ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

FounpEep, 1833.

INcORPORATED BY Roya CHARTER, 1885.

Hon. Hife- President.

Pror. J. O. WESTWOOD, M.A., F.L.S.,

Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford.

OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the Session 1891-92.

resident.

FREDERICK DU CANE GODMAN, F.RB.S., F.L.S.

Vice- residents,

Tur Rr. Hon. Lorp WALSINGHAM, LL.D., F.R.S.

Proressor RAPHAEL MELDOLA, F.R.S., F.C.S.

Dr. DAVID SHARP, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

Greusurer.

ROBERT McLACHLAN, F.R.S., F.L.S.

Secreturies.

HERBERT GOSS, F.L.S.

THe Rev. Canon FOWLER, M.A., F.L.S.

Hibravia.

GEORGE C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S.

Council.

GEORGE C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S.

Tue Rev. Canon FOWLER, M.A.,

FREDERICK D. GODMAN, M.A.,

HERBERT GOSS, F.L.S., F.G.S.

ROBERT McLACHLAN, F.R.S., F.

Pror. RAPHAEL MELDOLA, F.R.

EDWARD SAUNDERS, F.L.S., &e.

Dr. DAVID SHARP, M.A., F.R.S.,

RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.

HENRY T. STAINTON, F.R.S., F.L.S.

CoLtoneEL CHARLES SWINHOBH, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

GEORGE HENRY VERRALL, F.E.S.

Tue Rr. Hon. Lorp WALSINGHAM, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.

1B,

S.,

Assistant Librarian.

W. R. HALL.

(Aa)

THE

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

1834—1891.

The Transactions can now be obtained by Fellows

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and they will be forwarded free, by post, to any address.

(ie

CONTENTS.

Explanation of the Plates

List of Fellows .

Additions to the Library

MEMOIRS.

Vil.

VIII.

XV.

. Notes on the genitalia of a gynandromorphous Hronia H: ippia.

pee GEORGE T. Betuone-Baxrer, F.L.8.

A Monograph of British Braconide. Part IV. By ne ee

Tuomas A. MarsHaun, M.A., F.E.S. ..

. African Micro-Lepidoptera. By the Right non blek mora

Watsincuam, M.A., LL.D., F.RB.S., F.L.S., &e.

. New species of moths from Southern India. Py Galonel

Ceram Swinuok, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e. ifs ae

. Conspicuous effects on the markings and colouring of Lepi-

doptera caused by exposure of the pups to different tempera-

ture conditions. By Freprertc Merrirrevp, F.E.S.

. On some recent additions to the list of South African butter-

flies. By Roztanp Trimen, F.R.S., F.L.8., Curator of the

South African Museum, Cape Town. .-

A Monograph of the Lycienid genus Hy ipociiauaons: ah ia:

scriptions of new species. By Haminron H. Drucz, F.E.S.

Notes on the Lepidoptera collected in Madeira by the late

T. Vernon Wollaston. By Gerorer T. Seay,

F.L.S.

. Additions to the Gusahideou: tana of Weep with Oe

on some of the species peo. recorded. By Hrnry

Watter Batss, F.R.S., F.L.S., : é

. On the genus Peet fami ae By Witutam

F. Kirsy, F.L.8., F.E.S., Assistant in Zoological Depart-

ment, British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington.

. The Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. Part II. Apio-

nidé and Anthribide. By Dr. Davip ae M.A., F.R.S.,

F.L.S., &e.

. The life-history of the Head Fly, Genidomyia Fen veto,

Say. By Freprerick Enocr, F.H.S. .. ae

. Mimetic resemblances between species of the @oleopteraas

genera Lema and Diabrotica. By CHARLES J. Coy M.A.,

ey ee :

. A list of the Hleteromerons Coleoptera (collected by Vie J. i,

Walker, R.N., F.L.S., in the region of the Straits of

Gibraltar, with descriptions of four new spaties: By Grorcs

C. Cuampion, F.Z.S. on 50 an ae

On a new species of Prothoé. By Pane Cromer, F.L.S.,

223

279

375

403

XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

XXI.

(yaa? 9)

Notes on the Orthopterous family Mecopodide. By Wrut1am

F. Kirpy, I’.L.8., Assistant in the foclegie ye

British Museum.

Note on Siphonophora ar ‘scliree. Waste) (Trans. Ent. Bac.

Lond., 1890, p. 649). ee Prof. Joun O. etre M.A.,

F.L.S., &e. 50 ie

On the South tmavienn species of Miahratiea! Part IL.

By Cuarzes J. Ganan, M.A., F.E.S..

New species of Heterocera from the Kener Hills. Eat L

By Colonel Cuarues Swinuoe, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e. 56

On some cases of Dimorphism and Polymorphism among

Palearctic Lepidoptera. By Serat Aupuiraxy, of St.

Petersburg. Communicated By Henry J. ate F.L.S.,

F.Z.S., &e. at 56

The Effect of change of Clyrante aan We cirrersence of

certain species of Lepidoptera. eu GervasE F. Matuew,

PAGE

R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e. : -- 503

XXII. Descriptions of new species of hologhehalmons state

phide. By Rosert ones F.R.S., &c., Treasurer

Ent. Soc. Lond. 509

XXIII. Descriptions of four new species of ine conte 18 Fulgora By

Wrouram L. Distant, F.E.S. Ne 517

XXIV. On the South American species of Diabrosice, oar ioe

pendix to Parts I. and II. By Cuantus J. Gawan, M.A,,

F.E.S., Assistant in the Zoological Ree eee as British

Museum. 5 so Ural

Proceedings for 1891.. i

President’s Address .. xliy

Index . hii

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate I. See pages 1—6 Plates XIII. & XIV.

py Ml . 7—61 See pages 223—278

IN Ab eoaade, a So) She ng Ree

See pages 63—132 ae Ae See ,, 329—366

VIII. See ,, 133—154 » XVII. See ,, 3867—374

DXeaSee Wie edb 5 168 4) SXCVITe See ois, 9408402

Kee Lon FERIA aes! Hyon A735 —=495

See ,, 179—195 XOX. See ,, 517—519

Mae Sees 19722

Hist of Fellotvs

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGIGAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,

Date of

HONORARY FELLOWS.

Election.

1875 Burmeister, Hermann Carl Conrad, Buenos Ayres.

1885 Doukrn, Carl August, Stettin.

1863 Hacren, Hermann August, Cambridge, U.S.A.

1884 Mtuuer, Fritz, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

1884 OsTEN-SacKkEN, Baron C. R. von, Heidelberg,

1884 Pacxarp, Alpheus §., Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A.

1889 Ruiuey, Prof. Charles V., Washington, U.S.A.

1872 Saussure, Henri F. de, Geneva.

1871 Srnys-Lonecuamps, Baron M. E. de, Liége.

1885 SNELLEN, Pieter C. T., Rotterdam.

FELLOWS.

Marked * are Original Members.

Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.

Date of

Tlection.

1877. Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, 68 St. Ermin’s Mansions,

Caxton-street, Westminster, S.W.

1877 Apams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Enfield, N.

1885 Apkxin, Robert, Wellfield, Lingard-road, Lewisham, 8.E.

1891 Apyzr, J. M., Somerford Grange, Christchurch, Hants.

1856 Armitacs, Ed., R.A., 3 Hall-road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.

1886 Armore, EH. A., 3 Haylett-terrace, Hxton’s-road, King’s

Lynn, Norfolk,

1886

1890

1886

1887

1884

1865

1861

1890

LIST OF FELLOWS.

+ Basrneton, Charles Cardale, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S8., &c.,

Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge,

5 Brookside, Cambridge.

Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., Corfe Castle, Dorset.

Barcuay, Francis H., F.G.8., Knott’s Green, Leyton, Essex.

Bareacut, Nobile Cavaliere Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo

_Tempi No.1, Florence, Italy.

Barker, H. W., 147 Gordon-road, Peckhan, 8.E.

Barrett, Charles Golding, Inland Revenue Department,

Somerset House, W.C.; and 89 Linden Grove, Nunhead,

S.E.

Barton, Stephen, 114 St. Michael's Hill, Bristol.

Bates, Henry Walter, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., 11 Carleton-

road, Tufnell Park, N.

Bazett, Mrs. Eleanor, Springfield, Reading, Berks.

1851 + Beaumont, Alfred, 153 Hither Green Lane, Lewisham, S.E.

1891

1882

1885

1886

1880

1879

1891

1889

1890

1885

1886

1875

1876

1891

1888

Brrcuine, Robert A. Dallas, 24 St. James-road, Tunbridge

Wells, Kent.

Bere, Carl, Museo Publico, Monte Video, South America.

BETHUNE-BAKER, George T., F.L.8., 16 Clarendon-road,

Edgbaston, Birmingham.

Brppisz, F. W., M.A. Lanherne, Albemarle-road, Beckenham,

Kent.

BIGNELL, George Carter, 7 Clarence-place, Stonehouse,

Plymouth.

Biuuupes, T. R.,20 Swiss Villas, Coplestone-road, Peckham,

S.E.

BuaBer, W.H., Groombridge, Sussex.

BLANDFORD, Walter F.H.,M.A.,F.Z.8.,48 Wimpole-street, W.

Buatcu, W. G., Knowle, near Birmingham.

Buatuwayt, Lieut.-Col. Linley, F.L.S., Hagle Howse, Bath-

easton, Bath.

BLOMEFIELD, The Rey. Leonard, M.A., F.L.S., &e., 19 Bel-

mont, Bath.

BuLoomFieLD, The Rey. Edwin Newson, M.A., Guwestling

Rectory, Hastings.

Borrer, Wm., junr., F.G.8., Pakyns Manor House,

Hurstpierpoint, Sussex.

Boscuer, Edward, Bellevwe House, Twickenham.

Booru, George A., Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands, Carn-

forth, Lancashire.

Bower, B. A., Langley, Eltham Road, Lee, Kent.

1852 | Boyp, Thomas, Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill,

SH.

1867

1886

1877

1870

1890

1879

1878

1887

1886

1890

1883

1855

LIST OF FELLOWS. xl

Boyp, William Christopher, Cheshunt, Herts.

Briveman, John B., F.L.S., 40 Sé. Giles’, Norwich.

Briees, Charles Adolphus, 55 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.

and Surrey House, Leatherhead, Surrey.

Briees, Thos. Henry, M.A., Surrey House, Leatherhead,

Surrey.

Bristows, B. A., Durlstone, Champion Hill, S.E.

Broneniart, Le Chevalier Charles, Memb. Ento. Soe.

France, and Memb. Geol. Soc. France, Foreign Corr. Geol.

Soc. Lond. &e., 9 Rue Linné, Paris, France.

Brown, Capt. Thomas, Drury, Auckland, New Zealand.

Brown, Henry Rowland, B.A., Oxhey Grove, Stanmore,

Middlesex.

Brown, John, 5 King’s Parade, Cambridge.

Bryant, George, Somerset Lodge, Old Shirley, near South-

anvpton.

Bucxton, George Bowdler, F.R.S., F.L.S., Weycombe,

Haslemere, Surrey.

Burnewi, Edward Henry, 32 peey is W.C.

1868 + Burter, Arthur Gardiner, F.L.S., F.Z.S., British Museum,

1883

1886

1885

1860

1880

1889

1890

1886

1890

1886

South Kensington, 8.W.; and The Lilies, Penge-road,

Beckenham, Kent.

Butter, HKdward Albert, B.A., B.Sc., 89 Ashby-road,

Crouch Hill, N.

CALVERT, Wim. Bartlett, Colegio Internacional, 309 Calle

Catedral, Santiago, Chili, South America.

CaMERON, Peter, Olive Mount, Sale, Cheshire.

CAMPBELL, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c., Rose Hill,

Hoddesdon, Herts.

CANDEZE, Dr. E., Glain, Liége.

CansDALF, W. D., 6 Whittington-terrace, London-road,

Forest Hill, 8.E.

Cant, A., care of Fredk. Du Cane Godman, Esq., F.B.S.,

10 Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.

CapPEer, Samuel James, F.L.S. (President of the Lancashire

and Cheshire Entomological Society), Hwyton Park, near

Liwerpool.

Capron, Edward, M.D., Shere, Gwildford.

CARDEN, Major-General George, Douglas Towers, South

Hill Park, Bromley, Kent.

CARMICHAEL, Sir Thomas David Gibson, Bart., M.A., F.L.S.,

Chiefswood, Melrose, N.B, no

xii LIST OF FELLOWS.

1868 CaRrRINGTON, Charles, Hurst-place, Bexley, Kent.

1890 CartTER, George Wm., M.A., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Lume Grove,

Knottingley, Yorkshire.

1889 + Cave, Charles, 13 Lowndes-square, 8. W.

1871 Cuampion, George. C., F.Z.S., Lrprartan, 11 Calder-Vale-

road, Elms Park, Clapham Common, 8.W.; and 10

Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.

1891 CuHapman, Thomas Algernon, M.D., Fir Bank, Hereford.

1890 CuHatTEeRTON, Frederick J.S., 1382 Queen Victoria-street, B.C. ;

and ‘‘ Falcon Craig,’ Gloucester Villas, Ashford, Mid-

dlesex.

1891 + Currry, Arthur J., 33 Queen’s-gate Gardens, 8.W.

1889 Curisty, W. M., Watergate, Emsworth, Hants.

1886 } Ciark, John Adolphus, The Broadway, London Fields,N.E.

1867 CuarKE, Alex. Henry, 109 Warwick-road, Earls Court, S.W.

1886 Cuarke, Charles Baron, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., Royal

Herbarium, Kew.

1891 CrarKkE, Henry Shortridge, 2 Osborne-terrace, Douglas,

Isle of Man.

1891 CockERELL, T. D. A., F.Z.S., The Institute of Jamaica,

Kingston, Jamaica.

1874 Cockie, Major George, M.A., B.Mus., Oxon., 9 Bolton-

gardens, S.W.

1873 Con, William, 7 Knighton Villas, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.

1884 CoLuEettT, E. Pyemont, 19 St. John-street, Manchester.

1880 CopLaND, Patrick F., % Hope Villas, Buckhurst Hill, Essez.

1886 CowELL, Peter (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public

Library), William Brown-street, Liverpool.

1867 Cox, Herbert Ed., 34 Harrington-gardens, South Kensing-

ton, W.

1888 CreGoE, J. P., Coryton-terrace, Plymouth.

1890 CREWE, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire.

1880 + Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., F.L.8., F.G.S., F.R.M.S.,

5 Lansdowne-road, Notting Hill, W.

1888 Croker, A. J., 26 Saxon-road, Selhurst, Surrey.

1883 CrowLey, Philip, F.L.8., F.Z.S. Waddon House, Croydon.

1873 Daur, C. W., Glanville’s Wootton, Sherborne, Dorset.

1887 Daurry, The Rey. Thomas W., M.A., F.L.8., Madeley

Vicarage, Newcastle, Staffordshire.

1886 Dannatt, Walter, F.Z.8., Ivy Dene, Westcombe Park,

Blackheath, 8.E.

1885 Dent, Hastings Charles, C.E., F.L.8., 20 Thurloe-square,

S.W.

1886

1875

1887

1891

1885

1873

1886

1845

1889

1874

1884

1867

LIST OF FELLOWS. Xill

Dickson, The Rey. Prof. William Purdie, D.D., LL.D.,

Professor of Divinity in the University of Glasgow,

Glasgow.

Distant, Wm. Lucas, 1 Russell Hill-road, Purley, Surrey.

Dixey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., Fellow of Wadham

College, Wadham College, Oxford; and Thyra House,

North Finchley, N.

DonnistHoRPE, Horace St. John, 37 Cowrtfield Gardens, S.W.

Donovan, Charles, junr., M.D., Surgeon, Army Medical

Service, Madras.

Doria, Marquis Giacomo, Strada Nuova, Genoa.

Dormer, The Right Honourable Lord, Grove Park, Warwick.

Dovetas, John Wm., Dartmouth Lodge, 153 Lewisham-

road, Lewisham, 8.E.

Downine, John W., 59 Lupus-street, St. George’s-square,

S.W.

Dowsett, Arthur, Castle Hill House, Reading.

Drucz, Hamilton H. C. J., 48 Circus-road, St. John’s

Wood, N.W.

Druce, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.8., 48 Circus-road, St. John’s

Wood, N.W.

1849 | Dunninc, Joseph Wm., M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 4 Talbot-

1865

1883

1890

1865

1886

1884

1886

1878

1886

1891

1890

square, Paddington, W.

D’Urpan, W. S. M., F.L.S., Moorlands, Exmouth, Devon.

Durrant, John Hartley-, The Cottage, Merton Hall,

Thetford, Norfolk.

Eastwoop, John Edmund, Enton Lodge, Witley, Surrey.

Haton, The Rey. Alfred Edwin, M.A., The Vicarage,

Shepton Montague, Castle Cary, Somersetshire.

Epwarps, James, 131 Rupert-street, Norwich.

Epwarps, Stanley, F.Z.8., Kidbrook-lodge, Blackheath,8.E.

EvisHa, George, 122 Shepherdess-walk, City-road, N.

Euuis, John W., M.B., L.R.C.P., 18 Rodney-street, Liver-

pool.

Ewes, Henry John, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Colesborne, Andovers-

ford R.S.O., Gloucestershire.

Enock, Frederick, 11 Parolles-road, Upper Holloway, N.

Farrmatre, Leon, 21 Rue dw Dragon, Paris, France.

Farn, Albert Brydges, Mownt Nod, Greenhithe, Kent;

and Medical Department, Local Government Board,

Whitehall, S.W.

X1V LIST OF FELLOWS.

1861 Fenn, Charles, Hversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, 8.E.

1886 Fenwick, Nicholas Percival, Holmwood, South Bank,

Surbiton Hill, Surrey.

1881 Frrepay, R. W., Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand.

1889 FERNALD, Prof. C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A.

1878 Finzi, John A., Hanover Lodge, 77 St. Helen's Gardens

N. Kensington, W.

1874 Fircou, Edward A., F.L.S., Brick House; Maldon, Essex.

1886 Firen, Frederick, Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park,N.

1865 Fietcuer, J. E., 26 McIntyre-road, St. John’s, Worcester.

1883 + FLetcuEr, William Holland B., M.A., Fairlawn, Worthing,

Sussex.

1885 Foxksr, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands.

1880 Fow er, The Rev. Canon, M.A., F.L.S., Secretary, The

School House, Lincoln.

1883 Freeman, Francis Ford, Abbotsfield, Tavistock, South

Devon.

1888 Fremumn, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Mereworth,

: Maidstone, Kent.

1891 FrouHawk, F. W., 9 Dornton-road, Balham, 8.E.

1855 Fry, Alexander, F.L.S., Thornhill House, Dulwich Wood

Park, Norwood, 8.E.

1889 FryEr, Charles John, Hmscote-road, Warwick.

1884 Fuuier, The Rev. Alfred, M.A., East Pallant, Chichester.

1887 Ganan, Charles J.,M.A., British Museum (Natural History),

South Kensington, S.W.; and 8 Rylett Crescent,

Shepherd's Bush, W.

1887 Gatton, Francis, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., 42 Rutland Gate,

S.W.

1890 GarpneR, John, 6 Friars-Gate, Hartlepool.

1865 + Gopman, Frederick Du Cane, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S, F.Z.8.,

PRESIDENT, South Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham,

Sussex; and 10 Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.

1890 GoxptTHwait, Oliver, 3 Duke of Edinburgh-road, Car-

shalton, Surrey.

1886 + GoopricH, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Aubrey, Lyming-

ton, Hants.

1855 Goruam, Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.S., The Chestnuts,

Shirley Warren, Southampton.

1874 Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., F.G.S., Secretary, Berrylands,

Surbiton Hill, Surrey ; and11 Chandos-street, Cavendish-

square, W.

1886

1891

1865

1888

LIST OF FELLOWS. XV

GreEEN, A. P., Colombo, Ceylon.

Green, E. Ernest, 10 Observatory Gardens, Campden

Hill, W.

GREENE, The Rey. Joseph, M.A., Rostrevor, Clifton,

Bristol.

GRIFFITHS, G. C., 48 Caledonian-place, Clifton, Bristol.

1890 + Hatz, A. E., Norbury, Pitsmoor, Sheffield.

1885

1891

1877

1886

1889

1881

1888

1891

Hau, Thomas William, “ Stanhope,” The Crescent, Croy-

don.

Hampson, G. F., B.A., Thurnham Court, Maidstone, Kent.

Hansury, Frederick J., F.L.S., 69 Clapton Common,

Clapton, N.E.

Hanson, R. E. Vernon, B.A., Monson Colonnade, Tun-

bridge Wells, Kent.

Harpine, George, The Grove, Fishponds, Bristol.

Harris, John T., Newton-road, Burton-on-Trent.

Harrison, John, 7 Gawber-road, Barnsley, Yorkshire.

Henn, Arnold Umfreville, Heaton Chapel Rectory, near

Stockport.

Henry, George, 38 Wellington-square, Hastings.

Hiees, Martin Stanger, Clarence House, Russell-street,

Gloucester.

Hit, Henry A., 182, Haverstock Hill, Hampstead, N.W.

1876 + Hittman, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes.

1890

1888

1887

1886

Hopexinson, J. B., Ellerslie, Ashton-on-Ribble, Preston,

Lancashire.

Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., Wordfield, Clive-road,

Penarth, Cardiff.

Houuanp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., 5th Avenue,

Pittsburg, Penn., United States.

HonratH, Ed. G., 8 Unter den Linden, Berlin.

Horner, A. C., Tonbridge, Kent.

1876 + Horniman, Fredk. John, F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.R.G.S., &c.,

Surrey Mount, Forest Hill, 8.B.

1865 + Hupp, A. E., ‘‘ Clinton,” Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol.

1888 Hupson, George Vernon, The Post Office, Wellington, New

Zealand.

1880 } IncuBaxD, Peter, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Grosvenor Terrace, Horn-

1891

sea, Holderness.

IsaBELL, The Rev. John, 65 Waddon Old-road, Croydon.

XV1 LIST OF FELLOWS.

1886 Jacospy, Martin, 7 Hemstall-road, West Hampstead, N.W.

1885 + James, Harry Berkeley, F.Z.8., F.R.G.8., Las Salinas,

Valparaiso, Chili; and The Oaks, Woodmansterne, near

Epsom, Surrey.

1869 Janson, Oliver E., Perth-road, Stroud Green, N.; and

35 Little Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

1886 JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, 4 East-street, Lewes.

1886 Joun, Evan, Llantrissant, Pontypridd, Glamorganshire.

1889 Jounson, The Rey. W. F., M.A., Winder-terrace, Armagh,

Ireland.

1888 Jonss, Albert H., Shrublands, Eltham, Kent.

1884 Kanz, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.LA., Sloperton

Lodge, Kingstown, Ireland.

1884 Kapprz, A. W.,F.L.8.,5 Burlington Gardens, Chiswick, W.

1876 + Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.

1884 Keays, F. Lovell, F.L.8., 26 Charles-street, St. James, S.W.

1890 Kenrick, G. H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston,

Birmingham.

1886 Kew, H. Wallis, 5 Giesbach-road, Upper Holloway, N.

1890 Kimper, Miss M., Cope Hall, Enborne, Newbury, Berks.

1890 Kine, J. J. F. X., 207 Sauchiehall-street, Glasgow.

1861 Kirsy, William F., F.L.8., 5 Burlington Gardens, Chis-

wick, We

1889 KuaprAuex, Professor Franz, Zoological Department, Royal

Museum, Prague, Bohemia.

1887 + Kunin, Sydney T., F.L.S., F.R.A.S. (Hon. Treasurer,

Middlesex Natural History and Science Society), The Red

House, Stanmore, Middlesex.

1876 Kraarz, Dr. G., 28 Link-strasse, Berlin.

1868 Lane, Colonel A. M., R.E., 7 Medina Villas, West Brighton.

1887 | LeEcu, John Henry, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.R.G.S., &c.,

29 Hyde Park Gate, S.W.

1891 Leteu, The Hon. Mary Cordelia Emily, Stoneleigh Abbey,

Kenilworth.

1883 Lemann, Fredk. Charles, Blackfriars House, Plymouth.

1876 Lewis, George, F.L.8., 101 Sandgate-road, Folkestone.

1886 Livert, H. W., M.D., Wells, Somerset.

LIST OF FELLOWS. XVll

1865 + Lurwetyn, Sir J. Talbot Dillwyn, Bart., M.A., F.L.S.,

Ynisgerwn, Neath.

1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome, Bognor, Sussex.

1885 Luoyp, Robert Wylie, St. Cuthberts, Thurleigh-road

Nightingale-lane, Clapham Common.

1850 Lowr, W. H., M.D., Woodcote Lodge, Inner Park-road,

Wimbledon Park, 8.W.

1850 + Lusgsocx, The Right Honble. Sir John, Bart., M.P., D.C.L.,

FE.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.8., &e., High Elms, Farnborough,

Kent.

1880 Lupron, Henry, Lyndhurst, North Grange-rd., Headingley,

Leeds.

1887 M‘Doucatt, James Thomas, Duwnolly, Morden-road,

Blackheath, 8.E.

1851 + M‘Invosu, J.

1888 Macxinnon, P. W., The Old Brewery, Masurt, Western

Himalayas, India.

1858 McLacuuan, Robert, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., TREAsuRER,

Westview, Clarendon-road, Lewisham, 8.h.

1887 Manpers, Neville, L.R.C.P., M.R.C.8., Medical Staff Mess,

Rawal Pindi, India.

1891 Manager, William, 100 Manor-road, New Cross, S.E.

1865 Marsnatt, The Rev. Thos. Ansell, M.A., Botusfleming

Rectory, Hatt, Cornwall.

1856 + MarsHaut, William, Auchinraith, Bexley, Kent.

1874 + Mason, Philip Brookes, M.R.C.S., F.L.8., Burton-on-Trent.

1865 Maruew, Gervase F., R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.R.G.S.,

Lee House, Dovercourt, Essex.

1887 MarueEws, Coryndon, Hrme Wood, Ivybridge, South Devon.

1860 May, John William, K.N.L., Blenheim House, Parson's

Green-lane, Fulham, 8.W.

1872 | Mexpoua, Prof. Raphael, F'.R.S., F.R.A.S8., F.C.8S., Vicx-

PRESIDENT, 6 Brunswick-square, W.C.

1885 MELVILL, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., &e., HEEL Cottage,

Prestwich, Lancashire.

1887 MerrirteLD, Frederic, 24 Vernon-terrace, Brighton.

1888 Meryer-Darcis, care of Sogin & Meyer, Wohlen, Switzer-

land.

1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.Z.8., Ramsbury, Hungerford,

Berkshire.

XVill

1883

1879

1853

1886

LIST OF FELLOWS.

Mites, W. H., The New Club, Calcutta.

Montetro, Senhor Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 72 Rua

do Alecrion, Lisbon.

Moors, Frederic, F.Z.S., A.L.S., Claremont House,

Avenue-road, Croydon-road, Penge, 8.E.

Morean, A. C. F., F.L.S., Villa Nova de Gaya, Oporto,

Portugal.

1889 + Moricr, The Rey. F.D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College,

1889

Oxford, 27 Hillmorton-road, Rugby.

Mostery, 8. L., Beawmont Park, Huddersfield.

1869 + Mituer, Albert, F.R.G.S.

1872 + Murray, Lieut. H.

1886

1889

1887

1878

1890

1882

1886

1878

1869

1877

1883

1873

1°86

1878

1880

Morcu, J. P., 8359 Hornsey-road, N.

Neave, B. W., 95 Queen’s-road, Brownswood Park, N.

NEvINSON, Basil George, M.A., F.Z.S., 6 Tite-street, Chelsea,

S.W.

Newman, The Rev. W. J. H., M.A., The Vicarage, Steeple

Barton, Oxon.

Newman, Thomas P., F.Z.S., 54 Hatton Garden, E.C.; and

Hazelhurst, Haslemere, Surrey.

NEWSTEAD, R., The Musewm, Chester.

Nic&viuue, Lionel de, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Indian Museum ;

and 13 Kyd-street, Calcutta.

NicHouson, William E., School Hill, Lewes, Sussex.

Norris, Herbert E., 15 Market Place, Cirencester.

NorripGe, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.

OBERTHUR, Charles (fils), Rennes, France.

OBERTHUR, René, Rennes, France.

OLDFIELD, George W., M.A., F.L.8., F.Z.S., 21 Longridge-

road, Earls Court, 8.W.

OxiviER, Ernest, Ramillons, prés Moulins (Allier), France.

OuutrF, Arthur Sidney, Government Entomologist, Depart-

ment of Agriculture, Macquarie-street, Sydney, N. 8S.

Wales.

OrmeERoD, Miss Eleanor A., F.R.Met.S., Torrington

House, Holywell Hill, St. Albans, Herts.

OrmMEROD, Miss Georgiana, Torrington House, Holywell

Hill, St. Albans, Herts.

1841 } Owen, Sir Richard, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., M.D., F.R.S8.,

F.L.S. F.G.8., &., Sheen Lodge, Richmond Park, 8.W.

LIST OF FELLOWS. X1X

1854 Pascozn, Francis P., F.L.S., 1 Burlington-road, West-

bourne Park, W.

1888 PENNINGTON, F., jun., Broome Hall, Holmwood, Surrey.

1883 Prrineury, Louis, South African Musewm, Cape Town,

South Africa.

1879 PrErRxKins, Vincent Robt., Wotton-wnder-Hdge, Gloucester-

shire.

1887 Puruuies, Charles Edmund Stanley, Castle House, Shooter’s

Hull, Kent.

1891 Pierce, Frank Nelson, 143 Smithdown Lane, Liverpool.

1885 Pout, J. R. H. Neerwort van der, Heerengracht 476,

Amsterdam.

1870 + Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.8., Greenfield House, Huddersfield.

1884 + Poutton, Edward B., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.8.,

Wykeham House, Banbury-road, Oxford.

1851 Preston, The Rey. Thomas Arthur, M.A., F.L.S., Thur-

caston fectory, Leicester.

1876 PREUDHOMME DE Borers, Alfred , Rue Scutin11, Schaerbeck,

Brussels.

1878 Price, David, 48 West-street, Horsham, Sussex.

1886 Raconot, H. L. (Ex-President Ento. Soc. France), 12 Quai

de la Rapée, Paris.

1882 | RamspEn, Hildebrand, M.A., F.L.S., 26 Upper Bedford-

place, Russell-square, W.C.

1874 Rerzp, Edwyn C., Banos de Cauquenes, Valparaiso, Chili.

1891 Ret, William, Prtcaple, Aberdeenshire.

1890 RenpiesHam, The Right Honble. Lord, Rendlesham Hall,

Woodbridge, Suffolk.

1886 Ruopes, John, F.R.M.S., 860 Blackburn-road, Accrington,

Lancashire.

1891 RicHarpson, Nelson M., B.A., Montevideo, near Weymouth,

Dorset. -

1853 Ripon, The Most Honourable The Marquis of, K.G., D.C.L.,

F.R.S., F.L.8., &c., 9 Chelsea Himbankment, S.W.

1889 Rosinson, Arthur, B.A., Brettanby Manor, Darlington.

1869 + Ropinson-Dovenas, William Douglas, M.A., F.L.S.,

F.R.G.8., Orchardton, Castle Douglas, N.B.

1890 Rosson, John Emmerson, Hartlepool.

1886 Ross, Arthur J., 5 Royal Exchange Avenue, B.C.

1868 Rotuney, George Alexander James, 15 Versailles-road,

Norwood, 8.E,

XEX: LIST OF FELLOWS.

1888 RotuscHILp, The Honble. Walter de, F.Z.S., 148 Piccadilly,

W.; and Tring Park, Tring, Herts.

1890 Rovriepes, G. B., 50 Russell-square, W.C.

1865 Rytanps, Thos. Glazebrook, F.L.S., F.G.8., Highfields,

Thelwall, Warrington.

1885 Saset, Ernest, F.Z.S., F.R.G.S., Lynton House, South

Side, Clapham Common, S.W.

1875 Saxe, Auguste, 13 Rwe Guy de la Brosse, Paris.

1866 + Satvin, Osbert, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z.S., 10 Chandos-

street, Cavendish-sq., W.; and Hawksfold, Fernhurst,

Haslemere.

1886 Satwey, Reginald E., ‘‘ Peace Wold,’ Radnor Park-road,

Folkestone.

1865 + SaunpDERS, Edward, F.L.8S., St. Ann’s, Mount Hermon,

Woking, Surrey.

1861 + SaunpERs, G.S., 20 Dents-rd., Wandsworth Common, S.W.

1886 SaunpeErs, Prof. Wm., London, Ontario, Canada (President

of the Entomological Society of Ontario).

1881 Sconuick, A. J., 26 Warwick-road, Earl's Court, S.W.

1886 ScuppER, Samuel H., Cambridge, Mass., United States.

1875 + Srary, Alfred Forbes, Cochin, South India.

1864 Srmper, George, care of Bernhard Beer, Esq., 10 Newgate-

street, E.C.

1862 Suarp, David, M.A., M.B., C.M., F.R.S., F.L.8., F.Z.S.,

Vicr-PRESIDENT, Hawthorndene, Hills-road, Cambridge ;

and University Museum of Zoology and Comparative

Anatomy, Cambridge.

18838 Suaw, A. Eland, Wandsworth Dispensary, Wandsworth,

S.W.

1883 + SHELLEY, Capt. George Ernest, F.G.S., F.Z.8., 18 Rutland

Gate, W.

1887 Sicu, Alfred, Burlington Lane, Chiswick, W.

1887 Sipe@wick, A., M.A. (Fellow of Corpus Christi College,

Oxford), 64 Woodstock-road, Oxford.

1877 Suarer, John Wm., 36 Wray-crescent, Tollington Park, N.

1883 Smiru, Frederick W., Hollywood, Lewisham Hill, 8.E.

1869 Smirn, Henley Grose, F.Z.8., 5 Bryanston-square, Hyde

Park, W.

1885 Sir, Sidney Philip, 22 Rylett-road, Shepherds Bush, W.

1885 Sout, Richard, 12 Abbey-gardens, St. John’s Wood, N.W.

* +Spence, William Blundell, Hlorence, Italy.

LIST OF FELLOWS. XX1

1891 Sr. Joun, The Rev. John Seymour, B.A., 42 Castlewood-

road, Stamford Hull, N.

1848 + Stainton, Henry Tibbats, F.R.S., F.L.8., Mowntsfield,

Lewisham, 8.E.

1889 STANDEN, Richard 8., 67 Harl’s Court-square, South Ken-

sington, W.

1890 Stearns, A. E., New Mills Vottage, Henley-on-Thames.

1862 Stevens, John S., 7 Ravenna-road, Putney, 8.W.

1837 Stevens, Samuel, F.L.S., Loanda, Beulah Hill, Upper

Norwood, S.E.

1891 Stitt, Major John Nathaniel, 4 Westcliff-terrace, Seaton,

Devon; and Junior United Service Club, Charles-street,

St. James’, S.W.

1889 Srtraton, C. R., F.R.C.8., West Lodge, Wilton, Wilts.

1886 Surrace, J. Lyddon, B.A., 76 Regent’s Park-road, N.W.

1882 Swanzy, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sevenoaks.

1884 SwinHor, Colonel Charles, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Avenue House,

Cowley-road, Oxford.

1876 Swinton, A. H., Tudor Villas, Gery-street, Bedford.

1886 THEoBaALD, F. V., B.A., Chestnut Grove, Kingston-on-

Thames.

1889 THORNEWILL, The Rev. C. F., M.A., Burton-on-Trent.

1859 + TrimeN, Roiand, F.R.S., F.L.S. (Curator of South African

Museum), Cape Town, Cape Colony.

1891 TuUFFNELL, Carleton, Greenlands, Border-crescent, Syden-

ham, 8.E.

1886 Turt, J. W., Rayleigh Villa, Westecombe Park, Blackheath,

S.E.

1869 VaucHaN, Howard W. J., Woodford Green, Essex; and

55 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.

1866 VERRALL, George Henry, Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.

1889 Vivian, H. W., Glenafon, Taiback, South Wales; and

Trinity College, Cambridge.

1876 WakEFIELD, Charles Marcus, F.L.S., Belmont, Uxbridge.

1886 Watrker, Alfred O., F.L.8., Nant Glyn, Colwyn Bay,

Denbighshire.

1870 Waker, The Rev. Francis Augustus, D.D., F.L.S., Dun

Mallard, Cricklewood, N.W,

XXli LIST OF FELLOWS.

1878 Watxer, JAMEs J., R.N., F.L.S., 23 Ranelagh-road, Marine

Town, Sheerness.

1863 + Watuace, Alfred Russel, D.C.L., Oxon., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e.,

Corfe View, Parkstone, Dorset.

1889 Watutey, The Rev. John, Wuhu, China.

1866 + WausineHam, The Right Hon. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.B.S.,

F.L.S., F.Z.S., Vicz-PResipEnt, High Steward of the

University of Cambridge, Haton House, 66.4 Eaton-square,

8.W.; and Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk.

1886 WarREN, William, M.A., 3 Kempson-road, Walham Green,

S.W.; and British Museum, Cromwell-road, S.W.

1869 WatERHOUSE, Charles O., Ingleside, Avenue Gardens,

Acton, W.; and British Museum, Cromwell-road, S.W.

1891 + Watson, Capt. E. Y., F.Z.8., Indian Staff Corps, 5 Lypziatt-

terrace, Cheltenham.

1845 Weir, John Jenner, F.L.S., F.Z.8., Chirbury, Beckenham,

Kent.

1876 + WEsTERN, EH. Young, 27 Craven Hill Gardens, Bays-

water, W.

* ‘Westwoop, John Obadiah, M.A., F.L.S. (Professor of

Zoology in the University of Oxford), Honorary LiFe

PRESIDENT, 67 Woodstock-road, Oxford.

1882 WerymeErR, Gustav, Sadowa-strasse 21a, Elberfeld, Rhenish

Prussia. ;

1886 WHEELER, Francis D., M.A., LL.D., Paragon House School,

Norwich.

1868 + Wuitz, F. Buchanan, M.D., F.L.S., Annat Lodge,

Perth, N.B.

1865 Wuuter, The Rev. W. Farren, M.A., Stonehouse Vicarage,

Gloucestershire.

1884 Wate, William, The Ruskin Museum, Meersbrook Park,

Sheffield.

1882 Wiuiams, W. J., Zoological Society, Hanover-square, W.

1881 Woop, The Rev. Theodore, Merton Cottage, Baldock, Herts.

1891 WrovucurTon, R. C., Conservator of Forests, Poonah, India.

1888 Yerrsury, Major J. W., R.A., Colombo, Ceylon.

1886 Youna, Morris, Free Musewm, Paisley, N.B,

( sSanit ))

AID ERON Ss Oe WE) Pa eB AS Ey

Durine THE YEAR 1891.

Abeille (L’). Journal d’Entomologie. Tome XXVII., Nos. 2—8.

The Editor.

Agricultural Gazette of N. 8. Wales. Vol. I., parts 2 and 3. Vol. II.,

parts 1—9. The Director.

American Naturalist (The). Vol. XXYV., Nos. 289—297. The Publishers.

Bere (Carlos). Sobre la Carpocapsa saltitans (Westw.) y la Grapholitha

motrix (Berg), n. sp. The Author.

Dyscophus onthophagus un nuevo grillo Uruguayo Cavernicola,

The Author.

Borre (A. Preudhomme de). Matériaux pour la Faune Entomologique de

Limbourg. Coléoptéres. 4éme centurie. The Author.

Bucxton (G. B.). Monograph of the British Cicade or Tettigide. Parts

5 to 8. The Author.

Canadian Entomologist (The). Edited by Rey. C.J. S. Bethune. Vol.

XXII. 1891. The Editor.

Casey (T. L.). Coleopterological Notices. Part. 2. The Author.

Coox (O. T.) and Cotiins (G. N.). Notes on North American Myriapoda

of the Family Geophilide, with descriptions of three

Genera, The Authors.

Distant (W. Lucas). A Monograph of Oriental Cicadide. Part IV.

Trustees of Indian Museum.

Exuior (G. F. Scott), Flora of Dumfriesshire and Dumfries District.

Part 1. To the end of Crucifere. The Author.

Entomological News. Vol. II., Nos. 1 to 4 and 7 to 9. Philadelphia,

1891. The Editor.

Entomologist (The). London, 1891. T. P. Newman.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine. London, 1891. The Editors.

Entomologist’s Record (The) and Journal of Variation. Vol. II. 1891.

The Editor.

ETHERIDGE (R., jun.), and Ouuirr (A. Sidney). The Mesozoic and Ter-

tiary Insects of New South Wales. A. Sidney Olliff.

Gasprrini (Prof. R.). Prilog Fauni Dalmatinskih Pauka (Arane et

Opiliones), The Author.

( axxty )

Hampson (G. F.). Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera-

Heterocera in the Collection of the British Museum. 4to.

London, 1891. The Author.

Houuanp (Rev. W. J.). Asiatic Lepidoptera. List of the Diurnal Lepi-

doptera taken by Mr. W. Doherty (of Cincinnati) in Celebes,

June and July, 1887, with descriptions of some apparently

New Forms. The Author.

Insect Life. Edited by C. V. Rinzy and L. O. Howarp. Vol. III., Nos.

4to12. Vol. 4, Nos. 1 to 4. Department of Entomology.

Lintyer (J. A.). Sixth Report of the Injurious and other Insects of the

State of New York. Albany, 1890. The Author.

Lonecuampes (KE. de Selys). Odonates de Birmanie. Genova, 1891.

The Author.

Lowne (B. Thompson). Anatomy, Physiology, Morphology, and Develop-

ment of the Blow-fly (Calliphora erythrocephala). Part II.

London, 1891. Purchased.

Matty (F. W.). The Boll Worm of Cotton. A Report of Progress in a

supplementary investigation of this insect. Washington,

1891. Department of Agriculture.

Marswatt (Rev. T. A.). Species des Hyménoptéres composant le groupe

des Braconides avec la description de toutes les espéces

d’Europe et des pays limitrophes en Afrique et en Asie

(18 planches coloriées). Gray (Haute Sadne), 1888.

The Author.

Miskin (W.H.). Synonymical Catalogue of the Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera

(Butterflies) of Australia. Brisbane,1891. The Author.

A Revision of the Australian Sphingide. Brisbane, 1891.

The Author.

Nature. Nos. 1105 to 1157. London, 1891. The Publishers.

Nic&vinue (Lionel de). A Butterfly destructive to Fruit. 1890.

The Author.

Note on the Pupz of two Indian Butterflies of the Subfamily

Nemeobiine. 1890. The Author.

Notes on a new Genus of Lycenide. 1890. The Author.

Novak (G. B.). Terzo Cenno Sulla Fauna dell’ isola Lesina in Dalmazia.

Neuroptera. Zagreb, 1891. The Author.

OutvieR (Ernest). Faune de l|’Allier. Vol. II., Annelés, 2iéme partie.

Orthoptéres. Moulins, 1891. The Author.

Lampyrides rapportés de Birmanie par M. L. Fea, avee descrip-

tions des espéces nouvelles. Genova, 1891.

The Author.

Ormerop (Eleanor A.). Report of Observations of Injurious Insects

during the year 1890 (14th Report). The Authoress.

Osporn (Herbert). The Pediculi and Mallophaga affecting Man and the

Lower Animals. Washington, 1891, The Author.

(sexe)

OscHaNnin (B.). The Zoogeographical Character of the Fauna of the

Hemiptera of Turkestan. Taschkent, 1891.

Pacnarp (A. S.). On some Points in the external Structure and Phylo-

geny of Lepidopterous Larve. 1890. The Author.

Fifth Report of the U.S. Entomological Commission on Insects

injurious to Forest and Shade Trees. Washington, 1890.

The Department of Agriculture.

Pascox (F. P.). The Darwinian Theory of the Origin of Species. London,

A Summary of the Darwinian Theory of the Origin of Species.

London, 1891. The Author.

Pecxuam (Geo. W. and ElizabethG.). Additional Observations on Sexual

Selection in Spiders of the Family Attide. Milwaukee,

1890. The Authors.

Phylloxera.—Rapport de la Station Viticole 4 Lausanne, 1890.

Rapports de la Commission Administrative sur l’exercice, 1890.

Assurance mutuelle contre le Phylloxera. Neufchatel, 1891.

Le Phylloxera dans le Canton de Genéve en 1890.

Report of the Phylloxera Commission, Cape of Good Hope,

1890. The Director, Roy. Gardens, Kew.

REDTENBACHER (Josef). Monographie der Conocephaliden. Wien, 1891.

The Author.

Rintey (Charles V.). Report of the Entomologist for 1890.

Insects affecting the Hackberry.

The Insectivorous Habits of the English Sparrow.

Reports of Observations and Experiments in the practical work

of the Division of Entomology, 1890.

Destructive Locusts (or ‘‘Grasshoppers’’) of the United States.

The Author.

SaunpErRS (Edward). The Tongues of the British Hymenoptera Antho-

phila. 1890. The Author.

Saussure (Henri de). Histoire naturelle des Hyménoptéres de Mada-

gascar. P.I.(21 planches). Paris, 1890. The Author.

ScuppeEr (S. H.). The Fossil Insects of North America, with Notes on

some Huropean Species. 2 vols. 4to. New York, 1890.

A Classed and Annotated Bibliography of Fossil Insects.

Washington, 1890.

Index to the known Fossil Insects of the World, including

Myriapods and Arachnids. Washington, 1891.

The Author.

Saitu (John B.). Contributions toward a Monograph of the Noctuide

of Temperate N. America :—

(a) Revision of Homohadena (Grote).

(b) Revision of Hadena referable to Xylophasia and Luperina.

The Author.

Sr. Joun (Rev. J. Seymour). Larva Collecting and Breeding.

J. W. Dunning.

(iexexyl 2)

SocretrEs, ScrentrFrc (Transactions of) :—

(ApELAIDE.) Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia.

Vol. XIII, part 2. Vol. XIV., part 1. The Society.

(Berun.) Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. Jahrgang 1891,

Heft I. By Exchange.

Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift. Band XXXIYV., XXXV.,

1890; and Band XXXVI., Heft I., 1891. By Exchange.

(Bompay.) Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Vol. V.,

Nos. 2 to 4. Vol. VI., No. 1. The Society.

(Boston.) Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History.

Vol. XXY., parts 1 and 2. The Society.

(Briinn.) Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Vereines in Briinn.

Band XXVIII. 1890. The Society.

(Brussets.) Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belyique.

1890. The Society.

Bulletin de l’Académie Royale de Belgique. 3éme serie, 18 a21.

Mémoires Couronnés (in 4to), t. L., LI.

Do. Do. (in 8vo), t. 43 a 45.

Annuaires 1890 et 1891. The Academy.

(Buckuurst Hinu.) The Essex Naturalist,—the Journal of the

Essex Field Club. Vol. V., parts 1—6. The Club.

(BuENos Ayres.) Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires.

Tomo II1., Entrega 5. The Museum.

Revista Argentina de Historia Natural. Tomo I., Entrega 1 to 5.

The Editor.

(Cazn.) Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie. 4e Serie.

4e Vol. 1891. The Society.

(CamBRipcE, Mass.) Annual Report of the Museum of Comparative

Zoology at Harvard College for 1889 and 1890.

The Curator.

(Dusuin.) Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society.

Vol. VI., part 10: Vol. VIL, parts land 2. The Society.

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The Society.

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XXII., parts 3 and 4. The Society.

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naturforschenden Gesellschaft. 1891, The Society.

Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergische natur-

forschenden Gesellschaft. Band XVI., 2 to 4.

The Society.

(Grneva.) Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire

Naturelle de Genéve. Tome XXXLI., lére partie.

The Society.

(Hertrorp.) Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural History

Society. Vol. VI., parts 1 and 3. Lhe Society.

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The Netherlands Society.

(Hatirax, N.§.) Proceedings and Transactions of the Noya Scotian

Institute of Natural Science. Vol. VII., part 4.

The Institute.

(Sixexva |)

Socretigs, Screntiric (Transactions of), continued :—

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The Society.

Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology). Vol. XXIII., Nos. 147

and 148. Vol. XXIV., Nos. 149 and 150. The Society.

Transactions of the Linnean Society. 2nd Series (Zoology).

Vol. V., parts 4 to 7. The Society.

Proceedings of the Linnean Society. 1888—1890.

The Society.

Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society,

1891, parts 1 to 3. The Society.

Transactions of the Zoological Society. Vol. XIII., part 3.

The Society.

Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. 3rd

Series. Vol. II., parts 1 and 2. The Society.

Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1891, parts 1 to 5.

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Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club. Series II. Vol. IV.,

Nos. 28 and 29. The Club.

The Naturalist, a Journal of Natural History for the North of

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(Sxxvi 4)

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THE

PROCEEDINGS

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

For THE YrarR 1891.

February 4, 1891.

Freperick DuCane Gopman, Ksq., M.A., F.R.§., President,

in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced and thanks

voted to the respective Donors.

Nomination of Vice-Presidents.

The President nominated Lord Walsingham, M.A., F.B.5.,

Professor R. Meldola, F.R.S., and Dr. D. Sharp, F.R.S.,

Vice-Presidents for the Session 1891-92.

Election of Fellows.

Dr. Thomas A. Chapman, M.D., of ‘‘ Firbank,” Hereford;

Mr. Horace St. John Donisthorpe, of 37, Courtfield

Gardens, S.W.; Mr. F. W. Frohawk, of 9, Dornton

Road, Balham, S.E.; Mr. EH. Ernest Green, of 10, Obser-

vatory Gardens, Kensington, W.; Mr. G. F. Hampson, B.A.,

of Thurnham Court, Maidstone; Mr. F. J. Hanbury, F.L.S.,

of 69, Clapton Common, Upper Clapton, N.E.; and the

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I., 1891. B

(Ge)

Hon. Mary Cordelia E. Leigh, of Stoneleigh Abbey, Kenil-

worth, were elected Fellows of the Society.

E«hibitions, dc.

Mr. C. J. Gahan called attention to a larva which he had

exhibited at the meeting of the Society on the 1st October

last, when some doubt was expressed as to its affinities. He

said that Prof. Riley and Dr. Packard had since suggested

that the larva was that of a dipterous insect of the family

Blepharoceride ; he was quite of the same opinion, and thought

it might probably be referred to Hammatorrhina bella, Low,

a species from Ceylon.

Mr. Tutt exhibited a long series of Agrotis pyrophila, taken

last year by Mr. Reid, near Pitcaple, in Aberdeenshire, and

remarked that this species had been commoner than usual

last year in Scotland, the Isle of Portland, and the Isle of

Man. He also exhibited long and variable series of Melitea

aurinia (artemis), Triphena orbona, Abraxas grossulariata, and

Melanippe fluctuata, all from the same locality in Aberdeen-

shire.

The Rev. Canon Fowler exhibited a cocoon of Deiopeia

pulchella, recently received from Lower Burmah.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited specimens of Scyphophorus

interstitialis, a Mexican species, and -4ceraius Comptoni, a

Ceylonese species, recently taken by Mr. Bowring in his green-

house. He also exhibited, on behalf of Miss Emily M. Sharpe,

a specimen of Daphnis hypothous, Cramer, a native of Borneo,

Java, and Ceylon, caught some years ago at Crieff, N.B. The

specimen was formerly identified as Cherocampa nerii,

under which name its capture was recorded in ‘The Ento-

mologist,’ xiii. p. 162 (1880).

The Rev. Dr. Walker exhibited a collection of Insecta

and Arachnida, including many species of Orthoptera and

Scorpiodea, recently received from Jerusalem.

Papers &¢., read.

Mr. Frederick Enock read an interesting paper entitled

‘“The Life-History of the Hessian Fly.” He commenced

by mentioning the fact that though nearly a hundred papers

( ii )

had been written on the Hessian Fly by entomologists hailing

from all parts of the globe, but few had the stamp of genuine

originality, the greater part being mere compilations by so-

called ‘‘arm-chair naturalists,” whose ignorance of the subject

was proved by the mistakes they copied from the papers of

previous compilers, who seldom gave the dates when their

observations were supposed to have been made, which dates

' he considered to be of the utmost importance when following

out the life-history of any insect. Those Fellows who desired

information on the subject would find every fact relating to

the history of the insect mentioned in the full account in the

Transactions, verified by the date and time of day when the

observation of such fact was made.

The author stated that the Hessian Fly generally makes

its first appearance in May, the greater part of the first brood

emerging during June, and many up to the middle of July.

Copulation takes place during the early morning hours, imme-

diately after which the female proceeds to oviposit on the wheat

and barley, laying her eggs in the longitudinal ridges of the

upper surface of the freshest leaves, placing them in rows of

from three to ten on each plant, and so laid that when the larve

emerge their heads are towards the base of the leaves. In

warm moist weather the eggs hatch in four days; the tiny

larvee work their way down the ridges until they arrive at the

leaf-sheath, between which and the stem they force their way

down to a short distance above the joint, where they fix them-

selves head downwards and towards the stem, the juices of

which the larve steadily appropriate for their sustenance.

As they increase in size so does the barley plant; but the

latter is much weakened by the constant drain, which goes on

for about twenty days, and though an ear is formed it is gene-

rally a poor one, sickly looking, with half-developed grain too

heavy for the weakened stem to bear through a heavy storm of

wind or rain, and it soon bends down at the injured joint, just

above the point where the larvee have been feeding; the ear

resting on the ground is destroyed by the first prowling mouse.

When full grown the larva discontinues feeding, the outer

skin dries up and becomes of a bright red chestnut colour

somewhat resembling a ‘“‘ flawseed’’; and it was when in this

(iw )

stage that Mr. George Palmer first discovered it in Hertford-

shire on July the 27th, 1886, though most practical entomolo-

gists are now agreed that it had then been present in this

country for some years. Whilst the change from larva to

‘« flaxseed,” or, more correctly speaking, to the coarctate larva

or the puparium state has been going on, a most wonderful

change has taken place inside; the larva in its third stage

becoming detached and perfectly free from the dried up skin

of the original larva. Below the mouth, on the second seg-

ment, is now to be seen the so-called ‘‘ anchor process”’;

various authors have expressed their opinions as to the use of

this organ, the original idea being that it was used by the

larva in obtaining its food. This error has been copied in the

most orthodox ‘ follow-my-leader”’ fashion, clearly proving

that the various stages had not been examined, for anyone

who will look at a feeding larva will see at cence that the

anchor process is not present.

_ Myr. Enock said that although all authors state that the

larva fixes itself head downwards and towards the stem, not one

has ever explained how the fly emerges from this position. It

was only after long and most careful observation and dis-

section of the larva in its third stage that he was enabled to

discover the true purpose of this small, and apparently insig-

nificant, piece of apparatus known as the “anchor process.”

When the larva has arrived at full growth and reached the

puparium state, the internal larva lies dormant during the

winter and spring months until the middle of May, when it

commences to reverse its position and turn round within the

puparium. Thisit is enabled to do by pressing the bifid points

of the anchor process against the inside of the shell; then

moving its body a short distance down it presses the sharp

dorsal spines into the opposite side, releases the anchor pro-

cess, and fixing it a little higher up it moves the body a little

round and downwards; the head is again moved upwards, and

so these movements go on until the larva has completely

reversed its position from head downwards and inwards to head

upwards and outwards in close proximity to the outer leaf-

sheath. The larva soon changes toa pupa, casting its skin and

anchor process ; in about thirteen days the fly is matured, and

( we )

the pupa forces its way through the brittle skin of the

puparium and leaf-sheath, and in less than an hour anda

half the fly has emerged, dried its wings, and flown away to

seek a partner.

The author stated that careful experiments, carried on from

year to year, to ascertain whether the Hessian Fly is partheno-

genetic have proved that it is not; but an interesting fact was

discovered regarding the polygamous habits of the male, many

having been isolated and proved to be able to impregnate six

females. Puparia kept perfectly dry for two years produced

perfect flies, showing that it was possible for the pest to have

been introduced into America by the Hessian troops. Mr.

Knock thought that the only way to keep this terrible scourge

down was by breeding the parasites and turning them down

in infested localities; but he did not see any chance that such

a suggestion,—though its utility had been proved by hard

facts,--would ever be acted on in Great Britain. In America,

however, Professor Riley, the eminent State Entomologist,

had accepted Mr. Enock’s offer to send over puparia con-

taining the most prolific parasite, viz., Semiotellus nigripes; and

Mr. Enock said that before the end of March between two and

three thousand parasitised puparia would be in the hands

of Professor Riley, who was not one to chill the enthusiasm

of an entomologist by saying ‘‘ It can’t be done,” or ‘It is

not practicable.’’

The paper was most elaborately illustrated by some sixty

photographs thrown upon a large screen by the aid of a

powerful oxy-hydrogen lantern, so that every detail could be

distinctly seen by the large number of Fellows and visitors

present at the meeting.

Mr. G. H. Verrall said he believed the Hessian Fly

was no more a recent introduction into this country

than the Cabbage White Butterflies. He thought that the

fact of its having so many parasites proved it to be an

old inhabitant of Britain. When it was first introduced

into America its parasites did not accompany it, and it con-

sequently spread very rapidly; but since its parasites have

appeared it has not done so much damage. Mr. Verrall

further stated that the presence of the Hessian Fly had long

({ bya.)

been known in Hssex and Lincolnshire, and that in the

former county affected wheat was known as ‘“‘ Knickle-down,”

i. e. ** Knuckle-down ’”’ wheat. The discussion was continued

by Mr. Godman, Mr. Enock, and others.

Mr. Roland Trimen communicated a paper entitled ‘“‘ On

some recent Additions to the List of South African Butter-

flies.”

Mr. H. W. Bates communicated a paper entitled ‘‘ Additions

to the Carabideous Fauna of Mexico, with remarks on species

previously recorded.”

Mr. W. F. Kirby read a paper entitled ‘‘ Notes on the genus

Xanthospilopteryx, Waller.”

Dr. D. Sharp contributed a paper entitled ‘On the

Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan,’’ Pt. 2.

March 4, 1891.

The Rt. Hon. Lord Watsinenam, M.A., F.R.S., Vice-

President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced and thanks voted

to the respective Donors.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. F. P. Pascoe exhibited, and made remarks on, a

curious Coleopterous larva, with a case somewhat resembling

that of the Lepidopterous genus Psyche, which was found at

the Theatre of Bacchus, Athens.

Mr. J. W. Douglas sent for exhibition specimens of Icerya

(Crossatosoma) egyptiaca, which, through the kindness of Mr.

A. D. Michael, he had received from Alexandria on the 19th

January last. It was stated that in travelling most of them

had become loose, and had lost their waxen appendages ; but

a few still remained on the stems of their food-plant. In

connection with this subject, Mr. G. H. Verrall alluded to a

Dipterous parasite of Icerya from Adelaide—Lestophonus icerye,

Williston—which had been bred from Icerya Purchasi, Mask.,

last February. Mr. M‘Lachlan and Lord Walsingham con-

tinued the discussion.

(Ay)

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a long and interesting series of

Triphena comes (orbona), from various parts of the South of

England, Yorkshire, Forres, the Isle of Man, the Isle of Lewis,

and the North of Ireland.

Mr. G. F. Hampson exhibited a series of varieties of

Plotheia frontalis, Walk., which was the only species in the

genus, and confined to Ceylon. He said that the varied forms

of this species had been described under twenty-one different

names by Walker, Felder, and Moore.

Mr. F. Merrifield exhibited a number of specimens showing

that the colouring of the spring emergence of Selenia illustraria,

as well as that of the summer emergence, was materially

affected by the temperature to which the pupa was exposed

in its later stages. Three separate broods had each been

divided into two parts, the pupe of one division being exposed

to a temperature of 80° Fahr., those of the other division to

60°. The whole of those so treated, so far as they had yet

appeared, were exhibited. Those of the former division were

on the upper surface of a rather uniform light chestnut orange,

and contrasted with the greater richness and darkness and

variety of colour in the latter, the lightest specimen of which

was, in each of the three broods, darker than the darkest of the

other division. On the undersides the differences were equally

marked. He also exhibited samples of two summer brocds

of S. illustraria not exhibited before, where there were similar

differences ; in this case the cooler division had been at about

60° to 65°, the other division at 80°; also a series of about fifty

Ennomos autumnaria not before shown, rather more than half

having been during the later pupal stages at a temperature of

80°, and the rest of them during these stages at the ordinary

temperature of a room in July, ranging from about 65° to 70°,

the general colouring of the latter being much the darker.

There could be no other rational explanation of these differences

than that they were caused by temperature; darkness, richness

and variety of colouring being in the case of these insects

promoted by the lower temperature. It need scarcely be

added that a temperature influence, which thus extended to

the colouring of the individuals belonging to both the spring

and the summer forms of a double brooded species showing

G yaat p)

great seasonal dimorphism, and to a variable single brooded

species, must be of wide general application; how general,

could only be ascertained by the co-operation of many

observers; and he ventured to hope that entomologists would,

as opportunity offered, turn their attention to the subject, and

report the results in the publications devoted to this branch of

natural history. He thought almost any variable species,

especially where the variations were associated with climate

or season, would be worth trying. The means by which tem-

perature operated was a question of difficulty which such

experiments and observations might throw light on. Mr.

Merrifield said he thought it had been shown that general

retardation was not a satisfactory explanation, for a pupa of

18 weeks, which for the last 8 or 10 days was exposed to 80°,

thus being 19 to 20 weeks in pupa, produced a lighter-coloured

moth than one of only 2 or 3 weeks that was exposed for 18

or 20 days to 60°, and was thus about 5 or 6 weeks in the pupal

condition. It was of course exceedingly difficult in ordinary

cases to distinguish between cold and retardation as a cause,

because the former produced the latter, and for practical pur-

poses it did not matter; but theoretically it was important.

Prof. Weismann’s theory, founded on the proposition that in

seasonally dimorphic species the ancestral form could not be

made to assume the characters of the form of later origin, but

that the latter could be made to assume those of the former,

did not here fully meet the case so far as the striking character-

istic of colour was concerned, for it had been shown that

either the spring or the summer emergence was ready to

assume the colouring proper to the other when the appropriate

temperature stimulus was applied.

