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TRANSACTIONS
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON.
THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON
TO ND OUN
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY WEST, NEWMAN AND CU.,
d4, HATTON GARDEN, LONDON, E.C.
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET,
CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.,
AND BY LONGMAN, GREEN, READER AND DYER,
PATERNOSTER ROW.
1886.
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ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Founpep, 1833.
IncoRPORATED BY Roya CHARTER, 1885.
Hon. Hife-President.
Pror. J. O. WESTWOOD, M.A., F.L.S.,
Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford.
OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1886.
President,
ROBERT M‘LACHLAN, F.R.S., &ce.
Vice- {residents.
F. Du CANE GODMAN, M.A., F.R.S.
HANEY Ts STAINTON, FIRS., FL-S:
JOHN JENNER WEIR, Dalley LBA,
Trevsurer.
EDWARD SAUNDERS, F.L.S.
Seevetaries.
HERBERT GOSS, F.L.S., F.G.S.
The Rev. W. W. FOWLER, M.A., F.L.S.
Librarian.
FERDINAND GRUT, F.L.S.
Council.
THOMAS R. BILLUPS.
EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S.
Wn. W. FOWLER, M.A., F.L.S.
F. Du CANE GODMAN, M.A., F.R.S.
TSB a ey CEKO}Ssy, IGRI Disks INerSy
FERDINAND GRUT, F.L.S.
WILLIAM F. KIRBY.
ROBERT M‘LACHLAN, F.R.S., F.L.S.
fe) Be POULTON, MEA., HGS. aeZ.s.
EDWARD SAUNDERS, F.L.S.
EE NERY eee Se VACEN CRON HSE Sen Haas
SAMUEL STEVENS, F.L.S.
J. JENNER WEIR, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
W. E. POOLE, Resident Librarian.
(Cie)
THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
1884—1886.
The Transactions can now be obtained by Fellows
at the following reduced prices :—
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Fellows who have paid their Subscription for the current year, are
entitled to receive the Transactions for the year without further payment,
and they will be forwarded free, by post, to any address.
(ya. 4)
CONTENTS:
——_<>___—_
PAGE
Explanation of the Plates = ar ae ae 56 (lil
List of Fellows .. : ae = ois se ai fa 1X
Additions to the Library sis sc ate Be Re 5 ae 88
MEMOIRS.
. On the classification of the By ee By EHpwarp
Meyrick, B.A. a 1
II. On a small collection of Languriide ae Tee eit
descriptions of two new species. ey the Rev. W. W.
Fow er, M.A., F.L.S., &e. .. 5 23
Til. Bose DuORe of new genera and ree of Galen aie By
JosppH 8. Baty, M.R.C. Shy Ital Uae ne 27
IV. A Synopsis of British Un: Gieaainc: By nore
Epwarpbs 4 41
V. Descriptions and es upon Ave new Nocted roe
from Japan. By Arruur G. Burner, Has. gE aso., ec. Lol
VI. Notes in 1885 upon lepidopterous larvee and pupe, including
an account of the loss of weight in the freshly- formed
lepidopterous pupa, &e. By K. B. Pourron, M.A., F.G.S.,
HAZ S QC : 137
VII. On some proposed Pamir of t names sof genera. By Davip
Suarp, M.B., F.Z.8. xc 181
VIII. Descriptions of Tentaantens from ne South Pacifica. By
Epwarp Meyrick, B.A. z ‘ 189
IX. On Hucnemis enue Ahr., and a ia By isa
Suarp, M.B., F.Z.8. Or 297
X. New genera and species of Langur ide. bys fhe Rove Wie W.
Fowzer, M M.A., F.L:S. se : 303
XI. Notes on the occurrence in Britain of some eaicueated
Aphides. By G. B. Bucxron, F.R.S., F.L.S. .. .. 323
XII. Notice of a tube-making Homopterous insect from Ceylon.
By Prof. J. O. Westwoop, M.A., F.L.S., pon ee Pres.
Bot. Soc. London, &c. ae 329
XII. Further additions to the Rev. T. A. Magahallts eaioree of
British Ichneumonidae. By Joun B. Bripeman, F. if Ss. Bit)
XIV. On Bruchus-infested Beans. By THropore Woop . 5a 0)
XV. Descriptions of 21 new genera and 103 new species of
Lepidoptera-Heterocera from the Australian Region. ey
Anrruur G. Burer, F.L.S., F.Z.5. 3 xe 381
XVI. Descriptions of unchar toriaed oy of Diabrotica. By
Josnru S. Bary, M.R.C.S., F.L.S. .. Be 443
XVII. Some observations on the Tea- fund (elanele): of re
and Java. By Cuarnes O. WATERHOUSE .. .. 457
/
( vill)
PAGE
XVIII. Notes on insects apparently of the genus Margarodes,
Lansd.-Guilding, stated to occur abundantly in the
nests of White Ants, and also of true Ants, in certain
Western Districts of the Cape cE By Roxanp
Trimen, F.R.S., F.L.8. .. fe .. 461
XIX. The life-history of Geometra a smaragdaria By GrorcE
ELISHA Bc 30 Pe: 01))
Proceedings for 1886 .. oie fe be = ie ac i
Charter and Bye-Laws .. oe 35 3¢ oc 3é soy lboogy
Index 36 ae oe 30 sf ox 56 ao 36 cv
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Plates I.—II. See pages 41 to 129 | Plate VIII. See pages 329 to 333
Plate III. Pr 7 303 5, o22 || Platespix. Xo) » oes ,, 441
Plates IV.,V., VI.,& VII. 328 ,, 828 | PlateXI. .. ,, ;, 467 ,, 459
ERRATA.
At page 271, first line from top, for ‘‘ Puyticipm” read
‘‘PuyciTipm.” Page 458, first line from top, for “fig. 4”’ read
‘fio, 5.’ Page 459, eleventh line from top, for “fig. 5” read
“fio. 4” ; lines eleven, thirteen and fourteen from bottom, for
‘“atér” read ‘‘niger.”
ist of Fellotus
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
83lst Decemper, 1886.
See
ae HONORARY FELLOWS.
Election.
1875 Burmeister, Hermann Carl Conrad, Buenos Ayres.
1885 Donen, Carl August, Stettin.
1863 Hacen, Hermann Aveust, Cambridge, U.S.A.
1884 Miturr, Fritz, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
1884 OstTeNn-SackEN, Baron C. R. von, Heidelberg.
1884 Pacxarp, AtpHmus 8., Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A.
1872 Saussure, Henri F. de, Geneva.
1871 Srtys-Lonecnuamps, Baron M. E. de, Liege.
1882. Sianoret, Victor, Paris.
1885 SNELLEN, Pinter C. T., Rotterdam.
FELLOWS.
Marked * are Original Members.
Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions
Date of
Election.
1877. Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, 20 Old Bond-street, W.
1877. Apams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Enfield, N.
1885 Apktn, Robert, Wellfield, Lingard-road, Lewisham, 8.E.
1880 Anprt, Ed., Member of the Entomological Societies of
France, Berlin, Stettin, &c., 21 Boulevard Bretonniere,
Beaune (Cote @Or), France.
1886 ArcueEr, F., Little Crosby-road, Crosby, Liverpool.
1856 ArmiracE, Ed., R.A., 3 Hall-road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.
1886 Armore, E A., 3 Haylett-terrace, HExton’s-road, King’s
Lynn, Norfolk.
b
Xx
1883
>
1885
1850
1886
1886
1884
1865
1861
LIST OF FELLOWS.
Attys, Robt. Jervoise, Ingow Grange, Stratford-on-Avon.
+ Basineton, Charles Cardale, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.,
Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge,
5 Brookside, Cambridge.
Baker, G. 'T., 16 Clarendon-road, Hdgbaston, Birmingham.
Baty, Joseph 8., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., The Butts, Warwick.
Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., Corfe Castle, Dorset.
Bareacui, Nobile Cavaliere Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo
Tempt No. 1, Florence, Italy.
Barrett, Charles Golding, Norfolk-street, King’s Lynn,
Norfolk.
Barton, Stephen, 32 St. Michael’s Hill, Bristol.
Bates, Henry Walter, F.R.S., F.L.S., &e., 11 Carleton-
road,'Tufnell Park, N.
1851 + Beaumont, Alfred, 80 Ladywell Park, Lee, 8.1K.
1882
1886
1886
1841
1875
1876
Brre, C., Museo Publico, Buenos Ayres.
Bipvig, I’. W., M.A. Lanherne, Foxgrove-road, Beckenham,
Kent. .
BIGNELL, George Carter, 7 Clarence-place, Stonehouse,
Plymouth.
Biuuvrs, T. R., 20 Swiss Villas, Coplestone-road, Peckham,
S.E.
Buatuwayt, Lieut.-Col. L., F.L.8., Hagle House, Bath-
easton, Bath.
Buiss, Arthur, 48 New Broad-street, E.C.
BuLoMEFIELD, Rev. Leonard, M.A., F.L.S., &c., 19 Belmont,
Bath.
BLoomFIELD, Rey. H. N., M.A., Guestling Rectory, Hastings.
Bonn, Frederick, F.Z.8., 5 Fairfield Avenue, Staines.
Borrer, Wm., junr., F.G.S., Parkyns Manor House,
Hurstpierpoint, Sussex.
BoscuHer, Edward, Bellevwe House, Twickenham.
1852 + Boyp, Thomas, Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill, 8.K.
1867
1886
1877
1870
1879
1878
1886
Boyp, William Christopher, Cheshunt, Herts.
Bripeman, John B., F.L.8., 69 St. Giles’-street, Norwich.
Briecs, Charles Adolphus, 55 Lincolm’s Inn Fields, W.C. ;
and Surrey House, Leatherhead, Surrey.
Briaes, Thos. Henry, M.A., Surrey House, Leatherhead,
Surrey.
Bronenrart, Le Chevalier Charles, Memb. Ento. Soc.
France, and Memb. Geol. Soc. France, &c., 8 Rue Guy de
la Brosse, Paris.
Brown, Capt. Thomas, Drury, Auckland, New Zealand.
Brown, John, 5 King’s Parade, Cambridge.
LIST OF FELLOWS. <1
1862 Browne, Rev. Thomas Henry, M.A., F.G.S., The Cedars
High Wycombe, Bucks.
1883 Bucxron, George Bowdler, F.R.S., F.L.8., Weycombe,
Haslemere, Surrey.
1855 Burnett, Edward Henry, 32 Bedford-row, W.C.
1868 + Burter, Arthur Gardiner, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 10 Avington-
grove, Penge, 8.E.
1883 Buriter, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Se., F.Z.S., Windeyer,
Ashley Road, Crouch Hill, N.
1886 CatverT, Wm. Bartlett, Collegio Ingles, 13 Nataniel,
Santiago, Chili, South America.
1886 Cameron, Peter, 20 Beech-road, Sale, Cheshire.
1885 CampBELL, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c., Rose Hill,
Hoddesdon, Herts.
1860 Canvrze, Dr. E., Glain, Liége.
1880 CanspaLtr, W. D., 6 Whittington-terrace, London-road,
Forest Hill, S.E.
1886 Capron, Edward, M.D., Shere, Guildford.
1886 CarmicHaEL, T. D. Gibson, F.L.S., Castle Craig, Peebles,
N.B.
1868 CarrRineton, Charles, Ellerslie, Lower Merton, S.W.
1871 CuHampion, G. C., 11 Calder-Vale-road, Elms Park,
Clapham Common, S.W.
1886 CuarK, John A., The Broadway, London Fields. N.E.
1867 CxuarkE, Alex. Henry, 109 Warwick-road, Earls Court,
S.W.
1886 CrarKe, C. Baron, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.8., F.G.8., Royal
Herbarium, Kew.
1874 CocK LE, Capt. George, 9 Bolton-gardens, S.W.
1873 Corr, William, Laurel Cottage, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.
1884 CoxuettT, EK. Pyemont, 19 St. John-street, Manchester.
1880 CopuLanpD, Patrick F., Hilleote, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.
1876 | CoprertTHwalTE, William Charles, Beech-grove, Malton.
1883 CovERDALE, George, 24 Pleming-rd., Lorrimore-square, S.E.
1886 CoweELL, Peter (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public
Library), William Brown-street, Liverpool.
1853 Cox, Colonel C. J., Fordwich House, Canterbury.
1867 Cox, Herbert Ed., Ashleigh, Marlborough Hill, Harrow.
1880 + Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., F.L.S., F.G.S.. Sec. R.M.S.,
5 Lansdowne-road, Notting Hill, W.
1883 Crow.ey, Philip, F.L.8., F.Z.8., Waddon House, Croydon.
18738 Dats, C. W., Glanville’s Wootton, Sherborie.
xl
1886
1885
1837
1886
1875
1885
1873
1886
1876
1874
1884
1849
1865
1885
1865
1885
1886
1884
1886
1886
1878
1869
1886
1886
1881
1878
1874
1886
1865
1883
1885
1880
LIST OF FELLOWS.
Dannatt, Walter, lvuy Dene, Westcombe Park, Blackheath
S.E.
Dent, H. C., C.E., F.L.8., 20 Thurloe-square, 8.W.
DrEvVoNSHIRE, Wm. Cavendish, Duke of, K.G., M.A., D.C.L.,
F.R.S., &c., Devonshire House, 78 Piccadilly, W.
Dickson, The Rev. Prof. W., D.D., LL.D., Professor of
Divinity in the University of Glasgow, Glasgow.
Distant, Wm. Lucas, Memb. Anthropological Institute,
1 Russell-hill-road, Purley, Surrey.
Donovan, C., junr., Westview, Glandore, Leap, Co. Cork.
Doria, Marquis Giacomo, Strada Nuova, Genoa.
Dormer, John Baptiste, Lord, Grove Park, Warwick.
Dovetas, John Wm., 8 Beaufort-gardens, Lewisham, 8.E.
Dowsert, Arthur, 54, Russell-street, Reading.
Druck, Hamilton H. C. J., 43 Circus-road, St. John’s
Wood, N.W.
+ Dunninc, Joseph Wm., M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 12 Old-
square, Lincolv’s Inn, W.C.
D’Ursan, W.S. M., F.L.8., Albwera, St. Leonards, Hxeter.
Durrant, John Hartley-, Bancroft House, Hitchin, Herts.
Eaton, Rey. Alfred Edwin, M.A., Bridy Lodge, Chepstow-
road, Croydon.
Epmonps, Thomas, 25 Sandfield-terrace, Guildford.
Epwarps, James, 1386 Rupert-street, Norwich.
Epwarps, Stanley, Kidbrook Lodge, Blackheath, 8.B.
EisHa, George, 122 Shepherdess-walk, City-road.
Eis, John W., L.R.C.P., 8 Brougham Terrace, Liverpool.
Etwes, Henry John, F.L.8., F.Z.S., Preston House,
Cirencester.
Emicu, Gustave d’, 6 Sebastian-place, Budapesth, Hungary.
Enock, Fred., 11 Parolles-road, Upper Holloway, N.
Fenwick, Nicholas Percival, Holmwood, South Bank,
Surbiton Hill, Surrey.
Frerepay, R. W., Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand.
Finzi, John A., 94 Oxford Gardens, N. Kensington, W.
Fircu, Edward A., F.L.S., Brick House, Maldon, Essex.
Fireu, Frederick, Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park, N.
Fuiercuer, J. E., 26 MeIntyre-road, St. John’s, Worcester.
+ FietcHEerR, W. H. B., M.A., 6 The Steyne, Worthing,
Sussex.
Foxxer, A. J. F., Zierikzee, South Holland, Netherlands.
Fow er, Rev. W. W., M.A., F.L.S., Secretary, Z'he School
House, Lincoln.
LIST OF FELLOWS. Xl
1883 Freeman, Francis Ford, 8 Leigham-terrace, Plymouth.
1855 Fry, Alexander, F.L.S., Thornhill House, Dulwich Wood
Park, Norwood, 8.E.
1876 Fryrr, Herbert Fortescue, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.
1884 Fuuier, Rev. Alfred, M.A., Hast Pallant, Chichester.
1865 + Gopman, Frederick Du Cane, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S, &e.
South Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham, Sussex; and
10 Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.
1886 Goopricu, Arthur Mainwaring, Lieutenant, 27th Regiment,
Aubrey, Lymington, Hants.
1855 Goruam, Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.8., The Chestnuts,
Shirley Warren, Southampton.
1874 Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., F.G.S8., Secretary, Almora, Berry-
lands-road, Surbiton Hull, Surrey.
1879 Gossr, Philip Henry, F.R.S., Sandhurst, Torquay,
Devonshire.
1886 GREEN, A. P., Colombo, Ceylon.
1865 GreEEnsz, Rev. J., M.A., Rostrevor, Apsley-road, Clifton
Bristol.
1846 Grut, Ferdinand, F.L.S., Liprartan, 9 Newcomen-street,
Southwark, 8.E.
1885 Hau, Thomas William, 3 New Inn, Strand, W.C.
1877 Harpine, George, The Grove, Fishponds, Bristol.
1886 Harpers, John T., Newton-road, Burton-on-Trent.
1881 Henry, George, 38 Wellington-square, Hastings.
1883 Hix, Lewis Fredk., St. Swithin, Haling Common, W.
1876 + Hittman, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes.
1869 HoupswortH, Edward, Shanghai.
1886 Horner, A. M., Tonbridge, Kent.
1876 + Horniman, Fredk. John, F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.R.G.S., &c.,
Surrey House, Forest Hill, 8.K.
1865 + Hupp, A. E., 94 Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol.
1880 + Incupatp, Peter, F.L.8., F.Z.S., Fulwith Grange, Harro-
gate, Yorks.
1886 Jacosy, Martin, 30 Delancey-street, Regent’s Park, N.W.
1885 + James, Harry Berkeley, F.Z.S., F.R.G.S., Las Salinas,
Valparaiso; and 16 Ashburn-place, 5.W.
1843 Janson, Ed. W., 382 Victoria-road, Finsbwry Park, N.;
and 85 Little Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
1869 Janson, Oliver E., Perth-road, Stroud Green, N.; and
35 Little Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
X1V LIST OF FELLOWS.
18538 JeKkeL, Henri, 62 Rue de Dunkerque, Paris.
1886 Jenner, J.H. A., 4 Hast-street, Lewes.
1886 Jonn, Evan, Llantrissant, Pontypridd.
1886 Jounston, John M.C., The Yews, Grove Park, Denmark
Hill, S.E.
1884 Kane, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.I.A., Sloperton
Lodge, Kingstown, Ireland.
1884 Kappr, A. W., 5 Burlington Gardens, Chiswick, W.
1876 Karrer, Dr. F., Putbws, Rugen, North Prussia.
1876 + Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.
1872 Kayr, Ernest St. G., Jessore, Bengal.
1884 Keays, F. Lovell, F.L.S., 26 Charles-street, St. James, S.W.
1886 Kew, H. Wallis, 7 Lee-street, Louth, Lincolnshire.
1861 Kuirsy, W. F., 5 Burlington Gardens, Chiswick, W.
1876 Kraarz, Dr. G. (President of the German Entomological
Society), 28 Link-strasse, Berlin.
1842 Kuprr, Rev. Charles Augustus Frederick, M.A., The
Vicarage, Trelleck, Chepstow.
1875 Lamarcue, Oscar, 70 Rue Louvrex, Liege.
1868 Lane, Lieut.-Col. A. M., R.E., Simla, India.
1880 Lane, The Rev. Henry Charles, M.D., F.L.S., Western
Elms Cottage, Reading, Berkshire.
1883 Lemann, Fredk. Charles, Blackfriars House, Plymouth.
1868 Lenpy, Major Augustus F., F.L.8., F.G.8., Sunbury
House, Sunbury, 8.W.
1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., 39 High-street, Wimbledon, 8.W.
1835 + Linewoop, Robert Maulkin, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.8., 6 Park
Villas, Cheltenham.
1886 Livert, H. W., M.D., Wells, Somerset.
1875 Livinestonr, Clermont, Hast Lodge, Forest Rise,
Walthamstow, Essex.
1865 + Luewetyn, J. Talbot Dillwyn, M.A., F.L.S8., Ynisgerwn,
Neath.
1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome, Bognor, Sussex.
1885 Luoyp, R. W., 82 Grafton-square, Clapham Common.
1849 Loaan, R. F., Spylaw House, Colinton, near Edinburgh.
1850 Lown, W. H., M.D., Woodcote Lodge, Inner Park-road,
Wimbledon Park, S.W.
1850 + Lussockx, Sir John, Bart., M.P., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.8.,
F.G.S., &e., High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.
1880 Lupron, Henry, 11 Hyde-terrace, Leeds.
LIST OF FELLOWS. XV
1851 + M‘Inrosu, J.
1858 M‘Lacunan, Robert, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., PRESIDENT,
Westview, Clarendon-road, Lewisham, 8.K.
1869 + MarsxguL, L’Abbé 8. A. de, 271 Boulevard Perewre, Paris.
1865 Marsuatt, Rev. Thos. Ansell, M.A., F.L.5., Nwnton
Vicarage, Salisbury.
1856 | MarsHauu, William, Rutland Gate, Belvedere, Kent.
1874 + Mason, P. Brooke, M.R.C.S., F.L.8., Burton-on-Trent.
1865 MatHEew, Gervase F., R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.R.G.S.,
Lee House, Dovercourt, Essex.
1860 May, John William, K.N.L., Arwndel Howse, Percy Cross,
Fulham-road, 8.W.
1872, Mreupoua, Prof. Raphael, F.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.C.S.,
6 Brunswick-square, W.C.
1885 Metviu1, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., &c., Kersal Cottage,
Prestwich, Lancashire.
1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., Ramsbury, Hungerford, Wilts.
1883 Mixes, W. H., 5 & 6 Hare-street, Calcutta.
1886 Miskin, W. H., Brisbane, Queensland.
1879 Mownrerro, Senor Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 72 Rua
do Alecrion, Lisbon.
1853 Moors, Frederic, F.Z.S., A.L.S., 110 Oakfield-road,
Penge, 8.E.
1886 Morean, A. C. F., Villa Nova de Gaya, Oporto, Portugal.
1869 + Miurr, Albert, F.R.G.S., 1954 Junkerstrasse, Berne,
Switzerland.
1872 + Murray, Lieut. H.
1886 Murcn, J. P., Hornsey-road, N.
1886 Neave, B. W., Lyndhurst, 95 Queen’s-road, Brownswood
Park, N.
1884 Nerwcomse, 8. Prout, Northcote, Hast Croydon.
1878 Newman, Thomas P., F.Z.8., 54 Hatton Garden, E.C.
1882 NuictviLue, Lionel de, F.L.8., Indian Museum, Calcutta.
1886 NicHouson, William E., School Hill, Lewes, Sussex.
1886 Norris, Herbert E., Vine Cottage, St. Ives, Hunts.
1878 NorripGce, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.”
1869 OxsrrtTHir, Charles (fils), Rennes, France.
1877 Operruttr, René, Rennes, France.
1883 OLpFIELD, George W., M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8., 6 South Bank-
terrace, Stratford-road, Kensington, W.
1873 Ouivrer, Ernest, Ramillons, pres Moulins (Allter), France.
Xvi LIST OF FELLOWS.
1886 Onurr, A. Sidney, Australian Museum, Sydney, N. 8S.
Wales.
1878 Ormerop, Miss Eleanor A., F.M.S., Dunster Lodge,
Spring-grove, Isleworth, W.
1880 OrmerRop, Miss Georgiana, Dunster Lodge, Spring-grove,
Isleworth, W.
1841 }Owern, Sir Richard, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., M.D.,
F.R.S., F.L.8., F.G.S., &e., Sheen Lodge, Richmond
Park, 8.W.
1854 Pascor, Francis P., F.L.S., 1 Buwrlington-road, West-
bourne Park, W.
1884 Patron, W. H., Waterbury, Connecticut, U.S.A.
1883 Prrineury, Louis, Rondebosch, Cape Colony.
1879 Prrxrs, Vincent Robt., Wotton-wnder-Hdge, Gloucester-
shire.
1872 Purprson, Arthur, 3 Gray’s Inn-square, W.C.
1881 Pim, H. Bedford, Leaside, Kingswood-road, Upper
Norwood, 8.K.; and Merton College, Oxford.
1885 Pou, J. R. H. Neerwort van der, Amsterdam.
1885 Poors, W. E., 11 Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.
1870 Porritt, George T., F.L.8., Greenfield Howse, Hudders-
field.
1884 + Poutton, Edward B., M.A., F.G.S., F.Z.8., Wykeham
House, Banbury-road, Oxford.
1851 Preston, Rev. Thomas Arthur, M.A., F.L.8., Thurcaston
Rectory, Leicester.
1876 PReuUDHOMME DE Borrg, Alfred (Sec., Ent. Soc. of Belgium),
19 Rue de Dublin, Ixelles, near Brussels.
1878 Pricr, David, 48 West-street, Horsham, Sussex.
1886 Pryrer, H. J.8., 127 Bluff, Yokohama, Japan.
1870 Puts, J. C., Place de la Calandre, Ghent.
1886 Raconot, E. L., Ex-President Ento. Soc. France, 12 Quar
de la Rapée, Paris.
1882 { RamspEeN, Hildebrand, M.A., F.L.8., 26 Upper Bedford-
place, Russell-square, W.C.
1874 Rerep, Edwyn C., 85 Calle San Ignacio, Valparaiso,
Chili.
1886 Ruopes, John, F.R.M.S., 360 Blackburn-road, Accrington,
Lancashire.
1871 Riry, Chas. V., M.A., Ph.D., Entomologist to the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, and Hon. Curator of Insects,
U.S. National Musewm, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
LIST OF FELLOWS. XVll
1853 Rrpon, George Frederick Samuel, Marquis of, K.G., D.C.L.,
F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., 1 Carlton-gardens, 8.W.
1869 Roptnson-Doveuas, William Douglas, F.L.S., F.R.G.S.,
Orchardton, Castle Douglas, N.B.
1886 Roskr, Arthur J., 2 Linden Villas, Bedford-road, Snares-
brook, Essex, E.
1868 Rorunery, G. A. J., Calcutta.
1865 Rynanps, Thos. Glazebrook, F.L.S., F.G.S., Highfields,
Thelwall, Warrington.
1885 Sapen, Ernest, F.Z.S., F.R.G.S., 6 Grove-road, Clapham
Park, 8.W.
1875 Sauii, Auguste, 13 Rue Guy de la Brosse, Paris.
1866 + Satvin, Osbert, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., 10 Chandos-
street, Cavendish-sq., W.; and Hawksfold, Fernhurst,
Haslemere.
1886 Sauwey, Reginald E., 1 Bowverie-place, Folkestone.
1885 Sanpars, T. C., 46 Cleveland-square, Hyde Park, W.
1865+ SaunpERs, Edward, F.L.S., Treasurer, St. Ann’s,
Mason's Hill, Bromley, Kent.
1861 + SaunpERS, G. 8., Cwmberland House, Mount Sion,
Tunbridge Wells.
1886 SaunpErs, Wm., London, Ontario, Canada (President of
the Entomological Society of Ontario).
1881 Sconuick, A. J., Albion Lodge, Putney, 8.W.
1586 ScuppER, Samuel H., Cambridge, Mass., United States.
1875 + Seaty, Alfred Forbes, Cochin, South India.
1864 SrmmpPER, George, Altona.
1862 SHarp, David, M.B., C.M., F.Z.S., Bleckley, Shirley
Warren, Southampton.
1883 SuHaw, A. Eland, 13 Lanhill-road, Paddington, W.
1883 } SHELLEY, Capt. George E., F.Z.8., 18 Rutland Gate, W.
1877 SuaTer, John Win., 86 Wray-crescent, Tollington Park, N.
18838 Sirs, Frederick W., Hollywood House, Dartmouth
Point, Blackheath, Kent.
1869 Smrru, Henley Grose, 20 Finsbury Circus, E.C.
1885 Smiru, Sidney Philip, 22 Rylett’s-road, Shepherds Bush, W.
1885 Sovurn, Richard, 12 Abbey-gardens, St. John’s Wood, N.W.
+ Spence, William Blundell, Florence, Italy.
1848 + Stainton, Henry Tibbats, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.8., &c.,
Mountsfield, Lewisham, 8.E.
1862 Srrvens, John §., 388 King-street, Covent Garden, W.C.
1837 Srevens, Samuel, F.L.8., Loanda, Beulah Hill, Upper
Norwood, 8.E.
Xv1ll LIST OF FELLOWS.
1886 SurracE, J. Lyddon, Hertford College, Oxford; and
Saville-place, Clifton, Bristol.
1882 Swanzy, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sevenoaks.
1884 SwinuHok, Lieut.-Col. Charles, F.L.S., F.Z.8., India.
1876 Swinton, A. H., Lansdowne, Danes Park, Ramsgate, Kent.
1886 THEOBALD, F. V., 12 Charles-road, St. Leonards-on-Sea ;
and Chestnut Avenue, Kingston-on-Thames.
1856 THomson, Jas.,12 Rwe de Presbourg, Place del Etoile, Paris.
1882 Topp, Richard, 5 Princes-terrace, Bayswater, W.
1859 + Trimen, Roland, F.R.S., F.L.8. (Curator of South African
Museum), Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.
1886 Turr, J. W., Raylergh Villa, Westcombe Park, Blackheath,
S.E.
1869 VauaHan, Howard, 11 Ospringe-road, Brecknock-road,
N.W.; and 55 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.
1866 VuerRRALL, G. H., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.
1876 WAKEFIELD, Charles Marcus, F.L.8., Belmont, Uxbridge.
1886 Waker, A. O., F.L.S., Chester.
1870 Waker, Rev. Francis Augustus, D.D., F.L.S., Dun
Mallard, Cricklewood, N.W.
1878 Wauker, J. J., R.N., 23 Ranelagh-road, Marine Town,
Sheerness.
1863 + WauLacr, Alfred Russel, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &¢., Nuwtwood
Cottage, Frith Hill, Godalming.
1866 + WausincHAM, Thomas de Grey, Lord, M.A., F.L.S.,
F.Z.8., &ce., Haton House, Eaton-square, 8.W.; and
Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk.
1866 Warp, Christopher, F.L.8., Savile-road, Halifax.
1886 WarreEN, W., M.A., Merton Cottage, Cambridge.
1869 WatrrHousE, Charles O., British Musewm, South Ken-
sington, S.W.; and Ingleside, Avenue Gardens, Acton, W.
WATERHOUSE, George R., F.Z.8., &., Curton Lodge,
Werter-road, Putney, S.W.
1845 Weir, John Jenner, F.L.S., F.Z.8S., Chirbury, Beckenham,
Kent.
1876 + WestERN, E. Young, 27 Craven Hill Gardens, Bays-
water, W.
“e Westwoop, John Obadiah, M.A., F.L.S. (Professor of
Zoology in the University of Oxford), Honorary Lire
PRESIDENT, 67 Woodstock-road, Oxford.
1882 WeyMeER, Gustav, 67 Ost-strasse, Elberfeld, Rhenish
Prussia.
LIST OF FELLOWS. xix
1886 WHEELER, F. D., M.A., Paragon House School, Norwich.
1868 | Wuitr, F. Buchanan, M.D., F.L.S., <Annat Lodge,
Perth, N.B.
1865 Wuirr, Rev. W. Farren, M.A., Stonehouse Vicarage,
Gloucestershire.
1884 Wauire, William, Morden House, 55 Highbury Hill, N.
1882 WituiaMs, W. J., Zoological Society, Hanover-square, W.
1874 Witson, Owen, Cwmffrwd, Carmarthen.
1881 Woop, Theodore, Freeman Lodge, St. Peter’s, Thanet, Kent.
1862 Worma.D, Percy C., 10 Cromwell-avenue, Highgate, N.
1886 Youne, Morris, Free Museum, Paisley.
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY
DURING THE YEAR
1886.
Abeille (L’). Journal d’Entomologie, redigé par 8. A. de Marseul.
No. 300—3811. The Editor.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History for 1885. Purchased.
Barcaaui (Piero). Materiali per la Fauna dell’ isola di Sardegna.
Coleotteri, 1870—73. The Author.
Descrizione di nuovo specie di Coleotteri dell’ Italia centrale
trovate, 1871. The Author.
Alcune Escursioni Entomologiche fatte in Italia nel 1872.
The Author.
Cenni Biologici su due specie di Percus. 1874. The Author.
Caccie ed Escurzioni. V—VIII. 1874. The Author.
Ricordi di una escurzione entomologica al Monte Amiata. 1875.
The Author.
Insetti commestibili. Svo. Firenze, 1877. The Author.
Di alcuni insetti nocivi ai rami di querca, di cerro e di leccio.
1878. The Author.
La Flora delle Altiche in Kuropa.—Dati Biologici degli Alticiti
Europei. 8vo. Firenze, 1878. The Author.
I Rimedi contro la Phylloxera vastatrix. 1879. The Author.
Notizie di Entomologia agraria. I.—VIII. 8vo. Firenze, 1880.
The Author.
Di tre opuscoli sugli insetti fossili e sulle formazioni inglesi e
straniere nelle quali sono stati scoperti avanzi d’insetti,
publicatida H. Goss. 8vo. Firenze. 1880. The Author.
Breve nota sulla biologia dello Smicronyx cyaneus, Gyll. S8vo.
1881. The Author.
Insectes comestibles. Traduction littérale di M. Peragallo.
Suivi d’une Note sur l’Anobiwm tomentosum. S8vo. Nice.
1882. The Author.
Contribuzioni alla biologia dei Lixidi. S8yo. 1882.
The Author.
Geen, =)
Sul Ragiwm indagator, Fabr. 8vo. Firenze, 1883. The Author.
Note intorno alla biologia di aleuni Coleotteri. 1884.
The Author.
‘‘Mémoires sur les Lépidoptéres. Tomes I. et Il. par N. M.
Romanoff”’ [a Review]. 8vo. Firenze, 1884.
The Author.
Un nuovo lavoro del Socio Sig. Herbert Goss, ‘‘ Di aleuni insetti
scoperti recentemente in roccie carbonifere e siluriane.”
8vo. 1886. The Author.
Barrierr-Catvert (William). Catalogo de los Lepidopteros Rhopaloceros
i Heteroceros. 8vo. Santiago de Chile. 8vo. 1886.
Bere (Carl). Notas sinonimicas acerca de algunos Cerambicidos de la
Fauna Argentina. 1886. The Author.
Bericht iiber die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Gebiete der Ento-
mologie wiihrend des jahres 1884, von Dr. Philipp Bertkau
und Dr. E. von Martens. 8vo. Berlin, 1885. Purchased.
Do. do. do. wihrend des jahres 1885, von Dr. Philipp Bertkau.
8vo. Berlin, 1886. Purchased.
Buiackspurn (Rev. T.) and P. Cameron. On the Hymenoptera of the
Hawaiian Islands. S8vo. London, 1886. The Authors.
Biomerretp (Rev. Leonard). Reminiscences of Prideaux John Selby
and Twizell House; also Brief Notices of other North
Country Naturalists. Bath, 1885. The Author.
Borre (Alfred Preudhomme de). Analyse de deux travaux récents de
MM. Scudder et Ch. Brongniart sur les Articulés fossiles.
Bruxelles, 1885. The Author.
Discours prononcé a l’assemblée générale du 26éme Decembre,
1885, de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 1885.
The Author.
Note sur le Geotrupes stercorarius et les espéces voisines. 1886.
The Author.
Descriptions de deux espéces nouvelles du genre Agidium,
Westw.; suivi de la liste des Orphnides du Musée Royal
Vhistoire naturelle de Belgique. 1886. The Author.
Liste des espéces de Coléoptéres Carnassiers terrestres et
aquatiques authentiquement capturés en Belgique. 8vo.
Gand, 1886. The Author.
Note sur les Crustacés Isopodes de la Belgique. 8vo. Gand, 1886.
The Author.
Note sur le genre Ectinohophlia, Redt. 1886. Vhe Author.
Sur les espéces Kuropéennes du genre Haplidia. 1886.
The Author.
Anomalie observée chez un Leucopholis rorida, de Borre. 1886,
The Author.
Crustacés Isopodes recueillis par feu Camille van Volxem,
pendant son voyage en Portugal en 1871. 1886.
The Author.
Note sur les T'riodonta aquila, Casteln. et cribellata, Fairm.
1886. The Author.
( xxi 7)
Catalogue des Trogides décrits jusqu’a ce jour, precedée d’un
Synopsis de leurs genres et d’une esquisse de leur distribu-
tion géographique. 8vo. Gand, 1886. The Author.
Broun (Captain Thomas). Manual of New Zealand Coleoptera. Parts
lii. and iv. Colonial Museum, Wellington.
Buckier (William). The Larve of the British Butterflies and Moths.
Edited by H. T. Stainton. Vol. I. (Ray Society). 8vo.
London, 1886. J. W. Dunning.
Burmeister (H.). Révision der Gattung Eurysoma. The Author.
Burier (Arthur G.). Lepidoptera Heterocera in the British Museum.
Part VI. The Trustees of British Musewm.
Canadian Entomologist (The). Edited by William Saunders. Vol. XVII.,
Nos. 11 and 12; Vol. XVIII., Nos. 1, 3—8. 1885-86.
The Editor.
Canadian Record of Science (The). Vol. Il., Nos. 1, 2, and 4. 8vo.
Montreal, 1886. The Editor.
Casry (Thomas L.). New genera and species of Californian Coleoptera.
8vo. 1885. The Author.
Dernv (Hastings Charles). A Year in Brazil. 8vo. London, 1886.
Lady Beaujolais Dent.
Distant (Wm. Lueas). Rhopalocera Malayana. Parts XI. and XII.
Purchased.
Doumarne (Claude J.). Remarks on Wild-silk yield as found in the Hazaree-
bung District. 1886. [Reprint from Journal Agric. Soc.
India}. The Author.
Durrant (John Hartley). List of Lepidoptera observed in the neigh-
bourhood of Hitchin and Knebworth, Herts.
The Author.
Karon (Rey. A. E.). A Revisional Monograph of recent Ephemeride or
May-flies. Part IV. The Author.
[inwes (H. J.). On Butterflies of the genus Parnassius. 1886.
The Author.
Entomologia Americana. Edited by John B. Smith. Vol.I., Nos. 9—12 ;
Vol. II., Nos. 1—6, 8. 8vo. Brooklyn (N. Y.), 1885.
The Editor.
Entomologist (The) for 1886. 8vo. London, 1886. T. P. Newman.
Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine. 8vo. London, 1885-6.
The Editors.
Fiercurr (James). F.R.S.C. Report of the Entomologist. 8vo. Ottowa,
1885. The Author.
GasrERINI (Riccardo). Notizie sulla Fauna Imenotterologa Dalmata.
4to. Zara, 1886. The Author.
Here (N. Fenwick). Sphina pinastri (The Pine Hawk Moth) a British
species. The Author.
(Seer)
Host (George D.). Description of new Pyralide. S8yo. 1886.
The Author.
Notes upon various species of Hinoming. 8vo. 1886.
The Author.
New species and varieties of Geometride. 8vo. 1886.
The Author.
Illustrated Science Monthly. Dec. 1885, Jan. & Feb. 1886.
The Author.
Jarrert (EH. E.). Index to Kirby & Spence’s Entomology.
The Author.
Journal of Science for Dec. 1885. The Editor.
Kirsy (W. F.). Ona small collection of Dragon Flies from Murree and
Campbellpore (N.W. India), received from Major J. W.
Yerbury, R.A. (1 plate). The Author.
Remarks on four rare species of Moths of the Family Sphingide.
(1 plate). The Author.
Licurensrern (Jules). Monographie des Pucerons du Peuplier. 8vo.
Montpellier. 1886. The Author.
Liversipce (Professor). President’s Address delivered to the Royal
Society of New South Wales. 8vo. 1886. The Author.
Lusxsocx (Sir John), Bart. Recent Observations on the Habits of Ants,
Bees and Wasps. 1885. The Author.
M‘Lacutan (Robert). Note additionnelle sur les Neuroptéres des Vosges
(suite). The Author.
Choroperla capnoptera, n. sp. 8vo. 1886. The Author.
Une Excursion Névroptérologique dans la Forét Noire (Schwarz-
wald). 8vo. 1886. The Author.
Notes concerning Chrysopa ventralis, prasina, abdominalis,
aspersa, and Zelleri. 8yo. 1886. The Author.
On some points of variation in Chrysopa septempunctata, Wes.
8vo. 1886. The Author.
Mraut (L. C.) and Alfred Denny. The Structure and Life-History of
the Cockroach. 1886. The Author.
Moore (Frederic). The Lepidoptera of Ceylon. Part XII. With
coloured Plates. The Ceylon Government.
Morawirz (August). Zur Keuntniss der Chilenischen Carabinen. 8vo.
Petersbourg. 1886. The Author.
Zur Keuntniss der Adephagen Coleoptera. 4to. S. Petersbourg.
1886. The Author.
Naturalist (The). See ‘‘ Socrerres (London).”’
Nature. Nos. 840—891. London, 1886. The Publishers.
© xiv.)
Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands. Bearbeitet von Julius
Weise. 1 Abth. Sechster Band. 3 Lieferung. 8vo. Berlin,
1884. Purchased.
Outvier (Ernest). Description du Paussus Jousselini, Guér. 1883.
The Author.
Révision du genre Pyrocelia, Gorh., fam. des Lampyrides.
The Author.
Lampyrides nouveaux ou peu connus du Musée de Leyde.
The Author.
Descriptions de deux nouvelles espéces de Lampyride. 1883.
The Author.
Lampyrides nouveaux ou peuconnus. MemoiresI.—III. 8vo.
1883—1886. The Author.
Les Lampyrides d’Olivier dans l’Entomologie et Encyclopédie
Méthodique. S8vo. 1885. The Author.
Catalogue des Lampyrides faisant partie des collections du
Musée Civique de Génes. (1 planche). 8vo. Genova, 1885.
The Author.
Lampyrides récueillis au Brésil et 4 la Plata par feu C. van
Volxem avec descriptions des espéces nouvelles. 8vo. 1885.
The Author.
Etudes sur les Lampyrides. II. 8vo. 1886. (1 planche).
The Author.
G. A. Olivier, sa vie, ses travaux, ses voyages. Moulins, 1880.
The Author.
Ormerop (Eleanor A.). Tha recent appearance of the Hessian Fly
(Cecidomyia destructor) in Great Britain. 1886.
The Authoress.
Report of Observations of Injurious Insects and Common Farm
Pests during the year 1885, with Methods of Prevention
and Remedy. (9th Report). 80. London, 1886.
The Authoress.
The Hessian Fly (Cecidomyia destructor) im Great Britain:
being Observations and Illustrations from Life. With
means of Prevention and Remedy from the Reports of the
Departments of Agriculture, U.S.A. London, 1886.
The Authoress.
OstEN-SackEN (Baron C. R. yon). Hine Beobachtung an Hilara (Dipt.).
1886. The Author.
Dipterologische Notizen. 1886. The Author.
Characters of the Larvee of Mycetophilide. {Reprint from the
Proceedings of the Ent. Soc. of Philadelphia, March, 1862. ]
8vo. Heidelberg, 1886. The Author.
Packarp (Alpheus Spring), M.D. On the Structure of the Brain of the
Sessile-eyed Crustacea. 8vo. 1884. The Author.
The Animal Kingdom. Introduction. [From the Standard
Nat. Hist.] 4to. 1885. The Author.
( xxv )
On the Cinurous Thysanura and Symphyla of Mexico. 8vo.
1886. The Author.
Memoir of Jeffries Wyman. 8vo. 1878. The Author.
Discovery of the thoracic feet in a Carboniferous Phyllocaridan.
(1 plate). Svo. 1886. The Author.
On the Nature and Origin of the so-called “Spiral thread” of
Trachezw. 8yo. 1886. The Author.
First Lessons in Zoology. New York, 1886. The Author.
Pascor (Francis P.). Analytical Lists of the Classes, Orders, &c., of the
Animal Kingdom. London, 1886. The Author.
Puarrav (Félix). Les Animaux Cosmopolites. The Author.
Une expérience sur la fonction des antennes chez la Blatte
(Per planeta orientalis). 8vo. 1886, The Author.
Expériences sur le role des palpes chez les Arthropodes
maxillés. (2éme partie.—Palpes des Myriopodes et des
Aranéides. 8vo. Meulan, 1886. The Author.
Rizey (Charles V.). Annual Address as President of the Entomological
Society of Washington for the year 1884. 8vo. Washington,
1886. The Author.
Report of the Entomologist for the year 1885. 8vo. Washington.
1886. The Author.
The Mulberry Silkworm, being a Manual of Instructions on
Silk-Culture. Sixth revised edition. With illustrations.
8vo. Washington. 1886. The Author.
Rorn (H.L.). The Animal Parasites of the Sugar-Cane. 8vo. London,
1885. The Author.
Scupprer (Samuel H.). Memoir of John Lawrence LeConte (1825—1883).
Washington. 1884. The Author.
The oldest-known Insect Larva, Mormolucoides articulatus, from
the Connecticut River Rocks. 4to. Boston, 1886.
The Author.
Note on the supposed Myriapoden Genus Trichiulus. 4to.
Boston, 1886. The Author.
A Review of Mezozoic Cockroaches. (4 plates). 4to. Boston,
1886. The Author.
The Cockroach of the Past (Periplaneta orientalis). 1886.
(Reprint from Miall & Denny’s Structure and Life-History
of the Cockroach. | The Author.
Sunys-Lonecuames (Baron EK. de). Révision du Synopsis des Agrionines.
Premiére partie, comprenant les Legions Psewdostigma—
Podagrion et Protonevra. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1886.
The Author.
SNELLEN (P.C.T.). Sesiomorpha. Ein neues Tineidengenus. The Author.
Un nouveau genre des Pyralides. (1 planche). 1884.
The Author.
Description d’un nouveau genre des Pyralides (1 planche).
The Author.
c
C “xxvi )
Socrrties (Transactions of Scientific) :—
(ApELAipE). Transactions and Proceedings and Report of the Royal
Society of Adelaide. Vol. VIII. 1884-5. The Society.
(BrraincHam). Proceedings of the Birmingham Philosophical
Society. Vol. V., Part 1. The Society.
(Bompay). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Vol. I.
Nos. 1—3. The Editors.
(Boston, Mass.). Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History.
Vol. III., No. 11. 1885. The Society.
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol.
MXIT Part 4 Vole Xxanl Partials The Society.
(Brinn). Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereines in Briinn.
Bd. XIIi., Heft 1&2. 1884. The Society.
(Brussets). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique.
Tome XXIX., Partie 2. The Society.
(Buenos Ayres). Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en
Cordoba. Tomo VIII., Entrega 2. The Society.
Actas dela Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cérdoba. Tomo V.,
Entrega 2. 1884. The Academy.
Anales del Museo Publico de Buenos Aires por German Bur-
meister. The Editor.
(Burrato). Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences.
Vol. V., No.1. 1886. The Society.
(CampripGE, Mass.). Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Curator of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College
for 1884 and 1885. The Museum.
(Carr Town). The Transactions of the South African Philosophical
Society. IIIL., Pt.2. 1883—1885. The Society.
Report of the Phylloxera Commission.
(Drespen). Correspondenzblatt des EHntomologischen Vereins
‘Tris’ zu Dresden. No. 3. The Editor.
(Dvupuin). Scientifie Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society. New
Series. Vol. III., Nos. 7—10; Vol. IV., Parts 7—9;
Vol. V., Parts1&2. 1885-86. The Society.
(FLtorence). Bulletino della Societa Entomologica Italiana. Anno
XVIIL., Trim. 1—3. The Society.
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THE
TRANSACTIONS
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
LONDON
ROR. Lh YA 1336:
ae
I. On the classification of the Pterophoride.
By E. Mrynricr, B.A.
[Read August 5th, 1885.]
Tue following notes include (1) an attempt to settle
definitely the systematic position and rank of the group,
(2) a partial revision of the genera contained in it, and
(3) descriptions of some new exotic species.
The first question does not appear to me to present
anything like the difficulty which is popularly expected
of it. The suggestions of one writer that the group
should be included amongst the Bombycina, and of
another that it has direct affinity with certain Hymeno-
ptera, I regard as ridiculous conjectures, quite without
any reasonable foundation. Others, again, have con-
fused the issue by classing among the Pterophoride
genera which have no real connection with the family.
My own conclusion is that the group constitutes a family
of Pyralidina, of similar value with the Botydide and
other allied families, and that it may be placed, together
with the Tineodide and Oxychirotide, as | have elsewhere
defined them, next the Crambide and Scopariade.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PART I. (MARCH). B
2 Mr. E. Meyrick on the
Omitting the characters which are shared by the
Pterophoride with the rest of the Pyralidina, the following
is a definition of the family :—
PTEROPHORIDA.
No ocelli. No maxillary palpi. Abdominal uncus in male well-
developed. Fore wings with vein 7 separate or absent. Hind
wings with vein 6 separate from 7, 8 free but closely approximated
to 7 on cell, lower median not pectinated. Wings usually fissured
(except Agdistis).
So far as my investigations go, these characters hold
universally, with the exception of the last (which is the
least important), and are sufficient to separate the
Pterophoride from each of the other families of Pyrali-
dina. Lord Walsingham, however, describes the genus
Cenoloba (with which I am not acquainted) as possessing
“drooping maxillary palpi,” though he lays no stress on
this exception. Considering the remarkable character
of the structure attributed to this genus, which was
founded on a single much-damaged specimen, I think
that, without expressing any doubt of Lord Walsingham’s
accuracy, it will be wise to avoid basing any definite
conclusions upon its alleged abnormal peculiarities, until
they are confirmed from further specimens ; but some
remarks on this genus will be found later.
Now compare with the above definition the characters
of Scoptonoma, classed by Zeller as an eccentric Ptero-
phorid. I possess a type of Scoptonoma Peterseni,
kindly communicated by Lord Walsingham ; it has con-
spicuous ocelli, well-developed maxillary palpi, no appa-
rent uncus, and in the hind wings vein 7 rising out of 6
and anastomosing with 8, with all the wings entire. It
therefore disagrees with the Pterophoride in almost every
point, and cannot possibly have any direct connection
with them; whilst on the other hand it agrees in all
essential characters with the Botydide, and should un-
doubtedly be referred to that family; of the genera with
which I am acquainted in nature it approaches nearest
to Rhimphalea.
Certain authorities have also referred to the Ptero-
phoride the genus Schreckensteenia (Chrysocoris), a
proceeding which appears to me still more unwarranted.
In this case the structure of the genus should be com-
pared not so much with the special family characters
classification of the Pterophoride. 3
given above, as with those shared by all the Pyralidina,
since Schreckensteinia does not belong to that group at
all, but to the Tineina, with which it is usually correctly
placed, ranking under the Hlachistide next Stathmopoda.
A comparison of the neuration will be sufficient. In the
Pyralidina veins 8 and 9 of the fore wings (vein 8 being
always the supra-apical vein) are always stalked; vein 8 ©
of the hind wings is partially closely approximated to 7
(often anastomosing). In Schreckensteinia veins 8 and
9 of the fore wings are separate; vein 8 of the hind
wings is widely remote from 7 throughout. These
differences are conclusive; the first alone would be
amply sufficient. The abdominal uncus seems to be
absent (at least I found no trace of it in one specimen
dissected), and the wings are not fissured. The hairiness
of the larva, which seems to have been the only reason
alleged for the transference of Schreckensteinia to the
Pterophoride, is a character of the most trifling 1m-
portance in classification; it recurs in almost every
principal group, and, as usual with dermal appendages,
depends mainly on external circumstances of life. Com-
pare the water-breathing gill-apparatus of the larve of
certain Hydrocampide, a much more remarkable struc-
ture, yet insufficient even to delimit genera.
I proceed now to state the main characters of the
Pyralidina, with the object of showing that the Ptero-
phoride are justly included in that group; these are as
follows ;
Fore wings with normally 12 veins, 1a and 10 present, 1b almost
always simple at base, 5 belonging to system of lower median,
6 from middle of transverse vein, independent, 7 belonging to
system of upper median, 8 supra-apical, 8 and 9 stalked, 12 free.
Hind wings with normally 8 veins, la, 16, and 1c present, 5 be-
longing to system of lower median, 6 belonging to system of upper
median, 8 in part closely approximated to 7, usually anastomosing
with it beyond cell, posteriorly divergent.
With the above type the Pterophoride agree absolutely
in every particular, and this combination of characters
is not found in any other group, except the Pyralidina.
But, in order to distinguish this type of neuration in the
Pterophoride, it is necessary to examine the older and
more ancestral genera, in which the fission of the wings
has not proceeded far; in the more advanced forms is
4 Mr. E. Meyrick on the
found a rapid degradation, causing the obsolescence of
most of the veins, so.that the affinity of these forms, if
they stood alone, could not possibly be demonstrated.
The progressive obsolescence of the veins takes place as
follows, all the stages occurring in different genera: the
fission of the wings, occurring opposite the middle of the
cell, causes 5 and 6 in both wings to become very short,
but these veins, with the transverse vein, though
becoming very indistinct and feeble, do not disappear,
except in the extreme type Cosmoclostis, where the fissure
extends more than two-thirds of the length of the wing ;
in the fore wings 2 and 8 then become gradually coincident
with 4, and 7, 9, 10 and 11 with 8; in the hind wings 3
becomes coincident with 4, and in the extreme type 2
also coincides with 4 and 8 with 7. The neuration is
thus finally reduced to four simple independent veins in
the fore wings, and three in the hind wings. Keeping in
mind the principles that a vein once merged by coin-
cidence cannot possibly reappear, and that a fissure once
made can never be filled up, there is no difficulty in
constructing a genealogical sequence of the genera,
which will show, if not certainly the actual, at least a
possible order of development. The genealogical con-
nection is indicated, as far as possible, in the generic
descriptions hereafter following.
Regarding the connection of the Pterophoride with
the other families of the Pyralidina, it may be pointed
out that the development of the uncus shows that they
are not derived from the Botydide, and the separation
of vein 7 of the fore wings that they are not derived from
the Bae whilst the absence of any pectination of
the lower median vein of the hind wings indicates that
there is probably no immediate connection with the
Crambide or Phycidide. From the other families they
mostly differ by vein 8 of the hind wings not anastomo-
sing with 7, and it is therefore probable that they do
not. originate from any known existing form, but from an
extinct type closely approaching the ancestral form of
the Pyralidina, and now apparently most nearly repre-
sented by the T%neodide.
In the foregoing remarks no allusion is made to the
Alucitide. The following is a sufficient definition of the
family characters :—
classification of the Pterophoride. 5
ALUCITIDA.
Ocelli present. Maxillary palpi absent. Labial palpi long,
curved. Wings six-cleft; no cell. Abdominal uncus in male
developed. Hind wings with vein 8 free.
The single known genus has suffered so much degra-
dation that it is in my opinion impossible to locate
it with certainty, unless earlier connecting forms are
hereafter discovered. The cell and many of the normal
veins are obsolete, so that the type of neuration cannot
be made out. The genus posesses ocelli, and therefore
cannot be derived from the Pterophoride (on the principle
that organs once lost cannot reappear); on the other
hand, the excessive fission of the wings shows that the
Pterophoride cannot be derived from Alucita. Notwith-
standing, since the neuration of Alucita, though degraded,
has nothing in it inconsistent with that of the Ptero-
phoride, and since fission of the wings is not found in
any other group of Lepidoptera except these two, it
seems reasonable to refer the Alucitide also to the
Pyralidina, with which they agree in such characters
as are not obscured by degradation. I consider, there-
fore, that we are justified in inferring that the Aluci-
tide constitute a family of Pyralidina, allied to but
distinct from the Pterophoride and Tineodide, and
that, like these, it originated from an extinct type
approaching the ancestral form of the Pyralidina. The
actual neuration of Alucita is given hereafter under the
generic heading.
For the following partial generic revision I have
examined all the species which I have to hand, not a
very large number; my results may therefore require
extension, but will, I hope, be found accurate so far as
they go. I find that the neuration presents the best
characters for generic definition, and is here, as usually,
the most reliable guide, and my classification is mainly
founded on it. ‘The form of the wings I consider an
indefinite and unreliable character, but the number of
fissures is a good point. The thickening of the legs with
scales is practically of no value, as it is impossible to
decide where the line is to be drawn, and the same may
be said of the difference in length of the spurs. The
frontal tuft is again a doubtful character ; although so
strongly developed in some species, every intermediate
6 Mr. E. Meyrick on the
stage down to obsolescence is found, yet it indicates real
affinity, and can be employed in certain cases. The form
of the palpi does not offer much definite variation, and is
rarely of value. The structure of the antenne is prac-
tically almost identical throughout the family. The
possession of black seales in the cilia of the third seg-
ment of the hind wings is a good indication, and seems
on the whole to be a fairly reliable character, though it
cannot always be employed, and in some cases these
scales are very slightly developed.
The following is a tabulation of, so far as I am aware,
all the genera known at present to exist; I have omitted
Amblyptilia, Hb., and Cnemidophorus, Wallgr., which I
consider not distinct from Platyptilia, Hb. :—
1. Wings entire he Ak we 5 is .. Agdistis.
77 dISSUTEG Tt... SA ie Ae ae aie 2.
2. Hind wings bifid.. as ap 30 a .. Cenoloba.
a trifid sis Se sis ie oe By.
3. Fore wings quadrifid .. ois ore ibe .. Heptaloba.
- trifid.. ays ae se AE .. Deuterocopus
93 bifid .. sis oe ae oe zi 4,
4. Fore wings with vein 9 present ob 5.0 aie De
of 3 absent.. of oe ss 10.
5. Hind wings with black scales in dorsal cilia .. oe 6.
“6 without black scales in dorsal cilia a 8.
6. Fore wings with vein 3 present a6 Sc .. Platyptilia.
F \ absent .. a6 Ae He de
7. Fore wings with vein 10 stalked with 11 50 .. Sphenarches.
+5 53 10 stalked with 8 ae .. Oxyptilus.
8. Fore wings with vein 10 present 50 a .. Mimeseoptilus.
5 na absent Ay Re 8 9.
9. Forehead with cone of scales .. of 50 .. Marasmarcha.
5, Without cone.. ae ol 4¢ .. Lioptilus.
10. Fore wings with vein 7 present 39 ic ae 1h
a _ absent.. a ie sia IDE
11. Posterior tarsi tufted above on joints .. oe .. Pterophorus.
vs not tufted ere Sie <h Oedematophorus.
12. Forehead with cone of scales .. is SY ..- Doxosteres.
- without cone .. se ae ae ate Ss
13. Wings without cell me a Ae sh .. Cosmoclostis.
», with cell .. fe : 4 gs 14,
14. Fore wings with vein 11 from near 8, long, parallel... Trichoptilus.
. A absent, or rarely from point
with 8, short, divergent .. Ac .. Aciptilia.
”
classification of the Pterophoride. 7
CosMocLosTIs, n. g.
Forehead without tuft; a high scaled transverse ridge between
antenne. Antenne in male —(?), in female minutely pubescent.
Palpi moderately long, very slender, filiform, 2nd joint ascending,
terminal joint almost as long as 2nd, porrected, somewhat pointed.
Posterior tibie slightly thickened on origin of spurs. Fore wings
bifid, cleft from before one-third ; no cell; 2 and 3 absent; 5, 6, 7
absent; 9, 10, 11 absent. Hind wings trifid, 3rd segment without
black scales in dorsal cilia; no cell; 2 and 3 absent, 5 and 6 absent,
8 absent,
Founded on the single species described below; the
most extreme type known, with the longest fissure and
most degraded neuration ; it is therefore presumably one
of the most recently-developed forms, and apparently
originates from T'richoptilus.
Tricnopritus, Wlsm.
Forehead without tuft. Antenne in male minutely or mode-
rately ciliated (one fifth to two-thirds). Palpi moderate, ascending,
Qnd joint with short projecting scales beneath, tending to form a
short angular apical tuft, terminal joint short or long, filiform,
tolerably pointed. Tibi thickened with scales on origin of spurs.
Fore wings bifid, cleft from before middle; 2 out of 4 or absent,
8 absent, 5 and 6 extremely short, 7 absent, 9 absent, 10 absent or
from near 8, long, 11 long. Hind wings trifid, 3rd segment usually
with a few black scales in dorsal cilia; 2 from middle of cell,
3 absent, 5 and 6 very short, 7 to apex.
I do not certainly know whether the name T'richoptilus
justly belongs to the genus here described; Lord Wal-
singham founded the genus on a single Californian
species, T’. pygmaeus, which I have not seen, and gives
no particulars of the neuration ; I believe, however, that
the species is congeneric with those described hereafter.
Besides the six given here, | have another species from
Mauritius, not in a condition to be described; and I
consider that to this genus should probably also be
referred Aciptilus siceliota, Z., Oxyptilus Kollari, Stt.,
and Aciptilus californicus, Wlsm. Of the six species
examined vein 10 of the fore wings was present in T’.
compsochares and T’. centetes. The genus is a degenerate
development of Oxyptilus.
8 Mr. E. Meyrick on the
Oxyptiuus, Z.
Forehead without tuft. Antenne minutely ciliated (not over 4).
Palpi moderate, ascending, 2nd joint with projecting scales beneath,
forming a short angular apical tuft, terminal joint moderate, fili-
form, tolerably acute. Tibiz thickened with scales on origin of
spurs. Fore wings bifid, cleft from about middle; 2 and 4 stalked,
3 absent, 5 and 6 very short, 7 from below angle of cell, long,
8 and 9 long-stalked, 10 out of 8, 11 from very near angle. Hind
wings trifid, 3rd segment with a tuft of black scales in dorsal cilia;
2 from middle of cell, 3 from near angle, very short, 5 and 6 very
short, 7 to apex.
The species examined were O. piloselle, O. hiecracit,
and O. parvidactylus. The genus is derivable from
Platyptilia. .
SPHENARCHES, N. g.
Forehead without tuft. Antenne minutely ciliated (+). Palpi
moderately long, ascending, 2nd joint with scales hardly projecting
beneath, terminal joint long, filiform, tolerably pointed. Tibie
thickened with scales on origin of spurs. Fore wings bifid, cleft
from middle; 2 and 4 stalked, 3 absent, 5 and 6 very short, 7 from
below angle of cell, long, 8 and 9 long-stalked, 10 and 11 stalked.
Hind wings trifid, 3rd segment with a tuft of black scales in dorsal
cilia; 2 from middle of cell, 3 absent, 5 and 6 very short, 7 to apex.
Founded on the single species described below; a
development of Platyptilia, and intermediate in general
characters between Oxyptilus and Deuterocopus.
DervtTEROcoPUS, Z.
Forehead without tuft. Antenne in male —(?). Palpi moderate,
ascending, 2nd joint with appressed scales, terminal joint moderate,
acute. Tibi thickened on origin of spurs with dense spreading
whorls of scales; posterior tarsi with similar smaller whorls on
apex of two basal joints. Fore wings trifid, cleft centrally from
middle and lower segment cleft from two-thirds; 2 and 4 from point
of angle of cell, 3 absent, 5 and 6 very short, 7 from below angle,
long, 8 and 9 long-stalked, 10 from near angle, 11 from near 10.
Hind wings trifid, 3rd segment unusually short, terminating in a
tuft of black scales; 2 from middle of cell, 8 absent, 5 and 6 very
short, 7 to apex.
I have examined D. Tengstremi, the only known spe-
cies. The genus is derived from Platyptilia, and otherwise
most allied to Sphenarches.
classification of the Pterophoride. 9
Heptautopa, Wism.
I have not seen this genus, of which the neuration is
not given; it appears to be also a development of
Platyptilia.
Puatyprinia, Hb.
Forehead with tufts of scales. Antenne in male ciliated ({—1).
Palpi rather long, obliquely ascending, 2nd joint loosely scaled,
terminal joint moderate, porrected, filiform, tolerably obtuse.
Tibiz simple, or rather tufted on origin of spurs and centre of
middle tibie. Fore wings bifid, cleft from two-thirds to three-
fourths; 2 from considerably below angle of cell, 8 from very near
angle, 5 and 6 short, 7 from below angle, 8 and 9 stalked, 10 from
near angle, 11 tolerably remote. Hind wings trifid, 3rd segment
with black seales in dorsal cilia; 2 from middle of cell, 3 from near
angle, 5 and 6 short, 7 and 8 divergent from beyond cleft.
A development of Mimescoptilus, with which it agrees
in neuration, and differs essentially only by the black
scales in the cilia of the hind wings; and even these are
sometimes very inconspicuous. In P. hemimetra the
frontal tuft appears to be absent, and in some other
species it is very short. The scaling of the legs differs
specifically, as do also the scales in the cilia of fore
wines, but these characters appear too indefinite and
unreliable for generic subdivision; I therefore regard
Amblyptilia, Hb., and Cnemidophorus, Wallgr., as not
distinct genera. I have examined about twelve species.
I see no sufficient reason for changing the name of this
genus (which is not incorrectly formed) to Platyptilus, as
suggested by Zeller; and the same remark applies to
Aciptilia.
Acrprinia, Hb.
Forehead without tuft. Antenne in male moderately ciliated
(3—1). Palpi moderate, more or less ascending, filiform, 2nd
joint sometimes loosely scaled, terminal joint moderate or short,
acute. Posterior tibix simple. Fore wings bifid, cleft from about
middle; 2 from near angle or out of 4 or absent, 8 absent, 5 and 6
very short, 7 absent, 9 absent, 10 absent, 11 from a point with 8 or
absent. Hind wings trifid, 8rd segment without black scales in
cilia; 2 from middle of cell, 3 absent, 5 and 6 very short, 7 to apex.
Apparently derived from Lioptilus. I have examined
about a dozen species, of which A. galactodactyla was
the only one in which vein 11 of the fore wings was
present; this is therefore one of the oldest species.
10 Mr. E. Meyrick on the
Lioptitus, Wallgr.
Forehead without tuft. Antenne in male moderately ciliated.
Palpi rather short, slender, filiform, obliquely ascending, pointed.
Tibie simple, Fore wings bifid, cleft from about middle; 2 from
three-fourths of cell, 3 from a point with 4, 5 and 6 very short,
7 from below angle, 8 and 9 stalked, 10 absent, 11 from near angle.
Hind wings trifid, 3rd segment without black scales in dorsal cilia ;
2 from middle of cell, 3 absent, 5 and 8 very short, 7 to apex.
I have only been able to examine L. microdactylus,
and these characters may require some extension; the
genus is a development of Marasmarcha.
OrDEMAtToPHoRus, Wallgr.
I have not to hand any species of this genus, and am
not certain whether it is a good one; according to the
structure, as given by other authors, it may be a develop-
ment of Pterophorus.
PreropHorus, Wallgr.
Forehead without tuft. Antenne in male —(?). Palpi short,
ascending, 2nd joint loosely scaled, terminal joint short, pointed.
Posterior tarsi thickened with scales on joints. Fore wings bifid,
cleft from before two-thirds; 2 from three-fourths of cell, 8 and 4
stalked, 5 and 6 short, 7 from hardly below angle, 9 absent, 10 very
closely approximated to 8 at base, 11 from four-fifths of cell. Hind
wings trifid, 3rd segment witbout black scales in cilia; 2 from
middle of cell, 3 absent, 5 and 6 very short, 7 to apex.
Characters drawn from P. monodactylus, besides which
there is no other species certainly referable here; a
development of Mimeseoptilus.
DoxOstTERES, 0. g.
Forehead with projecting tuft of scales. Antenne in male
ciliated (}). Palpi moderately long, porrected, 2nd joint loosely
sealed, tending to be tufted above towards apex, terminal joint
moderate, cylindrical, obtuse. Tibie simple. Fore wings bifid,
cleft from two-thirds; 2 from near angle, 3 and 4 short-stalked,
5 and 6 short, well-defined, 7 absent, 9 absent, 10 from very near
angle, 11 from near 10. Hind wings trifid, 3rd segment without
black seales in cilia; 2 from before middle of cell, 8 and 4 short-
stalked, 5 and 6 very short, 7 and 8 slightly divergent.
classification of the Pterophoride. 11
Also a development of Mimeseoptilus; at present I am
acquainted with only one species, D. canalis, Walk.,
Brit. Mus. Cat., 944.
MARASMARCHA, 0. g.
Forehead with projecting tuft of scales. Antenne of male
ciliated. Palpi moderate, ascending, slender, terminal joint mode-
rate, pointed. ‘Tibi simple. Fore wings bifid, cleft from before
two-thirds; 2 from near angle, 8 and 4 from point of angle or
stalked, 5 and 6 short, 7 from near below angle, 8 and 9 stalked,
10 absent, 11 from near angle. Hind wings trifid, 3rd segment
without black scales in cilia; 2 from before middle of cell, 8 and 4
short-stalked, 5 and 6 very short, 7 and 8 divergent from beyond
cleft.
Derived, like the two preceding, from Mimeseoptilus,
and formed to include M. pheodactyla, Hb., and a second
species, described below.
Mimeseortiuus, Wallgr.
Forehead with projecting tuft of scales. Antenne of male ciliated
(3—1). Palpi moderately long, porrected, 2nd joint with loose
rough scales, tending to be tufted above towards apex, or tolerably
filiform, terminal joint moderate or short, cylindrical, obtuse or
tolerably pointed. Tibie simple. Fore wings bifid, cleft from
about two-thirds; 2 from about two-thirds of cell, 3 from near
angle, 5 and 6 short, 7 from below angle, 8 and 9 stalked, 10 from
rather near 9, 11 tolerably remote or rather near 10. Hind wings
trifid, 8rd segment without black scales in cilia; 2 from before
middle of cell, 3 from before angle, 5 and 6 very short, 7 and 8
divergent from beyond cleft.
This is without doubt the oldest of all the known cleft-
winged genera, and is the true typical form of the family,
being itself descended from a common ancestor with
Agdistis.
Agpistis, Hb.
I have here no specimens for examination, and can
therefore add nothing to the characters of this genus.
Crnouosa, Wlsm.
I have not seen this genus, though stated to be Aus-
tralian. If the extraordinary characters given for it are
12 Mr. E. Meyrick on the
really correct, it would follow from the presence of
maxillary palpi that the genus could not be genealogi-
cally developed from any other known genus of the
family, and must therefore represent a modification
(probably much degraded) of a still older type; on the
principle that an organ once wholly lost cannot again
recur. From the alleged absence of the third segment
of the hind wings (if not accidentally broken) no inference
could be drawn without investigation of the neuration.
In the absence of further material I merely suggest these
points for consideration.
ALUCITA. Z.
Ocelli present, concealed. Antenne in male minutely ciliated ().
Palpi long, curved, obliquely ascending, 2nd joint with rough pro-
jecting scales beneath towards apex, forming a more or less promi-
nent tuft, terminal joint moderate or long, pointed, slender or
thickened in front with rough scales. Posterior tibize sometimes
partially rough-haired above, outer spurs half to two-thirds of
inner. Fore wings six-cleft; no cell; 5 and 6 absent, 7 free, 9 and
10 absent, 11 out of 8 before or beyond cleft. Hind wings six-cleft ;
no cell; 5 absent, 6 out of 7, 8 free.
The affinities are discussed above.
In the sixth volume of the ‘Linnea Entomologica’
Zeller suggested the name Diacrotricha for a subdivision
of Pterophorus (as then understood, nearly equivalent to
the present family), to contain one species, P. fasciola,
Z., characterised especially by the terminally dilated and
flattened hair-scales of the occiput; although I regard
this character as insufficient, it is possible that the genus
may be tenable on other grounds: it is, however, un-
known to me.
The following species appear to be new :—
Cosmoclostis aglaodesma, Nn. 8.
?, 18mm. Head and palpi ferruginous, frontal ridge white.
Antenne whitish. Thorax silvery-white, anterior margin very
narrowly, posterior margin rather broadly, ferruginous. Abdomen
ferruginous, segments marked alternately with a large trapezoidal
silvery-white spot dilated behind (four in all), or with two small
longitudinal white marks, beneath wholly silvery-white. Legs
ferruginous, anterior pair blackish-ferruginous, obscurely banded
classification of the Pterophoride. 13
with white, middle pair sharply obliquely banded with white.
Fore wings cleft from before one-third, segments linear; silvery-
white, with ferruginous markings; a narrow streak along costa
throughout; a slender line along inner margin, strongly dilated
near base; a narrow fascia before one-fourth, interrupted below
costa; 1st segment with an interrupted fascia almost at its base,
an entire fascia before its middle, and another rather near apex}
2nd segment wholly ferruginous, with a white spot rather near its
base, and two white fascie opposite the two posterior dark fascie
of Ist segment; cilia pale beneath, on costa ferruginous. Hind
wings cleft to base, segments linear; ferruginous-fuscous; cilia
light brownish.
A conspicuously distinct and handsome species.
Sydney, New South Wales; one specimen on a fence
in September.
Trichoptilus scythrodes, n.s.
3, @?, 12—138 mm. Head and thorax brownish ochreous, more
or less mixed with white. Palpi ochreous mixed with white.
terminal joint white, with base and apex dark fuscous, 2nd joint
reaching middle of face. Antenne whitish, annulated with dark
fuscous, with a blackish line above. Abdomen ochreous, longi-
tudinally striated with irregular obscure white and black lines,
apex in male with two obliquely ascending divergent hair-pencils.
Tibiew white, longitudinally striped with black, posterior tibize with
dark fuscous median and apical bands, all tarsi with broad blackish
bands at apex of joints. Fore wings cleft from before middle, seg-
ments linear; brownish ochreous, with scattered dark fuscous
scales; one or two white spots on inner margin, and sometimes a
suffused irregular white central streak from base to cleft; 1st
segment suffused with darker fuscous, with a white bar before its
middle and another towards apex, sometimes also a white spot at
base; 2nd segment with two corresponding but less distinct white
bars: cilia grey, on costa dark grey barred with white opposite
fascie and white at base towards apex, on lower margin of Ist
segment mixed with white and with some black scales in middle,
on upper margin of 2nd segment with a row of black scales towards
middle, on lower margin of 2nd segment with five spots of black
scales, first before cleft, last subapical, and two or three white bars,
last anal. Hind wings cleft firstly from before one-third, secondly
from base, segments linear; dark fuscous; cilia grey, 8rd segment
with a fringe of white hair-scales on inner margin from base to
middle, without black scales.
14 Mr. E. Meyrick on the
So far as my specimens show, this and the: following
species are quite destitute of the black scales in the
dorsal cilia of the hind wings, possessed by all the other
species of the genus; but they certainly do not admit of
generic separation ; this species is readily recognised by
the distinct white markings.
Sydney, New South Wales; Port Lincoln, South
Australia ; four specimens in November and April.
Trichoptilus ceramodes, n. 8.
3,2, 14 mm. Head and thorax hght ochreous. Antennez
ochreous, with a blackish line above. Palpi pale ochreous, base
white, second joint reaching above middle of face. Abdomen light
ochreous, with an obscure interrupted blackish’ line on each side of
back ; apex in male with two white obliquely ascending tolerably
appressed hair-pencils, valves small. Legs white, longitudinally
lined with dark fuscous; posterior pair banded with brownish
ochreous on middle and apex of tibie, and apex of 1st joint of tarsi.
Fore wings cleft from middle, segments linear; light ochreous; a
small brown spot near inner margin before one-fourth ; a cloudy
fuscous spot on base of 2nd segment; Ist segment with broad
cloudy fuscous basal, median, and apical bands; costal cilia grey,
with white spots between the bands; rest of cilia grey, with a few
whitish scales, a white bar at anal angle, and another on lower
margin before middle of 2nd segment. Hind wings cleft firstly
from before one-third, secondly from base, segments linear; rather
dark fuscous; cilia light ochreous-greyish, inner margin of 8rd
segment with a row of white hair-scales, without black scales.
This species appears to be destitute of black scales in
the cilia of both wings.
Sydney, New South Wales; Port Lincoln, South
Australia; two specimens in September and November.
Trichoptilus xerodes, n. sp.
3, 9, 15—16 mm. Head and thorax light ochreous, apex ot
patagia snow-white. Palpi ochreous, base white, terminal joint
whitish, longitudinally striped with black; 2nd joint reaching
middle of face, terminal jomt nearly as long. Antennie whitish,
annulated with grey, with a grey line above. Abdomen light
ochreous, somewhat mixed with white, with a white longitudinal
stripe on each side of back, externally bounded by a black line,
anal tuft white; apex in male with a small single projecting hair-
classification of the Pterophoride. 15
pencil, valves large. Legs white, longitudinally striped with black.
Fore wings cleft from before middle, segments linear; light
ochreous; extreme costal edge slenderly blackish; a white streak
along inner margin from base to near cleft; some white scales
tending to form obscure bars on both segments about their middle
and towards apex; costal cilia blackish, spotted with white on base,
with a white basal streak towards apex; rest of cilia dark grey,
with a white bar at anal angle, and five small spots of black scales
on lower margin of 2nd segment, first close before cleft, last sub-
apical. Hind wings cleft firstly from before one-third, secondly
from near base, segments linear; dark fuscous; cilia grey, 3rd seg-
ment with two or three black scales on inner margin beyond
middle, and a fringe of long white hair-scales between this and base.
The black scales in the dorsal cilia of the hind wings
are very slight and inconspicuous, yet always perceptible ;
the fore wings have obscure whitish markings, and are
without any black dots, such as are found in the three
following species.
Toowoomba, Queensland; Bathurst, New South Wales;
Adelaide, Wirrabara, and Port Lincoln, South Australia ;
rather common from September to November.
Trichoptilus leptomeres, n. 8.
3, 14—15 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light brownish
ochreous; palpi with 2nd joint nearly veaching crown, with
tolerably long scales, terminal joint nearly as long as 2nd. An-
tenne whitish, longitudinally lined with dark fuscous. Abdomen
light ochreous mixed with whitish, with a longitudinal yellowish
white dorsal stripe, bordered with deeper ochreous; apex in male
with two long fine obliquely upwards projecting divergent hair-
pencils. Legs white, longitudinally lined with black. Fore wings
cleft from before middle, segments linear; rather light brownish
ochreous ; a blackish dot before cleft; some white scales towards
apex of both segments; costal cilia brownish ochreous, with a spot
at two-thirds, another towards apex, and an apical spot white;
rest of cilia grey, somewhat mixed with whitish, with a white bar
at anal angle, a row of black towards middle of upper margin of
2nd segment, near base, median, and subapical. Hind wings cleft
firstly from one-fourth, secondly from near base, segments linear ;
dark fuscous ; cilia grey, 8rd segment with a small spot of black
scales on inner margin beyond middle, and a fringe of long white
hair-scales between this and base.
16 Mr. E. Meyrick on the
Superficially very similar to J’. «erodes, but easily
separated by the distinct black dot before cleft of fore
wings.
St. Denis, Island of Réunion; three specimens taken
at the end of April.
Trichoptilus compsochares, n. 8.
?, 18mm. Head and thorax ochreous, Palpi ochreous mixed
with white, 2nd joint reaching rather above middle of face. (An-
tenne broken.) Abdomen ochreous, with longitudinal fuscous
lines (partially defaced). Legs white, longitudinally striped with
blackish, posterior tibize and tarsi banded with fuscous. Fore
wings cleft from middle, segments linear; brownish ochreous, 1st
segment suffused with fuscous; a minute indistinct blackish dot
beneath costa near base; a blackish dot on 1st segment at base ;
some whitish scales forming obscure bands on 1st segment at about
one-third and two-thirds of length; cilia greyish ochreous, on costa
barred with whitish on bands, on lower margin of 1st segment with
a small subapical spot of black scales, on upper margin of 2nd
segment with two or three black scales towards middle and tips
white at apex, on lower margin of 2nd segment becoming dark
grey on posterior half, with a white anal bar, a white band beneath
middle, two or three small spots of black scales towards base, and
one beneath apex. Hind wings cleft firstly from before one-third,
secondly from base, segments linear; dark fuscous; cilia ochreous-
grey, 3rd segment with a small spot of black scales on inner mar-
gin beyond middle, and a fringe of white hair-scales between this
and base.
Differs from any of the preceding by the distinct blaek
dot on base of first segment of fore wings, and by pos-
sessing vein 10.
St. Vincent, Cape de Verde Islands; one specimen
received from Mr. G. F. Mathew, R.N., who took it in
January, amongst a species of Chenopodium, with several
others.
Trichoptilus centetes, n.s.
3, 16mm. Head and thorax light ochreous. Palpi ochreous
mixed with white, 2nd jomt reaching middle of face. Antenne
whitish ochreous, with a dark fuscous line on back. Abdomen
ochreous-whitish, longitudinally striated with interrupted fuscous
lines, apex with two obliquely ascending hair-pencils, valves small.
Legs whitish, longitudinally striped with black, posterior tibie
classification of the Pterophoride. uy
banded below middle and at apex with dark fuscous (tarsi broken).
Fore wings cleft from before middle, segments linear; ochreous-
brown, costa and Ist segment darker brown ; a moderately large
black dot beneath costa near base, another in dise at one-third, and
a third on 1st segment at base; Ist segment with a few ochreous-
whitish scales before middle and towards apex, intervening space
suffusedly dark fuscous; costal cilia fuscous, becoming whitish
before middle and towards apex; rest of cilia light greyish ochreous,
on lower margin of Ist segment somewhat mixed with whitish,
with a spot of black scales beneath apex, on upper margin of 2nd
segment with a white spot before middle, some black scales
towards middle, and tips white at apex, on lower margin of 2nd
segment with a broad dark grey blotch before anal angle, bordered
on each side with a whitish bar, and a small apical spot of black
scales. Hind wings cleft firstly from before one-third, secondly
from base, segments linear; dark fuscous; cilia ochreous-grey,
3rd segment with a spot of black scales on inner margin at three-
fifths, and a fringe of white hair-scales between this and base.
Principally distinguished from 7’. compsochares, with
which it agrees in neuration, by the conspicuous black
subcostal and discal dots; there are also some other
slight comparative differences; but I think it not unlikely
that the discovery of forms from intermediate localities
may show that these two are only geographical races of
the same species.
Port Moresby, New Guinea; one specimen received
from Mr. G. F. Mathew, taken with others in November.
Sphenarches synophrys, uu. s.
S$, 16 mm. Head and thorax brownish ochreous, apex of
patagia white. Palpi fuscous, base whitish. Antenne fuscous,
annulated with whitish. Abdomen whitish ochreous, with a
central dark fuscous line, dilated to form small blotches at one-
third and apex, and a large angular blotch at two-thirds, and with
dark fuscous lateral lines, apex whitish, with two obliquely
ascending hair-pencils. Legs white, longitudinally striped with
black, posterior tibie and tarsi banded with blackish. Fore wings
cleft from before middle, lst segment tolerably linear, 2nd segment
posteriorly moderately dilated, hind margin concave, anal angle
sharply defined; ochreous-brown, costal edge mixed with blackish
and whitish scales; a black dot beneath costa near base, another
in dise before one-third, and a third on inner margin of 1st segment
at base; an indistinctly inwardly oblique whitish band on Ist
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PpaRT I. (MARCH). C
18 Mr. E. Meyrick on the
segment before its middle, and a less distinct one towards apex,
both indicated also on 2nd segment; a black line along hind mar-
gin of 2nd segment; costal cilia dark fuscous, barred with white on
bands; rest of cilia light greyish ochreous, lower margin of 1st
segment with four spots of scattered black scales, 2nd median and
largest, upper margin of 2nd segment with some black scales
towards middle and apex, lower margin with four small spots of
black scales, a dark grey patch before anal angle, and a small
apical spot of black scales. Hind wings cleft firstly from one-third,
secondly from near base, segments linear; ochreous-fuscous, 3rd
segment becoming pale ochreous towards base; cilia light greyish
ochreous, 3rd segment on upper margin with a tolerably continuous
row of black scales from near base to apex, largest about three-
fourths, on lower margin with several black scales about one-third,
a large tooth of black scales at three-fourths, and a small apical
spot, and with a fringe of white hair-scales on basal half.
New Hebrides and Tonga Islands; several specimens
taken by Mr. G. F. Mathew.
Platyptilia hemimetra, n. 8.
3, 12mm. Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and legs dark fus-
cous, mixed with grey-whitish; frontal tuft hardly perceptible ;
palpi with 2nd joint reaching middle of face, terminal joint very
short. Antenne dark fuscous, annulated with whitish. Fore wings
cleft from before two-thirds, lst segment moderately broad, oblong,
hind margin straight, somewhat oblique, 2nd segment posteriorly
dilated, broader than 1st, hind margin oblique, tarsi sinuate, so as
to project in middle, anal angle sharply defined; greyish fuscous,
irregularly mixed with whitish and blackish; basal half of costa
obscurely spotted with darker and lighter; a cloudy dark fuscous
triangular blotch on costa before cleft, reaching across wing to
below cleft; a broad cloudy dark fuscous blotch on 1st segment
towards its middle, margined posteriorly by an irregular ochreous-
whitish line; a transverse ochreous-whitish line near hind margiu
of 2nd segment, preceded by a dark fuscous suffusion ; costal cilia
dark fuscous, with three whitish spots; rest of cilia grey-whitish
on hind margin, with a sharp black line near base, on lower mar-
cin of Ist and upper margin of 2nd segments each with three very
small spots of black scales, on lower margin of 2nd segment with
five small spots of black scales. Hind wings cleft firstly from two-
fifths, secondly from near base, 1st segment narrow, spatulate, 2nd
narrow, caudate, 3rd linear, short, only reaching middle of wing;
rather dark greyish fuscous; cilia whitish grey, 3rd segment with
classification of the Pterophoride. 19
a tolerably continuous row of very short dark fuscous scales on
both margins, and with a large tooth of black scales on lower
margin before apex.
Well characterised by its small size, the obsolescence
of the frontal tuft, the medium hind-marginal projection
of the second segment of fore wings, and the proportion-
ally very short thick segment of hind wings.
St. Denis, Island of Réunion; one specimen at the
end of April.
Marasmarcha lophanes, n. 8.
9,13—14mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax pale brownish
ochreous, apex of patagia white. Abdomen whitish ochreous, with
irregular lateral fuscous lines, anal tuft white. Legs white, longi-
tudinally striped with fuscous. Fore wings cleft from three-fifths,
1st segment parallel-sided, hind margin very oblique, 2nd segment
narrower than Ist, not dilated, hind margin very oblique, anal
angle indistinct; pale brownish ochreous, posteriorly sometimes
more brownish; a small cloudy dark fnscous spot in dise at two-
fifths ; cilia ochreous-whitish, with a grey spot above apex, a sharp
black line near base along hind margin, a grey patch below anal
angle, and four small spots of black scales on inner margin. Hind
wings cleft firstly from two-fifths, secondly from near base, seg-
ments tolerably linear; fuscous; cilia very pale greyish ochreous.
St. Denis, Island of Reunion; two specimens at the
end of April.
Mimeseoptilus pheonephes, n. 8.
3,2, 16—20 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen white, with a
few ochreous scales ; frontal tuft short, Palpi moderate, slender,
ochreous mixed with white. Antennz white, annulated with fus-
cous. Legs white, anterior and middle femora and tibiz suffused
with fuscous. Fore wings cleft from two-thirds, segments rather
broad, parallel-sided, hind margin of Ist segment somewhat con-
cave, very oblique, of 2nd segment nearly straight, oblique; white,
irregularly sprinkled with dark fuscous; costa spotted with fuscous
on basal half; a longitudinal dark fuscous mark on fold near base;
a small dark fuscous spot in dise at one-third; a dark fuscous
suffusion on costa at two-thirds, touching an oblique transverse
strong dark fuscous mark on base of cleft; a dark fuscous suffusion
on Ist segment towards apex, separated from a narrow hind mar-
ginal suffusion by a cloudy white line, these markings sometimes
continued over 2nd segment; costal cilia dark fuscous, with a
20 Mr. E. Meyrick on the
white band above basal half of Ist segment; rest of cilia white, on
hind margin of 2nd segment with a dark grey line near base.
Hind wings cleft firstly from middle, secondly from near base,
Ist segment moderate, somewhat dilated, hind margin oblique,
2nd segment moderate, parallel-sided, hind margin very oblique,
drd segment linear, above with a pecten of hairs towards base ;
whitish ; cilia white.
A distinct species, intermediate between the following
and M. celidotus; this and the following species are
especially characterised by the whitish hind wings.
Mount Wellington, Tasmania, at about 3000 feet, in
February ; three specimens.
Mimeseoptilus leuconephes, n. 8.
3d, 283mm, Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen white, with a
few scattered fine fuscous scales; frontal tuft short, palpi moderate,
slender. Antenne white, spotted above with dark fuscous. Legs
white, anterior and middle pair irrorated above with dark fuscous.
Fore wings cleft from two-thirds, segments rather broad, parallel-
sided, hind margin of 1st segment subconcave, very oblique, of
2nd segment slightly bowed, oblique; white, very faintly yellowish-
tinged, with a thin fine fuscous irroration, 1st segment somewhat
suffused with light fuscous; a blackish irroration along basal half
of costa, tending to form small spots; a row of four or five small
similar blackish spots along submedian fold towards base; a
blackish dot beneath costa at one-third, and another near before
cleft below middle; some scattered dark fuscous scales beyond
middle of Ist segment: cilia white, on costa pale whitish-fuscous.
Hind wings cleft firstly from middle, secondly from near base,
Ist segment moderately dilated, hind margin rounded, oblique,
2nd segment moderate, slightly dilated, hind margin very oblique,
3rd segment narrow, acuminate: whitish; cilia white.
Allied to the preceding, but very distinct.
Mount Kosciusko, New South Wales; one specimen at
4700 feet, in January.
Alucita phricodes, n.s.
3,2, 14—17 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous,
sprinkled with whitish, and tuft whitish ; abdomen with a narrow
white ring at one-third from base. Palpi dark fuscous, internally
whitish, 2nd joint obscurely banded with whitish at three-fourths
and apex, terminal joint banded with whitish at one-fourth
classification of the Pterophoride. 21
and three-fourths; 2nd joint long, porrected, beneath with dense
projecting scales on apical half, forming a very short broad
truncate tuft, terminal joint about three-fourths of 2nd, anteriorly
roughened with scales, somewhat thickened in middle, pointed.
Antenne dark fuscous. Legs whitish, suffused with dark fuscous
above, except on posterior tibix, of which the basal half is clothed
with short rough whitish hairs above. Wings formed as in A.
hexadactyla. Fore wings with segments blackish, 1st segment
with six ochreous white-margined spots, last two largest, remaining
five segments with small white and ochreous spots, and an ochreous
subapical band; cilia pale greyish, with dark grey obscurely
whitish-margined markings, forming three irregular transverse
fasci ; first narrow, about one-fourth ; second moderate, angulated
outwards above middle, and sinuate inwards below middle; third
broader, obsolete near inner margin, towards costa obscurely
dilated so as to appear connected with last three anteapical dark
costal spots. Hind wings with segments blackish, with small
white and ochreous spots; cilia pale greyish; markings obscurely
whitish-margined; a rather narrow dark grey fascia before middle,
extending from vein 1 to 4; on posterior half of wing three
indistinct grey regularly dentate narrow fascie, second becoming
double on first two segments, and much darker towards inner
margin and on posterior costal branch.
Duaringa, Queensland; Sydney, New South Wales ;
locally common, especially at rest on fences, in August,
September, November, and January.
Nott. — Lord Walsingham, who has kindly looked
through the proof of this paper, suggests that Cnenu-
dophorus (p. 6) should be Hucnemidophorus, Wallengren
himself having substituted this name for Cremidophorus,
which is preoccupied.—H. G. and W. W. F.
( 23° )
II. Ona small collection of Languriidex from Assam, with
descriptions of two new species. By the Rev. W. W.
Fow ter, M.A., F.L.S., &e.
[Read February 3rd, 1886. |
Some time ago I received a small collection of Langurude
from Mr. G. Lewis, chiefly taken in Assam; among them
are several specimens of Tetralanguria pyramidata and
one specimen of Pachylanguria collaris ; with regard to
this latter insect it may be remarked that, through a
misprint in Crotch’s revision of ‘the Hrotylide (Cist.
Ent. i. 877), the length is printed 8 lin. instead of 8 lin. ;
there is also a single specimen very closely allied to
Languriosoma Mouhoti, but with rather stronger punctu-
ation than in Crotch’s type, which I compared with it ;
I believe, however, that it is this species; Languria
scutellata, Crotch, is represented by two or three speci-
mens; this species appears to be identical with L.
nigrina, Wied. ; one of the specimens apparently belongs
to the variety ‘“‘omnino obscure rufa, vel elytris leviter
fusco-virentibus,” which is mentioned by Von Harold in
his paper on the group (Mittheil. d. Munchener. Ent.
Ver. 1879, p. 81); one new species of Languria, repre-
sented by two examples, is described below; the most
interesting part of the collection, however, consists of
three specimens of Doubledaya, one male and two females,
which unfortunately are more or less immature or im-
perfect ; one female is 21—22 mm. long, the other
183—14 mm., while the length of the male is only a little
over 10 mm.; I believe, however, that they all belong to
the same species; and as the larger female is in fair
condition, and the male perfect, although slightly im-
mature, I have ventured to describe it. There is in
the collection another male of a species of Doubledaya
(length 15 mm.) from the Andaman Islands, but it is so
immature that it cannot be described, although appa-
rently a new species.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—paRT I. (MARCH).
-
~
Y4 Rev. W. W. Fowler on a small
Languria Assamensis, nN. s.
Nigra, nitida, capite prothoraceque rufis, antennis et pedibus
nigris; capite parcius subtiliter punctato, oculis prominulis
antennis modicis, clava 4-articulata; prothorace sat convexo,
tenuiter marginato, lateribus leviter rotundatis, ante basim sinu-
atis, angulis posticis acutis, prominentibus, basi ad medium valde
depressa, depressione fortiter punctata, et utrinque lineola longi-
tudinali terminata; scutello sat magno, nigro; elytris humeris
distinctis, striato-punctatis, interstitiis punctatis, apicibus sub-
rotundatis ; abdomine ad majorem partem glabro, segmento ultimo
dense et fortissime punctato. Long. 10—11 mm.
Black, very shiny, head and prothorax clear red; head very
diffusely punctured, eyes rather prominent; antenne black, with
four-jointed club, the 8th joint considerably narrower than the
succeeding; prothorax almost smooth, very feebly punctured on
disc, sides gradually and not strongly rounded, sinuate before pos-
terior angles, which are acute and prominent, base with a very
strong depressed and punctured furrow, terminated on each side
by a short longitudinal stria; elytra with rows of rather strong and
close punctures set in rather shallow striz, interstices with rows of
fine punctures, apices subtruncate; legs shining black; abdomen
mostly smooth, last segment very strongly and closely punctured.
Assam.
Doubledaya varians, n. 8.
AMnea vel viridi-enea, prothorace rufo, ad medium metallico ;
prothorace latitudine dimidio longioyri, lateribus leviter rotundatis,
ad basim sinuatis, angulis posticis acutis, prominentibus, stria
‘brevi longitudinal utrinque ad basin instructo; scutello sat iagno
postice acuminato; elytris elongatis, ordinibus punctorum mag-
norum seriatim dispositis, fortiter transversim rugosis, interstitiis
seriatim punctatis, apicibus obtusis, elevatis; pedibus longis, tarsis
dilatatis. Long. 21—22 mm, ?.
Mas duplo-minor, capite latiori, antennis teretioribus, clava
triarticulata, prothorace subquadrato latitudine vix longiori.
Long. 10—11 mim.
Greenish brassy, prothorax red, with a central fascia metallic ;
thorax much longer than broad, with the sides slightly rounded,
sinuate before base, posterior angles acute and prominent, dise
almost impunctate, except for a few scattered punctures on each
side of the dorsal furrow, which is shallow, and terminates in a
depression at base; on each side of the base there is a short
longitudinal stria; scutellum rather large, almost pentagonal,
collection of Languriide from Assam. 25
acuminate behind; elytra broader at base, with rows of strong
punctures, very strongly transversely rugose, interstices with single
rows of small punctures, margins continued very plainly along
shoulders to scutellum, apices subtruncate, with the exterior ex-
tremities bluntly elevated; legs long, tarsi strongly dilated.
Male much smaller; head broad, antenne slender, with three-
jointed club; thorax subquadrate, unicolorous, slightly longer than
broad, with no central furrow, but with plain short longitudinal
strie at base.
Assam.
I am rather doubtful regarding this species, as the
male is so much smaller than the female that I should
hardly have united them, had it not been for the smaller
female referred to above, which, apart from its imma-
turity, appears to be structurally identical with the
larger one.
In a paper on the group (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1885,
Part ui., p. 886) I have named a species Languria
femoralis ; I find, however, that this name has been
preoccupied by Motschulsky for a North American spe-
cies. I therefore propose to alter my name to L. nigro-
e@nea. Inthe same paper (p. 882) I have said that in
Gonolanguria the clypeus has a strong V-shaped
emargination; this is very plain in some specimens,
but I have since found that it is not constant in all;
I believe that it is sexual, and is found in the female
only.
Since writing the above, I find that Von Harold (J. c.,
p. 81) considers L. scutellata, Crotch, as identical with
L. nigrina, Wied. I had arrived at this conclusion from
an examination of Mr, Crotch’s specimens at Cambridge.
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GR2ia)
III. Descriptions of new genera and species of Galerucide.
By Josepy §. Baty, M.R.C.8., F.L.S.
[Read February 3rd, 1886. |
Hoplosoma ventralis.
Flongata, parallela, flava, nitida, pectore abdomineque nigris ;
thorace transverso, lateribus basi subparallelis, antice paullo am-
pliatis; disco levi, transversim excavato, elytris tenuiter punctatis.
g. Abdominis segmento secundo spinis duabus validis armato.
Long. 4—44 lin.
Hab. Borneo, Sarawak (Wallace).
Head prominent; antenne slender, filiform; eyes black. Thorax
one-half as broad again as long; sides parallel, shghtly dilated an-
teriorly ; disk impunctate, transversely excavated, more deeply so
on either side.
Hoplosoma ornata.
Elongata, parallela, rufo-testacea, nitida, antennis, basi exceptis,
scutello, pectore pedibusque nigris ; thorace transverso, disco
utrinque leviter transversim excavato; tenuissime punctatis,
fascia lata prope medium metallico-purpurea instructis; disco
antico flavo. Long. 4 lin.
Hab. Mysol (Wallace).
Antenne filiform, equal to the body in length; subapical joint of
the maxillary palpus not thicker than the apical one. Thorax
twice as broad as long; sides nearly straight and parallel; disk
shining, nearly impunctate, impressed on either side with a broad
shallow transverse excavation. Elytra parallel, very minutely
punctured; flavous anteriorly, rufo-testaceous from just below the
middle disk to the apex, the two colours being separated by a
broad metallic purple band.
The penultimate joint of the maxillary palpus is not
thickened in this species.
Cneoraus rugulipennis.
Oblongo-ovata, convexa, rufo-fulva, nitida, antennis, basi ex-
exceptis, tibiis tarsisque anticis quatuor, pedibusque posticis nigris ;
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PaRT I. (MARCH).
28 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s descriptions of new
pectore abdomineque viridi-eneis, griseo-sericeis; scutello nigro ;
thorace convexo, levi, utrinque vix ante medium fovea parva
impresso ; elytris viridi-zneis, crebre ruguloso-punctatis. Long,
3—4# lin.
Hab. Northern India.
Head not longer than broad, trigonate ; antennz slender, equal
to the body in length. Thorax about one-half broader than long;
sides obtusely angulate ; disk convex, impressed on either side just
beyond the middle with a small round fovea. Hlytra narrowly
oblong, faintly impressed below the basilar space, closely rugulose-
punctate.
;
Mimastra apiealis.
Anguste elongata, parallela, flava, nitida, pectore abdomineque
viridi-zeneis, griseo-sericeis, antennis extrorsum, femoribus dorso,
tiblis apice tarsisque piceis; capite subtrigonato, vertice viridi-
weneo; thorace transverso, lateribus fere rectis; disco levi, utrinque
transversim sulcato, medio plus minusve distincte longitudinaliter
excavato, utrinque piceo maculato; elytris parallelis, sat crebre
subruguloso-punctatis, utroque plaga viridi-enea a paullo infra
medium ad apicem extensa, imstructo. Long. 4—4} lin.
Hab. India.
Head trigonate ; antennz very slender, equal to the body in
length; the three or four lower joints flavous, the rest piceous.
Thorax nearly twice as broad as long; sides straight and nearly
parallel from the base to beyond the middle, thence very slightly
converging and rounded to the apex; upper surface transversely
excavated on either side; middle disk longitudinally sulcate, the
sulcation in some specimens nearly obsolete.
Nearly allied to Mimastra Soreli.
Cerophysa flava.
Elongata, convexa, fulva, nitida, aureo micans, pectoris lateribus
abdomineque viridi-zneis; antennis apice, tarsisque piceis; thorace
levi, utrinque obsolete excavato ; elytris distincte, subcrebre punc-
tatis, punctis subseriatis.
g. Antennarum articulo octo magno, incrassato. Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Birmah.
Antenne half the length of the body, the 2nd joint very short,
moniliform; the 8rd twice the length of the 2nd, clavate; the 4th
to the 7th short, turbinate; the 8th large, strongly incrassate.
Thorax half as broad again as long; sides rounded; disk convex,
genera and species of Galerucide. 29
smooth, impunctate, obsoletely impressed on either side with a
transverse fovea. Elytra narrowly oblong, parallel, distinctly
punctured.
NACREA, 0. g.
Corpus anguste oblongum, convexum. Caput exsertum, antennis
filiformibus, articulo secundo minuto, tertio (in ¢) incrassato,
compresso. Thorax transversus, convexus, disco transversim ex-
eavato. LElytra anguste oblonga, convexa, dorso non excavata,
confuse subseriato-punctata; epipleuris planis, fere ad apicem
extensis. Pedes mediocres; coxis anticis contiguis; tibiis apice
inermibus; unguiculis appendiculatis. Acetabula antica integra.
Type Nacrea maculata.
The present genus, which has quite the facies of Cero-
physa, must, owing to the closed anterior acetabula, be
placed near Agetocera; from this latter genus it is sepa-
rated by the appendiculated claws.
Nacrea apieipennis.
Anguste oblonga, convexa, flava, nitida, scutello elytrorumque
apice nigris; thorace quam longo paullo latiori, convexo, disco
postico leviter transversim bifoveolato ; elytris oblongis, tenuiter
suberebre punctatis.
¢. Antennarum articulo tertio incrassato, oblongo-ovato, com-
presso, utrinque excavato. Long. 3} lin.
Hab. India.
Clypeus large, transversely convex, obsoletely carinate ; antennz
(in the $) with the basal joint curved, clavate; the 2nd minute ;
the 3rd longer, oblong-ovate, compressed and excavated on either
side; the 4th and 5th filiform, each equal in length to the basal
one (the rest of the joints in the single specimen before me broken
off). Elytra oblong, convex, faintly excavated transversely below
the basilar space, finely but rather closely punctured.
Nacrea maculata.
Anguste oblonga, convexa, flava, nitida, scutello, pectore, ab-
domine, femoribus apice, tibiis tarsisque nigris; thorace quam
longo paullo latiori, lateribus vix ante medium angulatis; disco
levi, disco postico bifoveolato; elytris oblongis, convexis, sub-
seriato-punctatis ; utrisque apice, macula subbasali prope suturam
posita, fasciaque communi, vix pone medium, metallico-purpureis.
g. <Antennarum articulo primo curyato, clavato, secundo
30 Mr. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of new
minuto, tertio ampliato, compresso, nigro maculato, ceteris cy-
lindricis, filiformibus. Long. 8 lin.
Hab. Java.
Head longer than broad; clypeus large, carinate ; eyes rotundate,
black; antenne (the dilated 3rd joint excepted) filiform, about three-
fourths the length of the body; 4th and following joints nearly equal
in length, each about as long as the basal one. Thorax rather
broader than long; sides diverging and slightly sinuate from the
base to beyond the middle, thence obliquely converging to the
apex; hinder disk deeply bifoveolate.
Luperodes limbella.
Ovata, convexa, flava, nitida, scutello, mesosterno, tibiis tar-
sisque nigris; thorace transverso, tenuiter punctato, medio trans-
versim excavato; elytris crebre punctatis, margine basali limboque
externo anguste nigris. Long. 3 ln.
Hab. Singapore (Wallace).
2nd and 8rd joints of antennz short, nearly equal, the basal one
flavous, the 2nd to the 4th nigro-piceous (the rest wanting). Thorax
transverse; sides rounded, nearly straight and parallel behind the
middle; upper surface minutely but not closely punctured ; middle
disk transversely excavated.
Luperodes Jacobyt.
Ovata, convexa, fulva, nitida, oculis, antennis, apice exceptis,
seutello, pectore utrinque macula, tibiis tarsisque nigris; thorace
levi, utrinque leviter transversim impresso; elytris levissime
punctatis, utrisque limbo externo maculaque vix pone medium
posita, nigris. Long. 4 lin.
Hab. Mysol (Wallace).
Hiyes large, black; antennee filiform, the 2nd joint short, the 8rd
nearly twice its length, the 4th equal to the preceding two united ;
the upper two joints fulvous, the rest black. Thorax transverse ;
sides slightly rounded, nearly straight and parallel behind the
middle; upper surface smooth, middle disk impressed on either
side with a shallow transverse sulcation.
Luperodes marginata.
Ovata, convexa, flavo-fulva, nitida, oculis scutelloque nigris;
thorace rufo, minute punctato, medio transversim sulcato; elytris
tenuiter, sat crebre, punctatis, anguste nigro-limbatis. Long. 34 lin,
Hab. Sumatra (Wallace).
genera and species of Galerucide. 31
Head triangular, antenne slender, nearly equal to the body in
length; the 2nd joint short, the 3rd rather longer, the 4th equal in
length to the preceding two united. Thorax transverse; sides
slightly rounded; upper surface minutely punctured; middle disk
transversely suleate, the suleation more deeply excavated on either
side. Elytra minutely punctured, each elytron narrowly edged
with black.
Nadrana bella.
Ovata, convexa, nigra, nitida, antennis flavis, basi nigro-piceis ;
thorace convexo, levi, fere impunctato, elytris levibus, tenuissime
punctatis, apice nigris.
Var. A. Elytris totis nigris. Long. 43 lin.
Hab. Malacca, Tringarnee, Sumatra. Var. A. Singa-
pore (Wallace).
Thorax broader than long, sides rounded; convex, remotely
impressed with very fine punctures, visible only under a lens.
Elytra oblong-ovate, convex, rather more closely but not more
strongly punctured than the thorax.
The ubsence of the transverse sulcation of the thorax
will at once separate this species from N. pallidicornis.
Prasyptera nitidipennis.
Oblongo-ovata, postice paullo ampliata, convexa, flava, nitida,
vertice, labro, antennis, tibiis apice, tarsis, abdominisque maculis,
nigris, seutello pectoreque nigro-piceis; thorace transverso, levi,
utrinque obsolete foveolato; elytris oblongis, crebre punctatis,
viridi-eneis. Long. 4 lin.
Hab. Mysol (Wallace) ; a single specimen.
Antenne slender, the 2nd joint very short, the 3rd twice its
length, its base fulvous. Thorax nearly twice as broad as long ;
sides nearly straight and parallel behind the middle, slightly
rounded and converging anteriorly; upper surface transversely
convex, smooth, impunctate, faintly foveolate on either side. Elytra
rather closely and distinctly punctured; on the disk of each elytron
are visible two or three faintly-raised longitudinal lines.
Separated from P. Haroldi by the different coloration
of the head, by the narrower thorax, and by the brighter-
coloured, more strongly punctured elytra.
32 My. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of new
Atysa nitidicollis.
Anguste elongata, parallela, nigra, nitida, metallico purpureo
tincta, pectore, femoribus, apice exceptis, scutello elytrisque fulvis;
his opace dense sericeis, crebre punctatis, tertio apicali metallico-
purpureo; thorace utrinque profunde excavato, tenuiter subremote
punctato. Long. 33 lin.
Hab. Ké (Wallace).
Head trigonate, not longer than broad; vertex and front finely
and remotely punctured. Thorax scarcely one-half broader than
long; sides diverging from the base to beyond the middle, thence
nearly parallel to the apex ; disk finely and subremotely punctured,
deeply excavated on either side. Elytra closely but rather strongly
punctured.
Atysa Jansoni.
Anguste elongata, parallela, subtus cum capite nigra, subnitida ;
supra opaca, fulva; thorace transversim depresso, utrinque magis
fortiter excavato, crebre punctato; elytris crebre punctatis, dense
sericeis, dimidio postico nigro. Long. 23—38 lin.
Hab. New Guinea (Wallace).
Vertex and front finely rugose-punctate. Thorax one-half broader
than long; sides obtusely rounded, diverging at the base; disk
concave, more deeply excavated on either side, coarsely and closely
granulose-punctate. Elytra closely punctured, densely sericeous,
their posterior half black, this colour extending upwards along the
suture nearly to the base.
Atysa sulcicollis.
Anguste elongata, parallela, nigra nitida, sericea, capite tho-
raceque glabris, hoe disci medio, nee non ad basin transversim
suleato; scutello elytrisque fulvis; his opacis, crebre punctatis.
dense sericeis, utroque plaga magna, ad marginem adfixa, a basi
ad ultra medium extensa fulva ornato. Long. 4 lin.
Hab. Malay Archipelago (Wallace).
Head longer than broad, subcuneiform, clypeus large, shining,
impunctate ; mouth piceous; antenne nearly equal to the body in
length, more robust than in the other species. Thorax twice as
broad as long; sides obtusely angulate, sinuate anteriorly ; upper
surface minutely and subremotely punctured; middle disk with a
deep transverse sulcation, which extends on either side nearly to
the lateral margin; at the base is a similar groove, which is
genera and species of Galerucideé. 33
interrupted on either side near the hinder angle by a short piceous
ridge. LElytra closely punctured, coarsely sericeous.
Atysa fulvicornis.
Anguste elongata, parallela, subtus nigro-cerulea, nitida, ore
pedibusque fulvis; supra fulva, capite (facie inferiori antennisque
exceptis) thoraceque nigris, crebre et fortiter punctatis ; elytris
parallelis, dense sericeis, crebre punctatis, apice nigro-ceruleis.
Long. 4 lin.
Hab. Waigiou (Wallace).
Vertex and front coarsely and closely punctured ; lower face and
antenne fulvous. Thorax nearly one-half broader than long ;
sides diverging from the base to just beyond the middle, thence
rounded and converging towards the apex; hinder angle with a
small obtuse tooth; upper surface concave, coarsely and closely
punctured. Elytra closely but rather more finely punctured than
the thorax, densely sericeous.
Atysa funesta.
Anguste elongata, parallela, nigra, nitida, thorace inferiori, capite
inferiori, femoribusque fulvis, his piceo tinctis; capite thoraceque
minus nitidis, crebre et fortiter punctatis; elytris dense nigro-
sericeis, crebre punctatis, metallico-purpureis; abdominis segmentis
albo-marginatis. Long. 3—4 lin.
Hab. New Guinea, Dorey (Wallace).
Head broader than long; eyes large, round; vertex and front
flattened, coarsely and closely punctured. Thorax nearly twice as
broad as long; sides diverging from the base to just beyond the
middle, thence sinuate and slightly converging towards the apex ;
disk depressed, obliquely thickened on either side close to the
anterior margin; coarsely and closely punctured. Elytra closely
but more finely punctured than the head and thorax.
Galerucella thoracica.
Elongata parallela, convexa, fulvo-picea, fusco-sericea, capite
thoraceque fere glabris; antennis robustis, scutello, femoribus
apice, tibiis tarsisque nigris; thorace transverso ; lateribus vix pone
medium emarginatis; disco profunde et irregulariter excavato ;
elytris oblongis, parallelis, crebre punctatis, nigro-piceo plus minusve
tinctis. Long. 4 lin.
Hab. Aru Islands; Celebes; Ternate (Wallace).
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PaRT I. (MARCH). D
34 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s descriptions of new
Front flattened, finely rugulose; antenne robust, rather more
than half the length of the body. Thorax more than twice as broad
as long; sides angulate-emarginate just behind their middle; disk
broadly and irregularly excavated across the middle, closely punc-
tured on either side behind the anterior margin. Elytra parallel,
closely punctured, more or less stained with nigro-piceous, this
colour in some specimens extending over their whole surface.
Galerucella Wallacet.
Hlongata, convexa, sordide fulva, dense sericea, antennarum
articulis intermediis capitisque macula frontali nigris; thorace
transverso, lateribus angulatis, disco late transversim excavato,
maculis tribus, transversim positis, nigris; elytris oblongis, crebre
punctatis, fuscis, fusco-sericeis ; tibiis dorso tarsisque piceis. Long.
4} lin.
Hab. New Guinea, Dorey (Wallace).
Head nearly glabrous, vertex swollen, convex; antenne rather
slender, the 3rd to the 9th joints black or nigro-piceous. Thorax
three times as broad as long; anterior margin concave; sides
angulate, their anterior angle laterally acute; disk transversely
concave. Elytra oblong, very closely punctured, fuscous, densely
clothed with concolorous pubescence.
STRUMATEA, N. g.
Corpus oblongum, convexum, dense sericeum. Antenne gra-
ciles, articulo secundo ad plus quam partem dimidiam articuli
primi equilongo. Thorax transversus, dorso profunde excavatus.
Elytra convexa, tuberculis magnis, in seriebus longitudinalibus dis-
positis, instructa; epipleuris planis, ultra elytri medium extensis.
Pedes minus robusti; coxis anticis contiguis; tibiis apice inermi-
bus; tarsis posticis articulo basali sequentibus tribus equilongo.
Prosternum inter coxas occultum ; acetabulis anticis clausis. Type
Struwmata nodosa.
Closely allied to Galeruca, differing from that genus in
the long filiform 2nd joint of the antenne.
Strumatea nodosa.
Oblonga, convexa, fusco-fulva, opaca, dense sericea; capite sub-
cuneiformi, clypeo magno, nitido, glabro; fronte fovea magna,
fundo nigra, impresso; thorace transverso, crebre punctato, foveis
magnis (circa undecim) superficiem fere amplectentibus, impresso,
genera and species of Galerucide. B5
spatiis inter foveas elevatis, foveis discoidalibus fundo nigris ;
elytris convexis, tuberculis magnis numerosis, in seriebus longi-
tudinalibus dispositis, instructis. Long. 3% lin.
Hab. Sarawak, a single specimen (Wallace).
Head much longer than broad; clypeus large, smooth, im-
punctate ; vertex shining, impunctate; antenne about three-
fourths of the body in length, slender, filiform; the 2nd joint
filiform, two-thirds the length of the basal one; the 8rd one-third
longer than the 2nd. Thorax transverse ; upper surface coarsely
and closely punctured, entirely covered with large deeply-excavated
fovee, their interspaces thickened; the fovee on the middle disk
black or nigro-piceous, the four or five excavations on the
middle disk stained with black. Elytra convex, closely granu-
lose-punctate ; disk with a number of strongly-raised large
wart-like tubercles, which cover nearly the whole surface, and
are arranged on each elytron in three longitudinal rows, those
on the intermediate row being less defined than those »n the
lateral ones; the tubercles on each row are connected by a faintly-
defined longitudinal costa.
Sastra discoidalis.
Subelongata, convexa, fulva, nitida, antennarum articulis inter-
mediis maculaque verticali nigris; thorace transverso, utrinque
transversim sulcato; elytris parallelis, parce sericeis, crebre et
fortiter punctatis, basi et ad latera metallico-violaceis. Long.
3—4 lin.
Hab. Borneo (Sarawak; Singapore, Wallace).
Antenne slender, equal to the body in length, 3rd joint twice
the length of the 2nd, rather shorter than the 4th, the latter to the
8th black or nigro-piceous. Thorax twice as broad as long; sides
rounded, diverging from the base to the middle; disk somewhat
irregular, impressed on either side with a transverse groove.
Klytra closely and coarsely punctured, the base, together with a
broad submarginal stripe, abbreviated before reaching the apex,
metallic violaceous.
Nicea pulchella.
Anguste oblonga, convexa, nigra, nitida, capite (antennis ex-
ceptis) thoraceque rufo-testaceis; antennis basi, femoribus anticis
quatuor subtus, tibiisque basi, rufo-piceis; thorace transverso,
profunde transversim excavato ; elytris oblongis, postice ampliatis,
modice convexis, infra basin leviter transversim excavatis, tenuiter
36 My. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of new
punctatis ; nigro-cyaneis, basi lata fasciaque pone medium com-
muni versus suturam postice prolongata, rufo-testaceis. Long.
45 lin.
Hab. Dorey (Wallace).
Head longer than broad, subeuneiform; antenne equal to the
body in length, filiform. Thorax nearly three times as broad as
long; sides subparallel, slightly diverging from the base to beyond
the middle; disk broadly and deeply excavated, the excavation
extending on either side nearly to the lateral margin.
EHumea fasciata.
Klongata-oblonga, convexa, fulva, nitida, vertice, antennis, pedi-
bus metasternoque nigro-piceis aut nigris; thorace transverso ;
lateribus rectis, parallelis; disco late transversim excavato ; elytris
tenuiter punctatis, utroque breviter bicostato, nigris, fascia lata
mediali flava. Long. 4—42 lin.
Hab. Dorey, Sulu Islands (Wallace).
Head subtrigonate; antenne longer than the body, slender,
attenuated towards the apex. Thorax twice as broad as long;
sides straight and parallel; disk smooth, broadly excavated trans-
versely, more deeply impressed on either side. Elytra oblong,
convex, transversely depressed below the basilar space, finely
punctured ; each elytron on the outer disk with two short, nearly
parallel, raised longitudinal lines, which extend from below the
humeral callus to a short distance beyond the middle of the disk.
In some specimens the femora are piceo-fulvous.
Eumea albo-fasciata.
Anguste oblonga, convexa, nigra, nitida, antennis basi pallide
piceis ; facie inferiori, pedibus, thorace scutelloque sordide albidis ;
thorace transverso, lateribus rectis, parallelis, disco levi, profunde
transversim excavato; elytris oblongis, tenuiter sed distincte punc-
tatis, utroque infra callum humeralem breviter bicostato; nigris,
limbis laterali et suturali, apice ampliatis, fasciisque duabus latis,
una ante, altera pone, medium positis, sordide albidis. Long. 83 lin.
~ Hab. Mysol (Wallace).
Antenne slender, filiform, not attenuated towards the apex.
Thorax rather more than twice as broad as long; sides straight
and parallel ; wpper surface broadly and deeply excavated. Elytra
similarly sculptured to H. fasciata, rather more strongly punctured.
genera and species of Galerucide. 37
Eumea apicipennis.
Subelongata, postice vix ampliata, nigra, nitida; antennis pallide
piceis; thorace transverso, lateribus subparallelis, obtuse ro-
tundatis ; disco profunde transversim sulcato; elytris anguste
oblongis, postice vix ampliatis, modice convexis, tenuiter punc-
tatis, flavis, tertio postico nigro. Long. 8—83 lin.
Hab. New Guinea, Dorey (Wallace).
Antenne slender, rather longer than the body. Thorax scarcely
twice as broad as long; sides nearly straight and diverging from
the base to beyond the middle, thence rounded and converging
towards the apex; disk smooth, deeply impressed with a trans-
verse sulcation, which extends nearly from side to side of the
thorax. Elytra very faintly impressed below the basilar space,
very finely punctured.
Eumea flavipennis.
Subelongata, convexa, viridi-znea, nitida, antennis nigris; tho-
race transverso, disco late transversim excavato, subcrebre punctato ;
elytris oblongis, flavis, crebre sat fortiter punctatis, utroque
lineis elevatis quinque, a paullo infra basin fere ad apicem extensis,
instructo. Long. 4 lin.
Hab. Menado, a single specimen (JWallace).
Head prominent, front distinctly punctured, vertex convex,
impunctate; antenne slender, equal to the body in length, the 2nd
joint short, the 8rd more than twice its length. Thorax more than
twice as broad as long; sides nearly straight and parallel posteriorly,
slightly converging towards the apex; disk broadly excavated,
concave, its surface distinctly punctured. LElytra oblong, closely
and strongly punctured; each elytron with five distinctly-raised
longitudinal lines, which commence below the base and extend
nearly to the apex.
Menippus metallicus.
Elongato-ovatus, sordide fulvus, griseo-sericeus, nitidus, antennis,
femoribus apice, tibiis tarsisque nigris; caput thoraceque viridi-
neo tinctis, hoe subcrebre punctato, irregulariter toruloso, medio
longitudinaliter suleato; elytris sat crebre punctatis, metallico-
viridibus. Long. 4 lin.
Hab. Celebes, a single specimen from the collection
of the late EK. Deyrolle.
Head subrotundate ; front impressed with a longitudinal groove,
finely granulose-punctate ; antenne rather less than half the length
of the body, robust, slightly attenuated towards the apex, Thorax
38 Mr. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of new
more than twice as broad as long; sides rounded; upper surface
irregularly thickened, impressed on the middle disk with a shallow
longitudinal groove. Hlytra narrowly oblong, convex, rather
closely and strongly punctured, interspaces between the punctures
granulose.
Buphonida puncticollis.
Subelongata, convexa, sordide fulva, antennis, basi exceptis,
nigro-piceis ; thorace transverso ; lateribus a basi ad ultra medium
oblique divergentibus; hine ad apicem rotundatis; disco late
transversim excavato, crebre punctato, medio longitudinaliter sul-
cato ; elytris parallelis, anguste oblongis, crebre punctatis, dense
sericeis. Long. 24—38 lin.
Hab. Batchian (Wallace).
Head prominent; front flattened and slightly excavated, finely
rugose-punctate ; antennz rather more than half the length of the
body, the 2nd joint oblong, the 3rd nearly twice its length. Thorax
twice as broad as long; sides straightened, obliquely diverging from
the base to beyond the middle, thence rounded and converging to
the apex; disk broadly and deeply excavated, rather strongly and
deeply punctured. Elytra parallel, narrowly oblong, closely pune-
tured, densely sericeous.
Buphonida submarginata.
Anguste oblonga, convexa, flavo-albida, nitida, thorace quam
longo plus duplo latiori, transversim sulcato, suleo medio magis
fortiter excavato ; elytris oblongis, dense sericeis, opacis, granuloso-
punctatis ; sordide flavis, margine basali, lineaque submarginali a
basi ad apicem extensa, metallico-purpureis. Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Mysol (Wallace).
Head prominent, vertex swollen, impunctate: clypeus very
short, transverse; antenne slender, nearly equal to the body in
length. Thorax nearly three times as broad as long; sides nearly
parallel, sinuate behind the middle; upper surface deeply and
broadly suleate, more deeply excavated on the medial line. Scu-
tellum black. Elytra oblong, slightly flattened along the suture,
closely granulose-punctate, densely sericeous.
Buphonida placida.
Subelongata, convexa, pallide flava, nitida, tibiis tarsisque pal-
lide piceis; thorace quam longo plus duplo longiori, disco im-
punctato, late transversim excavato ; elytris dense sericeis, crebre
punctatis, antennarum articulo secundo brevissimo. Long. 8 lin,
Hab. Sarawak (Wallace).
genera and species of Galerucide. 39
Head strongly produced, vertex very convex, shining, impunctate ;
antenn very slender, equal to the body in length, the 2nd joint
very short, the 8rd more than four times its length. Thorax nearly
three times as broad as long; sides slightly diverging from the base
to the middle, thence nearly parallel to the apex; upper surface
shining, impunctate; disk with a broad transverse concave ex-
cavation. Elytra closely punctured, densely sericeous.
Haplosonyx quadriplagiata.
Oblongo-ovata, convexa, fulva, nitida, antennis, basi exceptis,
scutello, pectore, abdominis maculis pedibusque nigris; femoribus
anticis quatuor interdum piceis; thorace transverso, lateribus
angulatis; disco utrinque transversim excavato, maculis tribus
nigris notato; elytris oblongis, distincte punctato-striatis, striis per
paria approximatis; utroque plagis duabus, una transversa, infra
basin, altera oblonga, a vix ante medium fere ad apicem extensa,
nigris. Long. 4 lin.
Hab. Java.
Antenne robust, rather more than half the length of the body,
three lower joints fulvous, the rest black. Thorax more than twice
as broad as long; sides distinctly angulate ; disk transversely
excavated on either side; hinder disk with three black spots
placed transversely on the surface, the middle spot smaller than
the lateral ones. Elytra each with nine, at the extreme base with
ten, rows of distinct punctures, arranged (the row next the suture
excepted) in pairs; lateral margin impressed with a single row of
punctures, coarser than those on the disk.
Ochralea fulva.
Elongato-ovata, convexa, late fulva, nitida, oculis nigris ; an-
tennis gracilibus, thorace quam longo vix latiori; lateribus leviter
rotundatis; convexo, minute, sat crebre punctato; elytris magis
distincte, sat crebre punctatis. Long. 43 lin.
Hab. Himalayas, a single specimen.
Head not broader than long, subrotundate; eyes rotundate ;
antenne slender, nearly equal to the body in length, the 2nd and
8rd joints short, nearly equal. Thorax slightly broader than long ;
sides slightly rounded, obliquely converging from the middle
towards the apex; disk convex, closely and minutely punctured.
Scutellum trigonate. Elytra oblong-ovate, convex, more strongly
but less closely punctured than the thorax.
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IV. A Synopsis of British Homoptera-Cicadina.
By James Epwarps.
[Read February 3rd, 1886.]
Tue object of the present Synopsis is to provide students
of our British Cicadina with a concise descriptive cata-
logue of such species as have hitherto been recorded as
occurring in Britain, and, by furnishing the means of
identifying their captures, to add to the interest of their
pursuit. The study of these insects in this country is
still in its infancy, and, seeing that more than twenty
years have elapsed since the last attempt to deal with
the group collectively, it is felt that little apology is
needed for the present undertaking.
The arrangement here adopted, and the characters
employed, are simply intended to apply to our British
forms; but it is believed that the analytical tables and
short descriptions embrace the most reliable characters
assigned to the respective species, and will be found as
absolute as the difficulty of the subject will permit.
Every reasonable care has been taken to insure accuracy
in the bibliographical references, but the writer cannot
assume any personal responsibility in the matter, being
largely indebted in this respect to the Catalogue of
Messrs. Douglas and Scott, and the continental works of
Sahlberg, Flor, and others. Characters drawn from the
genitalia have not been used, except where absolutely
necessary, but it is nevertheless imperative that the
student should make himself thoroughly acquainted with
the structure of the latter, for, although in certain groups
(Acocephalus, Idiocerus, &c.), they scarcely present any
available differential characters, in others (Delphacide,
Typhlocybide, &¢.), the most striking and constant
structural differences are observable.
The crown is that portion of the head which is visible
from above, and the passage from this to the face (the
obliquely sloping under side of the head considered as a
whole) is the forehead. The face is generally divided by
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PpaRT Il. (JUNE.) E
49, Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
more or less distinct sutures into the following, viz., the
frons, a large area occupying the greater portion of its
dise ; the clypeus, a rectangular area joined to the apex
of the former ; the lore, a pair of small areas occupying
the angles formed by the sides of the frons at their
junction with the clypeus; and the cheeks, which
constitute the remainder of the face. Those portions of
the cheeks which lie between the inner margins of the
eyes and the frons are sometimes referred to as the
temples.
Each elytron is divided into corium, clavus, and
membrane, the latter consisting of the apical areas, and
frequently having a free membranous margin or appendix ;
the clavus is the triangular inner portion marked off
from the remainder, which constitutes the corium, by a
more or less impressed straight line running obliquely
from the basal margin to a point on the suture, where
the membrane commences. In some groups there exists
a pair of small scales (the tegule) at the base of the
elytra. The longitudinal nerves of the corium are the
brachial, the simple nerve standing immediately above
the claval suture, and the cubital, the forked nerve
coming between the brachial nerve and the costa; the
branches of the cubital nerve, which are generally forked
at the apex, may be designated as inner and outer
respectively, according to their position. The nerves
forming the inner boundary of the apical areas are best
considered as angular nerves, leaving the term transverse
to be applied to such other nerves as may occur in a
position warranting its application. The longitudinal
nerves of the clavus are the anal, immediately below the
claval suture and the aazillary, standing nearest the
scutellum.
The terminal segment of the abdomen, which is
modified in order to accommodate the genital apparatus,
may be conveniently termed the pygofer ; sometimes, as
in Liburnia male, it consists of a complete chitinous
cylinder, its hind margin exhibiting in different species
great diversity of outline; at others it appears as a
chitinous plate, folded in a somewhat conical form, so
as to leave a slit on its lower side and a small aperture
at its apex: in some cases, e. g., Deltocephalus male, the
armature of the lower edges of this piate affords striking
characters. Inthe female this segment is always folded
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 43
more or less conically, and the slit on its lower side is
occupied by the saw-case, the base of which is frequently
flanked on either side by a small oblong plate (lateral
lobe) ; in this sex, too, the outline of the hind margin of
the last ventral segment frequently presents good dis-
tinctive characters. In any reference to the upper or
hind margin of the pygofer a side view is to be under-
stood. Normally the genital appendages of the male
are as follows, viz., a pair of plates of a more or less
triangular form placed side by side, their inner margins
contiguous, and their bases covered by a single valve,
which is usually triangular; just above the plates, and
usually concealed by them, is a pair of smaller appen-
dages (styles), and between these latter is situate the
penis. In many groups (Athysanus, Deltocephalus, &c.),
all these appendages are present, but in others (Idivcerus,
&e.) the valve is wanting, while in those in which the
pygofer forms a complete cylinder (Liburnia, &c.), the
styles and penis are all that are visible. The anal tube,
which bears the anal style, is a supplementary piece of
apparatus situate on the upper side of the extreme apex
of the abdomen, where there is generally a notch in the
pygofer for its reception; its lower margin often
(Liburnia male, &c.) bears a pair of teeth or other
processes. The remaining terms employed do not
require special notice.
The specific names made use of in the following
pages are, in the main, those of the second edition of
Dr. Puton’s ‘Catalogue’; a circumstance which results
less from a conviction on the part of the writer that the
names in that publication are always equitably employed
than from a great disinclination to disturb the received
order of things.
A few remarks on the preservation of these insects
may not be out of place. For a working collection they
should all be pinned close to the scutellar angle of the
right elytron, the larger species with black Vienna pins,
the smaller ones, such as Deltocephalus, Typhlocyba, &e.,
with the varnished steel pins specially prepared for
micro-insects, the fine pin being ultimately stuck into a
small block of pith or cork impaled on a strong pin.
Neatly-carded specimens are pretty to look at, but when
it becomes necessary to examine their under side they
prove anuisance. It is desirable to keep the boxes in
44 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
which they are stored well supplied with camphor,
which will effectually prevent any inconvenience either
from mould or mites. A critical examination of the
genitalia of the smaller species is best accomplished
when the abdomen has been mounted in Canada balsam,
but this should always be preceded by a thorough in-
vestigation of the parts in question in an unmounted
state.
I have much pleasure here in thanking those who
have kindly helped me with the loan of specimens, &e.,
and especially are my warmest acknowledgments due to
my father in Entomology, Mr. J. W. Douglas, for the
valuable assistance which he has at all times most
readily afforded me for many. years past.
HOMOPTERA.
Mouth suctorial. Rostrum springing from the hind margin of
the under side of the head.
CICADINA.
From 1—38 basal joints of the antennz thick, the remainder
forming a terminal seta. Elytra deflexed, of nearly equally firm
consistence throughout. Hind legs generally long, powerful, and
formed for jumping. Tarsi 3-jointed.
1 (2). Front thighs thickened, toothed be-
neath .. ee I, Crcapipm.
2 (1). Front thighs not thickened nor Broothed
behind.
3 (4). Pronotum produced into a Proce be-
nines ser ae ; .. I. Mempracrp2.
4 (3). Pronotum not prodaced into a process
behind.
5 (12). Antenne inserted beneath the eyes.
6 (7). Frons nearly on the same level with the
cheeks. Hlytra horny oC . UL. Terricomerripé.
7 (6). Frons distinetly projecting from the
cheeks, with sharp or keeled side
margins.
8 (9). Clypeus without marginal keels. Elytra
horny .. «. IV. Issrpm.
9 (8). Clypeus with mannceaell ecied ees
membranous.
10 (11). 1st joint of hind tarsi without a me at
the base Be Br View OLSAD 2.
11 (10). 1st joint of hind tarsi ai a spur at
the base 5c Se of .. VI. Denpuacip2.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 45
12 (5). Antennm inserted between the eyes.
13 (14). Hind tibiw cylindric, with two spines VII. Cercoripm.
14 (13). Hind tibia not cylindric.
15 (16). Pronotum with a compressed ear-like
process on each side .. 6 .. VIII. Leppip2.
16 (15). Pronotum withgut any process.
17 (20). Hind tibia unarmed, or only with weak
bristles on the angles.
18 (19). Frons convex, swollen .. ne IX. Unopipm.
19 (18). Frons flat, depressed on its upper halt X. PaRop1rmpz.
20 (17). Hind tibia multispinose.
21 (22). Ocelli on the frons og ws ote XI. Byrnoscopip™.
22 (21). Ocelli not on the frons.
23 (24). Ocelli on the dise of the crown .. XII. Terriconipm.
24 (23). Ocelli not on the disc of the crown.
25 (26). Crown always distinctly separated from
the face, generally by a well-defined
border, its disc more or less excavated
or bearing impressions, frequently
rugose in front parallel with the
forehead, or at least eel ae
tured .. ES . XIII. Acocrrnanipg.
26 (25). Crown and face passing radially ihe
one into the other. Disc of the
former never distinctly excavated,
nor bearing impressions, nor rugose
in front parallel with the forehead,
rarely perceptibly sculptured.
27 (28). Elytra with one or more transverse
nerves .. de oC .. XIV. Jasstpm.
8 (27). Elytra without ene nerves .. XV. TypHLOcYBID/.
I, CICADIDA.
Head short, wide. Frons very convex. Ocelli 3, on the crown.
Tegule wanting. Hind coxe subconic, not reaching the sides of
the breast. Tibie cylindric. No pulvilli between the claws.
Male with a pair of stridulating organs at the base of the abdomen.
CicapeTtTa, Am. (Pl. L., fig. 10).
Am., Ann. Soc. Fr., 2nd ser., v., 156, 377 (1847).
Antenne inserted in a strong depression beneath a fold of the
temples, apparently 7-jointed, by reason of the articulation of the
robust seta. Elytra lanceolate, much longer than the abdomen,
membranous, hyaline; apex with a narrow, free margin ; nerves
strong, raised. Basal area of corium oblong, narrow, the brachial
and cubital nerves springing from its lower apical angle; apical
areas 8, narrow, Ist reaching further inwards than 2nd, which is
46 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
widened behind, 83—7 parallel-sided, increasing in width, 8th
trapeziform; subapical areas 5, 4th widened behind. Clavus
narrow-lanceolate. Wings hyaline, with 6 apical and 3 basal
areas.
1. Cicadetta montana, Scop.
Cicada montana, Scop., Ann. Hist. Nat., v., 109, 108 ;
Hagen, Stett. Zeit., xvii., 74,9; Kirschb., Cicad.,
61.
C. hematodes, Linn., Sys. Nat., 707, 14; Germ., Mag.
d’Ent., iv., 98, 9; Siebold, Stett. Zeit., 1848, 8.
Tettigonia hematodes, Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 42, 50; Fall.,
Hem. Suec., i., 79, 1.
Cicada orni, Sulz., Kenntz. Ins., 24, pl. 10, fig. 65.
C. tibialis, Latr., H. N., xii., 306, 6.
C. anglica (Leach), Sam. Ent. Comp., 447, pl. 5, fig.
2; Curt., Brit. Ent., p. and pl. 392; Westw.,
Introd., ii., 421, fig. 114; Marshall, Ent. Mo.
Mag., 1., 154.
Melampsalta montana, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 79, 1.
Cicadetta montana, Fieb., Cicad. d’Kur., pt. 11., 79, 12.
Black, with fine yellow hair-like scales. Crown triangular, apex
obtuse, surface very uneven, with a deep transverse impressed line
in front. Pronotum with two closely placed parallel fine straight
raised lines down the middle in front; dise with three strongly
impressed lines on each side, two straight oblique somewhat in
in front, and one just within its lobate hinder angles, the curve of
which it follows. Elytra clear, nerves black, costa and the basal
accessory membrane yellow-red. Wings coloured as elytra.
Abdomen, dorsal segments black, with yellow-red hind margins,
ventral segments in female almost entirely yellow-red. Legs
yellow-red ; knees, base of front tibiz, trochanters, and some stripes
on the femora, black. Front femora with 3 teeth, that nearest the
base depressed, its apex obliquely truncate, the other two erect,
successively smaller. Length (including elytra), 283—28 mm.
Rare. New Forest; Haselmere, Surrey.
II. MEMBRACIDA.
Crown almost vertical. Ocelli 2, on the crown. Face much
deflexed, nearly horizontal. Tegule wanting. Hind coxe trans-
verse, reaching nearly to the sides of the breast. Tibie prismatic.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 47
The genera may be thus distinguished :—
Pronotum with a horn on each side; hind process
sinuate ae “ 50 se aa .. 1, CENTROTUS.
Pronotum without horns at the sides; hind process
straight te Se oe ae Se .. ii. GARGARA.
i. Centrotus, Fab. (Pl. I., fig. 11).
Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 16, 3 (1808).
Lateral angles of pronotum acutely produced, hind process long,
arching over, but not concealing the secutellum. Elytra with 5
apical areas.
1. Centrotus cornutus, Linn.
Cicada cornuta, Linn., Faun. Suec., 2389, 879; Sys.
Nat., ii., 705, 6.
Membracis cornuta, Fab., Ent. Sys., iv., 14,22; Panz.,
Deuts. Ins., 50, 19.
Cicada fusca, DeGeer, Abh. Geseb. Ins., ii., 116, 3,
t. 11, figs. 22 and 23.
Centrotus cornutus, Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 19, 15; Fall.,
Hem. Suec., ii., 8,1; Burm., Handb., u., 132, 1;
Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 104, 1; Marsh., Ent. Mo.
Mag., ii., 84, 1; Kirschb., Cicad., 67, 5; Fieb.,
Cicad. d’Eur., pt. u., 10, 1.
C. siculus, gallicus, italicus, turcicus, and abbreviatus,
Kirschb., J. c., 66 and 67.
Black, roughly punctured, with fine yellow pubescence. Pro-
notum with a fine central keel; side processes diverging, wide,
triangular, deflexed at the apex; hind process bisinuate, acute,
nearly as long as the abdomen. LElytra rugose, fusco-hyaline,
nerves dark brown, on the hind margin in the 5th apical area a
fuscous spot. Wings hyaline, nerves dark brown. Abdomen
above black, with large shallow punctures. Tibie reddish yellow,
edges of hind pair with a close row of black setiferous granules.
3S. Hind margin of pygofer with a strong triangular tooth.
Valve wanting. Plates connate, elongate-triangular, with a deep
longitudinal impression near the base, and a strong lateral con-
striction just below their rounded apex. Two last ventral segments
with a fine longitudinal keel.
@. Hind margin of last ventral segment with a wide triangular
notch, which reaches quite to its base. Length, 7—8 mm,
Not uncommon in woods.
48 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
li. Garcara, Am. et Serv. (PI. I., fig. 12).
Am. et Serv., Hém., 587, 480 (1848).
Sides of pronotum angulated, but without a distinct horn; hind
process straight, concealing the scutellum.
1. Gargara geniste, Fab.
Centrotus geniste, Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 21, 26; Panz.,
F. G., 50, 20; Curt., Brit. Ent., p. and pl. 318.
Oxyrrhachis geniste, Burm., Handb., ii., 1383, 2; Flor,
Rhyn. Liv., 11., 106, 1; Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag.,
u., 84, 1.
Gargara geniste, Kirschb., Cicad., 68; Fieb., Cicad.
d’Eur., pt. ii., 13, 1.
Head and thorax deep black, shiny, very closely and coarsely
punctured. LElytra yellow-brown, nerves darker. Thighs and
basal half of tibiz black, apical half of the latter and the tarsi
piceous. Head, thorax, and nerves of elytra with fine yellowish
pubescence. Length, 3 mm.
Rare. On Genista tinctoria, Purfleet, Essex, August ;
on Genista anglica, Chobham, Kent.
III. TETTIGOMETRID.
Characters those of the single genus.
TrerticomeTra, Latr. (Pl. L., fig. 18).
Latr., Gen. Crust. et Ins., iii., 168, 894 (1807).
Easily recognised by its Ptyeloid facies, horny elytra
with conspicuous tegule, the want of facial keels, and
by the antennal seta situate on the hinder side of the
2nd joint before the apex.
1. T'ettigometra impressopunctata, Sign.
Tettigometra impressopunctata, Sign., Ann. Soe. Fr.,
4me ser. vi., 150, 13; Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag.,
ili., 149; Fieb., Cicad. d’Hur., pt. i., 180, 15.
T'. frontalis and fasciata, Fieb., Eur. Tettig., 567, 14,
and 571, 22.
T. nitidula, Kirschb., Cicad., 59, 6.
Brown or greenish brown, closely and deeply punctured, abdo-
men black. Crown obsoletely tricarinate, side keels parallel.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 49
Frons flat above, slightly swollen towards the clypeus; colour above
reddish, between the eyes a large ill-defined black spot, from the
antennx to the clypeus white, the latter and the lore pitch-brown,
rostrum black at the apex. Pronotum and scutellum uneven, the
hind angles of the former obliquely truncate to make room for the
tecule. Elytra horny, equally punctured, generally with a short
black streak on the suture beyond the apex of the clavus. Wings
ample, hyaline, nerves fuscous. Legs concolorous, tibis with two
rows of bristles, claws fuscous. Length, 4mm.
Sandhills, Freshwater Bay, Pembrokeshire ; amongst
thyme and short grass; local. Isle of Wight ; Folkestone
Warren, one from a tuft of T'eucriwm, August, 1876 ;
Shiere, near Guildford, hybernating in yew, February,
and by beating junipers in September.
IV. ISSIDA.
Ocelli wanting. Pronotum as long as the crown, hind margin
subtruncate. Tegule large and conspicuous. Iepresented in the
British fauna by the single genus
Issus, Fab. (Pl. L., fig. 14).
Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 99, 1 (1803).
Body short, ovate. Head with the eyes distinctly narrower than
pronotum. Sides of elytra strongly subangularly dilated before
the middle. Outer side of hind tibiz with two spines on the
lower half.
1. Issus coleoptratus, Geoffr.
Cicada coleoptrata, Geoffr., Hist. abr. Ins., i., 418, 7.
Cercopis coleoptrata, Fab., Ent. Sys., iv., 53, 26.
Fulgora gibbosa, Oliv., Eine. Méth., vi., 576.
Issus coleoptratus, Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 99, 1; Germ.,
Mag. d’Ent., i., 204, 1; Am. et Serv., Hist. nat.
Hem., 518,91; Fall, Hem. Suec:, n., 69, 1;
Curt., Brit. Ent., p. and pl. 449; Marsh., Ent.
Mo. Maes d0o0, 25 Kirschb., Cicad.,<52 33.
Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 896, 1; Fieb., Cicad.
GC Mite pie di. 2m, 1
Very variable in colour and markings. Uniform leaden grey
reticulated with black, with or without an ill-defined black patch
near the suture of each elytron, or more or less dark brown, with
a wide pale band across the widest part. Front pairs of tibia in
50 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
all the forms pale, with the apex and a more or less distinct median
ring dark brown; hind tibiew narrowly dark at the extreme apex
only. Length, 6—7 mm.
Not uncommon in the south.
V. CIXIIDA.
Body wide, depressed. Head with the eyes distinctly narrower
than the pronotum. Ocelli 2, on the sides of the head with an
indication of a third near the apex of the middle facial keel.
Pronotum very short, strongly subangularly notched behind.
Elytra ample, hyaline, widely rounded at the apex, subhorizontal
nerves strongly raised. First joint of hind tarsi elongate.
The two British genera may be thus distinguished :—
Scutellum with five keels ue se oe .. i. OuzaRus.
Scutellum with three keels .. ae ate se ls Crxruss
1. Onmrus, Stal. (Pl: 1, fie. 15).
Stal, Berl. ent. Zeit., vi., 806 (1862).
Hind margin of crown angularly notched. Nerves of the elytra
without the large black granules so conspicuous in the following
genus.
Crown longer than wide... ais Bic .. 1. pallidus.
Crown transverse .. aie O6 56 .. 2. leporinus.
1. Oliarus pallidus, H.-S.
Flata pallida, H.-8., Deuts. Ins., 144, 4.
Cixius leporinus, Curt., Brit. Ent., 678, 9.
Oliarus pallidus, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 119, 1;
Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. 11., 197, 9.
O. leporinus, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 385, 1.
Crown about one and a half times as long as broad, its breadth
somewhat less than the length of the hind margin of the eye;
black, with pale keels. Eyes red. Pronotum black, with white
keels and hind margin. Scutellum black. Elytra lacteo-hyaline,
stigma well marked, nerves fine pale fuscous; angular nerves and
those beyond much darker, almost black. Legs pale, front pairs
of tarsi and the claw-joint of the hind pair black. Length,
5—6 mm.
‘“Coarse grass by the side of the Avon, Clifton.”—
Curtis.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 51
2. Oliarus leporinus, Linn.
Cicada leporina, Linn., Faun. Suec., 895; Sys. Nat.,
fide) 43-e0chr., Enz, 501,, 260’; Panz., eG
61, 19
Flata leporina, Germ., Thon. Arch., ii., 50, 50 ; Schaff.,
F. G., 144, 4.
Pentastira leporina, Kirschb., Cicad., 44, 2.
Oliarus leporinus, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 120, 2 ;
Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. ., 203, 15.
Crown broader than long, its length about one and a half times
and its breadth about twice the length of the hind margin of the
eye; black, with pale keels. Eyes black. Elytra lacteo-hyaline,
stigma well marked; nerves fine, fuscous, becoming darker towards
the apex. Length, 4,—5 mm.
On Tamarix; Deal, end of June.
1. (Coaus, Zatr. (Pl 1.; fig. 16).
Latr., Gen. Crust et Ins., iii., 166 (1807).
Hind margin of crown roundly notched. Nerves of the elytra
more or less closely set with large black setigerous granules.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1 (2). Costal granules not or scarcely larger than
those on the other nerves. Costa penereny.
with three short black lines . 39 1. pilosus.
2 (1). Costal granules distinctly ate than those on
the other nerves.
3 (4). Elytra entirely brown. Clypeus deep black
4 (3). Elytra not entirely brown, or, if brown,
clypeus not deep black.
. Elytra with a broad transverse fuscous band,
proceeding from the stigma to the inner
margin; an ill-defined fuscous Bae in the
apex of ‘the wings... .. 38. cunicularius.
6 (5). Elytra without a transverse band neces
from the stigma.
7 (10). All nerve-granules oblong.
8 (9). Costa with about 15 or 16 rather Cat
placed granules ts ¢ . 4. simplex.
(8). Costa with about 8 or 9 niga Peres
10 (7). All nerve-granules round or roundish.
12). Smaller. Styles reaching somewhat beyond
the apex of the yellow analtube .. .. 6. brachycranus.
12 (11). Larger. Styles scarcely exserted, not reaching
beyond the basal third of the black anal
tube ae a
bo
. stigmaticus.
or
—
for)
—
Or
5. similis.
=~
« NETVOSUS,
52 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
1. Cixius pilosus, Ol.
Fulgora pilosus, Oliv., Ene. Méth., vi., 575, 41.
Flata contaminata, Germ., Mag. d’Ent., iii., 196, 7.
F’. albicincta, Germ., l. c., 199, 9.
F’. cunicularia, Fall., Hem. Suec., ii., 72, 2.
Cixius contaminatus, Flor, Rhyn. Liy., ii., 24, 2;
Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag., i., 155, 2; Scott, Ent.
Mo. Mag., vu., 190, 5; Kirschb., Cicad., 49, 9;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 383, 4; Fieb., Cicad.
d’Eur., pt. i., 170, 2.
Crown and face black, with brownish-yellow keels. Pronotum
brownish yellow, suffused with black behind the eyes. Scutellum
black. Elytra pale grey, with feeble traces of various fuscous
marks, entirely dark brown, save a pale spot at the stigma, or with
a dark brown stripe occupying the sutural half (var. albicincta).
On the costa are three short black lines, which are very constant in
their occurrence. Stigma inconspicuous. Legs brownish yellow,
thighs darker. Length, 4—4} mm.
Common.
2. Cixius stigmaticus, Germ.
Flata stigmatica, Germ., Mag. d’Ent., i1., 199, 8.
Cixius musivus, Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag., 1., 155, 8.
