, preceded on upper two-thirds by a

white suffusion extending to reniform; a small ochreous-yellow

spot on inner margin immediately beyond second line; subterminal

whitish, cloudy, partially obsolete, indented so as nearly to touch

second line in middle; a hind marginal row of small cloudy

blackish partially confluent spots; cilia whitish, with a black line,

tips spotted with grey. Hind wings 1}; very pale whitish grey-

yellowish ; an indistinct post-median line and hind marginal border

obscurely greyer; cilia whitish yellowish, with a grey line.

Nearest to S. ewmeles, Meyr.; the only allied species

with distinctly yellowish cilia of the hind wings are

S. eumeles and S. exhibitalis, of which the former is

very distinct by the ochreous suffusion of the fore wings,

and the latter by the clear white ground colour and

black markings.

Sydney, New South Wales; three specimens on tree-

trunks in October and November.

Erotomanss, Meyr.

Forehead with a short conical projection. Ocelli present,

Tongue well-developed. Antennz somewhat over half fore wings,

in male slender, filiform, with short scanty cilia at joints only.

Labial palpi long, straight, porrected, with long rough projecting

scales above and beneath, attenuated to apex, terminal joint con-

cealed. Maxillary palpi moderate, triangularly dilated with loose

scales. Abdomen in male with valves large, densely scaled, con-

nivent; claspers also large, membranous, scaled, conically folded,

appressed together inside valves; uncus moderate, curved. Pos-

terior tibiz with outer spurs two-thirds of inner. Fore wings with

veins 8 and 9 stalked, 10 tolerably remote from 9, 11 moderate.

Hind wings 1}, lower median not pectinated, 1a and 1c loosely

pectinated, dise without hairs; 8, 4, 5 closely approximated at

base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third.

According to the above characters, which have not

been before completely given, this peculiar genus must

be placed in the Scopariade.

Erotomanes euspilella, Walk.

Canuza euspilella, Walk., Suppl., 1771; Anerastia

mirabilella, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales,

1878, 218; ibid., 1879, 3383.

Sydney, New South Wales.

452 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

CRAMBIDA,

Tuinasotia, Hb.

It would be possible to separate generically each of

the first two additional species here given, on account of

well-defined differences in the neuration, but at present

I do not think it necessary to do so, regarding them

merely as extreme forms of the genus.

Thinasotia termia, n. 8.

3, 22—24mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and

legs ochreous mixed with white ; forehead with long conical pro-

jection; tongue extremely short; antenne strongly bipectinated ;

legs somewhat irrorated with blackish. Abdominal valves mode-

rate, exserted; uncus stout, terminal half abruptly curved down

and attenuated; intromittent organ large, bent, lobed. Fore

wings very elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded,

hind margin obliquely rounded; veins 4 and 5 stalked; ochreous-

whitish, irregularly irrorated with ochreous, and with a few

scattered black scales; sometimes a cloudy oblique blackish streak

in dise at one-fourth; first line from two-fifths of costa to middle

of inner margin, white, posteriorly edged by a deep yellow-ochreous

line mixed with black, somewhat curved, indented above and below

middle; a small clear white somewhat 8-shaped discal spot; second

line near and tolerably parallel to hind margin, white, anteriorly

edged by a yellow-ochreous line mixed with black, subdentate, in-

dented beneath costa; hind marginal space light fuscous, except a

cloudy white dentate marginal line, tending to be connected with

second line on veins; a row of cloudy blackish hind marginal dots;

cilia light fuscous, mixed with whitish. Hind wings with vein 5

absent (coincident with 4); light fuscous, becoming paler towards

base; cilia whitish, with a cloudy fuscous line.

Not close to any other species, but allied to the group

of T’. hoplitella; distinguished from all other species of

the genus by the stalking of veins 4 and 5 of the fore

wings, and from all except 7’. panteucha by the dis-

appearance of vein 5 of the hind wings.

Duaringa, Queensland; several specimens received

from Mr. G. Barnard.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 453

Thinasotia pedionoma, n. s.

3, 2,17—24mm. Head, palpi, aud thorax ochreous ; a white

line above eyes; forehead with a short cone; palpi mixed with

dark fuscous towards apex, white internally and at base beneath ;

patagia mixed with white. Antenne grey, in male slender, strongly

dentate, apex of teeth with moderate ciliations. Abdomen whitish

ochreous. Legs fuscous, beneath whitish. Fore wings extremely

elongate-triangular, narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-

pointed, hind margin slightly rounded, rather strongly oblique;

light fuscous; costal half suffused with ochreous towards base, and

with whitish between first and second lines; first line indicated by

two obscure blackish parallel lines from middle of costa parallel to

hind margin, indented above middle, not passing submedian fold,

above which both are bent inwards and coalesce to form a short

black streak pointing towards base; a small roundish white

blackish-margined discal spot; second line indicated by a short

whitish streak from costa at five-sixths, preceded and followed by

a darker suffusion on costa, and giving rise to an obscure row of

blackish dots parallel to hind margin; a narrow white hind

marginal fascia, leaving extreme hind marginal edge fuscous, and

a marginal row of cloudy black dots; cilia whitish, a line and

terminal third fuscous. Hind wings grey-whitish; cilia white,

with a faint grey line.

Also a peculiar and distinct species, perhaps allied to

the preceding and T’. longipalpella, but with narrower

fore wings than any other of the genus.

Bathurst, New South Wales (2100 feet); Mount

Lofty, South Australia; in April, locally common in

dry grassy places.

Thinasotia panteucha, n. s.

3, 27mm. Head and thorax whitish ochreous mixed with

yellowish ochreous ; forehead with a large acute conical projection.

Antenne dark fuscous, moderately bipectinated. Palpi ochreous

mixed with dark fuscous towards apex, internally and at base

beneath white. Abdomen and legs ochreous-whitish, anterior legs

suffused with fuscous. Fore wings very elongate-triangular, costa

moderately arched on posterior half, apex somewhat rectangular,

hind margin nearly straight, oblique ; rather light yellow-ochreous ;

costa and veins marked with ochreous-white streaks, posteriorly

obsolete, strongest on margins of cell; a dark fuscous streak above

submedian fold from near base to before middle, another beneath

TRANS. ENT. 80C. LOND. 1885.—parT Iv. (DEC.) 21

454 Mr. E. Meyrick on the classification

upper margin of cell from one-fourth to transverse vein, re-

appearing beyond this as a broader streak continued to costa before

apex, an elongate dark fuscous spot beneath origin of vein 2, and

interspaces of veins 2—5 dark fuscous on basal half; a clear white

streak from apex near hind margin to anal angle, broadest above

middle; five short dark fuscous linear streaks from lower part of

hind margin between veins; cilia white, with a dark fuscous line,

tips fuscous. Hind wings and cilia ochreous-whitish; vein 5

absent (coincident with 4).

Allied to the group of T. opulentella, from all of which

it is immediately distinguished by the dark fuscous

intervenal markings, as well as the pectinated antenne

and absence of vein 5 of the hind wings.

Mount Lofty, South Australia ; one specimen received

from Mr. E. Guest, who took it in April, together with

a second.

Thinasotia megalarcha, 0. 8.

g, 883—37 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax shining brownish

ochreous; margins of eyes and a slender line on each side of back

of thorax not reaching anterior margin white; forehead with a

very short conical projection. Antenne dark fuscous, dentate,

moderately ciliated (4). Abdomen grey, anal tuft ochreous-whitish.

Legs dark grey, posterior tibize grey-whitish. Fore wings very

elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, hind

margin sinuate, oblique; shining brownish ochreous; a slender

white streak immediately beneath costal edge from near base to

two-fifths ; a straight narrow white streak from beneath extremity

of this to apex; a moderate tolerably straight white median

streak from base to middle of hind margin, margined with dark

fuscous, lower edge somewhat toothed at origin of vein 4; two

slender white streaks from near base, first to middle of inner

margin, second to anal angle; veins 2—4 marked by obscure white

lines; a fine fuscous hind marginal line; cilia light greyish

ochreous, somewhat shining, with a white basal streak along upper

part of hind margin. Hind wings with veins 4 and 5 short-stalked ;

grey; cilia light greyish ochreous.

The largest species of the genus ; nearest to 7’. panse-

lenella, but with grey hind wings, and without white

hind marginal markings above median streak of fore

wings.

Mount Kosciusko (5000—6000 feet), New South Wales;

two specimens in January.

of the Australian Pyralidina. 455

PHYCIDIDA.

Lastocrera, Meyr.

Lasiocera antelia, n.s.

$,18mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax dark fuscous ;

basal half of antenne roughened with black scales above, but

much less strongly than in L. canilinea. Abdomen ochreous-

yellow. Legs dark fuscous, posterior tibia ochreous-yellow above.

Fore wings elongate-triangular, narrow at base, costa slightly

arched, apex tolerably obtuse, hind margin somewhat oblique,

slightly rounded ; dark fuscous, somewhat purplish-tinged, some-

what mixed with grey ; both lines double, obscurely blacker, dis-

tinct but inconspicuous ; first from about two-fifths of costa to

middle of inner margin, slightly angulated in middle; second from

four-fifths of costa to four-fifths of inner margin, sinuate on upper

half; cilia dark greyish fuscous, with a darker line. Hind wings

orange-yellow, apex of costa very narrowly infuscated; cilia

ochreous-yellow, above apex purplish fuscous.

Immediately distinguished from L. canilinea and

Pempelia opimella by the absence of the dark fuscous

border of the hind wings.

Ardrossan, South Australia; one specimen.

Eucarpuia, Hb.

I am now satisfied that E. cnepheella, Meyr., is merely

an autumnal strongly-marked form of EL. tritalis, Walk.,

of which it should therefore be quoted as a synonym.

ETretna, Z.

To this genus should be referred Ampycophora apoto-

mella, Meyr., which isa true Httella. In the specimen

originally examined vein 5 of the fore wings was absent,

and also vein 5 of the hind wings, and the palpi appear

to have been accidentally injured; but having since

obtained further specimens (from Brisbane and New

Guinea), I find that in the fore wings vein 5 is normally

present, rising from a point with 4, whilst in the hind

wings veins 4 and 5 are both present and long-stalked ;

it is, I think, probable that the original specimen is

rather an example of accidental deformity than of

normal variation; the palpi are more ascending in

456 Classification of the Australian Pyralidina.

male, porrected in female, but formed as usual in Htiella.

Under these circumstances the genus Ampycophora,

Meyr., may be obliterated, as having no existence.

ADDENDUM.

In my second paper (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1884,

835), the localities for Protereca comastis, Meyr., are

accidentally omitted; it should be given as occurring

at Castle Hill and Christchurch, New Zealand, on dry

grassy hills in January.

PROCEEDINGS

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

For tHE YEAR 1885.

February 4, 1885.

R. M‘Lacutan, Esgq., F.R.S., &c., President, in the chair.

Mr. M‘Lachlan returned thanks to the members for his election to the

office of President, and nominated Messrs. Dunning, Stevens and Weir as

Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of Members.

H. B. James, Esq. (Valparaiso) and Thomas Collett Sandars, Hsq.

(46, Cleveland Square, Hyde Park, W.), were balloted for and elected

Members of the Society.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. J. W. Slater exhibited a specimen of Polyommatus chryseis, Hiib.,

captured on Cultor Moor, Aberdeenshire, in July, 1878, by Mr. James

Mutch. The occurrence had not been previously recorded, as the captor

was not aware of the rarity of the species; two other specimens were seen

in the same locality.

Capt. H. J. Elwes said the specimen greatly resembled the boreal form

P. Stieberi, Gerh., which is uncommon in Lapland, and this fact tended to

confirm the genuineness of the capture. Messrs. Stainton and Weir also

made some remarks on the exhibit.

Rey. A. Fuller exhibited a collection of insects, particularly rich in

Lepidoptera, captured along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway during

his visit to the Rocky Mountains after last year’s meeting of the British

Association at Montreal.

( u )

Mr. W. Cole exhibited a wasp’s nest from Woodford Bridge, Essex,

from which he had extracted specimens of Vespa norvegica, Fabr., and

stated that Master Chapman. the finder of the nest, had captured specimens

of Vespa sylvestris, Scop., issuing from the nest.

Mr. E. Saunders stated that he had examined the specimens, and the

circumstance of the two species occurring in one nest was very curious ;

they both belonged to the same section, and were not structurally distinct,

except in the genitalia of the males; still the species differed much in size,

colour, and pubescence.

Mr. W. L. Distant exhibited, on behalf of Mr. L. de Nicéville, of

Calcutta, a series of wings of butterflies, illustrative of seasonal variation in

Indian Rhopalocera. Of fourteen species, as hitherto understood, this

investigator admits seven only. All the specimens were collected in

Calcutta; the species are all common ones, and exhibit the diverse

forms found in the wet and dry seasons. Thus Ypthima Howra, Moore,

appears to be the dry season form of Y. Huebneri, Kirb.; Y. Marshallii,

Butl., the dry season form of Y. Philomela, Joh.; Mycalesis Blasius,

Fabr., specifically sinks as the wet-season form of M. Perseus, Fabr. ;

Mycalesis indistans, Moore, thus shows as the dry-season form of M. mineus,

Linn.; and Mycalesis runeka, Moore, bears the same relationship to

M. medus, Fabr. It was quite consoling to find that Melanitis Ismene,

Cram., is but the dry-season form of M. Leda, Linn., as the two species were

always unsatisfactory; and in the Nymphaline, Junonia Almana, Linn.,

would seem to be the dry-season form of J. Asterie, Linn. Mr. Distant said

he considered this one of the most interesting of recent observations made

in the study of butterflies, though doubtless in some quarters it would meet

at first with a cold reception. ‘The point to be discovered is, as M. de

Nicéville wrote to him, why “ the ocellated forms should occur in the rains

and the non-ocellated ones in the dry weather?” Mr. Distant had been

asked to offer a suggestion, and now asked the Society to assist him in

doing so.

Capt. Elwes made some extended remarks upon the subject of seasonal

dimorphism and geographical forms, saying that Mr. Fuller's exhibits

reminded him of one of the most interesting facts connected with geo-

graphical distribution, as many of the varieties in his collection made on

the line of the Canadian Pacific oceurred again over 500 miles south in

the mountains of Colorado, and at no intermediate stations.

The President also remarked on the importance of M. de Nicéville’s

exhibition and discoveries of the temperature forms of various Satyride,

and hoped that this would serve as a warning to museum naturalists, as he

firmly believed that a vast majority of the new species now being made on

very slender characters would prove to be casual varieties or seasonal forms

of one and the same species. In his younger days he well remembered

Cie)

how two or three distinct forms of our common white butterflies (Pieris)

were recognised as good, but are now exploded, species, and they were

possessed of characters far more important than those now used to dis-

tinguish species by certain entomologists.

Mr. E. A Butler exhibited the egg-sacs of three species of Mantida

from Molepolole, Bechuanaland. One species was indicated by egg-cases

exactly resembling, though rather smaller than, those figured at Proc. Ent.

Soc. Lond., 1883, p. xxxv, and his correspondent had sent them as without

doubt belonging to a certain Mantis.

Mr. W. F. Kirby, on behalf of Herr Buchecker, who was present as a

visitor, exhibited three volumes of drawings of Hymenoptera.

Mr. Stainton exhibited bred specimens of Chauliodus insecurellus, Sta.,

which he had received through Mons. A. Constant from Gascony. This

insect had been first noticed in 1847, and ever since that time the great

object had been to discover its food-plant. Till now every larva in the

genus Chauliodus had been found solely on Umbelliferw, and hence every

likely Umbellifer had been searched for the larva of C. insecurellus. Four

years ago M. Constant had discovered the larva of C. iniquellus feeding on

the seeds of Peucedanum, all the larvee previously known feeding on the

leaves of Umbellifere. The larva of C. insecurellus had at last been found,

not on one of the Umbellifere, but on one of the Santalacea, Thesium

divaricatum. No doubt in this country the larva would be found on

T. humifusum, a plant which, according to Brewer’s ‘Flora of Surrey,’

occurred on Banstead Downs, the very locality where the specimens captured

in 1847 were found. Unfortunately Thesium humifusum was a somewhat

inconspicuous plant, with which few (if any) entomologists were at present

acquainted. It would now be their mission to learn to recognise this

plant, known in England as “ bastard toad-flax,” and to find the larva of

C. insecurellus upon it.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited two females of Ranatra linearis, Linn.,

captured at Loughton, Essex, on January 16th last, in a locality where

there was probably no water within a mile.

Mr. K. P. Collett did not think the Ranatra was so rare as was generally

supposed ; he had captured as many as sixty specimens in one day.

Mr. Billups also exhibited a box containing the following Ichneumonidae,

&e., and Hemiptera, which were all captured at Headley Lane on January

8rd, 1885 :—Colpognathus celerator,Gr., Dicalotus pumilus, Gr., Ichneumon

tempestivus, Gr., I. latrator, Fabr., I. sanguinator, Rossi, Pezomachus Neestt,

Forst. (and varieties), P. insolens, Forst., P. instabilis, Forst., P. analis,

Foérst., P. geochares, Forst., P. nigricornis, Gr., species of Megaspilus,

Thoron, Spilomicrus, and Prosacantha, Micromelus pyrrhogaster, Nees;

Dasycoris hirticornis, Fabr., Podops inunctus, Fabr., Peritrochus geniculatus,

Hahn., and Drymus sylvaticus, Fabr,

(ve)

The Secretary read a letter from Mr. A. Lloyd, requesting the Society

to give an opinion to assist him, as Hon. Sec. of the West Sussex Natural

History Society, in recommending the best system of arrangement and

nomenclature to adopt for British Lepidoptera.

Messrs. Distant, Kirby, M‘Lachlan and Elwes made some remarks upon

the communication, but it was generally thought that the Society was not

in a position to offer any opinion upon the subject.

Papers read.

Mr. G. F. Mathew contributed the “ Life-history of three species of

Western Pacific Rhopalocera.” Papilio Schmeltzi, H.-S., P. Godeffroyt,

Semp., and Xois Sesara, Hew., were the species treated of.

Mr. George Lewis contributed a memov, “On a new genus of

Histeride.” A very abnormal genus, previously referred to as probably

belonging to the Synteliide, was described under the name Niponius, and

four new species were described from Japan.

March 4, 1885.

R. M‘Lacutan, Esq., F.R.S., &c., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of Members.

William E. Poole, Esq. (11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.),

Richard South, Esq. (12, Abbey Gardens, St. John’s Wood, N.W.), Robert

Wylie Lloyd, Esq. (82, Grafton Square, Clapham Common), and Arthur

Bliss, Esq. (Pennenis, Allenby Road, Forest Hill), were balloted for and

elected Members of the Society.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. G. H. Verrall alluded to the probable use that might be made

of micro-photography in illustrating the neuration of transparent winged

insects; he had lately been making experiments in this direction, and had

succeeded admirably with but a small amount of practice; he found the

most convenient way of obtaining the negative was by a ten minutes’

exposure to gaslight. Mr. Verrall exhibited many prints and negatives

illustrating the wings of Scatopse, Tipula, and other Diptera. Mr. Meldola

made some remarks on the subject.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited specimens of Ceraleptus lividus, Stein.,

captured at Chobham on the 28rd February last.

(avy?)

Rev. W. W. Fowler exhibited the unique specimen of Cerylon atratulum

from Hungary, which had been lent to him by Herr Reitter; also specimens

of an Indian Cassida, which had been soaked in a preparation to preserve

the brightness of their colours.