Mr. Elwes said that in his experience in many parts of the

Palearctic region, in Japan, in the Taunus Mountains, on the

north-eastern shores of the Mediterranean, in the Canary

Islands, and elsewhere, where there was a combination of

heat and moisture, all the commoner species of Lepidoptera

occurring in these countries and districts attained a larger

size and a greater brillianey of colouring than in colder and

drier regions; and he referred to such species, amongst

others, as Pieris brassice and Argynnis paphia. The discussion

was continued by Mr. Jacoby, Mr. Fenn, and others,

C™ix 2)

Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher exhibited a long series of Zygena

lonicere from York, and Zygena filipendule from Shoreham,

Sussex; also a series of hybrids obtained by crossing these

two species. He stated that the eges obtained from these

hybrids were all infertile. Lord Walsingham said this latter

fact was extremely interesting.

Mr. F. W. Frohawk exhibited a living specimen of an

ichneumon which had just emerged from a chrysalis of

Papilio turnus. ‘2

Mr. C. J. Gahan exhibited a number of species belonging

to the genera. Lema and Diabrotica.

Paper read.

Mr. C. J. Gahan read a paper entitled ‘‘On mimetic

resemblances between species of the Coleopterous genera Lema

and Diabrotica.’’ Lord Walsingham, Mr. Jacoby, Colonel

Swinhoe, and Mr. Champion took part in the discussion

which ensued.

April 1, 1891.

Professor Rarpnart Menpoua, F.R.S., Vice-President, in

the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced and thanks

voted to the respective Donors.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. G. A. Booth, of Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands, North

Lancashire; and Mr. W. Manger, of 100, Manor Road, New

Cross, S.E., were elected Fellows of the Society.

Hahibitions, &c.

Mr. H. J. Elwes showed a small but very interesting

collection of butterflies from Laggan Alberta, N.W. Territory

of Canada, taken by Mr. Bean at high elevations in the

Rocky Mountains. Amongst them were Colias elis, Streck.,

which seemed to be very close to, if not identical with, C. hecla

of Europe; 4rgynnis alberta, W. H. Edw.; and Chionobas sub-

hyalina, W. H. Edw. The resemblance between the butter-

PROC. ENT. SOC, LOND., ., 1891. Cc

(gx

flies of this locality and those found on the Fells of Lapland

was very striking, some of the species being identical, and

others very closely allied. Mr. Elwes said that it was

another proof, if one were wanted, of the uniformity of the

butterflies found throughout the boreal region in the Old and

New Worlds.

Mr. G. C. Champion exhibited several insects recently

received from Mr. J. J. Walker, from Hobart, Tasmania.

The collection included a curious species of Forficulide, with

asymmetrical forceps, from the summit of Mount Wellington;

two mimetic species of Gidemeride belonging to the genus

Pseudolycus, Guér., and the corresponding Lycide, which were

found with them; also specimens of both sexes of Lamprima

rutilans, Er.

Mr. N. M. Richardson exhibited a specimen of Zygena

jilipendule with five wings; a second specimen of the same

species with the middle legs on the right side much dwarfed ;

four specimens of Gelechia ocellatella, including a pink variety,

bred from Beta maritima; four specimens of Tinea subtilella,

a species new to Britain, taken last August in the Isle of

Portland; also specimens of Nepticula auromarginella, a species

new to Britain, bred from larve taken near Weymouth on

bramble. Dr. Sharp and Mr. M‘Lachlan commented on the

structural peculiarities of the two specimens of Zygena.

Mr. C. Fenn exhibited a series of Tentiocampa instabilis,

which had been bred during the recent severe weather.

They were all bred from ova laid by the same female, and

many of them were of an abnormally pale colour. Mr. Fenn

said that, according to Mr. Merrifield’s theory, these pale

specimens, in consequence of the temperature to which they

had been subjected in the pupal state, ought to have been

very dark. Mr. Jenner Weir, referring to the pale specimens,

said he had never before seen any of so light a colour.

Mr. W. Dannatt exhibited a butterfly belonging to the

genus Crenis, recently received from the Lower Congo. He

said he believed the species was Crenis Benguele.

Mr. G, A. J. Rothney sent for exhibition several specimens

of an ant (Sima rufo-nigra), from Bengal, together with speci-

mens of a small sand-wasp (Rhinopsis ruficornis) and a spider

( ix}

(Salticus), both of which closely mimicked the ant. It was

stated that the specimens of Rhinopsis exhibited had lately been

received from Mr. R. C. Wroughton, Conservator of Forests,

Poona.

Papers dc., read.

Mr. Rothney communicated the following short paper on

the subject of the ants and mimicking sand wasps and spiders

exhibited, entitled ‘‘ Further notes on Indian Ants.”

‘Tn a paper on ‘ Indian Ants,’ read at the meeting of this

Society, April 3rd, 1889, I referred to a case of a sand-wasp

(since described by Mr. Cameron as Rhinopsis ruficornis)

closely mimicking the ant, Sima rufo-nigra, which is a common

ant in Bengal. I had only observed three of these wasps in

company with the ants, and of these had only captured one,

which was exhibited at that meeting. By the last mail I

received from Mr. R. C. Wroughton, Conservator of Forests,

Poona, several specimens of this wasp which I have sent for

exhibition. Mr. Wroughton writes :—

‘I am sending you a parcel containing some specimens of

the Ampulex (Rhinopsis) which mimics Sima rufo-nigra. I

found an oasis of irrigation in the Konkau, and there was

rufo-nigra like a fly in amber, and moreover any quantity of

the Rhinopsis ; I got about a dozen specimens. I also saw two

or three of these wasps collar a peculiar cockroach by the

antenne and lead it off into a crack in the bark, but as the

cockroach reappeared smiling each time I don’t know what

was up. The ants took no notice of the cockroach.’

‘“T consider the point of interest to be that directly this ant,

Sima rufo-nigra, is found in some numbers on the Western side

of India, this mimicking wasp should also appear. Mr.

Wroughton’s observations and captures of Rhinopsis thus very

conclusively confirming this curious case of mimickry. It is

also interesting that both this wasp and a spider, Salticus, should

so closely mimic this ant; but as Sima rufo-nigra is a strong

fierce species armed with an exceptionally powerful and

pungent sting, this may afford some reason for the imitation.”

Mr. G. C. Champion read a paper entitled ‘A list of the

Heteromerous Coleoptera collected by Mr. J.J. Walker, R.N.,

(xa) })

in the neighbourhood of Gibraltar, with descriptions of four

new species.’’ At the conclusion of the meeting a discussion

ensued, in which Mr. Kirby, Mr. Elwes, Mr. M‘Lachlan,

Mr. Jenner Weir, Dr. Sharp, and Mr. Crowley took part.

May 6, 1891.

FrepErtck DuCanz Gopman, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., President,

in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced and thanks voted

to the respective Donors.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. Robert A. Dallas Beeching, of 24, St. James’s Road,

Tunbridge Wells, Kent; Mr. H. Shortridge Clarke, of

Douglas, Isle of Man; Monsieur Léon Fairmaire, of 21, Rue

du Dragon, Paris; Mr. Wm. Reid, of Pitcaple, Aberdeenshire;

and Mr. Nelson M. Richardson, B.A., of Montevideo, Wey-

mouth, were elected Fellows of the Society.

Exhibitions, dc.

Dr. D. Sharp exhibited a number of eggs of Dytiscus mar-

ginalis laid on the sheath of a species of reed, and commented

on the manner of their oviposition, which he said had been

fully described by Dr. Régimbart.

The Rev. A. E. Eaton exhibited a collection of Psychodidae

from Somersetshire, including six species of Psychoda, eleven

species of Periconia, and one species of Ulomyia. Mr. M‘Lachlan

commented on the interesting nature of the exhibition.

Mr. P. Crowley exhibited a specimen of Prothoé caledonia,

a very handsome butterfly from Perak; and a specimen of

another equally handsome species of the same genus from

Tonghou, Burmah, which was said to be undescribed.

- The Secretary read the following letter from Mr.

Merrifield in connection with certain remarks made by Mr.

Fenn at the April meeting of the Society :—

(xn )

«94, Vernon Terrace, Brighton,

: 20th April, 1891.

My Dear Sir, :

As I fear that I shall be unable to be present

at the meeting of the Society on the 6th May, I write to ask

you to be good enough to read this letter, to correct some

surprising errors into which Mr. C. Fenn, if he is correctly

reported, has fallen. That gentleman is reported, in the

‘ Proceedings ’* of the Entom. Soe. of 1st April, to have said,

with reference to a brood of 7’. instabilis which he exhibited,

including some abnormally pale examples, that they ‘had

been bred during the recent severe weather,’ and that,

‘according to Mr. Merrifield’s theory, they ought to have

been very dark.’ Further, the same gentleman is re-

ported to have stated, at the South London Entomological

Society’s meeting of the 9th April, of the same brood, that

these pale varieties ‘completely overthrow Mr. Merrifield’s

suggestion that exposure to great cold just before emergence

tended to produce dark coloration, as these were exposed to

very extreme cold.’ If Mr. Fenn will be so good as to refer

to my views, which are to be found recorded in the ‘ Trans-

actions’ of the Society, he will see that he has entirely mis-

apprehended them. I have never suggested, or imagined,

that coloration is, in all species of Lepidoptera, affected by

exposure of the pupa to a low temperature. What I have

stated (and found, by the invariable result in many broods,

some as healthy as could be seen) is, that exposure of the

pupa, shortly (not immediately) before emergence, to a low

temperature (defined in the next sentence) does tend to pro-

duce darkness of coloration in S. illustraria, both summer and

spring emergence, and in Ff. autumnaria, and probably in

many other species (Ent. Trans., 1891, pp. 164, 167). This

of course is quite consistent with 7’. instabilis not being so

affected. Secondly, as to the degree of low temperature

which is efficacious, I have expressly stated ‘that in the

species operated on, a difference between 80° and 57° is

* See reports of ‘ Proceedings’ of April meeting of the Ento. Soc. in

the ‘Atheneum,’ ‘Nature,’ ‘The Zoologist,’ the ‘Entomologist,’ the

‘Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’ &c.

( xy 4)

sufficient to produce the eatreme variation in darkness caused

by temperature, a further lowering of the temperature having no

further effect’ (Ibid., see also p. 158). In Mr. Fenn’s experi-

ment the temperature must have been below 40°; consequently

the results are entirely consistent with my theory.

Yours very truly,

H. Goss, Esq.” F. Merririecp.

The Secretary also read the following letter which Lord

Walsingham had received from Sir §. A. Blackwood, the

Secretary of the Post Office, in answer to the memorial which,

on behalf of the Society, had been submitted to the

Postmaster-General, asking that small parcels containing

scientific specimens might be sent to places abroad at the

reduced rates of postage applicable to packets of bond fide

trade patterns and samples :—

“‘ General Post Office, London,

April 18th, 1891.

My Lord,

Referring to your Lordship’s letter of the 18th

of last month, and to the memorial which you enclosed, on

behalf of various persons engaged in scientific studies, I am

directed by the Postmaster-General to acquaint you that he

is anxious to give effect, so far as lies in his power, to the

desire of the memorialists, that small parcels containing

scientific specimens, &c., may be sent to places abroad at

the reduced rates of postage at present applicable only to

packets of bona fide trade patterns and samples.

Your Lordship will no doubt be glad to learn, therefore,

that so far as this Department is concerned, scientific speci-

mens sent by sample post, and addressed to places abroad,

will not be stopped in future; but I must state that this

Department cannot guarantee the delivery of such specimens

abroad, inasmuch as they do not come within the definition

of sample packets as prescribed by the Postal Union.

I have the honour to be, &e.,

S. A. Buacxwoop.

The Rt. Hon. Lord Walsingham, F.R.S., &c.”’

(57)

June 3, 1891.

Freperick DuCann Gopman, Hsq., M.A., F.R.S., President,

in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced and thanks

voted to the respective donors.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. J. M. Adye, of Somerford Grange, Christchurch,

Hants; and the Rey. John Seymour St. John, B.A., of 42,

Castlewood Road, Stamford Hill, N., were elected Fellows

of the Society.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. E. B. Poulton exhibited the young larve of E’ndromis

versicolora in the second stage. At this period the larve arrange

themselves in small groups upon the leaves and leaf-stalks

of the birch, and when disturbed they raise the anterior part,

bending the head over the dorsal surface of the posterior part

of the body. In this attitude they strongly remind the

observer of those Tenthredo larve, which, when irritated,

bend the tail forwards over the anterior part of the body.

The fact that the head is raised in the one, and the tail in the

other, does not cause any conspicuous difference when the

larvee are seen from alittle distance. The common Tenthredo

larva, Cresus septentrionalis, is about the same size as these

small Lepidopterous larve, feeds in similar small groups when

large (when small the groups contain far more individuals),

and also often frequents the birch. Experiments have shown

that Tenthredo larve are, as a whole, far more unpalatable

than Lepidopterous larve, so that the resemblance would be

of advantage to the Hndromis larvee.

Mr. Poulton also showed the cocoons of Hriogaster lanestris.

These cocoons are generally believed to be formed of silk so

tightly woven as to produce the compact egg-shell like

structure which gives the common name of ‘‘ Hgger”’ to the

moth. Mr. Poulton had found, with the help of Professor

Meldola, the texture is due to the fact that the silken walls

are plastered over with a hardened paste of calcium oxalate.

The silken constituent forms but a small part of the whole ;

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 11., 1891. D

(eas) )

it is in the form of a very loose and open frame-work which

is first constructed, and: serves as a foundation for the paste

which is poured out upon it. The calcium oxalate is secreted

by the malpighian tubules of the larva, and is in all pro-

bability poured out from the anus. Dissected specimens of

mature larve which had not yet spun their cocoons

were also exhibited, and it was seen that the malpighian

tubules were injected with a chalky secretion, the calcium

oxalate.

Mr. W.H. Blandford called attention to the fact that the

larvee of Liparis monacha remained in small groups on the

bark of the tree for about a week after emerging from the

eggs, and that this fact was taken advantage of by the

German foresters to destroy them. Also that he had himself

verified the statement that uric acid can be detected in the

malpighian tubes of insects. Mr. M‘Lachlan agreed that the

demonstration that the malpighian tubes were of the nature

of renal organs was now satisfactory.

Mr. C. J. Gahan exhibited two species of Coleoptera that

he considered to possess a mimetic resemblance, viz. Estigmena

chinensis, one of the Hispide, and a nondescript Lamiid allied

to Pemptolasius. He called attention to a peculiar structure

of the antenne in the latter by which the resemblance was

increased.

_ Mr. Tutt exhibited a hybrid between Amphidasis prodromaria

and A. betularia, obtained by Dr. Chapman. Mr. Stainton

commented on the fact that the two imsects appeared at

different times; and Mr. Tutt stated that the A. betularia had

heen subjected to forcing, so as to cause it to emerge at the

same time as A. prodromaria.

Mr. Tutt also exhibited forms of Caradrina, some of which

he said were considered distinct on the Continent, though

they were not recognised as such in this country, viz. Cara-

drina taraxaci (blanda), C. superstes, Tr., from Sligo, and C.

superstes, H.-S., considered as synonymous with superstes, Tr.,

but apparently more closely allied to C. ambigua.

Mr. Bristowe exhibited varieties of Arctia menthastri, some

of which had been fed on mulberry and others on walnut; no

difference was observed in the variation,

(Agu)

Mr. G. Elisha exhibited larve in their cases of Coleophora

vibicigerella and CU. maritimella.

Paper read.

Mr. A.G. Butler communicated a paper entitled ‘‘ Additional

notes on the synonymy of the genera of Noctuid Moths.”

July 1, 1891,

Freperick DuCanz Gopman, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., President,

in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced and thanks voted

to the respective donors.

Election of a Fellow.

The Rey. John Isabell, of St. Sennen Rectory, Penzance,

was elected a Fellow of the Society.

Eahibitions, &c.

Mr. Jacoby exhibited a specimen of a species of Coleoptera

belonging to the family Galerucide, with the maxillary palpi

extraordinarily developed.

Canon Fowler, on behalf of Mr. Wroughton, Conservator

of Forests, Poona, exhibited specimens of a bug imitating an

ant, Polyrachis spiniger, and of a spider imitating a species of

Mutilla, and read the following notes :—‘‘I have taken a good

many specimens of a bug which has achieved a very fair

imitation of Polyrachis spiniger (ander the same stone with

which it may be found), even to the extent of evolving a

pedicle and spines in what, were it an ant, would be its meta-

notum. Curiously enough, however, these spines are

apparently not alike in any two specimens. Is it that this

bug is still waiting for one of its race to accidentally sport

spines more like those of P. spiniger, and thus to set the ball

of evolution rolling afresh ? or is it that the present rough

copy of spiniger’s spines is found sufficient to deceive ? The

bug has algo been found in the Nilgherries. Mr. Rothney

(anni)

remarks on the above species :—‘ I have not found the species

mimicking Mutilla ; but in Calcutta and Barrackpore, where

P. spiniger is a tree ant, forming its net by spinning together

the twigs of a shrub, the mimicking bug also assumes

arboreal habits, and may be found on the trunks of trees

with the ants.’”’

Mr. Porritt exhibited living specimens of Hupithecia exten-

saria and Geometra smaragdaria: the position assumed by the

former proved conclusively that it had rightly been placed in

the genus Fupithecia.

Mr. Crowley exhibited two specimens of a Papilio from the

Khasia hills, belonging to an undescribed species allied to

P. papone, sub-generic section Chilades. Col. Swinhoe

remarked that he possessed a specimen from Northern

Burmah. Mr. Moore and others took part in the discussion

which followed.

Mr. Dallas Beeching exhibited a specimen of Plusia moneta,

recently taken by himself at High Woods, Tonbridge, and

specimens of Gonepteryx cleopatra, lent him for exhibition,

which were alleged to have come from the same locality.

Dr. Algernon Chapman exhibited the larva of Micropteryx

calthella, and read the following notes :—‘‘ The larve were

obtained by placing moths in a cage with damp moss, dead

leaves, and other débris off the surface of the ground. Into

this the moths crept to a depth of half-an-inch, forcing their

way into narrow cavities, and laid their eggs in groups of six

or twelve. The eggs are clothed with fine hairs, tipped with

refractive particles. The larva, about a millimetre in length,

possesses on each segment eight processes of a globular form

raised on a very slight pedicle. Besides the thoracic legs,

each of the abdominal segments (eight) possesses a pair of

minute jointed legs of the same type as the thoracic. There

are also a pair of long jointed antenne.”’

Papers dc., read.

Col. Swinhoe read a paper ‘‘ On new species of Heterocera

from the Khasia Hills.”’

Mr. Crowley read a paper ‘“‘ On a new species of Prothoe.”’

Mr. C. J. Gahan read a paper “On the South American

(xix: })

species of Diabrotica,” Part II., being a continuation of Dr.

Baly’s paper on the same genus published in the Society’s

Transactions for 1890, Part I.

Mr. W. F. Kirby communicated a paper entitled ‘‘ Notes on

the Orthopterous family Mecopodide.”

Prof. Westwood communicated a paper entitled ‘‘ Notes on

Siphonophora artocarpi,” referring to an appendage of the

eyes which had been overlooked in his previous description.

August 5, 1891.

Freperick DuCane Gopmay, Esq., M.A., F.R.S8., President,

in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced and thanks voted

to the respective donors.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. Arthur J. Chitty, of 83, Queen’s Gate Gardens, S.W.;

and Captain EK. G. Watson, of 5, Lypiatt Terrace, Cheltenham,

were elected Fellows of the Society.

Death of the Hon. Librarian.

The President announced the death of Mr. Ferdinand Grut,

the Hon. Librarian of the Society, and commented on the

valuable services which the deceased gentleman had rendered

the Society for many years past.

Halibitions, éc.

Dr. D. Sharp exhibited Japya solifugus, from the Hastern

Pyrenees, and stated that in his opinion it was a connecting

link between the Thysanura and Dermaptera. He also ex-

hibited pupx of Dytiscus marginalis ; one of these was perfectly

developed, with the exception that it retained the larval

head: this was owing to the larva having received a slight

injury to the head. Dr. Sharp also exhibited specimens of

Ophonus puncticollis and allied species, and said that Thomson’s

characters of the three Swedish species, O. puncticollis, O.

( ax

brevicollis, and O. rectangulus, applied well to our British

examples, and separated them in a satisfactory manner.

Thomson’s nomenclature, however, would he thought prove

untenable, as the distinguished Swede described our common

puncticollis as a new species under the name of rectangulus.

Mr. F. W. Frohawk exhibited a bleached specimen of

Epinephele janira, having the right fore wing of a creamy

white, blending into pale smoky brown at the base; also a

long and varied series of Hpinephele hyperanthus, from the

New Forest and Dorking. The specimens from the former

locality were considerably darker and more strongly marked

than those from the chalk. Amongst the specimens was a

variety of the female with large lanceolate markings on the

under side, taken in the New Forest in July, 1890, and a

female from Dorking with large, clearly defined white-

pupilled spots on the upper side. Mr. Frohawk further

exhibited drawings of varieties of the pupe of F. hyperanthus,

and also a large specimen of a variety of the female of

Euchloé cardamines, bred from ova obtained in South Cork,

with the hind wings of an ochreous-yellow colour. Coloured

drawings illustrating the life-history of the specimen in all

its stages were also exhibited.

Paper read.

Mr. H. J. Elwes communicated a paper by Mons. Sergé

Alphéraky, of St. Petersburg, entitled ‘*‘ On some cases of

Dimorphism and Polymorphism among Palearctic Lepi-

doptera.”’

September 2, 1891.

Frepertck DuCanz Gopman, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., President,

in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced and thanks voted

to the respective donors.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. William H. Blaber, of Groombridge, Sussex; Mr.

Thomas D. A. Cockerell, F.Z.S., of Kingston, Jamaica; Mr.

(xox)

Reginald K. V. Hanson, B.A., of Tunbridge Wells, Kent; and

Mr. R. C. Wroughton, of Poona, India, were elected Fellows

of the Society,

Exhibitions, de.

Mr. G. F. Scott-Elliot exhibited a series of various species

of Diptera collected on Ranunculaceae, Papaveracee, and Cruci-

fere. He said that during the past summer he had studied

about forty species of plants belonging to the orders named,

and that they had all been visited by insects which were

probably necessary for nectariferous flowers. The majority

of the Diptera caught were not confined to one species or

even genus, but in view of the unmodified character of the

flower in the orders named this was only to be expected.

This, however, does not apply to Fumaria, to whose scanty

list of clients Pieris must be added, nor to Corydalis, of which

the species claviculata and lutea are abundantly visited by

humble-bees. The low character of these orders explains also

the absence of any specially interesting adaptations; a twisting

outwards of the filaments in some of the Crucifer@, however,

has the effect of surrounding the honey-canal by three

dehiscing anthers, and in Crambe this has resulted in a

erooving of the filament and formation of a peculiar hook

adapted to this end. Mr. Verrall observed that certain

insects affected certain plants, but that the Geraniacee were

seldom visited except by H'mpide. The discussion was con-

tinued by Mr. M‘Lachlan, Mr. Kirby, and others.

Mr. W. L. Distant exhibited a specimen of the orthopterous

insect. Hemisaga hastata, de Sauss, which, in the Transvaal,

he observed to attack and feed on Danais chrysippus, a butter-

fly well known from its protective character and distasteful

qualities to have a complete immunity from the usual

lepidopteral enemies. The Hemisaga lurked amongst the

tops of tall flowering grasses, being consequently disguised

by its protective resemblance to the same, and seized the

Danais as it settled on the bloom. From close watching and

observation Mr. Distant could discover no other danger to

the life of this well-known and highly protected butterfly.

(> xxny

Mr, T. R. Billups exhibited some interesting species of

Diptera, taken at Oxshott, Surrey, on the 11th July last.

He also exhibited a specimen of Hypoderma bovis, Deg., taken

at Plumstead on the 29th July last.

Dr. D. Sharp exhibited several species of Forficulide, and

called attention to the diverse conditions of the parts repre-

senting the wings in the apterous forms.

Mv. H. Goss exhibited living larve of Scoria dealbata, reared

from ova. They were feeding on Polygonum aviculare, but not

very freely; Brachypodium sylvaticum had been named as a food-

plant for this species, but he did not find that the larvee would

eat this or any other grass.

The Rey. Dr. Walker exhibited, and read notes on, a

collection of Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Neurop-

tera, and Diptera, which he had recently made near Roldal,

in Norway. The collection included the following species :—

Lepmoptera.—Pieris brassice, P. rape, Satyrus mera,

Erebia lappona, E. ligea, E. medusa, Cenonympha pamphilus,

Vanessa cardui, V. urtice, Chrysophanus phleas, C. chryseis,

C. virgauree, Polyommatus alexis, P. argus, Argynnis aglaia,

A. ino, A. euphrosyne, A. pales, Melitea cinxia, Pamphila sylvanus,

Chareas graminis, Caradrina cubicularis, <Agrotis segetwm,

Apamea fibrosa?, Anaitis plagiata, Fidonia atomaria, F.

brunneata, Hupithecia sp.?, Crambus pascuellus, Ptilophorus sp.?,

Boarmia repandata.

Hymenoprera.—Bombus lapponicus, B. agrorum, B. lucorum,

B. subterraneus, Vespa media, Tenthredo mesomela, Formica

nigra, Tenthredo chloros, Allantus arcuatus, Odynerus pictus,

O. tristis, Megachile centuncularis, Ophion luteum.

CoLEOPTERA.—Geotrupes stercorarius, G. sylvaticus, Cetonia

@nea, Aphodius fossor, A. depressus, Calathus melanocephalus,

Nebria oliviert, Telephorus obscurus, Coccinella septempunctata,

Carabus violaceus, Philonthus a@neus ?, Agriotes aterrimus,

Pterostichus cupreus, Pterostichus sp. ?, Chrysomela marginata,

Silpha rugosa, Trichius fasciatus, Necrophorus mortuorum, Lina

ened.

Nevroprera.—.Pschna juncea, A’. pratensis.

DrietErA.—Calliphora vomitoria, C. grenlandica, Sarcophaga

mortuorum, Scatophaga stercoraria, Musca cesar, Eristalis

(Qui 9)

tenav, FE. similis, Helophilus frutetorum, Olivieria lateralis,

Sarcophaga hemorrhoidalis, Hamatopota pluvialis, Chryso-

toxum fasciolatum ?, Empis tessellata, Tipula montana, Helo-

philus lunulatus?, Eristalis nemorum, Therioplectes auripilus,

Mesembrina meridiana, Volucella bombylans, EHristalis sp.

(2 arbustorum), Syrphus ribesti, Platychirus manicatus, Syritta

pipiens, Ehingia campestris, Syrphus sp. (allied to corolla),

Scatophaga sp. ° , Volucella pellucens,

October 7, 1891.

Dr. Daviy Suarp, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced and thanks

voted to the respective donors.

Death of a Fellow..

The Chairman referred to the death, on the 14th September

last, of Mr. E. W. Janson, who had been a Member of the

Society since 1843, and who had formerly filled the offices of

Secretary and Librarian respectively.

EKehibitions, &c.

The Rev. Dr. Walker exhibited a long series of several

species of Hrebia, and of Argynnis pales, which he had recently

captured near Roldal, in Norway.

Mr. W. L. Distant exhibited specimens of Danais chrysippus,

with its two varietal forms, alcippus, Cram., and dorippus,

Klug., all which he found together in the Pretoria district of

the Transvaal. Mr. Jenner Weir, Colonel Swinhoe, and Mr.

Distant took part in the discussion which ensued as to these

forms and their distribution.

The Rey. W. F. Johnson sent for exhibition specimens of

Velia currens from stagnant water near Armagh; also a speci-

men of Nabis limbatus, killed whilst holding on to its prey, a

very hard species of Ichneumon. Mr. Saunders thought that,

from the nature of the Ichneumon, the only chance the Nabis

had of reaching its internal juices would be through the anal

PROC, ENT, SOC. LOND., Iv., 1891, E

(| Sexiy 4)

opening, as recorded by Mr. E. A. Butler in a similar case, in

the Ent. Mo. Mag., Oct. 1891.

Mr. F. P. Pascoe exhibited two British species of Diptera,

unnamed. He said they had been submitted to Mr. KR. H.

Meade, but were unknown to him, and are probably new to

the British list.

Mr, R. Adkin exhibited two specimens of a supposed new

species of Tortrix (Tortrix donelana, Carpenter), bred from

larvee found on pine trees at Tuam. Mr. C. G. Barrett said

he had examined the specimens with great care, but he did not

consider that they belonged to a new species. He was unable

to distinguish them from Tortria viburnana.

Mons. A. Wailly exhibited preserved larve, in various

stages, of Citheronia regalis, which he had bred from ova

received from Iowa, United States. He said that the natives

call this larva the Hickory Horned Devil, and that the

specimens exhibited were probably the first of this splendid

species that had been bred in this country. Mons. Wailly

further exhibited three female specimens of Antherea yama-

mai bred from cocoons received from Japan; also a nest

of cocoons of Bombyx radama, received from the west coast of

Madagascar, aud a nest of another species, the name of which

he had not been able to ascertain. He pointed out that the

structure of this nest was different from the nests of Bombyx

radama, and was attached to the trunks of trees, whereas those

of the former species hung from the branches. Prof. J. B.

Smith, of the United States, and Colonel Swinhoe took part

in a discussion on the habits of the larve of Citheronia regalis,

and as to the period at which they dropped their spines prior

to pupating.

Dr. Sharp exhibited several specimens of a weevil, Hctopsis

ferrugalis, the ends of the elytra of which bore a close resem-

blance to the section of a twig cut with a sharp Inife. He

said he had received the specimens from Mr. G. V. Hudson,

of Wellington, New Zealand, who stated that they were found

resting in large numbers on dead trunks and branches of

Panax arborea in the forests.

Mr. G. C. Champion stated that the species of Forsiculide,

captured by Mr, J. J. Walker, R.N., in Tasmania, and

(xxv)

exhibited by himself at the meeting of the Society in April

last, was, he believed, referable to Anisolabis tasmanica, Bor-

mans, described in the ‘Comptes Rendus’ of the Ent. Soc.

Belgique, 1880, p. Ixviit.

The Rey. A. EH. Katon made some remarks on the synonymy

of the Psychodidae, and stated that since August, 1890, he had

identified all of the British species in Mr. Verrall’s list, except

Sycorax silacea. He also stated that in Psycnopa, P. bullata,

Hal. MS.=hwmeralis ; P. soleata, Hal. MS., is a Pericoma ;

and that in Peritcoma, P. fusca, Macquart, is g of P. calceata.

Professor Zetterstedt is the only author who refers to the & of

calceata.

Paper read.

Mr. Gervase F. Mathew, R.N., communicated a paper

entitled ‘‘The Effect of Change of Climate upon the Emer-

gence of certain species of Lepidoptera.” A discussion

followed, in which Mr. Stainton, Mr. Barrett, Dr. Sharp, and

Mr. M‘Lachlan took part.

At the close of the Ordinary Meeting a Special Meeting was

held for the purpose of electing a Fellow of the Society to fill

the vacancies on the Council, and in the office of Librarian,

caused by the death of Mr. Ferdinand Grut. Mr. George C.

Champion, having been recommended to fill the vacancies in

question, was balloted for, and duly elected a member of

the Council, and also Librarian in place of the late Mr. Ferdi-

nand Grut.

November 4, 1891.

Dr. Davip Suarr, M.A., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the

chair.

Donations to the Library were announced and thanks voted

to the respective donors.

Election of a Fellow.

Major John Nathaniel Still, of 4, Westcliff Terrace, Seaton,

Devon, and the Junior United Service Club, Charles Street,

St. James’s, S.W., was elected a Fellow of the Society.

(9p Gxexavay 7)

Evhibitions, d&c.

Mr. W. F. Kirby exhibited a series of a very dark-coloured

form of Apis reared by Mr. John Hewett, of Sheffield, from

bees imported from Tunis. He said that Mr. Hewett proposed

to call them “Punic Bees,” and had distributed them under

this name, which, if the race be considered sufficiently distinct,

might as well be retained for them. They are larger than the

black Apis unicolor, Latr., of Mauritius and Bourbon, ana are

almost entirely black, except the legs, which are of a more or

less reddish colour; but there is not a trace of red colouring

on the base of the abdomen, which is almost invariably the

case in typical specimens of Apis mellifica, L. Mr. Kirby

stated that Mr. Hewett had informed him that these bees are

remarkable for their peaceable disposition, and their unwilling-

ness to use their stings; and also for the fact that the workers

are much more frequently fertile than those of the common

hive-bee, with which, however, these black bees will freely

hybridize. He further said that Mr. Hewett had told him

that he had made some important original observations on the

fertility of workers, which he would be pleased to communicate

to the Society.

Mr. C. G. Barrett exhibited five melanic specimens of

Aplecta nebulosa, reared by Mr. Collins, of Warrington, from

larvee collected in Delamere Forest, Cheshire, and described

by him in the ‘ Proceedings of the Lancashire and Cheshire

Natural History Scciety,’ as A. nebulosa, var. Robsoni, in

honour of Mr. John E. Robson, of Hartlepool. Mr. Barrett

also exhibited a beautiful variety of Argynnis aglaia, taken in

Norfolk by Dr. F. D. Wheeler, and two specimens (male and

female) of Lycena argiades, taken in August, 1885, on Blox-

worth Heath, Dorsetshire, by Mr. C. O. Pickard Cambridge

and Mr. A. Pickard Cambridge respectively.

Mr. H. St. John Donnisthorpe exhibited a collection of

Coleoptera, made in a London granary in 1890 and 1891.

The collection included the following species :—

Sphodrus leucophthalmus, Li., Pristonychus terricola, Hbst.,

Calathus cisteloides, Pz., Quedius fulgidus, Gr., Q. fuliginosus,

Gr., Creophilus mavillosus, L., Omalium concinnum, Marsh,

( soayml = ))

Trogosita mauritanica, L., Lemophleus ferrugineus, Steph.,

Silvanus surinamensis, L., Cryptophagus saginatus, Sturm., C.

badius, Sturm., Lathridius minutus, L., L. ruficollis, Marsh,

Corticaria fulva, Com., Dermestes lardarius, L., <Attagenus

pellio, Li., Anthrenus museorum, L., Corynetes ruficollis, Rs

Ptinus fur, L., Niptus hololeucus, Fald., N. crenatus, 155

Mezium affine, Boield., Anobium domesticum, Four., A. panicewn,

L., Rhizopertha pusilla, F., Blaps mucronata, Latr., B. similis,

Latr., Tribolium ferrugineum, F., Latheticus oryz@, Wat.,

Tenebrio obscurus, F., T. molitor, L., Calandra granaria, L.,

C. oryzae, L., Bruchus rufimanus, Boh.

Mr. A. B. Farn exhibited a series of specimens of Hubolia

lineolata, bred from eggs laid by a specimen taken at Yar-

mouth. The series included several remarkable and beautiful

varieties, and the size of the specimens was much above the

average.

The Rey. Dr. Walker exhibited specimens of Argynnis ino,

A. pales, and A. frigga, from Norway.

Mr. B. A. Bower exhibited, for Mr. J. Gardner, specimens

of Nephopterya splendidella, H.-S., Botys lupulinalis, Clk., and

Bryotropha obscurella, Hein., taken at Hartlepool last June

and August.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited two very dark specimens of Peronea

cristana, from the New Forest.

Colonel C. Swinhoe exhibited, and remarked on, types of

genera and species of moths belonging to the Tineina, all of

which had been described by Walker, and placed by him

amongst the Lithoside, viz.:—Betharga lycoides, Walker, xxxiv,

1154, genus Sarbena= Buwxeta, Walker, xxxv, 1982, sp. con-

flagrans, Walker, type of genus Sarbena, xxxi, 256; Jobula

semilinea, Wk., xxxv, 1889. Themiscyra conflagrans, Wkr.=

mactata, Felder =verricosa, Butler.

Mr. H. Goss exhibited specimens of Callimorpha hera, taken

in August last by Major-General Carden near Teignmouth,

South Devon, and observed that the species appeared to be

becoming commoner in this country as Gen. Carden had caught

seventeen specimens in five days. Mr. Goss said that the

object of the exhibition was to ascertain the opinion of the

meeting as to the manner in which this species had been

(| xxvili_)

originally introduced into this country. A long discussion

on this subject and on the geographical distribution of the

species ensued, in which Mr. G. T. Baker, Mr. S. Stevens,

Mr. Barrett, Colonel Swinhoe, Mr. M‘Lachlan, Mr. Verrall,

Capt. H. J. Elwes, Mr. C. Fenn, Mr. M. Jacoby and others

took part.

Papers céc., read.

Mr. C. J. Gahan contributed a paper entitled «On South

American species of Diabrotica; an Appendix to Parts I. and

Mr. M‘hachlan contributed a paper entitled ‘‘ Descriptions

of new species of holophthalmous Ascalaphide.”’

Mr. W. L. Distant communicated a paper entitled ‘‘ Des-

criptions of four new species of the genus ulyora.”

Mr. F. Enock read an interesting paper entitled “ Additional

notes and observations on the life-history of Atypus piceus,”’

which was in continuation of his papers on the same subject

read before the Society on May 6th, and June 8rd, 1885.

The author commenced by stating that, besides confirming

all his previous observations, he was able to add many facts

in the life-history of this interesting spider. With the aid

of the oxy-hydrogen lantern, every point and detail were

shown in the most realistic manner by pictures on a large

screen.

The paper was divided into four parts, viz., the structure of

the tube-like nests; the anatomy of the spider; the food

supply; and courtship, domestic economy, and tragedy.

The first ‘‘ picture’? was a photograph of six inches of

Hampstead Heath, in which small space no less than four or

five of the peculiar nests or ‘‘ purse-webs”’ of Atypus were

seen attached to the grassy bank; their resemblance to dead

pieces of stick from old gorse bushes, in the vicinity of which

the spider makes its nest, was most striking. The structure

of the nest showing its silken texture, and the same covered

with sand, which the spider brings up from the bottom of the

tube, and the ingenious method of attaching the aerial portion

to the bank or leaves of plants, afterwards closing the

aperture, was fully described. Sectional views of the nest,

showing the peculiar cavity made about half-way down aud

( xxix)

on the upper side, together with upright and fallen tubes,

were thrown on the screen.

The anatomy of the eyes, legs and claws, and the enormous

jaws, both of the male and female spider, were shown in

comparison with those of Hpéira diademata, which have a

lateral movement, whereas dAtypus strikes vertically with its

jaws, a wonderful provision, which enables the spider to obtain

its food without quitting the tube. The actual movements of

the jaws of Epéira and Atypus were shown on the screen by

the author’s mechanical arrangements of the lantern. Next

followed the internal structure of the jaws, showing the poison-

bag and duct, and enormous mass of muscle, attached to the

huge fangs; also the labrum and labia with their deadly array

of teeth, with which the spider tears a rent just under the

impaled fly. The wonderful spinning organs, six in number,

were shown in various positions, with their multitude of dis-

charge tubes, through which the never ending silk flows

from the internal silk glands, a fine photograph of which was

thrown on the screen.

In the third part of his paper, Mr. Knock described the way

in which the spider obtained its food without seeing it or

quitting the tube. A fly settles on the outside of the aerial

part of the nest, setting in motion the long vertical threads,

which the spider stretches from top to bottom of the nest ; she

immediately runs up until she is just underneath the fly, then

raising her fangs, and with lightning-like rapidity, strikes

them through the tube and into the fly, the labia tear a hole

and the fly is dragged through and down to the bottom of the

tube, where the spider tackles the fly and pins it to the side,

returning to the top again to repair the nest; this she does

by carefully drawing the edges together, then reversing her

position, she brings the broad spinnerets into position and,

with a few movements from side to side, quickly and most

securely mends the hole. Hach act illustrating the capture

of a fly was shown in a most striking manner by the ingenious

arrangements adopted by the author; first, the fly was seen

on the outside of a sectional view of the aerial part of the tube,

followed by the appearance of the spider underneath, the jaws

and fangs moved, a moment’s pause, and they were brought

( xx )

down with lightning-like rapidity, driven through the silken

walls of the nest and into the thorax of the fly, which was

‘fiercely held fast’’; then came the tug-of-war, and both

spider and fly disappeared, but were afterwards shown at the

bottom of the tube. The following picture showed the spider

mending the hole at the top, and afterwards holding on to

the inside with jaws and claws to prevent intruders disturbing

her. ‘The male spider was next seen on the outside engaged

in performing a serenade to his lady-love, who did not mistake

her lover for a fly. The male soon tears a hole in the tube

and boldly enters, and dwells with the female for at least six

months, after which she kills him, sucks his body dry, and

throws his skin out from the top of the tube.

Mr. Enock stated that the female then proceeds to spin a

beautiful hammock of eggs, which she hangs up across the

cavity prepared for it, and out of all harms way in the upper

side of the tube. The eges soon hatch, and the young spiders

are fostered by the mother until the warm days of April induce

them to force a small hole in the top of the tube and make

their escape. The closing picture, showed a number of these

young spiders, some just crawling from the hole, others

hanging and enjoying a swing, several had ascended to the

highest points and ejected a few threads, which were quickly

caught by the wind, which in a short time wafted the tiny

aeronauts to pastures fresh and new; others had commenced

life on their own account, by forming minute purse-webs or

tubes similar in every respect to the one from which they had

escaped but a few hours before. A discussion followed, in

which Dr. Sharp, Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, Mr. G. C. Champion,

the Rev. A. H. Haton, Mr. P. Crowley, and others took part.

December 2, 1891.

The Right Hon. Lord Watsinenam, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.,

Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced and thanks voted

to the respective donors,

(xxx +)

Election of Fellows.

Mr. Henry A. Hill, of 182, Haverstock Hill, Hampstead,

N.W.; Mr. Frank Nelson Pierce, of 148, Smithdown Lane,

Liverpool; and Mr. Carleton F. Tuffnell, of Greenlands,

Border Crescent, Sydenham, 8.E., were elected Fellows of

the Society.

Exhibitions, &c.

Dr. D. Sharp exhibited and commented on a number of

‘photographs of various species of Lucanide belonging to

Mons. René Oberthiir.

Mr. C. G. Barrett exhibited specimens of local forms

and varieties of Lepidoptera, taken by Mr. Percy Russ,

near Sligo, including Pieris napi, var. near bryonie ; Antho-

‘charis cardamines (male), with the orange blotch edged

with yellow, and yellowish forms of the female of the same

species; very blue forms of Polyommatus alsus; males of

P. alexis, with the hind margin of the under wings spotted

‘with black, and very handsome forms of the female; also

varied series of Agrotis cursoria, A. tritici, A. valligera,

Hydrecia micacea, H. nictitans, Epunda lutulenta, Hadena

protea, Odontoptera bidentata, Cidaria immanata, C. testata,

C. pyraliata, and Boarmia repandata.

The Rey. 8. St. John exhibited two specimens of Lycena

argiades, taken in Somersetshire by Dr. Marsh in 1884;

three specimens of Deilephila euphorbie, bred from larve

found feeding on Euphorbia paralias on the Cornish coast in

‘September, 1889; and a series of various forms of Anchocelis

‘pistacina, all taken in a garden at Arundel. Lord Walsing-

‘ham, Mr. Barrett, and Mr. McLachlan took part in the dis-

cussion which ensued.

Mr. Jenner Weir exhibited two dusky specimens (3 and

2) of Zygena minos, which had been captured by Mr. Blagg

in Carnarvonshire. In these specimens the upper, and in a

less degree the lower, wings were much suffused with black,

and but faint red markings were visible. Mr. Weir said they

were not absolutely cases of complete melanism, but he

suggested that that the word “‘ pheism’’—from Qaié;, dusky——

would be a correct word to use in this and similar departures

PROG. ENT. SOC. LOND., Iv., 1891. F

(| xxx)

from the euchromatic or normal coloration of a species.

Mr. Weir observed that the summer of 1891 had been an

unusually cold one—indeed, it could scarcely be termed a

summer; and these very dusky specimens supported Mr.

Merrifield’s theory that the application of cold for a few days

prior to the emergence of the imago tended to produce that

result.

Mr. C. J. Gahan exhibited a specimen of the common

‘‘ book-louse”’ (Atropos pulsatoria, Fabr.), a minute insect of

the order Neuroptera, and made some remarks concerning

the curious noises known by the name of the “ death-watch.”

It was a well-ascertained fact, he said, that sounds of this

kind were caused by different beetles of the genus Anobium ;

but that, notwithstanding the very strong circumstantial

evidence detailed by a few observers who traced similar

sounds to the action of Atropos pulsatoria, much doubt has

been entertained by some eminent entomologists that this

little soft-bodied creature could possibly produce sounds,

audible, at a distance, to human ears. ‘Two recent observa-

tions had convinced him, he stated, that some of these sounds

were to be attributed to this insect. At about half-past

eleven o’clock on a night in October last, when the room in

which he was sitting was still, he distinctly heard the ‘‘ death-

watch.” Listening awhile, he found that the sound pro-

ceeded from a wide-mouthed earthen vase standing near the

end of a marble mantel-piece. The sound, which consisted

of rapid beats in regular succession, lasted for a space of

nearly a minute, and was repeated at short intervals. When

he proceeded to carefully remove the vase to a table the

sound ceased. He then emptied the vase of its contents—an

ordinary chip match-box, containing a few small beetles

gummed on a piece of card. In the match-box he found a

single specimen of Atropos pulsatoria, the only living thing

that could possibly have been in, or close to, the jar at the

time the sound was heard; so that it was impossible for him

to resist the conclusion that the sound was caused by this

insect. To put the matter to a further test, he secured the

insect in a chip pill-box with a close fitting cover, in the hope

of hearing it repeat its performance. Though he had listened

( Xxxxlli_ )

at different times since, he had heard no sound come from

that pill-box. Last night, however, he again heard the

‘‘death-watch,’’ and, on bringing his ear close to the pill-

box, was surprised to find that the sound came from another

quarter. He followed up the sounds, and was satisfied that

they came from a little wooden box, in which some beetles

were pinned, and which stood on the topmost shelf of an over-

mantel. The sole living occupant of the box was Atropos

pulsatoria, possibly the same individual which was previously

heard, for the pill-box, on examination, proved to be empty.

As the result of his observations, Mr. Gahan said that he felt

quite convinced that Atropos pulsatoria, in spite of its diminu-

tive size and the softness of its body, is capable of producing

sounds, distinctly audible at a distance of more than two

yards, but that in what manner it produces the sound he was

unable to ascertain.

Mr. B. A. Bower exhibited the following rare species of

Micro-Lepidoptera :— Spilonota pauperana, Frél.; Gelechia

osseella, Stn.; Chrysoclysta bimaculella, Haw.; and Elachista

cingilella, Fisch. Lord Walsingham and Mr. Tutt made

some remarks on the specimens.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a variety of Anthocharis cardamines,

and one Sesia scolieformis bred from a larva found at Ran-

noch.

Papers, éc., read.

Mr. G. T. Baker read a paper entitled ‘‘ Notes on Lycena

(recte Thecla) rhymnus, tengstremii, and pretiosa.” <A dis-

cussion followed, in which Lord Walsingham, Mr. Elwes,

and Mr. Baker took part.

Mr. F. Merrifield read a paper entitled ‘‘ The effects of

artificial temperature on the colouring of Vanessa urtice and

certain other species of Lepidoptera.” The author stated

that he had already proved that the colouring of Selenia

illustraria, in both the spring and summer emergences, and

the colouring of Ennomos autumnaria, were materially affected

by the temperature to which the pupa was exposed in its

penultimate stage—that is, the stage immediately preceding

the one in which colour begins to show externally——intensity

and darkness of colouring being promoted by the lower

Co sexy}

temperature. He had now ascertained that precisely similar

effects were produced on both the spring and summer emer-

gences of Seleniaillunaria and S. lunaria. Several hundred in-

dividuals, belonging to more than a dozen different ‘‘ families,”’

7. é., proceeding from the same pair of parents, exposed to tem-

peratures of 80°, 60°, 57°, and in some cases less, all showed

these results, those at the lower temperatures, with scarcely

an exception, being darker than those at the higher. The

spring emergence of Platypteryx falcataria, so far as tried,

showed similar results. The under sides of the Selenias

showed these effects even more than the upper sides, the

males, in most species tried, more than the females, and the

more healthy and vigorous the individual, the more strongly

the temperature operated. In Vanessa urtice the same

general results ensued, though the effects were not so con-

siderable. In this species a moderately low temperature,

50° to 60°, appeared to develop the greatest intensity: of

markings, especially of the dark parts and the blue crescents,

a very low temperature, 47°, long continued, causing a more

general increase of darkness. Some of the specimens pro-

duced made a near approach to the northern form known as

var. polaris. Bombyaw quercus and its northern var. callune

had been experimented on, and showed slighter results in the

same direction. Further experiments were needed as to both

V. urtice and B. quercus, and he was inclined to think they

should be exposed from their earliest pupal existence.

Chelonia caja showed unquestionable differences as the result

of temperature, but not to the extent of producing any

striking varieties ; the higher temperature caused the ground

of the fore wings to be lighter, and that of the hind wings to

be yellower, and the lower temperature caused a tendency in

the dark spots to spread and become confluent, and especially

increased in a striking degree both the length and the breadth

of the black abdominal bars. There was evidence that the

size and probably the shape of the perfect insect were affected

by the pupal temperature, but exact experiments had to be

made on this point, and were in progress. On the suggestion

of members of the Society he had tried the effects of light, by

exposing the pupe of S. illustraria to light of various colours

( ieexy. )

and to absolute darkness, but had not been able to obtain any

results from the experiment. Many more experiments, and

on many more species belonging to widely-separated families

among the Lepidoptera, should be tried before sufficient

materials could be accumulated for a satisfactory explanation

of these temperature effects ; but in the meantime he ventured

to suggest that some of them were due to the circumstance

that a particular temperature was more suitable to health

and vigour than any other was, and tended consequently to

produce larger size and greater intensity of colouring and

markings ; but that this would only account for a small part

of the effects produced, especially in the seasonally dimorphic

species ; and in those he had operated on there seemed to be

what in the absence of further knowledge might be called a

direct tendency in a low temperature to cause darkness of

markings. Mr. Merrifield exhibited a large number of

examples of the temperature effects produced, many of which

were very striking, and said they would be left for in-

spection for some time at the Natural History Museum, South

Kensington.

Mr. EK. B. Poulton desired to congratulate Mr. Merrifield

on the results of his work. He had quite thought that Mr.

Merrifield was right in his earlier conclusion that the results

obtained were due to temperature and not colour, as had been

suggested. In addition to Mr. Merrifield’s convincing de-

monstration that colour is not concerned, Mr. Poulton wished

to add that he had, during the past season, tested the moth

which is more likely to yield positive evidence on this point

than any other, viz., Gnophos obscurata, the imago of which is

well known to be light upon chalk and dark upon peat. In spite

of this Mr. Poulton had found that when the mature larvee

and the pup are subjected to light or to dark surroundings,

no change is produced in the imagines. So far as the evidence

goes at present, it is probable that the facts are explicable by

the operation of natural selection, the light varieties occur-

ring in places where the dark ones are more conspicuous and

therefore exterminated, and vice versa.

Prof. Meldola said that it appeared to him that on the

whole Mr. Merrifield’s results gave support to Professor

(. kexxva’ 3

Weismann’s original theory, viz., that the effect of refrigeration

was to bring about reversion to the ancestral glacial form. But

apart from any theoretical considerations, he considered that

Mr. Merrifield was to be congratulated on the important con-

tribution to the knowledge of the effects of temperature on

lepidopterous pup, which he had been enabled to make by

means of the carefully conducted series of experiments carried

on for several years, and the results of which had been from

time to time communicated to the Society. Prof. Meldola

further remarked that he was particularly interested in the

way in which Mr. Merrifield had eliminated the effects of

light, and had shown, as he thought conclusively, that the

effects were due to temperature alone. He (Prof. Meldola)

had always been of opinion that light had nothing to do with

the observed modifications of colour. With reference to

Lord Walsingham’s remarks concerning the possible action

of the ultra-violet rays in affecting the chemical processes

concerned in the production of pigment, Prof. Meldola pointed

out that the notion that some specially active chemical force

existed in this part of the spectrum had long been abandoned.

Any part of the spectrum might be chemically active; it de-

pended on the absorbtive power of the substance for the

particular rays.

Mr. C. G. Barrett referred to experiments performed some

twenty years since by confining larve under coloured glasses,

which, however, had produced no effect.

Mr. Jenner Weir said he had seen Mr. Merrifield’s long

series by daylight, which made the change of colouring pro-

duced even more conspicuous.

Lord Walsingham said that he thought some of the negative

results valuable, and expressed the thanks of the meeting to

the author of the paper.

Mr. Merrifield said his results seemed barely consistent

with Weismann’s proposition that, though the summer form

could be made to assume the appearance of the winter form,

the converse was not the case. But Prof. Weismann’s theory

was that the change of temperature operated by causing

reversion to an ancestral form, and, as every individual of a

seasonally dimorphous species had two lines of ancestry, it

( xxxvui )

struck him as possible that suitable conditions might cause

reversion to either of these; so that the results obtained by

him might not be inconsistent with the Weismann theory in

its essence. He would not, however, venture to form an

opinion how the temperature operated ; he should be inclined

to say that it produced some effects which provisionally, and

in the absence of further knowledge, might be called direct.

Mr. W. Bateson read a paper entitled ‘‘ On the variation in

the colour of the cocoons of Kriogaster lanestris and Saturnia

carpini,” and exhibited a large number of specimens in illus-

tration of the paper.

Lord Walsingham congratulated Mr. Bateson on his paper,

and on the intelligent care and method shown in his experi-

ments, and said that he was glad to see that at Cambridge

there was an entomologist ready to enter this interesting field

of investigation, and perhaps at some future day to contest

the palm with Mr. Poulton as representing the sister Uni-

versity of Oxford. He had noticed that the larve of S. carpini,

if left in a box with dead food, and probably partially starved,

made a light-coloured cocoon; but that when the cocoon was

made under natural conditions, on living food-plants on the

moors, it was of a dark colour.

Mr. Poulton said he was glad to take the opportunity of

admitting that Mr. Bateson had made out a strong case,

especially with Hriogaster lanestris, and he congratulated him

on his results. Mr. Poulton regretted that most of the obser-

vations which had led him to the conclusion that the colour

of certain cocoons can be adapted to the tints of the environ-

ment had been made by others, inasmuch as he was thus less

acquainted with the details. The evidence from EF. lanestris,

which at first appeared so strong, was much weakened when

Rev. W. J. H. Newman subsequently stated that the white

paper boxes in which the white cocoons were formed had

been placed in a dark cupboard for at any rate a large part of

the time of building. At the same time, if Mr. Bateson’s in-

terpretation be accepted, it is remarkable that about one-third

of his larve, which sought the paper voluntarily and undis-

turbed, should have formed light cocoons, when we remember

that undisturbed larve invariably construct dark cocoons

( xxxyin ‘})

upon the stem and leaves of their food-plant. Mr. Poulton

said that he had also found that dark cocoons may be formed

in spite of the excessive disturbance caused by an investiga-

tion into the mode of construction. Mr. Bateson’s results,

if due to disturbance, are not necessarily destructive of the

conclusions previously arrived at. The glittering pupe of

Vanesside may be produced, in healthy individuals, by exposing

the mature larve to white or gilt surroundings, but they are

also caused by the presence of parasites. In the case of HE.

lanestris it must be freely admitted that Mr. Bateson’s results

prove that the evidence previously relied upon is insufficient,

and further indicate that, if the species is sensitive to the

colour of its surroundings in the manner hitherto assumed, its

susceptibility is not nearly so great as was supposed. Further

experiments must show whether any trace of susceptibility to

colour exists.

Mr. Poulton further stated that in such experiments upon

this and other species it would be well to test Mr. Bateson’s

suggestion by frequently disturbing and insufficiently feeding

larve, which are then allowed to spin on the food-plant ;

furthermore, in the case of colours, it would be advisable

to employ more natural backgrounds than paper, muslin, &e.

Earth, sand, peat, chalk, coal, leaves and twigs of various

tints and shades, might be used. It must also be admitted

that the evidence in the case of Halias prasinana, Liparis

auwijlua, and Rumia crategata, which appeared sufficient when

‘Mr. Newman’s results with HF. lanestris seemed to be con-

vincing, is now inadequate, and new experiments, upon a

far larger scale, must be conducted. Mr. Poulton thought

that in the case of Saturnia carpini, Mr. Bateson’s evidence is

weaker, and that which supports the earlier conclusions

stronger, than in the case of FE. lanestris. At the same time,

it is by no means impossible that starvation or extreme

disturbance may tend to produce light cocoons, even if these

are also caused by light surroundings. The harmony between

the colour of these cocoons and their surroundings had been

observed by many naturalists. Mr. Poulton remarked that

‘Mr. A. R. Wallace alluded to it in ‘ Tropical Nature,’ and

that Mr. W. H. Harwood, of Colchester, had called his

(Gexscxix a)

attention to it in 1886; and he thought it extremely im-

probable that he had specially disturbed the larve which spun

the light cocoons. In his (Mr. Poulton’s) experiments this

was certainly not the case, and the larve were not even

removed from the cage, but spun upon a white plate beneath

the food-plant. Dr. F. A. Dixey has obtained the same results,

and he maintains that his larve were removed to white paper

with a minimum of disturbance. Mr. Poulton stated that

neither he nor Dr. Dixey experienced the difficulty in obtaining

large numbers of dark cocoons of this species, which seemed

to have beset Mr. Bateson during the past season.

In conclusion, Mr. Poulton said he trusted that before

this time next year he would either be able to admit that

he had been altogether mistaken, or bring before them—

as the result of his own work and that of others—such

evidence as would form a secure foundation for the con-

clusions at which he had previously arrived.

ANNUAL MEETING.

January 27th,* 1892.

Freperick Du Canz Gopman, Esq., F.R.S., President, in

the chair.

An Abstract of the Treasurer’s Accounts was read by

Mr. C. G. Barrett, one of the Auditors.

Mr. H. Goss, one of the Secretaries, read the following :—-

Report of the Council.

In accordance with the Bye-Laws, the Council begs leave

to present the following Report :--

During the year 1891 six Fellows have died, viz., Mons.

Edmond André, the Duke of Devonshire, K.G., F.R.S.,

Mr. Ferdinand Grut, F.L.S., Mr. Edward Janson, Mr. J.

* Adjourned from the 20th January, in consequence of the death of

H.R.H. the Duke of Clarence and Avondale.

PROC, ENT, SOC, LOND., v., 1891. G

Chedley)

W. Peers, and Mr. W. E. Poole; eleven Fellows have

resigned; six Fellows have been struck out of the list for

non-payment of their subscriptions; and 27 new Fellows

have been elected.

The number of Fellows elected during the year is equal to

the number elected in 1890, and with the exception of that

year and 1886 (in which latter year the number was greatly

augmented by the conversion of Subscribers into Fellows),

is the largest on record. On the other hand, the number of

deaths, exclusions, and resignations has been unusually large,

and notwithstanding the number of new Fellows elected, the

Society’s list has only increased by fowr since the date of the

last Annual Meeting! The yearly increase in the number of

Fellows being so small, the Council is still obliged to refuse

or postpone the publication of valuable papers and plates for

want of funds, and therefore it feels again bound to urge the

Fellows to do their utmost to induce their friends to join the

Society and thus increase its revenue.

At the present time the Society consists of an Hon. Life-

President, 10 Honorary Fellows, 48 Life Fellows, and 281

paying the Annual Subscription, making the total number of

Fellows now on the Society’s List 339.

The Transactions for the year 1891 form a volume of 524

pages, containing 24 memoirs contributed by the following

19 authors, viz., Mr. George T. Bethune Baker, F.L.S.

(2 papers); the Rev. Thomas A. Marshall, M.A.; the

Right Honble. Lord Walsingham, LL.D., F.R.S.; Colonel

Charles Swinhoe, F.L.S. (2 papers); Mr. Frederic Merri-

field ; Mr. Roland Trimen, F.R.S.; Mr. Hamilton H. Druce;

Mr. Henry W. Bates, F.R.S.; Mr. William F. Kirby, F.L.S.

(2 papers) ; Dr. David Sharp, F.R.S.; Mr. Frederick Enock;

Mr. Charles J. Gahan, M.A. (8 papers); Mr. George C.

Champion, F.Z.8.; Mr. Philip Crowley, F.L.8.; Professor

J.O. Westwood, M.A.; Mons. Sergé Alphéraky ; Mr. Gervase

F. Mathew, R.N., F.L.S.; Mr. Robert McLachlan, F.R.S. ;

and Mr. William L. Distant. Only three of these papers,

viz., those by the Rev. T. A. Marshall, Mr. Merrifield, and

Mr. Enock, were devoted to British insects.

Of these 24 papers 12 relate to Lepidoptera (or to enquiries

Cixl)

in which Lepidoptera were the subjects of experiment), 6 to

Coleoptera, 1 to Hymenoptera, 1 to Neuroptera, 1 to Ortho-

ptera, 2 to Hemiptera, and 1 to Diptera.

The memoirs above referred to are illustrated with 20

plates, of which 17 are coloured.

The Sotiety is indebted to Lord Walsingham for the entire

cost of Plates III., IV., V., VI., and VII.; to Mr. Merrifield

for half the cost of Plate IX.; to Mr. F. D. Godman for

the entire cost of Plates X., XI., XIII., and XIV.; and to

Mr. Crowley for the entire cost of Plate XVIII.

The Proceedings, containing an account of the exhibitions

and discussions at the Meetings, extend to over 40 pages.

The financial position of the Society is satisfactory. The

Subscriptions for 1891 received during the year amount to

£287 as against £268 for 1890, and the amount received

for sale of publications amounted to £95 in 1891 as against

only £71 in the preceding year.

The amount expended for printing and plates amounts to

£318 for 1891 as against £291 for 1890, notwithstanding the

great liberality of some of our Fellows, who have generously

assisted the Society by defraying the cost, or part of the

cost, of certain plates, as noticed above. Three Life-Com-

positions in lieu of Annual Subscriptions have been received

during the year. Of these one remains unappropriated, and

forms part of the balance at the Bankers at the end of the

financial year ; one has been devoted to bookbinding, which

necessary matter had fallen somewhat into arrear; and the

third has been invested, producing £16 8s. 1d. Consols.

The investments now amount to £427 19s. 3d. Consols (cost

£408 13s.).

During the past year nearly 200 Books, Pamphlets,

Journals, and Papers have been added to the Library; the

average number of Fellows attending the Meetings is far

greater than in any previous year of the Society’s existence,

and the Council considers it has reason to congratulate the

Fellows on the progress made by the Society during the year

1891.

The following is an Abstract of the Receipts and Payments

during 1891 :—

(7) xd»)

Receipts. Payments.