C. distinguendus, Kirschb., Cicad., 48, 6; J. Sahl.,
Not. Fenn., xii., 382, 3.
C. stigmaticus, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 191, 6,
figs. a, b, c, p. 193 (¢ genitalia); Fieb., Cicad.
d’Eur., pt. u., 183, 12.
Crown scarcely twice as broad as long. Face between the keels
black. Pronotum pale, scutellum black. Elytra entirely brown,
nerves somewhat paler; granules roundish, black. Stigma in-
conspicuous. Thighs piceous, their extreme apex, the tibie, and
tarsi, brownish yellow; apical joint of the latter black. Apical
lobes of styles bluntly triangular, their stalks strongly incurved.
Length, 44—5 mm.
Inverness-shire; Deal, amongst H/ippophde; Isle of
Wight ; Norfolk.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 53
3. Cixius cunicularius, Linn.
Cicada cunicularia, Linn., Sys. Nat., ii., 711, 44.
Flata cunicularia, Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 55, 48; Germ.,
Mag. d’Ent., ili., 195, 6.
Cercopis Dionysii, Panz., F. G., 34, 24.
Cixia cunicularia, Burm., Handb., ii., 157, 3.
Cicada nervoso-punctata, DeGeer, Abh. Gesch. Ins.,
lli., 117, 4, t. 12, figs. 1—5.
Flata nervosa, var. 3. Fall., Hem. Suec., iii., 71, 1.
Ciaius Dionysti, Curt., Brit. Ent., 678.
C. nervosus, Kirschb., Cicad., 47, 2; Flor, Rhyn.
Liv., i., 22, 1 (partim); Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag.,
P, Lod, 1 -var.a.
C. cunicularius, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vi., 122,1; J.
Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 880, 1; Fieb., Cicad.
d’Kur., pt. ii., 181, 10.
Head and pronotum brownish yellow ; crown between the keels,
and the scutellum, black. Face more or less suffused with black in
its upper half. Elytra hyaline, a narrow band before the middle
(more or less interrupted and sometimes entirely obliterated), a
broad curved band before the apex, a roundish spot on the costa
beyond this, and some of the angular nerves, fuscous; or entirely
reddish brown, except a pale space before the base of the stigma
(var. Dionysw). Length, 4—7 mm.
Widely distributed.
4. Cixius simplex, H.-S.
Flata simplex, H.-Schiaff., Nom. Ent., 1, 64 (1835).
Cixius distinguendus, Kirschb., Cicad., 48, 6.
C. simplex, Scott, Hnt. Mo. Mag., vii., 191, 7, fig. 2,
p- 198 (styles); Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. ii.,
184, 13.
Face black, keels brownish yellow. Pronotum black, side keels
and hind margin pale brownish yellow. Scutellum black, side
margins at the base and at the junction with the side keels
narrowly clear brown. JElytra whitish hyaline, nerves pale
yellowish white, their granules eye-shaped ; the angular nerves, the
apex of the claval suture, and a short streak on the inner margin,
black. Thighs pitch-black, apex narrowly yellow; tibix yellow,
with a fine piceous stripe, base of all the pairs with a narrow
54 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
blackish ring; tarsi yellow, claw-joint black or brown. Apical lobes
of styles obovate, their stalks short, spreading outwards. Length,
5 mm.
Bonchurch, October. Granulation of elytra closer
than in similis.
5. Cixtus similis, Kirschb.
Cixius similis, Kirschb., Cicad., 49, 7; Scott, Ent.
Mo. Mag., vii., 192, 8, fig. k, p. 198 (styles) ;
Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. ii., 185, 14.
Crown scarcely twice as broad as long, face between the keels
black. Elytra lacteo-hyaline, nerves thalk-white, sparingly and
somewhat regularly set with oblong black granules, the length of
nerve between each granule being about twice the length of the
granule. Costal granules and the intervening spaces about equal
in length. Stigma conspicuous, black. Thighs piceous, their
extreme apex, the tibiz, and tarsi brownish yellow. Apical lobes
of styles obovate, their stalks of moderate length, not spreading
outwards. Length, 5 mm.
Bonchurch, Isle of Wight; Deal, on Hippophée.
6. Cixius brachycranus, Fieb.
Cixius intermedius, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 147, 38,
fig. g, p. 193 (styles).
C. brachycranus, Scott, l. c., 148, 4, figs. d. e, f, p. 198
(S$ genitalia); Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. ii,
ISIE
Crown twice as broad as long. Elytra hyaline, with the base,
the angular nerves, and a straight band somewhat before the
middle, fuscous; granules black, stigma piceous. Face and legs
entirely brownish yellow. Length, 5—6 mm.
Gosforth ; Penzance; Hirst Wood, Tunbridge Wells ;
Foxley Wood, Norfolk. Exceedingly like a small nervosus
in appearance.
7. Criavius nervosus, Linn.
Cicada nervosa, Linn., Faun. Suec., 882; Fab., Ent.
Sys., lv., 442, 64.
C. cunicularia, Linn., Sys. Nat., 465, 44.
Flata nervosa. Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 54,47; Germ., Mag.
d’Ent., iis, 191, 5; Fall., Hem. Suec., iii., 71, 1.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 55
Cixia nervosa, Burm., Handb., i., 157, 2.
Cicada musceformis, Schr., Knum., 253, 482.
Cixius nervosus, Schaff., F. G., 112, 22; Zett., Ins.
Lapp., 8304,1; Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag., 1., 154, 1;
Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 146, 2, fig. h, p. 1938
(styles); Fieb., Cicad. d’Hur., pt. u., 176, 7.
Cixius minor, Kirschb., Cicad., 47, 3.
Head and face as in cunicularius, pronotum brownish yellow
more or less suffused with black behind the eyes. Scutellum
black, keels sometimes brownish yellow. Elytra hyaline, with
faint traces of two fuscous bands, one (broad) at the base, and the
other (narrow) before the middle; angular nerves and stigma
black ; some of the costal granules generally united. Legs brownish
yellow, sometimes suffused with darker. Length, 6—7 mm.
Common.
VI. DELPHACIDA.
Eyes reniform. Ocelli on the cheeks. Antenne of moderate
length, 2nd joint cylindrical, tuberculate. A large movable spur
at the base of the 1st joint of the hind tarsi. Tegule small.
TaBLE OF GENERA.
1 (4). Basal joint of antenne much longer than 2nd.
2 (3). Frons with two middle keels .. oe .. i, Astpaca.
3 (2). Frons with one middle keel .. te .. ii. Devpnax.
4 (1). Basal joint of antenne much shorter than 2nd.
5 (8). Frons with one middle keel.
6 (7). Frontal keel entire or only forked on the fore-
head... 56 Sc ie Af .. ii, LrBurnia.
7 (6). Frontal keel forked much before the forehead iv. Dicranornropis.
8 (5). Frons with two middle keels .. ate -. V. STIROMA.
The genus Achorotile, Fieb., has been considered as
British, but, as it seems to the writer, upon insufficient
evidence. The genus in question is characterised, inter
alia, by the possession of certain tubercles in the
channels between the sides of the frons and the middle
keels, a structure which is also found in the nymph of
Liburnia, and no adult insect presenting these facial
characters has yet been recorded as British. Scott
(Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 196, 1) described Achorotile albo-
signata, Dahl., as British from a brachypterous male
received from Stal on the strength of six nymphs taken
by Dale, but there is nothing in his remarks to show
56 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
that these latter did not pertain to some common species
of Liburnia. The wvriter has bred Liburnia Fairmairei,
Perris, from Achorotile bivittata, Boh.
i, Astraca, Latr. (Pl. I., fig. 17).
Latr., Préc., p. xii. et 91 (1796).
First joint of antenne triangular-prismatic, of equal width
throughout, about thrice as long as 2nd. Front thighs and tibiw
much flattened. Scutellum with four keels. Hind tibixe with
three spines on their outer side. Spur at the base of hind tarsi
subulate.
1. Astraca clavicornis, Fab.
Delphax clavicornis, Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 88, 1; Spin.,
Ann. Soe. Fr., viii., 337.
Asiraca clavicornis, Curt., Brit. Ent., 445, 1; Marsh.,
Ent. Mo. Mag., ii., 32, 1; Kirschb., Cicad., 17;
Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 24,1; Fieb., Cicad.
a Har: pti ale
Crown pale, about one-half longer than broad, pronotum some-
what darker, scutellum black, the two latter with pale sceale-like
hairs. Elytra grey, with traces of a white band at base; nerves
brown, strongly raised, sparingly set with large setiferous granules,
some fuscous markings on the costa towards the apex and on the
membrane. Front pairs of legs black, with some band-like spots
and the apex of the tibie broadly white; hind tibiew brown, paler
towards the apex. Abdomen above black. Length, 4 mm.
At roots of grass in dry places.
ili, DevpHax, Fab. (PI. L., fig. 18).
Fab., Ent. Sys., Supp., 522, 1 (1798).
First jomt of antenne triangular-prismatic, gradually narrowed
to the base; 2nd about two-thirds as long as the Ist. Fore legs
simple. Scutellum with three keels. Hind tibie with two spines
on their outer side. Spur at the base of hind tarsi flat, triangular.
1. Delphax pulchella, Curt.
Asiraca puichella, Curt., Brit. Ent., p. and pl. 445 (3).
A. dubia, Curt., l.c., 445, 2. (92).
Areopus crassicornis, Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag., ii., 31, 1;
Kirschb., Cicad., 18.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 57
A. Minki, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., 522, 1.
Delphax Minki, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 401, 2.
D. pulchella, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 24, 2.
Areopus pulchellus, Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. 1i1., 6, 2.
Crown nearly square. Pronotum and scutellum pale, narrowly
brown at the sides. Elytra pale yellowish, with a stripe just above
the claval suture, a broad curved stripe occupying about the lower
half of the membrane, and a line along the nerve dividing the 2nd
and 8rd apical areas, dark brown. Legs pale, tarsi of the front
pairs and claw-joint of the hind pair dark brown. Abdomen above
black, its base, the sides narrowly, and a narrow dorsal line
brownish yellow.
?. Generally brachypterous; elytra half as long as the abdo-
men, yellowish without dark markings. Length, 5;—6 mm.
Marshes ; not uncommon.
in. LurpuRNIA,, Stal. (Pl. 1., fig. 19).
Stal, Hem. Afr., iv., 179 (1866).
A somewhat numerous group of small species, the
members of which agree in having but one more or less
distinct central facial keel, which is never forked for half
its length, although sometimes divided on the forehead.
Several well-defined minor groups might be eliminated,
but there seems to be no advantage in giving to these
sections distinctive names. Some of the species are so
excessively similar in appearance that they can only be
satisfactorily separated by the characters afforded by the
male genital armature, and in most cases the time
bestowed in attempting to identify females of this genus
would be better employed in endeavouring to discover
and capture their respective males. In comparing
specimens with Fieber’s figures (‘Grundziige zur gener-
ischen Theilung der Delphacini,’ Taf. viii.) it is important
to bear in mind that in his fig. d, “‘ Aftertrager von
hinten geschen,” the point of view is such that the base
of the styles are visible, because a trifling alteration in
the point of view will give rise to a considerable difference
in the appearance of the parts ; characters derived from
the form of the styles are much more reliable, but in
many instances it is almost impossible to understand
their correct form without dissecting them out, a course
which should always be resorted to in doubtful cases.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PART II. (JUNE.) F
58
. Crown parallel-sided ;
. Seutellum black or pitch-black.
. Frons widest in the lower third.
Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
TABLE OF SPECIES.
. Side keels of pronotum reaching hind
margin.
. Basal joint of antenne two-thirds as long
as 2nd. Basal joint of hind tarsi pees
than the other two together
. Basal joint of antenne one-third as igs
as 2nd.
. Frons more than three times as long as its
width in the middle.
. Front pairs of tibie simple, not widened
towards the apex.
Face between the keels pale ..
. Face between the keels black or blackish ..
). Front pairs of tibie paces widened to
the apex
. Frons one and a half. a ate as ign as its
width in the middle.
9). Scutellum yellow or partly yellow.
). Cheeks with a large round black spot.
). Elytra with a black or fuscous marking at
the apex.
. Length, 3}—4 mm. .. AG
. Length, 24—24 mm. ae
. Elytra entirely pale pelle S10
. Cheeks with a small punctiform black au
or unspotted.
. Crown distinctly narrowed in front; elytra
yellow, with a fine black line or lines
markings of elytra
not in the form of fine black lines
Species
small, shining black or pitch-black
. Side-keels of pronotum not reaching hind
margin.
. Crown longer than wide.
. Species green or greyish green.
. Frons widest in the middle.
Pygofer, seen
from behind, almost circular :
Pygofer,
seen from behind, transversely oval
. Species not green or greyish green.
. Facial keels white.
. A narrow white stripe down the crown, pro-
notum, and scutellum. Facial keels
margined with black in both sexes.
9). The dark margin of the facial keels con-
tinued on the crown. Styles yellowish,
diverging, their apex hooked outwards ..
ow wo
or)
0:
12.
. notula.
. lineola.
. fuscovittata.
. longipennis.
. vittipennis.
. guttula.
. perspicillata.
. pallidida.
9. Scotti.
» venosa.
smaragdula.
. wnicolor.
collina.
29 (28).
35 (26). Facial keels not white.
36 (39). Crown yellow or clear brownish yellow.
37 (38). Central facial keel obsolete on the forehead 17.
38 (37). Central facial keel distinct on the forehead 18.
39 (386). Crown brown.
40 (41). Scutellum beyond the side-keels black ; face
(except the forehead) black (br achypter ous
male). Nerves non-granulate 3
41 (40). Scutellum generally without dark riaplerhiga!
Nerves non-granulate.
42 (43). Elytra clear brownish yellow; nerves strong,
with concolorous parry marginal nerve
pale .. an ue 4 eos
43 (42). Hlytra smoky See nerves brown with
concolorous granules AN iC Searles
44 (21). Crown not longer than wide.
45 (90). Crown square.
46 (89). Hind tarsi shorter than the tibie, basal
joint subequal in length to the other two
together.
47 (48). Scutellum pale brownish yellow, with a black
spot at the base on each side of the
middle keel, Poke the side-keels ae
black ae as 22.
48 (47). Scutellum not pate Han eieanet MACE
markings.
49 (52). Elytra pitch-brown, their truncate hind
' margin with two white spots.
50 (53). Tibiee brown, with three pale rings weu2os
51 (52). Tibiw brownish, without pale rings Beate
52 (49). Elytra without white spots on the hind
margin.
53 (60). Elytra black, hind margin white or yellow.
54 (57). Scutellum yellow.
55 (56). Hind margin of elytra very narrowly whitish
yellow; abdomen yellow .. Dt 6, 2%:
56 (55). Entire margin of elytra narrowly and base
British Homoptera-Cicadina,
The dark margin of the facial keels not
extending to those of the crown. Styles
subulate, their ciliate inner margin with
a strong sharp tooth near the base so. lB},
. No pale stripe down the crown, pronotum,
and seutellum. Face black between the
keels, or keels margined with black.
. Hind margin of pygoler with a wide arcuate
notch : week
). Hind margin of Breotee nat notehed
4). Styles diverging, their apex pointed seeglios
. Styles incurved, their inner apical angle
produced into a sharp tooth ; outer apical
angle produced and bluntly rounded .. 16.
broadly yellowish .. oe ore 5a Zee
59
sordidula.
elegantula.
distincta.
Boldi.
Signoreti.
adela.
9). melunopachys.
similis.
capnodes.
scutellata.
lepida.
Fieberi.
pullula.
lugubrina.
Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
. Scutellum not yellow.
. Facial keels equally strong, central one
distinct on the forehead .. a6 po ellie
- Central facial keel much more prominent
than the side keels, and obsolete on the
forehead .. Be 28%
. Elytra not black ain irate ied margin.
. Abdomen black, or chiefly black, at least in
the male.
. Elytra without a dark streak at the apex of
the clavus.
. Seutellum black.
. Upper notch of pygofer widely yellow 56 eae
. Pygofer entirely black.
. Central facial keel equally strong throughout.
. Teeth of anal tube long, perpendicularly
connate.
. Apical angles of upper notch of pygofer
right angles or nearly so .. : 6 ail):
. Apical angles of upper notch of ygofer
very obtuse : Se vaule
. Teeth of anal tube very ama, fabeneulifoes 32.
)). Central facial keel feebler, or evanescent on
the forehead. Apical angles of upper
notch of pygofer acute .. OO -- 33.
. Sentellum yellow or yellowish.
. Lower margin of pygofer, when viewed from
behind, produced intoa sharp tooth .. 84.
- No appearance of a tooth on the lower
margin of the pygofer, when viewed from
behind.
. Hind margin of pygofer with a tooth-like
projection at its lower extremity.
. Hind margin of pygofer straight. Abdomen
and pygofer entirely black oF 50. ie
. Hind margin of pygofer angular. Abdomen
pitchy black, hind margin of the last
segment broadly white. Oe ene
black : .
- No tooth-like Saou ae ie aves
extremity of the hind margin of pygofer.
Abdomen with oo longitudinal mark-
ings .. 38.
2). Elytra with a dark ethene Be en van of
the clavus ... ; 5 oth
. Abdomen yellow or cated yellow, some-
times with a dark lateral stripe.
. Hind margin of pygofer with a large
arcuate notch.
3). Inner margin of styles, when viewed from
behind, simple ae = fs ao CADP
oT.
leptosoma.
niveimarginata.
Dale.
pellucida.
discolor.
obscurella.
forcipata.
denticauda.
exigua.
insignis.
Aubei.
striatella.
Fairmairei.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 61
83 (82). Inner margin of styles, when viewed from
behind, with a feeble obtuse tooth just
above the middle, and another similar
at the apex at ie ate ee Al. brevipennis.
84° (81). Hind margin of pygofer without a notch.
85 (86). Hind margin of pygofer truncate. Styles
(viewed from behind) very small and
pincer-shaped, occupying little more
than one-fourth of the height of the
cavity of the pygofer, yellow with
the base and tip blackish. Anal tube
very large, apparently composed of a
pair of pendant lobes, which gradually
widen to their truncate apices, where
they are generally blackish... .. 42, straminea.
86 (85). Hind margin of pygofer widely rounded.
87 (88). Antenne entirely pale... = .. 43. flaveola.
88 (87). Antenne with the base of the 1st joint
and apex of the 2nd narrowly black .. 44. puludosa.
89 (46). Hind tarsi longer than the tibie ; basal
joint one-half longer than the other
two together ae ays He .. 45. speciosa.
90 (45). Crown not square.
91 (98). Crown transverse.
92 (93). Nerves of elytra with large dark granules 46. limbata.
(92)
93 . Nerves of elytra without large dark
granules.
94 (97). Face with white spots.
95 (96). Scutellum brown ie re . 47, Douglasi.
96 (95). Scutellum pale with dark stripes .. 48. lineata.
97 (94). Face not spotted with white, between the
keels black AA ats 3@ .. 49. uncinata.
98 (91). Crown pentagonal .. BA ois .. 50. mesomela.
1. Liburnia notula, Germ.
Delphax notula, Germ., Thon. Arch., ii., 57, 8; Flor,
Rhyn. Liv., ii., 45,4; Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag.,1.,
226, 5.
D. truncatipennis, Boh., Ofv., 266, 12 (1847) ; Kirschb.,
Cicad., 20, 1.
D. lineola, Stal, Ofv., 190, 1 (1854).
Megamelus notulus, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., 519, 4, t. 8,
fig. 2 (details); Cicad. d’Eur., pt. ii., 9, 1; J.
Sahl., Not. Fenn., xu., 412, 1.
Liburnia notula, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vil., 25, 1.
Crown, pronotum, scutellum, and abdomen above yellow or
whitish yellow, sides of the three latter widely blackish brown.
Scutellum as long as pronotum. Elytra half as long as abdomen
62 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
(male), or one-third as long (female), costa gently rounded, apex
truncate, brownish yellow streaked with dark brown, or black with
the margins narrowly white, nerves elevated, non-granulate. Abdo-
men above with a fine dorsal line, and a line forming the inner
boundary of the dark lateral stripe, white.
Macropterous form.— Scutellum twice as long as pronotum.
Elytra one-third longer than abdomen, whitish hyaline; nerves
fine, brown, finely granulate, a dark brown line on the inner margin
near the apex of the clavus. Length, 3—4 mm.
Marshes; common. Very variable in colour, some-
times wholly dark; at others the dark markings are so
faint as to be scarcely perceptible.
2. Liaburnia lineola, Germ.
Delphax lineola, Germ., Mag. d’Ent., ii., 209, 1; F. E.,
7,19; Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag., i., 200, 1.
D. longifrons, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 42, 12 (1847);
Karschb:, Cicad., 21), 2.
Stenocranus lineolus, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., 519, 5,
t. 8, fig. 3 (details) ; Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iii., 11, 1.
Inburnia lineola, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 25, 4.
Stenocarenus minutus, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 415, 1.
Elongate, pale brownish yellow ; crown, pronotum, and scutellum
with a fine white stripe. Crown nearly three times as long as its
basal width, narrowed in front, its middle keel strongly raised.
Pronotum two-thirds as long as the crown. Scutellum somewhat
longer than the crown, its middle keel abbreviated. Elytra narrow,
one-half longer than abdomen, yellowish hyaline, finely wrinkled
transversely with a dark brown streak at their narrowly rounded
apex, sometimes produced inwardly nearly to the base and frequently
another just below the claval suture, nerves pale. Lees pale, thighs
with a pair of fine black lines. Abdomen above more or less
marked with black. Length, 4—5 mm.
Not uncommon.
3. Liburnia fuscovittata, Stal.
Delphax fuscovittata, Stal, Stett. Zeit., xix., 191, 82.
D. major and colorata, Kirschb., Cicad., 21, 22,
3 and 4.
Taburnia fuscovittata, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 25, 8.
Stenocranus fuscovenosus, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8,
fig. 3 (style).
S. fuscovittata, Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iii., 12, 2.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 63
Pale yellowish, with a dark brown or black streak at the apex of
the elytra. Greatest length of the crown in advance of the eyes
nearly equal to one-half the entire length down the centre. Hind
margin of pronotum roundly notched. Elytra nearly twice as long
as abdomen, hyaline; nerves yellowish, except those of the mem-
brane, which are brown; in the 6th apical area is a brown or black
streak, which is sometimes prolonged towards the base. Front
pairs of tibie with a narrow black streak in front, all the tarsi
fuscous at the extreme apex. Abdomen black above, side margins
yellow. Length, 4;—5} mm.
Not common.
4. Liburnia longipennis, Curt.
Delphax longipennis, Curt., Brit. Ent., p. and pl. 657.
Liburnia longipennis, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vil., 25, 2.
Stenocranus longipennis, Fieb., Cicad. d’Kur., pt. i., 13.
Male, above brown; female, pale yellowish. Greatest length of
the crown in advance of the eyes about equal to one-third of the
entire length down the centre. Hind margin of pronotum angularly
notched. Elytra nearly twice as long as the abdomen, in the male
brown, with the clavus and a stripe on the costa yellow; in the
female hyaline, with yellowish nerves. Front pairs of tibie in
male black, widely pale at the base, all the tarsi black at the apex ;
in the female all the tibiz are pale, and the tarsi black at the apex.
Length, 45 mm.
Not common.
5. Liburnia vittipennis, J. Sahl.
Delphax vittipennis, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., ix., 1867, 187,
180 (1868).
D. guttuliferus, Kirschb., Cicad., 25, 12.
Stenocarenus guttuliferus, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii.,
416, 2.
Kelisia vittipennis, Fieb., Cicad. d’Hur., pt. ii., 23, 7.
LTiburnia guttula, Dougl., sec. sp. comm.
Crown, pronotum, and scutellum yellowish white, the sides of
the two latter widely, a large round spot on the cheeks, and a small
round spot on the sides of the prosternum, black. Crown parallel-
sided, about one-half longer than its basal width, projecting but
very little in advance of the eyes. Pronotum distinctly shorter
64 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
than crown. Scutellum about twice as long as pronotum. Elytra
whitish hyaline, slightly widened towards their rounded apex ; on
the membrane a black or dark brown streak, continued to the base
of the elytron as a wide ill-defined brown stripe, which is sometimes
very faint, but always discernible on holding the elytron up to the
light. Abdomen above blackish, with a narrow pale dorsal line.
Styles (Pl. II., fig. 14) oblong, parallel, very distinctly flattened
vertically, suddenly acuminate at about the apical third. Insect
generally macropterous. Length, 3—4 mm.
Not uncommon. Inthe brachypterous form the elytra
are sublanceolate, but specimens in this state are easily
distinguished from guttula by their superior size.
6. Liburnia guttula, Germ.
Delphax guttula, Germ., d’Mag. Ent., iii., 216, 7; Curt.,
Brit. Eint., 657, 10; Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 42, 2;
Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag., i., 200, 2; Kirschb.,
Cicad., 25, 18.
Kelisia guttula, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., 519, 6, t. 8,
fig. 4 (details); Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iii., 22, 6.
Iiburnia guttula, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 25, 5 ?.
Stenocarenus guttula, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 417, 3.
At first sight this species much resembles a very small pale
example of the foregoing, but upon examination it proves to be
abundantly structurally distinet. Crown, pronotum, and scutellum
pale yellow; the sides of the two latter, although sometimes
slightly darker than the disc, do not appear to develop the dark
stripe so conspicuous in guttulifera, at least such is not the case in
the twenty examples I have examined. Elytra not widened to-
wards their sublanceolate apex, the dark marking on the membrane
rarely more than a small subtriangular black spot. Styles (Pl. IL.,
fig. 13) curved, subparallel, scarcely perceptibly flattened vertically,
gradually acuminate from the base. Leneth, 24—2}mm.
Stratton Strawless, Norfolk ; local. Insect very rarely
macropterous.
7. Liburnia perspicillata, Boh.
Delphax perspicillata, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 164, 31
(1847) ; Kirschb., Cicad., 31, 26.
Laburnia perspicillata, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 270.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 65
Stenocarenus perspicillatus, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii,
419, 5.
Kelisia perspicillata, Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. i1., 19, 4.
Pale yellow, a large round spot on the cheeks, and a smaller one
on the sides of the prosternum, black. Crown somewhat longer
than wide, obtusely rounded in front, impressions obsolete. Frons
convex, slightly rounded, dilated at the lower margin of the eyes,
middle keel obsolete. Pronotum somewhat shorter than crown.
Scutellum one-half longer than pronotum, keels acute. Elytra
whitish hyaline, as long as the abdomen, very finely wrinkled
transversely, slightly narrowed towards their narrowly rounded
apex, outer cubital nerve forked behind. Wings very short.
Abdomen more or less blackish above. Length, 2 mm.
Cheviots, October ; one example (Hardy).
8. Liburnia pallidula, Boh.
Delphax pallidula, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 48, 16 (1849) ;
Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 44, 8; Kirschb., Cicad.,
yispeutals
D. punctulum, Kirschb., l. ¢., 25, 10.
Liburnia pallidula, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 198, 5 a.
Stenocarenus pallidulus, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii,
418, 4.
Kelisia pallidula, Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. 111., 17, 2.
Pale brownish yellow, cheeks generally with a punctiform black
spot. Crown a trifle longer than pronotum, distinctly narrowed in
front, projecting for about one-fourth of its length beyond the eyes.
Scutellum a little longer than crown. Elytra lanceolate, a little
longer than the abdomen, yellowish hyaline, with their middle
nerve, at least at the apex, and sometimes also the brachial nerve
and those of the clavus, black. Middle keel of scutellum and
inner margin of elytra narrowly white.
Macropterous form.—Scutellum twice as long as the pronotum.
Elytra one-half longer than the abdomen, slightly widened behind,
apex obtusely rounded, membrane scarcely half as long as the
>
corium, its middle nerve widely fuscous. Length, 3—3; mm.
Wet commons, &c. I have a few female examples,
taken at Stratton Strawless, in a place where the type-
form of this species does not occur, which want the
punctiform spot on the cheeks, and have the wings fully
66 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
developed, although the elytra are of the same shape as
in brachypterous pallidula; possibly these will prove to
belong to a distinct species.
9. Liburnia Scotti, Fieb.
Kelisia Scotti, Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt.ii., 18, 3.
Delphax pallidulus, Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag.,1., 201, 3.
Tiburnia Scotti, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 67, 6.
Pale brownish yellow, cheeks with a small punctiform black spot.
Crown somewhat longer than pronotum, parallel-sided, projecting
beyond the eyes for about one-third of its length. Scutellum a
little longer than crown. Elytra yellowish hyaline, a trifle longer
than the abdomen, parallel-sided, their apex obtusely rounded; in
the male with a spot at the apex of the clavus, a spot on the costa
at the base of the first apical area, and another at the apex of the
middle nerve of the membrane, black; in the female with a large
irregular patch at the base, another at the apex of the clavus, and
an oval patch on the middle nerve of the membrane, black. These
markings have a strong tendency either to coalesce, or to disappear
leaving only a small black spot at the apex of the middle nerve of
the membrane. Upper side of the abdomen occasionally with the
base of some of the segments narrowly black.
Macropterous form.—Scutellum nearly twice as long as pro-
notum. Elytra yellowish hyaline, one-third longer than abdomen,
apex of the clavus filled up with black. Length, 3—4 mm.
Marshes ; local.
10. Liburnia smaragdula, Stal.
Delphax smaragdula, Stal, Ofv., 174, 1 (18538) ; Kirschb.,
Cicad., 22, 5.
Liburnia smaragdula, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vil., 25, 7.
Chloriona smaragdula, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8,
fic. 6 (3 genitalia) ; Cicad. d’Eur., pt. ii1., 26, 1;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 407, 2.
3. Elongate, pale green. Head strongly keeled, basal keel of
crown acute. Scutellum more than twice as long as pronotum.
Elytra twice as long as the abdomen, greyish white, opaque,
narrowly rounded at the apex, nerves with very fine black hairs,
second subapical area nearly twice as long as the fifth. Abdomen
black, with reddish side margins. Legs with very fine black hairs,
claws black.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 67
@. Seutellum scarcely one-half longer than the pronotum.
Elytra greyish white, about one-third as long as abdomen, separately
rounded at the apex. Wings wanting. Apex of the saw-case
black. Length, 44—5 mm.
Not common.
11. Liburnia unicolor, H.-S.
Delphax unicolor, Schaff., F. G., 148, 20.
Chloriona unicolor, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., 519, 7,
t. 8, fig. 5 (details); Cicad. d’Hur., pt. i1., 27, 2;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xi., 406, 1.
Iaburnia unicolor, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 25, 8.
Elongate, greenish or yellowish white ; brachypterous female pale
green.
3. Basal keel of crown obtuse. Scutellum twice as long as
pronotum. Elytra greyish white, opaque, twice as long as the
abdomen, apex narrowly rounded, nerves with very fine black
hairs, second subapical area somewhat longer than the fifth.
Abdomen black, margins of the segments yellowish. Legs as in
smaragdula. Pygofer sometimes white.
9. Macropterous form.—Scutellum more than twice as long as
pronotum. Elytra one-half longer than abdomen, greyish white,
sometimes faintly fumose at the apex. Brachypterous form.—
Scutellum scarcely one-half longer than pronotum. Elytra one-
third as long as abdomen, greyish white, their apex separately
rounded. Length, 4—5 mm.
On reeds, June and July.
12. Liburnia collina, Boh.
Delphax collina, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 51, 18 (1849) ;
Flor, Rhyn. Liv., 11., 70, 18; Marsh., Ent. Mo.
Mag., i., 274, 15; Kirschb., Cicad., 24, 8.
D. pallens, Stal, Ofv., 192, 11 (1854); Fieb., Grundz.
Delph., t. 8, fig. 27 (d genitalia).
Liburnia collina, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vu., 26, 10;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xi., 429, 4; Fieb., Cicad.
diurs pt. 1v., 49, 10,
Pale yellow, with fuscous markings; keels of the head white,
with black margins. Crown somewhat longer than wide, basal
impressions subtriangular, fulvous, about half as long as the crown.
Scutellum one-half longer than pronotum, side keels distinct. Elytra
68 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
about half as long as abdomen, separately rounded at apex, pale
yellow with white margins. Abdomen (male) blackish, with the
margins, a dorsal stripe, and a few short lines towards the sides
behind, rust-red; female, yellow faintly marked with fuscous, each
dorsal segment with a transverse row of dark points interrupted
in the middle. Styles hooked outwardly at apex, teeth of anal
tube apparently crossing each other. Anal tube and its style
entirely pale. Length, 2—23 mm.
Macropterous form.—Scutellum twice as long as pronotum, side
keels obsolete, diverging. Elytra more than one-half longer than
abdomen, yellowish hyaline; nerves smooth, whitish yellow behind.
Length, 3—3} mm.
18. Liburnia sordidula, Stal.
Delphax sordidula, Stal, Ofv., 174, 2 (1853) ; Kirschb.,
Cicad., 29,19; Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig.
26 (Ss genitalia).
Liburnia sordidula, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 26, 11;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xi., 484, 7; Fieb., Cicad.
d’Eur., pt. iv., 17, 14.
Pale yellow; facial keels, a stripe along the crown pronotum
and scutellum, and the marginal nerve of elytra, white. Facial
keels narrowly and obsoletely margined with fuscous in the male.
Seutellum nearly twice as long as pronotum. LElytra yellowish
hyaline, narrowly rounded at the apex, one-third (male) or one-half
(female) shorter than abdomen, nerves smooth. Abdomen (male)
blackish, with the side margins, the dorsal line, and some irregular
spots towards the apex, rust-red; female, yellow, sometimes with
a row of dark spots on each side, or otherwise marked with black.
Styles subulate, their ciliate inner margin with a strong sharp
tooth near the base. Length, 3—3} mm.
Macropterous form.—Scutellum two and a half times as long as
pronotum. LElytra two-thirds (male) or one-half (female) longer
than the abdomen, nerves darker towards the apex. Length,
4—5 mm.
Female sometimes entirely pale.
14. Liburnia elegantula, Boh.
Delphax elegantula, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 68, 27
(1849); Flor, Rhyn. Liv., u1., 70, 18; Marsh.,
Ent. Mo. Mag., i.;) 252; 11; Kirschb., Cicady
26, 6; Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 22
(3d genitalia).
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 69
Liburnia elegantula, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 26, 9;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 424,1; Fieb., Cicad.
Gabry pbelvs, 71, 4
L. emulator, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., ix., 238, 8a, sec.
spec. typ.
Elongate, black; keels of the head, pronotum, with the exception
of a black patch behind each eye, and apex of scutellum, white.
Crown distinctly longer than wide, basal impressions yellow, apical
impression very narrow, continued on to the forehead. Scutellum
one-third longer than pronotum, side keels distinct, diverging.
Elytra greyish white, pellucid, about half as long as abdomen, apex
truneate, with rounded angles, nerves smooth. Abdomen above
with a wide brownish yellow central stripe, a narrow whitish dorsal
line, and some longitudinal rows of brownish yellow spots on the
dark side portions. Legs yellow, femora faintly striped with
fuscous. Styles incurved, subequal in width, with a strong
triangular tooth at the apex within, anda long process directed
backwards at the base. Teeth of anal tube (male) long, acute,
diverging, visible from the side.
?. Pronotum and scutellum pale brownish or greyish yellow ;
abdomen brownish yellow, darker towards the sides, where there
are some rows of pale spots, dorsal line whitish. Length,
2—?24 mm.
Macropterous form.—Scutellum convex, twice as long as pro-
notum, side keels very feeble. Elytra one-half longer than abdo-
men rounded at the apex, nerves dirty yellow. Length, 3—3}mm.
15. Liburnia distincta, Flor.
Delphax distincta, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 68,17 ; Fieb.,
Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 23 (¢ genitalia).
Liburnia distincta, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 26, 12;
Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iv., 11, 9.
L. albocarinata, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xu., 426, 2.
L. consanguinea, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., ix., 239.
Head black, with white keels, the two basal impressions of crown
yellow. Pronotum and scutellum yellow, sometimes with fuscous
markings, margins and keels white. Hlytra one-half shorter than
abdomen, yellowish with white margins, hind margin truncate,
angles rounded; nerves smooth, whitish, Abdomen (male) black,
last segment entirely, and pygofer above, broadly pale; female,
black, side margins very narrowly, a fine central line, and the last
dorsal segment in the middle, brownish yellow, varying to yellow
with a row of dark spots down each side, or entirely yellow except
70 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
the saw-case. Styles elongate-triangular, outer margin straight,
inner margin concave in the middle and cut off obliquely to a
sharp point. Length, 2—2} mm.
Macropterous form.—Scutellum twice as long as pronotum, side
keels obsolete, parallel. Elytra more than one-half longer than
abdomen, apex rounded. Length, female, 4 mm.
16. Liburnia Boldi, Scott ?.
Liburnia Boldi, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vil., 68, 18;
Fieb., Cicad> d’Hur-, pt. tv., 17,05 (2):
Crown yellow, keels white, interstices black. Face yellow, keels
white, the middle one on each side and the side ones inwardly
margined with black. Pronotum and scutellum yellow, with a
greyish shade, keels distinct, somewhat paler than the disc, side
keels of the former almost reaching to the hind margin. Elytra
yellowish grey, barely covering half the abdomen, hind margin
rounded, nerves not prominent nor granulate, apex of clavus some-
times with a short narrow dark brown streak. Abdomen (male)
above black, with a fine rust-red dorsal line, apex of each segment
of the connexium yellow-red; female, above brownish yellow,
darker on the sides, side margins orange-yellow, outer margins of
the segments black, a fine dorsal line and the hind margins of the
segments pale. Styles (Pl. II., fig. 17) short and broad, inner margin
strongly, outer margin faintly, concave, inner apical angle produced
into a pointed tooth, outer apical angle produced and _ bluntly
rounded, thus giving to the style a form very suggestive of a profile
view of a bird’s head and neck. Length, 2—25 mm.
Sandy coasts. Near Newcastle-on-Tyne and Norfolk.
It is impossible to be quite certain that the insect above
described is identical with Scott’s insect, but his descrip-
tion of the female, the only sex he knew, agrees very
well with the female of the insect here characterised.
17. Liburnia Signoreti, Scott.
Liburma Signoreti, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 69, 15 ;
Fieb., Cicad. d’Hur., pt. iv., 55, 50.
3. Head, pronotum, scutellum, and elytra dirty brownish
yellow, abdomen pitch-black. Sides of metasternum with an oval
black spot. Crown nearly square, keels distinct, concolorous.
Facial keels concolorous, the central one forked and nearly
evanescent on the forehead. Pronotum shorter than crown, keels
distinct. Scutellum a little longer than crown. Elytra nearly as
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 71
long as abdomen, rounded at apex; nerves strong, pitch-black,
closely and strongly granulate. Legs dirty brownish yellow.
Upper notch of pygofer wide, triangular, occupying the entire
width of the segment, its margin, viewed from the side, straight,
oblique, and forming an obtuse angle with the vertical straight hind
margin, which it nearly equals in length; lower notch bluntly
triangular, very large and deep, its margin, when viewed from the
side, forming an obtuse angle with the hind margin, the length of
which it somewhat exceeds. Styles, when viewed in sttw under a
low magnifying power, scantily pilose, apparently strap-shaped,
shghtly widened at their subtruncate apex, their lower half parallel
with the outline of the lower notch of the pygofer, their upper
half upright and slightly curved backward (Pl. I., fig. 7, Pl. II.
fig. 15). Anal tube large, exserted, its teeth very short and obtuse.
?. Pale brownish yellow, claws and apex of the saw-case
black. HElytra one-third shorter than abdomen. Length, male,
2% mm.; female, 4mm.
Marshes, in June; Abbey Wood and Brundall,
Norfolk.
18. Liburnia adela, Flor.
Delphax adela, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ti., 68, 14; Fieb.,
Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 50 (# genitalia).
Liburma adela, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 26, 16;
Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iv., 54, 49.
Brownish yellow, abdomen above black, with white hind margins
to the segments. Basal impressions of the crown deeper than the
apical. Face between the keels sometimes black, its central keel
sharp, nearly evanescent on the forehead. Elytra as long as the
abdomen, dirty brown, with a very narrow and indistinct pale
margin; nerves strong, brown, distinctly granulate. Legs sometimes
with indistinet dark stripes. Pygofer (male) black, viewed from
behind, oval, widest in the middle. Upper notch deep, triangular,
margined with white, viewed from the side its margin forms a very
obtuse angle with the hind margin of the pygofer, which is
angularly prominent in the middle; lower notch deep, narrow,
somewhat sinuate. Styles long, strap-shaped, reaching about two-
thirds the height of the cavity, oblique at the base, afterwards
upright and slightly incurved towards their truncate apex, inner
margin sinuate, inner apical angle produced into a blunt tooth.
Anal tube whitish, scarcely exserted, its teeth short and blunt.
Length, 23 mm.
Female undescribed.
72 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
19. Liburnia melanopachys, Scott.
Liburnia melanopachys, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii.,
70, 17; Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iv., 36, 31.
Crown clear brown, the keels acute and prominent. Face
(except the forehead) black. Pronotum clear brown, keels acute
and prominent, hinder angles broadly black. Scutellum clear
brown, keels distinct, sometimes the middle keel and a narrow
margin on either side, especially towards the apex, blackish, beyond
the side keels black. Elytra about two-thirds as long as abdomen,
shining lacquer-yellow, somewhat transparent, hind margin rounded,
nerves prominent, unpunctured. Breast black. Legs yellow, front
pairs of tarsi brown, hind pair yellow. Abdomen above pitchy
brown, beneath black. Pygofer (male) black, seen from behind,
slightly arched outwardly below the middle, obtusely narrowed
towards the base, widely rounded at the top, viewed from the side
forming a triangle, of which the longest side is formed by the
oblique hind margin, which is continuous with the margin of the
upper notch. Anal tube large, semicircular, not exserted, occupying
the entire width of the upper part of the pygofer, but not reaching
the middle. Styles brownish yellow, shaped like a pruning-knife,
narrow at the base, widened towards the top, strongly arched
outwardly above the middle, and ending in a slightly incurved
point, which reaches the lower side of the anal tube ; their points
contiguous. Length, 2 mm.
Gosforth, October. Female undescribed. Larger
than L. venosa, to which it is said to bear a great
resemblance.
20. Liburnia similis, Kirschb.
Delphax similis, Kirschb., Cicad., 30, 22.
Liburnia similis, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., ix., 240, 184;
Fieb.,-Cicad. di Hire, pi ay; 10,8:
Brownish yellow, last tarsal joimt, the saw-case, and a row of
spots on the sides of the abdomen above, darker; face, except the
keels, black. Facial keels filiform, the middle one distinct on the
forehead. Keels of the crown strong, the impressions deep, the
basal ones brownish, about one-third as long as the crown. Pro-
notum not half so long as the scutellum, keels of the latter distinct.
Elytra half as long as abdomen, rounded behind, dirty brownish
yellow with white margins, nerves strong, with dense concolorous
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 73
granules. Lateral lobes nearly semicircular at the base, afterwards
strongly sinuate, very wide and rounded behind. Length, 2} mm.
Scotland. Male undescribed.
21. Liburnia capnodes, Scott.
Tiburnia capnodes, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 69, 14;
Fieb., Cicad. d’EHur., pt. iv., 41, 36.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum brownish yellow; keels of
the latter fine, but distinct. Elytra one-third longer than abdomen,
pale smoky yellow, almost transparent; all the nerves brown,
distinctly and regularly granulate, a blackish streak on the
inner margin at the apex of the clavus. Legs pale fuscous-
yellow, claws and apex of the claw-joint brown. Abdomen above
dark brown, paler towards the apex, beneath brownish yellow, hind
margin of the segments more or less broadly black, segments
themselves with two or three scattered black punctures, pygofer
and saw-case brownish yellow, lateral lobes narrowly and very
obliquely truncate at the base, their inner angle slightly rounded,
somewhat widened behind, obliquely rounded at the apex. Length,
3mm.
At once recognisable by the uniform brown nerves and
minute but distinct concolorous granules thereon. Male
undescribed.
992. Liburnia scutellata, Scott.
Liburnia scutellata, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 107.
Macropterous form. — 3. Crown brownish yellow, slightly
widening from the base to the front margin; keels acute, promi-
nent, slightly paler than the disc, .apical impression small, the two
basal ones large and deep. Face brownish yellow; keels paler
than the disc, central one somewhat more feeble on the frons.
Pronotum brownish yellow, darker behind each eye, keels some-
what paler. Scutellum brownish yellow, darker on each side of
the middle keel, on either side of which at the base is a black spot,
beyond the side keels black, side margins brownish yellow. Elytra
whitish hyaline, very finely wrinkled transversely, about one-half
longer than abdomen; nerves yellowish, darker behind, non-
granulate, marginal nerve round the apex black. Legs fuscous,
hind claws and apex of claw-joint black. Abdomen above black,
beneath black, hind margin of the two last segments very narrowly
yellow. Pygofer and styles black, the latter somewhat billhook-
shaped at the apex. Length, 2; mm.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PaRT II. (JUNE). G
74 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
?. Similar to the male, but paler and wants the pair of black
spots at the base of the scutellum.
This species at first sight bears some resemblance to
the macropterous form of L. Fairmairei, but it is at least
one-third smaller.
23. Liburnia lepida, Boh.
Delphax lepida, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 89, 10 (1849) ;
Kirschb., Cicad., 85, 84; Fieb., Grundz. Delph.,
t. 8, fig. 86 (d genitalia).
D. tristis, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 60, 25 (1849).
Liburnia lepida, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 27, 26;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 466, 29; Fieb., Cicad.
d’Hur., pt. iv., 32, 28.
Blackish brown, face spotted with white; keels of pronotum and
scutellum, three broad rings on the tibiw, and the chief part of the
tarsi, pale yellow. Apical impression of crown continued on to
the frons. Pronotum distinctly shorter than crown. Middle keel
of pronotum and scutellum stout. Scutellum three-fourths longer
than pronotum; side keels straight, diverging. Elytra (male) one-
third (female) one-half as long as abdomen; apex truncate with
rounded angles, dark brown, paler at the base, two large semi-
circular spots on the hind margin, a small spot at the apex of the
clavus, and a streak on the inner margin, white ; nerves with large
brown granules. Abdomen above black, generally with three lines
of small white spots. Pygofer (male), seen from behind, wide,
oval; upper notch widely triangular, its margin, seen from the side
forming an obtuse angle with the hind margin, which is straight
and directed obliquely inwards, lower margin produced into a
blunt lobe. Styles erect, approximating at the base and apex,
widened above, outer apical angle widely rounded, inner drawn out
into a fine sharp point. Length, 23—3 mm.
Macropterous form.—Scutellum two and a half times as long as
pronotum; side keels diverging, slightly curved. Elytra nearly
twice as long as abdomen, whitish hyaline; nerves strong, with
large brown granules, an oblique band before the middle, a band
on the angular nerves, a streak at the apex of the clavus, and some
small spots at the apex of the nerves of the membrane, brown.
Length, 3} mm.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 75
24. Liburnia Fieberi, Scott.
Liburnia Fieberi, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 70, 25;
Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iv., 33, 29.
Blackish brown above, yellow-brown beneath, hind margin of
elytra with two white spots separated by a black one. Keels of
crown sharp, frons at the apex narrowly pale. Pronotum and
seutellum subequal in length, their keels sharp. Hlytra (male)
one-half (female) one-third as long as abdomen, suffused with pale
at the base of the suture, apex truncate with rounded angles;
nerves strong, smooth. Abdomen above, male blackish brown,
sometimes with three lines of pale spots; female yellow-brown,
widely darker on the sides, with three more or less distinct lines of
pale spots. Pygofer (male) sparingly set with fine pale hairs,
upper notch wide, triangular, reaching the preceding segment, its
margin, seen from the side, forming an obtuse angle with the hind
margin, which is vertical, and has its lower angle rounded off.
Styles (Pl. II., fig. 16) long, narrow, incurved, quite reaching the
lower margin of the anal tube, their inner apical angle produced
inwardly and hooked. Length, 2—23} mm.
Not uncommon at roots of rushes.
25. Liburnia pullula, Boh.
Delphax pullula, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 116 (1858) ;
Stal, Ofv., 196, 28 (1854); Fieb., Grundz. Delph.,
t. 8, fig. 88 (¢ genitalia).
Liburnia pullula, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vil., 28, 30 ;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 448, 17; Fieb., Cicad.
d’Kur., pt. iv., 42, 37.
3. Dirty yellow, elytra and abdomen black, hind margin of
the former narrowly white. Crown rounded in front, apical
impressions very narrow and obsolete. Fons strongly roundly
dilated below the middle, slightly narrowed before the apex, its
middle keel evanescent above. Pronotum somewhat shorter than
crown. Scutellum one-half longer than pronotum. LElytra
coriaceous, half as long as abdomen, widely rounded at the apex;
nerves strong, sparingly granulate. Legs slender, pale yellow.
Pygofer black, seen from behind elongate-oval, upper notch
acutangular, its margin, seen from the side, short, and forming an
obtuse angle with the hind margin, which is straight, somewhat
oblique, and has its lower angle widely rounded off. Styles yellow,
very small, about one-fourth as long as the opening of the pygofer,
seen from the side with a large triangular tooth behind at the base,
76 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
apex truncate, outer apical angle produced into a wide triangular
tooth. Anal tube black, somewhat prominent, its teeth long,
vertically connate, curved forwards at the apex, and nearly reaching
to the middle of the opening of the pygofer.
?. Entirely dirty yellow, except some obsolete spots at the base
of the abdomen and the saw-case and claws, which are brown.
Length, 13—2 mm.
Macropterous form (female).—Scutellum twice as long as the
pronotum, side keels distinct and curved outwards. Elytra two-
thirds longer than abdomen, yellowish hyaline ; nerves pale yellow,
sparingly granulate with brown, marginal nerve of membrane
brown. Length, 3} mm.
26. Liaburnia lugubrina, Boh.
Delphax lugubrina, Boh., Ofv., 266, 11 (1847); Flor,
Rhyn. Liv., u., 73, 20; Kirschb., Cicad., 33, 29;
Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 839 (d genitalia).
Tiburnia lugubrina, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 28, 31;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 446, 15; Fieb., Cicad.
d’Eur., pt. iv., 43, 38.
3. Pale yellow, elytra black, costal and hind margins narrowly
yellowish white, inner margin near the apex of the scutellum
broadly yellow ; abdomen above yellow with black margins, or with
the basal segments entirely dark. Central facial keel sharp, forked,
and becoming indistinct on the forehead. Scutellum three-fourths
longer than pronotum, its side keels straight, strongly diverging,
sometimes with a black spot on each side at the base, or black with
the apex yellow. Elytra scarcely two-thirds so long as abdomen,
hind margin broadly rounded, nerves finely granulate. Legs
slender, spur of hind tibie large and wide.’ Pygofer, seen from
behind, distinctly wider than high, and having three blunt angles,
namely, one just below the middle of each side, and one in the
middle of the lower margin. Viewed from the side the nearly
horizontal margin of the upper notch forms an obtuse angle with
the hind margin, which is oblique and nearly straight; the rounded
right angles, in which the hind joins the lower margin, coincides
with the point of the greatest width of the pygofer, when seen
from behind. Styles straight, strongly diverging, narrow-triangular,
pointed, reaching half the height of the cavity of the pygofer.
Teeth of anal tube distant, slightly curved outwards at the apex.
Length, 23—4 mm.
@. Entirely pale brownish yellow.
Macropterous form (female).—Scutellum nearly three times as
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 17
long as pronotum, side keels distinct, slightly curved outwards.
Elytra yellowish, subpellucid, one-half longer than abdomen,
rounded at the apex, nerves non-granulate. Length, 5 mm.
27. Liburnia leptosoma, Flor.
Delphax leptosoma, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 76, 22; Marsh.,
Ent. Mo. Mag., i., 252,12; Fieb., Grundz. Delph.,
t. 8, fig. 834 (¢ genitalia).
D. Heydenii, Kirschb., Cicad., 87, 89 (¢ ).
D. albolimbata, Kirschb., J. c., 82, 27 (Ss).
D. albofimbriata, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 35
(3 genitalia).
Liburnia leptosoma, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., valle OAT OAT eR
Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iv., 29, 26.
L. albofimbriata, Scott, l.c., 27, 28.
$. Face pitch-black, keels sometimes pale. Crown dirty
brownish yellow, remainder of upper side shining black, with the
pronotum, and occasionally the base of the elytra, dirty white,
hind margin of the latter pure white. Elytra half as long as
abdomen, hind margin truncate with rounded angles; nerves
strong, not perceptibly granulate. Pygofer black margined with
white, the upper notch very wide and deep, its sides feebly concave,
and its base concealed beneath the preceding segment. Styles
diverging, straight, pointed, shining black, reaching about half the
height of the cavity.
@. Lighter or darker brownish yellow, hind margin of elytra
white. Length, 2—23 mm.
Common.
98. Liburnia niveimarginata, Scott.
Delphax thoracicus, Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag., iii., 269,
nec Stal.
Liburnia niveimarginata, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii.,
71, 29; Fieb., Cicad. d’EKur., pt. iv., 27, 24.
g$. Face and crown pale brownish yellow. Pronotum an d
seutellum white. Elytra about half as long as abdomen, apex
truncate with rounded angles, hind margin broadly white; nerves
strong, but not perceptibly granulate. Abdomen black, last
segment in the middle above and margin of pygofer broadly white.
Upper notch of pygofer sharply triangular. Teeth of anal tube
long, pointed, vertically contiguous. Styles pale, diverging, some-
what lanceolate, reaching the level of the teeth of anal tube.
78 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
?. Similar to that of the last species, but distinguishable by
the difference in the central keel of the face. Length, 22—3 mm.
Apparently not common.
29. Liburnia Dalei, Scott.
Liburnia Dalei, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 72, 88.
3. Crown yellow, the two basal impressions distinct, the front
one appearing as a deep puncture. Central facial keel distinct,
but not prominent. Pronotum yellow. Scutellum deep black,
shining, sides and apex narrowly yellow. Elytra yellow, not half
so long as abdomen, hind margin rounded, nerves non-granulate.
Abdomen black, shining, side margins and a very narrow dorsal -
line yellow, last two segments clear yellow. Pygofer above whitish
yellow, sides and beneath black ; seen from behind its outline is
inversely oval, the sides narrowed below, rounded above. Upper
notch triangular, its margin, seen from the side, forming an obtuse
angle with the nearly vertical hind margin, lower angle somewhat
less obtuse. Lower notch deep, rounded, with sinuate edges.
Styles upright, slightly diverging, nearly reaching the teeth of the
anal tube, narrow, cuneiform, obliquely truncate on their inner
side near the base. Anal tube large, sunken, its teeth short, distant.
Length, 13 mm.
@. Unknown.
Lulworth, in August.
30. Liburnia pellucida, Fab.
Delphax pellucida, Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 84, 6; Flor,
Rhyn. Liv., u1., 65, 16; Marsh., Ent..Mo. Mag.,
1, 273, 14; Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 20
, (¢& genitalia).
D. flavescens, Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 84, 7.
D. marginata, Fab., l.c., 84, 9.
D. dispar, Fall., Hem. Suec., i1., 74, 2; Kirschb.,
Cicad., 27, 16.
D. hemiptera, Stal, Ofv., 5, 14 (1854).
D. suturalis, Curt., Brit. Ent.,; 657, 5.
D. dubia, Kirschb., Cicad., 26, 14.
Liburnia pellucida, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vil., 27, 20;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 486, 9; Fieb., Cicad.
d’Hur., pt. iv., 4, 2.
Macropterous form.—S. Black; facial keels, pronotum (except
a patch behind each eye), tegule, and apex of scutellum, white.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 79
Seutellum more than three times as long as pronotum, apex
reflexed; side keels fine, parallel, obsolete behind. Elytra whitish
hyaline, twice as long as abdomen; nerves pale at the base, darker
behind, distinctly and moderately closely granulate throughout,
marginal nerve of membrane black. Abdomen black, sides
narrowly yellowish. Pygofer large, prominent, black, its hind
margin generally edged with white below. Viewed from above
the upper notch is wide and deep, scarcely angular at the base, its
edges forming a right angle, or nearly a right angle with the hind
margin. Styles spreading almost horizontally, their apex reflexed.
Teeth of anal tube long, vertically connate. Head, pronotum, and
scutellum frequently entirely black or pitch-black.
@. Black; facial keels, pronotum, scutellum, and sides of the
~ abdomen, pale brownish yellow. Elytra yellowish hyaline. Body
frequently entirely yellow, except the upper side of the abdomen
near the base. Length, 83}—4} mm.
Brachypterous form. — 3,%. Varying in colour from pale
brownish yellow to pitch-black, but sometimes the coloration of the
fore parts mentioned above is developed in the male. Scutellum
more than twice as long as pronotum; keels distinct, diverging
behind. Elytra about as long as abdomen, apex narrowly rounded,
nerves strong, closely set with conspicuous black granules. Length
3—3 mm.
This excessively variable and abundant species may
be readily identified by the characters derived from the
male genitalia.
31. Liburnia discolor, Boh.
Delphax discolor, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 61,26 (1849) ;
Blors Rhyn., Liv.; 12, .68,. 155 Bieb., -Grundz.
Delph., t. 8, fig. 19 (¢ genitalia).
D. patens, Kirschb., Cicad., 86, 37.
Liburnia discolor, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vi., 27, 21;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 441, 12; Fieb., Cicad.
d’Eur., pt. iv., 3, 1.
Black; keels of head and pronotum yellow, hind margin of the
latter generally narrowly white in the male; elytra pellucid, pale
brown, marginal nerve paler. Scutellum about twice as long as
pronotum ; side keels strong, divergent. Elytra about one-half as
long as abdomen, widely rounded behind; nerves strong, their
granulation indistinct. Pygofer (male) large, prominent, black,
the upper notch, viewed from above, large, deep, round at the base,
80 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsts of
its edges forming at their junction with the hind margin an obtuse
angle. Styles and anal tube almost as in pellucida, Length,
23—3 mm.
Macropterous form.—Scutellum two and a half times as long as
pronotum; side keels distinct, somewhat diverging. Elytra yellowish
hyaline, nearly twice as long as abdomen; nerves yellow, at the
base afterwards dark, with small setigerous granules towards the
apex, costal margin white, that of the membrane and the suture
dark. Length, 3}—3 $ mm.
Woods, in spring.
32. Liburnia obscurella, Boh.
Delphax obscurella, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 58, 20 (1849) ;
Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 29 (¢ genitalia).
Liburnia obscurella, Scott, Knt. Mo. Mag., vii., 28, 37 ;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn. xii., 448, 13; Fieb., Cicad.
d’Kur., pt. iv., 20, 18.
Crown brown, fork of the middle keel evanescent in front.
Frontal channels blackish, paler down the middle, keels whitish.
Pronotum brownish yellow, somewhat shorter than the crown.
Scutellum twice as long as pronotum, brownish yellow, with a large
blackish spot on each side and another at the apex, keels sharp,
pale. Elytra as long as the abdomen, brownish grey, rounded
behind, costal margin and suture yellow-brown, hind margin and
clavus brownish; nerves strong yellow-brown, closely set with
setigerous granules. Abdomen above, male black, last segment
paler; female yellow, more or less widely brown at the base, dorsal
line whitish, each segment narrowly black at the base, apical
segments frequently entirely pale. Upper notch of pygofer (male),
seen from the side, almost vertical, and forming avery obtuse angle
with the straight hind margin, which is directed obliquely forwards,
lower notch very wide. Styles very short, sublanceolate, arched
forwards. Length, 2—2} mm.
Macropterous form.—Scutellum three times as long as pronotum,
transversely impressed at the apex; side keels obsolete, subparallel.
Elytra twice as long as abdomen, fusco-hyaline; nerves yellow,
with black setigerous granules, which are stronger on the corium
than on the membrane, margins brown. Length, 3—3> mm.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 81
33. Liburnia forcipata, Boh.
Delphax forcipata, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 57, 23 (1849) ;
Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 60, 12; Kirschb., Cicad.,
87, 88; Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 33
(3 genitalia).
Liburnia forcipata, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 27, 19;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 461, 26; Fieb., Cicad.
d’Eur., pt. iv., 26, 23.
Pitch-black, shining; facial keels, crown, hind margin of pro-
notum, and base of elytra widely, yellowish, marginal nerve of the
latter pale. Scutellum one-half longer than pronotum; side keels
distinct, diverging. Elytra coriaceous, about one-half as long as
abdomen, widely rounded behind; nerves strong, their granulation
indistinct. Pygofer (male) large, prominent, black, the upper
notch deep, reaching to the preceding segment, viewed from above
elliptic, at least one-half wider across the middle than at its
opening on the hind margin, its edges forming at their junction
with the latter an acute angle. Length, 2—23mm.
Macropterous form.—Scutellum two and a half times as long as
_pronotum, flattened towards the apex; side keels obsolete, slightly
curved outwards. Elytra about twice as long as the abdomen,
fuscous, somewhat pellucid (male), aqueo-hyaline (female), base
yellowish, nerves with small setigerous granules. Length,
23—4 mm.
Woods in spring.
34. Liburnia denticauda, Boh.
Delphax denticauda, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 64, 28
(1849) Hilor, Rhyn: ‘Liv., u-, 59, 11; Hieb-.,
Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 46 (¢ genitalia).
Liburnia denticauda, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vi., 28,
82; J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 456, 22: Fieb.,
Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iv., 49, 44.
3. Pale brownish yellow, breast and abdomen black, the latter
with the hind margin of the last dorsal segment white. Pronotum
distinctly shorter than crown, side keels curved outwards. Scu-
tellum scarcely one-half longer than pronotum ; side keels acute,
strongly diverging. Elytra about half as long as abdomen, pale
yellow, pellucid, very finely wrinkled transversely, hind margin
truncate with rounded angles; nerves strong, non-granulate.
Margin of upper notch of pygofer, seen from the side, oblique and
forming with the sinuate hind margin, which is directed obliquely
82 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
forwards, a wide triangular tooth. Middle of the lower margin of
pygofer with a long sharp tooth. Teeth of anal tube short, obtuse,
vertically connate.
@. Entirely pale brownish yellow, elytra about one-third as
long as abdomen. Length, 2—23 mm.
Macropterous form.—Scutellum two and a half times as long
as pronotum; apex reflexed, white; side keels very indistinct, nearly
parallel. Elytra, male two-thirds, female one-half, longer than
abdomen, yellowish hyaline; nerves dirty yellow, dusky towards
the apex. Length, 3—34+ mm.
A vernal wood-frequenting species like the preceding.
35. Liburnia exigua, Boh.
Delphax exigua, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 65, 29 (1849) ;
Flor, Rhyn. Liv:, 1., 61, 18; Kirsch., Cicad., 34,
32; Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 483 (9% geni-
talia).
Liburnia exigua, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 28, 85;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 457, 23; Fieb., Cicad.
d’Eur., pt. iv., 45, 40.
3. Greyish yellow, abdomen black with the apical segments
sometimes narrowly margined with yellow. Facial keels strong,
evanescent on the forehead. Scutellum scarcely one-half longer
than pronotum; side keels distinct, strongly diverging. Elytra
about half as long as abdomen, pale greyish yellow, pellucid,
margins paler, apex truncate with rounded angles; nerves strong,
non-granulate. Pygofer black, retracted, upper notch wide, rounded,
margined with yellow, lower notch feeble, hind margin straight.
Styles narrow, somewhat lanceolate, with a long narrow tooth at
the base projecting backward. Anal tube nearly circular, its teeth
represented by a long narrow straight procsss from the middle of
its lower margin.
?. Pale greyish yellow, head, pronotum, scutellum, and elytra
whitish, sides of abdomen above with some blackish markings.
Length, 1{—2 mm.
Macropterous form, 3 .—Scutellum nearly three times as long as
pronotum, transversely impressed before the apex, sides fuscous ;
side keels fine, subparallel. Elytra nearly twice as long as abdo-
men, whitish hyaline; nerves non-granulate, pale brown, darker
towards the apex. Length, 2} mm.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 83
36. Liburnia venosa, Germ.
Delphax venosa, Germ., Thon. Arch., i1., 57, 5.
D. rhypara, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., i1., 48, 5.
D. nitidula, Kirschb., Cicad., 36, 36.
Liburnia venosa, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 26, 18;
Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iv., 35, 80.
L. curtula, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 450, 18.
Fore parts lighter or darker pitch-brown, abdomen black. Elytra
and legs yellow-brown ; nerves of the former strongly raised, black.
Crown rectangular, a little longer than wide, its keels strong.
Pronotum a trifle shorter than the crown, its side keels straight,
strongly diverging, but reaching the hind margin. Scutellum very
little longer than the pronotum. Elytra about two-thirds as long
as the abdomen, widely rounded at the apex, entire marginal
nerve black (Pl. I., fig. 8).
Macropterous form.—Scutellum one and a half times as long as
pronotum. Elytra dirty whitish hyaline, finely wrinkled trans-
versely, nearly twice as long as abdomen; nerves dark brown,
strongly raised. Length, 1;—2 mm.
At roots of coarse grass and rushes. Easily dis-
tineuished from our other black species by its small size,
and the .side keels of the pronotum reaching the hind
margin.
37. Liburnia insignis, Scott.
Liburnia insignis, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., xviil., 270.
3. Pale yellowish, abdomen pitch-black, shining, with a large
yellow or brownish yellow transverse patch on the upper side at
the base, hind margin of the last four segments very narrowly
brown, down the centre of each a short narrow streak not reaching
the front margin, hind margin of the last segment broadly white.
Side keels of pronotum somewhat indistinct, disc on each side of
the centre somewhat depressed. Keels of scutellum distinct,
somewhat acute. Elytra about half as long as abdomen, their
apex flatly rounded; nerves fine, non-granulate. Legs yellow,
thighs fuscous at the base. Pygofer black, shining; viewed from
the side the hind margin is produced into a flat isosceles-angular
form, and has a short curved acute tooth at the lower extremity ;
viewed from behind the pygofer appears almost circular, margins
of the upper half folding down inwardly and forming two triangular
flaps, leaving a small space between their edges down the centre.
84 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
Styles black, forming a wide V-shaped character, apex of the arms
white, produced into a point. Length, 8mm.
@. Unknown.
Pitlochry, Perthshire.
38. Liburnia Aubei, Perris.
Delphax Aubei, Perris, Nouv. Exe. Ann. Soc. Linn.
Lyon, iv. (1857).
D. cognata, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., 527, t. 8, fig. 42
(d genitalia).
D. obsoleta, Kirschb., Cicad., 38, 80; J. Sahl., Not.
Fenn., xii., 458, 20.
Iiburnia cognata, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vil., 28, 34;
Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iv., 45, 39.
3. Greyish yellow, abdomen black with a whitish dorsal line,
each segment with a transverse row of about three short narrow
reddish yellow stripes near each side. Middle keel of pronotum
and scutellum and marginal nerve of elytra whitish. Elytra
pellucid, half as long as abdomen, apex widely rounded; nerves
moderately strong, non-granulate. Pygofer black, moderately
prominent, the margin of its deep angular notch and a large sub-
quadrate spot adjoining its obsolete lower notch yellowish, hind
margin straight. Styles pale, sinuate, blunt, nearly reaching the
very feeble obtuse teeth of the anal tube.
?. Abdomen greyish yellow with a whitish dorsal line, each
segment with a transverse row of about three short black stripes
near each side. Coloration otherwise as in the male. Length,
23;—3 mm.
Sandy coasts ; common.
39. Liburnia striatella, Fall.
Delphax striatella, Fall., Hem. Suec., ii., 75, 3; Flor,
Rhyn. Liv., u., 54, 8; Marsh., Knt. Mo. Mag., 1.,
251, 10; Fuieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 21
(dé genitalia) ; Kirschb., Cicad., 27, 17.
D. notula, Stal, Ofv., 192, 10 (1854).
Liburnia striatella, Seott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vil., 27, 22;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 485, 8; Fieb., Cicad.
@’Hur.,:pt.1v:,/5,3:
g. Black; facial keels, pronotum (except a large spot behind
each eye), and apex of scutellum, whitish, crown pale. Elytra
but little longer than abdomen, pale brownish, rounded at the
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 85
apex, nerves sparingly granulate. Legs yellow. Aperture of
pygofer constricted, its outline sinuate, upper notch semicircular,
its margin, seen from the side, oblique ; hind margin nearly vertical,
sinuate just before it joins the margin of the upper notch. Styles
very short, broad at the base, rapidly narrowing towards their
somewhat rhomboidal apex. Teeth of anal tube long, vertically
subcontiguous. Length, 1{—2$ mm.
@. Pronotum and scutellum widely pale down the middle,
their sides and the abdomen above blackish, the latter sometimes
with pale spots towards the apex, Length, 2}—3 mm.
Macropterous form.—Elytra hyaline, nearly twice as long as
abdomen; nerves fine pale brown, darker towards the apex,
sparingly granulate, apical third of costal nerve black, sixth apical
area fuscous, at least in the female. Length, 83}3—4} mm.
40. Liburnia Farmairei, Perris.
Delphax Fairmairei, Perris, Nouv. Exe. Ann. Soe.
Linn. Lyon, iv., 170 (1857).
D. neglecta, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., i., 57, 10; Fieb.,
Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 52 (¢ genitalia) ;
Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag., i., 274, 16 ?.
Liburnia neglecta, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 27, 23 ;
Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iv., 57, 52.
L. extrusa, Scott, l.c., 194, 22a, sec. spec. comm.
Pale brownish yellow, sides of pronotum and scutellum and
frequently also sides of abdomen widely brown. Elytra in the
brachypterous form about two-thirds as long as abdomen, broadly
rounded at the apex, inner marginal nerve white ; nerves strong,
sparingly and indistinctly granulate; in the macropterous form
nearly twice as long as abdomen, whitish hyaline; nerves fine, pale,
darker towards the apex, very finely and sparingly granulate,
marginal nerve of membrane black. Towards the apex of the
abdomen each segment has a transverse row of about three black
punctures on each side, and a fine pale dorsal line runs down the
middle. Upper notch of pygofer (male) rounded at the base, ver y
wide and deep; hind margin, viewed from the side, with a wide and
deep arcuate notch in the middle, produced above into a strong
triangular tooth, lower angle of the notch rectangular or nearly
so; styles visible, cleaver-shaped, reaching across the mouth of the
notch. Styles (P1.I1., fig. 10), viewed from behind, wide, flat, black,
parallel-sided, straight and connivent for a short distance from the
base, then suddenly bent outwards and afterwards curved upwards,
their apex truncate. Length, 2;—4; mm.
86 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
The female of this species is abundant at the roots of
grass in the autumn, and varies much in colour, some
examples being nearly black, in which case the pale dise
of the pronotum and scutellum and the inner marginal
nerve of the elytra are very conspicuous. Males are
difficult to meet with in company with females, but they
occur more freely a little earlier in the season. The
nymph of this species is the Achorotile bivittata, Boh., of
Fieber and Puton’s catalogues.
41. Liburnia brevipennis, Boh.
Delphax brevipennis, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 49, 17
(1847).
D. hyalinipennis, Stal, Ofv., 6, 19 (1854); Fieb.,
Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 51 (3 genitalia) ;
Kirschb., Cicad., 28, 18.
LTiburnia hyalinipennis, Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iv.,
56; 51.
L. brevipennis, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 444, 14.
Similar in size and appearance to the last named, but the pale
ground colour of the upper side is dirty white, inclining to bluish
grey, and the dark stripe on the sides of the pronotum and scutellum
is rarely so decided as in that species. Styles (Pl. II., fig. 12),
viewed from behind, somewhat cleaver-shaped, wide, flat, black,
truncate at the apex, their inner margin faintly concave on its
lower half, with a feeble obtuse tooth just above the middle, and
another, similar, at the apex, outer margin simple.
Dunston, near Norwich, at roots of coarse grass,
September and October; local. The nymph of this
species cannot be distinguished from that of the last,
except by the evidence afforded by its occurrence in
company with the adult form.
42. Liburnia straminea, Stal.
Delphax straminea, Stal, Sv. Ak. Handl., 358, 11
(1858); Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 54
(3 genitalia).
Iiburnia straminea, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 458, 24 ;
Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iv., 60, 55.
L. V-flava, Scott, int. Mo. Mag., xvili., 104, sec.
spec. typ.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 87
3. Pale yellow, claws fuscous. Scutellum two-thirds longer
than pronotum, its side keels distinct, diverging. Elytra yellowish
hyaline, about one-half as long as abdomen, separately rounded at
the apex; nerves raised, concolorous. Upper notch of pygofer
angular with sinuate sides, its margin, when viewed from the side,
forming an obtuse but distinct angle with the vertical hind margin.
The styles are really placed horizontally, so that only their ends
are visible when viewed zm situ behind. (Plate II., figs. 7 and 8).
Macropterous form.—Scutellum two and a half times as long as
pronotum, its side keels scarcely perceptible, slightly diverging.
Elytra hyaline, nearly twice as long as abdomen, narrowly rounded
at the apex, nerves yellowish white.
@. Similar in colour to the male. Elytra in the macropterous
form about two-thirds longer than the abdomen. Length,
2—34 mm.
Stratton Strawless, Norfolk. The male of this species
may be easily recognised by the structure of the genitalia,
but the female is hardly to be distinguished from that of
the next.
43. Liburnia flaveola, Flor.
Delphax flaveola, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., 11., 72,19; Kirschb.,
Cicad., 34, 31; Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 55
(Sd genitalia).
Tiburnia flaveola, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 459, 25;
Fieb., Cicad. d’EKur., pt. iv., 61, 56; Scott, Ent.
Mo. Mag., xiii., 130.
Yellow or somewhat ferruginous. Central facial keel acute,
obsolete on the forehead. LElytra pale yellow, transparent, about
one-half as long as abdomen, their apex broadly rounded. Legs
yellow, sometimes with a reddish tinge, claws dark brown. Abdo-
men sometimes brown above. Upper notch of pygofer (male)
angular with sinuate sides, its margin, when viewed from the side,
passing gradually into the convex hind margin. Styles narrow-
lanceolate, obliquely truncate at the apex. Teeth of anal tube
large, blunt. Length, 2 mm.
Macropterous form.—Hlytra nearly twice as long as abdomen,
pale, transparent; nerves pale, finely granulate, marginal nerve of
membrane brownish. Length, 8 mm.
London district ; in July.
88 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
44, Liburnia paludosa, Flor.
Delphax paludosa, Flor, Rhyn. liv., i1., 82, 27; Fieb.,
Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 49.
LTiburnia paludosa, Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iv., 52, 47 ;
Scott. Ent. Mo. Mag., xii., 205.
Pale yellowish or brownish yellow, apex of the 1st and base of
the 2nd joint of antennz narrowly black, tarsi darker towards the
apex. Hlytra ovate-lanceolate, as long as the abdomen, slightly
narrowed towards the apex, nerves somewhat thickly and finely
granulate. Pygofer (male) brown, its outline, when viewed from
behind, lozenge-shaped with rounded angles, upper notch large,
semicircular, margined with yellow; viewed from the side the
margins of both the upper and lower notches pass gradually into
the hind margin, thereby giving the latter the appearance of being
roundly produced at the middle of its height. Styles wide, nearly
reaching the teeth of the anal tube, obliquely truncate at the apex,
their inner margin with a large notch near the base. Teeth of
anal tube short, pointed, divergent. Length, 2;—8 mm.
London district ; in June and July.
45. Liburnia speciosa, Boh.
Delphaz speciosa, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 59, 30 (1847).
Euides speciosa, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 7
(details) ; J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 403, 1; Fieb.,
Cicad. d’Kur., pt. iii., 32.
Delphazx basilinea, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., u1., 88, 28.
Dicranotropis basilinea, Kirschb., Cicad., 40, 1.
Liburnia speciosa, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 27, 24.
3. Dirty yellow, pronotum and scutellum with a whitish
central stripe. Elytra yellowish hyaline, twice as long as abdomen,
with a large wedge-shaped basal spot, a broad curved band at the
inner margin of the membrane, anda streak on the suture near
the apex of the clavus, black, nerves very finely granulate.
Scutellum more than twice as long as pronotum. Abdomen
blackish brown, dorsal segments narrowly margined with whitish.
Upper notch of pygofer widely arcuate, its margin, seen from the
side, forming an obtuse angle with the nearly vertical hind margin ;
lower notch wide, shallow, obtusangular, and having in the middle
a short triangular tooth. Styles short; viewed from behind their
apex is apparently expanded into a large rhomboidal plate. Teeth
of anal tube long, distant, curved forward at the apex.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 89
@. Scutellum scarcely twice as long as pronotum. Elytra
about one-half as long as abdomen, yellowish hyaline, without
black markings, apex obtusely rounded. Abdomen brown or
yellow-brown with a darker lateral stripe, sometimes with a pale
dorsal line. Length, 3}—5 mm.
On Phragmites communis.
46. Liburnia limbata, Fab.
Delphax limbata, Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 84,5; Boh., Sv.
Ak. Handl., 60, 31 (1847); Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 85,
29; Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag., i., 226, 6; Kirschb.,
Cicad., 36, 35.
D. signifera, Boh., Ofv., 164, 80 (1845).
D. palliata, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 56, 22 (1849).
D. anceps, Germ., Mag. d’Ent., iv., 105, 10; Schaff.,
Nom. Ent., 1., 65.
D. pictipennis, Curt., Brit. Ent., 657, 7.
Conomelus limbatus, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig.
10 (details); Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iii., 89, 1.
Liburnia limbata, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 467, 30;
Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 29, 39.
Fore parts above yellow, elytra whitish hyaline with a faint
lilac tinge, hind margin brown, nerves with large remote black
granules. Abdomen blackish brown with some transverse rows of
pale spots. Crown, pronotum, and scutellum subequal in length.
Elytra less than half as long as abdomen, their apex truncate.
Length, 2;—3 mm.
Macropterous form.—Crown and pronotum yellow, scutellum
yellow-brown, elytra whitish hyaline with a faint lilac tinge; a
short line near the apex of the clavus, a broad curved band on the
membrane (its convexity to the inner margin), the nerves of the
latter, and the conspicuous granulation of all the nerves, black.
Scutellum more than twice as long as pronotum, side keels obsolete.
Elytra nearly twice as long as abdomen. Length, 3!—4 mm.
Excessively abundant amongst rushes; the macro-
pterous form scarce.
47. Liburnia Douglasi, Scott.
Iaburnia Douglasi, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 72, 38;
Fieb., Cicad. d’Hur., pt. iv., 80, 27.
3. Crown, forehead, and pronotum yellow. T'ace blackish,
spotted with white between the keels, middle keel acute, obsolete
TRANS. ENT. 80C. LOND. 1886.—ParT II. (JUNE). 4H
90 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
on the forehead. Scutellum pale brown, beyond the side keels
dark brown. Elytra brown, more than half as long as abdomen,
hind margin truncate with rounded angles; nerves fine, non-
granulate. Abdomen black. Pygofer above brownish yellow,
sides black, its outline seen from behind oval. Upper notch
semicircular, with incurved angles not occupying the entire width
of the segment, its margin, seen from the side, very oblique
and forming a very obtuse angle with the vertical hind margin.
Lower notch angular with arcuate sides. Styles large, yellowish,
reaching the anal tube, upright, somewhat divergent in their lower
two-thirds, suddenly narrowed into a short neck, and afterwards
expanded into a square plate directed towards the interior of the
cavity. Length, 2mm.
@. Undescribed.
Folkestone Warren; at roots of rushes.
48. Liburnia lineata, Perris.
Delphax lineata, Perris, Nouv. Exe. Ann. Soc. Linn.
Lyon (1857), iv., 171.
D. quadrwittata, Korschb., Cicad., 40, 45.
Eurysa vittata, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., 524.
E. lineata, Fieb., l.c., t. 8, fig. 9 (details) ; Cicad.
d’Kur., pt. ii., 36, 2.
Tiburnia lineata, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 29, 40.
3. Crown yellow. Face black with two transverse white
patches on each side of the middle keel, the latter obtuse obsolete
above. Pronotum and scutellum grey, outer angles of both and a
streak on each side of the middle keel of the latter brown. Elytra
pale, more than halfas long as abdomen, apex widely rounded, nerves
non-granulate. Abdomen black, the two last dorsal segments more
or less widely yellow. Pygofer, seen from the side obtusely angular
in the middle at the junction of the shallow arcuate upper notch
with the hind margin; lower notch deep, angular. Styles incurved,
their inner apical angle produced into a pointed tooth, outer apical
angle produced, obliquely truncate, and bearing a few fine hairs,
the whole strongly resembling a profile view of a bird’s head and
neck. Teeth of anal tube, seen from behind, long, pointed, strongly
divergent.
g. Face brown with white patches, abdomen generally pale
with blackish stripes.
Macropterous form (male).— Crown brown. Pronotum dark
brown, side keels and hind margin more or less grey. Scutellum
black, middle keel generally brown. LElytra pale, nearly twice as
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 91
long as abdomen, with a more or less broad smoky streak along the
inner margin, nerves brown, non-granulate. Length, 2}—4 mm.
Shiere, near Guildford, &c.; in grassy places in spring.
49. Liburnia uncinata, Fieb.
Delphax uncinata, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., 524, 1, t. 8,
fig. 11 (details).
Liburnia uncinata, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 28, 36 ;
Fieb., Cicad. d’Hur., pt. iv., 7; 5.
3. Face and crown black, keels yellowish. Pronotum and
scutellum yellowish grey with white keels. Elytra dusky, in the
macropterous form much longer than the abdomen, nerves with
brown granules, costa and inner margin pale; membrane slightly
darker, its marginal and other nerves brownish yellow. Abdomen
orange at the base, the other dorsal segments black with white
margins. Outline of pygofer, viewed from behind, roundish ;
upper notch wide-oval, apical angles acute, strongly incurved, its
oblique margin, viewed from the side, forming with the hind
margin, which is somewhat sinuate and directed obliquely down-
wards and forwards, a large angular incurved black-pointed tooth ;
lower notch semicircular bordered with white. Teeth of anal tube
not apparent. Styles brown, nearly reaching the tooth on the hind
margin of the pygofer, wide, lanceolate, their outer margin convex,
inner margin sinuate, pilose. Length, 3 mm.
9. This sex was apparently unknown to Fieber, but it is thus
characterised by Scott:—‘‘The space between the keels on the
crown, face, and clypeus smutty or black, keels of the two latter
yellowish white. Elytra sordid yellow, distinctly granulated.
Abdomen sordid yellow, the margins of the segments more or less
broadly black.”
Pitlochry, Perthshire ; on grass in woods.
50. Liburnia mesomela, Boh.
Delphax mesomela, Boh. Sv. Ak. Handl., 257 (1849) ;
Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 50, 6; Kirschb., Cicad.,
35, 33.
Delphacinus mesomelus, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8,
fig. 12 (details); Cicad. d’Eur., pt. 11., 25, 1
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 421, 1.
Liburnia mesomela, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 29, 41.
3. Crown, pronotum, scutellum, and elytra white ; abdomen
deep black, the last two segments margined with white; legs black,
92 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
knees pale. Scutellum one-half longer than pronotum. Elytra
about half as long as abdomen, truncate with rounded angles,
nerves non-granulate.
@. Whitish yellow, claws black.
Macropterous form.—Elytra pellucid, longer than the abdomen,
slightly widened behind, their apex narrowly rounded, nerves pale
yellow, somewhat infuscated towards the apex, marginal nerve of
membrane narrowly blackish. In the male the white margin to
the last two abdominal segments is wanting. Length, 2i—3} mm.
Stratton Strawless, Norfolk; Shiere, near Guildford,
&c.; in grassy places.
iv. Dicranotropis, fieb. (PI. I., fig. 20).
Fieb., Grundz. Delph., 521, 16 (1866).
Easily separated from the last genus by the greater
length of the bifurcation of the central facial keel, which
is equal to or exceeds one-half of its entire length. Of
the four described European species one only has hitherto
been recorded from Britain.
1. Dicranotropis hamata, Boh.
Delphax hamata, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 45, 14 (1849) ;
Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 51, 7; Marsh., Ent. Mo.
Mag., i., 228, 9.
D. notula, H.-S., F. G., 148, 19.
D. striatella, Stal, Ofv., 191, 19 (1854).
Dicranotropis hamata, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8,
fig. 17 (details); Kirschb., Cicad., 41, 2; Scott,
Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 73, 1; J. Sahl., Not. Fenn.,
xli., 469, 1; Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iv., 87, 4.
3d. Pale testaceous, facial keels white, more or less strongly
margined with black, pronotum and scutellum with a narrow
white central stripe. Elytra more than half as long as abdomen,
pellucid greyish white, hind margin white, truncate with rounded
angles, inner apical angle with a short black line. Abdomen black
with a fine pale dorsal line, and occasionally some rows of pale
spots on each side. Pygofer black, down the middle of the upper
side broadly white, upper notch deep, angular, hind margin strongly
sinuate and directed obliquely downwards and forwards. Legs
pale, thighs dusky, hind pair black.
9. Paler than the male, abdomen pale testaceous, with the
sides widely, the hind margin of each segment, and a fine line on
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 93
each side of the pale dorsal line black, on the dark side portions a
few rows of pale spots. Elytra less than half as long as abdomen.
Legs entirely pale. In some examples the dark markings, in-
cluding the short line at the apex of the clavus, are entirely
wanting. Length, 23—3} mm.
Macropterous form.—Seutellum nearly three times as long as
the pronotum, its keels obsolete. Elytra about twice as long as
abdomen, whitish hyaline, inner margin at the apex of the clavus
with a short black line; nerves pale brown, darker behind, closely
set with fine setigerous granules. Length, 4—4: mm.
Very common.
v. Strroma, Fieb. (Pl. L., fig. 21).
Fieb., Grundz. Delph., 521, 18 (1866).
Frons smooth with two keels on the dise, which, although some-
times obsolete above, are always observable near the clypeus.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1 (4). Facial keels filiform throughout.
. Facial keels strong, separate at the clypeus,
mouth of pygofer (male) triangular .. 1. albomarginata.
3 (2). Facial keels feeble, confluent at the clypeus,
mouth of pygofer (male) wide-oval, widest
above the middle .. ee se -. 2. borealis.
bo
—
iso)
—
4 (1). Facial keels obsolete above.
5 (10). Pronotum and scutellum not striped with
black.
6 (7). Frons narrow-oblong, entirely yellow .. 98. pteridis.
7 (6). Frons wide, narrowed and marked with
black just above the clypeus.
8 (9). Styles obliquely truncate at the apex, each
angle produced into a small pointed tooth 4. afjinis.
9 (8). Styles acuminate at the apex aie 5. bicarinata.
10 (5). Pronotum and scutellum yellow, each ani
two black stripes .. ied a .. 6. nigrolineata.
1. Stiroma albomarginata, Curt.
Delphax albomarginata, Curt., Ent. Mag., i., 195;
Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag., 1., 227, 8.
D. mesta, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 59, 24 (1849) ; Stal,
Ofv., 8, 82 (1854).
D. collaris, Stal, Ofv., 175, 3 (1853).
D. adelpha, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., u., 81, 26.
Ditropis adelpha, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 18
(g¢ genitalia) ; Kirschb., Cicad., 43, 5.
94 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
Stiroma adelpha, Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iv., 91, 1.
S. albomarginata, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 74, 4.
3. Crown and face brownish yellow, keels white, pronotum
white, scutellum dirty yellow, elytra pitch-black, hind margin
broadly white, abdomen pitch-black with a fine pale dorsal line.
Crown, pronotum, and scutellum subequal inlength. Elytra about
one-half as long as abdomen, subtruncate at the apex. Styles
spreading horizontally, triangular, acuminate.
?. Similar to the male, but shorter elytra and the black
coloration replaced by yellow-brown. Length, 2—2} mm.
Macropterous form.—Scutellum somewhat convex, more than
twice as long as pronotum, transversely impressed behind, side
keels wanting. Elytra nearly twice as long as abdomen, fusco-
hyaline, nerves yellow, the marginal nerve of the membrane
brown. Length, 3;—4 mm.
Common.
2. Stiroma borealis, J. Sahl.
Ditropis borealis, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 477, 4.
Delphax mesta, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 80, 25.
Ditropis mesta, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 18
(3d genitalia).
Stiroma masta, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii, 74, 53
Fieb., Cicad. d’Kur., pt. iv., 92, 2.
3. Very similar to the last species in size and colour. Styles
diverging, moderately curved, pointed, their inner margin strongly
bisinuate, outer margin simple.
@. Pale brownish yellow, facial keels and hind margin of
elytra white.
Macropterous form (female).—Scutellum pitch-black, its keels
obsolete. Elytra much longer than abdomen, hyaline with a faint
brownish tinge, nerves brownish. Abdomen black or pitch-black.
In the synonymy of this species and the preceding I
follow J. Sahlberg.
8. Stiroma pteridis, Boh.
Delphax pteridis, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 115 (1852);
Stal, Ofv., 197, 14 (1854); Marsh., Ent. Mo.
Mag., i., 201, 4.
Ditropis pteridis, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., t. 8, fig. 18
(d genitalia); Kirschb., Cicad., 42, 2.
Stiroma pteridis, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 78, 8;
Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iv., 94, 3.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 95
g. Shining black, head, pronotum, and legs yellow. Elytra
rather more than half as long as abdomen. Mouth of pygofer
rhomboidal, upper notch angular. Styles black, spreading, acumi-
nate. Anal tube white.
@. Generally somewhat paler than the male, sometimes
entirely brownish yellow. Elytra one-third as long as abdomen.
Length, 23—3 mm.
Macropterous form (female).—Elytra livid, brownish at the base,
nerves yellowish. Length, 4} mm.
On Pteris; common. The macropterous form rare.
4, Stiroma affinis, Fieb.
Stiroma affinis, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., 531, 1, t. 8,
fig. 18 (details); Cicad. d’Hur., pt. iv., 96, 5;
Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 73, 1.
S. nasalis, Dougl., sec. spec. comm.
g. Fore parts dirty greyish yellow, abdomen yeilow-brown,
darker on the sides, a black patch on each side of the frons
adjoining the clypeus (occasionally confluent), and another on each
side of the scutellum beyond the side keels, and the claw-joints
black. Crown a little longer than pronotum, which is about one-
third shorter than the scutellum. Elytra about one-third as long
as abdomen, subtruncate behind. Mouth of pygofer pyriform-oval.
?. Yellowish white, with the usual black markings on the
frons and scutellum, and generally a dark stripe down each side of
the abdomen.
Macropterous form (female).—Crown and face yellow-brown, the
dark marking at the apex of the frons faint and ill-defined,
remainder of the body dark piceous. Scutellum at least twice as
long as pronotum; its side keels obsolete, subparallel. Elytra
one-third longer than abdomen, fusco-hyaline; nerves fine, brown.
Length, 3j—4 mm.
Not uncommon in woods.
5. Stiroma bicarinata, H.-Scff.
Delphax bicarinata, H.-Seff., Deuts. Ins., 143, 21.
D. nasalis, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 41, 11 (1849); Flor,
Rhyn. Liv., i1., 78, 24; Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag.,
age
D. mutabilis, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 48, 3 (1849).
Stiroma mutabilis, Fieb., Grundz. Delph., 15, 2, t. 8,
fig. 18 (gf genitalia).
96 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
Ditropis bicarinata, Kirschb., Cicad., 48,8; J. Sahl.,
Not. Fenn., xii., 480. 6.
Stiroma nasalis, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vi., 73, 2;
Fieb., Cicad. d’Eur., pt. iv., 95, 4.
This species so nearly resembles the preceding that it
can only be separated from it with certainty by the
characters derived from the male genitalia. Mouth of
pygofer pyriform-oval.
Hitherto rare, but I have examined one undoubted
male from coll. Capron.
6. Stiroma nigrolineata, Scott.
Eurybregma nigrolineata, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., ii., 92.
3. Crown almost twice as broad as long, brown, impressions
black, keel between the two basal ones yellow. Face yellow-brown,
its lower half, outside the middle keels, black ; keels rudimentary,
approximating and uniting at the apex. Pronotum and scutellum
yellow, their side margins and a wide stripe down each side of tho
centre black. Hlytra much longer than the abdomen, whitish
hyaline ; a brown stripe (becoming darker behind) near the costa,
and another near the claval suture, round the apex broadly black.
Abdomen black, dorsal line and side margins narrowly yellow.
Pygofer black, with a somewhat triangular yellow patch on each
side near the upper margin, hind margin almost vertical, mouth
transverse-ovate. Styles long, aculeate, diverging, almost touching
the margin at the height of the anal tube. Legs pale fusco-
testaceous, thighs with a black stripe on the inside. Length,
nearly 5 mm.
@. Undescribed.
By sweeping in June, Fawley.
VII. CERCOPIDA.
Frons strongly convex. Ocelli two, placed on the hind part of
the crown. Hind margin of pronotum with a notch in the middle.
Elytra coriaceous. Tibi cylindric, hind pair with two spines on
the outer side and a ring of bristles round the apex. Two basal
joints of the tarsi denticulate at the apex. Pulvilli between the
claws distinct.
TaBLE OF GENERA.
2). Front of pronotum straight .. ers .. 1, TrrecpHora.
4). Crown and pronotum with a middle keel .. ii. Arnrornora.
3). Crown and pronotum not keeled Ae .. lil. Pomanus.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 97
i. TrrecpHora, Am. et Serr. (Pl. L., fig. 22).
Am. et Serv., Hém., 561, 458 (1848).
Ocelli much nearer to each other than to the eyes. Rostrum
2-joimted, not reaching beyond the middle coxs. The free side
margins of the pronotum as long as the scutellum.
1. Triecphora vulneraia, Ilhig.
Cercopis sanguinolenta, Panz., Faun. Germ., 38, 12;
Burm., Handb., ii., 125, 7, var. c.
C. vulneraia, Illig., Germar’s Mag. d’Ent., iv., 45, 15;
Curt., Brit. Ent., p. and pl. 461; Fieb., Ent.
Mon., 7, 1, t. 1, figs. 1, 2; Kirschb., Cicad., 63, 8.
Triecphora sanguinolenta, Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag., u.,
54, 1.
Black, the basal third of the clavus, an abbreviated band across
the middle of the corium, and an outwardly curved band just before
the apex of each elytron, blood-red. Pubescence pale and very
fine. Punctuation very close and fine. Side keels of the face
indistinet, the central one wanting. Length, 10—11 mm.
Woods in the south, on alder; very abundant in
Lincolnshire and Derbyshire, usually on long grass.
. ApHRopHoRA, Germ. (PI. I., fig. 23).
Germar, Mag. d’Ent., iv., 50 (1821).
Oeelli as in the last genus. Rostrum 3-jointed, reaching or
nearly reaching the hind coxz. The free side margins of the
pronotum much shorter than the scutellum.
We possess two species of this genus, which may be
thus distinguished :—
Cosia with an oblique band-like spot near the middle and
another (triangular) behind... icy es Meee
Cosia withoui distinct white markings <5 <s ww oes Sudicts:
1. Aphrophora alni, Fall.
Cercopis alni, Fall., Hem. Suec., u1., 11, 2.
C. bifasciata, Fab., Ent. Sys., iv., 56, 40.
Aphrophora spumaria, Germ., Mag. d’Ent., iv., 50, 1;
Burm., Handb., u., 121, 1; Am. et Serv., Hem.,
75, Cue BF
98 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
A. alni, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 185, 1; Marsh., Ent.
Mo. Mag., ii., 57, 1; Kirschb., Cicad., 64, 2;
Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 271, 1; J. Sahl., Not.
Fenn., xii., 86, 1.
Pale greyish brown with very short yellow pubescence, closely
and deeply punctured with black, except on the white portions of
the elytra, where the punctuation is pale. Markings on elytra as
above. Abdomen black. Legs pale, dark at the extreme apex.
Length, 83—93 mm.
Common on alders, &c.
2. Aphrophora salicis, DeG.
Cicada spumaria salicis, DeGeer, Abh. Gesch. Ins.,
Ti, 116, 2:
Cercopis rustica, Fab., Ent. Sys., iv., 54, 83; Sys.
Rhyn., 97, 52.
C. salicis, Fall., Hem. Suec., ii., 11, 1.
Aphrophora salicina, Am. et Serv., Héem., 255, 2.
A. salicis, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 186, 2; Marsh., Ent.
Mo. Mag., ii., 58, 2; Kirsehb., Cicad., 68, 1;
Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii., 272, 2; J. Sahl., Not.
Fenn., xil., 87, 3.
Greyish yellow with short yellow pubescence, closely and finely
punctured with black. Elytra occasionally with faint traces of
triangular whitish spot on the costa near the base. Length,
10—103 mm.
Not so common as the preceding.
iii. Pamumnus, Stal. (PI. I., fig. 24).
Stal, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxv., 66, (1864).
Ocelli nearer to the eyes than to each other. Rostrum 2-jointed,
not reaching beyond the middle coxe. The free side margins of
the pronotum much shorter than the scutellum.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
). Sides of elytra distinctly rounded .. -» L. spumarius.
). Sides of elytra parallel.
). Costa with one or more large white spots.
). Costa with two white spots... os -. 2. campestris.
). Costa with one white spot and a white streak 3. exclamationis.
). Costa with a white streak, without spots, or
elytra entirely black .. Se Se .. 4, lineatus.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 99
1. Philenus spumarius, Linn.
It is unnecessary to encumber this work with the full
synonymy of this abundant and well-known species,
which may at all times be readily distinguished from its
congeners by the distinctly curved side margins of its
elytra. Some of its colour varieties are very constant
iu pattern, and the following, according to J. Sahlberg,
have received distinctive names :—
spumaria, Auct. Yellowish brown, costa with two large transverse
white spots.
fasciata, Fab. Head and pronotum yellow, elytra black with two
large transverse white spots on the costa.
gibba, Zett. Crown and front half of the pronotum yellow; hind
part of the latter, scutellum, and elytra black, the latter with
a large white transverse spot before the middle.
biguttata, Fab. Black mottled with yellow, elytra with a small
round white spot behind.
lewcophthalma, Linn. Entirely black.
leucocephala, Linn. Black with the crown and front of pronotum
yellow.
lateralis, Linn. Black, sides of elytra widely yellow.
marginella, Fab. Black; crown, front of pronotum, and sides of
elytra yellow.
vittata, Fab. Yellowish; hind part of pronotum, scutellum, and a
wide sutural stripe brown.
ustulata, Fall. Yellowish; crown, pronotum, and margin of elytra
at the base and apex black.
preusta, Fab. Yellowish; hind part of pronotum, scutellum, and
apex of elytra brown.
lineata, Fab. Yellowish; middle of the hind part of pronotum,
scutellum, a stripe on the elytra, and the suture blackish
brown.
populi, Fab. Unicolorous yellow.
Length, 5—6 mm.
2. Philenus campestris, Fall.
Cercopis campestris, Fall., Hem. Suec., i., 20, 7.
Ptyelus campestris, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., u., 125, 3;
Kirschb., Cicad., 65, 4; Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag.,
vil., 248, 2.
Philenus campestris, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 95, 6.
Upper side pale yellowish brown or fawn-colour, costa at the
base narrowly and two large triangular spots upon it behind white.
100 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
Very closely and finely punctured. Pubescence dense, pale. Crown,
pronotum, and scutellum sometimes with a blackish brown central
stripe. Length, 4—5 mm.
The least common of the genus.
3. Philenus exclamationis, Thunb.
Cicada exclamationis, Thunb., Act. Ups., iv., 24, 40.
Cercopis exclamationis, Fall., Hem. Suec., i1., 21, 8.
Ptyelus exclamationis, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., u., 124, 2;
Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag., ii., 56, 2; Kirschb.,
Cicad., 65, 3; Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vii, 242, 3.
Philenus exclamationis, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii.,
98, 4.
Lighter or darker yellowish brown with a faint bronzy tinge,
costa widely and a large triangular spot upon it just before the
apex white. Apex of the clavus sometimes widely pale. Very
closely and somewhat strongly punctured, densely clothed with
short pale hairs. Length, 3}—4 mm.
Moderately common.
4, Philenus lineatus, Linn.
Cicada lineata, Linn., Faun. Suec., 241, 888.
Cercopis lineata, Fall., Hem. Suec., u1., 20, 6.
C. abbreviata, Fab., Ent. Sys., iv., 35, 41.
Ptyelus lineatus, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., i., 123, 1; Marsh.,
Ent. Mo. Mag., i1., 55,1; Kirschb., Cicad., 65, 2;
Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., vil., 242, 2.
Philenus lineatus, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 96, 7.
Pale yellow, costa with a white stripe, just within which is a
black one, which becomes indistinct on the hinder half of the
elytron. Densely clothed with very short pale pubescence, punctu-
ation very close and fine. Length, 4;—63 mm,
Very common. Through the kindness of Mr. E. A.
Butler I have had the opportunity of examining eight
examples of a black form of this species, which may be
classified as follows :—
a. Pitch-black, costa whitish (three females).
b. Pitch-black, costa whitish on its basal half (male and female).
c. Pitch-black, metasternum and hind cox yellow (male and
female).
d. Entirely pitch-black (one male).
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 101
One example of var. c was from Scotland, and all the
others from Chobham. Although this species is at
times excessively abundant here in Norfolk, I have not
hitherto met with a variety.
VIII. LEDRIDA.
Characters those of the single genus.
Lepra, Fab. (Pl. I. fig. 25).
Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 24 (1803).
Crown foliaceous in front, its front margin bluntly angular in the
middle and forming a distinct obtuse angle near each eye. Eyes
small, globose. Ocelli near the base of the crown nearly twice as
far from the eyes asfrom each other. Elytra subcoriaceous. Outer
edge of hind tibiew produced in a flattened knife-like form, serrato-
dentate and densely ciliate.
1. Ledra aurita, Linn.
Cicada aurita, Linn., Sys. Nat., 706, 7.
Membracis aurita, Fab., Ent. Sys. iv., 11, 15; Panz.,
Ry Gs750, 218:
Ledra aurita, Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 24,1; Germ., Mag.
d'iint., av., 54) 1; Pall.,”HemsSuce., a5 9) 1;
Burm., Handb., ii., 116, 16: Gen. Ins. descr. and
pl.; Curt., Brit. Ent., p. and pl. 676; Kirschb.,
Cicad., 71,1; J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 103, 1.
Lighter or darker brown with a greenish tinge, elytra paler
towards the apex, with a broad indistinct pale band before the
middle, and traces of a pale subtriangular spot on the costa just
before the apex. Abdomen above black (male) or brownish yellow
(female). Upper side roughly punctured with brown. Crown
tricarinate, the side keels abbreviated. Pronotum in front and
between the processes and the seutellum behind transversely
wrinkled. Nerves of elytra brown, strongly raised. Length,
13—18 mm.
On oaks ; not very common.
IX. ULOPID.
The characters coincide with those of the single genus.
102 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
Uxopa, Fall. (Pl. I., fig. 26).
Fall., Hem. Suec. Cicad., 65 (1826).
Legs subsimilar. ‘Tibiz triangular-prismatic. Front margin of
crown acute.
Of the five described European species only two have
been detected in Britain, and they may be distinguished
as follows :—
Front margin of crown forming an obtuse but distinct
angle near each eye, straight or faintly concave in
the middle... a 30 ne .. L. reticulata.
Curve of front margin of crown continuous .. so Os OFEVIA.
1. Ulopa reticulata, Fab.
Cercopis reticulata, Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 98, 64.
C. erice, Germ., Faun. Ins., iii., t. 24.
Ulopa obtecta, Fall., Hem. Suec., u., 66, 2; Germ.,
Mag. d’Ent., iv., 55,1; Burm., Handb., i1., 106,
1; Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 140, 1; Marsh., Ent.
Mo. Mag., ii., 59, 1; Kirschb., Cicad., 69, 2.
Eulopa ericetorum, St. Farg. et Serv., Ene. Meéth., x.,
765, 1.
Ulopa macroptera, Kirschb., Cicad., 69, 3.
U. reticulata, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xu., 372, 1.
Brown with a reddish tinge, elytra with two oblique white bands
running from the suture to nearly the same point on the costa.
Fore parts strongly punctured. Crown with a large depression
near each eye. Pronotum with a horseshoe-shaped impression on
each side. Elytra convex, parallel-sided, narrowed and deflexed
behind, ocellate-punctate ; nerves strongly raised, claval suture not
apparent.
Macropterous form.—Pronotum wider and more convex behind,
Elytra pellucid, not deflexed behind, claval suture distinct, the
white bands obsolete. Length, 3—3$ mim.
Common.
2. Ulopa trivia, Germ.
Ulopa trivia, Germ., Faun. Ins., iv., pl. 21, ¢; Mag.
ad’ Hnt., iv.,-56, 4; Bumn,., ‘Gen. Ins:, 15, plese
Kirschb., Cicad., 68, 1; Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag.,
vil., 272, 2.
U. decussata, Germ., Mag. d’Ent., iv., 55,2 (2).
Similar in form to the preceding, but somewhat smaller. Male
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 103
yellowish white ; a broad stripe on the crown near each eye, the
front and hind margins of pronotum, and three stripes on each
elytron, dark brown or black. Female entirely yellowish white.
Length, 23—3} mm.
Macropterous form undescribed. Scarce. Lulworth ;
Riddlesdown ; Shiere, near Guildford ; by sweeping, and
at the roots of low plants.
X. PAROPIIDA.
Represented in Britain by the single genus.
MrcoputHaumes, Curt. (Pl. I., fig. 3).
Curt., Ent. Mag., i., 174 (1832).
Each end of the keel dividing the crown from the face split into
a fork, in the angle of whlch is placed the ocellus. Legs sub-
similar. Front tibie triangular-prismatic, the hind pair quad-
rangular-prismatic.
1. Megophthalmus scanicus, Fall.
Cicada scanica, Fall., Act. Holm., 118 (1806).
Ulopa scanica, Fall., Hem. Suec., i., 65, 1.
Celidia scutata, Germ., Mag. d’Ent., iv., 79,5 (3).
Megophthalmus bipunctatus, Curt., Ent. Mag., i., 194.
Paropia scutata, Burm., Gen. Ins., 1., pl. 7.
P. pallidipennis, Hardy, Trans. Tyneside Field Club,
1c 400) 1CQ):
Megophthalmus scanicus, Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag., ii.,
83, 1.
Paropia scanica, Kirschb., Cicad., 70, 1; J. Sahl.,
Nota lenn.xus, 37D, L.
Dirty brownish yellow, roughly punctured, nerves of elytra
strongly raised. Male, crown with three spots, pronotum with a
fine central line and two blotches on each side confluent in front,
and the scutellum entirely, except a short pale line at each end of
the transverse impression, black; female generally entirely pale,
but examples are frequently met with in which the dark markings
of the male are{strongly indicated, the elytra have the nerves and
two short lines on the suture fuscous or black, and the areas,
especially towards the apex, are sparingly speckled with fuscous.
Length, 3—4 mm.
Common and generally distributed.
104 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
XI. BYTHOSCOPIDA.
Forehead obtuse. Crown short and very wide. Ocelli on the
upper part of the frons much below its upper margin. Face
dilated, frons and clypeus somewhat convex. Cubital nerves forked,
the inner one joined to the brachial by a transverse nerve. Front
tibia without spines on the outer side.
TABLE OF GENERA.
1 (6). Antenne inserted in a deep cavity beneath a
ledge.
2 (5). Striation of pronotum transverse.
3 (4). Side margins of pronotum cy keeled, of
moderate length ate . 1. Macropesis.
4 (3). Side margins of pronotum not sharply Becled:
very short nie : ii. Byrnoscorus.
5 (2). Striation of pronotum running obliquely sbi z
the middle of its front pare towards its
hinder angles .. 5c ili. Prpropsis.
6 (1). Antenne inserted in a feeble aie tree oe
free.
7 (8). Head with the eyes wider than the elytra at the
base. Membrane with an appendix .. iv. Iprocrnus
8 (7). Head with the eyes as wide as the elytra at the
base. No appendix to the membrane -. Vv. AGALLIA.
i, Macropsis, Lewis. (Pl. IL., fig. 2).
Lewis, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., i., 59 (1886).
Crown with the eyes not wider than the pronotum. Frontal
suture not reaching the base of the antenne. Pronotum finely
transversely striate. Elytra subcoriaceous, deeply punctured.
Elytra finely punctured with black ay .. 1. microcephala.
Punctuation of elytra concolorous a6 SoCs
1. Macropsis microcephala, H.-S.
Bythoscopus nucrocephalus, H.-Schaff., Faun. Germ.,
164,
Batracomorphus wrroratus, Lewis, Trans. Ent. Soe.
Bond., 1., 51, pl. 7; fiend:
Jassus punctulatus, Forel, Bull. Soc. Vaud., v., 258,
pl.2.
Macropsis punctuosus, Kirschb., Cicad., 168, 2.
M. microcephala, Fieb., Eur. Bythose., 450, 1; Scott,
Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 22, 1.
Very pale bluish green, elytra with a fine black punctuation,
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 105
which occasionally extends to the crown and pronotum. Crown
distinctly longer in the middle than at the sides, at least in the
male. Length, 4—5 mm.
Amongst Helianthemum in July, Mickleham Downs, Xe.
2. Macropsis lanio, Linn.
Cicada lanio, Linn., Faun. Suec., 892; Sys. Nat., v.,
464, 33.
Jassus lanio, Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 86, 4; Germ., Mag.
d’Hnt., iv., 81, 1; Fall:, Hem. Suec., i1., 59, 1.
Bythoscopus lanio, Burm., Handb., 109, 1.
Cicada brunnea, Fab., Ent. Sys., 43, 68.
Jassus brunneus, Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 87, 10.
Macropsis lanio, Am. et Serv., Hem., 581, 1; Flor,
Rhyn. Liv., ii., 155, 1; Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag.,
ii., 102, 1; Kirschb., Cicad., 168, 1; Fieb., Kur.
Bythose., 450, 8; J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 115,
1; Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 23, 2.
Crown, pronotum, and seutellum pale brown, more or less closely
speckled with red-brown or black; elytra green or pale reddish
brown, with a shallow rugose punctuation and strongly raised
nerves. Crown not longer in the middle than at the sides. Length,
7—8 mm.
Very common on oak.
ii. Byrnoscopus, Germ. (Pl. IL, fig. 1).
Germ., Silb. Revue, i., 180, 48 (1838).
Distinguished from the preceding genus by its im-
punctate elytra and the much greater obliquity of the
ledge which covers the base of the antenne, and from
the following by the less angular hind margin of the
crown and the transverse sculpture of the pronotum.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1 (4). Face (seen in profile) somewhat flattened.
2 (3). Face with a deep narrow curved impression
on each side, which is distinct in the female.
Inhabits alder .. 2. ay 36 ele ali.
3 (2). Face with a wide shallow impunctate im-
pression on each side, which is only faintly
indicated in the female. Inhabits sallow
and birch oe oh Be Si .. 2. rufusculus.
4 (1). Face strongly convex, consequently the facial
impressions appear much deeper than in
our other species 56 of es .. 38. flavicollis,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886. PART II. (JUNE). I
106 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
1. Bythoscopus alni, Schr.
Cicada alni, Schrank, Faun. Boic., ii., 50, 1056.
Jassus alni, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 56, 28 (1847).
Pediopsis Heydenit, Kirschb., Cicad., 171, 2.
Pian, Thoms,,..Opusc.. Bint... 319, 5270. sable
Not. Fenn., xii., 119, 2.
Bythoscopus alni, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 82, 1.
3. Crown and face greenish yellow, the former more or less
suffused with blackish, but having a pale central line and a black
puncture on each side, the latter with a pale central line in its
upper half, a black puncture on each side near the eye, the upper
part of the curved impression filled up with black and generally a
pair of small black points towards the apex. Pronotum greenish
yellow, with a large irregular dark patch on each side of the front
margin and one or two black punctures behind each eye, the disk
having a blackish appearance owing to the channels of the sculpture
being mostly black. Scutellum reddish yellow; alarge triangle on
each side at the base, a linear central stripe, the transverse channel
and a pair of small round spots just above it, brown or black. -
Elytra transparent brownish yellow, the apical two-thirds of the
costal and subapical areas, the disc of the subcostal area and that
below it, and a broad band at the base of the clavus, whitish
hyaline; claval suture and the nerves dark brown or black; cubital
nerve as far as the fork, brachial nerve as far as the first transverse
nerve, the basal three-fourths of the anal and axillary nerves, the
nerve of the inner margin with the exception of a short piece at
the apex of the clavus and the part between the apices of the anal
and axillary nerves, white. Abdomen above black, hind margin
of the segments narrowly reddish. Legs pale, hind tibie with a
black stripe both on the inner and outer sides.
@. Similar in coloration to the male, but with all the dark
markings less pronounced, and the abdomen above entirely reddish
yellow-brown. Length, 5}5—6 mm.
Abundant on alder.
2. Bythoscopus rufusculus, Fieb.
Bythoscopus rufusculus, Fieb., Kur. Bythose., 456, 1;
Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 241.
Pediopsis fruticola, var. 7, frontalis, Flor, Rhyn. Liv.,
11., 186, 2 (partim).
P. brevicauda, Thoms., Opusc. Ent., iii., 318, 3;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xu., 124, 5.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 107
&. Crown dark brown or black, narrowly greenish yellow in
front with a black puncture on each side. Face greenish yellow,
generally with a narrow black band above not reaching the ocelli
at either end. Pronotum greenish yellow, the channels of the
sculpture mostly blackish. Scutellum reddish yellow; a large
triangle on each side at the base, a narrow central stripe reaching
as far as the transverse channel, and occasionally a pair of minute
round spots just above the latter, reddish brown or black. Elytra
whitish hyaline, clavus with a faint yellow-brown tinge; the apical
areas, an ill-defined spot on the base of the second and third sub-
apical areas, the apex of the clavus, and the space between the
apices of the anal and axillary nerves, dark brown, claval suture
and the nerves blackish brown, the basal half of the axillary nerve
white. Abdomen above black, hind margins of the segments very
narrowly yellow. Hind tibie with a black stripe on the outer
edge only.
?. Crown, face, pronotum, scutellum, and upper side of the
abdomen reddish yellow-brown, generally without darker markings.
Elytra brown, the discs of the subcostal area and the one below it
and the apical three-fourths of the subapical areas whitish hyaline.
Length, 4—5 min.
On sallow and birch ; somewhat local.
3. Bythoscopus flavicollis, Linn.
Cicada flavicollis, Linn., Faun. Suec., 242, 891.
Jassus reticulatus, ferrugineus, jflavicollis, pulchellus,
fenestratus, and personatus, Curt., Brit. Ent., 636,
2—7.
Pediopsis fruticola, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., u., 184, 2;
Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag., i1., 125, 38; Kirschb.,
Cicad., 170, 1; Thoms., Opuse. Ent., i1., 318, 2.
P. flavicollis, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 120, 3.
Bythoscopus fruticola, Fieb., Kur. Bythosc., 457, 2 ;
Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 126, 2.
An exceedingly variable species, but always easy to
distinguish from its congeners when once the structural
characters of the face have been appreciated. The
following are some of the more usual colour varieties :—
1. Elytra whitish hyaline, nerves blackish brown.
2. Upper side entirely pale brown.
3. Upper side greenish yellow.
108 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
4. Crown, pronotum, scutellum, and base of the clavus widely,
greenish yellow. Eytra pale yellow-brown, a large ill-defined
blotch in the middle and another before the apex white.
5. Closely resembling female alni in the coloration of the elytra.
Length, 5—6 mm.
Abundant on birch.
lil. Prpiopsts, Burm. (Pl. IL, fig. 6).
Burmeister, Genera Insectorum, 16 (1838).
Distinguished from its allies by the direction of the
sculpture of the pronotum. This genus as here limited
comprises two very natural groups, one consisting of
wide species with the crown less ancular and the face
convex with its upper margin widely rounded, as in tile,
scutellatus, &e., and the other comprising our remaining
species, which are narrower and more pointed in front,
and have the face flat and rhomboidal in shape. The
full complement of black markings on the face of those
species which have spotted faces is nine, placed as
follows: a pair of moderate size near the upper margin
with a dissimilar one between them, a small round one
at each ocellus, a large subtriangular or comma-shaped
pair just above the clypeus, and between the bases of
these a minute punctiform pair. These markings occur
in various combinations in different species, and, not-
withstanding their liability to vary within certain limits,
sometimes afford useful aids to identification.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
). Crown linear, scarcely visible from above .. 1. tilia.
). Crown distinctly visible from above.
)
. Front margin of crown rounded or scarcely
angular in front. Face ey convex.
5). Elytra lacteo-hyaline ., . 2. nanus.
). Elytra hyaline with a brownigh wallow Hey
nerves dark brown or black.
6 (7). Inner side of hind tibiew pale throughout .. 38. scutellatus.
\
oF wow =
—_~— ooo
@
)\, Inner side of hind tibizee with two short black
streaks, one near the base, the other nee
before the apex ae . 4. tibialis.
8 (3). Front margin of crown needy rece alee
Face flat.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 109
(20). Species not pale green.
). Face spotted with black.
). Nerves darker than the elytra.
)
)
on
. Nerves not suffused with fuscous . nassatus.
. Nerves at the base of the subapical areas con-
spicuously suffused with fuscous .. .. 6. fuscinervis.
14 (11). Nerves concolorous.
15 (16). Wider and less pointed in front ; See with-
out fuscous bands... Be : 7. impurus.
16 (15). Narrower and more pointed in fonts See
with two wide ill-defined fuscous bands .. 8. distinctus.
17 (10). Face unspotted.
18 (19). Costa narrowly brown. Inhabits elm we) Os Cle.
19 (18). Costa concolorous. Inhabits sallow .. .» LO. cereus.
20 (9). Species pale green ve ve ve .« LL. virescens.
1. Pediopsis tiie, Germ.
Jassus tiie, Germ., Faun. Eur., 14, 14
Pediopsis tili@, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ., 183, 1; Kirschb.,
Cicad., 176, 9; Fieb., Eur. Bythose., 457, 1;
Thoms., Opuse. Ent., iii., 817, 1; J. Sahl., Not.
Fenn., xii., 118, 1; Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., x.,
128, 1.
Head and pronotum greenish yellow. Scutellum and elytra
yellow-brown, the latter generally irrorated with darker brown,
especially towards the apex; on the inner margin beyond the apex
of the clavus a whitish spot followed by a dark brown one.
Abdomen above black, hind margin of the segments narrowly pale,
beneath yellow. Legs yellow-brown. Length, 5—5} mm.
Rare. Esher, in June. Said to occur on Tilia parvi-
folia.
2. Pediopsis nanus, H.-S.
Bythoscopus nanus, H.-Seff., Deuts. Ins., 143, 6.
Pediopsis nanus, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., it., 192, 6; Kirschb.,
Cicad., 178, 5; Fieb., Eur. Bythosc., 461, 12;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 186, 16; Scott, Ent.
Mo. Mag., x., 235, 11.
3. Body black, face generally with a stripe on its lower half
and the free side margins narrowly yellow. Hind margin of the
crown narrowly, sides and hind margin of the pronotum, and the
hind margin of the scutellum irregularly, whitish. HElytra lacteo-
110 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
hyaline; nerves brown, paler on the disc. Legs pale, hind pairs of
thighs black except at the apex, all the tibie with a black spot on
the outside at the base.
2. Face above and the crown more or less yellow. Otherwise
asin the male. Length, 2—2} mm.
On short grass, Boxhill, July.
3. Pediopsis scutellatus, Boh.
Jassus scutellatus, Boh., Ofv., 162, 25 (1845); Sv. Ak.
Handl., 58, 26 (1847).
Bythoscopus diadema, H.-Sceff., Deuts. Ins., 148, 11.
Pediopsis diadema, Kirschb., Cicad., 172, 3.
P. scutellatus, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 191, 5; Marsh.,
Ent. Mo. Mag., ii., 125,2; Thoms., Opusc. Ent.
520, 6; J: Sahl, Not. Fenn; xi., 135,15; Seott,
Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 194, 9.
P. fuscinervis, Scott, l.c., 122, 7, sec. spec. typ.
Head and pronotum pale greyish yellow, the former with from
four to nine black spots, of which the uppermost pair are round,
and the dissimilar one when present takes the form of a short
double stripe, the latter more or less blotched with brown or black
so as to leave the sides and front margin irregularly pale. Seutellum
yellow, with a black triangle on each side at the base, and frequently
a pair of black points before the transverse channel. Elytra
hyaline with a faint brownish yellow tinge, claval suture and the
nerves brown or black. Abdomen black, hind margins of the
segments more or less widely yellow. Legs greyish yellow, hind
tibie with a black spot on the outside at the base. Length,
43—5} mm.
On sallows, &e.
4. Pediopsis tibialis, Scott.
Pediopsis tibialis, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 195, 10.
Very similar in appearance to the preceding, but the two upper-
most facial spots have a tendency to become comma-shaped, and
have the included space suffused with blackish; the spot at each
ocellus, which is seldom developed in sewtellatws, is almost in-
variably well marked, while the pair of punctiform spots between the
base of the lower comma-shaped pair are wanting; the hind tibie,
too, in addition to the spot on the outside at the base, have two
short black streaks on the inner side, which latter markings are
British Homoptera-Cicadina. mia bil
occasionally present on the inner side of the two front pairs.
Length, 31—43 mm.
Dartford Heath, Headley Lane, and Bexley road, on
poplars in July and August. Not uncommon near
Norwich in mixed hedges, especially amongst brambles.
Specimens in which the markings on the inner side of
the hind tibiz and the upper part of the face wholly or
partially disappear are sometimes difficult to separate
from scutellatus.
5. Pediopsis nassatus, Germ.
Jassus nassatus, Germ., Faun. Ins. Eur., 17, 18;
H.-Seff., Deuts. Ins., 1438, 8.
Bythoscopus nitidulus, H.-Scff., l.c., 148, 12.
Pediopsis planicollis, Thoms., Opuse. Ent., 1., 320, 8.
P. nassatus, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., 11., 189, 4; Kirschb.,
Cicad., 174, 6; J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 181, 11;
Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 198, 8.
3. Face yellow, the uppermost pair of black spots small and
round, with the space between them frequently dusky but no dis-
similar spot, the lower comma-shaped pair very large, the pair of
points between the bases of the latter distinet, and the spot at each
ocellus occasionally present. Pronotum yellow with an ovate
black spot behind each eye, its disc more or less suffused with
brown or black. Scutellum yellow with a large black triangle on
each side at the base. LElytra hyaline with a brown tinge, claval
suture and the nerves pale brown. Abdomen above black, hind
margins of the segments very narrowly paler. Thighs generally
piceous, tibize with a black stripe on the inner side, hind pair with
a black spot on the outer side at the base.
@. Similar to the male, but with a strong green tinge in the
only example which I possess. Length, 44—5 mm.
On sallows, &ce. Apparently scarce.
6. Pediopsis fuscinervis, Boh.
Jassus fuscinervis, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 57, 29 (1847).
Pediopsis fuscinervis, Thoms., Opuse. Ent., 1., 321, 10.
P. nassatus, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 182, var. f.
&. Face (Pl. IL, fig. 11) greyish yellow with from three
to five black spots, of which the subtriangular dissimilar spot
112 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
is the largest and most constant, the uppermost pair are frequently
reduced to mere points, and the lower comma-shaped pair are
either represented by a pair of black points or absent altogether.
Pronotum greyish yellow, its disc more or less suffused with
brown, the smooth ovate space behind each eye sometimes filled
up with black. Scutellum greyish yellow with a black triangle
on each side at the base and a pair of black points just above
the transverse channel. LElytra whitish hyaline with a strong
brown cloud on the base of the subapical areas, and the apical
areas and the clavus below the anal nerve tinged with brown;
nerves strong, rust-brown. Abdomen above black, hind margins
of the segments narrowly yellow. Legs pale, hind tibie with a
small black spot on the outer side at the base.
@. General coloration with a bright rust-brown tinge. Length,
4i—5 mm.
On aspen. Stoke Holy Cross, Norfolk.
7. Pediopsis impurus, Boh.
Jassus impurus, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 37, 9 (1849).
Pediopsis impurus, Thoms., Opuse. Ent., iii., 321, 11;
J: Sahl., Not. Fenn., xu., 188, 18; Scott, Ent:
Mo. Mag., x., 190, 5.
Face greyish yellow, its dise frequently suffused with dusky, the
three uppermost spots subequal in size, the lower comma-shaped
ones large and well-marked. Pronotum pale brownish grey, the
smooth space behind each eye filled up with black. Scutellum
ereyish yellow, with a black triangle on each side at the base and
occasionally a pair of black points just above the transverse
channel. Elytra subopaque, pale brownish grey, nerves concolorous.
Abdomen above black with the hind margins of the segments
more or less widely yellow. Legs as in fwscinervis. Length,
33—4 mm.
On sallows. The colour of this species occasionally
varies to blackish grey, in which case the nerves are
paler than the elytra.
8. Pediopsis distinctus, Scott.
Pediopsis distinctus, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 191, 6.
Similar in appearance to the last, but the body is narrower and
the angle of the crown more pointed. Elytra pale brownish grey,
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 113
subopaque, a stripe along the costa, a wide band across the middle,
and another across the base of the membrane, fuscous; apical
half of the clavus mottled with fuscous; nerves concolorous.
Length (male), 4 mm.
Darenth, July. Examples in which the markings of
the elytra are wanting might be mistaken for P. impurus,
but on comparison of the two the narrower and more
pointed form of distinctus is very apparent.
9. Pediopsis ulmi, Scott.
Pediopsis ulmi, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 129, 2.
Fore parts brownish yellow. Scutellum with a brown triangle
on each side at the base. LElytra and legs yellow-brown, the
former subopaque with the costa narrowly dark brown and the
nerves concolorous. Hind tibiw with a black spot on the outer
side at the base. Abdomen above (male) black, hind margins of
the segments narrowly pale; female brownish yellow. Length,
4—5 mm.
On elm. Lee and Norwich.
10. Pediopsis cereus, Germ.
Jassus cereus, Germ., Faun. Ins. Eur., 17, 14.
Pediopsis cerea, Fieb., Kur. Bythose., 458, 2; Scott,
Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 130, 3.
Face greyish yellow. Upper side reddish yellow-brown. Scu-
tellum sometimes with a red-brown triangle on each side at the
base. Elytra subopaque, just behind the middle a broad red-brown
band, which seldom reaches the inner margin and never the costa,
nerves concolorous. Legs concolorous, hind tibie as in the last.
Abdomen above (male) black, hind margins of the segments
narrowly pale; (female) brownish yellow. Length, 4—5 mm.
Common on sallows. Very frequently the dark brown
band on the elytra is only indicated on the inner
margin, though it is rarely entirely wanting, and in
this state the species is best distinguished from ulmi
by its habitat and the want of the brown line next the
costa.
114 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
11. Pediopsis virescens, Fab.
Cicada virescens, Fab., Ent. Sys., iv., 46, 84.
Jassus prasinus, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 123 (1851).
Pediopsis prasinus, Fieb., Kur. Bythosc., 459, 7.
P. virescens, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 188, 8; Marsh.,
Ent. Mo. Mag., ii., 126, 4; Kirschb., Cicad., 175,
8; Fieb., U.c., 458, 5; Thoms., Opuse. Ent., iii.,
3o21,9; J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 127, 8; Scott,
Knt. Mo. Mag., x., 189, 4:
Pale yellowish green, abdomen above in the male black, the hind
margins of the segments very narrowly pale. Elytra whitish
hyaline, nerves yellowish green. Length, 4—5 mm.
Common on osiers, &c. A variety is said to occur in
which the face has a small black spot in the middle of
the upper margin.
iv. Iptocerus, Lewis. (Pl. IL., fig. 4).
Lewis, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., i., 47 (18386).
Crown widely rounded in front. Frontal suture reaching the
ocellus. Antennal seta in the male generally with an oval black
plate immediately before the apex (wanting in distinguwendus,
tremule, vitreus, and awrulentus).
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1 (2). First and second apical areas of elytra sub-
equal in length, i.e., their bases level or
nearlyso’ .. 1. adustus.
2 (1). First apical area nel Tengen than eon
3 (4). First subapical area triangular or 5-sided,
reaching the costa .. ee -- 2. varius.
4 (3). First subapical area parallel- aided, not
reaching the costa.
5 (6). Cheeks pubescent, more conspicuously so in
the male... ae 50 ac «. 3. Herrichir.
6 (5). Cheeks bare.
7 (16). Elytra brownish, with a pale transverse band
or bands.
8 (11). Elytra with two pale bands.
9 (10). Costa widely pale .. ae 56 .. 4. distinguendus.
10 (9). Costa not widely pale 4G Se .. 5. tremule.
11 (8). Elytra with one pale band.
12 (15). First subapical area reaching much more
than half as far backward as the second.
13 (14).
14 (13).
27 (32).
48 (29).
29 (28).
30 (31).
31 (30).
British Homoptera-Cicadina.
Inner edge of the wide pale band on the
elytra commencing in the middle of the
inner margin 5
Inner edge of the narrow pate Penal on fhe
elytra commencing at the aie of the
clavus ae oC
. First subapical area renchige abot alte as
far backward as second
. Elytra without pale transverse bands.
. Apex of anal nerve standing in an oval
white patch.
. Cubital nerve only marked with white in
the lower boundary of the second sub-
apical area ..
. Cubital nerve dhenaered mith zines or ae
colour and white.
. Frontal suture sharply bent inwards at the
base of the antenne, the frons therefore
subtrapezoidal
throughout, the frons therefore sub-
orbicular ai
in an oval white patch, or nerves entirely
white.
. Brachial nerve with a white streak near the
apex. Face in the male witha small sharp
tooth on each side of the apex of the
clypeus.
. First transverse nerve white ac ots
. First transverse nerve not white
. Brachial nerve not marked with white.
Apex of face simple in both sexes.
Elytra green or greenish grey, more or less
tinged with reddish brown towards the
suture.
Side margins of face angularly indented
below the eyes. Inhabits poplars
Side margins of face at most faintly sinuate.
Male with the face and legs generally much
suffused with orange-yellow. Female with
about one-sixth of visible length of saw-
case projecting. Inhabits aspen Sc
Male without orange coloration. Female
with about one-third of visible length of
saw-case projecting. Inhabits sallow
nerves entirely white. Inhabits white
poplar Si oe ar
= LO:
. Frontal suture evenly Aine oateaede
5 de
. Apex of anal nerve Siti ee not savidinG
12.
> 43:
. viduatus.
. elegans.
. laminatus.
. lituratus.
pecilus.
tibialis.
vitreus.
aurulentus.
. fulgidus.
15. populi.
sella:
. Elytra greenish white or almost milk-white,
a eeleiis
confusus.
albicans.
115
116 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
1. Idiocerus adustus, H.-Seff.
Bythoscopus adustus, H.-Seff., Deuts. Ins., 144, 9.
Idiocerus stiqgmaticalis, Lewis, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
Ths ihsis
I. varius, Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag., ii., 103, 1.
I. adustus, Kirschb., Cicad., 1538, 2; J. Sahl., Not.
Fenn., xii., 140, 2; Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., x.,
94,1.
3. Face greyish yellow, cheeks with a dense short silvery
pubescence. Crown greyish yellow, more or less suffused with
fuscous in the middle, near each eye a dark puncture. Pronotum
greyish yellow clouded with fuscous, front margin irregularly
spotted with black. Scutellum greyish yellow, along the base
three black triangles and in the middle a pair of somewhat comma-
shaped black spots. Elytra hyaline with a yellow-brown tinge
inclining to orange on the costa, from the inner margin at the apex
of the anal nerve to the first apical area a very oblique pale band ;
nerves punctured, thick and black except in the pale band; first sub-
apical area apparently incomplete but really reaching the costa, the
latter vertically flattened in its basal two-thirds, yellow at the base,
the middle third black and bearing a row of four or five large blunt
tubercles. Abdomen above blackish, hind margins of the segments
narrowly yellow. Legs pale, inner side of hind tibie narrowly
black. ,
@. Face with a black triangle near each eye. Pubescence of
the cheeks excessively fine, scarcely perceptible. Elytra hyaline
with a yellow-brown tinge, the pale band only faintly indicated ;
costa but slightly flattened vertically without tubercles, nerves pale
brown. Length, 63—7 mm.
Abundant on willows.
2. Idiocerus varius, Fab.
Jassus varius, Germ., in Mus. Berolin.
Tdiocerus varius, Kirschb., Cicad., 154, 4.
g. Crown and face as in adustus, but the pubescence of the
cheeks is less apparent. Pronotum greyish yellow clouded with
dark fuscous, front margin irregularly spotted with black. Seutellum
as in adustus, but the black triangle in the middle of the base is
replaced by a linear stripe, and the pair of spots on the dise
generally coalesce. Elytra hyaline with a dark brown tinge, which
becomes almost black on the costa, from the inner margin at the
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 117
apex of the axillary nerve to the first apical area a very oblique pale
band; first subapical area subtriangular, reaching the costa; nerves
punctured, thick and black except in the pale band; costa slightly
flattened vertically, the tubercles scarcely perceptible. Abdomen
above black, hind margins of the segments narrowly yellow. Legs
pale, hind tibiz narrowly black on both the outer and inner sides,
thighs frequently with a black stripe.
2. Face between the eyes much clouded and speckled with dark
brown or black, cheeks bare. Elytra hyaline with a faint yellow-
brown tinge, and only faint traces of the pale band; nerves dark
brown or black except in the pale band; costa scarcely flattened
vertically, without tubercles. Legs pale, all the tibie generally
narrowly black on both the outer and inner sides. Length,
53—6 mm.
On Salix triandra; local. Kirschbaum is the only
author known to me who satisfactorily distinguishes
between this species and the last, but his J. simlis
is, according to types from Dr. Puton, a form of this
species, in which the pale portions of the costa in the
male, and particularly the roundish spot at the apex of
the costal area, are bright yellow: the females of the
two insects appear identical. I have not seen native
examples of this form.
3. Idiocerus Herrichii, Kirschb.
Idiocerus Herrichit, Kirschb., Cicad., 158,1; J. Sahl.,
Not--Henn..sxa., 1391.
3. Face greyish yellow, disc above between the eyes with a
dark fuscous cloud, near each eye a black triangle and a few small
black spots, edges of the frons below the eyes with a black line,
clypeus black, cheeks with a dense long silvery pubescence. Pro-
notum pale greenish grey mottled with fuscous, a wide central line
pale. Scutellum pale greenish grey, marked as in adustus. Hlytra
hyaline with a greenish grey tinge; nerves stout, chequered with
black and white, punctured, and having a row of fine short hairs
on each side; costaslightly flattened vertically, but without tubercles.
Abdomen above black, hind margins of the segments narrowly pale.
Legs pale, femora and tibie striped with black, intermediate tibia
with a short black line on the outer side at the base.
?. Differs from the male in having the cheeks scarcely per-
ceptibly pubescent, a row of black points down each side of the
118 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
frons below the eyes, the clypeus generally pale, and the costa not
flattened vertically. Length, 6—63 mm.
On Salix alba; not common. .
4, Idiocerus distinguendus, Kirschb.
Idiocerus distinguendus, Kirschb., Cicad., 157, 9.
I. cognatus, Fieb., Kur. Bythosc., 455, 10.
Face greenisb yellow, more or less suffused with fuscous above,
sometimes with pale spots. Pronotum greenish yellow (male) or
bluish white (female), more or less suffused with fuscous so as to
leave the margins narrowly, a narrow central stripe, and a roundish
spot on each side of the dise of the pale ground colour. Scutellum
pale with a triangle on each side of the base and a pair of small
roundish spots on the dise fuscous. Elytra lacteo-hyaline, with
three wide brown bands which do not reach the costa and are
placed one at the base, one just behind the middle, and one at the
apex; nerves punctured, white except in the brown bands, where
they are dark brown, base and apex of the anal nerve white, first
subapical area reaching about three-fourths as far as the fourth.
Abdomen above black, hind margins of the segments narrowly
greenish. Legs pale, apex of the tarsi more or less fuscous.
?. When fresh with the face and legs rather strongly tinged
with pink. Length, 4;—5 mm.
On Populus alba, Beaufort Gardens, Lewisham ; Shiere,
near Guildford.
5. Idiocerus tremule, Estl.
Cicada tremule, Estl., Act. Holm., 129, pl. 5, fig. 3.
Idiocerus unifasciatus, Curt., Brit. Ent., 733, 6.
I. tremule, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 172,6; Marsh., Ent.
Mo. Mag., u., 105, 5; Kirschb., Cicad., 157, 8;
J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 146,7; Scott, Ent. Mo.
Mag., x., 27, 4.
Very similar in appearance to the preceding species, and best
distinguished therefrom by the brown bands of the elytra reaching
the costa. Length, 4{—5 mm.
On Populus tremula; not common.
6. Idiocerus viduatus, n. s.
@. Crown and face yellow, variously spotted with rust-red and
bluish white, a black puncture near each eye. Pronotum red-
brown, a central stripe and a spot on each side of the dise bluish
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 119
white, hind margin narrowly pale. Sceutellum yellow, with a
blackish triangle on each side at the base and arust-red marking on
the dise in shape like a musical tuning-fork. Elytra (Pl. ie nes9)
red-brown, darker behind, from the middle of the inner margin to
the costa a broad oblique white band interrupted at the claval
suture by a streak of the red-brown ground colour, membrane and
appendix smoky hyaline; nerves punctured, dark red-brown, in
the pale band white, those of the membrane dark brown, brachial
nerve with one or two white spots. Abdomen above black, beneath
rust-red. Legs yellow-red, a dark stripe on the outer side of the
middle tibie. Length, 53 mm.
Of this fine and very distinct species I have seen but
one female example, which was beaten from sallow in
Foxley Wood on the 10th September, 1885. This sex
may be easily recognised by its fine red-brown colour and
the breadth and obliquity of the pale band on the elytra,
which is similar in these respects to that which we find
in J. varius male. Judging from the description it comes
near I. fasciatus, Fieb. (Eur. Bythosc., 455, 9), but
that species has the nerves of the clavus wholly white.
7. Idiocerus elegans, Flor.
Idiocerus elegans, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 147, 7; J. Sahl.,
Not. Fenn., xii., 147, 8.
$. Face greyish or reddish yellow, side margins of the frons
below the antenne, side margins of the clypeus narrowly, and a
wide stripe on the cheeks adjoining the lore, dark brown or black.
Crown more or less clouded with fuscous, with two or three puncti-
form black spots near each eye. Pronotum mottled with rust-red
and brown, its front margin irregularly spotted with black.
Scutellum greyish yellow, a black triangle on each side at the base,
the disc clouded with rust-red. Elytra very shiny pale reddish
brown, a spot at the apex of the anal nerve, two or three spots on
the brachial nerve, and a narrow transverse band at the apex of the
clavus, white; nerves punctured, dark brown, on the pale parts
white. Abdomen above black, hind margins of the segments
narrowly yellow. Legs pale yellow.
2. Face greyish yellow speckled with red-brown, with a large
fuscous spot in the middle above and a black puncture near each
eye. Pronotum generally with a pale central stripe. Scutellum
yellowish, its markings red-brown. Legs reddish or brownish
yellow. Length, 5—52; mm.
On willows and poplars; not common. I have
120 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
examined one female from coll. Capron which is possibly
a variety of this species, but, in addition to the pale
band across the apex of the elytra, both the transverse
nerve and the apex of the anal nerve are white and stand
in a round white spot, and the upper side of the abdomen
has the basal half black and the apical half brownish
yellow. This example was beaten from fir in March or
April, 1885.
8. Idiocerus laminatus, Flor.
Idiocerus laminatus, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., u., 171, 5; °
Marsh., Ent. Mo. Mag., u., 104, 3; Kirschb.,
Cicad., 162, 21; J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 148,
9; Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 28, 5.
3. Crown and face greyish yellow. Pronotum dirty greyish
yellow, more or less suffused with fuscous. Scutellum greyish
yellow, a black triangle on each side at the base and generally a
pair of black points on the disc. Elytra pale brown, a spot at the
apex of the anal nerve, the costal, first subapical, and the greater
part of the first apical area and a wide band across the apex of the
corium, white; nerves punctured, dark brown except in the white
parts, where they are coneolorous, first subapical area narrow-
triangular, very small and indistinct. Abdomen above black, hind
margins of the segments narrowly pale. Legs pale, claws black.
?. Similar to the male, but larger and paler, with some fuscous
markings on the middle of the crown. Length, 53—6 mm.
On poplars; not common.
9. Idiocerus lituratus, Fall.
Jassus lituratus, Fall., Hem. Suec., 1., 60, 2.
Bythoscopus lituratus, H.-Seff., Deuts. Ins., 148, 13.
Idiocerus maculipennis, Curt., Brit. Ent., 738, 8.
I. lituratus, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., u1., 168, 4; Marsh.,
Ent. Mo. Mag., 1i1., 108, 2; Kirschb., Cicad., 154,
5; J: Sahl., Not. Fenn., xu., 141, 3.; Scott, Hint.
Mo. Mag., x., 25, 2.
3g. Crown greyish yellow, more or less clouded with rust-yellow,
with a pair of black punctures (frequently united by a brown line)
placed one near each eye. Face greyish yellow, in its upper half a
large blackish grey triangle which frequently bears a black central
stripe, frons and clypeus reddish yellow. In life the face is dull
white with a wide greenish yellow central stripe. Pronotum
greyish yellow clouded with fuscous and spotted with bluish white,
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 121
the front margin irregularly spotted with black. Scutellum greyish
yellow; a triangle on each side of the base, a tuning-fork-
shaped marking and a pair of points on the dise, black. LHElytra
whitish hyaline with a fuscous tinge, which takes the form of a
wide central band reaching from the inner margin about half-way
across the disc; nerves punctured, black, in the fuscous band much
thickened; a small piece at the apex of the anal nerve, sundry
pieces of the brachial and lower cubital nerves, and occasionally the
first transverse nerve, white ; costa yellow, vertically flattened but
without tubercles. Abdomen above black, hind margins of the
segments very narrowly pale. Legs pale, tibie generally with a
black line on both the outer and inner sides, thighs with a short
black line at the apex.
@. Face greyish yellow mottled with rust-red, the upper half
of the dise occupied by a large subquadrate fuscous patch, in the
lower half of which are some pale spots. Elytra hyaline with a
yellow-brown tinge, a fine black line next the costa; nerves
punctured, rust-brown on the corium, on the membrane black,
their white markings not so conspicuous as in the male, but similar
in position. Length, 6,—63 mm.
On sallows ; common.
10. Idiocerus pecilus, H.-Seff.
Bythoscopus pecilus, H.-Seff., Deuts. Ins., 144, 8.
B. faleiger, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 50, 24 (1847).
Idiocerus pecilus, Kirschb., Ciead., 159, 15.
I, faleiger, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 142, 4.
I. venustus, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 239, sec. spec. typ.
gS. Face greyish yellow, its lower half generally with four wide
equidistant black stripes, its upper part variously clouded with
fuscous; in strongly marked examples there is a short black stripe
spotted with white next the inner margin of each eye. Crown
with a black puncture on each side. Pronotum greyish yellow
clouded with fuscous, speckled with black in front, down the centre
a wide bluish white stripe. Scutellum greyish yellow; its base
with a short linear stripe between two triangles, anda pair of spots
on the disc frequently followed by a pair of stripes, black. Elytra
greyish hyaline; nerves dark brown or black, those of the corium
chequered with white. Abdomen above varying from pale brown
to black. Legs pale, thighs generally striped with black, tibie
with a short black stripe on the outer side at the base, the hind
pair with a black stripe down the inner side.
@. Face greyish yellow, variously clouded and speckled with
fuscous or black; the black stripes of the male represented by a
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PART Il. (JUNE.) K
122 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
pair of narrow ones on the lower part of the frons. Length,
53—6 mm.
On Lombardy poplar ; not common.
11. Idiocerus tibialis, Fieb.
Idiocerus tibialis, Fieb., Kur., Bythosc., 452, 3.
I, affinis, Fieb., l. c., 454, 8.
I. Heydeni, Kirschb., Cicad., 155, 6; Scott, Ent. Mo:
Mag., xi., 228 (?).
I. vittifrons, Kirschb., l. c., 159, 14.
I. rotundifrons, Kirschb., l. c., 160, 16.
3. Face greyish yellow, variously clouded and marked with
rust-red black and brown, a black puncture near each eye. Pro-
notum clouded with fuscous, a narrow central stripe and a roundish
spot on each side of the dise bluish white. Scutellum greyish
yellow, with a black triangle on each side at the base. Elytra
greyish hyaline; nerves brown, those of the corium chequered
with white. Abdomen above generally brownish yellow, with a
brown band across each segment. Legs pale, tibie with a fine
black stripe or stripes, hind thighs with a fine black stripe along
the front and hind margins.
?. Face greyish yellow, variously clouded and speckled with
red-brown and black. Crown clouded with fuscous, with a pale
central line and a black puncture near each eye. Length,
53—6 mm.
Darenth, October, 1866 (Douglas). Well distinguished
by the shape of the frons.
12. Idtocerus vitreus, Fab.
Cicada vitrea, Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 79, 90.
Idiocerus H-album, Fieb., Eur. Bythose., 455, 11 ;
Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 26, 8.
$. Crown and face dirty whitish yellow, on the former near
each eye a dark puncture. Pronotum pale brown, a central stripe
and a small spot on each side in front whitish, near the front
margin a few black points. Scutellum whitish yellow, a triangle
on each side at the base and a pair of points on the dise black.
Elytra pale yellow-brown; nerves punctured, dark brown, the
transverse nerve and a short piece of the inner cubital and brachial
nerves adjoining it, the apical third of the anal nerve, the extreme
apex of the clavus, the apex of the brachial nerve, and a piece of
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 123
the outer half of the lower boundary of the second subapical area,
white. Abdomen above yellow, base of each segment more or less
widely black. Legs pale, inner side of hind tibie with a narrow
black streak.
@. Crown and face greyish yellow, the former with a black
puncture on each side and between them a large brown patch
divided down the middle by a pale stripe, some markings across
the middle of the face and a line on each side of the frons
rust-red. The nerves of the elytra are paler than in the male,
and consequently the white parts are less conspicuous. Length,
5 mm.
On poplars ; not uncommon.
13. Idiocerus awrulentus, Kirschb.
Idiocerus aurulentus, Kirschb., Cicad., 165, 29.
3. Crown and face yellow or greyish yellow, on the former
near each eye a dark puncture. Pronotum yellow-brown, with a
more or less distinct central stripe and a suboval spot on each side
of the disc pale. Scutellum yellow, with a black or red-brown
triangle on each side at the base and a pair of dark points on the
disc. Elytra shiny reddish brown; nerves punctured, dark brown ;
apex of the anal nerve, the extreme apex of the clavus, a short
piece at the apex of the brachial nerve, and the middle of the lower
boundary of the second subapical area, white. Abdomen greenish
yellow, dorsal segments widely black at the base. Legs pale,
claws black.
?. Crown yellow, with a dark puncture near each eye. Face.
yellow, an ill-defined subquadrate blackish spot in its upper half,
temples spotted with rust-red. Pronotum and scutellum as in the
male, but the ground colour more decidedly yellow and the
markings obsolete. Elytra pale yellow-brown; nerves punctured,
almost concolorous, the white portions much less sharply defined
than in the male. Length, 5mm.
Lombardy poplar, Cossey, Norfolk. A very variable
species and nearly allied to the preceding, but it does
not appear ever to develop the white H so conspicuous
on the elytra of that species.
124 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
14. Idiocerus fulgidus, Fab.
Cicada fulgida, Fab., Ent. Sys., iv., 44, 74.
Jassus fulgidus, Fab., Sys. Rhyn., 87,-18; Germ.,
Mag. d’Ent., iv., 84, 11.
Idiocerus ochroleucus, Kirschb., Cicad., 168, 22.
I. minki, Kirschb., l. c., 163, 23.
3. Deep yellow. Antennal plate oblong-oval. Apex of the face
frequently tinged with red, its upper part generally with a wide
dusky central stripe. Scutellum with a black triangle on each side
at the base, and occasionally a pair of black spots on the dise.
Elytra yellowish hyaline, light yellow-brown towards the inner
margin, membrane smoky hyaline; nerves dark yellow, those of the
membrane blackish, apex of the anal nerve white. Abdomen
above and the claws black.
?. Similar to the male, but larger and paler, the colour of the
body pale green in fresh, yellowish grey in dried, examples, the
triangles at the base of the scutellum rust-red or wanting, the
upper side of the abdomen black only down the middle. Length,
53-63 mm.
Abundant on poplars. Readily separated from its
allies by the structure of the sides of the face. The
insufficient descriptions by English authors of this species
and the two following render any reference to them
practically useless.
15. Idiocerus populi, Linn.
Cicada populi, Linn., Faun. Suec., 242, 890; Sys.
Nat., v., 463, 32.