Dr. Sharp said the last exhibit raised the curious question, On what

does the colouring matter of the Cassida depend? He said that the

application of glycerine under the wing-cases of certain Coleoptera main-

tained the bright colour for a short time, and he also thought that moisture

had something to do with the colour, as he had often revived lost colours

by soaking the specimen in water for a day or two. Mr. Fowler thought

this last remark would only apply to fresh or recent specimens, not

old ones.

Mr. Fowler also exhibited a microscopic movable stage of very ingenious

construction and efficient application; it was made by Messrs. Smith and

Beck.

Mr. W. EF’. Kirby exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Waterhouse, a beautiful

variety of Spilosoma lubricipeda, Ksp., which was recently captured by a

policeman in the British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington.

The Secretary read the following :—

A few Observations touching Mr. De Nicéville’s recent Suggestions on

Seasonal Dimorphism in the Lepidoptera. By Anrtour G. BuTLEr,

HES, H-2:5.,, &.

I much regret that my absence from the recent meeting of the Ento-

mological Society (when Mr. De Nicéville’s cases of seasonal dimorphism

were brought forward) prevented my offering the following remarks at the

time: however, I will now test the correctness of his conjectures; for they

can be nothing more, for reasons which I shall presently show.

1. Y. howra = Y. hiibneri.

Ypthima howra is a torm of Y. hitbneri, linked to it by almost as many

gradations as are found in our British varieties of Satyrus hyperanthus ;

it is represented by examples of Y. hiibneri, in which the ocelli are reduced

to points. If it be a seasonal form Mr. De Niceville has yet to explain to

which form, the dry or the wet, the intermediate grades belong.

2. Y. marshallii = Y. philomela.

Ypthima marshallii is a species discovered by Capt. Bingham in

Tenasserim, and the only species, I believe, of which he was able to secure

a series. On the other hand, Y. philomela is a species described by

Johansson from an example taken in Java, the sole locality for this species ;

it is of about half the size of Y. marshallii, and the ocelli, as in that species,

are mere dots. «As it is obvious that au insect occurring only in ‘Tenasserim

(ev)

cannot be a seasonal form of an entirely dissimilar insect occurring only in

Java, I need say nothing further on this point.

3. M. blasius = M. perseus.

In the Museum collection we have M. (Calysisme) blasius from Cachar,

Ceylon, and the Philippine Islands; M. perseus from Kumaon, Bombay

and Canara. It is possible that the two may occur in the same localities,

indeed Mr. Moore has recorded both from Ceylon ; he, however, has a note

on MM. blasius which rather militates against the idea of its being a seasonal

form of anything, ‘ Found at all times in the western and central provinces,

plains, and up to 2000 feet, on grassy land.” I may further observe that

the two species associated by Mr. De Niceville belong to different groups in

the genus ; perhaps he has incorrectly identified them.

4. M. indistans = M. mineus.

M. indistans not being in the collection of the British Museum, I will

only remark concerning it that collectors must be very indolent at the time

when it is flying, and equally industrious when MM. mineus is about, since

the former is very rare and the latter very common in collections.

5. M. runeka = M. medus.

M. (Orsotriena) medus is a local race of M. hesione, occurring in Java

and Borneo. M. runeka has five ill-defined ocelli, M. medus three well-

defined. The two species are of nearly equal size, and, if they occurred in

the same localities, they might prove to be mere varieties of one species.

We have M. runeka from Assam, Kumaon and Burmah only.

6. M. leda = M. ismene.

Melanitis leda is an Amboinese species described by Linnzus so

accurately that it can by no means be mistaken for the Indian species by

anyone who takes the trouble to read the description, in spite of the vague

locality, “in Asia,” which is given. ‘The diagnosis alone settles this

point,—‘‘ alis angulatis luridis: primoribus supra ocello geminato ; posticis

subtus ocellatis,’—there being no Melanitis with “lurid” reddish wings in

India. I have therefore suggested that the Indian species be called

M. determinata; it is not a seasonal form of M. ismene, for not only have

{ constantly received both in the same collection made within a limited

period, but Col. Swinhoe assures me that they fly together. In a recent

paper ‘‘On the Lepidoptera of Bombay,” read before the Zoological Society

in January of the present year, Col. Swinhoe has the following notes on

these species :—‘ M. leda. Common in all moist places from July to

October(in Bombay). IM. ismene. Common in all moist places all the year

round.”

( vi)

7. J. almana = J. asterie.

These two butterflies also fly together, and Col. Swinhoe has a series of

gradations completely linking the two extremes of these supposed species

found in India, and which it is his intention to figure. Where every

gradation exists one cannot speak with any satisfaction of a seasonal form,

since it becomes impossible to show what you intend by the term.

Tn conclusion, I may note that most of De Nicéville’s recent suggestions

were not new to me, as he asked my opinion upon them (not as proved

facts, but mere conjectures) when recently in London. Since then he has

certainly not had time to convince himself by careful breeding of the

accuracy of all these conjectures, and therefore he should have delayed

publication until he had done his utmost in that direction. Nothing can

be more beneficial to the study of Natural Science than the record of careful

experiments, extending over many months, such as we obtain from

Mr. W. H. Edwards, of North America; nothing can be more detrimental

than the record of mere guesses, particularly where no care has been

taken rightly to identify the species under consideration. Although

Mr. Edwards has proved the identity (specifically) of many supposed

species, no lepidopterist receives his facts without enthusiasm.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir thought it a great mistake to suppose that species

closely linked together were cases of seasonal dimorphism. He also referred

to Pieris napi, about which he was somewhat puzzled; the two seasonal

forms were well defined in Britain, but not in those specimens he had

received from Ireland.

Mr. R. Meldola thought that until Mr. De Nicéville had given further

evidences of his supposed cases of seasonal dimorphism we should allow our

judgment on the validity of the several species to remain in suspension ;

the evidence must remain incomplete until one form had been bred from

the other.

Dr. D. Sharp alluded to the remarks in C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1885,

XXVi., upon the two different forms of spermatozoa in Helops striatus, Fourc.,

and H. brevicollis, Kryn., and expressed a hope that further details of the

observations would be published. He had not at present detected H. brevi-

collis in this country.

Mr. Meldola said that Weismann instanced several species of Daphniida

in which very distinct varieties were found in their spermatozoa.

Papers read.

Rey. I’. A. Marshall contributed Part I. of a “ Monograph of British

Braconide.”

Rev. W. W. Fowler read ‘* Descriptions of new species of Languriide.”

( vin)

Mr, R. M‘Lachlan read a note ‘‘ On the discovery of a species of the

Neuropterous family Nemopteride in South America, including general

considerations regarding the family.”

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part V. of the ‘ Transactions’ for 1885 was on the table.

April 1, 1885.

R. M‘Lacutay, Esq., F.R.S., &e., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of Members.

Hastings Charles Dent, Esq., F.L.S., C.E., &e. (20, Thurloe Square,

S.W.), and Ernest Sabel, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., &e. (6, Grove Road,

Clapham Park, S.W.), were balloted for and elected Members of the

Society.

Exhibitions, de.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited specimens of Pezomachus immaturus, Forst.,

and P. vulnerans, Forst., species new to Britain, captured at Headley Lane

on January 3rd last.

Mr. EK. A. Fitch exhibited a large moth, belonging to Mr. W. H.

Harwood, which was captured by Dr. Wallace on the wall of his garden at

Colchester, in October, 1883. It apparently was one of the Chilonide, and

a new species coming nearest to Hrupa (?) titanalis, Felder and Rogenhofer,

Reise d. Nov., pl. exxxvii, fig. 4.

Mr. R. M. Christy, who was present as a visitor, read the following

note :—

«As requested by my friend Mr. Wm. Cole, I wish to bring under

your notice what I think will be regarded as a remarkably obvious case of

naturally protective colouring. I was in America in the autumn of 1888,

and on the 26th August, near Carberry, Manitoba, I found a large larva

feeding ravenously on the leaves of a small bush (Hleagnus argentea), which

is common on many of the drier parts of the prairies of the Canadian North-

West. A short search brought to light quite a number of others, all feeding

on the leaves of the same bush. ‘These I carefully kept, and in due time

they entered upon the pupa stage, enclosing themselves in hard brown

pear-shaped cocoons open at one end. Unfortunately, however, the mature

insects emerged last spring (1884), while I was again away in America,

with the result that Iam now only able to exhibit two very dilapidated—

(axe)

instead of two very handsome—specimens of that local form or subspecies

of Platysamia columbia which is peculiar to the prairies of the Canadian

North-West, and which has very recently been named Platysamia columbia

nokomis by my friend Mr. Brodie, of Toronto, in accordance with the

trinomial system of nomenclature so general across the Atlantic.

“T have brought up for exhibition specimens of Hleagnus argentea.

It will be observed that the leaves are of a very peculiar pale silvery green

colour, quite unlike that of the leaves of most other shrubs. I have also

brought for exhibition a coloured drawing of the full-grown larva of the

insect, made by my friend Mr. K. EK. T. Seton, of Toronto. It is observable

that the colour of the larva exactly corresponds during life with that of the

leayes of the food-plant; and, as these themselves are of an unusual colour,

I think it may be regarded as an obvious case of naturally protective

colouring.”

“The total length of the larva is nearly three inches. The head is

yellow, with a few small black spots; there are also four black spots on

the first segment of the body. The first three segments bear yellow clasping

legs; the next segment none; the next four bore slightly hairy legs of a

light yellowish colour; the next segment none; and the last segment a pair

of yellow legs. The body bore many small protuberances, of different kinds,

covered with small black spikes. A row of spines ran down each side of

the back. These rows were about one-fourth of an inch apart. Along each

side of the body, and separated by the space of about one-fourth of an inch,

ran two more rows of spines, the pair on the tail segment showing a brighter

blue than the rest. Below this row again there were spines on the first

five segments.”

Mr. Christy also exhibited a twig of Betula glandulosa, and made the

following remarks thereon :—

« Among the many curious and interesting facts which have of late been

brought to light in connection with the relationship between insects and

flowers, those cases of error on the part of insects—as when a bee has been

momentarily attracted by an artificial flower—which have occasionally been

recorded certainly deserve some attention; and I desire therefore to bring

under your notice an apparent instance of the kind which has come under

my own notice.

“On the 7th August, 1883, as I was crossing a very extensive swamp,

covered with trees of spruce and tamarac, lying on the banks of Pine

Creek, Manitoba, I observed a butterfly, either belonging to, or closely

allied to, Papilio asterias, fluttering over the bushes, evidently in search of

flowers. As I watched it, it settled momentarily, and exactly as if it had

mistaken it for a yellow flower, on a twig of Betula glandulosa, Mich.,

bearing withered leaves of a light yellow colour. This identical twig I now

eas

exhibit. There were other similar twigs on the same bush. Of course Iam

perfectly well aware that it is impossible to say for certain that the insect

mistook the leaves for a yellow flower; but it certainly settled upon them in

such a manner as to leave little doubt on my own mind that they did so.”

Mr. J. W. Dunning called attention to a ‘“‘ Note on a peculiar sense-organ

in Scutigera coleoptrata,” one of the Myriapoda, by Mr. F. G. Heathcote

(Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., v. 219). The organ is situated on the ventral

surface of the head at a short distance from the mouth, near the base of the

mandibles; aud the author believes it to be homologous with the tympanic

organ of insects, and to belong to the class of organs usually described as

auditory.

May 6, 1885.

R. M‘Lacutay, Esq., F.R.S., &e., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. EF. P. Pascoe exhibited a species of Bruchida, and its firm cocoon,

which was constructed in the pod of the leguminous plant in which it fed,

in South Brazil.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited, on behalf of M. Alfred Wailly, two

living larvee of Hemilewca maia, Drury, which he believed to have been

reared from the egg for the first time in Europe: these specimens had been

fed upon whitethorn, but their natural food was oak or willow. The eggs

were received from Illinois, U.S.A.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited numerous specimens of Andricus radicis,

Fabr. (the gall-maker), Synergus incrassatus, Hart. (the inquiline), and Calli-

mome erucarum, Schrank (the parasite), all reared from a single gall: of the

latter there were fifty-four set specimens, and many additional living ones.

Mr. Billups also exhibited two living specimens of Carabus auratus, L.,

which had been captured, on April 80th, in the Borough Market out of a

bunch of French radishes ; the bunch also contained a specimen of Dytiscus

punctulatus, Fabr.

Mr. J. W. Dunning called attention to the following, from the Parlia-

mentary Intelligence of this morning’s ‘ Times ’;—

“Insects injurious to Crops.—Mr. Rankin asked the Chancellor of the

Duchy of Lancaster whether the Agricultural Department had any reports

or treatises upon insects injurious to crops, and especially to hops, and, if

so, whether they had been published in a form suitable to farmers and hop-

es)

growers, and could be obtained by the public. Mr, Trevelyan: The

Agricultural Department receive from time to time reports from the United

States of America and elsewhere containing information on insects injurious

to crops, but there are not any reports prepared by the Department itself

dealing especially with the subject. I have given instructions that the

reports I have mentioned should be looked carefully through, and if it

appears that we can extract from them papers likely to be of use which

could be laid in a small volume before Parliament, this shall be done.”

Mr. E. P. Collett exhibited an oak-twig found last January at Hastings,

on which were many hard gall-like swellings.

Mr. E. A. Fitch did not think the gall-like growths were due to insect-

attack, but rather to what is popularly known as canker ; possibly such

growths might be caused by the presence of Lachnus longipes or Stomaphis

quercus, which he had found on oak-twigs at Maldon in winter, but he had

not noticed any growths, similar to those now exhibited, in the locality

where the Aphides occurred.

Mr. H. Goss called attention to the important collection of fossil

insects obtained during the past five years by M. Chas. Brongniart, of

Paris, from the carboniferous strata of Commentry (Aller), France, and read

a short analysis of several recent papers by M. Brongniart on the subject

of these fossil insects, copies of which papers were presented to the Society

from the author. Mr. Goss stated that at the date of his paper on “ ‘The

Insecta of the Paleozoic Period,’ March, 1879, only 103 fossil insects

from the carboniferous rocks of the whole world were known; whereas at

the present time M. Chas. Brongniart has in his possession 1400 specimens

from Commentry alone, including some 40 types. The Hemiptera are

represented by forms allied to the genera Fulgora, Lystra, and Membracis ;

the Neuroptera by species approaching Corydalis, Chauliodes, and Hemero-

bius ; the Pseudo-Neuroptera by types related to Hphemera and Perla ; and

the Orthoptera by blattide and Phasmide. The 1400 fossils also include

a number of comprehensive forms combining characteristics of the Neuroptera

and Orthoptera, representing a transitional type, connecting one order

with another, which has been long extinct. The foilowing is a list of the

papers presented by M. Brongniart to the Society :—

1. Dec. 11, 1882.—Extract from the Comptes Rendus of the French

Academy of Science, containing a description of Titanophasma Fayoli, a

gigantic orthopteron allied to the Phasmide.

2. Dec. 18, 1882.—Bulletin de la Soc. Geologique de France, con-

taining another description of Titanephasma Fayoli, and some general

observations on the Insect Fauna of the Carboniferous Period.

3. Jan. 24, 1883.—Extract from the Bull. Ent. Soc. de France, in

which two other extinct Phasmide are referred to, viz., Protophasma

Dumasti and P. Woodwardit.

Cs 7)

4, March 81, 1884.—Extract from the Comptes Rendus of the French

Academy of Science, containing a description of Dictyonewra Goldenbergi, a

gigantic species referred by M. Brongniart to an extinct order, for which

he proposed the name of Neurorthoptere, but which order Goldenberg had

already named Paleodictyoptera. Reference was also made in this paper

to the species mentioned in the next paper (D. Monyi).

5. Dec. 10, 1884.—Extract from the Bull. Soc. Ent. of France. This

paper contains a description of another gigantic species (Dictyonewra

Monyi), belonging to the same order and genus as the last-named fossil

(Dictyoneura Goldenbergi), and measuring, when the wings were expanded

in flying, about 70 centimetres. The paper also contains general remarks —

on the Insecta of the Carboniferous Period, and reference is made to the

discovery, by Prof. Linstrém, of a scorpion in the Silurian of the Isle of

Gotland, in Sweden.

6. Dec. 24, 1884.—Extract from the Bull. Ent. Soc. France. In this

paper attention is called to the discovery of the fossil wing of a cockroach

in the Silurian Sandstone of Jurques, Calvados, France. ‘The wing

represented the most ancient-known iusect, and was named Palgoblattina

Douwvillei.

7. Dec. 29, 1884.—Extract from the Comptes Rendus of the French

Academy, containing another descriptton of Palgoblattina Douvillei, the

Silurian Cockroach.

8. Jan. 14, 1885.—Extract from the Bull. Ent. Soc. France. Attention

is called to a neuropterous insect, believed by M. Brongniart to have been

amphibious, like Pteronarcys regalis, but differing in neuration from this

species, and approaching Corydalis and Chauliodes. M. Brongniart pro-

posed to name this species Corydaloides Scudderi.

Mr. M‘Lachlan and Mr. Waterhouse made some remarks thereon,

especially referring to the relationship between the groups of Hemiptera,

Neuroptera, and Orthoptera.

Paper read.

Mr. F’. Enock read the first part of a “ Life-history of Atypus piceus,

Sulz.”

New Part of § Transactions.’

Part I. of the ‘ Transactions’ for 1885 was on the table.

(- xan»)

June 3, 1885.

R. M‘Lacutan, Esq., F.R.S., &c., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of Members.

G. T. Baker, Esq. (The Bracken, Augustus Road, Edgbaston,

Birmingham), and Robert Adkin, Esq. (Wellfield, Lingard Road,

Lewisham), were balloted for and elected Members of the Society.

EHeahibitions, de.

Mr. EF. P. Pascoe exhibited the aérial roots of an orchid (Sarcanthus

Parishii) which greatly resembled caterpillars.

Mr. Pascoe also exhibited a new genus and species of Colydiide,

remarkable in that its eyes were beset with broad erect scales arising

between the facets, a character of rare occurrence among the Coleoptera. It

is from North Borneo, and is described by Mr. Pascoe as follows :—

Optis, Pascve.

Corpus peltiforme. Oculi prominuli, squamiferi. Antenne 1 1-articu-

latee ; funiculus subfiliformis, clava rotundata, biarticulata ; sulci antennarii

obliqui. Tibie subfusiformes, spinis terminalibus nullis; tarsi articulis

tribis primis squalibus. Coxe posticee haud approximate. Abdomen

segmentis longitudine equalibus ; processus intercoxalis triangularis.

Optis bicarinata, Pascoe.

O. lata, subparallela, indumento albo induta; caput transversum exca-

vatum sed in medio paullo elevatum: prothorax brevis, versus apicem

bituberculatus ; scutellum nitide nigrum, transversum ; elytra postice late

rotundata, singulo juxta suturam carina elevata—antice excurvata, postice

abrupte terminata-instructa; pedes rufo-testacei, tibize margine exteriore

squamoso-fimbriate. Long. 4 mm.; lat. 24 mm.

The structural characters of Optis, except the eyes, are almost the same

as those of Hndophlaus, but the posterior coxe are not approximate, and

the last joint of the funicle is scarcely broader than the preceding one ;

this character is so far important that in H. fleauosus, Sol., it is so broad as

to form the basal joint of the club, which thus becomes three-jointed. In

Gay's ‘Chili’ the species is represented as being heteromerous (for this

Lacordaire would refer it to Bolitophagus), but they are clearly four-jointed

in my specimens, The type of Optis is broader and more convex than

( ‘SIv >)

Endophleus spinulosus, the prothorax and elvtra not denticulate, but, as

well as the head, the margins fringed with close-set projecting scales, the

surface closely covered with a white indumentum (or inflorescence, so to

say) arranged on the elytra in transverse rows; the prothoracic tubers are

crowned with erect scales, and others, in a somewhat fasciculate form,

appear on the elytral carine.

Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited living larvee of Phycis betula, Goze, and of

Coleophora currucipennella, Fisch., feeding on birch.

Mr. G. Coverdale exhibited two specimens of Coleophora paludicola,

Staint., captured on the saltings near Shoeburyness in July, 1884.

Mr. R. M‘Lachlan exhibited a specimen of Deiopeia pulchella, L.,

captured on board ship in the Atlantic, many miles from the nearest land.

Mr. J. W. Douglas communicated the following note :—

“For five years past a standard apple tree, some twenty-five years old,

previously in good health and bearing fruit, has been annually attacked

severely by Schizoneura lanigera and Mytilaspis pomorum, and has gradually

pined away. Last year it was partly alive; now it is dead, and its trunk,

six feet high, is entirely covered by the scales of the Mytilaspis; the piece

of the bark sent herewith, on which they are as close as they can stick, is

a fair sample of the entire surface. I do not say that all these Lilliputians

were the sole cause of the death of the giant, for probably a radical

disorder had previously undermined the constitution of the tree, but there

can be no doubt that the insects by their pertinacity assisted materially in

the destruction ; they were in at the death, and have left their memorial.”

The President said it was difficult to believe that the Myttlaspis had.

caused the death of the tree, as they only appear to live on the extreme

outer bark, and in a tree twenty-five years old the cambium would support

growth, the outer bark being practically dead. Messrs. Weir and Fitch

concurred in this opinion, pointing out that with the Schizoneura the case

was different.

Paper read.

Mr. F. Enock read the completion of the ‘ Life-history of Atypus

piceus, Sulz.,” illustrating his remarks by the exhibition of numerous speci-

mens and drawings.

July 1, 1885.

R. M‘Lacatan, Esq., F.R.S., &c., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of Members.

Thomas Edmonds, Esq. (Totnes, Devon), and Francis Maule Campbell,

Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e. (Rose Hill, Hoddesden), were balloted for and

elected Members of the Society.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. 8. Stevens exhibited specimens of a Coccus which were proving

very destructive to the leaves of an India-rubber plant.

Mr. J. W. Slater read the following note :—

The Influence of Magnetism upon Insect Development.

“ Having seen that the eggs of fowls are not normally developed if

subjected to magnetic currents during incubation, I thought it interesting

to try the effect of magnetic action upon the development of caterpillars.

Accordingly, having found last season six caterpillars of the common large

cabbage white, all evidently of the same brood, I put three of them in a box,

five inches in length, between the opposite poles of two bar-magnets. ‘The

other three were placed in a similar box at such a distance that they could

not be affected by the magnets. Both lots were placed under exactly

identical conditions as regards light, heat, and supply of food. ‘T'wo of

those hetween the magnets shrivelled up and died without passing into the

pupa-state. Thinking they might have been attacked by some parasite, I

removed them into another box and kept them for some time. As no

ichneumons or other parasites made their appearance, I dissected the

bodies carefully under the microscope, and found no traces of parasitic

injury.

‘«« The remaining caterpillar, and all the three which were not exposed to

the magnets, became pups in due course, and came out in May. The

non-magnetised lot were perfectly normal aud healthy, and when released

after examination flew away; but the survivor of the magnetised lot was a

cripple. It had merely rudimentary stumps in place of antenne, the

wings on the left side were expanded, and the legs on the same side were

smaller than those on the right side.

“To judge from this single experiment would be obviously premature ;

but I hope this season to make further trials on a more extended scale.”

(exe)

August 5, 1885.

J. JENNER WeEIR, Hsq., F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c., Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of a Fellow.

Thomas William Hall, Esq. (3, New Inn, Strand, W.C.), was elected a

Fellow of the Society.

Exhibitions, de.

Mr. J. W. Dunning announced that the Society’s application for a

Royal Charter of Incorporation had been successful. He held in his hand the

Charter which had been granted by Her Most Gracious Majesty, and begged

leave to present it, and formally place it in the custody of the Society.

The document was then read by the Secretary, and was as follows :—

Pictorta, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faithh TO ALL TO

WHOM these presents shall come Greeting:

Wuereas Joseex WiLLtaAmM Dunne, of Lincoln’s Inn, in the County

of Middlesex, Barrister-at-Law, Esquire, Master of Arts, formerly Fellow

of Trinity College, Cambridge, Fellow of the Cambridge Philosophical

Society and of the Linnean and Zoological Societies of London, has by his

Petition humbly represented unto US, That in the year 1833 certain of

our loyal subjects formed themselves into a Society for the Improvement

and Diffusion of Entomological Science, and subscribed and expended

considerable sums of money for such purposes, and have collected and

become possessed of a valuable library and other property, and have been

and continue to be actively employed in promoting the objects for which

the said Society was founded, especially by the publication of Volumes of

Transactions composed of Original Memoirs read before the Society. AND

WHEREAS the said Petitioner, believing that the well-being and usefulness

of the said Society would be most materially promoted ky obtaining a

Charter of Incorporation, hath therefore, on behalf of himself and the other

Members of the said Society, most humbly prayed that WE would be

pleased to grant a Royal Charter for incorporating into a Society the

several persons who have already become Fellows, or who may at any time

hereafter become Fellows thereof, subject to such Regulations and

Restrictions as to US may seem good and expedient. NOW KNOW YE

that WE, being desirous of encouraging a design so laudable, and of

promoting the improvement and diffusion of Science in all its branches,

have of Our especial Grace, certain Knowledge and mere Motion, given

C xx)

and granted, and We do hereby give and grant, That the said JosrpH

WiuiiAmM Dunnine and such others of Our loving subjects as are now

Fellows of the said Society, or who shall at any time hereafter become

Fellows thereof in pursuance of the provisions of this Our Charter and

according to such Bye-Laws as are hereinafter mentioned, shall be a Body

Corporate by the name of “The Entomological Society of London,” having

perpetual succession and a common seal, with power to sue and be sued in

their Corporate name, and to acquire and hold anv goods and chattels

whatsoever.

And our Will and Pleasure is, That JoHN OpapiAH Westwoop, Esa.,

Master of Arts, Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford,

shall be Honorary President of the said Corporation during the term of his

natural life. And that Roperr MacLacuian, F.It.S., shall be the first

President of the said Corporation and shall continue such until the Aunual

Meeting to be held in the month of January next.

And our Will and Pleasure is, And we do hereby declare, that there

shall always be a Council to direct and manage the concerns of the said

Corporation. And that the thirteen persons who were elected to form the

Council of the said Society at the Annual Meeting held in the month of

January last shall form the first Council of the said Corporation, and shall

continue in Office until the Annual Meeting to be held in the month of

January next.

And our Will and Pleasure is, And we further grant and declare, that

the existing Bye-Laws of the said Society, as revised and amended at a

General Meeting held on the 2nd day of May, 18838, shall be the Bye-Laws

of the said Corporation, until the same shall be revoked or altered as

hereinafter mentioned. And that it shall be lawful at General Meetings of

the said Corporation to revoke or alter any former Bye-Laws, and to make

such new Bye-Laws as shall be deemed useful and necessary for the

regulation of the said Body Corporate.

Provided always: And we lastly declare it to be Our Royal Will and

Pleasure, That no Bye-Law or Resolution shall, on any account or pretence

whatsoever, be made by the said Corporation in opposition to the general

scope, true intent, and meaning of this Our Charter or the Laws and

Statutes of this Realm, and that if any such Bye-Law or Resolution shail

be made, the same shall be absolutely null and void.

In Witness whereof We have caused these our Letters to be made

Patent.

Witness Ourself at Westminster the twentieth Ye

day of July, in the Forty-ninth year of Our

: THE SEAL.

Reign.

By Warrant under the Queen’s Sign Manual. 4

(* xvii)

Mr. Jeuner Weir congratulated the Fellows, as he might now call them

on the position which the Society had attained, and on the privileges which

had been granted. He invited remarks.

Mr. Dunning said there was one thing in connection ain the Charter

of which he saul not allow the Society to remain in ignorance. When, in

18838, it was decided to take action in the matter, he had invoked the

assistance of our member, Mr. Frank Crisp, and left the conduct of the

affair entirely in his hands. He thought the result which had been

announced was a sufficient justification of the step. In truth Mr. Crisp

had taken the burden upon himself, and relieved the speaker from all

trouble. Now that the object had been obtained, Mr. Crisp had, with

characteristic generosity, written to say that he has no charges whatever

against the Society. He therefore moved that the hearty thanks of the

Society be given to Mr. Crisp for his valuable and gratuitous services.

This was seconded by Mr. Stainton, and carried unanimously. The

Secretary was instructed to communicate the vote to Mr. Crisp, who was

not present at the meeting.

Jonkheer May, while gladly acknowledging Mr. Crisp’s kindness,

thought that it was only Mr. Dunning’s modesty which induced him to

take this means of diverting attention from his own share in obtaining the

Charter. It was to Mr. Dunning also that the Society was indebted, and

he moved that the hearty thanks of the Society were due, and should be

given to him. Mr. Meldola seconded the motion, and it was carried

unanimously.

Mr. Dunning, in acknowledging the vote, said that when temporarily

occupying the chair, some six years ago, he had said, “ Incorporation by

Royal Charter is not beyond our hopes.” It was only a passing thought,

and he had little expectation that the hope would so soon be realised. To

himself, it was an unmixed pleasure to have been instrumental in obtaining

that which alone was wanting to complete the fabric of the Society, and

give it that status to which its history of fifty years afforded a claim, the

justice of which has now received such graceful recognition. Hitherto we

have been only a fortuitous concurrence of atoms; now we have a legal

existence, and are a body corporate, one and indivisible, and, as far as any

human thing can be, perpetual. But if our privileges have increased, so

also have our responsibilities; and those responsibilities can only be

discharged by the united efforts of the individual members who in the

aggregate form the Society. We have to take care that the future of the

Society shall be worthy of its past, that by the constant introduction of new

blood our body shall never grow old, but shall with ever-renewed vigour

march with the times, welcoming and aiding in every advance of Science,

and shall for many an age to come unite under one banner the Entomo-

logists of the whole Realm over which the Grauter of our Charter rules.

(xix *)

Mr. Dunning referred to the death of Henry Milne-Edwards, who had

been an Honorary Member of the Society since 1843.

Mr. 'T. R. Billups exhibited a female specimen of Inostemma Boscii,

Jur., taken on a sunflower-leaf at Peckham on August 3rd last. Also the

egg-case of a Mantis, very slug-like in appearance, which was attached to a

leaf of Virginian tobacco ; and specimens of the following four species of

Chrysidid@, which he had reared from the burrows of Odynerus spinipes, L.,

viz. :—Chrysis ignita, L., C. fulgida, L., C. bidentata, L., and the rare

C. neglecta, Shuck.

Mr. E. A. Fitch called attention to the figure of the curious I. Boscii

in Curtis’ ‘ British Entomology’ (pl. 309), and Vollenhoven’s ‘ Pinaco-

graphia’ (pl. 45).

Dr. E. Capron exhibited a specimen of Phytodietus rufipictus, Brischke,

an Ichneumon new to Britain, which he had captured at Shere last month.

Mr. H. H. Winston, who was present as a visitor, exhibited a variety of

Arctia caja, L., bred from a larva taken at Harrow.

Mr. A. C. Horner exhibited the following interesting British Coleoptera

taken by him at Tonbridge during the present year :—

Throscus carinifrons, Bonv.— Forty specimens taken on one occasion by

beating May-blossoms, and twenty others by evening sweeping at different

times. The late Mr. Wollaston found a single specimen on palings in

Tonbridge.

Abdera 4-fasciata, Curt.—Forty specimens taken at different times on

the trunk of a single half-decayed horse-chestnut, whilst feeding on a

small fungoid growth, or running up and down the trunk in search of

it, in bright sunshine. It was accompanied by Cis pygme@us at the same

fungus.

Anthribus albinus, L.—One by beating faggots. When tucking in its

legs and antenne and lying quiet it much resembled one of the loose buds

from a birch faggot.

Epurea diffusa, Bris. — Two under bark of a Cossus-infected oak,

unaccompanied apparently by LH. decemguttata. It seems to me quite a

distinct species.

Colon Zebet, Kr.—Two males.

Thalycra sericea, Sturm.—Four by evening sweeping under trees. I

fancy they drop to the ground if alarmed by noise, judging from their

behaviour in the net.

Antherophagus pallens, Ol.—A remarkably dark variety.

Xyletinus ater, Pz.—One at rest on an old pollard willow.

Microglossa pulla, Gyll.— Twenty-two from carrion.

Aleochara lygea, Ky.—Three. One named by M. Fauvel, and taken

by sweeping; a second “in stercore”; and a third in carrion. ‘They were

all taken in the same wood during the last three years.

(\ pees)

Oxypoda exoleta, Kr.—One by sweeping.

Homalota splendens, Kr.—A single specimen taken by sweeping grass

outside an osier-bed adjoining a hop-garden. Its bright colouring, narrow

frame, wiry texture, and broadly-jointed antenne, make it appear very

unlike a Homalota.

Homalota humeralis, Kr.—Four in a small fungoid growth on the

stump of a (fir?) tree, in company with Cis boleti, in a park near Winchester,

last year. ‘The 7th abdominal dorsal segment of the male has eight to ten

rather feeble crenulations at its apical margin, the outer one on each side

being rather more developed than the others; and its edge is rather

rounded than hoilowed out. The ventral plate of the same segment projects

somewhat, and is much more pointed than in the female.

Mr. G. Coverdale exhibited stems of Onobrychis sativa, showing the

manner in which the larva of Grapholitha cecana, Schl., feeds.

Papers read.

Mr. J. S. Baly communicated a memoir “ On the Colombian species of

Diabrotica.”

Mr. E. Meyrick communicated the completion of his paper “On the

classification of the Australian Pyralidina”’; also a paper ‘“ On the classi-

fication of the Pterophoride.”

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part II. of the ‘ Transactions’ for 1885 was on the table.

September 2, 1885.

R. M‘Lacutan, Esq., F.R.S., &e., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

The President said :—

‘Those of our Fellows now present who were not present at the last

meeting (August 5th), will have learned from the Minutes of Proceedings

at that meeting, just read and confirmed, that Her Majesty in Council has

been pleased to grant a Royal Charter of Incorporation to this Society.

The negotiations concerning the acquisition of a Charter had been long in

progress ; latterly the Council became aware that their efforts were likely

to be crowned with success, but the time when any definite answer

might be ovtained from the Privy Council Office remained uncertain,

( axxr ~)

When the long-hoped-for reply arrived I was on the Continent, which

will account for my not being present to personally congratulate you, as

your President, on this auspicious event. I shall have occasion to refer to

it a few months hence, and much as I regret my absence at the last meeting,

I feel that I was most efficiently represented by our excellent Vice-President,

Mr. Jenner Weir, who occupied the chair; and I have the additional

satisfaction of knowing that the gratuitous exertions of Messrs. Dunning

and Crisp, to whom we are so much indebted in connection with this matter,

met with due acknowledgment.

““ While I am speaking I ask you to allow me to allude to another

subject. The day after my arrival on the Continent I had the pleasure of

assisting at the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the foundation of the

Entomological Society of the Netherlands, held at Amsterdam on the 18th

July, a Society that has, as you know, done so much good work in furthering

entomological science generally, and especially in the investigation of the

insect-fauna of Holland and of its Kast Indian possessions. I met there

our Honorary Member, my much respected friend Baron de Selys-

Longchamps, who was specially delegated by the Belgian Eutomological

Society to represent it at the meeting. He has published an excellent

account of what took place in the ‘Compte Rendu’ of his Society of the

meeting on August Ist. It was natural that a country so intimately con-

nected with Holland as is Belgium should have been officially represented.

I was there simply in virtue of my much-prized position as an Honorary

Member of the Society of the Netherlands, and the warmness of my

reception, and the hospitality I experienced at the hands of our Dutch

brethren in Entomology, could not have been greater had I been

officially delegated by this Society ; I ask you, as your President, and as

unoflicially representing British entomologists on the occasion, to allow

this public expression of my thanks to appear in our ‘ Proceedings.’ One

word more. I found that almost without exception the members pre-

sent were able to converse in English, and I found everywhere the

warmest desire to still further enter into cordial relations with British

entomologists.”

Exhibitions, de.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited living specimens of Hubrychius velatus,

Beck., lately collected at Kastbourne swimming freely in water, using its

legs after the manner of a Dytiscus. When resting on the Myriophyllum

the middle pair of legs were kept in motion.

Messrs. Fowler and Champion said they had frequently taken other

Phytobii with the water-net.

Mr. Waterhouse also exhibited the larva of Gyrinus marinus, Gyll.,

which was new to him, but was beautifully figured by Schiddte; also

( xxi )

specimens of an Aleurodes, which was very common on the leayes of a

fuchsia in his dining-room.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited specimens of Telenomus phalenarum,

Nees, with the eggs of Pyg@ra bucephala, from which they were bred ; and

a box of Hymenoptera, mostly aculeate, which were taken at Chobham the

second week in last June.

Rev. W. W. Fowler exhibited a beautiful specimen of Deilephila

livornica, Esp., taken two years ago at Laugharne, Caermarthenshire, but

which was certainly indigenous.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir said he possessed four specimens taken at Lewes,

and hoped very shortly to breed another from a pupa he found there under a

stone amongst Galium.

Mr. T. H. Ralfe made some exhibits, and communicated notes as

follows :—

SESIA ASILIFORMIS, Rt.

“ Description of larva.—Length, when full-fed, from 12-14 lines; the

body tapering at both extremities, of a pale yellowish colour, which is more

decided from the 2nd to the 5th segment, and on the anal flap; dorsal line

distinctly marked, spiracles brown ; the head smooth, pointed, and brown,

with darker markings on the face.

“The pupal change takes place in the first week of May.

«The males put in an appearance first, viz., June 7th to 12th; none

after this date. The first female on June 12th; last, July 3rd.

“On April 18th an ichneumon was observed in the breeding-cage ; this

was followed up by single specimens on the 19th, 20th, and 22nd.

“The larva of this Sesia, in captivity, lives in the roots, trunks,

branches, and stems of Populus nigra, forming long galleries or mines, and

feeding upon the internal pith of the wood. The egg is deposited in

crevices of the bark, and the young larva, when hatched, soon eats its way

into the interior.

«Most authors describe the female, but figure the male; always

described ‘with three yellow belts or rings.’ ‘The male has four: one

female has a fourth indistinctly marked.

« There are shown three larve, three male and five female pupa-cases,

five male imagos, thirteen female imagos, and two ichneumons (Hphialtes

tuberculatus ?)

CUCULLIA SCROPHULARIE, Esp.

« A local form or variety of C. verbasct. Exhibited as being remarkable

for passing four years in pupa. The two imagos came out July 3rd and Sth.

Living pup are shown going on for the fifth year. The larve were taken

from off S. nodosa, growing near Chippendale, July, 1881.”

Also a male and two female specimens of an undetermined Acidalia,

bred from a female taken near Weymouth at the beginning of August,

( xxiii )

1883. The parent female was mistaken for Cabera pusana, L., at the

time of capture.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a specimen of a Lepisma, which was

found swarming on some account books which were constantly kept in an

iron safe at High Street, Aldgate.