£ s.d. 29 Gi

Balance in hand Ist Rent, Salary, and Office

Jan., 1891 = = Ps Sef lat Expenses - : 5 Alef) Py a

Contributions of Fel- Printing - - -200 2 9

lows (including £12 Plates, &e. - A sink 3)

12s. in advance) - 411 8 9 Books and Binding 5 Re ef 3

Sale of Publications - 9515 11 | yivestment - : Swe EPO

ORES, © 7 Bie OS Vole Subscriptions repaid - 3 3 0

Intereston Consols - 11 1 0 f javanica! Ato eto

Balance - - oe PL yy

£552 14 38 £552 14 3

11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.

January 27th, 1892.

The Secretaries not having received any notice proposing

to substitute other names for those contained in the lists

prepared by the Council, the following Fellows constitute

the Council for 1892:--Charles G. Barrett; George C.

Champion, F.Z.S8.; Herbert Druce, F.L.8S.; Henry John

Elwes, F.L.S.; the Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A., F.L.8.;

Frederick D. Godman, F.R.S.; Herbert Goss, F.L.S. ;

Robert McLachlan, F.R.S.; Prof. Raphael Meldola, F.R.S. ;

Edward B. Poulton, M.A., F.R.S.; Dr. David Sharp, M.A.,

F.R.S.; Colonel Charles Swinhoe, F.L.S.; and the Right

Hon. Lord Walsingham, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.

The following are the Officers elected :—President, Mr.

Frederick Du Cane Godman; Treasurer, Mr. R. McLachlan;

Secretaries, Mr. Herbert Goss and the Rev. Canon Fowler ;

Librarian, Mr. George C. Champion.

Mr. F. D. Godman, the President, then delivered an

Address, at the conclusion of which Lord Walsingham pro-

posed a vote of thanks to Mr. F. D. Godman for his services

as President during the year, and for his Address.

The proposal was seconded by Mr. E. B. Poulton, and

carried unanimously.

A vote of thanks to the Treasurer, Secretaries, and Librarian

was moved by Mr. G. H. Verrall, seconded by Mr. C. G.

Barrett, and carried unanimously.

Mr. Godman, Mr. McLachlan, Mr. Goss, and Mr. Champion

severally replied.

(xiii 8)

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Balance Sheet for the Year 1891.

ReEcEIrTS. PayYMENTS.

Sond. Lek £ Ss.

Balance, Jan. 1st,1891 2 711] Printing - - - 200 2

Subscriptions for 1891 287 10 9 | Plates and Woodcuts - 118 3

Do. inadvance 12 12 © | Rent, Salary, and Office

Arrears - - 5 1) Expenses - - 159

Life Compositions _ 47 5 0 | Books and Binding - 18 8

Niece 5412 0 Investment (cost of £16

y ; 8s. 1d. Consols > Ab) Ws

Interest on Investments 11 1 0 Bone ea ) ¢ Se

aaa Lives Subscriptions repaid

Sale of Publications - 95 15 11 . (paid in error) - > 88

Donations - : - 32 0 8 | Subscriptions in ad-

vance (per contra) - 12 12

Balance, Dec, 31st, 1891 24 17

£552 14 8 £552 14

ASSETS.

Subscriptions in arrear (considered good), £6 6s. Od.

Investments :—

Cost of £427 19s. 3d. Consols = £408 13s. Od.

LIABILITIES.

(Nil.)

Rosert McLacuran,

Treasurer.

Examined and found correct,

SAMUEL STEVENS.

HERBERT DRUCE.

CHARLES G. BARRETT.

12th January, 1892.

(7 ssa a)

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.*

GENTLEMEN,

Ir an apology for the shortcomings of his Address to

you is ever necessary from your President, it is especially so

from the present occupant of this chair. So far as Entomo-

logy is concerned, I am already in the position of one of your

future members, whom Lord Walsingham, in his Address to

you two years ago, described as having so specialised his

work that he could not venture to call himself by so general

a term as an entomologist, but rather a Pieridist or Hispidist.

At the present moment I am little more than an Hesperiidist,

and I think my work is cut out for me for some time to come.

The study of this most obscure and difficult family of Lepi-

doptera does not furnish material for a Presidential Address,

and yet the work to be done to reduce even the Mexican and

Central American species to order is so exacting that with

other occupations no time is left me to look right or left

beyond the limits of my task.

I am reduced therefore to saying a very few words to you

on a subject which has already occupied to some extent the

recent Addresses of both Dr. Sharp and Lord Walsingham.

I refer (1) to the acquisition of fresh entomological materials

in the shape of collections, (2) to their examination, and (3)

their ultimate disposal.

In estimating the probable number of existing species of

insects, Dr. Sharp arrived at the formidable total of 2,000,000,

and Lord Walsingham was disposed to look upon this figure

as probably not too high. As our present knowledge extends

to about 200,000 species, there remain 1,800,000 yet un-

* In consequence of the death of H.R.H. the Duke of Clarence, the

Annual Meeting was adjourned from the 20th to the 27th January, 1892.

(i oxlivae)

described, of which probably 100,000 are represented by

unnamed specimens in our collections; the rest await

discovery. The acquisition of fresh materials from collections

therefore is not likely to slacken for a long time to come;

indeed, when the taste for the study of more showy forms

changes for one that will comprehend the less bright and

smaller but not less interesting ones, it is certain that new

species will pour in upon us at a higher rate than ever.

In spite of this increase of work the harvest that reaches us

now, so far aS my own experience goes, is greater than our

workers can deal with, and had wea few more such ardent

collectors as, say, Mr. Champion or Mr. Herbert H. Smith

at work in the tropics, the stock of our visible unworked

materials would largely increase in quantity. Any one who

has attempted to bring together anything like a complete

collection of the fauna of a country, however small, has

experienced the difficulties that have met me in the attempt

to gather together all available information on the fauna of

Mexico and Central America, and of certain small islands of

the West Indian Archipelago. In the former case, owing

to the cordial assistance afforded by many very competent

workers, considerable progress has been made, but still more

help is wanted to work out several very interesting orders, the

collections of which look inviting enough, and doubtless teem

with novelties. Regarding the West Indian work, in which

Dr. Sharp has taken a very active interest, I fear the Mexican

and Central American task has stood somewhat in the way,

and we have had to search the continents of Hurope and North

America to find volunteers to examine the collections formed

by Mr. H. H. Smith in the small island of St. Vincent, and

similar collections from the island of Grenada are still

untouched. From this it is evident we have not workers

enough even now to keep pace with the requirements of

naming and arranging the specimens that come before us,

and unless our numbers largely increase the arrears of work

will become more and more unmanageable. Is, then, the

number of workers increasing ? I mean the workers at the

great mass of exotic species chiefly crowded in the tropical

and semitropical countries.

(xls)

Judging from the uumber of titles of papers given in the

yearly volumes of the ‘ Zoological Record,’ it would certainly

appear that more entomological work is bemg done; but 1

have some doubts whether the particular subjects to which I

now refer, viz., the naming and classification of unnamed

species, are receiving the increased attention requisite to

render an approximate knowledge of Insecta generally possible

within a reasonable time. But it is not my object now to

review past work, but rather to examine the effect of the

altered and altering conditions of our collections upon working

entomologists, and to see whether those conditions can be so

modified as to increase the number of workers, and to render

their labours as accessible as possible to all.

Working entomologists, apart from field workers, may be

divided, for my present purpose, into two classes, viz., those

who are connected with our museums and make the subject

their profession, and those who are not so employed, but who

pursue Hntomology at such times as they can spare from

their regular business of life. It is the latter, being the more

numerous body, who have contributed much more extensively

to our present stock of entomological knowledge. Their

work has been chiefly based upon their private collections,

formed partly from old sources, and partly from new materials

often collected by themselves, or brought by field naturalists

from all parts of the world. These collections hardly ever

have any permanent resting place in private hands; very

seldom indeed does a son take up the work of his father ;

they either change hands, are dispersed, or become——their

happiest fate--absorbed in a public museum. This system,

which has gradually grown up, is, I think, likely to change,

as the extent of collections is, under modern requirements,

largely on the increase. This growth of collections renders

the subject studied far more complicated, and the difficulty

is lkely to increase tenfold. The effect is already plainly

visible, for private collections are becoming rapidly absorbed

by museums, or by a much smaller number of private

collectors, with whom they can only temporarily remain.

This absorption of private collections by public museums is

likely to continue as regards Entomology, as it has in other

( exligan, 9)

subjects. It certainly las done so with plants, as now hardly

a private herbarium exists in this country—nearly all have

been absorbed by Kew. So also with birds; a large portion

of the private collections of a few years ago are now being

concentrated in the British and other museums.

What, then, will be the effect of this concentration of

collections in public museums on the number of working

systematic entomologists other than the Museum officials ?

Under existing circumstances I am inclined to think the

number will decrease. The necessity at the present time of

examining large series of specimens of any species from as

wide a range of localities as possible so that the variation and

distribution of the species can be traced, has increased the

bulk of collections to an enormous extent. In former times

a pair or two of a species was considered enough to represent

it in a Collection, but now we find that 40 or 50 or even 100

specimens are necessary to show the stability or instability of

a species, its range, and all the many points connected with

a satisfactory comprehension of its hmits. All this vastly

increases the cost of forming and preserving new collections,

and 1s against the private collector undertaking the task, and

the burden of the work of determining and classifying will be

more and more thrown upon the Museum officials. ‘That the

number of private workers at systematic Entomology should

decrease is distinctly to be deplored, and in view of the

tendency of collections to become amassed in museums, it

follows that it is chiefly to the arrangements made in those

museums that this evil is to be arrested.

As we all know, when once a specimen becomes the pro-

perty of the Trustees of the British Museum, it must never

pass out of their possession. Nothing, then, can be seen out

of the Museum hours, and entomologists who have their daily

business to attend to can only visit the Museum at rare in-

tervals. They do this to a great extent now in order to deter-

mine specimens in their own collections; but when the latter

are, from reasons already given, no longer made, the subject

will cease to be studied by them. Iam inclined to think this

can be obviated to a great extent in a way that will greatly

benefit the Museum and all concerned. ‘There are, no doubt,

( xlviii )

a considerable number of specimens, such as types, &c.,

which, on account of their special value, should never leave

the Museum under any circumstances; they are too valuable

to be placed in any risk of loss. Besides these, there is by

far the greater part of the Museum collection which falls into

a different category. I refer to specimens which are either

unnamed (a very large number), or, if named, are not types,

and which in their existing state do not possess any special

scientific value, not having had any work bestowed upon

them. All such specimens could, at a very slight risk, be

entrusted to competent specialists not officially connected

with the Museum to be named and prepared either for in-

corporation into the Museum series or assigned to the named

duplicates for future distribution to other institutions. No

doubt additional work would be necessary on the part of the

Museum officials in preparing such series for examination ;

but this labour would be more than counterbalanced by the

work performed upon the specimens when they are returned

named into the Museum, and ready for incorporation into the

general collection.

The extent of the subject of Entomology is so vast that

nothing but a systematic and continuous effort to amass

collections, work them out, and preserve them, can place us

in a position to proceed safely with the larger questions

which follow the initial step of naming species; and it will

only be by the steady effort of our Museum officials, not only

to work at the subject themselves, but to enlist the aid of

every available outside worker, that real substantial progress

can be made. The talents of the outside public can only be

fully used by a system by which specimens can be placed in

the charge of any competent worker to be determined by him

at his own home, and at his leisure, for a certain definite

time, and under well understood rules. ‘The benefit to the

Museum collections under a system of this kind is obvious.

The great mass of unnamed materials, which, we believe,

now exists in the Museum, would be gradually worked into

order; and, on the other hand, the inducement of having a

good series of specimens to work at, and in a way that suits

the circumstances of the outside workers, will certainly tend

(lite )))

to increase their numbers to the great benefit of the study of

Entomology.

As a practical illustration of the working of such a system

as this, I will instance what has been going on for the last

twelve years with reference to the Mexican and Central

American collections now in process of being worked out. A

few groups have been studied at home, but by far the larger

portion of our material has been placed in the hands of

various workers both at home and abroad. These collections

go out and are returned without loss, and the result at

present is that nearly 19,000 species of insects have been

fully determined, and a series reserved and arranged for

future reference. I have not been able to ascertain the

number of specimens representing these 19,000 species, but

the total is very large. If I may hazard a conjecture, I

should say that I should not be surprised if the number

reached 250,000.

During the past year the Society has lost six Fellows by

death :—

Tue Duxe or Devonsuire, who died on the 21st December

last, at the advanced age of 83, joined our Society in 1837.

Though he did not take an active part in promoting the study

of Entomology, our Society, as well as many others, shared

the support he so freely gave to all scientific bodies.

Epwarp Westrey Janson died on the 14th of September

last, in the seventieth year of his age. He showed a taste for

natural history pursuits at an early age, and though educated

at first for the medical profession, he for some time assisted

his father as a city merchant, and afterwards as Secretary of

the Dutch BRhenish Railway. In 1867, on the death of his

father, he relinquished all other pursuits, and commenced

business as a Bookseller and Natural History Agent, for

which his tastes well qualified him. His special study was

Coleoptera, and he was not only a successful collector of

beetles, but his energy at one time did much to reduce to

order the British species then much less known than now.

He also amassed collections of other groups of beetles, the

chief of which was the family of Elateride, his collection, in

Ca)

which he retained his interest to the last, being by far the

most extensive ever got together. Mr. Janson, though

well versed in entomological literature, and possessing a very

valuable library, was not a voluminous writer, his chief

contributions to science being upon matters connected

with British Coleoptera. At one time he was closely con-

nected with the administration of this Society, which he

joined in 1843. From 1850 to 1863 he held the post of

Curator of the collections then possessed by the Society, and

was Librarian until 1874. He was also one of the Secretaries

from 1857 to 1861. His collection of British Coleoptera

passed, I believe, some years ago into the possession of his

intimate friend G. R. Crotch, and was bequeathed by him to

the University of Cambridge. His collection of Elateride,

in which he took such pride, will pass eventually into the

British Museum.

Frerpinanp Grout, our late Honorary Librarian, died, to the

ereat regret of us all, on July 19th of last year. He joined

the Society in 1846, acted as one of our Secretaries from 1871

to 1878, when he undertook the duties of Honorary Librarian,

and continued in that office until his death. His chief study

was Coleoptera, and especially the Geodephaga, of which he

possessed an extensive collection. As Librarian, Mr. Grut

was very well known to us all, and his patient, unfailing

attention to his duties will long be remembered. ‘The want

of a printed catalogue of our books has long been felt, and

some time ago it was determined that such a catalogue should

be prepared. This arduous task Mr. Grut undertook to

perform, and he had, I believe, made some progress with

the MS., when his work was interrupted by illness, and

finally arrested by his death. This catalogue, it is to be

hoped, may some day be completed.

Epmonp Anpru, whose death was recorded last year, joined

our Society in 1880. He lived at Beaune (Cote d’Or), and

carried on the business of an Entomological Bookseller and

General Natural History Agent. At the same time he worked

assiduously at Hymenoptera, and published many papers

and notes on this subject. His chief work was ‘“‘ Species des

Hymenopteres d’Europe et d’Algérie,’’ commenced in 1879,

(hy

and continued, with the aid of fellow-workers on the same

subject, until hisdeath. It is to be hoped that this important

work will be continued by some other competent hyme-

nopterist, and brought to a conclusion.

Witiiam Esenezer Poor, who died on May 22nd last, at

the age of 65, was well known to all of us who are in the

habit of using our Library and attending our Meetings. He

acted as Resident Librarian from the time we occupied our

present rooms, and continued in that office until his death.

He joined the Society as a member in 1885.

We have also lost Joun Wituerineton Peers, who joined

us in 1887.

Of entomologists nét connected with the Society, who have

died during 1891, I find the following well-known names :—

Fexrre Pory, who died at Havana, the place of his birth,

at the advanced age of 92, devoted a large portion of his life

to the study of Natural History of his native island, Cuba.

His principal work was on Ichthyology, but he wrote several

papers on the Lepidoptera of Cuba, and studied other orders

of insects of that island.

Srr Wrntiam Mactnay, whose death was recently announced,

though not a member of our Society, was a liberal patron of

Natural History in Austraha. He belonged to the same

family as William Sharp Macleay, the contemporary of

Horsfield and Swainson, so well known for his writings.

Sir William Macleay settled in New South Wales in 1839 at

the age of 19, and gradually rose to distinction in the Colony.

He was the founder and first President of the Entomological

Society of New South Wales, and of the Linnean Society of

New South Wales, and in the publications of both Societies

numerous and valuable papers by him are to be found. He

wrote chiefly on Coleoptera, but also occasionally on other

orders of Insecta.

Henry Epwarps will be much missed by entomologists

both in Europe and America, as well as in Australia, where

he was known and esteemed by a very wide circle of friends.

An Englishman by birth, Mr. Edwards lived the later years

of his life in America, where he was well known as an

Cri: })

actor and theatre proprietor, all his leisure time being devoted

to the study of Entomology generally, but chiefly of North

America, his collection in this branch of Entomology being

one of the most important in that country. Mr. Edwards

“was a great traveller, and in his professional capacity visited

the chief centres of population in Australia and New Zealand.

He latterly resided in New York, where he died last year.

He was a frequent contributor to several of the leading

entomological journals of America, in which he described

many species, chiefly Heterocera, belonging to the North

American fauna and that of Mexico.

Rosert Gitio, well known as a successful collector of

Coleoptera in the West of England, and Dr. J. M. J. ar

Tenestrom, a distinguished Micro-Lepidopterist of Finland,

have also passed away.

In conclusion, I beg leave to thank all the members of the

Society who have so kindly supported me during the past

year, and especially the Officers, from whom I have had every

consideration.

iy)

INDEX.

Where the name only of the Insect or Genus is mentioned, the

description will be found on the page referred to.

The Arabic Figures refer to the pages of the ‘Transactions’; the

Roman Numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’

The same arrangement has been adopted as last year; the new

species, and those which have been redescribed, as well as the more

important ones alluded to, will be found in detail, but certain of the

longer papers are arranged generically under their headings.

PAGE PAGE

GENERAL SUBJECTS ........ liii | HyMENOPTERA ............ lix

PACRIAGEDNTMIDAN cya cis).e scsi ieee hetecs live || OE PTIDOPRTERAVA ss eciecen lix

COnmODInia “dooccdodboouuG Ink? ||) INIAROANHON, Ga ouadsd 00 c0 lxv

DIMM Ree cnte ices oo 30 cate eee vii | ORTHORTERAW raat sees lxv

ELINAEIOA As oooadonbouboeUo lix | THYSANURA .. .......%... lxvi

GENERAL SUBJECTS.

Annual Meeting, xxxix.

Artificial temperature, effects on the colouring of Vanessa urtice, and

certain other species of Lepidoptera, xxxii.

Atropos pulsatoria, notes on, Xxxili.

Atypus piceus, life-history of, xxviii.

Diptera collected on Ranunculacee, &c., xxi.

Eriogaster lanestris and Saturnia carpini, on the variation in the colour

of the cocoons of, xxxvii.

Further notes on Indian ants, x1.

Hessian Fly, life-history of, ii, 329.

Lepidoptera, &c., collected near Roldal, Norway, notes on, xxii.

Letter from Mr. Merrifield, xiii.

Letter from Sir A. Blackwood, with reference to postage of scientific

specimens, Xlv.

Micropteryx calthellus, notes on, xviii.

Polyrachis spiniger, imitated by a bug, xvii,

President’s Address, xliv.

C.aliv> 9

Psychodide, synonymic notes on, xxv.

Selene illustraria and Ennomos autumnaria, temperature experiments

Sony 155,857.

Zygena lonicere and Z. filipendule, hybrids between, ix.

ARACHNIDA.

Atypus piceus, life-history of, xxviii.

Spider imitating a species of Mutilla, xvii.

Spider (Salticus sp.) imitating a Bengal ant, Sima rufo-nigra, x.

COLEOPTERA.

Agra cyanippe, n.s., 275.—pacifica, n.s., 274.

Anchomenus megillus, n.$., 252.

Anchonoderus fulvipennis, u.s., 264.

Anisotarsus hilariolus, n.s., 239.

Anthribus daimio, n.s., 319.

Apenes amplicollis, n.s., 271.—hilariola, n.s., 271.

Apion, new species described: —abruptum, 293. — bulbinaswn, 295.—

daimio, 296.—protractum, 294.—sulcirostre, 295.

Apolecta Lewisii, n.s., 318.

Areocerus tarsalis, nu. s., 323.

Asemorhinus, n.g., 298. A. nebulosus, n.s., 299.

Basitropis dispar, n.s., 320.

Bembidium, new species described :—ciudadense, 263.— Durangoense,

263.—macrogonum, 262.—spherulifer, 261.

Blabirhinus, n.g., 299. B. dorsalis, n.s., 300.

Blaps lusitanica, alluded to, 379.

Brachinus amplipennis, n.s., 268.—cognatus, var. cancellatus, 269.—

Tabasconus, 268.

Caccorhinus, n.g., 321. C. oculatus, u.s., 321.

Calathus ambigens, nu. s., 251.

Calcar humerale, n.s., 387.

Calleida chlorotenia, n.s., 273.

Calosoma ampliator, n.s., 223.—diminutum, n.s., 227.—leve, 225.—

leve, var. explanaticolle, microgonum, and punctulicolle, 225.—

morelianum, n.s., 228.— omiltenium, n.s., 226.—porosifrons, 0. s., 229.

Casnonia lioptera, n.s., 265.—sulcicollis, n.s., 265.

Celia Ciudadensis, n.s., 249.—Hegei, var. civitatis, 248.—tenebrionella,

var. @neicolor, 248.

Chlenius amplians, n.s., 237.—beatus, nu.s., 237.—chrysopleurus, var.

Guerreroensis, 235.—cordifer, nu. s., 235.—eurybates, n.s., 236.—

porphyrius, n.s., 236.—ruficauda, 235.—suppletor, n.s., 237.

Choragus, new species described :—anobioides, 325.—cissoides, 326.—

compactus, 323. — cryphaloides, 325. —cryptocephalus, 324,—mun-

dulus, 324,

(Cs)

Colpodes, new species described :—acutulus, 259.—eneicauda, 259.—

hapteroides, 252.—harpaloides, 253.—omaseoides, 255.—platysmoides,

254.—rectilineus, 257.—segregatus, 258.—stenos, 256.—steropoides,

254.—tinctipennis, 257.—Trujilloi, 259.—valens, 255.

Coptodera xanthopleura, n.s., 270.

Dercylus (Dercylodes) mexicanus, n.s., 238.

Deropygus, n.g., 326. D. histrio, n.s., 326.—jocosus, N.s., BVT

Diabrotica, South American species of (C. J. Gahan). New or Newty-

NAMED SpeEctEs :—albidocincta, 431.—assimilis, 464.—azureipennis,

426.—Balayana, n.n., 421.—Belemea, 443.—biseriata, 437.—bistri-

gata, 438.—conformis, 444.—cribrata, 530.—delecta, n.n., 445.—

decemverrucata, 439.—denotata, n.n., 427.—digna, 430.—diversa,

n.n., 451.— dulcis, n.n., 447.— fasciatipennis, 448. — humeralis,

438.—maculatipennis, 436.—marginicollis, 465.—marginipennis, 430.

—melanospila, n.n., 434.—nigropunctata, 436.—quadripunctata, 468.

—Reichei, 441.—sanguineipennis, 466.—semifemorata, 420.—signi-

Jicata, 430.—socia, n.n., 468.—spectabilis, 443.—subsimilis, 456.—

teniolata, 434.—tarsata, n.n., 460. Species alluded to or fresh

descriptions given:—abbreviata, 433.—abdominalis, abrupta, and

other species alluded to or omitted from the lists given by Mr. Baly

and Mr. Gahan, arranged alphabetically, 521-524.—adonis, 427.—

@neipennis, 429.—eneiventris, 440.—albidovittata, 419.—albocincta,

453.—albomarginata, 452.—albopicta, 453.—alcyone, 450.—ampli-

cornis, 471.—alternata, 434.—Batesi, 425.—beata, 456.—bella, 456.

bivittata, 421.—Borrei, 449.—brasiliensis, 434.—butleri, 467.—

caviceps, 459.—Chevrolati, 440.—cinctella, 433.—cinctipennis, 430.

—clypeata, 462.—coccinea, 428.—cognata, 423 —conchula, 459.—

consimilis, 419.—cornuta, 420.—corrugata, 463.—corusca, 418.—

coryphea, 423.—cruciata, 449.—decemguttata, 442.—deliciosa, 462.

—delicula, 439.—Deyrollei, 440.—dilaticornis, 470.—dimidiata, 467.

—dimidiaticornis, 468.—dimidiatipennis, 467.—discrepans, 455.—

divisa, 468.—dorsalis, 434.— elongata, 429.— Erichsoni, 425.—

erythroptera, 466.—eacelsa, 457.—eximia, 424.—Fairmairei, 419.—

fenestrata, 459.—flavocincta, 432.—flavolimbata, 422.—flavomargi-

nata, 428.—Gestroi, 457.—gibbosa, 465.—glauconotata, 441.—hebe,

465.—hemixantha, 470.—imbuta, 469.—imitans, 458.—impressi-

pennis, 451.—incerta, 422.—innuba, 418.—insignita, 449.—intermedia,

467.—interruptolineata, 439.—Jekelii, 458.—jucunda, 460.—Kirschi,

421.—leta, 460.—letabilis, 422.—lata, 470.—leucospila, 468.—lim-

batipennis, 432.—limbifera, 433.—lugubris, 468.—mediovittata, 422.

melancholica, 471.—mimula, 455.—nigrovittulata, 446.—notaticollis,

471.—opacipennis, 465.—ornata, 427.—paraensis, 446.—perplexa,

422.—perspicua, 450.—piceicollis, 434.—posticata, 468.—propinqua,

469.—puella, 422.—pulchra, 424.—puncticollis, 422.—quadriplagiata,

461.— reticulata, 462.—robusta, 469.—rubripennis, 467.—rugata, 423.

rugulosa, 464,—Saundersi, 467.—separata, 421.—serraticornis, 470.

Alsi »)

setifera, 470.—similata, 422.—simulans, 451.—sordidipennis, 462.—

spectanda, 448.—spiloptera, 434.—spilothorar, 470.—Staudingeri,

432.—Steinheili, 442.—Stevensi, 458.—suturalis, 428.—tetraspilota,

468.—Theimi, 421.—tortua, 463.—triplagiata, 428.—tuberculata,

469.—unifasciata, 454.—venalis, 420.—verrucosa, 424.—vespertina,

425.— viridipennis, 423.—vittatipennis, 421.—vittigera, 421.—

Volxeni, 440.—aanthoptera, 462.—zelota, 447.—zonula, 454.

Diabrotica and Lema, mimetic resemblances, list of species alluded to,

372, 373.

Dicelus levipennis, var. abbreviatus, n. v., 239.

Discoderus dislocatus, n.s., 245.

Distichus granulipygus, n.s., 232.

Ectopsis ferrugalis, exhibited, xxiv.

Elliptoleus olisthopoides, n.s., 252.

Estigmena chinensis, alluded to, xvi.

Euchroa chrysophana, n.s., 249.

Galerita ovalipennis, n.s., 266.

Harpalus Durangoensis, n.s., 240.

Heliopathes latipennis, n.s., 384. =>

Helops calpensis, n.s., 389.—Walkeri, n.s., 390.

Heteromerous Coleoptera collected by Mr. J. J. Walker in the region of

the Straits of Gibraltar, species described or alluded to, belong-

ing to the following genera (G. C. Champion) :—

Adelostoma, 378.—A kis, 379.—Alphitobius, 386.—-Alphitophagus, 386.

Amblyderus, 394.—Ammophthorus, 385.—Anaspis, 397.—Anemia,

385.—Anthicus, 395.—Asclera, 400.—Asida, 380.

Blaps, 379.—Boromorphus, 388.

Calcar, 387.—Cataphronetis, 386.—Catomus, 390.—Corticeus, 386.—

Coryna, 399.—Cossyphus, 386.—Crypticus, 382.

Dendarus, 382.—Diastixus, 391.—Dichillus, 379.—Dilamus, 388.

Elenophorus, 379.—Emenadia, 398.—Erodius, 377.—Evaniocera, 398.

Formicomus, 394.

Gnathocerus, 386.

Heliopathes, 383.—Helops, 388.

Isocerus, 383.—Isomira, 392.

Lagorina, 400.—Lagria, 393.—Larisia, 397.—Leichenum, 385.—

Litobius, 382.—Lydus, 400.

Meloé, 398.—Micrositus, 383.—Misolampus, 388.—Mordella, 396,—

Mordellistena, 397.—Morica, 379.—Mylabris, 399.

Nacerdes, 400.—Nasipa, 397.—Nesotes, 392.—Notorus, 394.

Octhenomus, 399.—CGidemera, 400.—CGinas, 399.—Olocrates, 383.—

Omophlus, 392.—Oncomera, 400.—Oochrotus, 382.—Opatroides,

385.—Opatrum, 385.

Pachychila, 377.—Palorus, 386.—Pentaphyllus, 386.—Phaleria, 386.

Phylax, 382.—Pimelia, 381.—Pseudolamus, 384.

Rhinosimus, 394.

( lit)

Scaurus, 379.—Scleron, 385.—Scraptia, 393.—Sepidium, 382.—

Silaria, 398.—Stenalia, 397.—Stenomax, 389.—Stenosis, 378.—

Stenostoma, 401.

Tenebrio, 387.—Tentyria, 378.—Tomoderus, 394.—Trachyschelis, 385.

—Tribolium, 386.

Xylophilus, 394.

Zonitis, 400.—Zophosis, 377.

Inna planipennis, nu. s., 267.

Lachnophorus cupretlus, n.s., 264.

Lebia smithiella, n.s., 273.

Lema and Diabrotica, mimetic resemblances, list of species alluded to,

372, 373.

Loxandrus rubricollis, n.s., 250.

Loxopeza calomicra, nu. s., 273.

Mexico, additions to the Carabideous Fauna of, with remarks on species

previously recorded ; species described or alluded to, belonging

to the following genera (H. W. Bates) :—

Agonoderus, 246.— Agra, 274. — Anchomenus, 252. — Anchonoderus,

264.—Anisotarsus, 239.—Apenes, 271.

Barytachys, 261.—Bembidium, 261.—Brachinus, 268.—Bradycellus,

247.

Calathus, 251.—Calleida, 273.—Calosoma, 223.—Casnonia, 265.—

Celia, 247.—Chlenius, 234.—Colpodes, 252.—Coptodera, 270.—

Cratacanthus, 241.—Cymindis, 270.

Dercylus, 238.—Diaphorus, 267.—Dicelus, 238.—Diplochetus, 260.

—Discoderus, 245.—Distichus, 232.

Elliptoleus, 252.—EHuchroa, 249.—Evarthrus, 249.

Galerita, 266. .

Harpalus, 240.

Inna, 267.

Lachnophorus, 264.—Loxandrus, 250.—Lebia, 273.—Loxopeza, 273.

Micrixys, 234.—Morio, 251.

Pangus, 241.—Pasimachus, 230.—Pelecium, 234.—Pericompsus, 261.

—Peryphus, 262.—Pinacodera, 270.—Pecilus, 249.—Pogonus,

260.

Scaphinotus, 229.—Scarites, 282.—Schizogenius, 233.—Scythropasus,

234.—Selenophorus, 241.—Stenolophus, 246.

Tachys, 261.

Xenodromius, n. g., 272.

Zuphium, 266.

Mexico, Cicindelide and Carabida, new and additional species and new

varieties of (comprised in Trans..Ent. Soc. 1890, pp. 493-510; and

1891, pp. 223-275), complete list of, 276, 277.

Notioxenus tonicoides, n.s., 328.—Wollastont, n.s., 327.

Ozotomerus japonicus, n.s., 320.

Pasimachus ignicinctus, n.s., 230.—levisulcatus, n.s., 231.—-mexicanus,

231.—Smithi, n.s., 232.

(or livani9)

Pericompsus Tabasconus, n.s., 261.

Phleobius mimes, n.s., 319.

Pinacodera atrata, var. ruficornis, 270.—var. levior, 271.

Pogonus emaciatus, n.s., 260.

Rhyncophorous Coleoptera of Japan, species described or alluded to,

belonging to the following genera (D. Sharp) :—

Acorynus, 301.— Anthribus, 319.— Apion, 293. — Apolecta, 318.—

Are@ocerus, 322.— Asemorhinus, n. g., 298. — Basitropis, 320.—

Blabirhinus, nu. g., 299.—Brachytarsus, 322.—Caccorhinus, un. g.,

321.—Choragus, 323.—Deropygus, nu. g., 326.—Eucorynus, 318.—

Litocerus, 301.— Notioxenus, 327.—Ozotomerus, 320.—Phleobius,

319. — Tophoderides, 298.— Tropideres, 301.—Ulorhinus, n. g.,

300.—Xylinades, 317.

Scaphinotus macrogonus, n. s., 229.

Scarites Durangoensis, n.s., 232.

Schizogenius multisetosus, n.s., 233.

Scythropasus nicaraguensis, n.s., 234.

Selenophorus aureocupreus, u.s., 241.—bradycelloides, n.s., 242.—cras-

siusculus, var. nigrescens, 244.—dispar, n.s., 243.— tarsalis, var.

liosomus, 242.

Sphodrus leucophthalmus and other beetles from a London granary

exhibited, xxvi.

Stenolophus lamprotus, n.s., 246.

Tachys decastichus, n.s., 261.

Tophoderides, 298.

Tropideres, new species described :—aberrans, 309.—basipennis, 310.—

brevirostris, 307.—bruchoides, 316.—concolor, 314.—conjinis, 309.—

crassicornis, 306.—cylindricus, 311.—debilis, 311.—difficilis, 317.—

distinguendus, 310. — flabellicornis, 305. — germanus, 304.— guttifer,

314.—imperfectus, 316.—incisus, 308.—latirostris, 303.—laxus, 304.—

longipes, 312.—nigrirostris, 302.—nodulosus, 308.—pardalis, 313.—

pectoralis, 315.—truncatus, 315.—vilis, 305.

Ulorhinus, nu. g., 300. U. funebris, n.s., 301.

Xenodromius, n. g., 272. X. Flohri, u.s., 272.

Xylinades japonicus, n.s., 317.

Zuphium punctipenne, n.s., 266.

DIPTERA.

Diptera, species of, remarks on, xxi.—species from Norway, exhibited,

Xx.

Hammatorrhina bella, alluded to, ii.

Hessian Fly, life-history of, 11, 329.

Hypoderma bovis from Plumstead, exhibited, xxii.

Lestophonus icerye, alluded to, vi.

Psychodide, collection of, from Somersetshire, exhibited, xii.

Psychodidae, synonymic notes on, xxv,

(i licae)

HEMIPTERA.

Fulgora bullata,n.s., 519.—effusa, n.s., 518.—gemmata, alluded to, 519.

—karenia, n.s., 517.—pyrorhyncha, alluded to, 518.—pythica, n.s.,

517.—Whiteheadi, alluded to, 518.

Icerya egyptiaca, exhibited, vii—Purchasi, alluded to, 361.

Siphonophora artocarpi, note on, 413.

HYMENOPTERA.

Ademon, 12. A. decrescens, 12.

Apis, dark coloured form of, from Tunis, xxvi.

Biosteres, 50. B. bicolor, 52. — blandus, 54. — carbonarius, 51.—

hemorrhoiis, 53.—impressus, 52.—placidus, 56.—rusticus, 54.—

scabriculus, 55.—sylvaticus, 56.—Wesmaeli, 55.

Diachasma, 57. D. caffer, 58.—cephalotes, 58.—fulgida, 59.—rugosa, 61.

Hurytenes, 16. E. abnormis, 17.

Gnamptodon, 13. G. pumilio, 14.

Hedylus, n.g., 14. H. habilis, n.s., 16.

Hypolabis, alluded to, 27.

Opiides, 7. Opius, 17. O. emulus, 40.—ethiops, 39.—-analis, 28.—

apiculator, 23.—bajulus, 43.—cesus, 45.—celsus, 29.—cingulatus, 35.

—clarus, 24.—celatus, 46.—compar, n.s., 32.—crassipes, 30.—docitlis,

37.—exilis, 26.—funebris, synonym of O. pygmeator, 22.—instabilis,

31.—irregularis, 35.—leptostigmus, 36.—lugens, 21.—maculipes, 34.

—nitidulator, 38.—ochrogaster, 32.—pactus, 39.—pallidipes, 27.—

parvulus, 36.—pendulus, 22.—polyzonius, 41.—procerus, synonym

of Biosteres carbonarius, 51.—pygmeator, 22.—reconditor, 45.—

rudis, 44, —ruficeps, 42.—sevus, 30.—spretus, 25. — tacitus, 26.—

testaceus, 47.—truncatus, 43.— victus, 24.—vindex, 29.— zelotes,

n.s., 40.

Polyrachis spiniger, alluded to, xvii.

Rhabdospilus, alluded to, 57.

Rhinopsis ruficornis, exhibited, x.

Sima rufo-nigra from Bengal, exhibited, x.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Abraxas germana, n.s., 143.

Acidalia irrorata, n.s., 215.—madere, u.s,, 213.—unostrigata, n.s., 214.

Wollastoni, n.s., 215.—zargi, n.s., 214.

Acrea Admatha, 171.—Obeira, 172.

Adela cuneella, n.s., 88.

African Micro-Lepidoptera, species described and alluded to, belonging

to the following families and genera (Lord Walsingham) :—

Adela, 88.—A gisana, 87.—Anacampsis, 94.—Anarsia, 111.—Anchinia,

114.— Anorthosia, 110.— Apiletria, 106.—Argyrotoxa, 66. —

Atychiada, 78.—Atychia, 78.—Autochthonus, n. g., 82.

( thet)

Bactra, 70.— Barbaroscardia, u. g., 84.— Batrachedrine, 125.—

Blabophanes, 87.— Blastobasis, 122. Brachmia, 94.— Brachy-

crossata, 98.—Butalis, 122.

Cacochroa, 114.— Cacecia, 64.— Ceromitia, 87.— Choreutes, 77.—

Cnemidolophus, 116.—Compsoctena, 85.—Conchylis, 69.—Copto-

loma, 76.—Cosmopteryx, 124.—Cryptolechia, 114.

Depressaria, 113.—Dichelia, 131.—Dicrorhampha, 76.—Dissoctena,

81.

Eccopsis, 70.—Hudemis, 70.—Eustixis, 92.—EHretmocera, 123.

Gelechia, 92.—Glyphipteryx, 116.—Gracilaria, 125.—Gymnogramma,

92.

Hyponomeuta, 89.

Ide, 113.—Idiopteryx, n.g., 104.

Lasioctena, 85.—Laverna, 117.—Lecithocera, 104.—Licmocera, n. g.,

128.—Loxotenia, 65.—Lyonetiane, 127.

Megacraspedus, 109.—WMicropostega, n. g., 130.—MWicrothauma, n. g.,

127.

Nemophora, 87.—Nemotois, 89.—Nepticuline, 128.—Nothris, 108.

Odites, n.g., 99.—Cicophorine, 114.—ddematopoda, 123.—CGita, 90.

—Oxymacheris, n.g., 129.

Pandemis, 66.—Penthina, 71.—Phecasiophora, 73.—Philobota, 115.

—Phoxopteris, 74.—Phycodes, 78.—Plutella, 92.—Polyhymno,

95.—Psecadia, 115.—Ptochewusa, 95.—Pyroderces, 119.

Scalidomia, n.g., 83.—Sericoris, 72, 131.—Setomorpha, 81.—Sime-

this, 77.—Stagmatophora, 118.—Stathmopoda, 120.—Stenoma,

101.—Strobisia, 97.

Taleporiane, 81.—Teras, 64.—Timyra, 105.—Tinea, 86.—Tortricide,

64.

Xylorycting, 113.

Ypsolophus, 107.

Zarathra, 125.

Agrotis pyrophila, series of, exhibited, ii.

Alamis yendola, n.s., 150.

Alana albopunctata, n.s., 491.

Alpenus eximia, n.s., 137.

Amphidasis prodromaria and A. betularia, hybrid between, exhibited, xvi.

Anarsia agricola, n.s., 111.—inculta, n.s., 112.

Anhyperythra, n.g., 485. A. hermearia, n.s., 485.

Anorthosia fracticostella, n.s., 110.

Anthocharis cardamines, varieties of, exhibited, xxxi, xxxiil.

Apiletria acutipennis, n.s., 106.

Aplecta nebulosa, melanic form of, named Robsoni, exhibited, xxvi.

Argynnis aglaia, variety from Norfolk, exhibited, xxvi. — alberta,

exhibited, ix.—frigga and pales from Norway, exhibited, xxvii.

Argyrotoxa flavicostana, n.s., 67.—tigrina, n.s., 66.—viridis, n.s., 68.

Artaxa pelona, n. 8., 1388.—rhoda, n.s., 138.

(bs)

Athyrma intorta, n.s., 150.

Atychia albiciliata, n.s., 78.

Autochthonus, n.g., 82. A. chalybdiellus, n.s., 82.

Barbaroscardia, n.g., 84. B. fasciata, n.s., 84.

Barsine chromatica, n.s., 135.—delicia, n.s., 477.—linatula, n.s., 135.

Betharga lycoides and other moths exhibited and remarked on, xxvii.

Bizone peregrina, alluded to, 136.

Blastobasis irroratella, n.s., 122.

Boarmia Wollastoni, n.s., 217.—var. obscura, 218.

Botys lupulinalis from Hartlepool, exhibited, xxvii.

Brachycrossata, 98. B. marginata, u.s., 99.

Bryophila maderensis, n.s., 205.

Bryotropha obscurella from Hartlepool, exhibited, xxvii.

Butalis subeburnea, n.s., 122.

Cacecia occidentalis, n.s., 64.

Callimorpha hera from Teignmouth, exhibited, xxvii,

Capnodes cascalis, n.s., 153.

Caradrina taraxaci, &c., exhibited, xvi.

Carige rachiaria, u.s., 492.

Chionobas subhyalina, exhibited, ix.

Chrysoclista bimaculella, exhibited, xxxiii.

Cidaria fecunda, n.s., 493.—furva, n.s., 494.—scortea, n.s., 493.

Citheronia regalis, from Iowa, exhibited, xxiv.

Clelia discriminis, n.s., 474.

Cleogene niveata and peletieraria, alluded to, 497.

Cleora nebulosa, n.s., 488.

Coleophora maritimella and vibicigerella, larve of, exhibited, xvii,

Colias elis, exhibited, ix.

Conchylis tricolor, n.s., 69.

Coptoloma dimidiata, n.s., 76.

Coremia centro-strigaria, 219.

Cosmopteryx cognita, n.s., 124.

Crenis Benguele, exhibited, x.

Crocidophora griseifusa, n.s., 153.

Curubasa depicta, n.s., 146.

Cyclosia hamiltoni, n.s., 475.

Daphnis hypothous captured at Crieff, N.B., exhibited, ii.

Deilemera carissima, n.s., 477.

Deilephila ewphorbie from Cornish coast, exhibited, xxxi.

Depressaria inornatella, n.s., 113.

Dichromia mollis, n.s., 481.

Dicrorhampha excisa, n.s., 76.

Dindica para, n.s., 490.

Dissoctena affinis, n.s., 81.

Dorika curta, u.s., 146.

Eccopsis ? nebulana, nu, s., 71.

(bcs)

Elachysta cingilella, exhibited, xxxiii,

Endromis versicolora, larvee of, exhibited, xv.

Ennomos autumnaria, temperature experiments on, 161.

Epinephele janira, bleached specimen of, exhibited, xx.

Epunda albostigmata, n.s., 206.

Epyrgis cuprea, n.s., 475.

Eviogaster lanestris, cocoons of, xv, XXXVii.

Eronia hippia, gynandromorphous specimen of, 1.

Eubolia rupicola, 218.

Eupithecia extensaria, exhibited, xviii.

Euproctis illanta, n.s., 138.

Eupterote hirsuta, n.s., 139.

Euschema nelera, n.s., 141.—percota, n.s., 142.

Eusemia ochracea, synonym of Xanthospilopteryx pardalina, 290.—

meretriz, synonym of X. africana, 287.—nugatrix and «xanthopyga,

synonyms of X. Geryon, 288.

Gelechia hutchinsonella, n. s., 93.—ocellata, exhibited, x.—osseella,

exhibited, xxxiiii—palpigera, n.s., 94.

Geometra smaragdaria, exhibited, xviil.

Glyphipteryx grapholithoides, n.s., 116.

Gonepteryx cleopatra, exhibited, xviii.

Gortyna intermixta, n.s., 480.

Gracilaria apicistrigata, u.s., 126. — bifasciata, n.s., 126. — punctulata,

n.g., 125.

Gymnogramma hutchinsoni, n.s., 92.

Gymnoscelis bicoloria, n.s., 220.

Gynatocera zara, n.s., 476.

Gyrtona exsicca, n.s., 149.

Hadena atlanticum, u.s., 207.—chenopodii and other species, effect of

change of climate on, 506.

Harpyia wisei, n.s., 139.

Hemerophila madera, n.s., 216.

Hydrusa actea, n.s., 474.—baiea, n.s., 473.—era, n. s., 473.

Hyela senna, n.s., 148.

Hypena daria, n.s., 482.—laxia, n.s., 483.

Hyperythra phenix, n.s., 484.

Hypochrosis intexta, n.s., 145.

Hypochrysops, new species described :—alyattes, 193.—architas, 191.—

cratevas, 191.—rovena, 184.—seuthes, 192.

Species described or alluded to :—anacletus, 190.—apelles, 186.

—arronica, 192.—bubases, 194.—chrysanthis, 187.—celisparsus, 188.

—delicia, 186.—dicomas, 185. — doleschalli, 193.— elegans, 194. —

epicletus, 184.— epicurus, 186.—eucletus, 188.— halyetus, 185.—

hecalius, 187. — herdonius, 194.— hippuris, 194. — hypates, 187. —

hypocletus, 182. —ignita, 185. —livius, 189.— narcissus, 189.— poly-

cletus, 182.—protogenes, 189.—pythias, 190.—rex, 183.—scintillans,

191.—theon, 193,—zeuxis, 190.

(bani)

Hyponomeuta puncticornis, n.s., 90.

Ide complanella, n.s., 113.

Idiopteryx, n. ey 104.

Kalmina, n.g., 480. K. ochracea, n.s., 481.

Khasia Hills, Heterocera from the, new species described belonging to

the following genera (Col. Swinhoe) :—Alana, 491.—Anthyperythra,

n.g., 485.—Barsine, 477.—Carige, 492.—Cidaria, 493.—Clelia, 474.

—Cleora, 488.—Cyclosia, 475.—Deilemera, 477.—Dichromia, 481.—

Dindica, 490.— Epyrgis, 475. — Gortyna, 480. — Gynatocera, 476.—

Hydrusa, 473. — Hypena, 482. — Hyperythra, 484. — Kalmina, n.g.,

480. — Macaria, 492. — Marcala, 487. — Micronissa, n.g., 483.

(I. margaritata, alluded to, 484.)—Odontoptera, 485.—Ophthalmodes,

489. — Orgyia, 478. — Pingasa, 491. — Pydna, 479. — Redoa, 478. —

Sarcinodes, 488.—Selenia, 486.—Somena, 479.

Laverna gambiella, n.s., 117.—quinquecristata, n.s., 117.

Lecicothera flavipalpis, n.s., 105.—marginata, n.s., 104.

Licmocera, n.g., 128. L. lyonetiella, n.s., 128.

Lycena antanossa, 173.—argiades, from Bloxworth Heath, Dorset,

exhibited, xxvi; from Somersetshire, exhibited, xxxi.—eurypilus

and zephyrus, and other species alluded to, 499-502.

Lycenesthes neglecta, n.s., 175.

Macaria temeraria, n.s., 492.

Madeira, Lepidoptera collected in, by the late T. Vernon Wollaston,

species described or alluded to belonging to the following genera

(G. T. Baker) : — Acherontia, 204. — Acidalia, 213.— Acontia, 211.—

Agrotis, 205.— Argynnis, 201. — Boarmia, 217. — Bryophila, 205. —

Calymnia, 210.— Caradrina, 210.— Cidaria, 220. — Colias, 199.—

Coremia, 219. — Cucullia, 211. — Deilephila, 204. — Deiopeia, 204.—

Epunda, 206. — Eriopus, 207. — Eubolia, 218.— Gymnoscelis, 220.—

Hadena, 207.—Hecatera, 205.—Heliothis, 211.—Hemerophila, 216.

—Hemithea, 212.—Hypena, 212.—Hypenodes, 212.—Leucania, 210.

—Lycena, 200.—Macroglossa, 204.—Mamestra, 205.—Nemoria, 212.

—Nonagria, 209.—Nyssocnemis, 209.—Pararge, 202.—Phlogophora,

208.—Pieris, 198.—Plusia, 211.—Polyommatus, 200.—Prodenia, 208.

—Rhodocera, 199.—Satyrus, 202.—Sphinz, 204.—Spintherops, 212.

—Sterrha, 219.—Thalpochares, 211.—Vanessa, 200.—Zonosoma, 215.

Mamestra madere, n.s., 205.

Marcala varians, un. s., 487.

Marimatha freda, n.s., 147.

Masalia dora, n.s., 147.

Matella ewphrona, n.s., 151.

Megacraspedus suffusellus, n.s., 109.

Messata acinia, n.s., 141.

Micronissa margaritata, synonym of Urapteryx margaritata, 484.

Micropostega, n.g., 130. MM. eneofasciata, n.s., 130.

Micropteryx calthella, notes on, xvili,

( din °}

Microthauma, n.g., 127. M. metallifera, n.s., 127.

Nagadeba mistura, n.s., 151.

Nemoria nubigena, 212.

Nemotois humilis, n.s., 89.

Nephopteryx splendidella from Hartlepool, exhibited, xxvii.

Nepticula auromarginella from Weymouth, exhibited, x.

Nisaga teta, n.s., 140.

Nonagria sacchari, 209.

Nothris bryophilella, n. s., 108.

Nyssocnemis dubiosa, n.s., 209.

Odites, n.g., 99. O. carterella, n.s., 103.—<inconspicua, n.s., 103,—

natalensis, n.s., 102.

Odontoptera nemea, n.s., 485.

(ta carteri, n.s., 90.

Oglasa costiplaga, alluded to, 153.

Ophthalmodes lectularia, nu. s., 489.—pulsaria, n.s., 489.

Orgyia interjecta, n.s., 478.

Oxymacheris, n.g., 129. O. niveo-cervina, n.s., 129.

Penthina brevibasana, n.s., 71.

Peronea cristana, dark form from the New Forest, exhibited, xxvii.

Phecasiophora basicornis, n.s., 74.—variabilis, n.s., 73.

Philobota virgo, n.s., 115.

Phlogophora Wollastoni, n.s., 208.

Phoxopteris falcata, nu. s., 75.—oculifera, n.s., 75.

Phycodes albitogata, n.s., 80.—punctata, n.s., 78.—substriata, n.s., 79.

Pieris napi, var., and other species from Sligo, exhibited, xxxi.

Pingasa alba, u.s., 491.

Plotheia frontalis from Ceylon, varieties of, exhibited, vii.

Plusia moneta from Tonbridge, exhibited, xviii.

Poaphila erica, n.s., 149.

Polyhymmno cledorella, n.s., 95. P.? tenwis, n.s., 96.

Prothoé belisama, n.s., 403.—caledonia from Perak, exhibited, xii.

Pseudonymphula petula, n.s., 169.

Pterogonia, n.g., 152. LP. episcopalis, n.s., 152.

Pydna notata, nu. s., 479.

Pyroderces simplex, u.s., 119.

Redoa dica, n. s., 478.—nigricilia, n.s., 478.

Reselia culaca, n.s., 137.

Sarcinodes susana, uu. s., 488.

Scalidomia, n.g., 88. S. horridella, alluded to, 84.

Scoria dealbata, larve of, exhibited, xxii.

Selenia codra, n.s., 486.—murina, n. s., 487.—illustraria, experiments

on, 157, vii.

Sericoris apicipunctana, n.s., 72.

Sesia scolieformis from Rannoch, exhibited, xxxiii,

Simethis flavimaculata, n.s., 77,

( ixy)

Somena magna, n.s., 479.

Southern India, new species of moths from, belonging to the following

genera (Col. Swinhoe) :—dAbrawas, 143.—Alamis, 150.—Alpenus, 137.

—Artaxa, 138. — Athyrma, 150.—Axylia, 145.— Barsine, 135.—

Bizone, 135.—Capnodes, 153.—Crocidophora, 153.—Curubasa, 146.

—Dorika, 146.—Euproctis, 138.—Eupterote, 189.—Euschema, 141.—

Gyrtona, 149. — Harpyia, 189.— Hyela, 148. — Hypochrosis, 145.—

Marimatha, 147. — Masalia, 147. — Matella, 151. — Messata, 141.—

Nagadeba, 151.—Nisaga, 140.—Oglasa (alluded to), 153.—Poaphila,

149. — Pterogonia, n.g., 152. — Reselia, 137.— Syntomis, 134.—

Tarache, 148.—Tascia, 133.—Thalassodes, 144.—Zomia, 144.

Spilonota pauperana, exhibited, xxxiii.

Stagmatophora distincta, n.s., 119.—fasciata, n.s., 118.

Stathmopoda crassella, n.s., 121.—divisa, n.s., 121.—maculata, n.s., 120,

Strobisia, 97. S. metallica, n.s., 97.

Syntomis lydia, n.s., 184.—magna, un, s., 133.—mota, n.s., 134.

Tarache melanchlena, n.s., 148.

Tascia gana, n. s., 183.

Thalassodes melica, n.s., 144.

Timyra extranea, n.s., 105.

Tinea subtilella from Portland Island, exhibited, x.—zebra, n.s., 86.

Tortrix donelana from Tuam, exhibited, xxiv.

Xanthosptlopteryx, 279.—X. adulatrix, 290.—emulatrix, 284.—africana,

287.—Aisha, n.s., 291.—Butleri, 291.—contigua, 286.—Koa, 285.—

Fatima, u.s., 288.—Geryon, 287.—Hornimani, 282.—indecisa, 287.—

incongruens, 289.—longipennis, 286.—mozambica, 285.—nigridorsa,

286.—niveosparsa, 284. — pallida, 283. — pardalina, 290. — pentelia,

292.—erdix, 285.—Poggei, 283,—superba, 289.—terminatis, 284,—

Thruppi, 289.—tigrina, 282.

Ypsolophus gigas, n.s., 107.—marmoratus, n, s,, 108,

Zarathra muricicoma, n.s., 125.

Zerites Orcas, n.s., 176.

Zomia miscella, n.s., 144.

Zonosoma maderensis, n.s., 216.

4Zygena filipendule, specimen with five wings, exhibited, x.— minos

dark specimens from Carnarvonshire, exhibited, xxxi.

NEUROPTERA.

Allocormodes, new name substituted for Cormodes, 512.

Ascalaphus obscurus, alluded to, 513.

Atropos pulsatoria, note on, xxxii.

Campylophlebia, n.g., 510. C. magnifica, n.s., 511.

Idricerus Albardanus, un. s., 514.—Elwesii, n. s., 512.— japonicus, n.s., 513,

Ptynx furciger, n.s., 509. z

ORTHOPTERA,

Acridoxena hewaniana, alluded to, 410.

Anisolabis tasmanica, alluded to, xxy.

(C lxwa ))

Corycus jurinei, alluded to, 411.

Decticus pallidus, synonym of Mecopoda elongata, 406.

Euthypoda, species alluded to: —acutipennis, 409.— granulosa, 409.—

inalata, 409.—kanguroo, 409.—unguiculata, 410.

Forficulide, species of, from Mount Wellington, Tasmania, exhibited, x,

—species exhibited, xxii.

Hemisaga hastata feeding on Danais chrysippus, xxi.

Lucera bicoloripes, synonym of Mecopoda elongata, 406.

Macrolyristes imperator, alluded to, 405.

Mecopoda, new species: — Karschi, 407.—regina, 408.—Walkeri, £07.—

Species alluded to :—cyrtoscelis, 406.—elongata, 406.—frontalis, 407

—lamellata, 406.—latipennis, 407.—platyphea, 407.

Mossula Salomonis, n.s., 411.—vitticollis, alluded to, 411.

Pachysmopoda abbreviata, alluded to, 409.

Phyrama interjectum, alluded to, 411.

Stalia foliata, synonym of, Acridoxena hewaniana, 410.

etralia quadrata, alluded to, 410.

THYSANURA.

Japysx solifugus, from the Eastern Pyrenees, exhibited, xix.

WEST, NEWMAN AND CO., PRINTERS, HATTON GARDEN, LONDON, E.C,

THE

TRANSACTIONS

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

For tHE YeEarR 1891.

ee Se

I. Notes on the genitalia of a gynandromorphous Kronia

Hippia. By Grores T. Baker, F.L.S.

[Read October Ist, 1890.]

PuateE I.

Some six months ago a gynandromorphous Hronia Hippia

v. Gea was exhibited at one of your meetings, the abdo-

men of which specimen (through the generosity of its

owner, Mr. Griffiths) has since been sent to me for

examination and dissection. I must admit that, though I

undertook the work with much interest, it was not with-

out a considerable amount of misgiving as to what the

result might be, which result I now propose to lay before

you.

The most important memoirs on the genitalia of

Rhopalocera are those by Dr. F. B. White and the late

Mr. Philip H. Gosse,* besides which we have also the

* Trans. Linn. Soce., vol.1., p. 857, and vol. ii., p. 265. Zoology.

Second series.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1891.—PART I. (MARCH.) B

2 Mr. G. T. Baker’s notes on the genitalia

investigations of Messrs. Scudder and Burgess ;* all of

these treat of the male organs only, whilst of the female

organs practically nothing has been published, though

they are certainly worthy of examination.

At the anal extremity of the insect under consideration

there was a considerable protrusion of some membrane,

either fatty or muscular, but evidently, from its nature

and colour, not chitinous. If fatty, it would be soluble

in ether; if muscle, liquor potasse would dissolve it.

I therefore first immersed it in the former, which did not

produce the slightest effect; so from this I put the

abdomen into a solution of potass, which caused the

emitted portion to disappear rapidly ; I therefore con-

clude that this membrane must have been muscular,

and arising from the general malformation of the butter-

fly, as it exhibited no signs of pressure or rough usage.

Having mounted it in the usual way (I did not dissect it,

but prepared the whole abdomen with all the organs

in situ, aS far as possible), I will now describe the whole

of the genitalia, comparing them with the same organs

of g and ¢ Hippia v. Gea, and will adhere to the terms

for the various parts as adopted by Dr. White and

Mr. Gosse.

It may be advisable to mention that my drawings were

all made: with a camera, Nos. 1 and 2 being magnified

about 153 diameters, No. 8, 81 diameters, Nos. 14, 18,

1p, and 4 about 47 diameters, and Nos. 1c and 24

about 233 diameters.

Valves, fig. la. The right valve is well-developed,

though slightly abnormal; it is roughly triangular in

shape, with the base hollowed internally, the upper

(internal) extremity of which is produced into a narrow

hooked finger curved slightly downwards, the lower

extremity being rounded ; the apex is likewise digitate,

but turned upwards. Between the upper extremity of

the base and the apex, about one-third of the distance

from the former, is hinged a curious arm-like pendant,

fitted with a sort of elbow attachment to a small excre-

scence on the margin, to which is fixed a hanging pro-

cess (fig. 1b1 and 18), which is evidently one of the ?

clasps (if I may so call them), the ? sex being provided

with a pair of weak clasps. The left valve is entirely

* *Proceedings’ of the Boston (U.S.) Soc. of Nat. Hist., April,

1870,

of a gynandromorphous Eronia Hippia. 3

abnormal. It is composed partly of the g valve and

partly, I think, of the ¢ clasp. It will be seen from the

figure lal that it is hollowed like a boat, open at one

end, and terminating in a point at the other, whilst from

about its centre rises a structure (fig. 1b), which. is

probably composed of the pendant, already mentioned,

und the other ¢ clasp, both being much aborted. The

two sides of the open end rise into two points, giving the

organ a curious appearance.

The tegumen and uncus (which Mr. Gosse looked

upon as separate organs, but which are not so in reality,

the latter being the terminal joint of the former) are

very abnormal.

The tegumen (fig. 1d), instead of being a regular hood-

like structure most developed posteriorly, 7.e., towards

the head of the insect, has only quite a slight hood-

formation at its hinder and upper portion, but is de-

veloped more forwards, becoming a fairly broad lobe at

its juncture with the uncus; furthermore, instead of

working by a double arm, one on each side the abdomen,

it has only a single armed attachment on the right side

(fig. 1d1).

The uncus (fig. 1c) is simply a finger-like extremity of

the tegumen, and is abnormally fixed into this organ,

not jointed to it as usual.

We now come to an organ that has not been mentioned

(so far as I can find) by any of my predecessors in these

investigations, viz., a sort of bag or little sack, which I

will call the ‘‘ saccus,”’ from the Latin ‘‘ saccus,” a bag

(figs. le and 2e). Itis an organ confined to the male

sex, wherein the working joints of both valves and tegu-

men have their seat. In the gynandromorphous speci-

men this is again abnormal, being simply a longish

narrow tube affixed on to the posterior extremity of the

valves, and into which the arm of the tegumen (fig. 1d 1)

is also fixed a little further along.

The penis (fig. 1/) is wonderfully developed, as it is

in all the species of this genus that I have examined. In

typical v. Gea it is a good-sized tube of fairly uniform

size, but in this specimen it is rather narrower for the

first three-fifths, when it suddenly expands out into a

large and broad termination, not unlike the butt-end of

arifle. There is also within this organ a sort of mem-

branous short tubular sack. This member is also

4 Mr. G. T. Baker’s notes on the genitalia

figured at 1c, magnified about 233 diameters, so that its

curious structure can thus be easily seen.

The ovarian sack is also present and well-developed,

with nothing unusual about it.

At fig. 14 the left abnormal ¢ clasp is shown magnified

about 47 diameters (in fig. 1 it is numbered J); it is

fixed on to the valve near the centre, and is somewhat

globose in shape, being attached to the valve by a

pyramidal neck, probably the other hanging pendant,

already mentioned. Similarly magnified at fig. 18 is the

right equally curious ? clasp (in fig. 1 numbered 51);

it is shown affixed to the arm-like pendant, so that the

structure of both the aborted clasp and the pendant is

readily seen. The ? clasp appears to be sufficiently

large to form almost the two ordinary clasps of this sex.