Idiocerus popult, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 177, 8 ; Kirschb.,
Cicad., 168, 24; J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii., 149, 10.
3. Crown yellowish white. Face yellow, frons and clypeus
red. Pronotum fuscous, a large pale space on each side in front, a
short black transverse line near each anterior angle sometimes
joined to a short oblique line on each side of the dise. Scutellum
greyish yellow, a triangle on each side at the base and a pair of
points on the dise black. Elytra subopaque, pale brown, darker
towards the inner margin; nerves punctured, concolorous or paler
than the dise, those of the membrane blackish; inner marginal
nerve black, its middle third and the apex of the anal nerve white.
Abdomen above black, beneath yellow. Legs red-yellow, claws
black.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 125
?. Legs and under side yellowish grey. Pronotum and
seutellum asin the male. Nerves of corium hyaline. Abdomen
above widely black down the middle. Length, 5—53} mm.
Not uncommon, but apparently confined to Populus
tremula. The female, when mature and fresh, frequently
has the face and legs tinged with a fine pink colour.
16. Idiocerus confusus, Flor.
Idiocerus confusus, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 179, 9;
Kirschb., Cicad., 164, 26; J. Sahl., Not. Fenn.,
a ee lO Fl BOT
3S. Crown, face, and legs yellow, frons sometimes dusky.
Pronotum and scutellaum greenish yellow. Elytra hyaline, with a
faint fuscous tinge, which becomes brownish yellow on the inner
margin; nerves punctured, concolorous or paler than the disc;
costa pale green. Abdomen above black, beneath greenish yellow.
Claws black.
@. Larger and paler. Abdomen above widely black down the
middle. Length, 55—6} mm.
On sallows; common. Lasily recognised when fresh
by its pale greenish grey colour.
17. Idiocerus albicans, Kirschb.
Idiocerus albicans, Kirschb., Cicad., 165, 27.
Head, pronotum, and seutellum greenish white; face sometimes
with a yellow tinge in the male, in which sex also there is some-
times a black puncture near each eye and a black triangle on each
side of the base of the scutellum. Elytra whitish hyaline, some-
times with a faint reddish brown tinge near the inner margin in
the male; nerves white, the apices of those on the membrane and
the marginal nerve of the latter blackish. Dorsal segments of the
abdomen narrowly black at the base (male) or entirely pale (female).
Length, 53—64 mm.
Common on white poplar.
Nee A TaD A aston Calle EL ae ett rant)
Counts Pinte Mags. 14099. (1833).
Crown widely rounded in front. Clypeus, cheeks, lore, and
frons separated by distinct sutures. Frontal suture not reaching
the ocelli. Antennal seta never clavate in the male. Species
small, dirty white, with black or brown markings.
126 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1 (4). Pronotum twice or nearly twice as long as
crown. Insect macropterous.
2 (3). Pronotum faintly punctured .. oe .. 1. puneticeps.
3 (2). Pronotum transversely striate ae .. 2. venosa.
4 (1). Pronotum only slightly longer than crown.
Insect brachypterous. . ote ote .. 93. brachyptera.
1. Agallia puncticeps, Germ.
Jassus puncticeps, Germ., Faun. Ins. Fur., 17, 12.
Agalha consobrina, Curt., Ent. Mag., i., 193; Marsh.,
Ent. Mo. Mag., iii., 151, 2.
A. versicolor, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 556, 3; Kirschb.,
Cicad:, 150) 3:23. Sahl., Not. Menne, xu. 152k
A. puncticeps, Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 236, 1.
&. Dirty greyish white. Crown with a round black spot on
each side, and in the middle a pair of fine brown parallel lines,
which are continued over the forehead beyond the ocelli. Face
with a minute black point at each ocellus, from which a brown line
runs obliquely outwards and downwards; frons black or dark
brown, with a whitish central stripe; clypeus with a fine dark
central stripe. Pronotum with a transverse line behind each eye,
a pair of points in the middle of the front margin, a central stripe
divided longitudinally by a fine pale line, and a large triangle on
each side at the base, its base resting on the hind margin, dark
brown or black. Scutellum with a triangle on each side at the
base, and generally a pair of points on the disc, dark brown or
black. Elytra with a fine line just below the claval suture, the
nerves of the clavus, the transverse nerve, and the cubital nerve as
far as the fork, white ; the remaining nerves, and the inner margin
narrowly, dark brown, the nerves of the dise much widened.
Abdomen above black, widely pale at the sides, beneath pale.
Legs more or less striped and banded with black.
?. Similar to the male, but the dark markings are generally
paler. The central stripe on the pronotum is apparently never
divided by a pale line, the frons is pale, with a row of closely
placed very short black transverse lines down each side, the sides
of the abdomen above are more widely pale, and there is a black
spot on each side of the ventral segments. Length, 2}—3! mm.
Common on low plants.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 127
2. Agallia venosa, Fall.
Cicada venosa, Fall., Hem. Suec., i1., 38, 21.
Bythoscopus venosus, Panz., Faun. Germ., 148, 5.
Agallia venosa, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 551, 1; Marsh.,
Ent. Mo. Mag., iti., 150, 1; Kirschb., Cicad.,
1504.5 J. Sahl Not. Menniexii 159,257 Scott,
Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 287, 2.
3. Dirty greyish white. Crown with a round spot on each
side, a fine central line, which is continued over the forehead as far
as the ocelli where it suddenly divides and proceeds in an arcuate
form to the base of each antenna, a point at each ocellus, a sub-
triangular spot, of which one point reaches the ocellus, on each
temple, and the lower half of the face almost entirely, black.
Pronotum with a curved line from each front angle to the front
margin behind the spot on the crown, a linear central stripe, and a
large roundish spot on each side at the base, black. Scutellum as
in puncticeps. Nerves of the membrane and corium dark brown,
brachial nerve as far as the transverse nerve and a small piece at
the base of the upper cubital nerve pale; claval suture and inner
margin narrowly, a stripe just above the anal nerve and extending
for half its length, a piece of the anal nerve just before its apex, a
stripe just above the axillary nerve and extending for two-thirds of
its length, dark brown or black; a linear marking following the
course of the anal nerve for about half its length, and then passing
to the suture in the form of a blotch, the apex of the anal nerve,
and the entire axillary nerve, white. Abdomen black. Legs
variously striped and banded with black.
@. Similar to the male, but larger and with most of the black
markings replaced by rust-red. The central line on the crown
divides almost immediately on leaving the base. Lower half of
the face pale, with sundry dark markings; frons with a rust-red
linear central stripe on its lower half, and a row of small black
spots down each side. Abdomen above black, narrowly pale at the
sides, beneath pale. Legs variously striped and banded with rust-
red. Length, 25—38 mm.
Very common at the roots of grass, &c.
128 Mr. James Edwards’ Synopsis of
3. Agallia brachyptera, Boh.
Athysanus brachypterus, Boh., Sv. Ak. Handl., 29, 4
(1849).
Agallia brachyptera, Flor, Rhyn. Liv., ii., 554, 2;
Kirsehb., Ciead:, Il, 5: J: Sahl.,) Not:)Fenn.,
xil., 154, 3; Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., x., 288, 8.
Dirty yellowish white; two large roundish spots and sometimes
a central stripe on the crown, four transverse spots and a central
stripe on the pronotum, three stripes on each elytron, and the hind
margins of the abdominal segments narrowly, black. Elytra
about half as long as the abdomen, truncate, with rounded angles.
Length, 23—3 mm.
North Chiff, Scarborough, amongst newly-cut grass,
end of June.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PuateE I.
Fic. 1. Face of a Jassid; a frons, } ocellus, ¢c antenna, d temple,
e eye, f cheek, g clypeus, h rostrum, 7 lora.
. Elytron of a Jassid. Nerves: a cubital, b outer cubital,
c inner ditto, d brachial, e transverse, f anal, g axillary,
h angular; 7 claval suture. Areas: 1 costal, 2 basal
3 brachial, 4 subcostal, 5 suprabrachial, 6 subapical,
7 apical; 8 appendix.
,, 3. Terminal segments of a g Jassid (under side), 0 valve,
cc plates.
», 4. The same, viewed from the side; a pygofer, b valve,
c plate, d anal tube, e anal style.
», 5. Terminal segments of a ? Jassid (under side), aa pygofer,
b last ventral segment, c saw-case.
,, 6. The same, viewed from the side.
,, 7. Side view of the terminal segments of a g Delphacid
(Liburnia Signorett), a pygofer, b anal tube, c anal style,
bo
d style.
,, 8. Pygofer of a @ Delphacid (Liburnia venosa), seen from
behind ; a pygofer, 6 anal tube, ¢ anal style, d styles.
9. Terminal segments of a @ Delphacid (under side); @ basal
plates.
Fic.
be)
”
Fia.
10.
iit
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
7.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
25.
British Homoptera-Cicadina. 129
Cicadetta, elytron.
Centrotus, pronotum and scutellum.
Gargara, crown, pronotun, and scutellum.
Tettigometra, crown, pronotum, and scutellum.
Issws, upper side.
Oliarus, crown, pronotum, and scutellum.
Cixius a 3 a
Asiraca, a antenna, 6 fore leg.
Delphaz, a antenna, b hind leg.
Liburnia, face.
Dicranotropis, face.
Stiroma, face.
Trieccphora, crown, pronotum, and scutellum.
Aphrophora _ ,, an os
. Philenus is ” ”
Ledra, head and pronotum (front view).
Ulopa, face.
Puate II.
Bythoscopus, crown, pronotum, and scutellum.
Macropsis, face.
Megophthalmus, crown, pronotum, and seutellum.
. Idiocerus, crown, pronotum, and scutellum.
Agallia, face.
Pediopsis, crown, pronotum, and scutellum.
Liburnia straminea 3, genital style dissected out and
view from the side (the point of view mentioned has in
all cases reference to the position of the organs when
in situ).
. Liburnia straminea 3, anal tube viewed from below.
. Idiocerus viduatus 2, elytron.
. Liburnia Fairmairei 3, styles viewed from behind.
. Pediopsis fuscinervis, face.
2. Liburnia brevipennis 3 , styles viewed from behind.
51 guttula g, styles viewed from above.
s vittipennis 3, styles viewed from above.
o Signoreti 3, styles viewed from behind.
or Fiebert 3, 3 4 a
3 Boldi 3, 5 3 i
a ; . He : i : :
nia 6a
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V. Descriptions and remarks upon five new Noctuid
moths from Japan. By Arruur G. Buruer, F.L.S.,
F.Z.S8., &e.
[Read April 7th, 1886. |
THE species here described have been recently received
from Messrs. Henry Pryer and George Lewis, who
collected them personally in Japan.
The difficulty of dealing with aberrant types of familiar
genera, owing to the present imperfect definition of many
eroups of Noctuites, is at once apparent when one has
to decide with what genus such a species as the first
here described has the highest claim to be associated :
that structural characters, as hitherto studied, are in-
sufficient to decide the point, is evident: that characters
exist in the present case, which can only be examined
by destroying the type-specimen, is probable from the
bizarre aspect of the insect; but that this can only be
done where there are plenty of specimens to sacrifice,
is equally a lamentable fact.
COSMIIDA.
Cosma curvata, N. 8.
In form and general coloration like Cerastis spadicea, the outer
margin of the primaries even more sinuous; in structure almost
identical with Orthosia suspecta;* primaries sericeous, purplish
slate-coloured with the exception of a submarginal band and the
fringe, which are bronze-brown; ordinary lines black, slender,
with whitish inner edges; the first subbasal, angular, the second at
basal third, oblique and slightly curved, the third just beyond the
external third, nearly straight, but with a slight sinus at the point
where it is crossed by the first median branch; a fourth indistinct
line, limiting the external border, nearly straight from costal
* Tn neuration I can find no difference between Cosmia,
Orthosia, and Cerastis, the primaries having five subcostal
branches, all but the first starting from a post-discoidal cellule ;
the lower radial and second and third median branches being also
emitted close together.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PaRT 11. (JUNE).
132 = Mr. Butler’s descriptions and remarks upon
margin to third median branch, and thence undulated to inner
margin; discoidal spots outlined in white; secondaries sericeous
bronze-brown, darker towards the outer margin; fringe whity-
brown, traversed by a dark brown line ; body brown, the abdomen
greyer than the thorax; under surface whity-brown, sericeous,
with golden-bronze reflections; primaries, with the exception of
the borders, suffused with blackish, and showing darker indications
of the third and fourth lines of the upper surface; secondaries
crossed by two irregular ill-defined dusky stripes. Expanse of
wings, 29 mm.
Fukushima, 28th July, 1881 (G. Lewis); Yokohama
(H. Pryer).
Mr. Pryer regards this as a Noctua: in pattern above
it is most like a Mesogona, excepting in the border of the
primaries, which is like that of an Orthosia: in some
respects it is more like a Cerastis than a Cosmia, but
the palpi correspond with those of the latter genus:
singularly enough it agrees in most respects with the
Notodontid genus Beara, but the flatter thorax, more
prominent head, longer palpi, and the little cross-veinlet
in the primaries forming the post-discoidal cellule,
sufficiently distinguish it.
It is strange that neuration should repeat itself, as it
does, in widely distinct families ; in the present instance,
however, the families are more nearly allied than they
sometimes are: neuration, though invaluable as a generic
character, cannot be used by itself for the definition of
families, for, though it may serve to distinguish some,
it will equally unite others which are far more distinct ;
the little cell above or beyond the discoidal cell, and
which has been called ‘‘ post-diseoidal,’’ occurs in many
groups of Bombycina, Geometrina, and Noctwina. The
number of median branches to the secondaries (the
radial when approximated to the third median being
called a fourth) is not an invariable character, there
being Geometrina, both with three and four so-called
‘‘median branches’; whilst Argyria, which appears to
be a Drepanulid (as I shall presently attempt to prove),
corresponds closely, not only in neuration, but in every
other respect, with Somatina, has only the normal
Geometrid arrangement of three median branches, and,
apart from its great resemblance to Cilix, fully justifies
M. Guénée’s decision that it belonged to the Geometrina :
at the same time it possesses the same number of veims
five new Noctuid moths from Japan. 133
as Cilix, has nearly the same arrangement of veins in
the primaries, the principal difference consisting in the
weak character of the disco-cellular veinlets and, in the
secondaries, in the different relative position of the sub-
costal and median branches, which thus necessitates an
alteration in the form of the discoidal cell; such dis-
tinctions, though wide enough to separate some families
(as in the case of the Cnochromiide among the
Geometrina), cannot be admitted to be of sufficient im-
portance to enable one to place Argyria and Cilix in two
tribes so wide apart as the Geometrina and Bombycina.
On the other hand, the genus T'eldenia (proved by
breeding to be a true Drepanulid), which is even more
Geometriform than Argyria, is intermediate in the
character of its wing-veins between the latter and Ciliz,
whilst the genera Macroctlix and Auzata, formerly asso-
clated with Argyria and placed among the Geometrina,
are in all their structural characters essentially Dre-
panulide.
Whether Somatina should also be placed in the latter
family or not cannot be decided without breeding it ;
but, if I am right in locating Argyria there, it would
indeed be strange that a genus almost identical with it
in the imago condition should belong to so widely
distinct a tribe as the Geometrina; nevertheless, it
should be borne in mind that structural characters in
the imago stages of the Heterocera have not enabled
even the best and most painstaking lepidopterist to
assign certain: genera to their natural positions, the
genus Huphanessa, hitherto referred to Bombycina, but
now proved to belong to the Geometrina, being a case in
point.
That the number of branches to the median vein of
the secondaries should be regarded as invariably of the
highest importance, will at once be seen to be absurd by
anyone who examines the whole of the genera of
Zygenide, m which the median branches vary from two
to four, and the totalnumber of veins in the secondaries
from five to eight.
Therefore, although it is as a rule safe to assume,
because of a certain combination of characters in the
imago, that a moth belongs to such and such a
family, the existence of many aberrant forms, of which
the life-history is known, and their natural position
134 Mr. Butler’s descriptions and remarks upon
therefore finally decided, renders any attempt to found a
system of classification upon the external structure of
the imago alone wholly futile.
HADENIDA.
Lipia claripennis, n. 8.
Allied to HE. echii of Europe ; of the same size and with nearly
the same pattern; the markings of the primaries are, however,
more diffused and consequently less sharply defined, the discoidal
spots are grey with white margins, the “orbicular”’ being oval,
oblique, and diverging from the “ reniform” spot, which is also less
angular than in H#. echiti; below the ‘“ orbicular” spot and upon
the interno-median area is an oblong blackish spot (asin Dianthecia
capsincola), followed by a small fusiform white spot; below the
latter there are no more white markings upon the central belt, the
white internal patch which occurs in EH. echii being absent; the
white maculation of the fringe appears also to be wholly absent ;
the secondaries are white instead of grey, very glossy, and with a
faint golden appearance in certain lights, the discal line and outer
border are faintly indicated in grey ; the body is sordid whitish, the
collar marked on each side with a little arched line; on the under
surface the differences are more marked, the primaries being
greyish white to beyond the cell, the disc grey, and the outer
border pale greyish brown; the disco-cellular lunule is grey;
secondaries with the discal lines much less distinct and nearer
together than in H. echii; tibie and tarsi of front legs greyish in
front ; not distinctly banded as in the European species. Expanse
of wings, 29 mm.
Nikko (H. Pryer).
Dichonia intermissa, n. s.
Intermediate in some respects between D. convergens and D,
protea; in pattern, both above and below, most like the former,
but in the colouring of the primaries approaching the latter; the
form of the discoidal spots, the presence of a pale spot below the
‘‘orbicular,” and the well-defined marginal black dots also
correspond with D. protea; the pale scales on the primaries are,
however, of a yellowish brown, rather than greenish, tint, and the
reniform spot and the dise towards external angle are sprinkled
with rust-red scales, somewhat as in D. convergens; the lines
which bound the central belt are wider apart than in either species,
and resemble those of D. geniste@; the secondaries are of a smoky-
five new Noctuid moths from Japan. 135
grey tint, gradually darkening from the base to the outer margin ;
the fringe white, traversed by a black line ; under surface smoky
grey, the centre of the secondaries whitish, so as to show clearly a
small black disco-cellular crescent; other markings obsolete.
Expanse of wings, 38 mm.
Japan (H. Pryer).
In Staudinger’s Catalogue I find that the three species
above referred to are placed in three separate genera—
D. convergens in Dichonia, D. protea in Dryobota, D.
geniste in Mamestra, but why is not stated ; and, after
carefully comparing their structure, I fail to see any
justification for such a proceeding. M. Guénée placed
all three in Hadena, and indicated H. w-latinwn
(= geniste) as type, though the latter was not originally
recorded as a member of the genus in Schrank’s
enumeration of the species: the actual type of Hadena
appears to be H. cucubali, so far as I have been able to
ascertain ;* the latter was originally associated by
Boisduval with other clearly heterogeneous forms, as
representing his genus Dianthecia, and has subsequently
been placed in the latter group.
PLUSIIDA.
Plusia humeralis, n. 8.
Nearly allied to P. chryson; of the same size, form, and general
pattern, but the primaries without the golden patch, with the basal
area lilacine grey, crossed close to the base by a blackish line, and
just beyond this by a tapering blackish band; central area more
purplish in tint, with the three lines much darker, and the outer-
most of the three less strongly undulated; external and apical areas
more bronzy, very glossy; secondaries whiter, the line and border
better defined; thorax duller in tint, abdomen whiter; under
surface cream-coloured instead of ochreous, but in other respects
similar. Expanse of wings, 49 mm.
Yezo (H. Pryer).
POLYDESMID.
Polydesma vulgaris, n. 8.
Primaries above greyish or cupreous-brown, always pale and
more or less sericeous, crossed by numerous ill-defined brown or
* Mr. Kirby has kindly assisted me in looking up the probable
type of Hadena, but we have not been able to give sufficient time
to the matter to come to any final decision.
136 Noctuid moths from Japan.
reddish dentate-sinuate stripes, which, however, frequently are
wholly lost in the ground colour; two reversed dentate-sinuate
darker lines or two stripes slightly paler than the ground colour
indicate the limits of the central belt; the orbicular spot is usually
ill-defined or absent, but sometimes represented by a whitish spot ;
the reniform spot is oblique, large, usually whitish, but sometimes
ochreous, though always with a white or whitish external edging ;
the outer line or stripe bounding the central area occasionally has
its dentate character defined by a series of black points at the
extremities of the denticles; so far all the characters are variable
and inconspicuous; the following characters are always better
marked—a dark brown almost semicircular basi-costal patch, an
unequally quadrate costal patch of the same colour beyond the cell,
an irregular more or less dusky outer border bounded internally by
a paler stripe, two more or less defined hastate black dashes on the
radial interspaces interrupted by the submarginal pale stripe; a
marginal series of black crescentic dots with pale inner edges and
several dusky or blackish costal dashes; secondaries varying from
grey to brown, always sericeous, and with pale golden or bright
cupreous reflections, a more or less distinct darker diffused external
border; an ill-defined marginal series of blackish dots; fringe
whitish ; body whity-brown; head, collar and tegule dark brown,
varying in accordance with the colour of the primaries from greyish
to reddish; under surface varying from whitish to bronze-brown;
primaries with the central area slightly greyish; all the wings
with a blackish disco-cellular spot and two parallel discal lines from
costal to inner margins. Expanse of wings, 34—50 mm.
Male and female, Tokei (C. Maries) ; female, Chekiang
(W. B. Pryer); male and female, Yokohama (H. Pryer).
This perfectly typical Polydesma is noted by Mr. H.
Pryer as a Xylophasia. It is an unusually variable
species.
(ia V7 a i)
VI. Notes in 1885 upon lepidopterous larve and pupe,
S.
including an account of the loss of weight in the
Freshly-formed lepidopterous pupa, dc. By Epwarp
B. Povutton, M.A., F.G.S., F.Z.8., of Jesus and
Keble Colleges, Oxford.
[Read March 3rd, 1886.]
CONTENTS.
. Notes upon the larvee of Smerinthus tilie and S. ocellatus, and wpon
the red spots in Smerinthus larve.
. Further examination of the newly-hatched Smerinthus larva.
. Notes upon the adult larva of Acherontia atropos, with suggestions as
to its appearance in earlier stages.
. The relation of the colours of the larva of Sphinx ligustri to those
of its food-plants.
. Anew point in the terrifying attitude of the larva of Chwrocampa
elpenor.
. The terrifying attitude of the larva of Dicranura vinula.
. The fluid ejected by the larva of D. vinula.
. The apparent failure of the extreme protection of many larve.
. An eyersible gland in the larva of Orgyia pudibunda.
. The production of a twig-like appearance in the larva of Hemithea
thymiaria.
. The darkening of the hairs of the larva of Acronycta leporina before
pupation.
. The method by which the imagines of the Chloephorid@ escape from
their cocoons.
. Notes upon the larva of Paniscus cephalotes parasitic upon the larva
of Dicranura vinula.
. Additional note on the distribution of derived plant pigments in
certain larve.
. On the considerable loss of weight in the pupa immediately after
throwing off the larval skin.
1. NoTES UPON THE LARVE OF SMERINTHUS TILIA AND
OCELLATUS, AND UPON THE RED SPOTS IN SMERINTHUS
LARVm.—On August 12th, 1885, I found a larva of this
Species crawling up an elm trunk close to the Oxford
University Parks. The larva had just entered the last
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PaRT II. (JUNE). L
138 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 upon
stage, and I was very interested to see that the two
apical head tubercles still retained traces of a red colora-
tion, thus proving that these tubercles are red in earlier
stages, as in S. ocellatus. The way in which the colour
changed at the beginning of the last stage was exactly
as in S. ocellatus, the red fading into the cleft between
the yellowing tubercles, and soon disappearing entirely.
The prothoracic spiracle appears to be white, the others
red; the effect being produced by a distinct red line
which encircles the latter, while careful examination
shows that the former is also surrounded by a very fine
red line, which, however, does not play any part in the
general appearance of the larva. I expect that the
anterior spiracle is concealed during rest, as in S.
ocellatus. During the past summer (1885) I also found
two adult larve of this species at Oxford, with the red
borders to the stripes spoken of by Weismann. There
could not be the least doubt that the red borders repre-
sented the violet ones of Sphinx ligustri, and the coloured
borders of the oblique stripes in other Sphingide, and
that Weismann’s identification is perfectly correct. But,
as I have before stated, I cannot think that in S. ocellatus
and S. populi we have the traces of a similar marking,
for there is never any tendency towards the elongation
of the spots into borders in these species, and yet the
spot system is developed to a much greater extent than
in S. tilie. And yet in a larva of S. ocellatus, which
possessed this character to a very slight extent, there
was a very strong resemblance to Weismann’s description
of the faintest trace of the red borders in S. tilie.
Weismann says of the latter larve in the fourth stage,
on p. 235 of the English translation of his essay on
‘The Origin of the Markings of Caterpillars’ :—‘‘ Many
of them possess a blood-red spot on the anterior
side of the stripes, this spot showing all gradations in
size and depth of colour between maximum development
and a mere trace.” The larva of S. ocellatus, to which
I allude, was one of two which possessed the spots out
of about seventy-five which had been bred from the egg.
The spots were only present in the upper row (three
rows appearing in extreme varieties) on the first five
abdominal segments. The spots, which could only be
detected in the last stage, were indicated by a little local
darkening of the green anterior border to the stripes,
leptdopterous larve and pupe. 139
with the faintest tinge of red in its centre. There was
also the slightest trace of red round the spiracles,
spreading outwards from the normal red line. Omitting
the last feature the description is exactly the same as
that quoted from Weismann, referring, of course, to the
larve with the ‘mere trace” of the spots. The other
larva of S. ocellatus had the spots rather more developed,
and they first appeared in the fourth stage. They were
only present in the upper row on the second thoracic
segment (very faint) and upon the first five and the
seventh abdominal segments. This larva died when it
was advanced in the last stage, the spots being the same
as in the previous stage, but the chief interest of the
larva lay in the fact that it was not a yellowish variety,
but intermediate between this and the whitish form. In
all the other instances hitherto recorded the spotted
varieties of S. ocellatus have always belonged to the
yellowish form of the larva (as did the other larva of
this species mentioned above). These two larve have
been described in a paper read before the Royal Society,
and to be published in the Proc. Roy. Soc. in a few
weeks. It must be remembered that the purple borders
of S. ligustrt are linear, and not spot-like in their first
appearance, and that the spots of S. tele only appear
in one row (as far as I am aware) instead of two or three
rows, as in the other Smerinthus larve. It seems
possible (but this is a mere suggestion) that the coloured
borders existed in Smerinthus larve, arising in the same
manner as in Sphinx ligustri by a linear substitution of
a bright colour for the previous border of darkened
eround colour, and that the appearances seen in
Smerinthus tiie are due to the fading away of the
character instead of its origin. The borders are fairly
complete in some individuals, in others they shorten
into spots, but in the large majority they have dis-
appeared. In the other Smerinthus larve the shortening
borders may have been arrested at the spot stage, which
has evidently been made use of as an independent larval
marking, and which has received additions in the other
rows. The great length of time over which the spots
have been made use of as a larval marking (in S. ocellatus
and 8. populi) may account for the fact that the spots
only, and never the coloured borders, appear in the
ontogeny of these two Smerinthus larve. There is much
140 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 upon
in the ontogeny of the larve of this genus to support
the view that they have been brightly and very differently
coloured in the past (see my previous paper in the
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., Part II., August, 1885, p. 281,
&e.). Such indications are found in the brightly-
coloured tubercles on the top of the head; the occasional
suffusion of the light stripes with a reddish tint, and the
extraordinary bristles with which the young larve are
covered. At the same time the special explanation of
the spots offered above is entirely tentative, for the
subject is exceedingly difficult, and many more observa-
tions will be necessary before any theory can be
considered satisfactory. I have been induced to some-
what modify the view I previously brought before this
Society, because of the observation of the two larve of
S. ocellatus and the two of S. tilie described above.
In previous papers read before this Society I have de-
scribed the small ‘eighth stripe’’ upon the first abdo-
minal segment of Smerinthus larve and in that of Sphinz
ligustri. While I was undertaking some extensive
breeding experiments upon the larve of S. ocellatus
during the summer of 1885, my friend Mr. W. White
(who was staying with me at the time) pointed out that
my white larve possessed a trace of a ‘“‘ninth stripe”
on the last thoracic segment. It is parallel with the
“eiohth stripe,” but smaller than the latter, and very
obscure. The best way to see it is to take a general
view of the larve at a little distance. The marking
generally disappeared in the last stage, and was, I think,
seen in both the previous stages. In a peculiarly white
larva found by me in September, 1885, upon Salix alba at
Brigue, in Switzerland, the “ninth stripe” was plainly
present, although the larva was advanced in the last stage.
It seems likely that this obscure marking is due to the
tendency towards the transference of serially homologous
markings on to those segments upon which they are not
present, but, if so, it is improbable that the marking
will become distinct, for it would then interfere with the
effect of the anterior remnant of the subdorsal in the
protective attitude, which the “eighth stripe,” on the
other hand, rather assists (see Trans. Hint. Soc. Lond.,
Part I., April, 1884, pp. 32 and 33). The view that this
‘ninth stripe” is comparatively recent is also supported
by the fact that it is only seen on the whitish varieties, for
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 141
there are reasons for believing that the yellow variety is
phylogenetically older, viz., the fact that the young
larvee are always yellow, and that the red spots nearly
always occur on this variety.
2. FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THE NEWLY-HATCHED
SMERINTHUS LARVA.—In my last paper communicated to
this Society (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1885, Part I1.), il
described the newly-hatched larve of Sphinx ligustri and
Smerinthus ocellatus, and in that paper will be found an
account of the hairy covering which these larve possess
in the early stages, and of which traces can be detected
as long as the larve are shagreened (i. ¢., for the whole
life of Smerinthus larve, and in all the stages except the
last of Sphinx ligustri). In the newly-hatched S. ligustre
the body was covered with hairs or bristles, which sprang
from ordinary shagreen dots, while there were also two
lateral and two dorsal rows of longer bristles springing
from larger shagreen dots, which bore a special relation to
the larval markings which appeared later (see the paper
quoted above for details of this relation, &c.). All this
was seen with a hand lens (Browning’s platyscopic lens,
the lowest and the highest powers), or with the naked
eye; only the more advanced stages of both larve being
examined with the compound microscope. During the
present year (1885) I have carefully examined the newly-
hatched larve of Smerinthus ocellatus and S. popula,
using high powers for the purpose. In correcting the
proof of the above-mentioned paper I was able to add a
short account of the results of this later work (see p. 296),
which gave the chief conclusions arrived at, and in which
I pointed out that the young stages of Smerinthus and
Sphinx were brought very near together. I have not yet
examined the young stages of Sphinx under high powers,
for I have not been able to obtain ova since 1884.
I am now able to produce a figure of the apex of the
caudal horn in the newly-hatched larva of Smerinthus
populi, looked at from above and magnified 188 diameters
(see the accompanying woodcut, Fig. 1). The numerous
short bristles are seen to rise from small bases,—the
ordinary shagreen dots,—while the long bristles expand
basally into much larger tubercles, and the bifid extremity
of the horn is formed of two such tubercles, each bearing a
long bristle. The considerable degree of bifidity exhibited
142 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 upon
in this stage affords an interesting contrast with the
smaller development of this feature in later stages (com-
pare fig. 10, Plate VII., in the above quoted paper, for a
representation of the apex of the horn in Sphinx ligustri
in the third stage). It is noteworthy that the two
terminal bristles are larger and much stouter than any
of the others, and there is the faintest approach to the
development of clavate extremities. None of the longer
bristles were forked upon this part of the horn in the
individual which was figured, but it is common to find
such bristles with a small and simple apical fork (as
described in the paper previously mentioned). The
small bristles generally end in a remarkable quadrifid
expansion, of which the four processes are here com-
paratively short, although in some parts of the body of
the larva they are greatly prolonged, and thus produce
a most extraordinary appearance when the profile of the
larva is examined under a compound microscope,
magnifying 50 or 100 diameters. The figure serves
well to indicate the difference between the two kinds of
bristles which occur on the body of the young Smerinthus
and Sphinx (and probably other) larve, and of which
the tubercular bases bear an important part in the
markings. The long bristles on the part of the horn
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 143
figured are similar to those which form the dorsal and
lateral rows on the body of these larve.
On page 302, &e., of the above-quoted paper I have
shown that the caudal horn of many of the young larve
of Sphingide is forked like that of S. populi figured
above. Among other instances I quoted that of Anceryx
pinastri from Weismann, which is described in his Essay
as possessing a forked horn in the first and second
stages. On page 266 of the Essay, Weismann states
that the horn is ‘‘no longer forked” in the third stage.
I felt sure that a character so strongly marked as
Weismann’s figure (plate vi., fig. 53) shows it to be
would have persisted for a longer period than the two
earliest stages; and in this belief I wrote the following
sentence (p. 302) :—‘‘The fork is so marked in this
species that I have no doubt that it really exists in more
advanced stages, but requires a lens for its detection.”
In the spring of the present year (1886) I had the
opportunity of examining three well-preserved speci-
mens of this larve in Lord Walsingham’s magnificent
collection. Two of the larve appeared to be mature, and
at any rate were in the last (fifth) stage, but in all three
the tip of the horn was strongly forked,—very much
more so than in the newly-hatched S. popult (Fig. 1).
It is thus clear that Weismann was mistaken in thinking
that the character disappeared at the third stage. In
A. pinastri the feature is not only more prominent, but
lasts for a longer period than in any other Sphina larva
yet described.
8. NorEs UPON THE ADULT LARVA OF ACHERONTIA
ATROPOS, WITH SUGGESTIONS AS TO ITS APPEARANCE IN
EARLIER STAGES.—During the past summer (1885) I have
had the opportunity of examining several larve of this
species in the last stage. They were all full-fed, or
nearly so, and probably all had come from potato fields
(although in one case the adult larva was found in a
hedge). The larve without exception were of the
common yellow variety, and all except one were found
near Oxford. It is at once obvious that these larve
present the closest resemblance to those of Sphinx
ligustri. The shape of the head is exactly similar, with
the same arrangement of the black marginal line rela-
tively to the face, except that the black borders very
144 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 upon
nearly meet at the apex of the head in S. ligustri, while
they do not come so near to complete fusion in A. atropos.
In both larve the black bands attenuate considerably
towards the apex of the head. ‘The most striking
resemblance, however, is afforded by the appearance
and position during the resting attitude of the thoracic
segments, which in both species are swollen and trans-
parent-looking, and without a trace of marking. All
the larval markings end abruptly at the anterior edge of
the first abdominal segment, except the border of the
anterior stripe, which just crosses the intersegmental
furrow in both species. The resting attitude of both is also
exactly similar, the head being retracted and the dorsal
surface of the swollen thoracic segments curved into a
quarter of a circle, as seen in profile. This is seen in the
Splanx attitude of rest, and in other positions also. The
difference between the ground colour of the thoracic
segments and that of the others is very obvious in both
cases. The difference is perhaps best described by
saying that the former are yellower and paler, and
especially that the colour possesses a peculiar trans-
parency, which is absent from the rest of the body.
The thoracic segments are, however, less bright and
yellow than the ground colour in the region of the
oblique stripes. In a figure of the brown variety of
A. atropos, painted by Mrs. Owen Wilson, and sent to
me by Professor R. Meldola, the ground colour of the
thoracic segments is pink, while that of the others is
brown ; and the contrast is therefore much greater than
in the common variety. Mr. Stainton, in his ‘ Manual,’
describes the anterior segments of this variety as whitish,
and the rest of the body as brownish olive: I expect
that this is more correct than the impression con-
veyed by the figure, although the specimen which
Mrs. Wilson has painted may have been an unusual
variety. ‘The black thoracic spiracle of A. atropos
resembles the ochreous anterior spiracle of S. ligustri,
and differs from that of Smerinthus ocellatus, &e., in
being unconcealed when the larva is at rest in the
Sphinx attitude. The relations of the oblique stripes
and borders to those of Sphinx ligustri are extremely
interesting. In Stainton’s ‘Manual’ the larva of A.
atropos is described ‘‘ with seven oblique lateral violet
stripes,’ and that of S. ligustri ‘with seven oblique
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 145
lateral white streaks, bordered above with lilac.”
Gertainly this correlation of the markings of the two
larve seems sufficiently obvious, and is the one which is
also given in other descriptive works. Recent investi-
gations, however, have shown the relations existing
between the oblique stripes and their coloured borders
(by a comparison of the ontogenies of Smerinthus and
Sphing larve). The conclusions arrived at by these
investigations suggested a careful examination of the
position of the violet bands of A. atropos, which resulted
in the proof that these markings do not correspond to
the stripes of S. ligustri, but to the coloured borders
only,—the latter markings, in fact, have persisted, while
the oblique stripes have become inconspicuous. This
correspondence is at once seen on comparing the relative
positions of the caudal horn and the spiracles to the
oblique markings in A. atropos and S. ligustrt respectively.
The fact is recognised by Weismann on p. 822 of the
English translation of his work, where he speaks of the
blue ‘‘edges” of A. atropos, and compares them with
those of S. ligustri, &c. The stripes are also present
in A. atropos, but, being only of a lighter yellow than the
rest of the ground colour, they are easily passed over.
They are narrow in the lower half of their length,
becoming broad above, so that they occupy very nearly
the whole interval between the coloured borders in the
dorsal region. This broadening takes place as each
stripe crosses the furrow which separates the two
segments in which its course lies. In S. hgustri the
ground colour is much brighter in the region of the
oblique stripes and borders than elsewhere ; in A. atropos
this is probably also the case, but the brightened ground
colour cannot, of course, be distinguished from the true
oblique stripes (which are also brightened eround colour).
Hence what is described above as a broadening of the
oblique stripes may in reality be due to their fusion with
another of the elements of larval colour. The brightness
of the ground colour in the region of the oblique
markings, due in part to stripes and in part to the
eround colour itself, produces an effect which is very
like that of S. ligustri. Below this region the ground
colour becomes much darker and greener in both larve,
and in both the darkened colour spreads upwards in
front of the borders for the lower half of their length.
146 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 upon
In A. atropos a fine white line runs along the posterior
margin of the inferior anterior half of each coloured
border, but it seems unlikely that this represents the
true stripe. The borders of A. atropos are violet for the
chief part of their course, shading into blue anteriorly
and inferiorly, and also changing abruptly into the same
colour above, at the furrow which divides the two
segments over which each border extends. The upward
blue continuation of the border meets its fellow of the
opposite side in a distinct \V, of which the apex lies close
to the hinder limit of the posterior of the two segments
traversed by the border. This backward prolongation of
the coloured border (as such) does not take place in
S. ligustri, but the lilac tint ceases abruply at the furrow
corresponding to that which only divides the border of
A. atropos into two rather differently coloured halves.
Nevertheless, careful examination will show that the
borders of S. ligustri are carried back, and form a series
of V/s, but only as darkened ground colour, and with the
loss of all distinctness. Hence each segment, from the
first to the seventh abdominal (both inclusive), is crossed
by parts of two oblique borders, of which both the upper
and lower parts are very conspicuous in A. atropos,
while the upper in S. ligustri can only be detected after
careful examination. This is also true of the stripes
themselves in S. ligustri, while the stripe is altogether
inconspicuous in A. atropos. The eighth abdominal
segment is only crossed by the upper part of one stripe
(the last) and its border, and here also the same con-
trast holds good in the two larve. In A. atropos, how-
ever, the border does not become blue, but remains
of the same purple as its anterior inferior continuation.
This border also becomes much narrower upon the
eighth abdominal segment after crossing the furrow
which separates it from the seventh segment. The larva
of A. atropos is peculiar as compared with that of
S. ligustri, im the persistence of the ‘eighth stripe” in
the last stage; but the latter larva possesses this feature
in earlier stages, and it can even be detected immediately
after the last ecdysis. In A. atropos the ‘‘ eighth stripe”’
is conspicuously represented by the bright blue border,
which is present upon the first abdominal segment, and
ends abruptly at its anterior margin, thus occupying an
entirely normal position. On the other hand, this is
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 147
the only instance, as far as I am aware, of the ‘‘ eighth
stripe’? gaining a coloured border, the exception being
doubtless explained by the fact that this stripe consists
of an upper part only (upon the first abdominal segment,
and never extending downwards upon the third thoracic
segment), and such upper parts possess coloured borders
in the case of A. atropos alone. ‘The shagreen dots
form a very remarkable addition to the markings of the
adult over the dorsal surface of the abdominal segments
(first to eighth, both inclusive). Over an area rigidly
limited by the inferior edge of the lower part of an
oblique border in each segment the shagreen dots form
the centres of relatively large circular patches of purple.
These patches are larger upon the borders than else-
where, and are especially large upon the superior
posterior part of each border. The patches are
especially small and scarce posterior to the upper part
of the sixth border on the seventh abdominal segment,
while upon the eighth abdominal segment there are
only a very few faint patches, all of which are placed on
the upper part of the seventh border, which traverses
this segment. The purple patches have evidently spread
from the bases of the dots, which are still visible in the
centre of each as a small light spot (which, however, is
not raised above the general surface of the larva). These
dots have entirely lost the hairs in this last stage, but
their former presence is probably indicated by a minute
central scar-like point. The patches are also seen to be
connected with dots because of their arrangement upon
the eight annuli into which each abdominal segment is
divided (except the first, which is only divided into six
or seven annuli). The occurrence of the dots upon the
coloured borders is quite exceptional, but then in this
larva the former become the centre of patches of the
same colour as the latter, although it is noteworthy that
the patches are always purple, while the upper parts of
the stripes become blue. It may be that the patches
point to the origin of the borders upon which they
persist ; but, if so, such a development of this marking
is most unusual, for in other forms the borders arise first
by the absence of dots, secondly by the darkening of the
eround colour, and finally by its replacement by a diffe-
rent tint. On the other parts of the larva the shagreen
dots are more normal when they are present. ‘Thus
148 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 upon
upon the underside there are extremely minute hairs
borne by exceedingly small traces of dots, exactly as in
S. ligustri in the last stage. Again, the caudal horn is
well known to be rough, and this condition is caused by
the persistence of true shagreen dots upon it, many of
which bear simple hairs.
Comparing the larva with that of S. ligustri in the same
stage, A. atropos exhibits phyletically older features in
the persistence of normal shagreen dots upon the horn,
and of (much modified) dots upon the dorsal surface, and
in the persistence of the ‘‘ eighth stripe’? (border). On
the other hand, it is phyletically younger in the extreme
development of the coloured borders, and probably in
the fading away of the oblique stripes.
This last point adds another stage to the long history
of the oblique stripes and their borders in Sphingide.
The history may be recapitulated as follows :—
1. A hairy larva with greenish or yellowish ground
colour ; the hairs springing from light (white or
yellow) tubercles.
2. The hairs become inconspicuous and the tubercles
more distinct.
3. The tubercles become especially enlarged and approxi-
mated along the lines of the oblique stripes, thus
forming the first indications of this system of
marking.
4. The light colour spreads from the base of each
tubercle, and the adjacent areas coalesce, forming
a continuous stripe.
5. The tubercles disappear from the ground colour along
the anterior edge of each stripe, thus producing a
relatively dark border.
6. The border is rendered more distinct by a deepening
in the tint of the ground colour.
7. The border becomes a conspicuous feature in the
oblique line system, gaining a distinct and generally
bright tint, a modification or replacement of the
eround colour.
8. The original oblique stripes fade away until they
are hardly recognisable, while the bright borders
become highly developed, and almost entirely
represent the whole system.
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 149
This history can be traced up to the end of the seventh
stage in the ontogeny of S. ligustri, up to the end of the
sixth stage in that of Smerinthus ocellatus, while A.
atropos supplies the eighth stage. These stages are
arranged successively, but there is no doubt that con-
siderable overlap occurs, and in some ontogenies the
stages may follow one another in a different order.
Thus stage seven may sometimes succeed the fourth
stage, and the second and third stages may take place
together. The succession described above is, however,
probably true for the phylogeny, although there may be
exceptions or omissions in its short recapitulation in
certain ontogenies. It is undoubtedly true that the oblique
stripes appeared before their borders and in the manner
indicated above; and that the borders appeared later,
although perhaps earlier than the complete fusion of the
areas to form continuous stripes. The ontogenetic
evidence upon which the first seven stages have been
reconstructed will be found in my two papers in the
Trans. Ent. Soc. of Lond., Part I., April, 1884, p. 27;
and Part Il., August, 1885, p. 281, together with a
complete description of the larva of S. ligustri in all
stages, which may be referred to in confirmation of the
comparison instituted above between this larva and that
of A. atropos.
Since the above was written Lord Walsingham has
kindly allowed me to examine and describe two beautiful
specimens of the brown variety of this larva from his
collection. I was greatly surprised to find that the
markings as well as the colours are entirely different
from those of the yellow variety. The ground colour of
the thoracic segments is light brownish or of a dirty
white, and resembles the other variety in being much
lighter than that of the rest of the larva, but it is
entirely different in the possession of distinct and very
dark markings. There 1s a broad median dorsal band
of a very dark brown colour, which is present upon the
second and third thoracic segments, and broadens con-
siderably towards the intersegmental furrows, and
especially towards that which separates these two seg-
ments from each other. Except on the anterior and
posterior boundaries of the prothorax the band is
replaced on this segment by a rather lighter and much
broader patch of a brownish colour with dark spots
150 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 wpon
upon it. The whole dorsal band upon the three
thoracic segments is traversed by a narrow median
light-coloured line lying over the dorsal vessel. The
sides of the thoracic segments are also dark-coloured,
the tint spreading further upwards at the intervening
furrows, while in the prothorax the dark lateral tint
extends until it is continuous with that of the dorsal
patch, so that there is very little of the light ground
colour on this segment. This small amount of light
eround colour is chiefly on the dorsal aspect of the
seoment, anterior and posterior to the brown patch, and
even over these limited areas it is interrupted by the
traces of the continuation of the dark band of the two
seoments behind. There is also a small lightish patch
on the sides of the prothorax in one of the specimens, but
even this is clouded with darker markings. Hence nothing
could be more unlike than the arrangement of markings
on the thoracic segments of these two varieties.
The face is also striped with two additional dark lines,
of which those on the same side are continuous inferiorly
and superiorly, but do not meet those of the opposite side
ina f\. These are parallel with the margins of the dark
borders of the head also present in the yellow variety.
In one specimen the nearest line has fused with the
dark margin, except for a short section of its length
superiorly. The clypeus is also bordered by a fine dark
line. Again, the dark borders to the oblique stripes
pass backwards, and meet in a Y at a point considerably
in front of the posterior boundary of each abdominal
segment from the first to the seventh inclusive, while
in the other variety the borders meet at the boundaries
themselves. Posterior to the apex, in the brown variety,
the dark borders again diverge in a smaller V/, with its
apex directed forwards, and thus making an XX with the
other \YV. Each side of the smaller VY is prolonged
backwards to the intersegmental furrow, where it meets
with the oblique border behind that with which it is
continuous anteriorly. The series of seven X-like
marks which are thus seen upon the first seven abdominal
segments is exceedingly characteristic, and quite unlike
the Vs of the yellow variety. The ‘‘ eighth border” is
quite distinct, and forms the first X, although it is
smaller than the others, while the seventh of these
markings is the least distinct.
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 151
Although there seems to be some difference between
the two sections of the oblique borders (being dark brown
above and a lighter reddish brown below), there is not
so sharp a demarcation as in the other variety. There
is apparently no trace of the oblique stripes, although
there is the hnear light coloured posterior edge to the
inferior anterior section of each border (as in the yellow
variety).
In one of the specimens I was very interested to find
a distinct trace of the subdorsal line, which is present
(as in the adult whitish varieties of Smerinthus ocellatus
larve) as the demarcation between a lighter dorsal and
a darker lateral tint, the junction being itself slightly
lighter than either. Traces of the line were also visible
on the thoracic segments, and the whole marking was
especially well seen on looking at the larva from a little
distance so as to obtain a general impression.
Again, the traces of the shagreen dots on the dorsal
surface are far less modified than in the other variety,
and are accompanied by less altered dots, which are
similar to those upon the lateral and ventral surfaces.
Those which are modified are larger than the others
and have small circular reddish patches round their
centres, which are marked by the scar of the bristle
which formerly existed in this position. Below the
oblique borders traces of shagreen dots are very abundant
and distinct, being especially crowded upon the dark
ventral surface. Hach is a light-coloured circular patch,
which is not raised above the larval surface. Within
each patch is the dark scar, with a minute central white
point, which appears to be sometimes developed into the
rudiment of a bristle. The prominence of these lower
patches affords a strong contrast to their condition in
the yellow larve.
Hence this strong contrast between the markings of
the two varieties in a dimorphic species (quite apart
from their difference in colour) seems to suggest that
they may have originally belonged to different stages in
the ontogeny. Whatever be the interpretation, it is
quite clear that the differences are of a much more
strongly marked kind than those usually expressed by
the term “ dimorphism” as applied to larve.
I should be extremely glad to be able to work out the
ontogeny of the larva of A. atropos, but unfortunately
152 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 upon
fertile ova must be exceedingly difficult to get, and, I
believe, have never yet been obtained.
In the hope of being able to examine the earlier stages
of this larva at some future time, I will now give a brief
description of what I believe will be the main results of
such an investigation. In the early stages the caudal
horn will possess a forked apex, with a bristle forming
the termination of each prong. It is probable that the
horn may be movable like that of S. ligustri. The larva
in the first stage will prove to be hairy, and will almost
certainly possess two dorsal and two lateral rows of
longer hairs, and the caudal horn will bear both kinds of
hairs ; later the larva will be shagreened, the dots being
the tubercles at the bases of the hairs, and in all
probability the rows of longer hairs will give rise to larger
dots, which will have a special relation to the markings
as in the early stages of S. ligustri and Smerinthus
larve (see Trans. Ent. Soc. of Lond., Part II., August,
1885, p. 281). The larva will be shagreened until the
end of the penultimate stage (probably the fourth), and
probably the special modification of the dots in the
dorsal region only takes place in the last stage. The
first markings are probably lke those of the young
S. ligustri,—-a subdorsal and a line parallel to and above
the latter upon the thoracic segments, seven oblique
stripes, and an ‘eighth stripe.” All these markings
will be light-coloured (probably white, like those of
S ligustri) ; later the subdorsal will fade, and the stripes
become prominent (the reverse conditions obtaining
primarily), but the anterior part of the subdorsal may
be traceable in the third and perhaps the beginning of
the fourth or even fifth stages. Since writing this
I have detected traces of the subdorsal in an adult
brown variety (see above). It is probable that the
extreme prominence of the coloured borders and the
fading away of the stripes is a very late feature (perhaps
only in the last stage), while the borders were at first
represented by darkened ground colour. Iam inclined
to think that the borders arose in the normal way, as a
modification of this darkened ground colour probably in
the third stage, and that the accessory aid afforded them
by the presence of coloured patches developed from the
bases of shagreen dots is a late feature, and has nothing
to do with their origin. but at the same time the final
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 153
settlement of this question would be one of the most
interesting results of the investigation of the ontogeny.
The ground colour is known to be greener in the
penultimate stage, while it is not uncommon to find
individuals in the last stage with a green ground colour
(the common form being, of course, yellow. See the
English translation of Weismann’s ‘ Essay,’ p. 323). It
seems certain therefore that the ground colour is green
in all stages except the last; the newly-hatched larva
being probably of a transparent yellowish tint until after
its first meal, while the head may be greener, as in the
young S. ligustri, which has just emerged from the egg.
The well-marked dimorphism probably arises in the
penultimate or in the last stage (in Cherocampa elpenor
it takes place in the last stage, occasionally in the fourth ;
in C. porcellus it appears regularly in the fourth stage,
occasionally in the third. See translation of Weismann’s
‘Hissay,’ pp. 181 and 186).
Since writing the above I am informed by Professor
Moseley that he has found the larva before its last
stage, and that he distinctly remembers that it was
shagreened all over ike a Smerinthus larva.
4, THE RELATION OF THE COLOURS OF THE LARVA OF
SPHINX LIGUSTRI TO THOSE OF ITS FOOD-PLANTS. — On
August 11th, 1885, I found two full-grown larve of this
species upon a tree of the wild guelder-rose upon an
island in the River Cherwell, near Oxford. As the food-
plant was new to me, I carefully observed the larval
colours which were produced after feeding upon it. The
sround colour was bright green, like that caused by
privet, but the coloured borders to the stripes were of a
very bluish lilac, and rather duller than in the larve
found upon the latter plant.
On August Ist, 1885, I found a larva of S. ligustri
upon privet in the Oxford University Parks; it was at
the beginning of the last stage, and possessed the bright
colours which follow the use of this food-plant. I fed the
larva upon lilac during the last stage (August Ist—12th),
and there was a gradually increasing change towards the
duller colours which are always caused by lilac, which,
however, were not ultimately produced to such an extent
as is seen after feeding the larve upon this food-plant
for their whole life.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—paRT U1. (JUNE.) M
154 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 upon
5. A NEW POINT IN THE TERRIFYING ATTITUDE OF THE
LARVA OF CHAROCAMPA ELPENOR. — During the past
summer (1885) I obtained two nearly fully-grown larvee
of C. elpenor, upon which the following observations
were made. Both were found near Oxford, one from the
Isis and the other from the Cherwell. I found the latter
in a bed of Hpilobium hirsutum (the usual food-plant), in
which a few plants of Lythrum purpureum were growing.
My wife pointed out to me that, although the larva was
clinging to a stem of an Epilobiwm, it was actually
engaged in eating a leaf of the Lythrum. I afterwards
offered it both food-plants, and found that the Lythrum
was eaten quite as readily as the Mpilobium. I have not
seen any instance recorded of the larva eating this food-
plant, and I have certainly never noticed it before.
The ontogeny of this larva has been very carefully
and completely worked out by Weismann (see English
translation by Prof. R. Meldola). Weismann describes
the origin of the large eye-like spots on the first and
second abdominal segments, and their use in the later
stages as terrifying markings. It is especially note-
worthy that the terrifying appearance due to these
markings would be effective against an enemy ap-
proaching from the side or from above, but would
produce very little, if any, effect upon an enemy ad-
vaneing from the front. At the same time it seemed to
me that the larva is more sensitive to very slight tactile
impressions on its head than elsewhere, and most
readily takes up the terrifying attitude on such a
stimulus. In other words, the larva readily meets the
approach of an enemy in front by taking up a position
which defends it from enemies coming from other
directions, but which (as far as the well- known eye-spots
are concerned) i is comparatively unavailing for the actual
necessity of the case. - However, on looking at the larva
from the front, when it assumed the terrifying attitude,
I saw at once that it is well protected from this point of
view by another pair of eye-like marks, which appear
in the defensive attitude only, upon the third thoracic
segment. This new eye-spot is produced by modifications
in the remains of the light subdorsal line, which persists
upon the thoracic segments, and is bordered above and
below with a dark margin. Weismann alludes to this
line, and, in the case of C. porcellus (p. 187), says of the
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 155
dark markings (with a median dark line in this species),
“The whole forming a marking which perhaps makes
the caterpillar appear still more alarming to its foes.”
In the figure of the larva of C. elpenor in the last stage
(fig. 23, pl. iv., of the Enelish translation), Weismann
shows that the black line which forms the lower margin
of the subdorsal is widened into a black patch upon the
third thoracic segment, and curves upwards round the
posterior extremity of the white subdorsal line to meet
the upper dark margin. The figure does not indicate
the undoubted fact that this patch which surrounds the
end of the white line is much blacker than the rest of
the dark margin. The upper margin is also darker
upon this segment, although the difference is less marked
than in the case of the lower margin. The ‘“ mirror”
of the eye is formed by the posterior end of the white
subdorsal; the ‘‘ ground area” by the black patch which
encircles the former in every direction except anteriorly ;
there is no trace of a “nucleus,” as in the well-known
eyes on the first and second abdominal segments. When
the larva assumes the terrifying attitude, and the head
and thoracic segments are telescoped into the first
abdominal segment, the swollen anterior end of the body
is abruptly truncated, and, when looked at from the
front, appears as a flattish circular face marked by deep
concentric furrows, which are the lines between the
segments, and between the annuli which are upon the
latter. The result of these deep furrows and of the
shortening of the subdorsal is to render the latter and
its dark margins inconspicuous, except in the posterior
part of their length, where they become broadened,
shortened, and rendered very prominent as two eye-like
marks, one on each side of the median line and towards
the upper margin of the face-like extremity of the larva.
Their position is therefore exactly that which better than
any other produces the effect of eyes upon an enemy
approaching from the front. Although the white
‘‘mirror” is not completely encircled by the “ground
area,’ no impression of imperfection is produced, and
the effect of the furrows and contraction is such as not
to suggest the continuity of the eye-like parts of the
subdorsal and its margins with the rest of these markings
on the anterior thoracic segments. My friend Professor
Meldola was staying with me at the time when I was
156 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 wpon
keeping one of these larve, and he was quite convinced
that the true significance of these markings upon the
third thoracic segment was that which has been described
above. ‘These two eye-like marks differ from the others
in that they only possess significance in the terrifying
attitude, being quite unrecognisable as eyes in any other
position. This must certainly add to the effect of the
suddenly assumed protective attitude, when, in addition to
the changed contour of the larva and the prominence given
to the large eye-spots, with equal suddenness new terrify-
ing marks seem, as it were, to spring into existence.
6. THE TERRIFYING ATTITUDE OF THE LARVA OF Dicra-
NURA VINULA.—I think there is no doubt that the anterior
view of this larva possesses exactly the same significance
as that of the Cherocampa larve, but in the former case
the effect is less elaborately produced, and is not in-
tensified by the accessory and important eye-like marks
on the back. The large head of the larva of D. vinula
is withdrawn during rest into the first thoracic segment,
so that the latter forms a broad margin round the head,
which is coloured differently from the rest of the larval
surface, being bright red. Thus a very large flat face
appears to extend to the outer edge of the red margin,
and superiorly upon this margin, in an appropriate
position, are two large intensely black spots, which
produce all the effect of eyes. The duct of the gland
which secretes the acid defensive fluid opens in a hori-
zontal slit on the red margin below the true head, and is
thus placed in such a position that its contents are
ejected with an anterior direction. Disturbance causes
the larva to withdraw its head still further and to inflate
the red margin, especially in the region of the gland
duct, and at the same time the head is always turned in
the direction of the disturbance. Thus the fluid is
thrown towards the cause of the irritation, and the
terrifying appearance of the larval full face is also
brought to bear upon it. These movements of the head
take place before and after the ejection of the fluid, and
in those cases when it is not ejected at all. Such
terrifying attitudes and markings as these of course
apply, and probably only apply, to vertebrate enemies
(birds), and the effects produced approximate somewhat
to an intensely exaggerated caricature of a sort of
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 157
generalised vertebrate appearance, probably of the
serpent type (at any rate in Cherocampa), such as would
be most efficacious in the case of birds. Mr. H. W.
Bates gives an instance, also quoted by Mr. A. R. Wallace
(see Linn. Soc. Trans., xxiii., 1862, p. 509, for Mr.
Bates’ paper) of a South American larva which startled
him and every one to whom he showed it by its strong
resemblance to a venomous serpent, and it is likely that
the terrifying appearance of our own larve in temperate
latitudes first arose in the tropics, where the imitated
cause of alarm to the enemies of the larva is real and
obvious. And it is probable that the success of the same
method in countries where the reptilian fauna cannot be
said to constitute a source of alarm, is due to inherited
memories of a tropical life which live on as that
instinctive fear of anything snake-like which is so com-
monly exhibited by the higher land vertebrates, including
ourselves. At the same*ime the fear is less extravagant
than that manifested by the few vertebrates (frogs) that
still suffer from the attacks of an ancestral enemy, and
to whom the cause of alarm is still a reality.
7. THE FLUID EJECTED BY THE LARVA OF DIcRANURA
vinuLA.— This defensive fluid, as is well known, is ejected
from a transversely placed aperture on the ventral
surface of the prothorax immediately below the head.
I have long known that it is powerfully acid, affecting
litmus-paper in the most marked manner. During the
past summer (1885) I found that the fluid causes violent
effervescence when allowed to fall upon sodium bi-
carbonate. With the kind assistance of Prof. Wyndham
R. Dunstan I was enabled to prove (by the reduction of
silver nitrate) that the fluid is formic acid. The smell
is also quite characteristic, and affords an indication of
the large proportion of acid present in the secretion. It
is also an interesting fact that the freshly-made and moist
cocoon of D. vinula is powerfully acid to test-paper.
In September, 1885, I found a few larve of D. furcula
on willow near Visp, in Switzerland, and I examined
them to see if they also would eject a fluid when irritated.
It was at once obvious that the aperture was present in
the same position as in D. vinula, but, as the larve did
not eject any fluid, I applied gentle pressure (for this is
often necessary in the case of D. vinula). To my great
158 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 upon
surprise a complex form of ‘“‘gland” was instantly
everted through the aperture, consisting of six diverging
processes of a light green colour, divided into two groups
of three each. It will be very interesting to investigate the
young stages of D. vinula in the light of this observation,
for it will then be possible to decide whether the ap-
paratus belonging to the latter is derived from an eversible
gland which has ceased to be eversible and has fallen
back into the condition with which all such structures
must have begun—a simple secretory involution dis-
charging its odoriferous or irritant contents ; or whether
the arrangement in D. vinula is truly ancestral, while
that of D. furcula represents a further advance.
Since the above was written, I have been informed by
Lord Walsingham that a simple prothoracic gland is
present in the larva of Melitea artemis, and that the
structure is everted, and hence becomes very prominent
in blown larve. Lord Walsingham considered that the
secretion was of use to the larva in moistening its food.
On looking through the collection of preserved larve we
also noticed other instances of the gland (e.g., in the
genus Catocala, &c.), so that it seems probable that the
structure will be found commonly in larve. Hence it
appears that the defensive secretion and modified gland
of the genus Dicranura is a specialisation of an organ
which is probably used for a very different purpose by
many other larve. Although the gland of D. vinula
seems to be intermediate between that of D. furcula and
of other larve, I think it probable that the ontogeny of the
former larva will show that its gland at one time pos-
sessed all the complexity observed in that of D. furcula.
8. THE APPARENT FAILURE OF THE EXTREME PROTECTION
or MANY LARVH.— The larva of Dicranura vinula is
extremely well protected from insect-eating vertebrates,
and from hymenopterous and dipterous parasites. or
the former it has a terrifying attitude, and ejects a very
strongly smelling fluid; for the latter it possesses the
flagella, and probably uses the fluid also. And yet the
larva is very subject to attacks of the latter kind, far
more so than many other larve which are less protected,
and Weismann has shown that it is freely eaten by hzards.
It seems likely that the larva has been subject to attack
from a period anterior to the acquirement of the means
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 159
of defence, and that the latter have saved the larva from
extermination. A relation grows up between a larva
and its parasites similar to that between plants and
insects (well exemplified by Mr. A. R. Wallace in his
‘Essays on Natural Selection,’ 1875, p. O71. SCs),
although the benefits are rather one-sided in the former
case. Any improvement in the means of larval defence
may be met by greater ingenuity or boldness in the
attack, and so it comes about that many of the best
protected larv are often those which die in the largest
numbers from the attacks of insect-parasites. The
exceptional standard of defence was only attained by an
exceptional need. Under such circumstances a very
sudden advance in the means of defence might cause
the entire extermination of the parasitic organism, and
if this were achieved it is likely that the special defensive
measures would be slowly relaxed. It is thus possible
to imagine the conditions under which a larva would
preserve a functionless rudiment of a formerly efficient
flagellate organ, such as the caudal horn of Splingide
has been shown with a great degree of probability to be
by Professor Meldola (Appendix to his translation of
Weismann’s Essay, “On the markings of Caterpillars,”
p. 527), and myself (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1885,
Part II., August, p. 802, etseq.). But the withdrawal of
the means of defence at once leaves the way open for
renewed attacks from other parasites, and may render
the larva very helpless. In fact the comparative 1m-
munity of the large, helpless, and often imperfectly
concealed larvee of Sphingide is often a source of wonder
to me, and it would seem that the only explanation can
be that the peculiar parasitic enemies are not flourishing
and abundant, being themselves overweighted in the
struggle with organisms which prey upon them. It
would be extremely interesting to compare the pro-
portions which succumb to the attacks of insect-
parasites out of large numbers of many species of larve
protected in various ways.
9. AN EVERSIBLE ‘‘ GLAND” IN THE LARVA OF ORGYIA
PUDIBUNDA.—I do not know whether this structure has
been previously noticed; it is not mentioned in the well-
known text-books. The single gland to which I refer is
situated in the median dorsal line of the seventh abdo-
160 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 upon
minal segment, and it is everted when the larva rolls up
on being disturbed. ‘The larval surface close to the lips
of the aperture seems to be extremely sensitive to tactile
impressions.
10. THE PRODUCTION OF A TWIG-LIKE APPEARANCE IN
THE LARVA OF HemiTHEA THym1arta.—There are many
ways in which the twig-like appearance of Geometer
larve is perfected. In the majority the forward-bent
notched head gives a very twig-like termination to the
body, but im Selenia illunaria (see my last paper in
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1885, Part I1., August, p. 309,
et seq., and fig. 18, Pl. VII.) the head is unnotched and
bent backwards, producing, with the third pair of
thoracic legs placed upon a projecting ridge, a very
unlarva-like effect, but one which is easily mistaken
for some eccentricity of vegetal growth. On the other
hand, the larva of H. thymiaria produces an exceedingly
perfect resemblance to a twig by a further elaboration of
the more normal attitude. The head is notched and
bent foxward so that the notches become terminal, but
the prothorax also possesses a pair of dorsal tubercles,
and, as this segment is rotated forwards and down-
wards in the vertical plane, in the protective attitude,
the tubercles become also terminal, and are about equal
in size to those formed on the head by the notched
crown. Thus there is produced an exceedingly regular
quadrifid termination to the anterior end of the body,
constituting the most perfect of all the close approxi-
mations to vegetable structures which I have yet seen
among Geometer larve.
11. THE DARKENING OF THE HAIRS OF THE LARVA OF
ACRONYCTA LEPORINA BEFORE puPATION. — During the
past summer (1885) I noticed that the long white hairs
of this larva become dark, as well as its body, before
pupation, when the organism is wandering about to find
a place in which to burrow. I then remembered that I
had often previously observed the same thing with this
larva obtained plentifully upon birch and alder in the
New Forest. As the larva wanders over the bark, and
subsequently burrows in it, the dark colour is of great
protective use, and is another instance of the utilisation
of the incidental changes of colour before pupation.
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 161
Previously, during larval life, the organism rests motion-
less in a curved ‘position on the under side of the leaf,
and the body is almost completely hidden by the long
white hairs, and the effect is that of a convex mass of
white silk spun on to the under side of the leaf,
resembling, in fact, a cocoon, or more probably the
convex white egg-case spun by a spider. But such an
appearance becomes very much the reverse of protective
as soon as the larva moves, especially upon a dark back-
ground, and the darkening of the larval body alone
would be useless, because the hairs form its most con-
spicuous feature.
12. THE METHOD BY WHICH THE IMAGINES OF THE
CHLOEPHORIDA) ESCAPE FROM THEIR cocoons. — The
various methods by which imagines escape from hard
or tough cocoons would be a most interesting subject of
research. In many instances there may be valvular
apertures which have hitherto escaped notice, as in the
Chloephoride. The well-known boat-shaped cocoons of
the three English species are very compact and tough,
one end being rounded and the other terminating in a
vertical ridge, which exaetly resembles the bow of a
boat, but is not, like the latter, continued into a keel.
This sharp ridge is the anterior end of the cocoon, and
is in reality a valvular opening with the two lips in
contact, and fitting so accurately that they give the im-
pression of a single edge, even upon the closest exami-
nation. If, however, the cocoon be pressed in the
direction of the long axis of the ridge the lips at once
separate, and the anterior end of the chrysalis within
can be distinctly seen without in any way injuring the
cocoon. Such a valve would easily yield to pressure
from within, but is practically unassailable from the
outside, because, firstly, it is entirely invisible, and
secondly, if discovered, it could not be opened by the
enemies of the insect. It is very interesting to find
such a means of egress from so compact a cocoon,
reminding one of the valvular opening to that of S.
carpini, but it must be considered as superior to the
latter in its perfectly deceptive appearance in addition
to at least equal strength. It is well known that the
much harder cocoon of D. vinula is in some way pierced
by the moth, and it seems to have no weak spot through
162 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 upon
which emergence takes place. I believe that other
observers will agree with me in the observation (I speak
from memory of many years ago) that the moth softens
the cocoon before emergence by the chemical action of
some fluid. If so, it will be extremely interesting to
investigate the nature of the fluid, and to ascertain the
part of the body from which it is poured out. As the
moth emerges head first, it would seem that the fluid
must come from the mouth, but it would be very curious
for the fluid to be poured out through the spiral maxille,
especially in this species, w here they are very im-
perfectly developed.
18. NovTEs UPON THE LARVA OF PANISCUS CEPHALOTES,
PARASITIC UPON THE LARVA OF DICRANURA VINULA.—
Twice during the past summer (1885) I have noticed
black pedunculated eggs upon the larva of D. vinula
captured in the last stage. In one of the instances I
allowed the eggs to hatch, and watched the growth of
the parasitic larve, taking the following notes. Through
the kindness of Mr. Fitch I was enabled to ascertain
that the larve were those of Paniscus cephalotes, which
commonly attacks this lepidopterous larva. Mr. Fitch
also gave me a number of references to the literature of
the subject, which were of great assistance. I had
previously ascertained that DeGeer had given a very
accurate and complete account of the parasite more
than a hundred years ago. Mr. Fitch has given an
account of the life- history with figures (see ‘Entomo-
logist,’ xvii., p. 124, and plate), and Newport has given
a long account of Paniscus testaceus, parasitic upon
Hadena pisi, with several figures (Linn. Soe. Trans.,
pp. 71—77, 1852, pl. viii., figs. 13—19). The chief
points of interest have been previously recorded, but
there remain a few which demand notice. The larva I
observed had fourteen eggs firmly attached to its skin.
Of these two were implanted in the furrow between the
first and second abdominal segments, seven between the
second and third, and five between the third and fourth.
(The arrangement was very similar in the other larva
from which | removed the eggs.) A few were attached
along the dorsal line in a nearly median position, but
by far the larger number were aftixed close to the
spiracular level, some being above and some below this
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 163
horizon. The number of ova seems to be smaller upon
smaller larve. Thus, in ‘ Entomologist,’ XVi-, P.)00,
only two eggs are described as occurring upon the larva
of Acronycta psi: Newport describes eight eggs Ofe 25.
testaceus upon H. pisi. It is probable that an excess of
ova are generally laid, for a small proportion do not
develop, and the way in which they are attached in
small groups ensures that of those that do develop a
large proportion of the larvae are so crowded by the
others that they die at an early stage, as has been also
previously observed. If too large a number were laid
and all developed it is obvious that none could arrive at
maturity, but this is obviated in the manner described
above, and it is partly brought about by the limited
space on the circumference of the larva attacked. This
space of course varies with the size of the latter, and it
is more quickly filled in the rapid development of the
parasites upon small than upon large larvee, so that, if
they are too numerous, crowding ensues earlier, and
with more fatal results in the former than in the latter
case. Thus the smaller surface may compensate for
the less amount of food, and may itself ensure that the
parasites reach maturity.
The following figures support the conclusions advanced
above, that the ichneumon lays a smaller number of
eges on small larve than it lays upon large ones, and
yet lays more than can develop in nearly all cases, the
eges being laid in such a way that crowding results if
all, or nearly all, develop; so that the chance of the
eoes being sterile is obviated on the one hand, and of
the parasitic larve dying immature on the other. On
D. vinula I found fourteen eggs, of which seven became
mature, and an equal number of eggs, which I did not
allow to develop, on another larva of the same species.
DeGeer speaks of ‘‘ more than eight or ten eggs ” on the
same species of larva, and describes nine ichneumons
emerging in another case, and six larve becoming
mature in another, while Godart speaks of five. Of
Newport’s eight eggs on IT. pisi three became mature
(but died), while in several cocoons of this larva he
found two to three cocoons of the parasite, and four in
one instance, when the parasites were dwarfed. In many
of the above instances the writers show that the larve de-
veloped in groups, thus tending towards overcrowding.
164 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 upon
The free anterior pointed end of the ovum is marked
off from the rest by a distinct line, and after development
begins it remains attached to the young larva as a black
and shining head-shield. Development began on August
11th, the very day on which the host ceased feeding and
darkened. On the next day the host spun a cocoon,
which was destroyed in order to watch the development
(subsequent attempts to spin being also frustrated).
There seems to be some significance in the development
of the parasites only beginning when the larva had
ceased feeding, for it is likely that a much earlier de-
velopment would irritate the larva and prevent it from
attaining the normal size. A somewhat earlier develop-
ment has been previously recorded (DeGeer, &c.). Ihave
never seen the eges attached to the larva before the last
stage, and I have not heard of any such instance, although
DeGeer implies that this may be the case when he states
that the eggs are so firmly implanted that the larva
cannot get rid of them by changing its skin. (This
statement needs confirmation.) There is another ad-
vantage gained by the habit of laying eggs on the large
larve in the last stage, for they are then far less active,
and have often lost the means of defence especially
directed towards warding off the attacks of ichneumons,
the power of protruding the pink flagella. It seems
that the ichneumons have taken advantage of this weak-
ness, and it would be extremely interesting to observe
the varying success of attempts made upon many
individual larve possessing the defensive power in
different degrees, or even to observe if those upon which
the eggs are found have always lost the power. It is
very likely that such observations would show that
natural selection sets with a strong current towards the
survival and ultimate predominance of those individuals
which retain the power; for the ichneumons are abun-
dant, and are the chief enemies of the larva, while those
individuals which are detected and fail to drive off their
hymenopterous foes are doomed, for they can do nothing
in the way of self-protection when the eggs are once laid.
The fixation of the larva by both extremities and its
early growth have been described especially by Newport.
It will be very interesting to make sections of the larval
skin with the eges attached to show the method of
fixation (which is described by DeGeer as due to the
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 165
expansion of the end of the peduncle into two knobs
arranged one after the other), and also after the develop-
ment of the parasite to show the way in which its
posterior end is at first so firmly attached to the egg-
shell, and subsequently to the old skins which have been
shed and shuffled down to the posterior end of the body.
I have not yet found any record of the black shield
which is part of the egg-shell covering the head of the
parasitic larva (except a doubtful reference to part of
one of DeGeer’s figures). Its relation to the latter
should also be disclosed by sections. As the white larve
increase in size they become green, from the blood of their
host, which fills the digestive tract, and shows through
the transparent skin and subcuticular tissues. On this
point DeGeer accurately states that the green stripe down
the back and green patches on the sides are due to internal
substances showing through the transparent skin.
On August 12th seven had shown signs of develop-
ment, but to a very variable extent. By August 18th
two had been already crowded to death, and two more
were evidently dwarfed and unable to develop. When
once a larva begins to slacken in its rate of growth, as a
consequence of crowding, it is sure to die, probably
because of the pressure on its body exerted by the
increasing size of its neighbours. It is very probable
that at first the motive force which drives the blood
from the body of the host into the digestive tract of the
parasite is entirely supplied by the contracted body walls
of the former, which keep the blood under considerable
pressure. If this be the case, it is easy to understand
how growth must be at once arrested by external
pressure on the body of the parasite, which lessens or
may even equalise the pressures in its body and in that
of the host. Or, if a pumping apparatus is present in
the parasite, the same facts would tend to produce the
same results, for in the overcrowded larve the apparatus
would have to pump from a reservoir under high pressure
into another also under considerable pressure, instead of
into one with much less pressure as in the uncrowded
larvee. That the cause of death in such cases is due to
simple physical laws is seen in the fact that the middle
larva, out of three side by side, is the one which always
perishes, being crowded from both sides ; while a larva
which developes later in the midst of a group of larger
166 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 upon
ones invariably dies when its increasing size brings it
into contact with the sides of the more developed larve.
Such facts are more consistent with the view that the
motive force is at any rate chiefly supplied by the host.
The largest larvee were 3°5 mm. long (but really longer
because of their curved position), and the contents of
the digestive tract were dark green. Minute white dots
were very obvious attached to the ramifications of the
tracheal system. They are probably fat-cells, and have
been described and figured by Newport (in the paper
mentioned above). The active contractions of the
digestive tract, mentioned by Newport, were very obvious.
After the first change of skin the black head-shield is
lost, and the head of subsequent stages is white and
transparent. Newport accurately describes the mode in
which the successive skins are shuffled down to the
posterior end of the body. DeGeer certainly recognises
the old larval skin attached to the egg-shell upon the
shrunken remains of D. vinula, but he does not see that
it is made up of more than one skin. The head is
somewhat easily detached from the body of the host in
the large parasites (3°5 mm. long), but the hold is soon
tightly renewed. DeGeer has made a similar observa-
tion. After detaching the head a small black scar is
seen at the point where it was fixed, but so minute that
no loss of fluid takes place through it. The presence of
several such scars close together show that the larve
sometimes voluntarily vary the point of attack.
By August 20th the largest larve were quite 5 mm.
long, allowing for their curved position, and they had
changed their skins for the second time. The larva of
D. vinula was much enfeebled and flaccid, but still alive.
Only seven of the parasites now remained alive. On
the evening of the 2ist the most advanced larva changed
its skin again, and gained a very different appearance,
becoming a dull white instead of glistening, and with
the intersegmental furrows well marked instead of the
previous tense and swollen condition. It also possessed
the row of lateral lobes spoken of by many authors. On
touching the larva it fell off and rolled about with active
but aimless contractions. In the natural state they
would be enclosed in the same cocoon with the larva,
and in such a narrow space the movements could not
take the parasites away from their food. On the 22nd
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 167
four more became free, and the two last were also
detached upon the 23rd, upon which date the larva was
dead and collapsed, having thus lasted through twelve
days of attack from the parasites. Newport describes
the change in appearance and detachment of the larve
of P. testaceus, but states that they then cease to feed.
This was far from being the case with P. cephalotes, for
the seven larve vigorously attacked the dead body,
forcing their heads into it to such an extent as to cause
pits in the integument. In this way they increased
largely in size, and completely finished the larva, except
for the dried and empty integument. I cannot find an
account of this feeding after detachment in previous
descriptions. It would be interesting in the future to
supply such larve with another host, and thus to see if
their size is modifiable to any great extent by renewing
the supply of food, as one might expect from Newport’s
observation of their small size when too many developed.
The parasites grew very rapidly between the time when
they became free and August 28th, when they began to
spin. Thus the larve fed during a period of from four-
teen to seventeen days. In the natural condition within
the cocoon of D. vinula the parasites spin oval black
cocoons so closely pressed together as to render the sides
polyhedral. My larvee were in a large chip-box, and it
seems likely that all their silk was exhausted in making
a scaffolding upon which to construct their cocoons. As
it was, when they became inactive and could spin no
more, the space was very far from being filled up, and
all seven larve were left lying close together (in contact)
at the bottom of the concave upper surface of the silk
which thickly lined the lower side of the box. The top of
the box and the sides above the thick concave pad, were
only covered with a thin layer of silk (especially thin on
the sides). The seven larve still remain alive, but
without further indications of change, crowded together
at the bottom of a common nest (February 20th, 1886).
The silk when first spun was white, but it subsequently
darkened, becoming finally black. DeGeer also describes
the scaffoidine, and points out that it encloses the oval
cocoons in a common web. Newport says that he found
that his parasitic larve had recently pupated in April,
while the perfect insects emerged in May, a week later
than the moths of D. vinwa, which had been subject to
the same conditions of temperature. This accords with
168 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 wpon
what must be a common observation, that ichneumons
and dipterous parasites often emerge at the time when
we are expecting the lepidopterous imagos. Under such
circumstances the parasitic insects must live for a long
time before they can deposit their eggs, although it is
very likely that many of them do so when their victims
are comparatively young, but it is unlikely that such is
the case with this species.
I am now able (May 25th) to add to the proof-sheets
of the paper an account of the time of pupation in this
species. In the first week of May (1886) the seven larvee
began to change in shape owing to the development of
the pupa beneath the skin, and the outlines of abdomen
and thorax were suggested. At this time each larva
expelled from the anus a relatively large amount of
feces in the form of a long black nearly solid cord,
which was dilated at intervals. Newport states that the
anus does not exist when the larva is attached to the
ega-shell, but that it, together with the posterior section
of the intestine, is formed as soon as the larva becomes
free. I did not notice the discharge of feces at any
time before May, and I do not think that it can have
taken place, for the larve were never moved from the
chip-box in which they fed upon the D. vinula, and
afterwards spun their common cocoon. If any feces
were discharged they must have been spun up in the
silk, but no traces of them can be discovered. It thus
appears most probable that feces are only discharged
once in the whole period of larval hfe extending over
nine months.
As the pupe# developed the brownish eyes became
visible beneath the larval skin. Pupation took place on
the following dates :—May 17th, one; May 21st, one ;
May 28rd, one; May 24th, two; May 25th, one. The
seventh larva was hardened in a solution of corrosive
sublimate for histological investigation.
14. ADDITIONAL NOTE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF DERIVED
PLANT-PIGMENTS IN CERTAIN LARV®.—In a paper in the
Proc. Roy. Soc. (No. 237, 1885, p. 269), I gave an
account of the way in which altered plant-pigments take
part in larval colouring. The evidence was chiefly
derived from an examination of the strongly-coloured
blood of many pup; but some larve were also investi-
sated, and it was found that the green ground colour of
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 169
many species (especially Noctue) was due to the derived
green pigments dissolved in the blood. At the same
time it was argued that in other species (green Sphingide,
&e.) the pigments passed from the blood into the hypo-
dermis cells, and so coloured the larve. This latter
conclusion seemed certain, although it had not been
experimentally investigated, because I was working at
the subject at a time of year when I could only obtain
Noctua larve. I was therefore uncertain whether the
colour of the blood assisted in producing any of the
eround colour in those larve in which the colour was
also segregated in the hypodermis cells. During the
past year I investigated the subject in the larva of
S. ocellatus, and I found that the blood is only very
faintly tinged with derived pigments, and that it cannot
produce any effect upon the larval appearance until it
has been collected in the superficial cells. It is probable
that in such larve the modified plant-pigments are
slowly passing from the digestive tract to the hypodermis
cells through the medium of the blood, and that the
blood itself at no time contains a large quantity of
pigment. Before pupation the pigments are withdrawn
from the cells, and are dissolved in the (pupal) blood,
which therefore possesses a concentrated solution of all
the pigments that have passed through this medium
during the whole of larval life, except those which have
been destroyed (if any). Such conclusions render it
probable that the most complete demonstration of the
vegetal origin of the derived pigments will be a matter
of great difficulty, for the amount that passes through
the digestive tract as the result of any one meal must
be very small, and probably even less could be obtained
by carrying on artificial digestion outside the body of the
larva. And this is likely to be the case with the larve
in which the blood itself retains all the pigments which
have passed through the walls of the digestive tract, for
in these larve it is probable that only a minute quantity
passes through as the result of any one meal. ['urther-
more, the fact that the derived pigment is associated
with a proteid in the blood renders it almost certain
that the processes of modification and association are
the direct results of protoplasmic activity, and not the
results of ferments, &c., which have themselves been
formed by the latter agency. Hence it is far less likely
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PaRT UL. (JUNE). N
170 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 wpon
that artificial digestion could be successfully performed
than in the case of higher animals. Nevertheless, there
are certain ways in which the problem could be attacked
with every prospect of success. (1). There are many
larve which eject a green fluid from the mouth, and this
fluid has the same spectrum as that of the blood (in the
instance examined). It is probable that such a solution
might be made by artificial digestion. (2). The blood
of some large larva in which the pigments passed into
the hypodermis cells might be investigated at various
times aiter a meal and after fasting, and in this way we
might expect to trace corresponding fluctuations in the
amount of pigment in the blood, as proved by the
spectroscopic examination of equal thicknesses. (3). In
the same way the pigments might be examined in newly-
hatched larve, before and also at various times after
their first meal, when more extreme fluctuations might
be witnessed.
I hope to pursue such a line of investigation during
the present summer, and also to attempt the artificial
digestion of plant-pigments.
15. ON THE CONSIDERABLE LOSS OF WEIGHT IN THE PUPA
IMMEDIATELY AFTER THROWING OFF THE LARVAL SKIN.—I
have previously suggested that the rapid darkening of
the pupal integument, freshly exposed after throwing off
the larval skin, may be partially due to oxidation (Proce.
Roy. Soc., No. 237, 1885, p. 295). Believing this to be
the case, I determined to weigh some pupe immediately
after the change, thinking it possible that there might
be some gain in weight due to the absorbed oxygen. To
my astonishment I found that there was an immense
loss in weight during the darkening. This does not,
however, disprove the oxidation, for the loss is mainly
due to evaporation, and it is therefore clear that the
civing off of water is one important factor in the
hardening and darkening of the fluid surface of the
pupa. Thus, if the evaporation be checked, the pupa
does not darken. I have placed a green undarkened
pupa of Gonoptera libatrix in a beaker of water, and
have exposed it to the rays of the sun for some hours,
and the pupa did not darken in the least. On removing
it from the water the pupa recovered and rapidly
darkened. Again, [ have passed up the green pupa of
Smerinthus populi through water in a tube into a small
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 171
air-chamber at the top. The pupa rested upon wood,
but its surface was of course wet, and the air around it
was saturated with moisture. The pupa did not change
in colour during the many hours it remained in the air-
chamber, but darkened, though more slowly than usual,
after being removed. The darkening in this species is
normally very rapid and complete, producing a black
roughened surface. Hence, if it be desired to examine
the surface of a pupa as it is immediately after throwing
off the larval skin, such an object could probably be
attained by placing the quiescent and contracted larva,
before pupation, in a chamber containing air saturated
with moisture.
The following are the observations of loss of weight in
the pupe of Smerinthus ocellatus made during the last
summer (1885).
I. A pupa of Smerinthus ocellatus which had changed for
some days, and of which the surface was thoroughly
hard and dark, was weighed upon the following
dates:—
Hour. Day. Weight.
T.2O) PTs ecesceese Aug. 23, 1885 ...... 2°322 grams.
8) 45), Fe 0s Rogncanoda PAINE CeO Yo stgle Ria cleicisiecste 2320) iy
TEL PAR VORaaS, apqceoadd eA DAN Ae maNdaseGiens EG Kel hws
Qe OM sIV aloes ses BA OAS 2 Ae SopopaeceC 2olde 92.
HOSES Tass scseccees A WA acpi scaoosOde 2°308_ =C«s,
TZO MDM. vececacses Re LO tars Senseesese 2°305) 5;
OFA Teast ereseates c's Bai ea een: A Open pea | CRUE 5 gn
GAOnD aM pecs sctecs hy vol igg. . dondasees 2998),
AS SOS PsWlepscaeas ac. Pe Oren Wea eecees 27295 =a,
DEOMI caneastcss DCDUsO0 Cygne ineersceece DD Oita aaee
= | Feb. 24, 1886 ......|2°064 _,,
The total loss in nearly 11 days (all but 4 hours
35 minutes) is 81 milligrams, on an average about
3 milligrams a day. But even here the loss is larger on
the earlier days.
In the 25 weeks between Sept. 3rd 1885, and Feb. 24th,
1886, the pupa lost 227 milligrams, or 5 milligrams a
week. This is an immense loss as compared with that
shown in other pup, and is certainly abnormal, and the
pupa on investigation was found to be dead. The compara-
tively rapid loss of weight in dead pupx has been shown
by Prof. Meldola (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1873).
172
Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 upon
II. A pupa of S. ocellatus was first weighed very soon
after pupation; in fact the larval skin was not
completely shuffled off its posterior end. The pupa
had only slightly browned in the median dorsal
region :
Hour.
9.25 a.m.
OMS ii.
Valea .s
RA
12.87 p.m
TL BAS: ek yp
aA), © ae
Bull a
3.49 ,,
ASSiiy as
DZD bias
613i. ;,
oS Vigil ey,
7.49 ,,
Sia ess
CpAay ae
HORS Iss
Tall 33
11.49 ,,
12.37 a.m.
ZO
Deltoumees
3.1 i.
3:49) 7;
ABT 45
D:20\ 55
Gallons
eu -
749),
Stove cs
9.25 a.m.
NO elt ees |
ihitea =f
11.49 ,,
12.37 p.m. |
Dive ty
Dal pers tl
Spl!
99
Day.
Aug. 25, 1885
seer e errr eeecerese
eee eee eeeececes
See mee eeeewe serene
Peewee ereeeeseeses
eeeeee
see eeeresccececere
ee eee eeerereseeee
eee eee eeereseseces
see eee ese eeeeseeee
ee ee eeeeeereseees
sem eee sere erereeee
eee ee eeeereeeeeese
see eee eee eeeeseeee
see eee were eeeseses
eee eee ee ee
Weight in grams.
3+255 { wae
card tray
3.258 ‘,
3°251 io
3°249 a
3°248 -
3247 i
3°246 a
3°245 -
se aces sebeigaciees %
sit ateeasbssese ee
secledaneseraene AS
3°243 -
3°242 =
3-242, is
8°241 -.
3-241 es
3°240 n
3°240 x
3°239 ee
saa desate’ Ss
dae sidacetae *,
Sdsevtdewere -
#acwadsoauss 5
Be oNarsisestotes s
3°236 ss
3°236 +5
3-235 is
3°235 is
3-235
3°235 be
oC eee
Periods
of
48 min.
on ee
eS
11
=. os
no
y}
Loss in such
periods.
2 milligm.
Ai tiles
2s.
iL 99
il 99
Leas
1 ere
2 +)
elas
0 ”
1 ens
0 ,
acy
0 4
1b 8,
3 3°
Dis
Ik sag
On;
0 ”
0) 99
gp
* The wing-cases are darkened all over thoroughly, though not
to) D Sy ’ te)
completely.
| The incomplete darkening is now chiefly confined to the rings
between the abdominal segments.
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 173
: Periods :
see fe L suck
Hour. Day. Weight in grams. ese Pee nae
min.
3.49 p.m. | Aug. 26 ......] seserseee (with
vy a phen dol pedeccaate card tray)
5.25 ,, Maco dadl iene -
Gilse 3 A eed an Ree AE
(alle eee (Nek SS noes
49) =; Pip ties |enecqanine nf
8.37 ,, Ait actos tosees 3
Oot 3231 ”
Weighed at irregular
th) _intervals after this. _
OE with }
9.43 a.m. | Aug. 27 ......| 3228 ae aed
10.12 p.m. 5 3°227 3
2.35 ,, Aug. 28 ...... 3°223 “e
10.40 a.m Spat) tenons 3°216 55
Card tray weighed
6.35 p.m. 39 DU bec cees 3°209 93 0°529 grams.
* 4.35 ,, Seoetolocvone 3°208 ; 0°533_~—C,,
Poot y;, Dept.cdr s.sses 3'201 oo 0534 —C,
— | Feb. 21, 1886 2-6145{ TO price
card tray
The pupa being weighed at regular intervals, the great
loss of weight at first and its rapid decrease afterwards
is well brought out. But there is no doubt that the
most rapid loss is not here recorded, as will be shown by
a comparison with subsequent figures. Such a loss took
place by evaporation from the moist surface while the
skin was being thrown off. The falling off in the loss of
weight is well seen by comparing the weighings of a
series of periods of 12 hours each :—
First period of 12 hours, from 9.25 a.m., Aug. 25th, to 9.25 p.m.,
Aug. 25th, a loss of 14 milligrams.
Second period of 12 hours, from 9.25 p.m., Aug. 25th, to 9.25 a.m.,
Aug. 26th, a loss of 5 milligrams.
Third period of 12 hours, from 9.25 a.m., Aug. 26th, to 9.25 p.m.,
Aug. 26th, a loss of 5 milligrams.
Fourth period of 12 hours (about), from 9.25 p.m., Aug. 26th, to
9.43 a.m., Aug. 27th, a loss of 3 milligrams.
* A damp day. t A very damp day.
174 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 wpon
Fifth period of 12 hours (about), from 9.43 a.m., Aug. 27th, to
10.12 p.m., Aug. 27th, a loss of 1 milligram.
Sixth, seventh, and eighth periods of 12 hours (about), from
10.12 p.m., Aug. 27th, to 10.40 a.m., Aug. 29th, a loss of 11 milli-
grams.
The falling off is here continuous until the end of the
fifth period, when it again quickens somewhat. As the
loss is chiefly due to evaporation, it is easy to understand
how greatly it must be affected by atmospheric conditions.
A small error is introduced by the varying weight of the
card-tray, which increases when the air is moist, and
indicates a difference of 5 milligrams between the
extremes of three recorded weighings. It is exceedingly
probable that this cause may have assisted in the
augmented loss of the latest periods of 12 hours. The
weight upon Sept. 8rd, 1885, was 2°667 grams (sub-
tracting the weight of the card-tray), and that upon
Feb. 21st, 1886, 2°6145 grams, so that there was a loss
of 52°5 milligrams in a period of 243 weeks, or rather
over 2 milligrams a week. This loss is probably
exceptional, because the pups were kept in the house
in earth which was very dry, and for a period of many
weeks they were in an average temperature of 55° Fahr.
without being moistened.
III. A pupa of S. ocellatus had thrown off the larval
skin at some time between 3.1 p.m. and 6.55 p.m.
on August 25th, 1885; but it had darkened con-
siderably, except upon the wing-cases :—
Periods Loss in such
Hour. Date. Weight in grams. ; oe periods.
6.55 p.m. | Aug. 26,1885] 3°512 | with
sa chip tray
(dS 3 “3 Stole 3 1 | 0 milligm.
ebb. . 3511 “ ha fe ewe
9.55 ,, in 3°509 1- joan.
10a 3 3°509 1) Gos
JIBS Yo), He 3°507 Bs 1 2 a9
12.55 a.m. | Aug. 26...... 8°505 _ TS k2 ieee
LOD ess 53., w dltdcwdeecacen Ap
DED Dass ss | WKSESetioee ass <5 8 |5 a
3.55 ,, jp) Alt es eeceariees “5
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 175
Periods
: . Loss in such
Hour. Date. Weight in grams. j sch a periods.
4.55 a.m. “| AUg. 26 ......)ecscsesesens (with
O50 55 ie lal | Siseveccvesse chip tray)
6.55 ,, Ae Paces scree PA 8 |5 milligm.
G50. 45 550 = lesewssioes oes -¥
855) 55 Fy 3°500 ms
1539) ep " 3°500 Le Owes
10.55 ,, 9 3°500 ” NU
POD t ss ‘i 3°500 . Le ORs.
12.55 p.m - 8°500 ss P| (Oper.
IIGayay ae . 3°500 x Ds ORG es
2:50) 45 5 3°499 Ae ibe pal -
Weighed at irregular
intervals after this.
*10.57 am. | Aug. 27 3497 { with | | Tray weighs
cet gers a Rat Scaler : chip tray J 1-544 grams.
ae 1:951 { without Tray weighs
oe : { tray } 1-348 grams.
1s inp RUE MAG ien sees 1:948 i
10.57 a.m Mae DD hassles 1°944 3
6.10 p.m Wy OO veees 1:9389 As
AW tate AA oo) eantne 1°936 nf
3.55) 4; Sept. 3 ...... 1°929 “3
In this case the pupa, when first weighed, had under-
gone the rapid decrease immediately following pupation,
so that the fall in the rate of loss was gradual, as is
shown by a comparison of the weighings at regular
periods of one hour. There is also irregularity, which
may have been due to atmospheric conditions affecting
the pupa and the chip-tray. Nevertheless, the fall in
the rate of loss is well seen on comparing the first 10
with the second 10 of the 20 weighings at regular
intervals. In the first there was a loss of 93 milligrams,
in the second only 23 milligrams. Here also subsequent
weighings prove that the tray was a source of error.
There was a loss of 24 milligrams in the 8 days between
Aug. 26th and Sept. 8rd, and a loss of 56 milligrams in
the 24} weeks between Sept. 8rd, 1885, and Feb. 21st,
1886, being at about the same rate as in pupa IL., 2.¢.,
rather over 2 milligrams a week, under similar conditions
as to dryness, &c.
** Air moist, raining all night.
176
Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 wpon
IV. A pupa of S. ocellatus threw off the larval skin upon
the pan of the balance, so that the immense loss of
the first minutes was obtained :-—
Periods :
Hour Date. Weight in grams. sets i uch
84 min,| Periods.
withlarval
9.30 pm. | Aug.26,1885) 3°216 | skin and
paper tray
9.38°5 p.m. ‘5 3.212 5 1 | 4 milligm.
9.47 p.m. 56 3°208 3 1 |4 ah
9.55°5 p.m. of 3°206 = by 2
LO 45.1.) |cncseesaste cceccees|seeer aechetnesercc cases a |5
10.195 p-m. . 3°201 3 : Je
10.29°5 p.m. - 3°195 2 16 =
10.46°5 p.m. Ap 3°189 AG 2 |6 yy
Weighed at irregular
intervals after this.
O:b2%a.m. V|PAUCS 27 ccs Bia lalat 3
9.30 p.m. 50 3°091 as
2 : Paper tray weighs
112.58 ,, | Aug. 28...... 3-083 F { eee
Gms Paper tray weighs
10.48 am. | 5, 29 sss 3-075 ; { dis pane
Paper tray weighs
6.15 p.m. eet) RaUtoece se 3°066 ‘5 0:175 grams.
Skin, 0°041 grams.
Paper tray weighs
4.50 ,, Ne. SOlltee ees 8°0625 3 | 0°176 grams.
Skin, 0°042 grams.
Paper tray weighs
Seah | Tp Sept. 3 ...... 3°053 . 0°177 grams.
Skin, 0°0425 grms.
without
ne Feb. 21, 1886} 2-740 4 larval skin
and paper
tray
In this case the immense early loss is more nearly
obtained than in any of the previous cases, but it is not
all recorded here, because there is a great loss during
the process of throwing off the larval skin. Never-
theless, the loss was extremely rapid during the first
hour in which the pupa was weighed, as a comparison
* The pupa turned over and ‘thus exposed its ventral surface
more freely.
i Damp but not raining; rained yesterday,
| A very damp day.
§ Very damp, and yesterday also.
lepidopterous larve and pupe. ITT
of the first weighings at regular intervals will show.
There was a loss of 21 milligrams in the first hour, and
105 milligrams in the first 24 hours. The fall in the
rate was very rapid, as there was only a loss of 20 milli-
grams in the next period of 12 hours, and a total loss of
163 milligrams between Aug. 26th and Sept. 3rd. The
loss was not entirely that of the pupa, for the larval
skin was also drying up at the same time, and there was
a paper tray, which introduced a slight error. The
loss in the 243 weeks after Sept. 38rd was much
larger than that of the other pup previously given,
being 93°5 milligrams; but in this case the pupa is a
very heavy one, and the normal rate of loss was reached
at a later date than in the other pupe, because pupation
took place rather earlier in the latter, but such con-
siderations cannot explain much of the observed differ-
ence. It may be found that the pupe which lose much
more rapidly than others under similar conditions are
not in a healthy state, and ultimately die or produce
deformed moths.
V. The larva of S. ocellatus was weighed just before
pupation, and then afterwards at various dates with
the larval skin, in order to get the total loss of the
pupa and the skin. Larva weighed 1°975 grams at
11 p.m., August 26th, 1885. The skin was thrown
off before the next weighing, and the results were
as follows :—
Weights, with
Hour. Date. skin of the
larva.
9.25 a.m. | Aug. 27,1885] 1°905 grams. | Darkened, but still red-
dish, and has evidently
changed some hours.
10.18 p.m. a 1°848 SC,
DPAO Wey || AU a. 2.8) see TSH As
10.30 a.m. ay eS) eponose iO Oe
6.27 p.m. eet Raceanc eR SOe 55 Skin —0:0510 grams.
AAD es We Ole eees ARSY/ aa | Skin = 0:0525 grams—a
very damp day.
DaLOMy septic o: feseeee SD) ys Skin = 0°0585 grams at
5.40 p.m., Sept. 3; very
damp lately.
aa Feb. 21,1886] 1°678 __,, Skin = 0:04125 grams ;
(without skin) dry lately, with east
winds.
178 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1885 wpon
The object in this case was to ascertain the complete
loss of weight during the process of pupation, as well as
in the periods immediately after the change. In the
following numbers the loss of the skin is included. A
contracted larva, evidently very near the change, was
selected and weighed, and after an interval of 103 hours
pupation had taken place, and the pupa and larval skin
weighed 70 milligrams less than the weight of the larva ;
in a further period of about 18 hours there was a further
loss of 57 milligrams, and a total difference of 193
milligrams between the larva on Aug. 26th and the pupa
with the larval skin on Sept. 8rd. This is larger than
the loss in the last pupa (IV.), and a much larger
percentage of the pupal weight. The difference approxi-
mately represents the loss during the actual process of
pupation. The loss in the 24} weeks was 503 milli-
grams, thus following the most usual result obtained
from the previous pupe.
It must not be supposed that all the immense loss
indicated in the tables printed above is due to evapora-
tion from the surface, although doubtless most of it
bears this interpretation. The active muscular effort of
pupation must mean a large loss of water and carbon
dioxide through the tracheal system, but it also must
mean a gain of weight in the absorption of oxygen,
which is stored up in the body as the oxidised products
of nitrogenous metabolism. Such substances fill the
digestive tract of the pupa and the imago which is
formed within it, and are only discharged on the
emergence of the latter. In order to estimate the loss
of weight due to surface evaporation alone, and the
gain (if any) due to oxidation of the surface, the following
experiment might be carried out:— A pupa might be
taken immediately after pupation, and the spiracles
carefully painted over with daumar varnish or Canada
balsam. The pupa should then be placed in a dried
and weighed flask, and the weight of the whole ascer-
tained. At intervals air could be drawn through by an
aspirator, having been thoroughly freed from water and
carbon dioxide by passing through U-tubes before
entering the flask, while the water and carbon dioxide
(if any) could be estimated by U-tubes on the proximal
side of the flask. If the loss of the flask is less than
the gain in the latter tubes, the difference represents
lepidopterous larve and pupe. 179
the gain due to oxidation of the pupal surface, and this
could be confirmed by investigating whether the darkening
and hardening and the weight of the flask is affected (in
the case of another pupa) by drawing through some
harmless gas, such as nitrogen or hydrogen, instead of
air. I hope to perform such experiments in the coming
season.
The experiments above recorded are not intended to
indicate the normal loss of weight in pupe throughout
the quiescent period, although it was necessary, for the
purpose of comparison, to obtain an approximate average
of the rate of normal loss in the species investigated.
The normal loss throughout the period (omitting the
immense early loss which it has been my object to
demonstrate and measure) has been thoroughly investi-
gated by Professor Meldola, and compared with the
greater loss in a dead pupa (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Oct., 1873).
a _ suo bo ag srs
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(44819)
VII. On some proposed transfers of names of genera.
By Davip SHarp, M.B., F.Z.S.
[Read April 7th, 1886.]
AurHover much difficulty about generic names has
always been experienced by zoologists, and much
temporary confusion as to the application of particular
names has existed, yet the difficulties have not proved
hitherto intolerable. It is true that a name has fre-
quently been proposed, accompanied by very little
scientific or systematic definition, and perhaps, as is
natural in such a case, has been used by a subsequent
writer with a different application ; yet in the course of
time it has been found that sufficient general assent has
been given to some one application of the name; and
that this has thus become extremely useful for purposes
of reference and for preserving the continuity of syste-
matic zoology during a number of generations. It may
be admitted that the treatment of generic names has
been unsystematie and loose, even, as some would say,
unjust; but it is equally true that consciously or un-
consciously a process of natural selection has been at
work, and that certain generic names have come to be
generally adopted so as to be undoubtedly an aid to
reference and an assistance in making ourselves mutually
comprehensible.
This practical settlement is not, however, accepted by
a few nomenclatorial specialists ; and some of those who
have drawn up systematic catalogues have ignored the
general opinion, and endeavoured to alter the application
of some of the commonest names. By their desire to
make their catalogue on some exact principle, their
insight has been obscured to such an extent as to render
them blind to the inconvenience caused to the rest of the
world by the inevitable confusion thus introduced. So
that they have not only made changes, but have
frequently made them in a manner calculated to create
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PART II. (JUNE).
182 Mr. D. Sharp on some proposed
the greatest possible confusion. I may describe it by
the following analogy: the names of the letters or signs
A, B, C are as well known to us as the letters themselves,
but these specialists propose to eliminate the name A
altogether, to call the letter A, B, and to provide a new
name for B; it would not, I think, be easy to devise a
system that should render confusion more complete.
The name Procrustes is to cease to exist, and to be
replaced by Carabus, while Carabus is to be called
Tachypus, and our old friend T'achypus is to have a new
name altogether.
It is evident that it would be much less inconvenient
to have an entirely new system of names than to be
compelled to rearrange, as fresh mental conceptions, these
rudely dislocated associations. In the absence of any
competitor the 3rd edition of the ‘ Catalogue of Kuropean
Coleoptera, recently published at Berlin, must be con-
sidered a standard work, and in it certain of these
objectionable transfers are unfortunately adopted. Em-
boldened by this success, M. des Gozis has just published
a pamphlet, in which he proposes to carry the confusion
of names to its completion. It is well written, and its
author from many points of view must be congratulated:
I would, indeed, advise every coleopterist to read it, and,
having done so, I hope he will conclude to have nothing
to do with the changes proposed in it. It is called
‘Recherche de Vespece typique de quelques anciens
genres,’ and, as it is not accessible to many, I will
take the lberty of translating its Introduction as
follows :—
“The primary necessity for the progress of a science
is that its nomenclature shall be fixed. The necessary
condition for a fixed nomenclature is that it shall rest on
invariable principles, and nothing be left to the judgment
of an individual. For this reason, and surrounded by a
constantly increasing flood of synonyms, the most
authoritative savants a few years since gave out the
principle, now almost unanimously admitted, of Priority.
“The first consequence that one can notice from the
application of this principle has been naturally a com-
plete turning upside down (‘un grand bouleversement’).
It was foreseen. It was necessary that justice should
be done, and that we should efface even to the last trace
the iniquities accumulated by a century of arbitrary
transfers of names of genera. 183
proceedings. This task is so long and rough that it is
far from being yet finished, but it moves surely, if
slowly, in France as well as in Germany, in spite of the
antiquated protests of certain entomologists who are
frightened by the momentary chaos into which we are
plunging, and who do not see that we must undergo this
in order to arrive at stability, that it is indeed the only
means of reaching this, while, on the other hand,
adherence to what they call prescription or convention
leads to the consequence that everyone can do what he
likes if he should happen to be supported by a school or
scholars who will support him in his absurdities. This
is what happened in the case of Fabricius, and it is the
cause of all the present mischief.
“Tet us, then, be reactionaries.* Away with con-
vention : away with conventional applications of names
turned aside from their primitive sense. And do not let
us restrict ourselves to the revision of a few specific
names: let us frankly take up the huge question of
genera, which has been but little attempted hitherto.
Reitter has carried it out happily and justly in the last
fascicule of his ‘Bestimmung’s-Tabelle.’ He has restored
to the true Silphe of Linneus—Necrophorus of Fabricius
—their name, and has returned also to the Silphe of
modern authors the name of Peltis that Geoffroy gave
to them; and has also distributed in a proper manner
the two names Liodes and Anisotoma, which have been
interchanged by all authors. This example encourages
me to do that which I have long contemplated, and just
as I had already recognised the necessity of the changes
he has earried out; so I trust those which follow will be
equally well received, since they are prompted by the
same idea, and are executed by the same law.
“Moreover, though as I have just said, only a few
years have elapsed since recognition of the law of
Priority became general, it is none the less true
(rendering to each the justice that is due to him) that.
there have always been generous and upright spirits
who have diligently proclaimed this primordial principle,
and have demanded its practical application. They
preached, it is true, in the wilderness, but remained true
** “ Reagissons done.” It would perhaps render his feeling more
correctly to say, ‘‘ Let us then continue to agitate.”
184 Mr. D. Sharp on some proposed
to the standard of a cause now, thanks perhaps to their
tenacity, victorious. I must specially mention Marsham ;
his preface to ‘ Entomologica Britannica’ is but a lengthy
plea for Linneus against Fabricius, the arch-muddler,
as he has been justly styled. ..... And we also, the
entomologists of 1886, partisans by conviction of the
law of priority, we are going to restore, wherever we
can, the ancient names, as commanded by reason and
the laws of our science.”
Our talented French contemporary, it must be ad-
mitted, expresses himself frankly and well. But if we
examine the changes he introduces us to by these words
we shall see at once that they are themselves a con-
vention, based on an assumption and carried out by a
fictitious artifice: the convention is ‘‘ Priority”; the
assumption is that priority can and should be applied to
generic names, and the artifice is the treating a species
artificially selected from a genus as if it were the genus
itself.
This system of transfers is, in fact, suggested by
theory, and, while the practical objections to the transfers
are so evident that no attempt to disguise them is made
even by des Gozis himself, who frankly tells us he is
taking us into chaos, a very little consideration is
sufficient to make it clear that the system is theoretically
as unsound as it is admitted to be objectionable in
practice.
It is based on ‘‘ Priority.” Granted that ‘‘ Priority”
is a good thing as regards trivial or specific names, it
still remains to be shown that it is a good thing in the
case of generic names. I have myself twelve or fifteen
years ago argued strongly for ‘‘ Priority” in trivial
names, and pointed out that it is inapplicable in the
case of generic names, because genera themselves are
constantly fluctuating. The application of generic names
changes naturally whenever a genus 1s altered or divided,
and it is at that moment of transition that the new appli-
cation of a name formerly applied to the whole should
be decided. ‘This is practically the course adopted by
naturalists, and it is clearly the only reasonable one.
In ‘ Nature’ (vol. ix., p. 260), A. R. Wallace has laid
down the following principles :—‘‘ 1. To adopt absolutely
and without exception the principle of priority as regards
specific or trivial names. 2. To adopt the same
transfers of names of genera. 185
principle for genera only so long as the generic character,
or definition of the genus, remains unaltered; but
whenever an original investigator defines a genus more
completely than has been done before, he is to be left
free to name it as he pleases. Every consideration of
utility and common sense will, of course, lead him to
retain a name already in use where the new genus does
not materially differ from an older one; but of that he
is alone the judge, and it should be absolutely forbidden
to any third party to say that a name so given must be
changed.”
This is surely clear, definite, and diametrically op-
posed to M. des Gozis’ assumptions. Indeed, so difficult
is it to apply the theory of Priority to genera that it
has only been found possible to do so by devising an
artifice for the purpose. This consists in saying that
the species considered as the type of the genus by its
author shall always retain the original generic name ;
but, as the older writers on Entomology had not the
remotest conception of such a thing as this typical
species, it is necessary to invent a type for them. This
has been done by another convention, viz., by saying
that when an author does not mention a type for his
genus, the first species he placed in the genus shall be
taken as the type. Iam not in the least arguing against
the utility of these assumptions when properly wielded ;
they may be found extremely useful by any naturalist
who wishes to guide his conduct in such a matter by
some generally understood principle; but it is quite
ridiculous to take for granted that they are beyond
question, that they are free from ‘‘ convention,” and
more especially to assume that the next generation will
feel itself bound to accept them.
Here we have M. des Gozis refusing to accept the
practical conclusions arrived at by past generations and
consecrated by use in a century of literature, and yet at
the same time taking it for granted that his suggestions
and method are so certain to be adopted by a future
generation that he invites us to plunge into chaos with
only them to buoy us. Is it probable his belief in the
harmony between his theory and future generations is
well founded ? Are the signs of the times such as to
make us believe that the next generation will certainly
accept a method artificially devised by one or two
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PART II. (JUNE.) 0
186 Mr. D. Sharp on some proposed °
individuals of this generation? The answer must be a
very doubtful one. It is at any rate clear that we may
leave future generations to decide for themselves, and
may at present do what is most convenient for the
present generation. On the whole history teaches us
that this is the sort of decision a future generation is
most likely to respect, and that such a course taken by
us is more likely to maintain unbroken the continuity
between past and future—that is, to secure stability.
But M. des Gozis appeals to another sentiment, and
to one that we must all respect—the sense of justice.
This part of the question has been frequently discussed,
and may therefore be quickly passed over. Let it be
granted that had there been in use in the time of
Fabricius a system for managing changes of generic
names, some injustices would have been avoided ; it is
none the less true that no such system was in use, and
that we cannot go back one hundred years to put it in
operation. I respect greatly Mr. Marsham’s feelings of
indignation and his injured sense of justice, but those
feelings have become ‘‘ portions and parcels of the
dreadful past,’ and cannot now be altered, do what we
will. ‘The common sense of mankind may be said to
have decided that in no case can a law, even where
intended to promote fair dealing between individuals, be
made retrospective in its action. By no human means
can the iniquities accumulated during a century be
effaced, though the accumulation may serve to warn us
of what we should avoid in the future.
I will recapitulate my argument by saying that priority
cannot be applied to generic names, except by the use of
some artifice: that no artifice for the purpose has yet
received the general sanction of savants: that should
such artifice be generally accepted, it cannot be made
retrospective in its operation: that, as we cannot bind
future generations to our conclusions, we should adopt
such system as is most convenient for the present
generation: that it would be exceedingly inconvenient
to transfer the names Carabus, Melolontha, Bruchus,
Coccinella, &e., to any extent greater than that which
we cannot possibly avoid.
The difficulty, indeed, may be entirely met by only
putting the author’s name after a generic name in
suitable cases. As regards this, I will quote what I
transfers of names of genera. 187
have recently said elsewhere (Tr. Roy. Dub. Soe. (2), iii.,
p. 209) :—‘* Considerable difference of opinion prevails
at present as to what course should be pursued in citing
a name and reference to the genus. Some prefer to refer
to the author who first described or defined the genus ;
while others—looking to the fact that any genus in the
lapse of time undergoes great changes—consider we
should quote the author who defined the genus in the
sense in which the individual now writing uses it. The
first of these courses is, it must be admitted, practically
of little value except to bibliographers ; while the second
is unfortunately to a considerable extent impracticable,
for the reason that a genus is made what it is at any
given moment, not by actual definition, but by definition
plus addition and minus subtraction. A defines a genus,
say as “ Chorazus,” making it to consist of ten species ;
B adds another five species, still calling the aggregate
Chorazus ; C describes an allied new genus, say Dy-
clomus, which consists of certain insects plus two of A’s
and one of B’s Chorazit. E, now coming to the subject,
finds that Chorazus, as in actual use, is not the same as
it was to either A or B; while C, who has been the last
of the defining factors in its shaping, has not defined it
in any way whatever. For these reasons it has long
appeared to me desirable that no rule should become
fixed or conventional as to the use of references to
generic names. In point of fact four courses may be
adopted: first, no author’s name need be given when a
generic name is used; and this for many purposes is
the truest and most simple thing to do, though very
unsatisfactory to amateurs of pedantry; second, the
name and reference may be to the maker of the generic
name—this may be used in bibliographic and synonymic
works; third, the name of the last actual describer may
be given: this is perhaps the best course for popular
works, where brevity and utility are of predominant
importance over consistency and completeness ; fourth,
a history of the genus and its changes may be given,
and the course of events by which it has come to be
what it.is at the moment of writing may be sketched.
This latter is the best course, but it involves more
expenditure of time and labour than it is worth while to
devote to the object in the present transitional state of
zoological nomenclature.”
188 On proposed transfers of names of genera.
There is yet another consideration which I perhaps
ought to mention, though not to rely on it, as it will
certainly to many seem unimportant. But I think it
quite probable that our present system of zoological
nomenclature will not be permanently maintained, but
will give place to—or be supplemented by—a system
suggested by the experience we have gained during a
century and a half of difficulties, and devised as suitable
to the Biology of the future; and, if this be at all
correct, itis evidently a work of supererogation for us to
undergo a vast quantity of inconvenience with a view to
rendering the present system permanent.
I hope I have made it clear that so far from being
unconventional these transfers are extremely artificial ;
that there is no ground for supposing they will meet with
general assent, or would secure permanency even if they
did; and that it is not a wise course for us to go back
one hundred years in history with the view of altering
our nomenclature, even under the plea that we are by so
doing executing justice.
( 189 )
VIII.—Descriptions of Lepidoptera from the South
Pacific. By Epwarp Meyricr, B.A.
| Read November 4th, 1885. |
THE species described hereafter formed the collections of
Mr. Gervase IF’. Mathew, R.N., F.L.S., &c., of H.M.S.
‘Kspiegle,’ and Dr. Lucas, of Melbourne; and I have
given the complete list of the Geometrina and Miero-
Lepidoptera taken by both these gentlemen. This is
interesting in relation to geographical distribution, but
must be regarded as very imperfectly illustrating the
character of the fauna. Mr. Mathew’s collection was
formed during three years’ stay on the Australian
station, and was obtained on short occasional visits to
the different islands, whenever an opportunity might
occur for landing. Moreover, being especially interested
in the Rhopalocera, Mr. Mathew at first paid little
attention to the groups which form the subject of this
paper, until I asked him to obtain all he could ; he then
collected them more assiduously, but I suspect princi-
pally when butterflies were scarce. I am, however,
much indebted to him for his labours, and for the liberal
gift of types of many of the species; and I should add
that his specimens were for ‘the most part in fine
condition. Dr. Lucas obtained his collection during a
short winter visit to Fiji; I have not seen the entire
collection, but types of all the species were submitted to
me. Dr. Lucas informs me that many of the specimens
were taken under conditions which rendered their
preservation a work of great difficulty, much of his
collecting being done in a canoe on the rivers with native
assistants ; for this reason they are often in an im-
perfect state. In the case of each species in the list I
have added the name of the collector.
It would be unwise to enter into generalisations on
the basis of an imperfect list like this, but I may direct
attention to the great preponderance of the Botydide,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PART II. (ocr.) p
190 Mr. Ii. Meyrick’s descriptions of
which include not much short of half the entire number
of species; many of these are very widely distributed,
ranging through the Malay Archipelago and India to
South Africa, but there are also considerable endemic
groups, such as that of Pleonectusa. Owing to the wide
range of this family it is possible that I may have failed
to recognise some of the species which may have been
previously described from other regions, but I have used
every effort to identify them.
The principal object of the paper has been the correct
classification of the species, in order to the just appre-
ciation of their geographical relations. Such species
as have hitherto been described from the South Pacific
have been usually classified almost at random, and are
at least useless, if not entirely unidentifiable.
In every case the neuration has been fully made out
for each species; the normal twelve veins of fore wings
and eight of hind wings are reckoned in all instances,
and as separate unless otherwise indicated.
GEOMETRINA.
The names of families and genera in this group are
used by some writers (following Guenée) in such an
extraordinarily loose and indefinite manner that I think
it necessary here to give the definitions, as adopted by
myself, of all the families and genera mentioned, in
order to avoid misapprehension of my own work. I
hope shortly to be able to publish my views on the
classification of the group in a more comprehensive
form. Meanwhile, I may say that the seven families
given below are all with which I am acquainted; I do
not assert that there are not others, but I do not know
of any; all the European species are included in five of
these families, the Microniade and Desmobathrideé not
being represented in that region. It will be observed
that some of these family names are employed in a
creatly extended sense; thus the Boarmiade, as here
defined, include Guenée’s families Urapterygide, Einno-
mide, Boarmide, Caberide, Zerenide, and others.
The following is, I believe, an accurate tabulation of
the families im all cases :—
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 191
1. Hind wings with vein 5 absent, represented by a fold Boarmiade.
m9 An yh present, entire ae 56
2. Hind wings with vein 8 anastomosing with 7 to near
end of cell, or rarely only connected with 7 ty a
bar near transverse vein .. bE . Larentiade.
Hind wings with vein 8 free, or dusetonicning very
shortly with 7 near base only ot — 55 Gk
3. Fore wings with vein 7 separate from 9, stalked with 6 Microniada.
5 rr af rising out of 9.. ays pe
4, Hind wings with vein 8 remote from 7, connected with
it by a bar near base ae <5 .. Desmobathride.
Hind wings with vein 8 not penne sted: ain 7 by abar 5.
5. Fore wings with vein 10 rising out of 9 ac ou GE
3 i = not rising out of 9 .. .. Enochromide.
6. Fore wings with vein 11 anastomosing with 9 .. Acidaliade.
FA ae $ separate from 9 ai -. Geometride.
LARENTIADA.
Fore wings: 10 anastomosing with 9, 11 out of or anastomosing
with 10. Hind wings: 5 present, 8 anastomosing with 7 from near
base to near transverse vein, or rarely only connected with 7 by a
bar near transverse vein.
Pasrpuina, Meyr.
Palpi porrected, roughly scaled. Antenne in male ciliated.
Fore wings with vein 6 from a point with or below 9, 7 from or
below angle of areole, 10 anastomosing strongly with 9, 11 out of
10, running shortly into 12. Hind wings with veins 6 and 7
stalked or separate, 8 anastomosing with 7 from near base to near
transverse vein.
Only known from Australia and New Zealand, where
it replaces Hupithecia; it is interesting to find the two
genera meeting here.
1. Pasiphila lepta, n. s.
3, 14—15 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and
legs whitish ochreous, somewhat mixed with dark fuscous ; antenne
with whorls of scales at apex of joints, very shortly ciliated (4) ;
posterior tibize with outer spurs one-fourth of inner. Fore wings
moderate, triangular, hind margin gently rounded, slightly waved ;
vein 6 from below 93; whitish ochreous, with numerous curved
waved slightly darker lines, sometimes slightly mixed with blackish ;
amore distinct blackish line near base; a fine blackish irregularly
dentate line at one-third; a waved black line about three-fifths,
192 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
angulated beneath costa, and sometimes (in the Tongan specimen)
again in middle; three lines towards hind margin more distinct ;
a fine interrupted blackish hind-marginal line; cilia whitish
ochreous, towards tips whitish. Hind wings moderate, hind
margin crenulate, bent below middle, between this and anal angle
somewhat concave; veins 8 and 4, also 6 and 7, nearly approxi-
mated at base; colour, lines, and cilia as in fore wings, but ante-
median line nearly obsolete; post-median line slightly angulated
outwards below costa and sharply in middle, angulated inwards
below middle ; posterior line bent in middle.
Tonga and Marshall Islands (Mathew) ; two specimens.
KupitHecta, Curt.
Palpi porrected, roughly scaled. Antenne in male ciliated.
Fore wings with vein 6 from a point with or below 9, 7 from angle
of areole, 10 anastomosing with 9, 11 out of 10 before 9, 12 free.
Hind wings with veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7 from
near base to near transverse vein.
Characteristic of the northern hemisphere, especially
Kurope.
2. Hupithecia erymna, n. s.
$,16mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-whitish,
irregularly mixed with blackish. Antenne with angularly pro-
jecting scales at joints, ciliations 1. Fore wings elongate-triangular ;
costa nearly straight, hind margin very obliquely rounded ; whitish,
irregularly mixed with grey, and with an irregular very pale green
suffusion; about fourteen subdentate transverse blackish-grey lines,
alternately more or less defined, irregularly curved, tolerably
parallel; one beyond middle stronger and blacker, rectangularly
angulated in middle; cilia grey, basal half spotted with grey-
whitish. Hind wings rather narrow, hind margin rounded; veins
3 and 4 from a point; colour and markings as in fore wings, but
post-median black line more markedly dentate on upper half, its
central angulation forming rather an acute tooth.
Tonea (Mathew) ; two specimens.
CRETHEIS, n. &.
Face smooth. Palpi short, slender, filiform, porrected. Antenne
in male (?). Fore wings with vein 6 from a point with 9, 7 from
above angle of areole, 10 anastomosing very strongly with 9, 11
rising out of 10 between 7 and 9,12 free. Hind wings with veins
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 1938
3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7 from near
base to near transverse vein.
3. Cretheis cymatodes, n. s.
?, 24 mm. Head ferruginous, with a white band between
antenne. Antenne white. Palpi, thorax, abdomen, and legs
ochreous-yellowish. Fore wings moderate, triangular, hind margin
rounded, slightly waved ; light ochreous-yellow, with about four-
teen waved slightly curved purplish brown lines; hind margin
with dark reddish fuscous dots on and between veins; cilia pale
ochreous-yellow. Hind wings somewhat elongate, hind margin
bent below middle, waved; colour, hind-marginal dots, and cilia,
as in fore wings; four waved purplish brown lines on posterior
half of wing, bent below middle, and indications of lines on
anterior half.
New Hebrides (Mathew) ; one specimen.
REMODES, Gn.
Palpi very long, straight, porrected, with appressed scales.
Antenne stout, flattened, simple in both sexes. Middle tibie in
male without spurs; posterior tibiz in male without spurs, tarsi
bent, clothed with long hairs, extremity aborted ; posterior tibie
in female with middle-spurs absent, end-spurs very short. Tore
wings with vein 6 from a point with 9, 7 from angle of areole, 10
anastomosing strongly with 9, 11 rising out of 10 before 9, 12 free.
Hind wings with veins 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anasto-
mosing with 7 from near base to near transverse vein ; inner
margin in male folded to form three superposed pockets.
I have not seen a male of this genus, and the character
of the inner marginal pockets of the hind wings may
probably be variously modified in different species. ‘Two
species have been described from the Malay Archipelago ;
a third is given here, and I have a fourth undescribea
from Eastern Australia.
4. Remodes elaica, n. s.
9,33 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light greenish mixed with
olive-green. Antenne greyish ochreous, towards apex blackish.
Abdomen and legs ochreous-whitish. Fore wings moderate,
triangular, costa sinuate, hind margin rounded, waved; very pale
whitish greenish, with numerous waved cloudy olive-green lines,
posteriorly becoming rather curved; one almost at base, two near
194 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
base, two before middle, three beyond middle, and two about
three-fourths, are more or less marked throughout with black; a
subterminal line dotted with blackish; a hind-marginal row of
small black spots on veins; cilia ochreous-whitish. Hind wings
short, narrow, hind margin rounded, waved; ochreous-whitish ;
cilia ochreous-whitish.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas) ; two specimens.
Crparia, T'r.
Palpi moderate or short, roughly scaled, porrected. Antenne
in male stout, shortly ciliated. Fore wings with vein 6 rising out
of 9, 7 almost from angle of areole, 10 anastomosing moderately
with 9, 11 anastomosing moderately with 10, 12 free. Hind wings
with veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7 from near base
to near transverse vein.
As thus restricted the genus probably occurs nearly
universally. I have not yet met with it myself in
Australia ; in New Zealand it is fairly represented.
5. Cidaria chlorodesma, n. 8.
9,23 mm. Head and antenne ochreous-yellow. Palpi blackish,
apex of second and terminal joints ochreous-yellow. (Thorax
defaced.) Abdomen fuscous, base mixed with yellow. Legs dark
fuscous. Fore wings triangular, hind margin moderately bowed;
red-brown, suffusedly mixed with black, and irrorated with
numerous fine silvery-metallic scales; two ochreous-yellow mode-
rately broad irregular-edged fascie, margined with whitish on
discal side, first from one-third of costa to two-fifths of inner
margin, slightly curved, outer edge angulated above middle and
indented below middle, second from three-fourths of costa to
three-fourths of inner margin, parallel to hind margin, inner edge
with a shallow excavation below middle; an oblique triangular
pale ochreous-yellowish spot on costa before apex; hind-marginal
band without blackish suffusion except round this spot; cilia
fuscous, basal half dark fuscous. Hind wings moderate, hind
margin rounded; grey, irregularly mixed with whitish; cilia grey.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
6. Cidaria lasiospila, n. s.
g, 42 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen dull reddish
fuscous mixed with dark fuscous and whitish ochreous; palpi
moderately long, terminal joint moderate, somewhat swollen
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 195
towards apex, blackish except at base. Antenne whitish ochreous,
ciliations one-sixth. Legs whitish ochreous. Fore wings broad,
triangular, costa slightly sinuate, hind margin rounded, crenate ;
fuscous, somewhat mixed irregularly with whitish ochreous, and
with numerous irregular curved subdentate obscure dark fuscous
lines; a transverse discal spot before middle, composed of dense
erect dark fuscous hairs; a small round whitish ochreous or white
spot between veins 3 and 4 posteriorly; a subterminal row of
whitish-ochreous dots on veins; cilia fuscous (imperfect). Hind
wings moderate, hind margin rounded, crenate, tooth on vein 5
shorter than rest ; colour and markings as in fore wings.
A worn female specimen, perhaps referable to this
species, is more reddish tinged, the discal spots without
erect hairs and indistinct, hind wings with a sub-
marginal series of small trapezoidal white spots between
veins, terminal joint of palpi very short; these differences
are considerable, but it is questionable whether they are
sexual or specific.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen (besides the female referred
to). Occurs also in Australia; Iam doubtful whether
there is not some error of locality.
Crpuaissa, Meyr.
Palpi moderate, roughly scaled, porrected. Antenne in male
shortly ciliated. Fore wings with vein 6 from a point with or
below 9, 7 from about angle of areole, 10 anastomosing moderately
with 9, 11 anastomosing moderately with 10, 12 free. Hind wings
with veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7 from near base
to near transverse vein.
With this genus is united that for which I have
previously (Trans. N. Z. Inst., 1883) employed the name
Scotosia, Stph.; but as I find that Lederer gvhom I
follow) limited the genus Scotosia in a different sense, I
adopt the name Cephalissa for the whole. It is very
numerously represented in Australia, and there are
three New Zealand species; I cannot at present say
how widely it may be distributed otherwise.
7. Cephalissa delogramma, 0. 8.
9, 16—22 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous
mixed with whitish and reddish fuscous ; anterior margin of thorax
rather broadly dark fuscous. Palpi darkreddish fuscous. Antenne
196 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
greyish. Fore wings triangular, costa sinuate, hind margin slightly
rounded, waved ; whitish ochreous, more or less suffused irregularly
with fuscous reddish, tending to form irregular waved lines; a
streak along costa from base to second line mostly marked with
black; first line slender, double, blackish, from one-third of costa
to one-third of inner margin, curved outwards; between this and
base are three or four similar indistinct blackish lines; second line
sharply marked, fine, black, from three-fifths of costa to three-
fourths of inner margin, forming a quadrangular projection out-
wards in middle, between which and inner margin it is twice
sharply angulated inwards; an irregular hind-marginal band
mostly suffused with fuscous, especially towards apex, containing a
pale dentate subterminal line; cilia whitish ochreous, basal half
obscurely barred with fuscous. Hind wings rather small, hind
margin slightly rounded; whitish, sometimes with indications of
blackish lines towards inner margin ; cilia whitish.
Fijiand Tonga (Mathew) ; two specimens.
GiNOCHROMID.
Fore wings: 7 rising out of 9, 10 not rising out of 9. Hind
wings: 5 present, 8 free.
Eumetea, Jard.
Face with a slight projection of scales. Palpi moderate, arched,
second joint roughly scaled, terminal joint moderate, porrected,
smoothly scaled, slightly swollen towards apex. Antenne nearly
as long as fore wings, in male filiform, simple. Thorax, femora,
and posterior tibia hairy beneath; posterior tibia with middle-
spurs below five-sixths, equal, terminal spurs shorter. Fore wings
with vein 6 from very near 9, 11 anastomosing strongly with 10,
12 anastomosing with 11 to 10. Hind wings with veins 6 and 7
stalked, 8 approximated to 7 towards base.
8. Humelea rosalia, Cr., Gn.
Solomon Islands and New Britain (Mathew); three
specimens. Occurs also in the Malay Archipelago and
North-East Australia.
9. Humelea craspedias, n. s.
3¢,58mm. Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs light ochreous-
yellow; face, collar, palpi, antennae, and anterior tibia light
fuscous-purplish. Fore wings moderate, triangular, costa mode-
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. Je 7
rately arched, hind margin moderately rounded, slightly waved ;
light ochreous-yellow, basal half suffusedly strigulated with deeper
ochreous-yellow ; costa broadly strigulated with dark grey, more
strongly towards base; a deep ochreous-yellow hardly curved
streak from centre of dise to inner margin beyond middle; a broad
rather dark fuscous-grey hind-marginal band, anterior edge
irregular, running from before two-thirds of costa to anal angle ;
cilia grey (imperfect). Hind wings moderate, apex somewhat
prominent, hind margin slightly rounded, waved ; colour, strigula-
tion, and cilia as in fore wings; a nearly straight entire deep
ochreous-yellow central transverse streak; a moderately narrow
dark fuscous-grey hind-marginal band, nearly evenly broad
throughout, anterior edge indented above middle.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; one specimen.
CELERENA, Walk.
Face smooth. Palpi moderate, porrected, basal joint rough-
scaled, second joint smooth-scaled, attenuated at apex, terminal
joint moderate, cylindrical. Antenne rather more than half fore
wings, in male filiform, towards apex thinly ciliated. Thorax
densely hairy beneath, and with a double dense expansible tuft
between second and third pairs of legs. Abdomen beneath with
basal tuft of long fine hairs, and a large prominence near base,
clothed with a dense cushion of long hairs. Posterior tibie greatly
dilated, and with a long expansible tuft of hairs on inner side in
middle, their apex produced above into a long horny projection,
median spurs below middie, long, slender, crooked, outer about
two-thirds of inner, terminal outer spur absent, inner stout;
posterior tarsi with basal joint long, its median third dilated
beneath into a large rounded projecting plate, second joint very
short, somewhat swollen. Fore wings beneath with a fold con-
cealing a deep furrow above posterior half of cell; vein 6 from
below 9, 10 and 11 long-stalked, 10 anastomosing at a point with 9
before 8, 12 anastomosing strongly with 11 before 10. Hind wings
with veins 6 and 7 separate, approximated to 7 towards base.
It is probable that the various tufts of hair and
abnormal structures of the legs are mainly sexual and
specific characters, and are not to be considered as
essential to the genus, which is sufficiently distinguished
otherwise ; they are therefore only provisionally included
in the generic definition.
198 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
10. Celerena proxima, Walk.
Celerena proxima, Walk., Suppl., 168.
3, 62mm. Head and palpi deep yellow, apical joint grey.
Antenne grey. Thorax deep yellow, with a dark grey anterior
transverse stripe. Abdomen yellow, apical half with a dorsal
streak and segmental margins grey, basal tuft dark grey in middle,
white on sides. Legs dark grey, posterior tibie yellow, apical
projection grey, tarsi greyish. Fore wings moderate, elongate-
triangular, costa gently arched, hind margin very oblique, almost
straight, slightly sinuate; blackish grey, with two large deep yellow
blotches ; first extending from base to near middle, not reaching
either margin, suffused beneath and posteriorly ; second transverse,
broad, running from costa beyond middle towards anal angle, but
not reaching it; cilia blackish grey. Hind wings moderate, hind
margin rounded; deep yellow, with a moderately broad blackish-
grey hind-marginal band, rather dilated about apex, sending a
slight obscure suffusion along inner margin ; cilia blackish grey.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew); one specimen.
Walker’s type was from Celebes.
DESMOBATHRIDA.
Fore wings: 7 rising out of 9,10 absent. Hind wings: 5 present,
8 remote from 7, connected with it by a bar near base.
DESMOBATHRA, 0. g.
Face smooth. Palpi moderate, porreeted, second joint shortly
scaled above, terminal joint short. Antenne two-thirds of fore
wings, in male (?). Posterior tibie in female with only one median
spur, rather below middle, terminal spurs short. Fore wings with
vein 6 remote from 9, 11 anastomosing moderately with 9 before 8,
12 anastomosing strongly with 11 before 9. Hind wings with
veins 6 and 7 separate.
11. Desmobathra hesperias, n. 8.
?, 23mm. Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and legs orange-
yellow. Antenne grey. Fore wings triangular, hind margin
slightly sinuate, rounded in middle; orange-yellow, with numerous
small fine scattered purple-brown strigule ; these tend to form an
irregular curved line beyond middle; cilia ochreous-yellow. Hind
wings moderate, hind margin rounded; colour, strigule, and cilia
as in fore wings; a tolerably distinct discal dot ; line not indicated.
New Hebrides (Mathew) ; two specimens.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 199
12. Desmobathra acrophea, n. 8.
?, 22mm. Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and legs orange-
yellow. Antenne greyish ochreous. Fore wings triangular, hind
margin slightly sinuate, rounded in middle; bright orange, with
small thinly scattered purple-brown strigule; these tend to form
fine irregular lines at one-third and beyond middle; a purplish-
brown hind marginal band, on costa extending from near two-
thirds to apex, attenuated to a point on anal angle ; cilia dark grey.
Hind wings moderate, hind margin rounded; bright orange, paler
towards anal angle; a narrow cloudy light purplish-brown hind-
marginal band; a purple-brown discal dot; lines absent; strigule
and cilia as in fore wings.
Possibly this might be a variety of the preceding,
with which it was found.
New Hebrides (Mathew) ; one specimen.
13. Desmobathra niphoplaca, n. 8.
?,30mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
dark blackish grey. Fore wings moderate, triangular, costa un-
evenly arched, hind margin rounded ; dark blackish grey, with two
large transverse oval snow-white blotches, first before middle,
second towards apex; the ground colour lightened on three small
subterminal spots near lower half of hind margin; cilia dark
blackish grey. Hind wings moderate, hind margin rounded ; dark
blackish grey ; a very large irregular trapezoidal snow-white trans-
verse median blotch, nearly reaching inner margin; ground colour
lichtened between this and a hind-marginal dark band; cilia dark
blackish grey.
Solomon Islands (Mathew) ; one specimen.
Derxena, Walk.
Face smooth. Palpi moderate, porrected, loosely sealed. An-
tenne rather more than half fore wings, in male filiform, ciliated
moderately with fascicles of cilia (2). Middle tibie with spurs
very short, unequal; posterior tibiw in male with spurs wholly
absent. Fore wings with vein 6 remote from 9, 12 anastomosing
moderately with 11. Hind wings with veins 6 and 7 stalked ;
basal enclosed area between 7 and 8 hyaline.
Differs from the preceding essentially by vein 11 of
fore wings being free from 9, and 6 of hind wings
stalked with 7.
200 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
14. Derxena celivagata, Walk.
Deraena celivagata, Walk., Suppl., 1615.
¢,21mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish blue. Antenne
and palpi whitish. Fore wings triangular, hind margin gently
rounded ; pale silvery blue, thinly sealed ; costal edge white ; discal
dot blackish ; cilia whitish blue. Hind wings triangular, hind
margin strongly rounded; colour, discal dot, and cilia as in fore
wings
New Britain (Mathew); one specimen. According to
Walker, also from New Guinea and Aru.
MICRONIAD A.
Fore wings: 7 separate from 9, stalked with 6. Hind wings:
5 present, 8 free.
STESICHORA, N. g.
Face smooth. Palpi moderately long, obliquely ascending, very
slender, linear; second joint very short, terminal joint long, thrice
second, obtuse. Antenne less than half fore wings, in male thick,
filiform, simple. Middle tibie in male clothed externally with
very fine long hairs; posterior tibie flatly dilated towards middle,
externally clothed with soft fine hairs, median spurs at three-
fourths, outer median spur obsolete, outer apical spur one-fourth
of inner. Thorax rather hairy beneath. Fore wings with veins
2 and 8 stalked, rising from lower margin of cell near base, 4 from
angle of cell, 10 rising out of 9. Hind wings with veins 3 and 4
short-stalked, 6 and 7 from a point.
15. Stesichora puellaria, Walk.
Micronia puellaria, Walk., Suppl., 1641.
$,53mm. Head white, face and palpi blackish. Antenne
whitish. Thorax, abdomen, and legs white, anterior legs blackish.
Fore wings triangular, costa gently arched, hind margin gently
rounded, nearly straight beneath middle, slightly waved; white ;
about eight very small black transverse marks on costa, a double
one before apex, and one below apex; a very fine blackish hind-
marginal line; cilia white. Hind wings moderate, hind margin
waved, in middle forming a short angular projection; white; a
small round blackish spot before hind margin in angle; hind-
marginal line and cilia as in fore wings.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; one specimen.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 201
ANTEIA, N. g.
Face smooth. Palpi rather short, slender, obliquely ascending.
Antenne less than half fore wings, in male filiform, simple.
Posterior tibia with median spurs at three-fourths, outer spurs less
than half inner. Fore wings with veins 3 and 4 very shortly
stalked, 10 rising out of 9. Hind wings with veins 8 and 4 very
shortly stalked, 6 and 7 from near together.
16. Antera ithygramma, 0. 8.
S,52mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-white. Fore
wings broad, triangular, costa strongly arched before apex, hind
margin slightly rounded; white, towards base faintly strigulated
with pale greyish ochreous; three light greyish ochreous transverse
streaks parallel to hind margin, obsolete towards costa; first at
about one-third, slender, irregular, second central, broadest, third
at about three-fourths; a narrow subterminal band of greyish
ochreous strie ; a few minute blackish dots on costa, three or four
before apex more conspicuous; a fine dark fuscous hind-marginal
line ; cilia white. Hind wings moderate, hind margin produced in
middle into an acute angular projection, slightly waved; colour,
streaks, subterminal strie, and hind-marginal line as in fore wings ;
two elongate black dots above base of projection.
New Britain (Mathew) ; one specimen.
Srropuipia, Hb.
Face smooth. Palpi very short, slender, roughly scaled, por-
rected. Antenne less than half fore wings, in male filiform,
simple. Thorax hairy beneath. Posterior tibize with median spurs
at two-thirds, outer spurs half inner. Fore wings with veins 3 and
4 stalked, 10 separate. Hind wings with veins 3 and 4 stalked,
6 and 7 from near together.
17. Stroplidia anerces, n. 8.
9,54mm. Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and legs white; a
black transverse mark on back of crown, and three black dots on
forehead; palpi black above. Antenne fuscous, above blackish,
towards base becoming whitish ochreous. Fore wings broad,
triangular, costa arched, hind margin nearly straight; white ;
costa with numerous short fine blackish strigule, longer and
scantier towards base ; five pale greyish ochreous transverse streaks,
obsolete on costa; first from one-sixth of costa to before middle of
202 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
inner margin; second slender, at about one-third, crossing cell;
third from middle of costa to two-thirds of inner margin; fourth
from three-fourths of costa to before anal angle; fifth along hind
margin from apex to anal angle; a series of short irregular trans-
verse greyish-ochreous strigule midway between fourth and fifth ;
a very fine blackish hind-marginal line; cilia bright greyish
ochreous. Hind wings moderate, hind margin produced below
middle into a strong round-pointed projection; white ; four very
pale greyish ochreous transverse streaks ; first along inner margin,
almost obsolete; second from beneath two-fifths of costa to anal
angle; third from beneath two-thirds of costa, nearly parallel to
second, but bent round beneath and terminating in anal angle ;
fourth along hind margin from apex to base of projection ; a band
of irregular pale greyish-ochreous strigule before hind margin; a
small diffused blackish spot on base of upper side of projection,
and two very small approximated blackish spots on base of lower
side, lower side of projection also margined narrowly with black ;
cilia light greyish ochreous.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
18. Strophidia urapterina, Butl.
Strophidia urapterina, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879; 165.
Very similar to the preceding, but fore wings with about twelve
black dots only on the costa, and third streak more oblique ; hind
wings with discal streaks more obliquely placed, terminating on
hind margin in two black spots, hind margin with a black streak
from apex of wing to base of projection.
New Britain (Mathew) ; one specimen. Butler’s type
was from New Ireland.
GEOMETRIDA.
Fore wings: 7 rising out of 9, 10 rising out of 9, 11 separate
from 9. Hind wings: 5 present, 8 free or anastomosing with 7
very shortly near base only.
Kucrostis, Hb.
Face smooth. Palpi short, slender, filiform, porreected. Antenne
in male bipectinated, towards apex simple. Posterior tibix in both
sexes with median spurs absent. Fore wings with vein 6 from a
point with 9, 10 rising out of 9 below 7, 11 anastomosing with or
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 2038
running into 12. Hind wings with veins 3 and 4 stalked, 5 rising
nearer to 6 than to 4, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 free, approximated to 7
towards base.
19. Hucrostis erichlora, n.s.
2, 39 mm. Head and thorax green, space between antenne
snow-white. Palpi whitish ochreous. Antenne white. Abdomen
white, with a suffused green dorsal line. Fore wings: triangular,
hind margin gently rounded; vein 11 anastomosing with 12;
rather deep green; costa narrowly pale brown, spotted with darker ;
lines hardly darker green, first preceded and second followed by
whitish dots on veins; first from one-fourth of costa to before
middle of inner margin, curved; second from two-thirds of costa
to three-fifths of inner margin, upper three-fourths rather curved
outwards; a small brown darker-centred discal spot; an ochreous-
brown hind-marginal line; cilia white, towards tips brownish, with
dark fuscous dots on veins. Hind wings moderate, hind margin
produced in middle into an acute angular projection; colour, lines,
discal spot, hind-marginal line, and cilia as in fore wings, but first
line absent, second angulated in middle.
Fiji (Mathew) ; one specimen.
Topis, Hb.
Face smooth. Palpi short or moderate, porrected, slender,
filiform or loosely scaled. Antenne in male bipectinated, towards
apex simple. Posterior tibiae in both sexes with median spurs
present. Fore wings with veins 3 and 4 sometimes short-stalked,
6 rising out of 9, 10 rising out of 9 between 6 and 7, 11 free or
anastomosing with 12 and sometimes again with 10 also. Hind
Wings with veins 3 and 4 stalked, 5 rising nearer to 6 than to 4,
6 and 7 stalked, 8 free, approximated to 7 towards base.
This genus is probably widely distributed ; in Australia
it is well represented. All the species included by
Guenée in his genus Chlorochroma, which differs in no
structural character from Jodis, are referred here. The
variations in structure of vein 11 of the fore wings are
of specific value only, occurring most markedly in the
most closely allied species.
20. Iodis cheramota, n. s.
3S, 21—22 mm. Head green. Palpi crimson, mixed with
white. Antenne ochreous-whitish. Thorax green, with a straight
transverse ochreous-whitish line before anterior margin. Abdomen
204 Mr. K. Meyrick’s descriptions of
whitish, somewhat mixed with ochreous, towards base green.
Fore wings broad, triangular, hind margin gently rounded; veins
3 and 4 separate, 11 anastomosing with 12, free from 10; rather
dull green ; costa narrowly white, beneath ochreous-tinged; lines
indistinct, very slender, whitish, denticulate; first from one-third
of costa to middle of inner margin, where it forms a small spot;
second from three-fourths of costa to hind margin above anal
angle; a small dark reddish fuscous discal spot; a small snow-
white semicircular spot on anal angle, bordered with fuscous-
crimson ; a small dark reddish fuscous apical spot; cilia whitish
ochreous, with a waved dark fuscous-crimson subbasal line which
encloses white dots on veins. Hind wings moderate, hind margin
evenly rounded; colour, discal dot, and cilia as in fore wings
lines absent.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas); two specimens.
THALASSODES, Gn.
Face smooth. Palpi moderate, second joint obliquely ascending,
with short rough projecting scales beneath, terminal joint rather
long, cylindrical, obtuse. Antenne in male bipectinated, towards
apex simple. Thorax hairy beneath. Fore wings with vein 6
rising out of 9, 10 rising out of 9 between 6 and 7, 11 free. Hind
wings with veins 3 and 4 stalked, 5 rising nearer to 6 than to 4,
6 and 7 stalked, 8 very closely appressed to 7 towards base or
approximated.
21. Thalassodes chloropis, n. s.
?, 36—40 mm. Head and antenne whitish ochreous. Palpi
pale green, beneath whitish. Thorax and abdomen light sea-
green, abdomen with an obscure whitish dorsal line. Legs whitish
ochreous, anterior tibie reddish. Fore wings broad, triangular,
hind margin slightly rounded; rather light sea-green, with
numerous very obscure small irregular green-whitish strigule ;
costal edge very pale whitish ochreous; a straight slender obscure
whitish line from beneath middle of costa to three-fifths of inner
margin; cilia ochreous-whitish. Hind wings broad, hind margin
very obtusely angulated in middle ; veins 7 and 8 closely appressed
near base; colour, strigule, and cilia as in fore wings; a straight
slender obscure whitish line from beyond middle of costa to vein 3
midway between its origin and hind margin.
Appears very closely allied to 7’. pilaria, Gn., and the
sroup of similar species, but is probably sufficiently
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 205
distinguished by the whitish ochreous face; the face in
the other species is brown or green.
Fiji (Lucas) ; two specimens.
ACIDALIAD.
Fore wings: 7 rising out of 9, 10 rising out of 9, 11 anasto-
mosing or connected by ashort bar with9. Hind wings: 5 present
8 anastomosing with 7 very shortly near base, or rarely free.
PYTHODORA, Nn. &.