Mr. Jenner Weir exhibited specimens of Batrachotetrix bufo, taken by

Mr. G. A. Farini in the Kalahari Desert, South Africa. Although these

grasshoppers strongly resembled toads, there was no reason to suppose the

resemblance was mimetic, but that, on the contrary, as the toad and the

orthopteron did not inhabit the same districts, such could not be the case.

The resemblance in colour between the vertebrate and the insect might be

termed synchronism, and was brought about by the need in each for a pro-

tective coloration in harmony with its geological environment. Mr. Jenner

Weir was strengthened in this view of the case because Mr. Farini

informed him the hue of the Batrachotetrix varied as the colour of the soil

which they inhabited. If these insects are preyed upon by some insecti-

vorous bird, it must have a powerful beak, as the dermal covering was

found to be hard enough to turn the point of a pin.

Mr. Jenner Weir also exhibited two specimens of Arachnids of the

order Solpugide, apparently belonging to the genus Galeodes. 'lhese large

Arthropods were about 24 in. in length, and their legs stretched a distance

of over 6 in. As usual in the order, they possessed two eyes and very

powerful didactyl mandibles, 4-10ths of an inch in length, each forming a

hand with movable fingers, like that of the scorpions. On each hind leg

there were five coriaceous pedunculated organs somewhat in the shape of a

capital Y, about 1-10th of an inch in height and rather more in breadth.

When first taken from the spirit, in which the specimen had been brought

to England, these appendages were as white as ivory and opaque, but in

drying they became brown and transparent ; it was difficult to suggest their

use. Although in drying these curious appendages had become flat, they

were, when taken from the spirit, more in the shape of a mushroom, and

the only idea that occurred to Mr. Weir’s mind was that they might

be suckers enabling the creature to obtain a firmer hold than the weakness

of the claws on the six hinder legs would otherwise enable it to obtain.

They were captured in the Kalahari Desert by Mr. G. A. Farini. Also

a living rhynchophorous beetle belonging to the genus Brachycerus,

which had survived the journey from the Kalahari Desert, from which it

had been brought about two months ago by Mr. Farini. At present it

seemed none the worse for the voyage. Also a large ant-lion (Palpares

immensus, McLach.), and the cases of some insect which appeared to be

made of agglutinated sand, in which were embedded small pebbly stones ; the

natives erroneously have a great dread of the inmates of these cases as

being one of the most venomous Creatures existing in their district.

( xxiv )

Mr. M‘Lachlan believed the cases to belong to the Psychide, although

they much resembled those of a caddis.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited a box containing a large number of Neuroptera,

which he had lately collected in the Schwarzwald.

October 7, 1885.

Prof. Wrstwoop, M.A., F.L.S., &c., Hon. President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of Fellow.

Charles Donovan, jun., Esq. (Glandore, Leap, Cork), was balloted for

and elected a Fellow of the Society.

Eahibitions, éce.

Mr. W. C. Boyd exhibited some specimens of a Crambus from Lowestoft,

which he believed to be a new species allied to C. contaminellus, Hubn.

Mr. H. H. Druce exhibited varieties of Argynnis Aglaia, L., and

Epinephele Janira, L., taken at St. Moritz, Switzerland.

Professor Westwood read a letter from Captain Anstruther Thomson,

stating that when at Aldershot, on August 14th last, he had observed a

specimen of Gonepteryx rhamni with orange spots on the fore wings, as in

G. Cleopatra.

Mr. McLachlan thought it probable that there was a variety of

G. rhamni, distinct from the true G. Cleopatra; and Mr. Weir stated that

many years ago he had observed a specimen in the collection of the late

Mr. Ingall, which was intermediate between Rhamni and Cleopatra, and

which was stated to have been taken in this country.

Mr. Weir exhibited a portion of a nest of Termites from §. Africa, in

which had been discovered specimens of the workers and soldiers. Also

some specimens of an Entomostracon, apparently belonging to the genus

Limnadia, and another species from the Kalahari Desert, which were

taken in pools which had been frequently dry for several years.

Prof. Westwood made some remarks on a statement of M. Ganeau

that Cis boleti, Scop., had been found in great numbers at Port Elizabeth,

in imported boots.

The Rey. I. B. D. Bickerstaffe sent specimens of T’ropicoris rufipes, L.,

captured at Kensington.

M. Wailly exhibited a large box of Lepidoptera, principally from

Madagascar and New Caledonia, and made some remarks on experiments

he had been making in crossing various silk-moths.

(> xxv 7)

Prof. Westwood directed attention to an extract from a recent Bulletin

of the United States Fish Commission (‘ Nature,’ Sept. 24th, 1885), giving

an account of the destruction of young trout by mosquitoes. Some doubts

were expressed as to the correctness of the statement, but Prof. Westwood

said that it was believed to be a true account by the best naturalists in the

States.

A letter received by the Secretary from Mr. OC. O. Waterhouse stated

that a specimen of Sphinx convolvuli had been taken in the grounds of

the Inventions Exhibition, and another had been brought to the British

Museum, taken in Yorkshire. Also aletter from Mrs. Buckmaster, stating

that her children had taken five specimens of S. convolvuli and two of

Cherocampa celerio at Ramsgate.

Prof. Westwood made some remarks on an insect which he had been

investigating, with a view to preparing a paper which he hoped to offer to

the Society. It was Macherota ensifera, Burm., from Ceylon, an insect

allied to the frog-hopper (Aphrophora), which, instead of being enclosed in

a liquid (cuckoo-spittle), formed a case by the rapid hardening of the liquid

secreted. He hoped to give a minute description very shortly.

Mr. R. McLachlan referred to the capture of three specimens of the

striking neuropterous insect, Drepanopterya phalanoides, L., by Messrs.

Morton and King in Lanarkshire, last September.

Mr. F. F. Freeman sent a communication recording the recent capture

of a specimen of Danais Archippus, Fabr., at Plymouth.

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Part IL]. of the ‘Transactions’ for 1885 was on the table.

November 4, 1885.

R. M‘Lacutay, Esq., F.R.S., &c., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of Fellows.

Dr. C. A. Dohrn, of Stettin, and Mynheer P. C. T. Snellen, of Notter-

dam, were balloted for and elected Honorary Fellows of the Society.

Mynuheer A. J. F. Fokker (Zierikzee, Holland), Mynheer J. Kh. H.

Neerwort van der Poll (163, Keizersgracht, Amsterdam), and James Cosmo

Melvill, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. (Kersal Cottage, Prestwich), were balloted for

and elected Fellows of the Society.

(; xxv)

Exhibitions, de.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited two specimens of Cherocampa celerio, L.,

captured at Brighton last October, one at rest on a window in the Hampden

Road, and one on a doorstep in the Tubury Road, West Brighton.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir exhibited a singular variety of Colias hyale, L.,

which he had taken last September near Lewes; the specimen, in the

extent of the apical black markings on the fore wings, more nearly

resembled Colias edusa helice, Hiibn.; the hind wings were even more

marked with black than is usual in the latter species ; there was a marginal

series of six large black spots, four well-defined, and within a submarginal

row of five black spots, four of which were well-defined. As Mr. A. G.

Butler had toid him that he had once seen Colias hyale (male) in cop. with

Colias edusa helice (female), he thought this specimen might probably be a

hybrid.

Mr. Gervase F’, Mathew exhibited a number of specimens of Hypolimnas

Bolina, Linn., from Fiji and other islands of the Western Pacific.

They were interesting from the fact that many of them were bred from a

single brood of larve found near Levuka. ‘The males varied in no way

whatever, but of the females, of which forty-eight were exhibited, scarcely

two were alike, and the difference between the two extremes was very great.

Mr. Mathew remarked that he only arrived in London the previous evening,

and had but little time to work up the species; but, from a short examina-

tion of the types at the British Museum, he felt sure that several which

had been described as new within the last few years were referable to this

single species, for from this brood were bred individuals agreeing with

varieties from the Gilbert, Ellice, and Marshall islands, the New Hebrides,

New Guinea, Tonga, Samoa, &. The larve were identical, fed upon the

same food-plant, and were altogether similar in their habits. None of the

females were found mimicking Danats Krippus. Mr. Mathew proposed that

it might be advisable to collect these varieties together, and unite this

oceanic race under one specific name. He further observed that, from his

experience among the Pacific Islands, he had come to the conclusion that

other species which appeared to be merely local varieties had been de-

scribed as distinct, and quoted Pieris teutonia, Fabr., as an instance, and

remarked that this butterfly varies slightly among the islands, and in

consequence has been described as distinct from various places, whereas the

difference between them is not nearly as great as between the spring and

autumn broods of the same species to be met with at Sydney. Mr. Mathew

hoped at some future occasion to be able to contribute further remarks upon

the butterflies exhibited,

Mr. Arthur Bliss exhibited a collection of Lepidoptera from the

Formosa River, W. Africa, collected by Mr. Frank Willcocks, his brother-

in-law, who was present as a visitor.

(* xxvii)

The Rev. W. W. Fowler exhibited two specimens of Pelophila borealis,

Curt., from Lowry’s Lough, Ireland, in both of which the left-hand tarsus

was much contracted ; also a specimen of Tachys parvulus, Dej., taken by

Mr. J. H. Smedley near Liverpool at the roots of Parnassia palustris.

Mr. Fowler remarked that it appeared probable that many of these small

Tachys, especially T. Fockit and T. 4-signatus, were often imported with

ballast.

Mr. Fowler also exhibited the specimens of Cassida which had been

soaked in a colour-preserving solution last February (cf. p. v., ante), and

were now but very slightly faded owing to their exposure to light.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited both sexes of Helopeltis Antonii, Sign.,

a great pest in the Cinchona plantations in Java, described by Signoret in

1858 from Ceylon. He also remarked that Helopeltis braconiformis, Walk.

(Cat. Hem. B. M. vi. 165, 1873), was synonymous with Dulichius clavifer,

Walk. (/.¢., iv. 170, 1871), both from Dorey, New Guinea.

Mr. kh. M‘Lachlan exhibited the drawing of an exotic grasshopper,

taken in a hot-house near Birmingham; he supposed it to be the same as

the American species already exhibited to the Society by Messrs. Saunders

and Weir, viz., Copiophora cornuta.

Mr. E. A. Fitch exhibited several females of Hriopeltis festuce, Fonsc.,

a Coccid new to Britain, found at Plymouth last September by Mr. G. C.

Bignell; these much resembled the white woolly cocoon of a Microgasterid.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse remarked that he had twice seen similar Coccide

to those now exhibited ; once he found a large specimen on grass in the

Warren at Folkestone, and Mr. F. Moore found a different species near

Ilfracombe.

Mr. G. B. Buckton communicated the following :—

Notes on experiments made with the winged form of Phylloxera

vastatrix radicicola.

By ArBert C. F. Moraan.

Phylloxera vastatrix, as is well known, exists in two forms, viz., the

radicicola, or root-feeder, found in Europe, and the gallicola, or leaf gall-

making insect, found far more plentifully in America.

The following observations refer to the radicicola form found in Portugal,

and identical, I believe, with that which is common in France and other

parts of Europe.

It will be remembered that the Phyllowera is, like other Aphides,

dimorphous, the one form being parthenogenetic and apterous throughout,

shedding its skin three times ; the other form developing wings after under-

going two further changes of skin. The eggs of the winged individual,

according to Balbiani and Lichtenstein, produce the two sexual forms,

(| xxvii)

provided with reproductive organs, and not furnished, like the other stages,

with the rostrum. The female lays one egg, the only fertilised egg of

the chain.

The winged form is, I understand, uncommon, or at least difficult to

procure in France; and in England, I apprehend, it is unknown. In

Portugal it has seldom, if ever, been detected, although the insect in

its earlier stages is abundant; and even in the nymph, or pupa stage,

it is not unfrequently found, a circumstance which seems somewhat

remarkable.

Perhaps the following notes may be of interest: first, as to the duration

of time taken for the transformation from the pupa or nymph into the

imago or winged form; secondly, as to the circumstances which apparently

encourage the winged form :—

Experiment No. 1.—July 18th, 1885, 9 a.m.: Placed a nymph, bright

yellow colour, tubercles pink, and clearly defined, im the bottom of a wine-

glass on a vine-leaf. Glass covered with fine muslin. Idem, 2 p.m.:

Insect could not be seen without moving the leaf, so left it undisturbed.

Idem, 5 p.m.: Underneath the leaf was the perfect winged form. This

transformation therefore took not more than eight hours.

ExperiMENt No. 2.— July 14th, 1885, 6 p.m.: Placed a similar

nymph on a vine-leaf, under similar circumstances. July 15th, 6 a.m.:

Saw the insect on the point of changing. Wings visible. Head and

thorax complete, but wings not yet free from exuvia. Idem, 1 p.m.:

Wings still not free, but after a few minutes the wings of one side

completely cleared themselves, but the exuvia remained obstinately clinging

to the wings on the other side. After eight minutes’ struggling the insect

entirely freed itself; but the wings on the one side remained much

crumpled, a circumstance I have noticed in another case, when they

remained in this crumpled state for three days, viz., during the insect’s life.

In the above-mentioned experiment the transformation occupied not more

than nineteen hours.

EXPERIMENT No. 3.—Under similar circumstances the like metamorphosis

occurred between August 29th, 6 p.m., and August 30th, 9.30 a.m.—that

is, not more than fifteen and a half hours.

Average time from these three experiments about fourteen hows.

I will now state my experiences (which are, however, very limited) in

breeding the winged form in bottles, with a view of suggesting that these

experiences, as far as they go, point to a confirmation of what Mr. Buckton

has suggested in his ‘ Monagraph of British Aphides’ as the probable cause

of the development of the winged form, wiz., want of food, and a desire

to emigrate.

My notes on this point will be confined to three bottles only, in which

I had placed vine-roots plentifully inhabited with Phyllowere. Out of

C xix?)

two bottles I have taken about sixty winged individuals, and out of the

third none.

It naturally occurred to me, when I found so many winged forms

appearing in the bottles, and when I remembered that the members of the

Anti-Phylloxera Commission informed me that the winged form had

seldom, if ever, been found in Portugal, and that presuming their search for

the winged form had been diligently made, though without success, then

that the circumstances in which the insects found themselves in the bottles,

though so contrary to natural circumstances, yet were apparently very

much more favourable to the development of the winged form than were

the natural conditions.

What, then, is the difference, or at least most marked obvious difference,

between the natural and artificial conditions ? I think it will be admitted

that want of food is the characteristic of the artificial, and abundance of

food that of the natural conditions. Perhaps it may be thought that the

following experiments to some extent justify the conclusion to which I have

referred :—

EXPERIMENT No. 4, Bottle A.—June 29th, 1885: Placed vine-roots,

plentifully populated with Phyllowera, in a glass pickle-bottle, corked

loosely, and half-filled with the dry argillaceous soil, in which the vines

grew. July 9th (that is, eleven days afterwards), a winged form appeared,

and every day, until about the 17th, three or four fresh winged forms

appeared, crawling up the neck of the bottle. The roots were quite dead

when the first winged form appeared, and were becoming mouldy. A few

days after the first winged one appeared many young ones were crawling

up the neck of the bottle, apparently searching for food, as they otherwise

have a great objection to the light.

EXPERIMENT No. 5, Bottle B.— August 23rd, 1885; Circumstances

similar, but less soil was included. On the 28th (that is, five days after-

wards) two winged forms appeared, and every day since, up till about the

7th September, a duration of ten days, some three or four more winged

forms appeared. Since then an occasional one or two appeared, the last

being on September 20th. Altogether, out of Bottle A some twenty-five

have been taken, and out of bottle B some thirty-six.

EXPERIMENT 6, Bottle C.—-In order to make a different test, however,

on August 23rd, same date as relates to bottle B, I placed phylloxerated

vine-roots in a longer or higher bottle, and, instead of putting a little

soil in it, J almost completely filled it with earth and roots; but up to this

date (Octeber 9th) no winged forms have appeared. I have twice taken the

roots out of the bottle to examine them, and found numerous insects, as

well as eggs, the former apparently quite healthy and active, but they

appear to have left the small rootlets which they usually inhabit, but which

are now quite dry, and have taken to the thicker or main roots, which in

(7x ey)

this bottle are still alive, or at least supplied with sap. In the two former

cases the roots had become mouldy, but in this case there is at present no

appearance of fungus growth.

We see, then, that in the two bottles where the roots completely died

and commenced to decompose as many as over sixty winged forms have

appeared, whereas in the bottle in which the roots have kept alive not a

single winged form has appeared.

I should add that bottles A and C were supplied with vine-roots from

the same vineyard; but those in bottle B were taken from another vineyard

some five-and-twenty miles distant.

The winged individuals that I have thus bred in confinement, have

never lived more than three or four days. They have laid eggs whilst

confined in a glass cell. In one instance two eggs were laid, and,

on examining the insect under the microscope, a third was seen in the

abdomen. I have also a specimen showing three eggs in the abdomen,

another with two, and another with one; also another with what appears

to be granular protoplasm in the abdomen. The maximum number of eggs

laid appear theretore, from experiment, to be three, which I think is the

number mentioned by M. Cornu.

I believe it is considered doubtful whether the produce of the winged

form should be distinguished as an egg proper, or whether the alate form

should not be considered viviparous, the apparent ovate body being perhaps

nothing more than a pupa or chrysalis enclosed in a membranous investment.

But, if it is admitted that the apterous parthenogenetic larva is an egg-

layer, then I think it should be conceded that the alate form is equally

oviparous, because, after their exit from the body of the parent individual,

it would be very difficult for an ordinary observer to distinguish one from

the other; both are of an oval shape, of a bright yellow colour, easily to

be seen by their glistening appearance, and of a sticky exterior.

Perhaps the remarks of Balbiani, as quoted by Mr. Buckton (‘ British

Aphides,’ iv. 73), will afford the best reason for describing these ovate

bodies as eggs, for they entirely conform to his definition, viz.:— Si lon

doit appeler des ceufs de corps qui sont coustitués essentiellement comme

les ceufs des autres insectes, qui se segmentent et dans lesquelles, les

parties d’embryon se forment successivement et peu a peu; ces corps sont

des wufs et non des pupes comme je l’ai toujours soutenu.”

Whilst in the body of the parent individuals the eggs appear to be

enclosed in a sort of envelope, but this does not appear to surround each

egg, but encloses the whole of them, one, two, or three, as the case may be.

‘he microscopic slides which accompany these remarks will show this.

When the eggs, however, are extruded, they no longer seem to possess

this envelope, and, in fact, as they are only laid one at a time, it would be

impossible. Therefore, I suppose the fact of their enclosure in the envelope

(oo xxxie)

before their actual deposit could not be considered sufficient grounds for

calling the egg-like bodies pupe, or describing the winged form as pupi-

ferous or viviparous.

The only winged forms with which I have had experience are those

bred in bottles, under circumstances which I have already described, and

from which I obtained altogether only nine eggs actually deposited by

winged individuals, after being removed from the bottle and placed

separately in confinement. Out of these nine eggs I can only report the

result of three, the remainder having met with an accident of some form or

another, with the exception of two, which I mounted.

On September Ist a winged form was removed from the bottle to a

separate glass cell, and the next day had deposited an egg. This egg

presented no change until the 12th of the month, when it seemed to have

modified its shape, and had assumed a dark colour. On the 15th it had

still further changed its form, a sort of knot or protuberance appearing at

one end; and on the 19th the embryo had burst through its shell, which

was adhering to the posterior end of the embryo. On the 22nd the eyes

could be seen, and what appeared to me rudimentary legs; but it appeared

still to be surrounded with a thin investment. I continued to observe it

till October 2nd (one month), but it did not appear to make further

progress. ‘This individual, together with the egg-shell, is shown on slide

No. 5, although, in the course of preparation, the shell slipped away from

the body of the young insect to which it was before adhering.