In my figure (No. 2) of the typical genitalia of 3

““v. Gea,” I have only drawn the one valve for the sake

of clearness, and the one arm of the tegumen and the

intromittent organ are shown dotted for the same reason.

The valve (fig. 2a) is similar to that already described,

but the inner curved extremity is more curved down-

wards, and the apex is longer and not curved quite so

sharply as in the gynandromorphous insect, and the upper

margin is produced upwards at about two-thirds from its

apex into a sort of knob, from which hangs the arm-like

pendant (fig. 2b), which is likewise similar to that just

described, only instead of having an elbow-jointed attach-

ment, it simply hangs from the margin of the clasp.

The tegumen (fig. 2d) is a well-developed hood of a

saddle-like shape, elongated posteriorly downwards, and

developed considerably more behind than before.

Dr. White describes the tegumen as forming ‘“‘a

chitinous ring more or less round the ventral are.” This

ring forms more correctly two arms (fig. 2 d1), each fixed

in the saccus, and being capable of motion fore and aft,

and also, to a certain extent, of lateral movement.

The uncus (fig. 2c) forms the extremity of the tegu-

men, and in y. Gea is somewhat the shape of a chough’s

bill, but broader at the tip in proportion, the apex of

which les between the upper margins of the two valves.

It is probably capable of independent motion in a vertical

direction, but I think is most likely incapable of further

movement apart from the tegumen, to which it is jointed.

The saccus (fig. 2e), whereto the joints of both valves

of a gynandromorphous Eronia Hippia. 5

and tegumen are affixed, is a well-developed bag, rounded

at the bottom and open, as a bag, at the top.

The penis (fig. 2) is rounded at its hinder extremity,

of moderately uniform width, slightly expanding near its

tip, where it is wrapped up into many small folds, and

from this is, I suppose, capable of grea expansion at

this end (see also fig. 24).

The external genitalia of the 2 Gea are shown at

fig. 3, and consist of a very simple pair of clasps, if I

may so term them: they usually spring from the upper

part of the abdomen, and incline downwards, and are

mostly covered with a mass of fine bristles, each arising

from a small warty protuberance.

It will be seen from these descriptions and figures that

the gynandromorphous specimen is more ofa ¢ than @

in its generic organs. The wings similarly coincide with

the genitalia, the right wings having ¢ coloration, and

the left 2; whilst in like manner the right organs

are more characteristic of the ¢ than those on the left

side.

I will now draw attention to a very curious organ

found occasionally in the ovarian sack of many lepi-

dopterous genera (but more especially, I believe, in

the Pieride), which is present both in the abnormal

v. Gea, and also in the normal female examined by me.

These are figured at lp and 4. The shapes vary much

in different genera, but, so far as my experience goes,

each genus follows one form in a more or less modified

shape ; for instance, among the earlier Pieride the form

is generally somewhat akin to fig. 4, viz., the normal v.

Gea, which is doubly ovate, joined together by a narrow

neck, and studded all over with formidable teeth. It is

enclosed in a tight-fitting sack (not visible in my figure,

as I only discovered it when closely examining the organ

under a high power). From this form it becomes much

modified as we approach the genus Colias, where its

shape almost entirely loses the ovate appearance. It will

be seen from fig. 1p that in the gynandromorphous

specimen its form is simpler, being somewhat that of a

thick short club, which is destitute of the close-fitting

sack, but lies bare within the ovarian sack, this being

quite distinct from the former one. The only work in

which I can find any mention of this organ is in that

most valuable one by Salvin and Godman.

6 Genitalia of a gynandromorphous Eronia Hippia.

Having no suggestions to make on its probable use, I

ought perhaps to apologise for bringing it before your

‘notice ; my object, however, is simply to hear what other

insect anatomists have to say on the matter, and thus

elucidate a curious and interesting organ.

EXPLANATION OF Puate I.

Fic. 1.— All the genitalia, im sitw, of the gynandromorphous

: v. Gea. a, right valve; al, left valve; band 61,

abnormal ? clasps; c, uncus; d, tegumen; d1, arm of

tegumen; e, saccus; f, intromittent organ.

14 and 18.— 2 abnormal clasps, further magnified.

1c.—Intromittent organ, further magnified.

1p.—Curious organ found in ovarian sack.

Fic. 2. — Genitalia of Hronia Hippia v.Gea (typical). a, valve ;

b, pendant; c, uncus; d, tegumen; d1, arm of tegu-

men; e, saccus; f, intromittent organ.

24.—Intromittent organ, further magnified.

3.— ? clasps of typical v. Gea.

4.—Curious organ found in ovarian sack of typical v. Gea.

(hides

Il. A Monograph of British Braconide. Part IV.

By the Rev. Tuomas A. Marsuatt, M.A., F.E.S.

[Read November 5th, 1890.]

PLATE II.

XXIII. OPIIDES.

Clypeus either fitting closely to the mandibles, or raised in front

so as to leave a narrow transverse aperture. Occiput concave, not

margined (except in Ademon). Maxillary palpi 6-, labial 3—4-

jointed. Mesothoracic sutures more or less complete or effaced.

Wings ample, longer than the abdomen; fore wings with 3 cubital

areolets, the 2d oblong or trapeziform, usually much broader than

high; stigma lanceolate, attenuated, seldom elliptic or ovate ;

radial areolet ample; recurrent nervure evected, seldom inter-

stitial and very rarely subrejected; prediscoidal areolet usually

petiolated. Radius and cubitus of the hind wings faintly traced or

obsolete; basal nervures and prebrachial transverse generally

distinct: the hind wings occasionally exhibit a pobrachial trans.

verse nervure, more or less rudimentary (ef. in the fig., see

‘** Horismology of Wings,” Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 8). Abdo-

men subsessile or subpetiolated, usually short, ovate, or globose,

somewhat more elongate in the g; suturiform articulation obsolete

(except in Ademon and Gnamptodon), the other sutures visible.

Terebra generally concealed or very short ; rarely half as long, or

as long, as the abdomen.

Head as broad as the thorax or broader; antenne slender,

filiform, usually longer than the body; face almost always cari.

nated down the middle; mandibles large, often emarginate at the

base beneath; palpi short (except in Hedylus) ; vertex convex

posteriorly, merging insensibly into the occiput; ocelli small, de-

pressed; prothorax generally inconspicuous; mesothorax com-

monly without distinct sutures, but in other cases these are

variously developed; often a rounded or oblong impression is seen

just before the scutellum ;* abdomen showing 7 segments above, of

** Not to be confounded with the transverse cancellated fovea at

the base of the scutellum, which is common to most parasiti

Hymenoptera.

TRANS. ENT. $0C. LOND. toot er I. (MARCH.)

8 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

which 2—3 are connate and much the longest; the 2d suture

almost always invisible, except in Gnamptodon; 1st segment

short, seldom more than 4 of the length of the abdomen, some-

what dilated posteriorly, narrower than the following segments,

and variously sculptured. Radial areolet cultrate, ending not far

from the extremity of the fore wing; stigma from ovate or lanceo-

late, becoming more and more linear and elongate until it occupies

$ of the metacarpus, asin the inferior Alysiides ; 2d cubital areolet

also elongate and attenuated in various degrees; usually the sides

converge slightly towards the extremity of the wing, but some-

times they are almost parallel; 2d intercubital transverse nervure

faintly traced or extinct; pre-and pobrachial areolets equal, or the

latter somewhat the longer; cubitus more or less effaced after

passing the transverse nervures. The legs offer no peculiarity.

The Opiides form a natural group of considerable

extent, found in both hemispheres, more abundantly in

the northern and central countries. They are well

placed next to the Alysiides, from which some of them

are not distinguishable at first sight ; but the latter may

always be known by their everted mandibles. Many

Opiids also resemble the Bracons; but they have not

the oral aperture peculiar to the Cyclostomi; they differ,

moreover, in the habits of their larve, and in having for

the most part a concealed terebra. They do not settle

upon flowers, but frequent shady places, where they may

be captured, though never abundantly, upon low plants

in the neighbourhood of water. Their parasitism has

seldom been observed, but Goureau reared several from

dipterous larve belonging to the genera Chilosia, Cor-

dyla, Tephritis, and Phytomyza ; and, according to Ratze-

burg, they also attack Lepidoptera: not Coleoptera, for

Opius rubriceps, Ratz., parasite of Scolytus, is a Ceno-

coclius.

The genus Opius is of Wesmael’s creation; he described

40 species, including Haliday’s Ademon, which the

latter writer, following Nees v. Esenbeck, considered as

a section of Rhogas ; but, from the absence of the oral

aperture proper to a Cyclostome, it is better placed in

its present position. The only other writer who has

much elucidated the groups is Haliday, whose mono-

graph extends to 49 British species; one of these con-

stitutes his genus Gnamptodon, and, of the rest, 22 were

unknown to Wesmael. ‘Ten species were previously

British Braconide. 9

known to Nees v. Esenbeck, and arranged by him in the

genus Bracon, Sectio III. (Mon., i., pp. 52—60). Six

of these have been recognised and extracted by Wesmael

and Haliday. Bracon singulator, Nees, and Opius

singularis, Wesm., are two different insects with names

too much alike. Of the species mentioned or described

by Ratzeburg, Opius rubriceps belongs to the genus

Cenocelius ; and O. ventricosus, occurring only in the

index, is a misprint for Ophion. In Forster’s Synopsis

(Verh. d. pr. Rheinl., 1862) no less than 25 genera are

proposed for the Opiides. Eight of them are founded

upon undescribed insects, and must be rejected as mere

names. The remaining 17 have not been of so much

use to me as I expected; they depend each upon some

trifling character peculiar to one species, and I found it

impossible to maintain them as genera. The following

names have therefore been here reunited to the genus

Opius or to Brosteres: Chilotrichia, Rhabdospilus, Holco-

notus, Allotypus, Therobolus, Hypocynodus, Hypolabis,

Biophthora, Desmiostoma, Nosopea, and Utetes. On the

other hand, I have retained Biosteres and Diachasma,

which represent the leading sections of Haliday and

Wesmael; each contains a group of similar species, and

so far fulfils one of the most essential functions of a

genus. Of the seven genera here adopted, the four first

consist, unfortunately, of a single species each ; yet they

seem too aberrant to be included under Opius.

Since the year 1836, when Haliday wrote in the 4th

vol. of the ‘ Hntomological Magazine,’ no notice has been

taken of the Opiids in this country, and hardly any

mention of them occurs in continental publications ;

they remain up to the present time among the most

neglected of all hymenopterous tribes. In this attempt

to reintroduce them to notice I have been unable to

obtain any assistance from others, and hence the amount

of new matter to be brought forward is necessarily small.

Haliday’s paper on Opius does not profess to be com-

plete; the reader is throughout referred to Wesmael for

detailed descriptions ; and this, together with extreme

conciseness, makes his work laborious to consult. I

have endeavoured to remedy this by presenting the

whole subject at one view, explained and arranged in a

uniform manner, and I have added a few figures of

unpublished forms in illustration of each genus.

10 Rey. T. A. Marshall's Monograph of

These insects cannot be identified successfully without

some attention to the preparation of the specimens.

The principal characters will always have to be taken

from the upper side, and with this object in view the

specimen must by no means be pinned, which renders

the display of the wings and legs almost impossible,

besides destroying the thorax,—but it must be neatly

set out on a card. It is necessary also in every case to

inspect the clypeus and the fovea or furrow of the pleure,

situated immediately above the middle coxe, and this

becomes impossible when the insect is fastened down

flat. It will not do to provide against one of these

difficulties and neglect the other; both must be over-

come, or the result will almost certainly be disappoint-

ment. The question then arises how two requirements,

apparently inconsistent with each other, can be fulfilled

with the least amount of trouble. One obvious mode of

proceeding is that which I have adopted for about two

years, viz., never to set a freshly taken Opius without

first inspecting, and writing down, the two characters

taken from the clypeus and the pleure. By this method

not a moment of time is wasted, future certainty is pro-

vided for, and the proper preservation of the specimen

isinsured. If this preliminary examination be neglected,

it is still possible so to set a specimen that it may be

removed from the card at pleasure, not without trouble,

but with very trifling trouble. Dr. Capron has explained,

in the ‘ Entomologist,’ how this may be effected, and it

is not necessary to repeat his remarks here. A dried

Opius, perfectly well-set, may be fixed on its card with

an almost invisibly small drop of gum under the thorax,

or better still, under the abdomen, leaving the antenne,

wings, and legs quite free. A wet camel-hair pencil

dissolves this gum in a moment, and the specimen may

then be examined in any position, and afterwards re-

turned to its card.

TABLE OF GENERA.

(2) 1. Occiput acutely margined; body scabrous,

not shining ; radial areolet aT

closed .. : . 1. ADEMON.

(1) 2. Oceput not raareeede senor al marines of bie

body shining, with only a few portions ru-

gose; radial areolet closed (except in Dia-

~ chasma caffer).

British Braconidae. 11

(4) 3. Second abdominal segment impressed with two

curved, transverse, punctate lines . .. li. GNAMPTODON.

(3) 4. Second abdominal segment with no mapresed

lines.

(6) -5. Second abscissa of the radius shorter than the

Ist intercubital nervure 36 .. lii, Hepyuus.

(5) 6. Second abscissa of the radius Aare to, or

longer than, the 1st intercubital nervure.

(10) 7. Second abscissa of the radius longer than the

Ist intercubital nervure.

_ (9) 8. Radius springing from the extreme base of the

stigma .. ; . iv. HuryTENEs.

(8) 9. Radius springing Hane any Sten point of the

stigma .. : v. OPpius.

(7) 10. Second abscissa of the Pains a aa fo. the ie

intercubital nervure.

(12) 11. Stigma of the usual form, short, ovate or sub-

triangular, never emitting the radius from

a point before the middle (except D. rugosa) vii. DiacHasMa.

(11) 12. Stigma elongate, narrow, emitting the radius

from the middle or from a point before it .. vi. BiosTEREs.

i. ApEMoN, Haliday.

Hal., Ent. Mag., 1., 266.

Clypeus reaching the mandibles, and closing the mouth; cheeks

defined by a cariniform line; occiput acutely margined; maxillary

palpi 6-, labial 4-jointed. Body subscabrous or coriaceous, not

shining. Prothorax distinct, deeply and transversely striated.

Mesothoracic sutures effaced; the middle lobe canaliculated, and

margined on either side by a raised line, which is highest in front.

Mesopleurz with a rugose furrow. Metathorax short, truncate,

coarsely and irregularly reticulated. Wings much longer than the

body, narrow; stigma wedge-shaped, attenuated, emitting the

radius beyond the middle; recurrent nervure interstitial; 2d

abscissa of the radius as long as the 1st intercubital nervure ;

radius and cubitus effaced after passing the 2d cubital areolet ;

pobrachial areolet somewhat longer than the prebrachial; hind

wings very narrow, their pobrachial areolet as long as 4 of the

prebrachial; no anal nervure. Legs elongate, slender; femora

and apex of the tibie subincrassated; claws elongate. Abdomen

sessile, depressed, scabrous, dull, with distinct sutures; the seg-

ments in the 9 widening from the base to about the end of the 2d,

which is as long as the 1st; 3d scarcely a quarter as long as the

2d; the rest very short, annuliform, tapering to the extremity,

Terebra concealed. In the g the sculpture is less rough, the

12 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

abdomen longer, more depressed, the posterior segments more

broadly visible, and the claws shorter.

1. Ademon decrescens, Nees. (Pl. II., fig. 1, 2).

Rogas decrescens, Nees, Mon., 1., 220; A. decrescens,

Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 104; Optus decrescens,

Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838, p. 148,

g f-

Resembles a small Rhogas. Variable; usually black ; mandibles,

palpi, and legs rufo-piceous. Antenne shorter than the body,

21—27-jointed ; basal joints of the flagellum elongate, the others

rapidly decreasing in Jength to the apex ; last joint not longer than

the penultimate; 3d joint equal to the 4 apical joints taken

together. Scutellum preceded by a cancellated fovea. Wings

variable (see infra); radix and squamula rufous, with a dark spot.

Abdomen @ oblong-ovate, subconvex; segments 1, 2 equal in

length, widened behind, densely punctulate or scabrous ; suturi-

form articulation curved, deeply impressed ; 3d segment punctu-

late, with the hinder margin smooth, forming a transverse carina ;

apical segments also smooth, or only the base of the 4th punctu-

late; posterior margin of all the segments ciliated. ¢ 9. Length,

1—12; wings, 23—3 lines.

Haliday arranges the principal varieties in two

sections :—

I. Wings infumated ; stigma and nervures fuscous; body black,

abdomen sometimes piceous behind. ¢ 9.

Var.1. Legs blackish, trochanters pale brown or yellow, base

of tibiz and tarsi sometimes pale.

Var. 2. Cox, femora, and base of tibie dull rufous; or legs

rufous, with the tibiz and tips of the tarsi dark.

Var. 8. Sides of prothorax rufous; the rest as in Var. 1.

II. Wings yellowish, clouded with fuscous at the base and apex;

stigma yellow; nervures becoming paler towards the ex-

tremity. Females only.

Var. 4. Black; prothorax rufous; posterior margin of segments

3—4, and following segments entirely, piceous. Legs blackish,

with yellow trochanters; base of the tibizx and almost the whole of

the tarsi, ferruginous.

Var. 5. Black; thorax in front, and abdomen after the 8d seg.

ment, rufous. Femora blackish brown; tibie brown; coxe and

greater part of the tarsi ferruginous; apex of femora and base of

British Braconidae. 18

tibie yellow. Sometimes a rufous patch on the occiput, and

another beneath the antenne.

Var. 6. Rufous; vertex, metathorax, and 1st abdominal seg-

ment, black; antennz black; legs fuscous; coxe, apex of femora,

base of tibie and of tarsi, flavo-testaceous; trochanters yellow.

Sometimes the metathorax and 1st segment are infuscated only in

the middle, or the abdomen and legs are more flavo-testaceous ;

the extreme base of the 4 posterior femora, with the apex of their

tibiz and tarsi, fuscous.

Rare and local in England; Walker’s collection con-

tained only a single specimen ; taken by Haliday much

more frequently in the Hebrides and in Ireland, where

he found it almost gregarious on aquatic plants by the

sides of rivers. I have seen no specimens except my

own, which were taken formerly by sweeping Nasturtium

officinale in a ditch near Aylestone, in Leicestershire ; at

that place the insects were not uncommon, but no

varieties occurred among them. Nees v. Esenbeck found

his specimen on water-cress near Sickershausen, and

received others from Bohemia and Italy. He has de-

scribed a second species as Rogas mutuator, distinguished

chiefly by the smoothness of the 3d abdominal segment ;

of this I captured a specimen in Corsica.

li. GNamptropon, Haliday.

Gnamptodon, Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 265 (1838).

Diraphus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838, p. 89.

Head transverse; clypeus separated from the mandibles by a

narrow space in the form of a crescent; labial palpi 3-jointed.

Mesothoracic sutures deep, impunctate, effaced posteriorly. Meso-

pleure smooth, without a furrow. Stigma ovate, lanceolate,

emitting the radius a little before the middle; radial areolet oblong,

lanceolate, ending not far from the tip of the wing; 2d abscissa of

the radius almost as short as the Ist, making the 2d cubital areolet

very narrow, trapeziform, and smaller than the Ist, which receiveg

the recurrent nervure near its apex ; pobrachial areolet longer than

the prebrachial; anal nervure not interstitial. Abdomen sub-

sessile, ovate; Ist segment obconic, striolate, bicarinate; 2d im-

pressed near the base with an arcuate, punctate, transverse line

across the disk, and another near the apex; the concave side of

both impressions is towards the thorax; 3d suture superficial like

the 2d, not diarthrodial, a character peculiar to this genus. Terebra

very short, subulate, deflexed,

14 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

Nees v. Esenbeck described the single species of this

genus as a Bracon, and Wesmael founded for it a new

genus Diraphus, which he included among the Cyclo-

stomi; the oral aperture, however (if it can be so called),

is very different from that of the Braconoid genera, being

merely a transverse slit caused by the clypeus not

touching the mandibles, a structure characteristic of

many Opiids, in accordance with which Haliday referred

his genus Gnamptodon to its present place.

1. Gnamptodon pumilio, Nees. (Pl. IL., fig. 2, 2).

Bracon pumilio, Nees, Mon., 1., 90, 3 2.

G. pumilio, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 220, 3 ¢; fig. d

(wing).

Diraphus pygmeus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1888, p. 90, 3; pl. fig. F (abdomen).

Black, shining; belly testaceous ; oral parts, 4 or 5 basal joints

of antenne, and legs, yellow; claws fuscous. Head minutely

punctulate ; middle of the face smooth. Antenne about as long

as the body, filiform, 19—23-jointed. Wings hyaline, squamula

and nervures yellow, the latter very pale, mostly subobsolete ;

stigma fusco-testaceous ; podiscoidal areolet open at the extremity.

3 @. Length, 3—1; wings, 13—23 lines.

Not common ; taken by Nees in Franconia; by Hali-

day in the Hebrides and Iveland, on leaves of Betula

alba; by Wesmael in Belgium; found sparingly in

England; I have seen specimens in Fitch’s and Bignell’s

collections, and possess one myself, from which the

figure is taken. Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst., ii., 176)

notices a Bracon bred from Stigmonota dorsana, F.,

which he refers conjecturally to Wesmael’s Diraphus ;

but this gives no certain information, for the terebra of

this insect was half as long as the abdomen; Ratzeburg

compares it to Bracon titubans, Wesm.; it was not,

however, a genuine Bracon.

ii. Hmpynus, n.g.

Statura gracilis, antennis pedibusque elongatis. Clypeus apice

elevatus ; gene dilatz; palpi maxillares longissimi, labiales 4-

articuli. Mesothoracis sulculi distincti. Mesopleure sulco cre-

nato. Stigma fere ovale, radium ultra medium emittens; areola

cubitalis 2da parva, transversa, latere externo obsoleto, angulo

British Braconide. 15

interno fortiter producto; radii abscissa 2da nervo 1mo inter-

cubitali-brevior, abscissa lma perpaulo longior ; nervus recurrens

interstitialis; areola podiscoidalis non perfecte occlusa; nervus

cubitalis pone areolam cubitalem 2dam deletus. Alarum inferi-

orum areola pobrachialis prebrachiali plus quam dimidio brevior ;

nervus analis nullus. Abdomen subpetiolatum, sulcis transversis

nullis; suture preter primam obsolete; segmentum lum elon-

gatum fere lineave. Femina latet.

Form slender, with elongate antennz and legs. Clypeus raised

at the apex; cheeks dilated ; maxillary palpi very long, labial 4-

jointed. Mesothoracie sutures distinct. Mesopleure with a

crenate furrow. Stigma subovate, emitting the radius beyond the

middle; 2d cubital areolet small, transverse, its outer side obsolete,

its inner angle much produced; 2d abscissa of the radius shorter

than the 1st intercubital nervure, and very little longer than the

Ist abscissa; recurrent nervure interstitial; podiscoidal areolet

incompletely closed; cubital nervure effaced after passing the 2d

cubital areolet. Pobrachial areolet of the hind wings less than

half as long as the prebrachial; anal nervure none. Abdomen

subpetiolated, without transverse impressions; all the sutures after

the 1st indistinct ; Ist segment elongate, sublinear. Female not

known.

The unique insect here indicated is a true Opiid from

the structure of the mouth, though otherwise much like

an Alysia. The mandibles fit closely at the points; the

clypeus does not touch them in the middle, its lower

edge being raised so as to leave a small opening. Head

subcubic, buccate, widest behind, and broader than the

thorax; occiput concave, not margined; face sub-

carinated ; maxillary palpi remarkably long, reaching

to the hind cox. Middle lobe of the mesothorax trun-

cate anteriorly ; mesothoracic sutures impunctate, almost

effaced posteriorly; a punctiform fovea before the

scutellum. Abdomen as long as the head and thorax,

eradually widened to the truncated anus, and depressed,

appearing biarticulate from the extreme tenuity of the

sutures; lst segment rimulose, the rest smooth and

shining. The 2d cubital areolet is not longer than that

of Gnamptodon, but shorter, transverse, less contracted

at the tip, and much more acutely produced inwards;

the preediscoidal areolet is subsessile; the straight radius

reaches the top of the wing. With this may perhaps be

compared Forster’s undescribed genus Mesotages, in

Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 258.

16 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph ot

1. Hedylus habilis, n.sp. (PI. IL., fig. 3, ¢).

Niger, capite, antennarum basi, prothorace, mesothoracis lateri-

bus, abdominisque medio superne, testaceis. Palpi fere albidi.

Stemmaticum nigrum; vertex, occiput, piceo-rufa. Scutellum

etiam piceum. Ale hyaline, squamula, nervis, stigmate, pallide

fuscescentibus. Pedes flavidi coxis pallidioribus.

Black; head, antennz broadly at the base, prothorax, sides of

the mesothorax partly, and abdomen indeterminately in the

middle, testaceous. Palpi very pale, whitish. Stemmaticum

black ; vertex and occiput piceo-rufous. Scutellum piceous. Wings

hyaline, squamula, nervures, and stigma pale, fuscescent. Legs

yellowish, with paler coxe. g. Length, 13; wings, 33 lines.

Antenne slender, setaceous, twice the length of the body, 36-

jointed, the 3d joint much longer than the 4th; joints 1—8 testa-

ceous, the rest gradually darkened to the apex. Metathorax short,

sloping gradually, irregularly reticulated, with a smooth shining

space on either side of the base; the apical margin somewhat

acutely raised. Wings much longer than the abdomen; fore wings

ample, the nervures distinct, except the cubitus, the 2d intercubital,

and the extremity of the anal, which are effaced. Hind wings

narrow, ciliated with long pale hairs. First abdominal segment

scarcely dilated behind, 3 times longer than its apical breadth,

longitudinally convex with depressed lateral margins, rimulose,

black, the extreme base testaceous ; therest of the abdomen smooth,

shining, blackish, broadly and indeterminately testaceous on the

disk.

The only specimen was discovered by Bignell in South

Devon.

iv. Kurytenss, Forster.

Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 259.

Distinguished from Opiws only by its peculiar wings. Face

carinated ; mouth closed. Mesopleure impressed with a crenate

furrow. Mesothorax elevated, gibbous, subruguiose, without visible

sutures. Metathorax very short, abruptly sloping, contracted

behind. Fore wings ample, dilated and obtusely rounded at the

extremity; stigma very long and narrow, incrassated towards the

apex; radius springing from its extreme base; 1st abscissa making

a very obtuse angle with the 2d, but not in a line with it (as repre-

sented by Wesmael) ; 3d abscissa straight, reaching the end of the

wing, and enclosing a large cultriform radial areolet; 2d cubital

areolet larger than the Ist, both trapezoidal; recurrent nervure

British Braconide. 17

interstitial; cubital and anal nervures effaced towards their

extremity. Hind wings shorter by a half, narrow, linear. Abdo-

men almost petiolated ; 1st segment short, narrow, linear, rugulose,

with distinct tubercles; the following segments form a smooth

oval, as bread as the thorax. Terebra hardly exserted.

1. Hurytenes abnormis, Wesm. (Pl. II., fig. 4, wing).

Opius abnormis, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1835,

p- 117, pl. i, fig. 5 (wing) ; Hal., Ent. Mazg.,, iv.,

204, fig. c (wing, more correctly drawn); Ratz.,

Techn ae Horst., m5 62; oo:

Black ; abdomen dull testaceous or piceous; darker at the apex

in the g. Antenne (broken in my specimen) filiform, longer than

the body; 1st joint, tip of the 2d, and base of the 3d, testaceous.

Mandibles, palpi, and margin of the clypeus, pale testaceous.

Metathorax rugulose, except on each side of the base. Wings

hyaline, squamula, stigma, and nervures brownish. Legs testa-

ceous; tips of the hind femora, most part of their tibie, and their

tarsi, infuscated. g 9. Length, 1—1}; wings, 24—3 lines.

A single pair were discovered by Wesmael near

Brussels; a 2 in North Ireland by Haliday; a 3 at

Windsor by Walker; and a ? of unknown origin is in

my collection. Ratzeburg (/.c.) briefly mentions an

Opius paradoxus, bred by Bouché from the maggot of

Pegomyia bicolor, Wied., which had the wings of Hury-

tenes, except that the 2d and 8d cubital areolets were not

separated. The 2d intercubital nervure is subobsolete

in nearly all the Opiids, and I presume Ratzeburg’s

insect was the present species.

vy. Oprus, Wesmael.

Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835, p. 115; Hal.,

Ent. Mag., iv., 203.

Radial areolet closed; radius never springing from the base of

the stigma ; its 2d abscissa longer, often much longer, than the

1st intercubital nervure; stigma elongate, narrow. The other

characters are those of the subfamily (see ante).

The preceding genera given in the table cannot be

confounded with Opius ; of the two remaining genera,

Diachasma is at once recognised by the short oval stigma,

and Biosteres by the 2d cubital areolet, which is not

TRANS. ENT. §0C. LOND. 1891.—PaRTI. (MARCH.) Cc

18 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

horizontally elongate, the upper side being never longer

than the inner side. Diachasma and Biosteres agree in

the form of the 2d cubital areolet, but differ in the stigma,

which in Biosteres is elongate, like that of Opius. No

other structural differences of importance appear to exist,

and perhaps the separation of Diachasma and Buosteres

from Optus is a needless refinement.

Of the 40 species about to be described in this genus,

ochrogaster, ruficeps, and testaceus, Wesm., were unknown

to Haliday ; compar and zelotes are new species. Not

being possessed of all the species, I have been unable to

complete several of the existing descriptions, in which

important characters are sometimes omitted.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

(42) 1. Furrow of the mesopleure smooth, im-

punctate, or obsolete.

(41) 2. Recurrent nervure evected; seldom in-

terstitial or subinterstitial.

(20) 3. Mesothorax without a punctiform im-

pression before the scutellum.

(17) 4. Clypeus not reaching the mandibles;

mouth open.

(6) 5. First abdominal sepment: smooth, with-

out sculpture .. : ss

(5) 6. First abdominal eae more or less

rimulose or rugulose.

(8) 7. Antenne 19-jointed .. oc .. 2. pendulus, Hal.

(7) 8. Antenne with more than 19 joints.

12) 9. Antenne 21—28-jointed.

(12) j

(11) 10. Antenne 21—23-jointed, not longer

than the body, evenin the g; terebra

@ equal to one-half or two-thirds of

the abdomen; legs stout .. .. 3. pygmeator, Nees.

(10) 11. Antenne 27—28-jointed, longer than

the body, inthe g; terebra ? hardly

as long as the last segment of the

—

. lugens, Hal.

abdomen ; legs slender 90 .. 4. apiculator, Nees.

(9) 12. Antenne 31—34-jointed.

(14) 13. Legs rufous D0 ae de .. 5. clarus, Hal.

(13) 14. Legs flavo-testaceous.

(16) 15. Antenne broadly testaceous at the base 6. victus, Hal.

(15) 16. Antenne with only the scape pale .. 7. spretus, Hal.

(4) 17. Clypeus reaching the mandibles and

closing the mouth.

(19) 18. Upper side of the 2d cubital areolet

distinctly longer than the inner side;

antenn 30-jointed .. Sic .. 8. tacitus, Hal.

(18) 19

(3) 20.

(24) 21

(23) 22.

(22) 23

(21) 24.

(34) 25.

(27) 26.

(26) 27

(29) 28

(28) 29

(31) 30

(30) 31

(83) 32.

(82) 33

(25) 34

(36) 35.

(35) 36.

(38) 37

(37) 38

(40) 39.

British Braconidae. 19

. Upper side of the 2d cubital areelet

-hardly longer than the inner side;

antenne 26-jointed .. 50 S10

Mesothorax with a punctiform im-

pression just before the scutellum.

. Clypeus reaching the mandibles and

closing the mouth.

Apex of the abdomen black or pe

antenne 25—30-jointed ..

41—42-jointed a O3 a0

Clypeus not reaching the pean aibless

mouth open.

Abdomen entirely black or dark

piceous.

Second abscissa of the radius hardly

longer than the Ist intercubital ner-

vure; (antenne 37-jointed)

longer than the 1st intercubital ner-

vure.

. Second cubital areolet not narrowed

outwards, the upper and lower sides

being parallel ae 58

. Second cubital areolet narrowed out-

wards, the upper and lower sides

not parallel.

. Mesothoraciec sutures complete, though

shallow; legs of the 9 very stout ;

antenne 9 27-jointed 50

. Mesothoracie sutures effaced ; legs of

ordinary thickness in both sexes.

Recurrent nervure interstitial; an-

tenn 29—34-jointed

20—24-jointed

. Abdomen entirely or in great part tes-

taceous ; the 1st segment black.

Radial areolet ending acutely on the

fore border of the wing, much before

the extremity :

Radial areolet cultriform, ending at

or near the extremity of the wing.

. Mesothoracic sutures faintly but com-

pletely traced ; head of the 9 red

. Mesothoracie sutures obsolete; head

black in both sexes.

Abdomen (after the Ist segment)

wholly testaceous in the 9, black

at the apex in the g; tips of hind

tibie always fuscescent

9. exilis, Hal.

. 10. pallidipes, Wesm.

. Apex of the abdomen rufous; antenna

11. analis, Wesm.

. 12. vindex, Hal.

. Second abscissa of the radius distinctly

13. celsus, Hal.

14. crassipes, Wesm.

. 15. sevus, Hal.

. Recurrent nervure evected ; antenne

16. instabilis, Weam.

. 17. ochrogaster, Wesm.

18. compar, n. sp.

- 19. maculipes, Wesm.

(39) 40.

(2) 41.

(1) 42.

(72) 43.

(47) 44.

(46) 45

(45) 46.

(44) 47.

(49) 48.

(48) 49.

(61) 50.

(60) 51.

(53) 52.

(52) 53.

(55) 54.

(54) 55.

(57) 56.

(56) 57.

(59) 58.

(58) 59.

(51) 60.

(50) 61.

(63) 62.

(62) 63.

(65) 64.

(64) 65.

(67) 66.

(66) 67.

Rev. T. A. Marshall's Monograph of

Abdomen (after the 1st segment) tes-

taceous, with a fuscous band on each

segment, in both sexes; hind tibie

wholly testaceous ote

Recurrent nervure rejected ..

Furrow of the mesopleure crenate or

rugose.

Recurrent nervure evected.

Clypeus reaching the mandibles;

mouth closed.

. Abdomen (after the 1st segment) rufo-

testaceous; metathorax rugulose;

length 1} 1. ate 50

Abdomen entirely black or piceous;

metathorax smooth ; length # 1.

Clypeus not reaching the mandibles;

mouth open.

Mesothoracic sutures effaced

Mesothoracic sutures inchoate or com-

plete.

Mesothoracic sutures inchoate, effaced

posteriorly.

Abdomen wholly black or piceous, ex-

cept sometimes the base of the 2d

segment, which is more or less rufo-

testaceous.

Radial areolet ending acutely on the

fore border of the wing, much before

the extremity

Radial areolet cultriform, ending =

or near the extremity of the wing.

Antenne g only 21- ea legs

dark coloured a

Antenne with more ten 21 joints ;

legs rufo- or flavo-testaceous.

Legs rufo-testaceous

Legs flavo-testaceous.

Length 1 line; (antenne 9 27-jointed) 28.

Length 14 line; (antenne o 37—38-

jointed) :

Abdomen (after the Ist soqeons ioe

taceous, the hind borders of the

segments fuscescent 5 :

Mesothoracic sutures complete.

Head rufous... o8 56

Head black.

Scutellum rugulose ..

Scutellum smooth.

Humeral angles of the mesothorax

truncated Of 2

Humeral angles of the pvt liorax

rounded as usual.

. 20

. 21.

. 23.

24.

. 25.

. 26.

5) tle

o CRE

. 30.

. 31.

-. 32.

. 33.

. cingulatus, Wesm.

irregularis, Wesm.

22. leptostigmus, Wesm.

parvulus, Wesm.

docilis, Hal.

nitidulator, Nees.

éthiops, Hal.

pactus, Hal.

emulus, Hal.

zelotes, n. sp.

polyzonius, Wesm.

ruficeps, Wesm.

bajulus, Hal.

truncatus, Wesm.

British Braconide. Q1

(69) 68. Face and mesothorax scabrous, dull.. 34. rudis, Wesm.

(68) 69. Face and mesothorax smooth, more or

less shining.

(71) 70. Second abdominal segment scabrous,

dull .. ar o¢ 20 .. 35. cesus, Hal.

(70) 71. Second abdominal segment smooth,

shining Bo oc 00 .. 36. reconditor, Wesm.

(43) 72, Recurrent nervure rejected; rarely

interstitial. }

(74) 73. Face and thorax rugulose .. .. 37. celatus, Hal.

(73) 74. Face and thorax smooth.

(76) 75. Head, thorax, and abdomen testaceous;

terebra as long astheabdomen .. 38. testaceus, Wesm.

(75) 76. Head, thorax, and abdomen black,

sometimes with a few rufous marks ;

terebra subexserted.

(78) 77. Orbits black; antenne 36—42-jointed ;

1st abdominal segment short, broad;

2d without a transverse channel .. 39. rwipes, Wesm.

(77) 78. Orbitsrufous ; antenne 21—31-jointed ;

1st abdominal segment long, nar-

row; 2d impressed with a faint

transverse channel .. si -» 40. comatus, Wesm.

1. Optus lugens, Hal.

Opius lugens, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 206, ?.

Black, very shining. Clypeus not touching the mandibles.

Antenne as long as the body, 21—238-jointed. Palpi fusco-testa-

ceous. Mesothoracic sutures effaced. No punctiform impression

before the scutellum. Mesopleure with an impunctate furrow.

Metathorax quite smooth. Wings hyaline, stigma and nervures

fuscous ; radial areolet ending before the extremity of the wing ;

recurrent nervure evected; hind wings with a vestige of the

pobrachial transverse nervure. Legs fusco-testaceous; coxe

black; base of fore femora, 4 posterior femora almost entirely,

hind tibie, and tips of all the tarsi, fuscous. Abdomen sub-

orbicular ; 1st segment slender, narrowly obconic, entirely smooth.

Male unknown. Length, $ line.

According to Haliday, distinguished from apiculator

(sp. 4) by the somewhat broader stigma and shorter 2d

cubital areolet, attenuated towards the apex. Unknown

to me, but indicated as occurring rarely in England,

Ireland, and the Hebrides.

22 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

2. Opius pendulus, Hal.

O. pendulus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 205, f 2.

Black ; clypeus brown, not touching the mandibles; palpi very

long, testaceous, fuscous at the base. Mandibles testaceous,

dilated and emarginate at the base beneath. Antenne shorter

than the body, 19-jointed. Mesothoracic sutures effaced. No

punctiform impression before the scutellum. Mesopleure with an

impunctate furrow. Metathorax shining, almost smooth. Wings

hyaline, squamula piceous, stigma and nervures fuscous ; recurrent

nervure evected; Ist abscissa of the radius longer than in

pygmeator (sp. 3), not punctiform; radial areolet smaller; 2d

cubital areolet longer ; hind wings broader. Legs fusco-testaceous,

with black eoxe; base of tibiz, and a lateral streak on the femora,

paler; tarsi fuscous. First abdominal segment rimulose, some-

what shining. Terebra as long as one-fourth ef the abdomen.

Length, 1 line.

Unknown to me. Fouad by Haliday very rarely in

North Ireland; Walker took both sexes in the London

district.

3. Optus pygmeator, Nees.

Bracon pygmeator, Nees, Mon., i., 52; O. pygmeator,

Hal., Hint. Mag., iv-, 205, 3 2 -

O. funebris, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835,

p- 124, d¢.

Blaek, shining. Face faintly carinated; clypeus not quite

touching the mandibles, separated from the face by a semicircular

line ending on either side in a punctiform impression, black with

the apex pale, seldom entirely black; mandibles testaceous, broadly

dilated and almost always sinuated at the base; palpi blackish.

Antenne black, as long as the body, filiform, 21—23-jointed.

Thorax smooth and shining; sutures of the mesothorax effaced.

No punctiform impression before the scutellum. Mesopleure

with an impunctate furrow. Wings dull hyaline; nervures

brownish; stigma testaceous, elongate, narrow, attenuated at

both ends, emitting the radius at one-fourth of its length from the

base; 1st abscissa punctiform ; 2d not quite twice as long as the

1st intercubital nervure, which is twice as long as the 2d inter-

cubital nervure; this last is colourless and subobsolete; radial

areolet almost reaching the tip of the wing; recurrent nervure

evected. Legs stouter than in apiculator (sp. 4), pale piceous,

coxe black, Ist joint of the trochanters obscure ; femora dusky on

British Braconide. 23

their upper edge, the 4 posterior often almost entirely dark; tibie

more or less dusky towards the apex; tarsi dark, with the ends of

the articulations paler. Abdomen @ depressed, ovate; of the J,

narrower ; Ist segment obconic, with a basal fovea, the lateral

edges of which are cariniform; generally somewhat rugulose in

the middle and posteriorly. Terebra as long as 3 or 3 of the abdo-

men. ¢ 2. Length, 1; wings, 2 lines.

Common. Wesmael described O. funebris from 14

females and 3 males taken near Brussels. He expresses

a doubt whether it is the pyqmeator of Nees, but the

reasons for this uncertainty are very trivial, and Halli-

day has not hesitated to unite the two. Another diffi-

culty seems to be the colour of the stigma, described as

dark (noirdtre) by Wesmael, while, according to Nees,

and in all the English specimens, it is very pale fuscous,

or testaceous. The ? is remarkable in this genus for

the length of the terebra; the g# can only be dis-

tinguished from that of apiculator by its stouter legs and

shorter antenne.

4. Opius apiculator, Nees.

Bracon apiculator, Nees, Mon., i., 56; O. apiculator,

Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 206, 3 2.

Black ; mouth and palpi testaceous. Clypeus not touching the

mandibles. Antenne slender, filiform, as long as the body in the

?, longer in the $, 27—28-jointed, black, the 3 first joints often

more or less rufous. Mesothoracic sutures obsolete. No puncti-

form impression before the scutellum. Mesopleure with an im-

punctate furrow. Metathorax almost smooth. Wings ample,

much longer than the body, hyaline; nervures fuscous; stigma

narrow, elongate, piceo-testaceous, emitting the radius at about }+

of its length; 1st abscissa short but distinct; 2d one-half longer

than the 1st intercubital nervure ; 8d somewhat curved, reaching

the margin of the wing very near its extremity ; recurrent nervure

evected. Legs rufo-testaceous; base of hind coxe and apex of their

tibia fuscescent. Abdomen ovate; 1st segment rimulose, black,

somewhat piceous at the sides; 2d with two oblique impressions

indicating the gastroceeli. Terebra hardly as long as the last seg-

ment. ¢ ?. Length,3; wings, 2 lines.

Var. 1. Base of the 2d abdominal segment pale.

Var. 2. Hind coxe and femora fuscous above.

Var. 3. Scape of antennez, and legs entirely, testaceous. Hali-

day.

24 Rey. T. A. Marshall's Monograph of

Generally distributed, and common in woods, both in

England and Ireland. O. levis and exiquus, Wesm.,

were supposed by Haliday to be identical with this

species ; they have, however, the 1st abdominal segment

smooth, not rimulose, and in that respect resemble

rather O. lugens, Hal. (sp. 1). Iam not able, from the

want of specimens, to clear up the doubts attending

these little-known insects. O. apiculator, Nees, differs

from lugens, Hal., in having the 1st segment finely

rimulose, though still rather shining.

5. Opius clarus, Hal.

O. clarus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 206, ?.

Black; base of 2d abdominal segment rufous. Clypeus and

mandibles rufous, the latter emarginate beneath at the base, and

not touching the clypeus. Antenne 34-jointed, longer than the

body ; scape rufous. Mesothoracie sutures obsolete. No puncti-

form impression before the scutellum. Mesopleurze with an im-

punctate furrow. Metathorax smooth in the middle, rugulose on

the sides. Furrow of the mesopleure impunctate. Wings hyaline ;

squamula rufous ; nervures fuscous; stigma paler fuscous, narrow,

linear, lanceolate, emitting the radius before 4 of its length;

radial areolet nearly reaching the extremity of the wing; 2d

cubital areolet very little narrowed outwards; recurrent nervure

evected. Hind wings with a vestige of the pobrachial transverse

nervure. Legs rufous; fore coxe testaceous. First abdominal

segment oblong, rugulose; 2d segment rufous, determinately black

at the apex; the following segments black. Terebra subexserted.

Male unknown. Length, 1 line.

I have not met with any Opius which can be referred

with certainty to this species, which is not sufficiently

distinguished from spretus (sp. 7) ; in fact, no distinctive

character is pointed out except the uncertain difference

between rufous and flavo-testaceous. The locality also

is omitted.

6. Opius victus, Hal.

O. victus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 207, 2.

Black; mandibles and clypeus testaceous ; clypeus not reaching

the mandibles ; palpielongate, very pale ; face obsoletely carinated.

Antenne one-half longer than the body, 31—34-jointed, fuscous,

broadly testaceous at the base. No punctiform impression before

British Braconidae. 25

the scutellum. Mesopleure with an impunctate furrow. Meta-

thorax punctate-rugulose, somewhat shining. Wings elongate,

hyaline; squamula testaceous ; nervures and stigma fuscous, the

latter very narrow, linear, emitting the radius near its base ; radial

areolet reaching the extremity of the wing; 2d cubital areolet

elongate, not at all attenuated outwards, equal in length to the 3d;

recurrent nervure evected; podiscoidal areolet closed. Pobrachial

transverse nervure of the hind wings inchoate. Legs flavo-testa-

ceous; hind tibiew fuscous at the apex, their tarsi fuscous, the

articulations annulated with paler colour. First abdominal seg-

ment punctate-rugulose, black, somewhat shining, sublinear; 2d

fusco-testaceous, with a fovea on each side at the base. Terebra

exserted, very short. Male unknown. Length, 3—1 line.

This species 1s compared to analis, Wesm. (sp. 11),

but differs in having no punctiform impression before

the scutellum, the clypeus does not reach the mandibles,

the radius originates nearer to the base of the stigma,

the 1st abscissa is shorter, and the 2d cubital areolet

much longer. Unknown to me; taken by Haliday very

rarely, in autumn, on the banks of the Shannon.

7. Optus spretus, Hal.

O. spretus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 207, 3 2.

Black; base of the 2d abdominal segment testaceous. Form,

sculpture, and neuration of wings the same as in O. clarus (sp. 5),

only the colours somewhat different. Clypeus and mandibles

testaceous; clypeus not reaching the mandibles; palpi more

yellowish. Antenne 31—34-jointed, the scape testaceous. Meso-

thoracic sutures effaced. No punctiform impression before the

scutellum. Furrow of the mesopleure impunctate. Legs flavo-

testaceous; apex of hind tibie obscure, as well as their tarsi.

Second abdominal segment dull testaceous at the base, with an

obsolete fovea on each side; fuscous at the apex; belly pale.

Terebra subexserted. $2. Length, 1 line.

Taken by Haliday in North Ireland at the beginning

of October, also on the banks of the Shannon; Walker

found the g in England. The only difference between

this and O. clarus (sp. 5) seems to consist in the colour

of the legs, palpi, &c., which in the former species are

flavo-testaceous, and in the latter rufous. I have two

females taken respectively at Nunton, Wilts, and Bishop’s

Teignton, Devon, the legs of which are more yellow than

26 Rev. T. A. Marshall's Monograph of

red, and hence I am inclined to refer them to the present

species, rather than to O. clarus.

3. Opius tacitus, Hal.

O. tacitus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 207, 3.

Black; base of the 2d abdominal segment rufous. Face sub-

carinated; clypeus reaching the mandibles; both testaceous.

Antenne about one-half longer than the body, 30-jointed, broadly

rufo-testaceous towards the base. Mesothoracic sutures effaced.

No punctiform impression before the scutellum. Furrow of the

mesopleure impunctate. Metathorax rugulose. Wings hyaline ;

squamula testaceous ; nervures fuscous; stigma fusco-testaceous,

linear-lanceolate ; 2d cubital areolet attenuated outwards; recur-

rent nervure evected. Pobrachial transverse nervure of the hind

wings inchoate. Legs testaceous. First abdominal segment rugu-

lose. Length, 1 line.

? Var.1, 9. Smaller; base of antenne fuscous, only the scape

testaceous. Stigma narrower. Legs very pale testaceous. Second

abdominal segment fuscous; terebra briefly exserted. Length,

3 line.

Originally mixed up by Haliday with victus or spretus

(spp. 6, 7); from the latter it differs in having the joints

of the antenne longer, and the 2d cubital areolet shorter.

Compare Bracon circulator and orbiculator, Nees, Mon.,

i, 54, 55, the descriptions of which apply equally to

several species of Opius. I have not seen O tacitus,

which, according to Haliday, is very rare in North

Ireland; a single specimen was taken by Walker in the

London district.

9. Opus exilis, Hal.

O. extlis, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 208, °.

Similar to O. tacztus (sp. 8) and O. parvulus (sp. 23). Black;

2d abdominal segment rufo-piceous. Mouth testaceous; clypeus

reaching the mandibles. Antenne hardly longer than the body,

26-jointed ; scape testaceous. Mesothoracic sutures effaced. No

punctiform impression before the scutellum. Mesopleure with an

impunctate furrow. Metathorax shining only in the middle of the

base. Second cubital areolet short, attenuated outwards, its upper

side scarcely longer than the inner; recurrent nervure evected.

Legs testaceous, base of hind cox, and apex of all the tarsi,

fuscous. Male unknown. Length, $ line.

British Braconide. 27

Haliday says no more of this species, which, like

several others, can hardly be recognised by the descrip-

tion. It differs from the preceding in having fewer

joints in the antenne, and from O. parvulus by the im-

punctate furrow of the mesopleure.

10. Opius pallidipes, Wesm.

O. pallidipes, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1836,

p-. 118, ¢ 9; pl. ii., fig. 6 (wing); Hal., Ent.

-Mag., iv., 208; Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., i1., 62,

pl. i., fig. 81 (wing).

Black ; mouth testaceous; 2d or 3d abdominal segment some-

times rufo-piceous. Face with a distinct shining carina, which

reaches the base of the antenne. Clypeus straight on its lower

edge, touching the mandibles, black with the extremity testaceous ;

seldom wholly pale. Mandibles testaceous, much dilated at the

base, which is often emarginate beneath. Palpi testaceous.

Antenne longer than the body, 25—80-jointed; 1st joint and

extremity of the 2d testaceous, the lst sometimes black beneath ;

joints 2—4 sometimes rufescent beneath, or the under side of all

the joints paler than the upper. Mesothorax smooth and shining,

its sutures effaced. A punctiform impression before the scutellum.

Mesopleure with an impunctate furrow. Metathorax finely rugu-

lose, especially towards the extremity. Wings hyaline; radial

areolet almost reaching the extremity ; stigma very narrow, elon-

gate, dull testaceous; recurrent nervure evected. Legs testaceous.

Abdomen of the ? short and broad, more elongate in the $3 Ist

segment short, narrow, its posterior half usually rugulose. Terebra

hardly as long as the last segment. Length, ?—1 line.

Var. 1. Second abdominal segment partly or wholly dull testa-

ceous. Wesmael compares this var. to Bracon orbiculator, Nees,

which differs only in having the terebra as long as the two last

abdominal segments. Ratzeburg’s specimen (J.c.) belonged to

this var.

Var. 2. Third abdominal segment rufo-piceous.

This species, which I have not met with, forms the

genus Hypolabis, Forster. Wesmael’s description was

made from 15 females and 5 males, taken near Brussels

from May to September; Walker captured a $ in the

London district, having the base of the antennz broadly

rufescent. Goureau (Bull. dela Soc. des Sciences hist. et

nat. de l’Yonne, 1863, p. 66 of the separate impression)

28 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

refers to O. pallidipes, Wesm., a parasite which he reared

from Tephritis onopordinis, Fall.; but the description of

the parasite is not technical enough to lead to its veri-

fication. The nervures and stigma are described as

blackish, and the recurrent nervure as interstitial,—

characters not applicable to the present species. We

are informed by Ratzeburg (l.c.) that Bouché bred

O. pallidipes from Tortriz rosana, L.; while, according

to Boie, it was also bred by Bouché from a dipteron

named by the latter Anthomyia rumicis, perhaps a

Pegomyia, but which can hardly now be identified.

11. Opius analis, Wesm.

O. analis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835, p. 180;

Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 208, 2°.

Black; apex of the abdomen rufous. Face carinated; clypeus

testaceous at the extremity, touching the mandibles, which are also

testaceous; palpivery pale. Antenne about twice as long as the

body, 41—42-jointed; scape testaceous. Mesothorax smooth and

shining, its sutures effaced. Mesopleure with an impunctate

furrow. <A punctiform impression before the scutellum. Meta-

thorax finely rugulose. Wings ample, much longer than the body,

faintly infumated ; nervures fuscous, more or less pale; stigma

fusco-testaceous, elongate, lanceolate, emitting the radius at } of

its length ; 1st abscissa as long as the width of the stigma; 2d not

much longer than the 1st intercubital nervure; 3d curved; 2d

intercubital nervure more or less obsolete, as also are the cubital

and anal nervures towards their extremities; recurrent nervure

evected ; podiscoidal areolet completely closed. Legs elongate,

slender, testaceous ; tips of hind tibie, together with the hind tarsi,

fuscescent. Abdomen elongate-ovate, apiculated posteriorly ; 1st

segment longitudinally rugulose, black; the second and following

somewhat piceous, usually passing into rufous towards the anus.

Terebra subexserted. Male unknown. lLength, 14; wings,

3} line.

Originally described by Wesmael froma 2 with broken

antenne ; Haliday possessed only two specimens from

North Ireland and England. I have taken 5 in Essex,

Monmouthshire, and Cornwall. The species is more

easily identified than most of the preceding: it is strange

that Wesmael should compare it with his O. maculipes

and ochrogaster (spp. 19, 17), both of which are obviously

different in structure, colour, and size.

British Braconide. 29

12. Opius vindex, Hal.

O. vindex, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 210, 3.

Black; mouth testaceous; mandibles emarginate at the base

beneath; clypeus not touching the mandibles. Antenne 37-

jointed, one-half longer than the body; scape testaceous. Meso-

thorax (pierced with a pin, so that the place of the species cannot

be determined). Mesopleurze with an impunctate furrow. Meta-

thorax rugulose, smooth in the middle. Second cubital areolet

very short, 7. e., 2d abscissa of the radius hardly longer than the Ist

intercubital nervure ; recurrent nervure evected. Legs testaceous.

Female unknown. Length, 13 line.

Taken once by Haliday in North Ireland. Resembles

the 3 of O. sevus (sp. 15), but appears to be distinct.

It is not likely to be recognised from the above short

description.

13. Opius celsus, Hal.

O. celsus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 209, 3.

Black ; antenne much longer than the body, 33—36-jointed ;

joints 1—2 rufo-piceous; base of 3d joint testaceous. Clypeus

touching the mandibles. Mesothoracic sutures effaced. A puncti-

form impression before the scutellum. Mesopleure with an im-

punctate furrow. Metathorax rugulose. Wings ample, much

longer than the body, greyish subhyaline ; squamula testaceous ;

nervures and stigma fuscous ; the latter emitting the radius before

1 of its length ; recurrent nervure evected ; radius slightly curved ;

2d cubital areolet not attenuated outwards; 1st abscissa very

oblique, about twice as long as broad ; podiscoidal areolet open at

the extremity; neuration of the hind wings distinct. Legs flavo-

testaceous ; tips of the tarsi infuscated; sometimes a fuscous spot

at the base of the hind coxez. Abdomen thinly beset with long

pale hairs; oval in the g, circular in the 9; Ist segment finely

rugulose. Terebra subexserted. ¢g 9. Length, 1—14; wings,

22—31 lines.

The ¢ much resembles that of O. sevus (sp. 15),

except that the upper and lower sides of the 2d cubital

areolet are nearly parallel. Im the 3 of O. cingulatus,

Wesm. (sp. 20), the radial areolet and stigma are broader,

and the sculpture of the metathorax and 1st abdominal

segment coarser. Haliday omits the locality of this

species, but I captured several in a wood near Nunton,

Wilts, including the ?, which does not differ materially

from the other sex.

30 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

14. Opius crassipes, Wesm.

O. crassipes, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835,

p- 127; Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 209, 2.

Black ; mandibles testaceous in the middle, emarginate beneath

at the base ; palpi blackish. Face distinctly carinated; clypeus

not reaching the mandibles, rounded at the extremity. Antenne

entirely black, 27-jointed, as long as the body. Mesothoracic

sutures complete, shallow, ending in a punctiform impression

before the scutellum. Mesopleure with an impunctate furrow.

Metathorax finely rugulose. Wings ample, much longer than the

body, hyaline, stigma and nervures pale fuscous; stigma elliptic,

shorter and thicker than in instabilis, pygmeator, and apiculator

(spp. 16, 8, 4), emitting the radius just before the middle; radial

areolet ending at some distance from the extremity of the wing ;

radius slightly curved; recurrent nervure conspicuously evected ;

1st abscissa of the radius very short, nearly as broad as long. Legs

unusually stout, testaceous ; cox, Ist joint of trochanters, base of

femora, as well as their upper and sometimes their lower edges,

blackish ; tarsi and tips of hind tibize fuscescent. Abdomen short,

convex; Ist segment finely rugulose. Terebra as long as + of the

abdomen. Male unknown. Length, 1; wings, 23 lines.

Taken by Wesmael once only near Brussels: that

author adds that he possessed a ¢ corresponding in all

respects, except that the legs were more slender, whence

he was led to doubt whether it belonged to the species ;

analogy, however, tends to show that the slenderness of

the legs is lhkely to be merely a sexual distinction.

Haliday found two females in North Ireland, and I have

four, captured at Niton, in the I. of Wight, and in the

London district. This species constitutes Forster’s

genus Hypocynodus.

15. Opius sevus, Hal.

O. sevus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 209, 3 2.

Black; clypeus and mandibles testaceous, the former not

touching the latter. Mandibles not emarginate at the base.

Antenne longer than the body, black with the scape testaceous,

29-jointed in the 2, 83—-84-jointed inthe g. Mesopleure with an

impunctate furrow. A punctiform impression before the scutellum.

Metathorax rugulose. Wings hyaline; squamula testaceous;

stigma and nervures fuscous; stigma much attenuated, linear-

lanceolate, emitting the radius before 4 of its length; radial areolet

British Braconide. 81

reaching the extremity of the wing; 2d cubital areolet moderately

long, scarcely attenuated outwards; recurrent nervure subinter-

stitial. Pobrachial transverse nervure of the hind wings distinct.

Legs testaceous. First abdominal segment stout, rugulose, with

two basal carine. Terebra not exserted. This species is larger

than instabilis (sp. 16), with longer antenne, much more ample

wings, a longer radial areolet, and the recurrent nervure differently

inserted. Length, 1}; wings, 8} lines.

Both sexes taken by Haliday in the Hebrides in

August ; a 2 in Devonshire by Walker.

16. Opius instabilis, Wesm.

O. instabilis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835,

p. 126; Hal., Hint. Mag., iv., 209, ¢ 9.

@. Black, abdomen more or less piceous, the 2d segment some-

times paler above. Face faintly carinated; clypeus and mandibles

testaceous ; clypeus raised, not closing the mouth; mandibles

much dilated at the base; palpi testaceous. Antenne as long as

the body, 20-jointed (in the ? specimens), submoniliform towards

the apex. Mesothoracic sutures indicated in front by two small

humeral fovee. A punctiform impression before the scutellum.

Mesopleuree with an impunctate furrow. Metathorax smooth,

shining. Wings hyaline, somewhat whitish; nervures and stigma

fusco-testaceous ; stigma about six times as long as its greatest

width, emitting the radius at + of its length; 1st abscissa as long

as half the thickness of the stigma; 2d abscissa almost twice as long

as the 1st intercubital nervure ; 3d abscissa straight, ending at

some distance from the extremity of the wing; recurrent nervure

conspicuously evected, so that the 2d cubital areolet becomes

pentagonal. Legs testaceous ; hind coxe blackish, with the inner

side testaceous ; middle of hind femora, tips of their tibie, and their

tarsi, fuscescent. Abdomen depressed; 1st segment slightly rugu-

lose. Terebra somewhat longer than a quarter of the abdomen.

3. Antenne 22—24-jointed, joints 1—8 testaceous beneath, 3d

joint and base of 2d testaceous above. Lower part of face, and

cheeks, testaceous. Legs testaceous; hind coxe sometimes obscure

at the apex. Length, 1; wings, 2+ lines.

? Var.1. Antenne entirely black, 25-jointed 2, 27-jointed 3.

Clypeus black at the base ; lower portion of the cheeks testaceous,

more or less obscure. Four posterior coxe blackish above.

Wesmael.

Both sexes may be distinguished from the similar

32 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

pygmeator (sp. 8) by the punctiform impression before

the scutellum, and by the insertion of the recurrent

nervure. ‘Taken by Haliday sparingly in North Ireland,

and by Capron at Shiere, near Guildford; to the latter

I am indebted for two 2 specimens. Wesmael possessed

5 Belgian examples, 2 belonging to the variety.

17. Opius ochrogaster, Wesm.

O. ochrogaster, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835,

pe L295) 2) pleas, fie-18) (wang):

Black; abdomen, after the 1st segment, testaceous. Face dis-

tinctly carinated; clypeus testaceous, reaching the mandibles and

closing the mouth ; mandibles and palpi testaceous. Antenne

longer than the body, 26—28-jointed, dull testaceous, fuscescent

towards the apex. Mesothoracic sutures faintly indicated in front.

A punctiform impression before the scutellum. Mesopleure with

no visible furrow. Metathorax granulated, dull. Wings hyaline,

stigma and nervures dull testaceous ; stigma forming a shorter and

broader oval than in O. cingulatus and maculipes (spp. 20, 19),

and emitting the radius from a point nearer the middle; but the

chief distinction lies in the direction of the radius—this makes a

blunt angle at the 2d intercubital nervure, hardly greater than a

right angle, and proceeds thence to the margin far from the

extremity, and rather on the upper side of the wing; 2d cubital

areolet short, attenuated outwards; podiscoidal areolet open at the

extremity; recurrent nervure evected. Legs testaceous. First

abdominal segment black, longitudinally rugulose; the following

segments in the ? testaceous, in the g the 3d and following seg-

ments are broadly fuscescent on the hind margin. Terebra sub-

exserted. Length, 1—14; wings, 3—3} lines.