Face smooth. Palpirather short, very slender, arched, ascending,
terminal joint extremely short. Antenne two-thirds of fore wings,
in male with two tufts of long cilia (23) on each joint. Posterior
legs in male with tibiz and tarsi wholly absent, femora with a fan
of extremely long projecting s@les from whole length. Fore
wings with vein 6 remote from 9, 10 rising out of 9 between 7 and
8, 11 anastomosing with 9 from 7 to below 10. Hind wings with
veins 8 and 4 from a point, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7
very shortly near base.
22. Pythodora rhipistis, n. s.
3,21mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
light brownish ochreous; face dark crimson-fuscous. Fore wings
moderate, triangular, hind margin rounded; light brownish
ochreous, finely sprinkled with fuscous, with five ill-defined
irregularly waved slightly curved fuscous lines; first about one-
third, bent beneath costa, second central, fifth marginal; discal
dot black, preceding second line; a hind-marginal row of fine
black dots; cilia light brownish ochreous. Hind wings moderate,
hind margin bent in middle, rounded above ; colour and markings
as in fore wings, but first line obsolete.
Fiji (Mathew) ; one specimen.
Actpauia, T'r.
Face smooth. Palpi moderate or rather short, loosely rough-
sealed or filiform, porrected or somewhat ascending. Antenne
two-thirds of fore wings, in male ciliated. Posterior tibiw in male
swollen, without spurs, tarsi in male more or less aborted, shorter
than tibia. Fore wings with vein 6 remote from 9, 10 rising out
of 9 between 7 and 8, 11 anastomosing shortly with 9 or connected
with it by ashort bar. Hind wings with veins 3 and 4 separate,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886. PART III. (OcCT.) @Q
206 Mr. BE. Meyrick’s descriptions of
6 and 7 separate or stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7 very shortly
near base.
A cosmopolitan genus, but in New Zealand only repre-
sented by the wide-ranging A. rubraria, which cannot
be regarded as indigenous. The separation or stalking
of veins 6 and 7 of the hind wings is an unreliable
character specifically, both forms occurring sometimes
in the same species (as in A. homodoza).
93. Acidalia rubraria, Dbld.
Ptychopoda rubraria, Dbld., Dieff., N. Z., 1., 286,
Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst., 1888, 57; Acidalia
Jighnaria, Gn., 1x., 454, pl. xui., 8; A. repletaria,
Walk., 778; A. attributa, ib., 779; Fidonia
acidaliaria, ib., 1087.
Norfolk Island (Mathew) ; abundant throughout Eastern
Australia and New Zealand.
24. Acidalia crossophragma, 0. 8.
3,2, 19—20 mm. Head and palpi ochreous-brown, band
between antenne white. Antenne whitish, ciliations in male 24.
Thorax and abdomen whitish ochreous. Posterior tibie in male
with a dense tuft of long white hairs from middle above, tarsi one-
fourth of tibie. Fore wings moderate, triangular, hind margin
slightly bowed; whitish ochreous, sometimes thinly irrorated with
fuscous; five obscure pale greyish ochreous waved slightly curved
parallel lines, first before middle, nearly obsolete, rest between
middle and hind margin; a black discal spot between first and
second; a hind-marginal row of black dots, connected by a very
fine blackish line; cilia ochreous-whitish, with two sharply marked
dark fuscous lines, second strongest. Hind wings moderate, hind
margin rounded ; colour and markings as in fore wings, but first
line absent, discal dot larger and placed on posterior edge of second
line, which is somewhat before middle.
Easily recognisable by the two sharply marked dark
fuscous lines in cilia.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew); occurs also in
North-East Australia.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 207
25. Acidalia recessata, Walk.
Acidalia recessata, Walk., 777; A. despoliata, ib., 778;
A. optivata, ib., 780.
3,2, 19—23 mm. Head and palpi blackish, band between
antennz white, collar ochreous. Antennx whitish, ciliations in
male 23. Thorax and abdomen ochreous-whitish. Posterior tibix
in male with a dense tuft of very long white hairs from base above,
tarsi three-fourths of tibia. Fore wings moderate, triangular,
hind margin gently rounded; pale whitish ochreous, with fine
scattered black scales, sometimes rather dense; five somewhat
irregular dentate grey lines, variable in intensity; first before
middle, partially obsolete; a black discal dot between first and
second; second thick, conspicuous, rather cloudy, from beyond
two-thirds of costa to middle of inner margin; third, fourth, and
fifth parallel, forming a hind-marginal band, third generally
strongly marked, fourth and fifth cloudy, sometimes interrupted
into spots; a hind-marginal row of black dots; cilia pale whitish
ochreous. Hind wings moderate, hind margin rounded, somewhat
waved, bent in middle ; colour and markings as in fore wings, but
first line absent, discal dot larger and placed on posterior edge of
an indentation in second line, which is somewhat before middle.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew); common also
throughout Eastern Australia.
26. Acidalia amala, un. s.
3¢,18mm. Head and palpi blackish, band between antennxz
white, collar ochreous. Antennx ochreous-whitish, ciliations in
male 14. Thorax and abdomen ochreous-whitish. Posterior tibix
in male with a dense tuft of very long white hairs from near base
above, tarsi two-thirds of tibie. Fore wings moderate, triangular,
hind margin gently rounded; very pale whitish ochreous; five
irregular waved pale ochreous lines, first before middle, rest
between middle and hind margin; a black discal dot between first
and second; a hind-marginal row of black dots; cilia ochreous-
whitish. Hind wings moderate, hind margin rounded, somewhat
bent in middle; colour and markings as in fore wings, but first
line absent, discal dot a little beyond second line, which is some-
what before middle.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; two specimens.
208 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
27. Acidalia homodoxa, n. 8.
3,2?,18mm, Face and palpi blackish, band between antennz
white, collar ochreous. Antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
whitish ochreous ; antennal ciliations in male 13; posterior tibie
in male without tuft, tarsi one-third of tibix. Fore wings mode-
rate, triangular, hind margin gently rounded; whitish ochreous,
with a few scattered black scales; costal edge narrowly ochreous ;
five indistinct ochreous lines; first before middle, nearly straight,
second slightly irregular, beyond middle, third, fourth, and fifth
irregularly dentate ; a black discal dot between first and second ; a
hind-marginal row of black dots; cilia whitish ochreous. Hind
wings moderate, hind margin rounded, bent in middle, slightly
waved; colour and markings as in fore wings, but first line absent,
discal dot placed on second line, which is somewhat before middle.
Port Moresby, New Guinea, and Tonga (Mathew) ; Fiji
(Lucas) ; five specimens.
TRICHOCLADA, N. g.
Face smooth. Palpi moderate, arched, ascending, shortly rough”
scaled beneath, terminal joint very short. Antenne two-thirds of
fore wings, in male stout, bipectinated (13), pectinations termi-
nating in a tuft of very long cilia (23). Posterior tibie in male
considerably swollen, without spurs, tarsi considerably aborted.
Fore wings with vein 5 rising nearer to 6 than to 4, 6 widely
remote from 9, 10 rising out of 9 between 7 and 8, 11 anastomosing
with 9 at a point below 7. Hind wings with veins 6 and 7 separate,
8 anastomosing with 7 at a point near base.
28. Trichoclada epigypsa, n. 8.
g,24mm. Face dark fuscous, band between antenne white,
collar ferruginous. Palpi dark fuscous, beneath white. Antenne
dark fuscous. Thorax, abdomen, and legs white, anterior legs
fuscous, posterior tarsi one-half of tibiz. Fore wings rather broad,
triangular, hind margin hardly rounded; white; costal edge
narrowly ochreous-yellow ; a minute black discal dot; two very
indistinct irregular fine dentate grey lines before and beyond three-
fourths, marked with obscure blackish dots on veins, second more
distinct ; two irregular series of fine scattered black scales between
these and hind margin; a hind-marginal row of elongate black
dots; cilia white. Hind wings moderate, hind margin rounded,
bent in middle ; colour and markings as in fore wings.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 209
PERIXERA, N. g.
Face smooth. Palpi moderate, porrected, second joint shortly
rough-scaled above, terminal joint very long, as long as second,
slender, filiform, obliquely drooping. Antenne two-thirds of fore
wings, in male very strongly bipectinated, apical one-fourth simple,
in female thickened with scales towards base. Posterior femora in
male with dense brush of long hairs above, tibie in male with
median spurs absent. Fore wings with vein 6 widely remote from
9,10 and 11 both rising out of 9 between 7 and 8. Hind wings
with veins 8 and 4 almost from a point, 6 and 7 separate, 8 anasto-
mosing with 7 at a point near base.
Besides the species described below, I have two or
three from Australia.
29. Perixera ceramis, 0. 8.
?,32mm. Head and palpi deep fuscous-crimson, band between
antennx white. Antenne ochreous-white. Thorax and abdomen
pale reddish brown, towards anal extremity more whitish. Legs
light pink. Fore wings moderate, triangular, hind margin rounded,
waved; pale reddish brown, finely irrorated with dark grey ; costal
edge whitish ochreous; three indistinct obscure greyish lines, first
at one-fourth, somewhat curved, second in middle, tolerably
straight, third from two-thirds of costa to three-fourths of inner
margin, unevenly curved, dotted with darker on veins; a hind-
marginal row of dark grey dots on veins ; cilia pale reddish brown.
Hind wings moderate, hind margin rounded, waved, slightly bent
in middle; colour and cilia as in fore wings; middle line obscurely
indicated, others obsolete ; a blackish oval discal spot, containing
a white dot.
Solomon Islands (Mathew) ; one specimen.
30. Perixera prionodes, n. 8.
3,40mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
whitish ochreous, with scattered dark fuscous scales ; second joint
of palpi blackish above; antennal pectinations 14; tuft of posterior
femora light purplish. Fore wings triangular, moderate, costa
somewhat sinuate, hind margin rounded, crenate ; whitish ochreous,
irregularly irrorated with purplish fuscous ; a black dot near costa
at one-fifth; first line represented by four black dots in a rectan-
eularly angulated series, fourth above inner margin at one-fourth ;
a black discal dot; a very faintly indicated irregular fuscous
210 Mr. KE. Meyrick’s descriptions of
median shade; second line at three-fourths, slender, indistinct,
irregular, sharply dentate, fuscous, marked with black dots on
veins ; a hind-marginal row of black dots; cilia whitish ochreous.
Hind wings moderate, hind margin rounded, crenate, tooth on
vein 5 much smaller than rest; colour and markings as in fore
wings, except discal spot, which is rather small, suboval, black,
with a white centre.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
BOARMIADA.
Fore wings: 7 rising out of 9. Hind wings: 5 absent, 8 usually
free.
KvIPPE, n. g.
Face smooth. Palpi moderate, slender, smooth, ascending,
terminal joint very short, porrected. Antenne two-thirds of fore
wings, in male (?). Thorax somewhat hairy beneath. Posterior
tibixe (in female) with median spurs at three-fifths, short, terminal
spurs wholly absent; posterior tarsi with four pairs of fine spines
on basal joint (at base, one-fifth, three-fifths, and apex). Fore
wings with vein 6 almost from a point with 9, 10 absent, 11 free.
Hind wings with veins 3 and 4 short-stalked, 6 and 7 from near
together, 8 with a strong basal fork, and connected with 7 near
base above this by a short bar.
The structure of vein 8 of the hind wings is exceed-
ingly curious, and the origin of its basal furcation
remains to be explained.
31. Huppe phalarota, n. s.
?,30mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
dark fuscous grey. Fore wings very broad, triangular, costa
straight, on apical one-fourth strongly arched, hind margin nearly
straight, crenulate ; dark fuscous grey, with a large white trapezoidal
dorsal patch, extending from two-fifths to four-fifths, and reaching
half across wing, upper edge suffused, parallel to costa; under a
lens the apex of all scales is very narrowly pale metallic blue;
three dark brown obscure lines, nearly parallel to hind margin,
first before one-fourth, second before middle, third beyond middle ;
first two very shortly angulated beneath costa; a dentate white
subterminal line, indistinct on upper half; cilia white, with a
suffused fuscous line, and barred with dark fuscous. Hind wings
moderate, hind margin rounded, crenate, middle tooth rather more
prominent; dark fuscous grey; a broad snow-white median band,
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 211
extending from one-fourth to two-thirds, anterior edge bounded by
a straight dark brown line continuous with the second line of fore
Wings; posterior edge parallel to hind margin, strigulated with
dark grey; within this band are two or three short confluent
streaks from inner margin beyond middle; apex mixed with white ;
subterminal line and cilia as in fore wings.
Solomon Islands (Mathew); one specimen.
Boarmtia, T'r.
Face with somewhat projecting scales. Palpi moderate, densely
sealed, porrected. Antenne in male bipectinated. Fore wings in
male with a circular impression near inner margin towards base ;
vein 6 remote from 9, 10 and 11 separate. Hind wings with
veins 6 and 7 separate, 8 free, approximated to 7 towards base.
32. Boarmia psychastis, n. 8.
?, 88mm. Head, palpi, and antenne white. Thorax and
abdomen white, finely sprinkled with black. Legs white, apex of
femora and base of tarsal joints blackish, cox hairy beneath.
Fore wings rather elongate, triangular, costa slightly sinuate, hind
margin rounded, waved; white, with fine scattered black scales,
veins posteriorly suffused with whitish ochreous; costa, lower half
of wing between first and second lines, and margins of a white
dentate subterminal line suffused with grey; lines fine, black,
dentate, first from beyond one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner
margin, angulated a little below costa, second from beyond two-
thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, somewhat bent
above middle; a pale ochreous spot beyond this below costa;
discal spot transverse, suboval, pale, margined with blackish ; hind
margin with rather large black dots between veins; cilia white,
slightly mixed with grey. Hind wings moderate, hind margin
rounded, crenulate; colour, discal spot, second and subterminal
lines, hind-marginal dots, and cilia as in fore wings ; towards base
suffused with grey; first line obsolete ; second line curved outwards
from one-fourth to three-fourths. Under surface white; discal
spots large, black; second lines blackish; a subterminal blackish
band, on fore wings touching a large blackish blotch on hind
margin above middle.
New Hebrides (Mathew) ; one specimen.
A second female specimen, taken by Mr. Mathew in
Samoa, is probably to be referred to the same species,
but differs in some respects: size, 34 mm.; fore wings
212 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
with a conspicuous black dot in dise near base, dorsal
suffusion obsolete, second line followed by a cloudy grey
similar line; hind wings with discal spot hardly dis-
cernible, second line more dentate, basal suffusion obso-
lete; vein 10 of fore wings touching 9 between 7 and 8;
otherwise similar.
HyperytTura, Gn.
Face with projecting scales. Palpi moderate, porrected, roughly
sealed, terminal joint moderate, smooth, cylindrical. Antenne in
male bipectinated, apex simple. Fore wings in male with a
circular impression near inner margin towards base; vein 6
separate from 9, 10 rising out of 9 between 7 and 8, 11 separate.
Hind wings in male with a pencil of hairs on costa near base;
veins 3 and 4 from near together, 6 and 7 separate, 8 free, some-
what approximated to 7 towards base.
33. Hyperythra limbolaria, Gn.
Hyperythra limbolaria, Gn., ix., 101, pl. iii., 8, 4.
A female specimen agrees with Guenée’s description,
but the median line is much less distinct, posterior
spots of fore wings obsolete; the two spots of hind
wings rather large, very distinct; cilia without rosy
tinge.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; occurs also in
the Malay Archipelago and India.
PYRALIDINA.
The families of this group are defined as in my papers
on the Australian species ; except that the definition of
the Musotimide is somewhat altered, and the family
Siculodide is added to the group, from which I find that
it cannot be naturally separated.
PYRALIDIDA.
Virrssa, Moore.
Forehead vertical; no ocelli; tongue well developed. Antenne
two-thirds of fore wings, in male bipectinated, apex filiform. Labial
palpi long, curved, ascending, second joint with loosely appressed
scales, terminal joint long, cylindrical, pointed. Maxillary palpi
very short, rudimentary. Abdomen elongate, posteriorly dilated ;
anal valves in male exserted, densely scaled. Posterior tibix with
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 213
outer spurs half inner. Fore wings with veins 4 and 5 short-
stalked. Hind wings broader by one-fourth than fore wings;
veins 4 and 5 short-stalked, 6, 7, and 8 stalked from base of wing,
6 out of 7 near beyond angle of cell, 8 out of 7 before half-way
between cell and apex.
The structure of veins 6, 7, 8 of hind wings is different
from any other genus known to me, and is not noticed
by Lederer; but I cannot say whether it is identical in
all the species.
34. Vitessa pyraliata, Walk.
Vitessa pyraliata, Walk., Suppl., 221.
S,9?,40mm. Head deep yellow, face blackish. Palpi deep
yellow, terminal joint blackish. Antenne black, apical third white.
Thorax deep ochreous-yellow, centre and a broad stripe down
patagia blue-black. Abdomen blue-black, apex ochreous-yellow,
segmental margins white. Legs blackish, apex of tibie whitish.
Fore wings elongate-triangular, narrow towards base, costa sinuate,
apex rounded, hind margin obliquely rounded; blue-black; an
ochreous-yellow spot near base, in female larger and more trans-
verse; a moderately broad yellowish white band at one-third, not
quite touching margins, anterior edge straight, posterior edge deeply
indented above middle and rather suffused; a large dull white
tranverse oval spot beyond middle, faintly yellowish tinged, nearly
reaching both margins; veins posteriorly marked with obscure
whitish streaks not touching transverse spot or hind margin; cilia
blackish. Hind wings dull white; base blackish ; a broad purple-
black border along hind margin, broadest at apex, continued
narrowly along costa to base; cilia blackish, tips grey-whitish.
Nearest to V. swradeva, Moore, but quite distinct.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; two specimens.
Walker’s type (identified from description, but I think
correctly) is from Celebes.
Asorta, T'r.
35. Asopia fuscicostalis, Snell.
Asopia fuscicostalis, Snell., Tijd. v. int., 1880, 199 ;
ib., 1883, pl. iv., 4.
Fiji (Lucas); one specimen. Occurs also in Java and
Celebes.
214 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
Ewpotricna, Z.
36. Endotricha puncticostalis, Walk.
Fiji (Lucas); one specimen. Also from Eastern
Australia, Celebes, and Java.
37. Endotricha plinthopa, n. s.
?, 23 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen brownish
ochreous, irregularly mixed with dull crimson. Antenne whitish
ochreous. Legs pale ochreous, anterior and middle pair above
mixed with crimson and blackish. Fore wings elongate-triangular,
costa somewhat sinuate, moderately arched towards apex, apex
obtuse, hind margin oblique, somewhat bowed; veins 4 and 5 as
long-stalked as in H. @thopa; brownish ochreous, irrorated with
dull crimson and posteriorly with blackish except towards costa ;
costal edge spotted with black ; markings indistinct, formed by a
blackish irroration ; a line from one-third of costa to two-fifths of
inner margin, bent outwards beneath costa, followed by a faint pale
line: a small transverse discal spot; a double dentate line, en-
closing an indistinct pale line, from costa near apex to anal angle ;
an interrupted black hind-marginal line ; cilia whitish ochreous,
above apex and on a broad space above middle of hind margin
dark grey, with an irregularly interrupted blackish grey line near
base. Hind wings dark purplish grey, costal half wholly suffused
with whitish ochreous; a broad whitish ochreous median band,
margined throughout by dark grey lines and containing on lower
half slender grey lines near and parallel to each margin, anterior
edge curved, posterior edge sinuate; a clear whitish ochreous
narrow hind-marginal streak ; cilia whitish ochreous, above apex
grey, with three grey dots on hind margin above middle.
Nearest I. ethopa, Meyr., but quite different ; median
band of hind wings broader and approaching nearer
hind margin than in any Australian species.
Samoa (Mathew); one specimen.
Dretopsrustis, Meyr.
38. Diplopseustis minima, Butl.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen. Also occurs in Formosay
Eastern Australia, and New Zealand.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 215
SICULODIDA.
Fore wings with vein 7 separate, 8 or 9 stalked or separate,
10 present, separate. Hind wings with veins 6 and 7 remote at
origin, lower median not pectinated.
Although some forms of this family differ from all
other Pyralidina in having veins 8 and 9 of the fore
wings separate, it is impossible in this instance to lay
stress on the character, since these veins are found both
stalked and separate in different specimens of the same
species; the group must therefore be regarded as an
abnormal family of Pyralidina, probably ancestral in
character ; it verges on the Musotimide, from which it
is distinguished in the nearest allied genera only by the
presence of vein 11 in the fore wings.
SicuLopes, H.-S.
Forehead rounded, vertical; ocelli present; tongue well de-
veloped. Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male strongly
lamellate-dentate, shortly ciliated. Labial palpi moderate, obliquely
ascending, second joint with appressed or projecting scales, terminal
joint moderate or short, cylindrical, obtuse. Maxillary palpi
absent. Posterior tibie with outer spurs less than half inner.
Fore wings with veins 8 and 9 separate or stalked, 10 approximated
to 9 at base. Hind wings as broad as fore wings; veins 4 and 5
rising near together, 6 from angle of cell, 7 from rather before
angle, 8 free, approximated to 7 to rather beyond cell.
39. Siculodes anticalis, Walk.
Pyralis anticalis, Walk., Suppl., 1238.
?, 22 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and legs white,
somewhat mixed with pale ochreous; anterior tibie and tarsi
banded with fuscous. Antenne whitish ochreous. Fore wings
rather elongate-triangular, narrow at base, costa posteriorly arched,
apex obtuse, hind margin bowed, oblique; veins 8 and 9 separate,
approximated at base; white, with numerous scattered brownish
ochreous fine transverse strigule, which partially coalesce to form
about six fine irregular transverse lines; a small fuscous spot above
inner margin beyond middle; a black subapical dot; one or two
strigula beneath apex somewhat marked with black; cilia white.
Hind wings white; strigule as in fore wings; cilia white. Fore
wings beneath with an irregular ochreous-brown streak along
216 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
costa, below which towards dise are some irregular raised black
and prismatic-metallic scales.
Fiji (Lucas); one specimen. Walker’s type was from
Mysol. I have a very similar closely allied species
from North Australia, and Felder figures another from
South America.
40. Siculodes hemicycla, n. s.
?, 28 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and legs light
ochreous, densely irrorated with reddish fuscous; antenne light
ochreous; posterior tibiz whitish ochreous. Fore wings elongate-
triangular, costa posteriorly arched, apex obtuse, hind margin
strongly rounded, very oblique, inner margin rounded, continuous
with hind margin ; veins 8 and 9 stalked; light ochreous, broadly
suffused with reddish fuscous along costa except towards apex,
along inner margin to anal angle, and on an elongate triangular
patch resting on middle of hind margin, of which apex is in centre
of wing; some fine scattered fuscous strigule; four pairs of
irregular transverse tolerably well-defined reddish fuscous lines, first
near base, second widest apart, from two-fifths of costa to middle
of inner margin, enclosing a quadrate dark spot on costa, third
from two-thirds of costa to before anal angle, filled in with reddish
fuscous on upper half, fourth from five-sixths of costa to anal angle;
a single similar line near hind margin, before which are some
scattered darker fuscous strigule; cilia brownish ochreous, tips
whitish. Hind wings whitish ochreous, lower half suffused with
reddish fuscous and marked with scattered dark fuscous strigule ;
cilia fuscous, tips whitish. Hind wings beneath suffused posteriorly
with light purple-bluish.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
41. Siculodes subfasciata, Walk.
Morova subfasciata, Walk., Suppl., 523; Cacecia galli-
colens, Butl., N. Z. Cat., 46; Siculodes subfasciata,
Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst., 1883, 108.
Fiji (Lucas); one specimen. Occurs also in New
Zealand.
The single Fijian specimen is a male ; compared with
two female specimens from New Zealand it is rather
smaller and lighter, the palpi are longer and more
slender, and veins 8 and 9 of the fore wings are separate
but closely approximated at base, whilst in the New
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 217
Zealand specimens these veins are very shortly stalked ;
in all other respects the specimens agree exactly, and I
believe that these differences are merely sexual or per-
haps individual only.
MESOPEMPTA, N. g.
Forehead rounded, vertical; ocelli absent (?); tongue well
developed. Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in male (?).
Labial palpi moderate, arched, rather ascending, second joint with
dense projecting scales beneath, terminal joint very short, cylin-
drical. Maxillary palpi absent. Posterior tibie in female with
outer spurs half inner. Fore wings with veins 8 and 9 stalked,
10 very closely approximated to 9 towards base. Hind wings as
broad as fore wings ; vein 4 rising from lower angle of cell, 5 from
middle of transverse vein, parallel to 4 and 6, 6 from upper angle,
7 from before angle, 8 anastomosing with 7 from middle of cell to
considerably beyond cell.
Differs from Siculodes by the peculiar position of vein
5 of the hind wings, and the anastomosing of veins
7 and 8.
42. Mesopempta heliopsamma, n. s.
, 16mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light reddish ochreous;
antenne, abdomen, and legs whitish ochreous; antenne obscurely
annulated with darker; tarsi darker, with pale rings at apex of
joints. Fore wings triangular, costa almost straight, apex tolerably
rectangular, hind margin obliquely rounded, slightly sinuate
beneath apex ; reddish ochreous, with numerous irregular tolerably
straight pale transverse strigule ; costa with some pairs of whitish
dots, and partially finely dotted with dark fuscous ; hind margin
beneath apex obscurely dark fuscous; cilia reddish ochreous, tips
paler. Hind wings with colour, strigule, and cilia as in fore wings.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew); one specimen.
MUSOTIMIDA.
The modified definition of this family should be: Fore wings
with vein 10 absent, 8 and 9 stalked, sometimes also 7 out of 8.
Hind wings with vein 6 from upper angle of cell, 7 from upper
margin of cell before angle (or rarely out of 6), anastomosing with
8. Abdomen in male with uncus strongly developed, complex.
The subjoined new genus is so closely allied to
Trichophysetis m nearly all structural characters, espe-
cially in the family character of the absence of vein 10
218 My. EK. Meyrick’s descriptions of
of the fore wings, that it is impossible to separate it
from the family, though it does not possess the dis-
tinguishing characteristic of the neuration of the hind
wings ; the definition has therefore been recast to allow
of its inclusion.
TricHopuysEtis, Meyr.
43. Trichophysetis neophyla, Meyy.
Norfolk Island (Mathew); one specimen. Occurs also
in Eastern Australia.
TRIEROPIS, n. g.
Forehead with a short flat projection; ocelli absent; tongue well
developed. Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male stout,
filiform, ciliated-pubescent, with angularly projecting scales at
joints. Labial palpi very long, straight, porrected, with dense
appressed scales, attenuated to apex. Maxillary palpi dilated with
scales, terminating in a very long fine pencil of hairs as long as
labial palpi, and resting on and between them. Abdomen in male
with uncus moderate, bent, beneath set with stiff bristles, especially
towards apex, with a stout obliquely truncate process from base
beneath; claspers short, slender (?). Posterior tibia with spurs
all very long and nearly equal. Fore wings with veins 7 and 8
stalked out of 9, 11 oblique. Hind wings with veins 8 and 4 from
point of angle, 5 rather approximated to 4 at base, 7 out of 6 near
origin, anastomosing with 8 to near middle; lower median not
pectinated.
Differs from Trichophysetis by the structure of the
labial palpi, and the origin of vein 7 of the hind wings
from 6.
44. Trieropis nesias, n. 8.
3$,16mm. Head, antenne, and thorax white. Labial palpi
dark fuscous, with a yellow-ochreous longitudinal line on side.
Maxillary palpi dark fuscous mixed with ochreous, terminal pencil
pale yellowish. Abdomen whitish ochreous, base and segmental
margins white, with two blackish rings above middle. Legs
whitish ochreous. Fore wings triangular, costa gently arched,
apex round-pointed, hind margin waved, rather oblique, somewhat
sinuate below apex, strongly bowed outwards in middle; pale
whitish ochreous, brownish-tinged ; a yellow-ochreous streak along
basal third of costa, beneath suffusedly margined with white; a
slender fuscous line from twe-fifths of costa to two-fifths of inner
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 219
margin, obsoletely angulated beneath costa, where it is double,
and marked with two black dots in and above middle; a double
waved fuscous line, dilated and yellow-ochreous on costa, from
two-thirds of costa to four-fifths of inner margin, very strongly
curved outwards on upper two-thirds; an elongate-crescentic
yellow-ochreous mark extending along upper half of hind margin,
anteriorly black-margined and outside that edged with white,
before which is an obszure greyish suffusion ; cilia whitish ochreous
(imperfect). Hind wings pale whitish ochreous, brownish-tinged,
costal half suffused with pale ochreous-yellowish except on hind
margin; two pairs of dark fuscous lines only visible on dorsal half
except first of second pair; first at one-third, second at two-thirds,
somewhat curved ; a greyish hind-marginal shade; a dark fuscous
hind-marginal line; cilia whitish ochreous.
Tonga (Mathew) ; one specimen.
HYDROCAMPIDA.
Catactysta, Hb.
Forehead vertical; ocelli absent; tongue well developed. An-
tenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male rather stout, filiform,
pubescent-ciliated (3), towards apex with projecting scales at joints.
Labial palpi moderately long, curved, ascending, second joint with
appressed scales or roughly haired beneath, terminal joimt mode-
rate, rather obtuse or pointed. Maxillary palpi moderate, filiform.
Abdomen in male with valves large, exserted, scaled; uncus long,
curved, beneath with a rather shorter downward-curved process
from base. Posterior tibiz with outer spurs three-fourths of inner.
Fore wings with veins 8, 4, 5 approximated, 10 rising out of stalk
of 8 and 9,11 short. Hind wings with veins 3 and 4 approximated,
5 from a point or stalked with 4 or absent (coincident with 4), 7 out
of 6 near origin, 8 anastomosing with 7 beyond cell or wholly
coincident with 7 from its origin to apex.
45. Cataclysta hexalitha, n.s.
?, 26 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-whitish,
somewhat mixed with ochreous. Antenne whitish ochreous. Palpi
with second joint rough-haired beneath, terminal joint rather
obtuse; whitish ochreous, mixed with dark fuscous, towards base
white beneath. Legs ochreous-whitish. Fore wings very elongate-
triangular, costa slightly sinuate, apex obtuse, hind margin nearly
straight, oblique, rounded beneath ; white, irregularly and suffusedly
irrorated with ochreous-yellowish; an ochreous-yellow basal
220 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
suffusion; a thick ochreous-yellow rather suffused streak from
inner margin at one-third to dise at two-fifths, continued irregularly
through dise to three-fourths, thence bent downwards to above anal
angle, and again curved abruptly upwards, becoming narrower and
dark-margined, and continued nearly parallel to hind margin to
costa at five-sixths; a subquadrate deep ochreous-yellow spot in
disc beyond middle, connected with costa by a fuscous suffusion,
and suffused beneath into discal streak; a short very inwardly
oblique ochreous-yellow streak from anal angle, touching curve of
discal streak, surrounded anteriorly by an obscure fuscous suffusion ;
an ochreous-yellow hind-marginal fascia, anteriorly blackish-edged 5
a hind-marginal row of black dots; cilia whitish, with an inter-
rupted fuscous line. Hind wings with vein 5 from a point with 4,
8 anastomosing with 7 to middle; white; a thick anteriorly much
suffused deep ochreous-yellow fascia from beneath costa at two-
fifths to middle of inner margin, sharply angulated in middle ; an
irregularly curved ochreous-yellow fascia from dise beyond middle
to anal angle, bent to touch hind-marginal streak above anal angle ;
beyond this the entire apical area strewn with sharply defined
black speckles; an ochreous hind-marginal fascia, becoming yellow
towards anal angle, marked between apex and three-fourths with
six small semicircular deep black spots; cilia whitish, with a
shining grey line.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
Anyprauta, Meyr.
46. Anydraula cyanolitha, n.s.
®, 15 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-yellowish,
shoulders mixed with blackish. Palpi with second joint irregularly
rough-haired beneath; whitish, somewhat mixed with blackish.
Antenne whitish, annulated with fuscous. Legs ochreous-whitish,
anterior femora and tibiz blackish above. Fore wings very elon-
gate-triangular, narrow, costa hardly arched, apex round-pointed,
hind margin obliquely rounded; deep ochreous-yellow; a fuscous
basal patch, limited by a straight whitish line from one-fourth of
inner margin to one-third of costa, thence produced narrowly along
costa to middle; a large triangular patch, mixed with dark grey
and white scales, extending on inner margin from before middle to
near anal angle, its apex touching middle of costa; a triangular
pearly white blotch on costa at two-thirds, reaching half across
wing; a triangular white spot on costa before apex, giving rise to
a steel-blue-metallic blackish-edged streak near hind margin,
reaching two-thirds across wing ; a steel-blue-metallic oblique spot
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 22:1
above anal angle; a fine black hind-marginal line; cilia shining
grey, with a dark grey line near base. Hind wings black, base
suffused with pearly white; a deep ochreous-yellow erect spot on
inner margin beyond middle, reaching half across wing; three
parallel ill-defined straight streaks from two-thirds of costa to
posterior side of this spot, violet-blue-metallic, becoming whitish
towards costa; a series of five roundish violet-blue-metallic spots
before hind margin, two lowest approximated, four upper connected
with hind margin by small ochreous-brown spots; cilia as in fore
wings.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
47. Anydraula drusialis, Walk.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas); several specimens. Occurs
also in North-East Australia and Borneo.
48. Anydraula unilinealis, Snell.
Oligostigma unilinealis, Snell., Tijd. v. Ent., 1875,
De WaT yer:
Fiji (Lueas); one specimen. Occurs also in Java.
Snellen includes in the genus Oligostigma several
species of discordant structure which cannot be kept
together.
Paraponyx, Hb.
49. Paraponyx polydectalis, Walk.
Viji (Mathew, Lucas); several specimens. Occurs
also in Eastern Australia.
50. Paraponyx chrysota, n. s.
36, 19 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
ochreous-yellow; palpi white towards base beneath, second joint
rough-haired beneath, terminal joint swollen towards apex. Legs
whitish, anterior pair ochreous-yellow. Fore wings very elongate-
triangular, costa gently arched posteriorly, apex obtuse, hind
margin slightly rounded, rather strongly oblique; vein 11 closely
approximated to 9 at base ; pearly white, suffusedly irrorated with
ochreous-yellow except on subterminal fascia; markings deep
ochreous-yellow; a suffused streak along costa from base to two-
thirds, a broader suffused streak along inner margin from base to
near anal angle, and a straight suffused fascia connecting posterior
extremities of these ; a suffused fuscous spot in dise before middle ;
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PpaRT lI. (ocT.) R
222 Mr, EK. Meyrick’s descriptions of
a straight fascia from five-sixths of costa to apex of dorsal streak ;
a moderate hind-marginal fascia, anteriorly margined with an
interrupted black line; a hind-marginal row of black dots; cilia
pale whitish ochreous. Hind wings white, tinged with ochreous-
yellowish ; a deep ochreous-yellow fascia beyond middle parallel to
hind margin, anteriorly partially blackish-margined towards disc ;
an ochreous-yellow partially black-margined hind-marginal fascia 5
three small round black spots on hind margin above middle, two
upper semicircularly margined with white anteriorly, and preceded
by some scattered black speckles ; cilia pale whitish ochreous.
Nearer P. polydectalis than any other species known
to me.
Fiji (Lucas); one specimen.
Scua@nosius, Dup.
51. Schenobius imparellus, Meyy.
Viji (Lucas) ; one female specimen, rather narrower-
winged than usual, but not different otherwise. Occurs
also in Hastern Australia.
BOTYDIDA.
MarGaropdEs, Gn.
52. Margarodes oceanittis, ni. s.
3, 9%,44—46 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
greenish white; collar very narrowly ochreous; shoulders ferru-
ginous; anal tuft greyish ochreous mixed with black, expansible ;
anterior and middle tibie ferruginous above. Maxillary palpi
ferruginous, apex and base white. Labial palpi ferruginous, basal
half greenish white.’ Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa some-
what sinuate, posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind
margin slightly rounded, oblique; pale green, irregularly suffusedly
irrorated with white; a narrow ferruginous costal streak, finely
attenuated posteriorly, beneath margined by a suffused white
streak; a row of dark grey dots on hind margin, often indistinct ;
rarely a grey hind-marginal line; cilia grey, base and tips whitish.
Hind wings with colour, hind-marginal dots, and cilia as in fore
wings; vein 18 not clothed with hairs beneath.
Nearest M. glauculalis, Gn., which I have not seen,
but according to the description it should be sufficiently
distinct.
New Hebrides (Mathew) ; Fiji (Mathew, Lucas) ; about
ten specimens.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 223
Cypauima, Ld.
Forehead rather oblique ; ocelli present; tongue well developed.
Antenne four-fifths of fore wings, in male shortly ciliated (}), with
a marked sinuation at about one-fifth, thence to base rough-scaled
above, basal joint thickened, with a short tooth of scales above in
front. Labial palpi moderate, porrected, broadly dilated beneath
with dense projecting scales, anteriorly truncate, terminal joint
concealed. Maxillary palpi rather short, dilated towards apex
with dense scales, truncate. Abdomen in male with dense exsertible
anal tuft, valves retracted. Posterior tibiz with outer spurs one-
fourth of inner. Fore wings with veins 7 and 10 closely approxi-
mated to 9 towards base, 11 very oblique. Hind wings somewhat
broader than fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out
of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third.
53. Cydalima mysteris, n. s.
¢, 40mm. Head brownish ochreous, face dark fuscous with
purple-blue reflections. Palpi dark fuscous with purple-blue
reflections, basal half pearly white. Antenne white, basal fifth
ochreous-brown. Thorax with a broad raised scaled hood in front ;
anterior half dark fuscous, with brilliant prismatic reflections,
posterior half white. Abdomen and legs white, anterior tibia and
basal half of middle tibie dark fuscous. Fore wings elongate-
triangular, narrow towards base, costa posteriorly strongly arched,
apex obtuse, hind margin slightly sinuate, very oblique; shining
violet-white; a broad dark shining violet-fuscous stripe along
costa, lower edge before middle with a small projecting tooth,
preceded by a similar small indentation; rarely a row of minute
black dots on hind margin ; cilia silvery white. Hind wings shining
violet-white ; cilia silvery white.
New Hebrides (Mathew) ; several specimens.
PuHaceLuura, Guild.
54. Phacellura indica, Saund.
New Hebrides and Samoa (Mathew); Fiji (Lucas) ;
common. Occurs also in Hastern Australia, Malay
Archipelago, China, India, South Africa, and Cape Verde
Islands.
224 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
GLYPHODES, Gn.
55. Glyphodes actorionalis, Walk.
Glyphodes actorionalis, Walk., 498 (nee Ld.) ; Lypotigris
jovialis, Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. cxxxvi., 25.
3g. Antenne five-sixths of fore wings, ciliations two-thirds.
Posterior tibize with outer spurs one-third of inner. Hind wings
with veins 3 and 4 from a point.
New Hebrides (Mathew); one specimen. Also from
Celebes and India.
56. Glyphodes stolalis, Gn.
Glyphodes stolalis, Gn., 298, pl. iii., 11.
New Hebrides (Mathew); Fiji (Lucas); about ten
specimens. Also from Celebes.
57. Glyphodes astomalis, Feld.
Lepyrodes astomalis, Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. exxxv., 22.
g,18mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
whitish ; thorax with scattered fuscous spots; anal tuft blackish ;
antennal cilia one-fourth; anterior femora and tibie with apex
dark fuscous, posterior tibia with outer spurs one-third of inner.
Fore wings elongate-triangular, much narrowed towards base,
costa somewhat sinuate, apex round-pointed, hind margin rather
bowed, oblique; white, with fuscous markings, forming ten trans-
verse lines perpendicular to costa, and a hind-marginal band; one
almost at base, two together near beyond it, a pair at one-third,
three together forming a median band dilated beneath, and two
from costa about two-thirds converging and meeting hind-marginal
band in middle; hind-marginal band moderate, evenly broad,
containing an interrupted white line, and two white spots on middle
of hind margin; cilia fuscous, with a broad white space beneath
apex and another above anal angle. Hind wings white, semi-
transparent, with fuscous markings; a somewhat curved narrow
fascia before middle, containing a white median dot; a moderate
irregular hind-marginal band, containing a very irregularly inter-
rupted white line, and receiving below middle an irregular fuscous
line from costa at three-fifths ; cilia white, with a dark fuscous line,
and with fuscous patches at apex, middle, and below anal angle.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; one specimen.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 225
Felder’s species is said to be from South Africa ; his
figure is coarse, but I believe it is correctly identified.
Srriocauta, Ld.
58. Siriocauta testulalis, Hb.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen. Occurs also in Eastern
Australia, Malay Archipelago, Japan, India, Africa, West
Indies, and South America.
Bucuasta, Ld.
Forehead oblique; ocelli present; tongue well developed. An-
tenne longer than fore wings, filiform, in male shortly ciliated,
with angularly projecting scales at joints. Labial palpi moderate,
porrected, with dense projecting scales beneath, anteriorly truncate,
terminal joint concealed. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform. °
Fore wings with vein 10 closely approximated to 9, 11 oblique.
Hind wings broader by one-fourth than fore wings; veins 4 and 5
from a point, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to middle.
59. Huclasta maceratalis, Ld.
Euclasta maceratalis, Ld., 189, Dla XVescutlee
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; one specimen.
Algo from North-East Australia and Celebes.
HyMENOPTYCHIS, Z.
Forehead rounded, vertical; ocelli present; tongue well de-
veloped. Antenne nearly as long as fore wings, in male filiform,
compressed, minutely ciliated. Labial palpi moderate, arched,
ascending, second joint with short projecting scales beneath
terminal joint very short, cylindrical. Maxillary palpi extremely
short, rudimentary. Abdomen in male very long, anal segment
extremely elongate, valves retracted. Posterior tibiz with outer
spurs less than half inner. Fore wings without transverse vein,
veins 6 and 7 continued as independent veins almost to base,
7 sinuate in middle, 10 rising from before normal position of trans-
verse vein (therefore not truly out of 9), 11 oblique; above with a
naked longitudinal space in disc, including an impression in
sinuation of 7, beneath which is a short ridge of erect scales on 6;
beneath with a loose brush of hairs directed inwards from near
costa towards base. Hind wings as broad as fore wings; cell
226 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
short, transverse vein strongly bent, veins 3, 4, 5 closely approxi-
mated at base, 7 out of 6 rather near origin, anastomosing with 8
to middle.
60. ITymenoptychis sordida, Z.
FHymenoptychis sordida, Z., Caff., 65; Ld., pl. xvi., 2.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas); several specimens. Occurs
also in Celebes, India, and South Africa.
CoMETURA, n. &.
Forehead rounded, vertical; ocelli present; tongue well de-
veloped. Antennex four-fifths of fore wings, in male filiform,
shortly ciliated (4). Labial palpi moderate, arched, ascending,
second joint with short projecting scales beneath, terminal joint
short, cylindrical. Maxillary palpi minute, filiform. Abdomen in
male very long, with a lone exsertible anal tuft, valves retracted.
Posterior ‘tibia with outer spurs half inner. Fore wings with
vein 10 rising out of 9,11 oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore
wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin,
anastomosing with 8 to middle.
61. Cometura pricrogramma, UN. 8.
3, 2,18—20 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
pale yellow-ochreous; shoulders suffused with dark grey. Palpi
dark grey, basal half white. Fore wings eclongate-triangular, costa
somewhat sinuate, posteriorly arched, apex obtuse, hind margin
rounded, rather strongly oblique ; light yellow-ochreous, towards
costa and hind margin brownish-tinged ; costa suffused with grey,
costal edge dark grey; a dark fuscous dot beneath costa at one-
fourth; two dark fuscous transverse parallel marks in middle of
dise, indicating sides of a quadrate spot ; second line dark fuscous,
indistinct, sharply irregularly dentate, from three-fourths of costa
to two-thirds of inner margin, middle third irregularly curved out-
wards; a dark grey hind-marginal line; cilia whitish, with a
sharply marked dark grey line. Hind wings with colour, second
and hind-marginal lines, and cilia as in fore wings.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas); several specimens.
Spanista, Ld.
62. Spansta ornatalis, Dup.
It is this species which is described by me in an
sarlier paper as new under the name of J/ydriris chalybitis.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 227
I should explain that this mistake was due to an error
of Lederer, who in his tabulation of genera includes
Spanista amongst those which possess maxillary palpi,
which is incorrect, and led me to overlook the identi-
fication.
New Hebrides and Tonga (Mathew); Fiji (Lucas).
Occurs also in Eastern Australia, Celebes, Java, Africa,
and Southern Kurope.
DRACENURA, 0. g.
Forehead rounded, oblique; ocelli present; tongue well de-
veloped. Antenne from four-fifths to almost as long as fore wings,
in male filiform, very shortly ciliated (4), with projecting seales at
joints. Labial palpi moderate, arched, ascending, second joint
with dense projecting scales beneath, terminal joint very short,
cylindrical, obtuse. Maxillary palpi moderately long, slender,
filiform. Abdomen in male very long, anal segment elongate, with
small anal tuft, valves retracted. Posterior tibix with outer
middle-spur one-fourth to one-half, outer end-spur one-half of
inner. Fore wings with vein 10 rising out of 9, 11 oblique. Hind
wings rather broader than fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated
at base, 7 rising in male out of 6 almost at origin and connected
with 8 very near origin at a point only or by a short transverse
bar, in female out of 6 near origin*and anastomosing shortly
with 8.
Closely allied to Pleonectusa, from which it is dis-
tinguished by the peculiar form of anastomosis of veins
7 and 8 of the hind wings in male.
63. Dracenura stenosoma, Feld.
Platamonia stenosoma, Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. exxxiv., 16.
g 49—53 mm., 9 388—40 mm. Head rather dark fuscous,
crown mixed with light ochreous. Palpi fuscous, base white.
Antenne whitish ochreous. Thorax light yellow-ochreous, anterior
margin suffused with dark fuscous. Abdomen pale ochreous-
yellowish, in male apical half suffused with dark fuscous, purple-
shining. Legs pale whitish ochreous, anterior tibize fuscous.
Fore wings very elongate-triangular, more elongate in male, costa
posteriorly strongly arched, apex obtuse, hind margin slightly
rounded, in male extremely oblique, in female rather strongly
oblique, inner margin in male sinuate outwardly before middle ;
228 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
lower median vein in male clothed with long hairs on under
surface; fuscous, violet-shining ; inner margin in male broadly, in
female very narrowly, suffused with pale whitish yellowish; lines
slender, somewhat darker, indistinct, slightly waved; first from
one-sixth of costa to one-fourth of inner margin, straight, some-
times obsolete; second from two-thirds of costa to three-fourths of
inner margin, slightly curved outwards, somewhat irregular; a
small round dark fuscous discal spot near costa at one-third, and a
narrow transverse spot before middle; cilia fuscous. Hind wings
with inner margin in male longitudinally folded, fold clothed with
hairs; shining whitish yellowish ; a dark fuscous transverse discal
spot considerably before middle ; a moderate fuscous violet-shining
hind-marginal band, in male darker and more violet but obsolete
at apex; in female an indistinct or faint fuscous irregular line,
near and tolerably parallel to anterior edge of hind-marginal band;
cilia in male dark fuscous, in female ochreous-yellowish with a
fuscous line.
This is the extreme form of the genus; the inner-
marginal fold in the hind wings of male is more or less
indicated in the other species, but not in such a pro-
nounced form.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas) ; about a dozen specimens.
64. Dracenura pelochra, n. 8.
3, 2, 283—24 mm. Head yellow-ochreous, crown mixed with
whitish. Palpi yellow-ochreous, beneath broadly white. Antenne
whitish ochreous. Thorax yellow-ochreous, on back mixed with
whitish. Abdomen yellow-ochreous, towards base more whitish,
segmental margins white, anal segment wholly snow-white. Legs
ochreous-whitish. Fore wings rather elongate-triangular, costa
posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind margin slightly
rounded, oblique; yellow-ochreous, becoming deeper ochreous
towards costa, especially towards base ; markings ochreous-brown,
distinct ; first line from one-fifth of costa to one-third of inner
margin, somewhat curved outwards; a very small round discal
spot at one-third, and a narrow transverse spot in middle; second
line from two-thirds of costa to beyond two-thirds of inner margin,
rather irregular, upper two-thirds slightly curved outwards ; cilia
whitish, with a grey basal line. Hind wings with hind margin
waved; whitish yellowish; a slightly curved fuscous line from
middle of dise to inner margin before anal angle; a suffused
brownish ochreous hind-marginal band; cilia whitish.
Fiji (Mathew) ; several specimens,
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 229
65. Dracenura asthenota, n. 8.
9, 27—28 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
ochreous-white; face and margin of shoulders fuscous. Palpi
fuscous, beneath broadly white. Fore wings elongate-triangular,
costa slightly sinuate, posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse,
hind margin obliquely rounded; ochreous-whitish; a fuscous
streak along costa from base, becoming pale ochreous on apical
third, and somewhat suffused with pale ochreous beneath; a
fuscous dot beneath this at one-fifth, and another above inner
margin at one-third, representing first line; a round dark fuscous
dot beneath costal streak beyond one-fourth, and a transverse dark
fuscous mark at one-half; a slightly curved row of transverse
fuscous dots, darker on margins, from three-fourths of costa to
three-fourths of inner margin, slightly indented below costa and
above inner margin ; cilia ochreous-whitish. Hind wings and cilia
whitish.
The male being unknown, it is of course possible that
the species might belong to Pleonectusa.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas) ; two specimens.
66. Dracenura agranuna, 0. s.
3S 27 mm., ? 23mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
ochreous-yellowish ; face and shoulders suffused with dark fuscous ;
anal segment in male yellow-whitish. Palpi fuscous, beneath
broadly white. Legs whitish yellowish. Fore wings elongate-
triangular, more elongate in male, costa posteriorly moderately
arched, apex obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded; ochreous-
yellow; basal half of costa suffused with fuscous ; in female costal
edge dark grey throughout, a dark fuscous dot in dise at one-
fourth, a dark fuscous transverse mark before middle, and a dark
grey hind-marginal line, but in male these are not indicated ; cilia
in male yellow-whitish, in female grey, tips whitish. Hind wings
with colour and cilia as in fore wings; in female a narrow dark
fuscous streak along hind margin, not indicated in male.
Samoa (Mathew) ; several specimens.
67. Dracenura horochrod, ui. s.
So, 20—21 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-
yellowish ; face and shoulders blackish. Palpi blackish, beneath
broadly white. Legs whitish yellowish. Tore wings elongate-
triangular, costa posteriorly gently arched, apex round-pointed,
230 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
hind margin straight, very oblique ; deep ochreous-yellow ; basal
half of costa suffused with dark purplish fuscous; lines slender,
dark fuscous; first from one-fifth of costa to one-fourth of inner
margin, ill-defined, nearly straight; second from two-thirds of
costa to beyond two-thirds of inner margin, straight, slightly
indented towards costa; a dark fuscous discal dot in middle ; cilia
white, with a strong sharply marked dark fuscous basal line.
Hind wings deep ochreous-yellow, towards base paler; a slender
dark fuscous line from beneath costa beyond middle to above inner
margin before anal angle, nearly straight, slightly irregular; cilia
as in fore wings.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew); several speci-
mens.
68. Dracenura myota, n. s.
3, 24mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale shining grey ;
anal segment snow-white. Palpidark grey, beneath broadly white.
Antenne grey-whitish. Legs white, anterior and middle pair grey
above. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly mode-
rately arched, apex obtuse, hind margin slightly rounded, very
oblique; rather light shining grey, with pale bluish reflections;
lines and spots hardly darker, very indistinct; first line from one-
fifth of costa to one-third of inner margin, nearly straight; second
from two-thirds of costa to three-fourths of inner margin, irregu-
larly curved; a small round diseal spot at one-third, and a trans-
verse spot in middle; cilia grey, apical half whitish. Hind wings
with hind margin waved; pale grey, bluish-shining, paler towards
base; hind margin very slenderly suffused with blackish grey ;
cilia whitish.
New Hebrides (Mathew) ; Fiji (Lucas) ; several speci-
mens.
Pueonectusa, Ld.
Forehead rounded, oblique; ocelli present; tongue well de-
veloped. Antenne almost as long as fore wings, in male filiform,
very shortly ciliated (4), with projecting scales at joints. Labial
palpi moderate, arched, ascending, second joint with dense pro-
jecting scales beneath, terminal joint very short, cylindrical, obtuse.
Maxillary palpi moderately long, slender, filiform. Abdomen in
male very long, anal segment elongate, with small anal tuft, valves
retracted. Posterior tibize with outer middle-spur one-third, outer
end-spur one-half of inner. Fore wings with veins 4 and 5 some-
times short-stalked, 10 rising out of 9, 11 oblique. Hind wings
rather broader than fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at base,
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 231
7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third to three-
fourths.
The anastomosis of veins 7 and 8 of the hind wings
varies specifically, and in P. chalinota veins 4 and 5 of
the fore wings are stalked, whilst in the other species
they are separate, but I do not consider these differences
here of generic importance.
69. Pleonectusa metaleucalis, Walk.
Bradina metaleucalis, Walk., Suppl., 1372.
3,24mm. Head and thorax fuscous-grey. Palpi dark fuscous,
beneath broadly white. Antenne whitish. Abdomen grey, seg-
mental margins white. Legs whitish, anterior and middle pairs
grey above. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa slightly sinuate,
posteriorly gently arched, apex round-pointed, hind margin straight,
very oblique; shining violet-fuscous; lines and spots darker,
tolerably distinct; first ine from one-fourth of costa to two-fifths
of inner margin, rather curved; second from two-thirds of costa
to four-fifths of inner margin, nearly straight, somewhat irregular ;
space between first and second lines clear white on dorsal half,
forming a quadrate blotch; a small round discal spot at one-third,
and a transverse spot in middle; cilia fuscous. Hind wings with
vein 7 anastomosing with 8 to three-fourths; snow-white; a
moderate rather dark violet-fuscous hind-marginal band; cilia
fuscous.
Fuji (Mathew, Lucas) ; several specimens.
70. Pleonectusa parallela, n. 8.
$,19mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
deep ochreous-yellow; palpi broadly white beneath. Fore wings
triangular, narrow at base, costa posteriorly moderately arched,
apex obtuse, hind margin slightly rounded, rather strongly oblique ;
deep ochreous-yellow ; extreme costal edge very slenderly blackish ;
a short black very oblique streak or small spot from base of costa;
first line blackish, from one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner
margin, slightly curved; a short transverse linear blackish mark in
middle of disc; second line blackish, from two-thirds of costa to
inner margin before anal angle, somewhat curved outwards from
one-fourth to three-fourths, with a short acute indentation at
three-fourths ; an interrupted blackish hind-marginal line; cilia
dark fusecous. Hind wings with vein 7 anastomosing with 8 to
one-third; ochreous-yellow, becoming much paler towards base ;
232 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
an irregular fuscous line from middle of disc to anal angle; cilia
ochreous-yellow, tips paler.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas) ; two specimens.
71. Pleonectusa chloroscia, n. 8.
3,25 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
whitish ochreous; palpi broadly white beneath; shoulders fuscous ;
anal segment white, preceded by a fuscous suffusion. Fore wings
rather elongate-triangular, costa hardly sinuate, posteriorly gently
arched, apex obtuse, hind margin gently rounded, oblique; pale
whitish ochreous; basal half of costa narrowly suffused with
fuscous; first line fuscous, very slender, indistinct, from one-fifth
of costa to before one-third of inner margin, hardly curved; a dark
fuscous dot in dise at one-third, and a dark fuscous narrow trans-
verse spot in middle; second line fuscous, somewhat irregular,
from beyond two-thirds of costa to four-fifths of inner margin,
tolerably straight, slightly indented near costa and inner margin ;
cilia ochreous-whitish. Hind wings with vein 7 anastomosing
with 8 to one-third; pale whitish ochreous; a fuscous line from
beneath costa at three-fifths to near anal angle, obsolete at lower
extremity, somewhat curved; cilia ochreous-whitish.
Tonga (Mathew) ; several specimens.
72. Pleonectusa trispila, n. 8.
$,17mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and legs white; anterior
tibiz ochreous with a suffused blackish band. Palpi dark fuscous,
beneath broadly white. Abdomen white, base of two apical
segments ochreous mixed with black. Fore wings triangular,
costa posteriorly gently arched, apex obtuse, hind margin slightly
rounded, oblique ; white; an ochreous streak along costa, becoming
fuscous at base; a small round dark fuscous spot touching lower
edge of costal streak beyond one-sixth, a second beyond one-fourth,
and a third in middle, the last giving rise to a short ochreous-
yellow transverse streak which reaches half across wing; second
line yellow-ochreous, irregularly spotted with blackish, running
from four-fifths of costa to inner margin close before anal angle,
twice irregularly sinuate; a pale yellow-ochreous hind-marginal
line; cilia white. Hind wings with vein 7 anastomosing with 8 to
one-third; white; a small round dark fuscous spot in dise beyond
middle, giving rise to a slightly curved pale ochreous line, obscurely
dotted with dark fuscous, running to anal angle; a pale ochreous
hind-marginal line; cilia white.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 233
73. Pleonectusa chalinota, n. s.
3,21mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
snow-white ; three apical segments of abdomen sharply blackish
above. Fore wings triangular, costa posteriorly gently arched,
apex tolerably rectangular, hind margin somewhat sinuate, oblique ;
snow-white; a blackish discal dot before one-third ; a transverse
oval blackish discal spot before middle; a similar spot on costa at
three-fourths, whence proceeds a nearly straight light ochreous
line to inner margin at four-fifths; a small blackish apical spot,
connected with a slender interrupted dark fuscous streak along
hind margin, finely attenuated beneath; cilia white, basal half
whitish ochreous, separated by an indistinct fuscous line; veins 4
and 5 short-stalked. Hind wings with vein 7 anastomosing with
8 to beyond one-third; snow-white; a straight pale ochreous line
from costa beyond two-thirds to anal angle; a dark fusecous hind-
marginal line, dilated at apex, not reaching anal angle; cilia as in
fore wings.
Solomon Islands and Ellice Islands (Mathew); several
specimens.
TREMATARCHA, N. g.
Forehead rounded, oblique; ocelli present; tongue well de-
veloped. Antenne five-sixths of fore wings, in male filiform,
shortly ciliated (4), with projecting scales at joints. Labial palpi
moderate, arched, ascending, second joint with dense projecting
scales beneath, terminal joint very short, cylindrical, obtuse, some-
times concealed. Maxillary palpi moderately long, slender, fili-
form. Abdomen in male elongate, anal segment long, with small
anal tuft, valves retracted. Posterior tibia with outer spurs about
halfinner. Fore wings with vein 10 rising out of 9, 11 oblique;
in male 4 and 5 closely appressed towards base, a circular im-
pression above in disc immediately beyond cell, 6 bent and shortly
furcate at base in this, beneath with a longitudinal comb of dense
scales from beneath costa before middle directed towards dise.
Hind wings somewhat broader than fore wings; veins 8, 4, 5
approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8
to middle.
Closely allied to Pleonectusa, from which it differs
especially by the peculiar structure of the fore wings in
male. Bradina, Ld., must approach this very nearly,
but Lederer makes no mention of the conspicuous comb
or fold of scales on the under surface of fore wings,
which he could not fail to have noticed.
234 Mr. EK. Meyrick’s descriptions of
74. Trematarcha erilitalis, Feld.
Marasmia erilitalis, Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. exxxv., 26.
3, 26 mm. Head white, on sides dark fuscous. Palpi dark
fuscous, beneath broadly white. Antenne whitish. Thorax white,
shoulders dark fuscous. Abdomen white, anal segment sharply
dark fuscous above. Legs white. Fore wings triangular, costa
posteriorly gently arched, apex obtuse, hind margin slightly waved,
gently rounded, oblique; white, towards hind margin and apical
part of costa tinged with pale brownish ochreous; a dark fuscous
streak along costa from base to two-thirds, posteriorly suffused,
sometimes continued to apex;.a slender dark fuscous line from
before three-fourths of costa to before three-fourths of inner
margin, very slightly curved outwards, somewhat indented below
costa; a dark fuscous hind-marginal line; cilia white, basal half
whitish ochreous, separated by an indistinct fuscous line. Hind
wings white, towards hind margin tinged with pale brownish
ochreous 3 an indistinct oblique transverse fuscous mark in dise at
one-fourth ; a straight dark fuscous line from costa at three-fifths
to anal angle, obsoletely bent at lower extremity ; hind-marginal
line and cilia as in fore wings.
New Hebrides (Mathew) ; Fiji (Lucas) ; several speci-
mens.
75. Trematarcha semnopa, u. 8.
¢, 26 mm. Head greyish fuscous, face darker. Palpi dark
fuscous, beneath broadly white. Antenne greyish ochreous.
Thorax greyish ochreous, shoulders fuscous. Abdomen greyish
ochreous, becoming blackish posteriorly, with pale segmental
margins, anal segment wholly snow-white. Legs ochreous-whitish.
Fore wings rather elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly moderately
arched, apex obtuse, hind margin rather oblique, slightly rounded;
greyish fuscous, towards inner margin somewhat lighter; costa
suffused with darker fuscous from base to two-thirds, the suffusion
extending itself round discal impressicn, in centre of which is a
round white dot; a cloudy dark fuscous line, posteriorly edged with
paler, from three-fourths of costa to inner margin before anal angle,
rather curved outwards, shortly indented beneath costa; a dark
fuscous hind-marginal line ; cilia snow-white, with a fuscous basal
line. Hind wings greyish fuscous, becoming lighter towards base ;
an outwards-curved dark fuscous line, posteriorly edged with paler,
from three-fourths of costa to anal angle; hind-marginal line and
cilia as in fore wings.
Rotumah Island (Mathew) ; one specimen.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacifie. 235
CnapHatocrocis, Ld.
76. Cnaphalocrocis rutilalis, Walk.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew). Occurs also in
North-East Australia, Malay Archipelago, Ceylon, India,
and Central America.
Marasmia, Ld.
Forehead flat, oblique; ocelli present; tongue well developed.
Antenne four-fifths of fore wings, in male filiform, shortly ciliated
(3), with angularly projecting scales towards apex. «Labial palpi
moderate, somewhat ascending, second joint with long dense pro-
jecting scales beneath, forming a quadrate tuft, terminal joint very
short, concealed. Maxillary palpi moderate, dilated with scales
towards apex. Abdomen in male with moderate exsertible anal
tuft, valves retracted. Posterior tibiz with outer spurs about half
inner. Fore wings with vein 10 very closely approximated to 9
towards base, 11 oblique; in male with a bladder-like inflation in
posterior half of cell beneath upper margin, under surface densely
scaled, upper surface covered by an irregular comb of dense scales
from beneath costa. Hind wings somewhat broader than fore
wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin,
anastomosing with 8 almost to apex.
77. Marasmia ruralis, Walk.
Botys ruralis, Walk., 666, 994; Marasmta cicatricosa,
aol mat, 8:
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas); several specimens. Occurs
also in Celebes, Java, Ceylon, and Mauritius.
EPIMIMA, 0. g.
Forehead flat, oblique; ocelli present; tongue well developed.
Antenne four-fifths of fore wings, in male filiform, shortly ciliated
(4), with angularly projecting scales at joints. Labial palpi mode-
rate, somewhat ascending, second joint with long dense projecting
scales beneath, forming a quadrate tuft, terminal joint very short,
concealed. Maxillary palpi moderate, tolerably filiform. Abdomen
in male with a dense exsertible anal tuft, valves exsertible (probably
usually retracted). Posterior tibia with outer median spur one-
half, outer end-spur three-fourths of inner. Fore wings with vein
10 rising out of 9, 11 oblique. Hind wings somewhat broader than
236 Mr. K. Meyrick’s descriptions of
fore wings; veins 8, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near
origin, anastomosing with 8 almost to base.
Separated from Dolichosticha by vein 10 of fore wings
rising out of 9.
78. Epimima stereogona, n. s.
3, 2,15—16 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
whitish ochreous; anterior tibia fuscous; anal segment in male
above fuscous with five white longitudinal stripes. Palpi fuscous,
beneath white towards base. Fore wings triangular, costa pos-
teriorly gently arched, apex obtuse, hind margin bowed, oblique;
very pale whitish ochreous, towards costa broadly and suffusedly
irrorated with fuscous-grey; costal edge between first and second
lines pale whitish ochreous, marked with about seven small dark
fuscous spots; lines slender, dark fuscous-grey; first from one-
fourth of costa to beyond one-third of inner margin, slightly
curved; second from a small spot on costa at two-thirds, almost
acutely angulated at two-thirds to beneath middle of dise, thence
again rectangularly bent to inner margin beyond middle; a trans-
verse-linear dark fuscous-grey discal spot in middle ; a moderately
broad fuscous-grey hind-marginal band, somewhat excavated
irregularly from one-fourth to three-fourths, where it touches angle
of second line; cilia whitish, with a strong dark fuscous line near
base, and indistinct grey posterior line. Hind wings ochreous-
whitish; a nearly straight slender dark fusecous-grey line from
beneath costa at one-third to anal angle; a similar line from
beyond middle of costa to inner edge of hind-marginal band below
middle; a moderately broad fuscous-grey hind-marginal band,
shortly attenuated to a point at anal angle; cilia whitish, with a
dark fuscous line near base.
Fiji (Lucas) ; two specimens.
DouicuosticHa, Meyr.
79. Dolichosticha perinephes, nu. s.
é, 18—20 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
whitish ochreous; face and shoulders suffused with fuscous; a
white black-margined line above each eye, and on basal joint of |
antenne ; antenne with angularly projecting scales at joints,
ciliations one-half; anal segment with a white streak on each side,
bordered beneath with black, penultimate segment black at base.
Palpi fuscous, beneath white at base. ore wings rather elongate-
triangular, costa posteriorly gently arched, apex tolerably obtuse,
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 237
hind margin slightly rounded, oblique ; whitish ochreous, brownish-
tinged except towards inner margin; costa suffused with fuscous
from base to second line; lines slender, dark fuscous; first from
one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin, somewhat curved
above middle; second from beyond two-thirds of costa, somewhat
curved on upper half, below middle rectangularly bent inwards to
beneath discal Spot, thence again rectangularly bent to inner
margin beyond middle; a transverse linear dark fuscous discal
Spot; a very indistinct fuscous shade near and tolerably parallel to
second line, but more remote on inner margin, indicating a hardly
perceptibly greyer hind-marginal band; a dark fuscous hind-
marginal line; cilia grey-whitish, with two grey lines. Hind
wings ochreous-whitish, more whitish towards base; two straight
slightly irregular slender dark fuscous lines ; first from one-third
of costa to anal angle; second from before two-thirds of costa also
to anal angle, very shortly interrupted below middle; an indistinct
grey shade from costa at three-fourths towards anal angle, becoming
obsolete beneath, towards costa suffused to apex; a dark fuscous
hind-marginal line ; cilia white, with a dark fuscous line near base.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas); several Specimens.
80. Dolichosticha bifurcalis, Snell.
Cnaphalocrocis bifurcalis, Snell., Tijd. v. Ent., 1880,
219; ib., 1883, pl: vi., 5.
I have no doubt that this species is correctly identified ;
Snellen, however, remarks incidentally that vein 10 of
the fore wings is stalked with 9, which would indicate a
species of Epimima, but it is fair to presume that this
is an inaccuracy, for he adds « as in the other species”’;
now of the four other species which he includes with
this in Craphalocrocis two are unknown to me, but the
other two are C. rutilalis and Mar. ruralis, of which the
former has vein 10 stalked with 11 and not with 9. and
the latter has 10 separate trom both 11 and 9.
Ellice Islands and Fiji (Mathew); two specimens.
Occurs also in Celebes, Java, and India.
Cunaura, Ld.
Forehead flat, oblique; ocelli present; tongue well-developed.
Antenne four-fifths of fore wings, in male filiform, shortly ciliated
(3), with angularly projecting scales at joints. Labial palpi mode-
rate, arched, ascending, second joint with dense projecting scales
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—parr LT (O0T.) %s
238 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
beneath, terminal joint very short, thick, truncate. Maxillary
palpi moderately long, thick, filiform, somewhat thickened termi-
nally, truncate. Abdomen in male with small anal tuft, valves
retracted. Posterior tibiz with outer spurs half inner. Fore wings
with vein 10 rising out of 9, 11 very oblique. Hind wings rather
broader than fore wings; veins 8, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out
of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to near middle.
81. Chnaura octavialis, Ld.
Chnaura octavialis, Ld., pl. xvii. 4 (nec Walk.) ;
Synganmia secutalis, Walk., Suppl., 1291.
Apart from structure, this species may be immediately
distinguished from the following by the absence of the
black basal band of the abdomen. Lederer was mistaken
in identifying this with octavialis, Walk., which is a
synonym of Syngamia merionalis, Walk., as explained
below, and some of the localities quoted by him are
therefore also erroneous.
New Hebrides (Mathew); several specimens. Occurs
also in New Guinea, Amboina, Aru, and Siam.
SYNGAMIA, Gn.
Forehead somewhat rounded, oblique; ocelli present; tongue
well developed. Antenne four-fifths, in male filiform, moderately
or shortly ciliated ($—1), with angularly projecting scales at joints.
Labial palpi moderate, arched, ascending, second joint with dense
projecting scales beneath, terminal joint very short, almost con-
cealed. Maxillary palpi moderate, rather thick, filiform. Abdomen
in male with small anal tuft, valves retracted. Posterior tibie
with outer spurs half inner. Fore wings with vein 10 approxi-
mated to 9 towards base, 11 oblique. Hind wings rather broader
than fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near
origin, anastomosing with 8 to middle.
AEthaloessa, Ld., cannot be maintained as a distinct
genus ; Lederer founded it on floridalis, Z., alleging as
characters to distinguish it from Syngamia the porrected
(not ascending) palpi and the longer ciliations of antenne,
but the first character is non-existent, the palpi beimg
quite as in Syngamia and Chnaura, whilst the second is
merely specific and certainly affords no basis for generic
separation.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 239
82. Syngamia floridalis, Z.
Stenia floridalis, Z., Caff., 60; Ld., pl. XVil., ae
Glyphodes calidalis, Gn., 294 ; Botys vitialis, Feld.,
nels. Noy., pl: cxxxv., 8.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas); several specimens. Occurs also
in Celebes, India, and South Africa.
Note.—The species of this and the preceding genus
are liable to confusion through their considerable super-
ficial resemblance. There is a second Indian species of
Syngamia, S. merionalis (-nealis), Walk., 334, of which
S. octavialis, Walk., 334, is a synonym, occurring 1n
Sumatra, Ceylon, India, and South Africa; it is a true
Syngamia, closely resembling S. floridalis, but separated
by the dark fuscous costal streak extending only to the
first transverse bar, so that the costal space between the
anterior bar and median fascia is wholly orange.
Diasemia, Gn.
83. Diasemia granmalis, Dbld.
Norfolk Island (Mathew) ; one specimen, in which the
character of the posterior line appears to resemble the
Celebes type rather than that of New Zealand ; perhaps
no stress need be laid on this. Occurs in New Zealand,
Celebes, Sumatra, and Java.
84. Diasemia ramburialis, Dup.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen. Occurs also in Eastern
Australia, Celebes, Java, Ceylon, South Europe, and
South Africa.
NESOLOCHA, Ni. g.
Forehead tolerably flat, oblique; ocelli present; tongue well
developed. Antenne four-fifths of fore wings, in male filiform,
shortly ciliated (4), with angularly projecting scales at joints.
Labial palpi moderate, straight, porrected, triangularly scaled,
attenuated to apex, terminal joint concealed. Maxillary palpi
short, filiform. Abdomen in male with short anal tuft, valves
short, exserted. Fore wings with vein 10 approximated to 9
towards base, 11 oblique. Hind wings rather broader than fore
wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin,
anastomosing with 8 to one-third.
240 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
Of somewhat doubtful affinity, and perhaps not really
near Diasemia, which, however, it resembles superficially ;
differs from Botys principally by the antenne reaching
four-fifths of fore wings. In the specimens examined
the posterior legs were broken.
85. Nesolocha autolitha, n.s.
3,21 mm. Head light ochreous, face fuscous, sides whitish.
Palpi dark fuscous, lower longitudinal half white, bisected trans-
versely by an oblique dark fuscous bar. Antenne whitish ochreous.
Thorax whitish ochreous, irrorated with fuscous. Abdomen whitish
ochreous, suffusedly ivrorated with fuscous, segmental margins
white. Legs ochreous-whitish, anterior tibiz fuscous (posterior
pair broken). Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa sinuate,
posteriorly moderately arched, apex tolerably rectangular, hind
margin straight, oblique, rounded beneath; fuscous, irregularly
mixed with whitish ochreous and dark fuscous, more ochreous
beneath costa; markings white, thinly scaled, edges irregularly
whitish ochreous, margined irregularly with dark fuscous; six
discal spots; first at one-fourth, small, quadrate; second very
small, triangular, near beyond and above first; third moderate,
oblong, before middle ; fourth moderate, irregular, transverse, above
posterior extremity of third; fifth very small, irregular, beyond and
rather below third; sixth very small, triangular, beyond and above
fifth; a slightly imwards-curved transverse streak from beneath
costa at three-fourths, reaching two-thirds across wing, tending to
be divided into five spots; a series of seven small spots towards
hind margin, two upper roundish, ante-apical, three middle
crescentic, closely following lower part of transverse streak, two
lower curved, linear, connected, surrounding lower extremity of
transverse streak; cilia grey-whitish, with a thick dark grey line,
interrupted by whitish ochreous spots, basal line whitish ochreous.
Hind wings with hind margin rather protuberant in middle ;
colour of ground and of markings as in fore wings; a moderately
broad fascia near base, bent in middle, broadest above and in-
cluding a roundish fuscous spot on costa; a moderate fascia from
two-thirds of costa to inner margin before anal angle, towards
costa bisected by a suffused fuscous striga, on lower two-fifths
much narrowed, almost linear; four rounded spots arranged in a
diamond-shaped patch and almost confluent before hind margin in
middle; cilia as in fore wings.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; two specimens.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 241
Samzopes, Snell.
86. Sameodes cancellalis, Z.
On the identification and synonymy of this species,
cf. Hint. Mo. Mag., xxi., 202.
Fiji (Lucas); one specimen. Occurs also in Eastern
Australia, Celebes, Java, Ceylon, India, Mauritius, and
Africa.
Genus (?).
Forehead rounded, oblique; ocelli present; tongue well de-
veloped. Antenne four-fifths of fore wings (?), in male (?). Labial
palpi rather long, straight, porrected, second joint stout, with
appressed scales, terminal joint rather short, stout, cylindrical,
obtuse. Maxillary palpi moderate, filiform. Posterior tibiz in
female with outer spurs half inner. Fore wings with vein 10
approximated to 9, 11 very oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore
wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin.
anastomosing with 8 to near middle.
In the absence of the male it is impossible to locate
the following species with certainty ; the palpi are rather
peculiar, and the genus may be distinct; at present it
seems sufficient to indicate the generic characters so far
as they can be discerned from the female, without
adding a name.
87. —— — octoguttalis, Feld.
Botys octoguttalis, Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. exxxv., 38.
2, 22mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and legs whitish
ochreous ; palpi suffused with fuscous except towards base. Legs
ochreous-white. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa sinuate,
apex rounded, hind margin very oblique, slightly rounded ; greyish
fuscous; costa narrowly suffused with ochreous-yellow ; four semi-
hyaline white spots, laterally margined with dark fuscous ; first
small, subquadrate, beneath costa at one-fourth; second larger,
trapezoidal, beneath costa before middle, its anterior margin united
above with that of first; third suboval, transverse, beneath and
obliquely beyond second, touching lower margin of second; fourth
oblong, transverse, beneath costa at two-thirds, its posterior dark
margin produced to costa; a moderately broad ochreous-yellow
hind-marginal band, upper two-fifths suddenly much narrower and
anteriorly suffused ; cilia light yellow. Hind wings greyish fuscous;
an irregular darker median line, about which are two or three very
242 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
obscure yellowish spots; a moderately broad ochreous-yellow
hind-marginal band, attenuated to anal angle; cilia light yellow.
Felder’s figure is reasonably good.
Fiji (Lucas); one specimen. According to Felder,
also from Amboina.
Semiocernos, Meyr.
88. Semroceros allocosma, n. s.
3, 283 mm. Head and thorax fuscous mixed with whitish,
collar reddish ochreous. Palpi white, upper edge blackish, apex
reddish brown. Antenne very shortly ciliated (4), not bent before
middle; whitish ochreous, tuft dark grey. Abdomen fuscous,
beneath white, with a black lateral line on basal half. Legs snow-
white; anterior tibize, basal half and apex of anterior femora, a
median ring of middle and posterior femora, and an apical spot on
middle and posterior femora and tibize black; posterior tibize with
outer spurs half inner. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa
sinuate, posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind margin
sinuate, oblique; rather dark fuscous; a light yellowish ochreous
streak along costa, beneath somewhat suffused and reddish-tinged,
interrupted at five-sixths by a narrow dark fuscous bar; about
thirteen prismatic violet-white spots, margined with a darker
suffusion; a small round one in dise at one-fourth, and a larger
round one before middle; two small ones placed longitudinally
close together above inner margin at one-fourth; a roundish one
below middle of disc, followed by two small ones placed trans-
versely; a rather large transverse curved-oblong one in dise at
two-thirds; a sinuate transverse row of five small ones, three of
which closely follow the large posterior spot, the other two being
lower down; cilia whitish ochreous, with a fuscous line and barred
with dark fuscous, and with a clear white spot above anal angle.
Hind wings rather dark fuscous, with prismatic violet-white
markings; a broad basal band, outer edge straight; a moderately
broad central fascia, attenuated beneath, anterior edge rather
irregular and separated from basal band only by a narrow fascia of
ground colour, which is somewhat expanded and internally whitish
towards costa, posterior edge forming a short broad projection in
middle; a curved series of four small spots close beyond this pro-
jection; cilia as in fore wings.
The structure of the antenne approaches nearest to
S. amphicedalis.
Fiji (Mathew) ; one specimen.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 248
89. Semioceros tricrossa, n.s.
g, 14 mm. Head, antenne, and thorax ochreous-yellowish ;
antenn# filiform, shortly ciliated (4), bent before middle and again
at three-fourths, with a tuft of scales on back of each bend. Palpi
white, apex black, terminal joint moderate, slender. Abdomen
ochreous-yellow, segmental margins blackish. Legs white; pos-
terior tibiz with outer middle-spur one-half, outer end-spur two-
thirds of inner. Fore wings triangular, costa hardly sinuate,
posteriorly gently arched, apex obtuse, hind margin straight,
oblique; ochreous-yellow; a small transverse blackish spot on
base of costa; a curved fuscous shade between base and first line;
first line thick, dark fuscous, from one-fifth of costa to one-fifth of
inner margin, curved outwards; a moderately large quadrate
discal spot at two-fifths, thickly outlined with dark fuscous, beneath
connected with inner margin at two-fifths by a thick dark fuscous
line; a second similar discal spot slightly beyond middle, open
above and beneath; second line thick, dark fuscous, from costa at
four-fifths parallel to hind margin, obtusely bent inwards at two-
thirds to beneath discal spot, thence acutely angulated to inner
margin at three-fourths; a similar parallel line midway between
second line and hind margin, inner angle touching bend of second
line; a strong dark fuseous hind-marginal line; cilia whitish, with
a dark fuscous line. Hind wings ochreous-yellow, base paler; a
quadrate discal spot at one-third thickly outlined with dark
fuscous; a thick dark fuscous line from two-thirds of costa to two-
thirds of inner margin, parallel to hind margin, somewhat sinuate
inwards to touch discal spot beneath; a similar line midway
between this and hind margin; hind-marginal line and cilia as in
fore wings.
Probably most allied to S. chrysorycta.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; two specimens.
90. Semioceros dactyloptila, n.s.
3,2,17mm. Head yellow, face suffused with fuscous. Palpi
bright ochreous-yellow, apex fuscous, terminal joint rather slender,
short. Antenn# in male dentate, strongly ciliated (14), bent before
middle, with a tuft of very long hair scales on back of bend,
separated into five radiating hair-pencils; pale ochreous, tuft
greyish. Thorax dark fuscous, posteriorly mixed with deep yellow-
ochreous, collar ochreous-yellow. Abdomen ochreous-orange, anal
segment dark fuscous. Legs light ochreous-yellowish, apical half
244 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
of anterior tibiw dark fuscous; posterior tibise with outer middle-
spur one-half, outer end-spur two-thirds of imner. Fore wings
triangular, costa sinuate, posteriorly gently arched, apex obtuse,
hind margin faintly sinuate, oblique; ochreous-orange ; a fuscous
streak along anterior half of costa; base and a curved shade near
base fuscous; first line dark fuscous, from one-fourth of costa to
beyond one-third of inner margin, rather irregular; three fuscous
discal spots, margined with dark fuscous; first moderate, round,
anteriorly margined by first line, above suffused into costal streak ;
second large, transverse-oblong, somewhat curved, touching costal
streak at one-half, reaching half across wing; third small, round,
beneath and between first and second, touching each; two in-
distinct fuscous suffusions transversely placed between middle and
second line; second line dark fuscous, somewhat irregular, from
costa at four-fifths, indented above middle, to near anal angle,
thence widely broken, reeommencing beneath lower margin of
second discal spot at two-thirds from costa, and continued to inner
margin at four-fifths; an irregular fuscous hind-marginal band, its
anterior edge near and parallel throughout to second line; a darker
fuscous hind-marginal line; cilia grey, with a dark grey line near
base. Hind wings ochreous-orange; a round spot outlined with
dark fuscous beneath costa at one-third, connected with inner
margin before anal angle by a straight dark fuscous line; second
line dark fuscous, from two-thirds of costa to hind margin below
middle, rather strongly indented above middle, and again less
strongly near lower extremity, preceded by a broad fuscous
suffusion, and followed by an ochreous-orange line, beyond which
the hind-marginal space is wholly fuscous ; hind-marginal line and
cilia as in fore wings.
The antennal characters, though of the same general
type, are quite distinct from those of any other species.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas) ; several specimens.
PrILMOLA, N. g.
Forehead rounded, tolerably vertical; ocelli present; tongue
well developed. Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in male
dentate, ciliated with fascicles (), bent before middle, back of bend
clothed with a tuft of hairs, basal joint swollen. Labial palpi
moderate, somewhat ascending, second joint with dense projecting
scales beneath, terminal joint. short, thick, obtuse. Maxillary
palpi very short, fiiform. Abdomen in male with small anal tuft,
valves retracted. Posterior tibize in male with outer middle-spur
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 245
one-third, outer end-spur one-half of inner. Fore wings with
vein 10 rising out of 9,11 oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore
wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin,
anastomosing with 8 to near middle.
91. Ptil@ola ulophanes, n. 8.
3, 2, 17—20 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen,
and legs dark fuscous; palpi broadly ochreous-whitish beneath ;
posterior tarsi ochreous-whitish. Fore wings triangular, costa
hardly sinuate, posteriorly gently arched, apex obtuse, hind margin
slightly sinuate, oblique; dark fuscous ; first line obsoletely darker,
from one-fifth of costa to one-third of inner margin; two discal
spots hardly paler, margined with dark fuscous, separated by a
paler spot; first roundish, touching first line; second quadrate,
before middle, followed by some pale scales; second line darker
fuscous, followed by an ochreous-whitish line, in male partially
obsolete, in female distinct, forming a small spot on costa, running
from four-fifths of costa, indented above middle, to near anal
angle, thence widely broken inwards to beneath dise at two-thirds,
and continued to inner margin at three-fourths; cilia dark fuscous.
Hind wings dark fuscous; a quadrate discal spot outlined with
darker at one-third, preceded and followed by small paler suffusions,
connected with inner margin before anal angle by a nearly straight
darker line, posteriorly more or less distinctly margined with
ochreous-whitish; second line from two-thirds of costa to hind
margin below middle, somewhat darker, posteriorly in male
obscurely, in female distinctly margined with ochreous-whitish,
twice sinuate; cilia dark fuscous.
The female is smaller and more sharply marked than
the male.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas); several specimens.
EREBANGELA, Ni. g.
Forehead rounded, vertical; ocelli present; tongue well de-
veloped. Antenne four-fifths of fore wings, in male stout, dentate,
ciliated (2), with a notch on back before middle, covered by a tuft
of scales, basal joint swollen. Labial palpi moderate, somewhat
arched, obliquely ascending, second joint with short dense pro-
jecting scales beneath, terminal joint short, filiform, blunt-pointed.
Maxillary palpi very short, filiform. Abdomen in male with small
anal tuft, valves retracted. Anterior femora in male with a dense
tutt of hair-scales projecting forward from inner side towards apex;
~
246 Mr. EK. Meyrick’s descriptions of
middle tibiz in male with outer spur terminating in a long tuft of
dense hair-seales, inner spur very long; posterior tibiz with outer
middle-spur one-third, outer end-spur one-half of inner. Fore
wings with vein 10 rising out of 9, 11 oblique. Hind wings as
broad as fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6
near origin, anastomosing with 8 to middle.
92. Hrebangela melanauges, n. 8.
3, 22—24 mm. Head yellow-ochreous, face and a spot on
crown dark fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, beneath broadly ochreous-
whitish. Antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs dark fuscous;
abdomen and legs beneath ochreous-whitish. Fore wings rather
elongate-triangular, costa somewhat sinuate, posteriorly moderately
arched, apex obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded; deep blackish
fuscous, slightly purplish-tinged, without markings; cilia dark
fuscous. Hind wings and cilia deep blackish fuscous; faint in-
dications of a straight ferruginous line before middle.
@,21mm. Head, &e., as in male; thorax mixed with ferru-
ginous-yellow. Fore wings dark purplish fuscous; two small
ferruginous-yellow spots transversely placed near base; first line
obsoletely darker, from one-fifth of costa to one-third of inner
margin, on inner margin preceded by a yellowish suffusion ; two
diseal spots obsoletely margined with darker, separated by a small
bright ferruginous spot, first roundish, touching first line, second
quadrate, before middle; second line obsoletely darker, followed by
an indistinct pale ochreous line which forms a bright ochreous-
yellow spot on costa, running from costa at four-fifths, dented
above middle, nearly to anal angle, thence widely broken inwards
to beneath two-thirds, and continued to inner margin at three-
fourths; cilia dark fuscous. Hind wings dark purplish fuscous; a
quadrate ferruginous spot near base; a nearly straight ferruginous
line from costa at two-fifths, to inner margin before anal angle; a
very indistinct sinuate ferruginous line from two-thirds of costa to
hind margin below middle ; cilia dark fuscous.
The female is very like the male of Ptil@ola ulophanes,
but differs by the ferruginous-yellow crown of head and
markings.
Tonga (Mathew) ; Fiji (Mathew, Lucas) ; several speci-
mens.
DipLoryna, n. ¢.
Forehead rounded, vertical; ocelli present; tongue well de-
veloped. Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in male stout, sub-
dentate, ciliated (4—3), sinuate before and again beyond middle,
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 247
with a tuft of scales from base of each sinuation covering it, basal
joint swollen. Labial palpi moderately long, somewhat arched,
ascending, second joint with short dense projecting scales beneath,
terminal joint moderate, filiform, obtuse. Maxillary palpi very
short, filiform. Abdomen in male with moderate anal tuft, valves
retracted. Posterior tibia in male with outer middle-spur one-half
to three-fourths of inner, end-spurs short, nearly equal. Fore
wings with vein 10 rising out of 9, 11 oblique. Hind wings as
broad as fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6
near origin, anastomosing with 8 to near middle.
This is probably a considerable genus ; Walker de-
scribes several species which belong to it under Desmia,
and Snellen’s diodes orientalis is clearly referable here,
the antenne being specially figured (the reference to
Aidiodes seems quite unreasonable, the antenne in that
venus being simple).
93. Diplotyla ochrosema, n. 8.
3, 30mm. Head and thorax ochreous mixed with whitish,
shoulders fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, beneath broadly white.
Antenne fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, irrorated with whitish, anal
segment white, with a small fuscous apical spot. Legs ochreous-
whitish, anterior tibia with a broad dark fuscous band towards
apex; posterior tibie with outer middle-spur moderately long.
Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa sinuate, posteriorly gently
arched, apex obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded; fuscous,
slightly purplish-tinged; first line obsolete; two quadrate discal
spots, obscurely outlined with darker, separated only by a linear
whitish mark, first moderate, preceded by a very small whitish
spot, second larger, followed by a narrow or irregular transverse
white spot; second line obscure, dark fuscous, waved, obscurely
margined posteriorly with whitish ochreous, forming a distinct
whitish ochreous spot on costa, running from costa at three-fourths
towards anal angle, angulated beneath costa and indented above
middle, near anal angle bent round and indented inwards, termi-
nating on inner margin at three-fourths; cilia ochreous-whitish,
with a grey line. Hind wings fuscous, purplish-tinged; an oblique
quadrate somewhat paler discal spot before one-third, laterally
margined with dark fuscous, and preceded and followed by trans-
verse linear whitish marks; second line obscure, dark fuscous,
waved, posteriorly obscurely margined with ochreous-whitish, more
distinctly towards inner margin, running from two-thirds of costa,
sinuate inwards above middle, at two-thirds rectangularly bent
248 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
inwards to beneath middle of disc, thence again rectangularly bent
to inner margin before anal angle; cilia whitish, with a grey line.
New Hebrides (Mathew) ; Fiji (Lucas) ; several speci-
mens.
94. Diplotyla cyclospila, n. s.
3,30 mm. Head fuscous, tufts of crown whitish. Palpi dark
fuscous, beneath broadly white. Antenne fuscous. Thorax whitish
fuscous. Abdomen grey, becoming white on sides posteriorly, anal
segment wholly white. Legs white, anterior tibie dark grey ;
posterior tibiz with all spurs very short. Fore wings elongate-
triangular, costa sinuate, posteriorly gently arched, apex obtuse,
hind margin slightly rounded, oblique; greyish fuscous, rather
lighter towards inner margin anteriorly; two clear white discal
spots, first small, round, before one-third, second moderate, trans-
verse-oval, at one-half; second line obsolete, hardly perceptibly
darker, irregular, from costa at three-fourths, where it is followed
by an obseure cloudy whitish dot, towards anal angle, indented
above middle, at three-fourths rectangularly bent inwards to
beneath second discal spot, thence again rectangularly bent to
inner margin at two-thirds ; cilia fuscous, tips paler. Hind wings
fuscous, paler and more thinly scaled towards base; an obscure
oblique transverse whitish mark in disc beyond one-third; cilia
fuscous, tips paler, with a suffused white patch between middle of
hind margin and anal angle.
Samoa (Mathew) ; several specimens.
95. Diplotyla argopis, n. 8.
9, 22mm. Head, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs dark
fuscous, apex of tarsal joints whitish ochreous. Palpi dark fuscous,
beneath broadly white. Fore wings triangular, costa posteriorly
moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded ;
a moderate irregularly subquadrate clear white spot in dise beyond
middle; an ochreous-whitish dot on costa at four-fifths, whence
proceeds an irregular series of several very indistinct similar dots
towards anal angle; cilia dark fuscous. Hind wines and eilia dark
fuscous.
In the absence of the male the generic location is of
course uncertain.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 249
STREPSIMELA, N. &.
Forehead vertical; ocelli present; tongue well developed.
Antenne four-fifths of fore wings, in male subdentate, ciliated (4),
with a tuft of scales on back before middle, and a sinuation clothed
with a tuft of dense seales beyond middle, basal joint large, swollen.
Labial palpi moderate, obliquely ascending, second joint with short
dense projecting scales beneath, terminal joint short, obtuse.
Maxillary palpi very short, filiform. Abdomen in male with
moderate anal tuft, valves retracted. Anterior femora in male
with a projecting tuft of scales from apex above, and a long tuft of
hairs from beneath, curving upwards in front ; posterior tibiz with
outer middle-spur one-third to one-half, outer end-spur one-half of
inner. Fore wings with vein 10 rising out of 9, 11 oblique, in
male sometimes bent and widely remote from 10. Hind wings as
broad as fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6
near origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third,
96. Strepsimela (2) microcentra, Ui. 8.
?,22mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
dark fuscous; palpi white beneath. Fore wings triangular, costa
posteriorly gently arched, apex obtuse, hind margin obliquely
rounded; dark fuscous; a small darker discal suffusion, in which
is a white dot before middle; second line represented by four small
confluent white spots in a straight transverse series from costa
before three-fourths, a fifth near hind margin at three-fourths from
apex, surmounted by an obscure whitish dot, and a sixth towards
inner margin at three-fourths, beneath which isan obscure whitish
dot on inner margin ; cilia dark fuseous. Hind wings dark fuscous ;
second line represented by an irregular whitish streak from costa
at three-fifths, a small somewhat double spot near hind margin
below middle, and an irregular whitish line from middle of disc to
anal angle ; cilia dark fuscous.
The generic position cannot be determined without
the male. ;
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
97. Strepsimela vanthosoma, N. 8.
3,?,17—18 mm. Head orange, more or less mixed with dark
fuscous. Palpi yellow-whitish, terminal joint and upper scales
of second blackish. Antenne pale yellowish, basal half and tufts
in male dark fuscous, in female mixed with dark fuscous. Thorax
250 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
dark fuscous. Abdomen orange-yellow, in male with two dark
fuscous spots at base of anal segment, in female somewhat mixed
with dark fuscous. Legs in male wholly pale yellowish, tuft of
anterior femora mixed with grey; in female dark fuscous, apex of
all joints pale yellowish. Fore wings rather elongate-triangular,
costa sinuate, posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind
margin bowed, oblique; dark fuscous; lines hardly paler, obscurely
margined on discal side with darker; first line hardly perceptible ;
a yellowish. dot beneath costa at one-fourth, and a second beneath
costa before middle; an obscure dark discal suffusion ; second line
starting from a very small yellowish spot on costa at three-fourths,
somewhat sinuate, running to near anal angle, thence widely
broken inwards to below middle of dise, terminating on inner
margin at two-thirds; cilia dark fuscous. Hind wings and cilia
dark fuscous ; second line much as in fore wings, but not forming
a costal spot.
The yellow abdomen is a characteristic feature.
Samoa (Mathew); two specimens.
98. Strepsimela signiferalis, Wallgr.
Isopteryx signiferalis, Wallgr., Wien. Ent. Mon., 1860,
175; ? Ceratoclasis barbicornis, Feld., Reis. Nov.,
ply icxmxva., a:
3g 21—22 mm., 9 19mm. Head and thorax fuscous, face
sometimes whitish ochreous in male. Palpi white, becoming
fuscous towards apex. Antenne whitish ochreous. Abdomen
fuscous, sides more or less suffused with ochreous-yellow. Legs
yellow-whitish, hair-pencil from beneath anterior femora of male
black. Fore wings triangular, broader in male, costa in male
unevenly protuberant at one-third, sinuate in middle, in female
nearly straight anteriorly, moderately arched posteriorly, apex
obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded; vein 11 in male bent
towards costal protuberance and widely remote from 10; rather
dark fuscous, anteriorly more or less mixed with ochreous-yellowish
or whitish; first line indistinct, whitish or yellowish, posteriorly
obscurely margined with dark fuscous, from one-fourth of costa to
one-third of inner margin, somewhat curved; a small transverse,
in male linear, clear white spot in dise beyond first line, laterally
margined with dark fuscous; a narrow transverse, in male long
inwards-curved, in female sometimes roundish white spot in middle
of disc, anteriorly margined with dark fuscous; second line
irregular, whitish or yellowish, rather well-defined, anteriorly
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 251
margined with dark fuscous, from costa before three-fourths, in
male broadly curved inwards in middle, in female indented, almost
touching hind margin above anal angle, widely broken inwards to
beneath central white spot, thence continued to inner margin at
three-fourths ; cilia grey, with a dark grey line, sometimes with a
white or yellowish spot above anal angle. Hind wings dark
fuscous, towards base mixed with whitish or yellowish; a discal
spot outlined with darker at one-third, followed by a clear white
spot, more conspicuous in female, and connected with inner
margin before anal angle by a straight whitish or yellowish line,
anteriorly darker-margined; a twice sinuate whitish or yellowish line
from two-thirds of costa to before middle of hind margin, anteriorly
darker-margined ; cilia grey, between middle of hind margin and
anal angle whitish or yellowish, with a dark grey basal line,
interrupted on extremity of second line.
The colour varies somewhat locally, the specimens
from the Ellice Islands being considerably yellower than
others, but certainly not distinct. The form of wing in
the sexes is very different; but one male in the collection
of Mr. Mathew has exactly the ordinary form of wing of
the female, whilst in every other characteristic appa-
rently a true male ; this is a very singular abnormality,
presumably rare.
New Hebrides, Fiji, Tonga, and Ellice Islands (Mathew) ;
common. According to Wallengren also from Tahiti.
Although Wallengren’s species was described from a
female, and very briefly, | think there is no reason to
doubt its correct identification. Felder’s figure is, I feel
almost sure, intended to apply to this species, but it is
quoted with a query, since the lines are distinctly wrong
in form.
KURYTORNA, 2. g.
Forehead vertical; ocelli present; tongue well developed.
Antenne two-thirds, in male stout, subdentate, shortly ciliated (4),
abruptly bent in middle, with a very large broad hemispherically
excavated tuft of hairs on back of bend, a small tuft above this,
and a sinuation at three-fourths contaming another small tuft,
basal joint large, swollen. Labial palpi rather long, arched,
ascending, second joint with long projecting scales beneath
gradually diminishing to apex, terminal jomt moderate, cylindrical,
obtuse. Maxillary palpi absent. Abdomen in male with valves
moderate, exserted, scaled, enclosing a very dense expansible tuft
252 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
of hairs. Posterior tibie with outer spurs one-third of inner.
Fore wings with veins 10 and 11 both rising out of stalk of 8 and
9. Hund wings as broad as fore wings; veins 8, 4, 5 approximated
at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to middle.
99. Hurytorna heterodoxa, n. 8.
3$,27mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
dark fuscous; enclosed anal tuft whitish ochreous. Fore wings
extremely broad, triangular, costa sinuate, apex obtuse, hind
margin rounded, rather oblique, inner margin sinuate; rather dark
fuscous, markings obscurely darker, indistinct; a quadrate discal
spot before middle, preceded and followed by a small pale suffusion ;
second line irregular, running from four-fifths of costa to near hind
margin at two-thirds, thence rectangularly bent inwards to beneath
middle of disc, and again rectangularly bent to inner margin at
three-fourths; cilia fuscous. Hind wings and cilia rather dark
fuscous.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
ZINCKENIA, Z.
100. Zinckenia recurvalis, F.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas); common; the white markings
are in most specimens somewhat larger than usual.
Occurs also in New Zealand, Eastern Australia, Malay
Archipelago, Southern Asia, Madagascar, South Africa,
and South America.
AUTHERETIS, n. g.
Forehead tolerably rounded, vertical; ocelli present; tongue
well developed. Antenne three-fourths, in male rather stout,
filiform, with a thickened sinuation towards base, supra-basal joint
much enlarged, flatly compressed, dilated with scales in front,
basal joint large, broadly compressed, with a scaly erect tooth
above on inner side. Labial palpi long, arched, ascending, second
joint with long projecting scales beneath rather diminishing towards
apex, forming a broad rectangular tuft, terminal joint in male
clothed with a long recurved tuft of dense hairs as long as second
joint, and forming an angulated projection in middle of posterior
side, in female moderate, cylindrical, tolerably pointed. Maxillary
palpi erect, in male terminating in a pencil of long hairs, in female
fiiform. Thorax in male anteriorly with very dense hair-seales,
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 253
tending to form tufts. Abdomen stout, in male with tuft of short
hairs above apex, valves strong, exserted, scaled. Posterior tibie
with outer spurs about one-third of inner. Fore wings with vein
10 closely approximated to 9, 11 very oblique. Hind wings rather
broader than fore wings; veins 8, 4, 5 closely approximated at
base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third ;
lower median, 1a, 1b, and le all with strong pectinations; under
surface in male with a dense downwards-curved cushion of hairs
covering veins 7 and 8 from near base to middle, and a cushion of
short erect hairs along basal half of le.
101. Autheretis eridora, n.s.
3, 2, 86 mm. Head and antennz fuscous. Palpi fuscous,
apex darker, basal joint white. Thorax fuscous, purplish-tinged,
dense anterior hairs suffused with reddish ochreous. Abdomen
fuscous. Legs white, anterior pair with apical half of tibia and
two terminal joints of tarsi blackish. Fore wings rather elongate-
triangular, costa posteriorly gently arched, apex obtuse, hind
margin oblique, somewhat bowed; fuscous, with purple reflections;
first line hardly darker, from one-fifth of costa to one-fourth of
inner margin; two white violet-shining dark-margined spots trans-
versely placed in dise before middle, upper small, transverse-oval
lower larger, quadrate ; second line hardly darker, rather irregular,
from costa at two-thirds, bent at right angles below middle and
continued to touch posterior margin of lower discal spot, thence
again rectangularly bent and running to inner margin at three-
fifths, latter portion curved outwards; this line margined pos-
teriorly on upper third by three small roundish confluent purplish
white spots not touching costa, on median third by three separate
white dots, on lower third by a faint whitish streak ; cilia light
fuscous, with a darker line, extreme base whitish. Hind wings
with ground colour and cilia as in fore wings; an irregular white
interrupted line from costa at three-fifths, dilated towards costa,
widely dislocated inwards in middle, ending on inner margin before
anal angle.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas) ; two specimens.
PELEcyntTis, Mey.
102. Pelecyntis abstitalis, Walk.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; Fiji (Lucas).
Occurs also in Kastern Australia, New Hebrides, Celebes,
Ceylon, and India.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PART III. (OCT). T
254 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
OmIoDES, Gn.
Forehead oblique; ocelli present; tongue well developed.
Antenne five-sixths of fore wings, in male moderately ciliated (14),
rough-scalad above. Labial palpi moderate, arched, ascending,
with dense rough projecting scales beneath, terminal joint extremely
short, obtuse. Maxillary palpi moderate, dilated with loose scales
at apex. Thorax in male with patagia elongate, ending in a
spreading pencil of long hairs. Abdomen in male elongate, with
short anal tuft, valves retracted. Posterior tibie with outer spurs
one-third of inner. Fore wings with vein 10 closely approximated
to 9, 11 very oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore wings; veins 4
and 5 closely approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anasto-
mosing with 8 to near middle.
108. Omiodes leucostrepta, nu. s.
g. 23—24 mm. Head ochreous-yellow, with a fuscous stripe
down face. Palpi dark fuscous, lower half white, apex yellow.
Antenne and thorax rather dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous,
becoming darker posteriorly, with two shining snow-white rings
near apex. Legs pale whitish ochreous, anterior femora and tibie
suffused above with dark fuscous. Fore wings elongate-triangular,
costa slightly sinuate, posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse,
hind margin obliquely rounded; rather dark fuscous, ochreous-
tinged; basal two-thirds of costa suffused with blackish fuscous ;
first line blackish fuscous, somewhat curved, from one-fourth of
costa to two-fifths of inner margin; a transverse linear blackish
fuscous diseal spot; second line blackish fuscous, from costa at
two-thirds rather obliquely outwards, obtusely angulated above
middle, again rectangularly below middle, running to beneath
discal spot, where it is again acutely angulated, terminating on
inner margin beyond middle; a small light ochreous-yellow spot on
costa immediately beyond second line; an interrupted dark fuscous
hind-marginal line ; cilia fuscous, with a darker line. Hind wings
with ground colour, diseal spot, hind-marginal line, and cilia as in
fore wings; a blackish fuscous perpendicular line from beneath
costa at three-fifths, rectangularly bent below middle to beneath
discal spot, thence again rectangularly bent to inner margin above
anal angle.
9. Head and antenne ochreous-yellow. Thorax suffused with
ochreous-yellow except shoulders. Abdomen yellowish fuscous,
with only one silvery white ring before apex. Fore wings with
eround colour lighter and somewhat mixed with reddish ochreous;
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 255
first line preceded by a pale ochreous-yellow fascia except on costa;
discal spot preceded by a small round pale ochreous-yellow blotch ;
second line followed by a large pale ochreous-yellow blotch on
costal third, and a narrow fascia-like spot on dorsal third. Hind
wings suffused with pale ochreous-yellowish towards inner margin.
Rest as in male.
Tonga (Mathew) ; Fiji (Lucas) ; three specimens.
MacaRETHRA, ng.
Forehead oblique; ocelli present; tongue well developed. An-
tenn four-fifths of fore wings (?). Labial palpi moderate, arched,
ascending, second joint with dense projecting scales beneath,
terminal joint rather short, flattened-conical. Maxillary palpi
short, filiform. Fore wings with vein 10 closely approximated to
9, 11 very oblique. Hind wings broader by a fourth than fore
wings; vein 3 from angle of cell, 4 and 5 stalked from a point
with 3, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to near middle ;
lower median loosely pectinated towards base.
Although the male is unknown, the genus appears
sufficiently distinguished from its allies by the neuration
of the hind wings.
104. Macaretera hesperis, n. s.
2,21mm. Head white, somewhat mixed with pale ochreous.
Palpi and antenne white. Thorax white, with two anterior yellow-
ochreous bands. Abdomen white, suffusedly banded with yellow-
ochreous. Anterior legs yellow-ochreous, ringed with white
(others broken). Fore wings rather elongate-triangular, costa
somewhat sinuate, posteriorly gently arched, apex rectangular,
hind margin bowed, rather oblique; white, with yellow-ochreous
markings; a spot on base of costa; a broad oblique irregular
fascia near base; four transverse streaks from costa between this
and three-fourths, reaching half across wing, attenuated and some-
what infuscated at apex; a fifth similar inwardly oblique streak
from costa near apex, produced along costa to apex; an irregular
fascia almost on hind margin, deeply indented above middle; an
oval spot in disc before this indentation, infuscated beneath; two
small roundish fuscous spots on inner margin before and beyond
middle ; between the second of these and the second costal streak
are two elongate-oval fuscous spots placed transversely in disc; a
fuscous suffusion on inner margin before anal angle; cilia pale
ochreous, with a deeper yellow-ochreous basal line. Hind wings
256 Mr. K. Meyrick’s descriptions of
white, with an indistinct roundish fuscous suffusion before hind
margin in middle; cilia white, with a yellow-ochreous basal line.
Fiji (Mathew); one specimen.
CoMPSoPHILA, N. &.
Forehead rounded, oblique; ocelli absent; tongue developed.
Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male moderately ciliated (1),
with angularly projecting scales at joints. Labial palpi moderately
long, straight, porrected, second joint clothed with long loosely
appressed hairs projecting in front, terminal joint concealed.
Maxillary palpi short, clothed with rough projecting scales. Abdo-
men in male with small anal tuft, valves retracted. Posterior
tibie with outer spurs three-fourths of inner. Fore wings with
vein 10 approximated to 9, 11 very oblique. Hind wings as broad
as fore wings; veins 4 and 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near
origin, anastomosing with 8 from origin to middle.
Of doubtful affinity.
105. Compsophila iocosma, n. 8.
3, 24mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and legs white; anterior
legs banded with light yellow-ochreous. Palpi whitish, mixed
with dark fuscous. Abdomen white, on basal half irrorated with
dark fuscous, and suffused with crimson towards base. Fore wings
elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly gently arched, apex rect-
angular, hind margin very obliquely rounded; light yellow-
ochreous, mixed with crimson, and thinly and irregularly irrorated
with dark fuscous; costa suffused with white from one-third to
apex; base of wing narrowly white; a moderate straight white
fascia from two-fifths ef costa to before middle of inner margin,
ground colour on each side of it suffused with crimson below
middle; a suffused white spot in disc at two-thirds; a moderately
broad white hind-marginal band, containing a triangular patch of
ground colour on hind margin beneath apex; cilia white. Hind
wings light yellowish ochreous, irrorated with crimson and dark
fuscous ; base narrowly white; a moderately broad straight white
fascia from before middle of costa to before anal angle; a mode-
rately broad white hind-marginal band, attenuated to a point near
anal angle; cilia white.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 257
Pycnarmon, Ld.
106. Pycnarmon jaguaralis, Gn.
Spilomela jaguaralis, Gn., 283; Pycnarmon jaguaralis,
ide eplax vis, ll
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew); one specimen.
Occurs also in Amboina, Celebes, and India.
CoNCHYLODES, Gn.
107. Conchylodes caberalis, Gn.
Spilomela caberalis, Gn., 284.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas); several specimens. Also from
Celebes and Java.
PuysEmatia, Ld. (?).
Forehead rounded, tolerably vertical; ocelli present; tongue
well developed. Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in male
shortly ciliated (3), with angularly projecting scales at joints.
Labial palpi moderate, arched, ascending, second joint with dense
short projecting scales beneath, terminal joint rather short, some-
what roughened with scales anteriorly, tolerably pointed. Maxillary
palpi absent. Abdomen in male with valves short, exserted, scaled.
Posterior tibizx with outer spurs half inner. Fore wings with vein
10 rising out of stalk of 8 and 9, 11 oblique. Hind wings somewhat
over 1; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin,
anastomosing with 8 to near middle.
These characters are drawn from the following species,
which is perhaps not truly referable to Physematia, and
is certainly allied to Conchylodes; Lederer’s Physematia
should have an indentation in the cell of the fore wings,
which this species does not show, but the other characters
agree, so far as given by Lederer.
108. Physematia epispila, n. s.
3d, 13mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen white, spotted with
dark fuscous. Palpi white, base of terminal joint dark fuscous.
Antenne and legs white, apex of tibie with a dark fuscous spot.
Fore wings triangular, costa slightly sinuate, posteriorly gently
arched, apex obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded; white; a
small dark fuscous spot on costa near base, and a smaller round
dark fuscous spot in dise towards base; a fuscous spot on costa at
258 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
one-fifth, a smaller one on inner margin near base, and a third
more indistinct in dise before first line; first line slender, dark
fuscous, forming spots on costa and inner margin, running from
one-third of costa to before middle of inner margin, curved inwards
beneath costa and more strongly outwards below middle; a small
round dark fuscous spot close beyond first line in upper curve; a
narrow transverse dark fuscous spot in dise beyond middle, its
upper extremity dilated; an indistinct transverse fuscous suffusion
between this and first line, and also between this and second line;
second line slender, dark fuscous, irregular, running from a spot on
costa at three-fourths to near hind margin at two-thirds, thence
rectangularly bent to nearly beneath discal spot, and again rect-
angularly bent to inner margin at three-fourths; indistinct fuscous
suffused spots between this and hind margin on costa, inner
margin, and in middle; a row of transversely elongate nearly
confluent dark fuscous spots on hind margin, two beneath apex
longitudinally elongate; cilia white, with a fuscous line. Hind
wings white ; a dark fuscous discal spot before middle ; all posterior
markings and cilia as in fore wings.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
Notrarcua, Meyr.
109. Notarcha orissalis, Walk.
Botys orissalis (orissusalis), Walk., 701; Botys trigalis,
Ld., pl. x, 18.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew); one specimen.
Also from Amboina and Borneo.
110. Notarcha erivantha, n. s.
$,18mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
deep orange-yellow; antennal ciliations 4}; abdomen with two
blackish spots on penultimate segments. Fore wings rather elon-
gate-triangular, costa sinuate, posteriorly gently arched, apex
obtuse, hind margin slightly rounded, rather strongly oblique;
deep orange-yellow; markings blackish, well-defined; a curved
transverse line almost at base, not reaching inner margin; first line
from one-fourth of costa to two-fifths of inner margin, slender in
middle, somewhat dilated at both extremities, slightly curved; a
transverse linear discal spot in middle; second line slender, some-
what curved, from three-fourths of costa, rather inwards-curved,
to near middle of hind margin, bent and continued very near hind
margin to above anal angle, thence rectangularly bent inwards,
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 259
and again obtusely bent to inner margin at four-fifths ; cilia deep
yellow, tips yellow-whitish. Hind wings deep orange-yellow ; lines
waved, blackish, tolerably defined; an indistinct blackish discal
dot at one-third; a line from beneath this to inner margin beyond
middle; second line from beneath costa at two-thirds to hind
margin below middle, somewhat curved outwards; cilia deep
yellow, tips yellow-whitish.
New Hebrides (Mathew) ; one specimen.
111. Notarcha octasema, n. s.
?, 22mm. Head, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs very
pale whitish ochreous ; face dark fuscous; anterior tibie and tarsi
grey above. Palpi whitish mixed with dark fuscous, terminal joint
dark fuscous except apex. Fore wings elongate-triangular, rather
narrow, costa posteriorly gently arched, apex rounded, hind margin
strongly rounded, oblique; very pale whitish ochreous; first line
nearly obsolete, oblique, forming a blackish mark on costa at one-
fifth ; an 8-shaped discal spot rather before middle, thickly outlined
in dark fuscous, upper and lower margins nearly obsolete ; a small
black triangular spot on costa at three-fourths, whence proceeds a
dotted grey line to inner margin at two-thirds, sinuate in middle,
widely dislocated inwards at three-fourths; a row of blackish dots
along hind margin; cilia whitish ochreous, tips whitish. Hind
wings with ground colour, hind-marginal dots, and cilia as in fore
wings; a moderate round black discal spot; a dotted grey line
from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, formed as
in fore wings.
The male being unknown, the generic position is not
assured,
New Hebrides (Mathew) ; one specimen.
112. Notarcha halurqa, n. s.
3, 2, 30—33 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax fuscous,
with purple reflections; basal joint of palpi white; antennal
ciliations of male }, hairs of basal joint on inner side produced
upwards over stalk. Abdomen whitish fuscous. Legs white, apex
of femora, apical half of anterior tibixe, and base of middle tibiie,
grey (posterior legs broken). Fore wings rather elongate-triangular,
costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind margin
straight above middle, obliquely rounded beneath; fuscous, with
purplish reflections; markings rather darker fuscous; first line
indistinct, from one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin ;
260 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
a small round paler-centred spot in dise close beyond this; a trans-
verse-oblong discal spot before middle, pale-centred; second line
dentate, tolerably distinct, followed by a somewhat paler shade,
from two-thirds of costa, hardly sinuate above middle, rectangularly
bent inwards at two-thirds to below middle of disc, thence again
to inner margin at three-fifths; cilia fuscous, tips paler. Hind
wings with ground colour, second line, and cilia as in fore wings; a
faint discal spot at one-third.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas) ; two specimens.
113. Notarcha butyrina, nu. s.
?,29—30 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and
legs pale yellowish ochreous; back of thorax mixed with white 5
segmental margins of abdomen white. Fore wings rather elongate-
triangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind
margin oblique, somewhat bowed; light yellowish ochreous, in
dise greyish-tinged between veins, and with prismatic reflections ;
markings grey, ill-defined; first line from near costa at one-fifth
to inner margin at one-third; a small round spot in dise near
beyond this; a narrow transverse discal spot before middle ; second
line subdentate, from near costa at two-thirds, curved inwards on -
upper third, obtusely angulated in middle, rectangularly bent
inwards at three-fourths to below middle of disc, and again to
inner margin at three-fifths; an irregular hind-marginal band,
interrupted on veins, its anterior edge near and parallel to second
line; cilia whitish ochreous, tips whitish. Hind wings with
ground colour, second line, hind-marginal band, and cilia as in
fore wings, but costa and inner margin more whitish ; a transverse
discal spot at one-third.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas); two specimens.
114. Notarcha multilinealis, Gn.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; Fiji (Mathew,
Lucas); common. Occurs also in Kastern Australia,
Celebes, Java, Japan, India, and South Africa.
HPICHRONISTIS, n. &.
Forehead rounded, oblique; ocelli present; tongue well de-
veloped. Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male moderately
ciliated (3), with projecting scales at joints. Labial palpi moderate,
nearly straight, obliquely ascending, second joint with short dense
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 261
projecting scales beneath, tolerably truncate, terminal joint con-
cealed. Maxillary palpi moderate, filiform. Abdomen in male
with small anal tuft, valves retracted. Posterior tibie with outer
spurs somewhat more than half inner. Fore wings with vein 10
rising out of stalk of 8 and 9, 11 oblique. Hind wings somewhat
broader than fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out
of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to near middle.
115. Epichronistis acrospila, n. s.
3, 2, 18—22 mm. Head and antenne yellow-whitish, face
dark fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, beneath broadly white. Thorax
yellow-whitish, in male anterior margin, in female shoulders
suffused with dark fuscous. Abdomen yellow-whitish, with two
dark fuscous dots near base; in male three apical segments dark
fuscous above. Legs white, anterior tibie dark fuscous. Fore
wings triangular, costa hardly sinuate, posteriorly moderately
arched, apex obtuse, hind margin nearly straight, oblique, rounded
beneath ; very pale whitish yellowish, more yellowish in female ;
a moderately broad greyish fuscous streak along costa from base to
apex, somewhat interrupted beyond second line, lighter in female,
continued from apex along hind margin in male to middle, finely
attenuated beneath, in female to anal angle, irregularly narrower
beneath; lines very slender, fuscous; first from one-fifth of costa
to one-third of inner margin, slightly curved ; second from three-
fourths of costa towards anal angle, upper half somewhat inwards-
curved, at two-thirds rectangularly bent inwards to beneath middle
of disc, thence again rectangularly bent to inner margin about
two-thirds; two conspicuous dark fuscous discal spots touching
lower margin of costal streak, first very small, round, at one-
fourth, second larger, transverse-oval, in middle; cilia yellow-
whitish. Hind wings yellow-whitish ; a conspicuous dark fuscous
discal dot beyond one-third; second line as in fore wings; a
roundish rather dark greyish fuscous apical spot; cilia yellow-
whitish.
Although this species is widely distributed, and likely
to have been described, I have not been able to identify it.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas); several specimens. I have
taken it also in Mauritius.
Lyaropis, Ld. (?).
Forehead oblique; ocelli present; tongue well developed. An-
tenne three-fourths of fore wings, in male (?). Labial palpi
moderately long, second joint obliquely ascending, clothed with
262 Mr. KE. Meyrick’s descriptions of
dense projecting scales above and beneath, terminal joint horizontal,
rather short, cylindrical, obtuse. Maxillary palpiabsent. Thorax
somewhat hairy beneath. Posterior tibie in female with outer
spurs less than half inner. Fore wings with vein 8 terminating in
apex, 10 closely approximated to 9, 11 very oblique. Hind wings
rather broader than fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at base,
7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third.
In the absence of the male, it is doubtful whether the
generic location is correct.
116. Lygropis sirioxantha, n. 8.
?,42—45 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and
legs ochreous-yellow ; shoulders sometimes narrowly ferruginous.
Fore wings rather elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly moderately
arched, apex obtuse, hind margin somewhat bowed, oblique;
bright ochreous-yellow, with ferruginous-brown markings; some-
times an indistinct suffusion along anterior half of costa; first line
slightly curved, from one-fourth of costa to two-fifths of imner
margin, sometimes interrupted into spots; a round dark fuscous
dot midway between this and discal spot; a transverse-oblong
discal spot slightly before middle, slightly curved inwards, yellow
margined with ferruginous-brown ; an inwards-curved streak from
beneath discal spot to middle of ner margin, connected with first
line by a shade along inner margin; a slender transverse line
between veins 5 and 7 before two-thirds; a broad hind-marginal
band, darker anteriorly, inner edge extending from two-thirds or
three-fourths of costa to two-thirds or three-fourths of inner
margin, with a semicircular indentation on middle third; cilia
white, barred with grey, and with a dark grey basal line. Hind
wings with ground colour and cilia as in fore wings; markings
ferruginous-brown; a transverse linear or roundish discal spot,
containing a pale central line; a dentate line from beyond middle
of costa to near three-fifths of inner margin, obtusely angulated
above middle, rectangularly bent inwards below middle, and again
downwards below discal spot, sometimes partially interrupted; a
moderately broad hind-marginal band, sometimes suffused with
yellow beneath, gradually attenuated beneath, margined by a faint
ferruginous line.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas) ; two specimens,
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 268
ConocetuEs, Meyr.
117. Conogethes punctiferalis, Gn.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; Fiji (Lucas) ;
several specimens. Occurs also in Eastern Australia,
China, and India.
118. Conogethes infundibulalis, Snell.
Fiji (Lucas); one. specimen. Also from Fastern
Australia and Sumatra.
IsopreRyX, Gn. (?).
Forehead rounded, vertical; ocelli present; tongue well de-
veloped. Antenne three-fourths (?), in male filiform, pubescent-
ciliated (4), with short projecting scales at joints Labial palpi
moderate, ascending, second joint with dense projecting scales
beneath, terminal joint very short, truncate. Maxillary palpi
moderate, tolerably filiform, apex loosely scaled. Abdomen in
male with small anal tuft, valves retracted, anal segment rather
elongate. Posterior tibix with outer spurs about half inner. Fore
‘wings with vein 10 rising out of stalk of 8 and 9, 11 oblique.
Hind wings as broad as fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at
base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to near middle.
Whether this genus is identical with Isopteryx, Gn.,
as defined by Lederer, I cannot be sure.
119. Isopteryx antisema, n. 8.
g, 16 mm. Head and antenne ochreous-whitish. Palpi
blackish, beneath broadly white. Thorax whitish, shoulders and
apex of patagia dark fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous, base and
segmental margins whitish. Legs white, anterior tibie with a
dark fuscous band. Fore wirlgs triangular, costa posteriorly mode-
rately arched, apex obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded ; whitish,
slightly ochreous-tinged; a dark fuscous fascia near base, dilated
towards costa into a quadrate spot ; first line irregular, dark fuscous,
from before one-fourth of costa to beyond one-third of inner
margin, dilated on costa and bordering a moderate dark fuscous
quadrate spot beneath costa beyond it; a smaller transverse dark
fuscous discal spot in middle, its lower edge connected with first
line near inner margin by an irregular line; space between this
and second line fuscous except towards costa; second line dark
fuscous, from three-fourths of costa to four-fifths of inner margin,
264 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
middle third bent outwards in an angular projection ; an indistinct
fuscous suffusion before apex; a fuscous hind-marginal line; cilia
ochreous-whitish. Hind wings white; a moderately broad blackish
fuscous median band, anterior edge somewhat concave, posterior
edge obtusely projecting above middle; a fuscous hind-marginal
line; cilia white.
New Hebrides (Mathew) ; two specimens.
Gopara, Walk.
120. Godara comalis, Gn.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; Norfolk Island
(Mathew); several specimens. Occurs also in Java,
Eastern Australia, and India.
Borys, Tr.
121. Botys pheopteralis, Gn.
New Hebrides (Mathew); Fiji (Lucas); Marshall
Isiands (Mathew); common. Occurs also in Eastern
Australia, Java, Formosa, China, Mauritius, Africa, and
South America.
122. Botys abruptalis, Walk.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas) ; several specimens. Also from
Kastern Australia, Celebes, Ceylon, India, Mauritius,
and Africa.
Mecyna, Gn.
123. Mecyna furnacalis, Gu.
Botys furnacalis, Gn., 3832.
3, ?,24mm. Head and antenne light yellow-ochreous, face
mixed with ferruginous; antennal ciliations 1. Palpi ferruginous,
lower half white. Thorax ochreous-yellow, shoulders suffused
with ferruginous. Abdomen elongate, yellow-ochreous, anal tuft
whitish ochreous. Legs snow-white, all femora and anterior tibize
except apex fuscous; middle tibiz# in male lengthened and greatly
dilated, apparently containing tuft of hairs in groove (not dissected) ;
posterior tibize with outer spurs more than half inner. Fore wings
somewhat elongate-triangular, costa hardly sinuate, posteriorly
moderately arched, apex rectangular, hind margin oblique, hardly
rounded; ochreous-yellow, sprinkled with ferruginous; costa in
male suffused with ferruginous except towards apex ; lines slender,
Lepidoptera from the South Pacvfic. 265
dentate, ferruginous, obsolete on costa; first from below one-fourth
of costa to two-fifths of inner margin; second from three-fourths
of costa, curved outwards on upper two-thirds, thence obtusely bent
inwards to beneath middle, and again rectangularly to inner margin
at two-thirds; cilia ochreous-yellow, tips paler. Hind wings
whitish yellowish, becoming whitish on costa, without markings ;
cilia whitish yellowish, tips whitish.
This species agrees well enough with Guenée’s de-
scription, but as that is in some respects incomplete, I
have redescribed it to prevent error.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas) ; two specimens. Guenée’s type
is stated to be from Australia, but 1 think this is probably
an error, and may be neglected until confirmed.
Evurycreon, Ld.
124. Hurycreon lamprodeta, n. 8.
¢,16mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
yellow-whitish; anterior legs spotted with dark fuscous. Fore
wings triangular, costa almost straight, apex rounded, hind margin
obliquely rounded; pale whitish yellow; markings shining pale
whitish grey, irregularly margined with fuscous; three narrow
transverse nearly straight fascie, first from costa near base to inner
margin at two-fifths, second from two-fifths of costa to middle of
inner margin, third slightly curved, from four-fifths of costa to
four-fifths of inner margin; a somewhat broader irregular trans-
verse spot from middle of costa, reaching half across wing; a
small spot before apex, and two small round spots before middle of
inner margin; cilia fuscous-whitish, tips and a median line
blackish. Hind wings fuscous-grey, with a darker subterminal
line and pale yellowish hind-marginal streak, becoming obsolete
beneath ; cilia pale ochreous, becoming more fuscous towards tips,
with an indistinct blackish line.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; one specimen.
125. Hurycreon prionogramma, n. 8.
3,17mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
pale ochreous; antennal ciliations 1; palpi white towards base
beneath ; maxillary palpi tolerably filiform. Fore wings triangular,
costa slightly sinuate, apex rounded, hind margin somewhat
rounded, rather oblique; pale ochreous, costa more brownish ;
markings dark fuscous; first line slender, from one-fourth of costa
to two-fifths of inner margin, irregularly dentate ; a small roundish
266 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
spot in dise at two-fifths, and a rather larger transverse oval spot
in middle, both outlined with dark fuscous; second line slender,
from three-fourths of costa to three-fifths of inner margin, rather
sharply dentate except on middle third, below middle rectangularly
bent inwards to beneath median spot; a row of blackish dots on
hind margin; cilia grey-whitish, with a grey line. Hind wings
pale ochreous; a small dark fuscous discal dot ; second line, hind-
marginal dots, and cilia as in fore wings.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; one specimen.
EXXERISTIS, n. &.
Forehead with an obtuse conical projection; ocelli present ;
tongue rather short. Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male
filiform, evenly ciliated (1), with projecting scales at joints. Labial
palpi moderately long, straight, porrected, with rough projecting
scales diminishing to apex, terminal joint tolerably concealed.
Maxillary palpi rather long, filiform, truncate, porrected. Abdomen
in male with short anal tuft, valves retracted. Posterior tibie with
outer middle-spur absent in both sexes, outer end-spur in male
half inner, in female nearly equal. Fore wings with vein 10
tolerably near 9, 11 oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore wings;
veins 8, 4, 5 tolerably approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin,
anastomosing with 8 to middle (£. xanthota, male), or 6 and 7
stalked to one-third, 8 anastomosing with 7 from cell to two-thirds
(EZ. asyphela, male), lower median naked.
Allied to Hurycreon; the examination of the speci-
mens was difficult from their small size and somewhat
imperfect condition. The differences in neuration of the
hind wings are perhaps sexual and repeated in both
species.
126. Evxeristis asyphela, n.s.
3, 10mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax pale greyish
ochreous, somewhat mixed with dark fuscous; palpi suffused with
dark fuscous except at base. Abdomen whitish mixed with dark
fuscous. Legs whitish, banded with dark fuscous. Fore wings
elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, hind margin
obliquely rounded; pale greyish ochreous, irregularly sprinkled
with blackish; markings cloudy, blackish ; a suffusion along costa
towards base, and an indistinct curved transverse line near base;
first line curved, from one-third of costa to two-fifths of inner
margin; a small spot on middle of costa; a quadrate spot outlined
in dise, connected with inner margin at four-fifths by an irregular
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 267
line; second line somewhat curved, from three-fourths of costa to
anal angle, sharply indented below costa and in middle ; a row of
small-spots along hind margin; cilia very pale greyish ochreous,
basal half sharply barred with dark fuscous. Hind wings ochreous-
whitish, coarsely irrorated with blackish; markings cloudy,
blackish; a strong irregular streak from dise to inner margin
before anal angle; second line, hind-marginal spots, and cilia as in
fore wings.
Tonga (Mathew) ; one specimen.
127. Hveristis xanthota, n. s.
?,8imm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
light ochreous-yellow, thorax mixed with dark fuscous; apex of
tibie dark fuscous. Fore wings triangular, costa slightly arched,
apex rounded, hind margin obliquely rounded ; ochreous-yellow,
suffusedly mixed with fuscous in disc; markings blackish ; some
cloudy marks at base; first line nearly straight, from before one-
fourth of costa to beyond two-fifths of inner margin ; a small round
spot outlined in dise at one-third, and a small spot above it on
costa; a transverse-oblong spot outlined in disc beyond middle,
touching a small spot on costa; second line well-defined, from
five-sixths of costa, indented in middle, widely broken inwards to
beneath median spot, terminating on inner margin at two-thirds ;
a row of small spots along hind margin, and a larger one at anal
angle; cilia grey, with a darker line, becoming yellowish at anal
angle. Hind wings with ground colour and discal suffusion as in
fore wings; a small transverse discal spot; second line, hind-
marginal spots, and cilia as in fore wings.
Separated from EH. asyphela by the quite differently
placed (reversed-oblique) first line, as well as the yellow
colouring and minor differences of marking.
SCOPARIADAL.
Hopnoscopa, n. g.
Forehead rounded, tolerably vertical; ocelli present; tongue
moderate. Antenne three-fifths of fore wings, in male (?). Labial
palpi long, straight, porrected, second jot shortly and evenly
rough-scaled above and beneath, terminal joint moderate, cylin-
drical, exposed. Maxillary palpi moderate, sharply triangularly
dilated with scales, porrected, not resting on labial. Fore wings
with veins 4 and 5 short-stalked, 10 rising out of stalk of 8 and 9,
11 oblique. Hind wings broader by one-third than fore wings ;
268 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
veins 4 and 5 short-stalked, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing
with 8 to near middle, 1a and 1b pectinated towards base.
A curious form, more or less intermediate between
Scoparia and Scheenobius.
128. HHoploscopa astrapias, u. s.
2, 22—29 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and legs reddish
brown. Abdomen pale ochreous, tinged with reddish brown. Fore
wings very elongate, nearly oblong, gradually dilated posteriorly,
costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, hind margin straight, hardly
oblique, rounded beneath; reddish fuscous, purplish-tinged, and
suffusedly mixed with bright crimson along veins; a short white
or yellow median streak from base to one-fifth ; a short transverse
inwardly oblique snow-white streak in dise about two-fifths, above
shortly furcate, fork sometimes pale yellow and enclosing a crimson
spot; a right-angled snow-white streak in dise beyond middle,
angle filled with crimson, its extremities reaching near costa in
middle and before three-fourths, angle reaching half across wing ;
a snow-white sinuate line, sometimes reduced to a row of dots,
from costa close before apex to near inner margin at four-fifths,
terminated beneath by a short white streak on submedian fold;
cilia reddish fuscous. Hind wings whitish ochreous, becoming
gradually more tinged with reddish fuscous posteriorly; cilia
whitish ochreous.
Fiji (Lucas) ; two specimens.
CRAMBIDA.
CALAMOTROPHA, Z.
129. Calamotropha dielota, n. s.
3, 2, 23—29 mm. Head white or whitish ochreous, sides light
ochreous. Palpi ight brownish ochreous, above white. Antenne
whitish ochreous. Thorax brownish ochreous. Abdomen and legs
whitish, anterior pair suffused with ochreous. Fore wings elon-
gate, somewhat dilated, costa hardly arched, apex rectangular,
hind margin straight, not oblique, rounded beneath; very pale
whitish brown, towards costa and base somewhat darker, with
thinly scattered black and dark fuscous scales; a fuscous suffusion
along submedian fold from base to three-fourths ; a distinct black
dot on submedian fold in middle, and a second in dise considerably
beyond middle ; a row of small indistinct blackish dots from near
costa four-fifths to above anal angle, curved outwards, not reaching
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 269
margins; a hind-marginal row of black dots; cilia white (im-
perfect). Hind wings whitish, with a very faint greyish sub-
terminal line; cilia white.
Mr. Mathew states that he took the species amongst
sugar-cane; it probably feeds on that plant, and must
therefore be introduced with it, but I have not been able
to identify it with the described sugar-cane-feeding species
of this and allied genera.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas) ; two specimens.
Cramsus, F’.
130. Crambus hapaliscus, Z.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew); Fiji (Lucas) ;
several specimens. Also from Eastern Australia, Ceylon,
and South Africa.
131. Crambus cuneiferellus, Walk.
Norfolk Island, New Hebrides, and Tonga (Mathew) ;
Fiji (Lucas) ; common. Occurs also in Kastern Australia,
to which I had already predicted that it would be found
not to be confined; the range now established proves
that Australia possesses no really indigenous species of
Crambus.
AUTAROTIS, 0. g.
Forehead rounded; ocelli present; tongue well developed.
Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male shortly ciliated. Labial
palpi very long, straight, porrected, with dense loosely appressed
scales, attenuated to apex. Maxillary palpi moderately long,
triangularly dilated, resting on labial. Fore wings with veins 2
and 3 stalked, 4 and 5 from a point, 7 rising out of stalk of 8 and
9, 10 closely approximated to 9, 11 bent. Hind wings with veins
4 and 5 from a point, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing with stalk of
6 and 7 from beyond cell to beyond 6, lower median pectinated ;
under surface with a longitudinal furrow beneath anastomosed
portions of 6 and 8.
Characterised by the stalked veins 2 and 3 of fore
wings, and furrow of hind wings.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PART lI. (OCT.) U
270 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
132. Autarotis euryala, nu. s.
3d, 21 mm. Head and palpi white, on sides light ochreous
Antenne and thorax light ochreous. Abdomen whitish. Legs
white, anterior pair light ochreous. Fore wings broadly triangular,
costa hardly arched, apex round-pointed, hind margin slightly
rounded, waved, rather oblique; pale greyish ochreous, with
scattered black scales on veins; veins posteriorly suffusedly white ;
a white suffusion along inner margin from base to beyond middle,
above extremity of which is a large blackish dot; three other
indistinct blackish dots transversely placed in dise beyond middle ;
a fine brownish ochreous line, posteriorly slenderly whitish mar-
gined, from three-fourths of costa to three-fourths of inner margin,
strongly curved outwards, bent above middle; a fine blackish hind-
marginal line, forming small black spots on veins 2 and 38; cilia
shining grey-whitish, narrowly barred with white. Hind wings
and cilia white.
Fiji (Mathew) ; one specimen.
HEpNOTA, n. g.
Forehead with a more or less feenotaa cone ; ocelli present ;
tongue well developed. Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in
male ciliated, dentate, or bipectinated. Labial palpi very long,
straight, porrected, loosely scaled, gradually attenuated. Maxillary
palpi moderately long, porrected, triangularly scaled. Fore wings
with veins 4 and 5 separate or rarely stalked, 8 and 9 stalked, 11
sometimes bent. Hind wings with veins 4 and 5 from a point,
stalked, or rarely coincident, 6 remote from 7 at origin, anasto-
mosing with 8 more or less, lower median and 10 pectinated ;
inner margin in male of one species (H. argyroéles) lobed and
folded, with tuft of hairs.
I have formed this genus to include all the Australian
species (except lativittalis, Walk.) formerly classed by
me under T'hinasotia, from which they differ by having
veins 6 and 7 of hind wings remote at origin instead of
stalked. I find this character important, and a new
genus was therefore necessary. There are about twenty
Australian species, of which the following is one; the
genus has not been identified elsewhere.
133. Hednota bifractella, Walk.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; one specimen.
Also from Eastern Australia.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 271
PHYTICIDA.
I adopt provisionally the family name suggested by
M. Ragonot.
CoNOBATHRA, N. g.
Forehead flat, vertical; ocelli present; tongue well developed.
Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male filiform, shortly ciliated
(4), with a thickened sinuation at base, basal joint produced on
inner side above into a large acute-conical horny tooth, suprabasal
joint slightly enlarged and angular. Labial palpi moderate,
curved, ascending, second joint with dense rather projecting scales,
terminal joint as long as second, moderately stout, pointed.
Maxillary palpi short, filiform. Posterior tibie in male with hairs
dilated above towards apex, and a long curved pencil of hairs from
base above directed forwards. Fore wings with (reckoning normal
12 veins) 4 and 5 stalked, 7 absent, 8 and 9 stalked. Hind wings
broader by one-half than fore wings; veins 4 and 5 stalked out of
8, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to middle, lower
median pectinated.
134. Conobathra automorpha, n.s.
3,16mm. Head and thorax grey mixed with purplish. Palpi
dark fuscous, base and apex of joints greyish. Antenne and
abdomen grey. Legs dark fuscous, apex of joints grey-whitish.
Fore wings elongate, moderately dilated, costa nearly straight, apex
tolerably rectangular, hind margin rounded, rather oblique ; pale
greyish ochreous, irregularly irrorated with dark purple-fuscous,
costa suffused with whitish ochreous; first line thick, almost
straight, from two-fifths of costa to two-fifths of inner margin,
dark purple-fuscous, preceded by a pale line, and followed by a
rather more ochreous band ; second line pale, preceded and followed
by obscure dark fuscous lines, somewhat sinuate, near and parallel
to hind margin; two obscure dark fuscous dots transversely placed
in middle of disc; a dark fuscous hind-marginal line; cilia purplish
fuscous, with rows of whitish points. Hind wings whitish grey,
semitransparent, apex and hind margin grey; cilia grey-whitish,
with a grey line.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew); one specimen
bred.
ETIELLA, Z.
185. Htiella apotomella, Meyy.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; one specimen.
Also from Eastern Australia.
272 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
Homaosoma, Curt.
136. Homaosoma cataphea, n. 8.
3, 22 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and legs fuscous,
mixed with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish ochreous. Fore wings
elongate, gradually dilated, costa hardly arched, apex obtuse, hind
margin straight, rather oblique, rounded beneath ; neuration as in
H. vagella; fuscous, suffused with dark fuscous; the lighter colour
forms two obscure straight transverse streaks, first from one-fifth
of costa to one-third of inner margin, second from costa before
apex to three-fourths of inner margin; cilia fuscous, towards base
suffusedly dark fuscous. Hind wings whitish ochreous ; a fuscous
hind-marginal line; cilia whitish ochreous.
I'iji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
EpuHEstTia, Gn.
187. Hphestia elutella, Hb.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen. Introduced from Europe,
as also into Australia.
GALLERIADA.
MELISSOBLAPTES, Z.
I understand the genus in its restricted sense, as
distinct from Aphomia and [Heteromicta.
188. Melissoblaptes isodesma, Nn. s.
?, 30 mm. Head, palpi, antennx, thorax, and legs pale
ochreous, somewhat suffused with light reddish fuscous, and thinly
irrorated with dark grey. Abdomen ochreous-whitish, irrorated
with grey. Fore wings elongate-oblong, somewhat dilated, costa
moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind margin rounded, rather
oblique; light reddish fuscous, somewhat mixed with grey-whitish,
and irrorated with dark grey; lines thick, cloudy, dentate, dark
grey; first from one-third of costa to two-fifths of inner margin,
irregularly curved outwards; second from two-thirds of costa to
three-fourths of inner margin, rather strongly curved outwards
from near costa to near inner margin; a small dark grey spot in
dise before middle and another in dise beyond middle; cilia grey-
whitish, basal half light fuscous-reddish. Hind wings pale grey,
becoming grey-whitish towards base; cilia whitish, base reddish-
tinged.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 2738
HETEROMICTA, N. 8.
Forehead with projecting cone of scales; ocelli present ; tongue
well developed. Antenne one-half to two-thirds of fore wings, in
male filiform, minutely ciliated, basal joint sometimes with slight
tooth of scales in front. Labial palpi in male moderate or short,
appressed to frontal cone, in female long, straight, porrected, with
loosely appressed scales, attenuated from middle to apex. Maxillary
palpi short, filiform. Posterior tibia with outer spurs about half
inner. Fore wings with vein 1 fureate at base, 2 from or before
two-thirds of cell, 4 and 5 from a point, 6 from near 7, 8 and 9
stalked out of 7. Hind wings broader by one-third to one-half
than fore wings, 2 from near angle, 3 and 4 stalked, 5 absent,
transverse vein angulated inwards almost to base, 7 out of 6,
anastomosing with 8 very shortly or at a point.
I have formed this genus to include the two following
species, together with pachytera, Meyr., tripartitella,
Meyr., and latro, Z.; it differs from Aphomia and
Melissoblaptes, with which these species have hitherto
been included, in having veins 8 and 9 of the fore wings
stalked out of 7, instead of veins 7 and 8 stalked out of
9. In H. latro male the dise of fore wings is clothed
with appressed hairs, and in HZ. tripartitella male there
is a small brush of hairs on fore wings beneath from
below costa before middle, but these characters appear
specific only.
139. Heteromicta rufivena, Walk.
Lamoria rufivena, Walk., 960; Melissoblaptes rufo-
venalis, Snell., Tijd. v. Ent., 1880, 248; ibid.,
(883;"pl-v:;/ 10:
Agrees sufficiently with both descriptions, but size only 23 mm. ;
a linear dark fuscous mark in dise before middle, and an incomplete
circular mark in disc beyond middle, connected by a line of a few
white scales; a dark grey hind-marginal line; veins sharply
defined red on dorsal half, obsolete on costal; hind wings and
abdomen light yellow-ochreous.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew); one female
specimen. Also from Celebes and Borneo.
140. Heteromicta trichogramma, n. 8.
?,31mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax pale brownish
ochreous. Abdomen and legs pale whitish ochreous, anterior legs
274 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions o7
brownish-tinged. Fore wings elongate-oblong, slightly dilated,
costa straight, apex obtuse, hind margin rounded, oblique; pale
ochreous-brown, with a few very fine scattered black scales ; costal
edge very narrowly white; an obscure dark fuscous dot in dise
before middle, and another in dise beyond middle; a fine inter-
rupted black hind-marginal line; cilia light brownish ochreous.
Hind wings and cilia very pale whitish ochreous.
Fiyi (Lucas) ; one specimen.
PTEROPHORIDA.
TricHopriLtus, Wlsm.
141. Trichoptilus centetes, Meyr.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; several speci-
mens.
SPHENARCHES, Mey’.
142. Sphenarches synophrys, Meyr.
New Hebrides and Tonga (Mathew); several speci-
mens.
DruTERocopPUs, Z.
1438. Deuterocopus Tengstrem, Z.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; several speci-
mens. Also from Java.
Acrptinia, Hb.
144. Aciptilia aptalis, Walk.
New Hebrides, Samoa, and Tonga (Mathew); Fiji
(Lucas); common. Occurs also in Kastern Australia.
TORTRICINA.
GRAPHIOLITHID.
Eccorsis, Z.
The following species agrees entirely in structure with
North American species of the genus, except that in
male the inner angle of hind wings is prominent but not
excised; the longitudinal pocket of imner margin is
equally developed,
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 275
145. Hecopsis aprobola, n. s.
$,20mm. Head, palpi, and antenne ochreous-brown. Thorax
pale ochreous, spotted with brown, crest dark ochreous-brown.
Abdomen dark grey, anal tuft pale ochreous. Legs whitish ochreous,
anterior tarsi banded with dark fuscous. Fore wings oblong,
gradually dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hind margin
not oblique, rounded beneath; ochreous-white, strigulated and
mostly suffused with pale ochreous; costa and inner margin
shortly strigulated with black; two angulated brownish ochreous
lines about one-fourth, first spotted with black on inner margin
and second on fold ; a narrow nearly straight fuscous central fascia
from middle of costa to three-fourths of inner margin, its posterior
edge dilated into a large quadrate blotch below costa, and spotted
with black towards inner margin; an irregular fuscous spot near
before apex, between which and anal angle is a series of four or
five short longitudinal linear fuscous marks; some dark fuscous
subterminal dots before upper half of hind margin ; cilia whitish,
with a blackish basal line round apex (imperfect). Hind wings
with inner angle prominent but not excised ; a plate of thickened
scales covering upper margin of cell before transverse vein; dark
fuscous, becoming lighter towards base; cilia white, with an in-
distinct grey line.
?,19mm. Fore wings ochreous, slightly mixed with white ;
fuscous and brownish ochreous markings mostly replaced by black ;
interspaces with numerous suffusedly confluent metallic leaden grey
lines; cilia pale ochreous, on upper half suffusedly barred with
blackish, towards anal angle white; rest as in male. Hind wings
asin male, but inner angle not prominent; cilia greyer.
Tonga (Mathew) ; two specimens.
Carpocapsa, T'r.
The following species possesses every characteristic of
the genus, including the discal groove of the hind wings,
except that the thorax has a strong posterior crest; I do
not at present consider it necessary to separate it on
this account.
146. Carpocapsa immanis, n. 8.
3$,27mm. Head, palpi, and thorax reddish fuscous suffused
with dark fuscous and somewhat mixed with whitish ochreous.
Antenne and abdomen fuscous. Fore wings moderate, posteriorly
moderately dilated, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind
276 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
margin faintly sinuate, somewhat oblique ; reddish fuscous, mixed
with grey; basal two-thirds of wing and a large triangular patch
on hind margin beneath apex suffused with dark fuscous; costa
marked with pairs of very short whitish ochreous strigule ; cilia
fuscous (imperfect). Hind wings and cilia fuscous-grey.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
CROCIDOSEMA, 2.
147. Crocidosema pleberana, Z.
Tonga (Mathew); Fiji (Lucas); several specimens.
Also in Eastern Australia and Europe; an introduced
species.
TORTRICIDA.
Apoxopuyss, Meyr.
148. Adoxophyes cyrtosema, N. s.
3, 2, 16—21 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen,
and legs whitish ochreous; head and thorax sometimes ochreous-
brown, abdomen sometimes more yellowish. Fore wings moderate,
oblong, costa anteriorly strongly arched, posteriorly straight, apex
obtuse, hind margin sinuate, not oblique; whitish ochreous ; costal
fold of male more ochreous ; a reddish ochreous oblong spot, some-
what mixed and outlined with dark fuscous, on inner margin about
one-third, its upper edge sinuate ; an incomplete line of reddish
ochreous and dark fuscous scales from near one-sixth of costa to
posterior edge of this spot, representing basal patch ; central fascia
from before middle of costa to before anal angle, reddish ochreous
mixed with fuscous and outlined with dark ftiscous, sometimes
partially obsolete in disc, narrow and irregular, towards lower
extremity suddenly dilated posteriorly into a large irregular blotch ;
a triangular reddish fuscous patch on costa towards apex, mixed
with fuscous and irregularly outlined with dark fuscous, posterior
edge near and parallel to hind margin, and reaching half across
wing; all these markings in female sometimes indistinct and entire
wing suffused with ochreous; cilia whitish ochreous. Hind wings
whitish ochreous, more ochreous posteriorly, base more whitish ;
cilia whitish ochreous or yellow ochreous.
Tonga (Mathew) ; Fiji (Lucas) ; about eight specimens.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 277
TINEINA.
GELECHIADA.
CROCANTHES, Ni. g.
Head smooth; ocelli absent or present; tongue well developed.
Antenne as long as fore wings or longer, in male serrate, simple,
basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi long, smooth,
recurved, second joint slender or somewhat thickened, terminal
joint as long as second, acute. Maxillary palpi short, appressed to
tongue. Abdomen in male with anal valves strong, uncus rather
short, slender, curved. Posterior tibie clothed with rough hairs
above. Fore wings with vein 1 furcate at base, lower fork partially
obsolete, 2 and 3 stalked from angle, 5 absent, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to
costa, 9 separate, or rarely out of stalk of 7 and 8, 10 absent.
Hind wings as broad as fore wings, trapezoidal, apex round-pointed,
hind margin sorhewhat sinuate, cilia one-half to one; 8 and 4
stalked, 5 absent, transverse vein extremely faint or absent, 6 and
7 stalked.
Well characterised by the peculiar neuration and long
antenne ; besides the two following species I have three
others undescribed from Eastern Australia, all belonging
to the first section. Vein 9 of fore wings is separate
except in one undescribed species.
Sect. A. Ocelli absent ; antenne conspicuously longer
than fore wings.