Again, on the 4th September, I placed a winged individual in similar

circumstances, at 9.30 a.m., and at 10 p.m. the same day I found an egg

in the cell, and the winged insect apparently just recovering from having

laid a second, as another was found under her wings, and she was struggling

very much, as if in pain. The next day I found her dead, and, on exami-

nation under the microscope, observed another egg in her abdomen, which

would have made three eggs laid by the same individual, if she had

lived. These two eggs, laid on September 4th, I have still under observa-

tion. They have very much altered in appearance and shape, and

I think are still progressing, but very slowly. They gradually became

darker in colour, and swelled out at the sides, the polar ends becoming

flattened. ‘They now both show the form of the embryo, but no eyes at

present ; nor have I noticed yet any signs of bursting through the shell.

Perhaps the very fact of this slow development precludes them from being

considered as anything but actual eggs.

I have referred above to an individual apparently being in pain, after

having laid an egg; aud in another instance I noticed one (in an open glass

cell) violently rearing up and down, using its cauda and posterior legs as

fulera with which to raise itself up and down, after the manner of a horse

reariug. After about ten minutes of these violent contortions it suddenly

(CC xxxir)

fell backwards dead. Probably glass is not very suitable for the insect

when depositing the egg, as not offering sufficient resistance. The downy

hairs on the back of a vine-leaf would, of course, attach themselves to the

sticky exterior of the egg, and, together with the rough surface of the leaf

for the tarsi, much assist the insect in extruding the egg.

The appearance of the winged form does not appear to be dependent

upon temperature, because with one or two (and these, I think, unauthenti-

cated) exceptions it has never until now been found in Portugal, which may

be considered, I suppose, especially in the parts where the greatest ravages

have been committed, a warmer country than France. Of course, it may

be that proper diligence has not been used in the search for the alate form,

although, as there is a Commission with special officials placed in various

parts on purpose to make observations, one can hardly suppose that the

winged form, if it existed, would have escaped their notice. It has hitherto

been said that no stage beyond the nymph stage had been found, and that

in Portugal consequently only the subterranean stages existed. However,

as I have already described the rearing of some sixty winged forms in

bottles, I think we must be cautious in concluding that because the official

observations in Portugal have not been successful in detecting them no

winged forms exist in a natural state.

Castello, Villa Novada Gaya, Portugal.

Paper read.

Mr. E. Meyrick communicated ‘“ Descriptions of Lepidoptera from the

South Pacific.” 174 species of Geometrina and Micro-Lepidoptera, from

the collections of Mr. G. F. Mathew, of H.M.S. ‘ Espiégle,’ and Dr. Lucas,

of Melbourne, were referred to.

December 2, 1885.

J. W. Dunnina, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., &., Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to the

respective donors.

Election of Fellows.

Sidney Philip Smith, Esq. (Danes Inn, Strand, W.C.), and Col. L.

Blathwayt, F.L.S. (Hagle House, Batheaston, Bath), were balloted for, and

elected Fellows of the Society.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. F. Enock described experiments in mounting Mymaride, and

exhibited photographs of the insects.

(xx | 9)

Mr. A. Eland Shaw exhibited the specimen of Conicephalus mentioned

at the last meeting as having been taken at Birmingham. It had since been

shown to M. de Saussure, who did not recognise the species, but believed

it to be Australian; the captors, however, supposed it to be South

American.

Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited a melanic variety of Agrotis obelisca, Hiibn.,

taken at Southport; also, on behalf of Mr. F. N. Dobrée, a melanic form

of Luperina testacea, Hiibn., from Sligo, and a very dark Agrotis corticea,

Hiibn.

Mr. Dunning read the following—

Note on the Election of Honorary Members.

At the first General Meeting of the Society, held on the 22nd May,

1833 (misprinted 1834, in the ‘Journal of Proceedings,’ p. i), the Rev.

William Kirby was appointed Honorary President; and by the original

Bye-Laws, adopted at the meeting held on the 4th November, 1833

(‘ Proceedings,’ p. ii), it was declared that ‘the Society consists of British

and Foreign Ordinary Members, the number of whom shall be unlimited,

and of Foreign Honorary Members, whose number shall not exceed ten.”

It was also enacted that ‘ No resident in Great Britain can be an Honorary

Member, except the Honorary President, the Rev. Wm. Kirby, A.M.,

F.R.S., &e.”; but at the very meeting by which this Bye-Law was adopted

William Spence, Esq., F.R.S., &c., was elected an Honorary English

Member.

After the death of both Kirby and Spence it was proposed to repeal this

enactment, so as to render residents in the United Kingdom eligible for

Honorary Membership; but the proposal was rejected (Proc. Ent. Soc.

1863, p. 191).

The rule now stands that ‘‘ No resident in the United Kingdom shall

be an Honorary Member”; and that ‘‘the number of Honorary Members

shall not exceed ten.”

From time to time lists of the members for the time being of the

Society have been printed; the earlier lists did not give the date of election

of any of the members; since 1850 this has been supplied, in the case of

Ordinary Members; but for some reason, or no reason, the hitherto-printed

Lists have omitted to give the date of election of our Honorary Members.

My attention was called to this matter by the mistake in Prof. Westwood’s

obituary notice of Milne-Edwards (Hint. Mo. Mag. xxii. 96), giving 1852 as

the date of his election as Honorary Member, instead of 1843 ; and as the

published ‘Proceedings’ of the Society do not supply the information,

I have thought it worth while to prepare a complete List of our Honorary

Members, with the dates of their election and death, showing the order of

succession from the foundation of the Society to the present time.

( xxxiv )

Honorary English Members.

1. Rev. William Krrey, elected 18338, died 1850.

2. William SPENCE, Py! ikeBR, Ap Its ys$9)-

Honorary Foreign Members.

Elected.| Died. Succeeded by

1. Alexandre Louis LErEBVRE ea ...| 1833 | 1867 | Siebold, 1870.

2. Johann Christoph Friedrich Kiva ...| 1833 | 1856 | Schaum, 1860.

3. Johann Ludwig Carl GRavENHoRST* ...| 1833 | 1857 | Hagen, 1863.

4. Willem de Haan oe 1883 | 1855 | Pictet, 1855.

5. Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wanpearasy | 1883 | 1840 | Zetterstedt, 1851.

6. Jean Victor AUDOUIN es ...| 1833 | 1841 | Milne-Edwards, 1843.

7. Carl Eduard HamMerscumiptT } ... ...| 18383 | 1874 | Leconte, 1863.

8. Carlo PASSERINI ... see eis ...| 1834 | 1857 | Dufour, 1860.

9. Carl Johann SCHONHERR . nee ...| 1834 | 1848 | Zeller, 1849.

10. Leonard GyYLLENHAL wae ee ...| 18384 | 1840 | Kollar, 1848.

11. Vincenz Kotuar ... Bos aca ...| 1843 | 1860 | Lacordaire, 1863.

12. Henri Minne-EpwarDs ... ae ...| 1843 | 1885 | Dohrn, 1885.

13. Philipp Christoph ZELLER ees ...| 1849 | 1883 | Osten-Sacken, 1884.

14. Johan Wilhelm ZETTERSTEDT ... ...| 1851 | 1874 | Burmeister, 1875.

15. Frangois Jules PicTer... ae ..., 1855 | 1872 | Saussure, 1872.

16. Léon Durour : <n ...| 1860 ; 1865 | Guérin-Méneville, 1866.

17. Hermann Rudolph Scnaum ae ...| 1860 | 1865 | Boheman, 1866.

18. Hermann August HacENn ans ;..| 18638 | — =

19. Jean Théodore LacorpatrE = ...| 1863 | 1870 | Sel.-Longchamps, 1871.

20. John Lawrence LEcontTE ie .../ 1863 | 1883 | Packard, 1884.

21. Karl H. BoHEMAN ...| 1866 | 1868 | Schiddte, 1870.

22. Felix Edouard Gurrin- MinEvILLe ...| 1866 | 1874 | Guenée, 1874.

23. Johan Georg SCHIODTE ... ...| 1870 | 1884 | Miiller, 1884.

24. Carl Theodor Ernst von SIEBOLD - ...| 1870 | 1885 | Snellen, 1885.

25. Michel Edmond de Sretys-Lonecuamps...| 1871 | — =

26. Henri Frédéric de SaussuRE ... ...| 1872 | — =

27. Achille GUENEE ... ...| 1874 | 1880 | Signoret, 1881.

28. Hermann Carl Conrad BURMEISTER Sol! tsi — =

29. Victor SIGNORET ... vee or wool alfetsill — a

380. Fritz MULLER cae ia ...| 1884 — =

81. Charles Robert OsTEN- SACKEN as ...| 1884 — —

82. Alpheus Spring PackarD sins ...| 1884 | — —

83. Carl August DoHRN 2: ...| 1885 — —

34. Pieter Cornelius Tobias SNELLEN ...| 1885 — —

* Gravenhorst was born at Brunswick in 1777; his entomological publications

bear date from 1801 to 1848; and he died at Breslau in January, 1857. His name,

however, appears in our printed List of Members down to October, 1861; and the

vacancy was not filled up until 1863.

+ Wiedemann was born at Brunswick in 1770; his latest entomological publica-

tion, ‘Monographia generis Midarum,’ appeared in 1831; and he died at Kiel in

1840. His name, however, appears in our printed List of Members on the 31st

December, 1843; and the vacancy was not filled up until 1851, as it appears from

the President’s Address at the Anniversary Meeting on the 26th January, 1852,

that Zetterstedt was elected ‘‘in the place of the late M. Wiedemann.”

+ No tidings of Hammerschmidt having reached the Society for many years,

the Council treated him as dead, and resolyed (in December, 1861) that his name

should be expunged from the list of Honorary Members. His place was filled up in

1863. I cannot find that he published anything relating to Entomology after

1848. Subsequently to that date Dr. Hammerschmidt left Vienna, entered the

service of the Sublime Porte, and was known at Constantinople as Abdullah Bey.

Under that name he published papers on geological subjects at Paris, Vienna, and

Florence; the latest of those mentioned in the Royal Society’s Catalogue of

Scientific Papers appeared in 1870; and he died in 1874.

(

xxxv |)

Perhaps the following will be considered a more interesting method of

exhibiting the

Lefebvre, 1833

Klug, 1833

Gravenhorst, 1833

de Haan, 1833

succession ;—

Siebold, 1870

Schaum, 1860

Hagen, 1863

Pictet, 1855

Wiedemann, 1833

\Zetterstedt, 1851

Snellen, 1885

Boheman, 1866

Saussure, 1872

Schiéddte, 1870

Miiller, 1884.

Burmeister, 1875

Audouin, 1833

Milne-Edwards,1843

Dohrn, 1885

Hammerschmidt, 1833

Passerini, 1834

Schénherr, 1834

Gyllenhal, 1834

Leconte, 1863

Dufour, 1860

Zeller, 1849 |

Kollar, 1843

Guérin, 1866

‘Lacordaire, 1863

Packard, 1884

Osten-Sacken, 1884

Guenée, 1874

de Selys, 1871

Signoret, 1881.

Classified according to the land of their birth, our thirty-four Foreign

Honorary Members have included twelve Germans and Austrians, nine

Frenchmen, five Scandinavians, two Dutchmen, two Swiss, two Americans,

one Italian, and one Russian.

I would suggest that, in future, the date of election of our Honorary

Fellows should be given in the printed Annual List: and the following

will be the Lis

Date of

Election.

t for 1885 :—

Honorary Fellows.

1875. BurMeEIstER, Hermann Carl Conrad, Buenos Ayres.

1885. Dounrn, Carl August, Stettin.

1863. Hacen, Hermann August, Cambridge, U.S.A.

1884. Mixer, Fritz, Blumenau, Sta. Catarina, Brazil.

1884. OsTEN-SAcKEN, Baron C. R., Heidelberg.

1884, PacKkarp, Alpheus Spring, Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A.

1872. SaussurkE, Henri F. de, Geneva.

1871. Seiys-Lonecuamps, Baron M. H. de, Liege.

1881. SiaNorET, Victor, Paris.

1885. SNELLEN, Pieter C. T., Rotterdam.

New Part

of * Transactions.’

Part LV. of the ‘ Transactions’ for.1885 was on the table.

(xxaview )

ANNUAL MEETING,

January 20, 1886,

R. M‘Lacatan, Esq., F.R.S., &e., President, in the chair.

An abstract of the Treasurer’s accounts for 1885 was read by Mr. H. T.

Stainton, one of the Auditors.

The Secretary read the following :—

REporT OF THE CouNcIL For 1885.

In accordance with the Bye-Laws, the Council begs to present the

following report :—

The grant of a Royal Charter of Incorporation, which bears date the

20th July, 1885, has supplied what was wanting to complete the legal and

scientific status of the Society, aud is a source of satisfaction to the

Council, which will, it is confidently hoped, be shared by all the Fellows

of the Society.

As the election of Annual Subscribers is for the future prohibited by

the amended Bye-Laws, and the existing number of Subscribers is barely

more than a score, the Council invites those gentlemen to qualify as

Fellows, and thereby place all the members on an equality, so that, on the

next revision of our Bye-Laws, reference to the class of Subscribers may be

altogether omitted.

The vacancies in our list of Honorary Fellows occasioned by the deaths

of von Siebold and Milne-Edwards have been filled by the election of

Mr. Snellen, of Rotterdam, and Dr. Dohrn, of Stettin.

The Society now consists of ten Honorary Foreign Fellows, 40 Life

Fellows, 186 Fellows, and the above-mentioned Annual Subscribers, the

whole of whom it is hoped will soom be assimilated with and swell the

number of our Ordinary Fellows.

The Transactions for the year, exclusive of the Proceedings, form

a volume of 456 pages, containing ten Memoirs, contributed by as many

Authors, and illustrated with ten plates, of which nine are coloured, and

for the remaining one the Society is indebted to Mr. George Lewis.

( xxexvan 4)

The financial position may be shortly stated thus—

RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS.

Balanceinhand - - - £21 Rent, Office, and Meeting £118

Contributions of Fellows - 259 Expenses - =F

Sale of Publications : - 64 | Publications - : = - 92792

Interest on Consols = : g | Library - - - - Ee pals

Donations - a m - 45 Balance in hand - 4

£409 £409

Finally, the Council is well pleased with the progress made during

1885, and can assert with confidence that the year’s work will bear

comparison with that of any of its predecessors.

11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square,

20th January, 1886.

The Secretaries not having received any notice proposing to substitute

other names than those in the lists prepared by the Council, the following

Fellows form the Council for 1886 :-—T. R. Billups, E. A. Fitch, W. W.

Fowler, H. Goss, F. D. Godman, F. Grut, W. F. Kirby, R. M‘Lachlan,

E. B. Poulton, . Saunders, H. T. Stainton, S. Stevens, and J. J. Weir.

The following are the officers elected: — President, R. M‘Lachlan,

F.R.S.; Treasurer, E. Saunders, F.L.S.; Secretaries, H. Goss, F.L.S.,

F.G.8., and W. W. Fowler, M.A., F.L.S.; Librarian, F. Grut, F.L.S.

The President then delivered an address, at the conclusion of which

Mr. H. T. Stainton proposed a cordial vote of thanks to Mr. M‘Lachlan

for his services as President during the year, and requested that he would

allow his address to be printed with the ‘ Proceedings.’ The proposal was

seconded by Mr. F’. P. Pascoe, and carried unanimously. The President

returned thanks.

Mr. Dunning proposed a vote of thanks to the Treasurer, Secretaries,

and Librarian, which was seconded by Mr. W. L. Distant, and carried

unanimously. Messrs. Saunders, Fitch, Kirby, and Grut made some

remarks in acknowledgment.

( xxxvin 9)

ABSTRACT OF RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS FOR. 1885.

Reeeipts. Pavments,

68s Gs LY sted.

To Balance, 1 Jan. 1885 - 2 7 6)/By Rent, Salary, Office ae, 1i7 16 4

Subscriptions, 1885 - Sib > 0) penses, &e. — - 2

Entrance Fees- - - 8312 0| Printing ~ 4. 2 6. SoelS airgun

Arrears” - , : . §1s GO Plates, Colouring, &e. = shi) (0)

Compositions - : 5 at) &) Books, Binding, &c. - 1419 6

Donations - - Ss it. OO 8

Transactions - : - 63:12 5

Interest on £313 4s. a 9 21

Consols - Balance, 1 Jan.1886 - 381911

£409 3 3 £409 3 38

ASSETS.

£ ss d:

Subscriptions, considered good - - - - - 1010 0

Consols, £313 4s. 8d. - : - - (cost) 293 4 O

H. T. Srarnton.

J. JENNER WEIR.

Audited and found correct. W. F. Kirsy.

RicHarp SourH.

H. Goss.

( xxix 7)

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

GENTLEMEN,

In accordance with the terms of Chapter XX. of our Bye-

Laws, I announce that the Officers and Council for the ensuing

year will be as follows :-—

President: R. M‘Lachlan, F.R.S. Treasurer: EK. Saunders,

F.L.S. Secretaries: H. Goss, F.L.8., and W. W. Fowler, M.A.,

F.L.S. Librarian: F. Grut, F.L.8. And as other Members of

Council: T. R. Billups, EH. A. Fitch, F.L.8., F. Du Cane

Godman, M.A., F.R.S., W. F. Kirby, E. B. Poulton, M.A., F.G.S8.,

S. Stevens, F.L.S., H. T. Stainton, F.R.S., and J. J. Weir,

Has.

The exigencies of other engagements necessitate the retire-

ment from Secretarial duties of both Messrs. Fitch and Kirby.

A thorough change of Secretaries is always a matter of im-

portance. The Secretaries (or the Acting Secretary) and the

Treasurer are the most important Officers in every Society, for

it is on their supervision, separately and combined, that the

welfare of a Society mainly depends. Two of our Fellows have

kindly volunteered to fill the vacancies, and from what we know

of them and of their work, I have no doubt they will prove

as efficient as their predecessors; and they are doubtless

fully aware that they enter upon their duties at a time when

the Society has acquired a new position and advantages, and

also increased responsibility.

Our Treasurer has kindly supplied an unsolicited analysis of

the financial condition of the Society for the last six years. It

is not quite so satisfactory as I could have wished ; but it shows

a gradual increase in what may be termed current income, in all

items save one; | allude to the receipts from the sale to the

public of our Transactions, which last year show a notable

diminution. This is an item at all times fluctuating and

( oxien)

capricious, and the universal depression in trade has no doubt

affected it outside any other consideration. I believe I may say

we have practically no liabilities. That we are in this position

is mainly due, now as often, to the liberal donations we have

received. I hope, very sincerely, that the time is not far distant

when we may be placed outside the necessity of relying upon

donationg in order to equalise our balance-sheet. In connection

with this I may remark that a new arrangement has lately been

made with our printers, whereby there should be a considerable

saving to the Society.

Our indefatigable Librarian, Mr. Grut, has so far completed

in MS. the much-needed Catalogue of our Library, that its

publication may be looked upon as likely to happen at no

distant date.

Our current volume of Transactions if somewhat less varied

in contents than has sometimes been the case, is none the less

valuable. The publication of so large an instalment at one time

of Mr. Marshall’s Monograph of British Braconide crippled our

resources. Of the value of that Monograph (which strikes

me as one of the most important we have ever published)

there cannot be two opinions, and I hope it may soon be

completed; but the precise arrangements must be left to the

advice and guidance of our Chancellor of the Exchequer.