I have met with both sexes of this species at Milford

Haven and in Leicestershire ; it was not known to Hali-

day, and Wesmael described it from a single Belgian

specimen. Itis easily mistaken for maculipes or cingu-

latus, but can be distingulshed by the wings ; compare

O. nitidulator (sp. 25), in which the radius takes the

same direction.

18. Opius compar, n. sp.

Testaceus, mesothorace, metathorace, et abdominis segmento

1mo nigris. Caput crassiusculum, facie non carinata. Clypeus

valde transversus, antice rectus, mandibulas apice nigras modo non

British Braconide. 33

attingens. Palpi pallidi. Antenne femine corpore longiores, 26-

articulate, articulo Tmo et sequentibus fuscis, 3tio quam 4tus

paulo longiore. Mesopleure sulco lato, impunctato. Mesothoracis

sulculi tenuissimi at completi, foveolam versus punctiformem pre

scutello conniventes. Thorax undique niger; metathorax rufo-

piceo tinctus, nonnihil rugulosus, basin versus leviusculus. Ale

hyaline; areola radialis ad apicem usque producta; stigma una

cum nervis, sordide testaceum, elongatum, radium ante trientem

longitudinis sue emittens; areola cubitalis 2da elongata, extus

angustata; areola podiscoidalis subaperta; nervus recurrens

longius evectus. Pedes testacei, pallidi, unguiculis fuscis. Abdo-

men ovale, convexum, testaceum, apicem versus gradatim ob-

scurlus, apice ipso fere nigro; segmentum lum breve, nigrum,

basi ipsa testacea, rugulosum, ubique equilatum, tuberculis paulo

pone medium prominentibus; cetera levia, nitida. Terebra

segmentis duobus ultimis longitudine equalis. Mas incognitus.

Testaceous, meso- and metathorax, together with the 1st abdo-

minal segment, black. Head large; face not carinated. Clypeus

very transverse, straight on its lower edge, not quite reaching the

mandibles, which are black at the points. Palpi pale. Antenne

@ longer than the body, 26-jointed, the 7th and following joints

fuscous; 3d joint somewhat longer than the 4th. Prothorax testa-

ceous. Mesopleurze with a broad impunctate furrow. Meso-

thoracic sutures faintly traced, complete, ending in a punctiform

fovea before the scutellum. Metathorax inclining to rufo-piceous,

subrugulose, smoother towards the base. Wings hyaline; radial

areolet reaching the extremity; stigma and nervures dull testa-

ceous ; stigma elongate, emitting the radius before } of its length;

2d cubital areolet elongate, attenuated outwards; podiscoidal

areolet incompletely closed; recurrent nervure conspicuously

evected. Legs pale testaceous. only the claws dusky. Abdomen

ovate, convex, testaceous, gradually infuscated towards the apex,

which is nearly black ; 1st segment short, black, testaceous at the

extreme base, rugulose, of equal width throughout, with visible

tubercles just beyond the middle; the other segments smooth and

shining. Terebra as long as the two last segments. Male not

known. @. Length, 3; wings, 2+ lines.

Smaller than O. cingulatus and maculipes (spp. 20, 19),

and distinguished by the large testaceous head, the

visible mesothoracic sutures, &c. I captured the only

specimen near Nunton, Wilts.

TRANS. ENT. SoC. LOND. 1891.—ParT I. (MARCH.) D

34 Rey. T. A. Marshall's Monograph of

19. Opius maculipes, Wesm.

O. maculipes, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835,

p. £28; Hall Bint Mace ive Ones Se.

Black; abdomen @ testaceous, except the 1st sezment; in the gf

testaceous, with the apex blackish. Face distinctly carinateds

clypeus sometimes black at the base, rather widely separated from

the mandibles, which are dilated at the base, and gradually

diminish to the points. Palpi testaceous. Antenne longer than

the body, 83—385-jointed, under side of the Ist joint and extremity

of the 2d more or less rufo-testaceous. Mesothoracic sutures

effaced. Mesopleurze with an impunctate furrow. A punctiform

impression before the scutellum. Metathorax finely granulated,

dull. Wings hyaline; neryures and stigma fusco-testaceous ;

stigma elongate-oval, emitting the radius before the middle; 1st

abscissa very short, almost punctiform; 8d slightly curved; 2d

cubital areolet attenuated outwards; recurrent nervure evected.

Legs testaceous, tips of the hind tibie fuscescent. Abdomen

elongate-oval; 1st segment black, rugulose, smoother at the base ;

the following segments testaceous ; in the g the 3 apical segments

are blackish. Terebra subexserted. Length, 3—14; wings,

14—3}.

Distinguished from O. cingulatus (sp. 20) by the

fuscescent tips of the hind tibize, and the absence of

dark margins to the intermediate segments; the 2d

cubital areolet is not so much narrowed outwards, and

the abdomen is longer and narrower ; also the podiscoidal

areolet is generally more completely closed, the trans-

verse nervures reaching the bottom, which is hardly the

case in O. cinygulatus. Hence Forster established a new

genus Nosopea for the latter species ; but the character

employed for distinction is often inappreciable, or even

reversed, in the two species. O. maculipes is one of the

commonest in the genus; Wesmael described it from

6 females and 5 males taken in May and June near

Brussels. Haliday found a pair on a willow in North

Ireland in May, anda @ in August near the Shannon ;

his specimens were smaller than cingulatus, ranging

from $to 1 line, while the Belgian specimens are de-

scribed as larger; Walker’s specimen, taken in England,

was the smallest of all. I possess 8 from different parts

of the country, and Dr. Reinhard sent me one from

Dresden.

British Braconide. 35

- 20. Opius cingulatus, Wesm.

O. cingulatus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835,

p. 120; Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 210, 2 °.

Black; 1st abdominal segment black, the rest testaceous with

dusky margins. Face faintly carinated; cheeks often testaceous

beneath ; clypeus short, somewhat raised, not touching the man-

dibles ; both testaceous; palpi very pale. Antenne longer than

the body, 25—85-jointed, black, the 1st joint and end of the 2d

testaceous, or the 3 first joints, or more, testaceous; 3d joint more

or less elongate. Mesothoracic sutures effaced. Mesopleure with

an impunctate furrow. A punctiform impression before the

seutellum. Metathorax subrugulose, dull, often more or less

levigated towards the base. Wings hyaline; nervures and stigma

fusco-testaceous; radial areolet reaching the extremity; stigma

elongate, emitting the radius before 4 of its length; 2d cubital

areolet elongate, attenuated outwards; podiscoidal areolet imper-

fectly closed; recurrent nervure evected. Legs testaceous; tips of

hind tibize not fuscescent, asin the preceding sp. First abdominal

segment black, short, usually rugulose towards the apex; the

following segments smooth, shining, testaceous, each having a

transverse dusky band before the hind margin. Terebra not longer

than the last segment. Length, 14; wings, 3 lines.

Var. 1. The dusky bands on the abdomen widened and

coalescing, so that only the 2d segment, or part of it, remains

testaceous.

A common species, and difficult to separate from the

preceding; see remarks on that species, ante. Never-

theless it constitutes by itself the genus Nosopea of

Forster. Wesmael’s description is taken from 14 Belgian

specimens.

21. Opius irregularis, Wesm.

O. irregularis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835,

jOo Use Iells Idrotes Wie vee. ay, PAIL. Gi oe 6

Black; 2d abdominal segment rufo-piceous. Face hardly cari-

nated; clypeus somewhat convex, not touching the mandibles,

black with the lower edge sometimes testaceous. Mandibles and

palpi testaceous. Antenne longer than the body, 24—26-jointed,

black, with the 1st joint, extremity of the 2d, and sometimes base

of the 3d, testaceous. Mesothoracie sutures effaced. Mesopleure

with an impunctate furrow. A punctiform impression before the

scutellum. Metathorax rugulose. Wings hyaline; nervures and

D 2

36 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

stigma dull testaceous; radial areolet reaching the extremity ;

stigma narrow, elongate, emitting the radius at } of its length; 2d

cubital areolet elongate, narrow, attenuated outwards; recurrent

nervure rejected to a point near the extremity of the 1st cubital

areolet, sometimes subinterstitial; podiscoidal areolet open at the

extremity. First abdominal segment black, narrow, rugulose; the

other segments form, in both sexes, a broad oval, almost circular ;

2d segment more or less piceous, sometimes almost black, faintly

rugulose on each side at the base; the remaining segments black.

Terebra as long as the apical segment. Length, }; wings,

23 lines.

Not uncommon in England and Ireland. Described

by Wesmael from 6 Belgian specimens. This species

forms the genus Allotypus of Forster.

22. Opius leptostigmus, Wesm.

O. leptostigmus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835,

D- 38i Ealsrmt. Mage iv) 2iie or

Black; abdomen, after the 1st segment, rufo-testaceous. Face

not carinated ; clypeus testaceous at the extremity, which is some-

what rounded, and touches the mandibles, closing the mouth.

Mandibles testaceous, deeply emarginate beneath. Palpi pale.

Antenne longer than the body, black with the 1st joint testaceous.

Furrow of the mesopleure elongate, deeply crenate. Metathorax

rugulose. Wings hyaline; radial areolet very long, reaching the

extremity of the wing; 1st abscissa elongate, equalling at least the

width of the 2d cubital areolet, which is narrower than in other

species ; stigma dull testaceous, linear, much elongated, emitting

the radius somewhat before } of its length; podiscoidal areolet

completely closed; recurrent nervure evected. Legs testaceous.

Abdomen oblong, 1st segment forming about } of its length,

widened gradually from the base to the extremity, longitudinally

rugulose. Terebra slightly exserted. Male unknown. Length,

14 hne.

Unknown to me; Wesmael possessed only one speci-

men, taken near Brussels; and Haliday another, at first

confused with O. cingulatus ; hence its locality was not

recorded.

23. Opius parvulus, Wesm.

O. parvulus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835,

p. 139; Hal., Ent: Mag., iv., 211, 9 ¢.

Black or piceous ; 2d abdominal segment sometimes rufescent

British Braconidae. 37

‘at the base. Face faintly carinated; clypeus black, not raised or

emarginate, but closing the mouth; mandibles and palpi testaceous,

the former not emarginate beneath. ¢@. Antenne black, longer

than the body, 21-jointed; 1st joint more or less rufous beneath.

Mesothoracic sutures effaced. No punctiform impression before

the scutellum. Mesopleure impressed with an oval furrow having

4 or 5 striz or crenations at the bottom. Metathorax smooth.

Wings hyaline; radial areolet reaching the extremity; stigma

and nervures fuscous, more or less pale; stigma elongate, atten-

uated; 2d cubital areolet much narrowed outwards; recurrent

nervure evected. Legs testaceous or rufous; 4 posterior cox

blackish above; tips of hind tibie, and their tarsi, darkened.

Abdomen short-oval, black, or piceous; Ist segment in the 2

almost smooth. Terebra somewhat longer than the apical segment.

The ¢ differs in some respects; antenne 22-jointed, 1st, 2d, and

often base of 3d joint testaceous ; clypeus testaceous, as well as the

lower part of the face and cheeks; 1st abdominal segment rugulose ;

only the hind coxe blackish above. Length, 3—%; wings, 13—

2+ lines.

This minute species at first sight resembles an Alysiid

of the genus Aspilota; it may also be mistaken for

O. pygmeator, apiculator, &c. (spp. 8, 4); 1t requires a

microscope for its determination. I possess a 2? speci-

men taken in Leicestershire ; Haliday seems to have had

a greater number, and Wesmael speaks of 7 taken near

Brussels. This species forms the genus Desmiostoma

of Forster.

24. Opius docilis, Hal.

O. docilis, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 211, 3.

Black; base of the Ist abdominal segment piceous, and of the

2d testaceous ; apex of cheeks, prothorax, and lateral sutures of the

mesothorax, rufo-piceous. Face carinated ; clypeus and mandibles

testaceous, the latter emarginate at the base beneath ; clypeus not

touching the mandibles. Antenne longer than the body, 31-

jointed, black with the scape testaceous. Mesothoracic sutures

effaced. No punctiform impression before the scutellum. Meso-

pleure with a rugose furrow. Metathorax rugulose. Wings

hyaline ; stigma and nervures fuscous; stigma broader than that

of O. pactus (sp. 27), narrowly triangular; 1st abscissa of the

radius effaced by the stigma; 2d cubital areolet longer than in

sp. 27, very little attenuated outwards; podiscoidal areolet closed ;

recurrent nervure evected; nopobrachial transverse nervure in the

38 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

hind wings. Legs testaceous. First abdominal segment rugulose.

Female unknown. Length, nearly 1 line.

Unknown to me; taken once only by Haliday on the

banks of the Shannon, in autumn.

25. Opius nitidulator, Nees. (Pl. IL., fig. 5, wing).

Bracon nitidulator, Nees, Mon., i1., 56; O. nitidulator,

Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 213, 3.

Variable ; black, diversified withrufous. @. Headrufous, with

a large black spot covering the occiput and extending over the

vertex to the base of the antenne. Mandibles emarginate at the

base, fuscous at the points. Clypeus not reaching the mandibles.

Palpi dull rufous. Antenne as long as the body, 28-jointed, fili-

form, black, scape and base of 1st joint of flagellum rufous. Pro-

thorax black beneath, rufous above. Mesothorax smooth and

shining, rufous, with large oblong black spots on the 3 lobes,

whereof the middle one is abbreviated posteriorly. Mesothoracic

sutures indicated by two humeral depressions, effaced posteriorly.

Scutellum rufous, its transverse basal fovea black, crenulated. A

punctiform impression before the scutellum. Mesopleure with a

crenate furrow. Metathorax coarsely rugose. Wings subhyaline ;

squamule testaceous; stigma and nervures fuscous; stigma elon-

gate-triangular, attenuated outwards, emitting the radius before

the middle; radial areolet ending acutely on the fore border of the

wing, at some distance from the extremity (as in ochrogaster,

sp. 17); 2d cubital areolet much attenuated outwards ; 1st abscissa

of the radius as long as the 2d intercubital nervure ; recurrent

nervure evected ; hind wings broad, with all the nervures distinct.

Legs short, stout, rufo-testaceous ; a blackish spot at the base of

the hind cox; tarsi infuscated, except at the base. Abdomen

oblong, depressed, as long and as wide as the head and thorax; 1st

segment coarsely rugose, short, broad, excavated at the base; the

following segments smooth, thinly beset with fine pale hairs; 2d

and 8d segments dark rufous (in my specimen), with the hinder

margins indeterminately black. Terebra concealed. ¢. Similar,

with some slight differences :—Antenne longer, 34-jointed; clypeus

black at the base, or at the hinder angles. Mesothoracie sutures

indicated by 4 red Jines, of which the 2 inner ones are united

posteriorly to each other, and anteriorly to the 2 lateral lines.

Scutellum black. Abdomen longer and narrower than that of the

2; segments 2—3 nigro-piceous. The colours probably vary in

different individuals. Length, 13—1}; wings, 3} lines.

British Braconide. 89

Unknown to Wesmael; Nees v. Esenbeck and Haliday

each possessed a ¢, taken by the former on a cherry-

tree at Sickershausen, and by the latter among willows

in North Ireland. I have captured both sexes, the ¢ in

Leicestershire, the 2 at Bishop’s Teignton, in Devon-

shire. Dr. Capron, I believe, has found the species at

Shiere, near Guildford. This rare insect differs con-

siderably from all the preceding, approaching DBiosteres

and Diachasma in size and general appearance, though

not in the wings.

26. Opius ethiops, Hal.

O. ethiops, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 212, 3.

Black; palpi short, fuscous; mandibles rufous; elypeus not

reaching the mandibles. Antenne black, as long as the body, 21-

jointed. Mesothoracic sutures inchoate, effaced posteriorly. Meso-

pleurz with a crenate furrow. A punctiform impression before

the scutellum. Metathorax rugulose, smooth and shining in the

middle. Wings hyaline; stigma and nervures fuscous; stigma

narrow, almost linear; radial areolet ending before the extremity

of the wing; 2d cubital areolet elongate, hardly attenuated out-

wards; podiscoidal areolet imperfectly closed; recurrent nervure

evected ; pobrachial transverse nervure of the hind wings inchoate.

Legs piceous, base of all the tibie, and apex of the fore femora,

paler. First abdominal segment sublinear, punctulate; the fol-

lowing segments smooth. Female unknown. Length, 4 line.

Unknown to me. No locality is given by Haliday.

Similar at first sight to the g of pygmeator (sp. 3), but

different in sculpture, having more transparent wings, a

smaller radial areolet, and a longer 2d cubital.

27. Opius pactus, Hal.

O. pactus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 212, 9.

Black ; base of 2d abdominal segment rufo-testaceous. Mandibles

rufo-testaceous. Clypeus not reaching the mandibles. Antenne

rather longer than the body, 29-jointed, black, the scape rufo-

testaceous. Mesothoracic sutures inchoate, effaced posteriorly.

Mesopleure with a crenate furrow. A punctiform impression

before the scutellum. Metathorax dull, rugose. Wings like those

of spretus (sp. 7), but broader, and having the 2d cubital areolet

less attenuated outwards; stigma narrow, linear-lanceolate; 1st

abscissa of the radius very short, but distinct ; recurrent nervure

40 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

evected. No pobrachial transverse nervure in the hind wings.

Legs rufo-testaceous. First abdominal segment rugose, dull, with

2 basal carine. Terebra subexserted. Male unknown. Length,

1 line.

No habitat given. The description is probably in-

sufficient to identify the species.

28. Opius emulus, Hal.

O. emulus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 212, 2.

Black; base of the 2d abdominal segment testaceous, the

following segments fuscous. Clypeus and mandibles testaceous,

the former narrowly separated from the latter. Antenne slender,

longer than the body, 27-jointed, testaceous, fuscous towards the

apex; the joints elongate, as in pallidipes (sp. 10). Mesothoracic

sutures inchoate, effaced posteriorly. A punctiform impression

before the scutellum, Mesopleurz with a narrow furrow, crenulate

at the bottom. Metathorax minutely rugulose. Wings hyaline ;

radial areolet almost reaching the extremity ; stigma very narrow,

elongate, dull testaceous; recurrent nervure evected. Legs flavo-

testaceous. First abdominal segment linear, rugulose. Terebra

almost as long as } of the abdomen, perhaps accidentally pro-

truded. Male unknown. Length, 1 line.

This species, now unknown, is compared by Haliday

to pallidipes, from which it differs chiefly by the oral

aperture, and the crenulate furrow of the mesopleure.

Only one specimen occurred, the locality of which is not

given. Compare the following species.

29. Opius zelotes, n. sp.

3. Niger, nitidus, abdominis segmento 2do interdum basi

supra picescente; orbitis et genarum apice nonnunguam rufis.

Facies subtiliter punctulata, vix nitida, convexa, non carinata;

clypeus brevis, transversus, elevatus, a mandibulis longius distans ;

clypeus cum mandibulis testaceus ; he apice nigre ; palpi testacei.

Antennse corpore multo longiores, 387—88-articulate, nigra, scapo

sordide rufo. Mesothoracis suleuli inchoati, posterius deleti.

Foveola oviformis pre scutello. Mesopleure sulco lato irregu-

lariter crenato impresse. Metathorax rugulosus basi leviuscula.

Ale hyaline stigmate, nervis, fuscis, squamula testacea; stigma

elongatum, triquetrum, radium e dimidio priore emittens; areola

radialis usque ad apicem alse extensa; abscissa 3tia curvata ;

areola cubitalis 2da extus perparum attenuata; nervus recurrens

British Braconide. 41

evectus; areola podiscoidalis occlusa. Alarum inferiorum nervus

transversus pobrachialis omnino nullus. Pedes flavidi, tarsorum

articulo ultimo obscuro. Abdomen ovale, segmento Imo ruguloso,

brevi, lineari, bicarinato, tubereulis conspicuis; segmenta cetera

levissima. Femina latet.

3. Black, smooth and shining, 2d abdominal segment some-

times slightly piceous at the base; orbits and apex of cheeks occa-

sionally rufous. Face minutely punctulate, hardly shining, convex,

not carinated; clypeus short, transverse, elevated, not nearly

touching the mandibles ; clypeus and mandibles testaceous, the

latter black at the points; palpitestaceous. Antenne much longer

than the body, 87—388-jointed, black; scape dull rufous. Meso-

‘thoracic sutures inchoate, effaced posteriorly. An oval impression

before the scutellum. Mesopleure with a wide furrow, irregularly

crenate. Metathorax rugulose, smoother at the base. Wings

hyaline; stigma and nervures fuscous; squamula testaceous;

stigma elongate, triangular, emitting the radius before the middle;

radial areolet reaching the apex of the wing; 3d abscissa curved ;

2d cubital areolet very slightly attenuated outwards; recurrent

nervure evected ; podiscoidal areolet closed. Hind wings with no

vestige of a pobrachial transverse nervure. Legs flavo-testaceous ;

apical joint of tarsi dusky. Abdomen ovate; Ist segment rugu-

lose, short, linear, bicarinated, with visible tubercles; the rest very

smooth and shining. Female unknown. Length, 13; wings,

4 lines.

A large species, which would be a Biosteres if the 2d

cubital areolet were less prolonged. It nearly approaches

the preceding species, emulus, but the size is much

creater, and the antenne have too many joints, even

when allowance is made for the difference of sex; it is

hardly probable, therefore, that this can be the unknown

3 of emulus. I have three specimens from Devonshire,

one of which was taken by Bignell, the others by myself

at Cornworthy.

30. Opius polyzonius, Wesm.

O. polyzonius, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835,

p- 136; Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 213, ?.

Black ; mouth, orbits of the eyes, prothorax and abdomen, rufo-

testaceous; Ist segment black, the rest margined with fuscous

posteriorly. Head testaceous; middle of the front and of the

vertex, occiput, and margins of the cheeks, black. Clypeus rufo-

42 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

testaceous, not touching the mandibles. Palpi testaceous. Antenne

longer than the body, black, with the 1st joint and the extremity

of the 2d testaceous. Mesothoracic sutures inchoate, effaced pos-

teriorly. Furrow of the mesopleure deeply crenulate. A puncti-

form impression before the scutellum. Metathorax rugulose.

‘Wings hyaline; nervures and stigma fusco-testaceous; radial

areolet almost reaching the extremity of the wing; stigma

narrow, elongate, emitting the radius at about ! of its length; 1st

abscissa longer than the thickness of the stigma; 3d slightly

curved ; 2d cubital areolet elongate, hardly attenuated outwards ;

podiscoidal areolet closed; recurrent nervure evected. Pobrachial

transverse neryure of the hind wings inchoate. Legs testaceous.

First abdominal segment black, rugulose. Terebra subexserted.

Male not described. Length, 1} line.

Wesmael and Haliday had each a single specimen. I

possess a ¢ from Walker’s collection supposed to be of

this species, but it is in too bad a condition to be de-

scribed ; its antenne are 32-jointed.

31. Opius ruficeps, Wesm.

O. ruficeps, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835,

p- 148, ¢, pl.1., fig. 9 (wing); 1838, p. 146, ¢.

@. Form robust; black, head rufous, except the stemmaticum.

Clypeus remote from the mandibles, and like them, rufo-testaceous ;

palpi dusky; face strongly carinated. Antenne longer than the

body, 84-jointed, the joints short; black, 1st joint testaceous.

Mesothoracic sutures deeply impressed. Furrow of the meso-

pleure strongly crenated. Metathorax rugose. Wings infumated

as far as the stigma, thence to the extremity hyaline; stigma and

nervures blackish; radial areolet reaching the extremity of the

wing ; 2d cubital areolet moderately attenuated outwards; stigma

broad, oval, emitting the radius somewhat beyond the middle ; 2d

abscissa a little longer than the 1st intercubital nervure ; podiscoidal

areolet completely closed; recurrent nervure evected. Hind wings

with a radius faintly traced but discernible ; no pobrachial trans-

verse nervure. Legs rufo-testaceous ; all the tarsi, and base of the

hind coxe, black. Abdomen short, broad, subcircular; 1st seg-

ment mostly rugose, with an unequal surface, somewhat shining,

bicarinate at the base, the carine converging posteriorly. Terebra

not surpassing the anus. g. Similar; abdomen narrower, less

rounded at the sides. Length, 14 line.

Wesmael discovered both sexes in Belgium; and I

British Braconide. 43

believe Dr. Capron has met with the species in his

neighbourhood. It forms the genus Therobolus, Forst.

According to Brischke (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danzig, 1878,

p- 108) it has been bred from the maggots of Pegomyia

conformis, Fall. The ambiguous character of the wings

would allow this species to enter the genus Diachasma,

if it were not that the 2d abscissa is a little too long.

32. Opius bajulus, Hal.

O. bajulus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 214, 3.

3. Black, shining. Face punctulate, with an indistinct

carina; clypeus not touching the rufous mandibles ; palpi fuscous.

Antenne longer than the body, 29-jointed in both sexes, black with

the scape reddish. Mesothoracic sutures meeting in a linear fovea

before the scutellum, which is gibbous, flattened at the top, finely

margined and transversely rugulose ; its cancellated basal fovea is

rather large. Mesopleurz with a crenate furrow. Metathorax

rugulose. Wings hyaline; squamula piceous; nervures and

stigma fuscous; radial areolet ending rather obtusely before the

extremity of the wing; stigma elongate, lanceolate, emitting the

radius before 4 of its length; 2d cubital areolet as long as the 3d,

not attenuated outwards; recurrent nervure conspicuously evected.

Hind wings with an inchoate pobrachial transverse nervure. Legs

rufo-testaceous ; coxe black. Abdomen ovate, acuminate behind ;

1st segment obconic, short, striolated; the rest very smooth and

shining. Terebra concealed. The sexes are similar. Length,

1—14; wings, 2$—3z lines.

Haliday had for description the broken remains of a

$ taken by Walker in King’s Wood, Hampton; two

? specimens are in my collection, captured in a wood

near Nunton, in Wilts. The rugosity of the scutellum

and the black cox make the species easy to identify ;

the former character is repeated in several species of

Biosteres. O. bajulus forms the genus Biophthora,

Forst.

33. Opius truncatus, Wesm.

O. truncatus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 18385,

p- 137; Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 214, g¢ 9°.

Black ; clypeus, mandibles, and palpi, testaceous. Face dis-

tinctly carinated; clypeus not touching the mandibles. Antenne

longer than the body, 88—89-jointed, black with the Ist joint

testaceous. Anterior margin of the mesonotum abruptly truncate,

fi Rey. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

terminated on each side by an angle, above which is a rather deep

fovea indicating the commencement of the mesothoracic sutures.

An oblong fovea before the scutellum. Mesopleurz with a crenate

furrow. Metathorax somewhat rugose, with two small parallel

approximated ridges near the extremity. Wings hyaline; stigma

and nervures fuscous; stigma subtriangular, not much elongated,

emitting the radius just before the middle; radial areolet rather

narrowed outwards, yet reaching the extremity of the wing; 2d

cubital areolet much attenuated outwards; podiscoidal areolet

completely closed ; recurrent nervure evected. Hind wings with

no vestige of the prebrachial transverse nervure. Legs testaceous.

Abdomen short, oval, subcircular ; 1st segment without rugosity,

shining, almost smooth, much widened from the base to the

extremity, the disk elevated; at the base are two carine, which

become effaced before the middle. 'Terebra subexserted. Length,

4; wings, 3} lines.

Very similar to reconditor (sp. 36), but different in the

angular gibbosity of the mesothorax, in size, and in the

number of joints of the antenne. Wesmael described a

pair found near Brussels; I have captured a 2 in York-

shire; the London district, Windsor, and the I. of Wight

are other localities mentioned by Haliday.

84. Opius rudis, Wesm.

O. rudis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835, p. 141 ;

Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 214, @.

Black; orbits of the eyes, and base of 2d abdominal segment,

rufous. Head minutely rugulose, not shining; occiput smooth

above ; clypeus not touching the mandibles, elevated, rounded

anteriorly, rufo-testaceous like the mandibles; palpi testaceous.

Antenne a little longer than the body, 28—29-jointed. Mesothorax

minutely rugulose, dull on the sides, more shining on the disk;

sutures distinct, crenulate. Mesopleure impressed with a wide

fovea, rugose or crenate at the bottom. Metathorax rugose.

Wings hyaline; nervures and stigma fuscous; the latter linear-

lanceolate; radial areolet reaching the extremity of the wing; 2d

cubital areolet much attenuated outwards ; podiscoidal areclet not

completely closed ; recurrent nervure evected in the 2 (? inter-

stitial in the g). Hind wings with no vestige of the prebrachial

transverse nervure. Legs rufo-testaceous, tarsi dusky. Abdomen

short, suborbicular; 1st segment black, rugose; 2d sometimes

wholly black, but generally more or less rufo-testaceous on its

British Braconidae. 45

basal half, which is covered with minute and close punctuation,

visible only under a good lens; in the § the 2d segment is more

often wholly black. Terebra subexserted. Length, 1—1} line.

I have not seen this species, which is described by

Wesmael from 8 females and 1 male. ‘That author

expresses a doubt as to the specific identity of two

additional males, which differed (1) in having a distinct

carina on the upper part of the face; (2) the face, and

sides of the thorax, more shining, and with less rugosity;

(3) the tubercles of the Ist abdominal segment very

prominent ; and (4) the radial areolet rather longer.

According to Haliday a specimen of O. rudis was taken

by Walker in the London district.

35. Opius cesus, Hal.

O. cesus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv, 215, ¢ 2.

Black, hardly shining, vaguely punctulate, pubescent; 2d abdo-

minal segment finely rugulose. Face subcarinate; clypeus widely

separated from the testaccous mandibles. Antenne 21—24-jointed.

those of the 2 as long as the body, of the § longer. Mesothoracic

sutures faintly traced, punctulate, not meeting behind; humeral

angles somewhat prominent. Mesopleure with a wide rugose

furrow. Metathoraxrugulose. Wings hyaline ; squamula piceous;

nervures and stigma fuscous; stigma very much attenuated; 2d

cubital areolet hardly attenuated outwards; recurrent nervure

evected. Hind wings with no vestige of the prebrachial transverse

nervure- Legs elongate, testaceous; apex of the 4 posterior

femora and of their tibie, or almost the whole of the tibie,

fuscous, as well as the tarsi; sometimes the legs are altogether

testaceous. Abdomen @ broadly ovate, subdepressed ; narrower

in the $; 1st segment short, broadly obconic, gibbous, rugulose,

with 2 basal carine ; 2d segment broadly and minutely rugulose or

scabrous, obliquely impressed on each side of the base, the im-

pressions joining to form an are. Terebra subexserted. Length,

3—1 line.

According to Haliday, found rarely in damp meadows

of England and Ireland.

36. Opius reconditor, Wesm.

O. reconditor, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1835,

p- 184; Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 2138, ¢ 2.

Black ; face carinated ; clypeus black in the 2, rufo-testaceous

46 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

in the J, not touching the mandibles; palpi and mandibles rufo-

testaceous. Antenne longer than the body, 28—35-jointed, black,

with the scape testaceous. Mesothoracic sutures indicated by two

smooth fovex, not completed posteriorly. A punctiform impression,

sometimes elongated, before the scutellum. Mesopleure with a

rather deep oblong fovea, more or less crenulate or unequal at the

bottom. Metathorax rugose. Wings hyaline; squamula flavo-

testaceous; nervures and stigma fuscous, the latter elongate-

triangular or lanceolate, proportionally broader in large specimens;

radial areolet reaching the extremity of the wing; 2d cubital

areolet short, much attenuated outwards; podiscoidal areolet

closed; recurrent nervure evected. Legs flavo-testaceous ; cox

very pale. Abdomen of the 2 suborbiculate, oblong in the g; Ist

segment rugulose; 2d usually piceous towards the base. Terebra

not surpassing the anus. Length, 1—1}; wings, 23—33 lines.

Var.1. Basal half, or more, of 2d abdominal segment testa-

ceous, ¢ 2.

Var. 2. Like the preceding; but the prothorax is testaceous,

the humeral angles of the mesothorax obscurely testaceous, and

the clypeus rufous, like the mandibles, °.

Var. 3. Like Var. 1, but with the face, orbits, clypeus, and hind

margins of the posterior abdominal segments, testaceous.

A common species in Belgium ; Wesmael’s description

was derived from 20 specimens. MHaliday received

several from Walker, collected in the London district,

and belonging to var. 3; the two which I possess are

from Yorkshire and the New Forest; they have the

colouring of Wesmael’s types.

37. Opius celatus, Hal.

O. celatus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 216, 3.

Black; head oblate, punctate; occiput smooth ; face rugulose,

subcarinate; clypeus separated from the mandibles by a wide

semicircular interval; mandibles testaceous; palpi pale, elongate.

Antenne much longer than the body, 41-jointed, blackish, scape

more or less rufous. Thorax longer than usual, thickly punctulate,

somewhat dull. Mesothoracic sutures complete ; a smooth space

on each of the lateral lobes, the medial lobe vaguely punctate.

Mesopleura with a crenate furrow. Wings hyaline; squamula

rufo-testaceous ; nervures fuscous; stigma fusco-testaceous, nar-

row, linear, emitting the radius before } of its length; 2d cubital

areolet not attenuated outwards; recurrent nervure conspicuously

rejected. Prebrachial transverse nervure of the hind wings

British Braconidae. AT

distinct. Legs testaceous; apex of hind tibie, and their tarsi,

fuscous. Abdomen oblong; Ist segment elongate, linear, finely

rugulose ; the following segments very smooth. Female unknown.

Length, 2; wings, 44 lines.

Haliday was acquainted with a single specimen, sent

to him from England; I possess another, taken near

Barnstaple, in bad condition.

88. Opius testaceus, Wesm.

O. testaceus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838,

Pela GS) Olea (leecher. Oseeh):

Bright testaceous; 2 clypeus not touching the mandibles, which

are black at the points. Antenne a little longer than the body,

38-jointed, black, the scape testaceous. Mesothoraciec sutures

distinct, impunctate, ending in a punctiform impression before the

scutellum. Metathorax rugulose. Wings subhyaline; nervures

fusco-testaceous ; stigma large, elongate, ovate, blackish or fuscous,

with the extremity paler ; radial areolet not quite reaching the

extremity of the wing; 1st abscissa shorter than the thickness of

the stigma; 2d cubital areolet elongate, attenuated outwards ;

recurrent nervure interstitial or subevected; podiscoidal areolet

closed, nearly as large as the prediscoidal. Legs testaceous ; last

joint of the tarsi blackish. Abdomen oval, convex; 1st segment

broad, the disk elevated, with two longitudinal ridges, and a few

intermediate striz. Terebra as long as the abdomen, its valves

black, filiform. gg. Similar; antenne half as long again as the

body, 39-jointed. Length, 13—2; wings, 4—43 lines.

Five specimens, including a 3, were captured near

Liége and Brussels, and described in Wesmael’s Supple-

ment. The species was not known to Haliday, and I

believe it was first noticed in this country by myself. I

obtained 5 or 6 of both sexes at the same place and

time. They were beaten out of a dusty hedge, bordering

the great north road, about two miles from St. Albans.

This species constitutes the genus Utctes, Forst.; it is

remarkable for its colour, and the length of the terebra,

but I am not able to discover any characters important

enough to be considered generic. A closely allied species

exists in N. America, specimens of which were sent to

me from the Washington Museum, under the MS. name

Phedrotoma sanguinea, Ashmead.

48 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

39. Opius rufipes, Wesm.

O. rufipes, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835,

p. 147; Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 216, 3.

Black ; 2d abdominal segment more or less rufous. Face cari-

nated; clypeus testaceous at the extremity, not touching the

mandibles, which are rufous, as well as the palpi. Antenne 2

about one-half longer than the body, 86—87-jointed, all the joints

short, the scape rufescent; antenne of the g° 88—42-jointed.

Mesothoracic sutures indicated by two smooth humeral impressions,

effaced before reaching the middle of the disk. A subcircular

fovea before the scutellum. Mesopleure with a crenulate furrow.

Metathorax short, rugose. Wings hyaline; radial areolet nearly

reaching the extremity; stigma and nervures fuscous; stigma

somewhat elongate-oval, acute at the apex, emitting the radius

exactly from the middle; 2d cubital areolet elongate, attenuated

outwards ; recurrent nervure rejected (in 4 females), interstitial

according to Wesmael (in 2 males). Nervures of the hind wings

distinct; prebrachial transverse nervure semicomplete. Legs

rufo-testaceous ; tarsi sometimes fuscescent. Abdomen oval; 1st

segment broad, short, rugose, black; 2d and following segments

smooth, shining ; 2d usually more or less piceous or rufescent at

the base, but sometimes quite black, and in one specimen entirely

rufo-testaceous. Terebra not surpassing the anus, directed up-

wards. Length, 1—1}; wings, 2}—4 lines.

The recurrent nervure is interstitial in the left wing of

ove gs, in the right wing it is plainly rejected, and in

both wings of my other specimens. Among the larger

Opii this species may be known by the radius originating

from the middle of the stigma. It is stated by Haliday

to be very rare in North Ireland; it is not common in

England, but has been found by Walker in the London

district, by Capron at Shiere, and by me at Cornworthy,

in Devonshire. According to Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst.,

il., 62), it was bred by Bouché from the lepidopterous

Coleophora nigricella, Ste. Wesmael described an O.

caudatus (lib. cit., p. 142), which he was inclined to

regard as the @ of this species; the terebra of caudatus

was half as long as the abdomen, the facial carma more

acute, and the mesothoracic sutures more rudimentary.

This was probably not the true ? of rujipes, and I feel

certain that the sexes above described belong to each

other ; they correspond in all respects, and were captured

under the same circumstances.

British Braconide. 49

40. Opius comatus, Wesm.

O. comatus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835,

p. 145, pl. i1., fig. 7 @wing); Hal., Ent. Mag.,

SOUT, EeQw

§. Black; head thinly beset with long hairs; face strongly

carinated, piceous or sometimes testaceous in the middle, slightly

rugulose; clypeus rounded in front, separated from the mandibles

by a semicircular interval; palpi pale, elongate. Antenne about

as long as the body, 21—23-jointed, testaceous towards the base,

the joints fusco-punctate at the apex, the terminal joints fuscous ;

8d joint elongate. Mesothoracic sutures distinct, punctate, con-

verging to a point before the scutellum, which is sometimes testa-

ceous at the apex. Mesopleure with a deeply crenate furrow.

Metathorax somewhat elongate, rugose, reticulated. Wings dull

hyaline; squamula testaceous; nervures and stigma fusco-testa-

ceous, the former very slender; radial areolet reaching the ex-

tremity of the wing ; 2d cubital areolet hardly or not at all attenu-

ated outwards; stigma narrow, lanceolate, emitting the radius

from the middle; recurrent nervure interstitial; podiscoidal areolet

subincomplete. Przbrachial transverse nervure of the hind wings

inchoate. Legs testaceous ; last joint of the tarsi blackish. Abdo-

men obovate, subdepressed ; 1st segment rather long, obconic, rugu-

lose, subcarinate in the middle, without visible tubercles; 2d

segment sometimes faintly striated at the base; suturiform articu-

lation marked by an indistinct channel, which is often testaceous ;

3d and following segments black, shining. Terebra subexserted.

6. Antenne much longer than the body, slender, 29—31-jointed,

testaceous towards the base; 3d joint very long. Head, including

the oral parts, testaceous; stemmaticum and occiput fuscous.

Prothorax testaceous, obscure on the sides. Under the base of the

fore wings is often a dull testaceous spot, and another on the meso-

notum; the mesothoracic sutures marked by two testaceous lines.

Tubercles of the 1st abdominal segment more distinct than in the

9; a large or small testaceous spot on the 2d segment. Length,

$—1; wings, 21—3 lines.

Var. 1. Head and clypeus black; 3 apical segments of the

abdomen rufo-testaceous. Wesmael.

Described by Wesmael from 4 females and 7 males,

taken near Brussels. According to Haliday it is some-

what rare in shady groves of England and Ireland. I

have captured several females, and Bignell a 3g, in

Devonshire. This species forms the genus Holconotus of

Forster.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—pPaRTI. (MARCH.) E

50 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

vi. Brosterres, Fdrster.

Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 259.

Clypeus reaching the mandibles and closing the mouth, except

in B. placidus, Hal. Second cubital areolet, measured hori-

zontally, shorter than in Opiws, the 2d abscissa of the radius not

exceeding in length the 1st intercubital nervure; stigma narrow,

elongate, emitting the radius from the middle, or from a point

just before the middle. The other characters are those of Opius.

In Diachasma the clypeus does not reach the mandibles, and the

stigma is shorter and thicker, emitting the radius generally from a

point beyond the middle.

Ten British species may be assigned to the genus

Biosteres ; they include the largest of the present sub-

family, and have a superficial resemblance to the

Alysiids, especially of the genus Phanocarpa. They

have a certain facies which distinguishes them from

Opius without the aid of artificial characters; but closer

examination shows that this difference is mainly de-

pendent upon size, and that their structure presents

hardly any modification.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

(18) 1. Clypeus reaching the mandible and closing

the mouth.

(5) 2. Mesopleure with a smooth impunctate

furrow.

(4) 3. Abdominal Pape 2—4 black, hard, and

shining .. 1. carbonarius, Nees.

(3) 4. Abdominal permet 24 Hees. aie.

ceous, with a soft cuticle which shrinks

after ‘death, leaving transverse impres-

sions upon the abdomen 5c .. 2. tmpressus, Wesm.

(2) 5. Mesopleur with a crenate or rugose fur-

row.

(7) 6. Scutellum smooth . 50 So 3. bicolor, Wesm.

(6) 7. Scutellum pealese: or punctate, at ER

at the apex.

(11) 8. Abdomen partly rufous.

(10) 9. Scutellum entirely 1ugulose 30 .. 4. hemorrhoiis, Hal.

(9) 10. Scutellum punctate at the apex .. . .. 5. blandus, Hal.

(8) 11. Abdomen entirely black.

(13) 12. Scutellum punctate at the apex .. .. 6. rusticus, Hal.

(12) 13. Scutellum entirely rugulose.

(15) 14. Ver.ex rugulose, dull; 3 longitudinal

bands of similar rugosity on the meso-

thorax .. a : ae .. 7. scabriculus, Wesm.

British Braconide.: 51

(14) 15. Vertex and mesothorax smooth, shining.

(17) 16. Third abscissa of the radius straight, or-

with only a very sgh bend at the ex-

tremity «. .. 8. Wesmaélii, Hal.

(16) 17. Third abscissa of pale euch concave

beneath .. oe oo Bb syle cus, Hal.

(1) 18. Clypeus not reaching the BERT

mouth open af é . 10. placidus, Hal.

ile Biosteres carbonarius, Nees. (Pl. Ios iter eh Ne

Bracon carbonari ius, Nees, Mon., 1., 58; Opius carbo-

narius, Hal., Ent. Mag., i Vint AUS es) Poe

Opius procerus, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1835,

p. 156, 3g, pl. i1., fig. 12 (wing).

Black, shining; face punctate, with a strong carina; clypeus

touching the mandibles, punctate, testaceous ; palpi and mandibles

testaceous, the latter broad, fuscous at the points. Antenne much

longer than the body, 483—44-jointed, § 9; black, with the under

side of the scape testaceous. Mesothoracic sutures inchoate,

effaced posteriorly. Mesopleure with a smooth impunctate fur-

row. Apex of the scutellum rugulose; before it is an oblong

fovea. Metathorax rugulose. Wings hyaline; nervures fuscous ;

stigma paler fuscous, elongate, attenuated, emitting the radius just

before the middle; 1st abscissa as long as the thickness of the

stigma; 2d as long as the 1st intercubital nervure; 3d slightly

curved, ending near the extremity of the wing; recurrent nervure

evected. No vestige of a pobrachial transverse nervure in the

hind wings. In the § all the principal nervures of the fore wings

are incrassated and darker. Legs testaceous; 2d joint of all the

trochanters often rufescent ; tips of the tarsi dusky; hind cox of

the § sometimes black at the baseabove. Abdomen oblong-ovate,

broader in the 2; 1st segment short, forming a truncated triangle,

narrower in the g, rugulose, with a medial carina, which is bifur-

cate at the base, and a fovea on each side of the apex; the other

segments smooth and shining. Terebra concealed. Length,

-2—24; wings, 43—53 lines.

Generally distributed throughout the country, and

more often met with than the other species, yet by no

means common. Bred, according to Brischke (Schr.

Nat. Ges. Danzig, 1878, p. 107), from the maggots of

Pegomyia nigritarsis, Lett. —

E 2

52 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

2. Biosteres impressus, Wesm.

Opius impressus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835,

p- 157, ¢; Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 218, o @.

Rather smaller than the preceding, but with absolutely the same

characters, except as regards the abdomen. The posterior half of

the 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th segments is marked (in dried specimens)

with a deep transverse depression, which is dull testaceous. In

the living insect there are no depressions, but testaceous bands,

covered with a soft integument, which subsides irregularly after

death. ¢@. Length, 2—21; wings, 43—5} lines.

Not common; taken by Wesmael in Belgium, by

Haliday in North and West Ireland, and by Walker in

England. I captured 5 specimens at Cornworthy, in

South Devon, and another in Wiltshire.

3. Biosteres bicolor, Wesm.

Opius bicolor, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835,

p. 151, ¢; Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 220, 3 @.

Black; abdomen, after the Ist segment, rufous. Face carinated >

clypeus reaching the mandibles, its lower half testaceous, im-

pressed in the middle with a transverse series of punctures ;

mandibles testaceous; palpi about as long as the head, testaceous.

Antenne g longer than the body, 39-jointed, black; 1st joint

rufo-testaceous beneath ; all the joints short; antenne ? not de

scribed. Mesothoracic sutures indicated by a short deep depression

on each side of the mesothorax in front. Furrow of the meso-

pleurz very superficial, formed of a series of slight transverse

wrinkles. Metathorax finely rugulose. Wings hyaline; stigma

dull rufo-testaceous; radial areolet reaching the extremity of the

wing; 2d cubital areolet narrow; podiscoidal areolet complete.

Legs rufo-testaceous. First abdominal segment black, rather

shining, with a few longitudinal strie; the rest of the abdo-

men smooth, rufo-testaceous. Terebra concealed. Length, 1—

13 line.

Only two examples seem to have occurred, a 3 taken

by Wesmael near Brussels, and a 2 in North Ireland by

Haliday ; as the latter writer gives no description of the

? , it may be presumed that the sexes are similar.

British Braconide. 53

4. Biosteres hemorrhoiis, Hal. (Pl. II., fig. 8, 2).

Opius carbonarius, var. 2, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac.

Brux., 1835, p. 152, f 2.

O. hemorrheus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 219, ¢ 2; and

204, figs. a, b, 3.

Black ; posterior half of the abdomen rufous. Clypeus testa-

ceous, touching the mandibles (cf. Hal., l.c., fig. 6); mandibles

testaceous. Antenne 9? longer than the body, 41-jointed, scape

rufous; antenne g not described. Mesothoracic sutures inchoate,

effaced posteriorly. Scutellum entirely rugulose, preceded by an

oblong fovea, which is surrounded by a few punctures. Meso-

pleure with acrenate furrow. Metathorax rugulose, subreticulate.

Wings hyaline ; squamularufous; nervures fuscous; stigma fusco-

testaceous, elongate, narrow, emitting the radius just before the

middle; 1st abscissa as long as the 2d and much longer than the

thickness of the stigma; 2d abscissa much shorter than the 1st

intercubital nervure ; 3d slightly curved, ending somewhat before

the extremity of the wing; recurrent nervure slightly evected.

Hind wings with no trace of a pobrachial transverse nervure.

Legs rufo-testaceous, tarsiinfuscated. Abdomen ? ovate, convex,

black from the base to the suturiform articulation, the remainder

rufous; Ist segment short, broad, striated, margined, with visible

tubercles; the following segments smooth and shining. Terebra

concealed. g. Second abdominal segment rufous towards the

apex, 3d rufous on each side of the base; less frequently the 2d

segment is rufous only on the sides, and the 3d entirely black.

Length, 2; wings, 5 lines.

Var. 1. Stigma fuscous; 2d segment at the extremity, and the

following segments, rufo-piceous, banded with black.

This fine species is quite distinct from carbonarius,

Nees (sp. 1), and more resembles Wesmaélii, Hal. (sp. 8) ;

it is, however, much larger, and distinguished by the

colours of the abdomen ; the 1st abscissa of the radius

is also much longer in proportion. Wesmael captured

many specimens near Charleroi and Brussels ; Walker

found both sexes in the London district; and Haliday

a ° on a willow in North Ireland; a 2 is in my col-

lection, which was taken near St. Albans.

BA Rev. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

5. Biosteres blandus, Hal.

Opius blandus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 220, g 2.

?. Black; abdomen partly rufous. Head very broad, rufous,

orbits and cheeks more obscure, stemmaticum black ; face punc-

tate, with a medial carina; clypeus hairy, rufous, touching the

mandibles; palpi rather short, testaceous. Antenne shorter than

the body, black, the scape rufous beneath. Thorax smooth and

shining; mesothoracie sutures inchoate. Scutellum coarsely

punctate at the apex, preceded by a small fovea. Mesopleurz

with a wide cancellated furrow. Metathorax rugulose, smoother

in the middle. Wings hyaline; squamula testaceous ; nervures

fuscous ; stigma fusco-testaceous, emitting the radius nearly in the

middle. Legs short, rufo-testaceous; femora stout; extreme apex

of the hind tibiz, and their tarsi, fuscous. Abdomen ovate; Ist

segment black, hardly narrowed at the base, rugulose, with a

longitudinal carina, which is bifurcate at the base; 2d and

following segments rufo-piceous ; 8d and following segments banded

with black. Terebra concealed. g. Larger than the 9, the

rufous portions clearer; head rufous, stemmaticum and occiput

black; antenne hardly shorter than the body, 41-jointed; abdo-

men more oblong, 2d segment rufous, the rest fuscous. Length

hardly 2 lines.

Described by Haliday from one ¢ and a few males

taken in May on willows in North Ireland. Forster has

made of this species a separate genus Chilotrichia, on

account of the hairiness of the clypeus.

6. Biosteres rusticus, Hal.

Opius rusticus, Hal., Ent. Mag, iv.,.218, 2.

Black; clypeus and mandibles testaceous ; mouth closed. An-

tenne gf much longer than the body, slender, 38-jointed, black,

the scape rufous; antenne of the @ not described. Prothorax

and mesopleurz vaguely punctate with large punctures; the latter

impressed with a rugose furrow. Mesothorax rugulose in front,

the sutures subcomplete, punctate. A foveola before the scutellum,

which is punctate at the apex. Metathorax rugose. Wings

hyaline; squamula rufo-testaceous; stigma and nervures fuscous ;

stigma very long and narrow, emitting the radius from a point

just before the middle; 1st abscissa longer than the thickness of

the stigma. Legs testaceous. The rest of the characters are those

of carbonarius (sp.1). Length, 1}; wings, 3} lines.

British Braconide. 55

This is distinguishable from carbonarius by its smaller

size, the rugose furrow of the mesopleure, and the in-

equalities and rugosity of portions of the thorax ; from

scabriculus, Wesmaélit, and sylvaticus (spp. 7, 8, 9), by

longer antenne, the fainter sculpture of the thorax, the

longer stigma, the insertion of the radius, and the

greater length of the radial areolet. Taken rarely by

Haliday in North Ireland on Brassica rapa. The speci-

men I possessis a ¢, found by Bignell in Devonshire.

7. Buosteres scabriculus, Wesm.

Opius scabriculus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1835, p. 154, 9; Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 218, 3 2.

Black ; head and thorax scabrous; legs varied with black. Head

pubescent ; face finely carinated, and, together with the greater

part of the cheeks and vertex, scabrous, not shining; mandibles

rufous ; palpi dusky. Antenne @ black, 33-jointed, as long asthe

body; those of the f not described. Mesothorax with 3 longi-

tudinal scabrous parallel lines on the disk; humeral angles, and

sides in front, similarly scabrous. Mesopleure with no furrow,

but a broad rugulose space instead, hardly depressed below the

surface. Scutellum and metathorax rugulose. Wings hyaline;

stigma dull testaceous, elongate, narrow, linear. Coxe and Ist

joint of the trochanters black; 2d joint, femora, and tibie, rufo-

testaceous; 4 anterior femora streaked on the upper edge with

blackish ; hind femora blackish above and on the sides; tips of

hind tibizw and all the tarsi fuscescent. Abdomen narrow, elon-

gate; 1st segment longitudinally rugose, with a fine medial

carina; the following segments smooth and shining; in the J

segments 2, 3, 4 are furnished before the apex each with two

minute whitish spines. Terebra as long as } of the abdomen.

Length, 13 line.

Only two specimens seem to have been taken, a ?

near Brussels, described by Wesmael, and a 3 indicated

by Haliday, which was sent to him from England,

probably from the London district, by Walker.

8. Biosteres Wesmaelu, Hal.

Opius carbonarius, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1835, p. 152 (partly; not of Nees or Haliday ;

and not the varieties).

O. Wesmaélii, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 219, 3 2,

56 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

Black; face strongly carinated, punctate ; clypeus reaching the

~mandibles, testaceous, sometimes black at the base, punctate ;

mandibles rufous; palpi testaceous. g 2. Antenne longer than

the body, 837—89-jointed, black, the scape rufous. Mesothoracic

sutures inchoate, effaced posteriorly. An oblong fovea before the

scutellum, which is rugulose, like the metathorax. Wings hyaline;

squamula testaceous; nervures fuscous; stigma fusco-testaceous,

darker in the ¢, emitting the radius from the middle; 1st abscissa

not half as long as the 2d, and not longer than the width of the

stigma ; 2d abscissa and 1st intercubital nervure about equal in

length ; 3d abscissa straight, ending rather before the extremity

of the wing; recurrent nervure slightly evected. No trace of a

pobrachial transverse nervure in the hind wings. Legs rufo-

testaceous ; cox sometimes infuscated at the base above ; tips of

tarsi dusky. First abdominal segment longitudinally rugose,

sometimes faintly carinated in the middle. Terebra concealed.

Length, 13; wings, 34 lines.

According to Haliday, not uncommon in North Ireland

during May and June; also found in England by Walker,

and twice by me in Leicestershire. It closely resembles

the following species, but the difference of the wings

renders their separation necessary.

9. Biosteres sylvaticus, Hal.

Opius sylvaticus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 219, ¢ 2.

More slender than the preceding, but otherwise indistinguishable,

except by the wings. Stigma fusco-testaceous, emitting the radius

before the middle; 3d abscissa curved, concave beneath, ap-

proaching nearer to the extremity of the wing than in Wesmaélit;

hence the radial areolet is more cultrate and longer in proportion ;

2d cubital areolet horizontally longer and vertically narrower. In

the g, asin the cognate species, the principal nervures are in-

crassated and darker. Length, 13; wings, 33 lines.

According to Haliday, much rarer in North Ireland

than the last species ; Walker detected the ¢ in England,

and I possess both sexes captured near Abergavenny,

and Nunton, in Wilts.

10. Brosteres placidus, Hal.

Optus placidus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iv., 217, 2.

Black ; base of 2d abdominal segment rufous. Face carinated ;

oral parts rufo-testaceous; elypeus not touching the mandibles.

British Braconide. 57

Antenne longer than the body, 38-jointed, black, the scape piceous

beneath. Mesothoracic sutures inchoate, effaced posteriorly. A

foveola before the scutellum. Mesopleure with an impunctate

furrow. Metathorax finely rugulose. Wings hyaline; squamula

testaceous; nervures fuscous; stigma fusco-testaceous, linear,

very long, emitting the radius before 4 of its length. Legs rufo-

testaceous ; cox black at the base; hind tarsi, and apex of their

tibiz, fuscous. Abdomen ovate; 1st segment striated; 2d rufous

at the base, its posterior portion, and all the following seg-

ments, piceous. Terebra concealed. Male unknown. Length,

13 line.

Taken only once by Haliday in North Ireland; it

seems not to have occurred since. Forster has made of

it the genus Rhabdospilus.

vii. Diacuasma, Frster.

Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 259.

Characters of Opius, except that the 2d cubital areolet,

measured horizontally, is shorter, the 2d abscissa of the

radius not exceeding in length the Ist intercubital

nervure, and the stigma is short, ovate, or subtriangular.

The shortness of the stigma alone separates Diachasma

from Biosteres. The radius, according to Forster, should

originate beyond the middle of the stigma; but the

rigour of this restriction excludes two species, and would

lead to the formation of two new genera for their

reception. To avoid this, I have ventured so far to

enlarge the limits of Diachasma as to leave the origin of

the radius undetermined. Of the four species brought

together under this denomination, two, viz., caffer and

rugosa, are not provided for in Forster’s synoptical

table ; it may be presumed that they were unknown to

him, or he would have been obliged, on his own prin-

ciples, to make a separate genus for each.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

(2) 1. First abdominal segment smooth and shin-

ing ate 60 Oc

(1) 2. First abdominal segment rugulose.

(6) 3. Second and third abdominal segments smooth.

(5) 4. Abdomen, after the 1st segment, black .. 2. cephalotes, Wesm.

1. caffer, Wesm.

58 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

(4) 5. Abdomen, after the lst segment, in great

part rufo-testaceous .. .. 3. fulgida, Hal.

(3) 6. Second abdominal segment and oneak part

of the third deeply striated .. .. 4. rugosa, Wesm.

1. Diachasma caffer, Wesm.

Opius caffer, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835,

pi l50:-eilalehinit Macy eivesOd ye Geer

Black, shining; face strongly carinated; clypeus short, not

reaching the mandibles, its lower edge rounded and somewhat

raised ; mandibles dull rufous in the middle, scarcely wider at the

base; palpi short, black... Antenne 9 rather shorter than the

body, 29-jointed ; of the g somewhat longer, 32-jointed; all the

joints black, short. Mesothoracic sutures inchoate. A large oval

fovea before the scutellum. Mesopleure smooth and shining, with

hardly a fovea, but a short narrow series of 3 or 4 punctures.

Metathorax smooth. Wings slightly infumated; stigma and

nervures fuscous; 3d abscissa of the radius subobsolete towards

the end (cf. Ademon decrescens, ante); if complete, it would reach

the margin of the wing somewhat before the extremity; stigma

oval, emitting the radius from the middle; 2d abscissa much

shorter than the 1st intercubital nervure, and much longer than

the 2d; recurrent nervure evected. Hind wings with a distinct

pobrachial transverse nervure. Legs black; base of hind tibiz in

the ? dull rufous; hind femora somewhat incrassated and com-

pressed; sometimes the legs are dull rufous, the femora black

above, and the tarsi infuscated. Abdomen oval, entirely free from

rugosity; Ist segment short, with two lateral channels, the disk

raised, smooth and shining. Terebra exserted to the extent of } of

the abdomen. Length, 14; wings, 3 lines.

Both sexes were discovered by Wesmael near Brussels,

and found also by Walker in the London district ; I have

taken the ¢ in Epping Forest.

2. Diachasma cephalotes, Wesm.

Opius cephalotes, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1835,

p- 149, 2 (not of Ratzeburg, which is a Ceno-

calius).

Black; vertical and occipital orbits of the eyes rufous. Head

large, broader than the thorax; face carinated, vaguely punctured ;

clypeus not reaching the mandibles, deplanate, punctate, cireum-

scribed by an impressed semicircular line, its lower edge straight,

British Braconide. 59

obsoletely margined; mandibles rufous; palpi dusky. Antenne

3d 2 hardly longer than the body, stout, setose, tapering outwards,

36—87-jointed, all the joints short; black, base of scape dull

rufous. Mesothoracic sutures complete, deeply impressed, crenu-

late, meeting in an acute angle before the scutellum. Mesopleure

with a long furrow, deeply crenate. Metathorax rugose. Wings

rather short, slightly infumated ; radial areolet short, ending just

before the extremity of the wing; stigma and nervures blackish ;

stigma oval, emitting the. radius beyond the middle; recurrent

nervure interstitial. Hind wings with a distinct pobrachial trans-

verse nervure. Legs stout, rufo-testaceous; upper side of cox,

Ist joint of trochanters, and tarsi towards the tips, blackish.

Abdomen oblong, rather narrow, with subparallel sides; longer in

the g, and truncate at the extremity; Ist segment rugulose, not

much widened posteriorly, indistinctly carinated in the middle,

with visible tubercles. Terebra not surpassing the anus. Length,

2; wings, 4 lines.

Wesmael described a mutilated 2 found near Brussels ;

the species was not known to Haliday. Both sexes

occurred sparingly in a hedge near Nunton, in Wilts,

where several were taken by Dr. Capron and myself.

3. Diachasma fulgida, Hal. (Pl. i 11D aye

Opius fulgidus, Hal., Ent. Mag.,iv., 217, 2.

3. Variable ; rufous, metathorax, pectus, Ist abdominal seg-

ment, and a transverse band on each of the following segments,

blackish ; wings infuscated; form robust. Head rufous; palpi

piceous; clypeus not touching the mandibles. Antenne longer

than the body, 87-jointed, black, scape piceous beneath. Disk of

mesothorax rufous, its sutures impunctate, obsolete behind the

middle. A shallow fovea before the scutellum. Mesopleure rufo-

piceous, with a strongly crenate furrow. Scutellum and meta-

thorax black, the latter coarsely rugose. Wings infuscated ; ner-

vures and stigma blackish, the latter very large, ovate, lanceolate,

emitting the radius beyond the middle; 1st abscissa obliterated by

the stigma, punctiform ; 2d as long as the 1st intercubital nervure

and much longer than the 2d; 8d abscissa straight, nearly reaching

the extremity of the wing; recurrent nervure interstitial. Hind

wings with a distinct pobrachial transverse nervure. Legs rather

stout, rufo-testaceous ; last joint of tarsi fuscous. Abdomen ovate-

orbiculate ; 1st segment oblong, rugulose, blackish ; the following

segments rufo-testaceous, cinctured with fuscous bands more

60 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of

or less confluent. Female not known. Length, 13; wings,

33 lines.

Var. 1. The colours given above are those of Haliday’s speci-

men, discovered by Walker in the I. of Wight. A g which I took

in Epping Forest differs somewhat:—Head black; mesothorax

dark piceous, rufescent in the middle; scutellum and metathorax

piceo-rufous ; this is the specimen copied in the plate.

This species, if I am not mistaken, has been also

found at Shiere by Dr. Capron; it is apparently rare

everywhere, and has never been observed on the Con-

tinent.