149. Crocanthes prasinopis, 0. 8.
dS, 2,12—15 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax whitish
yellow; shoulders narrowly brownish ochreous; eyes brilliant
green when alive. Abdomen and legs yellow-whitish. Fore wings
elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed,
hind margin sinuate, rather strongly oblique; light yellow;
markings brownish ochreous, sometimes irrorated with fuscous ; a
suffused streak along costa from base to before middle; a broad
fascia beyond middle, nearly parallel to hind margin, anteriorly
edged with blackish, posterior edge marked with a small blackish
spot in disc, and connected on costa and more indistinctly on inner
margin with a rather suffused fascia along hind margin; cilia
whitish yellow, basal third light ochreous, bounded by a strong
blackish line, towards apex and anal angle wholly whitish ochreous,
Hind wings pale whitish ochreous, posteriorly sometimes fuscous-
tinged, extreme apex fuscous; a small fuscous or dark fuscous
278 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
spot in middle of disc; cilia whitish ochreous, towards base more
yellowish.
Described from a series of Australian specimens ; the
New Guinea specimen is rather smaller and darker than
the average.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew); one specimen.
Also common in Kastern Australia.
Sect. B. Ocelli distinct ; antenne about as long as
fore wings.
150. Crocanthes heliarcha, n. s.
$,13mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous. Palpi with second
joint whitish yellowish, upper edge blackish, terminal joint blackish.
Antenne grey, towards apex ochreous-whitish. Abdomen bright
orange, with a suffused blackish spot on back of each segment
except towards base. Legs ochreous-yellowish, tarsi and anterior
tibie spotted with dark fuscous. Fore wings elongate-oblong,
rather narrow, gradually slightly dilated, apex rounded, hind
margin obliquely rounded; bright orange, with purplish black
markings; a large basal patch, extending on costa to two-thirds
and on inner margin to two-fifths, outer edge irregular, tolerably
straight, a small transverse spot in middle of disc; a hind-marginal
patch, bounded by a sinuate line from four-fifths of costa to anal
angle; cilia purplish black, terminal half round apex ochreous-
whitish. Hind wings bright orange, with purplish black markings ;
a short line along costa beyond middle; a crescentic inwards-
curved spot in dise beyond middle; a narrow hind-marginal band,
somewhat dilated at apex, with a small irregular prominence at
three-fourths ; cilia black.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; several speci-
mens.
BRACHYACMA, N. g.
Head smooth; no ocelli; tongue well developed. Antenne
four-fifths of fore wings, in male filiform, simple, basal joint rather
long, slender, without pecten. Labial palpi rather long, nearly
straight, obliquely ascending, second joint thickened with appressed
scales, somewhat rough beneath towards apex, above with rough
projecting hairs towards middle, terminal joint short, about one-
third of second, filiform, pointed. Maxillary palpi very short,
filiform. Abdomen in male with uncus long, flattened, concave
beneath, apex formed into a semicircular black plate concave
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 279
beneath, before which are two short oblique lateral spines.
Posterior tibize clothed with long hairs above. Fore wings with
vein 1 furcate at base, 2 from lower margin of cell at three-fourths,
3 and 4 from point of angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hind
wings slightly broader than fore wings, tolerably trapezoidal, apex
round-pointed, hind margin twice somewhat sinuate, cilia one; 3
and 4 from a point, 6 and 7 stalked.
151. Brachyacma epiochra, n. s.
$,17mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
whitish ochreous; second joint of palpi externally fuscous. Fore
wings elongate, narrow, parallel-sided, apex rounded, hind margin
obliquely rounded; whitish ochreous; costal edge very slenderly
dark fuscous from base to near apex, dilated at base, posteriorly
also somewhat dilated, more suffused and reddish-tinged ; a dark
fuscous dot on submedian fold before middle; cilia whitish
ochreous, costal cilia dark fuscous except towards apex. Hind
wings and cilia light fuscous-grey.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
ATASTHALISTIS, Nl. g.
Head smooth; no ocelli; tongue well developed. Antenne
three-fourths of fore wings, in male subserrate, moderately ciliated
(1), basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi very long,
recurved, second joint considerably exceeding base of antenne,
much thickened throughout with dense rough scales above and
beneath, terminal joint shorter than or nearly equal to second,
acute, thickened with dense rough scales except at apex. Maxillary
palpi very short, appressed to tongue. Posterior femora in male
swollen, posterior tibize clothed with long hairs above. Fore wings
with vein 1 fureate at base, 2 from near angle of cell, 5 absent,
7 and8 stalked, 7 to hind margin or apex. Hind wings considerably
broader than fore wings, trapezoidal, apex round-pointed, hind
margin almost straight, cilia two-fifths; veins 8 and 4 from point
of angle, 6 from angle, 7 from before middle of cell, running
shortly into 8, or 6 and 7 stalked, 8 free; 10 strongly pectinated.
The insect figured by Felder as Hthmia qnophrina
(Reis. Nov., pl. exxxix, 88) is probably a third species of
this genus,
280 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
Sect. A. Fore wings with vein 7 to apex; hind wings
with veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 free.
152. Atasthalistis pyrocosma, N. 8.
3,22mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax purplish black.
Abdomen and legs dark fuscous, posterior tibie greyish ochreous.
Fore wings elongate-oblong, narrow, apex round-pointed, hind
margin sinuate, rather oblique; black, slightly purplish-tinged ; a
rather narrow pale whitish yellow streak close beneath costa from
base to four-fifths, leaving costal edge black, attenuated at apex ;
a minute yellow-whitish costal dot near beyond apex of this; a
deep orange hind-marginal fascia from apex to anal angle, moderate
on costa, gradually attenuated to a point beneath ; an interrupted
black hind-marginal line ; cilia deep orange, on costa and beneath
anal angle black. Hind wings bright orange; a large blackish
apical patch, bounded by a slightly curved line from three-fifths of
costa to middle of hind margin ; hairs of vein 16 dark grey; cilia
blackish.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew); several speci-
mens. Mr. Mathew states that a number of this species
came on board ship whilst still at some distance from
land; he did not meet with the species on shore. In
spite of the difference of neuration it cannot be separated
generically from the following.
Sect. B. Fore wings with vein 7 to hind margin; hind
wings with vein 7 remote from 6, rising from upper
margin of cell, running into 8.
158. Atasthalistis tricolor, Feld.
Ypsolophus tricolor, Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. exxxix., 18.
?,22mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax blackish fuscous,
outer half of patagia yellowish white. Abdomen orange, beneath
dark fuseous. Legs dark fuscous, posterior tibie pale orange.
Fore wings elongate-oblong, narrow, apex round-pointed, hind
margin rather oblique, strongly sinuate ; blackish fuscous; a broad
very pale whitish yellowish streak along costa from base to near
apex, leaving costal edge narrowly blackish from one-fourth
onwards, lower edge of this streak shortly indented before middle ;
a pale whitish yellowish line along hind margin from above apex
to below anal angle, externally margined with a few black scales ;
cilia bright orange. Hind wings and cilia bright orange.
Solomon Islands (Mathew); one specimen. Occurs
also in Java.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 281
Avutosticua, Meyr.
I propose this name for the genus characterised by me
in the Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xx., 34, under the designation
of Automola, which latter name is untenable, having
been previously employed by Loew for a genus of Diptera.
154. Autosticha demias, nN. 8.
9,18mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
whitish ochreous, thinly sprinkled with fuscous. Fore wings
elongate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hind margin
obliquely rounded; pale ochreous, thinly irrorated with dark
fuscous ; a blackish dot on inner margin near base; a blackish dot
in disc before middle, a second rather obliquely before it on fold,
and a third larger in disc beyond middle ; an almost marginal row
of blackish dots between veins on hind margin and apical fourth
of costa; cilia pale ochreous. Hind wings pale whitish grey,
slightly ochreous-tinged; cilia ochreous-whitish.
Very similar to the Hawaiian A. pelodes, but second
discal dot obliquely before instead of beyond first ; also
fore wings somewhat more elongate, with an additional
blackish dot near base of inner margin, and without
basal dot on costa, hind wings somewhat greyer, rather
broader than fore wings.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
CRYPTOLECHIADA.
I propose to extend the definition of this family pro-
visionally in such a manner as to include forms in which
veins 7 and 8 of the fore wings are separate, and some-
times also 8 stalked with 9, the remaining structure
being identical.
CopROMORPHA, D. g.
Head with dense loosely appressed hairs; no ocelli; no tongue.
Antennex two-thirds of fore wings, in male strongly unipectinated
(4), basal joint large, broadly flattened, concave beneath. Labial
palpi moderate, curved, ascending, second joint not reaching base
of antenne, greatly thickened with dense somewhat rough scales,
terminal joint half second, much thickened with appressed scales,
pointed. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Thorax broadly crested behind.
Posterior tibie much thickened with dense long hair scales. Fore
wings with tufts of scales on surface; 1 furcate at base, 2 from
282 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
beyond three-fourths of cell, 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 and 8
separate, 7 to hind margin. Hind wings broader by one-fourth
than fore wings, irregularly ovate, cilia one-fourth; veins 3 and 4
short-stalked, 5 approximated to 4 at base, 6 and 7 parallel; lower
median, 1a, and 1b with very dense pectinations towards base.
Kven in the extended sense of the family, this genus
can hardly with justice be brought within its limits ;
but it will not agree better with any other established
family, and the creation of a new one, which is probably
necessary, may with advantage be deferred until further
material is obtained. The nearest ally to it which I
possess is an undescribed genus from Hastern Australia,
in which veins 8 and 9 of the fore wings are stalked.
155. Copromorpha gypsota, n. s.
3, 26—30 mm. Head white. Palpi white, second joint suffused
with dark fuscous externally except at apex. Antenne white,
narrowly banded with dark fuscous. Thorax white, slightly mixed
with purplish, shoulders narrowly purplish fuscous. Abdomen
pale greyish ochreous, mixed with grey. Legs dark fuscous, apex
of joints white, posterior pair suffused with whitish. Fore wings
moderately broad, gradually dilated throughout, costa somewhat
sinuate, posteriorly moderately arched, apex very obtusely rounded,
hind margin rounded, not oblique ; whole dise with numerous tufts
of raised scales; white, obscurely strigulated in dise with pale
yellowish ochreous, and towards margins with purplish fuscous ; a
fuscous-purple blotch along basal fourth of costa, ending in a
blackish spot; a large ill-defined inwardly oblique fuscous-purple
blotch from middle of costa, reaching half across wing, containing
two blackish spots on costa, the posterior smaller; a short black
curved longitudinal linear black mark in middle of disc ; two small
black spots on costa towards apex, and some scattered small black
spots towards hind margin; cilia ochreous-whitish, with an ochreous
basal line, barred with fuscous-purplish, except at apex. Hind
wings light fuscous-grey ; neural pectinations pale greyish ochreous;
cilia pale greyish ochreous, with an indistinct grey line.
Fiji (Mathew, Lucas) ; two specimens.
ANTMOTRICHA, Z.
The generic reference of the following species is un-
certain, since the specimen is a female, and the charac-
teristic long costal hairs of the hind wings of male
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 283
remain to be observed; but the species appears to be
congeneric with five or six Australian species which
I refer to this genus, and in which these costal hairs are
strongly developed. ‘The neuration of Zeller’s South
American species is not given; that of these is as
follows: fore wings with vein 1 furcate at base, 2 from
before three-fourths of cell, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa ;
hind wings with veins 3 and 4 from a point, 6 and 7
from a point.
156. Anteotricha hospita, Feld.
Cryptolechia hospita, Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. exxxviii., 57.
9, 27 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax white, mixed
with pale grey. Abdomen yellow-ochreous. Legs yellow-ochreous,
anterior pair black, middle tarsi dark fuscous. Fore wings elon-
gate-oblong, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hind margin
obliquely rounded ; white, mixed with light grey, and a few scattered
black scales; a narrow oblique transverse black streak from costa
near base, reaching half across wing; a cloudy grey spot in middle
of dise ; cilia whitish. Hind wings light yellow-ochreous, with a
grey apical patch; cilia light yellow-ochreous, round apex grey.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew); one specimen.
According to Felder also from North Australia.
DEPRESSARIADA.
OcTASPHALES, 0. g.
Head loosely haired, side-tufts rather spreading, hairs projecting
over forehead ; no ocelli; tongue well developed. Antenne almost
as long as fore wings, filiform, basal joint elongate, without pecten.
Labial palpi long, slender, recurved, second joint exceeding base of
antenne, clothed with appressed scales, terminal joint as long as
second, acute. Maxillary palpi very short. Abdomen broad,
somewhat flattened. Middle and posterior tibiz densely clothed
with scales. Fore wings with vein 1 fureate at base, 2 and 3
stalked from angle, 7 absent (coincident with 8). Hind wings as
broad as fore wings, ovate, cilia one-fourth; veins 3 and 4 from a
point, 6 and 7 tolerably parallel, 16 pectinated towards base.
Differs from all other genera of the family by the
coincidence of veins 7 and 8 of the fore wings.
284 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
157. Octasphales charitopa, n. s.
?,16mm. Head, palpi, and thorax grey mixed with white,
terminal joint of palpi with a dark fuscous subapical band.
Antenne white, annulated with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey.
Legs white, anterior tarsi spotted with dark fuscous. Fore wings
oblong, moderate, costa strongly arched towards base, bent and
dilated with scales about one-third, thence nearly straight to near
apex, apex and hind margin evenly rounded, semicircular ; whitish,
somewhat suffused with pale greyish, and marked with numerous
small cloudy dark grey spots, posteriorly coalescing to form an
oblique fascia from middle of costa to anal angle, narrow on upper
half, dilated posteriorly on lower half into a large blotch extending
almost to hind margin, and connected by a bar with costa before
apex; costal edge narrowly lght rose-pink; a dark grey hind-
marginal line; cilia whitish, base rosy-tinged. Hind wings grey,
lighter towards base; cilia grey-whitish, with a cloudy grey line.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; one specimen.
dCOPHORIDA.
Two species of this family, Palparia semijunctella,
Walk., and Philobota monolitha, Meyr., were included in
the collection of Dr. Lucas as taken in Fiji, each repre-
sented by a single specimen only ; but I am disposed to
believe that there must have been some error as to the
locality. Both are characteristic Australian species,
and in my opinion very unlikely to occur in Fiji, even by
artificial introduction ; and considering the possibility of
confusion, I think it will be right to await further
evidence before including them in the Fijian list.
GLYPHIPTERYGIDA.
THYLACOPLEURA, N. g.
Head with dense loosely appressed hairs; no ocelli; tongue well
developed. Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male filiform,
moderately ciliated (1), basal joint stout, without pecten. Labial
palpi moderate, arched, ascending, second joint not reaching base
of antenn, thickened with dense appressed scales, terminal joint
less than half second, thickened with loosely appressed scales,
bluntly pointed. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Middle tibiz short,
triangular; posterior tibie clothed with long hairs beneath on
basal half. Fore wings with vein 1 long-furcate at base, 2 from
close before angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to hind margin. Hind wings
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 285
as broad as fore wings, trapezoidal-ovate, hind margin rounded,
inner margin in male folded longitudinally into a deep pocket
opening beneath, and produced at lower angle into a strong rounded
lobe ; veins la, 1b, and 1c apparently concealed in pocket, 3 and 4
remote, 6 and 7 stalked.
This singular genus is out of place everywhere, and
certainly cannot be said to fall under the definition of
this family; but as it seems to have most affinity here,
it may be allowed to remain for the present. The
neuration of the hind wings is such as is only found
otherwise in the Gelechiade; but the ciliated antenne,
form of the palpi, long fureation of vein 1, and hind-
marginal termination of veins 7 and 8 of the fore wings
are discordant in that family.
158. Thylacopleura autodoxa, n. 8.
3,19—21 mm. Head and thorax dark purplish fuscous, mixed
with yellowish and whitish. Palpi white, above yellowish, a sub-
apical band of second joint, and terminal joint except apex black.
Antenne fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous, segmental margins
broadly ochreous-yellow. Legs white, broadly banded with dark
fuscous. Fore wings broad, triangular, costa slightly arched, apex
obtusely rounded, hind margin rounded, not oblique; fuscous,
somewhat purplish-tinged ; a streak (sometimes well-defined) from
base of costa to inner margin before middle, and a triangular patch
extending on costa from before middle to apex, and connected at
its apex with middle of inner margin by a dentate streak, irrorated
with white; a purplish black suffusion along inner margin to
middle, and along submedian fold to two-thirds; a black dot in
dise before middle, a second more obscure slightly beyond it on
fold, both sometimes obsolete, and a third larger in dise beyond
middle; a cloudy ochreous-yellowish spot on costa at two-thirds,
and a second before apex, whence proceeds a cloudy dentate
yellowish line to anal angle, preceded in middle by a purplish
black suffusion; a hind-marginal row of ochreous-yellowish dots ;
cilia light fuscous-grey, becoming dark grey at apex and anal angle,
with a dark grey basal line. Hind wings ochreous-yellow, with a
broad blackish border all round except on costa; cilia ochreous-
yellow, round apex blackish.
Fyi (Mathew, Lucas) ; two specimens.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886. PART III. (OC0T.) x
286 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
HILAROGRAPHA, Z.
The generic characters are incompletely given by
Zeller, and | therefore subjoin them in full :—
Head with loosely appressed hairs; ocelli large, bright; no
tongue. Antenne hardly more than half fore wings, in male
strongly ciliated with fascicles (23), basal joint short, stout, without
pecten. Labial palpi short, slender, curved, ascending, with
appressed scales, terminal joint shorter than second, tolerably
pointed. Maxillary palpi absent. Posterior tibize loosely rough-
sealed above. Fore wings with vein 1 furcate at base, 2 from
lower margin of cell before three-fourths, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to
hind margin. Hind wings as broad as fore wings, oblong-ovate ;
veins 3 and 4 short-stalked, 6 and 7 stalked, 16 pectinated towards
base.
This genus offers an exception to the definition of the
family, in having veins 6 and 7 of the hind wings
stalked; I think the definition may be provisionally
widened to include this case.
159. Hilarographa zapyra, n. 8.
3$,15mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and legs reddish ochreous,
anterior legs banded with dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous,
purplish-tinged. Abdomen orange, banded with dark fuscous.
Fore wings moderate, rather strongly dilated, costa almost straight,
apex rounded, hind margin hardly oblique, slightly rounded, rather
strongly indented below apex; bright deep orange, marbled with
numerous very irregular angulated transverse dark purple-fuscous
lines, except on a hind-marginal band attenuated to a point at anal
angle; between pairs of these lines are four oblique light metallic-
blue streaks from costa, becoming obsolete before disc; a curved
whitish dark-margined streak from apex returning to costa at four-
fifths ; a leaden grey mark above anal angle, terminated above by
a black dot; a whitish dot on subapical indentation, triangularly
margined with dark fuscous; cilia whitish, with a dark purple-
fuscous line, interrupted on indentation. Hind wings bright orange,
suffusedly margined with dark fuscous, more broadly along imner
margin and at apex; cilia grey-whitish, with a dark fuscous basal
line.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew) ; one specimen.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 287
Simagetuis, Leach.
160. Stimaethis chalcotoxa, n. 8.
3, %, 13—15 mm. Head and thorax dark bronze, sprinkled
with whitish. Palpi black, tips of scales white, second joint with
three whorls, third apical, terminal joint with one medial whorl.
Antenne dark fuscous, annulated with white, ciliations 3. Abdo-
men dark grey, mixed with bronze, with slender white rings. Legs
blackish, mixed with white, basal joint of posterior tarsi much
dilated with scales above. Fore wings broad, triangular, costa
strongly arched, apex rounded, hind margin oblique, slightly
rounded; ochreous-bronze; basal third with scattered whitish
scales; a straight obscure ochreous-whitish line from one-third of
costa to two-fifths of inner margin ; a similar line from an ochreous-
white spot on costa beyond middle very obliquely outwards half
across wing, thence sharply angulated inwards and becoming
obsolete; an upwards-curved brassy-grey or steel-blue metallic
black-margined longitudinal streak in disc above middle from first
to second line; a large quadrate patch of mixed white and black
scales on inner margin beyond middle, margined above and on
upper half of anterior edge by a thick black streak, containing a
small metallic-blue spot in angle; a strong brassy-grey or violet-
blue metallic black-edged line from costa at two-thirds very
obliquely outwards to beneath apex, thence bent and continued
near hind margin to anal angle; a blackish mark at apex; cilia
shining dark grey, with a black basal line, tips irregularly whitish.
Hind wings dark fuscous; a central streak from base dilating into
a discal blotch, two cloudy streaks between this and inner margin,
and a small spot on hind margin dull smoky ochreous, sometimes
suffused ; cilia whitish, with a black basal line, at apex and anal
angle grey.
Tonga (Mathew); Fiji (Lucas); four specimens.
161. Simaethis orthogona, n.s.
6,15mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark grey, with a few
whitish points. Palpi whitish towards base, second joint with
three whorls of scales, two upper dark grey with white tips,
terminal joint truncate, dark grey, with a white median ring.
Antenne dark fuscous annulated with white, ciliations 4. Legs
whitish, banded with black (posterior pair broken). Fore wings
broad, triangular, costa rather strongly arched, apex obtuse, hind
margin oblique, slightly rounded; yellow-ochreous, suffused with
grey and irrorated with dark grey, the ground colour only appearing
288 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
plainly beyond anterior fascia and on hind margin beneath apex;
markings white, irrorated with dark grey, and suffusedly margined
with dark grey; a transverse suffusion near base; a straight
moderate fascia from two-fifths of costa to before middle of inner
margin; an oblique oval spot in dise beyond middle ; an irregular
thick double line from costa at three-fifths obliquely outwards,
rather curved inwards, at one-third acutely angulated and continued
parallel to hind margin but inwards-curved to two-thirds, thence
sharply bent inwards to beneath middle and again rectangularly
bent to inner margin beyond middle, this lower portion margined
anteriorly with blackish; cilia grey, with a blackish line, towards
tips whitish. Hind wings dark fuscous-grey, disc somewhat lighter ;
an obscure whitish line near and parallel to lower half of hind
margin ; cilia as in fore wings.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Mathew); several speci-
mens.
PLUTELLIDA.
TRACHYCENTRA, 0. g.
Head tolerably smooth; no ocelli; tongue extremely short,
rudimentary. Antenne two-thirds of fore wings, in male filiform,
simple, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi long,
recurved, second joint with long rough hairs towards apex expanding
all round into a tuft, terminal joint as long as second, pointed,
laterally strongly compressed, exterior side hollowed into a shallow
longitudinal channel. Maxillary palpi moderate, filiform, drooping.
Anterior tibiz very short, basal joint of anterior tarsi clothed with
long rough hairs; middle and posterior tibie with short rough
hairs; all tarsal joints with rough hairs at apex; all spurs clothed
with rough projecting scales beneath. Fore wings with tufts of
raised scales; vein 1 fureate, 2 and 3 stalked, 7 to hind margin,
8 and 9 stalked, 11 from before one-third of cell, secondary cell
indicated. Hind wings slightly broader than fore wings, elongate-
ovate, acutely pointed, cilia one-half; veins 8 and 4 parallel, 6 and
7 approximated at base; forked parting-vein strong; lower median
and 1 with strong pectinations.
162. Trachycentra calamias, n. s.
g,27—32mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and
legs pale whitish ochreous; abdomen somewhat infuscated. Fore
wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched posteriorly, apex
strongly produced, acute, hind margin concave, oblique ; whitish
ochreous, slightly brownish-tinged, suffused with ochreous-whitish
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 289
towards costa and hind margin; faint indications of numerous
small brownish ochreous spots; two small tufts of raised black-
tipped scales on submedian fold before and beyond middle ; some
blackish scales forming an obscure X-shaped mark in dise beyond
middle; cilia ochreous-whitish. somewhat mixed with brownish
ochreous (imperfect). Hind wings fuscous-grey, apex whitish ;
cilia grey, round apex white.
Tonga (Mathew); Fiji (Lucas) ; two specimens.
HYPONOMEUTID#.
Orta, Grote.
163. Oeta apicalis, Voll.
Oeta apicalis, Voll., Tijd. v. Ent., 1868, 139, pl. ix., 5.
Solomon Islands (Mathew); one specimen. Also
from Java.
CYATHAULA, N. g.
Head smooth, forehead between antenne with dense smooth
scales, face very oblique inwards; no ocelli; tongue well developed.
Antenne three-fourths of fore wings, in male subserrate, somewhat
pubescent. Labial palpi moderately long, curved, ascending,
second joint broad, laterally strongly flattened, with appressed
scales, terminal joint as long as second, broad, laterally strongly
compressed and externally concave so as to form a longitudinal
channel, blunt-pointed. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Abdomen
flattened. Posterior tibize clothed above with long rough strong
hairs. Fore wings with vein 1 strongly furcate at base, 3 and 4
stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from near base of cell. Hind wings slightly
narrower than fore wings, elongate-ovate, cilia four-fifths; all
veins separate ; 1b pectinated towards base.
164. Cyathaula maculata, n. s.
S, 2, 15—18 mm. Head and thorax white. Palpi white,
terminal joint in male mixed with greyish ochreous. Antenne
white, spotted with dark fuscous. Abdomen dark grey. Legs
white, anterior and middle pair banded with dark fuscous, posterior
pair suffused with grey. Fore wings elongate, costa moderately
arched, apex round-pointed, hind margin extremely oblique; white,
with about thirty-four small irregularly-scattered ill-defined spots,
ochreous in male, grey in female ; all the larger spots contain some
black scales; one on inner margin beyond middle forms a short
oblique blackish streak; cilia white, towards anal angle greyish.
290 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
Hind wings dark grey, with purplish reflections, in male con-
siderably lighter towards base; cilia grey, darker towards base,
round apex white.
Tonga and Fiji (Mathew) ; two specimens.
TINEIDA.
ANASTATHMA, 0. g.
Head with long rough hairs; tongue short. Antenne four-fifths
of fore wings, in male filiform, simple. Labial palpi moderate,
widely divergent, curved, ascending, second joint with long rough
projecting hairs beneath, terminal joint shorter than second, with
appressed scales, tolerably obtuse. Maxillary palpi absent. Pos-
terior tibiz clothed with very long hairs above. Fore wings with
vein 1 fureate at base, 2 widely remote from 3, 6 absent, 7 absent,
8 absent, 11 from about middle of cell. Hind wings rather
narrower than fore wings, lanceolate, cilia one and a half; veins 2
and 3 remote, 4 from near 5, 5 and 6 stalked, 6 to costa, 7 from
angle of cell.
165. Anastathma callichrysa, nu. 8.
gS, 14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark purplish fuscous.
Antenne, abdomen, and legs grey, anterior legs dark fuscous. Fore
wings elongate, tolerably pointed; shining brassy-yellow; base
narrowly dark purplish fuscous; a rather narrow purplish fuscous
hind-marginal band, anteriorly somewhat edged with blackish,
extending from apex down hind margin to middle of wing,
attenuated beneath; a blackish apical dot; cilia purplish fuscous,
paler towards anal angle, with three black lines. Hind wings and
cilia whitish grey, slightly purplish-tinged.
Fiji (Lucas) ;. one specimen.
ERECHTHIAD.
DECADARCHIS, n. g.
Head rough-haired; ocelli present; no tongue. Antenne three-
fourths (?) of fore wings, in male (?). Labial palpi moderate,
straight, porrected, second joint with long dense projecting hairs
beneath, terminal joimt shorter than second, obtuse, with short
projecting hairs beneath. Maxillary palpi moderate, drooping.
Posterior tibize densely clothed with long hair-scales. Fore wings
with vein 1 simple, 2 from rather near angle, 5 absent, 7 absent,
11 from before middle of cell. Hind wings as broad as fore wings,
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 291
broad-lanceolate, cilia two-thirds; veins 3 and 4 remote, 5 and 6
stalked, 6 to costa; 16 strongly pectinated.
The apex of fore wings is bent vertically upwards,
as in the other genera of the family.
166. Decadarchis melanastra, un. 8.
?,20mm. Headand palpi white. Antenne whitish, annulated
with grey. Thorax white, shoulders and a posterior spot dark
fuscous. Abdomen and legs dark grey (anterior legs broken). Fore
wings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, hind
margin extremely obliquely rounded; white; markings fuscous,
coarsely irrorated with black; a narrow angulated fascia very near
base; a moderately broad transverse spot from costa beyond one-
fourth, reaching half across wing, and a wedge-shaped oblique spot
from inner margin opposite, almost meeting it; a small triangular
spot resting on one angle on inner margin beneath middle of wing,
a small irregular spot on costa beyond middle, and a small tri-
angular spot in dise at two-thirds; an irregular inwards-curved
streak from costa at four-fifths, terminating in a subapical blotch
on hind margin; a black line round apex; cilia white, mixed with
light grey beneath apex. Hind wings and cilia whitish grey.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
PHTHINOCOLA, N. g.
Head rough-haired; ocelli present; no tongue. Antenne four-
fifths of fore wings, in male filiform, simple, basal joint large,
much thickened with scales, with strong pecten. Labial palpi
moderately long, straight, drooping, second joint, and terminal
joint except apex, clothed with long rough projecting hairs beneath.
Maxillary palpirather short, folded. Posterior tibiz with extremely
long hairs above and shorter ones beneath. Fore wings with vein
1 simple, 2 from rather near angle, 5 absent, 7 absent, 11 from near
base of cell; apex bent vertically upwards. Hind wings narrower
than fore wings, lanceolate, cilia one; transverse vein absent,
4 absent, 5 absent, 7 to hind margin.
167. Phthinocola dochmia, n.s.
3,9mm. Head, palpi, antennie, thorax, abdomen, and legs
whitish ochreous; anterior legs dark fuscous. Fore wings lanceo-
late ; whitish ochreous, somewhat mixed with fuscous; five dark
fuscous fasciz, sharply angulated outwards in middle; first near
base, second from one-fourth of margins, third broad, from middle
292 Mr, E. Meyrick’s descriptions of
of margins, interrupted above angle, fourth linear, fifth terminal,
broad on costal half, linear and indistinct on dorsal half, separated
from fourth by a linear space; a small black apical spot preceded
by a white mark; cilia white, base mixed with fuscous and dark
grey, with a grey line before tips, becoming black above apex.
Hind wings and cilia dark grey.
Tonga (Mathew) ; one specimen.
ELACHISTIDA.
KicHINOSCELIS, Nn. &.
Head smooth, side-tufts rough, erect, spreading, forehead very
prominent between antenne, face very oblique inwards ; no ocelli;
tongue well developed. Antenne three-fourths of fore wings,
serrate, basal joint broadly dilated to form an oblong eye-cap.
Labial palpi long, smoothly scaled, recurved, second joint some-
what exceeding base of antenn, rather compressed, terminal joint
longer than second, acute. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior
tibize and first joint of tarsi clothed with very long rough stiff hairs
above. Fore wings narrow, lanceolate ; vein 1 apparently fureate,
2 from before two-thirds of cell, 5 and 6 rising out of 7, 7 to costa.
Hind wings linear-lanceolate, about half fore wings, cilia four;
veins 6 and 7 stalked, 7 to costa; a pencil of scales from angle
of costa.
This and the two following genera are all allied to
Cosmopteryx ; it seems probable that Proterocosma is the
original form of a group of which Hchinoscelis, Cos-
mopteryx and Persicoptila are developments.
168. Hchinoscelis hemithia, n. s.
?,9mm. Head and palpi ochreous-white, crown and thorax
blackish. Antenne ochreous-white, with three blackish bands on
terminal half. Abdomen grey. Legs ochreous-white, banded with
blackish. Fore wings light ochreous-yellow ; basal half blackish,
bounded by a straight slender central ochreous-white fascia, and
cut by an indistinct irregular ochreous-whitish fascia near base,
and a more distinct one at one-fourth; cilia light ochreous-yellow,
becoming grey towards anal angle. Hind wings dark grey; cilia
grey.
Tonga (Mathew) ; one specimen.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 293
PROTEROCOSMA, N. &.
Head smooth; no ocelli; tongue moderate. Antenne from
four-fifths to as long as fore wings, in male serrate, pubescent or
simple, basal joint long, somewhat compressed, with distinct
pecten. Labial palpi very long, recurved, smoothly scaled, second
joint somewhat exceeding base of antennex, rather compressed,
terminal joint longer than second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi
rudimentary. Posterior tibie clothed with dense hairs above.
Fore wings narrow, lanceolate, vein 1 furcate at base, 2 from
beyond three-fourths of cell, 5 separate or sometimes out of 7,
6 out of 7 or absent (coincident with it), 7 to costa, 8 out of 7 before
6. Hind wings one-third to one-half of fore wings, linear-lanceolate
or linear, cilia three to six; veins 6 and 7 stalked or sometimes
coincident, 7 to costa; a pencil of scales from angle of costa.
It is not at present necessary to regard the differences
of neuration in this genus as other than specific.
Sect. A. Fore wings and hind wings with vein 6 absent
(coincident with 7).
169. Proterocosma triplanetis, n. 8.
3, 12 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous, face ochreous-
whitish. Palpi ochreous-whitish, terminal joint anteriorly blackish.
Antenne as long as fore wings, ochreous-whitish, spotted with dark
fuscous, with two dark fuscous bands before apex. Abdomen dark
srey, sides and apical tuft whitish ochreous. Legs dark fuscous,
with ochreous-white rings. Fore wings with vein 5 separate ;
greyish fuscous, irrorated with dark fuscous, with four small
whitish ochreous spots; first triangular, on costa somewhat beyond
middle; second dot-like, beyond and below apex of first ; third and
fourth dot-like, placed opposite one another on costa and inner
margin near before apex; cilia grey, lighter towards anal angle,
with a dark fuscous line round apex. Hind wings linear-lanceo-
late, cilia three; grey; cilia pale greyish ochreous.
Tonga (Mathew) ; one specimen.
Sect. B. Fore wings and hind wings with vein 6 present,
stalked with 7.
170. Proterocosma epizona, n. 8.
g,10mm. Head and palpi whitish ochreous, terminal joint of
palpi with a dark fuscous median ring. Antenne and thorax dayk
294 Mr. K. Meyrick’s descriptions of
fuscous. (Abdomen broken.) Legs dark fuscous, ringed with
whitish ochreous. Fore wings with vein 5 separate; dark fuscous,
purplish-tinged; two straight rather oblique whitish ochreous
fascie, mixed with ferruginous in disc, first about one-fourth,
moderate, second about two-thirds, considerably broader, not quite
reaching inner margin; a small triangular whitish ochreous spot
on costa towards apex; a hind-marginal row of minute whitish
ochreous dots; cilia grey. Hind wings linear-lanceolate, cilia
four; grey; cilia grey.
Fiji (Lucas) ; one specimen.
171. Proterocosma ochronota, n. s.
?,18 mm. Head whitish ochreous, sides reddish ochreous.
Palpi whitish ochreous. Antenne ochreous-white, sharply annu-
lated with dark fuscous. Thorax ochreous-brown, with a broad
central whitish ochreous stripe. Abdomen grey. Legs whitish
ochreous, anterior pair suffused with dark fuscous. Fore wings
with vein 5 rising out of 7; ochreous-brown; an irregular light
ochreous-yellowish streak along inner margin from base to beyond
anal angle, forming three ill-defined short rounded projections
upwards, first at one-third, second at two-thirds, third above anal
angle; above this streak the ground colour is suffused with darker
fuscous; cilia ochreous-brown, becoming whitish grey towards
anal angle. Hind wings linear-lanceolate, cilia four; grey; cilia
whitish grey.
Tonga (Mathew) ; one specimen.
172. Proterocosma chionopsamma, n. s.
?,12mm. Head, palpi, and antenne white; second joint of
palpi ochreous except at apex; antennze with three fuscous bands
towards apex. Thorax deep yellow-ochreous, with a broad central
white stripe. Abdomen light grey. Legs pale ochreous, anterior
pair suffused with dark grey. Fore wings broader near base and
gradually narrowed to acute apex; vein 5 separate; deep bright
yellow-ochreous ; a snow-white streak along inner margin from
near base to beyond middle; a round black dot on anal angle; a
pale yellow patch extending along hind margin from anal angle to
near apex, margined anteriorly and above by six irregular small
white spots, of which the last two are produced to costa; cilia pale
yellow, beneath anal angle grey-whitish. Hind wings linear, cilia
six; grey; cilia pale whitish grey.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Jathew); one specimen.
Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. 295
PERSICOPTILA, nN. &.
Head smooth; no ocelli; tongue moderate. Antenne as long
as fore wings, basal joint long, slender, with distinct pecten. Labial
palpi very long, recurved, slender, smooth, terminal joint as long
as second, acute. Maxillary palpi short, filiform, drooping. Pos-
terior tibiz with a very large dense flattened dilated tuft of scales
on inner side, extending from near base to three-fourths. Fore
wings narrow, lanceolate; vein 1 furcate at base, 2 from three-
fourths of cell, 6 and 7 stalked out of 8, 7 to costa. Hind wings
linear-lanceolate, less than half fore wings, cilia six ; veins 5, 6,7
approximated at base, 7 to costa.
178. Persicoptila erythrota, n.s8.
?, 14mm. Head, palpi, and antenne yellow, face whitish.
Thorax yellow, inner side of patagia and a central line crimson.
Abdomen white, two basal segments suffused with ochreous on
back, and marked on posterior margins of sides with a short
blackish streak. Legs yellow, anterior and middle tibix, and
posterior tuft crimson. Fore wings bright crimson, irregularly
mixed with dark fuscous ; base, a semicircular blotch on middle of
costa reaching half across wing, and an oblong blotch on costa
extending from near this to near apex, bright yellow ; second blotch
margined posteriorly with dark fuscous; cilia whitish ochreous,
base yellowish. Hind wings and cilia very pale whitish ochreous.
New Hebrides (Mathew) ; one specimen.
GRACILARIADA.
TIMODORA, 0. g.
Head roughly tufted on crown, face smooth; no oeelli; tongue
moderate. Antenne longer than fore wings, in male hardly serrate,
basal joint moderately long, without pecten. Labial palpi long,
curved, with appressed scales, second joint not reaching base of
antenne, terminal joint as long as second, blunt-pointed. Maxillary
palpi rather long, slender, porrected. Middle tibize thickened with
long hair-scales beneath ; posterior tibie with rough scales above,
tarsi twice as long as tibie. Fore wings very narrow, parallel-
sided, pointed; vein 1 apparently simple, 2 from four-fifths of cell,
7 to costa, 10 from opposite 2, 11 from near base of cell. Hind
wings almost linear, about half fore wings, cilia five; vein 1 absent,
cell open between 4 and 5, 5 and 6 stalked, 7 from upper inargin
of cell before middle, running to apex.
296 Lepidoptera from the South Pacific.
174. Timodora chrysochoa, n. 8.
$,14mm. Head and thorax ochreous-brown, with purple-blue
reflections, face mixed with yellowish. Palpi dark fuscous, in-
ternally white. Antenne white, annulated with fuscous. Abdomen
grey, beneath yellowish white. Legs ochreous mixed with black ;
anterior tibie with a white median ring, all tarsi white with base
of joints ochreous and a black dot at apex of each. Fore wings
deep ochreous-yellow, becoming clearer yellow along costa; a light
purple-brown suffusion along costa from base to one-fourth, and
costal edge on this dotted with black; a conspicuous black dot
beneath costa in middle; lower half of wing dotted with fuscous,
and with some small black and fuscous spots which tend to
form an undulating streak, projecting upwards to dise at one-
fourth, one-half, and three-fourths, and touching inner margin
between these, thence along hind margin to apex; a black apical
dot; all these markings have blue reflections; cilia ochreous-brown,
on costa yellow, beneath anal angle grey, with rows of black points.
Hind wings dark grey; cilia grey.
Tonga (Mathew); one specimen.
(ZO (ege)
IX. On Eucnemis capucina, Ahr., and its larva.
By Davip Suarp, M.B., F.Z.S.
|Read July 7th, 1886. }
Eucnemis capucina, Ahy., is a species of Northern and
Central Europe that has not hitherto been found in our
own islands, but was detected by my friends Mr. G. C.
Champion and the Rev. H. 8. Gorham and by myself in
an old beech tree near Brockenhurst on the 13th June
last. Although it appears somewhat remarkable that
the beetle should not have been hitherto captured in
this country, living as it does in a locality that has been
so much collected on, yet there is no doubt that it is
truly indigenous, for we captured a series of examples,
and found both the larve and pupe ; while the condition
of the tree and the numerous fragments of the skeleton
of the insect we found in it were sufficient to convince
us that this tree has probably been the home of numerous
generations of the insect. Until recently H. capucina
has been the only species of the genus, but Dr. Horn
has during the present year described from a single
example a North American species that apparently
difters from its Kuropean congener only by some slight
structural details.
Although it has been frequently stated that the
Eucnenide differ from the Hlateride by the absence of
the peculiar leaping faculty that is so well known in the
latter family as to have procured for them the popular
name of skipjacks, yet such statement is erroneous ;
Eucnemis capucina, when placed on its back, regains its
feet by a sudden leap like the Hlateride, and does this
so well that I have not seen it fail to regain its natural
position on the first attempt. Ahrens stated seventy
years ago that this insect possessed this faculty.
My attention was attracted by the very peculiar larva
that we found in company with this insect, so that I
took some specimens home with a view to study them ;
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—partT ul. (0CT.)
298 Mr. David Sharp on
and, as the larve of the Hucnemide are extremely
abnormal and very little is known about them, I think
it worth while to record the results of my observations.
The larva of Hucnemis capucina has been imperfectly
described by the late lamented M. Ed. Perris from four
examples preserved in alcohol and in a contracted con-
dition; his description will be found in de Bonyoulior’s
‘Monograph of the Euenémides,’ pp. 49—52, and it is
also figured pl. 2, ff. 1, 2.
This larva possesses no rudiment of legs, and no
ocelli, and Perris was unable to detect any mouth, palpi,
or antenne. ‘The figures given by Perris only offer a
very imperfect representation of the larva as seen in
life; it is very much more elongate, and has the seg-
ments remarkably incised so that its outline is very
undulatory. In the Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1856, pl. 15,
f. 3), Coquerel gives a figure of Pornax madagascari iensis,
and this figure gives a much better idea of the natural
outline of Hucnemis capucina larva than does the figure
of Perris, /.c. By a curious oversight Coquerel has,
however, represented the larva with one segment too
few. The head of Hucnemts capucina is most peculiar,
and is represented, l.c., f. 2, by Perris; this figure is,
however, far too short and broad in general proportions,
and the central tooth is incorrectly delineated and made
to appear as two separate teeth, but its form is correctly
described on p. 50, l.c.
The larva of this insect lives in decayed, but damp,
sappy wood, and exists there in burrows, in which it is
tightly packed, so that by a slight alteration of the
diameter of one or more of its segments it is enabled to
have a fixed point so as to locomote by alteration of the
length of other segments. The larve I brought home
with me were most of them placed in a tin with rotten
wood and a few larve of Hlateride (these latter probably
the larve of Melanotus rufipes and later pomone), and,
on taking them out of the tin, I found that all the larve
of Hucnemis had been killed by being bitten by the
Elaterid larve in the thoracic segments; I had, how-
ever, taken the precaution to put one larva in a glass
tube by itself, and this one, being still alive, I am able
to exhibit it to-night.
The killed larve being quite fresh, | examined them
with the microscope, and then proceeded to make such
Hucnemis capucina and its larva. 299
dissections and preparations as should enable me to
perceive the structures, especially of the head. Between
the two median teeth there could be seen three excessively
minute processes, similar to those figured by Perris,
l.c., f. 2, at the side of the head, and representing
certainly the labium composed of a ligula and two palpi,
and, having detected them in the dead but quite extended
example, both myself and Mr. Gorham were able to see
them similarly situated in the living insect. They are,
however, excessively minute, only about half the size of
the minute lateral organs represented by Perris in fig. 2;
and in a preparation of the head mounted in Canada
balsam they are entirely withdrawn, and can be only
faintly perceived through the upper surface of the head.
This preparation of the head in balsam shows a feeble
line passing across the space behind and between the
median teeth, and it is probable that the part in front of
this line may be the labrum. The minute lateral organs
represented by Perris in fig. 2 are under these circum-
stances, I have no doubt, a maxillary lobe and its palpus ;
this is in accordance with the opinion previously expressed
by Osten-Sacken and alluded to by Perris, in reference
to the larve of Fornax badius and orchesoides ; Fornax
being a genus closely allied to Hucnemis.
I also took off a head of one of the larve, and found
that it consisted of two plates—an upper and a lower—
quite separated from one another behind, but in front
so firmly soldered together that I could fracture them
but not separate them, and, as the outlines of these two
plates are in front exactly similar, they appear there as
if they were only one plate, and that there is no buccal
cavity ; on looking at the edge, however, it can be per-
ceived, as we might confidently anticipate, that there is
on each side a small orifice between the two plates at
the spot where the maxille exist, and a still smaller
orifice (more difficult also to detect, owing apparently to
one of the two plates that form the upper and lower
surfaces of the head projecting rather more than the
other) in the middle of the front edge, that is, at the
spot where the labium can be detected protruding in the
living example.
Perris has ‘said nothing about the mandibles; but
Coquerel, in the memoir and plate I have alluded to as
representing a larva of the allied Fornax madagascariensis,
300 Mr. David Sharp on
considers apparently that the whole of one side of the
head is’ a fixed mandible; this, however, is clearly
erroneous, and I am not quite sure that Coquerel really
had this idea, for his plate is unfortunately erroneously
lettered, so that the interpretation of the figures can
only be inferred.
Perris, however, alludes to and represents on fig. 2,
l.c., two dark spaces near the front of the head; these
dark objects are very conspicuous, and in the preparations
in balsam each is seen to be a narrow oval body, more
acuminate in front, situate in the interior of the head,
the pointed front end of the body just reaching the
anterior margin of the head. I think there can be little
doubt that this body is the mandible. No antenna can
be pointed out with certainty, but I think it probable
that the prominent tooth at the side of the head behind
the deepest and most posterior excision is the homologue
of the antenna, and it will be noticed, on referring to
Coquerel’s figure of larva of Fornax madagascariensis,
that these projections exist more conspicuously in that
species, and have even more strongly the appearance of
antenne ; indeed, in his figure 3j, any one would at
once select these prominences as representing the organs
in question.
In a head broken in two and mounted in balsam a
large triangular, or rather tubulo-conical, membrane
can be seen extending backwards from the labium, and
this is connected behind with a large horny apparatus,
and 1 have very little doubt that we have here an
apparatus for suction or imbibition.
These details by no means exhaust the external
peculiarities of this larva, for there exist on the dorsal
and ventral aspects of the segments peculiar velvety
patches, and behind each of these a small stigma-like
cavity. The velvety patches, when viewed by a high
power, present the appearance of closely-packed papille,
similar to what exist on the tongues of carnivorous
mammals; and I have found by dissecting the integu-
ments that the small cavities I have mentioned entirely
pierce the thicker outer skin, but do not penetrate the
much more delicate internal envelope or membrane.
What the functions of these papillary spaces and
cuticular cavities may be, I have no idea; Perris con-
sidered the former to be locomotive organs, but this,
Eucnemis capucina and its larva. 301
I think, was certainly erroneous. On the terminal
segment there exists a larger cuticular cavity surrounded
by some asperities, in the middle of which there is a
minute longitudinal depression or orifice, which is
probably the anal aperture.
Very few larve of the Hucnemide are as yet known.
Schiodte, whose beautiful works on the larve of Coleoptera
“are amongst the most important and fascinating of
recent additions to Coleopterological science, was ac-
quainted only with one, viz., that of Melasis buprestordes,
a species which is one of the least characteristic of the
family or subfamily; this larva Schidodte classified
amongst the Hlateride, all of which he considered to be
carnivorous. This generalisation has been, however,
disputed by Perris in the case of Melasis buprestoides
(‘Bonv. Hucnemides,’ pp. 40, 41); while, on the other
hand, Osten-Sacken, as quoted by Perris, considers the
larve of Fornax to be probably carnivorous. As regards
these larve I have no knowledge whatever; but as
regards the larve of Hucnemis capucina I can say with
certainty that they are not truly carnivorous. As I have
previously remarked, they live in burrows in very damp
decayed wood ; these burrows are exactly of the diameter
of the larve, and there were no other insects in them for
the larve to feed on. 1 have little doubt that the larva
obtains its nutriment by imbibition of the juices amongst
which it lives, and think it highly probable that it
imbibes them by means of a suctorial apparatus placed
inside the head, and I should not be at all surprised if
it should ultimately be discovered that the papillary
patches or cuticular cavities are supplementary organs
of nutrition.
The larva of Hucnemis capucina has certainly the
capacity of comminuting the decayed wet wood in which
it lives, and I presume that it makes its burrows by a
process of this kind, though I have not been able to
observe how it does it ; it is exceedingly slow in all its
movements, and I think it is most probably by twisting
and pushing a little with its head that it makes its
burrows; the peculiar very hard saw-like teeth with
which the whole front margin of the head is armed
appear admirably adapted for this purpose.
I only found larve in the sappy or damp wood in the
interior of the tree; the outer wood was dry and
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PaRT II. (OCT.) Y¥
302 Hucnemis capucina and its larva.
comparatively hard, and was penetrated in all directions
by the burrows of former generations of the larvee; and it
was in this comparatively hard outer wood that we found
the perfect insects.
(303)
X. New genera and species of Languriide. By the
Rev. W. W. Fowuer, M.A., F.L.S.
{Read April 7th, 1886.]
Prate I.
TuE following descriptions of new genera and species of
Languriide are the result of a study of the species in
the following collections:—1st, the collection of Mr.
Crotch, kindly lent me for the purpose by the University
of Cambridge ; 2nd, the collection made by Mr. Lewis in
Ceylon, chiefly inter esting as being made up almost
entirely of the Cladoxenoid forms ; ‘Srd, Mr. Gorham’s
collection ; and 4th, the British Museum collection. I
have lately been arranging the collection of the group
in the Brussels Museum, at the request of M. Prudhomme
de Borre, and have added one or two notes on the species
therein contained.
Before, however, proceeding to the descriptive part of
the paper there are one or two points on which perhaps
it will be well to say a few words. In the first place
exception may be taken to the use of the term ‘‘ Langu-
ride”: as far as I know it has only been used by myself
and Mr. Lewis, who published a very valuable paper
“On Japanese Languriide” in the ‘Journal of the
Linnean Society.’ As a matter of fact the group has
not yet been formally raised to the rank of a family, and
is usually classed with the Hrotylide. In the paper
referred to Mr. Lewis alludes at length to the habits of
Languria in the larval state, as described by Professor
Comstock, and argues from these that the group is con-
nected rather with the Chrysomelide than with either the
Erotylide or the Endomychide. Mr. Lewis’s own
observations in Eastern Asia led him to place them near
the latter of these families, but he afterwards says:
“1 think we must, after reading Prof. Comstock’s paper,
look at the Languriide as a—comparatively speaking—
recent type of Coleoptera, nearer to the Chrysomelide
than to the Hrotylide, which has greatly multiplied its
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—pPpaRT III. (OCT.)
304 Rev. W. W. Fowler on new
species, but which has as yet, owing to simple and
constant habits, been evolved in the direction of growth
in the longitudinal axis only.” In the genus Crotchia,
which I describe below, especially in the smaller and
broader forms, there seems to be a more distinct
approach to the Chrysomelidous type than has yet been
noticed in the group, although the development of growth
otherwise than in a longitudinal axis has been noticed
by Mr. Lewis himself in the case of L. trifoliata, Har.,
which will be again alluded to.
In his paper on the Langurieé (Beitrige zur Kentniss
der Languria-Arten, Mittheil d. Munchener Ent. Ver.,
1879), Von Harold classes all the species of the group
under the single genus Languria; if there were very
few species, or if the generic divisions were not obvious,
this might be permissible, but in the first place it
appears certain that when the species are all described
they will amount to some hundreds at least; and in the
second place, if we are to class the large Fatua longi-
cornis, With its long, slender, clubless antenne, in the
same genus with, for instance, the minute M. Jansoni,
with its short antenne and abrupt three-jointed club,
we might with quite as good reason class the great
majority of the Chrysomelide and Hrotylide under one
genus. At the same time Crotch, whose work on the
eroup has hitherto been generally accepted, appears to
lay far too much stress on the number of joints in the
club: this is often a misleading character, and some-
times very difficult to decide; in fact, Crotch himself, in
his types, occasionally differs in this poimt from his
descriptions. Owing, however, to his having made this
a leading character in some of his genera, I have been
obliged in one or two cases to adopt new genera, e. g.,
Tetralanguroides and Ortholanguroides, the insects be-
longing to which are closely allied to Tetralanguria and
Ortholanguria respectively, but have a distinct five-
jointed club to the antennz instead of a four-jointed
one, as in the two latter genera. It *should, however,
be added that Crotch had himself set aside the species
on which I describe T'etralanguroides as a new genus,
and that he had placed Ortholanguroides under Ortho-
languria; his specimen, howeyer, had no antenne, but
there is one specimen in Mr. Gorham’s collection and
two in the British Museum collection that possess them.
genera and species of Langurude. 305
CROTCHIA, N. g.
Species convex®, latiores, plus minusve gibbosx, rarius angus-
tiores ; capite antice producto, oculis fortissime eranulatis, antennis
brevioribus, clava abrupte triarticulata; articulo palporum maxil-
larium penultimo brevissimo, secundo distincte breviori; thorace
subquadrato, plus minusve transverso, marginato, angulis anticis
leviter prominulis, sepius callosis; elytris convexis apicibus singu-
latim rotundatis ; metasterno sat longo, processu prosternali lato,
truncato, utrinque marginato; pedibus modicis, tarsorum articulo
penultimo fortiter bilobo, onychio longissimo ceteris articulis
superante; line coxales obsolete vel null.
Rather variable in shape, but convex and usually more or less
gibbous; head produced triangularly in front of the eyes, which
are prominent and very coarsely granulated; in front of the eyes
there is a pronounced depression reaching across front and marking
the clypeal suture; labium small but usually evident, setose in
front; maxillary palpi with the last joint long, penultimate very
short, distinctly shorter than second; mentum trapezoidal, appa-
rently made up of two pieces, distinctly emarginate, with a tooth
in the middle of the emargination; antennz rather short, with the
elub abruptly three-jointed; thorax subquadrate,; more or less
transverse, margined, with the anterior angles well marked, and
slightly reflexed or callose at apex; elytra separately rounded at
apex; tarsi with the penultimate joint strongly bilobed, onychium
very long, first joints strongly pilose ; metasternum usually long,
prosternal process broad, truncate, and margined at sides.
This genus bears a somewhat strong relation to Para-
cladoxena, but is distinguished from it by its different
shape (the thorax and elytra not being strangulate at
base, as in that genus), the emarginate and denticulate
mentum, and the shorter penultimate joint of the
maxillary palpi. Motschulsky, in describing Cladoxena,
refers to a genus Cladophila, which is not mentioned at
all in the Munich catalogue; at all events this genus
appears to be distinct from it, as Von Harold (/. c., p. 63),
says that in the genus Cladophila “the second joint of
the antenne is longer than the third, whereas in all
Langurieé the third is the longest of the two’’; in the
genus now described the third joint is the longest as a
rule, but the second and third joints are occasionally
subequal in length.
306 Rey. W. W. Fowler on new
Crotchia vagabunda, n. 8.
Tota «nea, nitida, elongata, sat lata, convexa, postice sensim
acuminata; capite fortiter punctato, antennis rufis, clava abrupte
triarticulata, oculis fortissime granulatis ; prothorace subquadrato,
longitudine paullo latiori, fortiter marginato, marginibus antice
productis et callosis, parcius punctato, ad basin valde depresso, basi
bisinuata; scutello sat magno, transverso; elytris fere glabris,
ordinibus punctorum leviter seriatim instructis, convexis, ad apicem
sensim depressis et acuminatis, apicibus rotundatis ; pedibus piceis
vel rufo-piceis. L. 7—8 mm.
Entirely eneous and shining; head rather strongly punctured ;
antenne abruptly three-jointed; eyes very coarsely granulate ;
prothorax rather broader than long, but not very strongly trans-
verse, rather sparingly but distinctly punctured, with strong
margins, which at the anterior angles are somewhat reflexed and
callose; sides not sinuate, almost straight; base bisinuate, much
depressed, depression terminated on each side by a very small
stria or depression ; elytra convex, as broad at base as base of pro-
thorax, widest a little behind shoulders, and gradually contracted to
apex, with rows of very fine punctures ; apices separately rounded ;
legs pitchy or pitchy-red; under surface ferruginous, glabrous,
very obsoletely punctured.
Constantia; Brazil. In Mr. Crotch’s collection.
Var. punctata. Capite thoraceque fortius punctatis, elytrorum
seriebus distinctius impressis.
Rio Janeiro. In Mr. Fry’s collection.
This species appears to vary considerably in sculpture,
and to a certain extent in colour, being lighter or darker
eeneous.
Crotchia metallica, n. s.
Precedente latior et convexior, capite prothoraceque minus
evidenter punctatis, hoc breviori, lateribus antice leviter rotundatis
et ante basim sensim late sinuatis; elytris evidenter latioribus,
leviter gibbosis, ad basim depressis, ordinibus punctorum obso-
letissimis seriatim dispositis, pubescentia erecta parcissime in-
structis; antennis ferrugimeis, pedibus wneis vel rufo-neis.
L: 7 mm.
Resembles the preceding, but is distinctly broader and
more convex, with the head and thorax less distinctly
punctured, and the sides of thorax distinctly though not
genera and species of Languride. 307
strongly sinuate; elytra plainly broadest just before
middle.
Peru ; Chancamayo. In Mr. Gorham’s collection.
Crotchia coptengoides, n.s.
Precedenti simillima sed nigro-zenea, minor, capite prothoraceque
densius punctatis, elytris confuse evidenter punctatis, pedibus
ferrugineis. L. 6} mm.
Very like the preceding in shape and structure, but
with the head and prothorax more distinctly punctured,
and the latter more evidently produced in middle of
base; the sculpture of the head and thorax by itself is
of very little weight in species of the Languriide, but
the sculpture of the elytra is usually reliable, and the
elytra in this species are thickly and confusedly punc-
tured, whereas in C.. metallica the punctures, though fine,
are arranged in evident rows with broad and smooth
interstices between each pair; the colour also is darker
and less eneous, and the legs are ferruginous.
Peru ; Chancamayo. In Mr. Gorham’s collection.
Crotchia gibbosa, n. 8.
Precedenti similis sed multo minor, prothorace fere glabro,
elytris obsoletissime et confuse punctatis. LL. 4—41} mm.
Much smaller than the preceding species, almost
black, with a very slight greenish reflection; head
rather strongly and thickly punctured, prothorax almost
impunctate, elytra confusedly and very indistinctly
punctured. In this and the two preceding species the
prothorax is very markedly transverse.
Peru; Chancamayo. In Mr. Gorham’s collection.
Crotchia nitida, n. s.
Precedentibus similis sed major, nitidior, prothorace magis
transverso, marginibus paullo fortioribus, humeris latioribus; ely-
tris ad basim fere glabris, postice obsoletius punctatis; pedibus
eeneis vel ferrugineis. L. 7—8 mm.
This species belongs to the same group as the three
preceding species, bnt the thorax is more evidently trans-
verse and broader in proportion than the head; it comes
308 Rev. W. W. Fowler on new
very close to C. metallica, but the margins of prothorax
are stronger, the sides are more evidently sinuate towards
base, and the base is much more strongly and plainly
produced into a lobe in the middle ; the elytra are more
shining and more obsoletely punctured, especially towards
base, and the colour is darker neous.
In Mr. Crotch’s collection, with the specimens labelled
“Constantia,” and evidently taken in the same locality ;
on the same card as the type is a specimen in which the
sides are not sinuate towards base. It is possible that
this may be the other sex of the species.
Crotchia parallela, n. s.
Elongata, angusta, parallela, sat depressa, tota snea; capite
magno fortius punctato, prothorace subquadrato, diffuse evidenter
punctato, lateribus rectis, basi bisinuata; elytris longis, parallelis,
ordinibus punctorum distinctis seriatim dispositis, ad apicem
sensim angustatis, apicibus rotundatis; antennis brevioribus, clava
magna triarticulata; corpore subtus rufo vel rufo-piceo, pedibus
brunneo-rufis, genibus infuscatis. L. 5 mm.
Narrow, elongate, and parallel; head large, rather strongly
punctured; prothorax subquadrate, nearly as long as broad, with
sides straight, diffusely but plainly punctured ; elytra of the same
breadth as prothorax, long, parallel-sided, with rows of rather
strong punctures, gradually narrowed from posterior third to apex 5
apices rounded; legs brownish red, with the knees darker; under
side ferruginous.
Amazons; Ega. In Mr. Gorham’s collection.
This species, although evidently belonging to this
genus, and strongly related to C. vagabunda, is different
from any other that I have seen, and approaches more
nearly to the typical longitudinal forms of Lanquria.
CrapoxEena, Motschulsky.
Motschulsky, Bull. Mosc., 1866, u., 428.
As very little appears to be known about this genus,
which is entirely passed over by Crotch (‘ Revision of the
Erotylide,’ Cist. Eint., 1., 396) with the mere mention of
the references, and was evidently unknown to hin, it
may be of use to those who are studying the group to
cive a short revision of the genus, as far as can be done
genera and species of Languriide. 309
provisionally in the present state of our knowledge. I
am enabled to do this through the kindness of Mr. G.
Lewis, who has handed over to me for the purpose his
collection of Languriide from Ceylon, nearly the whole
of which consists of examples of this genus.
Motschulsky’s description of the genus is as follows :
—‘‘ Tetrameére de forme intermediaire entre Lissomus et
Languria. Corselet convexe antérieurement, un peu
rétreci en arricre, angles postérieurs droits; elytres
allongées, rétrécies a la base et attenuées vers l’extremite,
stri¢es par des points imprimés; écusson quadrangulaire
et acuminée postérieurement; antennes surpassant en
longeur la base du corselet, un peu moniliformes, a
massue des trois articles. Dernier article des palpes
acuminée; tarses assez larges, le troisieme bilobé.”
As a matter of fact the posterior angles of the thorax
are rather acute and produced, more so in the female
than the male; in all probability Motschulsky formed
his description from the latter sex.
Cladoxena maculata, Mots.
Motschulsky’s description of this species enables it easily to be
identified :— ‘‘ Klongata, sublinearis, thoracis elytrorumque basi
subangustatis, convexa, nitida, cupreo-wnea, elytrorum maculis
utrinque in medio tribus alteraque oblonga postice pedibusque
rufo-testaceis, elytris distincte punctato striatis. L. 1} lin.” It is,
however, incomplete, and is made from a small specimen : the head
and prothorax are strongly punctured, eneous or metallic-blue,
the latter being either unicolorous or with more or less testaceous
margins; in the female it is convex, rather strongly rounded in
front and sinuate behind, with acutely projecting angles; in the
male subquadrate and less convex, with posterior angles less acute ;
the elytra are broader at base than base of prothorax, with shoulders
well marked and callose, with rather strong rows of punctures ;
sides gradually narrowed to apex; apices rounded and callose ;
eneous, with margins and often apex, two spots on each elytron,
and two oblong patches near suture, yellow; these spots are some-
what variable; antenne red, with abruptly three-jointed club,
which is often darker; legs long, testaceous ; tarsi, and sometimes
femora partly, fuscous; under side reddish or reddish eneous.
L. 8;—5 mm.
Ceylon. Taken commonly by Mr. Lewis.
310 Rev. W. W. Fowler on new
Cladoxena pura, n. 8.
Precedenti similis, sed concolor, elytris ante basim latioribus,
magis convexis.
This species closely resembles the preceding, but is concolorous
geneous, with the head and thorax occasionally metallic-blue, as in
the preceding species ; this peculiarity is sometimes found in other
geneous species, as Henicocerus exsculptus ; the prothorax, as a
rule, is a little wider and more convex, and the elytra are distinetly
more convex, and widest at their anterior third: this is more
obvious in some specimens than in others.
Ceylon ; Dikoya (8800—4200 ft.), and Bogawantalawa
(4900—5200 ft.).
I at first referred this species to C. rufipes, Mots., but,
taking into consideration the dimensions of that insect
and one or two other points of the description, I have
come to the conclusion that it must be referred to the
succeeding genus as a variety of C. trifoliata, Har.
(picipes, Mots. ?).
PARACLADOXENA, 0. &.
Genus Cladoxene affine sed forma latiori et convexiori, thoracis-
que elytrorumque basi evidenter substrangulatis, humerisque minus
callosis, distinguendum.
This genus comes very near the preceding, but in
form and general appearance it entirely differs from it,
being broader and more convex, and with punctuation
much more obsolete; the base of thorax and elytra are
contracted so that they appear strangulate, and the
shoulders of the latter are not so callose as in the pre-
ceding genus, in which the callosity is strongly marked ;
the metasternum is shorter, and there is a slight diffe-
rence also in the relative length of the joints of the
maxillary palpi. The size of individuals of the same
species is extremely variable, and is not due to sex, as
in Mr. Lewis’s collection there are two of the smallest
specimens taken in cop. I can observe very little sexual
difference, but the male appears to have the sides of the
prothorax somewhat less sinuate.
genera and species of Languriide. 311
Paracladoxena trifoliata, Har.
Cladoxena rufipes, Mots. (? var.); C. picipes, Mots.
(verisim).
Bright bronze or brownish bronze, very variable in size; shining ;
head rather plainly punctured ; antenne moderately long, reddish,
with club sometimes darker; prothorax broader than long, but
somewhat variable in length, convex, with sides rounded in front
and contracted behind; posterior angles not so produced as in
the preceding species, obsoletely punctured ; epipleure strongly
punctured ; elytra strongly widened in front of middle, contracted
to base, and rather strongly also to apex ; apices rounded, callose,
often dehiscent; rows of punctures very fine; legs testaceous,
often more or less clouded with fuscous; under side reddish or
reddish brown. LL. 23—5 mm.
This is the most numerous species in Mr. Lewis’s
Ceylon collection. Von Harold has confirmed the species
for me, and, as it is certainly his L. trifoliata, I have
retained his name, but it may possibly have to be
dropped and picipes, Mots., substituted, as Motschulsky’s
description in many points agrees with it, and the species
is variable as regards colour of legs, &c. I believe
Motschulsky’s rufipes to be a rather more strongly
punctured variety of this species.
Mr. Lewis, in his paper before alluded to (J. ¢., p. 848),
speaks of this species as belonging to a section the
individuals of which, while usually clinging to foliage,
are, when disturbed, instant in flight; the separately
rounded and more or less dehiscent apices of elytra
would prove this, even if the habits of the insect had
not been observed, and it is possible that the callosities
at the apex are connected with their habits, and aid
them in rapidly opening or closing the elytra.
Paracladoxena bipustulata, n. 8.
Precedenti similis, sed prothorace latitudine longiori, elytris pro
magnitudine brevioribus, utroque macula flava pone medium
prope suturam instructo. L. 3—od mm.
Resembles the preceding in general form, but is very
distinet; the prothorax is very evidently longer, being
distinctly longer than broad, so that the elytra appear
shorter in proportion than in P. trioliata; on each
312, Rev. W. W. Fowler on new
elytron there is a distinct yellow spot or patch behind
middle near suture, which at once distinguishes the
species; as a rule the punctuation of prothorax and
elytra is very fine and obsolete, but in one small speci-
men before me it is much stronger than in others, the
prothorax being almost as strongly punctured as in
C. maculata. Under side, legs, and antenne as in the
preceding species.
Ceylon. In Mr. Lewis’s collection; five specimens
from Nuwara Eliya (6234—8000 ft.), and one from
Bogawantalawa (4900—5200 ft.).
MICROCLADOXENA, N. g.
If the rules of nomenclature will allow it, I propose,
with Mr. Lewis’s permission, to adopt this generic name
for the insect named by Crotch (L. ?) Jansoni (Knut. Mo.
Mag., ix., 1885), which he says ‘“‘ forms the type of a
distinct genus, with coarsely granulated eyes, elongate
antenne, a three-jointed club, and short tarsi.” This
species was afterwards named Microlanguria Jansoni by
Mr. G. Lewis; it evidently, however, by its structure,
comes very near to Cladoxena, and Mr. Lewis tells me
that it resembles Cladoxena in its habit of resting on the
higher branches of brushwood, and in this differs from
Languria, which lives on the herbage; the change of
name therefore seems much to be desired. The species
is very small (23—33 mm.), entirely of a light castaneous
or rufo-ferruginous colour; the much shorter tarsi, more
parallel form, and more cylindrical elytra, as well as the
more coarsely granulated eyes, will distinguish it from
the two preceding genera, with which, however, it is
clearly connected by the structure of the antenne and
tarsi. In some points it forms a transition between
Crotchia and Cladoxena, in others between Cladoxena
and Languria. The species is common both in Japan
and in parts of Ceylon.
Besides the species above mentioned Mr. Lewis’s col-
lection contains five or six of the ordinary forms of Lan-
guria with red thorax and cyaneous elytra; four of these
apparently belong to L. ceylonica, Har.; the dark legs
and red coxe are characteristic of the species: a fifth is
apparently L. fulvipes, Mots., while another appears to
agree with the description of L. nigriventris, Mots. In
genera and species of Languriide. 313
dealing with the Ceylon Langurie the great difficulty
lies in Motschulsky’s descriptions, which are very in-
complete, and in some cases will have probably to be
ignored.
The following species, also from Ceylon, I discovered
in the British Museum, with the MS. name, L.
decrescens, Walker, attached ; it has not, however, been
described, and, as the name decrescens is rather a mis-
leading one, as the elytra are not as strongly narrowed
to apex as in many other species, I have adopted another.
Languria Walkert, n. 8.
Piceus, capite sat magno evidenter punctato, antennis robustis,
clava distincte 4-articulata; prothorace subquadrato, lateribus
antice rotundatis, postice contractis, fortius et diffusius punctatis,
basi ad medium depressa et utrinque striola sat longa impressa ;
elytris obscurioribus, leviter punctato striatis, apicibus oblique
truncatis; pedibus piceis, crassioribus, tarsis dilatatis; corpore
subtus piceo. L. 103 mm.
Entirely pitchy, shining; head rather large, plainly punctured ;
antenne rather stout, with plain four-jointed club; prothorax sub-
quadrate, with sides rounded in front and contracted behind, rather
strongly and diffusely punctured, with a well-marked depression in
the middle of the base, and a plain and rather long stria on each
side; elytra gradually narrowed to apex; apices obliquely truncate ;
legs pitchy, rather stout; tarsi much dilated ; under side pitchy.
Ceylon; taken by Dr. Thwaites. A very distinct
species. In the British Museum collection.
Languria oblonga, n. 8.
Nigra, oblonga, sat parallela; capite sat magno, triangulari,
fortiter punctato, antennis crassis, brevioribus, clava minus dis-
tincta, 4-articulata; prothorace subquadrato, latitudine longiori,
lateribus antice rotundatis ad basim leviter sinuatis, evidenter
marginato, diffusius et fortius punctato, ad medium late longitudi-
naliter impresso, basi depressa utrinque obliqua striola longissima in-
structa; scutello sat magno; elytris oblongis, parallelis, ad apicem
vix angustatis, ordinibus punctorum fortius seriatim dispositis,
apicibus truncatis; corpore subtus cum pedibus nigro, prosterno
fortissime transversim rugoso. L. 16 mm.
Elongate-oblong, entirely black on both upper and under surface ;
314 Rey. W. W. Fowler on new
head rather large, strongly punctured; antenne stout and com-
paratively short; 6th joint a little broader than 5th, 7th slightly
dilated, 8S—11 forming a not very distinct club; prothorax sub-
quadrate, longer than broad, rounded in front, somewhat sinuate
before posterior angles, diffusely and distinctly punctured, plainly
margined, broadly impressed longitudinally in middle, the de-
pression forming a wide channel, base depressed, with a very long
stria on each side extending for about a quarter the length of
thorax, and directed outwards; elytra oblong, very little narrowed
to apex, with rather strong rows of punctures; apices truncate;
legs black; prosternum strongly wrinkled longitudinally.
India (Mr. J. C. Bowring). In the British Museum
collection: a very large and distinct species.
Languria refulgens, n. s.
Angusta, parallela, nitida, capite prothoraceque rufis, illo lato,
triangulari, ante oculos producto, oculis prominulis; antennis sat
longis, nigris, clava 5-articulata; pyrothorace latitudine sesqui
longiori, lateribus vix rotundatis, cum capite obsoletius punctato,
ad basim depresso; elytris nitidis, virescentibus, ordinibus punc-
torum sat magnorum seriatim dispositis, apicibus oblique truncatis,
denticulatis, exterius callosis ; corpore subtus nigro-virescenti, fere
glabro, capite infra prosternoque rufis; pedibus metallicis, coxis
rufis. L.8}mm.
A narrow, parallel, and shining species; head and prothorax
red; elytra light metallic-green; head large and triangular, with
prominent finely granulated eyes; antenne black, with five-jointed
club; prothorax plainly longer than broad, with sides very slightly
rounded, rather obsoletely but evidently punctured, depressed at
base; elytra with rather strong rows of punctures ; apices obliquely
truncate and denticulate, externally callose; legs metallic-green ;
coxe red. L. 8} mm.
EKlopura, North British Borneo; a very distinct and
brightly-coloured species. In Mr. Gorham’s collection.
I believe this species to be a Langurites, but, as there
seems a little doubt on the matter, I have for the present
included it provisionally under Languria.
CoMPSOLANGURIA, N. &.
Elongata, fusiformis; capite sat magno, oculis prominulis; an-
tennis paullo ante oculos insertis, teretioribus, articulis 7o et 80
triangulariter dilatatis, 90 et 10o latioribus, emarginatis, 1lo
genera and species of Languriide. 315
rotundato ; prothorace lateribus fere parallelis pone medium leviter
latiori; elytris apud humeros prothorace latioribus ad apicem
sensim acuminatis, apicibus divaricatis, denticulatis ; pedibus elon-
gatis, tarsis longis sat dilatatis, onychio longo teretiori; line
coxales obsoletie.
Elongate, fusiform; head rather large; eyes prominent and finely
granulated ; antenne inserted at some little distance in front of
eyes, rather long and slender, with the 7th and 8th joints tri-
augularly dilated, and joints 9—11 wider, 11th joint rounded, almost
as broad as 10th; prothorax elongate, with sides almost parallel,
slightly broadest behind middle; elytra at shoulders broader than
base of prothorax, gradually narrowed to apex; apices divaricate
and denticulate.
This genus appears to bear some relation to Gonto-
languria, but is at once separated by its antenne, which
point to a relation with Doubledaya.
Compsolanguria concinna, 0. 8.
Capite prothoraceque rufis, fere levibus, elytris cyaneis ad basim
late rufis, corpore subtus rufo, apice abdominis cyaneo, antennis
fere nigris basi rufis, pedibus rufo-piceis, genibus obscurioribus ;
prothorace latitudine evidenter longiori ad basim depresso, basi
striola utrinque brevi distincta impressa ; elytris seriebus punctorum
apicem versus obsolescentibus evidenter instructis, apicibus divari-
catis, denticulatis ; corpore subtus fere levi. L. 12 mm.
Head, prothorax, and under side, except apex of abdomen, red ;
elytra cyaneous, broadly red towards base; antenne as above
described; last jomt of maxillary palpi slightly securiform; pro-
thorax plainly longer than broad, narrower than elytra at shoulders ;
elytra gradually narrowed from shoulders to apex, with distinct
rows of punctures, becoming obsolete towards apex; under side
almost smooth.
Amazons; in the collections of the British Museum
and the Leyden Museum. One of the handsomest and
most distinct of the Langurvide.
Compsolanguria teres, D. 8.
Precedenti affinis sed minor et angustior, aes totis cyaneis
facile distinguendus. L. 10 mm.
This species appears closely to resemble the preceding,
but it is smaller and considerably narrower, and the
316 Rey. W. W. Fowler on new
elytra are entirely cyaneous; the prothorax also is
more parallel-sided, and the under side is more broadly
cyaneous.
New Granada; in Mr. Crotch’s collection as the type
of anew genus. It evidently belongs to the same genus as
the preceding.
ORTHOLANGUROIDES, N.g.
Very closely related to Ortholanguria, Crotch (Rev.
Erot. Cist. Ent., i., 895), but with the club of antenne
five-jointed and larger eyes: the species that I have seen
are much smaller and narrower. Crotch’s description of
his genus is as follows:—‘‘ Cylindrical, parallel; head
destitute of stridulating organ; antenne with a four-
jointed club; thorax elongate, base margined; elytra
with the apex truncate, denticulate, sutural angle acute.”
Both the genera are at once distinguished by their very
peculiar parallel and cylindrical shape, the elytra and
thorax being of the same breadth, with sides continued
almost in a straight line, and the former being parallel
to apex.
Ortholanguroides cylindrica, n. 8.
Cylindrica, parallela; capite nigro, magno, triangulari, oculis
magnis, rotundatis, leviter granulatis, antennis brevioribus, nigris,
clava longa ovali distincte 5-articulata; prothorace rufo, latitudine
longiori, obsolete punctato, basi utrinque striola impressa; elytris
longis, nigris vel nigro-violaceis, ordinibus punctorum seriatim
fortiter dispositis, apicibus denticulatis ; corpore subtus nigro, pro-
sterno rufo; pedibus nigris. L. 9 mm.
Elongate, parallel, cylindrical ; head black, with very large eyes,
which are round, prominent, and finely granulated; antenne
rather short, with large oval five-jointed club; prothorax red,
longer than broad, obsoletely punctured, posterior angles rather
prominent, base with a stria on each side; elytra black with a
violet tinge, as broad as prothorax, elongate, with strong rows of
punctures, apices denticulate; legs black; under side black; pro-
sternum red.
South America ; Guiana. In Mr. Gorham’s collection.
Ortholanguroides Hgensis, n. s.
Precedenti simillima sed capite rufo, prothorace fere levi, ely-
trorumque seriebus minus fortiter impressis facile distinguendus,
L. 9 mm.
genera and species of Languriide. 317
Very like the preceding, but with the head as well as
the prothorax red, and eyes not so large; the elytra are
more cyaneous; the prothorax is almost impunctate,
and the rows of punctures on the elytra are less strongly
impressed ; the under side is dark, cyaneous, but in Mr.
Crotch’s collection there is a specimen with the under
side red; this, however, appears to be immature. The
specimen is without antenne, and is placed by Mr.
Crotch under Ortholanguria.
Ega; Amazons. In the British Museum collection.
Ortholanguroides virescens, N. 8.
Precedenti similis sed tota lete virescens; capite thoraceque
obsoletius punctatis, antennis clava 5-articulata, articulis 7o et 1lo
minoribus ; elytris ordinibus punctorum distincte impressis, inter-
striis levissime rugosis, apicibus ut in precedentibus denticulatis.
L. 9 mm.
In form and general structure very closely resembling
the preceding, but of an entirely shining green metallic
colour. It appears to bear the same relation to the two
preceding species that Ortholanguria concolor bears to
O. Bates.
Santarem ; in the British Museum collection.
GONIOLANGURIA, Crotch.
In his remarks on this genus (l. c., p. 395), Mr. Crotch
says that a closer examination of his series of G. latipes
would probably eliminate several very closely allied
species; this species, however, is so variable that I
think it would be a difficult matter to separate them
satisfactorily under the several names that Mr. Crotch
appends to the examples in his series. The following
species, however, appears quite distinct, and it is sepa-
rated from all the others by Mr. Crotch.
Goniolanguria flavipes, 0.8.
Elongata, angustata, tota enea, nitida; capite prothoraceque fere
levibus, hoe latitudine multo longiori, lateribus fere parallelis,
marginatis, angulis posticis acutis, productis, basi bisinuata, in
medio fortiter producta, striola minutissima utrinque impressa;
elytris ad basim prothorace evidenter latioribus, apicem versus
sensim angustatis, ordinibus punctorum postice obsolescentibus
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—paRT UI. (OCT.) Zz
318 Rev. W. W. Fowler on new
seriatim dispositis, apicibus divaricatis, denticulatis ; antennis clava
5-articulata ; corpore subtus eneo, glabro, segmento ultimo abdo-
minis fortiter punctato; pedibus flavis, genibus fuscis. L.11; mm.
Narrow and elongate, shining eneous; head and prothorax
almost smooth, the latter much longer than broad, almost parallel-
sided, plainly margined, posterior angles acute, base strongly pro-
duced in middle, with a distinct impressed line above produced
part, and a very small stria on each side; elytra at base broader
than thorax, gradually contracted to apex; apices divaricate and
denticulate ; rows of punctures distinct, fainter towards apex ; under
side «neous, smooth; apical segment of abdomen strongly punc-
tured; antenne with five-jointed club; legs yellow, knees fuscous.
Brazil. In Mr. Crotch’s collection.
TETRALANGUROIDES, 0. g.
The genus Tetralanguria, formed by Crotch to in-
clude several species of Fabricius, Wiedemann, and
Motschulsky from the Indo-Malayan region, is dis-
tinguished by its subquadrate thorax, which has the
anterior angles always well marked and not rounded,
and by its abrupt four-jointed club. Crotch enumerates
six described species (l.c., p. 3878), and four are set
aside in his collection as types of new species ; as, how-
ever, he remarks himself, the species are very hard to
separate satisfactorily: he says, ‘‘ Probably most of those
here given will ultimately prove to be varieties of one
species,” and, after having seen a large number of
specimens, | have not been able to refer any of them to
a distinctly separate species. Although the extreme
forms appear at first sight widely different, yet they are
connected by every gradation ; the size varies from about
12 to 18 mm., and some specimens are broader, with
the elytra more parallel-sided than others. The colour
variations, however, are most remarkable; the com-
monest form in some districts appears to be metallic-
blue or green, with red head and thorax (1’. elongata,
Fab.). The thorax, however, is often more or less
ereen, the colour forming a spot in the centre, or a band,
or covering the whole surface; this appears to be
T. pyramidata, Wied. Specimens also occur which are
entirely zeneous or bright metallic-blue.
In Mr. Crotch’s collection, however, there is a speci-
men set aside by him as the type of a new genus, which,
genera and species of Languride. 319
while having the shape of the prothorax as in Tetra-
languria, is abundantly distinct by reason of its very
different antenne; as, however, it in many points
resembles Tetralanguria, I have adopted for it the name
of Tetralanguroides, for the same reason that I have
adopted other names formed on the same principle.
The genus may be thus characterised :—
Forma elongata, parallela, sat lata; prothorace subquadrato,
angulis anticis distinctis, evidenter marginato, basi leviter bisinuata,
elytris parallelis, apicibus truncatis; antennis crassioribus, clava
5-articulata, articulo 60 jam dilatato.
Tetralanguroides Fryi, 0.8.
Capite sat magno, triangulari, leviter virescenti, fortissime punc-
tato; antennis robustis, clava 5-articulata; prothorace rufo, obso-
lete punctato, macula discoidali, alteraque utrinque laterali, nigris,
basi depressa, marginata, utrinque striola impressa, angulis posticis
productis, acuminatis ; elytris nigro-cyaneis, apicem versus leviter
angustatis, apicibus truncatis, rugosis, ordinibus punctorum seriatim
dispositis, interstriis latis, distincte punctatis; corpore subtus
cum pedibus nigro, prosterno rufo; linee coxales modice.
L. 12—123 mm.
Head large, triangular, very strongly punctured, black, with a
ereenish metallic tinge ; antenne short, with the 1st joint trans-
verse; joints 2—5 about as long as broad, 6th joint a little broader
than 5th, 7—11 dilated, forming a not very distinct club; prothorax
red, obsoletely punctured, with a discoidal black spot, and two
others close to margins in a line with the central spot; elytra
cyaneous-black, with rather strong rows of punctures, interstices
plainly punctured, parallel almost to apex, then narrowed and
narrowly truncate; under side and legs black: prosternum red ;
last segment of abdomen very strongly punctured; coxal lines
distinct, but not strong.
China; in Mr. Crotch’s collection. Also in the British
Museum collection.
Among the species in the collection of the Royal
Museum, Brussels, is a specimen of a Pachylanguria
which I have named Pachylanguria Borrei; the club of
the antenne, however, is more elongate than is usual in
the type-species of the genus (P. Paive, Woll., and
P. metasternalis, Crotch) and differently shaped, and the
species differs also in one or two other points, and may
320 Rev. W. W. Fowler on new
form the type of a distinct genus. As, however, P.
collaris, Crotch, is closely connected with it, it seems the
best course to leave these two species, for the present at
all events, under Pachylanguria. Among other new
species in the Brussels Museum collection there is a
small Callilanguria, distinguished by its yellowish abdo-
men; aspecies of Languria near L. formosa, Crotch ; and
a species with dark elytra and red thorax, which is
remarkable for its very long and slender legs. Descrip-
tions of these species have been lately published in the
‘Comptes Rendus de la Société Ent. de Belgique’ (May
Ist, 1886).
With the Ceylon species Mr. Lewis handed to me a
few other specimens of the group. Among these is a
small Languria with red head and thorax, cyaneous
elytra, and five-jointed club, which is very interesting as
having occurred in Egypt; a species has occurred in
Siberia, but no species has hitherto been recorded so
near to Europe as the one now referred to. It appeared
most probable that the Egyptian species would prove a
new one, but, on examining the under side, I at once
saw that it was L. melanosterna, which was described by
Von Harold in his paper above referred to from Luzon,
Philippine Islands, and of which I have a number of
specimens before me in the Brussels collection from the
same locality. The species is easily distinguished by
having the under side of the head, the prosternum, and
abdomen clear testaceous or red, while the meso- and meta-
sternum are black, and by the first joint of the posterior
tarsi being as long as the two following together; the
occurrence of this insect in such widely-separated
localities is very interesting, but is somewhat paralleled
by the distribution of M. Jansoni above referred to.
The following species remains to be described from
Mr. Crotch’s collection.
Languria affinis, n. 8.
Nitida, capite prothoraceque nigris, illo sat magno obsoletius
punctato, hoe convexo lateribus modice rotundatis, ante basim
subsinuatis, fortiter marginato, evidenter parcius punctato, basi
depressa, striola brevi utrinque impressa; elytris lete cyaneis vel
violaceis, humeris elevatis, ad apicem sensim contractis, apicibus
truncatis; corpore subtus cum pedibus nigro vel nigro-cyaneo ;
genera and species of Langurtide. 321
antennis nigris, clava haud distincta 5-articulata; linee coxales
elongate, fortissime. L.8 mm.
Head and prothorax black, the former obsoletely punctured, the
latter convex, with sides moderately rounded and slightly sinuate
before base, plainly but diffusely punctured; margins strong,
somewhat reflexed, base depressed, and with a short stria on each
side; elytra cyaneous or slightly violaceous, with shoulders well
marked, gradually narrowed to apex; apices truncate; rows of
punctures moderately strong; under side and legs black or dark
cyaneous; antenne with rather indistinct five-jointed club; coxal
lines very strong; male with prothorax rather wider in front than
female.
From L. Giloloe, Crotch, L. rufipes, Crotch, and L.
atrocyanea, Hayr., this species appears to be well dis-
tinguished by its punctured prothorax and five-jointed
club of antenne. It seems, however, most probable
that the three species here mentioned are all varieties of
one species which is variable in size. Crotch (l.c.,
p- 886) speaks of L. rufipes as very near to, and probably
a variety of, L. Giloloe, and Von Harold seems some-
what doubtful regarding L. atrocyanea. L. nigrocyanea,
Crotch, belongs to the same group, and differs very
slightly from the species belonging to it.
L. Lewisii, Crotch, appears to be another variable
species as regards size, colour of legs, &e. I believe
that L. genculata, Har., and very probably L. nare,
Lewis, are merely varieties of this species, and that
some of the allied unicolorous geneous species stand in
need of further revision.
In studying the Langurie it is impossible to help
being struck by the fact that certain of the groups of
species are extremely variable in points that in more
highly organised Coleoptera are always constant, so
much so that it is in many cases almost impossible to
draw the line between species and species; this is more
particularly the case with regard to sculpture. The
sexual differences, which in some genera (e. g., Double-
daya) are very remarkable, also give rise to considerable
confusion, and in describing new species must be care-
fully taken into account.
Mr. Lewis, as quoted at the beginning of this paper,
regards the Langurtide as a, comparatively speaking,
322 New genera and species of Languriude.
recent type of Coleoptera. I am inclined to think that
this cannot be regarded as in any way settled, and that
the simplest forms are often the most archaic; the
question appears to be one of environment entirely, and
if the environment is constant, and no special circum-
stances arise to call for any special alteration, no altera-
tion takes place. In the predaceous Coleoptera there
must always be a great development going on from the
very nature of their habits both in the larval and the
perfect state, which tend to bring about the survival of
those individuals that possess certain organs in their
fullest development. In phytophagous Coleoptera, how-
ever, like the.Langurude, which as a rule live on low
herbage, and appear to undergo their metamorphoses
inside the stems of plants (as observed by Professor
Comstock, quoted by Mr. Lewis), there seems every
reason why they should continue without change for a
very long period. It is of course possible, as Mr. Lewis
(l.c., p. 3851) seems inclined to think, that they have
developed the elongate from the rotundate form, and
then retained it. I am inclined, however, to believe
that the elongate form is the prior form, and that the
least divergency from their usual habits of keeping to
low herbage is at once attended by an alteration of form,
as is shown by the Crotchia and Cladoxena groups,
which are found resting on the higher branches of
shrubs and brushwood. The question, however, is a
very difficult one, and can only be touched upon in
passing in a descriptive paper.
FEXXpPLANATION OF Puate III.*
Fic. 1 and la. Compsolanguria concinna, n. 8.
2 , 2a. Crotchia nitida, n.s.
3,4, 38a. Ortholanguroides Egensis, n. s.
4 ,, 4a. Crotchia vagabunda, nun. s.
5 , 5a. Cladoxena pura, n.s.
(oa Lore a maculata, Mots.
7 Tetralanguroides Fryt, n.s.
8. Tetralanguria splendens, Wied.
9 ,, Ya. Microcladoxena Jansoni, Crotch.
10 ,, 10a. Paracladoxena trifoliata, Har.
Lee ee a 5 bipustulata, nu. s.
* Not Plate I., as printed in error at p. 303.
( 323 )
XI. Notes on the occurrence in Britain of some undescribed
Aphides. By G. B. Bucxron, F.R.S.
[Read August 4th, 1886.]
Puatses IV., V., VI., & VIL.
Mucz interest will always attach to any possible tracing
back of a specific form to its natural and more simple
eroupings, and also to the enquiry what modifications
of structure and habit have formerly been the factors in
a development from the simple to the complex. For
this reason alone, an undue multiplication of described
species is to be deplored, for it must tend to complicate
a problem which is already sufficiently difficult and
obscure.
In forming a judgment as to the existence of a new
species, much must be left to the intuition of the
biologist, for, as a sailor may be able correctly to read
the sky, and yet be unable satisfactorily to tell you why
he comes to an opinion, so it may not be always easy for
aman of science positively to state why he decides for
or against a form as specific.
Since the publication of the fourth volume of the
‘Monograph of British Aphides’ friends have kindly
sent to me what appear to be several new species, and I
venture here to describe certain of them, although they
might perhaps better appear in a short supplement to
that work.
Aphis crithmi, Buckton.
Apterous viviparous female.—Size of body, 0°060 x 0:030 inch.
Small, oval, brown, and slightly mealy to the naked eye. Neck-
ring, cornicles, and two or more broad irregular patches on each
side of the abdomen, dark olive-green or brown. Abdomen pilose
and pitted near the carina. Eyes black. Antenne greenish, and
about two-fifths the length of the insect. Young individuals are
often bright yellow or greenish, with numerous minute spots dotied
over the surface. The pupa is of a drab-yellow colour, with black
head, eyes, nectaries, knee, and tarsal joints. Wing-coverts yellow,
tipped with black or brown.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PaRT III. (OCT.)
324 Mr. Buckton’s notes on the occurrence wn
Winged viviparous female. — Expanse, 0°220 inch; body,
0:080 x 0°080 inch. General colour lemon-yellow. Head and
antenne black, eyes red, rostrum reaching to the third coxe, thorax
with a broad interrupted discoidal brown or black spot. A similar
square spot occurs on the dorsum, between the cornicles, with two
or more luteous dashes. There are also four carinal spots. Knees
and tarsi dark brown. Cauda absent. Wings hyaline, with the
usual twice-forked cubital vein. Insertions yellow, as also is the
stigma.
Found on the stalks of the samphire, Crithmum mari-
timum, growing on the rocks at Kingsbridge, situated at
the head of the Salcombe Estuary, Devonshire. Speci-
mens were kindly forwarded to me in July by G. C.
Bignell, Esq.
The aphis which most nearly agrees with this insect
perhaps is Aphis Angelice of Koch. But, though his
figure fairly answers to my drawing, the different food
and the peculiar habitat on the sea-shore, amongst
other considerations, preclude the identity of these two
insects.
Lachnus pint, Linn.
I was unable, from the want of examples, to describe
and figure the winged viviparous female of this species
in the ‘Monograph of British Aphides.’ The apterous
female is there noticed on page 50, vol. iii., and a
drawing occurs on plate 97 of the same volume. Through
the kindness of Mr. Bignell I can now describe the
winged form, which is relatively much smaller than the
apterous. The insects were taken on the spruce fir late
in September, and near Stonehouse, Devon.
Winged viviparous female.—Expanse, 0°400 inch; size of body,
0.100 x 0°040 inch. General colour ochreous-yellow. Head black,
neck-ring ochreous. Thoracic lobes dark brown. Abdomen corru-
gated and marked with a double row of dark dorsal spots. Cornicles
papilliform and brown. Legs yellow, with brown femoral, tibial,
and tarsal joints. Antenne black.. Wings with a yellowish
membrane, ochreous insertions, and a broad brown stigma.
Venation very fine, but the first cubital vein is coarser than the
rest. The body is covered with a fine yellow coat of hair. The
pup are also small, yellow, finely spotted, and furnished with
dark brown wing-cases.
Britain of some undescribed A phides. 325
Thelazxes betulina.
I think Mr. Darwin remarks that some suspicion
attaches to a genus which is represented by a single
species. Unless the characters differentiated rise to a
high significance in classification, hesitation must be in-
volved in the creation of such a genus ; due regard being
paid to the difficult and obscure subject of variation.
The genus Thelaxes was constructed by Prof. Westwood
in 1840, but some continental authors have ignored it
in favour of the genus Vacuna, which has been thought
to have priority. Vacuna was established by Van Hey-
den in his paper entitled, ‘‘ Entomologische Beitrage,”
published in 1837 in the second volume of the ‘ Museum-
Senkenbergianum,’ pp. 289—291, and he there describes
Vacuna coccinea, which is a true Phylloxera; as appears
evident from a drawing of the wing, kindly made for
me by Prof. Westwood; and taken from one of the type-
specimens sent to him by Van Heyden himself. No
notice seems to be published as to the character of the
lower wing. Westwood says ‘‘the very minute species
Vacuna coccinea, Heyd., has its wings very similar to
those of Phylloxera of Fonscolombe, in which the cubital
vein is unforked; whilst in Thelaxes of Westwood the
cubital vein has a distinct furcation.” Prof. Westwood
moreover thinks that his 7’. quercicola, which has never
been described, may possibly be identical, or at least
congenerical, with Aphis dryophylla, Schr.; and he
writes, ‘‘ In this particular it agrees with Thelaxes dryo-
phylla of the ‘Mon. British Aphides.’” He quotes his
former diagnosis :—‘‘ Wings flat on the back whilst at
rest, anterior with three oblique discoidal nervures, the
anterior bifid; antenne short.’’— See ‘Introd. Mod.
Class. of Insects,’ vol. i., p. 441. From the foregoing
it would appear that the natural position of Thelazes is
between Glyphina and Pemphigus.
I am indebted to the courtesy and observation of the
Rey. E. N. Bloomfield for the opportunity of describing
another species of Thelares. At first, the discoverer of
this insect thought that it had some affinity with Gly-
phina. ‘The insect inhabits the birches round Guesiling,
near Hastings, and it congregates in clusters, not so
much on or under the leaves, as near the ends of the
shoots. Towards the middle of June he found both the
326 Mr. Buckton’s notes on the occurrence in
apterous and winged female forms, and I received
from him a consignment of about thirty individuals,
some five or six of which had wings.
By the first week in July the winged viviparous females
had almost disappeared, and considerable difficulty was
found in obtaining an additional specimen on the 21st
of that month, though the apterous insects were still
fairly plentiful. They certainly also live to the middle
of August.
I append a diagnosis of this new species :—
Thelaxes betulina, Buckton.
Apterous viviparous female.—Size of body, 0°050 X 0:035 inch.
Variable both in colour and in size. The earlier broods have a
general pale or olive-green colour, and are furnished with a delicate
brown hairy coat. Head small; eyes pale; antenne green, tipped
with black, five-jointed, ending with a ‘ nail,” as in Thelaxes
dryophilla. Legs short. Upper side sometimes of a lively green,
whilst other examples show an olive tint, with four or more dis-
jointed transverse bands, which, being interrupted down the
dorsum, mark out a green stripe with adjacent white or green side-
patches. Six or seven obscure pores occur down each side, just as
we see in 7. dryophilla. The nectaries are mamilliform. The
young are wholly of a bright and delicate green. The later moults
occur larger, more globose, and the green parts become dark to
almost black. Pupa bright yellow, with brown head, wing-cases,
and tarsi. The thorax and abdomen are sparsely dotted with
brown.
Winged viviparous female.—Expanse, 0°240 inch ; size of body,
0:060 x 0°040 inch. General colour dusky green, with dark brown
patches on the thorax. Head, eyes, and antenne dark brown or
black. Cauda, nectaries, and several broad square spots down the
dorsum accompanied by smaller lateral spots, of the same colour.
Antenne five-jointed, ending in a nail-like process; the third joint
the longest and green. Abdomen slightly tuberculose. Rostrum
reaches to the third coxe. Wings delicate in texture, folded hori-
zontally when at rest. Costa greenish, with a brown stigma.
Venation distinct and dark brown. Cubital vein, which does not
quite touch the cubitus, once forked. Hind wings with a single
oblique vein rising from the cubital.
Wing-venation amongst the Aphides is a highly im-
portant character. Mr. F. Walker, in his Cat. Homop.,
has, on p. 1052, vol. iv., a mere notice without deserip-
Britain of some undescribed Aphides. 327
tion of a Thelaxes betule, but he makes this insect
synonymous with Vacuna betule, Heyd. From what I
have said before, the venation of this insect must differ
from my T. betulina, and I do not adopt it as a
synonym. Kaltenbach has Vacuna betule, and his
description in many points agrees with the insect here
shown to be at any rate new to Great Britain. But his
insect has ringed antenne, and, like others, he says his
Vacuna is the Vacuna of Heyden.
Chermes taat.
The genus Chermes is at present restricted to a very
few described species, and of these two, viz., Chermes
abietis and C. strobilobius, Kalt., have been observed to
construct gall-like swellings on their food-plants. The
last-named insect Kaltenbach describes as forming
excrescences on the shoots of Pinus abies about the size
of a hazel nut.
Prof. Rupert Jones has been good enough to send me
some galls made on the Ivish yew, Taxus baccata, the
work of a Chermes, which certainly is not C. strobilobius,
and this insect I propose to name—
Chermes taxi, Buckton.
Apterous viviparous female.—Size, 0°050 x 0:030 inch. Figure
irregular, oval. Colour dark shining brown or black. Very small.
Head much hidden in the thorax, black. Abdomen deeply ringed.
Dorsal and lateral portions roughened by numerous squarish
tubercles. Legs black, and not appearing beyond the carapace.
The anal ring is expanded into a pale semilunar termination, from
which is exserted a quantity of white flocculent filaments.
The galls occur on the terminal shoots, and are com-
posed of from eight to sixteen pea-formed cells, united
into brown bunches. When cut into they are found to
be full of sap, and the walls to be constituted of alternate
layers of bright green and pink woody matter. I could
find no openings to these excrescences, but as they were
gathered in the month of March it is very probable
that the openings would not occur until later in the
year, when the inhabitants were ready to assume wings,
as we know to be the case in Chermes abietis.
I have not been able to capture any winged forms ;
328
Undescribed Aphides.
indeed, they are always in this genus less plentiful than
the apterous females, if we except the gall-making
Chermes of the spruce-fir.
In
the consignment made to me from a garden at
Kaling, Middlesex, the insects were congregated on the
stems below the attachments of the galls; and several
were
surrounded by their shining honey-coloured eggs.
The produce of these eggs probably are the gall-makers,
and
these females become prolific within the juicy
distortions they make on this conifer.
EXpLaNaTION oF Puates IV., V., VI., & VII.
Puate 1LV.—Aphis crithmi.
. The apterous female.
. Pupa of the same.
. The winged imago.
. Antenna of the same.
. Sheath and three sete of the rostrum.
. Tarsus and claws.
Puiate V.—Lachnus pint.
. Apterous viviparous female, with exserted proboscis.
. The pupa.
. Winged viviparous female.
Puate VI.—Thelaxes betulina.
. Apterous viviparous female.
. The same, but of a later brood.
. The pupa.
. The imago.
. Part of the head, showing the eye with its supplemental
lenses, and the antenna.
. Tarsal joint.
Puate VII.—Chermes taai.
. Coccus-like larve, showing the anal end, from which the
flocculent substance is extruded.
. Another specimen, with her eggs, a cast skin, and the silky
attachment.
3. A sprig of yew, with five bunches of cells or pseudo-galls,
fabricated by the above insects.
( 329) ”)
XII. Notice of a tube-making Homopterous insect from
Jeylon. By Prof. J. O. Westwoop, MeASeR ales
Honorary Pres. Ent. Soc. London, &c.
[Read August 4th, 1886. |
Puate VIII.
Amonast the various secretions emitted by different
species of insects, such as wax, silk, gums, the oily
matter of the Meloé and ladybird, &c., none has attracted
more general attention than the white frothy material
observed upon almost all kinds of plants in the spring
and early summer, known by the common name of
“cuckoo-spit,” each patch of which is caused by, and
forms the residence of, the immature states of a small
homopterous insect, Aphrophora spumaria. From the
very careful observations and experiments of DeGeer
(Mem., iii., p. 168, et seq.), it is clear that the true
nature of this secretion was first made known by Poupart
in the Memoires of the Academy of Paris in 1705, and
that it is no other than the fluid excrement of the
larva of this insect, consisting of the juices of the plant
on which it subsisted, and which, being discharged, with
very little alteration in its nature, drop by drop from the
anus of the insect, forms an accumulated moistened
mass which keeps the body of the insect in a moist con-
dition until it is ready to assume the perfect state. Other
instances of the employment of the excrement as a
covering of the body of the larve occur in the Hispide
amongst beetles, whilst the fluid emitted by the
bombardier-beetles is so volatile that immediately on
coming into contact with the air it explodes. I have
now to describe another curious secretion emitted by an
insect closely allied to Aphrophora, serving the same
purpose as the cuckoo-spit.
In the course of the autumn of 1885 I received by
parcel-post from Ceylon (forwarded by my excellent
correspondent, Staniforth Green, Esq., of Colombo) a
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—pPaRT Ill. (OCT.)
330 Prof. Westwood’s notice of a tube-making
small box containing specimens of a small homopterous
insect allied to the genus Aphrophora, the economy of
which is remarkable. ‘The larva,” my correspondent
remarks, ‘‘resides in a tube, which is fixed on a twig or
leaf-stalk of the Suriya tulip tree (Adansonia digitata,
L.), on the end of the branches. The perfect insect, no
doubt, deposits its eggs in the same way that Aphrophora
spumaria lays hers, but I have not yet noticed the growth
of the tube. I had one under observation for about a
week, and could, with the aid of a lens, see the move-
ments of the larva inside. Its position in the tube was
head downwards, and it seemed to be continually working
its anus against and round about the inside of the tube
near its orifice. At intervals a clear water-like fluid
was discharged from its anus, which would escape from
the tube drop by drop. I allowed some of this to fall
upon a clear slip of glass, but it did not seem to congeal.
It gradually dried on the glass, leaving but a slight
mark on its surface. Isee in your ‘ Modern Classification
of Insects,’ i1., p. 4388, that a species of Aphrophora is
found upon trees in Madagascar, the larva of which
emits a considerable quantity of clear water, especially in
the middle of the day, when the heat is the greatest. Can
this be the same insect ? [No.] Here in Ceylon the water
seems to drop from the tube day and night, for | have
seen it dropping before sunrise. Our insect has a life of
some weeks in the larval state, and never shows itself
outside of its tube until it is ready to assume its perfect
state. The change occurs early in the morning, generally
between six and seven o'clock, shortly after sunrise.
First of all a quantity of little bubbles appear in the
form of a knob at the mouth of the tube. Then the
pupa comes out tail first, and takes up a position on the
top of the tube [transversely, like the letter T], and in
the middle of the bubbles. In about ten minutes it
completely extricates itself from its old skin, and the
curved horn on its thorax seems to uncurl. Some of the
specimens I have sent you show this. Please see if
there are any males among them. If not, it is possible
that they may not reside in tubes. I noticed a few
the other morning resting on a twig, the female above
and the male below ; the latter was considerably smaller,
and of darker colour. On being slightly disturbed they
leaped away. ‘They appear to be very scarce, seldom
Homopterous insect from Ceylon. 331
showing themselves. I have been resident here for
more than thirty years, and, until I noticed these tubes
lately, I had only met with two specimens.”
“P§S., 19th August.—Yesterday morning I discovered
some newly-hatched larve of the Aphrophora on the tip
of a small tulip tree. They could not have been long
out of the egg, little tiny creatures of an orange colour,
and in the midst of a spot of froth. I could see them
moving about in it. I find that the tube is beginning to
be formed. Iam now convinced that it is commenced
and finished by the little creature itself while in the
larval state; the walls of the tube were commencing to
rise, enclosing a space of sufficient size to contain the
larva in a perpendicular position, but it must be a close
fit by the time they are ready to assume the perfect
state. At present they are in a horizontal position, and
must by working about form the foundation of their
cells as the froth becomes congealed. There are five or
six of these young larve close together on the tip of a
twig which is sending out leaves. One tiny larva is
moving about with no froth about it, and with quite a
dry skin. You will notice that the cases have a ringed
appearance; this is probably caused by the semicircular
motion of the anus of the larve, which is crushed
against the interior of the tube sometimes above and
sometimes below. Ido not believe that the insect does
any injury to the tree, or even to the branch it
feeds on.”
The full-sized larva-tubes are about half an inch long
and about a line in diameter. They are about the
thickness of writing-paper, of a dirty whitish colour,
with the surface finely transversely wrinkled. The basal
portion is dilated and curved so as partially to clasp the
twig on which it is fixed, as shown in the accompanying
sketches. In this manner the bottom of the tube is
closed, and, as the insect resides in it with the head
downwards, I do not understand how it can obtain
nourishment from the plant through its delicate rostrum,
unless it occasionally emerges from its abode, which, of
course, is stationary. During the past spring I have
noticed that our common English cuckoo-spit insect
remains stationary on a plant for several weeks.
‘The immature insect differs from the imago in the usual
manner, having the wings only visible in a rudimental
332 Prof. Westwood’s notice of a tube-making
condition in the pupa state, in which, as will be
seen in figure, the only appearance of the large curved
dorsal horn is seen in a very small dorsal protuberance
in the middle of the hind part of the thorax.
The perfect insect proves to be a species of Burmeister’s
curious genus Macherota (Handb. d. Ent., 2 Bd. pp. 127,
128), intermediate between the Cercopides and the Centroti
and Membracides.
Of Burmeister’s type of M. ensifera, brought by
Chammisso from the Island of Luzon, the chief of the
Philippines, I fortunately made a sketch in the Berlin
Museum more than fifty years ago, and was thereby
enabled to identify the species also brought from the
Philippine Islands by the late Mr. H. Cuming (Proc.
Zool. Soc., Nov. 14th, 1837, p. 180).
The Ceylon insect agrees with the type in size and
general appearance, but the head is more pointed in
front and is concolorous, whereas it is black in M. ensi-
Jera, Which latter is destitute of the very minute dark
dots with which the Ceylon species is marked both on
the body and also on the fore wings. The specimens of
the latter (preserved, however, in spirits) are uniformly
pale luteous-coloured, whilst in the Philippine insect
the prothorax is marked with five slender brown longi-
tudinal vitte, and the sides of the middle segments of
the abdomen are black.
The following specific characters will serve to dis-
tinguish the Ceylonese species :—
Macumrota GurticeRA. — Pallide luteo-fulva, guttis
minutis nigricantibus, vix distinctis, remote sparsis,
notata, preesertim in marginibus tegminum et in venis
insidentibus ; fronte capitis magis conico, concolori.
Long. corp. circ. lin. 8. Expans. tegminum cire. lin. 6.
Habitat, Ceylon. Dom. 8S. Green detecta et mihi benevole
transmissa.
EXPLANATION oF Puate VIII.
Fras. 1, 2, 3.—The tube of the larva of Macherota guttigera,
seen in different positions; magnified.
» 4, 5.—Basal portion of the tube, showing the manner in
which it is made to clasp the twig on which it is affixed.
Homopterous insect from Ceylon. 333
Fia. 6.—The pupa, taken out of the tube.
» %.—The perfect insect (natural size).
», 8.—Front of head of imago, showing the rudimental ocelli
in two impressed spaces of the hind part of the vertex.
» 9.—Side view of the head, showing the antenne inserted
close to the anterior margin of the eyes.
», 10.—One of the antenne.
y, 11.—The dorsal thoracic horn.
5, 12.—Fore wing or tegmen.
. 13.—Hind wing.
», 14.—Hind leg.
» 15.—Under side of the abdomen of the male imago.
PS.—Whilst this memoir was in preparation there
appeared in an American entomological periodical the
following notice of a very similar discovery, in New
Holland, of a case-making species :—‘“‘ At the meeting of
the Linnean Society of New South Wales on the 26th
November, 1884, a paper was read by F. Ratte, M.E.,
on the larve and larva-cases of some Australian
Aphrophoride, in which the larval state of some small
species of Rhyngota, closely allied to the genus Aphro-
phora, and probably belonging to the genus Ptyelus, is de-
scribed. The description of the larva-cases and of some of
the larve discloses a feature probably new to the science
of Entomology. These cases, unlike those of insects
generally, are true shells, containing at least three-
fourths of carbonate of lime, and resembling in shape
some fossil and recent Serpule, some being conical,
others serpuliform or helicoidal. The conical shells are
fixed on the branches of some species of Hucalyptus, the
mouth turned upwards, the larva being placed in it with
the head downwards. It introduces its suctorial appa-
ratus into the bark of the stems, sucking the sap of the
tree, and emits from time to time, by its anus, drops of
clear water. This property of emitting clear water is
possessed by all the family.”-—‘ Psyche,’ vol. iv., p. 288,
June, 1885.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—parT I. (ocT.) 2a
7 oye
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= 7 o _s
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XII. Further additions to the Rev. T. A. Marshall’s
Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. by Joun B.
Bripeman, F.L.S.
[Read July 7th, 1886.]
Since the appearance of my last list of additions I have
examined a very large number of British Ichneumonide,
and, as might be expected from the very little attention
which has been bestowed on this division of Entomology
in this country, I have detected many species which
have not hitherto been recorded as British ; while some
have been met with which appear to me to be unde-
scribed. Professor C. G. Thomson has very kindly
examined many insects for me, principally Cryptides
and the genus Mesochorus, and the result of his exami-
nation I have in many instances recorded in this paper.
I am very deeply indebted to Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher for
the trouble he has taken in saving for me the parasites
he has bred, which last year amounted to more than
1000, and, as in most instances the name of the host
was added, much valuable information has been obtained.
My thanks are also due to Messrs. Atmore, Bignell,
Billups, Cross, Griffiths, Harwood, Porritt, and many
others for insects kindly sent me.
Ichneumon bimaculatorius, Panz.
I took a female of this handsome little ichneumon at
Brundall, near Norwich, on September 17th, 1884.
Trogus exaltatorius, Panz.
I have a fine female of this T’rogus, given to me by
Mr. G. C. Bignell in 1882. It is very like lutorius, but
is larger, has the cloud at the apex of the wings more
distinct, and different sculpture at the back part of the
metathorax.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PART III. (OCT).
3386 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall's
Ichneumon magus, Wesm.
Wesm., Ich. Miscel., 31, 24, ¢, 2; Holm., Ich. Suec.,
TASS 87.529
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher bred the female of this species
from Padisca solandriana. These Scotch specimens differ
slightly from Wesmael’s and Holmgren’s descriptions :
they both give the hind femora as nigro-piceous; in my
specimens the hind femora are dark red, one of them is
fuscous in the middle, the abdomen of one has the apex
of the 1st segment and all the rest of the abdomen
palish chestnut ; the other two have the same coloured
abdomen, but the segments have a more or less distinct
fuscous band in the middle. All three vary in this
respect, so that perhaps the described coloration may
occur in this country. The above were taken at
Rannoch.
Apeleticus inclytus, Wesm.
Wesm., Ich. Plat. EHur., 84, 3; Brischke, Ich. d. Prov.
W. u. O-Preuss, 52, 3.
Mr. Thouless took a specimen at Lakenham, near
Norwich, in 1885.
Pheogenes modestus, Wesm., 3, 2.
Wesm., Tent., 1884, 198, 9; Mant., 1848, 86, ?.
Head behind the eyes somewhat swollen; supero-medial area
about as broad as long or longer than broad, and sometimes broader
than long, and varies from hexagonal to almost pentagonal with a
blunt apex; in the female the metathorax is rugosely punctate, in
the male shining and somewhat coarsely rugose, much finer in
some specimens than in others; the post-petiole in the male is sub-
globose, longer than wide, and narrower than the female ; in both
aciculate, distinctly but rather irregular in the male, almost obso-
lete in the female, especially in the middle; remaining segments
finely granular, with indications of rather coarse somewhat scat-
tered punctures; punctures a little finer in the female than in the
male; 2nd segment longer than wide, remainder transverse ; meso-
pleura smooth and shining, with coarse not very close punctures.
3. Incoloration agrees with the female, except that the hind
knees, apex of tibizw, and tarsi of hind legs are fuscous, and the
abdomen varies in colour from deep brown; incisions of anterior
segments reddish, to 2nd and 8rd segments almost entirely dull
Catalogue of British Ichnewmonide. 337
red; this latter variety appears to be scarce, and the former to be
the normal coloration. In the female the white on the middle
joints of the antenne is sometimes almost obsolete.
These were bred by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, from
Euchroma flammea from Rannoch, in June.
Pheogenes nitidus, n. 8.
Niger, pedibus rufis, coxis et trochanteribus nigris, femoribus
posticis nigris, basi rufa, facie flavo-picta.
Head transverse, somewhat oblique, and rather swollen behind
the eyes; face and forehead smooth and shining, with a few fine
scattered punctures; clypeus separated from the face by a shallow
depression ; apex truncate; labrum slightly projecting; antenne
not quite so long as the body. Thorax: mesonotum somewhat
smooth and shining, with very fine rather scattered punctures;
scutellum almost free from sculpture of any sort; metathorax
smooth and shining, with faint traces of rug ; supero-medial area
transverse, rounded in front, slightly concave behind, somewhat
kidney-shaped; lateral arew distinctly subdivided; mesopleurse
smooth and shining, with scattered punctures (these denser behind
than in front). Post-petiole of abdomen is about as wide or a little
wider than long, sides parallel, and has a depression in the middle,
slightly tridivided, smooth and shining, with a few scattered punc-
tures; 2nd segment longer than wide, remainder transverse ; 2nd,
érd, and 4th segments finely and rather closely punctate ; interstices
almost smooth and shining; apex and sides of abdomen pubescent ;
2nd segment with a faint transverse depression before the base ;
thyridii distinct and reddish. Legs moderate.
Black; mouth, clypeus, middle of mandibles, facial orbits more
or less, and two spots below the antenne, yellow; scape of
antenne beneath red; flagellum beneath reddish ; incisions of 1st
and 2nd segments reddish. Legs red; cox and trochanters black 5
apex of the latter reddish; apex of hind tibie and hind tarsi
fuscous ; hind femora in one specimen black, extreme base reddish ;
in the other the basal half red. Stigma and tegule nigro-fuscous.
Male. Length, 6°5 mm.
Two males bred by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher in 1885;
host unknown. ;
Phygadeuon rusticelle, n. 8.
This insect is a Phygadeuon, according to Thomson’s
division of Cryptide, and comes next to P. vagans, Gr.
(Thoms., Opuse. Ent., p. 951, 25), but differs from it
338 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall's
in having the coxe red, sometimes the hind pair dark at
the base above, or very rarely almost entirely dark; the
scape of the antenne beneath in the male is pale yellow,
and red in the female. It also comes very near to
P. qustriacus, Gr. ‘Taschenburg, in his table (Die
Schlupf. Cryptides), gives No. 23, ‘“‘ Huften roth, wie die
Spitzen der Hinterschienen, austriacus”’; this is evidently
a mistake, as both he and Gravenhorst give ‘‘ legs red,
coxe and trochanters black.” If Taschenburg had added
after Spitzen, ‘“‘ und Wurzel,’” he would have accurately
described this species.
Pedibus, abdomineque rufis, segmento primo nigro.
The antenne, like those of P. vagans, are slender, rather more
like a Cryptus than a Phygadeuon; head behind the eyes scarcely
narrow; forehead smooth and shining; thorax shining; meso-
notum finely punctated; arez of metathorax distinct, supero-
medial area transverse; 1st segment of abdomen rather long and
somewhat slender; post-petiole about three times as wide as the
petiole; the entire abdomen smooth and shining, elongate-ovate ;
apex of 2nd segment the widest; aculeus fully half the length of
the abdomen; legs moderate; the posterior inferior angle of
discoidal cell of front wings acute; transverse anal nervure ante-
furcal; legs moderate.
?. Black; legs red, front ones paler than the hind ones; base
and apex of hind tibiz and hind tarsi brownish black; base of hind
coxze above sometimes more or less brown; scape of antenne
brownish red, dark above; flagellum brownish beneath ; abdomen
red; 1st segment black; stigma black.
The male differs in having the scape of the antenne pale yellow
beneath ; front and middle coxe are paler, and the hind pair darker
at the base; the abdomen has only the 2nd, 8rd, and 4th segments
red, and these often stained with brown.
Male andfemale. Length, 4—5 mm.
These were bred by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher from old
birds’ nests from Bognor, and from the same host were
bred two females and one male of an Hemiteles, which I
believe to be jloricolator. The two females differ very
much from one another in colour; one has the abdomen
almost black, only the two first segments reddish at
the apex.
Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 339
Phygadeuon sodalis, Tasch.
Tasch., Zeits. fiir die Gesam. Natur., 1865, 29.
This is added on the strength of a specimen received
from Mr. J. H. Fletcher.
Phygadeuon brachyurus, Thoms.
Thoms., Opuse. Ent., 955, 84, 3, 2.
Prof. GC. G. Thomson returned a small female Cryptid
which I received from Dr. Capron, taken in the neigh-
bourhood of Shiere, and a male which I took at Haton,
near Norwich, as the above species.
The insect which I named Hemiteles ruficaudatus,
Trars. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, 149, Prof. Thomson says
belongs to his genus Stylocryptus.
Hemiteles mixtus, m., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888,
148, he also says is a Phygadeuon. It might easily be
put into either genus, but the absence of the outer
nervure of the areolet induced me to include it in
Hemiteles ; this latter is far from being a good genus, as
many insects are found that would easily go into either
one or the other. The extremes of either are very
decided, but the intermediate forms are far from
being so.
Phygadeuon brevitarsis, Thoms.
Thoms., Opusc. Ent., 959, 46.
This insect I thought was a var. of P. nitidus, but
Prof. Thomson returned it with the above name.
Hemiteles cynipinus, Thoms.
Thoms., Opusc. Ent., 997, 26, 3, 2.
This and the following were kindly named for me by
Prof. Thomson.
Taken in the neighbourhood of Norwich.
Hemiteles Gyrini, Parfitt.
Thomson thinks this is most probably Hemiteles
argentatus, Gr.
340 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall's
Hemiteles gracilis, Thoms.
Thoms., Opusc. Ent., 989, 60, 3, 2.
This species I had considered H. micator, Gr.
Hemiteles validicornis, Thoms.
Thoms., Opusce. Ent., 995, 76, @.
This species I considered H. melanopygus, Gr., and do
not see in what respect it differs from Gravenhorst’s
description of that insect.
Hemiteles balteatus, Thoms.
Ann. Soc. Ent. d. France, 28, 14.
This I took at Heigham, near Norwich. Female.
Hemiteles capreolus, Thoms.
Thoms., Opusce. Ent., 970, 8, 3, 2.
The female was taken in the neighbourhood of Shiere
by Dr. Capron; the male I took myself near Norwich.
Hemiteles scabriculus, Thoms.
Thoms., Opuse. Ent., 969, 6, 3, 2.
Taken in the neighbourhood of Norwich. Female.
Hemiteles minutus, n.s.
Nitidus; niger; pedibus anticis ex parte piceis.
Very smooth and shining; head subquadrate, not quite so wide
as the thorax; face quadrate, rather protuberant; space between
the eyes and mandibles about equal to the space between the base
of the two mandibles; clypeus searcely divided from the face;
antenne a little shorter than the body; scape rather longer than
wide, notched outside; flagellum somewhat filiform, thinner at the
base than the apex, slightly attenuated at the apex; Ist joint about
four times as long as wide, remainder gradually decreasing in
length. Parapsides of thorax somewhat distinct in front; meso-
notum covered with very fine pubescence, and almost obsolete
punctures ; thorax longer than high; metathorax with two distinct
transverse ridges; supero-medial area defined by two longitudinal
converging lines, wider in front than behind, and a little wider than
long, very finely punctate or with very fine rugze, either only just
Cataloque of British Ichneumonide. 341
perceptible; posterior surface divided into three aree; metathorax
transverse. Abdomen ovate, about as long as the head and thorax,
and a little wider than the latter; 1st segment slender ; post-petiole
very little wider than the petiole; spiracles hardly projecting,
placed just behind the middle; remaining segments transverse ;
apex of 2nd the widest ; aculeus about as long as the 1st segment,
or between one-fourth and one-third the length of the abdomen.
Legs very slender. Wings without areolet; outer nervure absent 5
posterior inferior angle of discoidal cell subacute; transverse anal
nervure not divided. The male scarcely differs from the female ;
the antennze are more filiform, and the abdomen rather more
cylindrical.
Black ; part of front femora, tibie, and tarsi, piceous; sometimes
hind tibie show faint indications of darker marks at the apex and
before the base, and the 2nd segment of the abdomen is sometimes
rather piceous. Tegule more or less piceous. Stigma fuscous,
more or less diluted.
Male and female; length, about 2°5 mm.
Bred by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher from spiders’ nests
taken at Worthing, which swarm on the coast.
This species appears to me to come in Phalanx 2,
ll. mm. n. of Thomson’s divisions in ‘ Opuscula Entomo-
logica,’ p. 989.
Pezomachus hortensis, Gr.; P.agilis, Thoms.; P. spinula,
Thoms.; P. mandibularis, Thoms; P. formicarius, Gr.
These Pezomachi were taken in the neighbourhood of
Norwich, and were named for me by Prof. Thomson,
who says the one I thought was a variety of P. analis is
P. faunus, the P. intermedius and P. furax are the same
species, and that P. juvenilis is a small variety of
P. rufulus; he also says Foerster has made several
species of P. rufulus. I sent to him the species which
Mr. Marshall named for Mr. J. E. Fletcher as Hemi-
machus trux; this he returned to me named P. insolens,
thus confirming my opinion. JP. trux must, I think, be
removed from our list.
Pezomachus costatus, n. 8.
Rufus, capite, apice antennarum, abdominisque apice, nigris.
Head large, slightly oblique behind the eyes; antenne about
three-fourths the length of the body; 2nd joint of flagellum a little
342 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall’s
longer than the 1st (this latter about twice as long as wide); 5th
rather longer than wide; metanotum scarcely higher than the
mesonotum, and nearly as long; the transverse ridge of the meta-
notum about half-way down the slanting part, very distinct, and in
form resembles a W, at others runs almost straight across. First
segment of abdomen without projecting spiracles; sides of post-
petiole rather rounded and gradually increasing in width, sub-
pyriform; abdomen densely pubescent, pubescence rather more
scattered on the apical segments; aculeus about as long or a little
longer than the 1st segment.
Black; basal half of the antenne, thorax, three first segments of
the abdomen, and legs red. Female.
Var. Like the above, but inner orbits broadly obscure red.
Female; length, 5 mm.
This species comes between 33 and 84 of Foerster’s
table of Pezomachus.
This species has been sent to me by Dr. Capron, who
took it in the neighbourhood of Shiere. Another speci-
men was sent to me by Mr. Fitch; this he received from
Mr. J. H. Fletcher, and I have taken it myself; and the
variety I took at Mousehold, near Norwich, in 1882.
Pezomachus vulnerans, Fst.
Mon. d. Gat. Pez., 157, 102, 2.
Mr. T. R. Billups has taken four females of this
species at Headley and Reigate.
Pezomachus tmmaturus, Fst.
Mon. d. Gat. Pez. 198, 150, °.
I have seen a female which agrees exactly with the
description of the above insect, taken by Mr. Billups at
Headley.
Pezomachus vagantiformis, n. 8.
This insect comes next to P. vulnerans in Férster’s
table, and might be added as ‘ thorax bicoloured”’ before
‘thorax red.” In general appearance it reminds one
of P. vagans, and most probably would have been in-
cluded by Gravenhorst in that species.
Niger, pro- et mesothorace, segmento primo pedibusque rufis.
Head somewhat narrow behind the eyes; 1st joint of flagellum
seareely longer than the 2nd, about four times as long as wide ;
Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 343
5th about one and a half times longer than wide. Thorax some-
what elongated, the metathorax longer than the mesothorax, no
trace of scutellum; a transverse line separates the superior from
the posterior face of metathorax; both meso- and metanotum
somewhat rounded, the latter higher than the former ; thorax about
twice as long as high. Abdomen rather narrow, subcylindrical,
not wider than the head, pubescence dense, scarcely more scattered
at the apex ; the hair-pits are more strongly developed than usual;
Ist segment rather narrow, about two and a half times as wide at
the apex as at the base; spiracles not very distinct (from these to
the apex sides straight and gradually widening); between the
spiracles about twice the width of the base; remaining segments
transverse ; aculeus rather longer than the 1st segment.
Head black; antenne brown, apex darker ; 2nd and base of 8rd
joints reddish; pro- and mesothorax brownish red; metathorax
reddish brown, paler on middle of back; abdomen brown-black ;
Ist segment and all the margins of the 2nd red; legs red; apex of
hind femora, apex and before the base of hind tibie, slightly tinged
with brown. Female. Length, 3mm.
Taken by Dr. Capron in the neighbourhood of Shiere,
1884.
Pezomachus Foersteri, n. 8.
This very distinct species comes next to P. spurius in
Forster’s table (iv. 2, * a. bb.c.).
Niger, pedibus rufis.
Head behind the eyes rather narrow; antenne reaching about
to the apex of the 1st segment of the abdomen; Ist joint of
flagellum slightly longer than the 2nd, about two and a half times
longer than wide; 5th rather longer than wide; thorax rather
stout, scarcely longer than high, the meso- and metathorax of about
equal length; the transverse ridge of metanotum terminates
laterally in a rather short acute spine; 1st segment of abdomen
with spiracles scarcely projecting, about three times as wide at the
apex as at the base, and about twice as long as the width of the
apex; abdomen ovate; apex of the 3rd segment the widest ;
aculeus almost longer than the Ist segment; abdomen covered
with scattered pubescence. The abdomen is the same shape as in
P. instabilis, but the insect differs from that species in the shorter
antenne and thorax.
Black; 2nd and base of 3rd joints of antenne and legs red;
apex of hind femora, apex and before the base of middle and hind
tibiz, and apical joints of tarsi very faintly browned. Female.
Length, 2°75 mm.
344 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall’s
Taken by Dr. Capron in the neighbourhood of Shiere
in 1884.
Exochilum (Anomalon) capitatum, Desvig.
Mus. Cat., 104, 5.
‘“‘ Head buceated; forehead not cornuted; face slightly narrowed
below; clypeus at the apex widely emarginate; antenne shorter
than the body. Metathorax with a shallow depressed line down
the middle, and with rather deep longitudinal suleations. Abdomen
compressed; Ist segment nearly straight. Legs slender; femora
slightly thickened; hind legs much longer and thicker than the
others; first two joints of hind tarsi much thickened; 1st joint
about one-fourth longer than the 2nd; the last three small,
together about as long as the 2nd joint. Wings: recurrent dis-
coidal nervure joining the 1st cubital cell in the middle ; transverse
anal nervure of lower wing post-furcal, and divided above the
middle.”
This fine species of Anomalon, so far as I know, has
not been taken since Mr. Desvignes described it. When
at the Museum two or three years ago I saw plainly that
it belonged either to one of Wesmael’s subgenera or to
anew genus; Mr. W. I’. Kirby has very kindly examined
them for me, and from his description, which I give
above, it is very evident that it agrees exactly with none
of Wesmael’s genera, but still it comes very near to
Exochilum, and I think it will be far better to stretch
that genus than to make a fresh one for it. The principal
differences are that the forehead is not cornuted, the
apex of the clypeus widely emarginate instead of trun-
cate, and 2nd joint of hind tarsus is proportionately
longer.
Campoplex rugulosus, Foerst.
Campoplex rugulosus, Foerst., Mon. der Gatt. Campopl.,
798, 17.
I have a specimen of this species bred by Mr. F. Nor-
gate from Trachea piniperda.
Campoplex unicinctus, Holm.
Skand. Art. af. Oph. Camp., 35, 11, 3.
I have seen two specimens of this species from Mr.
K. A. Fitch; and I have one given to me by Mr. G. T.
Porritt, which he took at Doncaster in May, 1884.
Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 345
Campoplex trisculptus, Holm.
I Dee AIS Bas eh ae
Mr. Porritt sent me this species, taken at the same
locality and time as the former species.
2 Campoplex tenuis, Foerst.
Foerst., Mon. d. Gatt. Camp., 851, 58, 2 ; Campoplex
agnatus, Foerst., l. c., 852,59, 3; ? C. subolicida, Foerst.,
l.c., 860, 65, 2; C. tenuis, Holm., Skand. Art. af. Oph.
Camp:, 69; 31. 3, 2:
Mr.. Fitch sent me three specimens of Campoplea
which I believe to be this species, and I have two in my
own collection.
Campoplex punctatus, 0. 8.
Abdominis medio rufo; pedibus maxima ex parte nigris. 3%.
Mesopleura smooth between the punctures ; vertical ridge behind
front coxe indistinct; 38rd segment of abdomen convex below and
without a lateral black streak. Face dull, pubescent, and finely
punctate; mandibles in the middle widely yellow; palpi black ;
forehead finely granular, without keel; head behind the eyes
oblique. Thorax: mesonotum rather coarsely but not deeply
punctate; interstices reticulate; scutellum keeled laterally beyond
the middle, with rather large and somewhat scattered punctures ;
interstices reticulate; metanotum shining, rugose, forming a net-
work, somewhat obliterated above ; supero-medial area distinctly
defined within; coste long; mesopleura rather coarsely and some-
what closely punctate; interstices almost free from any markings ;
dise acicnlate ; the vertical ridge behind front coxe scarcely per-
ceptible; sides of metathorax finely rugose.
Abdomen: Ist segment slender, gradually tapering from base to
apex, widest just before the apex, spiracles slightly projecting,
segment reticulate; 3rd segment about two-thirds the length of
the 2nd, convex below; abdomen dull and pubescent ; apex of 2nd
segment obscurely castaneous; 3rd red, fuscous at base above, and
without the lateral black streak; 4th red, with a vertical black bar
in the middle, running from the lower margin almost to the centre
of the back; sometimes the apical half of 4th segment is entirely
black, sometimes the whole segment is red, and sometimes the
apical half of the 2nd segment is red, and the 8rd entirely so.
Legs black, front one partly palish red ; middle tibiz pale brownish
3846 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshalls
red; middle tarsi brown. Wings: base, squamula, stigma, and
nervures brown; areolet petiolated; recurrent nervure received
before the middle; transverse anal subgeniculated about one-third
from the bottom ; no emitting nervure. Male. Length, 9°5 mm.
Taken by Mr. Harwood.
Campoplex costulatus, n. 8.
Abdominis medio rufo; pedibus maxima ex parte flavis; fronte
costata. .
Third segment of abdomen not concave beneath, with a lateral
black streak; interstices of mesopleura reticulate ; vertical ridge
behind front coxw very fine. Face dull, rough, not distinctly
punctate, pubescent; mandibles yellow; palpi pale red; forehead
dull and granular, with a prominent central keel, and radiating
from the base of the antenne five or six prominent cost extending
about half the distance to the anterior ocellus; sides of head
behind the eyes oblique. Thorax: mesonotum finely punctate,
interstices reticulate ; scutellum marginated to the apex, punctate,
punctures rather large and scattered, interstices almost smooth;
metanotum somewhat shining, upper part with faintly impressed
punctures, lower part transversely rugose ; sculpture not prominent ;
supero-external area distinctly defined within, area dentipara
scarcely defined below, depression in the middle moderate ; sides
of metathorax punctate; mesopleura moderately punctate, inter-
stices reticulate; disc longitudinally aciculate; behind the front
coxe a fine vertical line.
Abdomen: Ist segment slender, tapering from the middle to the
apex, widest part just before the apex; spiracles not prominent ;
2nd and 8rd segments of equal length; 3rd segment slightly con-
vex below; abdomen somewhat finely pubescent and punctate ;
2nd segment clear red, apex above and lateral streak black ; 3rd
clear red, with a lateral streak just below the level of the spiracle;
4th red, apex black; ventral segments the same colour. Legs
yellow; base of front and middle coxe brownish red; front and
middle femora inclining to red; hind cox, trochanters, femora,
black; base and apex of hind tibie and hind tarsi brownish.
Wings: base and squamule reddish yellow; stigma brownish red ;
nervures brown; areolet very shortly petiolated; recurrent ner-
vure received before the middle ; transverse anal almost straight,
obscurely divided not far below the middle; emitting nervure
almost indistinct. Male. Length, 11 mm.
One specimen taken by Mr. Harwood.
Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 347
Campoplex femorator, n. 8.
Abdominis medio rufo, pedibus rufo nigroque variis, femoribus
posticis apice rufis. ¢, ?.
Mesopleura with the interstices between the punctures faintly
reticulate, with a distinct vertical costa behind the front coxe; the
lower margins of the 3rd abdominal straight. Forehead with a
vertical ridge ; face punctate, pubescent; forehead reticulate, dull,
obscurely punctate, behind the eyes somewhat oblique ; mandibles
yellow in the middle; palpi of male yellow, female brown. Thorax:
mesonotum finely punctate, interstices reticulate ; scutellum margi-
nated at the base only, punctate, interstices reticulate ; metanotum
shining, irregularly rugose, not coarsely so, much smoother above
than below ; supero-external area not closed below; area dentipara
clearly defined, except above depression, in the middle not deep;
mesopleura moderately punctate, interstices very finely reticulate,
almost shining; a distinct vertical ridge behind the front coxe.
Abdomen: 8rd segment almost straight beneath; in the female
the 2nd segment a little longer than the 3rd, in the male the 2nd
one-third longer than the 8rd; female: apex of 2nd and the 8rd
segments darkish chestnut, the latter obscure at the apex and base
of lower margin; 4th obscurely chestnut laterally at the base ;
male: apical half of the 2nd, all the 8rd, and basal half of 4th
segments red, the latter black above ; 2nd and 8rd segments with a
lateral black streak ; the coloured segments of both sexes the same
colour beneath, the abdomen smooth and shining, post-petiole with
rounded sides; aculeus of female rather more than one-third the
length of the 1st segment. Legs, female: front pair red, coxe
and trochanters black; middle pair red; coxe, trochanters, and
basal half of femora black; hind pair black; knees and middle of
tibie deep chestnut. Male: front and middle pair yellow; base of
cox black, and greater part of femora red; hind pair, coxe,
trochanters, and basal half of femora black; apex of femora red ;
tibia yellow, extreme base, apex, and tarsi chestnut. Wings:
areolet rhomboidal, petiolated, petiole about the length of one-third
the distance from the radial nervure to the recurrent discoidal
nervure, which joins the areolet just before the middle ; transverse
ordinary nervure not interstitial; transverse anal divided below
the middle at one-third from the lower nervure, which runs beyond
the transverse anal nervure; squamule of male yellow, female
black; stigma red, nervures dark. Male and female. Length,
19 mm.
I have seen several specimens from Mr. Harwood, of
348 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall’s
Colchester, who could not give the host they were bred
from or the locality; also a female from Mr. Bignell,
taken in Devonshire.
Thymaris fasciatus, n. 8.
Thymaris is one of Foerster’s subgenera of Campo-
plegoide ; it isa subdivision of Cymodusa: wings without
an areolet, and post-petiole with a transverse depression.
Foerster has described no species of the genus, and the
only described species I know of is one by Brischke,
which has pale legs.
Niger, abdomine rufo fasciato.
Head subbuceated; eyes finely pubescent; behind the eyes not
oblique; space between the eyes and the base of the mandibles
about equal to the width of the mandibles; apex of clypeus
rotundate ; teeth of mandibles of equal length; face moderately
pubescent. Supero-medial area of metathorax pentagonal, rather
wider than long; lateral arez: imperfectly divided, the lower half
with fine transverse rugw; supero-medial ares not completely
closed behind; postero-medial area transversely rugose, very
slightly depressed in the middle ; mesopleura opaque, finely punc-
tate, towards the front finely rugose; disc smooth and shining.
First segment of abdomen slender; petiole about half the width of
the post-petiole, which is nearly twice as long as wide; sides
parallel ; just behind the middle isa distinct transverse depression ;
the 2nd segment twice as long as wide; 3rd rather longer than
wide; the remainder transverse ; abdomen finely pubescent. Legs
slender. Wings without an areolet ; transverse anal nervure not
divided.
Black; middle of mandibles red ; frontlegs palered ; cox, base
of trochanters, and base of femora black ; middle legs the same
colour, but the black a little more extensive, and apex of tibiw and
apex of tarsi brownish; hind legs black; apex of trochanters,
middle of tibie, calcaria, and extreme base of tarsi, palish red.
Abdomen with a red band at the apex of the 2nd segment, and a
band below the middle of the 3rd segment, not extending to the
apex, and obscure indication of a similar band on the 4th segment.
Base of wings pale; squamule black; stigma pale brown. Male.
Length, 7 mm.
A single specimen was taken by Mr. Thouless in
Norfolk in 1884.
Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 349
Sagaritis punctata, ni. 8.
Niger; pedibus rufis coxis et trochanteribus posticis nigris, tibiis
posticis albo-annulatis.
Subopaque ; head transverse, somewhat oblique behind the eyes;
face slightly pubescent; antenni filiform, slightly attenuated at
the apex, as long as the head, thorax, and first two segments of the
abdomen; teeth of mandibles of equal length; a slight groove
between the clypeus and the face ; apex of clypeus strongly pointed.
Mesonotum opaque ; metanotum rather short, rounded, areze more
or less distinct ; supero-medial area wider than long, obtuse at the
apex, opaque, reticulate, with almost obsolete transverse striations ;
mesopleura somewhat shining, finely reticulate; dise smooth and
shining. Abdomen elongate-ovate, almost cylindrical in the male ;
petiole of Ist segment about the same length as the post-petiole
and about one-fourth the width of it, the latter subquadrate or a
little longer than wide, sides almost parallel, more slender in the
male; 2nd segment of female about one-third longer than wide,
8rd quadrate; 2nd of male nearly twice as long as wide, 38rd
longer than wide, apical segments somewhat compressed ; aculeus
a little longer than the 1st segment, and slightly curved. Legs
slender. Areolet of wings regular, as broad as long, petiolated ;
recurrent nervure in or alittle before the middle; external radial
nervure slightly curved; transverse anal nervure divided below the
middle.
Black ; palpi red; mandibles in the middle yellow or piceous ;
legs red, coxe and base of hind trochanters black ; apex of anterior
coxe sometimes red; hind tibize white, base and apex black; an
oval red mark at the extreme base above; hind tarsi black, basal
half and calcaria white. Tegule yellow. Stigma fuscous. Male
and female. Length, 5°5 mm.
The cocoon is opaque, pearly white, with a faint band
before each end.
Bred by Mr. W. Cross, of Ely, from Plusia orichalcea,
April 19th, 1885.
Sagaritis laticollis, Holm.
Holm., Mon. Oph. Suec., 46, 5, d, ¢.
One specimen of this insect was bred by Mr. Bignell,
he believes from the larva of M. typica, obtained by Mr.
Peter Inchbald from the People’s Park, Hull, May, 1884.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886. PART HI. (OcT.)) 928
350 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall's
Sagaritis postica, n. 8.
Nigra, pedibus rufis, basibus nigris. 9°.
Head subbuccated; face quadrate; mandibular teeth of equal
length; a subdistinct ridge running from just in front of the base
of the mandibles upwards and outwards towards the eyes, but not
quite up to them; apex of clypeus produced into a distinct spine.
Mesonotum obsoletely trilobed ; supero-medial area of metathorax
hexagonal, longer than wide, not distinctly closed behind; lateral
are divided; mesopleura opaque; dise smooth and shining; the
remainder partially aciculate, most distinctly so in front of the
disc; a deep strongly defined depression running from anterior
margin of mesopleura half across the surface, rises from just below
the level of base of front coxe. Post-petiole of 1st segment of
abdomen quite three times as wide as the petiole, longer than wide,
sides subparallel, the widest part between the spiracles; 2nd seg-
ment one-third longer than wide; 3rd longer than wide; aculeus
as long as the lst segment. Wings: areolet petiolated; recurrent
nervure received before the middle; transverse anal nervure
geniculated, one-third from the bottom; emitting nervure all but
absent.
Black; mandibles and palpi yellow; base of wings yellow,
squamule white; stigma pale brown; legs red, coxe black; tro-
chanters yellow; greater part of Ist joint black; base of 2nd joint
of hind ones, as well as extreme base of hind femora, slightly
fuscous; middle of hind tibize yellow, before the base within a
faint brownish stain; last joint of all the tarsi darker than the
rest; belly yellow, with a lateral fuscous spot increasing in size
from before backwards. Female. Length, 7 mm.
One female taken by Mr. Harwood in the neighbour-
hood of Colchester. The colour of the legs easily dis-
tinguishes it from any species I am acquainted with.
LTamneria pedella, Holm.
Holm., Mon. Oph. Suec., 78, 35, ¢, 2; Brischke,
Diesiched: 2. We us O-Preuss.50, 0.5 oe
Both sexes of this insect have been taken by Mr. G.
C. Bignell in Devonshire.
Limneria coxalis, Brischke.
Die Ich. d. Prov. W. u. O-Preuss, 44, 3, 2.
Both sexes of this very distinct species have been met
with by Mr. Harwood, of Colchester ; and the male has
Catalogue of British Ichneunonide. 351
been bred by Mr. FE. A. Atmore from larvee taken in the
neighbourhood of Lynn; host uncertain.
Limneria ramidula, Brischke.
Brischke, Ich. d. Prov. W. u. O-Preuss, 48, 3, 2.
Both sexes of this Limneria were bred from Retinia
pinivorana, taken near King’s Lynn by Mr. HE. A. Atmore
in June, 1885.
Timneria tripunctata, n. s.
Niger, pedibus rufis, coxis et trochanteribus nigris; aculeo seg-
mento primo paulo longiore, post-petiolo subgloboso scrobiculis
tribus dorsalibus.
Head transverse, rather oblique behind the eyes; face trans-
verse, with fine white pubescence; teeth of mandibles subequal ;
antenne a little more than half the length of the body. Thorax
subopaque; lateral are of metathorax obsoletely divided ; supero-
medial area as long as wide, sides parallel, not closed behind,
posterior surface not depressed; mesopleura subopaque, with very
fine transverse striations. Abdomen as wide as the thorax and a
little longer than the head and thorax ; aculeus about one-third the
length of the abdomen; Ist segment moderate; petiole about as
long as the post-petiole, and about one-third the width ; post-petiole
with rounded sides and three distinct pits at its base; 2nd segment
as long as wide; remainder transverse, pubescent at the sides;
apex of the 4th segment the widest. Areolet of wings petiolated ;
external radial nervure shghtly curved outwards; transverse anal
not divided. Legs rather slender.
Black; palpi and mandibles pale reddish yellow, base and apex
of latter dark. Legs red; coxie and trochanters black, extreme
apex of latter reddish; extreme apex of hind tibixw nigro-fuscous,
base of latter reddish; apex of middle tarsi fuscous. Tegule
yellowish white ; stigma stramineous. Female. Length, 5 mm.
Taken at Peckham by Mr. T. Rh. Billups in May.
The three pits in the post-petiole readily distinguish
this from any other Limnerita I am acquainted with,
although the same character is found in two other insects
belonging to the allied genera of Casinaria and Sagaritis,
viz., C. senicula, Gr., and S. wcisa, m.
352 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall's
Limneria variabilis, n.s.
Nigra, pedibus rufis, coxis et trochanteribus nigris, tarsi et tibiis
posticis apice et ante basin fuscis, femoribus szpe plus minusve
fuscis aut nigris, aculeo dimidii abdominis longitudine.
Somewhat shining; head transverse, rather wider than the
thorax, slightly oblique behind the eyes; face not wider than long,
wider above than below; margin of eyes scarcely indented opposite
the antenne ; margin of clypeus widely rotundate, with a lateral
depression; face punctate, clothed with white pubescence ; antenne
of male about five-sixths the length of the body, rather shorter in
the female. Thorax about one-third longer than high; mesonotum
reticulate, with fine scattered punctures; metathorax shining,
finely reticulate; lateral arez subdivided; supero-medial area
pentagonal, longer than wide, sides somewhat parallel, not closed
behind; mesopleura opaque, finely reticulate, interspersed with
fine somewhat scattered punctures; dise smooth and shining,
Abdomen of male subcylindrical, female fusiform; 8rd segment
the widest, somewhat shining, finely reticulate; apical margin of
segments smooth and shining, covered rather closely with fine
white pubescence; 1st segment about as long as hind coxe and
trochanters ; petiole rather stout, a little longer than the post-
petiole, which is about twice as wide as the petiole or a little more,
sides generally somewhat rounded; 2nd segment of female a little
longer than wide, male about one-third longer than wide; gastrocceli
distinct ; 3rd segment of female transverse, of male subquadrate ;
aculeus rather less than half the length of the abdomen. Areolet
of wings wide, subsessile or petiolated; recurrent nervure received
beyond the middle; transverse anal nervure subgeniculated, but
with no emitting nervure. Legs moderate; base of claws of tarsi
finely pectinated.
Black; middle of mandibles obscurely yellow or piceous ; tegule
pale piceous or yellow. Stigma fuscous, varies in depth of colour.
Legs vary much in colour from red; coxe, middle and hind
trochanters, black; hind tarsi fuscous; coxe and trochanters
black; base of middle femora and hind femora almost entirely
nigro-fuscous ; middle and hind tibiw, apex and before the base,
and apical half of joints of hind ‘tarsi, dark brown. Male and
female. Length about 4 mm.
Bred by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher from Gelechia notatella,
Wicken, June, 1886.
This comes very near to L. combinata, Holm., but has
the stigma of a different colour.
Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 353
Mesochorus pictus, Brischke.
Brischke, Ich. d. Prov. W. u. O-Preuss, 79, 3.
This handsome insect has been taken by Mr. Harwood in the
neighbourhood of Colchester: its proper place in Holmgren’s table
is C.b. It has the pro-, mesothorax, and scutellum red; face pale
yellow; sides of thorax partly pale yellow and partly red; the
third and following segments of the abdomen widely yellow at the
apex; legs pale, a black streak on the hind coxe above ; apex of
hind tibie and tarsi dark. Length, 6 mm.
Mesochorus dorsalis, Holm.
Holm., Mon. Oph. Suec., 120, 6, 3, 2.
This fine species has been taken by Mr. Bignell in the
neighbourhood of Plymouth.
Mesochorus stigmaticus, Thoms.
This was given to me by Mr. W. Cross, of Ely, and
probably came from that neighbourhood ; and was bred
by Mr. F. Norgate from Orgyia antiqua.
Mesochorus plagiatus, Thoms.
Bred by Mr. Bignell from Odontopera bidentata in
1882.
Mesochorus tachypus, Holm.