Certainly endeavours will be made to ensure its completion as

soon as possible, without thereby being obliged to disappoint the

authors of other memoirs.

On account of death five names that appeared in our last

List have to be omitted in that which is in preparation. We

have lost by death two Honorary Members, viz. :—Prof. Carn

THEODOR VON SIEBOLD and Prof. Henri Minne-Epwarps; and

three Ordinary Members, viz. :—Major F. J. 8. Parry, Mr. H.C.

Rys, and the Rev. D. J. Frencu.

It is not my intention to give lengthy obituary notices in this

Address. Such could amount to no more than a repetition of

what has already appeared in various publications.

Carl Theodor von Siebold (born at Wurzburg, February 16th,

1804, died at Munich, April 6th, 1885) and Henri Milne-

Edwards (born of English parents at Bruges, Oct. 28rd, 1800,

died at Paris, June 29th, 1885) may well be coupled, for each

was a power in his own country as a teacher, and each exercised

@ xine)

vast influence over zoological studies in Germany and France

respectively, and in either case that influence was extended over

the whole scientific world. Von Siebold’s ‘Lehrbuch der vergleich-

enden Anatomie der wirbellosen Thiere,’ and Milne-Edwards’

‘Cours élémentaire d’Histoire Naturelle,’ are models of what

text-books should be. So far as pure entomological work is

concerned, the German savant published more than his French

confrere, and his name will be ever remembered in connection

with parthenogenesis, the observations on which were originally

made from entomological subjects, but the existence of which

was subsequently proved to extend far beyond the pale of

Entomology. If Milne-Edwards published but little on purely

entomological subjects, much of his work nevertheless concerned

the Crustacea, a class always considered to lie within the scope

of the Entomological Society of London. Both of these

illustrious zoologists will be equally remembered in connection

with Natural History journalism. Von Siebold was one of the

founders of the ‘ Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie’ ;

Milne-Edwards was long a leading editor of the not less celebrated

‘Annales des Sciences Naturelles.’

Major Parry (born October 28th, 1810, died February 1st,

1885) was one of our oldest Members, having been elected so

long back as 1840. At one time he was a frequent attendant at

our meetings. His works on Lucanide are known to all of us,

and he was in fact the leading authority on that family of

Coleoptera. Possibly there never has been an entomologist

whose scientific career, extending over so long a period, was so

intimately connected with this Society, for, if I mistake not, the

whole of his published papers appeared in our Transactions.

The premature decease, from that dire scourge smallpox, of

Mr. E. C. Rye (born April 10th, 1832, died February 7th, 1885)

is still fresh in our memories. That it should fall upon the

President of a Society for the time being to find that in the

annual roll-call there is no response in a few cases, is in all

instances a painful experience. There are cases in which

circumstances render this experience additionally painful; such,

for instance, as personal friendship and intimate association over

a lengthened period. In such a position | find myself at

this moment. Five years my senior to a day, Mr. Rye and

I commenced our respective careers in entomological science,

(ain)

in different directions, almost at the same time, and for more

than twenty years subsequently we were intimately associated

in self-imposed editorial duties. In the early part of this friend-

ship we had made many excursions together, even to the extent

of sharing semi-starvation (in the early summer of 1865) in the

Black-wood of Rannoch. It is sometimes said that friendships

are the strongest where some ruling point in common draws

together temperaments otherwise utterly different ; and I may be

allowed to think the case in point was an illustration. If we

differed in much we had a bond in common of superior strength.

I make no special allusion here to Mr. Rye’s entomological

labours (they are fresh in the minds of all) save that his

name will always be remembered in connection with the study of

British Coleoptera; and it will scarcely be less prominent as

coupled with the ‘Zoological Record’ and the ‘ Entomologists’

Monthly Magazine.’ It may be said that indomitable power of

work was his leading characteristic. It mattered not to him

whether the work was done purely for the advancement of

Entomology, or in fulfillmg his engagements pour vivre ; both

conditions were the same to him: and his pastimes were pursued

in precisely the same way. In the whole circle of my acquaintance

I can recal no one to whom work appeared to be so absolute a

necessity.

I have not been able to collect any information concerning

the Rev. D. J. French, who joined us in 1869, and who died in

India in the early part of last year.

Two British entomologists of note, not belonging to our

Society, died in 1885. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester (died

May 80th, aged 62), was known to many of us (and, if I mistake

not, was for some years one of us). His scientific acquirements

were very extensive, and he was a munificent supporter of Science

in his district. Nicholas Cooke (born at Liverpool, Jan. 14th,

1818, who died suddenly near London, when on a visit, 19th May,

1885) was a well-known Lepidopterist.

The annual death-roll also includes the following :—L. R.

Meyer-Dir, died at Zurich, March 2nd, aged 73, at that time

the oldest Swiss entomologist, one of the founders of the Swiss

Entomological Society, and a very prominent worker in several

prominent worker in the anatomy and life-histories of insects.

( xh )

H. Weyenbergh (born at Haarlem, 6th Dec., 1842, died there July

25th, 1885), a pupil of Prof. Burmeister, and for many years

Professor of Zoology at the University of Cordova (Argentine

Republic). Antonio de Lacerda, of Bahia, a prominent

coleopterist, died in August, aged 51. J. de Wankowicz, a pro-

minent Polish entomologist, died at Minsk, Lithuania, 8th

August, aged 50.

The event of the past year, so far as we are concerned, has

been the grant to us of a Royal Charter of Incorporation. My

immediate predecessor in this Chair—Mr. Dunning—in his

Address delivered on January 21st, 1885, expressed his regret

that a gracious response to our petition for a Charter had not up

to then been received. That gracious response arrived in July

last, and, as you all know, in the affirmative, and our coveted

Charter is now in the possession of the Society. Accident of

position caused me to be named therein as first President.

Permit me to say, that while I feel proud of the honour, | most

sincerely wish my immediate predecessor had received the

distinction in my stead, for it is to his exertions and muni-

ficence we are enabled to style ourselves a Corporate Body. As

a distinguished member of the legal profession, and as taking the

warmest interest in this Society, no one amongst us could have

seen more clearly than he, the disadvantageous position in which

the Society had been placed during the more than fifty years of

its existence,—an existence only in name.

After the public announcement of the grant of a Charter it

occurred to several gentlemen, both of and outside our number,

to question me as to the meaning and advantages of a Charter.

Possibly I should have sought legal advice in framing my

answers ; possibly I should have sought it before endeavouring,

on the present occasion, to place before you the remarks that

follow: I am open to correction if my views be not strictly

right.

In the first place, we have now a legal existence. As a body

recognised by name we had existed for more than half a century,

but we had no legal existence, and, although we possessed a

magnificent property in our Library (and “something in the

Funds”), we had, as a body, no real or direct control over this

property. By the acquisition of a Charter we have, as a body,

through our officers for the time being, an equal control over our

( shy )

possessions to that which is accorded to a private individual or to

a registered partnership. We have acquired the right to sue

and be sued. The right to sue practically only concerns those

of our Fellows who do not respond to our Treasurer’s reminders

as to unpaid subscriptions. This is a right possessed by every

Chartered Society, and one, I am happy to say, very seldom

required to be put in force. According to my experience, with

regard to other societies, the right is only exercised when a

contumacious Fellow, who there is every reason to believe can

pay, will neither do so, nor acquire his right to resign by having

satisfied his obligations. Let us hope the luxury of having

acquired a right to be sued may never be indulged in.

There is another matter involved in the acquisition of a

Charter. Possibly some benevolent individuals of -our body,

or outside our body, may desire to further the cause of ento-

mological science as represented by this Society, by remem-

bering us in their wills. In our former condition to have

made a legacy of benefit to us, it must have been bequeathed

to one or more individuals, and if the testator directed the

amount to be invested, and the interest only to be applied to

the immediate wants of the Society, or to any special purpose

connected with the Society, a system of trusts must have been

instituted, occasioning frequent changes, expense, and, to say

the least, great inconvenience. As a Chartered Society these

difficulties vanish. a

Hitherto I have regarded the acquisition of a Charter from

only the legal point of view. Prestige is perhaps scarcely an

English word, and yet, somehow or other, it seems to be so

generally acknowledged as to influence all by a process that may

be termed ‘‘ unconscious cerebration.’”’ During our more than

fifty years of non-legal existence, I venture to believe we acquired

a prestige not to be excelled by that of any kindred Society. To

one and all I say, let that prestige not only be maintained, but

be vastly extended.

I am not quite sure that our acquisition of a Charter is

correctly appreciated by some of our continental confreres, and

in at least one instance I almost wish we could look upon it

somewhat in the same light as they appear todo. At the meeting

of the Société Entomologique de France (a Society we may be

proud to acknowledge our senior as a continuity), held on the

( xiv)

9th September, 1885, the President, our colleague M. Ragonot

(whom, from his long residence in England, some of us are

inclined to claim as a ‘“ British entomologist”), did us the

honour to announce to his colleagues that we had become a

Corporate Body; and it was stated that this distinction was

analogous to the recognition as a ‘‘ Société d’utilité publique”

enjoyed by our French brethren. Of course we are a Society of

public utility! But there is a slight difference. This official

recognition on the part of the Government entitles the French

Society to an annual subvention, which in 1885 was equal to

£24. Iam not aware that in this country any scientific society

receives direct official recognition in a financial sense, with the

exception of the Royal Society, and in this case the money grant

does not benefit the Society as a body, but is distributed (under

the supervision of a select committee) to individuals, the

majority of whom are not Fellows of the Society.

Our Charter recognises the existing Bye-Laws; but it may

be found necessary to call a Special General Meeting to authorise

certain slight verbal alterations, due notice of which will be

given.

In former Presidential Addresses delivered before this Society,

it has been the custom to touch upon something beyond what

may be termed home affairs. At one time it was not an

uncommon practice to give a sketch of the principal results for

the past year of the labours of entomologists, both British and

foreign. I need scarcely say that the repetition of Addresses of

this nature has become practically impossible, at any rate for

one man; and even if it were possible, the result might run to

the length of an average volume of our Transactions. It has

also been a common practice to limit the Address to a considera-

tion of one or more special subjects. Such a course I propose

to adopt on the present occasion. Not unnaturally the choice

of a subject has been before my mind some time, and the choice

had provisionally fallen upon Sysrrmatic Enromonoey in its

various aspects. I had heard the students of Systematic EKnto-

mology called by hard names, and I had heard the subject itself

styled the lowest form of entomological studies, and as applied

partially I feel bound to confess there was truth in the remark.

At the same time I felt there was more than gross injustice in

the implied stigma, if cast upon systematists as a body.

( xlvi_ )

The provisional idea thus formed has resulted in the remarks

that follow; and it was an accident that caused the decision. In

the ‘Standard’ newspaper for the last day of the old year was

an anonymous sketch of the ‘‘ Science of the Year.” In

unsigned articles one is sometimes at a loss how to draw a dis-

tinction between what may be written to suit the requirements

of a particular journal, and what may reflect the writer’s indi-

vidual opinion. In the case in point some remarks attracted my

attention, and the more so because on most subjects the writer

and myself seem in accord.

The quotation is as follows :—‘‘ Naturalists of the new

school are showing less interest in collecting than their pre-

decessors. They half-despise the ‘ species-maker,’ and are all

‘for development, anatomy, and the philosophical bearings of the

study. So far this is well. It raises Zoology and Botany out of

the rut of mere museum work—preserving, labelling, cataloguing,

and classifying. But it is mischievous in so far that it makes

every acquisition simply subsidiary to Darwinism, without taking

into account the fact that without the knowledge of species by

which Darwin arrived at his first results any further advance is

dangerous. The botanist who philosophises on distribution, or

the zoologist on the connection between extinct and recent faune,

is apt to blunder if he is not familiarly acquainted with modern

species, which may be theoretically mobile, but which for all

practical purposes are permanent. To compare fossil forms

without knowing living ones is simply courting error. Yet, for

the moment, this is the peril which the younger school are

encountering in their haste to grow rich in sweeping conclusions.

In this country biological science is in a state of transition. The

old style is passing away; the new has not yet fully developed

itself.”

To me it appears that there is a singular amount of truth

in several suggestions in this short quotation, and that, taken as

a whole, no moderate man could possibly feel offended at the

seneral tenor of the remarks. The remark as to the existing

tendency to make every new discovery in natural science ‘‘ sub-

sidiary to Darwinism ” struck me as apropos. I yield to no one

in respect for the memory of our great philosopher. I yield

to no one in warmth of adherence to the broad principles of

Evolution. I take it that the broad principles of Evolution are

( xlvii )

safe from any attacks that may be made upon them; the days

of ridicule are long past, and the opponents that remain admire

while they doubt or dissent. But, for the sake of argument,

supposing the principles to be vulnerable, the damage will be

done not by opponents, but by too-enthusiastic admirers, who

seek to make every acquisition subsidiary without having had

Darwin’s training. And I make bold to say that not the least

important item in Darwin’s early training was that of a sys-

tematist ; for, if done well, systematic work in Natural History

requires an amount of diligence, of research, and, above all, of

care, that, while it leaves room for the scientific use of the

imagination, prevents everything being made subsidiary to the

imagination. Just as Darwin, in the early part of his career,

was a specialist and a systematist, so also have been most of our

most celebrated philosophical naturalists, and so some of them

continue. To my mind there is no subject so adapted to prove

the capabilities of an aspirant in any department of Natural

History as a monographic treatise on some special group, and

to me there is nothing easier than to detect in works of this

nature, on a subject with which I am acquainted, the amount of

care taken by the writer—how much is original and how much

second-hand, how much is solid and how much scamped: and,

if my observations be correct, the lasting reputation of most

naturalists will be gauged in direct proportion to the extent

to which their systematic work stands the test of time. In

systematic work not only do the animals themselves need careful

and exhaustive examination, but, what is as much to the point,

the whole literature relating to the subject must be carefully

studied, and this alone must result in an amount of training for

subsequent, and perhaps broader, studies that cannot fail to be

beneficial. Therefore, | recommend to those younger Fellows of

this Society with aspirations for future fame, to take up some

special group, and work it out thoroughly, and publish the

results. It may be said that the literature of every group has

now become so appalling in extent as to be deterrent in com-

parison with that of years gone by. I do not share that opinion.

In times gone by it was difficult to be able to consult the litera-

ture known to exist; at present there is scarcely any work that

is not to be found in one or many of our great Natural History

libraries; and, though the amount of current literature may be,

( xlvii_ )

and no doubt is, enormous, the student, if possessed of sufficient

acumen to avail himself of them, has so many aids in the way

of what may pardonably be termed ‘‘keys” and ‘‘ cribs,”

that any alarm on that score speedily dissipates on closer

acquaintance.

But systematic work, if carried out too exclusively, can

scarcely fail to have a narrowing influence, the one thing to

be avoided of all others; and I earnestly recommend to débutants

that while they seek to show their power of work by attacking

some special subject, they should not lose sight of the

surroundings.

Auu Systematic (including descriptive) WoRK SHOULD AIM AT

BEING EDUCATIONAL; if it be not so I fail to see the necessity for it.

And it should be so far educational as to be intelligible, in the

majority of instances, to those who have not the identical mate-

rials before them; otherwise what can be the use of descriptions

and figures? We might just as well, in museums and private

collections, announce that we have a certain number of new

genera or species, publish their names, label the specimens, and

then invite workers in all parts of the world to come and see

them if they wish to identify their own materials with them.

This latter remark brings me dangerously near the subject

of ‘ types.”” When writing, in 1880, the Preface to my work on

European Trichoptera, the remark occurs that “the end and

aim of every descriptive work in Zoology should be that of

rendering references to types unnecessary in the majority of

instances,” that is ‘‘ educational.” But I am not of those

who think it possible always to avoid the necessity or ad-

visability of examination of types. To render it absolutely

possible would, so it appears to me, render necessary not only

a thorough knowledge of what is known to exist, but also a

prevision of what does exist but is unknown; the former is

possible, the latter more than verges on the impossible. Still I

fear that a considerable proportion of descriptive work is of a

nature that must necessitate an examination of types for its

elucidation, and in many cases where more care could have

produced other results. In such cases the descriptions had

better not have been written. It is to be feared that so-called

descriptions are often written for the sake of creating ‘ types,”

and in some cases with the idea of thereby instituting a money

(exis)

value, or, apart from this latter, the more sentimental idea of

adding to the fame of a collection. There is also much popular

misapprehension as to the meaning of the word ‘‘ type.” The

purely systematic entomologist regards ‘“‘ type” or ‘‘ types”’ as

the specimen or specimens (for it is always desirable that a

species be described from more than one example, even at the

risk of confusing two species) from which a species was

originally described. Now, permit me to put a case. An

entomologist goes to a certain museum or collection, and asks

to see a certain insect mentioned by name. It is shown to

him, and he is informed that it is the ‘‘ type,” but, to the

astonishment of the curator, or possessor of the collection, he

flatly denies the truth of the assertion. There is simply a

misunderstanding. The stay-at-home systematist sees in the

term “type” only the specimen to which a certain name has

been attached; the field-naturalist sees in it the dominant con-

dition of the species according to his own observations. I opine

that it might occur to me to side with the field-naturalist in such

a case :—

‘‘ Wenn man so in sein Museum gebannt ist ;

Und sieht die Welt kaum einen Feiertag,

Kaum durch ein Fernglas, nur von weiten,

Wie soll man sie durch Ueberredung leiten ?”

A misuse of the term “type” is made by collectors who,

having spaced out their cabinets, and put in the labels,

consider a type something, formerly wanting to them, that

represents one of these names; it is a misuse, but is probably

justifiable from their point of view, and needs no further

mention. As bearing upon the question of “‘ types,” I call

attention to one other matter, one that happens to affect my

own special branch of entomological study very prominently.

I allude to the mischievous practice of publishing names

without descriptions. Such a course entails endless annoyance

and confusion to subsequent writers; and another practice

almost equally to be deprecated is that of naming undescribed

species in collections (especially if the collections be important) ;

such names often get inadvertently published, and thereby

create confusion.

In earnestly recommending a course of systematic study to

the younger Fellows of this Society, it may be well to eall

(re)

attention to the fact that the insect-fauna of our own islands is

yet by no means fully worked out. Much has never yet been

touched in more than a preliminary manner, much yet needs

revision. We have recently had an announcement of a hundred

new British species of Diptera, and the writer of that article

assured me that he believed he could, with a little more investi-

gation, have raised the number to two hundred, from the

materials in his own collection. But to work out any group of

British insects properly, a knowledge is necessary of the insect-

fauna of HKurope as a whole, and even of that of the Palearctic

region, so far as concerns the particular group. It has been

said that already there are five ‘‘quarters”’ of the globe; I think

our entomologists sometimes unwittingly acknowledge a sixth

“quarter.” Ihave on several occasions remarked, in our Trans-

actions, and elsewhere, a distinction drawn between ‘‘ British”’

and ‘‘ Kuropean” insects. Such a distinction of course results

from a casual lapsus, but its occurrence must occasion con-

siderable amusement when viewed from across the Channel.

But do not for a moment imagine that I am disposed to look

down upon that large class of our entomologists who from choice,

or necessity, attend only to the productions of our own islands.

Possibly there is no other portion of the globe of similar extent

whose insect-fauna has been worked out in so exhaustive a

manner; and I should say certainly there is no other portion in

which so much has been done, and is being done, to work out

the life-histories of the insect-productions, to the advantage of

entomological science generally; though unfortunately this is

too much restricted to the one order Lepidoptera.