4. Diachasma rugosa, Wesm.

Opius rugosus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1838,

play mo

@. Variable; head rufous; the rest of the body ochreous,

more or less obscure, and sometimes quite black above; form

robust. Upper part of face carinated ; clypeus not quite touching

the mandibles, its margin straight; stemmaticum and tips of

mandibles black. Antenne longer than the body, slender, filiform,

33-jointed, black; scape more or lessrufous. Mesothoracic sutures

deeply impressed, punctulate, effaced posteriorly. No punctiform

impression before the scutellum. A coarsely punctured space on

the mesopleure instead of the usual furrow. Mesothorax coarsely

rugose, subcarinate in the middle. Wings hyaline; squamula

ochreous ; nervures and stigma fuscous; the latter oval, acumi-

nate, emitting the radius a little before the middle; 1st abscissa

very short; 2d as long as the Ist intercubital nervure, or even a

little longer; 3d straight, almost attaining the extremity of the

wing; recurrent nervure evected. Hind wings with no trace of a

pobrachial transverse nervure. Legs stout, ochreous; tips of tarsi

infuscated. Abdomen short, oval, not longer and hardly wider

than the thorax; 1st segment as broad as long, somewhat widened

behind, deeply and longitudinally striated, with raised lateral

margins and a medial carina; from the base of the 2d segment the

abdomen is widened and rounded at the sides to the end of the 3d

segment, whence it diminishes rapidly to the anus; 2d segment

deeply striated like the Ist; 3d segment more finely striated, its

apical margin and the rest of the abdomen smooth and shining.

Terebra as long as ! or 3} of the abdomen. Male unknown.

Length 13; wings nearly 4 lines.

Wesmael’s description was made from a specimen

apparently female, with the antenne and terebra broken,

British Braconide. 61

and which he obtained from Liége. The insect was not

met with again, to my knowledge, until Mr. Bridgman

sent me a specimen from his neighbourhood; and

singularly enough, while the above description was in

progress, I obtained another by beating a hedge not far

from this house, in Cornwall. This last example is more

highly coloured, and almost black on the head and

thorax.

EXPLANATION OF Puate II.

Fic. 1. Ademon decrescens, Nees, ?.

2. Gnamptodon pumilio, Nees, 2.

3. Hedylus habilis, Marsh., ¢.

4, Wing of Hurytenes abnormis, Wesm.

5. Wing of Opius nitidulator, Nees.

6. Opius testaceus, Wesm., 2.

7. Biosteres carbonarius, Nees, 3.

8. B. hemorrhous, Hal., 2.

9. Diachasma fulgida, Hal., 3.

Sy betOs ntl ae

Tat!

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fon aay dosart al! Sogone stove ciiisto'ey ol | 3

ist Aye a L iti if Weesai; ab Of Froud Giro «iti 8 i

bit € py : TRG fais agi mron® toning” dh 4518 sod

lt liste fs Router: cheating

é TeSee. HR be pieatile, Iie nan

atte nace? Fahy sept mgr

bap ciel far:

i o oe _

He Nips See hod ers

iE af nt by de “POLTAMADS cat

- oer & Se Cyd” 6 sy errs, cs ow

: ana Olney dabotqatsed- Boe

> taal, eitnind alee ath

Loea yy tee enna hy peta gall be s

i ON Fahne bidiye ;

eA re “Thy whi daehs ;

e i ec ake 3 am vine

©,

ue be x gdm atid s , om

(ON6S>10)

Ill. African Micro-Lepidoptera. By the Right Honble.

Lord WatusineHam, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.

|Read November 5th, 1890.]

Puates III., IV., V., VI. & VII.

I am indebted to many kind correspondents for the

material dealt with in this paper. Mr. Gilbert T. Carter,

C.M.G., formerly Treasurer and now Administrator of

the Gambia Settlements, has sent me many things from

Accra and Bathurst, some of which have been dealt

with in a previous paper (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881,

219—288, Pl. X.—XIIT.). Mr. J. M. Hutchinson has

collected for me at Kimbolton (Estcourt), Natal. Ihave

also received contributions from Mr. Herbert Druce,

Colonel Bowker, Mr. C. G. Barrett, and Mr. F. J. Jack-

son; the last collection as coming chiefly from the

country between Kilima Njaro and the coast is especially

interesting. The species described in this paper by no

means exhaust the material, and I hope at some future

time to work out the remainder. In the meanwhile the

present considerable addition to the list of African

Tineide and Tortricide may perhaps be useful to those

who study the subject. The majority appear to belong

to well-known .Huropean genera, several of which are

now recorded for the first time as occurring in Africa.

In wy previous paper attention was drawn to certain

genera which appear on both sides of the Atlantic; no

less than seven additions are here made to this list :—

Phecasiophora, Grote, CEta, Grote, Ide, Chambers,

Polyhymno, Chambers, Strobisia, Clemens, Anorthosia,

Clemens, and Zarathra, Walker. Some of these have a

still wider distribution, and will soon be also recorded

as Asiatic. The genus Philobota, Meyrick, hitherto

confined to the Australian region, is here recog-

nised. It is extremely probable that a more intimate

acquaintance than I possess with the numerous new

Australian genera characterised by Meyrick would show

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—PraRTI. (MARCH.)

64 Lord Walsingham on

that other African forms not dealt with in this paper

can be rightly referred to some of them. The Indian

genus Timyra, Walker, is now found to occur in Africa.

Some few corrections are made in the synonymy of

described genera: Nigilgia, Walker, is identified as equal

to Phycodes, Guenée ; Polyhymno, Chambers, turns out

to be the same as the South American genus Copocercia,

subsequently described by Zeller; my African genus

Teratopsis is Hememann’s Cacochroa, with which I have

only lately become acquainted in Europe.

Nine new genera are characterised in this paper,

seventy-one new species are described and figured,

while additional localities are given for many previously

known ; moreover, some few omissions in my former list

of South African species are corrected.

TORTRICIDA.

TORTRICINA.

Trras, J'r.

Teras (Acleris, Hb.) algoana, F. & R., Reise Nov. Lp.,

TEI OPOOOVIUls BOs (SVG), 2s

Grahamstown (Cape Colony).

This species, with which I am unacquainted, was acci-

dentally omitted from my former paper (Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond., 1881), which professed to give a complete

catalogue of South African Tortricide.

Cacacra, Hb.

Cacecia adustana, Wlsm.

Grahamstown (Cape Colony) ; one specimen (Druce).

I am only acquainted with the 2 of this species; the

reception of the ¢ may perhaps prove that it should be

referred to Pandemis.

(Pl. iii., fig. 1.]

Cacecia occidentalis, sp. n.

Antenne reddish brown. Palpi reddish brown. Head deep

reddish brown. Fore wings, 3, reddish brown, paler beyond the

oblique median fascia, much shaded with purplish fuscous sealing

from the base of the dorsal margin nearly to the anal angle; this

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 65

fuscous scaling extends upwards as far as the middle of the wing,

where a rich chestnut-brown fascia, running obliquely outwards

from the middle of the costal margin, meets it and blends with it ;

a small space on the middle of the dorsal margin is slightly paler

than the surrounding surface; towards the apex an obliquely

curved shade of rich chestnut-brown is attenuated from the costal

margin to the lower half of the apical margin; cilia reddish

brown. In the 2, which is considerably larger than the g, the

purplish fuscous scaling on the dorsal half of the wing is reduced

to two dorsal spots, the first before, the other beyond the middle;

these are mixed with chocolate-brown, but the whole wing-surface

shows a mottled appearance caused by patches and lines of pale

steel-grey scales, visible only in a strong light. Hind wings rich

brownish ochreous, with a cupreous tinge; cilia paler, with a

darker line near their base. Abdomen and anal tuft the same

colour as the hind wings. Fxp.al. J 16mm., 9 24mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia); six specimens. ‘‘ Taken ~

at light, November and December.” (Carter).

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

Loxotmnia, Stph.

The genus Loxotenia is retained in the present paper,

for, although I am inclined to agree with Mr. Meyrick in

suppressing it in favour of Cacwcia upon the grounds

stated in his paper on the classification of the Tortricina

of Australia (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., vi., 488 (1882) ),

it involves a more considerable alteration of accepted

nomenclature than would be justified without a detailed

examination of a considerable number of North American,

as well as African, species, which I am not at present in

a position to undertake.

Loxotenia capensana, Wkv.

Estcourt (Natal), two specimens (Hutchinson) ; Gra-

hamstown (Cape Colony), one specimen (Druce).

Loxotenia elegans, Wlsm.

Estcourt (Natal), five specimens (Hutchinson) ; Gra-

hamstown (Cape Colony), two specimens (Druce) ; Zulu-

land, one specimen (collected by the late Col. Harvey

Tower). bag ns 3

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1891.--PART I. (MARCH.) F

66 Lord Walsingham on

Panprmis, Hb.

Pandemis reciprocana, Wky.

Teras reciprocana, Wkr., Cat. Lp. Ins. B. M., XXYVIII.,

295. (1863).

Cacecia reciprocana, Wlsm., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1881, 221.

When writing my previous paper I was only acquainted

with the ? of this species, and was consequently unable

to refer it with certainty to Cacewcia; I have since

received two males, collected at Estcourt (Natal) by

Mr. J. M. Hutchinson. These differ from Cacecia, Hb.,

in not possessing a costal fold, and reciprocana should

be placed in the genus Pandemis, Hb., although the

notch in the basal joint of the antenne of the ¢ is but

slightly indicated.

Pandemis dorsiplagana, Wlsm.

Loxotenia dorsiplagana, Wlsm., Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1881, 222—3.

This species should also be referred to Pandemis, Hb.

Grahamstown (Cape Colony), one specimen (Druce) ;

Estcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

Pandemis capitana, F. & R.

Tortrix capitana, F'.& R., Reise Nov. Lp., Pl. CXXXIX.,

48 —49 (1875).

Cacecia ? capitana, Wlsm., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1881, 221—2.

I was unacquainted with this species in 1881, and

referred it provisionally to Caewcia. I have since

received both sexes, which prove it to be a Pandemis.

Grahamstown (Cape Colony), four specimens (Druce).

Areyrotoxa, Stph.

(Pl. iii., fig. 2.]

Argyrotoxa tigrina, sp.n.

Antenne brown at the base, greenish beyond. Palpi projected

second joint thickly clothed, the scales at its apex projecting

slightly beneath the short apical joint; whitish ochreous above,

_ African Micro-Lepidoptera. 67

umber-brown at the sides and beneath. Thorax ochreous above,

brown at the sides, the tegule shining grey. Fore wings with

the costa very slightly raised in the middle, apex pointed, apical

margin oblique, not convex : silvery grey, with four narrow trans-

verse fasciz, each golden yellow, with an umber-brown central

line throughout; the first commencing at one-third from the base,

slender, outwardly convex; the second central, stouter, slightly

convex outwardly, and differing from the others in the more im-

portant umber-brown line nearly covering its outer half; the third

at about two-thirds of the wing-length, slightly oblique, tending

outwards from costal to dorsal margin, where it terminates just

before the anal angle; the fourth, also oblique, terminating beyond

the anal angle ; beyond these fascie is a short transverse streak of

a similar colouring, immediately before the apex, preceded by a

short costal streak of the same colour; a diffused golden yellow

basal-streak above the middle does not reach the first fascia; cilia

greyish fuscous. Under side greyish, with small pale ochreous

and brown costal spots beyond the middle. Hind wings and cilia

grey. Under side whitish grey. Abdomen darker grey; anal tuft

ochreous. Legs whitish ochreous. Exp. al. 16mm.

Hab. Estcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

EIS nie ies.)

Argyrotoxa flavicostana, sp. n.

Antenne, head, and face pale straw-colour. Palpi greyish

fuscous. Thorax greyish fuscous, narrowly margined anteriorly

with pale straw-colour; tegule pale straw-colour. Fore wings

greyish fuscous, the costal margin pale straw-colour to beyond the

apical third; the lower edge of the clearly-defined pale costal band

is somewhat sinuous and narrowly margined with whitish; at

one-third from the apex a pale straw-coloured transverse streak, or

narrow fascia, reaches to the dorsal margin immediately before the

anal angle, where it is somewhat dilated, this fascia is much

attenuated (almost interrupted) below the costal band, with which

it becomes blended, it is narrowly margined on both sides by a

whitish line; a pale whitish narrow sinuous line runs from the

anal angle around the apical margin; there are a few (4 or 5)

small greyish fuscous costal spots in the pale costal band, and a

series of spots (about 7) of the same colour runs down the centre

of the transverse fascia; cilia pale ochreous, with one or two

darker lines. Hind wings rather pointed, with the outer margin

68 Lord Walsingham on

very oblique, greyish brown; cilia the same. Abdomen and legs

greyish brown. FHzp. al. 18 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), three specimens (Carter).

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

(Pl. iii., fig. 4.]

Argyrotoxa viridis, sp. 0.

Antenné rather more than half the length of the fore wings,

‘brownish fuscous, slightly pubescent. Palpi brownish ochreous,

dusted externally with fuscous ; second joint thickened anteriorly,

somewhat coarsely scaled ; apical joint obtuse, much shorter than

the second. Head dull brown, with erect scales above. Thorax

bright green, with a vermilion-red oblique streak on each side

posteriorly. Fore wings about twice as long as wide, costa sud-

denly arched near the base, thence parallel with the dorsal margin

to the slightly rounded apex; apical margin straight, somewhat

rounded off at the anal angle: bright bluish green, the costal and

apical margins narrowly brownish ochreous, on which are a series

of about fourteen black dots and spots of different sizes from the

base to the apex, some of which are margined on their lower edges

with red; along the apical margin are also some black spots, but

somewhat suffused and ill-defined; upon the surface of the wing

are about seven conspicuous vermilion-red spots or streaks; the

first elongate, reniform, extending obliquely downwards, near the

base of the wing, to the fold; a second also on the basal third of

the wing, elongate, quadrangular, obliquely placed above, beyond,

and parallel to the first; below this one is an elongate streak of

the same colour, the upper end of which barely crosses the fold,

the lower end reaching obliquely -the basal third of the dorsal

margin; about the middle of the wing is another less elongate

quadrangular spot, above which is a streak connected with a black

costal spot, and beneath a rather larger oblique streak crossing the

fold to the dorsal margin beyond the middle; an elongate oblique

streak of the same colour, its upper end somewhat dilated, extends

from the upper end of the cell towards the anal angle, but does not

reach it; beyond the cell the wing is tinged with dull greyish or

purplish fuscous; an undulating narrow whitish line forming the

inner edge of the ochreous marginal shade ; the middle of the cilia

on the apex and apical margin is clouded with greyish or purplish

fuscous. Hind wings as wide as the fore wings; brown, the costal

margin straw-white nearly to the apex, which is produced, the

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 69

wing being emarginate beneath; cilia brown. Abdomen brown.

Legs ochreous, clouded with fuscous. Hap. al. 14mm.

Hab. Accra (Gold Coast), one specimen (Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

CONCHYLIN/.

Concuyuis, Tr.

Conchylis triment, F. & R.

Malvern (Natal), one specimen (Bowker).

[Pl. iii., fig. 5.]

Conchylis tricolor, sp.n.

Antenne simple; orange at the base, leaden beyond. Palpi

pale orange. Head leaden grey above; face orange. Thorax

transversely barred with orange in front, leaden grey in the middle,

and bright scarlet behind. ore wings, costal and apical portions

orange, the extreme costal margin dotted irregularly throughout

with leaden grey; a large reniform leaden grey spot before the

apex, not reaching the costa, but attenuated downwards to the

apical margin above the anal angle; a large leaden grey patch ex-

tends from the base nearly to the anal angle, occupying three-fourths

of the width of the wing, and approaching the costa at its upper and

outer angle at two-thirds from the base, its upper and outer edges

irregularly sinuous and clearly defined, the outer edge somewhat

transverse, oblique; this leaden patch contains three transverse

bright vermilion bars, not reaching to its upper edge, and a spot

of the same colour; the first bar near the base touching the dorsal

margin is angulated outwards on the fold, the second bar tending

a little obliquely inwards from the middle of the dorsal margin is

attenuated (almost interrupted) at a point a little above the fold;

the third bar starting erect from the dorsal margin is dilated and

bent a little inwards at half its length; between the first and second

bars, and almost touching the orange costal border, lies a nearly

circular spot containing afew black scales before its upper edge,

which is narrowly margined with orange; cilia orange. Newration

7 and 8 from a common stem. Hind wings with the costal mar-

gin depressed before, and the outer margin concave below, the

produced but obtusely pointed apex; brownish fuscous; cilia the

same, with a slight purplish gloss. Newration 3 and 4 from a

common stem, as also 6 and 7. Abdomen brownish fuscous.

Exp. al. 10 mm.

70 Lord Walsingham on

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), two specimens (Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

GRAPHOLITHIN.

Evupemis, Hb.

Eudemis botrana, Schiff.

Pietermaritzburg (Natal), October—November, one

specimen (Bowker).

This species has not apparently been hitherto recorded

from South Africa; it has probably been introduced with

its well-known food-plant, the grape-vine.

[ells mitts. saves (O.

EHudemis spissana, Z.

Grapholitha spissana, Z., Hand. Kong. Svensk. Vet.-

Ak., 1852, 82—3.

This species has much the appearance of a true

Grapholitha, but agrees in neuration with Hudemis, Hb.,

to which genus it should be transferred. There is only

one point in which Zeller’s description seems to require

an additional note; he describes the four costal streaks

before the apex as white; these are of a leaden grey if

looked at in an ordinary light, but, bemg somewhat

metallic, they appear almost white if held in certain

positions. The type being in Stockholm, I have figured

the species, which, I have no doubt, is rightly identified.

Zeller was only acquainted with the ?; I have both

sexes.

Estcourt (Natal, four specimens (Hutchinson).

Bactra, Steph.

Bactra lanceolana, Hb.

Estcourt (Natal), four specimens (Hutchinson).

Eccorsis, Z.

Eccopsis wahlbergiana, Z.

Bathurst (Gambia), ten specimens (Carter).

African Micro-Lepidoptera. gf

(eT a., fies 7):

Ficcopsis ? nebulana, sp. n.

Antenne cinereous, a dark spot beneath on each basal joint.

Palpi pale cinereous; second joint with a blackish spot on the upper

edge towards the base, beyond this an oblique transverse bar,

followed by some darker shading. Head fuscous above; face

cinereous, with a conspicuous black spot in front near each eye

Thorax fuscous, the tegule cinereous at the base. Fore wings

cinereous, mottled with delicately striated patches of leaden grey;

with a series of short triangular oblique spots throughout the

length of the costal margin separated by pale geminations, the

one at half the wing-length being the most important, expanded

outwards below the costa, and margined with a pale cinereous

line; on the middle of the dorsal margin is a large, very distinct,

dark brownish-fuscous patch, rounded at its upper edge above the

middle of the wing, and with a slight pointed excrescence at its

upper and outer corner, margined throughout by a slender

cinereous line ; the extreme apex of the wing is brownish fuscous,

and below it, arising from about the middle of the apical margin,

is a pale brownish or greyish fuscous well-defined and inwardly

oblique dash running upwards, but not reaching to the costal

geminations; a dark line runs along the apical margin before the

greyish cinereous cilia. Hind wings greyish fuscous, with a dark

line near the base of their paler cilia. Abdomen greyish fuscous.

Exp. al. 18 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), one specimen (Carter).

Type, 2, Mus. Wlsm.

I have little doubt that this is a true Hccopsis, although

no male specimen has reached me. The species is very

distinct.

Pentuina, T'r.

[Pl. iii., fig. 8.]

Penthina brevibasana, sp. n.

Antenne dark greyish fuscous, with the basal joint whitish

ochreous. Palpi whitish ochreous. Head reddish brown above,

whitish ochreous in front. Thorax dark brown, tegule reddish

brown. Fore wings rather pointed, the apical margin slightly

oblique, the costa convex; whitish ochreous, much mottled with

olive-grey and chestnut-brown, with a conspicuous short basal

patch reddish brown, darkened on its outer half by a strong

admixture of deep fuscous scales, its outer edge, leaving the costal

72, Lord Walsingham on

margin at about one-fourth of the wing-length, reaches to beyond

one-third of the dorsal margin, and is slightly serrated throughout ;

this is followed by a large irregularly diffused olivaceous patch,

above which, on the costa, are two more olivaceous spots, with in-

distinct short oblique costal streaklets between, before, and beyond

them; beyond the olivaceous patch are streaks and mottlings of

chestnut-brown, not reaching to the costal quarter of the wing ;

cilia shining dark purplish fuscous, almost black. Under side

greyish fuscous, with a pale ochreous space along the costal and

apical margins, which is irrorated throughout and shaded at the

extreme costa near the base with greyish fuscous. Hind wings

brownish grey, with slightly paler cilia, along the base of which

runs a slender line of the wing-colour. Abdomen dark brownish

grey. Legs whitish ochreous. Hzp. al. 22 mm.

Hab. Estcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

Type, ?, Mus. Wlsm.

A conspicuous and distinct species, easily recognised

by the short outwardly oblique dark basal-patch, con-

trasting somewhat strongly with the paler surface of the

wing beyond it.

Srricoris, Tr.

(Pls i.) fs 95)

Sericoris apicipunctana, sp. n.

Antenne grey. Palpi tawny grey, pale beneath and at the

extreme apex. Head tawny grey, the face paler. Thorax tawny

grey. Fore wings brownish fuscous, with an equal admixture of

diffused leaden grey mottlings, the darker shade prevailing only in

an ill-defined oblique transverse band beyond the middle; the pale

costal geminations are alternated with brownish fuscous spots or

streaks, of which two spots at the apex are most conspicuous, the

first costal, triangular, and outwardly oblique, the other apical,

larger, more rounded, and somewhat inverted ; some tawny-brown

colouring is visible about the ends of the costal geminations; cilia

tawny, paler at the anal angle, a dark line near their base. Hind

wings brownish fuscous, with paler cilia, along the base of which

runs a pale line. Abdomen brownish fuscous. Hap. al. 12—

16 mim.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), three specimens (Carter).

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 73

PHACASIOPHORA, Grote.

[Pl. iii., fig. 10.]

Phecasiophora variabilis, sp. n.

Antenne simple; greyish fuscous. Palpi short and compact

the apical joint small, greyish fuscous above, paler beneath. Head

greyish fuscous, clothed with short rough scales. Thorax the same

colour as the head. Sore wings greyish fuscous, paler along the

first half of the dorsal margin, and sometimes with a pale diffused

patch on the costal margin before the middle, in which are two or

three small dark costal spots; beyond this is a short brownish

fuscous oblique costal streak, followed by others of the same

colour close to the apex; the most noticeable marking on the wing

is a large dark brown patch above the anal angle, paler about the

angle itself, but reaching nearly half-way along the dorsal margin,

and approaching the costa before the apex at its upper end, where

it is deflexed to a point above the middle of the apical margin ;

this patch is edged with a slender ill-defined greyish white line

throughout its inner and upper margin, which meets a short

slender greyish white streak coming from the costa immediately

before the apex; in the darker portion of the wing is a somewhat

distinctly darker shade along the first half of the fold; cilia

greyish white at and below the apex and above the anal angle, but

dark brown along the middle of the apical margin. Under side

unicolorous pale brownish fuscous, the cilia dirty whitish about the

apex and anal angle. Hind wings brownish fuscous; cilia greyish

white, with an obscure dark line along their base. Abdomen

brownish fuscous. Hap. al. 21 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), two specimens (Carter).

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

The species appears to be variable; the general pat-

tern of coloration is probably maintained, but the colours

vary from dark greyish fuscous to reddish brown, or

chestnut-brown, and perhaps even to other tints in an

extended series.

The African form of this genus differs from the North

American type, as described by Grote, in having strong

tufts of scales on the hind legs in both sexes (not in the

male only). It is interesting to find that not only does

the allied genus Eccopsis of Zeller (equal Clemens’ North

American Haartema), but that this North American

genus, described by Grote (Bull. Buff. Soc. N. H.,1., 90,

74 Lord Walsingham on

Pl. Il., 4—6 (1878)), also occurs on the African con-

tinent.

(SEL iret onal)

Phecasiophora basicornis, sp.n.

Antenne greyish cinereous, faintly annulated; the basal joint

distinctly white above. Palpi greyish fuscous; the second joint

stout and thickly clothed. Head and face dark brownish fuscous,

a few dirty whitish scales on the crest. Thorax mottled cinereous

and fuscous, its anterior edge darker; posterior edge and tegule

with some brownish scales. Fore wings sprinkled and mottled

with cinereous, reddish brown, and fuscous, the base reddish brown

on the costal half, streaked with very dark fuscous along the costal

margin ; the reddish brown scaling is continued towards the dorsal

margin in scattered patches, forming a sort of ill-defined basal-

patch ; beyond this is a pale cinereous ill-defined transverse fascia,

rather bowed outwards, and much sprinkled with dusky scaling, a

patch of grey occupying its central part above the fold; beyond

this fascia is a broad transverse shade of chocolate-brown, tinged

with grey on its lower half, narrow at the costal, wide at the dorsal

margin, slightly oblique and angulated at the middle of its outer

edge; beyond the upper half of this chocolate-brown shade is a

conspicuous whitish grey subcostal patch, into which a series of

four geminated whitish grey streaks run from the costal margin;

a chocolate-brown patch encroaches upon the lower edge of the

pale subcostal patch, which runs to a subfaleate attenuated point

below the apex, where a slender whitish line interrupts the cilia on

the apical margin; the chocolate-brown is modified with grey

above the anal angle; cilia brown on the upper half, greyish at the

lower half of the apical margin. Hind wings brownish fuscous,

with a dark line throughout the greyish cilia. Abdomen brownish

fuscous. Legs greyish fuscous, the tufts of the posterior tibize

distinctly whitish at the ends and on their inner sides. Exp. al.

23 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), one specimen (Carter).

Type, d, Mus. Wlsm.

I have but one specimen; the species is probably

variable, but 1 think it is quite distinct from the one

previously described.

Puoxopreris, 7'r.

Phoxopteris natalana, Wlsm.

Estcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 75

[EN Wbohag myer, IA))6

Phoxopteris oculifera, sp. n.

Antenne umber. Palpi dark umber. Head pale umber above,

frontal tuft dark umber. Thorax pale umber, tegule darker.

Fore wings wmber, faintly streaked longitudinally with obscure

whitish ochreous lines; the costal margin with short pale whitish

ochreous geminations throughout; on the dorsal portion of the

wing below the fold, and about and above the anal angle, the pale

whitish ochreous streaking more largely prevails; on the extreme

falcate apex, above the marginal indentation, is an ovate dark umber

spot, enclosed above and below, but not at its ends, by short pale

whitish ochreous streaks, giving it an eye-like appearance ; cilia

pale whitish ochreous, tipped with umber at the apex and on the

middle of the apical margin. Hind wings greyish umber, with

paler cilia, and a dark line along their base. Abdomen greyish

umber. Hap. al. 14 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), November, ‘‘ on species of

mallow,” one specimen (Carter).

Type, 2, Mus. Wlsm.

LEM, wbbleg suey, 113}.

Phoxopteris falcata, sp. n.

Antenne pale fawn. Palpi whitish fawn, rather long, and

roughly clothed with long diffuse scales above and beneath the

second joint. Head whitish fawn. Thorax pale fawn. Fore

wings narrow, elongate, faleate; veins 7 and 8 from a common

stem (in which it differs from the typical form of this genus): fawn-

colour along the costal third to beyond the middle, deeply shaded

with brown on the dorsal and apical portions; the pale costal third

is interrupted by a triangular ill-defined brown shade, commencing

at the middle of the costal margin; from near the end of the fold

a dark brown dash points obliquely upwards towards the apex ; the

extreme apex shaded with brown, and a dark line along the base of

the pale marginal cilia. Hind wings brownish fuscous, with a pale

line along the base of the cilia. Abdomen greyish fuscous. Ezxp.

al. 11—12 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), ‘‘ November, taken at light

and flying among mallow,” two specimens (Carter).

Type, ¢ ?, Mus. Wlsm.

This species is apparently somewhat variable in the

extent and definition of the brown shading.

76 Lord Walsingham on

Coptotoma, Ld.

(Plan. fig 4.)

Coptoloma dimidiata, sp. n.

Antenne pale ochreous. Palpi orange ochreous. Head ochreous.

Thorax shining orange ochreous. Fore wings shining orange

ochreous to one-half their length, sparsely irrorated with purplish

fuscous scales; beyond the middle bright orange ochreous, irregu-

larly suffused with purplish fuscous streaks and patches, with three

or four very oblique metallic steel-blue costal streaklets; cilia

orange ochreous, with a silvery metallic lustre, especially on the

lower half of the apical margin, within which three or four small

black dots indicate an ocelloid patch; the purplish patches are pro-

longed further towards the base on the dorsal than on the costal

margin. Under side pale greyish fuscous. Hind wings fuscous,

with paler cilia. Under side pale greyish fuscous. Abdomen

ereyish fuscous. Legs whitish ochreous, spotted above on the

ultimate tarsal joints. Hap. al. 8 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), ‘taken at light early in

December,” two specimens (Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

This species differs from its Asiatic ally, known as

Hemerosia aurantiana, Pryer (Cist. Ent. Il., 235, Pl. IV.,

12. (1877) ), in the more equal division of the pale and

dark portions of the fore wing; in aurantiana the former

predominates.

DIcHRORAMPHA, (Gn.

ee abiiap-smKe9, ILsy.]|

Dichrorampha excisa, sp. n.

Antenne pale brownish fuscous. Palpi whitish cinereous. Head

brownish fuscous; face whitish cinereous. Thorax pale brownish

fuscous. Fore wings somewhat excised below the apex, and bulged

above the apical margin: pale brownish fuscous to a little beyond

the middle; the remainder of the wing suffused with a delicate

mauve or pale lilac tint, obscurely striated with darker shades; the

inner edge of this suffused portion of the wing is clearly defined,

slightly convex towards the base on the lower two-thirds of the

wing-width, and abruptly biangulated beneath the costa; on the

costal margin are three or four pairs of pale oblique streaklets,

those nearest to the apex being shining silvery; two black dots,

one opposite the middle, the other below the middle, of the apical

margin, the upper one followed by a silvery spot at the bulge, are

African Micro-Lepidoptera. CU

the only indications of an ocelloid spot; cilia shining silvery, with

a dark line along their base. Hind wings brownish fuscous, with

pale cilia, also with a dark line near their base. Abdomen and legs

greyish fuscous. Hap. al. 16 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), two specimens (Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

CHOREUTIDA.

Cuorgvutis, Hb.

Choreutis. bjerkandrella, Thnb.

Estcourt (Natal), two specimens (Hutchinson).

Simatuis, Leach.

Pear, fet 16.)

Simethis flavimaculata, sp.n.

Antenne ciliated in the 9; brownish fuscous, spotted above with

whitish ochreous. Palpi pale yellowish, the second joint barred

externally with brown, the apical joint with two brown rings, one

at the base, the other before the apex. Head pale yellowish in

front, brown above posteriorly. Thorax brown above, the anterior

margin broadly pale yellow, with an orange tinge; yellowish

beneath. Fore wings chocolate-brown, with three conspicuous

yellow patches, all slightly tinged with orange; the first at the

outer edge of the basal third occupies more than two-thirds the

breadth of the wing, beginning narrowly on the costal margin,

considerably dilated to the fold, but not reaching the dorsal mar-

gin; the other two patches are in the apical third of the wing, one

almost touching the costal margin, and with a slender yellow

curved costal streak immediately preceding it, the other, which is

larger, situated just above the anal angle, rounded in form like the

smaller one above it, and also not actually reaching the margins of

the wing; cilia brownish at the base, paler outwardly. Under side

brownish, with a faint whitish ochreous spot beyond the middle of

the costal margin. Hind wings brown, with a small indistinct

irregular yellowish patch radiating from their base to the middle ;

cilia cinereous, with a brown line along their base. Under side

brownish. Abdomen dark brown, a few paler scales at the base

laterally. Legs brown; posterior tibiw, tarsi, and spurs con-

spicuously banded and spotted with yellow. Hap. al. 14 mm.

Hab. Zanzibar, one specimen (Jackson).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

78 Lord Walsingham on

ATYCHIADA.

Atycuta, Latr.

Atychia quiris, F. & R.

Cape Colony, two specimens (G. I’. Mathew).

(Pl. iii., fig. 17.]

Atychia albiciliata, sp. n.

Antenne brownish fuscous. Palpi brownish above, except at

the base; the base and under side white, except on the apical joint,

which is brownish above and below. Head brownish fuscous.

Thorax blackish (perhaps slightly darkened by greasiness). Under

side fuscous, with some shining scales. Fore wings narrow;

brownish fuscous, sprinkled with greyish scales, especially on the

outer half; a faint pale line about the base of the cilia, which are

brownish fuscous, slenderly tipped with white. Under side

brownish fuscous, with a subapical patch and central streak white.

Hind wings wider than the fore wings; clear pure white, with

brownish fuscous base, and with a broad brownish fuscous band of

nearly half their width running around the hind margin and apex,

widest about the base and middle; cilia pure white, except at the

apex, where they are touched with brownish. Under side with

- markings similar to those on the upper surface. Abdomen black,

each segment with a very narrow white ring posteriorly, the three

ultimate annulations more conspicuous than the others. Under

side fuscous, with some shining scales. Hap. al. 15 mm.

Hab. Estcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

A small species allied to A. quiris, F. & R., but more

distinctly marked.

PHYCODES, Gn.

GEL ni tesa

Phycodes punctata, sp. n.

Antenne greyish fuscous, paler beneath, with the basal joint

whitish on the under side. Palpi white, the apical joint very

short, not projecting beyond the head, tinged with grey above.

Head leaden grey above, white beneath ; face shining metallic dark

fuscous. Thorax leaden grey, with a shining submetallie gloss.

Fore wings shining leaden grey, with black spots, the scales so

arranged as to give the appearance of minute transverse striz under

the lens; on the extreme costal margin are five very small spots

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 79

rom the base, followed by one slightly larger, one beyond the

middle, which is again followed by two small and one larger,

beyond which are one or two small ones before the apex; the other

spots are six distinct ones and one small one, arranged as follows:

one above and one below the fold, before the middle of which the

lower one is considerably nearer to the base than the upper one; a

transverse line of three beyond the middle parallel with the slightly

oblique apical margin; beyond these one distinct spot below the

middle of the apical margin, but not touching it, and above this

one small one rather indistinct; cilia shining leaden grey with a

bronzy tinge. Under side pale brownish fuscous. Hind wings

brownish fuscous, showing two pale spaces radiating from the base

to about half the width of the wing; cilia white, tinged with fuscous

at the apical and abdominal angles. Under side pale brownish

fuscous. Abdomen greyish fuscous above, beneath bright glossy

shining white. Legs greyish fuscous, faintly pale spotted above,

beneath bright glossy shining white. Hap. al. 20 mm.

Hab. KEstcourt (Natal), one specimen ([Zutchinson).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

(Plsive, tet.

Phycodes substriata, sp.n.

Antenne fuscous. Palpi fuscous. Hawstellum brown, long,

and naked. Head greyish fuscous; face shining bronzy. Thorax

cinereous, speckled with fuscous above, pure white beneath. Fore

wings cinereous, densely striated with slender transverse brownish

fuscous lines, and with one fascia and several costal and discal

spots also brownish fuscous ; the fascia is narrow and straight from

costal to dorsal margin at about one-third from the base; it is pre-

ceded by two small costal spots, and followed by three or four

others, also costal, with faint indications of other diffused costal

spots towards the apex; at about two-thirds from the base is a

single spot just beyond the end of the cell, with three smaller ones

above, below, and before it; the apical margin is strongly tinged

with shining bronzy brown; cilia shining bronzy. Hind wings

brown, with whitish cilia, except at the extreme apex. Abdomen

and legs greyish fuscous above, white beneath. Hap. al. 17—

18 mm.

Hab. Zanzibar, three specimens (Jackson).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

This species is closely allied to Phycodes minor, Wlsm.,

an Indian form.

80 Lord Walsingham on

PPL Siento 205)

Phycodes albitogata, sp. n.

(Antenne and palpi broken). Head whitish grey, speckled.

Thorax whitish grey, speckled with bronzy fuscous above, white

beneath. Fore wings whitish grey, with delicate transverse bronzy

fuscous strize throughout, and with two distinct straight transverse

fascie ; the first one at one-third from the base, bronzy black, con-

taining two shining metallic brassy yellow bars, reaching throughout

from costal to dorsal margin; the second at two-thirds from the

base, narrower than the first, slightly interrupted above the fold,

and containing one shining metallic brassy yellow bar; the apical

portion of the wing beyond the second fascia is slightly shaded as

well as striated with bronzy fuscous, and groups of shining metallic

brassy yellow scales lie along the apical margin from the apex

nearly to the anal angle; there is a small bronzy fuscous streak on

the extreme costal margin at the base; cilia shining bronzy brown.

Under side unicolorous brown. Hind wings shining semi-

transparent white, with a strong lilac hue, and having a broad

brown band along the costal margin; cilia delicate white, with a

more opaque white line along their base, merging into brown at the

extreme apex. Under side lilac-white, with a broad brown band

along the costal margin, widening from the base outwards. Abdo-

men shining greyish white above, white beneath. Legs white.

Exp. al. 16 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), one specimen (Carter).

Type, 2, Mus. Wlsm.

This species differs from Nigilgia adjectella, Wkr., in

the second fascia having but one metallic line or bar

instead of two, in the absence of a metallic line from this

fascia to the apex, and in its paler colour and white

hind wings.

Phycodes adjectella, Wkr.

Nigilgia adjectella, Wkr., Cat. Lp. Ins. B. M., XXVIIL.,

512. (1863).

Tam unable to separate Nigilgia from Phycodes, Gn.,

a genus which has hitherto been confined to the Indian

region, but which is apparently equally well represented

in Africa. Walker’s type was received from. Sierra

Leone. I have in my collection a specimen, also a

female, received from Mr. F. J. Jackson, who met with

it at Tangani, Kolumbi Creek (East Africa), in August,

1885.

African Micro- Lepidoptera. 81

TINEIDA.

TALAPORIAN &.

Dissocrena, Stgr.

LENG shiven silvers ally)

Dissoctena affinis, sp. n.

Antenne bipectinate, each of the long pectinations slender and

pubescent. Palpi very short, subochreous. Head brownish

cinereous. Thorax cinereous. Fore wings with rather straight

costa, rounded apex, and oblique (scarcely convex) apical margin:

brownish cinereous, with two indistinct paler subochreous costal

patches beyond the middle, and before the middle a very indistinct

oblique fascia-form shade of the same colour, dilated outwards from

costal to dorsal margin; about three very indistinct subochreous

spots on the lower half of the apical margin before the brownish

cinereous cilia. Hind wings slightly darker than the fore wings,

and with a more fuscous shade owing to the absence of subochreous

scaling ; cilia unicolorous. Abdomen and Legs cinereous fuscous.

Exp. al. 14 mm.

Hab. Estcourt (Natal), three specimens (Hutchinson).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

The subochreous markings on this plainly coloured

species are very indistinct, and probably almost obsolete

on some examples, unless taken in fine condition. They

seem to constitute a sufficient ground for separating the

species from the South European D. granigerella, Stgr.,

to which it is nevertheless closely allied.

It seems desirable to subdivide the Tinetde of Heine-

mann as follows :—

A. Maxillary palpi obsolete.

1. Fore wings with veins 7 and 8 arising from a common stem out

of vein 9 = SETOMORPHINE.

2. Fore wings with veins 7 and 8 not arising from a common stem

out of vein 9 = EvuPLocaMINz.

B. Maxillary palpi 4—6-jointed = Tinea.

SETOMORPHINA.

SETOMORPHA, Z.

[Pl. vii., fig. 73.]

The neuration of Setomorpha rutella, Z. (the type of

the genus), is as follows :—

TRANS. ENT. 80C. LOND. 1891.—PaRT I. (MARCH.) @G

82 Lord Walsingham on

Fore wings 12 veins; 7 and 8 arising from a common stem out

of 9, 7 to apex; 5 and 6 slightly curved, parallel; 3 and 4 from a

very short common stem; 2 from near angle of cell, curved at

origin. Hind wings 8 veins; 2 and 8 froma point at angle of cell ;

5 and 6 from a common stem, 6 to apex.

Hapsifera, Z., agrees with Setomorpha in having

7 and 8 of the fore wings stalked out of vein 9, but

differs in the form of the palpi, and in having 5 and 6

of the hind wings, as also 2 and 8, separate.

Ischnopsis, Wlsm., should probably be placed in the

neighbourhood of these two genera.

Zeller’s type of Setomorpha rutellais apparently unique,

but I have three or four undescribed African species

closely allied to it.

EUPLOCAMINA.

AUTOCHTHONUS, gen.n.

_ (ab7dxG0v0g = bred of the soil.)

Type. Autochthonus chalybiellus, Wlsm.

LEN spate avers 4]

Antenne [3 ?]: 2 simple. Labial palpi coarsely clothed

beneath ; second joint more than twice the length of the apical

joint, the latter projecting obliquely upwards, cylindrical, more or

less acute. Mazillary palpi, Haustellum, and Ocelli obsolete.

Head rough. Fore wings narrow, elongate, tufted above, apex

depressed, rounded, costal and dorsal margins evenly receding

from it. Neuwration 12 veins; 7 and 8 from a common stem,

forming a short fork, 7 to apex; 9 from the same point as this

stem ; the other veins separate; two internal veins, one running

throughout the length of the cell from between 4 and 5 ; the other,

a shorter vein, cuts off the upper angle of the cell to the base of

vein 10. Hind wings elongate-lanceolate, apex slightly rounded,

the margins evenly receding from it, but the dorsal margin is

slightly more convex than the costal. Newration 8 veins; 2 curved

from the outer third of cell; 3 and 4 from a point at the lower

angle of cell; 5 and 6 from a common stem; one internal vein

running throughout the length of the cell.

This genus differs from Huplocamus, Latr., in the

structure of the antenne, and in having veins 5 and 6

of the hind wings from a common stem, and 3 and 4

from a point.

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 83

[Pl. iv., fig. 22).]

Autochthonus chalybiellus, sp. n.

Antenne simple’; ochreous. Palpi pale ochreous, the erect

apical joint naked; second joint thickly clothed with projecting

scales beneath. Head pale ochreous. Fore wings mottled rather

transversely throughout with about equal proportions of shining

steel-grey, rich dark brown, and pale ochreous, the latter prevailing

in the numerous tufts of raised scales which are scattered over the

wing-surface; these are sometimes shielded with steel-grey on

their anterior sides; the most conspicuous of these tufts are, one

above the middle of the dorsal margin but below the fold, another

above it near the costal margin, and another about the anal angle

of the cell; but the whole wing-surface is very roughly scaled (the

species calling to mind the paler but very similar Huplocamus

horridella, Wkr., from which it differs, as subsequently stated) ;

cilia mixed brownish and pale ochreous, paler at the anal angle.

Hind wings eneous, with a purplish gloss; cilia shining greyish.

Abdomen brownish grey; anal tuft ochreous. Hap. al. 14—

16 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), two specimens (Carter).

Type, 2, Mus. Wlsm.

ScaLIDOMIA, gen. n.

(cxaris = a hoe, aues = shoulder).

Type. Tinea horridella, Wkr.

[LPS Syinleg aller, 7/2

Antenne stout, very slightly serrated towards the apex, two-

thirds the length of the fore wings. Labial palpi, second joint

slightly recurved, clothed with projecting scales beneath ; apical

joint obliquely erect, cylindrical, obtuse, about one-third the length

of the second joint. Mazillary palpi, Haustellum, and Ocellr

obsolete. Head rough. Fore wings elongate, apical margin

obliquely convex, apex rounded, width equal to about one-third

the length; wing-surface more or less tufted with raised scales.

Newration 11 veins; 7 and 8 from a common stem, 7 to apex; the

other veins separate; an internal vein runs from the space

between 5 and 6 to between 9 and 10. Hind wings lanceolate-

ovate, apex produced, rounded; dorsal margin convex, costal

margin nearly straight, slightly depressed from the middle.

Neuration 8 veins; 8 and 4 somewhat approximate at base; 6 and

7 parallel ; two internal veins, one from base of 4, the other from

G 2,

84 Lord Walsingham on

base of 6, meet in the middle of the cell, and are apparently con-

tinued to the base in a common stem.

This genus differs from Huplocamus, Latr., in the

structure of the antenne, and in having but 11 veins in

the fore wings.

Scalidomia horridella, Wir.

Tinea horridella, Wkr., Cat. Lp. Ins. B. M., XXVIIL.,

AT4. (1868).

Euplocamus horridellus, Wlsm., Trans. Ent. Soe.

Lond., 1881, 237—8.

Malvern (Natal), three specimens (Bowker) ; Estcourt

(Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

BaRBAROSCARDIA, gen. nl.

(@aeSceo; = foreign, scardia (nom. gen.) ).

Type. Barbaroscardia fasciata, Wlsm.

PRIS vais fo. On

Antenne 3 strongly ciliated. Labial palpi roughly clothed

beneath; the short projecting apical joint slender, naked, slightly

shorter than the second joint. Mazillary palpi, Haustellum, and

Ocelli obsolete. Head rough. Fore wings ovate, apex evenly

rounded, costal and dorsal margins convex. Newration 11 veins;

7 and 8 from a common stem, 7 to apex; rest separate; one

internal vein running from the base of 6 to the base of 10. Hind

wings as broad as the fore wings, ovate, costal margin straighter and

less convex than the dorsal, apex rounded. Newration 8 veins; 3

and 4 arising from a point at the lower angle of the cell; 5 dis-

tinctly separate from 4, nearly parallel with 6 and 7; one internal

vein from between 5 and 6 dividing the cell throughout.

This genus differs from Huplocamus, Latr., in the

structure of the antenne, and in having only 11 veins in

the fore wings.

[RIS oeas)

Barbaroscardia fasciata, sp. n.

Antenne pale brownish, ciliated in the male. Palpi whitish

ochreous, slightly darker at the sides and at the base of the apical

joint, projecting, scarcely upturned. Head whitish oehreous,

densely clothed above. Fore wings whitish ochreous, sprinkled

with scattered brown scales; a distinct brown transverse fascia

lies at one-third of the wing-length, and is followed on the outer

African Micro- Lepidoptera. 85

half of the wing by three cuneiform brown spots, two costal and

one dorsal, all pointing downwards, and sufficiently connected to

form a V-shaped mark, with its apex approximate to the anal

angle ; the lower extremities of the two costal spots impinge upon

the opposite upper corners of the dorsal spot, which occupies the

lower half of the wing; cilia whitish ochreous, with a few small

brownish spots at their bases. Hind wings grey, with scarcely

paler cilia. Abdomen grey. Legs whitish ochreous. Exp. al.

14 mm.

Hab. Delagoa Bay (EK. Africa); two specimens

(Druce).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

A distinct form, perhaps allied to Huplocamus stupens,

Wlern.

Lastoctrna, Meyr.

Lastoctena sisyrea, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1887, 279.

Grahamstown (Cape Colony).

CoMPSOCTENA, Z.

Compsoctena primella, Z.

Iam fortunate in having received the female of this

species. It does not fulfil Zeller’s prophecy that it

would probably prove to be apterous (Hand. Kong.

Svensk. Vet.-Ak., 1852, 87), nor my own suggestion that

it would have smaller wings and a larger body than the

male (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, 227); on the con-

trary, the wings are larger (exp. al. g 16—18 mm., ?

20 mm.).

The body is long and fringed at the sides posteriorly,

the ovipositor is conspicuously produced and abruptly

squared at the end, notacute. The antenne are thickly

and coarsely scaled, not with clearly divided pectinations,

as in the male; but they are in some degree pectinated,

the pectinations compressed together, and lying forward

along the stem of the antenna. The palpi are roughly

clothed with long scattered hair-scales, less closely

appressed than in the male. ‘The coloration is much

the same as in the male.

There can now be no doubt that this genus should be

placed among the Tineide, where it should stand in the

86 Lord Walsingham on

neighbourhood of Huplocamus, Latr., from which it

differs chiefly in the separation of veins 7 and 8 of the

fore wings. The genus Lasioctena, Meyr., seems to

differ from Compsoctena in the structure of the palpi,

which are recurved, and in having veins 6 and 7 of the

hind wings approximate at the base. I think I have an

undescribed species belonging to this genus.

Malvern (Natal), two specimens (Bowker) ; Grahams-

town (Cape Colony), one specimen (Druce).

TINEINA.

TinEA, Z.

Tinea vastella, Z.

Bedford (Cape Colony), one specimen (Druce); Gra-

hamstown (Cape Colony), three specimens (Druce) ; Cape

Colony, eight specimens (Zell. Coll.); Estcourt (Natal),

one specimen (Hutchinson) ; Malvern (Natal), one speci-

men (Bowker); Caffraria, one specimen (Zell. Coll.) ;

Delagoa Bay (Kast Africa), one specimen (Druce) ;

Kilima Njaro (Hast Africa), three specimens (Jackson) ;

Sudan, two specimens (Zell. Coll.), three specimens

(Frey Coll.).

Tinea tapetzella, Z.

Grahamstown (Cape Colony), one specimen (Druce).

This species has apparently not been previously re-

corded from South Africa.

Tinea fuscipunctella, Hw.

Estcourt (Natal), (Hutchinson).

[Pl. iv., fig. 24.]

Tinea zebra, sp.n.

Antenne whitish ochreous. Palpi whitish ochreous. Head

yellow. Thorax brown, inclining to ochreous posteriorly. Fore

wings pale shining ochreous, the basal third of the costal margin nar-

rowly brown ; a brown longitudinal basal streak, tapering outwards,

runs along the fold to the anal angle, where it is connected with a

brown shade whichis continued along the base of the cilia around the

apex; a wedge-shaped shade of scattered brown scales points inward

from the apex, and terminates in a brown spot anda slender brown

line about the end of the cell; cilia pale shining ochreous. Under

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 87

side brownish, with pale cilia. Hind wings and cilia shining

whitish ochreous. Abdomen and legs ochreous. Hap. al. 14mm.

Hab. Grahamstown (Cape Colony), three specimens

(Druce).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

BLABOPHANES, Z.

Blabophanes longella, Wkr.

Gambia, one specimen (Druce); Zululand, one speci-

men received from the late Col. Harvey Tower.

Blabophanes monachella, Hb.

Bathurst (Gambia), ‘‘ November—December,”’ one

specimen (Carter).

This widely-distributed species is apparently new to

the African fauna, but this and longella are probably

only varieties of one species.

Blabophanes speculella, Z.

Estcourt (Natal), three specimens (Hutchinson).

Blabophanes rejectella, Wkr.

Estcourt (Natal), three specimens (Hutchinson).

Blabophanes rutilicostella, Stn.

Estcourt (Natal), two specimens (Hutchinson).

NemopHora, Hb.

Nemophora elongatella, Wlsm.

I notice that this species differs siightly in neuration

from the European forms of Nemophora; veins 5 and 6

of the hind wings are separate, and the cell is somewhat

longer.

Estcourt (Natal), three specimens (Hutchinson).

CEROMITIA, Z.

N. syn. = Agzsana, Mschl. (1888).

This genus is distinguished from Nemophora by its

shorter maxillary palpi, and by having veins 8 and 9 of

the fore wings and 5 and 6 of the hind wings separate:

it is undoubtedly allied to Nemophora.

88 Lord Walsingham on

Ceromitia wahlbergi, Z.

Estcourt (Natal), two specimens (Hutchinson) ; Mal-

vern (Natal), one specimen (Bowker).

Ceromitia turpisella, Wkr.

Nemophora turpisella, Wkr., Cat. Lp. Ins. B. M.,

XXVIIL., 497 (18638).

N. syn. = Agisana caffrariella, Mschl., Ver. Z.-b.,

Ges. Wien., XXXII., 308—9, Pl. XVI., 24 (1883).

This species belongs properly to the genus Ceromitia,

but the neuration does not appear to be constant ; veins

8 and 9 of the fore wings being coincident at the base

in some specimens, although not necessarily in both

wings ; the separation of veins 5 and 6 of hind wings

is, however, a constant character.

Annshaw (Cape Colony), one specimen (Barrett) ; Est-

court (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson) ; Malvern

(Natal), one specimen (Bowker); Delagoa Bay (Kast

Africa), two specimens (Druce).

Ceromitia alternipunctella, Wlsm.

Nemophora alternipunctella, Wism., Trans. Ent. Soe.

Lond., 1881, 245—6.

This species must also be placed in Ceromitia.

Grahamstown (Cape Colony), one specimen (Druce).

ADELIN &.

ADELA, Latr.

[Pl. iv., fig. 25.]

Adela cuneella, sp. n.

Antenna inthe J about twice as long as the fore wings ; brownish

above, hoary beneath, the basal third spotted with whitish on

the upper side. Palpi and Head very roughly clothed with long

hair-like scales, brownish fuscous above, hoary beneath. Thorax

brownish fuscous above, hoary beneath. Fore wings hoary,

thickly clothed with closely-packed elongate bronzy-brown scales,

in some lights showing metallic lustre; at two-thirds of the wing-

length is an outwardly oblique, cuneiform, whitish costal streak

reaching half-across the wing, margined with bronzy brown on

each side, the inner margin slightly darker than the outer; at the

apex of the wing is a rather distinct small curved fuscous line at the

base of the cilia, which beyond it are white, tipped with bronzy

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 89

brown ; this curved line is preceded in the costal cilia by a short

inwardly oblique whitish streak, margined by bronzy-brown scales,

and below it, in the cilia of the apical margin, are a few corre-

sponding whitish scales, below which is a slender broken bronzy

line at the base of the cilia, which are dirty white, shading to

bronzy brown at the anal angle. Hind wings bronzy brown, with

a darker line along the base of the unicolorous cilia. Abdomen

and Legs fuscous; tarsal joints spotted with white. Hap. al. 10—

11 mm.

Hab. Estcourt (Natal), two specimens (Hutchinson).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

A small, rather obscure species, but very distinct from

any of its known European or American allies.

Nemotois, Hb.

[Pl. iv., fig. 26.]

Nemotois humilis, sp. n.

Antenne bronzy, faintly annulated, rather more than twice as

long as the fore wings. Palpi very short, roughly clothed with

hair-like scales. Head dull purplish fuscous. Thoraa shining

bronzy. Fore wings shining bronzy, without markings; the

metallic scales are arranged in lines throughout, divided from each

other by the darkened ground colour, which is scarcely visible be-

tween them. Hind wings purplish, with scarcely paler purplish

cilia. Abdomen fuscous. Legs fuscous; the posterior tarsal

joints faintly pale spotted. Hp. al.8 mm.

Hab. Delagoa Bay (East Africa); five specimens

(Druce).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

A very small unicolorous species allied to cupria-

cellus, Hb.

: HYPONOMEUTIN#.

HyponoMEuvTA, Z.

Hyponomeuta subplumbellus, Wlsm.

Estcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

Hyponomeuta strigillatus, Z.

Hyponomeuta strigillatus, Z., Hand. Kong. Svensk.

Vet.-Ak., 1852, 102—3.

N. syn. = Hyponomeuta perficitellus, Wkr., Cat. Lp.

Ins. B. M., XXVIII., 581—2 (1868).

90 Lord Walsingham on

Delogoa Bay (Kast Africa), two specimens (Druce) ;

Accra (Gold Coast), (Carter).

Hyponomeuta morbillosus, Z., Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., XIIIL.,

2298, pl. III., 66 (1877).

Zanzibar. ;

This species was omitted from my previous paper

(Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond., 1881).

Be erases inked >47/-)|

Hyponomeuta puncticornis, sp. n.

Antenne pale leaden grey, with a minute spot on the upper side

of the basal joint. Palpi short, porrected; pale leaden grey, un-

spotted. Head pale leaden grey. Thorax pale leaden grey, with

five black spots and one on the anterior half of each of the tegule;

the thoracic spots are arranged as follows: two anterior adjacent ;

two median, more widely separated; one posterior, remote. Fore

wings shining pale leaden grey, with about fifteen black spots; a

line of four or five near the costal margin, the last only beyond the

middle, the last but one about the middle; a line of four above the

fold, the last slightly beyond the middle; a line of four below the

fold, the last slightly beyond the outer spot of the middle line;

two or three more near the apical margin before the cilia; cilia

pale leaden grey. Under side dark greyish fuscous. Hind wings

shining leaden grey, scarcely darker than the fore wings; cilia

slightly darker than the hind wings. Under side slightly paler

than in the fore wings. Abdomen dark greyish fuscous. Hzap. al.

24 mm.

Hab. Delagoa Bay (East Africa), two specimens

(Druce).

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

(Eta, Grote.

[Pl sivepuea2S.

(ta carteri, sp.n.

Antenne somewhat serrated, thickened, purplish fuscous ; apical

third snow-white, spotted above with fuscous and tipped with

fuscous. Palpi recurved to middle of face, purple. Hawstelluwm

orange. Head deep purple, with two conspicuous snow-white

lateral spots behind the antennz and two on the face. Thorax

deep purple, with two anterior snow-white spots, somewhat smaller

than those behind the antenne; one central snow-white spot

behind the middle, and two small snow-white lateral spots beneath

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 91

the tegule. Fore wings deep shining purple, with from fifteen to

eighteen conspicuous snow-white spots, mostly circular; one at the

middle of the base, three on the costa, of which two are on the basal

half, and one at the commencement of the apical fourth, the latter

somewhat produced downwards; two spots in the basal half on the

dorsal margin, the first circular, the second smaller and semi-

circular; between these and the first two of the costal spots is a

large round spot crossing the fold; immediately beyond the

middle of the wing are two similar ones, of which the lower one is

the larger, and lies immediately below the fold; beyond these

again is an elongate reniform spot, produced downwards to the

fold ; between this and the anal angle is another circular spot, not

touching the dorsal margin ; in the apical fourth of the wing are

three spots, one somewhat reniform, produced downwards, but not

parallel with the apical margin, the other two are above it, both

circular, the outer one being the smaller; besides these spots above

mentioned there are three or more very small spots, of which the

most conspicuous are one between the two reniform spots, one

above the first reniform spot, and one below the costal margin

before the apex; cilia bright shining copper-brown. Under side

dull fuscous, deep purple towards the apex and apical margin; a

white spot on the costal margin at one-fourth from the apex, anda

small white spot below and beyond it; these correspond with the

similar spots on the upper side of which others are more or less

visible. Hind wings copper-brown on the basal half, tending to

purplish fuscous outwardly; cilia bright purple about the apex,

copper-brown towards the base. Under side brownish, shading to

deep purple at the apex, where there are two conspicuous white

spots, the one on the costal margin, the other below and beyond it

between veins 6 and 7; the costal spot only is visible on the upper

side. Abdomen copper-brown, anal segment deep purplish fuscous.

Under side bright purple, copper-brown at sides and base, with a

white band at the commencement of the purplish colouring,

followed by two white spots near it, and a conspicuous white patch

on the penultimate segment. Legs bright purple, banded and

spotted with white on the tibie; the anterior pair with two large

white spots at the base of the femora. Hap. al. 24 mm.

Hab. Bathurst, May; one specimen (Carter).

Type, 2, Mus. Wlsm.

I have named this beautiful and distinct species after

Mr. Gilbert T. Carter, to whom I am so deeply indebted

for his assiduous efforts to increase my collection of

African Micro-Lepidoptera.

92 Lord Walsingham on

GYMNoGRAMMA, Z.

(Plain... fi¢.929 + Pliivit.,cies 77)

Gymnogramma hutchinsont, sp. n.

Antenne fuscous. Palpi leaden grey. Head fuscous, a collar

of reddish orange dividing the head from the thorax. Thorax

leaden grey. Under side leaden grey, orange-red in front near the

head. Fore wings and cilia unicolorous leaden grey. Under side

orange reddish, except the outer third and costal margins, which

are fuscous. Neuration 12 veins; all separate; with a supple-

mentary cell caused by 5 being continued through the cell to the

base of 11; 1 forked at base. Hind wings and cilia orange-red.

Under side orange-red, except at the base. Neuration 8 veins;

with a supplementary cell; the internal nervule commences near

the base of 6, and is curved downwards, encroaching on the lower

cell; 8 and 4 from a point at lower angle of cell; 2 from slightly

beyond outer third of cell. Abdomen fuscous, fringed with orange-

red at the sides posteriorly ; the anal segment entirely orange-red.

Under side orange-red, except at the base. Hap. al. 16 mm.

Hab. Estcourt (Natal), three specimens (Hutchinson).

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

This species differs from G. rufiventris, Z., in the

absence of a dark apical margin and cilia to the upper

side of the hind wings, and in its leaden rather than

brown fore wings.

Evsrixis, Hb.

Eustixis flavivittella, Wism.

Delagoa Bay (East Africa), two specimens (Druce) ;

Kistcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

PLUTELLINZE.

Puutewia, Schrk.

Plutella cruciferarum, Z.

Grahamstown (Cape Colony), 16 specimens (Druce) ;

Estcourt (Natal), five specimens (Hutchinson) ; Gambia,

two specimens (Druce:.

Not hitherto recorded from South or West Africa.

GELECHIAN A.

GELECHIA, Z.

Gelechia rescissella, Z.

Lstcourt (Natal), one specimen (/Zutchinson).

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 3

Gelechia zetterstedtiella, Z.

Estcourt (Natal), seven specimens (Hutchinson).

Gelechia aglossella, Wkr., Cat., Lp. Ins. B. M., XXXY.,

1830—1 (1866).

Cape.

This species was omitted from my previous paper.

pels ive, fies 30s]

Gelechia hutchinsonella, sp. n.

Antenne brownish fuscous, faintly pale-spotted above, paler

beneath. Palpi pale stramineous, banded with fuscous before the

end of the apical joint, and with a brownish fuscous spot at the

base of the second joint externally. Head pale stramineous.

Thorax stramineous ; patagia with a brown spot at their base.

Fore wings stramineous, with a brownish fuscous spot at the

extreme base of the costa, thence shaded with greyish fuscous

along the costal margin nearly to the commencement of the costo-

apical cilia; along the centre of this costal shade a line of chestnut

scales can be traced in fresh specimens, reaching to half the length

of the wing; contiguous to the lower edge of the costal shade, but

before the middle, is a distinct black spot; a conspicuous greyish

fuscous patch hes on the dorsal margin contiguous to the anal

angle, its rounded inner edge narrowly margined by a line of black

scales, its outer extremity touched with chestnut; this patch is

connected at the anal angle witha shade of the same colour, which

follows the apical margin to the apex, interrupted only by a small

marginal spot of the pale stramineous ground colour, immediately

below the apex, by which the darker shade appears to be deflected

inwards; cilia greyish fuscous. Hind wings and cilia grey.