Bred by Mr. W. Cross from LH. Knautiata. I have
also two which Professor Thomson returned as doubtful
M. tachypus.
Mesochorus laticeps, Thoms.
Bred by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher from Gelechia notatella
from Wicken Fen, June, 1885.
Mesochorus crassicrus, Thoms.
Bred by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher from the same host as
M. laticeps.
Mesochorus incidens, Thoms.
Taken by Mr. J. E. Fletcher. Female.
3854 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T’. A. Marshall's
Mesochorus graniger, Thoms.
This species I considered M. festivus, Holm.; it was
bred by Mr. Bignell from Abraxas grossulariata, hyper-
parasitic on Hxorista vulgaris, F.
Mesochorus tenuicornis, Thoms.
Taken in the neighbourhood of Norwich.
Mesochorus temporalis, Thoms.
Bred from Z. filipendule by My. Bignell in 1878.
Mesochorus convexicollis, Thoms.
I had considered this species M. complanatus, Hal. :
it seemed to me to agree exactly with Holmgren’s de-
scription of that species, and from Thomson’s description
I fail to see the difference ; he gives the length of his
species as 4mm. The two females I have taken are
3 mm. long.
Mesochorus fuscicornis, Brischke.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1882, 154.
This Thomson considers to be M. pectoralis, H.; but
in my bred specimens the hind coxe are generally more
or less piceous, a point not mentioned by Holmeren,
Thomson gives the length as 5 to 6 mm.; mine do not
exceed 4 mm.
I sent all my specimens of Mesochorus to Professor
Thomson, at his request, and these new species were
named by him. He has written a monograph of the
genus, which has just appeared in the ‘ Annales de la
Societe Entomologique de France,’ 1886, 827.
Thersilochus marginatus, n. s.
Niger, segmento secundo rufo marginato, aculeo segmento primo
breyiore.
Head behind the eyes slanting backwards at the sides; head and
thorax subopaque, finely punctate; clypeus distinctly separated
from the face; apex widely rotundate. Antenne rather long;
flagellum 26 joints, Ist joint rather more than twice as long as
Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 355
wide, no joint quite quadrate. Thorax but little longer than high ;
metathorax slightly coarser than the rest of the thorax; supero-
medial area about twice as long as wide: postero-medial area
divided into three spaces; lower half of mesopleura finely rugose,
upper half smooth, with rather scattered punctures. Tl irst segment
of abdomen slightly curved: post-petiole nearly twice as long as
wide, sides somewhat convex; the 2nd segment about as long as
wide; the abdomen moderately compressed. Aculeus about two-
thirds the length of the Ist segment. Legs moderate; hind tarsi
longer than the tibim. Radial nervure almost straight, but
decidedly incurved towards the base; transverse anal not divided.
Black; scape and mouth reddish; legs red, hinder cox black.
Abdomen : apical margin of 2nd and side of remaining segments
castaneous; stigma and nervures dark. Female. Length nearly
5 mm.
Three females, taken by Mr. Bignell in the neighbour-
hood of Plymouth, 1884.
Dicolus insectator, Foerst.
Uebersicht d. Gatt. u. Art. d. Fam. d. Plectiscoiden,
Sy apace
Mr. E. D. Marquand has taken at Penzance, in 1883,
what I believe to be this species. Foerster’s descriptions
are far too short (consisting of only a line or two) to
remove all uncertainty.
Proclitus grandis, Foerst. ?.
L.c., 116; Brischke, Die Ich. d. Prov. W. u. O-Preuss,
95.
At the end of September I took, in the neighbourhood
of Norwich, a female Plectiscus which agrees with
Foerster’s description of P. grandis. These descriptions
are contained only in a short table. It also agrees with
Brischke’s description of his Proclitus grandis, Foerst. ?.
Mesoleptus gracilis, Holm.
Holm., Mon. Tryph. Suec., 108, 8; Suppl., 875, 3,2.
I have taken a Mesoleptus at Horning Ferry, Norfolk,
which I believe to be this species. Mr. G. T. Porritt
has also sent me the same insect; they are females, and
3806 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T’. A. Marshall's
have the hinder coxe greater part dark brown. Holm-
gren makes no mention of this, but says the male often
has the hind coxe black above, and the face is not
entirely yellow, but has the clypeus that colour, and a
broadish band is continued upwards on either side of the
face by the eyes.
Mesoleptus scutellatus, n. 8.
This insect belongs to Holmegren’s division B. **, but
differs from any I can find described in having the
scutellum and post-scutellum yellow.
Niger, abdominis medio, pedibusque rufis, coxis intermediis et
posticis nigris, scutello post-scutelloque flavo.
Head transverse, sides oblique, slightly rounded; elypeus widely
rotundate ; face finely punctate, as is the forehead; vertex almost
smooth, with only rather scattered hair-pits ; antenne longer than
the body. Parapsides distinct ; central lobe with fine rather scat-
tered punctures; lateral lobes almost smooth ; metathorax smooth
and shining, with no trace of areew. Spiracles of 1st segment of
abdomen situated in the middle, about as long or a little longer
than the hind cox and trochanters; 2nd and 8rd segments longer
than wide; 5th the widest: abdomen subclavate, about three times
as long as the width of the apex. Legs thicker than usual, more
like a T’ryphon ; last joint of bind tarsi twice as long as the 4th.
Transverse anal nervure of wings, post-fureal, divided above the
middle; the external radial slightly incurved; areolet petiolated ;
recurrent nervure received almost at the apex.
Black; mouth, elypeus, and face yellow, the latter with a
triangular black central mark on the upper part; antenne red ;
scape below yellow, fuscous above; tegule and tubercles whitish ;
scutellum and post-scutellum yellow; 2nd, 8rd, and 4th segments
of abdomen red; legs red; trochanters yellow; coxe black, the
front ones yellow at the apex; base of wings yellow; stigma dilute
fuscous. Female. Length, 8°5 mm.
I took this insect at Horning Ferry, Norfolk, on June
29th, 1882. By the stoutness of the lees it might pass
for a Tryphon, but the 1st segment of the abdomen is
too slender.
Mesoleptus marginatus, n. s.
Niger, facie macula flava, pedibus rufo flavis, coxis et femoribus
posticis nigris. 3.
Head trausverse, sides slightly sloping backwards behind the
Catalogue of British Ichnewmonde. 307
eyes; face and forehead punctate; apex of clypeus rounded, sides
slightly incurved. Antenne rather shorter than the body, filiform.
Thorax shining, finely punctate; scutellum, seen sideways, appears
keeled to the apex; metathorax smooth and shining, without arex.
Abdomen not quite so wide as the thorax; Ist segment rather
slender, longer than the hind coxe and trochanters ; spiracles in
the middle, nearly four times as long as the width of the apex;
2nd and 38rd longer than wide; 4th quadrate. Last joint of hind
tarsi a little longer than the 4th, and but slightly curved. Head
and sides and metathorax covered with white pubescence. Areolet
of wings petiolated ; recurrent nervure received almost at the apex;
external radial but very slightly incurved; transverse anal opposite,
divided just below the middle.
Black; mouth yellow; apex of mandibles red ; spot on each side
of clypeus, an oblong blotch on each side of the face, and scape
beneath yellow. Legs: coxe black; trochanters yellow, marked
with black, especially the hind pair; front and middle femora,
tibie, and tarsi, yellowish red; middle femora fuscous behind, hind
femora black; hind tibie yellowish ; apex fuscous-red; hind tarsi
pale fuscous. Abdomen black; extreme apex of 2nd segment red ;
lower margin of 3rd faintly red; extreme margin of 5th, 6th, and
7th pale; abdomen pale beneath. Male. Length, 8 mm.
I captured this at Brundall, near Norwich, May 9th,
1881.
Euryproctus sinister, Brischke.
Brischke, Die Ich. d. Prov. W. u. O-Preuss, 36, @.
I took a female of this species near Norwich middle of
September, 1879. I have also seen one taken by Mr.
Bignell in Devonshire. Mr. J. E. Fletcher has bred
both sexes from Hriocampa varipes. The male agrees
exactly with the female, except that it has the mouth
and face yellow, and the abdomen has the apex of the
Ist segment narrower. Myr. Fletcher says one of his
has the areolet of the right wing impertect ; Brischke
says his has the left wing with an imperfect areolet.
Probably specimens may be found without an areolet
at all.
Huryproctus varicornis, Gr.
Gr., 11., 325, 211,29; Thoms., Opuse. Ent., 927, 5,
o,f.
I took a male at Wimbledon, in Surrey, July, 1881.
This species is very like defectivus, but differs in having
358 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T’. A. Marshall's
the head less oblique behind the eyes, the 1st segment
of the abdomen wider, and base of hind femora red.
Euryproctus minutus, n. s.
Niger, abdominis medio rufo, pedibus anticis rufis, posticis
nigris, tibiis rufis apice nigro, facie, coxis et trochanteribus anticis,
flavis maculatis.
Head transverse, a little wider than the thorax, behind the eyes
sides parallel; antenne as long as the body. Thorax punctate;
parapsides distinct, extending to beyond the middle of the meso-
notum ; metanotum finely rugose; superior aree of metathorax,
5 distinct; supero-medial area converging in front, not closed
behind, continuous with the postero-medial. Abdomen a little
longer than the head and thorax, thinly pubescent; the Ist
segment petiolated; spiracles distinct, placed a little before the
middle; petiole cylindrical, two and a half times as long as wide;
post-petiole tapering, three times as wide at apex as at the
base, nearly twice as long as the apex, not canaliculate; 2nd
segment rather wider than long. Legs moderate. Wings without
an areolet; external radial nervure scarcely incurved; transverse
anal divided in or a little below the middle.
Black ; mouth, clypeus, cheeks, face except a central black line,
front cox, front trochanters greater part, tegule, a spot before, a
line beneath the wings, and marks on sutures of mesopleure, yellow.
Abdomen red; 1st segment black ; a dorsal mark on the middle of
the 2nd segment, 4th more or less, and remaining segments fuscous ;
apex paler. Front and middle legs red; middle femora fuscous
behind; hind legs black; hind tibie red, apex fuscous-black.
Stigma fuscous.
Var. Face with two spots by the side of the orbits, on each side
of the clypeus, and two spots on the cheeks yellow, the yellow
cox black at the base, the yellow marks on the thorax less
distinct, those on the mesopleura absent.
Male. Length about 5 mm.
Two males taken at Brundall, near Norwich, May,
1882.
Grypocentrus bipunctatus, n. 8.
Niger, capite rufo maculato, pedibus posticis ex parte fuscis.
Face transverse; clypeus distinctly separated by an impressed
line from the face; apex subtruncate, margin depressed; middle of
face produced; lower tooth of mandibles rather longer than the
upper one ; base of mandibles almost touching the eyes; sides of head
Cataloque of British Ichneumonide. 359
behind the eyes somewhat oblique; antenne as long as the body ;
head subopaque, very finely punctate. Thorax longer than high,
subopaque, very finely punctate; mesonotum rather distinctly
trilobed; scutellum triangular and elevated ; metathorax opaque,
finely punctate; 5 superior are indistinctly defined; supero-
medial area pentagonal, longer than wide; mesopleura shining,
almost obsoletely punctate. Abdomen ovate, shining, quite as
wide as the thorax ; apex of 3rd segment the widest, about as long
as the head and thorax; 1st segment petiolated; spiracles just
beyond the middle; post-petiole gradually tapering from base to
apex, the latter wide, nearly four times as wide as the middle of
the petiole; a small oval depression in the middle; remaining
segments transverse, with rather scattered white pubescence ;
aculeus slightly projecting, turned upwards. Legs moderate.
Areolet of wings sessile; external radial nervure slightly curved ;
transverse anal nervure divided a little below the middle.
Black; mouth, mandibles, greater part of clypeus, a short line
on each side of the face just above the antenne, and a round spot
behind the eyes above, and base of antennz beneath, fulvous-red ;
antenne fuscous; abdomen obscurely piceous, margins not pale.
Legs fulvous; coxe black, apex of front pair pale; hind femora
piceous ; apex of hind tibiz and tarsi black, base of latter red ; apex
of front and middle tarsi fuscous. Tegule pale; stigma dilute
fuscous. Female. Length, 3°5 mm.
One female taken at Wimbledon, Surrey, July, 1880.
Rhestus lativentris, Holm.
Holm., Mon. Try. Suec., 884, ?.
A female taken in the neighbourhood of Norwich the
end of May, 1882.
These two species belong to Grypocentrus, Ruthe,
which genus Thomson has divided into three genera,
this and the next two.
Grypocentrus tncisulus, Ruthe.
Holm-, Mon. Try. Suec., 184, ¢, 2.
A small Tryphon, which I took to be this species
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1882, 158), Prof. Thomson
says is the closely-allied G. albipes, Ruthe, or a new
species.
360 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall’s
Lathrolestus ungularis, Thoms.
Thoms., Opusc. Ent., 918.
This species I thought was Grypocentrus clypeatus,
Zett. Prof. Thomson says it is the above species.
Prionopoda glaber, n. 8.
Niger, abdominis medio rufo, pedibus anticis rufis, coxis tro-
chanteribus et pedibus posticis maxima ex parte nigris, facie
feminis flava.
Smooth, shining, impunctate, with only hair-pits, except the face,
which has shallow somewhat scattered punctures ; pubescent; apex
of clypeus subrotund ; lower tooth of mandibles longer than the
upper; head somewhat tumid, not so much so asin P. stictica; sides
of head scarcely oblique; antennz as long as the body; 2nd joint of
flagellum twice as long as the Ist in the female, more than twice as
long in the male. Thorax : parapsides scarcely indicated ; scutellum
hardly elevated; mesopleura punctate ; disc smooth; metanotum
with three distinct superior aree; supero-medial area elongate,
somewhat bulging in the middle, most frequently closed behind;
postero-medial generally with a central longitudinal keel. Abdo-
men of female elongate-ovate, apex of 8rd and 4th segments the
widest; the male subcylindrical, 2nd, 8rd, and 4th of equal width,
about one-half longer than the head and thorax; female about as
wide as the thorax, male narrower; 1st segment of both sexes the
same length, subpyriform; spiracles not projecting, the apex about
three times as wide as the base; petiole gradually tapering; in the
male the segment is about two and a half times as long as the
width of the apex, in the female four times; the segment is more
slender in the female than in the male, very slightly curved; 2nd
and 8rd longer than wide; 4th transverse. Legs somewhat
slender; claws with short not close pectinations. Wings with a
petiolated somewhat oblique areolet; external radial nervure
curves first slightly outwards and then inwards; transverse
anal nervure divided below the middle about one-third from the
bottom.
?. Black; mouth and face yellow; flagellum pale beneath ;
abdomen red; Ist segment black, apical segments dusky. Legs:
coxz and trochanters black; front and middle femora red, paler at
the apex, dusky at the base; front and middle tibiwe and tarsi
yellow ; last joint of middle tarsi dusky ; hind legs black; apex of
trochanters, extreme base of femora, and basal half of tibiae and
Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 361
Ist joint of tarsi, yellowish red. Wings smoky; stigma fuscous ;
tegule yellowish, piceous at the base.
The male differs from the female in having the face and antenne
black, hind legs entirely black, and tegule piceous. Abdomen: 2nd,
3rd, and 4th segments red; 2nd sometimes with a dusky spot on
the back.
Male and female. Length about 9 mm.
Norwich, end of July, 1879.
I believe these are the two sexes of the same insect,
although the colour of the face is the reverse of what is
generally the case; usually the male has the yellow face,
and the female black.
PHRUDUS, N. g.
Caput supra subquadratum. Clypeus rotundatus, discretus.
Antenne fere corporis dimidio longitudine, filiformes. Ocelli
oblongi. Thorax robustus gibbulus, seutello vix elevato, meta-
thorace altitudine multo breviore, areis completis, spiraculis
minutis circularibus. Abdomen petiolatum, ovatum, glabrum.
Segmenta 2—7 transversalia. Segmentum primum fere equilatum,
curvatum, latitudine triplo longiore, aculeo segmento primo dimidio
breviore. Pedes mediocres, femoribus anticis validiusculis, ungu-
lis tarsorum pectinatis. Ale areola instructe, 5-zona.
This insect is very peculiar. I can find nothing
described like it. In general appearance it is not unlike a
small Phygadeuon, but the pectinated claws and the
antenne clearly take it from this genus ; the pectination
of the claws is like that of the genus Paniscus, whilst
the antenne are like those of T'hersilochus, and, viewed
sideways, it resembles this latter, but the shape of the
head, form of the areolet of the wings, as well as the
arrangement of the coste on the metathorax, will
prevent its being placed in this genus.
Thomson thinks its proper place is in the Tryphonide,
and should come under his Ctenopelmide ; I am indebted
to him for the suggested names.
Phrudus monilicornis, n. 8.
Niger, pedibus rufis, coxis nigris.
Head shining and smooth, seen from above subquadrate; an-
tenne not longer than the head and thorax; joints of flagellum
moniliform, joints scarcely quadrate, the last one conical, twice as
362 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall's
long as wide, 16 in number. Thorax smooth and shining, no
parapsides, rather longer than high; metathorax short; are
5 complete ; supero-medial are equilateral triangle in female, hexa-
gonal in the male, closed behind; postero-medial hexagonal ; wing
large in comparison to insect. First segment of abdomen linear,
but little broader at the apex than at the base, nearly four times as
long as wide, with a central furrow; spiracles not projecting;
remaining segments transverse, 3rd the widest in the female, 3rd
and 4th of equal width in the male; base and apex of equal width,
as wide or a little wider than the thorax in the female, the same
width as the thorax in the male; aculeus about one-third the
length of the Ist segment. Legs rather stout; claws strongly
pectinated. Areolet of wings pentagonal or subpentagonal ; recur-
rent nervure received almost in the middle; transverse anal not
divided.
Black ; legs palish red, coxe black; scape of antenne brownish
red; tegule and stigma brown. Male and female. Length,
3°5 mm.
Taken by Dr. Capron at Shiere, who has kindly given
me the female.
Perilissus triangulatus, n. 8.
Abdominis medio rufo, pedibus posticis maxima ex parte nigris,
facie flavo maculato.
Subopaque; head transverse, rather wide behind the eyes, side
of head behind the eyes parallel in the female, wider behind than
in front in the male; antenne as long as the body; Ist joint of
flagellum one-third longer than the 2nd; clypeus not separated
from the face, apex widely rotundate, slightly elevated; lower
tooth of mandibles rather longer than the upper; mandibles some-
what thickened, face transverse, eyes not touching the mandibles
by the width of the base of the latter, face closely and distinctly
punctate as in P. filicornis. Mesonotum finely and closely
punctate, slightly trilobed in front; scutellum scarcely elevated,
marginated at the base only; mesopleura finely punctate, with
glistening white pubescence; a distinct perpendicular costa behind
the front cox; metathorax finely rugose; supero-medial area
subdistinet, elongate, or entirely absent. Abdomen subclavate,
scarcely petiolated ; spiracles placed before the middle, one-third
from the base; petiole about as broad as long, slightly narrowed
at the base; post-petiole longer than wide, a little wider at the
apex than at the base, more the shape of Mesolevws than Perilissus,
scabrous, apex smooth; a distinct canal runs almost to the apex
Catalogue of British Ichnewmonide. 363
without prominent keels; remaining segments transverse; the
2nd of the male subtransverse; aculeus just projecting. Legs
somewhat slender; calcaria of hind tibie one-third the length of
the Ist tarsal joint. Areolet of wings small, suborbicular, petio-
lated; outer nervure sometimes incomplete, external radial straight,
incurved at the extreme apex; transverse anal almost opposite,
divided below the middle, one-third or one-fourth from the bottom.
Black; mouth, mandibles, clypeus, and a triangular mark on
each side of the face below the antenne and scape beneath, reddish
yellow in the male, and reddish in the female; base of flagellum
reddish (female), beneath in the male. Abdomen dullred; female
apex of 5th, 6th, and 7th entirely black, male 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
paler red; remainder black. Front and middle legs red; cox
and trochanters black, apex of latter pale; hind legs black; hind
tibiz fuscous-red, base and apex female, apex male, black. Stigma
fusco-stramineous, base paler, squamule whitish. Male and
female. Length, 9 mm.
Taken by Mr. Billups at Peckham and Dulwich, May
80th, 1885.
Mesoleius canine, n. 8.
Niger, pedibus rufis, tibiis et tarsis posterioribus nigris.
Head finely reticulate, transverse, slightly oblique behind the
eyes; clypeus separated from the face, apex truncate, depressed in
the middle. Antenne as long as the body. Thorax rather short
and stout, parapsides distinct; mesonotum somewhat shining,
finely and rather closely punctate ; mesopleura smooth and shining,
without sculpture; upper part of metathorax rather short ; supero-
medial area distinct, the superior surface separated from the
posterior surface by a prominent transverse ridge; postero-medial
area large, well-defined, shining, and finely reticulate. Abdomen
short and broad, as wide as the thorax, and scarcely more than
three times the length of the width of the apex of the 2nd segment,
which is the widest part; 1st segment gradually widening from
base to apex, sides slightly curved outwards, about one-third longer
than the width of the apex; basal fovea not closed at the apex,
but continued in two well-developed keels to beyond the centre of
the post-petiole ; remaining segments transverse ; the 2nd and 8rd
about twice as wide as long; abdomen subopaque, reticulate ;
apical segments rather smooth and shining. Legs rather stout.
Wings without an areolet; transverse anal nervure, ante-fureal,
i.é., the upper termination, nearer the thorax than the lower,
divided below the middle,
364 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall’s
Clypeus, mandibles, scutellum, and post-scutellum reddish
yellow; legs red, hind tibie and hind tarsi black; abdomen of
female has the last segments with a thin pale apical margin ; the
male has the apex of 1st and 2nd segments obscurely pale. Male
and female. Length, 5—5°5 mm.
I bred a single male and female from the larve of the
pear-tree sawfly, Hriocampa canine, taken from a garden
in Norwich, which has since unfortunately been built
upon. In general appearance the insect, as to size and
shape, is not unlike Hrromenus frenator; legs rather
more slender.
Erromenus (Trichocalymma, Foerst.) plebejum, Wolds.
Wolds., Beit. z. Kent. d. u. St. Petersburg, vork. Ichn.,
LSiie 35, oO
Taken by Mr. T. R. Billups at Dulwich, June 11th,
1885.
Acrotomus xanthopus, Holm.
Holm., Mon. Try. Suec., 223, 2, 3.
Mr. J. EK. Fletcher took this near Worcester in 1878,
at the end of October.
Bassus bizonarius, Gr.
Gres lvEh.. Mie, Bo05 2os.0)
A specimen of this Bassus was taken by Mr. Billups at
Peckham, May, 1885.
Bassus scutellaris, n. 8.
Abdominis medio rufo, dorso nigro-maculato; scutello flavo,
pedibus flavis, areola nulla.
Forehead smooth and shining; antennz slender, about the
length of head and thorax; apex of clypeus truncate; the middle
of the clypeus has three longitudinal depressions, which occupy
nearly the whole area of it; the centre one is narrow like a furrow,
the lateral ones are about as broad as long; a distinct triangular
elevation runs down the face from the base of the antenne to the
clypeus, as wide as the antenn above, terminating in a depression
above the clypeus. Thorax smooth and shining, with indications
of scattered punctures ; supero-medial area of metathorax complete,
longer than wide. First segment of abdomen long and slender ;
petiole quadrate, rather wider than the post-petiole, and about
Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 365
one-third longer than it; sides of post-petiole almost parallel, apex
rounded, margins keeled. and an oblong pit in the centre, shining,
with somewhat coarse irregular aciculations; remainder of the
abdomen smooth and shining; base of 2nd segment between the
distinct thyridii coarsely aciculate, extending one-third the length
of the segment (this is nearly twice as long as wide), the 3rd sub-
quadrate, the remaining ones transverse. Legs slender. Wings
without an areolet ; transverse anal nervure divided in the middle,
Mouth, apex of clypeus, elevation of face, greater part of base
of antenne beneath, squamule, tubercles, base of wings, scutellum,
yellow. Legs, cox, and trochanters yellow; base of posterior
joint of hind trochanters fuscous ; rest of legs yellowish red ; apex
of hind tibie and apical joints of hind and middle tarsi slightly
fuscous. Stigma dilute fuscous. Abdomen: apex of 2nd segment,
the 8rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th chestnut-red, with a large dorsal black
mark at the base, occupying almost all the back of the segment.
Male. Length, 5 mm.
Taken by Mr. Bignell in the neighbourhood of Ply-
mouth in 1884.
Bassus abdominator, n. 8.
Niger, macula parva media faciei, et scutello apice, flavo ; pedibus
rufis, tibiis posticis maxima ex parte tarsisque posticis nigris, meta-
thorace, segmentis primo et secundo abdominis rufo maculato.
Head opaque, finely punctated; apex of clypeus rotundate,
slightly immarginate in the middle, distinctly separated from the
face. Antenne about two-thirds the length of the body. Meta-
thorax without a trace of supero-medial area; the lateral angles
of the metatltorax terminate behind more prominently than usual,
giving the upper part a square appearance, but transverse. Abdo-
men longer than the head and thorax. First segment of abdomen
about one and a half times longer than wide, slightly tapering
from behind the projecting spiracles to the apex of the segment ;
remaining segments transverse, compressed towards the apex;
Ist segment opaque, scabrous, with indications of longitudinal
aciculations ; 2nd segment transverse, scabrous, at the base with a
deep transverse depression on each side, and between them a
shallower longitudinal groove, distinctly aciculated; remaining
segments subopaque. Wings without an areolet; transverse anal
nervure divided below the middle.
Black; mouth and greater part of mandibles yellow; apex of
scutellum with a transverse yellow line; base of wings, tubercles,
and squamule yellow. Metathorax with a large dull red spot or
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—parT II. (octT.) 2c
366 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall's
each side. First segment of abdomen dull red, with a black
central blotch; 2nd the same, but central blotch larger. Legs
red; base of front cox black, apex of cox and trochanters yellow,
apex of middle trochanters yellow; hind tarsi black; hind tibize
black, extreme base whitish, merging through dull red into the
black. Stigma somewhat pale brown, extreme base pale. Female.
Length, 6 mm.
One female taken by Mr. G. C. Bignell near Plymouth
in 1884.
Ephialtes strobilorum, Ratz.
Pimpla strobilorum, Ratz., d. Ichn. Forst., u1., 94, 2;
Liphialtes strobilorum, Tasch., Zeits. Ges. Nat.,
1868, 254, 2; Thoms., Opusc. Ent., 744,
Mr. Bignell bred both sexes from Coccyx strobilorum,
end of May and beginning of June.
Pimpla nigriceps, Tasch.
Masch.nitec:,. 260) 240 °0;5
Mr. Thouless took a Pimpla which agrees with this
species in general coloration and structure, but is only
5 mm. instead of 11 mm., the size given by Taschenburg ;
this is not of much consequence, as many of the species
of Pimpla vary much in size. In this specimen the
metathorax and breast are black; the transverse anal
nervure 1s divided a little below the middle.
Taken at Drayton, 1885.
Glypta ceratites, Gr., ? var.
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher has bred about forty specimens
of a Glypta which Prof. C. G. Thomson says is this
species. In every specimen the same coloration of the
legs exists, viz., legs red, coxe black, sometimes base of
trochanters, hind femora at the knees, base and apex of
hind tibie and hind tarsi fuscous, extreme base of joints
of latter more or less pale; abdomen varies from in-
cisions reddish to apex of Ist, 2nd, and 3rd segments
somewhat widely red. Except for the coloration I am
unable to detect any structural difference. The true
ceratites has the extreme base of hind tibiz pale or
whitish. ‘These were bred from Huchromia jflammeana
Catalogue of British Ichneumonidae. 367
from Rannoch. I have also received the same species
from Mr. A. F. Griffith from Sunderland.
Glypta parvicornuta, i. 8.
Niger, pedibus rufis, tibiis posticis apice et ante basin fuscis,
basibus pallidis, fronte subcornuta; aculeo abdominis longitudine.
Punctate; head oblique behind the eyes; antenns more than
half the length of the body; elypeus very thinly pubescent; fore-
head somewhat coarsely and closely punctate; a minute horn
above the antenne. Mesonotum distinctly trilobed in front; arez
of metathorax complete; mesopleura punctate; supero-posterior
surface smooth and shining; 2nd and 8rd segments of abdomen
longer than wide, keels on 1st distinct, extending to the middle ;
aculeus as long as the abdomen, claws pectinated. Wings without
areolet; transverse anal nervure divided about one-fourth from the
bottom.
Black; clypeus pale; legs red; base of hind tibiw pale, apex
and before the base fuscous; hind tarsi fuscous; base of joints
pale; tubercles and tegulex pale; stigma palish brown.
One female bred by Mr. E. A. Atmore; host unknown.
It is very like ceratites and consimilis in general
appearance, but differs in having the forehead more
coarsely punctate, and in having a much shorter horn
than ceratites.
Glypta similis, 0.8.
Niger, pedibus rufis tibiis posticis basi pallidis, apice et ante
basin fuscis, aculeo abdominis longitudine.
Punctate; head wider than long ; pubescence on clypeus long
and dense; forehead coarsely punctate; antenne of male not quite
so long as the body, of female about two-thirds the length of body ;
head behind the eyes oblique, sides somewhat rounded; are of
metathorax distinct and complete, shining; lateral ares with some-
what scattered punctures; medial area almost without any punc-
tures; keels of abdomen somewhat distinct, indications of them
extending two-thirds the length of the segment; 2nd and 38rd
rather wider than long; aculeus about as long or a little longer
than the abdomen, claws pectinated. Wings without an areolet ;
transverse anal nervure divided about one-fourth from the bottom.
Black; clypeus yellow; flagellum fuscous above, rufous beneath;
abdomen black, incisions reddish; legs red; base of hind tibize
whitish, apex and before the base fuscous; hind tarsi fuscous; base
868 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall’s
of joints pale; squamule pale yellow; tubercles pale piceous ;
stigma pale testaceous. Male and female. Length, 9°5 mm.
Bred by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher from Hphippiphora
scutellana, Worthing.
Very like G. consimilis, but the head is wider, forehead
coarsely punctate, clypeus densely pubescent, and stigma
paler.
Glypta trochanterata, 0. s.
Niger, pedibus rufis, trochanteribus posticis nigris, tibiis posticis
basi pallidis, apice et ante basin fuscis, abdomine rufo cingulato,
aculeo abdominis longitudine.
Punctate ; head behind the eyes oblique; antenne of male as
long as the body, of the female one-fourth less than the length of
the body ; forehead not cornuted, with rather scattered punctures ;
metathorax without or with faint indications of arew. Second
and 3rd segments of abdomen transverse; keels on the 1st segment
distinct only at the base; aculeus about as long as the abdomen.
Wings without an areolet; transverse anal nervure divided below
the middle about one-fourth from the bottom; claws with a few
coarse pectinations.
Black; apex of clypeus piceous; abdomen with a distinct red
band at the apex of Ist, 2nd, and 3rd segments; legs red; hind
trochanters entirely, front and middle ones sometimes more or less,
black; base of hind tibiz whitish, apex and before the base dark;
hind tarsi dark; base of joints pale ; squamule pale yellow ; stigma
dilute fuscous. Male and female. Length about 6°5 mm.
Norwich, middle of June; swept off Ling.
Size and shape of G. lineata, Des., but has the thorax
and hind trochanters entirely black, ares of metathorax
less distinct, and transverse anal nervure divided further
below the middle; the clypeus of lineata is densely
pubescent also, as in this species. This is the insect
[ thought at first was a black var. of G. lineata, Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1884, 483; but I have taken several of
both sexes this year, and find the above differences per-
sistent, and I believe it to be a good species.
Iissonota leptogaster, Holm., ¢ ?.
Mon. Pimp. Suees-o>; 18s;
I have taken near Norwich a Lissonota male which
agrees exactly with the description of the above. Last
Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 369
autumn I again met with several males, and with them
a female, which is exactly like the male, except that the
yellow marks on the face and thorax are absent; the
aculeus is very short, about the length of the 1st segment
of the abdomen, in this respect similar to Holmegren’s
short description of the female of ZL. caligata. I do not
feel at all certain that they are not one and the same
species; Gravenhorst only described the male, and
Holmgren was the first who found the female for it, and
it is not impossible that he may be mistaken, and that
his female caligata is really the female of leptogaster.
Lissonota brachycentra Gyr.
Gieeeke Heit 6, S0ke 2;
Head and thorax punctate, interstices finely reticulate ; superior
surface of metanotum not separated by a transverse ridge; abdo-
men very finely transversely aciculate, with indistinct indications
of punctures; 2nd and 8rd segments rather longer than wide;
transverse anal nervure divided below the middle, but this varies ;
it may be about one-third from the bottom or rather nearer to the
middle. Aculeus about as long as the 1st segment of the abdomen.
Black; inner orbits with a narrow yellow line, this shorter in
the female than in the male; clypeus, mandibles, and palpi reddish
yellow, more red and less in extent in the female ; mesonotum of
male with two small yellow spots in front against the parapsides ;
base of wings, squamule, and tubercles yellow; stigma pale
testaceous ; abdomen reddish brown, incision of 2nd segment and
sometimes back of base of 3rd paler; legs red; greater part of hind
tibise and hind tarsi slightly fuscous. Male and female. Length
about 7 mm.
This insect is very much like the previous one (L. lepto-
gaster), but differs in the following particulars: the abdo-
men is decidedly brown, not black, and the transverse ridge
on the metathorax is absent; in leptogaster the squamulee
are red and the stigma brown, and the transverse anal
nervure is divided almost at the bottom ; the face of the
only female I have taken has not the yellow line. I
know of the description of only two species of Lissonota
with aculeus as long as the 1st segment; the one is
Holmeren’s L. caligata, and Thomson’s L. genalts, which
is much like the former, but has a yellow mark on the
cheeks, and hind knees blackish. Several specimens of
370 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall’s
both sexes were bred by Mr. Harwood, of Colchester ;
host and locality uncertain. Mr. Bignell has also bred
a female from Anticlea badiata.
Lissonota rufomedia, n. s.
Niger, pedibus rufis, trochanteribus posticis nigris, tibiis posticis
fuscis; capite thorace scutelloque flavo d, rufo ?, notato; aculeo
abdominis longitudine.
Finely reticulate; head punctate ; face transverse, rather wider
than the forehead; head transverse, oblique behind the eyes;
antenne of female as long as the body, male a little longer. Meso-
notum punctate; mesopleura punctate, with a few punctures on
the upper part of the disc, which is subopaque; metathorax longer
than wide, subrugosely punctate, the punctures larger and less
close than on the mesonotum, with a slight longitudinal depression.
Abdomen: Ist segment more than twice as long as wide, more
slender in the male than in the female, and proportionably longer,
longitudinally depressed in the female, not so in the male; the
whole abdomen of the female with very fine somewhat transverse
striations; apical segments shining and almost free from sculpture ;
2nd and 3rd segments distinctly longer than wide. Male: Ist
segment at the base transversely striated; apical two-thirds with
rather coarse somewhat scattered punctures; remaining segments
subopaque, punctate; apex of abdomen pubescent; 2nd and 3rd
seements distinctly longer than wide; 4th quadrate; aculeus as
long as the abdomen. Legs slender. Wings with an areolet,
which varies from subpentagonal to a petiolated triangle; outer
nervure sometimes very faint; transverse anal nervure divided
below the middle one-third or one-fourth from the bottom.
?. Black; palpi, part of mandibles, and clypeus reddish; an
obscure pale spot on each side of the vertex, an obscure reddish
line on the side of the prothorax, and a spot in front of the wings ;
middle of the scutellam with a transverse red blotch, often absent ;
apex of first three segments thinly red. Legsred; hind trochanters
blackish, front and middle ones more or less so; hind tibie fuscous,
slightly reddish in the middle; hind tarsi fuscous. Tegule piceous ;
stigma fuscous.
g. Differs from the female in having the mouth, clypeus, facial
orbits, and a spot on each side of the vertex, marks on anterior
sutures of pleure, a mark on shoulders, a line beneath the wings
and lateral marks on the scutellum, greater part of front and middle
cox (these sometimes blackish at the base), front and middle
Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 371
trochanters (these sometimes black marked), and squamul, yellow
hind coxe and trochanters black, sometimes yellow at the apex.
Male and female. Length about 7 mm.
Bred by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher from Hudora murana,
Rannoch; Crambus contaminellus, Worthing ; and Eudora
mercurella, Worthing.
The scutellum of the female is often entirely black,
and all the yellow marks are sometimes all but absent
in the male; one male has the yellow spots replaced by
red ones. I sent this species to Prof. C. G. Thomson,
and he returned it as L. biguttata, Holm., or what he
considered that species. I think it cannot be Holm-
sren’s species, because he says that the segments after
the Ist are somewhat wider than long, whereas in this
species the 2nd and 8rd are decidedly longer than wide ;
and besides, Holmgren makes no mention of the black
hinder trochanters. These two points are present in over
forty specimens of both sexes which have been bred by
Mr. Fletcher.
Lissonota nitida, n. 8.
Abdominis medio, pedibusque rufis, trochanteribus posticis nigris,
aculeo abdominis longitudine.
Somewhat shining; face and forehead finely punctate, interstices
reticulate, between the antenne smooth and just above finely
rugose ; head transverse, behind the eyes oblique; antenns about
as long ora little longer than the body, filiform, not attenuate at
the apex; apex of clypeus rounded. Mesonotum not trilobed,
finely punctate, interstices almost obsoletely reticulate; mesopleura
the same, reticulations more distinct; a few punctures on disc;
metathorax somewhat finely rugoso-punctate, slightly depressed
in the middle. First segment of abdomen about two anda half
times as long as the width of the apex, with fine transverse acicula-
tions ; 2nd rather longer than wide; 3rd rather wider than long,
almost free from sculpture (with strong magnifying the same
sculpture may be seen as on the Ist) ; aculeus about as long or a
little longer than the abdomen. Areolet of wings triangular,
narrow, and subsessile; transverse anal nervure opposite, divided
one-fourth from the bottom.
Black; apex of clypeus pale yellowish. Apical one-fourth of
1st segment of abdomen, 2nd, 3rd, 4th entirely, bright red. Legs
red; hind trochanters black, anterior ones fuscous; apex of hind
tibiz and tarsi slightly dusky. Cocoon thin, white, and semi-
transparent. Female. Length about 6°5 mm.
872 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall's
One female bred from Botys asinalis.
Like ZL. bellator and commixa, but stouter and more
slabrous, especially the abdomen, which is differently
sculptured.
Lissonota subaciculata, n. 8.
Abdominis medio, pedibusque rufis, coxis fusco-nigris, segmento
primo apice aciculato, aculeo corporis longitudine.
Head and thorax punctate, interstices finely aciculate; apex of
clypeus rotundate ; head transverse, sides behind the eyes oblique;
antenn shorter than the body, filiform. Mesonotum not trilobed ;
mesopleura shining, finely and rather closely punctate; disc
shining, with very few scattered punctures ; metathorax transversely
rugose in the middle, punctate at the sides, slightly depressed in
the middle; apical costa distinct. Abdomen shining; Ist segment
longer than hind coxex, transversely depressed before the apex,
towards the apex aciculate; 2nd and 38rd segments longer than
wide, obsoletely reticulate, not punctate; aculeus as long as the
body. Areolet of wings petiolated, about as long as wide; trans-
verse anal nervure divided one-third from the bottom. Legs
moderate ; base of claws of hind tarsi shghtly pectinated.
Black ; apex of clypeus yellow; also base of wings and tegule ;
apex of Ist segment of abdomen and all of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th red, the
latter with a narrow black band before the apex. Legs red; coxe
black, red at the apex; hinder pair dull red, black at the base;
trochanters black; hind tibiw# duller than the femora; middle and
hind tarsi reddish brown. Stigma fuscous, slightly paler at the
base. Female. Length, 7 mm.
One female sent to me by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher.
It comes nearest to L. Fletcheri, m., but differs in the
length of the aculeus, and in the 2nd and 3rd segments of
the abdomen, which are shining and not opaque; the
hind coxe partly red.
Lissonota lineata, Gr.
Grip, lee Hie salle yn cite
Gravenhorst described four male species of Lissonota,
which are very much alike in coloration, all having pale
dorsal lines on the mesonotum, black cox varied with
yellow, and a fifth species with red coxe varied with
yellow, L. parallela; of these four species, Taschenburg
says perspicillator is a var. of parallela, and argiola and
lineata are varieties of bellator ; Gravenhorst saysinsignita
Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 373
is perhaps the male of verberans. Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher
and Mr. G. T. Porritt have bred six females and four
males from Crambus contaminellus; the males agree
exactly with L. lineata, Gr., and the females are exactly
coloured as the males, except that all have black coxe,
not varied with yellow, and one male also has no yellow
on the coxe, but the other three are variegated with
yellow: the yellow marks on the female are less distinct
than in the male, and none of the former have any
yellow marks on the abdomen; the whole ten have the
sides and apex of the scutellum and a line on the post-
scutellum yellow; this species is the only one of four
in which Gravenhorst gives the post-scutellum yellow-
marked. The 2nd and 38rd segments of the abdomen
are a little longer than wide; in a male which I take to
be insignita the 2nd and 8rd segments are much longer
than wide (about one-third). Not one of the ten exhibit
any trace of red on the thorax, as in parallela, of which
this was considered a variety, and also the coxex are
differently coloured. The aculeus is as long as the body.
The description of lineata is very like that of perspicillator,
and whether they are only varieties I am unable to say.
Lissonota carbonaria, Holm.
Holm., Mon. Pimp. Suec., 54,15, 2.
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher has bred a female Lissonota,
which I believe is this species, from a Tortrix pupa
found at Abbott’s Wood, Sussex.
Schizopyga circulator, Panz.
Ichneumon circulator, Panz., Faun. Fasc., 79, tab. 12;
Schizopyga tricingulata, var. 2, 3, Gr., I. E., i,
129;°69; o: S. analis, Gr., Uc, 130,70; 25
Ichneumon circulator, Gr., l.c., 10, 59.
The Rev. T. A. Marshall sent me the male and female
of the above insect, and referred me to Gravenhorst’s
copy of Panzer’s description, from which there is no
doubt but that Panzer’s J. circulator is the same insect
that Gyravenhorst described as S. analis, nor is there
any doubt but S. tricingulata, vars. 2 and 8, is its male:
so S. circulator, Panz., must supersede S. analis, Gr.
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(S75) »)
XIV. On Bruchus-infested Beans. By Turopore Woop.
[Read August 4th, 1886. }
_Iy the ‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for October,
1885, I published a short account of certain experiments
made with beans infested by Bruchus rufimanus, Boh.
These experiments, however, were carried out upon so
small a scale that I did not feel justified in drawing any
definite conclusions as to the true extent of the injury
caused by the beetle. In the spring of the present year,
therefore, I instituted an investigation upon a larger
scale, and now beg to lay before the Society the results
which I have obtained.
In the first place, | may perhaps be permitted to give
a brief reswmé of my last year’s experiments. These
were conducted with seed of a variety of broad bean
recently introduced by Messrs. Carter & Co., of High
Holborn, and entitled by them the ‘ Leviathan,” in
consequence of the great size often attained by the pods.
The packet which I received being only a small one, I
sowed but twenty seeds, three of which had each been
perforated by three weevils, five by two, and twelve by
one only. In about a fortnight the young plants
appeared, seemingly in no way injured by the damage
wrought to the seed. The growth for a time was strong
and vigorous, no sign of weakness or disease could be
detected, and the condition of the plants, until the time
for flowering arrived, was all that could be desired.
With the reproductive impulse, however, came a change.
Notwithstanding the apparent health of the plants, the
blossoms were few and small, the foliage rapidly withered,
and in several cases the plants died without, producing
a single pod.
The first three plants, grown from seed perforated by
three weevils, were very unproductive, one being alto-
cether barren, while the remaining two bore but three
pods between them, none of which attained to maturity.
The next five, raised from seed tenanted in each case by
TRANS. ENT. S0C. LOND. 1886.—PaRT III. (OCT.)
376 Mr. Theodore Wood on
two weevils, bore in all six pods, of which five came to
perfection ; two of these plants, however, were barren.
The remaining twelve, the seed of which had sustained
but one perforation, produced twenty-three pods, of
which not more than ten arrived at their full size. Only
one of these latter plants, however, was altogether un-
fruitful. The twenty plants thus bore among them
thirty-two pods (six to a plant being with this variety
considered the normal number), and even of these
barely one-half attained to their full development. That
the seed itself was not in any way deficient, apart from
the injury caused by the beetles, was sufficiently proved
by the fact that the plants raised from the remainder,
which were free from the weevil, yielded an average
crop. I therefore concluded that the presence of the
Bruchus in the seed, although only in exceptional cases
affecting the germinating powers, was yet highly preju-
dicial to the reproductive capabilities of the adult plant.
I also found that, with one exception, the plants raised
from weevilled seed were altogether passed over by Aphis
rumicis, Which attacked almost every other bean-plant
in the garden, and destroyed at least one-third of the
entire crop before it was fit for gathering. From this I
inferred that the sap of the weakened plants was of too
deteriorated a character to be suitable for Aphis nourish-
ment. I have since found reason to modify the former
of these conclusions in some cases, and in some degree.
Before proceeding to discuss results, however, I will
specify the conditions under which the second series of
experiments were carried on. I procured in all five
varieties of infested beans, two of which, the ‘‘ Leviathan,”
already mentioned, and the “Seville Longpod,” were
kindly supplied by Messrs. Carter, who inform me that
they have devoted much attention to the possibility of
eliminating the damaged from the sound seed. The
remaining three varieties consisted of the well-known
‘‘ Karly Mazagan,” and of two more belonging to the
longpod section.
From the packets supplied to me I selected the
damaged beans, and sorted them out in accordance with
the number of perforations sustained by each. ‘Towards
the end of March I planted them in well-dug and
thoroughly-manured ground, under the most favourable
conditions for their subsequent development. Of the
Bruchus-infested Beans. 377
whole number of seeds sown not more than three or four
failedto germinate. Three, however, gave rise to plants
entirely devoid of colouring-matter, which grew to the
height of five or six inches only, produced a few yellowish-
white leaves, and then withered away. The plants
proceeding from the remainder, however, were to all
appearance strong and healthy, rapidly increased in
size, and showed no sign whatever of weakness or disease.
But, just as in the first instance, the show of blossoms,
when in due course they appeared, told a different tale,
and it became evident that in most cases the reproductive
powers were seriously diminished by the presence of the
weevil in the seed. Several plants were altogether
barren; others boasted of no more than one or two
small flowers; while scarcely five per cent. of the whole
number could be credited with the average yield.
Contrary to my expectations, however, I could not
find that the produce of the individual plants was pro-
portionate to the number of perforations sustained by
the seed. One plant, for instance, the seed of which was
tenanted by no less than six weevils, nevertheless bore
nine pods, of which seven arrived at maturity. On the
other hand, several raised from seed attacked by one
beetle only were barren. So little rule was there in this
respect, indeed, that I was compelled to relinquish my
original intention of classifying the plants according to
the number of perforations sustained by the seed, and to
content myself with ascertaining the whole number of
pods produced by each variety, and striking an average
therefrom by dividing the result by the number of plants.
The distribution of the pods was briefly as follows :—
The plants of No. 1 variety (Carter’s ‘* Leviathan ’’)
were 86 in number, four of the 90 seeds originally
planted having failed to germinate. These 86 plants
produced 480 pods, of which 201 shrivelled away almost
immediately. Six pods, as before stated, form the
normal yield in this variety. In the diseased plants,
however, taking only the developed pods into the account,
the average number was rather less than three and a
half. At the same time, as if to falsify all deductions,
one plant, the seed of which had been tenanted by three
weevils, bore no less than ten mature and two immature
pods ; just double the ordinary number.
Of variety No. 2 (Carter’s ‘‘ Seville Longpod”’), I sowed
378 Mr. Theodore Wood on
67 seeds. The plants which resulted produced among
them 270 pods, of which no less than 127, or nearly
one-half, shrivelled away while quite small and imma-
ture. The yield per plant, therefore, barely exceeded
two pods, as against a normal average of six or seven.
Of variety No. 83 (Longpod) 51 seeds were sown. Of
these three failed to germinate; the remainder bore in
all 248 pods. Exactly fifty of these 248, however, failed
to develope, and thus the average yield of mature pods
was slightly more than four to each plant, the normal
average again being seven.
Of variety No. 4 (Longpod) 45 seeds were sown.
The plants raised from these bore 204 mature and
55 immature pods, an approximate average of four
and a half to each. The normal average in this variety
is again seven.
Of variety No. 5 (‘‘Harly Mazagan’’), 44 seeds were
sown, none of which were perforated by more than two
weevils. The plants resulting from these seeds, all of
which germinated in due course, produced 359 pods, of
which only nineteen failed to arrive at maturity. The
average yield to each plant, therefore, was as nearly as
possible eight pods; the normal number.
Judging, therefore, by the criterion of the average
number of pods produced, this latter variety was the
only one which remained practically unaffected by the
damage caused to the seed ; being by far the most robust,
this fact is less striking than it at first sight appears.
Of the remainder, the two longpod varieties (Nos. 3 and 4),
which are tolerably hardy in constitution, were each
deprived of nearly one-half their reproductive capabilities,
the ‘‘ Leviathan” (No. 1) of almost exactly one-half,
and the ‘‘ Seville Longpod ” (No. 2), perhaps the most
delicate of all, of rather more than two-thirds.
Another and a still more striking fact, however, has yet
to be recorded, namely, that with the exception of those
borne by the ‘‘ Karly Mazagan”’ plants, more than one-
fourth of the pods, although large and healthy in
appearance, proved upon examination to contain nothing
more than the withered germs of the beans which they
should have enclosed. In as many more, one or at the
most two, perfect beans were found, while in scarcely
fifty pods altogether were the contents fully developed
in both size and number. Several pods, again, were
Bruchus-infested Beans. 379
aborted in a very curious manner, but this may possibly
have been due to other causes. The appearance of these
unproductive pods may be seen by the coloured sketches
which I now exhibit, and which were most carefully
drawn to scale from accurate measurements.
The total produce, therefore, of four out of the five
varieties experimented upon was so greatly diminished
as to leave no possible ground for doubt that the
presence of the weevil in the seed is highly detrimental,
affecting to a very considerable degree the reproductive
powers of the future plant. At the same time, we have
the curious fact that the number of weevils present,
whether one, two, three, four, five, or even six, appears
to influence but slightly the health of the plant and its
produce, the mischief being apparently caused by the
mere presence of the weevil, almost irrespective of its
numbers in any individual case. It is also remarkable
that certain of the diseased plants—if diseased we may
justly term them—bore even more than the normal
number of pods. This latter fact would seem to point
to the conclusion that the amount of damage sustained
by infested seed depends in some measure upon the
position of the burrow. If the germ itself be penetrated
the seed must necessarily be rendered sterile ; and it is
not impossible that the nearer the burrow is situated
with regard to the germ the greater is the consequent
injury. This point L hope to clear up in the course of
future experiments.
It would also be both interesting and instructive to
sow uninfested seed produced by diseased plants in order
to ascertain whether the injury is transmitted in any
degree to the second generation. This experiment I
should myself have attempted, but that I was informed
by Messrs. Carter that seed-beans of the more delicate
varieties will not ripen in the English climate, but are
principally imported from Southern Spain. And, as
these varieties are those which suffer most severely from
the presence of the beetle, I judged it useless to attempt
the experiment with the more robust varieties only.
With regard to the aversion manifested by Aphis
rumicis for the sap of the weakened plants, the almost
total absence of the insect in this neighbourhood during
the present season afforded me no opportunity of making
further observations upon the subject. | found specimens,
5380 Mr. Wood on Bruchus-infested Beans.
however, upon three or four plants of the ‘ Leviathan ”
variety which had resulted from seed perforated by
from four to six weevils; but these, although they
certainly bred, did so in but small colonies, and did not
spread to the neighbouring plants.
(08810)
XV. Descriptions of 21 new genera and 103 new spectes
of Lepidoptera-Heterocera from the Australian
Region. By Antuur G. Buruer, F.L.8., F.Z.8.,
&e.
|Read June 2nd, 1886.}
Tue species described in the present paper were sent to
the Museum for identification, with many other previously
named species received at the Godeffroy Museum from
collectors in Australia, Fiji, &e. Many of the species,
as might have been anticipated, form the types of new
genera, but at the same time the appearance of the
ereater part of them is by no means striking, their
colouring being, as a rule, sombre,—of various shades of
brown or grey.
All the species here described have been seen by Mr.
Meyrick since I wrote the descriptions.
AGARISTIDA.
AXigocera, Latr.
1. Afgocera cornigera, Ni. 8.
Allied to Zi. diversa (Agarista diversa, Walk.), the pattern of
the primaries being very similar to that species and to A. ephyra
(Herr.-Sch., Aussl. Schm., fig. 27), but of a cupreous-brown colour;
base white, divided by the veins, two subcostal spots near the
base; an oblique abbreviated fascia immediately below the second
subcostal spot, and below it again an elongated spot on internal
border; a large quadrate spot crosses the discoidal cell towards its
extremity, and below it is an oblique irregular interno-median
streak; between the latter and the internal spot previously noted
is a small internal dot; beyond the cell is a broad almost 3-shaped
fascia, and near the external angle a cuneiform spot; at about
apical fourth is a subcostal dot; an abbreviated series of seven dots
crosses the disc almost parallel to the outer edge of the 8-shaped
fascia, and is followed by a regular submarginal series alternating
with a series of quadrate spots on the fringe; all these markings
are milk-white; secondaries nearly as in dd, bicolor, ochreous,
with a dark or cupreous-brown spot across the end of the cell, and
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—paRT IV. (DEC.) 2D
382 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
an irregularly sinuated external border of the same colour ; fringe
white, ochreous at base and spotted with brown, in the male only
towards apex, in the female throughout ; head and thorax white,
the antenne, a spot on the head, the front of collar, shoulders,
two longitudinal stripes on the thorax, and an oblique stripe on the
tegula brown, a short horny process, flattened and truncated in
front projecting from the frons; wings below much as above, but
the primaries pale ochreous at the base so as to cover the subbasal
spots of the upper surface, the white dots across the disc wanting,
palpi white with an oblique lateral black dash and black terminal
joint; body below pale ochreous, legs partly brown above, the
tarsi barred with white; venter barred with brown. Expanse of
wings: male, 29 mm.; female, 37 mm.
Male, Gayndah ; female, Peak Downs.
The singular frontal process possessed by this species
occurs in a much less highly developed condition in
AK. diversa, and therefore I do not think it sufficient of
itself to constitute a character of generic value.
LITHOSIIDA.
Mitrocurista, Hiibn.
2. Miltochrista simulans, n. 8.
Size and aspect of Nepita conferta (male), excepting in the
absence of any dark border to the secondaries; allied to Miltochrista
(Barsine) placens from Timor and Ceram; primaries above grey,
crossed by five series of ochreous markings, the first across the
base semicircular, the second forming an interrupted angulated
band across basal third and consistlng of four somewhat oval spots
in pairs, the third consisting of three nearly equidistant spots in an
angular series across the middle of the wing; the fourth begins
with an oval costal spot, below which is a sinuous series of seven
small spots only divided by the nervures; the last consists of three
unequal angulated spots on outer margin; fringe ochreous; a
series of black marginal dots partly impinging upon the fringe ;
secondaries pale ochreous, slightly deeper towards external border;
body ochreous; thorax reddish, spotted with slaty black; under
surface more salmon-tinted than above, markings on the primaries
obliterated excepting on the borders; legs barred with dull greyish
black. Expanse of wings, 382 mm.
Rockhampton.
‘'o any one who neglected to examine the neuration
in new species this would appear to be a Nepita
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 383
(Liparide); that Nepita really belongs to the latter
family has been proved to me by Mr. F’. Moore.
Cyprasia, Walk.
The following species belongs to a genus which has
been referred to the Lithosiide ; its structure appears to
indicate some affinity to the Micro-Lepidoptera; never-
theless, for the present it may stand where it has been
placed.
od. Cyptasia cristata, Nn. s.
Somewhat nearly allied to C. egregiella, but smaller; primaries
bronze-brown, flecked with cream-colour and with seven unequal
but nearly equidistant spots round the borders of the wing, three
costal, the third being a mere narrow oblique dash, one external
and three internal; fringe yellow opposite to the white spots;
‘secondaries bright salmon-orange, with a few greyish scales at
apex; head sulphur-yellow, crested; antenne pale bronze-brown,
with white basal joint; thorax dark brown, white-spotted behind ;
abdomen salmon-coloured; under surface salmon-coloured, the
primaries greyish, especially towards apex; fringe alternately
brown and sulphur-yellow as above. Expanse of wings, 20 mm.
Gayndah.
Until such genera as Theniscyra, Cyptasia, &e., have
been carefully reared, and their actual affinities satis-
factorily ascertained, their great resemblance to typical
eenera of Lithosiide will always tend to raise a doubt as
to their actual distinctness from that family ; characters
offered by the imago alone are, as already shown in the
case of the various genera formerly associated under
Acronycta, not always reliable; and for this reason (if
for no other) all families erected upon the structure of
the imago alone should be regarded with disfavour by
lepidopterists: there cannot be a question that the
Micro-Lepidoptera ought to be distributed among the
larger moths, and that the sole reason for which the
fathers of Entomology associated them was their usually
small size; yet it has been difficult i some cases for
the most careful students to decide to their own satis-
faction whether they had before them a Deltoid or a
Tortrix, a Noctua or a Tinea (these names are applied
in their wide signification, of course); even the most
confident workers have, after describing a species as a
384 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
Micro-Lepidopteron, come to the conclusion that it
should have been placed amongst the Noctuites.
XANTHODULE, 0. ¢.
Form of Setina (S. ramosa); general aspect of Hubaphe, neura-
tion most like Hudule, but that of the primaries quite distinct ;
costal vein terminating at third fourth of the margin, subcostal
five-branched, the first three branches emitted before the end of
the cell, fourth and fifth branches emitted from the anterior angle
of the cell, forking from a long footstalk; disco-cellulars inangled ;
upper radial emitted from the anterior angle of the cell immediately
below the last subcostal branch; lower radial emitted close to the
third median, having the appearance of a fourth median branch ;
second and third median branches emitted near together but at
some distance beyond the first, the latter running obliquely almost
to the external angle, almost joining the submedian vein at its
extremity; discoidal cell of secondaries extending to second-third
of wing, the costal margin slightly concave, costal vein running
almost to apex, subcostal forked at some distance beyond the cell ;
disco-cellulars unequally inangled; radial emitted nearer to the
median than to the subcostal vein so as to appear like a fourth
median branch, it and the second and third median branches being
about equidistant ; first median branch a little further apart; body
slender, the thorax rounded, the abdomen extending slightly
beyond the anal angle of secondaries; antenne thick at base,
tapering, serrate-pectinated ; palpi wanting.
4, Xanthodule semiochrea, n. 8.
Primaries pale greyish brown, with an ill-defined paler oblique
sinuous transverse central band; secondaries ochreous, with the
apex and an ill-defined streak from it along the outer margin dark
brown; head white, collar tinted with ochreous, thorax greyish
white, abdomen whitish; primaries below smoky brown, with a
narrow tapering whitish apical border; secondaries below as above ;
legs (probably the palpi) and venter ochreous. Expanse of wings,
18 mm.
Peak Downs.
LIPARIDA.
CHIONOPHASMA, N. g.
Aspect of Porthesia, but with more thinly scaled wings, com-
paratively smaller secondaries, and very different neuration ;
primaries elongate-ovate, the costal margin only slightly convex,
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 385
apex rounded, outer margin slightly convex, very oblique, con-
tinuous with the inner margin, which is also slightly convex; the
neuration of all the wings utterly unlike that of any of the white-
coloured genera of Liparide ; costal vein of primaries terminating
at about the third fourth of costa; subcostal five-branched, the
first branch emitted before the end of the cell, and the four others
form a long footstalk; of these four short branches the first and
fourth start almost from the same point, but from opposite sides of
the vein, the first running to costa, the last to outer margin, and
the intermediate pair form a short fork to apex; upper radial
emitted from the anterior angle of the cell, lower radial from the
posterior angle, where it appears as a fourth median branch; disco-
cellular veinlet inangled; median branches nearly equidistant ;
secondaries short, subpyriform; costal vein running to apex; dis-
coidal cell short, not reaching the middle of the wing; subcostal
vein forked from a long footstalk at one-third the distance between
the cell and outer margin; disco-cellular extremely slender, in-
angled; no radial vein; second and third median branches emitted
from a short footstalk; head and thorax clothed with woolly hair;
palpi depressed ; antenne short, pectinated; abdomen with a large
anal tuft; legs tolerably robust, clothed somewhat sparsely with
long silky hairs.
In the branching of the subcostal nervure of the
primaries, the forking of the subcostal and median
veins of secondaries, and the total absence of a radial
vein in these wings, this genus is most abnormal.
5. Chionophasma paradoxa, n. 8.
@. Wings semitransparent snow-white, witha faint silky gloss;
two very slender greyish lines on the fringe; body white, sparsely
scaled; abdomen with golden ochraceous anal tuft; under surface
coloured as above. Expanse of wings, 82 mm.
Rockhampton.
This species was sent as the female of the succeeding
Porthesia, to which, in common with many other
Liparide, it bears considerable resemblance ; an exami-
nation of the structure would, however, convince the
most sceptical that there is no relationship between
them.
386 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
Portuesia, Steph.
6. Porthesia aliena, n.s.
Primaries sericeous snow-white; costal margin towards the base
golden brown; secondaries white, the veins broadly suffused with
pale testaceous, giving the wings a creamy tint; thorax white,
antennz with pale brown pectinations; abdomen, excepting at
base, yellowish barred with black; anal tuft ochreous; wings below
white, slightly yellowish at the borders; basal half of costal border
of primaries dark brown; pectus white; palpi and front of anterior
legs ochreous, legs otherwise cream-coloured; venter ochreous.
Expanse of wings, 30 mm.
Peak Downs.
Allied to P. similis of Europe.
LEPTOCNERIA, 0. g.
Most nearly allied to Ocneria of Europe (O. rubra), but differing
as follows:—Primaries comparatively longer, with more oblique
and less regularly convex outer margin; costal vein extending to
about the second-third of costa; subcostal with five branches, the
first branch emitted considerably before the end of the cell and
almost uniting with the second branch at some distance beyond the
cell; second branch emitted from the anterior angle of the cell,
extending to the apex and throwing off the fourth and fifth
branches from its inferior edge; the fifth branch is emitted at some
distance beyond the cell and opposite to the point where the first
and second branches almost unite; the fourth branch is emitted
much nearer to outer margin; the radials are emitted from opposite
. angles of the cell, the lower radial (as in Ocneria) forming a fourth
median branch; disco-cellular concave; median branches almost
as in Ocneria ; secondaries with the costal margin convex and the
subcostal branches emitted from a footstalk; otherwise as in
Ocneria; woolly frontal tuft longer; palpi much longer and less
hairy; tibial spines of hind legs nearer together; antennz more
strongly pectinated.
7. Leptocneria binotata, n. 8.
Whitish grey; primaries with a dusky-margined white spot just
beyond the middle of the cell, and a second reniform spot at the
end of the cell; these spots are enclosed between the two usual
stripes, which are grey, a little darker than the ground colour
inner stripe slightly irregular, dentated, outer stripe dentate-sinuate,
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 387
inarched towards costa, otherwise parallel to outer margin ; an ill-
defined submarginal macular stripe; fringe dusky spotted with
sordid white; secondaries with pale fringe; thorax in front slightly
brownish, antenne with ferruginous pectinations; under surface
of wings pearl-grey, the borders tinted with golden brown; no
markings; pectus whitish ; legs and venter pale brown. Expanse
of wings, 41 mm.
Peak Downs.
LASIOCAMPIDA.
CosmorricHue, Hiibn.
8. Cosmotriche indistincta, n. 8.
9. Allied to C. exposita of Lewin,* but paler; wings of a
semitransparent smoky grey tint; primaries a little darker than
secondaries, with an abbreviated indistinct dusky oblique stripe
across the middle of the interno-median area, and traces of a sub-
marginal series of dusky spots upon the veins; head and front of
collar blackish, centre of thorax dusky, abdomen brown; antennex
with testaceous pectinations; body below smoky-brown; wings
more uniform in tint than above, wholly destitute of markings.
Expanse of wings, 82 mm.
Peak Downs.
Pinara, Walk.
This was described as a genus of Arctiide ; the typical
species, P. cana, consisted of the females of three
species of Walker’s genus Hntometa, placed by him in
the Psychide ; the female of a fourth species was, how-
ever, referred to its proper family, and placed in the
genus Opsiwlina.
9, Pinara rufescens, 0. 8.
3S. Intermediate in character between P. divisa and P.
sesioides, but with the secondaries of a uniform rufous-brown tint;
primaries with the basal two-fifths to submedian vein and the
costal area to lower radial vein reddish chocolate ; remainder of
the wing pale rufous-brown, sparsely irrorated with cream-coloured
scales; a straight transverse creamy yellowish stripe across the
basal fifth from costa to submedian vein; a white transverse spot
across the end of the cell; a whitish stripe across the middle of the
dise, incurved towards costa, lunulated and interrupted by the
* This species was redescribed by Walker under the names of
Pacillogaster hebes and P. brevis; Boisduval’s Bombyx myceria
may be the same moth.
388 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
veins below the lower radial; four small orange spots, externally
dotted with black just beyond the discal stripe on the median and
interno-median interspaces ; external border greyish ; body pale
rufous-brown, head and collar darker, antenne blackish; anal tufts
tipped with bright reddish chocolate; wings below paler than
above, primaries with no stripe across the basal fifth; the disco-
cellular spot pure white; the discal stripe abbreviated, not
extending below the third median branch, pure white; pectus
smoky brown, venter bronze-brown. Expanse of wings, 836 mm.
Rockhampton.
LIMACODIDA.
Doratirera, Westw.
10. Doratifera ordinata, n.s.
Ochreous; primaries pale, irrorated with the usual shining
scales; a pale rust-red subbasal spot; an oblique interrupted series
of ill-defined rust-red spots across the middle, and a discal arched
series of ten well-defined ferruginous spots parallel to outer margin ;
tegule whitish spotted with reddish ochreous; centre of thorax
reddish ochreous; under surface pale sericeous-ochreous, costal
borders darker; legs ochreous barred with whitish. Expanse of
wings, 33 mm.
Peak Downs.
Not near to any species known to me.
NYCTEOLIDA.
Karas, Herr.-Sch.
11. Harias smaragdina, n. 8.
Closely allied to HE. chlorana, but the costal margin of primaries
shorter and the outer margin consequently less oblique, the
primaries of a clearer emerald-green tint, costal border pale pea-
green instead of white; no orange margin towards the base of
the costa; external border darker green instead of yellowish;
secondaries of a less pearly white tint, more or less sordid,
especially towards outer margin; head and collar of a yellower
tint; under surface of primaries grey excepting at the margins,
costal border cream-coloured, external margin greenish; fringe
white; secondaries and body below white. Expanse of wings,
11mm.
Peak Downs.
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 089
COSSIDA.
ACRITOCERA, Nl. g.
Nearest to the S. American genus Langsdorjia, but with some-
what the aspect of a Notodont; primaries with the costa nearly
straight, apex rounded; outer margin oblique, very slightly con-
vex, rounded off at external angle ; inner margin incurved at base,
otherwise nearly straight; all the veins separate ; costal vein
extending to a little beyond the middle of the margin, subcostal
five-branched, emitting its first branch at about half-way between
the base and apex; a little beyond this the vein runs obliquely
downwards and emits its other four branches near together, and at
about equal distances apart ; upper radial emitted near to the fifth
subcostal branch from the end of the cell, having the appearance
of a sixth branch; the lower radial also bears a similar relation to
the third median branch, the second and third median branches
and the lower radial being equidistant; disco-cellular veinlet
zigzag, emitting two short recurrent veins ; submedian vein slightly
curved outwards towards the base ; secondaries with long and very
slightly curved frenum; costal margin rather deeply sinuated
towards the base and convex in the middle; apex rounded ; outer
margin slightly convex; abdominal margin short, rounded off at
anal angle; costal vein nearly straight, very slightly arched, very
thick towards the base; subcostal vein slender, slightly arched to
end of cell and then straight to apex, simple, its second branch
having passed round to the end of the cell and thus become an
upper radial; lower or true radial emitted near to the third median
branch, thus having the aspect of a fourth branch; disco-cellulars
unequally zigzag, emitting one short recurrent vein; third median
emitted from the inferior angle of the cell, second branch running
close to the main vein for a considerable distance towards the base,
first branch emitted near to the base, sinuous towards its origin ;
submedian and internal veins widely separated ; body very robust ;
head broader than long, with a keeled frontal crest ; eyes large and
prominent; palpi broad, with closely appressed scales, apical joint
deflexed ; antenne reaching to about the middle of costa, broadly
plumose in front, disordered, basal joint tufted, thorax broad, less
convex than in most Cossid@ above; legs very thick, middle tibie
terminating in along spur, posterior tibie with two subterminal
and two terminal spurs; abdomen broad, tapering and somewhat
flattened, especially towards the anal extremity; anal tuft very
small.
390 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
12. Acritocera negligens, n.8.
Primaries brown, the veins slenderly blackish, the whole of the
internervular areoles longitudinally streaked with blackish and
dark brown; an oblique pale testaceous stripe beyond the middle ;
secondaries pale brown; body brown, head and antennex whitish,
palpi with blackish terminal joint; wings below pale brown,
irregularly mottled with patches of dark brown scales. Expanse
of wings, 41 mm.
Viti Islands.
The character of the antenne in this species is so
peculiar that it at once arrests the attention; in some
respects it resembles that of Hreuxa (Amphidasyide),
and still more nearly that of Ptilophora (Notodontide),
but the feathering in Acritocera is much less orderly,
and is confined to one side of the shaft.
LEUCANIIDA.
Lrucania, Ochs.
13. Leucania diatrecta, n. 8.
Pale creamy stone-colour; primaries above with a brown
<-shaped marking at base, its upper fork resting upon the median
vein, irrorated with black scales, and forming the commencement
of a slender dusky median streak, which extends beyond the cell
almost to the middle of the disc, but is interrupted at the inferior
angle of the cell by a black and white dot; a slender blackish
streak along the internal margin, but not extending to the base;
fringe slightly greyish, preceded by a marginal series of black
points; secondaries semitransparent sericeous-white, with ill-
defined greyish apical external border and fringe, tapering towards
the first median branch, where it ceases; a white line at the base
of the fringe; a short blackish streak on the inner fringe of the
tegule; primaries below with marginal black dots and greyish
fringe, otherwise without markings; secondaries with six inter-
nervular marginal black dots; antennz below ochraceous. Expanse
of wings, 29 mm.
Peak Downs.
14. Leucania lewinii, n. 8.
6. Primaries above whity brown, irrorated with black scales ;
au broad brown longitudinal median streak, divided by a slender
white stripe, which runs along the median vein and its third
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 391
branch; a creamy whitish longitudinal streak immediately above
the median streak; a marginal series of black dots; apex dusky ;
secondaries silvery white; thorax whitish stone-colour, abdomen
white; primaries below and costal border of secondaries creamy
whitish, remainder of secondaries pure white, all the wings with
marginal black dots; body below white, antenns below dark brown.
Expanse of wings, 28 mm.
Gayndah.
15. Leucania scottit, n. 8.
Primaries above cream-colour; veins whitish margined on both
sides, from the middle of the wing, with ferruginous, internervular
folds also indicated by longitudinal ferruginous lines; a broad
longitudinal ferruginous streak, enclosing an ill-defined grey stripe,
commencing below the median vein, which interrupts it at the end
of the cell, where it passes into the upper radial interspace; two
black discoidal dots just above the median vein, the second within
the inferior angle of the cell; a marginal series of black dots ;
fringe greyish, paler at the extremities of the veins; secondaries
sericeous-white, with greyish external border, especially towards
apex, where there are also indications of blackish marginal dots ;
body white; antenne greyish ; primaries below flesh-coloured,
with the base and internal area white, secondaries white with
flesh-coloured apex; body white, tarsi blackish; venter with lateral
black dots. Expanse of wings, 27 mm.
Rockhampton.
16. Leucania cruegeri, n. 8.
3g. Vaguely resembles the genus Epimecia; primaries above
cream-coloured, the veins from the middle of the wing silvery
white, slenderly edged on both sides with greyish brown; the
internervular folds also indicated by slender greyish brown longi-
tudinal lines; a broad silvery white longitudinal discoidal stripe
edged below with brown; above and beyond this is a cream-
coloured stripe, tinted with ochraceous, and running obliquely
upwards from the end of the cell to the apex; fringe with two
unequal brown stripes ; secondaries semitransparent, white, tinted
with greyish towards outer margin ; fringe white, with a brownish
stripe towards the base; thorax white, antennze and abdo-
men cream-coloured; primaries below shining cream-coloured ;
secondaries shining white; body below white, anal tuft slightly
yellowish. Expanse of wings, 31 mim.
Gayndah.
392 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
17. Leucania alarioides, n.s.
Primaries above rose-pink, divided in the middle by two broad
longitudinal creamy white bands, the upper one passing from
outer margin through the upper radial interspace into the cell,
where it tapers to a point near the base, sometimes bounded on
each side by a dusky streak; lower band filling the median inter-
spaces and continued below the median vein to the base, where it
is somewhat abruptly pointed, being bounded by the upeurved
submedian vein; fringe white, traversed by two rose-coloured
stripes ; secondaries sericeous-white, with rose-pink veins; fringe
slightly pink at apex; head dull vinous, collar greyish, thorax
white, tegule rose-tinted on the shoulders; abdomen white ; wings
below shining creamy white; primaries with the veins pink;
median area clouded with fuliginous-brown ; fringe rosy lilacine ;
secondaries with rosy costal margin; fringe pure white; pectus
silvery white, legs dull rose-colour varied with silvery white, abdo-
men silvery white, becoming sordid towards anal angle and banded
with rosy lilacine. Expanse of wings, 29 mm.
Peak Downs and Gayndah.
This is one of the most delicately-coloured species in
the genus, agreeing in tint with some species of Alaria.
HURYPSYCHE, N. g.
Allied to Leucania, with which it agrees in neuration,
excepting that the veins are wider apart owing to the
greater width of the wings; antenne finely ciliated ;
body more slender than in Leucania.
18. Hurypsyche similis, n.s.
3. Wings above silvery greyish white ; primaries pale vinous-
brown towards apex of costal border; basal half of costal border,
interno-median area, and internal border irrorated with scattered
black scales ; a central longitudinal brown streak commencing with
a blackish line below the median vein (which is white), then
passing, as a narrow dark brown streak, immediately above the
median vein to the base of the lower radial interspace, where it is
interrupted, continued again as a blackish line in the upper radial
interspace ; an ill-defined flesh-tinted streak in the cell, bounding
the upper edge of the central longitudinal streak ; a marginal series
of black points; secondaries slightly darker towards outer margin ;
a marginal series of elongated dusky dots; fringe whitish, traversed
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 393
by a grey stripe; body white, antenne pale bronzy brown ; pri-
maries below and costal and external borders of secondaries shining
pale brown; a marginal series of black dots; remainder of
secondaries silvery white; pectus pale brown; venter white.
Expanse of wings, 80 mm.
Gayndah.
In general tint and pattern this species much resembles
Leucania lewinii, but the differences of structure will at
once separate it.
CARADRINIDA.
CaRADRINA, Ochs.
19. Caradrina striolata, n. 8.
Primaries above dull copper-brown, costal border dull whity
brown, bounded below by a diffused blackish streak, which passes
through the cell and then obliquely upwards to apex; a zigzag
black line across the basal fourth ; reniform spot small, outlined in
black, and immediately followed by a transverse irregularly undu-
lated black discal line from subcostal vein to inner margin; a series
of unequal longitudinal discal black dashes upon the veins, and a
marginal series of black dots commencing at outer third of costal
margin; fringe grey, spotted with yellowish at the base and
flecked with white; secondaries creamy white, with a slender
dusky marginal line towards apex, and two greyish spots traversed
by a darker line on the fringe; head and front of collar dull
whitish; thorax fuliginous-brown; abdomen whitish; primaries
below pale shining bronze-brown, the disc in some lights changing
to ash-grey ; internal area whitish; fringe blackish, with pale basal
dots; secondaries pearly white, with a broad costal brown border
not extending quite to the base; pectus white; legs and venter
pale greyish brown. Expanse of wings, 20mm.
Viti Islands.
Belongs to the same group with C. cubicularis, of
Europe.
RaADINOGOES, N. g.
Allied to Caradrina, but differing in its narrower
primaries and in neuration, which is that of Hydrilla
(H. palustris), the subcostal branches and the second
and third median branches of the secondaries being
emitted from footstalks ; the palpi sufficiently distinguish
this genus from Hydrilla, as they are gently curved
upwards and not fringed.
394 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
20. Radinogoes tenuis, n. 8.
General aspect of Caradrina cubicularis, but much smaller;
primaries cupreous-brown; discoidal area dusky, excepting for a
central longitudinal line, on which are two small black spots,
indicating the orbicular and reniform spots; a deeply zigzag black
line across the basal third, and a very ill-defined curved denticu-
lated line bounded externally by a pale cupreous-brown stripe
across the dise just beyond the cell; a marginal series of alternate
black and pale cupreous dots; fringe dark grey; secondaries
pearly white; veins and a slender marginal line cupreous-brown ;
apex suffused with pearl-grey; head and thorax cupreous-brown ;
abdomen white ; primaries below silvery whitish; costa and fringe
grey-speckled; secondaries pearly white; costa grey-speckled ;
body whity brown. Expanse of wings, 21—24 mm.
Peak Downs; Rockhampton.
COSMIIDA.
LEUcocosMIA, 0. g.
General aspect of Orthosia, but much paler ; allied to
Enargia (E. abluta), but the primaries narrower, and
the antennex, with the exception of the basal joint, very
slender, filiform, tapering.
21. Leucocosmia ceres, n. 8.
g. Primaries above pale sericeous sandy brown, almost golden,
crossed towards base by three irregularly zigzag stripes formed by
somewhat contorted double lines of brown, duller and darker than
the ground colour; a transverse brown stripe, dentate-sinuate
externally, crosses the wing just beyond the middle; between this
and the basal stripes is a black discoidal dot indicating the
orbicular spot, and at the end of the cell (bounded internally by
the post-median stripe) is a small unciform whitish spot repre-
senting the reniform spot; external two-sevenths dusky, darker
than the ground colour, bounded internally by a cream-coloured
slightly sinuous stripe, beyond which are two parallel darker brown
lines; a submarginal trisinuate whitish stripe; a marginal series
of minute black dots; fringe creamy white, with dusky brown
external edge; secondaries pearly hyaline whitish, the veins and
broad diffused external and abdominal borders pale sericeous gold-
brown; body pale brown, slightly greyer than the primaries, below
whity brown with golden reflections, markings of the upper surface
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 395
almost obsolete; secondaries with an oblique discal series of
blackish dashes on the veins; otherwise as above; body below
whitish. Expanse of wings, 31 mm.
Viti Islands.
DysBATUS, N. g.
Allied to Cosmia, but with more nearly the coloration of the
Homopteride; primaries triangular; costal vein extending to
about third fourth of costal margin; subcostal vein five-branched,
emitting its first branch before the end of the cell, its second to
fourth at a considerable distance beyond, the third and fourth
forming a rather short fork to apex, the fifth emitted from the
posterior margin of the main vein a little before the emission of
second branch from the anterior margin ; the upper radial emitted
from the anterior angle of the cell, and the lower radial from about
the middle of the disco-cellulars, which form a concave line 3
median vein swollen and sinuous towards the base; second and
third median branches emitted from the same point at the posterior
angle of the cell; secondaries subpyriform, the costal and abdo-
minal margins nearly straight, and the outer margin rounded and
sinuated; costal vein running close to the subcostal to about the
middle of the cell, and thence diverging to apex; subcostal forking
from the anterior angle of the cell; radial obsolete, replaced by a
slender longitudinal fold from base to outer margin; disco-cellular
veinlet inarched ; second and third median branches forking from
the posterior angle of the cell ; thorax broad, rounded; head broad,
palpi short, compressed, with sharply defined quadrate fringe at
the base, porrect; proboscis long and thick; antenne slender,
tapering, internally pectinated ; legs long, femora flattened, pos-
terior tibize broad and flat, abdomen slender, laterally tufted.
22. Dysbatus singularis, 0. 8.
Primaries above cinereous, tinted with pale brownish towards
base and external area; crossed by six black lines, the first sub-
basal, oblique, the second at basal third curved, the third just
before the middle angulated upon the median vein and inarched
below it, the fourth crossing the dise like the third, but less strongly
angulated, the fifth very irregular, thick, undulated and dentated,
limiting the external area, the sixth submarginal, ill-defined,
excepting at apex, where it commences with an oblique black dash
costal border, excepting at apex, and a spot at the end of the cell,
dusky ; an interrupted black marginal line ; fringe whitish spotted
with grey; secondaries greyish white, slightly sericeous, with a
396 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
broad dusky external border tapering to anal angle; fringe greyish
white; thorax and base of abdomen cinereous; remainder of abdo-
men fuliginous-grey, with narrow white segmental bands; under
surface sericeous-white, the wings irrorated with black-brown
scales, especially towards the costal margins; a broad blackish
external border, fading to grey towards the externo-anal margins,
and with a whitish apical spot; fringes grey, white at base; legs
grey-speckled, the tibiae and tarsi almost entirely dark grey.
Expanse of wings, 28 mm.
Peak Downs.
This species bears but little external resemblance to
its allies.
PLUSIIDA.
WESTERMANNIA, Hiibn.
23. Westermanma argentata, n. 8.
Primaries above silvery white; secondaries pearly subhyaline,
the costal area with brassy reflections; veins smoky grey; external
border smoky grey, diffused, fringe dark grey; thorax pure pearl-
white, collar bright orange in front; abdomen white, barred with
smoky grey; primaries below dark smoky grey with golden
reflections; costal border cream-coloured ; secondaries pearl-white,
with a slender blackish marginal line; fringe brownish at base ;
body below pearl-white ; tibiz cream-coloured; anal segment of
venter whity brown. Expanse of wings, 33 mm.
Peak Downs.
This species has the general aspect, but not the
structure, of Metoponia.
24. Westermannia concha, n. s.
Allied to W. superba, much smaller; primaries silvery white
washed with bronze towards costa; a narrower internal border, a
large rounded spot at centre of interno-median area, and a broad
external border gradually narrowing to apex leaden grey, partly
edged and flecked with bronze-brown; an indistinct narrow white
looped line, commencing on the costa before the middle, crossing
the cell, bounding the interno-median spot and part of the external
border as far as the upper radial, where it leaves it and returns to
costa at apical fourth ; secondaries white, semitransparent, pearly
except towards costa, where there are brassy reflections ; veins and
a well-defined external border tapering to a point at submedian
vein smoky brown; fringe white; body pearl-whitish, collar
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 597
buff-coloured ; primaries below shining leaden grey; the internal
area and a narrow line at base of fringe white; secondaries nearly
as above, but the border leaden grey and the veins silvery ; body
below pure pearl-white; anterior femora grey in front, anterior
tarsi broadly barred with grey. Expanse of wings, 26 mm.
Peak Downs.
XYLINIDA.
CRAMBODES, Guén.
25. Crambodes minor, n. 8.
Considerably smaller than C. talidiformis, with pale costal area
to primaries and brownish secondaries; primaries above silvery
grey, darker and with bronze-brown reflections in an oblique line
from the inferior angle of the cell to the apex, so as to form an ill-
defined diffused streak, crossed by a black-edged tapering longi-
tudinal cream-coloured streak from the reniform spot; discoidal
cell and reniform spot also cream-coloured; a slightly curved
longitudinal white litura in the cell just above the median vein ;
reniform spot white-edged, and enclosing a small brown spot below
the median vein; a discal series of short black dashes upon the
internervular folds towards outer margin; fringe blackish, inter-
rupted by slender white lines in continuation of the veins ; internal
border cream-coloured towards base, two or three irregularly placed
black or blackish subbasal longitudinal lines; secondaries shining
pale brownish grey, slightly darker towards outer margin ; fringe
white, with a pale brownish subbasal line ; thorax grey, abdomen
whity brown; primaries below grey; secondaries cream-coloured,
with a slender abbreviated black marginal line and white fringe ;
body below greyish white. Expanse of wings, 21 mm.
Peak Downs.
Crioa, Walker.
26. Crioa acronyctina, Nn. 8.
Aspect of the genus Pharetra (Acronycta, part. auct.) ; primaries
whitish cinereous, black-speckled; about six short oblique black
abbreviated costal strize followed by the discal line, which is very
irregular, commencing at the subcostal vein, running obliquely
outwards almost to the upper radial vein, where it bends down at
a sharp angle and runs transversely to the second median branch,
where it again turns abruptly inwards and forms a deep sinus
(through the centre of which the first median branch passes), then
inwards again to meet the inner line, which is 8-shaped and con-
tinuous with the third costal stria; three subapical longitudinal
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PpaRT Iv. (DEC.) 25
398 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
black strie#, the two upper ones crossed by a zigzag white line; a
diffused white subapical dash below the black striz ; median inter-
spaces fuliginous-brown, enclosing longitudinal black strize, and
crossed by white lunate markings; a deeply dentate-sinuate slender
black marginal line; fringe white spotted with fuliginous-brown ;
secondaries pale testaceous or whity brown with golden cupreous
reflections, the veins, a discal line, and a broad external border
ereyish brown; fringe white; thorax brown, white-speckled and
streaked with black; abdomen mouse-grey; under surface whitish,
with faint cupreous reflections; disco-cellular spots lunate, two
somewhat diffused discal arched stripes, the veins, and a slender
marginal line greyish chocolate; tibie hairy, chocolate-tinted ;
tarsi black-barred. Expanse of wings, 34 mm.
Peak Downs.
The genus Crioa appears to me to be allied to the
Kuropean genus Lithocampa.
ACONTIIDA.
APOROCOSMUS, Ni. &.
Allied to Agrophila; with similar pattern; the thorax, however,
smoother; the palpi longer, porrected, the veining of the wings
somewhat different; costal vein of primaries extending to about
the middle of the costal margin; subcostal four-branched, the fifth
branch being emitted as a third radial from the anterior angle of
the cell ; first subcostal branch emitted before the end of the cell,
second running from the end of the cell to costa, third and fourth
forming a short fork, the fourth running to apex; upper (in this
case the second) radial emitted from the same point with the fifth
subcostal branch (or first radial) ; lower or third radial emitted as
a fourth median branch from the inferior angle of the cell; first
and second median branches wide apart; secondaries with the
costal vein much swollen at the base, coalescing with the subcostal
to beyond the cell, where it separates and runs obliquely to apex ;
the first branch of the subcostal vein thus appears to be merely a
furca from the costal, and its second branch is emitted freely as a
radial; the true radial is emitted as a fourth median branch at the
same point with the third median and close to the origin of the
second; disco-cellulars very oblique and angulated; first and
second median branches tolerably wide apart; legs rather long
and compressed.
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 5399
27. Aporocosmus bracteatus, n. 8.
Primaries above cream-coloured; markings red-brown, spangled
with silver as follows: an interrupted oblique band and a spot at
base, an oblique irregular band crossing the wing before the middle,
a broader transverse irregular abbreviated band from costa to
median vein across the end of the cell, a slightly sinuous discal
band subparallel to outer margin, two short arched bands almost
uniting at centre of outer margin, the inferior one interrupted, an
interrupted marginal line, and a similar line on the fringe, which
is white; secondaries pale golden brown or “dead golden,” with
the costal area, excepting at apex, cream-coloured; a dark brown
external border shot with gold, and therefore only visible in certain
lights; the extreme margin irregularly pale yellow; fringe very
long, cream-coloured, traversed by a slender interrupted brown
line; body coloured in accordance with the wings, the thorax
cream-coloured and spotted, the abdomen golden opaline ; under
surface pale stramineous, the primaries with indications of the
markings of the upper surface in pale smoky brown; secondaries
with a discal line of brown parallel to outer margin; pectus pearly
whitish. Expanse of wings, 16 mm.
Peak Downs.
Acontta, Ochs.
28. Acontia amorpha, un. 8.
Allied to A. signifera of India, from which it chiefly differs in
its slightly superior size and paler golden brown banding of the
primaries; it also differs in showing traces of stripes across the
basal area, in having two spots, the lower one black, in place of the
black crescent in the reniform spot, and the secondaries decidedly
darker. Expanse of wings, 18 mm.
Gayndah.
Specimens of this species from Moreton Bay stand in
the collection under a MS. name of Walker’s.
29. Acontia vitiensis, Nn. 8.
Also allied to A. signifera; primaries above pearl-white, crossed
in the middle by a broad cupreous-brown band with dentate sinuate
edges, the inner edge bounded by a black line; reniform spot
indicated by a cupreous-brown 8-shaped marking beyond the cell,
and a corresponding black linear marking just beyond it at the
edge of the external border; the latter broad, cupreous-brown,
dotted with white on costal margin, flecked with black and white
400 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
towards the outer margin, along which is a reddish cupreous stripe ;
fringe white ; secondaries sericeous creamy whitish, with diffused
cupreous-brown external border and an ill-defined stripe of the
same colour on the fringe; thorax white flecked with cupreous-
brown, abdomen brown in type (sometimes cream-coloured flecked
with brown); primaries below greyish with pink reflections ;
secondaries sericeous creamy whitish, suffused with pink towards
costal and external margins; pectus pearl-white, legs pale flesh-
brown, anterior legs greyish above; venter whitish. LExpanse of
Wings, 21 mm.
Viti Islands.
Also in the Museum from Moreton Bay ; it is nearly
related to the “ Hrastria”’ ritseme of Snellen.
30. Acontia tripartita, n. 8.
Allied to the preceding species; primaries pure white, divided by
two transverse equidistant undulated chocolate-brown bands into
three nearly equal parts, the inner band of about half the width of
the outer, the latter expanded into an oblong spot upon the costa ;
a blackish costal spot near the base; an irregular submarginal
brown line and a slender black-brown marginal line ; fringe flecked
with brown; secondaries sericeous, cream-coloured, broadly
suffused with grey towards outer margin; an interrupted slender
dark brown marginal line; thorax cream-coloured; abdomen
greyish, especially in the middle; primaries below smoky grey ;
apical third of costal border black spotted with ochreous;
secondaries pale creamy ochreous, changing in certain lights to
silvery greyish; costal area irrorated with blackish; a black spot
at the end of the cell, and an angulated discal stripe beyond it
from costa to submedian vein; all the wings with a very slender
black marginal line; body below ochreous. Expanse of wings,
15 mm.
Rockhampton.
B31. Acontia nivipicta, n.s.
Allied to A. maculosa of China and A. tetragona of St. Domingo.
Primaries above deep olivaceous, shading into cupreous-tinted
chocolate-brown towards outer margin; interno-median area
glossed with lilac and crossed by four interrupted oblique bands of
the ground colour; a large quadrangular snow-white patch at base,
and upon it, close to the base, four unequal dark olivaceous spots ;
three black dots along the infero-exterior margin of the basal
Heterocera from the Australian Region. AOL
patch; two snow-white costal patches, the first larger than the
second, its margin denticulated and bounded on each side by the
discoidal spots, which are black and annular; three black spots
bounded externally by a rectangular red-brown marking beyond
the cell; an irregular line of white scales crossing the dise towards
outer margin, partly enclosing two black dots towards costa, con-
fluent, and forming an oblique dentated line towards external
angle; a submarginal series of black spots with white internal
borders; a large white spot on the fringe below the middle and a
narrow whitish dash crossing it longitudinally at apical third; the
remainder of the fringe is divided by a central blackish line, beyond
which it is glossed with grey; secondaries straw-yellow, with a
broad external brown border; basal half of fringe occupied by a
brown stripe, separated from the external border by an ochreous
line; outer half of fringe white; thorax white, the collar slightly
sordid; abdomen ochreous banded with brown, the base and anus
white; wings below stramineous; primaries clouded with grey,
indicating the pattern of the upper surfaee ; secondaries with
three dark grey costal spots, shot with rosy cupreous, the third at
apex, almost confluent with a dark spot on the fringe ; body below
white. Expanse of wings, 22 mm.
Peak Downs.
32. Acontia detrita, n. 8.
Allied to the preceding species; primaries above with the basal
patch reduced to a basal spot on the costa, the two other costal
spots smaller than in A. nivipicta; all three spots slightly
yellowish ; indications of an oblique yellowish stripe connecting
the central spot with the inner margin; black markings on the
wings less sharply defined; the discal line of white scales not
terminating in a dentated line as in A. nivipicta, but uniform
throughout ; no large white spot on the fringe, the latter cream-
coloured, marked with three dusky spots, one at apex, one above
the middle, and one at external angle; secondaries bronze-brown,
greyish towards the base ; body whity brown; primaries below
smoky grey, with a golden gloss; costal border white at base,
otherwise ochreous, interrupted beyond the cell; internal border
eream-coloured ; secondaries pale golden stramineous; a spot at
end of cell, an angular discal stripe, and a tapering marginal stripe
dusky; fringe greyish; body below white. Expanse of wings,
19 mm.
Gayndah.
402 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
33. Acontia clarissa, n. 8.
General pattern of A. Komaga, but smaller and with yellow
instead of white basal area and costal spot; primaries with the
basal half pale creamy yellow, irregularly variegated with chrome-
yellow; the inner border and two or three longitudinal costal
dashes leaden grey; external half purplish brown internally, pale
reddish brown externally, the division between the two halves of
the wing oblique and biangulated; reniform spot indistinct,
yellowish, followed by a blackish >-shaped character; a small
yellowish white costal spot at apical fourth; a very indistinct
submarginal zigzag whitish line; fringe white, flecked with black
towards apex, and with a brown patch at external angle; secondaries
bronze-brown, with the basal half pale ; fringe tipped with white ;
thorax yellow in front, greyish behind; abdomen whity brown,
with a dusky dorsal stripe; under surface as in the preceding
species. Hxpanse of wings, 24 mm.
Peak Downs.
34. Acontia conchidia, n. s.
Primaries above chalky white ; costal margin to the end of the
cell divided into three equal parts by small black dots; edge of
costal margin black; an abbreviated black-speckled brown band,
with undulated internal and dentate-sinuate external margin from
the inner margin to the base of the third median branch, a small
spot similarly coloured just above the median vein, from which a
straight line of black runs across the cell to the subcostal vein; a
large irregular French-blue patch, with black external border
immediately beyond the cell; a subsigmoidal discal bronze-brown
stripe varied with plumbageous across the disc ; external border
narrow, of the same colours, excepting that the brown is of a more
orange tint; a marginal series of small black spots; fringe white,
traversed by central and external greyish stripes, and spotted at
the extremities of the veins with sandy brown; secondaries cream-
coloured, with diffused golden brown external border and white
fringe spotted towards apex with golden brown; thorax white,
abdomen testaceous; wings below creamy white with brassy
reflections, primaries with a brown spot on the inner margin near
external angle; secondaries with a brown apical spot; body below
pearl-white ; venter with lateral blackish dots and pale stramineous
anal tuft. Expanse of wings, 28 mm.
Peak Downs.
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 403
ERASTRIIDA.
Erastria, Ochs.
35. EHrastria fasciolata, 0. 8.
Primaries above dark fuliginous-grey, traversed by numerous
subparallel black undulated lines; a number of interrupted undu-
lated ash-grey stripes between the black lines; an irregular white
band tapering to costal margin across the basal third, a white costal
spot at apical third, two white costal dots between the latter and
the apex, a widely interrupted submarginal series of white dots
and an oblique squamose white spot at the external angle; a slender
black marginal line formed by the confluence of subconical black
spots ; fringe white at apex, otherwise brown dotted with white ;
secondaries fuliginous-grey, with bronze reflections; a black
marginal line; fringe cream-coloured, traversed by a grey stripe 5
thorax dark fuliginous-grey, with lateral white dots on the collar ;
abdomen cream-coloured at the sides, a broad dark grey dorsal
band traversed by slender whitish segmental lines ; primaries below
sericeous-grey ; basal two-fifths of costal area cream-coloured, with
scattered black scales on the costal margin; a quadrate white spot
at about the apical third of costa, and indications of a pale stripe
in continuation of it across the disc ; a submarginal series of white
dots and a marginal series of indistinct cream-coloured dots
alternating with the confluent conical black spots ; fringe dark grey,
with the apex, external angle, and a basal line cream -coloured ;
secondaries with the basi-abdominal area silver-grey, two large
white discoidal spots; remainder of wing dark fuliginous-grey,
crossed beyond the middle by an irregular white band; a sub-
marginal irregular interrupted white line; fringe silver-grey, with
a white basal line ; body below cream-coloured. Expanse of wings,
165 min.
Peak Downs.
ANTHOPHILIDA.
Meracurostis, Hibner.*
36. Metachrostis paurograpta, i. 8.
General size and coloration of M. mendaculalis, but without the
undulated ash-grey lines on the secondaries; the primaries with
all the transverse lines blacker, making the ground colour appear
to be lighter; these lines are also less oblique and more irregular ;
* This is the Leptosia of Guenée, a name preoccupied in the
Butterflies. Scudder argues, upon what 1 think are unsatisfactory
grounds, that Leptosia is a synonym of Leptidia.
404 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
under surface also very similar to M. mendaculalis, but the internal
border of the primaries greyish white ; the secondaries decidedly
whiter, with the two abbreviated dusky stripes from the costa
rather better defined; palpi with longer terminal joint, the distal
half black, crossed by a whitish line between the joints. Expanse
of wings, 18 mm.
Rockhampton.
THALpocHaREs, Lederer.
37. Thalpochares leonata, n. 8.
Allied to 7. partita of Java; stramineous; primaries with the
external half brownish testaceous, crossed along its inner edge by
an externally waved darker and somewhat lilacine band, and
margined internally by a white and black line; a submarginal
series of black dots; external border narrowly greyish, tapering
at the extremities, bounded internally by a white line; fringe
broad, flesh-pink, irrorated, excepting along the outer edge, with
red-brown; costa slightly redder than the ground colour; secondaries
with a diffused externo-discal ferruginous stripe, only well-defined
towards the abdominal margin; slender marginal and submarginal
ferruginous lines; fringe whitish, traversed by a slender pale
brownish line, and margined with the same colour; wings below
ochreous, irrorated with ferruginous towards the apices; internal
borders whitish; costal margin of primaries from beyond the
middle to the apex blackish spotted with white; legs whitish.
Expanse of wings, 15 mm.
Rockhampton.
38. Thalpochares pusilla, n. s.
Somewhat allied to 7. parva, though altogether more brightly
coloured; primaries with the ground colour whity brown, crossed
before the middle by an internally diffused oblique castaneous
band, its outer edge sharply defined, followed almost immediately
by an internally diffused greyish band, its outer edge bounded by
a darker sinuous discal line; a broad patch of castaneous below the
apex, and a second at external angle, with a slender arched con-
necting line of the same colour ; four submarginal white dots, the
three upper ones crossing the subapical patch, and the fourth upon
the inferior patch ; a marginal series of blackish dots followed by
a white line at the base of the fringe ; fringe pale grey with reddish
reflections, white externally with a brown edge; secondaries
whitish, becoming greyish brown towards outer margin; fringe
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 405
white; body white; primaries below grey, with white fringe;
secondaries and body white. Expanse of wings, 14 mm.
Peak Downs.
39. Thalpochares wnnocens, Ni. 8.
Wings above satiny whitish, with faint goiden reflections;
primaries with the costal border snow-white towards the base ;
edge of costal and outer margins golden ochraceous; head and
collar ochraceous; thorax glistening snow-white; abdomen pearl-
whitish; under surface creamy whitish; primaries with the
discoidal area slightly greyish, the costal and external borders
slightly yellowish; pectus snow-white, legs and anus yellowish.
Expanse of wings, 22 mm.
Peak Downs.
Nearest to a Venezuelan species, 7’. debilis.
ANTHOPHILA.
40. Anthophila vestalis, n. s.
gd. Snow-white; costal margin of primaries slenderly golden
brown, four nearly equidistant brown-tipped oblique costal dashes
beyond the middle, the third extended as a brown line to below the
upper radial vein, where it is abruptly angulated, and runs inwards
obliquely almost to the second median branch, below the angle,
however, it is indistinct; the fourth costal dash is united to a fifth,
but reversed, dash immediately beyond it; a subapical grey and
golden spot crossed by the line from the third costal dash, and
marked externally with two connected black dots; an undulated
narrow grey external border with dusky inner edge, in certain
lights slightly shot with golden; fringe golden; outer margin of
secondaries tinted with golden; head and collar ochreous ; wings
below satiny white, slightly tinted with golden ochraceous,
especially towards costal and external margins; primaries with
two black costal dots beyond the middle; body pearl-white, legs
more or less ochraceous. Expanse of wings, 18 mm.
Peak Downs.
HELIOTHID.
Heioruis, Guence.
41. Heliothis aberrans, 0. 8.
Not very near to any known species; primaries whity brown,
with faint greyish indications of bands formed somewhat as in
H. armigera; blackish indications of a subbasal acutely zigzag
406 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
line; two dusky spots placed obliquely at the end of the cell
(indicating the reniform spot); an angulated series of short longi-
tudinal black dashes across the disc, and a marginal series of black
dots; secondaries greyish white, with a broad external grey border,
upon which is the usual oval whitish spot; fringe cream-coloured,
spotted with grey at apex; body greyish white; primaries below
whity brown, with two spots in the cell and an arched band beyond
it grey; secondaries and body below cream-coloured. Expanse of
wings, 28 mm.
Peak Downs.
CANTHYLIDIA, n. &.
Probably nearest to Heliocheilus, but with more nearly the
general aspect of Heliothis or Lewcania, especially in the form of
the wings; the primaries, however, have a swelling upon the costal
margin beyond the middle, and the body is as slender as in the
genus Micardia (Leucanideé); primaries with the discoidal cell
extending to beyond the middle of the wing; costal vein termi-
nating in the costal swelling ; subcostal emitting its first branch at
some distance beyond the end of the cell, and the four others
beyond it, the second and fifth from opposite sides of the vein, and
the third and fourth as an apical furea; radials emitted from
extremity of cell, not from the angles, lower radial emitting a
recurrent vein through the cell to the base, the second and third
median branches and lower radial about equally distant from one
another at origin; secondaries with slightly sinuous costal vei
extending to apex; discoidal cell reaching to about the middle of
the wing; subcostals emitted from one point at the anterior angle
of the cell, and the second and third medians from the posterior
angle; disco-cellulars forming a regular concave are, from the
centre of which the radial is emitted; first median branch emitted
near the end of the cell; body rather slender; palpi slender,
porrected.
42. Canthylidia pallida, n. s.
Satiny whity brown, slightly darker towards the external borders
of the wings, especially of the secondaries, which also show a faint
indication of :a disco-cellular spot; under surface cream-coloured ;
primaries with the dise slightly greyish. LExpanse of wings,
26 mm.
Gayndah.
‘The absence of the post-discoidal cell in the primaries
proves this to belong to the Helivihide, and not the
Leucanide.
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 407
PuLusIopontTa, Guenée.
43. Plusiodonta arctipennis, n. s.
3. General coloration of P. thome, Guenée, from Haiti, but
the metallic markings more golden, as in P. chalcitoides, from
Java, with which it also agrees in having metallic markings near
external angle of primaries; it differs from all the described
Species in its narrower wings; primaries reddish ‘brown, more
olivacaous upon the central area, tinted with lilac at base, centre
of costa upon the reniform spot, and along the internal border of
the discal line; ordinary lines blackish, the external line double ;
pattern nearly as in P. chalcitoides, the subbasal metallic patch
brassy mottled with ferruginous; that at external angle sharply
defined, quadrate, brassy, with the central ferruginous mottling
flecked with gold; subapical biangulated fascia golden mottled
with ferruginous; secondaries fuliginous-brown, getting whitish
towards base; fringe tipped with sordid white ; thorax chocolate-
brown; head blackish; abdomen fuliginous, whitish at base and
sides; under surface pale shining fuliginous greyish with bronze-
brown reflections. Expanse of wings, 82 mm.
Sydney.
GONOPTERIDA.
Gonitis, Guenée.
44, Gonitis samoana, n. 8.
Nearest to G. involuta of Ceylon ; primaries golden or cupreous-
brown, glossed with pale lilacine-pink, especially upon the median
vein and its branches and on the costal area at apex; ordinary
lines dark brown, less irregular than usual; outer or discal line
externally edged with whitish, straight from inner margin to cell ;
external margin dark brown; orbicular spot represented by a white
dot; reniform spot by two whitish-edged black dots placed obliquely
at end of cell; secondaries pale dove-brown, whitish at base of
costa; fringe white-tipped; thorax foxy brown; abdomen dove-
brown, slightly reddish at base; primaries below grey, with a rosy
cupreous gloss; costal border sparsely whitish-speckled to beyond
the cell, where the white speckling suddenly becomes dense, and
forms a cuneiform apical patch separated by an oblique line from
the remainder of the border; internal border creamy white; disc
slightly and indistinctly striated with ash-grey; fringe whitish-
tipped, black-dotted below the angle; secondaries with the costal
half and external border almost to anal angle grey, with a rosy
cupreous gloss ; interno-median area creamy white; fringe whitish,
traversed by a bronze-brown stripe ; apical area indistinctly striated
408 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
with pale yellowish scales, making the apical third abruptly paler
than the remainder of the dark portion of the wing; pectus
whitish, tinted with foxy red; venter greyish chocolate. Expanse
of wings, 35 mm.
Samoa Islands.
45. Gonitis vitiensis, n. 8.
@. Primaries above reddish chocolate or coffee-brown, trans-
versely mottled with darker brown and black; inner line more or
less abbreviated, only visible below the cell; outer line biangulated,
forming a simple rectangular zigzag; both lines dark brown;
a diffused discal whitish-cinereous belt bounding the outer line
externally; a subapical subsigmoidal line immediately beyond the
whitish band; external margin blackish; discoidal spots barely
visible, the orbicular spot indicated by a white point, and the reni-
form by two black dots; secondaries fuliginous-grey, gradually
paler towards base; fringe of the outer margin with a slender white
basal line, of abdominal margin wholly white; thorax red-brown,
abdomen fuliginous-grey ; under surface nearly as in the preceding
species, but without the whitish apical costal patch. EZxpanse of
wings, 36 mm.
Viti Islands.
Var. 2. Darker than the type, and without any whitish band
across the primaries. Expanse of wings, 36 mm.
Viti Islands.
46. Gonitis vulpina, n.s.
Primaries above bright foxy red, decidedly brighter than the
allied G. revocans of Australia, the lines across the wings similar
in form, excepting that the central line is abruptly elbowed out-
wards from submedian vein, and that all the lines are a little better
defined ; orbicular spot prominent, small, rounded, creamy white ;
reniform spot represented by two small rounded grey spots;
secondaries creamy whitish, with the veins and a broad external
border dull rose-red or pale vinous ; thorax bright foxy red, almost
orange; abdomen whitish, banded with pale fuscous, slightly
tinted with vinous at anal extremity; primaries below silvery
whitish, washed with flesh-tint excepting along internal area, a
diffused patch of dull rose-red covering the discoidal area ; a white-
edged oblique vinous line crossing the dise; apical border golden
brown, fringe darker brown ; secondaries sericeous-white, with the
costal area broadly irrorated with dull rose-colour; a darker
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 409
bisinuated subapical line; pectus white, palpi and legs varied with
foxy orange and dark vinous; tarsi brown banded with white ;
venter white at base, but with lateral dull rose-coloured tufts;
remainder of venter pale flesh-brown, washed in front with ochreous.
Expanse of wings, 49 mm.
Viti Islands.
47. Gonitis xanthochroa, n. s.
Allied to G. prwata from Shanghai; primaries ochreous, crossed
by four irregularly dentate-sinuate more or less diffused red-brown
stripes of the usual character; an abbreviated dentate-sinuate
blackish line from costa between the third and fourth stripe;
orbicular spot small, white, with red-brown border ; reniform spot
red-brown, bounded externally by the third stripe; costal and
external borders diffused, pale olivaceous; secondaries rosy ferru-
ginous, paler towards the base ; fringe whitish ; thorax ochraceous 3
abdomen pale flesh-brown; primaries below dull rose-pink, with
the external border creamy yellowish, broadly suffused from apex
to below the marginal angle with testaceous; fringe brown; an
internally diffused subapical costal triangular brown spot, bounded
externally by an oblique abbreviated darker brown zigzag line; an
abbreviated arched line from costa beyond the cell; inner border
cream-coloured; secondaries cream-coloured, with rose-tinted
costal third, crossed beyond the cell by an arched brown line;
body below creamy ochraceous, with the front of pectus, legs, and
venter ochreous ; under surface of legs white. Expanse of wings,
50 mim.
Vanua Levu.
POLYDESMID.
EURYTHMUS, 0. g.
Allied to Diatenes, but reminding one rather of Bryophila;
costal vein of primaries extending to about the apical fourth of
costa; subcostal five-branched; first branch emitted at a con-
siderable distance before the end of the cell, second branch emitted
at a short distance before the end, united by an oblique cross-vein
to the third branch, which is emitted from the anterior angle of
the cell, giving off the fifth branch from its inferior margin at the
junction of the cross-vein and forking towards apex; upper radial
emitted near to anterior angle of the cell, the lower radial near to
the posterior angle, and equidistant with the second and third
median branches; lower disco-cellular veinlet inarched; costal
vein of secondaries terminating before the apex; subcostal
410 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
branches forking from anterior angle of the cell, a slender vein-
like longitudinal fold passing through the cell to outer margin;
disco-cellulars transverse, nearly straight; radial and second and
third median branches emitted close together at the posterior angle
of the cell; body very robust; palpi long, slender, curving upwards
to above the level of the head; posterior femora flattened and
longitudinally grooved; tibie broad, flattened, thickly scaled,
bearing two pairs of unequal divergent spurs.
48. Hurythmus bryophiloides, un. s.
Primaries above pale sandy brownish, irrorated with fuliginous-
brown, and with longitudinal pale sienna streaks along the veins;
markings not unlike those on the primaries of Diatenes gerula,
dark brown and black; a dentate-sinuate blackish submarginal
line; fringe greyish, with a series of blackish spots opposite to the
sinuations of the submarginal line; secondaries cream-coloured,
becoming pearl-white at costa; external border pale bronze-brown,
diffused, a paler marginal dash near anal angle; a marginal sub-
confluent series of dusky lunules; fringe creamy white; body above
whitish, front of thorax and collar irrorated with dark brown
scales; under surface pearl-white ; wings sericeous greyish towards
external borders; a marginal series of grey-edged white triangular
spots; primaries with the costal margin black-spotted towards
apex. Expanse of wings, 28 mm.
Peak Downs.
Grrpa, Walker.
Nearly allied to Polydesma, and therefore incorrectly
referred to the Remigride.
49. Girpa maxima, N.S.
Testaceous; wings somewhat sericeous; two brown dots, one
above the other near the base, a third within the cell beyond these,
a series across the basal fourth, the lowest of them blackish ;
reniform spot indicated by pale reddish-brown dots; an ill-defined
greyish stripe across the middle, followed by an ill-defined zigzag
dentated line; a discal trisinuated subconfiuent series of more or
less triangular pale-centred ferruginous spots, towards apex passing
into a cuneiform apical red-brown patch, crossed by a series of
whitish scales; external margin and fringe suffused with red-
brown; a marginal series of blackish dots; secondaries similar in
pattern to the primaries; head and collar tinted with reddish
brown ; primaries below greyish, excepting towards outer margin,
FHeterocera from the Australian Region. 411
with a few traces of the markings of the upper surface ; secondaries
stramineous grey-speckled, crossed by three discal greyish stripes,
the outermost macular and with pale outer edge; blackish mar-
ginal dots as above; body below pale testaceous. Expanse of
wings, 56 mm.
Vavao, Friendly Islands.
50. Girpa carnea, 0.8.
Allied to the preceding species, glossy clay-coloured, with a pink
tint; a faintly indicated irregular grey line across the basal fourth
of the primaries; a black dot upon the line just below the sub-
median vein; two white dots at the end of the cell; an irregularly
trisinuated greyish line across the middle of the primaries,
continued across the basal third of the secondaries ; two parallel
dentate-sinuate grey lines crossing both wings beyond the middle,
and followed by a confluent discal series of externally white-edged
orange spots; a submarginal series of black dots; under surface
nearly as in the preceding species. Expanse of wings, 55 mm.
Vavao.
The differences both in ground colour and in the
details of marking are so great between this and the
preceding species that they can hardly be conspecific.
HOMOPTERIDA.
Homoptera, Boisd.
51. Homoptera cruegert, n. 8.
Primaries above purplish brown, crossed by numerous blackish-
edged wavy oblique paler lines; external fourth whity brown,
crossed near its inner edge by aclay-brown undulated stripe, washed
with ochreous internally; a darker nebula in the centre of this
area; base whity brown, traversed by a bisinuated dark brown
line, and with a costal spot of the same colour; veins on the
darker area of the wing slaty grey in certain lights; two dentate-
sinuate stripes immediately succeeding the ordinary discal line
also shot with slaty grey; the two ordinary lines widely separated,
irregularly dentated, very slender, black; a slender undulated
black submarginal line; external margin and fringe wood-brown
or brownish testaceous, with darker central stripe bounded by two
slender sinuous whitish lines, the outer one indistinct; secondaries
whity brown ; five or six parallel internally diffused dentated dusky
stripes with whitish external edges, followed by two slightly sinuous
412 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
convergent black lines enclosing a purplish brown stripe; external
area purplish brown, with a nebulous blackish spot on the second
median interspace, external margin and fringe as in primaries ;
body of different brown shades corresponding with those of the
primaries; abdomen with three dorsal and two lateral subbasal
tufts; under surface greyish stone-colour, with faint brassy
reflections, especially on internal area of primaries; numerous sub-
parallel slender brown lines, excepting across the basal area ; three
of these lines, across the dise of secondaries, more strongly defined
than the others; a submarginal series of black dots; fringes tipped
with reddish brown; tarsi black, banded with whitish. Expanse
of wings, 48 mm.
Gayndah.
HYPOGRAMMID.
GapirtHa, Walker.
52. Gadirtha pulchra, n. s.
Primaries above sericeous silver-grey, transversely striated with
dark grey and black scales; basal area whitish, bounded by two
transverse black lines, slightly divergent at costa; three grey costal
dashes, the second broad and oblique; orbicular spot pale sandy
brownish ; reniform spot large, outlined in black, enclosing, in its
posterior half, a triangular grey-brown spot; two transverse black
lines from first median branch to inner margin, the inner line
throwing off a slender curved line at right angles to join the post-
median line, the outer line shorter, but also rectangular at its upper
extremity ; post-median line black, crossing the wing obliquely
from costa to outer margin near external angle ; a reversed oblique
black dash from costa almost to the post-median line, incised at its
extremity, and continued across the dise by a regular zigzag white
line, the uppermost >-shaped division of which is edged with
greyish; a marginal series of subconfluent black crescents ; fringe
white, spotted with greyish at the base; secondaries subhyaline
pearl-white, with the veins and a broad decreasing external border
greyish brown with golden reflections, fringe pure white; thorax
ash-grey, the collar crossed in front by a slightly arched slender
black line; antenne testaceous; abdomen silver-grey banded with
white; primaries below greyish, becoming white on interno-basal
area and faintly glossed with gold; costa creamy white from the
end of the cell almost to the apex, with four elongate black spots
on its anterior edge; a marginal series of small triangular black
spots; fringe white, with a double series of greyish spots; secondaries
pearl-white ; a large cuneiform diffused costal spot or streak, and
the external border greyish with golden reflections; body below
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 413
white, tibix (excepting of the posterior pair of legs) crossed above by
slender curved black lines, tarsi above black. Expanse of wings,
42 mm.
Rockhampton.
This is the most distinctly marked species in the
genus, in colour and marking not at all unlike Walker’s
genus Calathusa, though different in structure.
OPHIUSIDA.
PsrupopHia, Guenée.
58. Pseudophia nebuligera, nu. 8.
General coloration and size of P. illwnaris of Europe, the
prevailing tint on the upper surface being pale greyish with a
creamy whitish subtint; costal border of primaries faintly shot
with lilac; all the markings ill-defined, darkest on costa ; ordinary
lines diffused internally, bounded externally by a creamy whitish
stripe, the inner line at basal fourth, oblique, regular ; outer line
just beyond external fourth, slightly sinuous, undulated, olivaceous ;
traces of a submarginal undulated line, olivaceous in the middle;
ordinary spots obsolete; traces of a very irregular whitish-edged
dusky line across the external third; fringe white, traversed by
two broad greyish stripes ; secondaries whitish, sordid towards the
base; a curved grey litura at end of cell; a slightly oblique dark
grey central stripe; external area dark grey, diffused internally,
crossed from anal angle nearly to apex by a whitish stripe; a
second abbreviated marginal whitish stripe at extremity of radial
interspaces; a slender black marginal line; a nebulous dusky spot
just below the middle of the external border, and extending into
the fringe, which is otherwise creamy white; thorax grey in front,
whitish behind; abdomen whitish, crossed by broad pale greyish
bands; under surface creamy yellowish ; markings similar in all
the wings, the costal areas grey-speckled; disco-cellular spots
narrow, blackish; a dark grey undulated arched post-median
stripe, not reaching the inner margins, followed by a slightly
irregular internally diffused, externally undulated, grey discal
stripe; a large diffused apical greyish brown spot, and a second
similar spot (almost black on the secondaries) just below the middle
of external border; a slender undulated blackish marginal line ;
anterior and middle femora and tibie grey above. Expanse of
wings, 38 mm.
Peak Downs.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886. PART IV. (DEC.) 2F
414 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
Although this species agrees in its structural details
with P. illunaris, the dark nebulous spot on the external
border of the secondaries gives it somewhat the aspect
of Cerocala.
Hypmrra, Guenée.
54. Hypetra sordida, n.s.
Primaries pale greyish brown, slightly suffused with lilacine,
speckled and transversely striated with blackish grey; inner and
central strie indicated by ill-defined wavy blackish squamose
stripes; discoidal spots obsolete; a clavate black spot below the
submedian vein at basal third; a cream-coloured nearly straight
line crossing the dise at external fourth; from this line tapering
ferruginous streaks run outwards along the veins, but they are only
strongly defined towards apex; immediately beyond the discal
line is an interrupted and slightly irregular series of blackish
spots; a marginal series of black dots; fringe whity brown;
secondaries whity brown towards base; crossed beyond the middle
by a slightly curved internally diffused greyish band; external
border broad, of the same colour, and separated from the post-
median band by a whity-brown band a little paler than the basal
area; a marginal series of blackish dots; fringe sandy whitish ;
thorax pale fuliginous-grey; head and collar darker grey, the
latter with dark brown borders; abdomen whity brown; under
surface whity brown, costal areas slightly tinted with pale flesh-
brown; central area of primaries, a disco-cellular spot, and two
arched diffused bands on the secondaries, slightly greyish; palpi
whity brown internally, dark brown externally. Expanse of wings,
45 mm.
Viti Islands.
Somewhat resembles ‘‘ Toxocampa orthosioides’’ of
Walker from N. Australia; the latter is, however,
synonymous with Pantydia recondita of Walker.
Hypetra diffundens, W1k., is Remigia virlia, Cram.
55. Ophiusa vitiensis, n. s.
Allied to O. stwposa, Fabr., but differing as follows :—Primaries
above suffused with lilac, the band before the middle much less
white and decidedly narrower; the irregular dark olivaceous belt
beyond it considerably broader, the second angulation of its outer
edge much farther from the upper one; two dark olivaceous spots
in the sinus between these two angles; the oblique apical patch
not externally incised; the white band across the secondaries only
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 415
indicated by a diffused greyish streak; a slender abbreviated
oblique whitish anal stripe, well separated from the greyish patch
on external border; the latter suffused with lilacine. Expanse of
wings, 46 mm.
Viti Islands.
REMIGIIDA.
Remic1a, Guenée.
56. Remigia discrepans, n. 8.
2, Closely allied to R. archesia and R. mayert; differing in
the ochraceous clay-colour of the primaries, the costal border and
basal area alone being slightly suffused with lilacine-grey; in the
absence of markings across the centre of these wings, and in the
inner line being replaced by a slightly inarched abbreviated black-
brown transverse stripe with whitish internal edge; secondaries
almost exactly asin R. archesia; on the under surface it differs
from the latter in its sandy yellow instead of reddish ochreous
colour, in the reduction of the markings on the primaries, and the
almost total obliteration of those on the secondaries. Expanse of
wings, 42 mm.
Viti Islands.
But for the well-defined blackish bar at the basal third
of the primaries I should have thought it possible that
this might be the female of £. mayert.
THERMESIIDA.
Erosia, Guenée.
57. Erosia stolida, n. 8.
Allied to H. theclata of Africa and Ceylon (female of Dirades
binotata); differs from both sexes of that species in its superior
size, considerably paler, silvery greyish coloration; the markings
white-edged, but not enclosed by an outer brown line; the outer
margin of the primaries in the female more irregular than in
EH. theclata. Expanse of wings, 22—23 mm.
Rockhampton.
The genus Hrosia has hitherto been placed among the
Geometrites, but it has been shown that its true position
is amongst the Pseudo-Deltoids ; the genus Dirades has
hitherto been regarded as distinct, but it is now evident
that it is founded upon the males of certain species of
Erosia, the sexes of which differ in outline of wings.
416 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
HERMINIIDA.
Bocana, Walk.
58. Bocana sypnotdes, n. 8.
9. Aspect of many species of Sypna; primaries purplish
brown, almost black; an ill-defined dentated black line across the
basal fourth; reniform spot angular, golden testaceous, enclosing a
black litura ; two parallel widely sinuated and dentated externally
pale-edged black discal lines, the external dentations dotted with
whitish at their apices; a black marginal line dotted with pale
ochreous; fringe blackish, varied along its outer edge with whitish ;
secondaries smoky brown; two internally diffused blackish stripes
from abdominal margin, not reaching the costa, dentated and
partly edged with whitish externally; a marginal series of pale
ochreous dots; fringe spotted at the base with blackish; thorax
dark purplish brown, the head and collar blackish; abdomen dark
smoky brown, slightly paler at the sides and base; wings below
smoky brown, crossed by two darker diffused discal stripes, the
outer one with pale external border ; a sprinkling of whitish scales
on the costal areas; a slender blackish marginal line, interrupted
at the extremities of the veins by testaceous dots; secondaries
with a blackish disco-cellular litura; palpi dark brown, the scales
on the inner surface tipped with ochreous; body below smoky
brown, the legs dark brown, with ochreous spots at the extremities
of the joints. Expanse of wings, 42 mm.
Viti Islands.
Allied to B. manifestalis, which ranges from Ceylon to
Fiji.
LopHocoLEts, n. g.
Form and neuration almost exactly as in Hdessena, from which
genus it is, however, at once distinguished by the long tapering
broadly pectinated antenne, in which character it agrees with
Bocana ; trom the latter it differs in form of wing, and from both
genera in the broad flattened and coarsely scaled palpi and the
structure of the front legs, the femora being armed at their distal
extremity by a strong curved process thicker than the tibia, and
extending almost to the extremity of the tarsus, its lower surface
clothed with long silky hairs; thus, at first sight, the leg appears
to be double from the knee-joint.
59. Lophocoleus mirabilis, n. 8.
3. Primaries above dark smoky brown; the two ordinary
lines indistinct, that at basal third represented by an unequally
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 417
trisinuated dusky line from subcostal vein to inner margin; that at
external third by a transverse series of greyish lunules with dusky
inner edges (this series is inangulated or elbowed at the first
median branch) ; a small whitish spot at the end of the cell, and a
series of squamose whitish dots parallel to the outer margin; a
series of minute whitish marginal points; outer margin rather
acute and subfalcate at apex, and subangulated at the extremity of
the second median branch; secondaries paler than the primaries,
especially towards costa; fringe with an interrupted whitish basal
line; thorax dark smoky brown, black-speckled; abdomen a little
paler than the thorax; under surface greyish brown; primaries
with grey internal border; secondaries with a dusky disco-cellular
lunule and a diffused sinuous discal stripe; anterior legs armed
with a strong curved process, clothed below with long silky
stramineous hair. Expanse of wings, 47 mm.
Viti Islands.
60. Lophocoleus ? astrifer, n. 8.
@. Much like Bocana manifestalis in colour and pattern, but
with the form of the preceding species; upper surface dark
purplish brown, primaries with the two ordinary dentate-sinuate
black lines ; a sinuous discal series of black-edged cream-coloured
dots, terminating in a spot of this colour at inner margin; fringe
with a whitish basal line; secondaries crossed in the middle by a
single black line; a discal series of black-edged cream-coloured
dots, confluent towards the abdominal margin; fringe with a
whitish basal line; head and thorax dark chocolate-brown, abdo-
men paler, purplish brown; wings below pale brownish, densely
irrorated with blackish scales; costal areas washed with lilacine ;
all the wings with two black discoidal spots; a black irregularly
dentated line beyond the middle; an imperfect dark brown discal
band enclosing a series of pale spots; a slender wavy cream-
coloured line at the base of the fringe; primaries with a subapical
greenish grey patch; secondaries with an apical patch of the same
colour; body below greyish, legs purplish brown. Expanse of
wings, 88 mm.
Viti Islands.
From the form of the wings this species appears to
be a Lophocoleus, but unfortunately the palpi and anterior
legs of the type are missing.
418 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
MATMOMERA, N. g.
Somewhat allied to Rivula; primaries with the costal margin
nearly straight, slightly incurved in the middle; outer margin
straight to lower radial vein, then gradually arched to external
angle; inner margin nearly straight, excepting at base, where it
curves inwards; secondaries rather small, subpyriform, the costal
margin nearly straight; costal vein of primaries extending to about
the apical third of costa, subcostal five-branched, emitting its first
branch before the end of the cell, second at some distance beyond
the cell, third and fourth branches forking to apex, fifth emitted
from the anterior angle of the cell; radials emitted from the disco-
cellulars near the anterior and posterior angles of the cell, second
and third median branches and lower radial about equidistant at
their origins; a small flattened tuft of hair from behind the base
of the median vein directed forward over the base of the cell;
subcostal of secondaries forking from the anterior angle of the cell;
upper disco-cellular long, arched; lower disco-cellular very short
and transverse, the radial and the second and third median
branches being emitted near together and at equal distances apart ;
body very robust, palpi of male moderately long, triangular, com-
pressed, coarsely scaled, rather obtuse at apex; palpi of female
considerably longer and decidedly more acuminate ; antenne of
male delicately ciliated to the tip, of the female somewhat flattened,
submoniliform, and simple; legs with the femora grooved, the
tibie flattened, frimged with long hair-scales in the male.
61. Mateomera dubia, n. s.
Primaries pale reddish brown; central belt represented by two
arched white lines; the costa speckled with slaty grey up to the
second line; a white-dotted black spot at the end of the cell,
followed by slaty grey scales (in continuation of the costal irroration)
as far as the second white line; costal margin from the central belt
almost to the apex ochreous, the subcostal area whitish ; a sub-
marginal series of black spots white-bordered internally and con-
fluent towards apex; an apical white point; fringe cupreous-red
towards apex; secondaries whity brown, becoming bronze-brown
towards anal angle; thorax ash-grey, white in front; head and
abdomen whity brown; antenne yellowish; under surface sericeous-
white, costal areas of the wings speckled with pale brown ; fringe
of primaries red-brown towards apex; legs pearl-white. Expanse
of wings, 18 mm.
Peak Downs and Gayndah.
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 419
KULOCASTRA, n. g.
Nearest to Locastra, of the same general form, though with the
aspect of the Lithostid genus Hutane; primaries with the costal
vein extending nearly to apex; subcostal with five branches, the
first branch emitted before the end of the cell, the second emitted
beyond the cell, united to the third by a short cross vein so as to
form a narrow post-discoidal cell, the third and fourth forming a
short fork to apex, the fifth emitted from the inferior margin of the
third at the extremity of the post-discoidal cell; upper radial
emitted near to the anterior angle of the cell, lower radial forming
a fourth median branch (the lower disco-cellular being absent)
emitted from the posterior angle of the cell and equidistant with
the second and third median branches; base of the wings below
clothed with long hair-scales; secondaries with the costal and
subcostal veins coalescing towards the base, the two subcostal
branches emitted at about the middle of the wing; discoidal cell
open, the upper disco-cellular veinlet being absent ; radial emitted
rather near to the posterior angle of the ceil; second and third
median branches emitted from one point at the posterior angle ;
body rather robust, the thorax rounded, the head twice as broad as
long; antenne cylindrical, tapering, with very short fine ciliations ;
palpi long, thick, subeylindrical, slightly compressed, upcurved ;
legs rather long and thick, the middle tibie fringed with rather
long hair-scales.
62. Hulocastra fasciata, n. 8.
3. Primaries above shining silvery white; the base, an
irregular transverse band just before the middle, a second from
costa near apex to external angle, a spot just above the middle of
external border, and a second at external angle, black with bronze-
brown reflections; secondaries sericeous-stramineous, with a
brownish apical spot; thorax bronze-brown, collar cupreous ;
tecule clothed with metallic eupreous and blue scales; head and
abdomen pale stramineous; under surface pale shining golden
stramineous, primaries with the discoidal area, a discal band as
above, but enclosing three subcostal dots of the ground colour and
a few scales on the fringe blackish; secondaries with an abbre-
viated squamose dash from the centre of costal margin to the end
of cell and a slightly longer tapering subapical dash blackish ; legs
barred with black. Expanse of wings, 20 mm.
Sydney.
Although this species in general appearance, and in
420 Mr. Butler’s deseriptions of Lepidoptera-
the supplementary cell in the neuration of its primaries,
corresponds with the Lithosiida, it differs entirely in its
very characteristic palpi: a comparison of its structure
with that of Locastra shows it to be evidently allied to
that genus.
SICULIDA.
Microsca, Butler.
63. Microsca plagifera, n.s.
Fiery cupreous, indistinctly speckled and striated with earthy
greyish; primaries with an unequally subquadrate silver patch,
through the centre of which runs a golden reticulated bar; wings
below paler than above, sericeous-red, reticulated with dark grey ;
primaries with the basi-costal area and the centre of disc earthy
greyish ; patch of upper surface pearly, corrugated, the reticulated
band dark ochraceous; body below testaceous; anterior legs
brownish, with testaceous bands. Expanse of wings, 25 mm.
Tonga Island.
Somewhat resembles Felder’s Thermesia? fenestrina,
which probably is not a Thermesia.
PuHaraMBaRa, Walk.
64. Pharambara reticulata, n.s.
®. Not unlike the female of P. micacealis; golden testaceous,
slightly rosy towards outer margins ; with numerous darker reticu-
lations which tend to form lines in some instances, only one of
- these lines, however, is at all pronounced, forming a slightly
sinuous submarginal line across the primaries; a slender marginal
black line along the costa, interrupted by seven or eight minute
black-edged yellowish spots; a series of extremely minute black
points near outer margin, the third from costa continued obliquely
downwards as a slender abbreviated zigzag line; fringes tipped
with whitish; under surface pale shining testaceous, with the body
and internal areas of the wings almost cream-coloured, but the
apical areas washed with reddish golden; reticulations more
strongly defined than above, golden cupreous, some of them
expanded into angulated stripes enclosing black dots and striz ;
three of these stripes cross the primaries, the central one united
to a patch of the same colour, dotted with black and silver at the
end of the cell; the base of the cell, costal vein, and median vein
are also defined by metallic silvery and opaline scales; an oblique
subapical black line; legs clay-coloured or reddish ochraceous ;
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 491
posterior tarsi banded with silvery whitish. Expanse of wings,
20 mm.
Peak Downs.
ENNYCHIIDA.
GRAPHICOPODA, 0. &.
Seems to come nearest to Hnnychia, the wings of the same
form ; costal vein of primaries terminating at about second third of
the margin ; subcostal five-branched, the first branch emitted before
the end of the cell, the second, third, and fourth form a long foot-
stalk, the second and third running to costa near apex and the
fourth to apex, the fifth emitted from the inferior margin of the
same footstalk just beyond the cell; radials emitted from opposite
angles of the cell, the disco-cellular being obsolete ; secondaries
with the costal vein thickened towards the base; forked at some
distance beyond the cell, the subcostal simple, free, tapering to a
fine point below the costal vein but not passing into it, met by an
arched line of colour, which probably indicates the former existence
of a disco-cellular (or transverse) vein, now obsolete; radial
forming a fourth median branch; body tolerably slender, extending
only a short distance beyond the secondaries; antenne with large
and somewhat cuneiform basal joint, otherwise thick, especially
towards the middle, sparsely and delicately pilose; palpi straight,
thick, rather long, porrect, coarsely scaled, the terminal joint
rather short and acute; legs rather long, compressed, the femora
longitudinally deeply grooved, anterior femora with a thick tuft of
hair towards the distal extremity, which curls forwards over the
knees and projects from the inner surface; anterior tibiw short,
bearing a pencil of hairs, which is emitted below the knee and lies
flat below the joint; tarsi long; second pair of tibie bearing a
terminal spur, as long as the first tarsal joint, and a long smooth
pencil of gradually expanded hair-scales, which almost conceals
the spur when viewed from the side; the distal extremity of the
tibial joint is also oblique and fringed; tibie of last pair of legs
bearing the usual two pairs of unequal spurs.
65. Graphicopoda hecate, n.s.
Wings above pitechy black-brown; the primaries with two ill-
defined basal spots and a third spot below the origin of the first
median branch of grey, changing in certain lights to opaline-lilac ;
secondaries with the basi-costal area whitish; body above greyish
brown; wings below blackish piceous, with the basal third whity
brown, showing two blackish lunate spots towards the extremities
422 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
of the discoidal areas; interno-basal area of primaries greenish
opaline in certain lights; body below and legs sordid whitish or
pale whity brown. Expanse of wings, 21 mm.
Tonga Island (Friendly Islands).
HYDROCAMPIDA.
PSEUDEPHYRA, N. g.
Apparently nearest to Homophysa, though the palpi differ
considerably ; wings broad, having the general aspect of the
Geometrid genus Ephyra, especially of H. splendens: very like
Homophysa in neuration; body very robust, not extending beyond
the secondaries; palpi porrected, large, compressed, expanded in
front by a long fringe along the anterior surface, the terminal joint
small and directed slightly downwards so that the anterior, or
more strictly speaking, inferior, margin of the palpus is elongate
sigmoidal; antenne filiform, extending to beyond the middle of
the wing; legs moderately long, stout, and somewhat compressed.
66. Pseudephyra straminea, n. 8.
Bright straw-yellow ; primaries with a subbasal reddish ochreous
band, bounded by a metallic leaden line and sprinkled with metallic
scales ; reniform spot indicated by two plumbageous dots connected
by short ochreous lines; an angulated black-bordered reddish
ochreous discal band, bounded internally by a plumbageous line of
scales; external margin irregularly bordered with reddish ochreous ;
secondaries with a dot at the end of the cell, and the external
two-fifths reddish ochreous, the latter crossed by a discal band
similar to that on the primaries; a line of plumbageous scales close
to outer margin; abdomen reddish ochreous crossed by slender
black lines; under surface pale stramineous; the wings crossed by
arched discal blackish bands, which do not reach the margins.
Expanse of wings, 19 mm.
Var. The reddish ochreous spots and bands replaced by black
spots and broader greyish brown bands mottled with black; the
plumbageous scales remaining. Expanse of wings, 18 mm.
Peak Downs.
NIPHADAZA, 0. g.
Apparently nearest to Oligostigma; wings narrow, elongated,
acute at apex; primaries with the outer margin very oblique;
costal margin nearly straight, costal vein extending to about the
apical third of costa; subcostal five-branched, emitting its first
two branches before the end of the cell, its third just before the
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 423
apex, its fourth running to the apex, fifth branch emitted from
near the base of the long footstalk, which bears the third and
fourth branches, just beyond the cell; upper radial vein emitted
from the anterior angle, and lower radial from the posterior angle
of the cell; disco-cellular veinlet angulated; the three median
branches well separated from each other at their origins; secondaries
with the costal margin nearly straight, outer margin slightly
arched, abdominal margin short and nearly straight ; costal and
subcostal veins contiguous to basal fourth, where they coalesce,
but separate again just before the middle of the wing, the costal vein
forming a long furca to apex and the subcostal continuing straight
on to the outer margin ; disco-cellular veinlet absent, the cell con-
sequently open, and the radial emitted as a fourth median branch ;
palpi moderately long, directed forwards ‘so as to show almost their
entire length in front of the head; antenni short, slender, monili-
form, finely penicillated ; thorax robust, projecting well in front of
the wings; tegule large, extending to beyond the mesothorax ;
legs thick (both legs and abdomen broken short off in the type).
67. Niphadaza bicolor, n. 8.
Primaries above rust-red; the base, an externally angulated band
across the basal third, a small spot near the base of the lower
radial interspace, a large apical costal spot, separated by a curved
stripe of the ground colour from an internally somewhat conical
external border (the centre of which is divided again by a forked
line of the ground colour) snow-white; secondaries snow- white,
with a large subbasal interno-median spot, a broad discal band
with arched outer edge and a small oblique spot near the middle of
the outer margin, rust-red ; antenne dark ferruginous banded with
white; body snow-white, collar with a ferruginous spot on each
side, thorax with darker red-brown scales at the sides; primaries
below pale golden, with white markings almost as above 3
secondaries white, with a narrow diffused golden discal streak ;
body white. Expanse of wings, 24 mm.
Viti Islands.
OLicosTieama, Guence.
68. Oligostigina pallida, n. 8.
Chalky white; primaries sparsely irrorated with dark brown
scales to external third, crossed at basal two-sevenths by an elbowed
pale ochreous band; a second widely bisinuated ochreous band
crossing the wing obliquely beyond the middle ; a third band, twice
interrupted and with dusky zigzag external edge near to outer
424 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
margin; a submarginal series of short black dashes followed by a
narrow testaceous stripe, and a marginal series of black dots;
fringe slightly testaceous ; an oblique blackish dash upon the first
ochreous band just below the median vein, and an imperfect
annular blackish spot at the end of the cell; secondaries crossed
near the base by an oblique blackish-speckled pale ochreous line ;
a second line crossing the middle of the wing from abdominal
margin to costa, emitting a branch inwards from the end of the
cell to the costa nearer the base; a dusky-edged pale ochreous
band crossing the disc, attenuated and elbowed towards the costa;
an undulated submarginal blackish line followed by a testaceous
line and a marginal series of black dots; fringe tinted with
testaceous; markings below, excepting along the outer margins,
very indistinct. Hxpanse of wings, 23 mm.
Rockhampton.
ASOPIIDA.
Rinecera, Butler.
69. Rinecera nigrescens, n. s.
Allied to R. mirabilis; purplish black; primaries crossed at
basal fourth by an irregularly angulated whitish line; a second
very indistinct and very irregular zigzag line from costa to first
median branch, along which it runs inwards for some distance, and
then turns abruptly at a right angle and passes with two alternate
angles to inner margin ; discoidal spots represented by two little
white dashes ; secondaries crossed by two whitish lines, the first
interrupted by a white dot at the end of the cell, the second
running from about the middle of the outer margin to the costa;
both lines ill-defined in the male; wings below nearly as above,
but the internal borders sericeous-whitish ; body below sordid
white. Expanse of wings: male, 23 mm.; female, 20 mm.
Viti Islands.
The species is larger and darker than R. mirabilis, and
differs in many details of colouring; both evidently
differ structurally from Ceratoclasis barbicornis, Feld.
HorMATHOLEPIS, n. g.
Allied to Rinecera; wings elongated; primaries with the costa
deeply grooved below to a little before the middle, where the costal
vein bends somewhat inwards before its termination; subcostal
vein apparently five-branched ;* remaining veins as in Niphadaza;
* Owing to the folding over of the costal border in the type these
branches are difficult to follow, but they appear to be similar
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 425
a thick tuft of projecting hair emitted from the middle of the
internal border on the under surface of the primaries; body much
elongated, antenne much elongated, extending to about the fourth
fifth of costa of primaries, the basal joint large, cylindrical ;
following joints short, somewhat flattened, tapering, knotted above
the middle, and emitting a tuft of long clubbed scales, which
project forwards and slightly upwards to the distal fourth ; palpi
long, curved, porrected; second joint bearing a long pencil of
hairs above and a shorter one below the terminal joint (giving the
appearance of three pairs of palpi from one base; legs long and
rather slender, femora grooved; anterior and middle tibiz short,
with an appressed terminally fringed spur emitted from its inferior
margin and running forwards to the extremity of the joint;
posterior tibize with three long slender spurs, the first projecting
from near the middle, and the two others from the distal extremity
of the joint.
70. Hormatholepis erebina, n. s.
Dark smoky grey, with slight purplish and bronze reflections,
the primaries almost crossed by two irregular blackish bands, the
first across the basal third, and the second just beyond the middle;
both of these bands have zigzag external edges; wings below
darker than above. Expanse of wings, 28 mm.
Viti Islands.
Asopia, Guenée.
71. Asopia leonina, Nn. 8.
Primaries above bright straw-yellow, with purple-glossed black
markings, almost exactly as in Dichocrocis frenatalis of Lederer,
as follows: an arched line across the base; a bisinuated line,
angulated upon the median vein before the middle; an oblique
reniform spot, enclosing two whitish dots, at the end of the cell;
a sinuous line across the disc, bending inwards so as to touch the
posterior extremity of the reniform spet, and a marginai line,
emitting a streak above its centre to join the discal line, and broken
up into spots towards external angle; frmge whitish, spotted with
grey; secondaries distinctly paler, cream-coloured shot with
stramineous, the dise crossed by an abbreviated and_ slightly
tapering grey stripe; an external grey border confined to apex and
a continuous black marginal line; fringe spotted with blackish ;
front of thorax and centre of abdomen bright straw-yellow; the
latter with dorsal blackish dots ; remainder of body above shining
to those of Niphadaza (Hydrocampide) : the wings are delicate,
and will not bear much damping with benzine.
426 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
cream-colour; anal segment tipped and spotted with grey; wings
below cream-coloured, sericeous, with stramineous reflections ;
markings on primaries less strongly defined than above; fringe
whitish, spotted with grey; body below sericeous, cream-coloured.
Expanse of wings, 17 mm.
Peak Downs.
LEUCOPHOTIS, Nn. g.
Allied to Agathodes (A. ostentalis); with similar neuration ;
style of coloration of Lewcinodes ; body very robust, palpi erect,
one-third of their length being visible above the top of the head,
compressed, but not so broad as in Agathodes, and with prominent
terminal joint; antenne extending to about second third of
primaries, serrated and finely penicillated along their inner or
anterior surface ; tegule large, expanded, almost entirely covering
the thorax, abdomen extending about half its length beyond the
secondaries, dorsally keeled and tufted, and with five tufts on each
side; wings broad, as in Margarodes.
72. Leucophotis pulchra, n. s.
Wings semitransparent, yellowish; basi-internal area of pri-
maries above clay-coloured, crossed by two subbasal dull blackish
bars, shot with steel-blue; a third oblique interrupted blackish bar
running from the middle of the inner margin to the end of the
cell; discoidal spots near together, annular, ferruginous, with
yellowish centres ; an irregular subapical blue-black patch, edged
internally by a slender white line, but externally bounded by a
diffused ferruginous border; an indistinct undulated ferruginous
and ochreous submarginal line curving inwards towards costa;
secondaries with a rather broad abbreviated oblique band of blue-
black, with ferruginous edges, from the middle of the radial
interspace across the end of the cell to the submedian vein, up
which it runs almost to the base, a subbasal brown spot; an
angular subapical blue-glossed blackish patch bordered externally
with reddish ochraceous, and partly confluent with an irregularly
sinuated ochreous submarginal line; head above yellow, banded
with ferruginous ; antenne ferruginous ; collar reddish testaceous;
tegule pale greyish brown, opaline in certain lights; abdomen
greyish brown, reddish at the base ; lateral tufts with a plumbageous
gloss; under surface sericeous cream-colour ; the dises of the wings
semitransparent ; an abbreviated transverse black bar from the cell
almost to the inner margin in all the wings, and the subapical
angulated black patches of the upper surface; front pair of legs
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 4Q7
blackish above; venter with a central longitudinal clay-coloured
line. Expanse of wings, 49 mm.
Viti Islands.
This is one of the largest, and at the same time
strikingly coloured, of the Pyrales.
Enporricna, Zell.
73. Endotricha annuligera, ni. 8.
General appearance of Locastra (L. amica and allies) ; primaries
greyish brown, with the central third creamy, subhyaline, bounded
by the usual lines, which are black; the outer line broken up into
spots and of the usual angulated form; four black annular costal
markings upon the central area; a small cuneiform costal cream-
coloured spot beyond the outer line, in continuation of the central
belt; reniform spot represented by a curved clavate brownish
outline; fringe micaceous-grey, with a basal black-spotted cream-
coloured line; secondaries cream-coloured, with the external third
irregularly grey-brown; fringe as in the primaries; head and
front of thorax brown, mottled with whitish and pale testaceous ;
back of thorax white; abdomen white, with a large slightly
greyish scutiform central patch, partly margined and dotted with
black-brown; primaries with markings as above, but the black
lines on the primaries replaced by grey, and the basal area cream-
coloured; body below creamy white. Expanse of wings, 17 mm.
Peak Downs.
Though much unlike the known species of Endotricha
in coloration, this species appears to belong to that
genus.
74. Endotricha obscura, n. 8s.
?. Nearest to H. docilisalis; considerably smaller, with
differently coloured fringes and differently formed lines across the
secondaries on the under surface; upper surface shining dark
lilacine-grey, costa of primaries golden brown, with a very slender
black edge dotted with yellow; a faintly indicated arched line
across the basal third; a slender slaty grey submarginal line,
internally white-edged at costa ; fringe bright golden chrome-
yellow tipped with silvery white, replaced by shining cupreous
tipped with lilacine at apex, in the middle and at external angle, the
two latter patches of deeper colour being moreover connected by a
partly confluent series of plum-coloured dots near the base of the
fringe ; secondaries with pearl-white costal area ; faint indications
428 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
of two grey-edged pale lines across the wings; fringe silvery white,
golden cupreous, spotted with plum-coloured lunules at the base ;
head, collar, and tegule golden brown; thorax and abdomen
lilacine greyish; primaries below smoky grey, shot with lilacine;
internal area white; costal margin black, spotted with yellowish ;
costal area golden towards apex; a biangulated white line towards
outer margin, its costal third black-edged externally; a black
marginal line; fringe nearly as above; secondaries rosy lilacine,
whitish on the basi-abdominal area; an angulated grey-brown
stripe at basal third, and a lunule of the same colour at the end of
the cell; a broad tapering brown stripe enclosing a pink undulated
line from costa to anal angle; a partly confluent marginal series of
black dashes; fringe almost as above; body below dull rose-
coloured, legs partly white, tarsi more or less broadly banded with
grey-brown ; anal segments golden ochreous in the centre. Expanse
of wings, 21 mm.
Rockhampton.
The alhed HE. docilisalis has been declared to be
synonymous with LE. stilbealis, a species differing from
it in size, coloration, and pattern; the two have also
been pronounced to be females of Messatis sabirusalis =
Paconia albifimbrials = Tricomia auroralis = Rhodaria
robina; if it be a fact that either EH. docilisalis or E.
stilbealis is the female of Walker’s M. sabirusalis (which
has much the aspect of Rhodaria sanquinalis on a larger
scale), the species can no longer remain in Hndotricha,
a genus in which the sexes agree in both size, form, and
pattern.
i. obscura, in pattern, nearly resembles EL. sondaicalis
of Snellen from the Celebes.
RuIMPHALEA, Led.
75. Rhimphalea enone, un. s.
Pearly semitransparent white, wings with a broad internally
dentated bronze-brown border with purplish reflections, enclosing
three acute closely approximated spots above the median branches;
veins black; wings crossed beyond the middle by a very irregular
purplish brown line parallel to the inner edge of the external
border; primaries with the costal border creamy white; two or
three blackish subbasal spots; two irregular lines crossing the
wing, the first near the base, the second (partly formed by a large
purplish black reniform spot) across the middle; orbicular spot
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 429
somewhat elongated, angulated in front; a longitudinal black
streak almost uniting the two lines below the cell; fringes of all
the wings plumbageous-grey, with a whitish basal and a black
subbasal line; head and front of collar pale ochreous; back of
collar pale sericeous-grey ; a large black spot on each tegula ;
abdomen pearly white; wings below as above; body pearl-white,
front legs greyish. Expanse of wings, 25 mm.