I might have said, earlier, that it is almost necessary, in any

case advantageous to an intending systematist, to have had a

training in the entomology of his own country or district, and

especially where that country or district possesses varied physical

features. I will go so far as to say that it would have been an

advantage to some amongst us who occupy themselves more par-

ticularly with exotic insects. They would have been better able

to reason on the extent to which a species may vary, either locally

or accidentally (I hope I may be pardoned for using the latter

unscientific word). Many of our collectors of British Lepidoptera,

finding difficulty in adding new native species to their collections,

and having their own reasons for not wishing to enlarge their

Gale)

acquaintance beyond the limits of these islands, have latterly

taken to amassing varieties or local conditions; the result may

be realised by an inspection of any one of our important British

collections. Whatever vagaries of variation exist, we know the

specimens belong to one and the same species. Let us take our

common Tiger Moth (Arctia caja) as an instance, and let us

suppose it is not a British, or even European, insect, and that

(say) ten or fifteen of the most prominent varieties come home at

various times, and from various localities, say in the Himalayas.

It would very much surprise me if ten or fifteen so-called new

species were not thereby manufactured, which might be avoided

if the exotic systematist had received an efficient training as a

British entomologist ; or even if he did describe them, and give

them names, it would occur to him to suggest that, from analogy,

they might all be forms or varieties of one species. Very

unfortunately the majority of British entomologists never seek

to extend their knowledge further, and, on the other hand, those

who attend to exotic insects have too often not paid sufficient

attention to home productions.

In the foregoing remarks I have tried to show how, according

to my own views, Systematic Entomology, if conscientiously

pursued, should by no means be considered to consist in “‘ species-

making.” Nor should ‘‘ mere museum work” deserve an implied

sneer. On the contrary, both can, and should, have an important

bearing on philosophical Natural History.

It is not my intention on the present occasion to enlarge

upon the connection of internal anatomy, embryology, and

physiology with the systematic side of the subject. But it is

most certainly desirable that a systematist should not be ignorant

of the rudiments of these subjects, and in cases where the

disputed position of isolated forms is concerned, something far

more than the rudiments is required. Neither do I intend to

touch upon Fossil Entomology, a subject that of late has

acquired a vast importance from the recent discoveries of

Silurian insects. Furthermore, I do not intend to give an

analysis of the present position of Economic Entomology. On

a future occasion I may possibly take up one or more of these

subjects, for on one and all there is much to be said.

I conclude, Gentlemen, by thanking you heartily for the

courtesy accorded to me during my first year of office as President.

( li)

Our meetings have been exceedingly well attended, far better so

than was the case formerly, and I am sorry to say that on one

or two occasions the attendance was out of proportion to the

number and interest of the objects exhibited, or of the papers

read. But each Fellow has it in his power to avoid the recurrence

of what may be termed a blank evening, and I hope the power

will be put in force at succeeding meetings.

INDEX.

Nore.—Where the name only of an Insect or Genus is mentioned,

the description will be found on the page referred to,

The Arabic Figures refer to the pages of the ‘Transactions’; the Roman

Numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’

PAGE

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GENERAL SUBJECTS.

Annual Meeting, xxxvi.

Buchecker’s drawings of Hymenoptera exhibited, iii.

Charter of Incorporation, xvi.

Classification of Australian Pyralidina, 421.

Colour, preservation of in Cassida, v, xxvii.

Entomostraca from Kalahari desert exhibited, xxiv.

Fossil insects, xi.

Gall-like swellings on oak-twig, xi.

Honorary Members, note on election of, xxxiii; list of, xxxiv.

Insects from Canada exhibited, i; fossil, x1; injurious to crops, x.

Magnetism and insect development, xv.

Microphotographs of insect wings, iv.

Milne-Edwards, death referred to, xix.

Mimicry, 369.

Mosquitoes, destructive to young trout, xxv.

Netherlands Entomological Society, anniversary Meeting, xxi.

Nomenclature of Lepidoptera alluded to, iv.

Orchid-roots resembling caterpillars, xiii.

Parasitism defined, 6.

Photographs of Mymaridex exhibited, xxxii.

PAGE

lxi

lxiv

lxv

( hw )

Phyptophagic coloration, 305, viii.

President’s Address, xxxix.

Seasonal dimorphism in Lepidoptera, ii, v.

Stage for microscope exhibited, v.

Treasurer’s Account, xxxviii.

Trout destroyed by mosquitoes, xxv.

ARACHNIDA.

Atypus piceus, life history of, 389.

Galeodes, species exhibited from Kalahari desert, xxiii.

COLEOPTERA.

Abdera quadrifasciata, exhibited from Tonbridge, xix.

Aleochara lygea, exhibited from Tonbridge, xix.

Antherophagus pallens, variety exhibited, xix.

Anthribus albinus, exhibited from Tonbridge, xix.

Brachycerus, living specimen from Kalahari desert exhibited, xxiii.

Bruchide, cocoon-making species from Brazil exhibited, x.

Callilanguria eximia, 383.

Carabus auratus, living specimen from Borough market exhibited, x.

Cassida, preservation of colour in, v, xxvii.

Cerylon atratulum, exhibited from Hungary, v.

Cis boleti, destructive to boots, xxiv.

Coloborhombus fasciatipennis, 369.

Colon zebei, exhibited from Tonbridge, xix.

Diabrotica, Colombian species of, xx.

Dytiscus punctulatus, in Borough Market, x.

Epurea diffusa, exhibited from Tonbridge, xix.

Eubrychius velatus, swimming specimens exhibited, xxi.

Gyrinus marinus, larva exhibited, xxi.

Helops, forms of spermatozoa in, vii.

Histeride, new genus of, 331.

Homalota humeralis, exhibited from Winchester, xx.—splendens, exhibited

from Tonbridge, xx.

Languria calabarensis, 385.—dubia, 385.—femoralis, 386.—monticola,

387.—murrayt, 386.—nyasse, 384.

Languriide, new species of, 381.

Microglossa pulla, exhibited from Tonbridge, xix.

Niponius, 333.—N. furcatus, 333.—impressicollis, 333.—obtusiceps, 334.—

osorioceps, 333.

Optis, xiii. O. bicarinata, xiii.

Oxypoda exoleta, exhibited from Tonbridge, xx.

Pelophila borealis, abnormal specimens from Iceland exhibited, xxvii.

Stenolanguria, 387. S. gorhami, 388.—tricolor, 388.

Sympanotus pictus, alluded to, 332.

Tachys parvulus, exhibited from Liverpool, xxvii.

(ax)

Thalycra sericea, exhibited from Tonbridge, xix.

Throscus carinifrons, exhibited from Tonbridge, xix.

Xyletinus ater, exhibited from Tonbridge, xix.

HEMIPTERA.

Alewrodes, on fuchsia, xxii.

Ceraleptus lividus, exhibited from Chobham, iv.

Coccus destructive to indiarubber plant, xv.

Dulichius clavifer, alluded to, xxvii.

Hriopeltis festuce, exhibited from Plymouth, xxvii.

Helopeltis antonii, destructive to chinchona in Java, xxvil.—braconiformis

synonym of D. clavifer, xxvii.

Hemiptera from Headley Lane exhibited, iii.

Macherota ensifera, alluded to, xxv.

Mytilaspis pomorum, injurious to apple tree, xiv.

Phylloxera vastatriz, experiments with winged form in Portugal, xxvii.

Ranatra linearis, exhibited from Loughton, iil.

Schizoneura lanigera, injurious to apple tree, xiv.

Tropicoris rufipes, exhibited from Kensington, xxiv.

HYMENOPTERA.

Acelius, 153. A. germanus, var. of subfasciatus, 154.—subfasciatus, 154.

Adeélius, = Acelius, 153.

Agathis, 263. A. anglica, 265.—brevisetis, 265.—malvacearum, 263.—

nigra, 264.—rujipalpis, 266.

Aleiodes alternator, synonym of R. geniculator, 93.—armatus, 101,—

bicolor, 96, a Rhogas.—brevicornis, synonym of R. dimidiatus, 91.

circumscriptus, 98,—geniculator, 93,—irregularis, 90, a Rhogas.—

nigriceps, synonym of R. circumscriptus, 98.—nigricornis, a

Rhogas, 97.—nigripalpis, synonym of R. dimidiatus, 91.—tristis,

95,—vittiger, 100, a Rhogas.

Allodorus, 103. A lepidus, 103.—pallidus, synonym of lepidus, 103.

Andricus radicis, exhihited, x.

Anisopelma belgicum, synonym of H. sulcatus, 63.

Apanteles, 155. A. abjectus, 211.—acuminatus, synonym of analis, 172.

—adjunctus, 190.—albipennis, 201.—analis, 172.—annularis,

synonym of emarginatus, 198.—bicolor, 216.—bignellii, 171.—-

brevicornis, synonym of sericeus, 177.—breviventris, alluded to,

155, 156.—cabere, 212.—caie, 183.—callidus, 221.—congestus,

169.—conifere, 206.—contaminatus, 196.—cultrator, 192.—decorus,

194.—difficilis, 187.—dilectus, 195.—emarginatus, 198.—ensi-

formis, alluded to, 156.—ewilis, 205.—falcatus, 192.—ferrugineus,

170.—formosus, 218.—fraternus, 210.—fuliginosus, 208.—fulvipes,

223, life history, 224,—gagates, 205.—geryonis, 180.—glomeratus,

176.—gracilis, 185.—halidaii, 206.—hoplites, alluded to, 155.—

immunis, 212.—impurus, 202.—infimus, 204.—jucundus, 182.—

(ly 3)

juniperate, 184.—lacteus, alluded to, 156.—letus, 189.—lateralis,

221.—lautellus, 219.—lictorius, 191.—limbatus, 173.—lineipes, 207.

—lineola, 164.—longicaudis, 208.—naso, 203.—nothus, 186.—

obscurus, 199.—octonarius, 210.—ordinarius, 168.—pallidipes, 215.

—placidus, 186.—popularis, 213.—pretor, 197.—punctiger, 189.

—rubecula, 175.—rubripes, 174.—rujicrus, 166.—salebrosus, 164.—

scabriculus, alluded to, 156.—sericews, 177.—sicarius, 209.—

sodalis, 200.—solitarius, 163.—spurius, 179.—tetricus, 165.—tri-

angulator, 215.—ultor, 193.—umbellatarum, 220.—viminetorum,

199.—witripennis, 222.—aanthostigmus, 195.—zygenarum, 181.

Arrhaphis dubia, 65,—imminens, 65,—tricolor, 65, alluded to.

Ascogaster, 141. A. annularis, 143.—armatus, 147.—bicarinatus, 147.—

bidentulus, synonym of rufipes, 143.—dentatus, a Phanerotoma,

112.—elegans, 144.—esenbeckii, synonym of instabilis, 142.—

instabilis, 142.—pallida, synonym of instabilis, 142.—quadri-

dentatus, 148.—ratzeburgii, 146.—rujidens, 145.—rufipes, 143.—

variipes, 146.

Bassus calculator, a Microdus, 273.—gloriatorius, an Harinus, 267.

Bathystomus, 51. B. funestus, 51.

Brachistes fagi, synonym of S. pallidipes, 108.

Bracon, 11. B. anthracinus, 46.—atrator, 46.—barypus, 47.—bicolor, a

Rhogas, 96.—bisignatus, synonym of osculator, 44.—brevicornis,

24,—caudatus, 40.—caudiger, alluded to, 41.—cireumscriptus, a

Rhogas, 28.—colpophorus, 38.—degenerator, 44.—dimidiatus, a

Rhogas, 91.—dimidiatus, synonym of P. catenator, 49.—discoideus,

38.—epitriptus, 35.—erraticus, 25.—erythrostictus, 17.—exarator,

26.—fraudator, 34.—fulvipes, 19.—fuscicoxis, 31.—gasterator, a

Rhogas, 90, 92.—guttator, synonym of variator, 42.—gquttiger, 33.

—immutator, alluded to, 37.—initiator, var., synonym of C.

scolyticida, 67.—letus, 17.—levigatus, 28.—lanceolator, an Onco-

phanes, 58.—larvicida, 36.—longicaudis, alluded to, 41.—longicollis,

21.—luteus, a Pelecystoma, 85.—mediator, 30.—megapterus, alluded

to, 38.—minutator, 19.—nigratus, 23.—obscurator, 45.—orbitator,

synonym of C. exsertor, 81.—osculator 44.—otiosus, 42.—pectoralis ,

16.—pellucidus, alluded to, 36, 39.—precisus, synonym of D.

imperator, 70.—pretermissus, 37.—punctulator var., synonym of

brevicornis, 24, synonym of exarator, 26, synonym of stabilis, 23.—

regularis, 39.—roberti, 28.—rugulosus, synonym of R. geniculator,

93.—satanas, 33.—scutéllaris alluded to, 18, synonym of levigatus,

28.—silesiacus, alluded to, 65.—spathiiformis, a Doryctes, 72.—

stabilis, 23.—striatellus, a Doryctes, 73.—tenwicornis, alluded to,

18.—terebella, 41.—tornator, 32.—triangularis, 27 —variator, 42.—

variegator, 22.—vectensis, 1.—vitripennis, alluded to, 35, 39,

Braconide, monograph of British, 1.

Callimome erucarum, exhibited, x.

Calyptus, alluded to, 104.

(, tlvisy =)

Chelonus, 113. C. annulatus, 124,—annulipes, 127, alluded to.—antil-

larum, 118.—basalis, 140.—bicarinatus, an Ascogaster, 147.—

canescens, 131.—carbonator, 123.—cutulus, 132.—contractus,

synonym of sulcatus, 137.—corvulus, 127.—cylindrus, alluded to,

121.—decorus, 128.—dentator, a Phanerotoma, 112.—dispar, 129.

elegans, an Ascogaster, 144.—eurytheca, synonym of parcicornis,

136.—evilis, 139,—femoralis, synonym of A. instabilis, 142.—

fenestratus, alluded to, 124, 128, synonym of sulcatus, 137.—

impressus, synonym of A. quadridentatus, 148.—inanitus, 118.—irro-

rator, a Spheropyx, 150.—levigator, synonym of A. rujidens, 145.—

latrunculus, 138.—luteicornis, synonym of A. armatus, 147.—

multiarticulatus, synonym of A. rufipes, 143.—nitens, 134.—

oculator, synonym of inanitus, 118.—oculatus, alluded to, 125.—

parcicornis, 136.—pullatus, alluded to, 114.—pusio, 133.—quadri-

dens, synonym of A. quadridentatus, 148.—retusus, alluded to, 181.

risorius, 134.—rufipes, an Ascogaster, 143, 145.—rujiventris,

synonym of A. instabilis, 142.—scaber, alluded to, 121.—secutor,

135.—similis, synonym of A. quadridentatus, 148.—speculator, 126.

—submuticus, 121.—suleatus, 137.—wesmaelii, 122.

Chremylus, 75. C. rubiginosus, 76.

Chrysis bidentata, xix,—fulgida, xix,—ignita, xix,—neglecta, xix, ex-

hibited from O. spinipes burrows.

Clinocentrus, 79. C. cunctator, 82.—excubitor, 80.—easertor, 81.—

umbratilis, 81.—vestigator, 83.

Celoides, 67. C. initiatellus, 67,—C. initiator, 67, synonym of C.

scolyticida.—melanotus, 68.—scolyticida, 67.

Colastes, 55. C. braconius, 57.—catenator, a Phanomeris, 49.—decorator,

55.—fragilis, a Phanomeris, 50.—funestus, a Bathystomus, 51.—

hariolator, 56.—lanceolator, an Oncophanes, 58.—lustrator, a

Xenarcha, 51.—meditator, a Rhysipolis, 52.

Cryptus alvearius, a Microgaster, 240. — clavatus, synonym of S.

exarator, 61.

Cynips inanita, a Chelonus, 118.

Dimeris, 65. D. aptera, 65,—inermis, 65, alluded to.—mira, 66.

Doryctes, 69. D. heydenii, 71.—imperator, 70.—obliteratus, synonym of

spathiiformis, 72. — spathiiformis, 72.—striatellus, 73.—tabidus,

synonym of striatellus, 73.

Earinus, 267. E. afinis, 267,—delusor, 267, synonym of gloriatorius,

267.—gloriatorius, 267. — nitidulus, 269.— thoracicus, synonym of

nitidulus, 269.—zonatus, 268.

Ecphylus silesiacus, alluded to, 65.

Eubadizon leptocephalus, synonym of O. obscurator, 278.

Eumicrodus, = Microdus, 262.

Exothecus abnormis, synonym of P. catenator, 49.—analis, synonym of

C. cunctator, 82.—barbatus, synonym of C. hariolator, 56.—debilis,

synonym of C. braconius, 57.—levigatus, ? synonym of O. lanceo-

lator, 58.—marginellus, synonym of C. excubitor, 80.—minutus,

Cie lvain*)

synonym of O. lanceolator, 58.—ruficeps, synonym of C. decorator,

55.—tuberculatus, synonym of R. indagator, 54.

Hecabolus, 63. H. sulcatus, 63.

Heterogamus, 86. H. crypticornis, synonym of dispar, 86.—dispar, 86.

Heterospilus, alluded to, 69.

Histeromerus, 74. H. mystacinus, 74.

Hormius, 77. H. moniliatus, 77.—piciventris, synonym of moniliatus, 77.

—rubiginosus, a Chremylus, 76.

Ichneumon alvearius, a Microgaster, 240.—calculator, a Microdus, 273.—

exarator, a Spathius, 61.—glomeratus, an Apanteles, 176.—irrorator,

a Spheropyx, 150.—panzeri, synonym of A. malvacearum, 263.—

rubidus, a Spathius, 61.

Ichneumonide from Headley Lane exhibited, iii.

Inostemma boscii, exhibited from Peckham, xix.

Ischiogonus obliteratus, synonym of D. striatellus, 73.—zonatus, synonym

of D. imperator, 70.

Ischius obscurator, an Orgilus, 278.

Macropalpus leptocephalus, synonym of O. obscurator, 278.

Microdus, 269. MM. abscissus, synonym of calculator, 273. — affinis,

synonym of EF. gloriatorius, 267. — annulator, synonym of O.

obscurator, 278.—brevicaudis, 274. — calculator, 273. — cingulipes,

272.—clausthalianus, 271.—delusor, 267,—gloriator, 267, synonym

of E. gloriatorius, 267.—levigator, synonym of O. obscurator, 278.

—linguarius, 270.—mediator, 276.—nitidulus, an Earinus, 269.—

obscurator, an Orgilus, 278.—vrufipes, 275. —rugulosus, 276.—

thoracicus, synonym of FE. nitidulus, 269.—tumidulus, 272.

Microgaster, 238. MM. adjunctus, an Apanteles, 190. — aduncus, a Micro-

plitis, 236.—albipennis, an Apanteles, 201, synonym of A. halidait,

206. — alvearius, 240.— analis, an Apanteles, 172. —annularis,

synonym of A. emarginatus, 198. — annulipes, synonym of sub-

completus, 253. — ardeepenelle, synonym of A. bicolor, 216.—

arenarius, synonym of A. obscurus, 199. — basalis, synonym of

russatus, 249.—bicolor, an Apanteles, 216.—brevicornis, synonym

of A. sericeus, 177.—caie@, an Apanteles, 183.—calceatus, 245.—

callidus, an Apanteles, 221.—canaliculatus, synonym of M. ocellate,

229.—candidatus, synonym of A. impurus, 202.—circumscriptus,

synonym of A. bicolor, 216.—congestus, 169,—conifere, 206, an

Apanteles.—connexus, 247.—consularis, synonym of connexus, 247.