Abdomen grey. Legs greyish, faintly pale-speckled. xp. al.

10—14 mm.

Hab. Estcourt (Natal), eight specimens (Hutchinson.

Tangani (Kolumbi Creek, Hast Africa), August, one

specimen (Jackson).

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

g4 Lord Walsingham on

(Plies ie. ole

Gelechia palpigera, sp. 0.

Antenne ochreous. Palpi dark brown, with the apical joint

anda spot at the apex of the second joint white. Head and Thorax

greyish ochreous. Fore wings greyish ochreous, paler along the

base of the costal half; a brown spot at the extreme base of the

costal margin is connected by a slender line along the margin with

a brown shade on the outer half of the costa, which, commencing

very obliquely, is margined internally by a whitish line, and

interrupted about half-way to the apex by a similar, slender, very

oblique whitish line running to a whitish subapical patch (not

visible in every specimen), below which are a few dark scales at

the base of the dorsal cilia; on the wing-surface a small fuscous

spot lies beyond the end of the cell, opposite the base of the

second white costal streak; and in another specimen this is pre-

ceded by two similar spots, one on the fold and one on the disk,

about equidistant from the other two; cilia greyish ochreous.

Under side unicolorous brownish ochreous. Hind wings and cilia

dark grey. Abdomen brownish ochreous. Legs greyish ochreous.

Eezp. al. 14—17 mm.

Hab. Delagoa Bay (East Africa), two specimens

(Druce).

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

The larger specimen has the three spots, the smaller

only one.

Bracumia, [Hein.

Brachmia trigella, Z.

Estcourt (Natal), two specimens (Hutchinson).

Brachmia subsecivella, Z.

Kstcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

Anacampsis, Crt.

Anacampsis lamprostoma, Z.

Gelechia lamprostoma, Z., Is., 1847, 851.

N. syn. =Gelechia zulu, Wlsm., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1881, 261—2.

Gelechia zulu, Wlsm., must be regarded as a synonym

of lamprostoma, Z. This species appears to be widely

distributed ; it occurs in Sicily, Spain, Asia Minor, and

India, as well as Africa.

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 95

Bathurst (Gambia), November, two specimens (Car-

ter); Estcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

Procunvuusa, Hein.

Ptocheuusa ? cemiostomella, Z., Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross.,

XIII., 857—8 (1887).

Zanzibar.

This species was omitted from my previous paper.

PotyHymno, Chamb.,

Can. Ent., VI., 246—7 (1874).

N. syn. = Corocercia, Z., Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., XIII.,

374— 5 (1877).

The type of Polyhymno, Chamb., is Polyhymno luteo-

strigellu, Chamb., a species occurring in the United

States. This species is figured Pl. VIL., fig. 78.

Copocercia was described by Zeller for the reception

of Copocercia crambinella, Z., from Ubaque.

I have several specimens of Polyhymno luteostrigella,

Chamb., and the type of Copocercia crambinella, Z. ;

there can be no doubt that they are congeneric. Poly-

hymno takes precedence.

The neuration is as follows :—

Fore wings 12 veins; 7 and 8 from a common stem, 7 to costa

immediately above apex; rest separate, 2 from near angle of cell ;

16 furcate at base. Hind wings 8 veins; 3 and 4 very short,

stalked (almost from a point) ; 6 and 7 stalked, 6 to apical margin,

7 to costa. Ocelli present.

[Pl. iv., fig. 32.]

Polyhymno cleodorella, sp. n.

Antenne brownish. Palpi white, tinged with brown on the

under side towards the apex. Head shining creamy white. Thorax

brown ; tegule shining white. Fore wings falcate at the apex;

brown, with shining white longitudinal streaks and ante-apical

costal geminations; a wide central white streak from the base,

slightly nearer to the costal than to the dorsal margin, is attenuated

beyond the middle, and almost reaches the apical margin below

the faleate apex; a more slender line of white on the extreme

costal margin from near the base is deflexed about the middle of

the costal margin, and runs very obliquely outwards, ending

slightly beyond and above the end of the central streak; a third

96 Lord Walsingham on

white line, starting at the basal third below the fold, crosses the

fold beyond the middle, and is somewhat dilated towards its apex,

opposite to the middle of the apical margin and on a level with the

apex of the upper line; this third line gives off a short oblique

branch beneath, which commences on and follows the fold to near

the anal angle; there are three short outwardly oblique costal

streaks immediately before the apex, and two minute ones above

the apex itself in the apical cilia; the ends of the cilia are brown

at the extreme apex, with a minute spot of blackish scales lying

beneath the projected point; cilia on the apical margin white, with

a brown line along their base, within which is a slender parallel

white one; cilia at the anal angle tinged with brown. Hind wings

deeply emarginate below the pointed apex; brownish grey; cilia

pale greyish brown, faintly touched with whitish below the apex.

Abdomen brownish. Legs brown, touched with whitish spots on

the posterior tarsal joints. Hap. al. 12 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia) ; ‘Three specimens taken

in November and December” (Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

This species differs but little from the South American

Copocercia crambinella, Z., except in the arrangement of

the costal streaks, and in the more conspicuous third

line of white crossing the fold. Polyhymno luteotactella,

Chamb., is very similar, but distinct.

(PRI ivewiioosoe|

Polyhymno ? tenuis, sp. n.

Antenne with the basal joint elongate, narrow at the base,

slightly enlarged towards its apex; white at the base, shaded with

brown beyond the basal third. Palpi long, slender, recurved ;

white. Head and Thorax shining white. Fore wings slender,

falcate at the apex; shining white, with the apex, one costal, and

two dorsal oblique streaks, greyish brown; the first dorsal streak

commences at one-fourth from the base, is short, stout, outwardly

oblique, and reaches to the fold; the second dorsal streak com-

mences about the middle of the dorsal margin, is wide at its base,

tapering upwards in a very oblique outward direction, crossing the

fold, and attenuated to a slender line in the direction of the apex,

before which it meets the scarcely less oblique but much shorter

costal streak, which commences at about one-third from the apex ;

beyond and near the costal streak is a greyish brown shade

extending to the apex ; at the extreme apex is a dark brown spot,

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 97

narrowly set in white, to which two slender greyish brown

streaks running through the white apical cilia give an eye-like

effect ; these streaks are bent downward at the apex, and, together

with a large patch of brown scales in the subapical cilia, increase

the faleate appearance to the wing-tip; they are distinctly visible

on the under side; cilia at the anal angle pale brownish grey.

Hind wings deeply emarginate beneath the much prolonged and

slender apex; pale shining grey; cilia faintly brownish tinged,

with a distinct brownish fuscous transverse streak running through

them at the extreme apex, and very near their outer points.

Abdomen greyish white. Legs white, spotted with brownish.

Exp. al. 9—10 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), three specimens (Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

This species is perhaps not properly referred to Poly-

hymno, but it is hardly advisable to create a new genus

for its reception at present. Its more slender hind

wings distinguish it from the typical form of this genus.

Stropista, Clem.

The neuration of this genus is as follows :—

Fore wings 12 veins; 7 and 8 from a common stem; or 11 veins,

7 absent (coincident with 8); 2and3 from a curved common stem ;

rest separate; 1b furcate at base. Hind wings 8 veins; 8 and 4

from a point at angle of cell; 6 and 7 from a point; 16 furcate at

base.

Levey ee, OER eallaallen iver Als]

Strobisia metallica, sp. n.

Antenne pale yellow, spotted with black on the upper side of

each joint. Labial palpi long, recurved, acuminate ; apical joint

slightly longer than the second; externally whitish, slightly

clouded with grey, especially on the inner side. Head greyish

fuscous ; face shining whitish grey. Thorax greyish fuscous, with

a brownish tint posteriorly. Under side pale greyish ochreous,

Fore wings elongate, apex depressed, apical margin scarcely

oblique ; bronzy brown on basal two-thirds, streaked with fuscous

between the metallic markings, which are as follows: first a con-

spicuous bright steel-blue stripe along the costa from base, de-

pressed and somewhat widened before the middle of the wing,

ending above the fold at about half the wing-length ; this stripe is

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—PART I. (MARCH.) H

98 Lord Walsingham on

slightly dark-margined throughout; below it is a streak of a

similar colour running along the fold from the base, and ending

before the middle of the fold closely above a detached elongate

spot of the same metallic steel-blue, lying immediately below the

fold beyond its middle; at two-thirds the wing-length are two con-

spicuous lilac metallic spots, the first, costal, reaching less than

half-way across the wing, the other, dorsal, almost connected with

it, and occupying more than half the width of the wing; these are

also distinctly dark-margined; beyond them is a broad bright

orange-yellow fascia completely crossing the wing; the apical

portion of the wing is fuscous, containing three small metallic

spots, parallel with the apical margin, and separated from it by an

orange streak; cilia bright steel-blue, separated by a dark line

from the orange streak. Under side uniformly smooth, shining

ereenish grey. Hind wings brownish fuscous; cilia grey. Under

side shining greenish grey. Abdomen brownish fuscous. Under

side pale greyish ochreous. Legs brownish fuscous, spotted with

whitish at the joints ; spurs whitish. Hp. al. 11mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), one specimen among a

species of mallow in November (Carter).

Type, 2, Mus. Wlsm.

Bracuycrossata, Hein.

The genus Brachycrossata has 12 veins in the fore

wings; 7 and 8 from a common stem; 2 and 3 separate

and parallel. There are 8 veins in the hind wings;

3 and 4 from a point at lower angle of cell; 6 and 7 from

a point at upper angle of cell.

The genus, as thus defined, is of very limited extent.

A considerable number of species occur in the Indian

region, and also in Africa, which agree with Brachy-

crossata in all particulars, except that veins 2 and 3 of

the fore wings rise from a recurved common stem. This

difference in neuration may be sufficient to constitute

another genus, but for the present it would be rash to

give it a name, as it has most probably been already

described by Walker without reference to the neural

characters. It will be better for the present at least to

divide Brachycrossata into two sections, thus :—

A. Veins 2 and 3 of the fore wings separate.

B. Veins 2 and 3 of the fore wings arising from a recurved common

stem. :

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 99

BracHycrossata, Sect. B.

Brachycrossata septella, Z.

Gelechia (Nothris) septella, Z., Hand. Kong. Svensk.

Vet.-Ak., 1852, 108—9.

Bathurst (Gambia), seven specimens (Carter) ; Tan-

gani (Kolumbi Creek, East Africa), August, one speci-

men (Jackson).

(el tiven hieei35)4|

Brachycrossata marginata, sp. n.

Antenne pale fawn-brown, the basal joint shaded with greyish

fuscous. Palpi slender; pale fawn-brown on their inner sides and

at the end of the apical joint; otherwise pale greyish fuscous.

Head dull fawn-brown, shaded with greyish fuscous on the face

and vertex. Thorax dull fawn-brown. Fore wings pale fawn-

brown ; a discal spot before the middle and a band of even width

from the apex to the anal angle, but not reaching the costal mar-

gin, greyish fuscous ; there is also an obscure outwardly oblique

costal streak of the same colour before the apex; a very faint

indication of a second spot at the end of the cell; cilia pale fawn-

brown. Under side pale greyish fuscous. Hind wings greyish

fuscous, with scarcely paler cilia. Abdomen greyish fuscous; the

3 with a strong ochreous anal tuft. Exp. al. 15—17 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), five specimens (Carter).

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

This species agrees with septella, Z., in having veins

2 and 3 of the fore wings from a curved common stem.

ODITES, gen. n.

(oditns = traveller.)

Type. Odites natalensis, Wlsm.

EARS Satis, 1bvees eX).

Antenne simple; basal joint slightly thickened, without pecten.

Labial palpi slender, recurved; apical joint nearly equal in length

to the second joint, sharply acuminate ; second joint clothed with

appressed scales, which do not project beyond it. Maxillary palpi

short, meeting over the base of the haustellum. Hawstellwm

moderately long, scaled at the base. Ocellr obsolete. Head

slightly roughened. Fore wings, apex produced, costal margin

scarcely convex, apical margin oblique. Newration 12 veins;

7 and 8 from a common stem enclosing the apex; rest separate ; 2

H 2

100 Lord Walsingham on

from near angle of cell; an internal vein runs from between 5 and

6 to near base of 11. Hind wings trapezoidal, with produced apex

and oblique outer margin. Newration 8 veins; 6and7 from a

common stem; 3 and 4 from a point, or from a common stem,

from the lower angle of cell; 5 from or near angle of cell. Legs:

hind tibiz clothed with smooth appressed scales.

This genus will probably be found to include a number

of forms from various parts of the world, which have

hitherto been confounded with Zeller’s genus Crypto-

lechia, from which they differ in having veins 6 and 7 of

the hind wings from a common stem, instead of separate

and nearly parallel, as in his original type of that genus,

Cryptolechia straminella, from South Africa.

If the name Cryptolechia is to be retained for the

species originally described as the type of that genus,—

and I fail to see how the rule can be departed from in

this instance,—any family founded upon an alliance with

that genus must at least retain its essential characters,

and cannot be established to include the forms in which

veins 6 and 7 of the hind wings are not separated, this

wide difference in neuration being admitted by all

authorities to be of the utmost importance in systematic

classification. It follows that Zeller’s genus Crypto-

lechia falls into the family Gicophoride of Meyrick, and

annihilates Meyrick’s family Cryptolechide, which was

not founded on the typical form. Mr. Meyrick, recog-

nising this, has since recharacterised his family Crypto-

lechid@ under the name Xyloryctide (Tr. Roy. Soe.

South Australia, 1890, 23—4).

I have explained that it is necessary to establish this

genus Odites on the strength of its neural characters ;

these exhibit affinities to the family Gelechide of Heine-

mann rather than to the (cophoride of Meyrick, and

moreover distinguish it from all genera yet described,

not only in the now suppressed family Cryptolechide,

but even more strongly from the Gicophoride which

may be retained, provided always that they agree with

the original typical Gicophora, whatever that may be.

The error, for which Mr. Meyrick cannot rightly be held

responsible, has evidently arisen through the confusion

which Zeller created by his attempts to expand and

amplify his original work. These attempts (Lin. Ent.,

IX., 3858, et seq. (1854), and Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., XIII.,

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 101

258—261 (1877) ) had the effect of supplanting his

original descriptions, and served rather to obscure the

classification than to render it more correct or more easy

of comprehension. Cryptolechia straminella having been

described originally as the type of the genus (Hand.

Kongl. Svensk. Vet.-Ak., 1852, 107), he subsequently

recharacterised the same genus in an expanded form,

making Depressaria (Volucra) flava, from South America,

the typical species (Lin. Ent., IX., 853—5 (1854) ), in-

correctly using the expression ‘‘ ven simplices,” whereas

veins 7 and 8 of the fore wings in that species are from

a common stem, and, in fact, the species agrees in all

points with straminella.

In the Hore Soc. Ent. Ross., XIII., 259 (1877), he

removed C. straminella to Machimia, retaining flava in

Cryptolechia in defiance of the fact that their characters

are identical, and differ from tentoriferella, Clem., the

type of Machimia, in the remoteness, at its origin, of

vein 2 from vein 8, which arises at the lower angle of

the cell of the fore wings.

With regard to Stenoma, which was described by

Zeller (Isis, 1889, 195), and included griseanum, ltura,

and bicolor, alike in structure and neuration; in the

Lin. Ent., IX., 891—8 (1854), he identified griseanum as

walchiana, Cram., and founded the genus Anteéotricha

for its reception, together with some allied species. He

then removed lituwra and bicolor to Cryptolechia (pre-

sumably Cryptolechia No. 2), from which they differ, as

from No. 1, in having veins 7 and 8 of the fore wings,

as also 6 and 7 of the hind wings, separate, corre-

sponding therefore to his statement ‘‘ vene@ simplices,”’

but not to his selected type. In the Hore Soc. Ent.

Ross., XIII., 258 —261 (1877), he still further extended

his genus Cryptolechia, including many modified forms

as subgenera. He here resuscitated Stenoma (of which,

as I have shown, the original type was griseanum =

walchiana), and, having got rid of the other species

placed in it in the first instance, he left litwra as the type

at the head of his list, placing bicolor in a different sub-

section, and omitting griseanwin altogether, although the

three are identical in structure.

In pointing out these inconsistencies I have had the

great advantage of possessing nearly the whole series of

Zeller’s generic types, in many cases the actual speci-

102 Lord Walsingham on

mens used by him in writing his descriptions, and where

these are not available, specimens of each species from

his own collection, named in his handwriting.

It is not surprising that Mr. Meyrick, without the

euidance of such valuable material, should have appa-

rently failed to identify the precise form of neuration

characteristic of the original genus Cryptolechia, which

is as follows :—

Fore wings 12 veins; 2 from near lower angle of cell; 7 and 8

from a common stem, the fork enclosing the apex; the rest sepa-

rate. Hind wings 8 veins; 3 and 4 from a point at lower angle of

cell; 5 bent over at its origin and somewhat approximate to 4;

6 and 7 separate, almost parallel; 16 furcate at base; 8 joined to

upper edge of cell by a cross vein. [Pl. VIL., fig. 86.|

As touching this question of neuration, 1 may perhaps

here remark that one at least of the characters on which

the Tortricide have hitherto been separated from the

Tineide will be found insufficient. It is well known

that in all the Tortricide, and in many of the Tineide,

vein 1 of the hind wings—that is, the vein nearest to

the abdominal margin—is divided into 8 veinlets. De

Peyerimhoff, in his ‘ Etude sur l’organisation extérieure

des Tordeuses’ (Ann. Soc. Ent. France (ser. 5), VI.,

523—590, pl. X.—XII. (1876) ), pointed out that the

middle veinlet of these three was furcate at the base,

and relied upon this character as distinguishing the

family from the allied Tineide. My assistant, Mr.

Durrant, has carefuliy searched for this character in the

subfamilies and genera of the Tineide, and finds it not

only in species allied to Huplocamus, to Gelechia, to

(Hcophora, to Atychia, and in Meyrick’s Xyloryctide, but

in the typical Tinea tapetzella, L., itself; in short,

almost wherever he has looked for it.

(Pl. iv., fig. 36.]

Odites natalensis, sp. 0.

Antenne brownish. Palpi slender, recurved, ochreous, shaded

with brown externally to beyond the middle of the second joint.

Head rough; pale straw-yellow, shaded with brownish around the

eyes. Thorax pale straw-yellow. Fore wings pale straw-yellow

to beyond the middle, slightly shaded with brown on the extreme

costal margin near the base; beyond the middle is a slightly waved

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 103

transverse purplish fuscous line, beyond which the remainder of the

wing is entirely shaded with pale brown, or brownish ochreous ;

cilia scarcely paler than the apical portion of the wing. Hind

wings very pale greyish ochreous; ciliathe same. Abdomen grey

anal tuft ochreous. Legs ochreous. Hzp. al. 17 mm.

Hab. Estcourt (Natal), six specimens (Hutchinson). —

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

[Pl. v., fig. 37.]

Odites carterella, sp. n.

Antenne brown at the base, fading to ochreous towards their

outer extremities. Palpi pale stramineous ochreous, shaded ex-

ternally with brown on the basal portion of the second joint. Head

pale stramineous ochreous. Thorax dark brown. Fore wings

shining pale stramineous ochreous, with a very short dark brown

basal patch, of which the outer margin is slightly bulged below

the middle; cilia the same colour as the wings. Hind wings

shining whitish, with a faint greyish ochreous tinge; cilia the

same. Abdomen pale greyish ochreous. Legs pale stramineous

ochreous. Hap. al. 15 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), two specimens (Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

This species is somewhat similar in appearance to

Depressaria culcitella, H.-S.

Odites atropunctella, Wism.

Cryptolechia atropunctella, Wlsm., Trans. Ent. Soe.

Lond., 1881, 256.

Estcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson) ; Cape

Colony, one specimen (T’rimen).

(El ven hie 3 85

Odites ? inconspicua, sp. 0.

Antenne stone-colour. Palpi stone-colour, paler on their inner

surface. Head and Thoraz stone-colour. Fore wings unicolorous

stone-colour ; with two small darker stone-coloured spots, one on

the middle of the wing, the other in the same line with it on the

end of the cell; cilia stone-colour. Hind wigs and cilia pale

104 Lord Walsingham oz

stone-grey. Abdomen stone-grey, anal tuft inclining to ochreous.

Legs stone-grey. Hap. al. 13 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), one specimen (Carter).

Type, 2, Mus. Wlsm.

This species differs from the typical form in having

veins 2 and 8 of the fore wings from a curved common

stem.

IDIOPTERYX, gen. 0.

((os=peculiar, rrépva=a wing.)

Type. Cryptolechia obliquella, Wism.

PPP savas he8ila]

Antenne ciliate 4 ; basal joint slightly thickened, without pecten.

Labial palpi slender, recurved ; apical joint nearly as long as the

second ; second joint clothed with appressed scales, which do not

project beyond it. Mazillary palpi short, appressed to base of

haustellum. Haustellwm moderately long, scaled at base. Ocellr

obsolete. Head clothed with appressed scales. Fore wings, apex

produced, costal margin scarcely convex, apical margin oblique.

Newration 12 veins; 8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to costa; 3 and 4 out of 2,

2 curved from angle of cell; 5 arising immediately above 2; 1

furcate at base ; internal vein from between 5 and 6. Hind wings

broader than fore wings; apex slightly produced, rounded ; outer

margin oblique. Newration 8 veins; 6 and 7 from a common

stem, 6 to costa, 7 to outer margin; 3 and 4separate; 5 continued

through cell to base ; 8 connected with upper margin of cell by a

cross-vein near base; 10 furcate at base. Legs: hind tibie thickly

clothed with long rough hair-scales.

Idiopteryx obliquella, W1sm.

Cryptolechia obliquella, Wism., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1881, 254—5.

Estcourt (Natal), two specimens (Hutchinson).

LecitHocera, H.-S.

EPI V.tSeoos|

Lecithocera marginata, sp. n.

Antenne longer than the fore wings; pale ochreous. Palpzi

recurved; tawny fuscous; the apical joint equal in length to the

second joint. Head and face tawny fuscous, pale ochreous at the

sides and over the eyes. Thorax tawny fuscous; tegule pale

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 105

ochreous. Fore wings tawny fuscous, narrowly pale ochreous

along the costa to a little beyond the middle; this pale ochreous

costal streak is wider at the base, tapering outwards, and there is

a fuscous shade on the extreme costal margin at the base; on the

dark portion of the wing are two small obscure dark tawny brown

spots, one at the upper edge of the cell before the middle, another

just beyond the middle at the end of the cell, and equidistant from

the costal and dorsal margins; cilia tawny grey. Hind wings

grey; cilia tawny grey. Abdomen tawny grey, with paler anal

tuft. Hap. al. 14 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), one specimen (Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

[Pl. v., fig. 40.]

Lecithocera flavipalpis, sp. n.

Antenne thickened, especially towards the middle, shorter than

the fore wings; bronze-colour. Palpi recurved, twice the length

of the head; second joint thickened with closely appressed scales

beneath ; apical joint slender, acute. Hawstellum pale ochreous.

Head bronzy above, orange-yellow at the sides. Thorax bronze-

colour. Fore wings rounded at the apex, the costa scarcely convex

near the base, apical margin obliquely convex; deep bronze-colour,

without markings (under the lens minutely irrorated with paler

scales); cilia shining bronzy. Hind wings wide, not emarginate

below the slightly rounded apex; paler than the fore wings,

bronzy fuscous; cilia the same, rather shining. Abdomen dark

bronzy fuscous. Legs pale ochreous, tinged with bronzy fuscous

on the posterior tarsal joints. Hap. al. 18 mm.

Hab. Estcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

Type, 2, Mus. Wlsm.

Lecithocera maculata, Wlsm.

Tangani (Kolumbi Creek, East Africa), August, one

specimen (Jackson).

Timyra, Wkr.

[Pl. v., fig. 41; Pl. vii., fig. 83.]

Timyra extranea, sp. n.

Antenne ochreous; g with a long and conspicuously projecting

tuft of greyish scales beneath the outer side of the basal joint; in

106 Lord Walsingham on

the 2? simple. Palpi, 3, long, recurved, above the crown thickly

clothed with long diffuse ochreous hair-like scales on the upper

side to the end of the rather stout, pointed apical joint, which is

two-thirds the length of the second joint; in the ? very slender

and naked. Head ochreous, thickly tufted above the eyes. Thorax

ochreous. Fore wings ochreous, faintly and delicately shaded

with brownish ochreous on the basal and outer thirds of the wing-

length ; two faintly indicated brownish ochreous discal spots, one

at the end of the basal third, the other at the commencement of

the outer third, precede and follow the paler central space; cilia

ochreous. Hind wings delicately fringed with pale hairs on the

upper side of the subcostal vein; pale ochreous, narrowly bordered

in the g around the apex and apical margin with brownish

ochreous; cilia very pale ochreous. Abdomen pale brownish

ochreous. Legs pale ochreous; the joints above the spurs tufted,

above the first pair strongly, above the second pair less con-

spicuously, with brush-like tufts, ochreous, with a bronzy-brown

band running across their outer ends. Hap. al. 14—15 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), Mr. G. T. Carter; three

specimens.

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

This genus appears to belong properly to the Indian

region ; it has occurred in Ceylon, and I believe also in

India. This species is closely allied to Timyra phycisella,

Wkr.

ApineTria, Ld.

(Pll, tie..42)-S Pls vine, oe Sle)

Apiletria acutipennis, sp. un.

Antenne simple, two-thirds the length of the fore wings; basal

joint elongate, slightly enlarged; dull cinereous. Palpi recurved;

second joint long, stout, and compactly clothed; apical joint

short, slender, acute; whitish cinereous above, sprinkled with

dusky scales beneath. Hawstellwm rather short.. Ocelli obsolete.

Head smooth, greyish cinereous. Thorax stout, smooth; cinereous,

anteriorly shaded with dark grey, a whitish line dividing its anterior

margin from the head. Sore wings lanceolate, acute ; costal mar-

gin slightly convex, especially towards the base, extreme apex

rounded, apical margin very oblique, anal angle obsolete, dorsal

margin somewhat bulged near the base; pale cinereous, sparsely

sprinkled with elongate fuscous scales, much shaded along the

costal margin and on the dorsal margin about the obsolete anal

angle with brown and greyish fuscous; with two small fuscous

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 107

spots, the first at about half the wing-length, slightly above the

middle, the second on the same level beyond it, less than half-way

to the apex; cilia greyish cinereous. Newration, vein 2 from near

the middle of the wing-length, carried forward above the obsolete

anal angle; 7 and 8 from a common stem; rest separate. Hind

wings elongate, subovate, about the same width as the fore wings,

apex rounded, with very long cilia at the abdominal angle ; greyish

cinereous, with slightly paler cilia, near the base of which runs a

darker line. Neuration 8 veins; 8 and 4 from a point; 6 and 7

from a common stem. Abdomen dilated, acute, brownish grey.

Legs cinereous, sprinkled with ashy brown. Hap. al. 26 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), one specimen (Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

YpsoLtopuus, F’.

Ypsolophus siccifolii, Wism.

Malvern (Natal), one specimen (Bowker).

(Pl. v., fig. 48.1

Ypsolophus gigas, sp.n.

Antenne, in the §, pubescent; brownish bone-colour. Palpi

with a very long projecting tuft beneath the second joint, almost

as long as the long slender apical joint, projecting three times the

length of the head beyond it; brownish bone-colour. Head and

Thorax brownish bone-colour. Fore wings with the costa straight,

the apex depressed, but rather pointed, the apical margin very

oblique; pale bone-brownish, sparsely irrorated with a few darker

scales, and with three indistinct darker spots, one on the fold at

half its length, and two at the outer extremity of the discal cell,

one at its upper, the other at its lower angle; cilia unicolorous

with the fore wings. Neuration, 4 and 5 closely approximate at

the base ; 7 and 8 from a common stem, 8 ending above the apex ;

2and3 separate. Hind wings somewhat paler than the fore wings,

with an indistinct darker line running along the base of the still

paler cilia. Newration, 3 and 4 from the same point; 6 and 7

separate. Abdomen the same colour as the hind wings, but with

about six transverse darker brown segmental bars, corresponding

in colour with the three spots on the fore wings, and with a pale

anal tuft. Kap. al. 40 mm.

Hab. Estcourt (Natal).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

108 Lord Walsingham on

Two specimens of this very remarkable large form of

the genus Ypsolophus have reached me from Mr. J. M.

Hutchinson.

(PI. v., fig. 44.]

Ypsolophus marmoratus, sp.n.

Antenne annulated with fuscous and pale greyish ochreous.

Palpi with a strong triangular tuft on the second joint; greyish

fuscous, faintly speckled with ochreous; apical joint dull ochreous,

with a fuscous ring before the apex. Head greyish fuscous,

shghtly tinged with ochreous above and in front. Thorax dull

ochreous, shaded with fuscous. Fore wings dull ochreous,

mottled and shaded with fuscous; with an ill-defined fuscous spot

on the disc about the middle; cilia dull ochreous; veins 2 and 3

stalked. Hind wings and cilia grey. Abdomen greyish fuscous.

Legs obscurely mottled with greyish fuscous and pale ochreous.

Exp. al. 12 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), one specimen (Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

Noturis, Hb.

[Pl. v., fig. 46.]

Nothris bryophilella, sp. n.

Antenne dull white, faintly annulated with fuscous. Palpi with

the second joint clothed with a long projecting tuft of loose hair-

like scales beneath; white, a large black spot on the outer side of

the second joint, a very small black spot at the base, and a black

band around the middle of the slender apical joint. Head and

Thorax dull white. Fore wings dull white, speckled and blotched

with brown ; the basal third is irrorated with brown scales, a small

fuscous spot near the costa towards the base; immediately beyond

the basal third is a large reniform greyish fuscous spot, having the

appearance of two roundish contiguous spots, the one reaching

over the fold, the other, about the same size, above it; beyond this

is a transverse ill-defined band of brown about the middle of the

wing, starting from the costal but not attaining to the dorsal mar-

gin, wider towards its upper end; this band is followed by another

greyish fuscous rounded spot, larger than either of the other two,

and lying on the erd of the cell; this spot is followed by another

large brown patch, occupying the whole apical portion of the wing

African Micro- Lepidoptera. 109

from the anal angle along the apical margin, but not quite reaching

to the costal margin, where there are three fuscous spots, two

small and one larger; a slender shining leaden grey line borders

the wing, running from the anal angle along the extreme apical

margin, and around the apex along the base of the costal cilia;

cilia cinereous, with two darker lines, one along their base, the

other along their outer edge. Hind wings pale leaden grey; cilia

cinereous. Abdomen cinereous. Legs whitish, the posterior tibiz

with long hairs above, the tarsi spotted with brownish fuscous.

Hep. al. 13—14 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia); four specimens taken in

November (Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

This species bears a great resemblance in colour and

markings to Bryophila perla and glandifera.

MEGACRASPEDUS, Z.

[Pl. v., fig. 47.]

Megacraspedus suffusellus, sp. n.

Antenne whitish cinereous. Palpi whitish, dusted with

cinereous, especially on their outer sides along the lower edge of

the long projecting tuft from the second joint. Head and Thorax

whitish, dusted with cinereous. Fore wings whitish, dusted with

cinereous, the darker dusting forming diffused and by no means

distinct spot-like marks below the costa at the basal third, at the

end of the cell, and on the fold; cilia dirty whitish, with a

cinereous line along their middle, and another before their tips.

Hind wings very pointed, with margin deeply excised below the

apex; shining bone-white; cilia whitish cinereous. Abdomen

cinereous, barred with dirty whitish. Legs whitish cinereous.

Exp. al. 18 mm.

Hab. Estcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

This species may possibly be only a local form of the

European Megacraspedus imparellus, F. R., but it differs

in the absence of distinct spots on the fore wings, and

in its generally more dirty and suffused appearance.

110 Lord Walsingham on

AnortHosiA, Clem.

Anorthosia straminis, Wlsm.

Ypsolophus straminis, Wlsm., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1881, 266.

Grahamstown (Cape Colony), one specimen (Druce) ;

Delagoa Bay (Kast Africa), one specimen (Druce).

This species only differs from Anorthosia punctiferella,

Clem., the type of the genus, by having 11 veins in the

fore wings (7 and 8 being coincident) instead of 12 veins,

7 and 8 from a common stem.

In my former paper I had placed it in the genus

Ysolophus, which has the same neuration as Anorthosia,

but the form of the palpi agrees far more closely with

the latter genus. The neural characters of Anorthosia,

as figured in Stainton’s edition of Clemens’ papers

(Tin. N. Am., p. 111), is not precisely correct; veins 3

and 4 of the hind wings should be separated at the base,

and the discal cell of both wings is closed, as in other

allied genera.

(Elva titetoo El va io. S 44)

Anorthosia fracticostella, sp. n.

Antenne dirty whitish, annulated with brown. Palpi: second

joint thickly clothed with projecting scales taking a triangular

form; externally brown, fringed with whitish at its anterior edge,

internally whitish throughout; apical joint very long, slender,

erect, slightly recurved, whitish, springing from the apex of the

trianguiar tuft of scales, not, as is usual in Ypsolophus, from the

base; in this respect it agrees approximately with Anorthosia,

Clem., rather than with Ypsolophus, in which I was at first

inclined to place it, although differing somewhat from both in the

form of the apical joint. Head and Thoraz paleolive-green. Fore

wings with the costa slightly convex near the base, depressed

beyond the middle, with a projection before the oblique depressed

apex, which is rather obtusely pointed, the apical margin oblique

and concave, anal angle obtuse, dorsal margin straight ; pale olive-

green; a small brown streak along the extreme base of the costal

margin, followed by a few brown scales on the convex part of the

marvin near the basal third of the wing-length; a distinct dark

brown narrow line-like spot along the extreme costal margin,

scarcely beyond the middle, and a few brown scales in the cilia of

the preapical costal projection; just before the middle of the wing

African Micro-Lepidoptera. tt

is a reduplicated brown spot, the upper portion of which is almost

round; the lower portion is triangular, with the apex pointing out-

wards ; at the lower angle on the foldis a roundish spot of a darker

brown ; at the end of the cell is an obliquely-placed linear spot of

dark brown scales; five small spots of the same colour are at the

extreme edge along the apical margin, with three similar spots

above the apex, between it and the costal projection; two similar

spots also occur on the dorsal margin; cilia very pale greyish

brown. Under side unicolorous pale brownish grey. Hind wings

wider than the fore wings, the outer margin scarcely concave below

the apex; pale greyish brown, with scarcely paler cilia. Under

side unicolorous pale brownish grey. Abdomen pale greyish brown,

inclining to ochreous posteriorly. Legs pale greyish ochreous.

Hap. al. 15—16 mm.

Hab. Accra (Gold Coast), five specimens (Carter).

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

The form of the palpi of this species is somewhat

peculiar ; the second joint throws out a brush of hair-

like scales on its upper side, with a few on its under side

towards the apex; thus the joint itself passes through

the brush, and gives off the apical joint at its apex,

whereas in Nothris and Ypsolophus it is tufted beneath,

and the apical joint is given off from the base of the tuft.

The neuration agrees with that of Ypsolophus, but the

excavated costal margin distinguishes it in appearance,

and the peculiar palpi seem to justify its reception in

the genus Anorthosia, Clem., which also possesses a

slight depression on the costal margin.

ANARSIA, Z.

[Pl. v., fig. 48.]

Anarsia agricola, sp. 0.

Antenne annulated with hoary and fuscous. Palpr with a long

triangular tuft projecting beneath the second joint; fuscous on the

basal half, hoary beyond, each section clearly defined ; apical joint

smooth, hoary, a ring near the base, and the whole outer half

above fuscous, a pale spot on the outer half beneath. Head and

Thorax hoary. Fore wings hoary; with a large triangular fuscous

dorsal patch, sprinkled with hoary scales, extending beyond the

middle of the dorsal margin, obtusely terminated below the costa ;

above its apex is a small, and beyond it a larger elongate costal

spot of the same colour, both tending obliquely outwards; the

112 Lord Walsingham on

whole apical portion of the wing, above the anal angle and parallel

with the apical margin, is shaded with fuscous scales and patches ;

cilia greyish fuscous. Hind wings semitransparent, shining iron-

grey, with aslight lilac iridescence ; cilia pale cinereous. Abdomen

pale cinereous. Legs pale cinereous, the posterior tarsi shaded

with fuscous, faintly pale spotted. Hap. al. 11 mm.

Hab. Estcourt (Natal), two specimens (Hutchinson).

Type, 2, Mus. Wlsm.

One of these specimens is a rather dark variety.

I have a third variety much paler than the type, with

less suffusion of dark scaling, and the dorsal patch more

conspicuously contrasted with the pale ground colour,

but it cannot be regarded as a separate species.

Hap. al. 12 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), one specimen (Carter).

Type, 2, Mus. Wlsm.

(Eloy. ona.

Anarsia inculta, sp. n.

Antenne annulated with hoary and greyish fuscous. Palpi with

a large square tuft, or flattened brush, of projecting scales beneath

the second joint; hoary, speckled and shaded externally with

greyish fuscous; apical joint whitish, with a broad black band of

scales around its middle. Thorax hoary, tegule tinged with

greyish fuscous. Fore wings hoary, obliquely tinged with greyish

fuscous, and some brownish scales at the base, narrowly on the

costal, more widely on the dorsal margin; a triangular tawny

fuscous patch occupies the middle of the costal margin, its apex

reaching to the dorsal margin ; a chestnut-brown spot on the fold,

intermixed with groups of raised blackish scales, forms its central

portion ; the apical part of the wing is also shaded with tawny

fuscous scales; cilia tawny fuscous, sprinkled with hoary scales,

and becoming paler about the anal angle. Hind wings semi-

transparent iridescent tawny grey ; ciliagrey. Abdomen iridescent

tawny grey; anal tuft ochreous. Hap. al. 12—14 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), three specimens (Carter).

Type, ¢ ?, Mus, Wlsm.

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 113

XYLORYCTINA.

Ipz, Chamb.

[Pl. v., fig. 50.]

Ide complanella, sp. n.

Antenne ciliated in the J; grey. Palpi stone-grey, inclining to

ochreous towards their apex. Head and Thorax greyish stone-

colour. Fore wings greyish stone-colour, tinged with ochreous

along the costal margin throughout their length; cilia shining

silvery. Newration 12 veins; all separate; 16 furcate at base.

Hind wings stone-grey, with pale shining cilia. Newration 8 veins;

6 and 7 from a common stem; 3 and 4 from a point; 16 furcate

at base; 8 joined to upper margin of cell near base by a cross-vein.

Abdomen greyish stone-colour. Legs pale stone-colour. Hzp. al.

~ 15—16 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), two specimens (Carter).

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

This species agrees with the North American forms in

colour and structure, but the cilia are paler and the

wings somewhat narrower, and even more like those of

Tithosia than in others of this Lithosiform genus.

Ide lithosina, Z: (the type of the genus), from the

United States, is figured on Pl. VII., fig. 85.

DEPRESSARIAN EH.

DepressariaA, Hw.

Bele Woe iy Gul,

Depressaria inornatella, sp. n.

Antenne cinereous, tinged with fuscous towards the base. Palpi

pale cinereous, sprinkled with fuscous scales externally, and with

an ill-defined fuscous band of scales before the apex of the second

joint, and a smaller one near the base of the apical joint. Head

cinereous; face shining whitish. Thorax tawny fuscous. Fore

wings cinereous, much spotted, sprinkled, and suffused with tawny

fuscous, without the indication of any characteristic pattern or

marking, except a small patch of dark tawny fuscous scales at the

extreme base of the dorsal margin, and a dark tawny fuscous elon-

gate oblique spot lying above and beyond the outer and upper angle

of the cell, but not reaching to the costal margin ; preceding and

following this are two obscure costal spots of the same colour, and

a smaller one lies obliquely between the preceding costal spot and

the base of the elongate spot first mentioned; these, as well asa

few other small costal and marginal spots, are very indistinct ;

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—PART I. (MARCH.) I

114 Lord Walsingham on

there is also a faint indication of the usual dark spot on the end of

the cell; cilia pale cinereous. Hind wings pale cinereous; cilia

the same, with a faint paler line along their base. Abdomen tawny

fuscous. Hap. al. 17 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), one specimen (Carter).

Type, 2, Mus. Wlsm.

This species belongs to Section B of the genus,

characterised by having veins 2 and 3 of the fore wings

from a common stem.

CiCOPHORIN A.

CRYPTOLECHIA, Z.

LEI, Saliieg chee, lo

Cryptolechia straminella, Z.

Caffraria, two specimens (Boheman, Zell. Coll.) ; Zulu-

land, two specimens (the late Col. Harvey Tower) ; Cape

Colony, one specimen (TJ'rimen).

Cacocuroa, Hein.

N. syn.= Tzrarorsis, Wism., Trans. Ent. Soe Lond.,

1881, 259—60.

The genus which I described as T'eratopsis must sink

as a synonym of Cacochroa, since it is identical in struc-

ture and neuration.

Cacochroa tunicella, Wlsm.

Teratopsis tunicella, Wlsm., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1881, 260.

Annshaw (Cape Colony), one specimen (Barrett).

Ancuinia, HD.

Anchinia drucella, Wlsm.

Topeutis drucella, Wlsm., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1881, 268—9.

Malvern (Natal), one specimen ( Bowker).

I am induced to transfer this species to the genus

Anchinia, on the ground of the form of the labial palpi,

the neuration also agreeing with that of the type.

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 115

Puitopota, Meyr.

[ed Aven alee, He |

Philobota virgo, sp. n.

Antenne with a distinct pecten on basal joint; strongly pube-

scent; white. Palpi very long and slender, recurved ; white, with

a slight greyish tinge. Head white, with a slight greyish tinge.

Thorax white, slightly tinged with grey anteriorly. Fore wings

with rather straight costa, rounded apex, and oblique apical margin ;

pure shining white, cilia shining white. Under side grey, cilia

white. Hind wings whitish grey, with an indistinct greyish line

along the base of the white cilia. Under side the same colour as

on the upper side, but with no line along the cilia. Abdomen grey.

Legs: the anterior pair with the femora and tibie shaded with

fuscous, the others white. Exp. al. 29 mm.

Hab. Estcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

This species differs from Crytolechia straminella, Z., in

possessing a distinct pecten on the basal joint of the

antenne, and consequently falls into Philobota, Meyr.

Psecapira, Hb.

Psecadia sabiella, F. & R.

Psecadia? sabiella, F. & R., Reise Nov. Lp., Pl.CXX XIX.,

30 (1875).

(Ecophora? sabiella, Wlsm., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1881, 270-—1.

Grahamstown (Cape Colony), one specimen (Druce) ;

Kstcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson); Delagoa

Bay (Kast Africa), two specimens (Druce).

Psecadia circumdatella, Wkr.

Grahamstown (Cape Colony), one specimen (Druce).

Psecadia livida, Z.

Delagoa Bay (East Africa), one specimen (Druce) ;

Accra (Gold Coast), one specimen (Carter).

In my previous paper (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881,

p- 249), through the printer having omitted to space this

species from the preceding, it would appear that I re-

garded this as a synonym of circumdatella. This printer’s

error is unfortunate, as they are abundantly distinct.

116 Lord Walsingham on

Psecadia oculigera, Mschl., Ver. Z.-b. Ges. Wien.,

XXXIIT., 309, Pl. XVI., 25. (1883).

Caffraria ; Grahamstown (Cape Colony), one specimen

(Druce) ; Accra (Gold Coast), two specimens (Carter).

CNEMIDOLOPHUS, Wlsm.

Cnemidolophus lavernellus, Wlsm.

Bathurst (Gambia), one specimen (Carter).

GLYPHIPTERYGINA.

GLyPHIPTERYX, Hb.

[Pl. v., fig. 53.)

Glyphipteryx grapholithoides, sp.n.

Antenne fuscous. Palpi and Haustellum pale ochreous. Head

smooth; bronzy fuscous. Thorax bronzy fuscous. Fore wings

bronzy fuscous, with a conspicuous whitish ochreous transverse

fascia at one-fourth of the wing-length, outwardly angulated in the

middle, and attenuated towards the costal and dorsal margins ;

beyond it are seven slender costal streaks, the first five or six out-

wardly oblique, all are pale ochreous at their costal extremity,

the second, fourth, fifth, and sixth with steel-grey metallic termi-

nations ; a coppery metallic upright streak above the anal angle

indicates the position of what in the genus Grapholitha would be

the ocelloid patch ; above and beyond the upper end of this is a

small coppery metallic spot, opposite to the slight subapical in-

dentation of the outer margin; rather beyond the middle of the

dorsal margin is a group of small whitish ochreous spots and

scales, reaching as far as the lower extremities of the costal streak-

lets; cilia whitish, tipped with brown. Under side pale bronzy

brownish, with four pale ochreous costal spots before the apex.

Hind wings brownish fuscous, with scarcely paler cilia. Under

side pale bronzy brownish, slightly paler than in the fore wings,

with a pale ochreous costal spot, rather larger than those in the

fore wings, immediately before the apex. Abdomen bronzy

fuscous. Legs bronzy fuscous; the posterior pair with whitish

ochreous spurs and three pale spots on the tarsal joints. Exp. al.

10 mm.

Hab. Kstcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

This species approaches those of the South American

genus Ussara, Wkr., in appearance, but [ am unable to

distinguish it from Glyphipteryx. It is very nearly

African Micro-Lepidoptera. IY

allied to Gelechia gemmatella, Wkyr., from Sierra Leone

[Cat. Lp. Ins. B. M., XXX., 1022. (1864)], but Walker’s

species has the pale basal band much wider, especially on

the dorsal margin ; it has also distinct whitish streaks on

the sides of the abdomen, and a larger proportion of

yellow streaks and spots on the costal and median por-

tions of the wing. It is possible that an extended series

of specimens might connect these two forms as varieties

of one species.

LAVERNIN A.

Laverna, Crt.

[Pl]. v., fig. 54.]

Laverna gambiella, sp. n.

Antenne annulated with whitish ochreous and brownish fuscous.

Palpi whitish ochreous, touched with brownish on the outer side of

the second joint, at the base and near the apex; apical joint two-

thirds as long as the second, biannulated with fuscous. Head and

face whitish ochreous. Thorax umber-brown. Fore wings pale

whitish ochreous; with a distinct outwardly oblique basal patch,

wider on the dorsal than on the costal margin, shaded with grey

except on its outer third, where it is rich umber-brown; about the

middle of the wing is a broad transverse band, of which the middle

portion is pale tinged with greyish, the margins being clothed with

rich umber-brown scaling, the inner margin outwardly oblique

from the costa, the dark scaling rather scattered and diffused, the

outer margin strongly angulated inwards at the middle, and with

much thicker and closer dark scaling, which extends around the

» anal angle to the apex, leaving a quadrangular cream-white costal

patch above it, extending inwards to one-third from the apex;

cilia dark brownish grey. Hind wings pale greyish near the base,

tinged with brownish beyond; cilia pale brownish grey. Abdomen

subochreous. Legs whitish ochreous, barred and spotted with

umber-brown. Hap. al. 10—12 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), five specimens taken among

mallow in November and December (Carter) ; Gambia,

nine specimens (Druce).

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

[Pl vir, figsb5s)

Laverna quinquecristata, sp. un.

Antenne, basal joint somewhat enlarged; brown, spotted with

ochreous towards their outer ends. Palpi very long, overarching

the vertex, apical joint as long as the second ; pale ochreous, barred

118 Lord Walsingham on

with brown at the base and near the apex of the second joint, and

above the base and before the apex of the apical joint. Head

smooth; pale ochreous. Thorax blackish, with two longitudinal

ochreous lines, one each side of the middle. Fore wings narrow,

tapering outwards from near the base, the costa slightly convex

before the middle; coloured with an almost equal admixture of

pale ochreous and brown scales; with five distinct raised pale

ochreous, smooth, shining tufts, two near the costal and three near

the dorsal margin; the outer of the three dorsal tufts is scarcely

beyond the half of the wing-length, and the two costal tufts are

opposite the spaces between the dorsal ones; there is a slight

indication of a few raised scales beyond the third dorsal tuft, but

in the specimen before me these do not form a tuft; cilia pale

brownish fuscous. Hind wings grey ; cilia pale brownish fuscous.

Abdomen brown. Legs brown, spotted with pale ochreous. Exp.

al, 22 mm.

Hab. Estcourt ((Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

Type, 2, Mus. Wlsm.

StacmMatopHora, H.-S.

(elle sales, otras a]

Stagmatophora fasciata, sp. n.

Antenne fuscous, annulated with white, and with white longi-

tudinal streaks on the fuscous basaljoint. Palpi cream-white, the

apical joint dusted with fuscous. Head yellow; face white.

Thorax purplish fuscous. Fore wings cream-white, with a basal

patch, a broad central fascia and the apex all purplish fuscous,

the edges of these markings being tolerably straight, except the

inner edge of the central fascia, which is curved outwards, and the

inner edge of the apical shade, which extends inwards somewhat

along the dorsal margin; cilia pale purplish fuscous, paler at the

anal angle. Hind wings pale grey; cilia pale purplish. Abdomen

greyish fuscous. Legs cream white, broadly barred with purplish

fuscous. Hxp. al. 9 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), four specimens taken from

November to December, attached to a species of mallow

(Carter).

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 119

[lel Valo Ime, S76]

Stagmatophora distincta, sp. n.

Antenne with the elongate basal joint white, a distinct brown

spot above beyond its middle, thence entirely white beneath,

above alternately spotted and banded to the middle, and banded

beyond the middle with brown, the apical joints brown. Palpi

very slender, recurved, divergent; white touched with brown,

especially at the ends of the second and apical joints. Head white.

Thorax stout, brown, fringed with whitish hairs posteriorly. Fore

wings brown, with a broad, slightly oblique, shining white fascia

near the base; two shining white lunate spots beyond the middle,

one costal, the other dorsal and slightly further removed from the

-base; a third larger lunate costo-apical spot reaching to the apical

cilia ; cilia greyish brown. Hind wings shining grey at the base,

merging into brown beyond it; cilia brownish grey. Abdomen

white, with two brown spots at the base; the first large, the other

small; a row of three large brown spots along each side, and two

brown bands across the two penultimate segments; anal tuft

whitish. Legs white, banded with brown. Hap. al. 11 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), one specimen (Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

The only respect in which this species differs from the

typical forms of this genus is in its somewhat wider

wings (both fore and hind wings), of which, however, the

general pattern of neuration appears to be the same.

PYRODERCES, 7.

[Pl. vi., fig. 58.]

Pyroderces simplex, sp. n.

Antenne whitish fawn-colour, spotted with brownish fuscous

above. Palpi divergent, recurved, slender; pale fawn-colour,

apical joint slightly longer than the second, touched with fuscous

above the middle and before its apex. Haustellwm long, clothed

with shining white scales throughout. Head fawn-colour ; face

slightly paler. Thorax fawn-colour, paler posteriorly ; with a

shining metallic iridescence on the under side. Fore wings fawn-

colour, with a slender outwardly curved transverse whitish streak

at one-fourth from the base, preceded by some fuscous scales, which

tend to form a basal patch ; some shining whitish scales with a

lilac iridescence are continued from its lower end, along the dorsal

margin to the base, and extend also outwardly along the dorsal

margin ; on the dorsal margin at about half the wing-length is a

120 Lord Walsingham on

small, outwardly oblique, spot of fuscous scales; at the extreme

apex is a dark fuscous spot preceded by a few scattered paler

fuscous scales, which are also to be found along the base of the

cilia ; cilia fawn-colour, inclining to greyish fawn about the anal

angle. Hind wings grey, with fawn-grey cilia. Abdomen

cinereous. Legs pale fawn, inconspicuously banded with darker

fawn. Hap. al. 9—11 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia) ; two specimens, one bred

from a mine in a species of mallow in November, the

other taken on the wing in the same month (Carter).

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

StatHMmopopa, Stn.

[Pl. vi., fig. :59.]

Stathmopoda maculata, sp. n.

Antenne pale fawn. Palpi whitish, apical joint slightly tinged

with fawn above. Head pale fawn above; face whitish. Thorax

stout ; cream-white, except on its extreme anterior margin, which

is fawn-colour. Fore wings creamy-white, the costal margin

narrowly shaded throughout with fawn-brown ; a triangular fawn-

brown basal patch, of which the apex reaches the dorsal margin ;

a transverse fascia in the middle, wider on the costal than on the

dorsal margin, and a transverse shade occupying the whole apical

fourth of the wing (except the extreme apex, which is slightly

paler), of which the inner edge is outwardly oblique from the costa

to the dorsal margin; all deep fawn-brown, with a very slight

purplish hue; cilia pale brownish ochreous. Hind wings pale

fawn-grey, with pale brownish ochreous cilia. Abdomen fawn-

brown. Legs pale fawn-colour, with deep fawn-brown tufts and

tarsal spots. Hap. al. 18—20 mm.

Hab. Gambia, two specimens (Druce).

Type, d 2, Mus. Wlsm.

This species has a very distinct appearance despite

the general similarity of colouring in S. crassella. ‘The

thorax 1s also equally stout, but the ground colour of the

fore wings is much paler, and so distinctly mapped out

into two elongate patches, enclosed on three sides by the

dark fawn-brown transverse shades, as to destroy the

somewhat suffused effect. It is also larger, and the sub-

apical shade does not point inwards but outwards from

the costa. Both crassella and maculata approach Stath-

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 121

mopoda pedella, L., but they are much more robust, owing

to their wider thorax.

Pl. vi., fig. 60.)

Stathmopoda crassella, sp. n.

Antenne strongly ciliated on their inner side; pale fawn. Palpzr

very slender, divergent, recurved ; second joint whitish, apical joint

fawn-colour. Hauwstellum white. Head pale fawn above; face

shining white. Thorax very stout; fawn-colour; shining white

beneath. Fore wings fawn-colour, with the extreme costal margin

very narrowly tinged with purplish fuscous; a transverse streak

very near the base ; an oblique transverse shade before the middle,

tending outwards towards the dorsal margin, and an oblique trans-

verse shade, at one-fourth from the apex, tending inwards towards

the dorsal margin; all purplish fuscous; cilia pale brownish

ochreous. Hind wings pale fawn-grey, with pale brownish

ochreous cilia. Abdomen pale fawn-grey ; shining white beneath.

Legs pale fawn, with purplish fuscous tufts at the joints and spurs ;

shining white beneath. Hp. al. 11—14 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), five specimens taken at

light in November and December (Carter) ; Gambia, five

specimens (Druce).

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

EL, Woy 1, Gilol

Stathmopoda divisa, sp. n.

Antenne pale greyish brown. Palpi whitish, tinged with greyish

brown on the upper side of the apical joint. Head dark greyish

brown above; face white. Thorax stout; yellow. Fore wings

yellow to more than one-third of their length; with two small

greyish brown costal spots, one at the extreme base very small, the

second small, immediately beyond it near the base; a greyish

brown shade with straight inner margin occupies the whole outer

portion of the wing from before the middle, the yellow ground

colour showing only in small ill-defined longitudinal streaks or

spots beyond the middle; cilia pale greyish brown. Hind wings

and cilia pale greyish brown. Abdomen greyish brown. Legs

very pale greyish brown. LHzp. al. 10 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), two specimens (Carter).

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

This species has much the pattern and colouring of a

Lozostoma, but it is apparently a true Stathmopoda ; it

122 Lord Walsingham on

is closely allied to Gelechia auriferella, Wkr., from Sierra

Leone [Cat. Lp. Ins. B. M., XXX., 1022. (1864) ], which

differs from it only in having a pale yellow band ex-

tending across the wing beyond the middle. ‘The

colouring is much the same in both species, although

the darker shades are described by Walker as “‘cupreous,”

which, perhaps, fairly describes what I have called

‘‘ syeyish brown.”

BUTALIN A.

Butauis, 7'r.

Butalis chlorema, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond , 1887,

279.

Grahamstown (Cape Colony).

(eM Ayalon, 1aleg,. (745)

Butalis subeburnea, sp. 0.

Antenne dirty cream-colour at the base, shading to brownish

beyond. Palpi dirty cream-colour, slightly shaded with brownish

grey. Head dirty cream-colour. Thorax dull cream-colour. Fore

wings dirty cream-colour, faintly shaded along the costal and

dorsal portions, the central part of the wing throughout its length

inclining to ivory-white ; cilia the same colour as the wings, with

a faint brownish tinge about the anal angle. Hind wings shining

leaden grey; cilia very pale brownish cream-colour. Abdomen

grey, the anal segments creamy. Legs pale. Hap. al. 15—

17 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), two specimens taken at

light in November (Carter); Gambia, one specimen

(Druce).

Type, 2, Mus. Wlsm.

Buastosasis, Z.

[Pl. vi., fig. 63.]

Blastobasis irroratella, sp. n.

Antenne pale greyish brown; the basal joint fringed below and

of the same colour as the face. Palpi, apical joint one-third the

length of the second, greyish brown; second joint greyish brown,

with the apex hoary. Head and face hoary, profusely sprinkled

with greyish brown scales. Thorax and tegule hoary, profusely

sprinkled with greyish brown. Fore wings hoary whitish, profusely

sprinkled with greyish brown scales, which are indistinctly grouped

inan outwardly oblique dorsal streak before the middle, an elongate

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 123

spot on the middle of the disc, and a rounder spot beyond the end

of the cell; cilia hoary, very sparsely sprinkled with pale greyish

brown. Hind wings pale brownish grey; cilia pale cinereous.

Abdomen and legs pale cinereous. Hap. al. 138 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), one specimen, November

(Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

(EpEemaTopopa, Z.

(Hdematopoda princeps, Z.

Delagoa Bay (Kast Africa), two specimens (Druce).

ERETMOcERA, Z.

Hretmocera fuscipennis, Z.

Bathurst (Gambia), two specimens (Carter).

Eretmocera carteri, Wlsm., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

ISSO 2 Sear epViles dele

Bathurst (Gambia), three specimens (Carter).

Eretmocera derogatella, Wkyr.

Zanzibar (Hast Africa), two specimens (Jackson).

Eretmocera dorsistrigata, Wlsm., Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1889, 29, Pl. VI., 13.

Zanzibar (Hast Africa), two specimens (Jackson).

Eretmocera miniata, W1sm., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1889, 30—1, Pl. VI., 15.

Zanzibar (East Africa), two specimens (Jackson).

Eretmocera scatospila, Z.

Bathurst (Gambia), seventeen specimens, August

(Carter) ; Accra (Gold Coast), one specimen (Carter).

Hretmocera basistrigata, Wlsm., Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1889, 32—8, Pl. V.

Bathurst (Gambia), two specimens (Carter).

124 Lord Walsingham on

Hretmocera letissima, Z.

Caffraria, two specimens (Boheman, Zell. Coll.) ; Bath-

urst (Gambia), seventeen specimens, October—November

(Carter).

COSMOPTERYGINZ.

Cosmopteryx, Hb.

[Pl. vi., fig. 64.]

Cosmopteryx cognita, sp. n.

Antenne brouzy brown, the elongate basal joint paler beneath,

the five apical joints are white, the next four or five dark bronzy,

preceded by a wide, once interrupted, white band. Palpi bronzy.

Head bronzy; face metallic steel-grey. Thorax brouzy. Fore

wings bronzy brown, with a slightly oblique brassy metallic band

at half their length, preceding the usual orange fascia; half-way

between this band and the base are three silvery streaklets, the

upper one oblique from the costa, the middle one above the fold,

very short, commencing opposite the apex of the upper one, and

reaching about half the length of the lower one, which is stouter and

lying below the fold, it commences opposite the base of the middle

one and projects beyond it; the orange fascia is margined exter-

nally by a very oblique brassy metallic band running inwards from

the costal to the dorsal margin, and is separated from it, as from

the similar band which precedes it, by a few blackish scales; there

is a conspicuous white streak in the costal cilia at the upper end

of the outer metallic band and the apical portion of the wing,

which is bronzy brown, contains a single small brassy spot at the

apex, and a tiny white streak at the extreme end of the apical cilia;

cilia bronzy brown. Under side neous, the costal and terminal

white streaks alone visible. Hind wings and cilia pale greyish

brown. Under side eneous. Abdomen brown. Legs: posterior

tibiz and tarsi bronzy brown, banded and spotted with white.

Exp. al. 12 mm.

Hab. Estcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

The only species of Cosmopteryx hitherto recorded

from South Africa is an undescribed species noticed by

Stainton (Knt. Week. Int., [X., 32 (1860)).

African Micro- Lepidoptera. 125

BATRACHEDRIN A.

ZARATHRA, Whr.

(Pl. vi. fig. 65.]

Zarathra muricicoma, sp. n.

Antenne considerably longer than the fore wings; steel-grey ;

basal joint slightly enlarged, orange ochreous. Labial palpi long,

slender, divergent, recurved ; apical joint longer than second, both

smooth; shining ochreous. Mavillary palpi short, distinct, white.

Hawustellum rather long. [Walker writes of Zarathra ‘ proboscis

nulla,” but his specimens of Zarathra pterodactyla have long

tongues.| Head posteriorly shining metallic steel-white, above

and in front brilliant purple. Thorax brownish purple. Fore

wings very narrow, elongate, brownish purple; with a slender

shining steel-white streak along the costal margin before the costal

cilia ; another almost parallel below it ; a conspicuous white spot

near the base of the dorsal margin, above which the costal portion

of the wing is bright purple; another conspicuous semicircular

white spot on the middle of the dorsal margin, above which is a

nearly obsolete small whitish costal spot; dorsal cilia with a

greenish iridescent hue. Hind wings elongate, very narrow,

sharply pointed, purplish grey; cilia very long, purplish brown, in

some lights with a greenish hue. Abdomen shining, iridescent,

purplish grey above, with white patches at the sides and beneath,

anal segment white. Legs [missing.| ap. al. 113 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), two specimens (Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

GRACILARIAN A.

GRACILARIA, Hw.

(eva. es OG.

Gracilaria punctulata, sp.n.

Antenne white beneath, distinctly spotted with brown above.