Rockhampton.
Preryaisus, n. g,; Isopreryx, Guenée.*
76. Pterygisus ochreipennis, n. 8.
Primaries black, changing in certain lights to dark chocolate ;
an ochreous spot at base of inner margin; a paler ochreous band
from the median vein to the inner margin at basal fourth; a
minute spot of the same colour obliquely above the latter within
the cell; two white spots placed transversely in the middle of the
wing; a small pale ochreous spot obliquely below the latter close
to inner margin; a quadrate white spot immediately beyond the
cell; an ochreous subapical costal spot; three small ochreous
discal spots on the median interspaces, forming a transverse
tapering line; fringe alternately black and white ; secondaries deep
ochreous; the centre of the costal border, a tapering abbre-
viated ,-shaped streak just before the middle, an angulated discal
line and the outer border (sinuated in the middle), black; thorax
brown; abdomen grey, pale testaceous at the base. Expanse of
wings, 18 mm.
Peak Downs.
Gonocausta, Led.
77. Gonocausta ? asuridia, nN. s.
Like the small genus Asura (Lithosiid@) in coloration ; primaries
above with two ochreous spots towards the base of the costa, an
oblique cream-coloured streak from the second of these spots
almost to the inner margin; and two broad cream-coloured bands,
central and discal, connected near the centre so as to form the
letter (J, thus; fringe whitish, with the middle, the apex, and the
external angle, black; secondaries ochreous, streaked with black
at the base; the outer half of the costal border, a broad apical
patch, a smaller anal patch, and a narrow external border uniting
all together, black ; fringe alternately black and white ; body dark
chocolate-brown ; the head and back of tegule pale ochraceous ;
* Preoccupied in Neuroptera (Pictet, Hist. Nat. Neur. Perlides).
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PARI IV. (DEC.' 2G
480 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
abdomen crossed by slender white segmental lines; under surface
nearly as above; palpi ochreous, legs and venter banded with
ochreous. Expanse of wings, 20 mm.
Peak Downs.
MARGARONIIDA.
78. Margaronia limbata, n.s.
Allied to M. transvisalis ; primaries silvery white; costal border
golden ochraceous ; veins towards outer margin greyish, in certain
lights cupreous; fringe, excepting at apex, grey with bronze
reflections and whity brown basal line; secondaries pearly white,
with diffused grey external border and slender dusky marginal
line; fringe white, the apical half tipped with grey; body silvery
white ; antenne pale bronze-brown; primaries below white to the
end of the cell, with the veins and costa greyish ; remainder of the
wing sericeous-greyish; secondaries sericeous snow-white, with
greyish external border; body below silvery white; an ochreous
lateral stripe running from the tip of the palpus to the shoulder.
Expanse of wings, 27 mm.
Rockhampton.
The greyish border to the secondaries in this species
is sufficient to distinguish it at a glance from M. transvi-
salis, apart from other characters.
: BOTYDID.
Borys, Latr.
79. Botys horatius, n. s.
Nearly resembles B. hecalialis of St. Domingo, excepting in its
inferior size; bright golden ochreous ; primaries with the central
area slightly opaline; an oblique purplish black dash at base of
costa ; a subangulated purplish black line across the basal fourth ;
a short transverse line at the end of the cell and a line across the
external fourth arched from costal margin to first median branch,
and thence biangulated or zigzag to inner margin; secondaries
pale towards the costa; a slightly irregular purplish brown line
from the end of the cell to the anal angle; markings below less
strongly defined than above. Expanse of wings, 20 mm.
Viti Islands.
This species is also probably allied to Astura ? clytusalis,
Walk. (Botys clytialis, Led.).
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 431
80. Botys argyrogaster, n.s.
Pale golden testaceous; wings becoming gradually pearl-white
towards the base; orbicular spot represented by a golden brown
dot; reniform spot by a little transverse spot of the same colour ;
a faint indication of a golden brown wavy discal line; back of
thorax pearl-white, abdomen golden testaceous, becoming darker
towards the posterior margins of the segments, which are pearl-
white, sides and anal segment pearl-white ; wings below slightly
paler than above, pectus white, legs cream-coloured; venter
silvery white. Expanse of wings, 25 mm.
Viti Islands.
Belongs to the long-winged group of this too elastic
genus.
Emprepes, Led.
81. Emprepes insignis, n. 8.
Primaries above rather pale chrome-yellow, with broad internally
bisinuated shining bronze-brown outer border; a small spot of
yellow, with a faint submarginal streak of the same colour above
it, near external angle; costal margin to just beyond the end of
the cell, a subbasal transverse stripe and a quadrate spot at the
end of the cell (uniting the costa to the angle between the sinua-
tions of the external border) black-brown; secondaries shining
bronze-brown; costal area white, excepting at apex; fringe
ereyish; head above cream-colour; collar dark brown, with a
cream-coloured spot on each side; thorax ochreous, with a dark
brown band across the front; abdomen pale bronze-brown, with
whitish hind margins to the posterior segments; under surface
with the brown areas more golden; otherwise much as above.
Expanse of wings, 17—18 mm.
Male, Gayndah ; female, Peak Downs.
Scopuna, Schr.
82. Scopula auritincta, n. s.
Golden ochraceous, primaries paler towards the inner margin ;
base of the wing crossed by a broad imperfect greyish brown
8-shaped figure, not reaching the margins; a quadrate spot closing
the cell, and a second large oblique 8-shaped figure (open at its
extremities) crossing the disc; this figure is formed by an angulated
discal stripe united just about its central angle to a 3-shaped sub-
marginal stripe; neither of these stripes extend to the costal or
432 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
inner margins; secondaries considerably paler than the primaries,
excepting along the outer margin; an indistinct greyish apical
border; wings below uniform pale golden stramineous, the pri-
maries showing traces of the markings of the upper surface ;
pectus silvery white, legs partly ochraceous; venter cream-
coloured, with glistening white hind margins to the segments.
Expanse of wings, 25 mm.
Peak Downs.
Nympuu.a, Schr.
83. Nymphula sordida, n.s.
Whity brown, with faint golden reflections; primaries with a
small dusky spot at the base; a dark brown dot just below
the middle of the discoidal cell; orbicular spot also represented by
a similar dot; reniform spot well-defined, smoky brown; a diffused
smoky brown apical spot and a streak of scattered scales of the
same colour near outer margin ; a marginal series of blackish dots;
fringe shining whitish, traversed by a dusky line; secondaries
slightly greyish, with darker diffused external border; fringes as
in primaries; thorax greyish; wings below whity brown, slightly
pearly ; markings obsolete; body below pearly white. Expanse
of wings, 24 mm.
Rockhampton.
BOARMIIDAL.
Boarmia, T'rett.
84. Boarmia tongaica, nN. 8.
Yellowish (or bone-) whitish; external borders of the wings
blotched with sepia-brown, crossed by a submarginal dentate-
sinuate white line; an angular undulated sepia-brown discal band,
traversed along its inner edge by a line of the ground eolour; a
conspicuous black spot enclosing a line of silvery grey scales at the
extremity of each discoidal cell, below and beyond which spot is a
dusky nebulous patch, widest on the secondaries; an irregular
oblique dark brown line commencing with an elbow at the middle
of the costal margin of the primaries, passing in front of the cell
in these wings and behind the discoidal spot on the secondaries,
terminating at about the middle of the abdominal margin ; base
mottled with blackish brown; primaries with an elbowed black-
edged brown band across the basal fourth ; costal margin irregularly
spotted with black; thorax greyish brown; tegule and abdomen
spotted with black; under surface of the wings with the disc
clouded with greyish brown; a spot of the ground colour at the
apices of the wings, a second at the extremity of the second
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 433
median interspaces, and a diffused discal streak from the inner
margins near the posterior angles ; the anal border of secondaries
also whitish; discoidal spots well-defined, black in the centre ;
markings towards the base ill-defined; body below bone-whitish.
Expanse of wings, 42 mm.
Tonga Island.
Not very nearly allied to any known species.
85. Boarmia samoana, Ni. 8.
Pale vinous-brown, irrorated with sepia-brown; wings crossed
by blurred imperfect sepia-brown lines and spots, as in B,
abietaria of Europe; an undulated yellowish testaceous undulated
discal stripe, interrupted by the dark brown spots, which succeed
the outer line of the central band, the primaries also with two
longitudinal divergent stripes of the same yellowish colour below
the cell, and one or two indistinct yellowish spots towards base of
costal border; abdomen with the usual dorsal series of black dots
in pairs; under surface with the markings almost obliterated, the
annular discoidal markings represented by a large grey spot on
the primaries and a smaller one on the secondaries; a greyish
diffused submarginal band widening into a broad patch towards
costa of primaries; the costal border of these wings also spotted
with blackish. Expanse of wings, 36 mm.
Samoan Islands.
Nearest to B. procursaria from India.
86. Boarmia godeffroyt, u. 8.
Apparently most nearly allied to B. secundaria ot Europe ;
whity brown; most of the lines across the wings externally ill-
defined, only indicated here and there by a few dark brown scales};
spots at the extremities of the discoidal cells large, blackish,
enclosing a white crescent ; the post-median blackish line and the
undulated brown stripe beyond it distinct, excepting on the median
interspaces of the primaries and the costal area of the secondaries ;
the costal area of the primaries clouded with greyish towards apex};
a marginal series of black dots; secondaries with the central belt
rufous-brown from the disco-cellular spot to the abdominal margin ;
abdomen with the usual black dots; wings below whiter than
above, with the dise purplish grey, forming a broad belt across the
wines, with its centre rather paler than its borders, that on the
primaries extending to the outer margin, excepting at apex and
434 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
extremity of second median interspace, that of the secondaries
zigzag and partly touching the outer margin towards apex ; disco-
cellular spots represented by large black spots. Expanse of wings,
30 mm.
Rockhampton.
The coloration of this species is decidedly peculiar,
especially on the under surface, which is like that of
Ophthalmodes.
AXGITRICHUS, N. g.
Allied to Boarmia; neuration very similar, especially in the
primaries; the subcostal branches of the secondaries and the
second and third median branches emitted at a short distance
from each other instead of from the same point; the disco-cellular
veinlet also much more deeply inarched than in Boarmia; on the
under surface of the secondaries are two thick masses of woolly
hair, the first projecting from the outer half of the median vein
and the base of its first branch over the interno-median area, the
second spreading outwards from the basal half of the abdominal
margin ; body robust, palpi rather longer than in Boarmia, por-
rected, with deflexed short fusiform terminal joint; antenne
wanting in the type.
87. Agitrichus lanaris, n.s.
Nearly resembles Boarmia consortaria, but the ground colour of
the wings is whiter, the disco-cellular spots are well-defined, crescent-
shaped, white, that of the primaries with a grey border; the lines
across the wings are also better-defined, blacker; the submarginal
dark-bordered zigzag white stripe is farther from the outer margin,
the lines of the central belt converge more towards the inner
margin of the primaries, the outer line in all the wings is less
regular, and the black dots along the outer margin are better-
defined; on the under surface the differences are considerably
more marked, the ground colour both of wings and body being of
a pale sericeous vinous-grey instead of clear cream-colour, and the
markings consist of ill-defined greyish disco-cellular spots, an
arched diseal streak and a submarginal band, barely distinguishable
on the primaries; the hairy masses are tipped with grey. Expanse
of wings, 47 mm.
Viti Islands.
Feterocera from the Australian Region. 435
Lycauass, Butler.
88. Lycauges proxima, Ni. 8.
Very near L. lactea of Japan, of nearly the same size and
general tints; whity brown, almost white; wings with a black
disco-cellular dot, an oblique greyish stripe beyond the cell, its
upper extremity touching a slender black dotted grey discal zigzag
line, elbowed towards costa; two undulated grey submarginal
stripes, ill-defined on the primaries, and a marginal series of
extremely minute black points; costal margin of primarie
yellowish in certain lights; the submedian area of these wings on
the under surface greyish ; basal half of secondaries below sprinkled
with grey scales; all the black dots of the upper surface present,
but the grey stripes and lines ill-defined. Expanse of wings,
19 mm.
Rockhampton.
This species should be placed between LL. defamataria
and LL. lactea.
GEOMETRIDAL.
CuiorocHroma, Dup.
89. Chlorochroma neptunus, i. 8.
Dull sea-green; primaries crossed by two widely-separated
slender undulated white lines; costal margin very narrowly edged
with creamy whitish; a small dark green disco-cellular lunule;
fringe whitish, with a central green stripe; secondaries crossed
beyond the middle by a single slender subangulated undulated
white line ; a dark green disco-cellular dot ; fringe as in primaries;
vertex of head and upper surface of antennze snow-white, under
surface of antenne cream-coloured; wings below, especially the
secondaries, suffused with pearly white; costal margin of pri-
maries cream-coloured; markings obsolete; body below white ;
legs yellowish. Expanse of wings, 26 mm,
Gayndah.
Nearest to C. carenaria, which appears to have been
described from worn examples of Geometra submissaria
-of Walker.
IDAIDA.
Ipma, Hiibn.
90. Idea lydia, n.s.
Whity brown, irrorated with grey-brown; a slightly irregular
smoky brown band crossing the primaries obliquely beyond the
436 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
middle and the secondaries at the middle ; a paler and more diffused
band beyond the latter, its outer edge zigzag; secondaries also with
a submarginal stripe of the same colour; an almost marginal
series of black points alternately placed with a series of small
brown spots at the base of the fringe; markings below less strongly
defined. Expanse of wings, 23 mm.
Peak Downs.
Allied to I. attributa.
91. Idea jessica, n. 8.
Nearly allied to the preceding species, smaller, the primaries
more acute; the band beyond the middle much nearer to the outer
margin, narrower, paler, and less irregular; the discal band
following it better-defined upon the primaries, and with undulated
(not zigzag) external edge; a submarginal series of grey-brown
spots on all the wings; dots at outer margin extremely minute ;
secondaries with a black dot at the end of the cell. Expanse of
wings, 17 mm.
Peak Downs.
92. Idea nivipennis, n. s.
Snow-white; wings crossed beyond the middle by two parallel
slender grey dentated lines and two subconfluent squamose stripes
near the outer margin; a marginal series of very minute blackish
points ; primaries with a very slenderly ochraceous costal margin ;
a minute black point at the inferior angle of the cell; face brown,
darkest towards the vertex of the head, the latter white; front of
collar orange; antenneg brown, becoming white at the base; under
surface snow-white; the costal margin of the primaries ochreous
anterior cox yellowish; anterior tibie and tarsi brownish above.
Expanse of wings, 26 mm.
Viti Islands.
93. Id@a innocens, nN. 8.
Belongs to the J. ornata group; small; chalky white, with small .
but conspicuous black disco-cellular spots; a very irregularly
sinuous olive brownish line crossing the primaries in front of the
disco-cellular spot, curving inwards below it and then downwards
with a slight curve inwards to inner margin, crossing the
secondaries obliquely behind the disco-cellular spot at about the
basal third; a faint indication of a brownish discal line, followed
Heterocera from the Australian Region. 437
by an internally diffused widely undulated brownish band towards
outer margin; an imperfect submarginal brownish stripe, a
marginal series of linear black markings almost forming a perfect
marginal line; wings below only showing the black markings, the
primaries also with an indication of the undulated brownish band;
these wings are suffused with pale brown, excepting towards inner
margin; legs brownish. HExpanse of wings, 18 mm.
Rockhampton.
94. Idea agnes, Nn. 8.
Pure white; primaries with a brown and secondaries with a
black disco-cellular dot, from which to the inner margins is a faint
linear stain of brown (only visible with a lens); a very slender
crenulated brownish discal line, dotted with black, and externally
edged with ochreous upon the radial interspaces of the primaries ;
two barely visible parallel brownish stripes; a marginal brown
line dotted with black, and interrupted at the extremities of the
veins on the secondaries; face dark brown; antenne bronze-
brownish; back of head pale ochreous; pectus silvery white ;
anterior and middle legs silvery brownish in front; abdomen
chalky white; primaries below sericeous, sordid white, pure white
towards inner margin; secondaries pure white; black dots as
above; other markings obsolete. Expanse of wings, 22 mm.
Rockhampton.
Allied to I. deliciosaria, and belongs to the group with
angulated secondaries, flattened posterior tibie, and short
posterior tarsi.
FIDONIIDA.
PanaGra, Guenée.
95. Panagra rupicolor, n. s.
Dove-grey, sparsely irrorated with dark grey; a black spot at
the extremity of each discoidal cell, and an abbreviated black-
brown stripe from just beyond the middle of each inner margin,
that on the primaries strongly marked, with pale inner edge,
oblique, extending to the lower radial vein; a small spot at about
the basal third of the submedian vein; the stripe on the secondaries
slender, disappearing at the base of the second median branch ;
fringes pale brown; under surface paler, the primaries very pale
bronzy brownish, indistinctly and transversely striated with grey ;
costal border and veins pale straw-yellow ; a blackish disco-cellular
spot; secondaries white speckled with dark grey, with three sub-
apical spots and a subanal dash of the same colour; veins yellow;
438 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
fringe yellowish at the base; a black disco-cellular spot; body
whity brown. Expanse of wings, 33 mm.
Peak Downs.
Cassia, Walk.
96. Casbia irrorata, n.s.
@. Pale pinky brown with golden reflections, densely irrorated
with grey; wings with very minute marginal black dots ; primaries
with the costal border slightly whitish; head dark brown; under
surface white, grey-speckled, with a faint bronze-brown tint in
certain lights; external borders pinky brown, mottled with grey;
a small blackish disco-cellular spot on each wing; legs cream-
coloured. Expanse of wings, 26 mm.
Rockhampton.
Allied to C. rectaria, Walk., but without the bands and
spots characteristic of that species ; it seems improbable
that it can be a variety.
ASPILATES.
97. Aspilates clarissa, n. 8.
General aspect of very pale examples of Osteodes turbulentata,
Guen. (—Aspiliates exumbrata and semispurcata, Walk.), seri-
ceous pinky whitish, indistinctly irrorated with grey-brown scales ;
under surface of a more creamy tint, with the costal border of the
primaries slightly ochraceous; the female decidedly whiter than
the male on both surfaces. Expanse of wings, 31 mm.
Male, Moreton Bay ; female, Peak Downs.
LARENTIIDA.
Ciparia, T’reits.
98. Cidaria decipiens, n. 8.
Closely allied to C. emilia of Chili, from which it chiefly differs
in the absence of the yellow streaks on the veins; primaries pale
leaden grey, with darker basal patch and subangulated central
belt, with zigzag black margins and white borders; a narrow
erey-speckled testaceous band bounding the inner edge of the
central belt; an ill-defined black reniform spot; a submarginal
series of more or less confluent squamose blackish spots, largest
towards apex, indistinctly edged externally by a white line;
secondaries grey; a faint indication of an angular whitish diffused
stripe across the middle and an oblique whitish line from anal
FHeterocera from the Australian Region. 439
angle; thorax dark grey ; abdomen paler grey, with darker lateral
spots; under surface sericeous pale grey ; wings with small black
disco-cellular spots and a whitish angular discal stripe. Expanse
of wings, 20 mm.
Sydney.
CorEMIA, Guenée.
99. Coremia picta, n. s.
Primaries sericeous golden buff; crossed at the base by two
black-edged zigzag silvery grey bands, in the middle by an
irregular pale shining chocolate-brown band, widest on costa,
biangulated internally and bisinuated externally, edged with black
and bordered with white and silvery grey; a rather broad pale
shining chocolate-brown external border, interrupted at apex by a
large oval silvery white spot, and bounded internally by a series of
silvery margined black spots; secondaries pale sericeous smoky
grey ; head and thorax dark grey, spotted with pale yellow; abdo-
men whity brown ; under surface dark shining grey, irrorated with
white ; a submarginal series of white spots, bordered internally
with dark grey. Expanse of wings, 19 mm.
Viti Islands.
PHYCITIDA.
SALEBRIA, Zell.
There can be little doubt that the following species
belongs to this genus; the secondaries, however, have
distinctly nine veins ; ‘they appear to have twelve, as
there is a strongly defined fold between the abdominal
margin and the internal vein, and there are two similar
(but reversed) folds between the internal and the sub-
median veins; in Meyrick’s description, and in his
structural diagnosis of the family, he appears to have
overlooked the internal vein altogether. It is very
improbable that any of the Phycitide can have so few as
seven veins in the secondaries.
100. Salebria squamicornis, 0. s.
Primaries pale shining stramineous; a pure white longitudinal
subcostal stripe tapering at each end, passing through the cell
almost to outer margin; secondaries sericeous brownish white,
with yellowish reflections, semitransparent, slightly darker along
the external border; fringe white, traversed near the base by a
dusky line; head, collar, and tegul dull stramineous ; remainder
of body yellowish white, pearly ; primaries below pale stramineous;
440 Mr. Butler’s descriptions of Lepidoptera-
secondaries whitish, tinted with stramineous towards the outer
margin; body below whitish, palpi and legs dull stramineous.
Expanse of wings, 24 mm.
Peak Downs.
Meuia, Walk. (Erma, Zell. nom. spec.).
In this genus also there appear to be nine veins (not
eight) in the hind wings, the internal vein having been
passed over.
101. Mella arenosa, nu. s.
Primaries above pale sandy testaceous, the fringe slightly greyish
with a pale basal stripe; secondaries semitransparent pearly
greyish white, with faint golden reflections; fringe whitish, with a
dusky subbasal stripe ; body pale testaceous, the head and thorax
slightly olivaceous; wings below sericeous, pearly; the primaries,
the costa of the secondaries, and the base of the fringes in all the
wings pale golden stramineous; fringe with a greyish subbasal
stripe; body below whitish, legs and palpi sordid. Expanse of
wings, 26 mm. °
Peak Downs.
ANERASTIA, Hitbn.
102. Anerastia nitens, n. s.
Shining whity brown; primaries sparsely irrorated with black,
with an oblique line of black scales from outer fourth of dorsal
margin to lower radial vein; external border somewhat more
densely irrorated with black than the remainder of the wing, the
atoms tending to produce a marginal series of spots and indicating
a line through the centre of the fringe; thorax and abdomen
somewhat ochraceous ; under surface shining whity brown, without
markings. Expanse of wings, 21 mm.
Peak Downs.
CRAMBIDA.
DrperycopHora, Zell.
103. Diptycophora tmornata, n. 8.
Pale stone-greyish, sericeous; primaries in the female greyer
than the secondaries ; reniform spot large, more or less ochraceous,
and sometimes outlined in black and subquadrate ; costal margin
slenderly blackish, interrupted (so as to form three short dashes)
towards apex; a diffused white band from centre of inner margin
to costa at apex, interrupted by a slender oblique elbowed line of
Hetrocera from the Australian Region. 441
the ground cobur, the angle just beyond the end of the cell ;
a diffused blaclspeckled grey streak partly bounding the white
band externally ,an ill-defined wavy submarginal dusky line (not
visible in the nale), followed by a series of elongated spots
forming an interupted stripe; external area white towards
the posterior ange; outer margin slenderly dusky, undulated
fringe grey, whiteat the base: secondaries with the fringe grey,
excepting a very sender basal line; palpi ereyish ; under surface
whity brown, withut markings. Expanse of wings, 17—18 mm.
Gayndah and Peak Downs.
Expnan.tion oF Puares IX. & X.
Puate IX.
1. Xantholule semiochrea.
2. Chionojphasma paradoaa.
3. Leptocnaia binotata.
4. Acritocem negligens ; a, antenna.
5. Dysbatussingularis.
6. Hurypsycre similis.
7. Aporocosnus bracteatus.
8
9
Fia.
. Radinogos tenuis.
. Canthylida pallida.
10. Lewcocosma ceres.
PLATE: XK.
Fic. 1. Lophocolew: mirabilis ; a, tibia and tarsus, with the
apex of tie femur.
2. Mateomera dubia.
. Leucophoti: pulchra.
. Aigitrichus lanaris.
5. Gonocausta asuridia.
6. Hulocastra fasciata.
7. Hormatholepis erebina.
8. Nephadaza bicolor.
9. Pterygisus echreipennis.
10. Pseudephyre straminea.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PART IV.
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( 443 )
XVI. Descriptions of uncharacterised species of Diabrotica.
By J. S. Baty, M.R.C.8., F.L.8.
[Read June 2nd, 1886. |
In working out the Colombian species of Diabroticu
I had to examine a large series of others from other
countries. Some of these, which I believe to be un-
described, are characterised in the following paper :—
Diabrotica viridana.
Oblongo-ovata, convexa, prasina, nitida, tibiis tarsisque nigris,
scutello antennisque piceo-nigris, his basi pallide piceis, articulo
penultimo prasino; thorace levi, bifoveolato; elytris subopacis,
crebre subrugoso-punctatis, disco leviter sed distincte elevato-
vittatis; vittis latis duabus, una marginali alteraque suturali,
postice abbreviatis flavyo-albidis, sutura anguste picea. Long.
22 lin.
Hab. Chili.
Head trigonate; antenne slender, filiform, the second joint
short, the third one-half longer, the fourth longer than the pre-
ceding two united; the three lower joints pale piceous, the penulti-
mate one pale green. Thorax about one-third broader than long ;
sides parallel and sinuate from the base to beyond the middle,
thence rounded to the apex; disk smooth and shining, rather
deeply bifoveolate ; elytra oblong, closely subrugose-punctate, the
disk of each with five slightly elevated but distinct longitudinal
cost ; each elytron with two broad ill-defined yellowish white
vittwz, one marginal, the other sutural (these vitte, which com-
mence at the base, terminate some distance before reaching the
apex); humeral callus with a narrow longitudinal piceous line.
Diabrotica graminea.
Ovata, convexa, flavo-fulva, nitida, capite, scutello, pectore, tibiis,
tarsisque nigris, femoribus antennisque prasinis, harum articulis
intermediis ultimoque nigris, penultimis duobus albidis; thorace
levi, dorso non impresso; elytris viridibus, convexis, prope
TRANS. EN'T. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PaRi IV. (DEC.)
444 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s descriptions of
medium leviter transversim depressis, tenuissime punctatis. Long.
3 lin.
Hab. Porto Rica.
Head trigonate, shining black ; antenne filiform, pale green, the
fifth to the eighth joints, together with the eleventh, black, the
ninth and tenth white; the second and third very short, equal.
Thorax rather broader than long; sides slightly diverging and
sinuate from the base to beyond the middle, thence rounded and
converging towards the apex; disk shining, impunctate. Elytra
oblong-ovate, convex, transversely depressed across the middle,
dark grass-green.
Diabrotica latevittata.
Oblongo-ovata, convexa, sordide prasina, nitida, pedibus pallide
viridi-piceis ; antennis pallide piceis, articulis penultimis duobus
sordide albidis ; thorace levi, dorso non impresso ; elytris oblongis,
crebre punctatis; utrisque vitta lata castanea, a basi fere ad apicent
extensa ornatis. Long. 3 lin.
flab. Amazons; a single specimen.
Head much longer than broad, wedge-shaped; antenne slender,
filiform, the third joint short, about one-half longer than the
second; the ninth and tenth yellowish white ; the eleventh in the
single specimen before me broken off. Thorax rather broader than
long; sides straight and nearly parallel from the base to beyond
the middle; disk smooth, convex. Elytra oblong, finely but
closely punctured ; on each elytron, running downwards from the
humeral callus, is a raised longitudinal line, the space on the inner
side of which is longitudinally sulcate.
Diabrotica apicalis.
Anguste oblongo-ovata, convexa; flava nitida, capite, elytris
apice, post-pectore, tibiis tarsisque nigris; antennarum articulis
basalibus tribus flavis, dorso piceo tinctis, duobus penultimis
albidis; thorace convexo, levi, dorso non impresso; elytris
oblongis, tenuiter sat crebre punctatis. Long. 34 lin.
Hab. Guatemala.
Head triangular, not longer than broad; antenne filiform, three-
fourths the length of the body, the three lower joints fulvous, more
or less stained with piceous; the ante-penultimate and penultimate
ones, together with the extreme base of the apical, white; the
third joint short, rather longer than the second, the fourth equal
in length to the preceding two united. Thorax slightly broader
uncharacterised species of Diabrotica. 445
than long; sides nearly parallel from the base to beyond the
middle; disk convex, impunctate. LElytra convex, finely but
rather closely punctured.
Diabrotica Grayella.
Subelongata, convexa, pallide flava, nitida, scutello capiteque
piceis, pectore, oculis antennisque nigris, his basi et apice flavis ;
thorace levi, dorso obsolete bifoveolato ; elytris distincte, sat crebre
punctatis ; utrisque maculis quatuor, duabus baseos duabusque ante
apicem, his oblique positis, nigris. Long. 23—8 lin.
Hab. Brazil, Petropolis, Constantia (Gray).
Head piceous or fulvo-piceous ; antenne filiform, black, the four
or five lower joints, together with the apical two, fulvous or flavous;
the second and third joints short, nearly equal in length, the fourth
longer than the preceding two united. Thorax rather broader
than long; sides nearly straight and parallel, slightly converging
at the apex; disk smooth, obsoletely bifoveolate.* Elytra oblong,
dilated posteriorly, rather closely punctured; on each elytron
below the humeral callus is a faintly raised longitudinal ridge, and
on the inner disk before the middle are several very faint longi-
tudinal sulcations, only visible when viewed obliquely.
Diabrotica interrupta.
Subelongata, postice paullo ampliata, flava, nitida, pectore, abdo-
minis segmento anali, tibiis, tarsis, scutello capiteque nigris, antennis
basi fulvis, articulis penultimis duobus albidis; thorace levi,
obsolete biimpresso ; elytris tenuiter sat crebre punctatis, linea
suturali vittaque submarginali ante apicem interrupta, nigris. Long.
3 lin.
Hab. Amazons, Para (Bates).
Antenne slender, filiform, the second and third joints very short,
equal. Thorax about one-third broader than long; sides sinuate
posteriorly, slightly converging at the apex; disk convex, smooth,
obsoletely impressed on either side. Elytra narrowly oblong;
upper surface finely punctured; a narrow sutural line and a sub-
marginal vitta, which extends from base to apex, but is interrupted
just before reaching the suture, black.
Diabrotica Duviviert.
Anguste ovata, postice ampliata, nigra, nitida, thorace inferiori
to) co)
pectoreque rufo-piceis, abdomine, coxis, femoribus antennisque basi
* In some specimens these fovez are entirely absent.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PART IV. (DEC.) 2H
446 Mr. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of
et ante apicem pallide flavis; thorace levi, disco postico trifoveo-
lato; elytris tenuissime punctatis ; utrisque fascia prope medium
utrinque abbreviata, maculisque subrotundatis duabus, una infra
basin, altera ante apicem, flavo-albidis. Long. 2} lin.
Hab. Mexico, Teapa (Sallé); a single specimen from
Deyrolle’s collection.
Antenne filiform, the three lower joints, together with the ninth,
tenth, and the basal half of the eleventh, yellowish white; third
joint scarcely one-half longer than the second. Thorax about one-
third broader than long, sides nearly parallel and slightly sinuate
from the base to beyond the middle, thence converging towards the
apex ; hinder disk impressed triangularly with three shallow fovee,
the middle one less distinct than the other two. Elytra very
minutely punctured.
Diabrotica amplicornis.
Anguste oblonga, postice paullo ampliata, piceo-nigra, nitida,
capite piceo-fulvo, antennis verticisque plagis duabus nigris ;
thorace transverso, disco late transversim excavato, margine basali,
lateribus vittaque discoidali, basi ampliata, sordide fulvis; scutello
piceo; elytris oblongis, postice vix ampliatis, sat crebre et fortiter
punctatis; linea suturali, margine laterali, vittaque discoidali, a
basi fere ad apicem extensa, flavo-albidis. Long. 2} lin.
Hab. Brazil; Parana; Spirito Sancto.
Antenne three-fourths the length of the body, the third joint
about one-half longer than the second, three upper joints enlarged,
the apical one acute. Thorax about one-half broader than long ;
sides slightly diverging and sinuate from the base to beyond the
middle, thence slightly converging towards the apex; disk broadly
and deeply tranversely excavated. Elytra oblong, dilated pos-
teriorly, coarsely subrugose-punctate.
The three specimens from which the above description
was drawn are all evidently males; the other sex is
unknown to me.
Diabrotica flavo-vittata.
Kilongata, picea, nitida, antennis extrorsum nigro-piceis, basi
sordide fulvis, femoribus tibiisque quatuor posticis, apice exceptis,
thoraceque flavis; hoe levi, profunde bifoveolato ; elytris regulariter
elevato-vittatis, interspatiis seriato-punctatis, utrisque limbo ex-
terno vittisque duabus discoidalibus, basi et apice conjunctis, flavis.
Long. 23 lin.
Hab, Yueatan,
ford
uncharacterised species of Diabrotica. 447
Antenne filiform, the third joint twice the length of the second.
Thorax about one-half broader than long; sides parallel and
slightly sinuate from the base to beyond the middle, slightly con-
verging near the apex; disk smooth, deeply bifoveolate. HElytra
narrowly oblong, regularly elevate-vittate, the third and fifth coste
from the suture rather broader than the others, spaces between the
vitte seriate-punctate; each elytron with the outer margin and
two discoidal vitte, one covering the third, the other the fifth costa,
but united at base and apex, flavous.
Diabrotica Farmairet.
Elongata, postice paullo ampliata, flava, nitida, pectore abdo-
mineque piceo-violaceis, femoribus apice, tibiis, tarsis capiteque
rufo-castaneis, violaceo tinctis ; thorace levi, profunde bifoveolato ;
elytris regulariter elevato-vittatis, vitta tertia a sutura latiori, inter-
spatiis biseriato-punctatis ; violaceis aut fusco-violaceis, metallico
nitentibus; utrisque limbo externo vittaque discoidali, apice ad
marginem connexa, flavis. Long. 33—4 lin.
Hab. Mexico.
Antenne filiform, the third joint nearly three times the length
of the second. Thorax rather broader than long; sides nearly
parallel, slightly sinuate posteriorly, slightly converging towards
the apex; disk shining, impressed with two large fovee. Elytra
narrowly oblong, subparallel; each elytron with eight regular
raised costw, the third from the suture broader than the others;
rufo- or fusco-violaceous with a metallic tint, each with the outer
margin, together with a discoidal vitta, which covers entirely the
third costa and is confluent at its apex with the outer margin,
flavous.
Nearly allied in size, general coloration, and sculpture
to D. innuba and corusca. Separated from both by the
pale head, and by the third vitta on the elytron alone
being broader than the rest; in the above-named species
the second and third coste are both broad and of
equal width.
Diabrotica consimilis.
Subelongata, postice paullo ampliata, nitida, nigro-picea, capite,
scutello, pedibusque nigris, femoribus, apice exceptis, thorace-
que flavis; hoe levi, profunde bifoveolato ; elytris oblongo-ovatis,
regulariter elevato-vittatis, vitta tertia a sutura quam ceteris vix
latiori; interspatiis biserlato-punctatis ; piceis, subnitidis, limbo
448 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s descriptions of
externo vittaque angusta discoidali, a basiad apicem extensa, flavis.
Long. 34 lin.
Hab. Ecuador, Peru.
Antenne filiform, the third joint more than twice the length of
the second, the three lower ones piceous, the rest black. Thorax
nearly one-half broader than long; sides nearly parallel and
sinuate from the base to beyond the middle, thence slightly con-
verging towards the apex ; upper surface smooth, deeply impressed
with two large fover. Elytra oblong-ovate, slightly dilated pos-
teriorly; upper surface sculptured as in D. Fairmaire?, but the third
costa from the suture is narrower and searcely broader than the
others; piceous, subopaque, each elytron with the outer limb and
a narrow vitta covering this third costa, flavous.
From D. Fairmairei, the only insect with which the
above species can be confounded, it is separated by the
black head, and by the narrower third costa on the
elytron.
Diabrotica cornuta.
Subelongata, nigra, nitida, pedibus capiteque fulvis, antennarum
articulis intermediis ultimoque nigris; thorace lateribus angulatis,
disco distincte punctato, profunde bifoveolato; elytris anguste
oblongis, regulariter elevato-vittatis, vitta tertia a sutura latiori,
interspatiis biseriato-punctatis ; utrisque basi, limbo externo vitta-
que discoidali, a basi ad apicem extensa, flavis. Long. 24—8 lin.
Mas. — Clypei margine antico in cornu obtuso utrinque pro-
ducto labro ampliato.
Fam.—Clypeo non producto, facie inferiori nigra.
Hab. Peru, Guatemala, Mexico, Vera Cruz.
Antenne filiform, the third joint twice the length of the second,
the intermediate joints, together with the apical one, black. Thorax
broader than long; sides distinctly angulate; disk shining, finely
but not closely punctured, medial disk impressed with two large
fovex, the space between them depressed. Elytra sculptured as in
D, Fawmairei.
Any difference in the form and sculpture of the lower
face in the two sexes is rare in the vittate section of the
genus; the above is the only instance known to me of
its occurrence.
uncharacterised species of Diabrotica. 449
Diabrotica Curtisw.
Oblongo-ovata, postice paullo ampliata, convexa, flava, nitida,
scutello capiteque nigris, antennis basi et apice flavis; thorace
transverso, levi, profunde bifoveolato; elytris oblongis, postice
paullo ampliatis, metallico-viridibus aut cyaneis, rude et fortiter
rugoso-punctatis, elevato-vittatis, punctis inter vittas subseriatim
dispositis.
Mas.—Antennis extrorsum distincte incrassatis, fere totis flavis,
elytro utroque ante apicem prope suturam callo valido, intus
emarginato, flavo instructo. Long. 8 lin.
Hab. Mexico.
Antenne filiform in the female, distinctly thickened towards the
apex in the male, the third joint twice the length of the second in
both sexes. Thorax nearly twice as broad as long; sides nearly
parallel, deeply sinuate posteriorly ; upper surface smooth, deeply
and broadly bifoveolate, the space between the fovee depressed ;
in some specimens there is a small third fovea on the hinder
disk. Elytra oblong, slightly dilated posteriorly, coarsely and
deeply punctured; each elytron with five or six elevated vitte, the
punctures between the vitte irregularly arranged in strie. Near
the suture just before the apex in the male is a large strongly
raised flavous callus, the inner side of which is broadly excavated
and bounded by a deep excavation, the surface of which is clothed
by a few fulvous hairs.
Diabrotica cinctipennis.
Oblongo-ovata, postice ampliata, flava, nitida, femoribus et tibiis
dorso, vertice antennisque nigris, harum articulis basalibus quatuor
subtus flavis (articule wltime quatuor fracte sunt); thorace
tvansverso, late transversim excavato, crebre punctato, nigro
maculato; elytris oblongis, postice paullo amphatis, dorso sub-
depressis, profunde et crebre punctatis, metallico-viridibus, limbo
externo flavo. Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Peru.
Antenne filiform, the third joint twice the length of the second.
Thorax nearly twice as broad as long; sides diverging and sinuate
from the base to the middle, then obtusely angulate; upper surface
coarsely punctured, hinder disk impressed with a broad deep
lunate suleation, which is more deeply foveolate at either end; an
irregular patch on either side and a small spot on the hinder disk
black. Elytra closely covered with large deep round punctures
450 Mr. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of
Similarly coloured to D. viridipennis, Jac.; at once separated by
the absence of the longitudinal coste on the elytra.
Tniabrotica gibbosa.
Late ovata, postice ampliata, valde convexa, nigra, nitida, thorace
elytrisque sordide flavis; thorace transverso, disco leviter trans-
versim depresso, utrinque obsolete foveolato; elytris gibbosis,
crebre rugoso-punctatis. Long. 4 lin.
Hab. Eastern Keuador (Buckley).
Head longer than broad, trigonate ; antenne filiform, the third
joint twice the length of the second, nearly equal to the fourth.
Thorax nearly twice as broad as long; sides straight and parallel
from the base nearly to the apex, the anterior angle subacute ; disk
transversely and slightly depressed, minutely but not closely
punctured, obsoletely foveolate on either side. Elytra gradually
increasing in height from the base to beyond the middle, then
obliquely deflexed to the apex; surface closely rugose-punctate.
Diabrotica rugulosa.
Ovata, postice ampliata, valde convexa, nigra, nitida, femoribus,
antennis, thoracis lateribus elytrorumque limbo laterali, pallide
prasinis, mesopleuris pube aurea dense vestitis; thorace lateribus
fere rectis, pone medium leviter sinuatis; disco bifoveolato, sub-
crebre punctato; elytris olivaceo-tinctis, rude rugoso-punctatis,
vittis nonnullis irregularibus instructis. Long. 4 lin.
Hab. Eastern Ecuador (Buckley).
Antenne slender, filiform, the third joint twice the length of the
second; three or four upper joints stained with fuscous. Thorax
broader than long; sides nearly straight and parallel, slightly
sinuate behind the middle, narrowly edged with pale grassy green;
disk nitidous, impressed on either side with a large round smooth
fovea, rest of the surface distinctly but not very closely punctured.
Elytra strongly convex, coarsely rugose-punctate; disk of each
with four or five regular raised vitte, which are connected with
each other by irregular ridges, and form a network on the surface ;
lateral margin narrowly edged with pale grassy green.
This and the preceding species are very similar in
form to D. Hebe.
uncharacterised species of Diabrotica. 451
Diabrotica dinudiaticornis.
Late ovata, postice ampliata, convexa, nigra, nitida, antennarum
articulis externis quatuor elytrisque flavis; his crebre punctatis,
utrisque plagis subrotundatis magnis, duabus, una ante, altera pone,
medium positis, nigris; thorace transverso, bifoveolato. Long.
24 lin.
Hab. Eastern Ecuador (Buckley).
Head rather longer than broad, wedge-shaped; antenne filiforin,
the four outer joints fulvous; third joint twice the length of the
second. Thorax transverse; sides straight and diverging from the
base nearly to the apex, thence obliquely converging to the anterior
angle, the latter with an obtuse tubercle ; upper surface punctured
along the base, flattened on the hinder disk and rather deeply
impressed on either side with a large fovea. LElytra closely
punctured.
Closely allied to D. lugubris, mihi. Separated by the
pale apices of the antenne, and by the more deeply
impressed fovee of the thorax.
Diabrotica lata.
Late ovata, convexa, dorso subdepressa, nigra, subtus subnitida,
supra nitida, antennis extrorsum pallide piceis; thorace flavo,
quam longo plus duplo latiori, disco pone medium utrinque oblique
foveolato; elytris subcrebre punctatis, limbo externo late flavo.
Long. 3 lin.
Hab... Peru.
Antenne slender, filiform, the third joint more than twice the
length of the second; black, the four upper joints pale piceous.
Thorax twice as broad as long; sides straight and very slightly
diverging from the base to beyond the middle, thence slightly con-
verging towards the apex, the anterior angle produced into a sub-
acute tooth; disk minutely punctured, impressed on either side
behind the middle with an oblique fovea. Elytra subquadrate-
ovate, slightly dilated posteriorly, broadly rounded conjointly at
the apex, slightly flattened along the suture, distinctly punctured ;
the outer limb broadly edged with flavous.
Diabrotica nigrocincta.
Subelongata, postice paullo ampliata, nigra, nitida, thorace
bifoveolato elytrisque flavo-albidis, his late nigro limbatis anten-
452 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s descriptions of
narum articulo nono albo (articulis ultimis duobus fractis). Lone.
22 lin. :
Hab. ‘Teapa; collected by M. Pilate. A single
specimen.
Vertex smooth, front impressed just above the encarpe with a
distinct fovea; encarpex thickened, transversely trigonate ; antenne
filiform, the last two joints broken off; the second joint more than
half the length of the third. Thorax about one-fourth broader
than long; sides straight and diverging from the base to beyond
the middle, thence slightly rounded and converging to the apex;
disk smooth, impressed on either side with a large deep fovea.
Elytra oblong, dilated from the base to the apex, the latter broadly
rounded; upper surface shining, slightly irregular, finely but
distinctly punctured. Entire disk of each elytron broadly edged
with black.
Diabrotica Oberthuri.
Anguste oblonga, postice ampliata, convexa, flava, nitida, capite,
scutello, pectore, tibiis tarsisque nigris; horum articulis ultimis
duobus antennisque apice castaneis, his basi flavis; thorace
transverso, levi, transversim excavato, utrinque foveolato; elytris
sat crebre punctatis, basi extrema, linea suturali, apice abbreviata,
vittisque duabus, una submarginali, a basi fere ad apicem extensa,
altera discoidali, utrinque abbreviata, nigris. Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Guatemala.
Antenne slender, filiform, the third joint twice the length of the
second ; the three lower joints flavo-fulvous, the three upper ones
castaneous. Thorax about one-half broader than long; sides
parallel and sinuate from the base to beyond the middle; disk
smooth and shining, transversely excavated across the middle,
more distinctly foveolate on either side. Elytra oblong, finely but
distinetly punctured, the punctures on the disk subseriate.
Diabrotica Paraensis.
Elongato-ovata, postice paullo ampliata, flava, nitida, capite
seutelloque nigris, pectore nigro-piceo; antennarum articulis
quatuor basalibus fulvis, tertio et quarto plus minusve piceo tinctis,
articulis quinto nec non octavo et sequentibus tribus nigris, sexto
septimoque albidis; thorace levi, convexo, flavo-fulvo; elytris
oblongis, sat crebre punctatis, nigris, utrisque limbo laterali, fascia
prope medium, utrinque abbreviata, maculisque duabus, prima
infra basin, altera apicali, ad marginem adfixa, flavis. Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Amazons; Para.
uncharacterised species of Diabrotica. 453
Head not longer than broad, trigonate; antenne three-fourths
the length of the body, robust, attenuated towards the apex, the
third joint more than twice as long as the second, rather shorter
than the fourth. Thorax one-half broader than long; sides parallel,
obtusely rounded, the anterior and posterior angles thickened,
obtuse; upper surface moderately convex, faintly excavated on the
middle of the hinder disk. Elytra oblong, slightly dilated pos-
teriorly, distinctly and rather closely punctured, punctures sub-
seriate on the middle disk.
Diabrotica albosignata.
Anguste ovata, postice paullo ampliata, flava, nitida, capite,
pectore, tibiis tarsisque nigris, antennarum articulis penultimis
duobus ultimique basi albidis; thorace levi, utrinque leviter foveo-
lato; elytris tenuiter punctatis, nigris, utrisque limbo externo,
macula infra basin, fasciisque duabus, una prope medium, altera
ante apicem, albidis. Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Guatemala (Dr. Scherzer).
Antenne slender, filiform, the third joint scarcely more than one-
half longer than the second, the fourth equal in length to the
preceding two united. Thorax about one-third broader than long;
sides nearly parallel and sinuate behind the middle, thence con-
verging towards the apex; disk smooth, impressed on either side
with a shallow fovea, the space between obsoletely excavated.
Elytra oblong, slightly dilated posteriorly, convex, very minutely
punctured.
Diabrotica piceicollis.
Anguste ovata, postice paullo ampliata, nigra, nitida, thorace
antennisque piceis, his basi et apice piceo-flavis, clypeo pedibusque
flavis, tibiis ad apicem nigro tinctis, tarsis piceis; elytris crebre
tenuiter punctatis, flavis; utrisque maculis duabus suturalibus,
prima elongata, postice attenuata, a basi fere ad medium extensa,
altera subapicali, parva, plagisque duabus magnis, una a basi ad vix
ultra medium extensa, subcuneiformi, intus angulatim emarginata,
altera transversa, inter medium et apicem oblique posita, nigris.
Long. 3 lin.
Hab, Amazons. ¥
Antenne filiform, the third joint twice as long as the second,
equal in length to the fourth, the three lower, together with the
three or four apical joints, piceo-flavous. Thorax about one-fourth
broader than long; sides sinuate and slightly diverging from the
base to beyond the middle, thence converging towards the apex,
454 Mr. J. S. Baly’s descriptions of
anterior angle with an obtuse tubercle; upper surface convex,
finely punctured.
Diabrotica setosa.
Klongata, postice paullo ampliata, albido-flava, nitida, capite nigro,
antennis flavis, articulis basalibus tribus piceis (articulis 10mo
11lmoque fractis) ; thorace levi, disco bifoveolato; scutello elytrisque
nigris, his sparse setiferis, elevato-vittatis, interspatiis fortiter punc-
tatis; utrisque limbo exteriori, apice lato maculaque magna dis-
coidali, pallide flavis; pectore, femoribus dorso ad apicem, tibiis
tarsisque piceo-nigris. Long. 2 lin.
Hab. Teapa? Collected by M. Pilate.
Vertex smooth ; front impressed above the encarpe with a deep
fovea; encarpe subtrigonate, thickened; antenne filiform, the
third joint twice the length of the second. Thorax one-half as
broad again as long; sides straight, very slightly converging at the
apex; disk smooth, minutely punctured. Elytra narrowly oblong,
slightly but regularly dilated towards the apex, the latter con-
jointly and regularly rounded; surface sparingly clothed with stiff
suberect yellow hairs, each elytron with six moderately raised
vitte, their interspaces strongly punctured, elevate-reticulate, the
reticulations anastomosing with the vittee and rendering the latter
less distinct.
Diabrotica vittatipennis.
Elongata, nigra, nitida, pedibus, antennis (articulis 6, 7, 8—11
exceptis) elytrisque flavis; thorace quam longo vix latiori, disco
trifoveolato; elytris anguste oblongis, tenuiter seriato-punctatis,
utrisque tricostatis, costis duabus externis basi coeuntibus ; tarsis
apice nigro-piceis. Long. 2 lin.
Hab. HKastern Ecuador (Buckley).
Antenne slender, filiform, the third joint nearly twice the length
of the second. Thorax scarcely broader than long; sides parallel,
sinuate posteriorly ; disk shining, impunctate, convex on the sides,
trifoveolate, one large fovea being placed on either side scarcely
below the middle and a third smaller on the basal margin just
in front of the scutellum. Elytra narrowly oblong, convex, very
finely seriate-punctate; each elytron with three elevated vitt, the
first on the inner disk extending from the base nearly to the apex;
the two others, which commence conjointly at the lower end of the
humeral callus, being shorter and less distinct.
uncharacterised species of Diabrotica. 455
Diabrotica melanocephala.
Anguste oblonga, subtus subnitida, nigra, pedibus flavis; supra
nitida, flava; capite nigro, scutello antennisque pallide piceis, his
basi et ante apicem flavis; thorace quam longo latiori, levi, disco
trifoveolato ; elytris oblongis, postice vix ampliatis, distincte sub-
seriato-punctatis, elevato-costatis. Long. 22 lin.
Hab. Eastern Ecuador (Buckley).
Antenne slender, filiform, the third joint more than twice the
length of the second, the fifth to the eighth, together with the
tenth and eleventh, pale piceous, the rest flavous. Thorax about
one-third broader than long; sides straight and parallel, slightly
converging near the apex; disk smooth, trifoveolate, the fovee
arranged as in D. vittatipennis. Elytra oblong, slightly dilated
posteriorly, rather coarsely subseriate-punctate ; each elytron with
about four elevated vittw, those towards the outer margin less
distinct than the inner ones.
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( 457 )
XVII. Some observations on the tea-bugs (Helopeltis) of
India and Java. By Cuartes O. WatTERHOUSE.
| Read October 6th, 1886. |
Puate XI.
Some short time since Mr. H. B. Brady presented to the
British Museum a series of specimens of Felopeltis,
named Helopeltis Antoni, Sign., which had been doing
much mischief in the Cinchona plantations in Java, and
had been the subject of a paper in the ‘ Pharmaceutical
Journal’ (December, 1885). The species was supposed
to be the Ceylonese tea-bug, and to have been imported
into Java. I noticed, however, at the time that the
specimens did not quite agree with the figure of H.
Antoni given in the ‘ Annales de la Soc. Ent. de France’
(1858, pl. 12, f. 2), but 1 was not able to decide as to
the identity of the species, never having seen specimens
from Ceylon. Iam glad to say that Dr. Trimen, who is
at present on a visit to England, brought with him a
number of specimens of the Ceylonese tea-bug, and,
having presented some examples to the British Museum,
I am able to say that they are distinct from those
received from Java. Mr. fF. Moore has kindly lent me
a specimen of a third species, the Assamese tea-bug, to
which he gave the name Helopeltis theivora. The de-
scription of this species does not appear ever to have
been published.
In the ‘ Gardeners’ Chronicle’ for April, 1874, p. 475,
there is an article by Prof. Westwood, describing the
tea-bug of Java; it is called Helopeltis Antonii, and is
supposed to have been introduced from Ceylon.
Whether the specimens from the tea-plants in Java
are the same species as those which attack the Cinchona
I am not at present able to say; but, from a note which
I have received from Prof. Westwood, they appear to be
distinct.
The following descriptions will, I hope, serve to dis-
tinguish the three species :—
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PaRT IV. (DEC.)
458 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s vbservations on the
Helopeltis Antoni. (Pl. XI., fig. 4).
Black. Thorax red, with a blackish line in the anterior con-
striction. Scutellum blackish, inclined to red at the sides; the
horn perpendicular, straight, yellowish. Antenne brown; the
extreme base testaceous. Legs dirty yellow, speckled with brown,
All the specimens I have seen are the same colour,
and are therefore probably all females. The males
would probably have the thorax black.
Helopeltis Bradyi, n.s. (Pl. XI., figs. 1 & 2).
@. Black. Thorax deep red, with the anterior margin black.
Scutellum reddish yellow, with the base of the horn black; the
horn perpendicular and straight, yellowish. Antenne black, with
the extreme base testaceous. Legs black, with a ring of pale yellow
at the base of the femora; tibiz brownish. The sides of the basal
segments of the abdomen are clear yellow, as in H. Antonii.
Length, about 54 mm.
The male has the thorax and scutellum black, and the horn of
the latter is blackish, with a little brown at the base. The abdo-
men has less yellow at the sides.
This species appears to average a trifle larger than
H. Antoni, and the females are a little broader.
Helopeltis thewora. (Pl. XI., fig. 3).
@. Black. Thorax orange-yellow, with a black line near the
front margin, the base margined with black. Scutellum brown,
black at the base, the horn long, much curved; black, brown at
the apex. Antenne dark brown; the basal joint paler, yellow at
the base. Femora dark brown, mottled with light brown, with a
light yellow ring at the base. Tibi light brown, speckled with
dark brown.
This species is at once distinguished from the two
preceding species by the longer and curved horn on the
scutellum.
Mr. Peal, in his paper on ‘‘ The tea-bug of Assam ”’
(‘ Journ. Agri. Hort. Society of India,’ iv. (1872), p. 181),
states that when full grown ‘“‘the colour deepens,” and
‘it turns black on the head and thorax.” This remark
probably refers to the male.
Two other species of this genus are known to me:
Helopeltis niger, Walker, from Waigiou,* and H. bracont-
* Not «W agrin,” as printed i in the ‘ Gardeners’ Chronicle.’
tea-bugs of India and Java. 459
formis, Walker, from Dorey, New Guinea (Cat. Hemipt.
Het. in B. M., vi., 1878, p. 165). This latter Mr. Walker
also described under the name Dulichius ? clavifer (I. ¢.,
ive. Lona p-d KO).
Helopeltis niger, Walker. (Pl. XI, fig. 6).
The type appears to bea male. It is black, with the antenne
dark brown, the basal joint yellowish brown. The legs are pale
brown, with a few darker spots on the femora. The scutellar horn
is long, very slightly curved; light brown, with the extreme base
and apex black.
Helopeltis braconiformis, Walker. (Pl. XI., fig. 5).
g. Black, or nearly so. Antenne brown, with the basal joint
pale brown. Scutellar horn long, very slightly curved, very pale
brown, with the extreme base and apex dark brown. Legs pale
brownish yellow, with a few dusky spots on the femora.
@. Antenne dark brown. Thorax light red, inclined to yellow
in front, with the anterior margin black. Scutellum pale red; the
horn very pale brown. Legs dark brown, some spots on the
femora and the tibize paler, but not so pale as in the male.
GENERAL REMARKS.
H. Antonii and H. Bradyi will easily be distinguished
from the three other species by the form of the scutellar
horn, which is small, very slender, and erect.
H. theivora, niger, and braconiformis have the scutellar
horn longer and stouter. H. theivora has the horn much
more curved than in either H. ater or braconiformis.
H. ater and H. braconiformis only differ in the colour
of the legs and antenne, except that the single specimen
of ater has the thorax jet-black, whilst both the males of
braconiformis have the base of the thorax smoky brown.
The scutellar horn is somewhat different.
Prof. Westwood, in the note which | received from
him, above referred to, states that the specimens he had
from the tea-plants in Java, and which he considered to
be Helopeltis Antonii, “have the front of the pronotum
nearly whitish buff, antenne and head black, scutellar
spine dirty buff-brown, legs buff varied with black.”
This description does not correspond with any specimens
I have yet seen.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.
Fic. 1. Helopeltis Bradyt, male.
2. H. Bradyi, female; a, scutellar spine.
3. H. theivora, female; a, scutellar spine.
4. H. braconiformis, female; thorax and scutellum; a,
scutellar spine; 6, spine of male.
5. H. Antoni, female; thorax and scutellum; a, scutellar
spine.
6. H. niger; scutellar spine of male.
( 461 )
XVIII. Notes on insects apparently of the genus Marga-
rodes, Lansd.-Guilding, stated to occur abundantly
in the nests of White Ants, and also of true Ants,
in certain Western Districts of the Cape Colony.
By Rozanp Trimen, F.R.S., F.L.S.
{Read October 6th, 1886. ]
Karty in the current year I received, from Mr. G. G.
Rainier, the Civil Commissioner of the Tulbagh District,
a number of small seed-like objects with a partly cop-
pery, partly pearly, surface-lustre, which he wrote were
found in great abundance under the base of the mounds
roofing the nests of the White Ants (Termites) in the
mountainous parts of his district. These objects, he
stated, were strung on chains for sale by the residents,
their varying shades from yellowish pearly through
golden to coppery, making them rather effective orna-
ments.
At my request—as the specimens first received were
all empty and presenting a large hole on one side—Mr.
Rainier obtained some fresh examples, which were
without holes, and all of the yellowish pearly or very
pale golden tint. On opening a few of these there could
be no doubt that they were insect-pupe, the interior
being full of the cream-like juices so characteristic of
newly-formed chrysalids. I set these fresh examples,
with the cemented material from the White Ants’ nest
which accompanied them, and in which many of them
were embedded, carefully aside in a separate receptacle,
and watched daily for the disclosure of some perfect insect
from them; but up to the date (May 26th) of my
leaving the Cape no such insect made its appearance.
My impression, which was shared by my assistant, Mr.
L. Peringuey, was that these insects belonged to some
hymenopterous or dipterous parasite, and I suggested to
my correspondent that this might be the case.
I brought the later-received examples to England,
and after my arrival received from the Rev. G. U. R.
Fisk, who had left the Cape soon after myself, the
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—parT iv. (DEC.) 21
462 Mr. Roland 'rimen’s notes on insects
further set of specimens which I now exhibit, viz., the
pearl-like pup (some free and others embedded in the
material of the ants’ nest), specimens of the chains
made by stringing them together, and also some true
Ants, stated by Mr. Fisk’s correspondent to have been
found in the same nest.
Quite recently, on visiting the Zoological Department
of the British Museum of Natural History, I was shown,
by Mr. Waterhouse and Mr. Kirby, a chain of these
creatures, which had been sent from the Cape to Sir
J. Lubbock, and forwarded by him to the Museum. I
was also shown specimens of Guilding’s Margarodes
formicarum pup from the West Indies, with which in
general structure and appearance the Cape examples
presented much agreement, but were obviously much
larger and of brighter tints. The British Museum
collection also contains specimens of a similar species
(even smaller than the West Indian one) from North
Australia.
Thanks to a reference kindly furnished by Mr. Kirby,
I was able to consult Lansdowne-Guilding’s original
account of his ‘‘ ground pearl” (Margarodes formicarum),
read to the Linnean Society as long ago as 1827, and
published in vol. xvi. of the ‘Transactions,’ pp. 115— 119.
That well-known naturalist records that in the Bahamas
the insects occurred plentifully, and under the name of
‘“‘ant-eges’’ were strung into necklaces and ornamental
purses. In Union Island Mr. Guilding collected a box-
full, kept them in the moist marly soil in which they
were found, and soon observed insects issuing from
them. ‘The spots of soil whence he took the specimens
were about stones, under which Ants had established
their nests, and he suggests that the insects were
parasitic on the larve of the Ants. Guilding’s figures
of the insect produced from the ‘‘ pearls’? have much of
the appearance of a Coccus, except that the fore legs are
shown as very strongly recurved and evidently raptorial.
According to the author’s account Margarodes has no
mouth, and it occurs to him as not unlikely that it
obtains nutriment by suction through a foramen in each
anterior claw. He hesitates to assign the insect to any
known order, but Burmeister (Handb. der Ent., i1.,
p- 79), and Westwood (Introd. M. Class. Ins., i1., p. 449),
agree in placing it among the Coccide. Burmeister,
apparently of the genus Margarodes. 463
indeed, without hesitation places Margarodes in the
genus Porphyrophora, Brendt, with the well-known
torms P. Polonica and P. Armeniaca; but this location
would appear to be of very doubtful propriety, if
Guilding’s figures and description of the perfect insect
have any claim to accuracy.
As regards the insects living with either Ants or the
so-called ‘‘ White Ants,” it is quite clear that Guilding
refers to the former, and I have so often noticed the
nests of true Ants about the bases of those of the
Termites that I think it by no means improbable that
the Cape ‘‘ ground pearls”’ are actually denizens of the
Ants’ nests, although associated with those of the
Termites, and perhaps are parasites of the very Ant sent
by Mr. Fisk’s correspondent.
I trust, on my return to the Cape, to be able, either
personally or through a correspondent living in the
locality, to rear the insect of the ‘“ ground pearl,” and
to ascertain whether or not it presents the characters
noted by Guilding in his account of the West Indian
species.
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XIX. The life-history of Geometra smaragdaria.
By Grorce Enisna.
[Read October 6th, 1886.]
THE eggs of Geometra smaragdaria are laid in July, on
the stems and leaves of Artemisia maritima, generally
near the top of the shoots. When first laid they are of
a light yellowish colour, changing in about a fortnight
to dark greyish, soon after which the young larve emerge,
and immediately cover themselves with minute portions
of their food-plant, which they attach to their bodies, with
some glutinous secretion, so firmly that it is very difficult
to remove them. It seems a matter of great importance
to these larve that they should so cover themselves ; for
a few eggs laid by a female which I had temporarily
placed in a chip-box, being firmly attached to the side
of the box, were left there until they hatched, when the
young larve, having no Artemisia to operate upon,
appropriated the loose splinters and other small particles
that were inside the box, and attached them to their
bodies, giving themselves a most singular appearance
when viewed under a lens, not unlike that of miniature
poreupines. On putting them into a glass jar with
some Artemisia they very soon changed their costume,
and, on looking at them a few hours afterwards, I found
them covered with fragments of their food-plant, as in
their natural state.
The larve during the whole of their existence keep
the body in an arched position, except when feeding
when they stretch themselves out a little; but on the
slightest alarm they again assume the curved position,
with the anal claspers fixed to the plant, and the prolegs
drawn up close to their bodies. They feed rather slowly,
and for about three weeks after emerging from the egg
appear like little balls of white wool, from being covered
with the mealy portions of the Artemisia. As the larva
increases in size it increases the length of the morsels
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1886.—PpartT Iv. (DEC.)
466 Mr. George Elisha on the
of the food-plant it attaches to its body, which on some
adult larvie are often three-quarters of an inch in length.
When the pieces are first attached to the body they are, of
course, green and fresh, but they soon become discoloured,
and in a few days are withered and brown; then the
larve, in their curved position, so exactly resemble the
dead shoots of their food-plant that they are extremely
difficult to detect, unless some movement betrays them,
or one is familiar with their peculiar appearance. Thus
it is evident that the object of the larve in attaching
these pieces to their bodies is for the purpose of pro-
tection against their numerous enemies.
The larve continue feeding till about the end of
October, by which time they have attained the length of
one-half to three-quarters of an inch, after which they
fix themselves to the food-plant, and remain motionless
during the winter months. With the first warm days of
spring, towards the end of February, they begin moving;
and about the first week of March, when the Artemisia is
again appearing above the ground, they commence
feeding, soon after which they moult and again cover
themselves with pieces of the food-plant, which, being now
green and fresh, give them a healthy appearance. About
the middle of June they are full-grown, when they rest
for a day or two, and then spin a loose network cocoon ;
(this they form by drawing together, with silken threads,
the pieces of the Artemisia that are thickly adhering
to their bodies, into an oval-shaped covering attached
to the stem of the food-plant), and in it they change
to a greyish pupa, with the striped wing-cases showing
very distinctly.
The larva, when full-fed, is about an inch and a
quarter long, of a dirty greyish colour, with darker lines
along the body, the skin very rough, and the head and legs
brown ; but, owing to its being covered so entirely with
the dead and brown portions of the food-plant, it is
extremely difficult to make out the exact markings. It
sometimes feeds at dusk, but more frequently during the
morning sunshine, and at times, when the sun is hot, it
eats most voraciously, appearing in a very excited state
during the whole time the sun is shining upon it. This
necessity for sunshine constitutes one of the many diffi-
culties the collector has to contend with in rearing these
larvee, for the sun is, of course, a great obstacle to keeping
¢
life-history of Geometra smaragdaria. 467
the food fresh. The only way to keep the food com-
paratively fresh is to dig up the Artemisia with a large
clod of earth, so as not to disturb the roots, and even
then it rarely keeps longer than a week. To be successful
therefore with these larve a great deal of trouble must
be undergone.
The perfect insects appear about the middle of July,
generally during the early morning, andremain motionless
the whole of the first day ; and I believe until daybreak of
the next, for I have looked at them as late as twelve o'clock
at night, and found them still motionless; but, on again
looking at them about seven o’clock on the following
morning, some had paired, remaining in copula during
the whole of that day, but parting towards the evening.
By the following morning the females had commenced
depositing ova, and continued to do so for four or five
days, each laying about 150 eggs altogether, and some
more.
It seems singular that this insect should have remained
such an apparent rarity for so many years past; but no
doubt the habits of the perfect insect are the cause. It
seldom moves unless disturbed, and then will generally
drop to the ground and remain motionless; but after
pairing the male becomes more active, and will fly about
if touched, when of course it soon gets damaged. In the
natural state I have no doubt it keeps concealed among
the Artemisia, and so escapes observation.
The larva was first found by Mr. Machin, quite acci-
dentally, a few years back, and he kept the secret of its
food-plant; but two years ago I had the pleasure of
taking the larva myself, again quite by accident, and
recorded its discovery in the ‘Entomologist’ (vol. xvil.,
p- 235). As stated in that note, I did not then
know what the larva fed on; and through my ignor-
ance of the food-plant made many fruitless journeys
to the Essex coast in search of it. One day, while
taking some cases of Coleophore otf the Artemisia,
I noticed what was apparently a withered shoot move ;
it then stretched itself out with a tremulous motion,
and I at once saw it was a larva of some kind,
and, being so much like bajularia, I concluded it must
be the species I had so many times looked for, viz.,
smaragdaria. My surmise proved correct, and I have
since been able to find the larva at many places on the
168 Life-history of Geometra smaragdaria.
Essex coast, over an extent of ground at least thirty
miles in length. It will, in my opinion, be found any-
where along this coast, where its food-plant is growing ;
and will thus afford another instance of, what is appa-
rently, a great rarity becoming a comparatively common
species as soon as its food-plant and the habits of the
larva are known.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON
FOR THE YEAR 1886.
——
February 3, 1886.
Rospert M‘Lacuuan, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to
the respective donors.
Nomination of Vice-Presidents.
The President nominated Mr. F. Du Cane Godman, M.A.,
F.R.S., Mr. H. T. Stainton, F.R.S., and Mr. J. Jenner Weir,
F.L.S., Vice-Presidents for the year 1886.
Election of Fellows.
Dr. Livett, Lieutenant Goodrich, Mr. Eustace Bankes, and Mr.
I’. Enock were elected Fellows, and M. Ragonot, of Paris, Kx-
President of the Entomological Society of France, was elected a
Foreign Fellow.
Exhibitions, de.
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited some scales of Coccide
(Eriopeltis); some of them were found by Mr. I. Moore on
blades of grass at Ilfracombe, and were oblong-ovate in form
and of a dirty white colour. The others were found by Mr.
Waterhouse on blades of grass in the Warren, at Folkestone, and
(Roe)
were probably a distinct species from those found by Mr. Moore,
as they were fusiform and pure white. Both kinds differed some-
what from those exhibited by Mr. Fitch at a previous meeting of
the Society.
Mr. Fitch said that when he exhibited the specimens of
Eriopeltis festuc@ (Signt.), he considered these curious woolly
Coccide had not been previously noticed in Britain, but he had
lately found a reference to that species, or to those now exhibited
by Mr. Waterhouse (which appeared to be abundantly distinct), in
the ‘ Proceedings’ for 1856, pp. 26, 27.
Mr. Douglas communicated the following extract from a letter
addressed to him on December 30th by M. J. Lichtenstein, of
Montpellier, and the specimens referred to therein were ex-
hibited:—“I send you some Coccids, Chionaspis ewonymi,
described and figured by Comstock in his Second Report, 1883,
part 2, p, 217, pl. v., fig. 2, and pl. xvii., fig. 2, begging you to
show them to the Entomological Society, and to say that the fine
shrub, H'uonymus japonicus, is largely cultivated here and at
Nismes as an ornamental plant in our public gardens, and was
thought to be free from insect-damage. But some two or three
years ago there began to be observed a little Coccid, very rare at
first, but now become quite a plague, and threatening to render
the culture of the Huonymus impossible, as all the shrubs attacked
are killed. I hepe this species is not yet a British Coccid, but it
might well bocome a nuisance in England. It would be inte-
resting to know if it is a Chinese or Japanese insect, and how and
when it invaded America and Europe.”
Mr. Douglas added that Hwonymus japonicus was introduced
into England from Japan in the year 1804, and, as it is now a
common shrub, there should be no difficulty in stating whether
this Chionaspis has yet been noticed here. It will be observed
that all the white scales with which the leaves are covered are
those of the males, those of the females being grey, of an entirely
different form, and fewer in number.
The President exhibited specimens of Tettia Australis (Walker)
received from Mr. Olliff, of the Sydney Museum, who had cap-
tured them at the River Nepean, New South Wales; Mr. Olliff
stated that the insect was decidedly subaquatic ; he had found the
insects not only on the surface of pools, but eight or ten inches
below the surface on the stems of water-plants, and they descended
when approached. The President remarked on the interesting
nature of this exhibition, and stated as his belief that many
Acridiide and Locustidé voluntarily took a bath by leaping on to
the surface of streams and swimming to the bank after a short
time.
Mr. Kirby exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Ralfe, who was present
as a visitor, a series of very remarkable specimens of Lycena
corydon, and the President, Mr. Weir, and others made remarks
thereon.
The Rev. W. W. Fowler exhibited the second recorded British
example of the beetle, Harpalus calceatus, taken by himself at
Bridlington, Yorkshire; also Apion Lemoroti (Brisout), a new
French Apion, taken on the coasts of Normandy and Brittany
on Polygonum aviculare ; and he observed that it was likely to be
found on our southern coasts, if looked for. He also exhibited
several species of British Helophori, and read notes on their
synonymy.
Papers read.
Mr. H. Goss read the following analysis of M. Brongniart’s
recent work on ‘ Les Insectes Fossiles des Terrains Primaires,’*
which he had prepared at the request of M. Brongniart :—
After some preliminary remarks on Paleozoic insects, and the
large number recently discovered near Commentry, the author
referred to the proposed classification of insects by Packard and
Scudder into two series,—Metabola and Heterometabola,—the
former including insects with a complete metamorphosis, such
as the Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera, and the latter
consisting of insects for the most part with incomplete metamor-
phosis, z.e., the Hemiptera, Neuroptera, and Orthoptera, the
Coleoptera being in Brongniart’s opinion an intermediate group,
or, if placed amongst the Heterometabola, are to be regarded as in
course of progression towards the Metabola. It was observed that
all the insects known from Paleozoic rocks belong to the section
Heterometabola, and the classification of Packard and Seudder is
therefore the one which best accords with the data of Paleontology
and Embryology. In this paper M. Brongniart enumerates in
the order of their apparition the known Paleozoic forms, and,
after briefly alluding to the Silurian Blatta and the Devonian
* Extrait du Bulletin de la Société des Amis des Sciences Naturelles
de Rouen (Année 1885, ler Semestre).
Colyer
wings, reviews in detail the Carboniferous insects, which he
refers to four orders, viz., the Orthoptera, the Neurorthoptera,
the Pseudo-Neuroptera, and the Hemiptera.
(1) Orthoptera.
In this order Brongniart places the Thysanura; they are gene-
rally considered as primordial types of insects. No author has
previously described them as occurring in the Carboniferous
period. Brongniart has, however, identified forty-five specimens
from the Commentry coal-fields.
The author states that upon one of the specimens some abdo-
minal plates are seen, as have been observed on Machilis; and he
adds that the specimen resembles Lepisma and Machilis, but
differs from them in several characters, the principal difference
consisting in the presence of a single abdominal filament in the
fossil species. He designates this as the ancestor of the living
Thysanura, and names it Dasyleptus Lucasi, after Mons. H. Iucas,
of the Museum of Paris.
Among the Orthoptera a great number of Blatte or of Palao-
blattarie (Scudder) have been described.
Another family of Orthoptera, which is tolerably well repre-
sented, he calls Pale@acridiodea. The first group contains several
genera; the Oedischia, of which the third pair of legs resembles
those of living locusts. The Sthenaropoda, near allies of the
Oedischia, but with thicker legs.
The genus Protogryllacris, represented by an insect called
Corydalis, then Gryllacris, and afterwards Lithosialis Brongniarti
by Scudder.
A fourth genus, Paolia (Scudder), including many species,
should be placed in this first group.
The second group contains three genera :-—
Sthenarocera, insects with strong and long antenne, short and.
thick body, long legs, and long narrow wings, recalling those of
Pachytylus. These insects do not measure less than 11 centi-
metres from the anterior part of the head to the extremity of the
wings, when the latter are folded over the back.
Caloneura, which is allied to the foregoing; but the legs and
the antenne are more slender, the wings are shorter, and not so
narrow.
Macrophlebium Hollebeni (Goldenberg) is placed in this family.
Cane)
All the insects belonging to these genera may be regarded as
the ancestral type of the Saltatoria of the present day.
(2) Neuwrorthoptera.
This order, which is created by Brongniart, includes two sub-
orders—that of Neurorthoptera properly so called, and that of the
Paleeodictyoptera (Goldenberg).
The first suborder comprises :—
1. The family of the Protophasmida (Brong.), represented by
the genera Protophasma, Lithophasma (which he created for a
wing figured by Goldenberg under the name of Gryllacris
Lithantraca); Titanophasma (Brong.), of which only the gigantic
body, measuring 28 centimetres in length, is preserved; and the
genus Archegogryllus (A. priscus, Scudder).
2. The family of the Sthenaropterida, which includes Mega-
neura Monyi, a wing measuring 38 centimetres in length—
previously named by Brongniart Dictyoneura Monyi; Arche-
optilus ingens (Scudder), and A. Lucasi, wings which must have
attained 25 to 30 centimetres in length.
In this first suborder of the Neurorthoptera, Brongniart has
placed some insects of large size, whose wings have strong nervures
united by a rather loose reticulation, insects which have some
likeness to living Phasmians by the form of their bodies, but
which are separated from them by the neuration of the wings.
He considers the Phasmians as much modified descendants of
these ancient types.
‘Tho second suborder has been created by Goldenberg, and has
been adopted by other anthors. It contains a series of insects of
rather large size, which seem to have completely disappeared
from the existing fauna.
‘The first family, that of the Stenodictyopterida, is composed of
insects which have a thick and short, but broad body, strong legs
of moderate length.
This family contains six genera :—
1. The genus Hugereon of Goldenberg (Hugereon Boeckingit,
Gold., Hugereon Heeri, Brong.) is characterised by a short and thick
but broad body; the head is small, the prothorax is scarcely broader
than the head, whilst the mesothorax and the metathorax are
much broader and longer. ‘The legs are short and thick, and
seem to be spined.
(© va)
2. The genus Scudderia is proposed for an insect whose
neuration is different from that of Hugereon, and which is of
larger size, the wing measuring 9 centimetres in length.
3. Brongniart names Megaptilus Blanchardi that large wing that
he previously supposed to have belonged to Titanophasma Fayolt.
Its neuration recalls that of Hugereon and of Scudderia. It must
have measured 18 to 20 centimetres in length, and 5 centimetres
in breadth.
4. Haplophlebium Barnesit and H. longipennis of Scudder are
placed here.
5. Then come the genera Goldenbergia (Scudder) and Dicty-
oneura (Goldenberg).
The genus Dictyoneura comprehends D. Goldenberyi (Brong.),
D. libelluloides (Gold.), and D. jucunda (Scudder).
The abdomen measures 45 millimetres in length, and is termi-
nated by two long filaments and by two recurved hooks. The
wings are about 25 mm. wide, and have a very distinct neuration.
The reticulation resembles that of the preceding genera.
The second family, that of the Hadrobrachypoda, comprises
two genera, Miamia (Scudder) (M. Bronsont), and Leptoneura
(L. Oustaleti, L. delicatula, L. robusta, and L. elongata).
All these insects have a very distinctive facies. ‘They resemble
slightly the living Termes; but they cannot be placed in the
same group, though they may have been the ancestral type of
Termes.
The third family of these Paleodictyoptera includes some new
insects; Brongniart designates them by the name of Platypterida.
The wings are broad, generally rounded at their extremity,
resembling, morphologically speaking, the wings of the Proto-
phasmida, but differing from them by the neuration.
This family comprises three genera :—
1. Lamproptilia; L. Grand’ Euryi, L. priscotincta, L. elegans.
2. Zeilleria; Z. fusca, Z. formosa, Z. carbonaria.
3. Spilaptera; S. Packardi, S. venusta, S. libelluloides.
(3) Pseudo-Neuroptera.
Brongniart makes this a separate order, and places in it six
families :—
1. The family of the Megasecopterida, in which he has esta-
blished eight genera, viz., Protocapnia, Drodia (br. priscotincta),
( vu)
Scudder, Trichaptum, Campyloptera, Sphecoptera, Bréyeria,
Woodwardia, and Corydaloides.
With the Megasecopterida he classes an ancestral type of the
Tabellulide.
A single wing only has been found at Commentry. It measures
10 centimetres in length, and 2 centimetres in breadth. In form,
neuration, and reticulation it reminds one of the living Odonata.
The third family, that of the Homothetida of Scudder, contains
some insects of smaller size, more slender body, more sessile
wings, and with more delicate neuration. ‘The nervules are also
more numerous than in Megasecopterida.
In this family are classed Hemeristia occidentalis (Scudder),
Pachytylopsis Persenairet (Preudhomme de Borre), Chrestotes (C.
lapidea, Scudder); C. Danw, Scud.; (Synon. Miamia Dane,
Scud.); C. Lugauensis, Sterzel; Omalia macroptera (Ccemans
and Van Beneden); then three new genera from Commentry
(genera Oustaletia, Brachyptilus, Diaphanoptera).
The last three families of this group include some ancestral
types of Ephemerida, Perlida, and Ascalaphus. The Prote-
phemerina (genus Homaloneura, near to the living Potamanthus).
The Protoperlida (genera Protodiamphipnoa, Protokollaria, Pie-
tetia, Protoperla). The Protomyrmeleonida (genus Protascala-
phus).
(4) Hemiptera.
Up to the present only those types have been found which cau
be classed in the group Homoptera; these are the ancestors of the
Fulgorida and of the living Cicadelle ; such are Fulgorina Ebersi
and LF. lebachensis, insects very near to our Fulgora.
In this same genus Brongniart places some insects from Com-
mentry, FH’. Goldenbergi, F’. ovalis, and F’. minor. He is of
opinion that the creation of several genera is necessary in order
to include some of the specimens that he has received from
Commentry, viz. :—
Rhipidioptera elegans (Brong.).
Dictyocicada antiqua (Brong.).
Palaociaius Fayoli and P. antiquus (Brong.).
Protociccus parvulus and P. fuscus (Brong).
Mr. Scudder names Phthanocoris occidentalis a wing that he
considers as belonging to the Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Brongniart
does not share his opinion, and states that he finds a great
© vin)
analogy in the neuration between this wing and those of Paocera
olivacea (Blanchard), which belongs to the Homoptera.
Mr. Baly communicated a paper entitled “ Descriptions of New
Genera and Species of Galerucide.”
The Rev. W. W. Fowler read a paper ‘‘ On a Small Collection
of Languriide from Assam, with descriptions of two new species.”
Mr. J. Edwards communicated the first part of a Synopsis of
the British Homoptera—Cicadina.
March 38, 1886.
Ropert M‘Lacutan, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to
the respective donors.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. John M. C. Johnston was elected a Fellow, and Cavaliere
Piero Bargagli, of Florence, formerly Secretary to the Entomo-
logical Society of Italy, was elected a Foreign Fellow.
Exhibitions, &e.
Mr. Pascoe exhibited a remarkable form of larva with two horn-
like processes from Para; also a pupa-case of Anosia plewippus
(Danas archippus) from the same locality.
Mr. W. J. Williams exhibited, on behalf of Mr. C. Bartlett, a
gigantic hairy and spiny larva, perhaps allied to Gastropacha,
which was believed to have been brought from Madagascar.
Mr. Waterhouse exhibited Rutela rufipennis (Waterh.), Dory-
phora Haroldi, and several other species of Coleoptera from
Colombia belonging to the genera Prepodes, Cholus, Antichira,
Halecia, Trachyderes, Passalus, Chalcolepidius, &c., which were
believed to be undescribed..
Mr. Billups exhibited a specimen of Cholus Forbesii,—a South
American beetle belonging to the Curculionide,—found alive
in a Horticultural Sale Room in London.
Mr. Eland Shaw referred to the exhibition at the February
meeting of specimens of Yettia australis, sent by Mr, Olliff from
(tax: 7)
the Nepean River, and quoted the following remarks of Leopold
Fischer (‘ Orthoptera Europea,’ p. 47):— Certainly the faculty
of swimming is given to some Orthoptera, ew. gr., to certain
exotic species of Xya and Tettix, which are reported to inhabit
water. Tettix harpago, Serville, as recorded by Capt. Boys
occurring at waterfalls in Mhow, Malwa (East Indies).” For the
record of Capt. Boys’ observations he refers to vol. iv. of the
‘Transactions’ of this Society; where at page 97 of the ‘ Pro-
ceedings’ we read that at a meeting held October 7th, 1844, an
extract from a letter to Prof. Westwood from Capt. Boys was read,
containing various observations on the habits of Indian insects.
The Journal goes on to say— Capt. Boys describes the habits of
a species of Orthoptera belonging to Latreille’s genus Tettia,
about an inch long, which readily takes to the water and dives
under it, remaining at the bottom attached to a stone for many
minutes together, the dilated foliaceous appendages of the hind
legs being well adapted for swimming—being the first instance
recorded of a natatorial orthopterous insect.” Further on, at
page 106 of the ‘Journal of Proceedings,’ in the report of a
meeting held June 2nd, 1845, and referring to another letter
from Capt. Boys to Prof. Westwood, we read :—‘ A specimen was
forwarded with this communication of Aerydiwm (Tettia, Latr.)
harpago, Serville, with the observation that the insect is a true
swimmer; the formation of its posterior legs might alone lead one
to make a shrewd guess of the fact. It is found abundantly near
the waterfalls at Mhow, in Malwa, frequenting the sedges on the
banks of the stream. He had often seen them swim under water
from one bank to the other, a distance of three or four yards;
and they had several times tried his patience by remaining under
water, attached to a stone. He had constantly observed a small,
silver-like bubble of air on each side of the thorax, close under
the base of the lengthened scutellum, and not unfrequently a third
at its apex (as is seen at the caudal extremity of the Dyftvsci).
They swim with rapid strokes of both posterior legs thrown out
together, and at no small pace, turning as freely as a Gyrinus
when a capture is attempted. Occasionally they will walk steadily
down a reed some feet under water, and there appear to feed on
the small weed which is attached to it. ‘he steps of the bathing-
ghat from which the water had receded, being covered with the
above-mentioned weed, were a fine field for them. Their masti-
c
( x )
cation of this weed he had repeated opportunities of witnessing ;
but they seemed to prefer that which was submerged, as they
were more abundant on the steps below water, except where
basking in the sun.”
Prof. Meldola exhibited, on behalf of Dr. Fritz Miiller, the
following fig-insects from the neighbourhood of the Itajahy River,
South America:—1. Tetrapus americanus, female. 2. Do., male.
3. Critogaster nuda (female). 4. Do., male (winged and wingless).
5. C. piliventris, female. 6. Do., male. 7. C. singularis, female
(= Trichaulus versicolor, female). 8. Do., male. 9. Tetra-
gonaspis (most or all of the specimens will probably be 7’. gracile-
cornis). 10. Ganosoma attenuatum, etc. (males of No. 9). 11.
Diomorus variabilis, female. 12. Do., male. 13. Physothoraa
disciger (wingless male of No. 11). 14. Colyostichus longicaudis,
female. 15. Do., male. 16. Heterandriwm longipes (wingless
male of No. 14). 17. Aépocerus inflaticeps (wingless males).
Papers read.
Dr. Fritz Miller communicated the following notes on Fig
Insects :—-
“In his valuable paper on fig-insects (Feigen Insecten. Wien,
1885), Gustav Mayr has described thirty-seven species, which
some years ago I had gathered on the River Itajahy. Among
these there are four new genera (Nannocerus, Physothorax, Crito-
gaster, and Ganosoma) established on wingless males, while there
is but one genus (Tetragonaspis) of which females only are
described. Thus Gustav Mayr was led to think that without
doubt one sex only of several genera was represented among the
insects at his disposal. This, however, is not the case. By
carefully collecting the insects from a large number of figs, and
examining separately those taken from each fig, I have been able to
refer all of these genera of wingless males to females of other genera.
“ Ganosoma is the wingless male of Tetragonaspis, as was
already suspected by G. Mayr, G. robustum being the male of 7’.
flavicollis, and G. attenuatum (pro parte) that of 7’. gracilicornis.
“ Critogaster is the wingless male of T’richaulus, C. singularis
being the male of JT. versicolor, female (I’. versicolor, male, I
suspect to be the winged male to C. nuda). When I formerly
collected the fig insects of Pharmacosycea, to which the genera
Tetrapus aud Critogaster appear to be limited, I had met with
(fae)
this one species of Trichaulus only; now I have found the
females of Critogaster piliventris and C. nuda also. In these two
species there are at the same time winged and wingless males,
the latter being by far more numerous; of C. nuda I found one
winged male to about ten females; of C. piliventris I have met
with but one winged male among hundreds of females; of C.
singularis (Trichaulus versicolor), though this is by far the most
common species of the three, | have seen none.
‘ Physothorax disciger is the wingless male of Diomorus
variabilis. Diomorus produces very large galls, uot connected,
as far as I can judge, with the flowers of the fig. From these
galls I raised numerous females and winged males of Diomorus,
a few Physothoraa, and one extremely curious male, intermediate
in any respect (colour, antenne, wings, &c.) between the winged
males of Diomorus aud the almost wingless Physothorax. I may
add that the structure of the hind legs and of the genital armature
of the male is quite the same in the two forms. The wingless
males (Physothorax) are incomparably less frequent in this
species than the winged ones.
“As Plesiostigma bicolor, of which G. Mayr described winged
males, is nearly allied to Diomorus, I think it to be rather
probable that Physothorax annuliger should be the wingless male
of this species. I did not see, this year, either of these two
forms; perhaps they may be only aberrant forms of the poly-
morphic Diomorus variabilis, of which I have even seen two
wingless females.
“ Nannocerus biarticulatus is the wingless male of a Diomorus,
distinguished from D. variabilis by its ovipositor being shorter
than the body, while it is considerably longer in D. variabilis.
The galls, of which L have seen but very few as yet, are peduncu-
lated, while those of D. variabilis, of which I have gathered more
than 800, are always sessile with a broad basis. I have not yet
seen the winged male of this Diomorus.
“Of the genus Heterandrium G. Mayr describes two species of
wingless males (H. longipes and H. nudiventre), which he could
not refer to any female. Now H. longipes is the wingless male of
Colyostichus longicaudis, and H. nudiventre that of C. brevicaudis.
“Thus we have among the fig-insects of the Itajahy at least
seven trimorphic species, consisting of females, winged and wing-
less males, viz., Critogaster nuda, C. piliventris, Diomorus varia-
(ee oul
bilis (Physothorax disciger), Heterandrium uniannulatum, H.
longipes (Colyostichus longicaudis), H. nudiventre (C. brevicaudis),
and Aépocerus inflaticeps (the female of which is A. emarginatus).
To these probably may be added Diomorus sp. (Nannocerus
biarticulatus) and Plesiostigma bicolor (Physothorax annuliger).
““In the Old World but one trimorphic species of fig-imsects
has as yet been found, viz., Crossogaster triformis, G. Mayr.”
Mr. E. B. Poulton read ‘Further Notes upon Lepidopterous
Larve and Pupe, including an Account of the Loss of Weight
in the Freshly-formed Pupa.” The paper included notes upon
points in the ontogeny of Smerinthus larvee, and a description
and figure of the bifid and hairy caudal horn in the newly-
hatched Smerinthus populi. The adult larva of Acherontia atropos
was compared with that of Sphina ligustri, and the as yet un-
known appearance of the former in earlier stages was predicted.
Hitherto unnoticed eye-like marks were pointed out in the terri-
fying attitude of Chwrocampa elpenor, and the terrifying attitude
of Dicranura vinula was described, and its defensive fluid was
shown to be strong formic acid. An eversible gland was described
in Orgyia pudibunda, and the protection of deronycta leporina
was explained by its resemblance to a cocoon and the darkening of
its hairs when full-fed. A valvular aperture in the cocoons of
Chloephora prasinana, &c., was described, enabling the imagos to
emerge. There were also notes upon Paniscus cephalotes parasitic
on the larva of D. vinula, and tables showing the immense loss of
weight in newly-exposed lepidopterous pupz due to evaporation
from the moist skin.
Mr. W. F. Kirby observed that Rennie (‘ Insect Transforma-
tions,’ pp. 298 & 299) quotes some observations of Reaumur
relative to the evaporation from pupe (Réaumur, vol. i.,
pp. 371-373; Kirby & Spence, iii., p. 262). The transforma-
tions of Acherontia Lachesis, Fabr., and A. Styx, Westw., two
well-known East Indian species, have been figured by Moore in
his ‘Lepidoptera of Ceylon.’ It would be very desirable if
entomological draughtsmen would always make drawings of
lepidopterous larvee in their natural positions on their food-
plants; drawings of larvee in which this was neglected were shorn
of half their value for scientific purposes. Mr. Kirby could not
answer Mr. Poulton’s inquiry as to whether the Esquimaux had
any instinctive horror of snakes, but serpents played a considerable
( xu)
part in both the Scandinavian and Finnish mythologies.
Mr. White stated that he had during the last four or five years
given some attention to the caterpillars of the Sphingida, and was
therefore able to corroborate many of the minute and important
points Mr. Poulton had so faithfully described respecting the
characters of these larve. The pair of red tubercles upon the
head of the young Smerinthus ocellatus he had frequently noticed
in S. tilig, and it sometimes continues far on in the life of the
species. With regard to the spotted variety of the Smerinthidea,
he stated that he had collected a number of them, including two
specimens of S. populi of the pale bluish white form, having the
spots—a complete double row in each instance—of a pale rosy-
pink colour. He added that he had made an analysis of a series
of these varieties, and came to an opposite conclusion to that
arrived at by Mr. Poulton. He found, in accordance with what
Prof. Meldola had described, that the spots appeared chiefly in the
later stages of the larvee, and also that they had a regular order of
development upon the segments, thereby evidencing the character
to be newly acquired, and not the recurrence to an earlier
ancestral form. In one instance, however, he observed single spots,
which were very minute dots, during the third stage, and they
might occasionally appear even earlier; but, as a rule, they
increased in intensity rather than diminished with the growth of
the caterpillar, and were most strongly pronounced in the last
stage, He fully endorsed what Mr. Poulton had said respecting
the abnormal stripes, as they practically were, which occasionally
occur on S. tilig, and he possessed in his collection two fine
examples of this remarkable variation. He mentioned that in
one blown specimen which he had there was an additional reddish
purple stripe upon the 8th abdominal segment partially developed,
and which, being newly acquired, has no white stripe below it,
thus bearing out Mr. Poulton’s explanation of the stripes of 4.
atropos. This specimen had the markings throughout very
strongly pronounced, and had an additional character, namely,
two red spots upon the top of the 1st thoracic segment. ‘There
is also another fact which he had observed in several specimens,
which was, that the purplish stripes of S. ligustri were really
composed of two stripes; there was first the reddish purple stripe,
and on closer inspection another darker brownish purple stripe
was to be seen overlying the lower portion of this lighter stripe ;
D
( xy )
in some examples it was more apparent than in others, and it
did not always occur. This seemed to bear further witness to the
truth of the connection between the characters of Sphina ligustri
and Acherontia atropos, to which Mr. Poulton had called attention.
Mr. Slater remarked that Mr. Poulton’s detection of formic acid
in the secretion ejected by the larva of Dicranura vinula was very
important, and he thought it probable that this acid was contained
in the offensive or defensive liquid secretions emitted by other
insects. Its presence in the secretions of the Hymenoptera had
been long recognised, and it was also known to exist in those of
some Coleoptera, e. g., Cychrus rostratus. He added that it might
be interesting if entomologists, who had the opportunity, would
search for the presence of cantharidine in such secretions, as the
substance was soluble in formic acid, and would doubtless enhance
the effect.
April 7, 1886.
Rosert M‘Lacuuan, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to
the respective donors.
Election of Fellows.
Messrs. E. Capron, M.D., J. B. Bridgman, F.L.S., T. D
Gibson-Carmichael, F.L.S., A. C. Horner, J. T. Harris, Evan
John, A. Sidney Olliff (formerly Subscribers), J. W. Ellis,
L.R.C.P., F. D. Wheeler, M.A., J. Rhodes, F.R.M.S., G. Elisha,
J. A. Clark, and Martin Jacoby were elected Fellows.
Exhibitions, &c.
Mr. Philip Crowley exhibited a number of Lepidoptera, in-
cluding a long series of species belonging to the genus thomalao-
soma, containing many unusual forms lately received from Accra,
West Africa also, from the same locality, about sixteen species
of the genus Charaaes in remarkably fine condition, and repre-
sented in nearly all instances by specimens of both sexes. He
also exhibited a specimen of Philognoma lichas and a supposed
female of Papilio phorcas (Cram.), the markings of which were
very similar to the male; but differed in colour, being brown,
(“ky
with a pale straw-coloured band, not so broad as in the male.
Mr. Crowley further exhibited a large number of specimens of
Saturnia from Natal, concerning the habits of which he read the
following extract from a letter, received by him that morning
(April 7th) from a gentleman who had sent over a number of
the pups of this genus:— The larve of all our big moths
burrow into the soil to a depth of from two to three inches, and
there they remain, some for six months, some for ten. A. dione
is an example of the former, and A. tyrrhea of the latter... ..
I search in due season for the young caterpillars, which, having
found, I remove to bushes and trees as near my own residence as
possible. I then watch them carefully day by day until I consider
them large enough to remove into my breeding-cages, all of which
have at least six inches of good clean soil at the bottom. When
full fed they burrow, as I have said before, and exactly six weeks
after the disappearance of the last one I dig up all the pupw and
lay them carefully side by side on moss, which I keep moistened
from time to time.” Mr. Crowley added that he had received
pupe, from this source, of A. capensis, A. wahlbergi, A. dione,
A. rubricunda, and A. tyrrhea, all without cocoons and so alike
that he could not separate the species. He stated that the
surface of the pupe was dull, rough, and black, like our own
Smerinthus popult.
The Rev. W. W. Fowler exhibited four beetles belonging to the
family Carabide ; three of them had been taken, twenty years
ago, on the banks of the Clyde, and had lately been identified as
Anchomenus Sahlbergi, Chaud, a species new to Europe, having
hitherto only been found in Siberia. The remaining specimen
was Anchomenus archangelicus, Sahlb., a North European species
nearly related to A. Sahlbergi, but easily distinguishable there-
from by the greater depth of the strie of the elytra.
Mr. J. W. Slater exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Mutch, a spider
belonging to the genus Galeodes, and a Lamellicorn Beetle from
the neighbourhood of Port Elizabeth, South Africa, belonging to
the genus Cetonia, which was at first supposed to be a monstrosity,
but was afterwards found to owe its unusual appearance to the
right elytron having been broken off and fixed on in a reversed
position. He further exhibited an undetermined species of a
beetle belonging to the family Curculionidae, also from Port
Elizabeth.
( “xvi )
Mr. Billups exhibited a specimen of Bassus bizonarius
(Gravenhorst),—an ichneumon new to Britain,—taken at Peck-
ham in May, 1885; also a number of specimens of another
parasite belonging to the Braconide,—Dimeris mira (Ruthe),—-
taken in Headley Lane, Surrey, in March last.
Mr. Wm. White exhibited preserved specimens of the larva of
two species of Catocala, for the purpose of calling attention to
some remarkable processes upon the under side, which seem to
have been unrecognised hitherto. He stated that, having lately
submitted to a microscopical examination the characters on the
under side of lepidopterous larve of numerous groups, he found
this new character to exist in the case of the Catocalide, but in
no other family. Upon the lower side of the English species C.
Fraxini, there are curious markings of a fleur-de-lis shape between
the legs of the 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments, and a further
series of marks of various forms upon the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th,
and 7th abdominal segments. These markings are of a dark
mahogany-brown colour, fading into deep orange all round, and
in connection with them there is found to be (when examined
with a strong lens) a development of some strange processes of a
pocket-like appearance. Upon attempting to insert the point of
a fine pin into this pocket he found that they were subcutaneous,
and not actually upon the surface, as they appeared through the
perfectly transparent cuticle to be. The German species C. electa
attains an extended and rather fuller development than C. fraxini
in bearing the characters upon each segment. ‘The processes vary
considerably in grade of development amongst the segments, and
he said he had not yet been able to make out their precise order,
but he submitted a somewhat rough sketch of the appearance of
the abdominal segments of C. electa as shown by a 2-inch objective.
The first drawing exhibited the internal structure of the dissected
portion before the fatty tissues were removed; but little of the
processes could be made out from that point of view, and they
were more clearly to be seen from the other aspect; also a side
view showing the contour, of the natural size. The large view of
four of the spots presents an idea of the diversity of form in the
individual animal, and the two additional sketches show the
processes diagrammatically. Mr. White said that the only con-
clusion he could arrive at respecting them was that they were
functional organs of a special nature, and he observed that he
(aval. *)
should be very glad if anyone present could suggest an explanation
of any such function, or throw some light upon the question of
their purpose. Although the whole of the viscera and other fatty
portions of the caterpillar had been squeezed out, these organs
were perfectly retained, apparently in their proper form, and it
was quite certain that they must fulfil some purpose.
In reply to some observations from Prof. Meldola, Mr. White
said he had not found any similar organs in any other species,
though he had looked well for them; and in reply to Mr. J. Jenner
Weir, who suggested that they might act as suckers, he stated
that the objection to that explanation was that the skin covering
them was perfectly tight. There were in some instances pairs of
minute holes which might communicate with the atmosphere, and
probably did, but otherwise air was closed from them. There
appeared to be a motile closing of the arrangement of tentacles
like the clasping together of fingers, but this could not apply to
the open continuation of the serrated edge of tentacles above this
seam of the lip, which is not unlike the labellum of some orchid.
Mr. 8. Edwards exhibited an, apparently, unknown exotic
spider, found in his orchid-house at Blackheath.
Mr. H. Goss exhibited two remarkable varieties of the male of
Argynnis paphia, takeu in Sussex and Hampshire respectively.
Papers read.
Mr. A. G. Butler communicated a paper entitled ‘ Descriptions
and remarks upon five new Noctuid Moths from Japan.”
The Rev. W. W. Fowler read a paper ‘On new genera and
species of Languriid@,” chiefly from specimens in the British
Museum, the Cambridge Museum, Mr. Lewis’s Ceylon collection,
and the collection of the Rev. H. 8. Gorham. Im alluding toa
species described in this paper, Mr. Champion remarked that he
had taken the elongate form, and also the broader form, on trees as
well as on low herbage, in Central America. Dr. Sharp remarked
that Mr. Lewis’s experience of the habits of the species in Ceylon
appeared to have been different.
Dr. Sharp read a paper ‘‘ On some proposed transfers of generic
names.” ‘This paper called attention to a practice advocated by
Mons. Des Gozis, which was apparently extending on the Con-
tinent, of transfering the names of some of the commonest genera
to other genera. ‘The extreme confusion caused by the practice
( xviii)
was pointed out, and the author showed briefly that the theory
on which Mons. Des Gozis’s system was based was as unsound
as the practice itself was objectionable. Considerable discussion
followed the reading of this paper, in which the Rev. W. W.
Fowler, Mr. Waterhouse, Mr. M‘Lachlan, Dr. Sharp, Mr. Pascoe,
and Mr. Dunning took part. The last-named gentleman said that
the discussion of the evening reminded him of a very similar
discussion on the application of the law of priority to genera which
took place at a meeting of the Society nearly twenty years ago.*
The project was then condemned as unanimously as it had
been to-night; and he trusted that entomologists would hear
no more of it.
May 5, 1886.
Prof. J. O. Westwoop, M.A., F.L.S., Hon. Life-President, in
the chair.
Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted
to the respective donors.
Election of Fellows.
The Rev. EK. N. Bloomfield, M.A. (formerly a Subscriber),
Mr. Frederick Fitch (formerly a Subscriber), Mr. A. J. Rose, and
Mr. William E. Nicholson were elected Fellows.
Exhibitions, dc.
Mr. Jenner Weir exhibited a large lepidopterous larva which
he had received some years ago from the late Andrew Swanzy,
who had obtained it in Western Africa; it was about four inches
long, and was furnished with six large spines on each segment
(except the first), arranged in two dorsal and four lateral rows ;
the dorsal spines were about one-third of an inch in length, the
lateral were shorter.
Mr. Stevens exhibited a number of Coleoptera recently obtained
in the Isle of Wight, including Apion Sorbi.
Mr. Crowley exhibited four specimens of Leto Venus, a large
moth belonging to the family Hepialide from Natal.
* See Proc. Ent. Soc. 1868, pp. xlii—xlvii; and ‘The Genera of
Coleoptera treated chronologically (1735—1801),” by the late Mr. G, R,
Crotch, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 41.
(Seat. )
Mr. Howard Vaughan exhibited a long series of Cidaria
immanata from Kent, Surrey, and other southern counties, Perth-
shire, Isle of Man, Isle of Arran, the Orkneys and Shetlands.
He also exhibited C. russata from various localities in the South
of England, and from Perthshire, Argyllshire, and the islands of
Arran, Lewis, and Hoy. Mr. Vaughan further exhibited varieties
of C. suffumata from Dover and Darlington.
Prof. Westwood commented on the interesting nature of the
exhibition of C. immanata, and stated that he had never before
seen such a wonderful collection of varieties of a single species.
Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited for Mr. G, Lewis living specimens
of Paussus Favieri (Fairm.), lately collected in Portugal by Mr.
Lewis in nests of the ant, Pheidole megacephala, var. pallidula.
The Rev. W. W. Fowler exhibited Staphylinus latebricola and
Quedius truncicola, both from the New Forest.
The Secretary, exhibited, for Mons. H. de Ja Cuisine, of
Dijon, coloured drawings, life-size, of a variety of Urania crasus,
and a variety of Papilio memnon ; and Professor Westwood made
some observations on them.
Mr. G. Elisha exhibited specimens of Antispila Pfeiferella,
together with the cases, and the leaves mined by the larve.
Papers read, dc.
Mr. J. W. Slater read the following paper ‘ On the Origin of
Colours in Insects” ;—
“It may not be time lost to examine, as far as insects are con-
cerned, a very plausible theory of the genesis of colour in the
animal world, especially as it has gained no small degree of
popularity. The theory in question is that of Mr. Grant Allen,
as promulgated in his work, ‘The Colour Sense, its Origin and
Development ; an Essay on Comparative Psychology.’ He there
contends that the most beautiful insects are such as haunt flowers
and fruits, either feeding directly upon their pollen, nectar, sweet
juices, &e., or preying upon minute insects which are attracted
there for the same purpose. To quote Mr. Grant Allen’s own
words :—‘ Only those animals display beautiful colours, due to
Sexual Selection, in whom a taste for colour has already been
aroused by the influence of flowers, fruits, or brilliant insects,
their habitual food.’
‘
( xx )
“Tt seems to me, on the contrary, that carnivorous insects,
preying upon creatures far from brilliant, are not inferior in
beauty to flower- and fruit-haunting groups, inhabiting similar
climates ; and secondly, that among the flower- and fruit-haunting
groups themselves there are abundance of dull, sombre-looking
species.
“To begin with the former proposition : every one must admit
that the Cicindelide@ are a decidedly carnivorous group, alike in
their larval stage and when mature. Mr. Allen himself
acknowledges their beauty. If we take C. campestris, probably
their most gaily-coloured European species, we find it not merely
eschewing fruits and flowers as food, but not seeking its insect
prey on or among flowers. Its favourite haunts are sandy and
gravelly tracts, where there are no striking flowers to frequent.
Nor can it be said to capture, habitually, brightly-coloured insects
as its prey.
“Tf we turn to the Carabide, we find splendid coloration
frequently accompanying carnivorous habits. No one can question
the beauty of several species of Procerus. In Carabus proper we
find certain species, such as C. splendens, hispanus, and rutilans,
which, to say the least, equal in brilliant colouring our finest
Kuropean Cetonias, say Cetonia fastuosa. I have never had the
opportunity of studying the habits of the three species I have
just named, but I can say that Carabus fastuosus, superbus,
auratus, auronitens, and nitens agree in their habits and diet with
our common British species, such as C. monilis, C. granulatus,
&c., pursuing their prey in the night and at early dawn, and
hiding in the day under stones and leaves. I will admit that I
have seen C. granulatus come to sugar on the trunk of a tree, and
have fed a specimen in captivity on bits of apple. But the most
beautiful Carabs inhabit places where fruits are not easily found.
“One of the cases where Mr. Allen’s law most signally breaks
down is that afforded by Calosoma sycophanta, generally regarded
as the most splendid European coleopteron. The locality where
I have observed it in great abundance was a sandy region, bearing
a scanty growth of Scotch firs, and where fruits and flowers were
alike out of the question. Nor had its prey any striking colora-
tion, consisting of the larvee of Lasiocampa pini, with occasionally
a few of those of Smerinthus pinastri. Yet in that locality, about
fifteen miles north-west of GoOrlitz, the Calosoma was quite
(© xxi >)
plentiful. I may add that specimens which I had in captivity
refused fruits.
“Tt will be needless to take up time by giving a catalogue of
other gaily-coloured, yet carnivorous, Coleoptera. Yet I cannot
pass over Mr. Allen’s assertion that ‘first in the order of ugliness
must be placed the carrion-feeders who live upon decaying bodies
or animal excrements.’ Surely any one who is acquainted with the
great Neotropical genus Phanaeus, all dung- and carrion-feeders,
or even with many species of Copris, will strongly demur to this
assertion. Our common Geotrupes display on their under
surfaces rich shades of purples, deep blues, and golden greens.
“Even the burying-beetles (Necrophagus) display both in their
colours and in design a very close approach to certain Duprestida,
such as several species of Stigmodera. ‘Thus we see that extreme
difference of diet may coexist with approximate identity in colora-
tion, whilst, on the other hand, identity in diet may coexist with
the most complete difference in point of colour.
“In the order Lepidoptera we find no purely carnivorous forms,
so that here the question cannot be discussed from this point of
view. At the same time it must not be forgotten that Vanessa
Atalanta and Apatura Iris and Clytie will sip the juices of a dead
rat or weasel as eagerly as those of the sweetest flower, and the
same is said of the tropical Papilios and Ornithoptera.
“The Hymenoptera supply some very decisive evidence. Their
most splendidly-coloured family, the Chrystdide, of which the
common Chrysis iynita may serve as a familar instance, are
decidedly carnivorous, and in their larval state parasitic. Nor do
they generally seek their food among flowers, since they pre-
ferentially haunt walls, rocks, sand-banks, and palings.
‘In the order Neuroptera we find beauty and purely carnivorous
habits very strikingly developed. Of the beauty of the Libellu-
lide and Agrionide every naturalist is well aware. I have never
seen or heard of any case of their feeding on fruits or seeking
for insects upon flowers or fruits.
‘‘Many of the Hemiptera are well known to have splendid
colours, but the information I lave found as to their diet is not
sufficiently precise.
“Thus, I think, that a general survey of the insect world
establishes our first proposition, that ‘carnivorous insects are not
inferior in beauty to flower- and fruit-haunting groups.
E
( ext, ©)
“Secondly, there are, 1 submit, among the flower and fruit
frequenters themselves, a very large proportion of dull, sombre-
coloured forms. On running over the species of ‘ Lamellicornia
Melitophila —in other words, the Cetoniad@ in the widest sense
of the term—described in Burmeister’s great work, I find no
fewer than 192 species which are black, grey, drab, fawn-colour,
dirty olive, &e. Of course the habits of all these species are
not accurately known. But in their slow, awkward flight, and
the construction of their jaws, they are quite unfit for a predatory
life. In the black species which I have had the opportunity of ob-
serving closely, Oxythyrea stictica and Gnorimus variabilis, I could
find no difference in diet and general habits from Cetonia aurata.
“Kiven among the Buprestide we find not a few dull-looking
species which sadly contradict the character of splendour popularly
ascribed to this family.
“In butterflies, or we might say in the Lepidoptera generally,
we have striking instances of similarity of diet accompanying
dissimilarity of coloration. We may say that substantially all
Lepidoptera feed upon the green leaves and stalks of plants
when larve, and that when mature they suck the nectar of flowers,
some few preferring the juices of fruits, especially when over-ripe.
But every lepidopterist knows that whilst many butterflies are
splendidly coloured, numbers of others, equally flower-frequenting,
are black, white, brown, grey, &e. If the influence of the flowers
they visit is the cause of the rich coloration of the Papilionine and
Nymphaline, why does it not have a corresponding effect on the
Satyrine and the bulk of the Piertne ? This consideration alone
seems to me fatal to Mr. Grant Allen’s theory.
“The Orthoptera offer another crucial and fatal instance. If
any insect lives in and feeds upon flowers, it is the common
earwig. Yet in coloration it is inferior to perhaps the majority of
those refuse or carrion devourers, to which Mr. Allen assigns
‘the first place in ugliness.’
« Another fatal instance is afforded by the order of Hymenoptera.
We have here the group significantly called Anthophila, ‘ flower-
lovers,’ including the Andrenide and Apidae. These, including
the hive-bee, are more purely honey- and pollen-feeders than any
other Hymenoptera ; yet in coloration the species found in Britain,
or we might say in Kurope, fall far short of the carnivorous and
parasitical Chrysidida.
xx»)
“In short, it cannot be said that Mr. Grant Allen’s theory of
the origin of brilliant coloration in insects is sustained by an
examination of even moderate extent. We find abundance of
flower- and fruit-haunting species dull and sombre in aspect ; an
equal abundance of Carnivora and refuse-devourers richly and
brilliantly clad; we find groups of species closely similar in
colour, yet quite opposed in their diet, whilst other groups, again,
alike in their food, signally differ in their coloration.
“Tf a very few words in digression may be permitted, I would
point out that all the theories which we have concerning the
coloration of insects, such as sexual selection, mimetism, and
that of Mr. Grant Allen's, just discussed, point to final causes,
telling us that a certain colour is evolved to bring about a certain
end. But, I submit, we want also to know the efficient causes.
If a colouring matter is concerned, from what, how, when, and
where is it elaborated? How is it conveyed to those parts of the
insect where we find it, and how is it deposited in the designs
which we see? I know that this is a most difficult investigation,
but it is one which I would earnestly reccommend to young
entomologists who are fortunate enough to have ample time at
their disposal.”
Mr. M‘Lachlan said that the physiological question in con-
nection with colour had not been paid sufficient attention to; he
thought that colour in many insects was, to a great extent,
dependent upon the circulation of fluids in their wings. The
discussion was continued by Prof. Westwood, Mr. Goss, the Rey.
W. W. Fowler, Mr. Jacoby, Mr. Weir, and others.
June 2, 1886.
Ropert M‘Lacuian, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted
to the respective donors.
Hlection of Fellows.
Mr. C. Baron Clarke, M.A., F.R.S. (formerly a Subscriber),
Mr. H. Wallis Kew, Mr. W. Dannatt, Mr. J. P. Mutch, Mr. B.
(i xiv >)
W. Neave, Mr. A. C. F. Morgan, and Mr. W. Warren were
elected Fellows.
Death of a Fellow.
The President announced that Mr. F. E. Robinson, a Fellow
of the Society, and formerly a pupil of Prof. Westwood, had been
killed by a tiger in India on the 27th April last.
Exhibitions, &c.
Mr. Stevens exhibited a specimen of Heydenia auromaculata
(Frey), from the Shetlands, a species new to Britain.
Dr. Sharp exhibited a number of specimens of Staphylinida,
prepared by him some years ago with a view to their special pro-
tection and permanent preservation. ‘The insects were placed in
cells of cardboard, and these were covered above, or above and
below, with cardboard, the whole being hermetically sealed by
applications of successive layers of bleached shellac.
The President said the plan appeared to be very successful
where the cardboard cells were left open on both sides, but when
the cell was complete below only one surface of the insect could
be examined.
Dr. Sharp also exhibited a specimen of the cockchafer vivi-
sected by a bird. The whole of the dorsal surfaces of the
abdomen, meta- and meso-thoraces, were removed, and all the
contents of these parts quite eaten out, but the pro-thorax and
head remained untouched. In this condition the insect walked
about with the four front legs, and directed its movements appa-
rently without inconvenience, and was killed by the exhibitor
after having remained in this state more than twenty-four hours
after its discovery.
Mr. Billups exhibited Meteorus lwridus (Ruthe), a species of
Ichneumonide new to Britain, obtained by Mr. Bignell.
Mr. W. White, in exhibiting cocoons of Cerura vinula, called
attention to the vexed question as to how the perfect insect
escapes from these solid structures. He was inclined to think
that formic acid, secreted by the insect, was a probable factor in
the operation. The question as to the mode of escape from these
cocoons of the parasitic Ichnewmonide and Diptera was also
raised, and the President, Baron Osten-Sacken, Mr. Waterhouse,
and Prof. Meldola made remarks on the subject.
Mr. Elisha exhibited living larvae of Geometra smaragdaria
( xxve >)
from the Essex Marshes. He also exhibited the singular pupe
of A. Bennettii.
Mr. Howard Vaughan exhibited a series of several hundred
bred specimens of Peronea hastiana, showing the innumerable
varieties of the species. He also exhibited, on behalf of
Mr. Sydney Webb, of Dover, an interesting series of Cidaria
sujfumata, with especial regard to the progeny of particular
females, the parent and the produce of the eggs laid by her being
carefully separated.
Papers read, ée.
Mr. Howard Vaughan read the following notes on the subject
of the specimens of Cidaria suffumata exhibited, communicated
by Mr. Sydney Webb, of Dover :—
** Notes on Cidaria suffumata, with an account of an attempt to
rear some of the more peculiar forms which the Dover
specimens assume.
“The larve from which the accompanying specimens were
bred were severally kept apart, although under similiar conditions
of aspect and atmosphere. One person attended to them, the
cages were duly labelled, and every care taken that no error of
observation should in any way arise.
“ Description of the Parents, éc.
“No. 1.—A not uncommon form of the insect as taken at
Dover. The ground colour is a little lighter than ordinary, which
causes the stripe beyond the central band to show conspicuously,
the more so in consequence of its intersecting transverse lines not
being very distinct. The band in the middle of the wing is of a
slightly darker shade than usual. ‘he moth laid 38 eggs in all,
and died the fourth night after capture.
“Nos. 2 and 3.— Ordinary typical suffumata: they laid
respectively 37 and 45 eggs, and died the third and fifth days
after capture. The young larve of these were not kept separate,
and the results were for convenience simply booked as No. 2.
“No. 4.—A very beautiful specimen of an unusually rare form,
with a pale ground colour but dark central band, the tips of the
wings with few markings, and colour of the hind wing in a strong
(. xuvr )
contrast of two shades, the darker interiorly. Died the fourth
day after capture, having previously laid 10, 19, and 4 eggs, 33
in all.
‘No. 5.—Another pale specimen, but not so striking as the
last, having more dark markings towards the hind margin of the
wings. Laid 18 eggs on the second night, 19 on the third, 13
on the fourth, and died on the seventh after capture.
“No. 6.—Caught three days later. Very dark central band,
the spaces on either side of it pale umber-brown ; an occasional,
but scarce, form at Dover. Laid 9, 16, and 2 eggs, and, the
weather turning cold, died third night after capture: 27 eggs in
all. {Note.— The umbrous ground colour became lighter in
appearance as the insect showed signs of wear. ]
“ Nos. 7 and 8.—Not very distinct examples of a peculiar type.
Colour of central band and markings blackish brown, the paler
subterminal stripe distinctly divided by one or two waved unbroken
lines. Kept these, hoping to rear a lined var. like that shown.
Laid respectively 19 and 34 eggs, and died the third day.
“These specimens were all caught on the wing, consequently
the appearance of but one sex is known.
“ Notes on the Life-history.
“The eggs of C. suffumata, like those of russata, are large in
proportion to the size of the insect. They are not laid in any
order, but scattered about in ones or twos; from 35 to 40 would
appear to be the average number deposited, but out of a number
of freshly-developed specimens the extremes of 25 and 78 have
been noted. They hatch about the ninth day, and the caterpillars
erow very quickly, being full-fed about thirty days afterwards ;
thus but few are likely (in the South of England) to continue
feeding, even under exceptionable circumstances, longer than the
second week of June; yet Newman, in his ‘ British Moths,’ gives
the month of July for the date of their occurrence, whilst other
text-books assume the larvee to feed in the autumn and to hyber-
nate before attaining their full growth, which is quite contrary to
the experience of those who have reared the insect in this country,
and only explainable by an hypothesis of a second brood, which
we have not as yet ascertained to exist in nature.
“The habits of the species whilst feeding are exceedingly
filthy, and, after shedding their skins for the last time, the larve,
( xxvu)
in confinement, grow very quickly, not infrequently distending
themselves so much that they die of repletion. Only a few go
down into the soil to change to pups; these do not make a
cocoon, but, like many other Geometrina, simply spin a few
lines of silk connecting the loose earth surrounding them; the
remainder turn to pupz on the surface without any covering.
“ An extraordinary circumstance attending the pupation is that
all the markings of the perfect insect are distinctly visible through
the pupa-shell, in at least 75 per cent., from four to six months
before the imagines appear. ‘This peculiarity has been noticed in
three successive years, so that it cannot be said to be an isolated
occurrence.
“ Forcing specimens prematurely to emerge by means of a warm
atmosphere, although adopted with many species with success, is
to be deprecated with this moth. By trying this mode one season
we lost all the insects by the pupz contracting and drying up,
although the earth continued moist ; whilst another year it caused
the chrysalids to stand over to the succeeding, or rather second,
spring, with, of course, a proportionate loss of vitality. Notwith-
standing. they may be successfully coaxed forward about a month
earlier than their usual appearance out of doors.
“ Statistics of results of breeding, and summary.
‘A very small proportion of these specimens emerged in the
autumn and winter months, viz., one about Oct. 31st from cage
No. 6, one on Nov. 18th from No. 2, two on Dee. 26th from
Nos. 1 and 7. Of these but one resembled its parent, viz.,
No. 6; the others were purely normal.
“ Kvery specimen bred in 1886 was pinned, with the exception
of a few cripples of Nos. 1, 2, and 6.
“The earliest, or we may call them untimely, instances were
bred on Jan. 14th: two specimens from cages 4 and 7, one from
cage 2 (acripple) on the 26th, one from cage 1 on Feb. Ist, one
from cage 2 on the 14th, and one on the 15th, on which date also
appeared one from cage 1, and the following day one from cage 7.
These arrivals seeming to suggest that a little warmth would
bring the remainder forward, they were removed from a northern
into a southern aspect, and a fortnight afterwards the moths began
to come out freely, excepting when the wind was N. or N.E.,
when, however warm the room might be kept, they continued
(- xxvii)
dormant. (This agrees with our observation of the insect at
large. ‘They will only fly when they consider the weather quite
favourable.) The first 28 (te. until March 19th) left the
chrysalis from 1.30 to 3 p.m. without exception ; after that date
the moths emerged in the evening from 5.30 to 6.15, and again
from 8.45 to 10.
‘To those who do not know C. suffwmata other than as cabinet
specimens, it may be advisable to mention that the perfect insects —
are restless in confinement, and therefore useless unless speedily
killed. A curious subdiaphanous specimen from No. 1 cage,
which left the pupa too late at night to dry its wings properly
before pinning, was found with its cilia considerably damaged by
the next morning, although alone and in a roomy receptacle.
“ Progeny of No. 1. — Fourteen specimens were bred this
spring; only one (the 11th) follows the mother. Five are normal ;
i
one approaches No. 6; three No. 5; whilst four are peculiar
in their characters, and different from either of the exhibited
parents (these are marked with a X). The autumn-bred speci-
men placed above the pencil line is also very distinct. This is a
variable and interesting series, showing one-third markedly pro-
gressive and one-third falling away. ‘The results from another
female of the same type, the eggs of which were sent to a friend,
show a proportionate number of finely-banded examples.
‘No. 2.—Normal in the earlier bred specimens, those last to
emerge approaching nearer No. | in the pale stripe, but central
band not intensified. The first and eleventh are interesting, but
the series may shortly be dismissed as closely following the parent.
“No. 4.—The facies of the female original strongly marked
on her progeny, but none so beautiful. They mostly resemble
No. 5, with the exception of the first, sixth, and seventh speci-
mens, which are like No. 6 in the ground colour. ‘There is no
perpetuation of the characters of the parent, excepting the con-
trast of the deep central band with the pale ground colour. The
series shows a retrogression of one degree.
“No. 5.—Another curious series illustrating a reversion from
the parent towards the type. ‘The strongest marked speci-
mens are not superior to the darkest banded ones of No. 1;
some are quite normal, and two approach No. 6. The best
character is the colour of the veins of the primaries at the apex,
which are orange-brown.
(exxix” 5)
“ No. 6.— Has better held its own than the foregoing series, but
three specimens would intimate that this, too, may retrograde in
the next generation. The rich colour of the ground, although
rare at Dover, does not seem an individual peculiarity ; it may be
seen in the progeny of Nos. 1,4, and 5. The insects of this
series appeared weakly and wanting in moisture to enable them to
extrude from the pupa. Most of them would have been sad
cripples but for assistance rendered.
“ Nos. 7 and 8.—Like the normal 2 and 3, closely follow the
parents. The specimen, which emerged in the winter, is of a
deeper colour. This series does not suggest much change of
appearance.
“From eggs deposited on the setting-boards by two strongly-
marked captured females, the three further examples were bred ;
they corroborate the argument, and show like Nos. 4 and 5
retrogression similar to the advance of No. 1.
“ Summary of results.
«The summary of this exhibit would seem to be that a race or
form of Cidaria suffumata is not being set up in the neighbour-
hood of Dover, but that there is a see-saw from the common to
the pale form, with distinct black central band, and vice versa.
That both the progression and retrogression is one of stages, the
first either way being very gradual and much assimilating the
characters of the parent, whilst from the second to the third
transition there is a great advance in the desired direction. ‘The
extremely white specimens ecu apparently to a stage that is
seldom attained.”
In the discussion which followed, the President, Mr. Jenner
Weir, Mr. Waterhouse, Mr. Distant, Dr. Sharp, and Mr. Stainton
took part.
Mr. A. G. Butler communicated a paper on “ New genera and
species of Lepidoptera-Heterocera from the Australian region,” in
which 21 new genera and 103 new species were described.
Mr. J. S. Baly communicated a paper on “ Uncharacterised
species of Diabrotica.”
C zee)
July 7, 1886. ¥
J. Jenner WEIR, Hsq., F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to
the respective donors.
Election of a Fellow.
Mr. S. H. Seudder, of Cambridge, Mass., United States, was
elected a Foreign Member of the Society.
Exhibitions, ée.
The Rev. H. 8. Gorham exhibited specimens of Hucnemis
capucina (Ahr.), a species new to Britain, discovered in June last
in an old beech tree in the New Forest. He also exhibited
specimens of Cassida chloris.
Dr. Sharp exhibited larvee of Meloé. He stated that on the
17th June last, when walking in company with Mr. Champion
at Southampton, he observed some brown masses at the
extremities of some blades of grass, and on stooping to examine
them more carefully was pleased to find that they were the
insects now known to be the larvee of Meloé, formerly considered
to be a Pediculus living on the bee. Meloé proscarabeus had
been abundant in this spot a few weeks previously, and he had no
doubt these insects were the newly-hatched larvee of that species.
They were agglomerated in masses at the ends of stems of grass,
from 100 to 400 or 500 specimens in each mass, and there were
altogether on the spot fully 4000 individuals: these masses were
only to be found on two tufts of grass quite near to one another,
and were probably the larve hatched out from one brood of eggs ;
aud Newport estimated the nnmber of eggs laid by a single
female as fully 4000. The larve in these agglomerations were
in a state of great activity, holding on to one another, but each
twitching about in a peculiar manner, and the outside ones jerking
up the head and thoracic segments. Being desirous of ascer-
tainiug whether they would go on to a bee, Dr. Sharp tried to
procure one, but the day was so bleak and windy that he could not
tind one at hand, but he procured a dipterous insect of moderate
size, a species of Musca, and presented its thoracic region to one
of the masses; the moment the dipterous insect touched one of the
( xxx )
most external of the minute Meloé larve it was seized, and the
little larva held on with such tenacity that on taking the dipteron
away he removed fully half the mass of larvee (some fifty or sixty
examples at least) clinging to it; the larva passed with great
rapidity on to the body of the dipteron, and seemed to be quite
contented therewith. He then presented a hemipterous insect (a
Limnobates) to one of the masses, but the little creatures would
not accept this as a host, and were in fact quite indifferent to it.
He put a number of the larvee into a tube and took them home
with him, and procured a small bee from the flowers in his
garden—a small Halictus,—to try some fresh experiments. He
turned some of the larvee out on to a sheet of paper, and taking
the bee, touched several larvae one after another with it; each
time any hairy portion of the bee touched a larva, the latter
instantly held on and passed on to the body of the bee with great
radidity, taking up a position where it was protected, such as at
the base of the abdomen, and becoming quite quiescent, in
striking contrast to the constant jerking motion it had previously
exhibited. Dr. Sharp further said, that from what he observed
he did not think there was anything worthy of the name of
instinct in the operations of the Jarve. They were more like
reflex actions; the instant a suitable surface was touched by the
larvee it was clung to, and thus, as is well known, large quantities
of these larvae must starve from getting on to insects other than
bees, and thus failing to be carried to the homes of the bees,
where only they can continue their existence.
Mr. Saunders exhibited a specimen of Halictus infested with
about 30 Meloé larve. Mr. Billups remarked that he had
recently found 47 larvee of Meloé on the body of a specimen of
Eucera longicornis. ‘The discussion was continued by Professor
Riley, who disagreed with Dr. Sharp, and believed these larvee
were guided by instinct, as they showed a decided preference for
particular hosts.
Mr. Jenner Weir exhibited a male of Lycena bellargus, and
a female of L. icarus, which had been captured in copula by
Mr. Hillman, and shown to the exhibitor at the time of capture.
Mr. Weir also exhibited a specimen of L. icarus which appeared
to be a hybrid, being of the colour of L. bellargus, and another
male, which although approaching nearer to L. bellargus than
L. icarus, yet had the left wings of the purplish blue of L. icarus,
(seen })
and resembled that species in having spotless fringes to the
wings. Mr. Weir further exhibited, on behalf of Mr J. H. A.
Jenner, of Lewes, four specimens of Phosphanus hemipterus,
taken at Lewes. They were all males, and were usually found
running in the middle of the day on sunny walls. Mr. Jenner
had observed that they emitted their light freely when excited.
The Rev. W. W. Fowler exhibited two specimens of Chrysomela
cerealis, lately taken by Dr. Ellis on Snowdon; and also two
specimens of Actocharis Readingii, found at Falmouth by Mr.
J. J. Walker.
Mr. EK. B. Poulton called attention to the fact that the larvee of
some Lepidoptera, if fed in captivity on an unusual food-plant,
subsequently refused to eat their ordinary food-plant. He stated
that he had observed this with the larve of Pygera bucephala and
Smerinthus ocellatus. Mr. Stainton, Mr. Fowler, and Mr. Goss
made some remarks on the subject.
Mr. Elisha exhibited a series of bred specimens of Geometra
smaragdaria, together with the cocoons, containing the empty
pupa-cases, attached to the stems of the food-plant.
Mons. Alfred Wailly, who was present as a visitor, exhibited a
long series of silk-producing moths, including some remarkable
hybrids between Platysamia cecropia, and P. ceanothi ; and Prof.
Riley aud Mr. Weir made some observations on these hybrids.
Papers read, éc.
Dr. Sharp read a paper on “ Hucnemis capucina (Ahr.) and its
larva.”
Mr. Dunning read the following report on the subject of the
importation of humble-bees into New Zealand :-—
‘‘T have on more than one occasion called the attention of the
Society to the attempts that were being made by the Canterbury
(N.Z.) Acclimatisation Society, with the assistance of our
colleague, Mr. Thomas Nottidge, of Ashford, to import humble-
bees into New Zealand. In December, 1883, and January,
1884, two parcels, containing 80 impregnated queens, were sent
out (see Proc. Ent. Soc. 1884, p. ii.), but this experiment was a
failure. It was repeated on a larger scale in the following
winter, and with complete success. Mr. Nottidge shipped 282
queen humble-bees on board the ‘Tongariro,’ which arrived at
Wellington early in January, 1885, whence the bees were
( xxx?)
forwarded by coasting-steamer to Lyttelton, and were delivered at
the Society’s Gardens on the 8th of that month. When the case
was opened, it was found that 48 were alive; of these, 36 were
strong and healthy, took to the wing at once, and flew off in the
sunshine to some clover-heads hard by; they soon dispersed, and
many of them were noticed to fly high in the air, giving a parting
buzz, and were then lost to sight. The weakly ones were fed
with honey and kept warm; and on the following day, which was
bright and sunny, they too were liberated, and flew away like the
others. ‘The registering thermometer in the case was broken in
transit, so that no record of the temperature remained. A
second batch of 260, sent out by Mr. Nottidge in the ‘ Aorangi,’
arrived on the 5th February, 1885, and in this case the tempe-
rature had ranged from 35° to 80°; there were 49 survivors, and
when taken to a favourable locality and exposed to the warm sun,
they all flew off with a strong healthy hum, and were soon lost to
sight. Mr. Farr, the Hon. Sec. of the Acclimatisation Society,
reports that moss is the best packing, and that it should not be
too wet, as wherever the moss became mildewed the bees were
dead; but when the moss was free from mildew they were strong
and healthy, so that after a few minutes in the sun, during which
a thorough cleansing of wings, legs, body, and especially of the
eyes, was effected, away they went with a cheery hum. A
correspondent of the ‘ Lyttelton Times,’ in recording this as the
first successful attempt which had been made to introduce them,
and in happy ignorance that the females had been impregnated
before export from England, wrote that ‘from the habits of the
humble-bee, it seems probable that, as they were apparently taken
during the winter period, when the drones have generally died
off, the shipment will be found to be only composed of females ;
if this shouid be so, of course their numbers will not increase.’
This prognostication was, however, falsified. A few of the bees
were seen occasionally in the suburbs of Christchurch during
the autumnal months, after which they hybernated, and in the
spring were seen again; then for a while, as Mr. Farr reports,
‘none were seen; doubtless this was the procreating season, for,
shortly after, their numbers were legion, amusing many with their
monotonous buzzing. ‘This was the beginning of September, at
which time two were brought to me as something new in the
insect-world. Large numbers of nests were found, some of which
(. eeivy )
were destroyed, either from curiosity or ignorance by some, but in
wanton mischief by others. Soon afterwards reports came to
hand from every quarter, far and near, some having travelled as
far as Timaru (100 miles south), West Coast Road (86 miles
west), beyond Glenmark (55 miles north), and in many parts of
Banks’ Peninsula (east). By the end of summer, many pleasing
evidences reached us of their ubiquity and utility. On the 3rd
February a farmer from Avonhead Farm called on me, to make
known to the Society that a field of red clover, in which he had
in previous years been able to find but a small quantity of seed,
only a few in each head, was this season a perfect mass of seed,
each head being completely full.” Mr. Farr’s account is cor-
roborated by our colleague, Mr. R. W. Fereday, who, writing
from Christchurch on the 3rd May, 1886, says that ‘ the humble-
bees have thriven and multiplied in a most wonderful manner ;
they already abound all over the country.’ There is no longer
any doubt that Bombus terrestris has established itself in New
Zealand; the rapidity with which it has colonized a large tract of
country is remarkable. By this time another generation, pro-
created as well as born in the Colony, will be on the wing; and
we may expect soon to hear that the long-wanted clover fertilizer
has become a nuisance, and that an antidote is required for the
fecundity of the imported pest.”
Mons. Louis Peringuey communicated the following ‘“ Notes
on some Coleopterous Insects of the family Pausside ”:—
* Since the publication of my notes on three Paussi (Trans-
actions Ent. Soc. 1883, Part II.) I have carried on my obser-
vations of the habits of those insects, which at last have
elucidated the hitherto unaccounted-for presence of the Paussi
among ants.
«The Paussi feed on the larve of the ants. I had in captivity
numbers of P. lineatus, P. Burmeisteri, P. Linnei, a few P.
cucullatus, and one specimen of P. Shuckardi.
“The difficulty of observing exactly the movements of such
sluggish insects was enhanced by the depth of my _ glass
receptacles, but having at last located my colonies of ants in very
shallow vessels, thus following Sir John Lubbock’s plan, I saw
the Paussi deliberately seize the larve between their jaws and
devour them, using often their fore legs to hold the prey to the
( xxxv )
ground; they would abandon it when thoroughly mangled and
begin with another. In vain did the workers try to remove the
beetle from the heap of larvee, their efforts were unequal to the vis
inertie of the Paussus. So far, | have not seen the latter attack
the newly-born ants, although I have tried repeatedly the experi-
ment of seclusion. The process of manducation might be called
one of suction, because all the Paussi I placed under the micro-
scope always held the larva with one fore leg, sometimes with
both, but hardly moved their head and never swallowed it
entirely.
“ The fact that the Pausside@ are predatory beetles may now be
said to be well established, and it is a proof of Lacordaire’s
assertion that the nearest affinity of the Pausside lies with the
Carabidae. Nevertheless they are true parasites,—of that there
can be no doubt. With the exception of a few stray specimens
caught on the wing, all the South-African Pausside@ I have seen
or possess were met with in ants’ nests, and those friends or
correspondents of mine who, following my instructions, have
searched for Paussi, have invariably found them there only. In
some cases many specimens were found together :—Pentapla-
tarthrus paussoides, P. paussoides var. natalensis, Paussus
cucullatus, P. Klugi.
* But in the neighbourhood of Cape Town, with the exception
of Pentaplatarthrus, 1 never found more than three specimens
together. Yet the ants’ nests were in such close proximity to one
another, that within three hours I captured 37 specimens of P.
Burmeisteri, Linnei, and lineatus. Had the nests any ramification,
which I did not perceive, and were they parts of a huge colony ?
I doubt it; because, whenever I stored together two lots of ants
taken from the same locality, they certainly did not agree, and for
a long time the soldiers would be engaged in a most deadly fight.
“ But why do not the ants get rid of their enemy? P. lineatus
is certainly more bulky than the Acantholepis capensis among
which it was, and which have no soldiers; there brute force
might carry the day, but in the case of P. Linnet and P.
Burmeisteri the former is smaller and the latter certainly not
much larger than the soldiers of Pheidole capensis, their host,
who is a very savage and plucky ant indeed; and what are we to
say of Pentaplatarthrus paussoides selecting the abode of Apheno-
yaster barbara var. capensis, the sold iersand neuters of which
( xxxvi ))
are truly very large. But, besides, ants act generally in a body,
and if one soldier or worker could not eject the intruder, several
could. Instead of that they evidently tolerate them, and yet it is
distressing to watch the efforts of the nurses to protect the larve
under their care; they go so far as to remove whole heaps of eggs
and larve in the midst of which a Paussus is busy munching.
They certainly try to coax him away; they do not bite tenaciously
as is their wont, of that I am absolutely certain, but in return
the Paussus does not crepitate.
The only conclusion I can draw, and it is a speculative one, is
that the crepitating power of the beetle is so well known to the
ants, that they make a virtue of necessity, or that the ants I have
had under observation have been so accustomed, through hereditary
consciousness, to the destructive crepitating power of Paussida,
that they no longer struggle against it. This latter view may
explain why so many species of Paussi are found in the nests of
ants belonging to the genus Pheidole.
“Through the courtesy of Professor C. Emery, of Bologna,
who has kindly identified the specimens of Formicide I sent him
for that purpose, I am able to state that P. Linnet and P.
Burmeisteri live with Pheidole capensis, Mayr.; P. cucullatus and
P. Shuckardi with Pheidole megacephala, Fab. {at least probably
that species). P. Plint and P. Curtisi, I am informed by my
friend, Mr. Ayres, are found in the Transvaal among ants, which
from his description I judge to be also Pheidole megacephala ; and
lastly, Signor Emery writes to me that P. Favieri, of Southern
Europe, also haunts the nests of Pheidole pallidula. Now, all
Pheidole are, I believe, remarkably alike. Why should so many
Paussi select the nests of ants belonging to that genus, unless
they were certain of their supremacy ?
** Paussus lineatus (which I believe to be the same as P. letus,
Genl.), lives with Acantholepis capensis, Mayr., and is never
found, as far as four years’ close observation in the same locality
enables me to judge, in the galleries of Pheidole capensis, although
the nests of A. capensis and of the latter are often separated
from one another by a thin partition only, so much so that often,
on upturning a stone, I laid open both nests.
«‘T have no doubt that when collectors will carefully capture
ants and Paussi the number of those parasites of the Pheidoles
will be greatly increased. I believe, from communications made
( xxxvir )
by fellow-collectors, that P. Klugi, P. spinicowis, and P. ruber are
found among them, but of course I can only speak at present of
those species which have come under my personal observation.
* Pentaplatarthrus paussoides lives, as stated above, in the
large nests of Aphenogaster barbara, var. capensis, Mayr, and in
such numbers that close to the sea-side Mr. R. Trimen has
captured no less than 76 specimens in one nest.
“In spite of all my attempts I have not been able to rear the
Paussi. They copulate freely in captivity, but their eggs, if laid,
have not been hatched.”
Mr. J.B. Bridgman communicated “ Additions to the Rev. T. A.
Marshall’s Catalogue of British Ichneumonidae.”
Professor Riley read ‘‘ Notes on the Phytophagic Habit, and on
Alternation of Generation, in the genus Jsosoma.” In this paper
Professor Riley described, from direct observation, the phyto-
phagic habit in two species, and, from other evidence, in three
other species of the genus. He also established the existence of
alternation of generation, which was believed to be the first
recorded instance in the Chalcidide.
August 4, 1886.
Prof. J. O. Wesrwoop, M.A., F.L.S., Hon. Life-President, in
the chair.
Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to
the respective donors.
Election of Fellows.
Lord Dormer, Mr. J. H. A. Jenner, Mr. James Edwards, Mr.
Morris Young (formerly Subscribers), Mr. F. V. Theobald, Mr.
E. A. Atmore, and Mr. Wm. Saunders, President of the Ento-
mological Society of Ontario, were elected Fellows.
Exhibitions, dc.
Mr. Theodore Wood exhibited and made remarks on the
following Coleoptera, viz., an abnormal specimen of Apion
pallipes (Kirby), with a tooth upon the right posterior femur; a
series of Langelandia anophthalma (Aube) from St. Peter’s, Kent
G
( xxxvil )
taken in decayiny seed-potatoes; a series of Adelops Wollastont
(Janson), and Anommatus 12-striatus, also from decaying seed
potatoes; and a series of Barypeithes pellucidus (Boh.), from the
sea-shore near Margate. Mr. Wood also exhibited, on behalf of
Dr. Ellis, of Liverpool, a specimen of Apion annulipes (Wenck).
Professor Westwood exhibited five specimens of a species of
Culex, supposed to be either C. cantans or C. lateralis, sent to
him by Mr. Douglas, who had received them from the Kent
Waterworks. It was stated that they had been very numerous
in July last, and that persons bitten by them had suffered from
“terrible swellings.” Professor Westwood also exhibited some
galls found inside an acorn at Cannes, in January last.
Mr. Billups exhibited a male and female of Cleptes nitidula
(Latr.), taken in copula in July last, at Benfleet, Essex, on the
flowers of Heracleum sphondyliwn. He stated that it was
probably the rarest of the twenty-two known species of British
Chrysidide, though it had been recorded from the New Forest
and from Suffolk; and that the late Mr. Frederick Smith was
unacquainted with the male. Professor Westwood, the Rev.
W. W. Fowler, Mr. Fitch and Mr. Champion, made some
remarks on the species.
The Rev. W. W. Fowler announced that a series of specimens
of Homalium rugulipenne (Rye) had been received from Dr. Ellis,
of Liverpool, for distribution amongst members of the Society.
Mr. William White exhibited a group of three specimens of
the common British stag-beetle, Lwcanus cervus, consisting
of two males and one female, arranged in a fighting attitude
precisely as observed by him. He stated that having found
several individuals of both sexes in a field near Guildford, he
took them into a room for the purpose of observing them, and
placed a female on the floor, with two males at equal distances
from her. One of the males (which is hereafter referred to as
No. 1), soon began to wave his antennee up and down, advanced
straight towards the female and copulated at once. Presently
male No. 2 waved his antennz and began to move slowly, not
towards the pair, but in a parallel direction, as if he were taking
no notice of them, until he had advanced a few steps beyond
them, when he faced round towards them and paused at about
six inches from them. ‘I'hen suddenly, without any warning, he
rushed at male No. 1, seized him by the thorax with his mandibles,
( bxxxmx ))
and tried to drag him off the female. At the moment of
attack, however, male No. 1 caught hold of the thorax of the
female in his mandibles with such a firm grasp that he became
immovably fixed, and the only effect was that she was pulled
sideways with him. Male No. 2 then relinquishing his hold for
a moment, stood back as if thinking what he should do next,
then again made a dash at No. 1, seized him below the thorax,
this time more from behind, and again endeavoured most
ferociously to tear him away. In an excited and angry state he
next went round and attacked him on the other side, with no
better success; then going behind the pair he placed his closed
mandibles underneath the body of the male, who remained quite
passive throughout, and tried to creep in between him and the
female. This, however, he was unable to accomplish, as No. 1’s
mandibles were locked too closely to the female’s thorax. He
was now very wroth, and seizing hold of No. 1 savagely below
the thorax, he lifted him off the ground, the female also being
still firmly embraced, and held them both up above his head,
their backs downward and their legs in the air, while he supported
the whole weight of the two. Letting them down again, No. 2
then inserted the point of his right mandible between his enemy’s
elytra, prized them up, and scrunched them fearfully again and
again, damaging the elytra badly. Having used all these resources
of attack without moving No. 1, No. 2 finally proceeded to
demolish the organs of generation of No. 1, which had been
withdrawn at the first onslaught. Mr. White stated that he
then separated the female and No. 1 male, as he wanted to see
how No. 1 would act, but he, instead of retaliating, continued
perfectly passive. No. 2, now realising the situation, attacked
No. 1 no longer, but evidently determined to presently secure the
female; fearing, however, lest his hated rival might attempt to
regain his spouse, he kept all his attention turned upon him;
No. 1 had evidently had enough attacking and was not eager to
renew his pretensions, but nevertheless, the moment he dared to
advance a step, the other (No. 2) instantly turned towards him
and menaced him, while at the same time he gradually contrived
to take up his position between the enemy and his quarry. Not
quite satisfied, he then scouted round and climbed to the highest
vantage-ground of a slipper, for the evident purpose of watching
No. 1; at last, receiving no chalienge,—No. 1 having gone off
(eal)
in another direction,—No. 2 turned to seek the female, who had
by this time comfortably ensconced herself under the carpet, where
his mandibles prevented him from reaching her. Mr. White said
he thought there were several points of interest in connection
with this struggle that were worthy of note. 1. No duel took place
previous to the attack. 2. The successful rival maintained his
position passively, and even when his mandibles were free to
combat his enemy he did not fight him, as might have been
expected. 38. The great strength of the thorax of the female is a
very remarkable provision, necessary as a protection against the
powerful jaws of her suitor, which would otherwise crush her in
the encounter; it has evidently been developed under natural
selection, as the result of severe conflicts, and must continue to be
subject to those conditions. 4. The peculiar specialisation of the
tibia and tarsi of the anterior legs of the female is to be
similarly accounted for. 5. No choice in pairing is exercised by
the female; it is simply a question of power of resistance on the
one part, and strength to resist and endure the attack of rival
males. He remarked also that the extreme development of the
male armature in several large species of various genera seemed
to be specially fitted for particular methods of attack ; and that
the extraordinary throracic processes obtaining in such species
as Xylotrupes dichotomus, Megacerus nasicornis, Golofa elaviger,
G. Porteri, and especially Dynastes Hercules,—of which outline
sketches were produced in illustration of this point,—might well
be used with success as wedges, if inserted in the manner attempted
by the Lucanus cervus under notice. Professor Westwood, Mr.
Jenner Weir and Mr. Trimen took part in the discussion which
ensued.
Papers read.
Mr. K. A. Fitch read a paper, communicated by Mr G. Bowdler
Buckton, “On the Occurrence in Britain of some undescribed
Aphides.”
Professor Westwood read a paper ‘On a Tube-making Hom-
opterous Insect from Ceylon.”
Mr. Theodore Wood read a paper “On Bruchus-infested
Beans.” A discussion ensued, in which Professor Westwood, the
Rev. W. W. Fowler, Messrs. Jenner Weir, Fitch, Trimen and
others took part.
(© 8)
September 1, 1886.
Ropert McLacutran, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to
the respective donors.
Election of Fellows.
The Rev. Professor Dickson, D.D., of Glasgow University,
Mr. P. Cowell, of Liverpool (formerly Subscribers), Mr. A. O.
Walker, F.L.S., of Colwyn Bay, North Wales, and Mr. Lyddon
Surrage, of Hertford College, Oxford, were elected Fellows.
Exhibitions, de.
The President remarked, with regard to the gnats from the
Kent Waterworks, exhibited at the last meeting, that Professor
Westwood had since informed Mr. Douglas that they were only
Culex pipiens.
Mr. Slater exhibited certain parasites found on the body of a
larva of Smerinthus tilig, which Mr. Waterhouse believed to be
Uropoda vegetans, a species of Acarus.
Mr. W. Warren exhibited the following Lepidoptera, viz.,
Eupithecia fraxinata, caught in Regent’s Park; H.innotata(Hiib.),
bred from Artemisia maritima; a variety of EH. satyrata; a
Gelechia, caught in Wicken Fen twenty years ago by Mr. Bond,
and believed to be a new species; Gelechia fumatella (Dgl.) or
celerella (Stn,) from Hayling Island; G. vilella (Zell.), bred from
larvee collected on the Essex coast on mallow; Lithocolletis
scabiosella (Dgl.) bred from larve found near Croydon; and
Catoptria parvulana (Wl|k.) bred by Mr. Vine, of Brighton, from
Serratula tinctoria. He also exhibited larvee of Gelechia villella.
Mr. South exhibited specimens of Dicrorampha distinctana
(Heinmann). He said that the first example in the series (one
of two captured in North Devonshire, 1881), having been iden-
tified by Mr. C. G. Barrett as D. distinctana (Heinmmann), the
occurrence of the insect in Britain had been recorded in the Ent.