—contaminatus, an Apanteles, 196. —crassicornis, 258.—crategi,

synonym of glomeratus, 176.—decorus, an Apanteles, 194.—depri-

mator, alluded to, 239.—dificilis, an Apanteles, 187.—var. synonym

of A. caie@, 183.—dilectus, an Apanteles, 195.—dilutus, synonym of

connexus, 247.—dimidiatus, synonym of russatus, 249.—dorsalis,

synonym of M. mediator, 233.—emarginatus, an Apanteles, 198.—

equestris, synonym of A, falcatus, 192.—exiguus, synonym of A.

bicolor, 216.—ewxilis, 205,—falcatus, 192, an Apanteles.—flavilabris,

synonym of 4. vitripennis, 222.— flavipes, 242.—formosus, an

(thee)

Apanteles, 218.—fulcriger, synonym of A. vitripennis, 222.—fuligi-

nosus, an Apanteles, 208.—fuliginosus, synonym of A. sericeus, 177.

—fulvicornis, synonym of M. mediator, 233. — fulvipes, 223,—

gagates, 205, an Apanteles.—gastropache, synonym of A. rubripes,

174.—globatus, 254, ? synonym of A. rujicrus, 166, synonym of 4d.

congestus, 169.—glomeratus, an Apanteles, 176, synonym of 4. caia,

183, synonym of 4. fulvipes, 223.—gracilis, an Apanteles, 185.—

hilaris, synonym of A. emarginatus, 198.—hospes, 257.—immunis,

212, — impurus, 202, —injimus, 204, an Apanteles. — infumatus,

synonym of rugulosus, 256.—ingratus, synonym of M. ocellate,

229.—insidens, synonym of A. difficilis, 187.—intricatus, synonym

of A. congestus, 169.—juniperate, an Apanteles, 184.—lacteipennis,

synonym of 4. albipennis, 201.—lactipennis, synonym of A. ultor,

193.—lateralis, 221,—lineipes, 207,—lineola, 164, an Apanteles.—

lividipes, synonym of A. bicolor, 216.—longicauda, an Apanteles,

208.— luctuosus, synonym of tibialis, 256.—majalis, synonym of A.

callidus, 221.—marginatus, 244.—marginellus, synonym of posticus

241.—medianus, 234,—mediator, 233, a Microplitis.—melanoscelus,

synonym of A. difficilis, 187.—meridianus, 256,—messorius, 256,

synonym of tibialis.— minutus, 243.—nemorum, synonym of 4.

fulvipes, 223.—nigricans, synonym of tibialis, 256.—novicius, 252.

obscurus, an Apanteles, 199.—ocellate, a Microplitis, 229.—ochro-

stigma, synonym of A. xanthostigma, 195.—octonarius, an Apan-

teles, 210.—opacus, synonym of rugulosus, 250.—ordinarius, an

Apanteles, 168.—parvulus, synonym of M. spectabilis, 232.—per-

spicuus, synonym of A. congestus, 169, synonym of A. cai@, 1838.—

placidus, an Apanteles, 186.—politus, 260.—popularis, an Apanteles,

213.—posticus, 241.—prepotens, synonym of A. sericeus, 177.—

pretextatus, synonym of A. analis, 172.—pubescens, synonym of

calceatus, 245.—punctiger, an Apanteles, 189.—reconditus, synonym

of A. ordinarius, 168, synonym of A. glomeratus, 176.—rubripes,

174, — rujicrus, 166, an Apanteles.—rujicornis, synonym Otmedlc

lictorius, 191.—rujilabris, synonym of A, lateralis, 221.—rugulosus

250.—russatus, 249.—scoticus, 251.—sericeus, 177,—sodalis, 200,—

solitarius, 163, an Apanteles.— spectabilis, a Microplitis, 232.—

spinole, a Microplitis, 227, synonym of crassicornis, 255. — spretus,

259.—spurius, an Apanteles, 179,.—subcompletus, 253.—terebrator,

synonym of 4. longicaudis, 208.—tibialis, 256.—tiro, 248.—trt-

angulator, an Apanteles, 215.—tristis, a Microplitis, 231, synonym

of M. spectabilis, 232.—tuberculifer, a Microplitis, 235.—umbella-

tarum, an Apanteles, 220.—vestalis, synonym of A. dijicilis, 187.—

viduus, a Microplitis, 230.—viminetorum, 199,—vitripennis, 222, an

Apanteles. — xanthopus, a Microplitis, 228. — xanthostigma, an

Apanteles, 195.

Microplitis, 225. M. adunea, 236.—borealis, 237.--dolens, 232.—fumi-

pennis, alluded to, 225.—mediana, »34.—mediator, 233.—ocellate,

229.—spectabilis, 232.—spinole, 227,—trislis, 231.—tuberculifera,

235.—vidua, 230.—wanthopus, 228.

(Cole >)

Miraz, 152. M. rufilabris, synonym of spartii, 153.—spartii, 153.

Mygnimia aviculus, mimicked by beetle, 870.

Mymaride, photographs exhibited, xxxii.

Oncophanes, 58. O. lanceolator, 58.

Orgilus, 277. O. obscurator, 278.

Pambolus, alluded to, 64. P. biglumis, alluded to, 65.—melanocephala,

synonym of D. mira, 66.

Paraptesis flavipes, synonym of D. mira, 66.

Pelecystoma, 85. P. lutea, 85.

Penecerus rubiginosus, a Chremylus, 76.

Petalodes, 83. P. unicolor, 84.

Pezomachus immaturus, viii,— vulnerans, viii, exhibited from Headley

Lane.

Phanerotoma, 112. P. dentata, 112.—noctivaga, 112.

Phanomeris, 48. P. catenator, 49.—fragilis, 50.

Phytodietus rufipictus, exhibited from Shere, xix.

Pleiomerus subfasciatus, an Acelius, 154.

Rhitigaster, synonym of Spheropyz, 149.

Khogas, 87. R. alternator, 93,—annulipes, 93, synonym of geniculator.—

armatus, 101.—ater, synonym of bicolor, 96.—balteatus, synonym

of geniculator, 93.—bicolor, 96, var. synonym of tristis, 95.—cir-

cumscriptus, 98.—compressor, synonym of P. unicolor, 84.—dimi-

diatus, 91.—dispar, a Heterogamus, 86.—dissector, 89.—easertor, a

Clinocentrus, 81.—gasterator, 92, var. synonym of rugulosus, 90.—

geniculator, 93.—irregularis, 90.—luteus, a Pelecystoma, 85.—nigri-

cornis, 97.—nobilis, synonym of reticulator, 90.—pictus, synonym

of circumscriptus, 98. — reticulator, 90.—ruficornis, synonym of

dimidiatus, 91.—rugulosus, synonym of dissector, 89, var. synonym

of geniculator, 93.—seriatus, synonym of vittiger, 100.—signatus,

synonym of geniculator, 93. — testaceus, synonym of circum-

scriptus, 98. — tristis, 95.— vittiger, 106.— zygene, synonym of

bicolor, 96.

Rhysipolis, 52. R. meditator, 52.

Rhyssalus, 53. RK. clavator, 54.—indagator, 54.

Sigalphus, 104. S. aciculatus?, 109.—ambiguus, 110.—caudatus, 105.—

dentator, a Phanerotoma, 112.—flricola, 106.—fulvipes, synonym of

pallidipes, 108.—luteipes, 109.—obscurellus, 108.—pallidipes, 108.

—rufescens, synonym of P. dentata, 112. — striatulus, 107. —

thoracicus, 111.

Spathius, 60. S. exarator, 61.—rubidus, 61.

Spheropyx, 149. 8S. irrorator, 150.

Synergus incrassatus, exhibited, x.

Telenomus phalenarum, exhibited, xxii.

Terenusa silesiaca, alluded to, 65.

Triaspis caudatus, a Sigalphus, 105.—fulvipes, synonym of S. pallidipes,

108.—lepidus, an Allodorus, 103.—obscurellus, synonym of S. flori-

cola, 106.

( im )

Triscolia patricialis, mimicked by moth, 372.

Vespa norvegica, ii,—sylvestris, ii, in one nest.

Xenarcha, 50. X. lustrator, 51.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Acidalia ornata, from Afghanistan, 352; species exhibited from Wey-

mouth, xxii.

Aciptilia aptalis, 424.—furcatalis, 424,—innotalis, 424,—lycosema, 424,—

monospilalis,424, from New Zealand.—patruelis, synonym of mono-

spilalis, 424.

Acrobasis imbella, from Afghanistan, 354.

4ischremon disparalis, from Afghanistan, 353.

Aginna turpatalis, from Afghanistan, 353.

Aglossa pinguinalis, from Afghanistan, 353.

Agrophila sulphuralis, from Afghanistan, 350.

Agrotis aversa, from Afghanistan, 349.—cespitis, 349.—conformis, 349.—

corticea, xxxuli, — obelisca, xxxiiil, melanic variety exhibited. —

segetum, 349,—suffusa, 8349, from Afghanistan.

Alucita phricodes, from Australia, 427.

Amecera menava, from Afghanistan, 338.

Ampycophora apotomella, an Etiella, 455.

Anerastia mirabilella, synonym of E£. euspilella, 451.

Anthophila ligaminosa, from Afghanistan, 350.

Anydraula, 427. A. drusialis, 429.—glycerialis, 428.

Aphneus acamas, from Afghanistan, 342.

Apopestes phantasma, from Afghanistan, 351.

Aporia belucha, from Afghanistan, 342.

Aporodes meleagrisalis, from Afghanistan, 354,

Arctia caja, variety exhibited, xix.

Argynnis aglaia, variety exhibited, xxiv.

Axiopena fluviatilis, 351.

Balanotis carinentalis, alluded to, 440.

Botys mannusalis, a Lonchodes, 443.—ptousalis, new genus for, 446.

Cacozelia costigeralis, 439.

Canusa euspilella, new genus for, 451.

Cataclysta polydectalis, a Paraponyx, 430.

Caradrina belucha, 348.

Cardamyla, = Balanotis, 440.

Catamola capnopis, 439.

Catocala afghana, 852.

Catochrysops contracta, from Afghanistan, 341; sp. ?, 341.

Catopsilia crocale, from Afghanistan, 343.

Cenoloba obliteralis, alluded to, 427.

Cherocampa celerio, at Ramsgate, xxv; at Brighton, xxvi. —eretica, from

Afghanistan, 346.—stipularis, 346.

Chauliodus insecurellus, bred specimens exhibited, iii,

Chrysophanus phleas, from Afghanistan, 340.— stygianus, synonym of

phleas, 340.

(tea 5

Coleophora currucipennella, larvee exhibited, xiv.—paludicola, exhibited

from Shoeburyness, xiv.

Colias erate, 344, — helichtha, 343, from Afghanistan. — hyale, variety

exhibited, xxvi.—pallida, 343,—sareptensis, 344, from Afghanistan.

Cosmoclostis aglaodesma, from Australia, 422.

Crambus, probable new species exhibited from Lowestoft, xxiv.

Cucullia scrophulari@, retarded development, xxii.

Danais archippus, at Plymouth, xxv.

Deilephila livornica, from Afghanistan, 346; exhibited from Caermarthen-

shire, xxli.—rovertsi, from Afghanistan, 346.

Deiopeia pulchella, from Afghanistan, 347, in Atlantic, xiv. — thyter,

from Afghanistan, 347.

Dozxosteres canalis, 425.

Drymiarcha, 441. D. exanthes, 441.

Ennomos angularia, larva and pupa of, 319, 829.

Epinephele davendra, 338,—interposita, 338, from Afghanistan.—janira,

variety exhibited, xxiv.—narica, from Afghanistan, 838.—roxane,

alluded to, 338.

Eromene bella, from Afghanistan, 354.

Erotomanes, 451. EH. euspilella, from Australia, 451.

Erupa ? titanalis, allied species exhibited from Colchester, viii.

Erynnis dravira, 346,—marrubii, 345, from Afghanistan.

Eucarphia cnepheella, synonym of tritalis, 455.

Eurycreon homophea, 449.

Eusmerinthus kindermanni, from Afghanistan, 346.

Gabrisa scoparialis, new genus for, 449.

Ganoris brassice, from Afghanistan, 343.—mannii, synonym of rape, 343.

rap@, from Afghanistan, 353.

Godara, alluded to, 444.

Gonepteryx rhamni, variety alluded to, xxiv.

Grammodes stolida, from Afghanistan, 352.

Grapholitha cecana, life-history alluded to, xx.

Heliothis armigera, 347,—peltigera, 348,—rubrescens, 348, from Afghan-

istan.

Hemileuca maia, living larve exhibited, x.

Hipparchia anthe, 359—parisatis, 338,—pimpla, 338,—thelephassa, 339,

from Afghanistan.

Hyalobathra, 445. H. archeleuca, 445.

Hydreuretis, 435. H. ewryscia, 435.—tullialis, 436.

Hydrivis, 443. H. chalybitis, 444.

Hydrocampa tullialis, a Hydreuretis, 436.

Hypolimnas bolina, exhibited from Pacific Islands, xxvi.

Idea negataria, from Afghanistan, 352.

Junonia almana, form of asterie, ii, viii—orithya, from Afghanistan, 339.

Lampides contracta, a Catochrysops, 341.

Laphygma exigua, from Afghanistan, 348.

Larve, markings and attitudes of, 281.

lsat 5 <)

Lasiocera antelia, 455.

Lasiommata menava an Amecera, 338.

Lepidoptera from Southern Afghanistan, 387; from South Pacific, xxxii ;

from Formosa river exhibited, xxvi; from Madagascar and New

Caledonia exhibited, xxiv.

Leptosia quinaria, from Afghanistan, 350.

Lepyrodes, 442.

Leucania loreyi, from Afghanistan, 347.

Limnas chrysippus, from Afghanistan, 337.

Lioptilus celidotus, a Mimeseoptilus, 426.

Lonchodes, 442. L. ceramochra, 443.—mannalis, from Australia, 443.

Luperina testacea, melanic variety exhibited from Sligo, xxxiul.

Lycena bilucha, 340,—bracteata, 340,—chamanica, 340,—fugitiva, 340,—

persica, 340, from Afghanistan.

Macroglossa stellatarum, larva of, 298, from Afghanistan, 347.

Mecyna rhodochrysa, 447.

Melitea robertsii, from Afghanistan, 339.

Mimeseoptilus celidotus, 426,—charadrias, 426,—leuconephes, 427 ,—litho-

xestus, 426,—orites, 426,—pheonephes, 426, from Australia,

Mycalesis blasius, form of perseus, ii, vii—indistans, form of mineus, 11, vi.

—ismene, form of leda, ii, vi—runeka, form of medus, 11, vi.

Myriostephes heliamma, 448,

Myriotis, 446. M. ptoalis, 446.

Ornithoptera sp., from Fiji, 357.

Orthosia uniformis, 350.

Osiriaca inturbidalis, synonym of M. ptoalis, 446.

Oxychirota, 438. O. paradoxa, 438.

Pamphila karsana, from Afghanistan, 345,

Papilio godeffroyt, 361,—schmeltzi, 857, life-history of.—timeus, synonym

of C. phleas, 340.

Paraponyzx, 430. P. decussalis, 433.—dicentra, 431.—marmorea, 484.—

myina, 432.—nitens, 434.—polydectalis, 430.

Persicoptera, alluded to, 441,

Phycis betule, larva, exhibited, xiv.

Pieris mesentina, from Afghanistan, 342.—napi, seasonal forms alluded to,

vii.—teutonia, varieties alluded to, xxvi.

Pionea incomalis, female of G. comalis, 444.

Platyptilia emissalis, 423.—falcatalis, 422,—haasti, 423,—heliastis, 424,

from New Zealand.—repletalis, synonym of falcatalis, 422.

Plusia aurifera, 35 0,—cirewmflexa, 350,—eaxtrahens, 351, from Afghanistan.

Polyommatus beticus, from Afghanistan, 341.—chryseis, exhibited from

Aberdeenshire, i.

Protereca comastis, localities for, 456.

Psychide@ ?, cases from Kalahari desert exhibited, xxvi.

Pterophorus canalis, a Doxosteres, 425.—obliteralis, a Cenoloba, 427.

Pygera bucephala, egg-parasites exhibited, xxii.

Pyralidina, classification of Australian, 421.

Pyralis costigeralis, a Cacozelia, 439.—farinalis, from Afghanistan, 439.

( bewe

Pyrameis cardui, from Afghanistan, 339.

Pyrausta ostrinalis, from Afghanistan, 353.

Schenobius, 436. S. imparellus, from Australia, 437.

Scirpophaga 437. S. exsanguis, synonym of patulella, 437.—ochroleuca

437,—patulella, 437, from Australia.

Scoliomima, 370. SS. insignis, 371.

Scolitantides cashmirensis, from Afghanistan, 341.

Scoparia protorthra, 450.

Scopula ferrugalis, from Afghanistan, 354.

Selenia illuwnaria, ontogeny of, 309.

Semioceros chrysorycta, from Australia and Ceylon, 445.

Sesia asiliformis, larva described, xxi.

Smerinthus ocellatus, ontogeny of, 290, phytophagie coloration in, 305,—

populi, 297,—tili@, 297, larva of.

Spelotis coruscantis, 348,—wudulans, from Afghanistan, 348.

Sphinx convolvuli, in Britain, xxv.—ligustri, ontogeny of, 281, phyto-

phagic coloration in, 307.

Spilodes sticticalis, from Afghanistan, 354.

Spilosoma lubricipeda, variety exhibited from South Kensington, v.

Spintherops spectrum, from Afghanistan, 351.

Spodoptera cilium, from Afghanistan, 347.

Stenopteryx hybridalis, from Afghanistan, 354.

Stereocopa, 448. SS. scoparialis, 449.

Sterrha sacraria, from Afghanistan, 352.

Synchloé daplidice, 342,—iranica, 343, from Afghanistau.

Tephrina ossea, 358.

Teracolus fausta, from Afghanistan, 345.

Thecla mirabilis, from Afghanistan, 342.

Thinasotia megalarcha, 454.—panteucha, 453.—pedionoma, 453.—termia,

462.

Thria inepta, from Afghanistan, 352.

Tineodes, alluded to 422.

Trichoptilus ceramodes, 422, — scythrodes, 422, — xerodes, 422, from

Australia,

Xois sesara, life-history of, 365.

Ypthima bolanica, from Afghanistan, 339.—howra, ? form of huebneri, ii,

v.—marshallii, ? form of philomela, ii, v.

Zebronia decussalis, a Paraponyx, 443.—medusalis, synonym of P. decus-

salis, 433.

Zizera kandura, 341,— karsandra, 341, —trochilus, 341, trom Afghan-

istan.

MYRIOPODA.

Scutigera coleoptrata, peculiar sense-organ in, x.

(xy ")

NEUROPTERA.

Brachystoma, vew name for, 376.

Croce, 378.

Drepanopteryx phalenoides, in Lanarkshire, xxv.

Halter, alluded to, 379.

Nemopteride, alluded to, 375.

Neuroptera, collection from the Schwarzwald exhibited, xxiv.

Palpares immensus, exhibited from Kalahari desert, xxiii.

Stenotenia, 376. S. walkeri, 377.

Termites, nest from S. Africa exhibited, xxiv.

ORTHOPTERA.

Batrachotetrix bufo, exhibited from Kalahari desert, xxii

Copiophora cornuta, occurrence near Birmingham, xxvii; exhibited,

XXXlil.

Mantide, egg-sacs exhibited from Bechuanaland, iii.

Mantis, egg-case exbibited, xix.

THYSANURA.

Lepisma, exhibited from Aldgate, xxiii,

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