Mo. Mag. xviii. 278, and Entom. xv. 110. In May of the present
year Mr. South found, in some shoots of Chrysanthemum leucan-
themum sent him from North Devon, several larvee which from
( Sexlin- 9)
their mode of feeding he thought must be those of D. consortana,
and this suspicion was afterwards confirmed when he compared
a full-grown larva with a description in his note book of the larva
of that species. Between July 15th and August 7th fourteen
imagines emerged, all of which were of the same type as the
examples exhibited, and were identical with the specimen deter-
mined by Mr. Barrett as Heinemann’s distinctana. Seeing that
in the larval stage the insect exhibited was not to be separated
from D. consortana, and that the imago is only distinguished from
the typical form of consortana by the brighter and more pro-
nounced character of its markings, Mr. South said he was of
opinion that it was not specifically distinct therefrom, and that
he could only regard it as a local form of that species.
Mr. Stevens exhibited a living specimen of Clerus formicarius,
recently found under the bark of an ash tree, in Arundel Park,
Sussex.
Mr. Billups exhibited Chrysis succineta (Linn.), obtained by
sweeping, at Chobham, on the 28th of July last. He stated that
this very rare species was recorded by Shuckard as having been
taken in a sandy lane near Brockenhurst, in the New Forest, and
at Blackwater, on the borders of Berks and Hants: and he further
stated that the late Mr. Frederick Smith had also taken two
specimens of this species in Hampshire. Mr. Billups also
exhibited Microphysa elegantula (Baer), found at Broadstairs,
Kent, on the 23rd of August last.
The Rev. W. W. Fowler exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Theodore
Wood, a larva of Langelandia anophthalma (Aube), a species new
to Britain. :
Mr. H. Goss exhibited specimens of Oxygastra Curtisi (Dale),
recently taken near Christchurch, Hants. He stated that he had
met with the species in the same locality in 1878, but had never
seen it anywhere else in the United Kingdom, nor was he aware
of any recent record of its capture. Mr. McLachlan observed
that the species was taken many years ago in Dorsetshire by the
late Mr. Dale, but that he knew of no recent captures except
those recorded by Mr. Goss. He also made some remarks as to
the distribution of the species on the continent of Europe.
Mr. McLachlan exhibited a specimen of Dilar meridionalis
(Hagen), taken by him in July last, in the Pyrénées Orientales ;
also about 150 examples of the genus Chrysopa from the same
( exis)
district, where these insects abounded. Amongst them were
C. vulgaris (Schneider), perla (L.), Walkeri (Brauer), viridana
(Schneider), tenella (Schneider), prasina (Burm.) and varieties,
Jlava (Scop.), septempunctata (Wesm.), flavifrons (Brauer), and
others not yet fully identified. Myr. McLachlan stated that he had
obtained about 1500 specimens of Neuroptera in all families,
during his recent visit to the Pyrenees, which were being prepared
for study. He also exhibited a few Coleoptera from the same
district, and remarked on the extraordinary abundance of the
pretty Lamellicorn, Hoplia ce@rulea, which was so common as to
give the meadows the appearance of being studded with multi-
tudes of brilliant blue flowers.
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse called attention to the numerous reports,
which had lately appeared in the newspapers, of the supposed
occurrence of the Hessian Fly (Cecidomyia destructor) in Britain,
and inquired whether any communication on the subject had
reached the Society.
The Rev. W. W. Fowler stated, in reply, that he had been in
communication with Miss Ormerod on the subject, and that she
had informed him that neither the imago nor larva of the species
had been seen, and that the identity of the species rested on the
supposed discovery of the pupa.
Paper read.
Mr. A. H. Swinton communicated a paper, entitled “The dances
of the Golden Swift.” In this paper the author expressed an
opinion that the peculiar oscillating flight of the male of this and
allied species had the effect of distributing certain odours for the
purpose of attracting the females. Mr. Jenner Weir made some
remarks on the subject.
October 6, 1886.
Roserr McLacutian, Esq., F.R.S., President in the chair.
Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to
the respective donors.
( xhv j
Election of a Fellow.
Mr. William Bartlett Calvert, of Collegio Ingles, 13 Nataniel,
Santiago, Chili, was elected a Fellow.
Exhibitions, &.
Mr. McLachlan exhibited a number of seeds of a Mexican
species of Huphorbiacee, popularly known as “ jumping seeds,”
recently received by him from the Royal Horticultural Society.
He stated that these are known to be infested with the larve of
a species of Tortricida, allied to the apple Tortriw; they were
first noticed by Prof. Westwood at a meeting of the Society held
on the 7th June, 1858, and the moths bred therefrom were
described by him as Carpocapsa saltitans (ef. Proc. Ent. Soc.
2nd series, vol. v. p. 27). These seeds have since from time to
time been referred to, both in Kurope and America. A dis-
cussion ensued, in which Mr. Pascoe, Mr. Poulton, and others
took part.
In connection with the subject of these “jumping seeds,”
Mr. Roland Trimen called attention to a gall larva, which he
he stated was found very numerously on a common shrub (Rhus
viminalis) in the vicinity of Cape Town. He said the galls
usually occurred singly on the leaves, but sometimes there
were more than one on a leaf. On carefully paring off the
green substance of the leaf investing the gall, a white inner case
or cyst was exposed, elongate-ovate in form, and not unlike the
small sugar-plum known as a “caraway comfit.” When fully
developed, this cyst parted pretty freely from the investing mem-
brane of the leaf, and in most cases surprised its liberator by
springing obliquely into the air. The substance of the cyst or
cocoon was, though thin, tough and like very fine parchment, and
the yellowish white larva which it contained was much thicker
anteriorly than posteriorly, with the segments generally rather pro-
minent, and with blunt tubercles. It appeared to be only the full-
grown, or nearly full-grown, larva that had the power of projecting
itself and the surrounding cyst into the air; for on opening those
cysts which did not jump, Mr. Trimen said he invariably found
the larva to be of small size. The freed cysts jumped to a
distance of from four to nine inches, and the action was main-
tained for many hours, or even several days, with very brief
( gzly--2)
intervals (from half a minute to nine or ten minutes) between the
jumps. It is a curious fact that when the highly muscular larva
is removed from the case, although it perpetually maintained an
alternate forcible doubling up and sudden extension of its body,
it evidently could not leap, or in any way project itself, from the
surface on which it rested, but merely wriggled sideways.
Mr. Trimen said it was difficult to conjecture the origin or use, to
the insect, of this peculiar action, as it seemed clear that in nature,
with the cyst tightly and completely invested by the substance of
the leaf, such motion could never be exerted at all. Mr. Trimen
further stated that the resulting imago was not known to him;
but, from the appearance of the larva, he was inclined to think
that it was coleopterous rather than hymenopterous.
Mr. Trimen exhibited some singular seed-like objects found
in the nests of Termites, and also in those of true ants, in South
Africa. They were apparently of the same nature as those
from the West Indies, described in 1833 by the Rev. L.
Guilding as Margarodes formicarius, which was usually referred
to the Coccida, as allied to Porphyrophora. ‘They were of various
shades, from yellowish pearly to golden and coppercolour, and
were strung together by the natives like beads, and used by them
as necklaces and other personal ornaments, as, according to Mr.
Guilding, was the case with the West Indian species.
Mr. W. F. Kirby exhibited, on behalf of Mr. John Thorpe, of
Middleton, a long series of buff and melanic varieties of Ampht.
dasis betularia, and read notes on them communicated by Mr,
Thorpe. Mr. Kirby also exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Nunney,
who was present as a visitor, a dark variety of Argynnis aglaia
from Caithness, and a tawny coloured variety of Vanessa urtice
from Bournemouth.
Mons. Alfred Wailly exhibited a fine series of Saturnias and
other Bombyces, mostly bred by him, from South Africa; also
Dirphia tarquinia, Attacus orizaba, Platysamia cecropia and P.
ceanothi, Callosamia angulifera, C. promethaa, Philosamia cynthia,
and other species from Central America. He also exhibited ova
of Saturnia tyrrhea, pupe of this and other South African
species, and a cocoon of Bombyx ochadama from Madagascasr.
Mons. Wailly stated that several of the large South African
Saturnide formed no cocoons, the larve entering the earth to
H
( xiv)
undergo the change to the pupal state. Mr. Trimen said he was
able to confirm this statement.
The Rey. W. W. Fowler exhibited a number of minute Acari,
which had been doing injury to fruit trees near Lincoln.
Mr. E. B. Poulton gave an account of the experiments recently
made by him, with the object of ascertaining the cause of the
relation of pupal colour to that of the surface on which the larval
skin is thrown off, and also exhibited a frame he had devised for
making these experiments. He stated that he had repeated Mr.
T. W. Wood’s experiments, communicated to the Society a few
years ago, and had quite confirmed the accuracy of his results.
The experiments were extended to the Vanessid@, and it was
found that the metallic colour, which is common on these pupe,
could be controlled by the choice of appropriate surroundings for
the larva before pupation—a gilt surface producing the metallic
appearance in the great majority of pupee employed, to an extent
which is rarely seen under other conditions ; while a black surface,
on the other hand, produces very dark pupe, with the slightest
trace (if any) of the gilded appearance. In order to investigate the
subject further, and to find out the organ which was affected by the
surroundings, and caused the appropriate appearance in the pupa,
it was necessary to first ascertain the exact period during which
the influence exerted itself. Mr. T. W. Wood had assumed that
the change was caused immediately after the larval skin was thrown
off, the moist freshly-exposed pupal skin being supposed to be
photographically sensitive to surrounding colours. Mr. Poulton,
however, took the view that the cause works on the larva before
pupation, as this agreed with the results of a very similar
investigation upon the changes of colour in larve, upon which
he had been engaged for some years. Further, Mr. Wood's
theory was unsupported by any proof, and did not explain such
an obvious objection as the position of pupee which throw off the
larval skin on a dark night. Mr. Poulton therefore investigated
the period which intervenes between the cessation of feeding and
pupation in the larvee of the common Vanessa (V. urtice), and
found that the influence works during a considerable period, of
very many hours, before the final change,—long enough to include
many hours of daylight in all cases. The subject was inves-
tigated by choosing two conditions which produced the most
opposite results (black and gilt or black and white surroundings),
(xiv)
and transplanting the larva from one to the other, and vice versa,
and at various points, in the above-mentioned period, before
pupation. If the transplantation took place a short time before
the larval skin was thrown off, the pupal colour corresponded with
the previous surroundings in which a far longer time had been
spent. In this way it was found that the pupe are affected, to
some extent, by the colour of their surroundings during the time
when the larve are suspended, head downwards, for many hours
before pupation, although to a much greater extent if the same
surroundings were also present during the quiescent state before
suspension. Still the fact was very important, because the
suspended larva might be subjected to experiments which could
not be tried upon the free, although passive, larva. The first and
obvious theory, as to the larval organs which were affected by the
colour, was that the ocelli performed this function, but no difference
was caused when these were covered carefully with a thick layer of
opaque varnish which, if necessary, wasrenewed. It was then thought
that the large and complex spines might contain a terminal organ
with such a function, but no effect was produced when they were
snipped off. ‘Then the frame, exhibited to the Society, was devised
with the object of deciding whether the influence makes itself felt
through some organ in the head, or by the general surface of the
body. ‘The frame consisted of a shallow box, divided into
parallel areas of equal size, which were alternately gilt and
covered with black paper. Along the lines of junction of the
areas, which extended across the box, cardboard shelves were
fixed, which were in each case gilt on the side towards the gilt
area, and black towards that which was black. The shelves were
perforated with holes, pierced at equal distances, close to the gilt
and black surfaces of the box, the holes being of such a size that
the larva of V. urtice would pass through easily, but leaving as
small a space as possible between the latter and the sides of the
aperture. As soon as suspension had taken place the boss of silk,
with the larva attached, was carefully removed and pinned on to
one of the areas, in such a position that the head and thoracic
segments could be pulled through one of the holes in the shelf
which separated the area from the one below it. Hence nearly
the whole of the body of the larva was exposed to one condition,
and its head and anterior part to an opposite condition. When
the frame was filled (¢. e., when a suspended larva passed through
( xlviii_ )
every hole in the shelves), it was placed in such a position that the
bottom of the box, divided into alternating areas, was vertical, and
every larva was suspended vertically over the hole through which
it passed. The frame was then placed in a window, so that as
much light as possible fell upon the larve and the surface around
them. As the larve invariably curve the anterior part of the
body during suspension, the head was always brought close to the
underside of a shelf, and there was no chance of the larva seeing
the colour of the area above the shelf, through the narrow chink
between the side of the hole and its own body. Finally, the time
which elapsed before pupation was noted, and the results com-
pared. These experiments seemed to confirm those in which the
larvee were blinded, for the colour of the pupa corresponded
with that of the upper area rather than the lower. These experi-
ments were conducted upon large numbers of larve. The
single frame shown to the Fellows of the Society would hold
sixty individuals at once; and Mr. Poulton had also made two
other smaller frames, and had tried the same experiments in
other ways, by means of compartmented tubular boxes which were
fixed over the suspended larve. It thus appeared, almost certain,
that there was some terminal organ in the skin which was affected
by surrounding colours, or that the latter acted directly on some
superficial element in the larval tissues, without the intermediation
of the nervous system.
The President, and Messrs. Trimen, Waterhouse, White, Hall,
and others, took part in the discussion which ensued.
Mr. Slater exhibited a specimen of Prionus coriarius, found in
Devonshire, on fennel, and a specimen of Calandra palmarum,
found alive at Pembroke Dock.
Mr. Enock exhibited Mymar pulchellus, and a specimen of
Atypus piceus recently taken on Hampstead Heath.
Mr. Elisha exhibited a series of Gelechia hippophaélla (Schr.),
bred from larve collected at Deal on Hippophaé rhamnoides.
Mr. Billups exhibited Echthrus lancifer, Gr., a species of Ichneu-
monideé new to Britain, taken at Walmer on the 15th of August
last, and stated that he was indebted to Mr. J. B. Bridgman for
the identification of the species. He remarked that Brischke had
bred members of this genus from Sesia spheciformis, S. formi-
caformis, and Leucania obsoleta ; but that in this country the
genus was little known, only one species (Hchthrus reluctator)
being mentioned in Marshall’s list of British Ichneumonidae.
( xhix )
Mr. E. A. Butler exhibited male and female specimens of Macro-
coleus tanaceti, from Bramley, near Guildford; living specimens of
Chilacis typhe, received from the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, of
Guestling, Hastings ; and a pair of Harpalus discoideus, obtained
in August last, on a heath near Chilworth, Surrey.
Ir. A. J. Rose exhibited specimens of a mountain form of
Lycena Virgaurea, recently collected by him in Norway.
Mr. Champion exhibited Teratocoris antennatus and Drymus
pilicornis, taken near Sheerness.
Mr. W. White exhibited specimens of Proctotrypes ater (Nees) ;
also a specimen of Chelonia caja with abnormal antenne.
Papers read.
Mr. William White read the following remarks on the specimen
of Chelonia caja exhibited by him :—* On Sept. 8th, I received a
letter from Mr. George C. Griffiths, of Clifton, Bristol, im which
he told me of a remarkable imago of Chelonia caja which he had
reared from a nearly full-fed larva. Mr. Griffiths found the
larva evawling upon a path outside the door of his house, on or
about July the 7th of this year, and put it into a chip box, thinking
it might perhaps produce a variety. He did not observe anything
at all unusual in the appearance of the larva, and I have not
been able to detect anything abnormal in its skin. Not knowing
the food-plant on which the larva had fed, he supplied it with
leaves of marigold, which it ate freely for the few remaining days of
its existence; it then spun its cocoon, and pupated about the 11th
of July. Mr. Griffiths then removed the top and bottom of the
chip box and placed it in a large breeding-cage, kept specially for
pupe. On August the 6th the moth emerged, somewhat small in
size, but presenting no other peculiarity than that of having
extraordinary antenne, which were not only extremely short, but
altogether abnormal in form, and suggestive in appearance of the
club ends of a butterfly’s antennze cut off short and affixed to the
insect. It was noticed that they were of a brownish colour, and
unequal in size, “the basal portion with transverse flutings, but
the broad ends having rather a dried-up and shrunken appear-
ance.” Since receiving the insect I have examined it micro-
scopically, and the sketches of the antenne, which I submit,
will illustrate their character more fully than ean be described
verbally.
H
ae ey
The antenne consist of elongated glandular protuberances,
rather irregular in shape and slightly dissimilar from one another,
the left one being more fully developed in its characters, so that the
following details have more especial reference to it. The cuticle
composing this left antenna may be described as a series of more
or less imbricated segments, though without any visible articu-
lations, the annules being inflated, and retaining their form fairly
well; the whole antenna is perfectly empty, and is somewhat
clavate, or dilated at the point, which when looked at from above
appears to be cup-shaped. ‘The sex of the insect is, I believe,
female.
With regard to the cause of this singular abnormity, one or
two suggestions may be considered, and I shall be glad to hear
remarks respecting them from others more capable of forming an
opinion on the subject.
I was at first inclined to think the peculiarity of the antennse
might be due to an abortion, in conjunction with a development
of giands similar in nature to those proper to the larvae of most
Papilios ; but as those glands do not occur upon the head itself,
but on the first segment of the thorax, and, moreover, are
confluent at the base, the case does not appear to be an analagous
one. Whether these antenne were retractile or not, and whether
they had any fluid contents, I am unable to state. My corres-
pondent wondered whether the abnormity were due to either a
change of diet, or to the darkness of the box in which the pupa
was kept; but I do not think either circumstance would produce
an effect of this nature. With respect .o the cormer suggestion,
however, it may be worth while to add, that in answer to some
questions I put on the subject of food, Mr. Griffiths informed me
that during the three or four days of his experience with the
larva, he supplied it daily with three or four small leaves of
seedling marigolds, each measuring about two square inches in
area, and that it ate most of them, until the last day of its exis-
tence; so that it consumed perhaps fifteen to twenty square
inches of the leaves during the time he had it. It was some ten
or eleven yards from any plant when he found it, but as it was
crawling away from the direction of a bed of marigolds, it may
have come from them; and as the larva took to the marigold
leaves as a pabulum so readily, it is most probable, 1 think (in
accordance with the general principle of set-feeding lately referred
Wai)
to here by Mr. Poulton), that these plants were the food it had
from the first lived upon.
There is something peculiar about the pupa skin, which
—though it was so much broken by the moth in emerging that
its details are not very easy to make out clearly—may, I think,
furnish an explanation of the abnormity. The position of the
encased antenne appears to have been irregular, and this might
alone be sufficient to account for a change in growth. Another
very curious point is that, after searching in vain for the skin of
the larval head in connection with the exuvie contained in the
cocoon, I at last found it within the pupa skin, adhering to the
anal extremity.
There is a fact connected with the escape of this species from
its pupa which I believe has not received notice. I found, on
comparing this cocoon with another I had by me, that there is a
special device for assisting emergence; the whole interior of the
silken web is coated with a glutinous paste, by means of which
the pupa-skin becomes attached firmly to the cocoon.
The conclusion I arrive at is, that the abnormity of the
specimen exhibited is due to the dislocation of the antenne under
pupation, in consequence of which their development became
aborted.”
Mr. Roland Trimen read “ Notes on insects, apparently of the
genus Margarodes, Lansd.-Guilding, stated to occur abundantly
in the nests of White Ants, and also in those of true Ants, in
certain Western Districts of the Cape Colony.”
Mr. Elisha read a paper ‘‘On the life-history of Geometra
smaragdaria.”
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse communicated a paper ‘“‘On the Tea-
bugs (Helopeltis) of India and Java.”
November 3, 1886.
{oBERT McLacutay, Hsq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to
the respective donors.
(dle
Election of Fellows.
Mr. Peter Cameron, of Sale, Cheshire; Mr. F. Archer, of
Crosby, Liverpool; Mr. H. J. 8. Pryer, of Yokohama, Japan
(formerly Subscribers); Mr. H. Norris, of St. Ives, Hunts; Mr.
N. P. Fenwick, of Surbiton Hill; Mr. John Brown, of Cam-
bridge; Mr. J. W. Tutt, of Westcombe Park, Blackheath ; and
Mr. A. P. Green, of Colombo, Ceylon, were elected Fellows.
Exhibitions, éc.
Mr. E. B. Poulton exhibited a mass of minute crystals of
formate of lead, caused by the action of the secretion of the
larva of Dicranura vinula upon suboxide of lead. He stated
that a single drop of the secretion had produced the crystals
which were exhibited, and he called attention to the excessively
high percentage of formic acid which must be present in the
secretion, and to the pain and probable danger which would result
from being struck in the eye by the fluid which the larva had the
power of ejecting to a considerable distance. <A discussion ensued,
in which Messrs. White, Kirby, Slater, and others took part.
Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a specimen of Laphygma exiqua,
recently captured by Mr. Rogers, in the Isle of Wight.
Mr. W. F. Kirby exhibited a specimen of Perilampus maurus,
Walk., recently bred by Mr. Walterde Rothschild from Antherea
tirrhea, Cram., one of the rarer South African Saturnida. Mr.
Kirby stated that the species of Perilampus do not seem to be
particular about their food; Dalman supposed his P. micans to
be parasitic on Hister picipes; and Westwood observed P.
angustus on posts perforated by Anobia. Snellen Van Vollen-
hoven mentions that Lichtenstein bred P. auratus, Panz. from
the cocoon of a species of Crabro; and that Reissig obtained
P. violaceus, Fab., from a cocoon found dangling by a thread
from the remains of the caterpillar of a Tortrix. G. 'Thomson
says briefly that Dalman supposed Perilampus to be parasitic on
Coleoptera, but that it is really parasitic on Lepidoptera.
Mr. 'T. W. Hall exhibited a number of specimens of Xanthia
fulvago (cerago), somewhat remarkable in their variation, and
showing a graduated series, extending from the pale variety
flavescens of Esp. to a form almost melanic in its markings. Mr.
~S
(7 nig? 5)
Hall stated that they were bred from sallow catkins collected in
Derbyshire. As regarded the darker forms the question of
hybridism between X. fulvago (cerago) and the next species, X.
flavago (silago) had been suggested ; but this theory did not seem
plausible, because the two species were easily distinguishable in
the larval stage. If a batch of larvee of the two species were
turned out on to an open newspaper, X. fulvago would be found
to be of a darker and more variegated colour than flavago; and
besides its distinctive colouration, X. fulvago was a more active
larva than its congener.
Mr. W. C. Boyd exhibited, and made remarks on, the larva of a
species of Ornithoptera from New Guinea.
Mr. H. Goss exhibited a series of Bankia argentula collected
by him in Cambridgeshire in June last, and also, for comparison,
a series of specimens of the same species taken at Killarney in
June, 1877. It appeared that the Irish form of the species was
larger and more brightly coloured than the English form.
Mr. Eland Shaw exhibited a female specimen of Decticus
verrucivorus (Linn.), taken in July last, at St. Margaret’s Bay,
Kent.
Mr. Waterhouse recorded the recent capture of Deiopeia
pulchella at Ramsgate, by Mr. Buckmaster; and the capture of
Anosia plevippus at Gibraltar was also announced.
Jonkeer May, the Dutch Consul-General, asked whether the
reported occurrence of the Hessian Fly (Cecidomyia destructor) in
England had been confirmed. In reply Mr. McLachlan said
he believed that several examples of an insect thought to be the
Hessian Fly had been bred in this Country ; but that everything
depended upon correct specific determination in such an obscure
and difficult genus as Cecidomyjia.
Paper read.
Mr. J. W. Slater read the following paper: “ A question on
the relation between Insects and Flowers.” :—
*‘ Although the action of insects in the development of ento-
mophilous plants is generally admitted, some points of this
subject seem to need further enquiry. We find among plants
some which give off odours very attractive to insects, and others
whose perfumes, though pleasant to us, seem unattractive to bees,
(elisa t*)
butterflies, and Diptera. ‘The question is, How have the odours
of this latter class been evolved ?
“To take a simple instance: I have this summer repeatedly
observed two large, flourishing Petunias, covered with bloom. In
addition to the rich purple colour of the flowers their scent is
very pleasant, resembling that of the Pink and Carnation. But
though I often watched the plants in full sunshine, I never once
saw any insect enter the flower as if in quest of honey or pollen.
Sometimes a cabbage-white or a bee would sail over the plants, a
Syrphus would hover over them, or a blow-fly (!) would settle on
the outer margin of the corolla. But no further notice did the
flowers receive. By way of contrast, a patch of French poppies,
growing between the two Petunias, was abundantly visited, as well
by butterflies as by bees.
“Thus the neglect of the Petunia-flowers was not due to the
absence or the scarcity of flower-haunting insects.
“Tf, therefore, the colour and the perfume of the Petunia have
been evolved in the way of natural selection, the most conspicuous
and most odoriferous flowers being preferentially fecundated by
some insect, the question arises, what insect? ‘The most
plausible reply is that itmust have been effected by some insect
which has not been introduced into Britain along with the plant.
Further, such insect, as far as perfumes are concerned, must
have preferences more nearly approaching those of man than
are those of our bees and butterflies.
«The case of the Petunia is by no means singular. About
two years ago I observed a number of Privet-shrubs in full bloom.
The air was saturated with their sugary but sickly odour. The
flowers were crowded with hive-bees, humble-bees, cabbage-whites,
and small tortoise-shells, and were from time to time visited by
other butterflies. By way of contrast, 1 noticed that among the
Privet-bushes there stood a Syringa, likewise in full blossom, but its
flowers, so much more pleasant to the human sense of smell, had
scarcely ever an insect visitor. If by chance a bee or butterfly
strayed over it seemed plainly a mistake, and the visitor lost no
time in getting back to the Privet-flowers.
‘“‘ Now, to the best of my knowledge, neither the Privet nor the
Syringa is indigenous to Britain. Hence it is curious that so
many of our native insects should have accommodated thmeselves
to the Privet but not to the Syringa.
aly)
‘“‘] have come across a few further cases of plants whose odour
is attractive to bees and butterflies, but unpleasant to man.
Thus the flowers of prickly Comfrey, which are of a dull, washed-
out, reddish violet, give off a herbaceous odour blended with a
sugary sickliness. Yet every patch of this plant is so beset with
bees, that in sunny weather it would be easy to capture half-a-
dozen at a single stroke of the net. The plant is less frequented
by butterflies than by bees.
“ The so-called ‘ African Sedum,’ another plant with flowers of
an impure red colour aud a dull sugary smell, is a remarkable
favourite with Lepidoptera, less so with bees. No plant more
deserves cultivation by lovers of butterflies and moths in country
districts, and even in the suburbs. Marjoram, which much
resembles the African Sedum both in the colour and the scent of
its flowers, is much haunted by butterflies.
“ Tf we compare with the aforesaid plauts some which possess
odours most agreeable to man, such as the Clove-pink, the
Carnation, and especially the Lavender, we find them relatively
neglected by insects.
‘“‘ Of course it may be replied that the true perfume plants are
frequented and fertilised by nocturnal Lepidoptera. This can
scarcely be the case as far as the Noctua group is concerned, since
the sugaring-mixtures, to which these insects come very eagerly,
approach in their smell much more nearly to the Privet aud the
Comfrey-blossom than to tne Clove-pink or the Lavender.
“T should venture to suggest that the fertilisation of the true
perfume-flowers is effected in warmer climates by hawk-moths. I
know, at least, that in Dalmatia the flowers of the Oleander and
the Orange are much haunted by Sphingide.”
Mr. Distant, Mr. Stainton, Mr. Weir, Mr. Stevens and the
President took part in the discussion which ensued, and stated
that, in their experience, Petunias were often most attractive to
insects. Mr. Stainton referred to the capture, by himself, of
sixteen specimens of Sphina convolvuli at Petunias, in three
evenings in 1846,
(lv)
December 1, 1886.
Ropert McLacuray, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted to
the respective donors.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. W. H. Miskin, of Brisbane, Queensland (formerly a
Subscriber); Mr. R. E. Salwey, of Folkestone; and Mr. F. W.
Biddle, M.A., of Beckenham, were elected Fellows.
Exhibitions, &e.
Mr. Howard Vaughan exhibited a long series of Gnophos
obscurata, comprising specimens from various parts of Ireland,
North Wales, Yorkshire, Berwick-on-Tweed, the New Forest,
Folkestone, Lewes, and the Surrey Hills. The object of the
exhibition was to show the variation of the species in connection
with the geological formations of the various localities from
which the specimens were obtained.
Dr. Sharp showed a series of drawings of New Zealand
Coleoptera by Freiherr von Schiereth, which, though executed in
pencil, were remarkable for their delicacy and accuracy.
Mr. R. Adkin exhibited specimens of Cidaria reticulata,
recently bred by Mr. H. Murray, of Carnforth, from larvee
collected by him near Windermere on Impatiens noli-me-tangere.
Mr. Adkin said that as the food-plant was so extremely local, and
consequently difficult for Mr. Murray to obtain, he had endea-
voured to get the larva to feed on some other species of Balsam,
including the large garden species, usually known as Canadian
Balsam, but that he had not succeeded in doing so. Mr. E. B.
Poulton observed that this statement tended to confirm the
remarks he made at a recent meeting of the Society, on the
habits of lepidopterous larvee with reference to their food-plants.
Mr. Billups exhibited a number of living specimens of Alew-
rodes vaporariorum (Westw.) obtained from a greenhouse at
Snaresbrook, where they had caused great havoc amongst ‘Tomato
plants (Lycopersicum esculentum). He remarked that the species
had been first figured and described by Professor Westwood, in
€ wai)
the ‘ Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1856, and that attention had been
recently called to it by Mr. Douglas in the Ent. Mon. Mag. for
December. Mr. Jenner Weir stated that plants in his green-
house had been attacked by the same species.
Mr. Poulton exhibited the bright green blood of the pupa
of Smerinthus tilig, which is one of many lepidopterous pups
possessing a chlorophyll-like pigment in the blood. The blood of
the larva contains the same pigment in a much smaller amount,
while in the pupa the additional colouring-matter fixed in the larval
hypodermis cells also passes into solution in the blood. By means
of a Zeiss micro-spectroscope, Mr. Poulton was able to show the
most characteristic absorption-band of the pigment, together with
its resemblance to that of chlorophyll.
Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited forms of Cidaria suffumata from
Huddersfield, including one very similar to that taken at Dover
by Mr. Sydney Webb (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1886, p.xxv.); and one
still more extreme, haying only the basal mark and the central
stripe, with a slight streak at the tip, brown, the remainder of the
wings being perfectly white. He also exhibited a series of small
bilberry-fed Hypsipetes elutata from Huddersfield, showing green,
red-brown, and black forms.
Mr. Stevens exhibited forms of Camptogramma bilineata and
Emmelesia albulata from the Shetland Isles, and a curious
variety of Chelonia caja from Norwich.
Papers, dc., read.
The Secretary read a letter from the Administrator-General
of British Guiana, on the subject of the urticating properties
possessed by the larvee and pupz of certain species of Lepidoptera
collected in Demerara.
Mr. McLachlan read the following ‘* Note concerning certain
Nemopterida@ ” :—
“My friend Dr. Hagen has recently published some critical
notes on this family in the ‘ Proceedings of the Boston Society of
Natural History,’ vol. xxiii. pp. 250—269, prompted by my
description of a South American species that appeared in our
‘Transactions’ for 1885, pp. 376—377.
“Tt occurs to me to make the following remarks on some points
that seem of interest, but they are only casual, and must not be
looked upon in the light of an analysis.
(¢ Ayan) )
“Nemoprera LusiranicA, Leach.—The specific name under
which this insect is commonly known was bestowed by Leach in
the ‘ Zoological Miscellany’ (not ‘ Zool. Hist.” as quoted by
Hagen), vol. ii. p. 74, pl. 85, in'1815. But in Germar and
Ahren’s ‘ Fauna Insectorum Europe,’ fase. i., fig. 16, 1812, it is
figured and described as Panorpa bipennis, Lliger, and the
specific name was also adopted by Westwood, in his paper in the
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1841, p. 10. Hagen says that he is now
unable to compare Ahren’s Fauna. I can assure him that the
species therein figured as P. bipennis is N. lusitanica, and the
former specific name should prevail. Hagen had already called
attention to it in the Stettiner entom. Zeitung, 1866, p. 451,
under ‘ Nematoptera, Burm. ; but under ‘ Nemoptera,’ pp. 452
aud 453, he then adopted the more recent name lusitanica.
“The insect is essentially Iberian; but in Brauer’s Catalogue
of 1876 the South of France is given as a locality, and Hagen -
alludes to it in his recent paper. I am not sure if there exist any
separate record to this effect. But when I passed through Paris
in July last, the Abbe David assured me that he had seen a
Nemoptera in the hill district north of Marseilles, and it could
scarcely have been other than N. bipennis (lusitanica).
“ NemoprerA Hurri, Westwood.—In addition to the examples
recorded for this very rare insect, | may say that a very bad
specimen from West Australia is in my collection.
‘ NEMOPTERA IMPERATRIX, Westwood.—The type-specimen of
this insect is generally supposed to be unique. It was described
by Westwood in our ‘Transactions,’ ser. 3, v., p. 507, and
figured by him in his‘ Thesaurus,’ pl. 35, fig. 8. I have a speci-
men, in miserable condition, given to me many years ago by the
late 'homas Chapman, of Glasgow ; it is (like the type) from Old
Calabar. Hagen, in his recent paper, places it in a special un-
named division or genus, and a generic term will no doubt have
eventually to be found for it.
“ Srenor&@nra WavcKkert, McLach.—Hagen (at p. 257) justly
states, in a footnote, that the term Stenotenia was previously in
use. I propose to substitute that of SrENORRHACHUS.”
Miss K. A. Ormerod communicated a paper “On the occur-
rence of the Hessian Fly (Cecidomyia destructor) in Great
Britain.” It appeared from this paper that there could be no
longer any doubt as to the occurrence of the insect in this
( lx )
country, specimens, obtained in Hertfordshire, having been sub-
mitted to, and identified by, Professor Westwood, and by Mr. W.
Saunders, of London, Ontario. Professor Westwood said the
specimens agreed exactly with Austrian specimens in his pos-
session, sent to him some years ago by Mons. Lefebvre, who had
received them from the late Dr. Hammerschmidt, of Vienna. A
discussion followed the reading of this paper, in which the
President, Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, Mr. Theodore Wood, and
others took part.
At the close of the Ordinary Meeting a Special Meeting was
held, for the purpose of considering certain proposed alterations
in the Bye-Laws. The proposed alterations having been
explained to the Meeting, were, after some discussion, agreed to»
and the proceedings terminated.
ANNUAL MEETING,
January 19th, 1887.
Ropert M’Lacutan, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
An abstract of the 'Treasurer’s accounts for 1886 was read by
Mr. H. T. Stainton, one of the Auditors.
The Secretary read the following :—
Report of the Council for 1886.
In accordance with the Bye-Laws the Council begs to present
the following Report: —
As the Charter of the Society does not provide for the existence
of Subscribers, it was decided by the Council to invite the 23
Subscribers remaining on the list to become Fellows.
In response to the application made by the Secretary to these
23 Subscribers, in accordance with the wishes of the Council, 2
of them resigned, and the remainder acceded to the invitation.
The distinction between Foreign and Ordinary Fellows having
been abolished at the Special General Meeting held on the Ist of
(Eee)
December last, the Society now consists of an Honorary Life
President, and Honorary and Ordinary Fellows.
No vacancies have occurred in the list of Honorary Fellows
during the year, but since our last Annual Meeting 6 Ordinary
Fellows have died, and 6 have been struck off the list for non-
payment of their Snbscriptions. On the other hand, the Society
has elected 85 new Fellows during the year, in addition to the 21
who were formerly Subscribers, making the total number elected
56, a number never before reached in any previous year of the
Society’s existence.
The Society at the present time consists of an Honorary Life-
President, 10 Honorary Fellows, 40 Life Fellows, and 231
paying the Annual Subscription, making the total number of
Members now on the Society’s list 281, which, after allowing for
the losses by death, exclusion, and resignation, is an increase of
21 on the number at the date of the Annual Meeting last year.
At a Special Meeting held on the Ist December last, in
pursuance of a notice given to the President and Council,
such amendments in the Bye-Laws as were referred to in the
notice and were deemed necessary to adapt them to the
altered status of the Society in consequence of the grant of the
Charter were agreed to. Since the date of such Meeting a copy
of the amended Bye-Laws has been sent to every Fellow of the
Society resident in the United Kingdom.
The Transactions for the year form a volume of 468 pages,
containing 19 memoirs contributed by 14 authors and illustrated
with 1] plates, of which 7 are coloured. Of these 19 memoirs
6 relate to Lepidoptera, 6 to Coleoptera, 5 to Hemiptera, 1 to
Hymenoptera and 1 to Entomological Nomenclature.
The Proceedings, containing an account of the exhibitions and
discussions at the Meetings, besides several short papers not
published in the Transactions, extend to over 80 pages.
The finances of the Society are in a far more satisfactory
condition than they have been for many years past, and may be
stated as follows :—
REcEIPTs. PAYMENTS.
ees de £ s. d.
Balance in hand Ist ; Rent, Office Ex.
Jan., 1886 - i 3.19 11 pensesandSalaryto} 131 0 4
Contributions of Fel- eee Assistant Librarian
lows - = 357 0 0 Printing, Plates, &e. - 236 2 0
Sale of PanTcatione - 5512 8 | Library = = - 1318 2
Donations - 2 Soe iey 7 *Balance = = 66) LILO
Interest on Consols - 9 6 2 * Of this Balance £52 10s.
has been invested and
£14 1s. 10d. remains in
hand.
£447 12 4 £447 12 4
11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.
January 19th, 1887.
The Secretaries not having received any notice proposing to
substitute other names for any of those in the lists prepared by the
Council, the following Fellows form the Council for 1887 :—
William W. Fowler, M.A., F.L.S.; Herbert Goss, F.L.S. ;
Ferdinand Grut, F.L.S.; Robert M‘Lachlan, F.R.S.; Gervase
F. Mathew, R.N., F.L.S.; George T. Porritt, F.L.S.; Edward
B. Poulton, M.A., F.G.S.; Osbert Salvin, M.A., F.R.S.; Edward
Saunders, F.L.S.: David Sharp, M.B., F.Z.8S.; Henry T.
Stainton, F.R.S.; Samuel Stevens, F.L.S.; and John Jenner
Weir, F.L.S.
The following are the officers elected :—President, Dr. David
Sharp, F.Z.8.; Treasurer, Mr. Edward Saunders, F.L.S. ;
Secretaries, Mr. Herbert Goss, F.L.S., and the Rev. W. W.
Fowler, M.A., F.L.S.; Librarian, Mr. Ferdinand Grut, F.L.S.
The President then delivered an address, at the conclusion of
which Mr. E. B. Poulton proposed a vote of thanks to Mr.
M‘Lachlan for his services as President during the year, and
for his address. The proposal was seconded by Professor Meldola
and carried unanimously. The President returned thanks.
Mr. M‘Lachlan proposed a vote of thanks to the Treasurer,
Secretaries, and Librarian, which was seconded by Mr. Stainton
and carried. Mr. Goss and Mr. Grut made some remarks in
acknowledgment.
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse proposed a vote of thanks to the other
Members of the Council, which was seconded by Mr, White and
carried.
( (Este ~)
Abstract of Receipts and Payments for 1886.
Heeeipts. Payments.
eas : s. d.
Balance Ist Jan., 1886 319 11 | Rent, Salary to As-
Subscriptions 210 0 0 sistant Librarian,} 131 0 4
z, . ; Library & Expenses
Entrance Fees 3) LOR LS: 20 ens
- oie P Printing - - yale ee) 7!
Compositions an 3110 O :
: Plates, Colouring, &e. - 55 1 8
Donations 3 21187 7 al
Books, Binding, &e. TSSUS wes
Arrears S 1212 0 S
pa : are Investments - - 5210 0
Transactions (Sale of) 55 12 Bal Sa hava) 1a ao
Interest on Consols - 9 6 2 eee neu
£447 12 4 £447 12 4
ASSETS.
ao LSet
Subscriptions, considered good - - : 5 < So sieo
Consols, £364 19s. 8d. - - - - - (cost) 345 14 0
LIABILITIES.
(None.)
Examined and found correct.
H. T. StarntTon.
SAMUEL STEVENS.
J. JENNER WEIR.
J. W. Dunnina.
RoBert ADKIN.
S. Epwarpbs.
( lsiii )
THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.
———EE ES
GENTLEMEN,
T announce that, in accordance with the terms of Chapter XIX.
of our amended Bye-Laws, the Officers and Council for 1887 will
be as follows:—President: D. Sharp, M.B., F.Z.S. Treasurer :
E. Saunders, F.L.S. Secretaries: H. Goss, F.L.S., and
W. W. Fowler, M.A., F.L.S. Librarian: F. Grut, F.L.S.
And as other Members of Council: R. M*‘Lachlan, F.R.S.,
G. F. Mathew, F.L.S., G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., E. B. Poulton,
M.A., F.G.S., O. Salvin, M.A., F.R.S., H. T. Stainton, F.R.S.,
S. Stevens, F.L.S., and J. J. Weir, F.L.S.
From many points of view the past year has been one of
unparalleled success with respect to our Society. No doubt the
acquisition of a Charter has influenced this to some extent.
There are always prudent men who hesitate to join a Society held
together by no legal ties. But I venture to think there are also
other causes at work; an increased interest in the Society
exhibited by its existing Fellows, and a spirit of emulation
amongst them as to introducing additions to our number: I trust
this spirit of emulation will continue and intensify.
The Reports of the Council and Auditors you have just heard
read are very satisfactory. Notwithstanding the publication of a
respectable volume of ‘ Transactions ’ for the year, which includes
certain important arrears left over from the preceding year on
account of want of funds, our Treasurer has a balance in hand,
and the sum of £52 10s. 0d. has been invested. And this without
having had to rely upon extraordinary donations in order to
equalise the balance-sheet. But the generous hand that has so
often helped us in years of adversity was not to be denied the
opportunity of so doing during one of comparative prosperity. It
is not for me to divulge the secrets of the Council: suffice it to
say the amount does not appear under the head of donations,
( Wavy 4}
The attendance at our monthly meetings has been unpre-
cedentedly large. I have the figures before me. In January 33
Fellows and visitors attended, in February 32, in March 87, in
April 37, in May 35, in June 34, in July 35, in August 26, in
September 25, in October 42, in November 39, and in December
40; or an average of over 34 for each meeting. In the early
years of my connection with this Society 20 was considered a very
large attendance at any one meeting, and it was but rarely that
such a gathering occurred.
And I believe the interest of what we may term the business of
the meetings has been in proportion to the attendance. The
papers read have, if not numerous, been of great value, and there
has been no lack of interesting exhibitions in nearly all orders of
insects. In connection with exhibitions, it occurs to me to
suggest that occasionally the exhibitors have come to the meetings
not sufficiently posted up in their subject. It must be remem-
bered that we come here not knowing what objects may be
exhibited ; it usually happens that some of us are able to say
something about these objects; but the field of Entomology is
vast, and occasionally there are subjects on which the combined
knowledge and memory of the meeting are at fault, and perhaps
on points on which reference to our own library before the
meeting would have furnished the desired information. More-
over, it would greatly assist our hard-worked acting Secretary if
exhibitors would arm themselves and him with written notes at
the meeting.
But amidst all these subjects for mutual congratulation there
is one which, to my mind, is not so satisfactory as it might be,
and before alluding to it prominently, I have questioned some of
the older Fellows, so as to be quite sure that I am not placing
myself in the position of a pessimist or alarmist. There are some
notable exceptions, but, considering our increased numbers, and the
increase in the pursuit of Entomology exhibited generally, I do not
detect amongst our younger Fellows so many indications as existed
formerly of a desire to take up special branches of original
research, and thoroughly work them out. And this applies
especially to our metropolitan Fellows, who have the advantage
in having vast collections and libraries easy of access. In the
country there is no falling off in the number of quiet plodding
workers, diligently studying their local insect-faunee, and patiently
C ij
observing life-histories, and thereby enriching entomological
science. But in our great centres the pursuit is too liable to
take the form of what may be termed sensuous intellectual grati-
fication, much to be preferred to the aimless pursuits of the vast
majority, but causing a certain amount of regret that so much
energy should result in so little scientific gain.
Obituary.
There is a mournful side to everything, even to prosperity.
Since our last Anniversary it has come to the knowledge of the
Council that six Fellows have died, viz.:— Baron EDGAR von
Harotp, Mons. Jutes Licutrenstern, Mr. F. E. Rosrson, Mr.
E. SaurrLewortu, Mr. C. G. Wesspane, and the Rev. C. A. F.
KupEr.
Baron Edgar von Harold, of Munich, who joined this Society
in 1858, died on August Ist, 1886. Down to the present time
there does not appear to have been published any detailed account
of his life and labours as an entomologist, and this short notice
has been drawn up from imperfect data. His speciality con-
sisted in Lamellicorn Coleoptera, and his first essay appeared
in the ‘ Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift’ for 1859; his last, so
far as | am aware, appeared in the same ‘ Zeitschrift’ for 1885,
and was a critique on the latest Catalogue of Huropean Coleoptera.
In the interval between these dates his activity was very great.
He produced a multitude of papers, chiefly, but by no means
exclusively, on Lamellicorns, and they proved him to be a
systematic worker of the highest order. In 1867 he started a
periodical under the title ‘ Coleopterologische Hefte,’ which
continued down to 1879, and then he became editor of the
‘Mittheilungen des muinchener entomologischen Vereins,’ until it
ceased to appear in 1881. His name will ever be remembered in
connection with the ‘ Catalogus Coleopterorum,’ commonly known
as the § Munich Catalogue,’ a gigantic undertaking commenced in
conjunction with Dr. Gemminger in 1868, and finished in 1876.
Probably nothing has given a greater impetus to the study of
Coleoptera than this Catalogue, although, naturally, there was
considerable outcry during its publication on account of changes in
nomenclature, an inconvenience inseparable from every publication
of this nature conscientiously compiled from an investigation of
the published literature. For a few years he compiled the order
© oxy 4)
Coleoptera for the ‘ Zoologischer Jahresbericht,’ to which I shall
have occasion to refer later on in this Address. In 1877, possibly
in an unlucky moment, he accepted a position in the Entomological
Department of the Berlin Museum, as successor to Dr. Gerstiicker,
who had resigned. A letter written by him to an English friend
at that time shows that he entered upon his duties with no light
heart, and that the chief inducement consisted in the facility for
reference to the vast stores of that establishment. I believe there
was no necessity whatever for his seeking such a position as a
source of income. His tenure of office was brief ; the letter referred
to explains why he accepted office, but the reasons for his early
resignation I know not. By profession Von Harold was a soldier,
and, as an officer of the Royal Guard of Bavaria, he saw active
service in the Austro-Prussian war of 1866, during which cam-
paign he received a very severe wound at the battle of Kissingen.
Wilhelm Auguste Jules Lichtenstein died at Montpellier on the
30th November last, aged 68. He became one of us in 1876.
In the summer of last year it was known in this country that he
had been disabled by a paralytic stroke. Lichtenstein was, I
think, a direct descendant of the German naturalist of the same
name who published a good deal on Entomology, and some of
whose papers appeared in the ‘Transactions’ of our Linnean
Society quite at the end of the last, and beginning of the present,
century. He was related by marriage to M. Planchon, the well-
known Professor of Botany at Montpellier. If I mistake not he
was for some time resident in this country; be that as it may, his
knowledge of our language was perfect; the numerous notes
and papers he published here were not translations. Lichtenstein
appears to have published nothing on Entomology until he was
about fifty years of age; his first paper saw the light in 1869.
He was a vineyard proprietor in the South of France, but I think
he retired from active business-hfe just about the time the
Phyllovera appeared in France. Indeed, it is very probable the
Phylloxera largely determined his career as ari entomologist ; he
studied the insect thoroughly, and, in connection therewith, the
Aphides generally, and most of his very numerous writings show
that his bias lay distinctly in the direction of solving problems
concerning the life-histories of dAphides, Coccide, Psyllide,
Cynipid@, and others, in connection with the plants they attack.
The complex life-cycles of Aphides were especially studied by him,
(eebxevai sy)
and for an intelligent réswmé of his not generally accepted views
I cannot do better than refer you to the Address delivered by my
predecessor, Mr. Dunning, at the Annual Meeting of this Society
on January 16th, 1884. One of the points strongly insisted upon
by Lichtenstein is that certain Aphides, at one period of their
existence, constitute a “species” with a certain food-plant, but
subsequently migrate to another food-plant having no connection
whatever with the former, and become another “species.” ‘Thus
the Aphis of the plum may become the Aphis of the hop, and so
on. I think the idea was not original, but the experiments
instituted by Lichtenstein have been repeated by others, and are
apparently so far confirmed as to induce one to believe the theory
has developed into fact.*
* Having prominently mentioned the Phylloxera in connection with
our deceased colleague, I ask your permission to make a digression. In
July last I had opportunities for learning more about the ravages of the
Phylloxera in France, from personal observation and conversation, than
I had ever before been able to do. A sojourn of some length in the
Pyrénées Orientales brought the extent of the ravages vividly before me.
I was in a district once covered with smiling vineyards. Now there are
only the dead stocks left in the ground, half concealed by weeds, ghastly
reminders of the past. Or occasionally the dead stocks are piled in
huge stacks for firewood, and the vines have been replaced by maize, a
poor substitute from a financial point of view. I met men once
prosperous proprietors, now impoverished peasants, still clinging to the
scenes of former prosperity. The state of affairs there is repeated in
very many other districts, and it was lamentably evident in that of
Angouléme in passing through it by train, The famous Bordeaux
district, however, seems largely to have recovered itself, and in passing
through it one would not imagine that it also had recently gone through
the same ordeal. In this district remedial measures and the introduction
of new blood in the form of American stocks said to be Phylloxera-proof
have told successfully. And, speaking as an economic entomologist, I
cannot resist the opinion (in holding which I think I am in a minority)
that the want of introduction of new blood may have had a large share
in rendering the vines, cultivated too much ‘in and in,” ready victims
to the pest when it first appeared. Iam not armed with official statistics,
but there appeared to be hopeful feeling to the effect that the Phylloxera
was exhausting itself (so far as France is concerned) ; let us hope such
is the case. But I met and conversed with intelligent and far-seeing
Frenchmen, who held that the future of their country depends more upon
what turn the Phylloxera may take, than upon political affairs. Never
before has an insidious insect-pest caused such widespread and con-
tinued ruin,
( Txvani)
Frank Edward Robinson, who joined the Society in 1880, met
a tragic fate in India in the course of last year, a young man
much under thirty years of age. He showed a taste for Natural
History when a pupil at Dulwich College, where he obtained an
Indian Civil Service Scholarship, which occasioned his removal to
Oxford; there he attracted the notice of Prof. Westwood, and
made a tolerably complete MS. catalogue of all described Indian
insects for future use. He held a judicial appointment in India ;
but the promise of a useful career, officially and scientifically, was
prematurely cut short. Having taken part in a tiger-hunt, an
infuriated animal, wounded by one of his companions, attacked
and killed him.
Edmund Shuttleworth. Again we have to deplore the pre-
mature decease of a promising worker. Mr. Shuttleworth, of
Preston, died in London in December 1885, after a brief illness
from scarlet fever, aged twenty-seven ; he joined the Society in
1884. He was a member of the legal profession, and held an
official position under the Clerk of Assize for the county of
Lancashire. As an entomologist he paid special attention to
Lepidoptera, and at the time of his death was devoting himself to
the Tortrices and Tineina with much ardour.
I am not able to give any information concerning C.G. Websdale,
of Barnstaple, a comparatively old member of the Society, who
was elected in 1869, and died in 1886.
In yesterday's ‘Times’ (January 18th) is the announcement of
the death of the Rev. Charles Augustus Frederick Kuper, M.A.,
ou the 18th inst., aged eighty-one, elected in 1842, and one of our
oldest colleagues. For the last forty-four years he had been vicar
of Trelleck, Monmouthshire; therefore he joined this Society
about the time of his appomtment. I think that on our present
list there are only eight who were elected prior to Mr. Kuper,
and of these, five are Original Members.
Of British entomologists not immediately connected with this
Society, a once familiar figure disappeared for ever from amongst
us in 1886. Dr. John Arthur Power died suddenly at Bedford on
June 9th, aged seventy-six. He was, I believe, of Irish descent,
but his family had long been settled in England. He was born
at Market Bosworth on the J8th March, 1810, was educated at
Merchant Taylors’ School, and subsequently entered at Clare
College, Cambridge, where he took his B.A. degree (followed by
(oie: -)
the M.A.), and obtained a Second Class in the Classical Tripos.
He adopted the medical profession, which culminated in he and
his brother establishing a training institution for medical students,
in which their success was very great, and their reputation such
that it used to be said that the fact of a pupil having been under
the Powers contributed in no small degree to his chances of
passing successful examinations. When at Cambridge he showed
a taste for Entomology, and joined this Society in 1834, but
resigned in 1843, and was never again one of our number.
Power was essentially a British coleopterist (though afterwards he
also collected British Hemiptera). His house in Burton Crescent
became a reudezvous for British coleopterists. As a collector he
was unequalled. No one possessed a keener eye for specific
differences, and no one knew more of the habits of the insects he
was in search of. In the field he was a study when engaged in
his favourite pursuit, utterly regardless of personal appearance,
and utterly unconscious as to surroundings. In book-work he
was less at home, and if ever he showed an occasional testiness it
was when some younger man, with more book-knowledge than he,
forestalled him, as he considered, in the determination of new or
obscure species; but it was only temporary. In private life he
was beloved by all who knew him; even his eccentricities had a
charm about them. About five years ago he had a paralytic
stroke, which permanently disabled his right hand, and which,
though it left his keen intellect quite unimpaired, practically ended
his career as a working entomologist. He removed to Bedford,
probably in connection with educational facilities for his grand-
children, and turned his attention to horticulture. His end was
extremely sudden, and in no way connected with the seizure that
held him lingering for several days between life and death a few
years before.
Of prominent foreign entomologists, not connected with this
Society, who died in 1886, L mention the following :—
Maurice Girard, a past President of the Entomological Society
of France, died suddenly, on Sept. 16th, at Lion-sur-Mer, on the
French shores of the Channel, whither he had gone to spend the
vacation, in his sixty-fourth year. He held an official position on
the Commission for Primary Education. His studies tended in
the direction of economic and applied Entomology, and he
published, in 1876, a very important memoir on the Phylloawera
CS flee)
and its ravages in Charente. He was a fertile writer and a
conscientious skilled compiler. Probably his best-known and
most useful works are his ‘ Métamorphoses des Insectes,’ and his
‘Cours Klementaire d’Entomologie,’ the latter extending to
several volumes.
Prof. Hermann Conrad Wilhelm Hering died at Stettin on
February 1st in his eighty-sixth year. For fifty-four years he
was connected with educational duties in Stettin, and became
Professor so long ago as 1837. He was a diligent lepidopterist,
and fellow-worker for many years with the late Prof. Zeller.
Most of his not very numerous writings concerned the Lepidoptera
of Pomerania; the first was published in the ‘Isis’ for 1835, the
last in the Stettiner entomologische Zeitung for 1881.
Carl Plotz, of Greifswald, died by his own hand, under dread
of approaching blindness, on August 12th. As an entomologist
he was an iconographer in Lepidoptera, and also published much
on Hesperide, of which family he had made a speciality. His
first published notice appeared in the Stettiner Zeitung for 1861,
his last in the same journal for 1886, the latter a lengthy memoir
of nearly forty pages.
Adolf Werneburg, of Erfurt, died there on January 21st, 1886.
He held the position of ‘‘ Oberforstmeister,” a position unknown
in this country, but which has furnished many prominent ento-
mologists in Germany and elsewhere. Werneburg was a diligent
lepidopterist, and commenced publishing so long ago as 1853 ;
his writings soon showed his bent, which lay distinctly in the
direction of literature, and culminated in his ‘ Beitrage zur
Schmetterlingskunde,’ consisting of two thick volumes, published
at Erfurt in 1864, devoted to a critical consideration of the works
on Kuropean Lepidoptera published during the 17th and 18th
centuries. His researches induced him to suggest great changes
in the then existing nomenclature on the ground of priority, and
to a considerable extent formed the basis upon which Staudinger’s
modern list is founded.
Our Library.
To turn to our Library. ‘The additions by donation have been
as numerous and valuable as heretofore. ‘The sum spent in the
purchase of books has not been large, but the necessary item of
binding has not been neglected. That the Library has been
extensively used is evident by the fact that, in addition to the
( lear)
consultation of books by Fellows who can satisfy their require-
ments on the spot, no less than 215 volumes have been borrowed
during the year, spread over 40 borrowers. I have more precise
details before me, but it is scarcely necesssary to enter into
particulars. ‘That no considerable purchases of books have been
made during the year is perhaps in part due to the fact that the
Library is at the present moment in a somewhat transition
condition. In my last Address I said that our indefatigable
Librarian (who exhibits so much energy in connection with his
duties as to suggest the idea that they must form the one object
of his life) had nearly completed a new Catalogue of the Library.
During the year it has been completed, and no doubt many of
you have already had occasion to consult it. But thereis another
point. Many of us (and more especially our country colleagues)
would wish to be able to consult a printed Catalogue, so as to be
sure that a visit to our rooms might not be fruitless. The
printing of a Catalogue would entail heavy expense. But I hope
the Council may soon see their way to effect it, and that a
moderate sum charged to those of our Fellows who desire to
possess copies may largely recoup the cost. With regard to this
I may mention that there exists a minute on the Council-book to
the effect that the surplus sum resulting from the whole or a
portion of the Admission Fees received by the elevation of our
former Subscribers to the rank of Fellows may be placed towards
the first expense of printing the Catalogue. Until this matter be
decided I think a prudent Council should hesitate as to incurring
large liabilities in the purchase of books.
Our Librarian estimates the number of volumes (including
pamphlets and separate papers) in the Library at approximately
5569. And he has, unsolicited, supphed me with some interesting
details, which it may be well to make public. Under the head of
authors there are 3925 entries, distributed as follows, according
to the initial letters of their names :—
TN i Oe ee Sat ee ee ee or acts! 592
Dee e407 ik a te) SSO) 80
ase * Gee eCPM BT ced | 08 10
yen eee 940) ae Ce ones, IV 26
Fuser tas tSO. |) N: ei) en GO. EWN 483
en 93 5( OF asa Orn Pact Gn Lene ==
Gee Tis Ps es 1. 298. | ey 4
Lie ee CFO eOv Ed le Boal 7, 18
imme LG hac + ne, eS)
(iy lear |
Under the head of Transactions of Societies and Serials, there
are 156 entries, distributed as follows, according to the countries
in which they are published :—
Argentine Republic .. .. 4 | India 2
Australia and New Zealand 8 | Italy 5
Austria-Hungary 5 | Mexico 1
Belgium 5 | Netherlands it
Brazil .. ne 1 | Portugal 1
British Islands 57 | Russia 5
Canadian Dominion .. 6 | Spain .. 1
Cape Colony .. : .. 1 | Switzerland 4
France te On .. 10 | U.S. America 26
Germany 0 + ce dls} —=
156
Publications of existing Entomological Societies, and
Entomological Journals.
As a prominent feature in my short Address this evening I
have chosen the subject of existing Entomological Societies
publishing Transactions, and existing Journals devoted exclusively
to Entomology, under which head may be included the whole of
the Arthropoda, for most of the Societies, and many of the
Journals, do not confine themselves solely to Insecta. To have
made the list retrospective with regard to publications that have
ceased to appear would have been almost impossible. Still more
impossible is it to glance at the innumerable publications of
Societies and Journals of which Entomology forms a greater or
lesser portion of the contents. Furthermore, [ have not attempted
to collect information as to publications concerning Bee-keeping,
and other allied departments of Applied Entomology.
GREAT BRITAIN.
Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, con-
sisting of three series of 5 vols. each, and annual vols. since 1868
inclusive, so that the vol. about to be completed brings the total to
34. Vol. i. of the first series was completed in 1836. Iam sure
you will all echo the wish—May our Society exist for ever !
Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, and Entomologist ; monthly
Journals both commenced in 1864.
Cistula Entomologica, commenced in 1872, chiefly devoted to
descriptive work, appearing at irregular intervals.
Although perhaps scarcely within my province, I here mention
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s ‘Aid to the Identification of Insects,’.
( eixxain )
commenced in 1880, devoted to the figuring of type-specimens in
all orders, and appearing quarterly.
I am obliged to consider such publications as Miss Ormerod’s
annual ‘ Reports on Injurious Insects’ outside my strict province,
and they here receive mention, just as will happen with analogous
Reports issued in other countries.
It is impossible to notice for Great Britain, as for other
countries, the annual reports of local entomological Societies, or of
entomological sections of Societies devoted to general Natural
History, &e.
FRANCE.
Annales de la Societe Hntomologique de France, the oldest
existing Entomological Society as a continuity, the publications
of which have appeared with commendable regularity, notwith-
standing the periods of severe political troubles that have more
than once shaken the country since the founding of the Society.
Including that for 1886, 54 annual vols. have appeared (the first
having been published in 1882) in series, the first consisting of
11 vols., the succeeding of 10 vols. each, and the vol. for 1886
is the 8rd of the 6th series. In addition there have been supple-
mentary vols. devoted to special subjects; the whole forming a
mine of entomological information. The fortnightly ‘ Bulletins’
are distributed as soon as published to members on payment of a
small fee.
Revue dEntomologie, the organ of the Societe Francaise
d’Entomologie, published at Caen. A monthly Journal of general
Entomology, commenced in 1882, the current vol. being the 5th.
It is edited by M. Fauvel.
LD? Abeille, a Journal devoted to Coleoptera (notwithstanding its
title), edited by our colleague l’Abbé de Marseul, commenced in
1864; the current vol. is the 20th.
ITALY.
Bullettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, commenced in
1869, and forming yearly vols. of 4 parts each; thus the vol. for
1886 is the 18th.
BELGIUM.
The publications of the Belgian Entomological Society were
commenced in 1857 under the title Annales de la Societe entomolo-
gique Belge, but after the 7th vol. the title was slightly modified,
‘de Belgique’ being substituted for ‘Belge. They appear in
annual vols., and that for 1886 is the 30th, in consequence of an
additional vol. (the 24th) having been published in 1880, on the
K
( ilxexivs”)
occasion of the 25th Anniversary ot the Society. The Comptes-
Rendus of the meetings, which are much extended, and often
contain lengthy papers, are distributed monthly to the members.
HOLLAND.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, the organ of the ‘ Nederlandsche
entomologische Vereeniging.’ The present publication was pre-
ceded from 1854 to 1857 by ‘ Handelingen ’ of the Society, the first
vol. of the Tijdschrift’ appearing in 1859. Since then it has been
continuous in 4 parts annually, the vol. for 1886 being the 29th.
There are only two meetings of the Society during the year, the
‘“summer” and ‘“ winter” respectively, reports of which are
distributed to the members. The contents of the ‘ Tijdschrift’
have always consisted largely of memoirs concerning the insects
of Holland and of the Dutch Indies, and are remarkable for the
beauty and fidelity of the plates. Latterly several papers have
been published in English; and in connection with this I may
remark that another Dutch publication (‘ Notes from the Leyden
Museum), of which Entomology is the prominent feature, is
wholly in English.
GERMANY.
Entomologische Zeitung, published by the Entomological Society
of Stettin, the oldest of the. existing Societies devoted to Ento-
mology in Germany. It commenced in 1840, and for some years
was published monthly, 12 numbers forming an annual vol.; but
subsequently it appeared, as now, in quarterly parts, each pur-
porting to consist of three numbers. Since July, 1843, it has
been edited by the veteran Dr. C. A. Dohrn, one of our honorary
colleagues, and President of the Society, who, now in his eighty-
first year, continues to show an amount of vigour to be envied by
some men half his age. The information scattered through the
47 vols. of this Journal is enormous, and probably no other German
entomological publication is so widely read in this country.
Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, and Deutsche entomolo-
gische Zeitschrift.—Force of circumstances compels me to couple
these two, now very distinct, publications. The Berl. ent. Zeitschr.,
as the organ of the Entomological Society of Berlin, commenced
in 1857, and continued under that title down to 1874, after which
it became the Deutsche ent. Zeitschr., still purporting to emanate
from the original Society. This distinction, in title only, lasted
down to 1880. Then a division in the camp of the entomologists
of the German metropolis took place. The Berl. Ent. Zeitschr.
was revived as representing the Entom. Soc. of Berlin, and the
Deutsche ent. Zeitschr. was continued as representing the German
CP ley. ©)
Entom. Soc. Strange to say, each claims continuity since 1857,
the vol, for each, published in 1886, being styled the 30th. The
old Society (or title) is now mostly representative of the Berlin
Zoological Museum, the younger Society (or title) those who are
more or less antagonistic: there is news to the effect that our
colleague Dr. Kraatz, who represents the German Society, has
recently presented his collections and a large sum of money to the
Stadt Museum of Berlin. It is not for me to enter into the merits
or demerits of the disagreement. Both publications continue to
give to the scientific world memoirs of great value, just as was the
case when they were one. The contents of the Deutsche ent.
Zeitschr. mainly concern Coleoptera, those of the Berl. ent.
Zeitschr. are more varied. There appears to be room for both, but
the confusion caused through both claiming continuous existence
is very great.
Zeitschrift fiir Entomologie, published at Breslau by the Silesian
Entomological Society. A comparatively small Journal under the
above title was started in 1847, and existed down to 1861. It was
resuscitated in 1870, and continues.
Entomologische Nachrichten.—Vhis fortnightly Journal, origi-
nally edited by Dr. Katter, and published at Putbus, commenced
in 1875, 24 numbers forming a vol., but after the close of the 9th
vol. in 1883 it became the property of Messrs. Friedliinder und Sohn,
of Berlin, edited by Dr. Karsch, and continues.
Correspondenzblatt des entomologischen Vereins ‘Iris’ zw
Dresden.—Of this three numbers have appeared, dated October
1884, May 1885, and March 1886, respectively, largely devoted to
exotic Lepidoptera. The Society and the publication appear to
have developed from a private entomological club established
in 1862.
Correspondenzblatt des entomologischen Vereins zw Halle.—I
find amongst my notes an indication of this Society and publication
as recently established.
Insekten-Borse is published fortnightly at Leipzig, and may be
rendered as ‘“‘ Exchange and Mart.”
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
Wiener entomologische Zeituwng.— An exceedingly useful and
well-illustrated publication commenced in 1882, and conducted by
well-known entomologists. Originally 12 parts formed a vol., but
latterly there have been 10 parts annually ; nevertheless the bulk
of the vols. has increased.
Rovartani Lapok (which may be translated as ‘ Hntomological
Leaves’) is a Journal in the Hungarian language, with occasional
( bexvir)
brief réswmés in French, published at Pesth. It is chiefly devoted
to local insects, and succeeded, in 1884, another Journal of a some-
what similar title that had only a brief existence. Indeed, I fear
the later one has met a similar fate, for I have seen no recent
numbers.
SWITZERLAND.
Mittheilungen der Schweizerischen entomologischen Gesell-
schaft.—The first Heft of this very useful publication (then, as
now, edited by Dr. Stierlin) was published in February, 1862. Ten
Hefte form a vol., and the current vol. is the 7th. Tourist ento-
mologists are everywhere in Switzerland during the summer
months, but native entomologists are unfortunately too few, con-
sidering the almost unequalled advantages (for Europe) the country
possesses. And these few are widely separated; therefore there is
only an annual gathering. Naturally the contents of the
‘Mittheilungen’ largely concern Swiss insects, but there is much
other matter.
Societas Hntomologica. Journal de la Socicté entomologique
internationale.—Under this high-sounding title I received, in 1886,
two numbers of a periodical (the first dated the 1st April) pub-
lished at Ziirich. I have seen no more, but believe it continues to
appear. In No. 2 there is an elaborate list of rules, in French,
German, and English (the latter being a literary curiosity). These
two numbers contain some useful biological and local notes, and
also descriptions of new species of Ichnewmonide.
SWEDEN.
Entomologisk Tidskrift, issued by the Entomological Society of
Stockholm. This is under the editorship of Dr. Jacob Spangberg.
Four parts form a vol., and the first was published in 1880. The
vol. for 1886 is the 7th. The contents largely, but not exclusively,
concern Scandinavian insects. The Swedish text is supplemented
by copious reswmés in French. There are periodical lists of all
papers on Entomology publishedin Sweden, Norway, and Finland,
which are very useful, for some of the publications in which
these appear are not well known in this country.
RUSSIA.
Hore Societatis Entomologice Rossice, commenced in 1861,
and continued in annual vols. A certain portion of the contents
are published in Latin, German, and French, but much is wholly
in Russian. The plates are usually excellent. ‘Lhe same Society
also issues (I believe in annual vols.) another publication, which
may be rendered as Acta (‘‘ Trudi”’), wholly in Russian. It is not
(@dixxyur ”,)
my intention here to enter into a discussion of the advisability on
the one hand, or the inconvenience on the other, of publishing
valuable scientific memoirs in a language so little generally under-
stood as is Russian. The naturalists of that vast country have
latterly shown extraordinary activity, and their original work,
especially in anatomy and physiology, has proved of the highest
order. The inconvenience of the vernacular has been so far
recognised that a publication has been started in Paris, under the
title ‘Archives Slaves de Biologie,’ for the purpose of giving to
the scientific world French translations of the more important
memoirs, but it does not include systematic and descriptive works.
Revue mensuelle @ Hntomologie, pure et appliquée.—A Journal
under the above title, edited by M. Doukhtouroff (the Secretary of
the Russian Entomological Society), was commenced in 1883.
Nothing has been received since the number for October, 1884, and
it is probably defunct.
UNITED STATES.
Transactions of the American Entomological Society, pub-
lished at Philadelphia. Virtually a continuation of the ‘ Pro-
ceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia,’ of which
the last (6th) vol. bears the date 1866-7. The 1st vol. under the
new title is dated 1867-8, and in it are the ‘ Constitution’ and
Bye-Laws of the Society under its more extended title. With
vol. ix. (1881-2) there is an addition to the title-page by the words
‘and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy
of Natural Sciences.’ The current vol. is the 18th. The contents
may be said to wholly concern American insects, and include some
of the most important memoirs on that subject.
Psyche; organ of the Cambridge (Mass.) Entomological Club.
Commenced in May, 1874, as a monthly Journal. At first the
numbers appeared with tolerable regularity, but it became evident
that a struggle for existence prevailed, and the numbers were more
and more inarrear. It contains very much useful matter, and very
copious bibliographical records, though compiled on an inconvenient
plan. No public announcement of its decease has been made, so
far as I know, but nothing has been seen by me since the treble
number for April—June, 1885 (published long afterwards); so far
as I am aware only one more number is wanted in order to
complete vol. iv.
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington.—
This Society was established a year or two ago, with Prof. Riley
as President. At present I have seen only vol. i., No.1., published
in 1886,
.
( Yixxvini ))
Entomologica Americana.—Commenced in 1885 by the amalga-
mation of two previously existing Journals, viz., the ‘ Bulletin of the
Brooklyn Entomological Society’ and ‘ Papilio.’ It is published
monthly, and promises to be very useful.
T have already said that the Annual Reports of Economic Ento-
mologists scarcely come within the purpose of my present notes.
But I may here allude to the Reports of the United States
Entomological Commission, the Annual Entomological Reports,
and the Bulletin, of the Department of Agriculture, in which the
names of Riley, Packard, Thomas, and Comstock figure con-
spicuously, and the Reports of the various State Entomologists, of
which those for Illinois, Missouri, and New York are especially
valuable; there are others of which we know less in this country.
CANADA.
Canadian Entomologist.— A thin annual vol. of 12 monthly
parts, always containing useful information. Edited down to
vol. v. by the Rev. C. J. 8. Bethune, and subsequently down to the
present time by our colleague Mr. W. Saunders, of London
(Ontario). The vol. for 1886 is the 18th.
The Reports of the Entomological Society of Ontario, published
at Toronto ‘‘ by order of the Legislative Assembly,” are here men-
tioned, but they are outside my province, just as are several other
allied publications previously alluded to. The current annual vol.
is the 16th. They are analogues of the United States Official
Reports.
I can scarcely hope the foregoing analysis, the outcome of an
idea originated scarcely more than a fortnight ago, is complete.
But I think it may prove useful. No doubt there are errors,
both of omission and commission: I shall be very glad of infor-
mation concerning them.
Aids to Reference.
In my Address last year I alluded to the fact that notwith-
standing the enormous increase of entomological literature latterly,
the facilities for reference had increased in proportion, in con-
sequence of the improved condition of our great Natural History
Libraries as compared with that of years gone by, and the
existence of ‘ keys” or aids to reference. ‘To go to a great library
for information on some special point without having a clue as to
where to find the reference, would be equivalent to seeking the
proverbial needle in the proverbial bottle of hay. No librarian
(ie xexasc a)
can be expected to prove a ‘‘ walking dictionary,” familiar with the
contents of every page of the books under his charge. ive
student must arm himself with a reference. Let us see how this
can be best obtained.
First and foremost comes Hagen’s ‘ Bibliotheca Entomologica,’
as a list of authors and titles of books and papers down to 1862.
‘That this work is not on the shelves of every working entomologist
is a marvel to me, and it is still more a marvel that I find those
who possess it do not always avail themselves of the analytical
« Register ” at the end of the second volume.
Then there is the ‘Catalogue of Scientific Papers compiled by
the Royal Society,’ an enormous undertaking, embracing Science
as a whole, and of which a second supplementary volume is now
in course of preparation.
I may mention also that two volumes of a new edition (edited
by Dr. O. Taschenberg, of Halle) of Carus and Engelmann’s
‘ Bibliotheca Zoologica’ have lately appeared.
Furthermore there is the invaluable ‘ Zoologischer Auzeiger,’
published fortnightly, giving a classified list of very recent papers
and books on Zoology ; and ‘ Naturee Novitates,’ published monthly
by Friedlander und Sohn, the enterprising Berlin firm of book-
sellers, should not be forgotten.
But something more than the names of authors and the titles
of their productions is usually necessary; a minute analysis is
required. For this purpose there are now three distinct channels
of reference, and it must be very extraordinary if the student fail
in this case to find the information, be it positive or be it negative,
he is in search of.
In order of priority the ‘Bericht tber die wissenschaftlichen
Leistungen im Gebiete der Entomologie,’ commonly known as the
Buricut, takes the first place. Although foreshadowed to a
certain extent, it commenced in the year 1840 by an analysis of
the work done in 1838, and continues to appear now, as originally,
in Wiegmann’s ‘ Archiv fur Naturgeschichte,’ and also separately.
With it are associated names honoured in Entomology—richson,
Schaum, Gerstacker, Brauer, Bertkau. This publication took
the initiative in furnishing a comparatively ready clue to entomo-
logical students in search of a reference, and in its earlier years
the difficulties that beset the recorder, or compiler, must have
been far greater than those now existing.
( Mileexx:, ™)
It is now not far short of a quarter of a century ago that the
idea of a book of reference in Zoology, published in English, was
started. This culminated in the appearance of the first volume of
the ZootoaicaL RucorD in 1865, dealing with the literature for
1864, under the editorship of Dr. Giinther, and published at his
own risk by Mr. Van Voorst. Of the advantages of a book of
reference in our own language there could not be two opinions,
but the public did not respond as it was considered they would
have done, and at the end of the sixth volume the enterprising
publisher, after sustaining considerable loss on the venture,
abandoned it. However, an association was form —the Zoological
Record Association—with Mr. Stainton as Secretary, for its
continuance, Professor Newton succeeding Dr. Gunther as
Editor. By means of grants, liberal donations, and an annual
call on the members of the Association, it has continued down
to the present, the Record for 1885 having appeared last
month. After the publication of the volume for 1872, Mr. HK.
C. Rye replaced Professor Newton as Editor, and, on the
death of the former in 1885, the vacancy was filled by the
appointment of Prof. I’. Jeffrey Bell. In the first five volumes of
the Zoological Record the entomological portion was compiled
solely by Mr. W.S. Dallas. In vol. vi. (1869) the subject was
subdivided under various recorders, and in it I undertook the
Neuroptera and Orthoptera, which I have continued down to the
volume just published. From vols. vii. to xv. inclusive the
subject was done by Mr. Rye, Mr. W. F. Kirby, and myself;
from vols. xvii. to xxi. Mr. Kirby compiled all excepting the two
orders continued by me, and substituting the name of our new
President for that of Mr. Kirby the remark applies equally to
vol. xxil. After seventeen years of service I consider I have
earned my right to retire; Dr. Sharp will in future probably
furnish the portions hitherto supplied by me. In the Record for
1876 a new system of pagination was commenced, each broad
division being paged separately, and this plan has continued.
Presuming the method of treatment to have been nearly the same
throughout, an analysis of the part occupied by Insecta for each
year will be instructive. For 1876 the subject occupied 240 pp. ;
1877, 234 pp.; 1878, 291 pp.;.1879, 250 pp. ; 1880, 238 pp. ;
1881, 303 pp.; 1882, 292 pp.; 1888, 299 pp.; 1884, 319 pp.;
and 1885, 257 pp.; in this last volume the method of treatment
( Sis xa >)
was somewhat changed. It is no secret that a crisis has again
arisen in the history of the Record. Iam not in a position to
state with certainty, but I have reason to hope a plan for its con-
tinuance has been decided upon this day.*
The third channel of reference in order of priority is the
ZooLoGischER JAHRESBERICH?T, issued under the auspices of the
Zoological Station at Naples. It commenced with the literature
for 1879, and continues. In Entomology each order has practically
a separate recorder, who is usually a specialist. A notable feature
is the detailed information for Anatomy, Physiology, and Pale-
ontology, which are recorded apart from the ordinal position of
the subjects from which the observations have been made, a plan
not without its advantages. Hverything that emanates from the
Naples Zoological Station is exhaustive.
Let us picture to ourselves the benighted condition of entomo-
logists before such keys to reference existed, and let us imagine
how much synonymy (the plague of succeeding students) might
have been avoided had they existed! But the greater the help
the greater the responsibility.
A Chapter of an Autobiography.
As concluding my Address, I give you a very brief chapter of
an otherwise unwritten Autobiography. I do so at the request
of a scientific friend to whom many of the details are already
familiar. The chapter indicates why my studies eventually took
a certain definite direction, and the history of my case may
probably find an echo in that of many of my hearers, differences
in incident always excepted.
In early childhood I was located some ten or twelve miles from
London on the borders of what was then Hainault Forest, where
I remained until fifteen years of age. There could scarcely
have been a better position near London for arousing the latent
instincts of a born naturalist. These instincts once aroused took
a general form, and embraced the whole ‘ Systema Nature.’ The
Forest afforded unusual facilities for ornithological observations,
and entire holidays were spent watching the London birdcatchers
who frequented the locality, and from them I gleaned much
* The ‘ Zoological Record’ will be continued by the Zoological Society
of London,
(Caibexxait >)
practical information, not only as to the birds themselves, but
also as to their habits, migrations, &c., and above all there was
the occasional capture of a rara avis beyond the knowledge of these
experts. Conchology was alsoa favourite subject, necessarily almost
limited to land and fresh-water shells, for I had then never seen the
sea. But amongst my early schoolfellows was a small boy about my
own age, whose father owned a fleet of fishing-smacks hailing from
Barking; there was no special community of taste, but he was
readily induced to obtain for me shells, &c., brought up in the
nets, and occasionally very odd fish, such as ‘“ lump-suckers,” and
so on. Butterflies and moths were collected and bred, and a
hornets’ nest in an old tree had an especial interest, at a distance.
It had been instilled into my juvenile mind that the sting of a
hornet was fatal, and also that three large dragonflies could kill
a horse !
But in connection with this tendency to take an interest in
Natural History as a whole, there was one subject that especially
engaged my attention from childhood to early manhood, and that
was Botany, and this largely contributed to shape my future
course as an entomologist. At first the only works I could
consult were one or two old Encyclopedias and one or two
childrens’ books on general Natural History. At about the age
of seven or eight, Botany took more decided possession of me. At
that time an elder brother, a youth of eighteen or nineteen (whom
the Thames claimed soon afterwards as a tribute from those who
dare to bathe in its waters), gave me, as a present, Macreight’s
‘Manual of British Botany,’ a curious present to a mere child,
technical, without figures, probably intended for medical students,
with the one advantage that it embodied the plants commonly
cultivated as well as the indigenous. It opened up a new light,
and, by means of the old encyclopedias previously referred to, I
managed to master most of the technical terms, and to identify
most of the wild plants of the locality and many of those cultivated
in the garden; my herbarium was commenced forthwith, for
which certain ponderous volumes did duty in the place of drying-
paper, much to their detriment. That technical ‘ Manual of
British Botany’ was the thin end of the wedge; it is now before
me, extensively ‘ thumb-marked,” to use a bookseller’s term, and
I find that, being based on the Natural System, the Linnean
classes aud orders were added by me as marginal notes,
(Mikeexati )
Time went on, and conditions changed. I found myself located
in London, and it was but rarely I could pursue my still-absorbing
study in the field. But the changed conditions gave me an
opportunity of consulting the literature I had craved for. My
evenings were spent at the London Institution in Finsbury
Circus. The Librarian was E. W. Brayley, to whose memory I
pay a debt of gratitude. Brayley was not a naturalist, but an
archeologist of repute; he took an interest in my pursuits, and
to some purpose, as the sequel will show.
In 1855 it was deemed advisable I should take a long voyage,
and, during one of thirteen months’ duration, two months or more
were spent in New South Wales, where all my energies were
devoted to plant-collecting, plants of a strange land, and for
which my earlier studies afforded little help. I managed to name
most of them at the Sydney Botanic Gardens, but there remained
a residuum of indeterminata. Upon arriving home I sought the
late R. Kippist, Librarian to the Linnean Society, to whom I had
a previous introduction from my friend of the London Institution,
and he in turn gave me an introduction to Robert Brown, then
Keeper of the Botanical Department of the British Museum.
Could anything have been more auspicious? I had Australian
plants to name, and Robert Brown was the chief authority on
the Botany of Australia. He received me courteously, but,
as I then thought, somewhat austerely (I now wonder why
he took so much trouble over a mere boy). He brought down
bundle after bundle of plants, and satisfied most of my require-
ments; and then he proceeded to read me so severe a lecture that
my heart sank within me. The burthen of it was to the effect
that I should not have come to him to get names for plants
without having previously endeavoured to determine them from
descriptions. ‘The rebuke was accepted meekly; my previous
studies had made it so far applicable that I could not do other-
wise. Whether Robert Brown acted on the spur of the moment,
or whether he thought my case a suitable one on which to
experiment, I know not. We never met again, but his memory
lives in my respect—he drove the wedge home to its thick end.
What induced me to practically abandon Botany for Entomo-
logy, asa speciality, L scarcely know. My Autobiography ends
here. I joined this Society in 1858, and the rest is pretty well
known.
(Co ilixexay a)
At the termination of my second year of office as President, I
again thank you for the uniform courtesy with which I have been
received at our monthly meetings. I have the satisfaction of
vacating the Chair with the knowledge that our Society is in a
healthy condition. That it shall so continue depends much upon
receipts on the one hand and cautious expenditure on the other.
You have chosen as my successor one of my earliest entomological
companions, a gentleman whose knowledge of Coleoptera, taken
asa whole, is probably not to be equalled here or elsewhere. All
I ask of you is to—speed the parting, welcome the coming, man.
CHARTER & BYE-LAWS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,
», x
a
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: 7 oo
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(bexxyin —)
CONTENTS.
—_—@——__
CHARTER
BYE-LAWS.
CHAPTER I.
Object of the Society
CHAPTER IL.
Constitution of the Society
CHAPTER III.
Management
CHAPTER IV.
Officers
CHAPTER V.
Removal or resignation of Officers
CHAPTER VI.
Oj the President
CHAPTER VII.
Of the Vice- Presidents
CHAPTER VIII.
Of the Treasurer
CHAPTER IX.
Of the Secretaries
CHAPTER X.
Of the Librarian
Page
Ixxx1x
XCll
xell
X¢ell
X¢ll
XCli
X¢elll
XClll
xelll
XG1V
XCV
Ixxxvili CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XI.
Page
Library Regulations. : : : 5 : XCV
CHAPTER XII.
Election of Fellows. 2 : : : : XCVi
CHAPTER XIII.
Of the Admission Fee and Annual Contribution. XCV1
CHAPTER XIV.
Withdrawing and removal of Fellows. : ; XCV1
CHAPTER XV.
Privileges of Fellows . : : ; : 5 XCVil
CHAPTER XVI.
Honorary Fellows . ; : : : : X¢vil
CHAPTER XVII.
Ordinary Meetings of the Society . d ‘ , Xx¢vul
CHAPTER XVIII.
Special Meeting : : ‘ : : : XCIx
CHAPTER XIX.
Annual Meeting : : . 5 . : XC1X
CHAPTER XX.
Transactions and Journal of Proceedings , : Cl
CHAPTER XXI.
Alteration of the Bye-Laws ; . : : cl
THE SCHEDULE
Containing (1) Form of List for the Council, and
(2) Form of List for the Officers. : 5 cil
Cex ©)
CHARTER.
Pictorta, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith.
TO ALL TO WHOM these presents shall come Greeting :
Wuereas Joseph WituiamM Dunnine, of Lincoln’s Inn, in
the County of Middlesex, Barrister-at-Law, Esquire, Master
of Arts, formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge,
Fellow of the Cambridge Philosophical Society and of the
Linnean and Zoological Societies of London, has by his
Petition humbly represented unto US, That in the year 1833
certain of our loyal subjects formed themselves into a Society
for the Improvement and Diffusion of Entomological Science,
and subseribed and expended considerable sums of money for
such purposes, and have collected and become possessed of a
valuable library and other property, and have been and
continue to be actively employed in promoting the objects for
which the said Society was founded, especially by the
publication of Volumes of Transactions composed of Original
Memoirs, read before the Society. Anp wnereas the said
Petitioner, believing that the well-being and usefulness of
the said Society would be most materially promoted by
obtaining a Charter of Incorporation, hath therefore, on
behalf of himself and the other Members of the said Society,
most humbly prayed that WE would be pleased to grant a
Royal Charter for incorporating into a Society the several
persons who have already become Fellows, or who may at
any time hereafter become Fellows thereof, subject to such
Regulations and Restrictions as to US may seem good and
L
X¢ CHARTER.
expedient. NOW KNOW YE that WE, being desirous of
encouraging a design so laudable, and of promoting the
improvement and diffusion of Science in all its branches,
have of Our especial Grace, certain Knowledge and mere
Motion, given and granted, and We do hereby give and
erant, That the said JosepH Witi1am Dunnine and such
others of Our loving subjects as are now Fellows of the said
Society, or who shall at any time hereafter become Fellows
thereof in pursuance of the provisions of this Our Charter
and according to such Bye-Laws as are hereinafter men-
tioned, shall be a Body Corporate by the name of ‘ The
Entomological Society of London,” having perpetual succes-
sion and a common seal, with power to sue and be sued in
their Corporate name, and to acquire and hold any goods and
chattels whatsoever.
And our Will and Pleasure is, That Jonn OpapraH
Westwoop, Esqa., Master of Arts, Hope Professor of Zoology
in the University of Oxford, shall be Honorary President of
the said Corporation during the term of his natural life.
And that Rospert MacLacuuan, F.R.S., shall be the first
President of the said Corporation and shall continue such
until the Annual Meeting to be held in the month of January
next.
And our Will and Pleasure is, And we do hereby declare,
that there shall always be a Council to direct and manage
the concerns of the said Corporation. And that the thirteen
persons, who were elected to form the Council of the said
Society at the Annual Meeting held in the month of January
last, shall form the first Council of the said Corporation, and
shall continue in Office until the Annual Meeting to be held
in the month of January next.
And our Will and Pleasure is, And we further grant and
declare, that the existing Bye-Laws of the said Society, as
revised and amended at a General Meeting held on the 2nd
day of May, 1888, shall be the Bye-Laws of the said
Corporation, until the same shall be revoked or altered as
hereinafter mentioned. And that it shall be lawful at
General Meetings of the said Corporation to revoke or alter
any former Bye-Laws, and to make such new Bye-Laws as
CHARTER. x¢el
shall be deemed useful and necessary for the regulation of
the said Body Corporate.
Provided always: And we lastly declare it to be our Royal
Will and Pleasure, That no Bye-Law or Resolution shall, on
any account or pretence whatsoever, be made by the said
Corporation in opposition to the general scope, true intent,
and meaning of this our Charter or the Laws and Statutes of
this Realm, and that if any such Bye-Law or Resolution
shall be made, the same shall be absolutely null and void.
In Witness whereof We have caused these our Letters to
be made Patent.
Witness Ourself at Westminster the ar
twentieth day of July, in the Forty- fi
ninth year of Our Reign. ( THE SEAL,
By Warrant under the Queen’s Sign y-
Manual. Seat
CTtxeny)
BYE-LAWS.
As AMENDED At A SpectAL MEETING HELD 1st DrecemBER, 1886.
Cuap. I. Object.
Tue EnromonoeicaL Socrery or Lonpon is instituted for
the improvement and diffusion of Entomological Science.
Cuap. Il. Constitution. .
The Society shall consist of Honorary and Ordinary
Fellows.
Cuap. III. Management.
The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Council
consisting of thirteen Fellows, to be chosen annually, four of
whom shall not be re-eligible for the following year. Five
shall be a quorum.
Cuap. IV. Officers.
The Officers of the Society shall consist of a President ;
three Vice-Presidents; a Treasurer; two Secretaries; and a
Librarian. The Officers shall be chosen annually from
amongst the Members of the Council. No Fellow shall be
President, or a Vice-President, more than two years suc-
cessively.
Cnap. V. Removal or Resignation of Officers.
1. For any cause which shall appear sufficient to a
majority thereof the Council shall have power to suspend
any Officer of the Society from the exercise of his office, or
to remove him and declare such office vacant.
BYE-LAWS. x¢lil
2. In the event of any vacancy occurring in the Council
or Officers of the Society, at the next meeting of Council
after such vacancy has been made known, the Council shall
recommend to the Society the name of some Fellow to be
elected to fill the vacancy ; and the next Ordinary Meeting
of the Society shall be made a Special Meeting and the
Fellows summoned accordingly, and the Election shall take
place as provided for at the Annual Meeting, Chap. XIX.
Cuap. VI. President.
' 1. The duty of the President shall be to preside at the
Meetings of the Society and Council, and regulate all the
discussions and proceedings therein, and to execute or see to
the execution of the Bye-Laws and orders of the Society.
2. In case of an equality of Votes the President shall have
a double or casting Vote.
Cuap. VIL. Vice-Presidents.
1. The Vice-Presidents shall be nominated by the Presi-
dent. Such nomination shall be declared at the Ordinary
Meeting next after the election of the President in every
year.
2. In the absence of the President a Vice-President shall
fill his place, and shall for the time being have all the
authority, power, and privilege of the President.
3. In the absence of all the Vice-Presidents a Member of the
Council shall preside; and if no member of the Council be
present at any Ordinary Meeting the Fellows present shall
appoint by a majority to be Chairman such Fellow as they
shall think fit; and the Member of Council so presiding, or
the Fellow so appointed, shall for the time being have all the
authority, power, and privilege of the President.
Cuar. VIII. Treasurer.
1. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to demand and
receive for the use of the Society all sums of money due or
payable to the Society, and to disburse all sums payable by
the Society out of the Funds in his hands.
XC1V BYE-LAWS.
2. No payment exceeding £5, excepting for rent or taxes,
shall be made by the Treasurer without the consent of the
Council.
3. The Treasurer shall keep a book of Cheque Receipts for
admission fees and annual payments; each Receipt shall be
signed by himself, the date of payment and name of the
Fellow paying being written both on the Receipt and on the
part of the Cheque which is left in the book.
4. The Treasurer shall demand all arrears of annual
payment after such payment shall have been due three
months.
5. The accounts of the Treasurer shall be audited annually,
previously to the Annual Meeting, by a Committee of six
Fellows (of whom three shall be Members of the Council),
to be appointed by the President at the Ordinary Meeting
in December, of which Committee three shall be a quorum.
The Treasurer shall furnish the Auditors with a detailed
account of all receipts and disbursements down to the 31st
December.
Cuap. IX. Secretaries.
1. It shall be the duty of the Secretaries to keep a list of
all the Fellows of the Society, together with their addresses ;
to summon Meetings (when necessary) of the Society and the
Council; to conduct and produce to the Council all corres-
pondence in any way connected with the Society at the next
Meeting after such correspondence shall have been received
or taken place; to take Minutes of the Proceedings at
Meetings of the Society and the Council; to edit the
Transactions and Journal of Proceedings ; and, generally, to
act under the direction of the Council in all matters con-
nected with the welfare of the Society.
2. In the absence from any Meeting of the Society, or the
Council, of both the Secretaries, Minutes of the Proceedings
shall be taken by a Fellow whom the President shall appoint
for the occasion.
BYE-LAWS. XCV
Cuap. X. Librarian.
1. It shall be the duty of the Librarian to take care of the
Library and MSS., and keep a Catalogue thereof, with the
names of the Donors; to call in all Books borrowed, and see
that the Library Regulations are carried into effect.
2. The Council may employ a Sub-Librarian, who shall
receive such remuneration as the Council shall from time to
time determine, and shall be subject to such Rules and
Orders as shall from time to time be given to him by the
Council.
Cuap. XI. Library Regulations.
1. No Fellow shall, without special permission of the
Council, be allowed to borrow from the Library more than
four volumes at one time, or, without leave of the Librarian,
to retain any volume longer than one month.
2. If any book be torn, injured, lost, or not forthcoming
when demanded by the Librarian, full compensation shall be
made for the same by the borrower.
8. The Librarian shall call in all books borrowed from the
Library on the 5th day of January and 5th day of July in
each year ; and in case the same be not returned on or before
the Ordinary Meeting of the Society in the following month,
notice thereof shall be given by him to the Council, who
shall then direct a second notice to be sent to the Fellow
retaining any book, and in case the same be not returned
within the further space of four weeks from the date of such
second notice so sent, such Fellow shall in future be dis-
qualified from borrowing books from the Library without the
special permission of the Council.
4, The Library shall be open to the Fellows between the
hours of one and six p.m. on every week-day, except Saturday,
and on that day between one and three p.m.
5. No stranger shall be allowed access to the Library
unless introduced by a Fellow; but a note addressed to the
Librarian or Secretary shall be deemed a sufficient intro-
duction.
xevl BYE-LAWS.
Cuap. XII. Election of Fellows.
1. Every Candidate for admission into the Society shall be
proposed by three or more Fellows, who must sign a
Certificate in recommendation of him. The Certificate shall
specify the name and usual place of residence of the Can-
didate.
2. The Certificate having been read at one of the Ordinary
Meetings shall be suspended in the room, read again at the
following Ordinary Meeting, and the person therein recom-
mended shall be balloted for at the next Ordinary Meeting.
8. The method of voting shall be by ballot, and two-thirds
of the Fellows balloting shall elect.
4, Fellows shall sign the Obligation Book of the Society
at the first Ordinary Meeting of the Society at which they
are present, and shall then be admitted by the President.
Cuap. XIII. Admission Fee and Annual Contribution.
1. The Admission Fee shall be £2 2s., the Annual Con-
tribution £1 1s.
2. Foreigners not resident in the United Kingdom shall
pay the Annual Contribution, but shall be exempt from
payment of any Admission Fee.
3. The composition for Life Fellowship, in leu of the
Annual Contribution, shall be £15 15s.
4, The Annual Contribution shall become due on the Ist
day of January in advance; any Fellow elected after Sep-
tember will not be called upon for his Contribution for that
year.
Cuap. XIV. Withdrawing and Removal of Fellows.
1. Every Fellow, having paid all sums due to the Society,
shall be at liberty to withdraw therefrom upon giving notice
in writing to the Secretary.
2. Whenever written notice of a motion for removing any
Fellow shall be delivered to the Secretary, signed by the
President or Chairman for the time being on the part of the
Council, or by six or more Fellows, such notice shall be read
BYE-LAWS. xevll
from the Chair at the two Ordinary Meetings immediately
following the delivery thereof, and the next following Ordinary
Meeting shall be made a Special Meeting and the Fellows
summoned accordingly, when such motion shall be taken into
consideration and decided by ballot; whereat if a majority of
the Fellows balloting shall vote that such Fellow be removed,
he shall be removed from the Society.
3. Whenever any Fellow shall be in arrear for three years
in the payment of his Annual Contribution, notice thereof in
writing shall be given or sent to him by the Treasurer,
together with a copy of this section; and in case the same
shall remain unpaid, the Treasurer shall give notice thereof
to the Council, who shall cause a second similar notice to be
sent to the Fellow, with an intimation that at the expiration
of three months he will be liable to have his name erased
from the list of Fellows. In default of payment, the Council
may order his name to be erased accordingly.
Cuap. XV. Privileges of Fellows.
1. Fellows have the right to be present, to state their
opinions, and to vote, at all General Meetings; to propose
Candidates for admission into the Society; to introduce
Visitors at General Meetings of the Society; to have personal
access, and to introduce scientific strangers, to the Library ;
and Fellows who have paid the Annual Contribution for the
year shall be entitled to receive a copy of the Transactions
published during the year.
9. Fellows shall be eligible to any office in the Society,
provided they are not more than one year in arrear in the
payment of the Annual Contribution.
3. A Fellow shall not be entitled to vote on any occasion
until he shall have paid his Contribution for the year last
past.
Cuap. XVI. Honorary Fellows.
1. Every person proposed as an Honorary Fellow shall be
recommended by the Council; and shall be balloted for, and,
if elected, be liable to be removed in the like form and manner,
and be subject to the same rules and restrictions, as an
Ordinary Fellow.
X@VI1 BYE-LAWS.
2. Honorary Fellows shall be exempt from the payment of
Fees and Contributions, and shall possess all the privileges
of Ordinary Fellows.
8. No resident in the United Kingdom shall be an Honorary
Fellow.
4. The number of Honorary Fellows shall not exceed ten.
Cuap. XVII. Ordinary Meetings of the Society.
1. The Ordinary Meetings of the Society shall be held on
the first Wednesday in each month (except January), begin-
ning at seven o'clock in the evening, or at such other days or
times as the Council shall from time to time direct.
2. At the Ordinary Meetings the order of business shall be
as follows :—
(1.) The names of the Visitors present at the Meeting
shall be read aloud by the President.
(2.) The Minutes of the last Meeting shall be read
aloud by one of the Secretaries, proposed for
confirmation by the Meeting, and signed by the
President.
(3.) The Presents made to the Society since the last
Meeting shall be announced and exhibited.
(4.) Certificates in favour of Candidates for admission
into the Society shall be read, and Candidates
shall be balloted for.
(5.) Fellows shall sign their names in the Obligation
Book, and be admitted.
(6.) Exhibitions of specimens, &c., shall be made.
(7.) Entomological communications shall be announced
and read either by the Author or one of the
Secretaries.
(8.) When the other business has been completed, the
persons present shall be invited by the President
to make their observations on the communi-
cations which have been read, and on the
specimens or drawings which have been ex-
hibited at the Meeting.
BYE-LAWS. XC1X
3. All Memoirs which shall be read at any Meeting of the
Society shall become the property of the Society, unless
otherwise stipulated before the reading thereof.
4. No Motion relating to the government of the Society,
its Bye- Laws, the management of its concerns, or the election,
appointment, or removal of its Officers, shall be made at any
Ordinary Meeting.
Cuap. XVIII. Special Meeting.
1. Upon the requisition of six or more Fellows, presented
to the President and Council, a Special General Meeting of
the Society shall be convened; a notice thereof shall be sent
to every Fellow whose last known residence shall be in the
United Kingdom, at least seven days before such Meeting
shall take place; and any proposition to be submitted to such
- Meeting shall be stated at length in such notice.
2. No vote shall be taken at any Special Meeting unles
nine or more Fellows shall be present.
Cuap. XIX. Annual Meeting.
1. The Annual Meeting of the Society shall be held on the
third Wednesday in January.
2. The objects of the Meeting shall be to receive from the
Council, and hear read, their Annual Report on the general
concerns of the Society; and to choose the Council and
Officers for the ensuing year.
3. The Council for the time being shall annually cause to
be prepared two Lists, one of which (No. 1 in the Schedule
hereto) shall contain the names of Fellows whom they shall
recommend to be re-elected, and of other Fellows to be
elected into the Council; and the other list (No. 2) shall
contain the names of such Fellows as they shall recommend
to fill the offices of President, Treasurer, Secretaries, and
Librarian for the year ensuing ; which Lists shall be read at
the Ordinary Meeting in December, and shall then be fixed
up in the room until the day of election. And copies of such
lists shall be transmitted to every Fellow whose last known
residence shall be in the United Kingdom, before the 20th
December.
C BYE-LAWS.
4. If any four or more Fellows shall desire to substitute
the name or names of any other Fellow or Fellows to be
elected into the Council or to fill any of the offices of
President, Treasurer, Secretary, or Librarian, such four or
more Fellows shall give notice in writing to that effect,
specifying the name or names of the Fellow or Fellows
proposed to be substituted; such notice to be given on or
before the 31st December to one of the Secretaries, who
shall before the second Wednesday in January transmit a
List of the names proposed to be substituted to every Fellow
whose last known residence shall be in the United Kingdom.
5. If no such notice be given to either of the Secretaries
on or before the 81st December, the Fellows named in the
Lists prepared by the Council shall be the Council and
Officers for the ensuing year.
6. If any such notice be given, the election shall be by
Ballot at the Annual Meeting, and the President shall
appoint two or more Scrutineers from the Fellows present,
not being Members of the Council, to superintend the Ballots
and report the results to the Meeting. The Secretaries,
assisted by the Treasurer, shall prepare a List of the Fellows
entitled to vote, and each Fellow voting shall give his name
to the Scrutineers to be marked on the said List, and shall
then put his balloting lists into the respective glasses to be
provided for such occasion.
7. Any balloting List containing a greater number of
names proposed for any office than the number to be elected
to such office, shall be wholly void, and be rejected by the
Scrutineers.
8. No Ballot shall be taken unless nine or more Fellows
shall be present.
9. If from any cause an election shall not take place of
persons to fill the Council, or any of the offices aforesaid,
then the election of the Council and Officers, or the election
of Officers, as the case may be, shall be adjourned until the
next convenient day, of which notice shall be given in lke
manner as is directed for the Annual Meeting.
BYE-LAWS. Cl
Cap. XX. Transactions and Journal of Proceedings.
1. The Transactions shall consist of such papers commu-
nicated to the Meetings of the Society as the Council shall
order to be published therein.
2. The Transactions shall be published quarterly, and at
such prices as the Council shall direct for each Part or
Volume.
3. Authors of Memoirs published in the Transactions shall
be allowed twenty-five copies of their communications gratis.
If any additional number be required, the entire expense
thereof shall be paid for by the Authors.
4. A Journal of Proceedings of the Society shall also be
published, containing Abstracts of the Papers read and
Notices of other Matters communicated at the Ordinary
Meetings of the Society. The Proceedings shall be bound
up with the Transactions.
CHap. XXI. Alteration of the Bye-Laws.
Any of the Bye-Laws of the Society may at any time be
repealed or altered, or others adopted in lieu thereof, at a
Special Meeting of the Society, to be held after a Notice
given to the President and Couneil, signed by six Fellows at
least, and specifying the intended repeal or alteration, has
been read at three Ordinary Meetings of the Society.
Cll BYE-LAWS.
THE SCHEDULE REFERRED TO IN CHAPTER XIX.
Nowa:
Form of Inst for the Council.
List of Members of the present Council recommended to be
re-elected at the Election onthe dayofJanuary,18 .*
|
a
|
|
ie J, | _
|
|
Ey
|
List of Fellows recommended to be elected into the Council :—
Se
U. V. |
W. X. |
MG a
* If any of the Names in this List be objected to, they must be struck
out before the Ballot, and other names, notified as provided by Sec. 4 of
Chapter XIX. of the Society’s Bye-Laws, may be substituted in the blank
spaces left for that purpose.
BYE-LAWS. cli
Now 2:
Form of List for the Officers.
List of Fellows recommended by the present Council to be
appoited to the offices of President, Treasurer, Secre-
taries, and Librarian, at the Election on the day of
January, 18 .*
President: cases. cece: Z. A |
AURGA SUNG ai tec. sees. Voup: |
a dee (X. C. i >
; pocuotaries pogo | W.D. | - i
Whibrarianm! <....2..... VER. |
* If any of the Names in this List be objected to, they must be struck
out before the Ballot, and other names, notified as provided by Sec. 4 of
Chapter XIX. of the Society’s Bye-Laws, may be substituted in the blank
spaces left for that purpose.
INDEX.
Norr.—Where the name only of an Insect or Genus is mentioned,
the description will be found on the page referred to.
The Arabic Figures refer to the pages of the ‘Transactions’; the Roman
Numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’
PAGE PAGE
GENERAL SUBJECTS ........ cv. | FIYMENOPTERA .......00... G&l
ARACHNIDA ................ GVi | LEPIDOPTERA .....c0cse0cee CXili
WOMHOPTHRA hse sce eavscc. -CVi | NEUROPTERA ho 2 acme ee eOxak
DIPTHRAWs cleanse cave deeicse CVI ||| ORTHOPTARA ccc ceciet ss det CXIX
GMI TERA Ssleecisisiee eateic « oe) CLL
i aueenenen came
GENERAL SUBJECTS.
Address of President, lxiii.
Aleurodes vaporariorum causing havoc amongst Tomato plants, lvi.
Annual Meeting, lix.
Aquatic habits of certain Orthoptera, viii.
Catocala, on some remarkable processes upon the under side of the larva
of certain species of, xvi.
Chelonia caja with abnormal antenn discussed, xlix.
Cidaria suffumata, notes on, with an account of an attempt to rear some
of the more peculiar forms which the Dover specimens assume, xxv.
Coccide doing damage to Huonymus japonicus at Montpellier and
Nismes, ii.
Dances of the Golden Swift, xliii.
Fig Insects, notes on, x.
Importation of humble bees into New Zealand, xxxii.
Larve of Meloé, notes on, xxx.
‘Les Insectes Fossiles des Terrains Primaires,’ Mr. Goss’s analysis of
M. Brongniart’s recent work on, iii.
Lucanus cervus, notes on the habits of the males in attacking, &c., xxxviii.
Nemopterid, note concerning certain, lvii.
On the origin of colour in insects, xix.
On the relation between insects and flowers, liii.
(1. ceval) >)
On the relation of the colour of pups of Lepidoptera to that of the surface
on which the larval skin is thrown off, xlvi.
Paussid, notes on certain, xxxiv.
Robinson, F. E., death of, alluded to, xxiv.
ARACHNIDA.
Atypus piceus from Hampstead Heath, exhibited, xlviii.
Galeodes, species from Port Elizabeth, exhibited, xv.
Uropoda vegetans on larva of Smerinthus tilie, xli.
COLEOPTERA.
Actecharis Readingii from Falmouth, exhibited, xxxii.
Adelops Wollastoni from St. Peter’s, Kent, exhibited, xxxviii.
Anchomenus archangelicus, exhibited, xv. — Sahlbergii, from Scotland,
exhibited, xv.
Anommatus 12-striatus from St. Peter’s, Kent, exhibited, xxxviil.
Apion annulipes, exhibited, xxxviii.—Lemoroi, exhibited, i1.—sorbi from
the New Forest, exhibited, xix.
Atysa fulvicornis, n.s., 33. — funesta, n.s., 338. — Jansoni, n.s., 32. —
nitidicollis, n.s., 32.—sulcicollis, n.s., 32.
Bruchus rufimanus, notes on injuries done to beans by, 375.
Buphonida placida, n.s., 38. — puncticollis, n.s., 38. — submarginata,
n.s., 38.
Cassida chloris, exhibited, xxx.
Cerophysa flava, n.s., 28
Cholus Forbesii found alive in a London sale-room, viil.
Chrysomela cerealis, exhibited from Snowdon, xxxii.
Cladophila, alluded to, 305.
Cladoxena, 308. C. maculata, 309.— pura, n.s., 310.—rwjipes, synonym
of Paracladoxena trifoliata, 311.
Cneoraus rugulipennis, n.s., 27.
Compsolanguria, n.g., 314. C. concinna, n.s., 315.—teres, n.s., 315.
Crotchia, n.g., 305. C. coptengoides, n.s., 307. — gibbosa, n.s., 307.—
metallica, n.s., 306. — nitida, n.s., 307. — parallela, n.s., 308.—
vagabunda, n.s., 306.
Diabrotica, new species described as follows :—albosignata, 453.—ampli-
cornis, 446.—apicalis, 444.—cinctipennis, 449.—consimilis, 447.—
cornuta, 448. — Curtisii, 449. — dimidiaticornis, 451. — Duvivieri,
445.— Fairmairei, 447.— flavo-vittata, 446. — gibbosa, 450. — gra-
minea, 443.—Grayella, 445.—interrupta, 445.—lata, 451.—latevit-
tata, 444.—melanocephala, 455.—nigrocincta, 451.—Oberthuri, 452.
—Paraensis, 452.—piceicollis, 453.—rugulosa, 450.—setosa, 454.—
viridana, 443.—vittatipennis, 454.
Doubledaya sp. 2 alluded to, 23.—varians, n.s., 24.
Eucnemis capucina and larva, notes on, 297; exhibited from the New
Forest, xxx.
( evn )
Eumea albofasciata, n.s., 36.—apicipennis, n.8., 37.—fasciata, n.s8., 36.
flavipennis, n.s., 37.
Galerucella thoracica, n.s., 38.—Wallacei, n.s., 33.
Goniolanguria, alluded to, 317.—/lavipes, n.s., 317.
Haplosonyx quadriplagiata, n. s., 39.
Harpalus calceatus, from Bridlington, exhibited, tii. — discoideus, from
Surrey, exhibited, xlix.
Hoplosoma ornata, n.s., 27.—ventralis, n.s., 27.
Languria affinis, n.s., 320.—Assamensis, n.s., 24.—geniculata, probably a
variety of L. Lewisii, 321. — Lewisii, alluded to, 321. — melano-
sterna, alluded to, 320. —nare, probably a variety of L. Lewisii,
321.—nigroenea to be substituted for femoralis, 25.—oblonga, n.s.,
313. —refulgens, n.s., 314. — scutellata identical with nigrina, 25.
—Walkeri, n.s., 313.
Languriide, new genera and species of, 23, 303.
Languriosoma Mouhoti, alluded to, 23.
Luperodes Jacobyi, n.s., 30.—limbella, n.s., 30.—marginata, n.s., 30.
Menippus metallicus, n.s., 37.
Microcladoxena, n.g., 312. M. Jansoni, alluded to, 312.
Mimastra apicalis, n.s., 28.
Nacrea, n.g., 29. N. apicipennis, n.s., 29.—maculata, n.s., 29.
Nadrana bella, n.s., 31.
Nicea pulchella, n.s., 35.
Ochralea fulva, n.s., 39.
Ortholanguroides, n.g., 316. O. cylindrica, n.s., 316.—egensis, n.s., 316.
—virescens, 0.8., 317.
Pachylanguria Borrei, alluded to, 319.
Paracladoxena, n.g., 310. P. bipustulata, n.s., 311.—trifoliata, 311.
Paussus Favieri, living specimens exhibited from Portugal, xix.
Phosphenus hemipterus, from Lewes, exhibited, xxxii.
Prasyptera nitidipennis, n.s., 31.
Rutela rufipennis, exhibited, viii.
Sastra discoidalis, n.s., 35.
Strumatea, n.g., 34. S. nodosa, n.s., 34.
Tetralanguria, alluded to, 318.
Tetralanguroides, n.g., 318. T. Fryi, n.s., 319.
DIPTERA.
Cecidomyia destructor, alluded to, xliii, liii., viii.
Culex sp.? exhibited from the Kent Water-works, xxxviii ; alluded to as
merely C. pipiens, xli.
HEMIPTERA.
Achorotile albosignata, alluded to, 55.
Agallia, 125. A. brachyptera, 128.—consobrina, synonym of puncticeps,
126. — puncticeps, 126. — venosa, 127. — versicolor, synonym of
puncticeps, 126.
Aleurodes vaporariorum, alluded to, lvi.
( evi )
Aphides, new species described, 323.
Aphis crithmi, n,s., 823.
Aphrophora, 97. A. alni, 97. — salicis, 98. — spumaria, synonym of A.
alni, 97.
Aphrophoride, certain Australian species described as case-making, 333,
Areopus crassicornis and pulchellus, synonyms of Delphax pulchella, 56,57.
Asiraca, 56. A. clavicornis, 56.
Athysanus brachypterus, synonym of Agallia brachyptera, 128.
Batracomorphus trroratus, synonym of Macropsis microcephala, 104.
Bythoscopida, characterised and genera enumerated, 104.
Bythoscopus, 105. B. alni, 106. — diadema, synonym of Pediopsis scutel-
latus, 110. — flavicollis, 107. — nitidulus, synonym of P. nassatus,
111.—rufusculus, 106,
Centrotus, 47. C. cornutus, 47.—geniste, synonym of Gargara geniste, 48.
Cercopide, characterised and genera enumerated, 96. C. abbreviata,
synonym of Philenus lineatus, 100.—bifasciata, synonym of Aphro-
phora alni, 97. — coleoptrata, synonym of Issus coleoptratus, 49.—
Dionysti, synonym of Civius cunicularius, 03.— erice@, synonym of
Ulopa reticulata, 102.—rustica, synonym of Aphrophora salicis, 98.
—sanguinolenta, synonym of T'riecphora vulnerata, 97.
Chermes taxi, n.8., 327.
Chionaspis euonymi, alluded to as damaging Hwonymus japonicus, 1.
Chloriona unicolor, synonym of Liburnia unicolor, 67.
Cicada anglica, synonym of Cicadetta montana, 46. — brunnea, synonym
of Macropsis lanio, 105.—coleoptrata, synonym of Issus coleoptratus,
49,.—fusca, synonym of Centrotus cornutus, 47.—leporina, synonym
of Oliarus pallidus, 50.—musceformis, synonym of Cixius nervosus,
55.—orni and tibialis, synonyms of C. montana, 46.
Cicadetta, 45. C. montana, 46.
Cicadide, characterised, 45.
Cicadina, characterised and families enumerated, 44.
Cixiide, characterised and genera enumerated, 51.
Cizius, 51. C. brachycranus, 54. — cunicularius, 53. — distinguendus,
synonym of C. simplex, 53; of C. stigmaticus, 52. — intermedius,
synonym of C. brachycranus, 54. — leporinus, synonym of Oliarus
pallidus, 50. — minor, synonym of C. nervosus, 55. — musivus,
synonym of C. stigmaticus, 52.—nervosus, 54.—pilosus, 52.—similis,
54.—simplex, 53.—stigmaticus, 52.
Coccide (Eriopeltis), exhibited from Ilfracombe and Folkestone, i.
Celidia scutata, synonym of Megophthalmus scanicus, 103.
Delphacida, characterised and genera enumerated, 55.
Delphax, 56. D. albolimbata, synonym of Liburnia leptosoma, 77.—
anceps, synonym of L. limbata, 89. — basilinea, synonym of L.
speciosa, 88.—cognata, synonym of L. Aubei, 84.—collaris, synonym
of Stiroma albomarginata, 93.—colorata, synonym of L. fuscovittata,
62.—dispar, dubia, and flavescens, synonyms of L. pellucida, 78,—
guttuliferus, synonym of L. vittipennis, 63. — hemiptera, synonym
( ecix )
of L. pellucida, 78. — Heydenii, synonym of L. leptosoima, 77.—
lineola, synonym of L. notula, 61. — longifrons, synonym of L.
lineola, 62. — major, synonym of L. fuscovittata, 62.— mesta,
synonym of Stiroma albomarginata, 93. — marginata, synonym of
L. pellucida, 78. — mutabilis, synonym of S. bicarinata, 95.—
nitidula, synonym of L. venosa, 83.—notula, synonym of L, stria-
tella, 84; of Dicranotropis hamata, 92. — obsoleta, synonym of L.
Aubei, 84.—pallens, synonym of L. collina, 67.—palliata, synonym
of L. limbata, 89.—pallidulus, synonym of L. Scotti, 66.—patens,
synonym of L. discolor, 79. — pictipennis, synonym of L. limbata,
89.—pulchella, 56. — punctulum, synonym of L. pallidula, 65.—-
quadrivittata, synonym of L. lineata, 90. — rhypara, synonym of
L. venosa, 83.— signifera, synonym of L. limbata, 89.—striatella,
synonym of Dicranotropis hamata, 92. — suturalis, synonym of L.
pellucida, 78. — thoracicus, synonym of L. niveimarginata, 77.—
tristis, synonym of L,. lepida, 74. — truncatipennis, synonym of L.
notula, 61.
Dicranotropis, 92. D. hamata, 92.
Ditropis adelpha, synonym of Stiroma albomarginata, 93.
Dulichius ? clavifer, synonym of Helopeltis braconiformis, 459.
Euryusa vittata and lineata, synonyms of Liburnia lineata, 90.
Flata albicincta, contaminata, and cunicularia, synonyms of Cixius pilo-
sus, 52. — leporina, synonym of Oliarus leporinus, 51. — nervosa,
synonym of Cixius cunicularius, 53.—pallida, synonym of Oliarus
pallidus, 50.
Fulgora gibbosa, synonym of Issus coleoptratus, 49.
Gargara, 48. G. geniste, 48.
Helopeltis (Tea bugs), observations on, £57. H. Antonii, 458. — ater,
alluded to, 459.—braconiformis, 459.—Bradyi, 458.—niger, 459.
theivora, 458.
Idiocerus, 114. I. adustus, 116. —- affinis, synonym of I. tibialis, 122.—
albicans, 125. — aurulentus, 123.— cognatus, synonym of I. distin-
guendus, 118.— confusus, 125.— distinguendus, 118.—elegans, 119.
—falciger, synonym of £. pecilus, 121.—fulgidus, 124.— H-album,
synonym of I. vitreus, 122.— Herrichti, 117. — Heydeni, synonym
of I. tibialis, 122.—laminatus, 120.—lituratus, 120.—maculipennis,
synonym of TI. litwratus, 120.—minki and ochroleucus, synonyms of
I. fulgidus, 124.—pecilus, 121.—populi, 124.—stigmaticalis, syn-
onym of I. adustus, 116. — tibialis, 122. —tremule, 118. — unifasci-
atus, synonym of I. tremule, 118.—varius, 116.—venustus, synonym
of I. pecilus, 121.—viduatus, n.s., 118.—vitreus, 122.—vittifrons,
synonym of I, tibialis, 122.
Issid@, characterised, 49,
Issus, 49. I. coleoptratus, 49.
Jassus punctulatus, synonym of Macropsis microcephala, 104.—fenestratus,
ferrugineus, flavicollis, personatus, pulchellus, aid reticulatus,
synonyms of Bythoscopus flavicollis, :
() Jeu?)
Kelisia Scotti, synonym of Liburnia Scotti, 66.—vittipennis, synonym of
L. vittipennis,
Lachnus pini, winged viviparous female described, 324.
Ledride, characterised, 101.
Ledra, 101. L. aurita, 101.
Liburnia, 57. L. adela, 71.—emulator, synonym of L. elegantula, 68.—
albocarinata, synonym of L. distineta, 69.—albofimbriata, synonym
of L. leptosoma, 77. —- Aubei, 84. — Boldi, 70. — brevipennis, 86.—
capnodes, 73.—collina, 67.—consanguinea, synonym of L. distincta,
69.—curtula, synonym of L. venosa, 83.—Dalei, 78.—denticauda,
81.—discolor, 79.—distincta, 69.—Douglasi, 89.—elegantula, 68.—
exigua, 82.—extensa, synonym of L. Fairmairei, 85.—Fairmairet,
85.—Fieberi, 75.— flaveola, 87.—forcipata, 81.—fuscovittata, 62.—
guttula, 64. — hyalinipennis, synonym of L. brevipennis, 86.—
insignis, 83.—lepida, 74.—leptosoma, 77.—limbata, 89.—lineata, 90.
lineola, 62.—longipennis, 63.—lugubrina, 76.—melanopachys, 72.—
mesomela, 91.—niveimarginata, 77.—notula, 61.—obscurella, 80.—
pallidula, 65.— paludosa, 88.— pellucida, 78.— perspicillata, 64.—
pullula, 75.— Scotti, 66.— scutellata, 73.— Signoreti, 70.— similis,
72.—smaragdula, 66.—sordidula, 58.—speciosa, 88.—straminea, 86.
—striatella, 84.—uncinata, 91.—unicolor, 67.—venosa, 83.—vitti-
pennis, 63.
Macherota, alluded to, 332. M. ensifera, alluded to, 332.—guttigera, n.s.,
332; described as a tube-making insect, 329.
Macrocoleus tanaceti, exhibited from Bramley, near Guildford, xlix.
Macropsis, 104. M.microcephala, 104.—lanio, 105.—punctuosus, synonym
of M. microcephala, 104.
Margarodes formicarius, alluded to, xlv. — formicarum, alluded to, 462;
species ?, pups of discussed, 461.
Megamelus notulus, synonym of Liburnia notula, 61.
Megophthalmus, 103. MM. scanicus, 103.
Melampsalta montana, synonym of Cicadetta montana, 46.
Membracide, characterised and genera enumerated, 47.
Membracis aurita, synonym of Ledra aurita, 101. — cornuta, synonym of
Centrotus cornutus, 47.
Oliarus, 50. O. leporinus, 51.—pallidus, 50.
Oxyrrachis geniste, synonym of Gargara geniste, 48.
Paropiide, 103. Paropia pallidipennis and scutata, synonyms of Megop-
thalmus scanicus, 103.
Pediopsis, 108. P. brevicauda, synonym of Bythoscopus rufusculus, 106.—
cereus, 113.—diadema, synonym of P. scutellatus, 110.—distinetus,
112.—fuscinervis, 111.—fruticola, synonym of B. rufusculus, 106 ;
of B. flavicollis, 107.—Heydenti, synonym of B. alni, 106.—impurus,
112. — nanus, 109. — nassatus, 111. — planicollis, synonym of P.
nassatus, 111.—prasinus, synonym of P. virescens, 114.—scutellatus,
110.—tibialis, 110.—tilie, 109.—ulmi, 118.—virescens, 114.
Pentastira leporina, synonym of Oliarus leporinus, 51.
(ares)
Philenus, 98. P. campestris, 99. — exclamationis, 100.— lineatus, 100.—
spumarius, 99; varieties, 99.
Porphyrophora armeniaca and polonica, alluded to, 463.
Ptyelus campestris, synonym of Philenus campestris, 99.
Stiroma, 93. S. adelpha, synonym of 8. albomarginata, 94. — afinis, 95.
albomarginata, 93.—bicarinata, 95.—borealis, 94.—moasta, synonym
of S. borealis, 94. — mutabilis, synonym of S. bicarinata, 90.—
nasalis, synonym of S. afinis, 95; of S. bicarinata, 96. — nigro-
lineata, 96.—pteridis, 94.
Stenocarenus minutus, synonym of Liburnia lincola, 62.
Stenocranus fuscovenosus, synonym of Liburnia fuscovittata, 62.
Teratocoris antennatus, from Sheerness, exhibited, xlix.
Tettigometrid@, 48. Tettigometra, 48. T. impressopunctata, 48.—fasciata
and frontalis, synonyms of 7’. impressopunctata, 48.— hematodes,
synonym of Cicadetta montana, 46. — nitidula, synonym of T’. im-
pressopunctata, 48.
Thelazes betulina, n.s., 325, 326.
Triecphora, 97. T. vulnerata, 97.
Ulopide, 101. Ulopa, 102. U. decussata, synonym of U. trivia, 102.—
macroptera, synonym of U. reticulata, 102. — reticulata, 102.—
trivia, 102.
HYMENOPTERA.
Acrotomus xanthopus, from Worcester, 36-4.
Anomalon capitatum, synonym of Excochilum capitatum, 344.
Apeleticus inclytus, alluded to, 336.
Aphenogaster barbara, associated with Pentaplatarthrus paussoides, Xxxvii.
Bassus abdominator, n. s., 365.—bizonarius, from Peckham, exhibited, xvi;
alluded to, 364.—scutellaris, n. s., 564.
Campoplex costulatus, n.8., 346.—femorator, n.s., 347.—punctatus, n.s.,
345. — rugulosus, bred from Trachea piniperda, 544. — tenuis?,
alluded to, 345. — trisculptus, from Doncaster, 345. — wnicinctus,
from Doncaster, 344.
Cleptes nitidula, from Benfleet, Essex, exhibited, xxxviil.
Critogaster, the wingless male of Trichaulus, x.
Crossogaster triformis, alluded to, xii.
Dicolus insectator, from Penzance, 350.
Dimeris mira, from Headley Lane, Surrey, exhibited, xvi.
Echthrus lancifer, from Walmer, exhibited, xlviii.
Ephialtes strobilorum, bred from Coccyx strobilorum, 366.
Erromenus plebeium, from Dulwich, 364.
Eucera longicornis, infested by larve of Meloé, xxx.
Euryproctus minutus, n. $., 358.—simplex, from Norwich, 397.—varicornis,
from Wimbledon, 357.
Exochilum capitatum, 544.
Ganosoma, wingless male of Tetragonaspis, x
Grypocentrus bipunctatus, n.s., 358.—incisulus, alluded to, 3d9.
( <exar)
Glypta ceratites ?, var. alluded to, 366.—parvicornuta, n.s., 367.—similis,
n.s., 367.—trochanterata, n.s., 368.
Hemiteles balteatus, from Norwich, 340. — capreolus, from Norwich and
Shiere, 340.—cynipinus, from Norwich, 339.—gracilis, alluded to,
340. — gyrini, probably synonymous with H. argentatus, 339.— ~
minutus, n. s., 340. — mixtus, a Phygadeuon, 339. — ruficaudatus,
synonym of Phygadeuon brachyurus, 339. — scabriculus, from .
Norwich, 340.—validicornis, alluded to, 340.
Heterandrium longipes, wingless male of Colyostichus longicaudis, xi.—
nudiventre, wingless male of C. brevicaudis, xi.
Ichneumon bimaculatorius, taken near Norwich, 335.— magus, alluded to,
336.
Lathrolestus ungularis, alluded to, 360.
Limneria coxalis, alluded to, 350; from Lynn, 351.—pedella, from Devon-
shire, 350. — ramidula, bred from Retinia pinivorana, 351. — tri-
punctata, n.s., 851.—variabilis, n.s., 352.
Lissonota brachycentra, 369. — caligata, alluded to, 369. — carbonaria,
from Sussex, 373.—leptogaster, discussed, 368.—lineata, discussed,
372. — nitida, n.s., 371. — rufomedia, n.s., 370. — subaciculata,
M.S, oe:
Mesochorus convexicollis, alluded to, 354.—crassicrus, bred from Gelechia
notatella, 353.—dorsalis, from Plymouth, 353.—fuscicornis, alluded
to, 854.—graniger, bred from Abraxas grossulariata, 354.—incidens,
alluded to, 353. — laticeps, bred from Gelechia notatella, 353.—
pictus, 355. — plagiatus, bred from Odontophora bidentata, 353.—
stigmaticus, bred from Orgyia antiqua, 353.— tachypus, bred from
E. Knautiata, 353. — temporalis, bred from Z, jilipendule, 334.—
tenuicornis, from Norwich, 354.
Mesoleius canine, n.s., 363.
Mesoleptus gracilis, from Norfolk, 355. — marginatus, n. s., 356. — scutel-
latus, n.s., 356.
Meteorus luridus, exhibited as British, xxiv.
Nannocerus biarticulatus, wingless male of a Diomorus, Xi.
Paniscus cephalotes, notes upon the larva of, 162.
Perilampus maurus, bred from Antherea tirrhea, lii; species parasitic on
various insects, li.
Perilissus triangulatus, n.s., 362.
Pezomachus agilis, from Norwich, 341. — costatus, n.s., 341. — Foersteri,
n.s., 343.—formicarius and hortensis, from Norwich, 341. — imma-
turus, from Headley, 342.—mandibularis and spinula, from Norwich,
341. — trux, probably to be removed from the British list, 341.—
vagantiformis, n.s., 342.—vulnerans, from Headley and Reigate, 342.
Pheogenes modestus, 336.—nitidus, n.s., 337.—rusticell@, n.s., 337.
Pheidole, species associated with Paussus, Xxxv1.
Phrudus, n.g., 861. P. monilicornis, n.s., 361.
Phygadeuon brachyurus, alluded to, 339.— brevitarsis, alluded to, 339.—
sodalis, alluded to, 339.
(7) exit)
Physothorax disciger, wingless male of Diomorus variabilis, xi.
Pimpla nigriceps, from Drayton, 3866.
Plesiostigma bicolor, alluded to, xi.
Prionopoda glaber, n.s., 360.
Proclitus grandis, from Norwich, 355.
Rhestus lativentris, a Grypocentrus, 359.
Sagaritis laticollis, bred from M. typica, 349. — postica, n. 8., 350.—
punctata, n.s., 349.
Schizopyga analis, synonym of S. circulator, 373. — circulator, alluded
to, 373.
Thersilochus marginatus, n. 8., 35-4.
Thymaris fasciatus, n.s., 348.
Trogus exaltatorius, alluded to, 335.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Acherontia atropos, notes on adult larva of, 143.
Acidalia, 205. A. amala, n.s., 207. —crossophragma, n.s., 206. — homo-
doxa, n.8., 208.—recessata, 207.—rubraria, alluded to, 206.
Acidaliade, characterised, 205.
Aciptilia, 9; apparently derived from Lioptilus, 9. — aptalis, alluded to,
274.
Acontia amorpha, n.s., 399.—clarissa, n.s., 402.—conchidia, n.s., 402.—
detrita, n.s., 401. — nivipicta, n.s., 400. — tripartita, n.s., 400.—
vitiensis, n.s., 399.
Acritocera, n.g., 389. A. negligens, n.s., 390.
Acronycta leporina, note on larva of, 160.
dAdoxophyes cyrtosema, n.s., 276.
Ajgitrichus, n.g., 434. Al. lanaris, n.s., 434.
Aigocera cornigera, n.s., 381.
Agdistis, alluded to, 11.
Alucita, 12. A. phricodes, n.s., 20.
Alucitide, characterised, 5.
Amblyptilia, alluded to, 6.
Amphidasis betularia, vars. exhibited, xlv.
Anasthathma, n. g., 290. A. callichrysa, n.s., 290.
Anerastia nitens, n.s., 440.
Anteotricha hospita, 283.
Anteia, n.g., 201. A. ithygramma, n.s., 201.
Anthophila vestalis, n.s., 406.
Anydraula cyanolitha, n. s.. 220.—drusialis, alluded to, 221.—unilineatus,
alluded to, 221.
Aporocosmus, n.g., 398. A. bracteatus, n.s., 399.
Argyria, position of, 132.
Asopia fuscicostalis, alluded to, 213.—leonina, n.s., 425.
Aspilates clarissa, n.s., 438.
Atasthalisthis, n.g., 279. A. pyrocosma, n. s., 280.—tricolor, 280.
Attacus orizaba, exhibited, xlv.
(* exiv: )
Autarotis, n.g., 269. A. euryala, n. s., 270.
Autheretis, n.g., 252. <A. eridora, n.s., 253.
Autosticha, to be substituted as a generic name for Automola, 281. A.
demias, n.s., 281.
Bankia argentula, from Cambridgeshire and Killarney, exhibited, liii.
Boarmia, 211. B. godeffroyi, n. s., 433. —psychastis, n. s., 211.—samoana,
n.s., £53.—tongaica, n.s., 432.
Boarmiade, characterised, 210.
Bocana sypnoides, n.s., 416.
Botydide, 222. Botys ? octoguttalis, 241.— Botys abruptalis, alluded to,
264.— argyrogaster, n.s., 431.—horatius, n. s., 430.— pheopteralis,
alluded to, 264.
Bradina, alluded to, 233.
Calamotropha diclota, n.s., 268.
Canthylidia, n.g., 406. C. pallida, n.s., 406.
Caradrina striolata, n. s., 393.
Carpocapsa, alluded to, 275. C. immanis, n.s., 275. — saltitans, alluded
to, xliv.
Casbia irrorata, n.s., 438.
Cataclysta, 219. C. hexalitha, n.s., 219.
Celerena, 197. C. proxima, 198.
Cenoloba, alluded to, 11.
Cephalissa, 195. C. delogramma, n.s., 195.
Charocampa elpenor, terrifying attitude of larva of, 154.
Chelonia caja, specimen with abnormal antenne, xlix.
Chionophasma, n. g., 384. C. paradoxa, n.s., 385.
Chloephoride, method of escape. from cocoons, 161.
Chlorochroma neptunus, n. s., 435.
Chnaura, 237. C. octavialis, alluded to, 238.
Cidaria chlorodesma, n.s., 194. — decipiens, n.s., 488. — immanata, vars.
exhibited, xix. — lasiospila, n. s., 194. — reticulata, bred from
Impatiens noli-me-tangere. lvi. — russata, vars. exhibited, xix.—
suffumata, notes on, xxv.
Cnaphalocrosis rutilalis, alluded to, 235.
Cnemidophorus, alluded to, 6.
Cometura, n. g., 226. C. picrogramma, n.s., 226.
Conchylodes caberalis, alluded to, 257.
Conobathra, n.g., 271. C. automorpha, n.s., 271.
Conogethes infundibulalis, alluded to, 263.—punctiferalis, alluded to, 265.
Copromorpha, n.g., 281. C. gnypsota, n.s., 282.
Coremia picta, n.s., 439.
Cosmia curvata, n.s., 151.
Cosmoclostis, n.g., 7. C. aglaodesma, n.s., 12.
Cosmophila, n.g., 256. C. tocosma, n.s., 257.
Cosmotriche indistincta, n.s., 387.
Crambidae, alluded to, 268.
Crambodes minor, n.8., 397.
( exv )
Crambus cuneiferellus, alluded to, 269.—hapaliscus, alluded to, 269.
Cretheis, n.g., 192. C. cymatodes, 193.
Crioa acronyctina, n.s., 397.
Crocanthes, n. g., 277. C. heliarcha, n.s., 278.—prasinopis, n.s., 2
Crocidosema plebeiana, alluded to, 276.
Cryptolechiade, defined, 281.
Cyathaula, n.g., 289. C. maculata, n.s., 289.
Cydalima, 223. C. mysteris, n.s., 223.
Cyptasia, alluded to, 885. C. cristata, n.s., 383.
Decadarchis, n.g., 290. D. melanastra, n.s., 291.
Deiopeia pulchella, from Ramsgate, exhibited, liii.
Derxena, 199. D. calivagata, 200.
Desmobathra, n.g., 198. D. hesperias, n.s., 198.—niphoplaca, n.s., 199.
Desmobathrida@, characterised, 198.
Deuterocopus, 8. D. Tengstroemi, alluded to, 274.
Diasemia grammalis and ramburiatis, alluded to, 239.
Dichonia intermissa, n.s., 134.
Dicranura vinula, larva, terrifying attitude of, 156; fluid ejected by. 157;
protection of, 158.
Dicrorampha distinctana, exhibited, xli; a local form of D. consortana
xlil.
Dictyophora inornata, n.s., 440.
Diplopseustis minima, alluded to, 214.
Diplotyla, n.g., 246. D. argopis, n.s., 248. — cyclospila, n.s., 248.—
ochrosema, n.8., 247.
Dolichosticha bifurcalis, alluded to, 237.—perinephes, n.s., 236.
Doratifera ordinata, n.s., 388.
Dozxosteres, n.g., 10.
Dracenura, n.g., 227. D. agramma, n.s., 229.—asthenota, n.s., 229.—
horochroa, n.s., 229. — myota, n.s., 230. — pelochra, n.s., 228.—
stenosoma, 227.
Dysbatus, n.g., 395. D. singularis, n.s., 895.
Earias smaragdina, n.s., 388.
Eccopsis, alluded to, 274. EH. aprobola, n.s., 275.
Echinoscelis, n.g., 292. EH. hemithia, n.s., 292.
Emprepes insignis, 0. 8., 431.
Endotricha annuligera, n.s., 427.— obscura, n.s., 427.— plinthopa, n.s.,
214.—puneticostalis, alluded to, 214.
Mh
Ephestia elutella, introduced into Australia and Fiji from Europe, 272.
Epia claripennis, n.s., 134.
Epichronistis, n.g., 260. EH. acrospila, n.s., 261,
Epimima, n. g., 235. EH. stereogona, n.s., 236.
Erastria fusciolata, n.s., 403.
Erebangela, n. g., 245. EH. melanauges, n.s., 246.
Erosia stolida, n.s., £15.
Ethmia gnophrina, alluded to, 279.
Etiella apotomella, alluded to, 271.
( cxvi )
Fuclasta, 225. E. maceratalis, alluded to, 225.
Eucnemidophorus, to be substituted as generic name for Cnemidophorus, 21.
Eucrostis, 202. EH. erichlora, n.s., 203.
Euippe, n.g., 210. EH. phalarota, n.s., 210.
Eulocastra,n.g., 419. E. fasciata, n.s., 419.
Humelea, 196. E. craspedias, n.s., 196.—rosalia, alluded to, 196.
Eupithecia, 192. E. erymna, n.s., 192.— fraxinata, from Regent’s Park,
exhibited, xli.
Eurycreon lamprodeta, n.s., 265.—prionogramma, n.s., 265.
Eurypsyche, n.g., 892. EH. similis, n.s., 392.
Eurythmus, n.g., 409. E. bryophiloides, n.s., £10.
Eurytoma, n.g., 251. HE. heterodoxa, n.s., 252.
Eexcristis, n.g., 266. EH. asyphela, n.s., 266.—xanthota, n.s., 267,
Gadirtha, 412. G. pulchra, n.s., 412.
Gastropacha, larva probably allied to, exhibited, viii.
Gelechia fumatella, from Hayling Island, exhibited, xl. — vilella,, from
Essex, exhibited, xli.
Geometra smaragdaria, living larve of, exhibited from Essex Marshes,
Xxlv; imagines of, exhibited, xxxii; life-history of, 465.
Geometrida@, characterised, 202.
Geometrina, families defined, 190.
Girpa, allied to Polydesma, 410. G. carnea, n.s.,411.—mazima, n.s., 410.
Glyphodes actorionalis, 224.—astomalis, 224.—stolalis, alluded to, 224.
Gnophos obscurata, series exhibited, lvi.
Godara comalis, alluded to, 264.
Gonitis samoana, n. s., 407.— vitiensis, n. s., 408. — vulpina, n.s., 408.—
xanthochroa, n.s., 409.
Gonocausta ? asuridia, n.s., 429.
Graphicopoda, n.g., 421. G. hecate, n.s., £21.
Hadena cucubali, probably the actual type of the genus Hadena, 135.
Hednota, n.g., 270. A. bifractella, alluded to, 270.
Heliothis aberrans, n.s., 405.
Hemithea thymiaria, production of a twig-like appearance in the larva of,
160.
Heptaloba, alluded to, 9; a development of Platyptilia, 9.
Heteromicta, n. g., 273. H. rufivena, 275.—trichogramma, n.s., 273.
Heydenia auromaculata, from the Shetland Islands, exhibited, xxiv.
Hilarographa, 286. H. zapyra, n.s., 286.
Homoptera cruegeri, n.s., 411.
Hoploscopa, n.g., 267. H. astrapias, n.s., 268.
Hormatholepis, n. g., 424. H. erebina, n.s., 425.
Hymenoptychis, 225. H. sordida, alluded to, 226.
Hypetra sordida, n.s., 414.
Hyperythra, 212. H. limbolaria, alluded to, 212.
Idea agnes, n.s., 437. — innocens, n. s., £36.— jessica, 436.— lydia, n.s.,
435.—nivipennis, n.s., 436.
Todis, 203. I. cheramota, n.s., 203.
€ ‘exvi >)
Isopteryx ?, 263. I. antisema, n.s., 263; synonym of Pterygisus, 429.
Laphygma exigua, from the Isle of Wight, exhibited, lii.
Larentiade, characterised, 191.
Leptocneria, n.g., 386. L. binotata, n.s., 386.
Leptosia, synonym of Metachrostis, 403.
Leucania alarioides, nu. s., 392.—cruegeri, n.s., 891.—diatrecta, n. s., 390.
—lewinii, n. s., 390.—scottii, n.s., 391.
Leucocosmia, n.g., 394. L. ceres, n.s., 394.
Leucophotis, n.g., 426. L. pulchra, n.s., 426.
Lioptilus, 10.
Lophocoleus, n.g., 116. L? astrifer, n.s., 417. L. mirabilis, n. s., 416.
Lycena bellargus, in copula with L. icarus, xxxi; hybrid between, xxxi.
corydon, varieties exhibited, iii.
Lycauges proxima, n.s., 435.
Lygropis?, 261. L. siriowantha, n.s., 262.
Macaretera, n.g., 255. M. hesperis, n.s., 255.
Marasmarcha, n.g., 11. M. liophanes, n.s., 19.
Marasmia, 235. M. rwralis, alluded to, 235.
Margarodes oceanitis, n.8., 222.
Margaronia limbata, un, s., £30.
Mateéomera, n.g., 418. M. dubia, n.s., 418.
Mecyna furnacalis, 264.
Melissoblaptes, alluded to, 272. M. isodesma, n.s., 272.
Mella, alluded to, 440. MM. arenosa, n.s., 440.
Mesopempta, n.g., 217. M. heliopsamma, n.s., 217.
Metachrostis paurograpta, n.s., 408,
Microniadea, characterised, 200. Micronia puellaria, synonym of Stesi-
chora puellaria, 200.
Microsca plagifera, u.s., 420.
Miltochrissa simulans, n.s., 382.
Mimeseoptilus, 11. M. leuconephes, n.s., 20.—pheonephes, n.s., 19.
Musotimide, characterised, 217.
Nesolocha, n. g., 239. N. antolitha, n.s., 240.
Niphadaza, n.g., 422. WN. bicolor, n.s., 423.
Notarcha butyrina, n.s., 260.—erixantha, n.s., 258.—halurga, n.s8., 259,
—multilinealis, alluded to, 260. — octasema, n.s., 259. -— orissalis,
alluded to, 258.
Nymphula sordida, n.s., 432.
Octasphales, n.g., 283. O. charitopa, n.s., 284.
(Ecophoride, alluded to, 284.
(idematophorus, alluded to, 10.
(@nochromide, characterised, 186.
ia apicalis, alluded to, 289.
Oligostiqma pallida, n.s., 423.
Omiodes, 254. O. leucostrepta, n.s., 254.
Ophiusa vitiensis, n.s., 414.
Orgyia pudibunda, eversible gland in larva of, 159,
( xviii)
Oxyptilus, 8.
Panagra rupicolor; n.s., 437.
Paraponyx chrysota, n. s., 221.—polydectalis, alluded to, 221.
Pasiphila, 191. P. lepta, n.s., 191.
Pelecyntis abstitalis, alluded to, 253.
Perixera, n.g., 209. P. ceramis, n.s., 209.—prionodes, n.s., 209.
Persicoptila, n.g., 295. P. erythrota, n.s., 295.
Phacellura indica, alluded to, 223.
Pharambara reticulata, n.s., 420.
Phthinocola, n.g., 291. P. dochmia, n.s., 291.
Physematia ?, 257. P. epispila, n.s., 257.
Phycitide, alluded to, 271.
Pinara rufescens, n.s., 387.
Platamonia stenosoma, synonym of Dracenura stenosoma, 227.
Platyptilia, 9. P. hemimetra, n.s., 18.
Pleonectusa, 230. P. chalinota, n.s., 233.—chloroscia, n.s., 232.—meta-
leucalis, n.s., 231.—parallela, n.s., 231.—trispila, n.s., 232.
Plusia humeralis, n.s., 135.
Plusiodonta arctipennis, n.s., 407.
Polydesma vulgaris, n.s., 135.
Porthesia aliena, n.s., 386.
Proterocosma, n.g., 293. P. chionopsamma, n.s., 294. — epizona, n.s.,
293.—ochronota, n.s., 294.—triplanetis, n.s., 293.
Pseudephyra, n.g., 422. P. straminea, n.s., 422.
Pseudophia nebuligera, n.s., 413.
Pterophoride, characterised, 2. Pterophorus, 10; a development of
Mimeseoptilus, 10.
Pterygisus, u.g., alluded to, 429. P. ochreipennis, n.s., 429.
Ptil@ola, n.g., 244. P. ulophanes, n.s., 245.
Pycnarmon jaguaralis, alluded to, 257.
Pyralidina, families defined, 212.
Pythodora, n.g., 205. P. rhipistis, n.s., 205.
Radinogoes, nu. g., 393. RK. tenuis, n.s., 394.
Remigia discrepans, n.s., 415.
Remodes, 193. AR. elaica, u.s., 193.
Rhimphalea enone, n.s., 428.
Rinecera mirabilis, alluded to, 424.—nigrescens, alluded to, 424.
Salebria, discussed, 439. S. squamicornis, n.s., 439.
Sameodes cancellalis, alluded to, 241.
Saturnia, larve of, burying in the soil, xv.
Schenobius imparellus, alluded to, 222.
Scoptonoma, to be referred to the Botydide, 2.
Scopula auritincta, n.s., 431.
Semioceros, 242. S. allocosma, n.s., 242.— dactyloptila, n.s., 243.— tri-
crossa, n.S., 243.
Siculodide, characterised, 215. Siculodes, 215. 8S. anticalis, 215.—
hemicycla, n.s., 216.—subfasciata, alluded to, 216.
exis.)
Simaethis chalcotoxa, n.s., 287.—orthogona, n.s., 287.
Silk-producing moths exhibited, xxxii.
Siriocauta testulalis, alluded to, 225.
Smerinthus, larvee of, red spots in, 137. S. ocellatus, derived pigments
in blood of larva, 169; loss of weight in freshly-formed pupa, 171.
—tilie, chlorophyll-like pigment in blood of larva, lvii.
Somatina, position of, 133.
Spanista ornatalis, alluded to, 226.
Sphenarches, n.g., 8. S. synophrys, n.s., 17; alluded to, 274.
Sphina ligustri, relations of colour of larva to those of its food-plants, 153.
Stesichora, n.g., 200. S. puellaria, 200.
Strepsimela, n.g., 249. 8.2? microcentra, n.s., 249. — signiferalis, 250.—
xanthosoma, n.s., 249.
Strophidia, 201. S. anerces, n.s., 201.—urapterina, 202.
Syngamia, 238. S. foridalis, alluded to, 239.
Thalassodes, 204. 7’. chloropis, n.s., 204.
Thalpochares innocens, n.s., 405.—leonata, n.s.. 404.—pusilla, n.s., 404.
Thylacopleura, n.g., 284. T'. autodoxa, n.s., 285.
Timodora, n.g., 295. T. chrysochroa, u.s., 296.
Tineina, families defined, 277.
Trachycentra, n.g., 288. T. calamias, n.s., 288.
Trematarcha, n.g., 233. T'. erilitalis, 234.—semnopa, n.8s., 234.
Trichoclada, n.g., 208. T. epigypsa, n.s., 208.
Trichophysetis neophyla, alluded to, 218.
Trichoptilus, 7. ‘'. centetes, n.s., 16; alluded to, 274.—ceramodes, n.8.,
14. — compsochares, n.s., 16. — leptomeres, n.s., 15. — scythrodes,
n.s., 13.—werodes, n.s., 14.
Trieropsis, n.g., 218. T. nesias, n.s., 218.
Vitessa, 212. V. pyraliata, 213.
Westermannia argentata, n.s., 396.—concha, n.s., 396.
Xanthia fulvago, varieties exhibited, li.
Xanthodule, n.g., 384. X. semiochrea, n.s., 384.
Zinckenia recurvalis, alluded to, 252.
NEUROPTERA.
Chrysopa flava, flavifrons, perla, prasina, septempunctata, tenella, viri-
dana, vulgaris, Walkeri, &c., exhibited from the Pyrénées Ori-
entales, xliii.
Dilar meridionalis, exhibited from the Pyrénées Orientales, xlii.
Nemopteride, note concerning certain species, lvii. Nemoptera Huttii,
alluded to, lviii.—imperatriz, alluded to, lviii—lusitanica, alluded
to, lviii.; identical with Panorpa bipennis, lviii.
Oxygastra Curtisi, exhibited from Christchurch, Hants, xlii.
Stenorrhacus, to be substituted as a generic name for Stenotenia, lviii.
ORTHOPTERA.
Decticus verrucivorus, from St. Margaret’s Bay, Kent, exhibited, liii.
Tettia australis, sabaquatic in its habits, ii.
LONDON:
WEST, NEWMAN AND CO., PRINTERS,
HATTON GARDEN.
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