Palpi whitish at the base and apex, shaded with umber-brown at

the sides and around the middle. Head white, with a shining

umber-brown bar across the front. Thorax whitish. Fore wings

bone-white, delicately shaded with pale reddish brown along the

middle, on and above the fold, this colour becoming more intense

about the apex of the wing; on the extreme costa near the base

are three or four minute brownish dots ; a dark brown spot on the

disc, about the middle of the wing, is followed by another nearer

to the costal cilia ; there is an indication of a third similar spot in

126 Lord Walsingham on

the darker portion of the wing; there are also a few brown scales

on the middle of the fold; cilia bone-white, tinged with reddish

brown. Hind wings grey; cilia very pale reddish brown. Legs

white, tinged with brown, apparently unspotted. Hzp. al. 8 mm.

Hab. Estcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

Type, ?, Mus. Wlsm.

(Eavicti ce Gal

Gracilaria apicistrigata, sp. 0.

Antenne longer than the fore wings; white. Labial palpi

drooping, divergent, longer than the head; white. Mazillary

palpi conspicuously projected; white, tipped with brown. Head

shining white ; face very oblique, shining white. Thorax shining

white; tegule brown. Sore wings shining white along the dorsal

third, brown on the costal two-thirds; the edge of the white dorsal

band clearly defined, throwing two obtusely angulated projections

into the brown space above it, one before, the other about the anal

angle, between which the brown colour nearly reaches the dorsal

margin ; a blackish elongate dash below the costa, before the apex,

contains two or three detached white scales; and at the extreme

apex in the middle of the apical cilia an upright short black streak

is preceded by a whitish costal spot; cilia at the apex greyish,

below it shining white, at and before the anal angle greyish. Hind

wings and cilia pale brownish grey. Abdomen grey. Legs

greyish, spotted with white on the posterior tarsal joints. Hzxp.

al. 7 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), one specimen (Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

[Pl. vi., fig. 68.]

Gracilaria bifasciata, sp. n.

Antenne pale brown, the basal joint white. Palpi white. Head

and face white. Thorax whitish, slightly tinged with pale brownish

anteriorly. Fore wings pale brown, with two broad white fascie,

the one before, the other immediately beyond the middle, both

dilated to the dorsal margin, the first evenly, the second on the

outer side only; beyond the second fascia is a conspicuous tri-

angular white costal spot, preceded by a much smaller one, and

followed by the white apical cilia, in which are two brownish

fuscous streaklets, one at the base and one in the middle, meeting

towards the anal angle, and giving a caudate appearance to the

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 127

wing; all the white markings are delicately margined before and

behind with lines of brownish fuscous scales; cilia at the anal

angle pale greyish fuscous. Hind wings pale greyish fuscous ;

cilia the same. Abdomen greyish brown. Legs white, banded

and spotted with brownish fuscous; tarsal spurs white, with a

brownish fuscous spot on each. Exp. al. 7 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia); one specimen bred from

mines in a species of mallow, November (Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

This species belongs to the scalariella group.

LYONETIANZ.

MICcROTHAUMA, gen. n.

(uixpos = little, 6avux = marvel.)

Type. Microthauma metallifera, Wlsm.

(Pl. vii. fig. 87.]

Antenne with basaljoint enlarged and clothed with a conspicuous

eye-cap. Labial palpr drooping. Mazillary palpi obsolete.

Haustellum present. Head tufted; face smooth. Fore wings

moderately broad, acuminate. Newration 8 veins; 1 forked at

base; 2 from near angle of cell; 4 from the cross-vein closing cell;

5 and 6 from a common stem; 7 from beyond middle of cell to

costa; 8 to costa before middle. Hind wings narrow, elongate,

acuminate, tapering from base outwards. Newration 4 veins;

3 and 4 from subcostal vein, 4 to apex; cell open.

This genus differs from Opostega in neuration, as well

as in the more developed drooping labial palpi.

(Pl. vi. fig. 69.]

Microthauma metallifera, sp. n.

Antenne and eye-caps white. Palpi short, depressed ; whitish.

Head white, tufted above; face smooth. Thorax white. Fore

wings shining white ; a small indistinct spot of bronzy scales,

mixed with golden yellow, on the costa before the middle, has an

outwardly oblique inner margin pointing towards the apex of an

also outwardly oblique bronzy metallic dorsal streak slightly

beyond it, which is connected with a bright patch of golden yellow

metallic scales, blending into bronzy brown at their outer and

lower extremity; this patch occupies about the middle of the

dorsal margin; before it, much nearer to the base, is a smaller

spot of dark bronzy brown metallic scales; on the costa beyond

128 Lord Walsingham on

the middle are two very slender oblique and rather indistinct

brownish lines pointing towards a bright golden metallic spot on

the middle of the outer margin below the apex; above this outer

spot is a slender very oblique brownish streak in the costal cilia,

depressed at the apex, and giving the wing a distinctly caudate

appearance ; cilia white, tipped with brownish above the apical

streak. Hind wings shining white ; ciliawhite. Abdomen shining

white. Legs white; the posterior tarsal joints faintly spotted with

brownish. Hap. al. 7mm.

Hab. Estcourt (Natal), one specimen (Hutchinson).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

NEPTICULINA.

Licmocera, gen. n.

(Amos = & wWinnowing fan, xépas—= a horn.)

Type. Licmocera lyonetiella, Wlsm.

[Pl. vii., fig. 88.]

Antenne as long as the fore wings, simple; the basal joint much

developed and clothed with a wide eye-cap. Ocelli obsolete.

Mazillary palpi distinct, small, drooping. Labial palpi strongly

divergent, slender, recurved, acuminate, evenly clothed throughout

with smooth scales; apical joint slightly exceeding the second

joint in length. Hawstellwm rather short, naked. Head and face

smooth. Fore wings narrow, elongate, gently tapering to an

acute apex, which is not depressed. Newration 10 veins; 6 and 7

from a common stem, 6 to apex; 3 and 4 approximate at their

bases; 1 simple at its base. Hind wings elongate, acuminate,

evenly attenuated from base, dorsal margin slightly convex, cilia

very long. Newration 6 veins; 3 and 4 from a point, as are also

5 and 6; cell closed; 2 from before outer third of cell. Abdomen

slender, two-thirds the length of the fore wings. Legs slender,

posterior tibiz clothed above with short hair-like scales.

elvis tie 05]

Licmocera lyonetiella, sp. n.

Antenne whitish, tinged with ochreous ; with the basal joint

widened into an eye-cap, shining white. Labial palpi slender,

diverging, long and recurved, white. Mazillary palpi meeting

over the short tongue; white. Head and face lustrous white.

Thorax white. Fore wings narrow, elongate, acute, white; with

a group of scattered scales before the middle, two dorsal and one

African Micro- Lepidoptera. 129

costal spot fawn-brown, also afew fawn-brown scales near the base

of the dorsal margin ; the dorso-marginal spots are elongate, semi-

ovate, the first immediately before the middle, the second at one-

fourth from the apex, above and scarcely before this is the smaller

oblique costal spot, rather darker in colour than the others; at the

extreme apex is a round shining metallic silvery spot, preceded by

two or three brownish scales in the base of the white costal cilia ;

cilia at the apex white, at the anal angle brownish grey. Hind

wings elongate, evenly attenuated from the base, the dorsal margin

slightly convex, together with the cilia pale brownish grey. Abdo-

men narrow, acute, pale, shining brassy yellowish above, whitish

at the sides and beneath. Legs white. Hzp. al. 11mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), three specimens (Carter).

Type, ¢ 2, Mus. Wlsm.

OXYMACHERIS, gen.n.

(ogds = sharp, uaxaipa = knife.)

Type, Sd. Oxymacheris niveocervina, Wlsm.

(EIS vane tice 893]

Antenne simple, about two-thirds the length of the fore wings ;

basal joint somewhat enlarged. Labial palpi slender, drooping,

the apical joint as long as the second. Mazillary palpi con-

spicuous, drooping. Hauwstellwm moderate. Ocelli obsolete. Fore

wings lanceolate, acute, the costal and dorsal margins about equally

convex. Newration 8 veins; 5 and 6 from a common stem,

enclosing the apex; the rest separate; 1 simple. Hind wings

lanceolate, acute, the costal and dorsal margins about equally con-

vex. Newration 5 veins; 1,2and5simple; 3and4 stalked. Legs:

posterior tibiz thinly hairy.

(LPN Nils, waters 7/ate]

Oxymacheris niveocervina, sp. n.

Antenne pale fawn-colour. Palpi pale fawn-colour. Head and

face white. Thorax white at the sides, yellowish fawn above.

Fore wings bright yellowish fawn, with a richer more brownish

tinge above the anal angle; a snow-white triangular patch on the

middle of the base does not quite reach the costal or dorsal mar-

gins; a broad snow-white fascia runs obliquely inwards from the

middle of the costal to before the middle of the dorsal margin, its

TRANS, ENT, 80C. LOND, 1891.--PART I. (MARCH.) K

130 Lord Walsingham on

inner edge scarcely sinuate, its outer edge slightly irregular, with

a projection on the fold, between two brownish fawn spots, not

detached from the bright fawn portion of the wing beyond it; the

white fascia is also projected narrowly along the costal margin to

the apex; the costal cilia tipped with fawn-yellow; the cilia on

the apical margin wholly fawn-yellow. Hind wings and cilia

very pale fawn. Abdomen and legs pale fawn. Hzp. al. 12 mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), one specimen (Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

Oxymacheris ? zulella, Wlsm.

Tuthocolletis zulella, Wlsm.

I have no longer access to the type of this species,

which is in the Cape Town Museum; but, from my

recollection of the shape of the hind wings, and from the

figure, I am inclined to believe that it belongs to Oxy-

macreris rather than to Lithocolletis.

MIicRoposTEGA, gen. n.

(uinpos — little; Opostega (nom. gen).

Type. Micropostega eneofasciata, Wl1sm.

[Pl. vii., fig. 90.]

Antenne as long as the fore wings, simple; basal joint enlarged

and clothed with a well-developed eye-cap. Mazillary palpi short,

drooping. Labial palpi also drooping, cylindrical. Head much

flattened, with a strong radiating frontal crest; face smooth. Fore

wings rather wide, somewhat dilated from the base outwards, the

costal margin slightly indented before the apex, apex rounded, cilia

long. Newration 5 veins; discal cell open; 2 and 3 from a

common stem, as also 3and 4. Hind wings very narrow, elon-

gate, acuminate, evenly attenuated throughout, cilia long. Neuwra-

tion with vein 1 near the base, and a single median vein forked at

the apex. Abdomen flattened. Legs strongly tufted above.

This genus differs from Opostega in neuration, as well

as in the flattened and highly crested head, and in the

somewhat less developed eye-cap.

ELS aval ite sain

Micropostega eneofasciata, sp.n.

Antenne white; eye-caps shining snow-white. Head rough

above, white; face smooth, shining, snow-white. Thorax white.

Fore wings white; a broad shining metallic brassy fascia, wider

African Micro-Lepidoptera. 131

on the dorsal than on the costal margin, takes a slightly oblique

direction outwards and upwards, its edges straight and clearly

defined, the outer edge reaching the costa before the middle; beyond

it is a very oblique shining brassy costal streaklet, ending in silvery

metallic scales; beyond this again isa slender brownish fuscous

streaklet in the costal cilia, running to the apex, whence it is

slightly depressed and curved in the apical cilia, having below it

at the apex a small brownish fuscous spot; a large shining silvery

metallic spot lies at the anal angle; cilia white. Hind wings

“shining white; cilia white. Abdomen shining white. Legs white.

Exp. al.6mm.

Hab. Bathurst (Gambia), two specimens (Carter).

Type, ¢, Mus. Wlsm.

CORRECTION.

Since the first part of this paper has gone to press, I

find that I have overlooked two species described by

Mr. P. C. T. Snellen :—

Dicuenia, Gn.

PPliies fest.)

Dichelia albardana, Snell.

Tortriz (Dichelia) albardana, Snell., Tijd. v. Ent.,

XV., 108—9, Pl. VIII., 10. (1872).

Lower Guinea.

I have re-described this species as Conchylis tricolor

(ante, pp. 69—70), having mistaken vein 8 of the fore

wings for vein 2. It is not a Conchylis, and is probably

rightly referred to the genus Dichelia, though the stalk

to veins 7 and 8 of the fore wings is shorter than in the

typical species. Argyrotoxa viridis, Wlsm., though

resembling this species in appearance, has these veins

separate, though somewhat approximate at their bases.

SeRicoris, 7'r.

Sericoris improbana, Snell.

Grapholitha (Sericoris) improbana, Snell., Tijd. v. Ent.,

OVe09== 105 Pile Valiie, 1 872) s xexyen 234)

(1882).

Lower Guinea.

K 2

132 African Micro-Lepidoptera,

EXPLANATION OF Puares III., IV., V., VI. & VII.

PLATE III.

See Explanation facing Pl. III.

PLATE IV.

See Explanation facing Pl. IV.

PLATE V.

See Explanation facing Pl. V.

PLATE VI.

See Explanation facing Pl. VI.

PLATE VII.

See Explanation facing Pl. VII.

( 183

IV. New species of moths from Southern India. By

Colonel CuarLtes Swinuor, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e.

|Read November 5th, 1890. |

Puate VIII.

BOMBYCKES.

SYNTOMIDA.

1. Tascia gana, n.sp. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 12).

3d. Antenne, head, eyes, thorax, and both wings, black;

antenne bipectinated, branches below the shaft short and thick ;

top of head thickly covered with glistening blue-green scales, a few

also on the shaft of the antenne, a thin crimson line behind the

head, followed by two thin lines of blue-green scales, a few similar

scales scattered thinly over the thorax and fore wings, thickest on

the costal and outer portions. Fore wing fairly clothed, thinly

clothed within the cell, and with a semidiaphanous suffused streak

in the basal half of the interspace below the cell; a large white

semidiaphanous spot at the end of the cell, like a half-moon, with

the circle inwards and the ends rounded. Hind wings paler, dull

black, semidiaphanous, darkest on the costal border; abdomen

with a blackish brown band at the base, followed by a broader

golden band, a blackish brown band, and a golden band with brown

anal tip, the last three bands of equal width; a brilliant band of

crimson hairs on each side of the abdomen, from the top of the

first golden band to the tip. Under side dull pale blackish brown,

pectus crimson, legs blackish brown. Body as above, but with the

golden bands reddish. Expanse of wings, 1 in.

Ganjam, October, 1887 (Hampson).

Easily distinguishable from all other Indian species

of this genus by its beautifully coloured and banded

abdomen.

2. Syntomis magna, n.sp. (Pl. VIII., fig. 1).

3. Above and below of a uniform deep black; shaft of the

antenne broadly pure white near the tips. Fore wing with three

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—PaRT I. (MARCH.)

134 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s new species of

bands of diaphanous spots; 1st subbasal, a single small spot; 2nd

medial, composed of two spots divided by the median vein, the

lower one the larger and rounded below; 8rd discal, composed of

three longitudinal spots of equal size, with rounded ends. Hind

wing with basal and discal hyaline bands of spots divided into

three portions by the veins, the lowest much the smallest. Abdo-

men tinged with green, with basal and medial orange bands, the

former only on the upper side, the latter encircling the abdomen.

Expanse of wings, 17, in.

North Kanara, August, 1886 (Wise).

Allied to nothing I know of.

3. Syntomis lydia, n.sp. (Pl. VIII, fig. 7).

3o ¢. Antenne pectinated with very short hairs in the J,

simple in the 9; antenne, head, and body blackish brown; tips of

the antenne in the female white. Abdomen witha basal ochreous

band above. Wings nearly all hyaline. Fore wing with the base

and the costal band limited by the subcostal vein, brown; veins

and markings of same colour, a patch at end of cell, a thickening

where the 1st median branch is emitted, a broadish apical patch,

and another towards the hinder margin, connected by a marginal

line. Hind wing with the costa brown, and with an apical patch.

Below, body and legs brown; abdomen of the female yellowish

towards the anal portion. Expanse of wings, f $, 2 7, im.

Nilgiri Hills, 8500 ft., October, 1887 (Hampson).

Allied to S. aperiens, Walker, which also occurs in the

Nilgiris ; is more hyaline, the bands smaller, and there

is no connecting band between the patch at the end of

the cell and the apical patch on fore wings.

4. Syntomis mota, u.sp. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 2).

@. Antenne simple; antenne, head, and body black, a white

space on antenne towards the tips, collar golden yellow, and two

bands of same colour on abdomen, basal and post-medial (on the

fifth segment). Wings mostly hyaline; veins and patches black,

base black, costal line limited by subcostal vein, and also the

hinder border black ; median vein and first median branch thick,

thickest where the branch is emitted; a bottle-shaped patch at the

end of the cell, with its neck running half-way up the 2nd disco-

cellular interspace; an apical patch and a very large patch, square

on its inner side, near the hinder angle, connected with the bottle-

moths from Southern India. 135

shaped patch by the thickened veins, and to the apical patch by

the black cilia, fining down at the angle, and running into the

black hinder margin. Hind wing with the outer half black, and

with a thick costal black margin to the hyaline portion, which is

divided into two by the prominent black median vein. Under

side: body and legs black; thorax with two large golden yellow

spots on each side; abdomen with the lower golden band only;

hind legs with whitish on the tarsi. Expanse of wings, 1} in.

Nilgiri Hills, 3500 ft., August, 1887 (Hampson).

Allied to S. libera, Walker, from Burma, differs chiefly

in having the hyaline portion of the hind wings divided

into two portions only, whereas in S. libera it is divided

into three; and it is a much larger insect.

LITHOSIIDA.

5. Barsine chromatica, n. sp.

36 @. Antenne, body, and fore wings chrome-yellow, eyes

black, thorax with a black spot on each shoulder, and two central.

Fore wing with a black basal spot on costa, a subbasal black spot

in the wing, a blackish brown spot at the end of the cell, anda

broad band of the same colour, pale and suffused, running through-

out the wing, formed by two transverse outwardly curved bands,

one before the middle and the other discal, joined in the centre,

and with the outer band thinning out some thick streaks towards

the outer margin. Hind wing pale chrome-yellow, semidiaphanous,

apex with a pale brownish patch. Abdomen with thick brownish

hairs covering the lower half; tips yellow. Under side as above,

but paler and less distinct; legs chrome-yellow. Expanse of

wings, 13—1}, in.

Nilgiri Hills (Lindsay).

Allied to B. rubricosa, Moore, which I have also from

the same locality, is larger, yellower, and differs in the

pattern, having a spot at end of cell and no central

band.

6. Bizone linatula, n. sp.

@. Antenne reddish; head, body, and fore wings pure white ;

thorax with red bands in front, across the middle, and at the base;

abdomen with the hinder half reddish. Fore wing with four

transverse red bands, somewhat as in B. swbornata; subbasal,

ante-medial, post-medial, and submarginal quite close to the mar-

gin, and the hinder part touching it, but not quite reaching the

136 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s new species of

angle; 2nd band inclining inversely and almost straight, 38rd

nearly upright and angled sharply inwards above, 2nd lined with

black on its inner side, 38rd lined with black on its outer side;

three blackish brown spots inside end of cell, one in the median

vein, and the other in a line above it. Hind wing pale reddish,

with the costal third pure white ; cilia of both wings white. Under

side white; wings with the markings showing through ; legs white,

tarsi banded with pale pinkish. Expanse of wings, 17, in.

Khandalla and Matheran, October, 1886.

Allied to B. subornata, Walker ; differs chiefly in the

straightness and position of its 2nd band, and in the

black edges to its 2nd and 8rd bands. Mr. Elwes

(P. Z.8., 1890, p. 896) incorrectly refers this insect to

B. subornata, but the prominent black edges to the bands

clearly separate it from that species, this being a particu-

larly distinctive specific character in the genus. I have

one male and three females of B. subornata from the

Andaman Islands, the females of which are identical with

Walker’s type, which is also a female; the male has the

costal fold on fore wings well-marked ; like the female it

has three spots between the Ynd and 8rd bands, the

upper two being covered by the heavy fold, and it has

red hind wings.

7. Bizone peregrina.

Bizone peregrina, Walker, i., 551 (1854); Elwes,

lio (Zin eon, MESO), FOS BEOG INGS Gs

North Kanara, July, 1886; Ceylon.

Mr. Elwes is correct in his note at top of p. 391; the

insect he refers to as B. peregrina, Walker, is B. puella,

Drury, and vice versd, and Mr. Moore, in his collection,

has the two names transposed. JB. puella is an insect

never common, but found in many parts of India north

and south; I have a pair from Solon, near Simla, taken

by the late Captain Reed on sugar, and specimens from

Bombay, Khandalla, Thanna, and Mahableshwur; and

there are in my collection three males and one female of

B. peregrina from Ceylon, received from Mr. Mackwood,

and a male and female from North Kanara, received

from Mr. Wise. The two species are very distinct ;

Walker's Ceylon specimen is considered as his type of

B. peregrina, his description is, however, a mixture of

several species. B. peregrina, according to the Ceylon

moths from Southern India. 137

type, has a male with the red bands on fore wing nearly

straight, as in the female, costal fold distinct, and on

the hind wing, just below the middle of the costa, is a

large patch of blackish brown scales; the male, how-

ever, of the female insect named by Drury as puella has,

like the female, bands rather deeply elbowed inwards,

the 2nd band in the middle and the 8rd band near the

hinder margin, the costal fold is very slight, and there

is no patch of scales on the hind wing. All the males

of peregrina have their hind wings nearly pure white,

with pinkish suffusion on the borders; and the two

central red bands on fore wings of both species are edged

with black in both sexes, the 2nd band inwardly and the

3rd band outwardly.

8. Reselia culaca, n. sp. (Pl. VIILI., fig. 9).

g. Antenne grey; top of head and collar and anal tuft of

abdomen pure white; thorax and fore wings greyish white ; abdo-

men dark grey. Fore wing with a black costal subbasal spot, and

three thin transverse zigzag blackish bands; ante-medial, medial,

and post-medial, the two latter nearly meeting on the hinder mar-

gin; an indistinct incomplete submarginal grey festoon; this and

all the bands more or less outwardly margined with white ; mar-

ginal line grey. Hind wing whitish, faintly clouded with grey.

Under side almost uniformly dark grey. Expanse of wings, 7 in.

Nilgiri Hills (Hampson).

Allied to R. (Nola) cingalesa, Moore, from Ceylon, but

can easily be distinguished by the difference in the bands

on fore wings.

ARCTIIDA.

9. Alpenus eximia, n.sp. (PI. VIII, fig. 8).

Antenne and tip of palpi blackish ; head, body, and fore wings

bright ochreous red, hind wings paler, markings pale black, body

unmarked. Fore wings with two or three short longitudinal

streaks at the base, followed by a subbasal narrow band, slightly

outcurved, and running on to the base along the costa, a medial

broad band which bifurcates on to the costa, the outer branch

angled outwardly close to a submarginal band of elongated spots.

Hind wing with a spot at upper end of cell, and submarginal spots,

which become minute in the middle, and are largest and suffused

into a patch near the anal angle; the bands in the fore wing are

more or less composed of longitudinal spots and streaks suffused

138 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s new species of

together. Under side: body, legs, and wings same colour as the

hind wings above; body and legs without markings; wings marked

as above. Expanse of wings, 1,; in.

North Kanara, September, 1887 (Wise).

Its peculiar red colour at once distinguishes it from

all other species of Indian alpenus.

LIPARIDA.

10. Artaxa pelona, u. sp.

3. Antenne, body, hind wings, legs, and whole surface below,

pale straw-colour. Fore wings above bright cinnamon-yellow ;

three brown submarginal spots, Ist at apex, 2nd a little below it,

and the 3rd near the hinder angle, and two transverse bands of

blackish brown irrorations, ante-medial and post-medial, 1st

slightly curved outwardly, 2nd recurved, throwing out a short

band from its middle towards the outer margin; one specimen has

nearly all the markings obsolete. Under side without any markings.

Expanse of wings, 17, in.

Nilgiri Hills (Lindsay).

Allied to A. fraterna, Moore, from Ceylon, but is

much larger and quite differently marked on the fore

wings.

11. Artaxa rhoda, u. sp.

3. Antenne, body, and wings of a rich warm chrome-yellow.

Hind wings slightly paler than the fore wings. Fore wing with a

brown spot at the end ofthecell; a straight macular band of brown

irrorations from the centre of the hinder margin, towards the apex,

which it does not reach; a short straight similarly composed thin

band close inside, not macular, running from the basal third

towards the spot at the end of the cell. Under side: body, wings,

and legs of a uniform pale bright chrome-yellow, unmarked.

Expanse of wings 17, in.

North Kanara, August, 1887 (Wise).

Allied to A. discinota, Moore, from the Andamans ;

differs in its straight bands, the outer band in discinota

being recurved and crossed by pale veins, and in the

absence of all markings below.

12. Huproctis illanta, n.sp.

& @. Above and below of a uniform cream-colour. Antenne

of the male with the shaft and plumes ochreous tinted. Fore

moths from Southern India. 139

and hind wings uniformly coloured and clothed; the entire surface

of both wings and body above and below without any markings.

Expanse of wings, gf 15, 2? lj in.

Pona, September, 1888; Alibagh, near Bombay,

March, 1888.

Allied to E. postica, Walker, which has, however, a

black abdomen and white wings.

NOTODONTID.

DICRANURINA.

13. Harpyia wisei, n. sp. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 3).

@. Shaft of antenne, front and top of head, body and fore

wings silvery white; plumes of antenne and all markings black ;

a line across at the back of the head; thorax with four cross

macular lines; abdomen with broad bands on the upper half of

each segment, and black spots on each side, pale at the base, and

gradually darkening downwards; anal segment with a ring in the

centre, enclosing a spot, and edged round witha black line. Fore

wing with a mark at the base, and many transverse zigzag lines,

and with two large marks like lunules at the end of cell, one inside

and the other outside ; first two lines near the base are broken, the

second two almost regularly dentated, and enclose a pale black

band; the remainder are dentated outwardly, forming lunules in

the interspaces ; costa marked with black, the largest black mark

being near the apex, and large black spots on the outer margin in

the interspaces. Hind wing pale black, with a short whitish fascia

from the anal angle, and blackish spots on the outer margin in the

interspaces. Under side: face and pectus black, body white, some

black spots on the lower segments, and a black band across the last

one; -legs white, with black bands; both wings whitish, with

blackish suffusions on the outer half; black marks on the costa

and spots on the outer margin as above. EHxpanse of wings,

33 in.

N. Kanara, September, 1887 (Wise).

Allied to H. litura, Walker; has more numerous

zigzag lines across fore wings, is much larger, and the

central fascia is broader and more regularly dentated.

LASIOCAMPIDA.

14. Hupterote hirsuta, n. sp.

6. Antenne with the shaft brown, plumes reddish; thorax and

abdomen of a uniform reddish brown; top of head and collar

140 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s new species of

ochreous; the ground colour of both wings of a bright ochreous

yellow, thickly suffused with reddish brown, with the ground colour

showing through in places, especially at the outer marginal por-

tions beyond the discal line, which is duplex, runs across both

wings, and on both wings curves inwardly on the lower, and out-

wardly on the upper portions, curving in on to the costa; the

thorax is covered with brown hairs of an unusual thickness and

length, and so is the basal portion of both wings, quite hiding the

ground colour, and the usual transverse lunular lines, which are

only visible here and there; the fore wing has some yellowish

outwardly angular spots in the interspaces against the outside of

the duplex line, the second from the hinder angle enclosing a large

round black spot, and the third a pale brown one; on the hind

wing is an outwardly dentated brown line similarly placed, with an

indistinct spot near the angle. Under side: face and pectus dark

brown; body and legs reddish brown; wings bright ochreous

yellow ; discal line on both wings with the black spot on fore wing

and the same on hind wing plainer than above; a lunular line

beyond, and lunular lines on the outer half of both wings inside

the discal line, four on the fore wing and three on the hind wing.

Expanse of wings, 4 in.

Khandalla, September, 1888 (Hevwett).

Allied to EH. undata, Blanchard, which also occurs at

Khandalla; and this insect, of which I have only a

single perfect specimen, may be only a sport of that

species ; but the curious curves of the discal band and

the unusual colour of the wings make it look distinct,

and certainly worth describing.

15. Nisaga teta, n. sp.

Wings longer and proportionately narrower than in N. simplex,

Walker, the type of the genus; costa of fore wing nearly straight,

except at the immediate base, where it is slightly arched. Wings

of a bright yellowish fawn-colour, yellower than in N. simplex, and

more glistening; hind wing darker than the fore wing, more

ochreous; both wings above and below very uniform in their

coloration, and absolutely without markings of any kind; antenne

with the plume brownish; abdomen above and below and legs

tinged with ochreous brown. Expanse of wings, 2;4—27, in.

Kolar, Mysore, October, 1888 (Hampson).

Allied to N. simplex, and somewhat of the appearance

of the variety N. modesta, Moore, but of a different shape

moths from Southern India. 141

and character, and is quite distinct; in this genus both

the sexes are alike in having heavily-plumed antenne.

16. Messata acinia, n. sp.

o. Ofa uniform pale yellow, tinged with ochreous fawn-colour.

Fore wing with two brown longitudinal bands, which extend from

the apex to the hinder margin, the 1st at one-third, and the 2nd at

two-thirds, and are joined together on the border. Hind wing and

- under side of both wings unmarked; plumes of antennz brownish ;

abdomen and legs reddish brown.

?. Ofa brighter yellow colour; bands paler and somewhat in-

distinct; other characters same as in the male. HExpanse of wings,

GO CEO es

North Kanara, July and August, 1886 (Wise) ; Khan-

dalla, September, 1888 (Hewett).

Allied to M. flavida, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1884, p. 372, from the Nilgiri Hills; differs chiefly in

having two bands instead of three, and a brown body

instead of a yellow one.

GEOMETRITES.

EUSCHEMIDA.

17. Huschema nelera, n. sp.

36 ?. Antenne and palpi black; both wings of a uniform pale

purplish colour, bands and spots purplish black; wings thinly

clothed; space between the antenne black, a yellow band behind

it; thorax pale purplish, suffused with yellow; three bands across

the thorax, in front, behind, and in the middle, corresponding with

similar bands on the wings; abdomen yellowish, with bands on

the segments, bright chrome-yellow tips, and in the male with anal

tufts of that colour. Fore wing with three longitudinal straight

bands on the basal third, the lowest the longest, and commencing

across the base of the hind wing; the band on the costa elbowed

acutely inwards, and terminating near the end of the lowest band ;~

a large spot at the end of the cell, and extending to the costa;

costal line between this and the basal band also purplish black; a

thick distorted discal band, which bends inwards below the spot,

and a deep marginal band, which fines down to the hinder angle ;

the large spot and two outer bands really cover the outer third of

the wing, leaving two pale purplish bands of spots. Hind wing

with a large spot at end of cell, which runs inwards, paler ina

short suffused band towards the abdominal margin; a discal

142 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s new species of

recurved band somewhat near the margin, and dentated outwardly

on the veins in its centre ; a submarginal row of spots, large at the

apex, and touching the margin, becoming smaller towards the anal

angle; four large bright ochreous marginal spots towards the anal

angle in the male only. Under side: body yellow; legs yellow

below, bluish grey above; abdomen of the female with segmental

bands. Expanse of wings, J 2 22—38, in.

Matheran, October, 1886; Khandalla, December,

1882.

Allied to H. transversa, Walker, from Ceylon, which I

have also got from North Kanara, somewhat similarly

marked; but in that species the bands are thicker and

closer together, and the large bright chrome-yellow spots

on the hind wing are absent. This insect was wrongly

identified by me as H. malayana, Guér., in P.Z.S.,

1885, p. 864. It comes out in a regular swarm on the

top of the Matheran and Khandalla Mountains for about

a week every cold season, and flies by day and night.

18. Huschema percota, n. sp.

3S ?. Front of head and stripe behind the head yellow; palpi,

antennz, and all stripes and spots, purplish black; thorax and

wings pale purplish; wings thinly clothed; thorax suffused with

yellow in places; abdomen yellowish, with segmental bands;

thorax with three bands across, corresponding to the three basal

bands on the fore wings, which are as follows: 1st on costa, short,

and sometimes broken into spots; 2nd about the same length; 3rd

crossing the base of hind wing, and curving upwards across the 2nd

band, and inwards on to the costa near the 1st band; two large

spots below the cell, in the interspace, one above the other}; apical

third purplish black, showing a large spot of that colour at the end

of the ceil; beyond this is a pale purplish spot, and sometimes

another smaller and indistinct spot again beyond; a pale streak

also at the hinder angle. Hind wing marked like the hind wing of

#. nelera, the spot at the end of the cell round, and a smaller spot

between that and the abdominal margin; the spots on the outer

margin also more round. Under side: body yellow; abdomen of

the female with segmental bands; wings paler than above, spots

prominent; outer purplish black colour of fore wings confined to

the apex, some spots on the border, and a distorted macular band

in the disc ; hind wing as above, but with the discal band and

marginal spots finer and paler. Hxpanse of wings, gj 33,—33, 2

3.,—4 in. -

moths from Southern India. 143

Matheran, October and December, 1886; Khandalla,

October, 1887; Calicut, Tavandrum (Hampson) ; Lana-

oli, May, 1888.

Differs from EH. nelera in its black apical third of fore

wings, and in the different arrangement of the basal

markings ; also in the absence of the chrome-yellow

spots on the hind wings of the male: is allied to H.

-palmyra, Stoll, for which I mistook it (P. Z.8., 18835,

p- 864), but is quite distinct, H. palmyra being closely

allied to H. transversa, Walker. This insect also appears

in swarms in the cold weather, and, like the rest of the

genus, flies by day; one or two are occasionally also

taken in the summer. There are specimens of it un-

named in the B. M., and in Mr. Moore’s museum.

ZERENIIDA.

19. Abraxas germana, N. sp.

3 @. Head and body ochreous, spotted with blackish brown;

abdomen with three rows of spots; wings of a dull pale ochreous ;

hind wings paler and whiter; both wings covered with blackish

brown irrorations, coarse and dark on fore wings, pale and minute

on hind wings, especially towards the base; both wings crossed by

a discal line or thin band, including brown spots on the veins in

the hind wing, where the band is well covered outwardly above the

middle, and composed of densely patched irrorations on the fore

wing; but in the female it is merely an ordinary band of brownish

colour ; a brown spot at end of cell on hind wings, and a black

marginal line interrupted by the veins on both wings in the male

only ; the female is otherwise the same as the male, but is more

whitish in colour, nearly uniform on both wings; antenne and legs

brown. Below: body yellow, spotted with brown; wings as above,

but in the males with the bands and spots very distinct; the irrora-

tions suffused with longitudinal streaks nearly covering the wing.

Expanse of wings. # ? 2 in.

Nilgiri Hills (Lindsay).

Closely allied to A. luteolaria, Swinh., but is not so

bright in coloration.

A. luteolaria has two bands across both wings, of a

different character on the fore wings, and with the outer

band nearer to the marginal border.

144 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s new species of

GEOMETRIDA.

20. Thalassodes melica, n. sp.

gd. Thorax and wings of a uniform sea-green; both wings

crossed by ante-medial and discal faint whitish lines, nearly

straight on fore wings, slightly curving outwards, more curved on

the hind wings, lined inwardly with a slightly darker shade of

green, the inner line of hind wings hardly visible; both wings

irrorated with afew silvery speckles, and with the cilia silvery

white. Hind wings produced below the middle into an acute

angle; antennz, abdomen, body below, and legs, yellowish ; wings

below of a uniform greyish white, unmarked. Expanse of wings,

f; in.

Poona, November, 1887.

Allied to T. graminea, Hampson ; differs in the more

rounded apex of fore wings, and the straightness of the

transverse lines on both wings, being in no way sinuous.

FIDONIDA.

21. Zomia miscella, n. sp.

3. Body and fore wings of various shades of colour, from

brownish green to pale ochreous brown; markings very much as

in Z. incitata, Walker ; the outer band more bent and produced

outwardly in the middle, nearly touching the margin. Hind

wings rich ochreous; the brown mark at the anal angle in the dark

specimens continued up the abdominal border in a uniform shade

of colour to the base, usually filling up the whole space behind the

median vein; a brown spot at the end of the cell. Below: both

wings coloured like the hind wings above; a brown spot at the end

of each cell; the costa and outer portion of fore wings, and the

whole surface of the hind wings, spotted with brown dots, suffused

on the outer portions of the fore wings in some specimens; body

and legs ochreous; antenne coloured like the fore wings and

bipectinated with very short bristles. Expanse of wings, 15—

1$, in.

Khandalla, October, 1886; Nilgiri Hills, 6000 ft.

(Hampson).

Is evidently the southern form of Z. incitata, Walker,

from Sikkim; the short plume of the antennz, however,

would alone make it quite a distinct species, the plume

of the male being less than half the depth of the Sikkim

insect, and not so deep as the plume of the female of

moths from Southern India. 145

that species ; it differs chiefly also in the spots at the

end of the cell of the hind wings above, and in all the

wings below, and in the other spots and markings below,

Z. incitata having no spot above, and is immaculate

below, except for two slight reddish marks at the end of

the cells.

22. Hypochrosis intexta, n.sp. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 11).

g- Antenne blackish brown, plumes white at their base ; top

of head whitish ; body and wings of a uniform brownish grey;

wings covered with black irrorations, and with some pale choco-

late-brown outwardly oblique bands, fore wings with two before

the middle, the 2nd terminating in a square black patch on the

costa; two bands beyond the middle, one discal and outwardly

dentated in the middle with two teeth, tle other marginal, the

latter inwardly sinuous, and with a black mark near the hinder

angle; a central black sinuous line from a smaller black patch on

the costa near the apex, terminating in the middle of the wing, and

two pale brown marks at the base. Hind wing with traces of the

2nd band near its base, and with the discal and marginal bands

complete, the former with outer border, and the latter with inner

border, dentated and edged with dark brown; a black central

slightly sinuous line from the abdominal margin near the middle,

towards the costal third, which it does not reach; costal portion

whitish. Under side: body, legs, and wings pale chocolate-brown,

paler than above; no markings except the two brown spots on the

costa of the fore wings, which are faintly visible. Hxpanse of

wings, 1}, in.

N. Kanara (Wise).

I know of no species to which this insect has any near

resemblance in its markings.

NOCTUES.

LEUCANIID.

23. Axylia dispalata, n. sp.

g. Antenne, palpi, and head brown; thorax, abdomen, and

fore wings reddish grey; thorax and fore wings suffused with

brown. Fore wings with the orbicular and reniform prominent,

the former round and small, the latter much larger and more or

less ear-shaped, generally pale, sometimes brown, the whole wing

more or less dotted and streaked with black and brown, forming a

fascia extending through the cell, and from the reniform, in a line

to the outer margin, most of the space above is dark brown, and in

TRANS, ENT. S0C. LOND, 1891.—PART I. (MARCH.) L

146 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s new species of

some specimens there are two transverse fascie before and beyond

the middle; a duplex transverse discal row of black points, some

pale spots on the costa on the apical half, marginal black points,

and pale cilia marked with brown. Hind wing nearly pure white,

unmarked. Under side : body and legs brownish; tarsi with pale

bands.

@. Like the male, but paler; the head and body are reddish

grey, and the brown and black markings on fore wings are thinner,

leaving the lower portions paler. Expanse of wings, 1 in.

Poona, September and October, 1882, August, 1887 ;

Khandalla, October, 1886—87.

Ailied to A. renalis, Moore, from Kashmir, Solon, and

the Punjaub, which it superficially resembles ; it is,

however, smaller, differently coloured, the wings are

narrower and shorter, apex rounded, and the markings,

though somewhat similar, are of a different character,

and the legs are differently coloured and marked.

HELIOTHIDA.

24. Dorika curta, n. sp.

3 @. Antenne, head, and thorax brown; abdomen and fore

wings yellowish fawn-colour ; hind wings white; fore wings with

some darker longitudinal shades; a broad medial longitudinal

blackish band from the base to near the outer margin; a short

subapical blackish streak, black marginal points, some indications

of a transverse row of discal blackish points, and some brownish

marks on the cilia. Hind wings with minute black marginal

points, otherwise unmarked. Under side: body and legs yellowish

fawn-colour; wings whitish; fore wings with medial and costal

blackish longitudinal fascize; both wings with black marginal

points. Hxpanse of wings, 1—1,, in.

Poona, September, 1888.

Allied to D. auriola, Walker ; is smaller, is not gilded

like that species, differs in the shape of the stripes, and

has the fore wings shorter and more square.

25. Curubasa depicta, n. sp. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 4).

@. Antenne pinkish, palpi ochreous, thorax and fore wings

bright silvery cream-colour; head and fore part of thorax pinkish

lake, some marks of the same colour on the rest of the thorax ;

abdomen ochreous brown (being a female the colour here has

probably changed somewhat since life). Fore wing with two

moths from Southern India. 147

broad pinkish lake longitudinal bands with even edges, filling up

the entire costal and hinder marginal spaces; cilia with some

marks of the same colour. Hind wings greyish white, glistening,

unmarked. Under side: body and legs greyish ochreous; abdo-

men with whitish segmental bands; wings greyish white, with

some whiter longitudinal streaks. Expanse of wings, 1, in.

Khandalla, September, 1888.

Allied to C. lanceolata, Walker, xxxiii., 767 ; differs in

the formation of the stripes, and in its much larger

size, that species having the fore wings rose-coloured,

with a central silvery stripe. I have a series of both

sexes. Of this new species I have only one perfect

female specimen, but it is such a beautiful insect, I am

tempted to name and describe it.

26. Masalia dora, n. sp.

3. Antenne, palpi, and head pale fawn-colour; thorax and

fore wings dark ochreous fawn-colour. Fore wings irrorated with

black atoms, which in places are clustered together into indistinct

longitudinal streaks ; a brownish patch near the apex, and a row

of diffuse indistinct submarginal transverse spots. Hind wings

and abdomen silvery white, tinged with fawn-colour, unmarked ;

anal tuft reddish fawn-colour. Under side pale luteous fawn-

colour ; fore wing inwardly suffused with brown.

@. Pale yellowish, shining; fore wing irrorated with reddish

atoms, with longitudinal reddish streaks; hind wings, abdomen,

and the entire under surface paler, and of a uniform pale shining

greyish yellow. Expanse of wings, f 1, 2 1} in.

Khandalla, October, 1886.

Allied to M. irrorata, Moore, but from which it widely

differs in its coloration, in its brown cilia, and in the

disposition and nature of the discal spots.

ACONTIIDA.

27. Marimatha freda, u. sp.

S. Luteous fawn-colour; antenne, palpi, head, fore part of

thorax, and anal tuft ochreous. Fore wing with the costa brown,

this colour broader and darker on the basal half; a duplex sinuous

black discal line, chalybeous whitish in its interior, bending

inwards above on to the costa, and throwing out a straight brown

shade to the apex, with a brownish suffusion on the marginal space

below it; marginal line blackish brown; cilia brownish, with a

L 2

148 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s new species of

pale basal line. Hind wing slightly paler than the fore wing, and

suffused with grey. Under side luteous fawn-colour; wings

suffused with brown. Expanse of wings, ~ in.

Nilgiri Hills, two males (Grant).

Not allied to any Indian species known to me, but

somewhat resembles M. duplicalis, Walker, xxxiv.,

p. 1205, from Sierra Leone.

28. Tarache melanchlena, n. sp.

3 2. Antenne, palpi, head, and thorax blackish brown; wings

pinkish grey, suffused almost all over with blackish brown. Fore

wing with a broad central blackish brown band, angled outwardly

just above the centre; basal and outer parts also dark blackish

brown, leaving pale bands, showing the ground colour of the wing

on each side of the central band. Hind wings and abdomen

suffused all over with a paler brown colour; marginal line of both

wings black; cilia brown, with a pale basal line. Under side

coloured, suffused like the hind wings above. Expanse of wings,

$—yF, in.

North Kanara, June, 1887 (Wise).

Allied to T. excisa, Walker, but is altogether a blacker

insect, without any silvery bands as in that species.

ANTHOPHILIDA.

29. Hyela senna, n.sp. (Pl. VILL, fig. 14).

Antenne, palpi, body, and fore wings greyish yellow. Fore

wing with a broad blackish brown longitudinal band, occupying

nearly half the lower portion of the wing up to the outer third,

above which it curves deeply on its inner margin, leaving an angle

at the basal third, and from the outer third it runs straight to the

apex, towards which it becomes attenuated; this band is edged with

whitish yellow, and there are a number of brownish diffuse longi-

tudinal marks all over the yellow portion of the wing. Hind wings

brown. Under side of a uniform dirty grey. Expanse of wings,

64-10th in.

Poona, November, 1887.

Is a much smaller insect than H. lativitta, and the

brown band is differently disposed.

moths from Southern India. — 149:

POAPHILIDA.

30. Poaphila erica, n. sp. (PI. VIIL., fig. 15).

Palpi, head, and fore part of thorax rich reddish ochreous;

antenne and fore wings chocolate-brown, covered with black atoms.

Fore wing with two transverse dark brown straight bands or thick

lines; ante-medial and discal, the latter duplex, caused by a dark

brown sinuous line immediately beyond it; marginal points black.

- Hind wing blackish brown, tinged with pale chocolate, broadly

blackish on the outer margin; cilia of both wings ochreous. Under

side pale ochreous cinereous; fore wing with a blackish mark at

end of cell, some central blackish suffusions, and blackish marginal

space limited by the outer band; inner band obsolete. Hind wing

with the mark at end of cell, slight blackish suffusion at marginal

border, which has a discal band of blackish spots, and a sub-

marginal band; both wings with black marginal lunular line ; body

and legs ochreous, tarsi brown. Expanse of wings, 1,3, in.

Khandalla, September, 1888 (/Tevwett).

Allied to P. luteiceps, Walker ; chiefly differs in the

coloration, in having an outer straight band instead of

an acutely retracted one, in the position of the sub-

marginal band, and in the colour and markings below.

CATEPHIDA.

381. Gyrtona exsicca, n. sp. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 5).

Palpi, antenne, head, body, and fore wings brown; palpi

whitish on the inner sides. Fore wings with four or five indistinct

sinuous transverse blackish lines at equal distances from each

other; the first visible is on the basal third, and has a deep black

point on the hinder margin ; the last is the most sinuous, and is

submarginal, and this and the two preceding it are deep black,

though very fine and more or less disjointed ; the first of these has

an elongated deep black spot near the hinder margin, and in the

central part of the wing are two or three black points; marginal

line brown; fringe brown, paler. Hind wings pale greyish, semi-

hyaline, with a brown deep border, diffuse inwardly. Under side

whitish, unmarked. Expanse of wings, 1 in.

North Kanara (Wise).

Is shaped like G. hylusalis, Walker, but differs in the

markings of the fore wings, and the colour and band of

the hind wings.

150 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s nevi species of

HOMOPTERIDA.

32. Alamis yendola, n. sp.

3 @. Antennz, palpi, head, body, and wings pinkish grey;

palpi with brown bands to the tips; both wings covered with many

transverse brown sinuous lines and bands, forming on the fore

wing a broad group of bands at the base and another in the

middle, and a blackish patch angled downwards from the costa

near the apex, and on the hind wing an indistinct discal band;

both wings with a black submarginal festoon, and a pale marginal

line; a brown cilia, with a black line at the base and a pale middle

line. Under side much paler, witha number of sinuous transverse

pale brown lines on both wings. Expanse of wings, 1}, in.

Poona, October, 1882; Karachi, September, 1886.

Allied to Alamis infligens, Walker, but uniformly

smaller, the wings shorter, deeper, and more rounded,

and the markings, though of the same nature, are

altogether differently disposed.

OPHIUSIDA.

33. Athyrma intorta, n. sp. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 13).

3. Palpi, head, fore part of thorax, and anal tuft ochreous;

antenne, body, and fore wings yellowish fawn-colour. Fore wing

with a large distorted black patch, ringed with white at one-third

from base, filling lower two-thirds of wing; on costa above is a

brown mark; a discal white line from hinder margin beyond

middle, sinuous, running upwards close to the inner patch, then

distorted and curving much outwards, and running up to costa at

one-fourth from apex; this line limits a black suffusion, which is

suffused into the colour of the wing as it reaches the margin; an

indistinct submarginal sinuous blackish line; marginal black spots.

Hind wing blackish, darkest towards outer margin. Under side

yellowish, a dot at end of each cell, some brown suffusions, espe-

cially on fore wings, a curved discal line across both wings, and

brown marginal line. Expanse of wings, 1}, in.

Bombay, October, 1886.

Allied to Athyrma semilugens, Walker (Hydrelia) =

Bamana luteiceps, Walker ; chiefly differs in the presence

of the inner patch on fore wings, in the narrower outer

margin, and the absence of the inner line on fore wings.

moths from Southern India. 151

- FOCILLIDA.

34. Matella euphrona, n.sp. (PI. VIIL., fig. 16).

Of a uniform yellowish fawn-colour ; palpi whitish, flecked with

black; wings irrorated and suffused with brown, with two large

hyaline spots on the fore wing, one in the middle of the cell,

nearly round, the other at the end larger and ear-shaped; a hyaline

spot at the end of the cell in the hind wings; all the spots ringed

with brown. Fore wings crossed by three transverse brown lines;

ante-medial, medial and discal, curving outwardly, rather sinuous,

the Ist and 2nd lines bending inwards on to the costa, the 1st inside

the 1st spot, the 2nd outside the 2nd spot; a submarginal sinuous

indistinct pale line. Hind wings with two lines, corresponding to

the two outer lines of fore wings; a submarginal pale line; mar-

ginal line of both wings black; cilia interlined. Under side:

wings marked as above, but with prominent dark blackish brown

suffusions. EHxpanse of wings, % in.

Poona, October, 1887.

Allied to M. accingalis, Walker ; is similarly coloured,

but much smaller, the hyaline spots larger and the bands

straighter and differently disposed, the outer one termi-

nating at the anal angle instead of the outer third of

abdominal margin; Walker’s type is a female fragment

I overlooked when describing M. caduca (P. Z.8., 1885,

p-. 470), but, having now a long series, I am convinced

they are identical.

35. Nagadeba mistura, n. sp.

3 ?. Chocolate-grey; palpi with whitish inner sides and tips ;

abdomen with whitish segmental bands above. Fore wings crossed

by seven or eight sinuous grey lines; costa with two white marks,

Ist at one-third from base, 2nd at one-third from apex, where the

costal border is depressed ; in some specimens there is a whitish

angular space here, which, with the naked eye, looks like a wing-

fold; marginal line black, incomplete, prominently black below

the apex, and there are some brown shades on the costal and

central portions of the wing. Hind wing paler, crossed by three

or four indistinct sinuous grey lines; black lunular marginal line ;

cilia of both wings interlined with black. Under side darkly

suffused with black. Expanse of wings, §—%, in.

Poona, September and October, 1887.

Allied to nothing I know of.

152 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s new species of

THERMESIIDA.

PTEROGONIA, gen. NOV.

Fore wing rather short, broad; costa rather straight to near the

end, apex pointed; exterior margin angled below the apex and

again at the middle, below which it is very oblique, the posterior

margin being very convex. Hind wing short; apex very convex,

exterior margin slightly convex. Body stout; thorax slightly

crested in front; palpi erect, projecting slightly above the head ;

apex pointed; antenne setaceous; legs thick, fore tibiz stout, hind

tibie with two pairs of spurs.

This genus is allied to Doranaga, Moore, Lep. Ceylon,

ili, p. 558, and will include Pterogonia (Doranaga)

striatura, Moore, l.c., p. 558, pl. 214, f. 11. The type

of the genus Doranaga is D. apicalas, Moore, l. c., which

is identical with Doranaga (Ariolica) leucospila, Walker,

SOG, [Ds (iste

36. Pterogonia episcopalis, n. sp.

$. Antenne, palpi, thorax, and fore wings lilacine-grey; abdo-

men dusky; thorax and palpi with a few dark ferruginous speckles.

Fore wings with numerous transverse broad ferruginous striz

clouding the wing, darkest obliquely from the costa near the base

for two-thirds the area, a slénder outwardly oblique transverse

wavy line from the costa one-third from the base, a zigzag similar

line one-fifth from the apex, beyond which are a few apical sub-

marginal blackish striz, and two or three black speckles towards

the posterior angle ; within the end of the cell is a large and very

prominent silvery white mitre-shaped spot. Hind wing cinereous

white, with a broad dusky marginal band; legs cinereous white,

tarsi dusky, fore tibie ferruginous. Expanse of wings, 1§ in.

Coonoor, Nilgiri Hills (Lindsay); type-specimen in

coll. Moore.

Somewhat resembles Doranaga striatura, Moore.

P. eprscopats.

moths from Southern India. 158

37. Capnodes cascalis,n.sp. (Pl. VIII., fig. 6, ¢; 10,2).

3 2. Brownish fawn-colour; palpi striped with pale yellowish

and pale at the tips; thorax with a brown band in front; wings

sparsely irrorated with brown atoms; an indistinct sinuous pale

brown ante-medial transverse line on fore wings, orbicular and

reniform very indistinct; a straight brown thin band across both

wings, from the abdominal margin before the middle to near the

costa of fore wings, where it joins a curved band enclosing a

blackish space, suffused in parts with white; a discal row of

brown points, outwardly edged with white, a submarginal row of

black points very close to the margin, and a black marginal line.

Under side paler, irrorated with brown atoms, indications of a faint

discal band across both wings enclosing some brown points; sub-

marginal black points, and marginal line as above; legs with tibie

and tarsi brown above, with yellow bands. Expanse of wings,

1}, in.

Travancore (Cotton); Khandalla, September, 1883

(Hewett).

Distinguishable from C. pallens, Moore, by the straight

band across both wings, and by the black and white

space on the costa near apex.

HERMINIIDA.

38. Oglasa costiplaga.

Oglasa costipannosa (nom preoc.}, Swinhoe, Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond., 1890, p. 266, n. 517.

Rangoon, Moulmein, and Bhamo.

The insect described by Mr. Moore as Hgnasia costi-

pannosa, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., i1., p. 184 (1882), is, I

find on examination of the genus, Oglasa, and therefore

it becomes necessary for me to adopt another name for

my insect.

PYRALES.

HAPALIADA.

39. Crocidophora griseifusa, n. sp.

3S. Dull pearly iridescent grey. Fore wing with a broad dark

band along outer margin, narrowing slightly towards outer angle;

an indistinct dark band from the costa one-third from apex, bent

inwards at the median vein, where it is joined by a band from the

centre of costa, reaching the hinder margin at centre. Hind wing

with a dark outer border, broad on apical half, narrow towards

154 Species of moths from Southern India.

anal angle; an indistinct dark band, erect, from centre of costa to

the 2nd median veinlet, then curved round to inner margin above

the anal angle; the raised sexual tuft of hairs on the under side of

fore wing below the cell is very large and dark, and the median

vein very much distorted, so as to pass round above it.

9. Suffused with golden ochreous, the markings still more

indistinct than in the male, the band on fore wing slightly waved,

on hind wing more evenly curved. Expanse of wings, J 1},

@ 14 in.

North Kanara, June, 1887 (Wise); Nilgiri Hills,

southern slopes (Lindsay).

Is somewhat akin to the North American ochreous

forms.

EXpLaNaTION oF Puate VIII.

Fic. 1. Syntomis magna, un. sp., p. 133.

2. 59 mota, 0. sp., p. 134.

3. Harpyia wiser, 2, 0.sp., p. 139.

4. Curubasa depicta, 2, u.sp., p. 146.

5. Gyrtona excisa, n. sp., p. 149. ‘

6. Capnodes cascalis, 8, n.sp., p. 153.

7. Syntomis lydia, J, u.sp., p. 134.

8. Alpenus exinia, Nu. Sp., p. 187.

9. Reselia culaca, $,un.sp., p. 187.

10. Capnodes cascalis, 2, nu. sp., p. 1638.

11. Hypochrosis intexta, §, u.sp., p. 145.

12. Tascia gana, uu. sp., p. 133.

13. Athyrma intorta, u. sp., p. 150.

14. Hyela senna, u. sp., p. 148.

15. Poaphila erica, u. sp., p. 149.

16. Matella ewphrona, nu. sp., p. 151.

V. Conspicuous Effects on the markings and colouring

of Lepidoptera caused by exposure of the pupe

to different temperature conditions. By FREDERIC

MERRIFIELD, F.E.S.

[Read December 8rd, 1890. |

Puate IX.

In reviewing the results of my temperature experiments

of last year, | found some which could not altogether be

explained by the simple theory that a moderately low

temperature, applied to the pupa for a certain minimum

period, caused in the imago darkness of colouring or a

change of markings in a definite direction. In particular

they indicated that the part of the pupal period during

which the temperature was applied might have much to

do with the result, and therefore I determined to conduct

experiments specially directed to ascertain whether there

was such a period, and, if so, to define it. During the

earlier part of this investigation I was under the im-

pression, derived from the accounts of experiments by

other observers, that the earliest stage of the pupal period

was the sensitive time, and, at all events, that the last

few days were of little importance; and accordingly,

in certain elaborate experiments which I made, con-

sisting of the forcing of pupe immediately after pupation

for periods differing by a few days, followed by cooling

for different periods; and the converse,—i. e¢. cooling

succeeded by forcing,—I generally finished in both cases

by forcing the pupa for a few of its last days, as a matter

of convenience, in order to get it out of the way for

further work. Some facts observed, however, during the

early part of the past summer, led me to suspect that

for certain effects the later days of the pupal period were

especially important, and I instituted accordingly some

experiments directed to ascertain whether it was so.

I tried these with the two species I had before found

sensitive to temperature,—namely, S. wlustraria (tetra-

lunaria) and H#. autumnaria,—and the results fully con-

TRANS. ENT. SOc. LOND. 1891.—PaRT I. (MARCH.)

156 =Mr. F. Merrifield on conspicuous effects on

firmed my suspicion. I obtained more striking results

than before, and the fact was brought out that the change

of markings due to temperature was caused by tem-

perature conditions so different from those which caused

colouring, or darkness, that it became possible artificially

to produce either effect with little or no admixture of the

other; so, for example, as to get from the same brood

of an insect which is subject to seasonal dimorphism

what may be termed, speaking generally, four distinct

temperature varieties, viz., (1) summer markings with

summer colouring, (2) summer markings with anapproach

towards spring colouring, (8) spring markings with sum-

mer colouring, (4) spring markings with spring colouring.

It will be seen that all these results have been more or

less fully obtained ; three of them from a single brood, and

the fourth from another precisely similar brood, might

certainly have been obtained from the first brood had a

portion of it been subjected to the appropriate treatment.

When I use the term spring and summer markings

or colouring (in which last word I include lightness or

darkness of hue) Iam only speaking generally. I have

not yet, 1 think, met with a case where the summer

moth has been made to assume the exact colouring of

the spring insect, but, as regards markings, I think the

resemblance is complete, or nearly so.

For purposes of description, it has been found neces-

sary to divide the pupal period into four stages, the

duration of each of which greatly depends on the tem-

perature, viz. ;—(1) the soft condition, which, at ordinary

summer temperature, continues about twenty-four hours

or less; (2) the central inactive condition, which may

last for a few days only or for many months; (8) what

T would term the penultimate stage, being that separating

the inactive period from (4) the last stage, commencing

when the colours of the pupal insect begin to show. Each

of the stages (8) and (4), at the summer temperature,

seems to last, in the two species experimented on, two

or three days, but at a lower temperature can extend

over several weeks.

The icing temperature may be taken as a steady

38° Fahr. (subject to the qualification that from about

the beginning of July of this year to the 10th August,

during which the pup, instead of being in an ice-box,

were placed under the bottom of the ice-holder in the

the markings and colouring of Lepidoptera. 157

refrigerator, it ranged from about 385° to 39°); the

“cooling” temperature, being that of the interior of

the refrigerator, ranged from 39° to 55°, averaging in

summer about 47°; the forcing temperature was about

80°. The ‘‘out-door” and “‘room”’ or “‘in-door”’ tem-

perature, especially the former, varied, but I give the

amount of it, as far as practicable, in each case.

I may premise that (with the aid of an assistant)

I have tried many more experiments than I describe

here; some necessarily gave negative or inconclusive

results, and with these, though useful to myself, I will

not trouble the Society.

It will perhaps be remembered that last year’s experi-

ments showed that a naturally rather dark-coloured

brood of illustraria of the summer emergence, when

subjected to icing for periods successively lengthened

by fourteen days, produced moths darker in colour, and,

after a period averaging twelve weeks or more, for the

most part distinctly altered in markings so as to

approach those of the spring emergence. This year

I determined to experiment with broods from a race

selected for its tendency to light orange or chestnut

colouring, which, to give it a short distinctive name,

I called ‘‘red,”’ and which, being of a lighter colour,

would be better adapted to show dark effects.

EXPERIMENTS ON ILLUSTRARIA.

For this purpose I took two broods of the spring larve of the

‘red”’ race, forcing the larve to get them out of the way of other

experiments, and they pupated between 10th and 25th June. The

first of these I called ‘‘red c’’; it produced me about 59 pupe.

Ten of these ‘‘red c,” taken promiscuously from day to day,

were forced at the temperature of 80°, and produced eight moths,

all of the light warm tint proper to the race, and in all respects

of marking and colouring belonging to the summer type. ‘Two of

them are shown as Figs. 3 and 4 in the Plate.

The rest were iced from day to day as they hardened, and on

the 14th Sept., ¢.e. after about twelve weeks’ icing, were taken out

of the ice-box and subjected to differential treatment as follows :—

(1) Icing twelve weeks followed by forcing.—Twenty-three were

thus forced, and after five days’ forcing they began to emerge.

Nine came out on the fifth day; the rest were then beginning to

show the colour of the perfect insect, and would doubtless have

158 Mr. F. Merrifield on conspicuous effects on

emerged on that day or in the next day or two. Ten of them

were placed at the “‘ cooling” temperature, then averaging 43°, and

five of these, besides some cripples, emerged in from two to eight

days. Of the remaining thirteen, eleven emerged uncrippled or

nearly so. There is no material difference between those which

were thus differently treated. They show an interesting combination

of colouring and markings, viz. a colowring approximating to that

of the swmmer emergence with, in all but 2 or 3 individuals, the

markings proper to the spring emergence. Nos. 5 and 6 in the

Plate are typical examples of them.

This experiment seems to show (1) that though icing the summer

pup for twelve weeks develops. in general the spring markings,

yet that after the change in markings has thus been effected,

forcing during the last five days brings out the moths in the

characteristic summer colouring; (2) that exposure to a low tem-

perature (about 43°) when the insect is in the ultimate pupal

stage, 7.e. when the colours of the imago are beginning to show,

makes no difference.

(b) Icing twelve weeks, followed by a low or moderate tem-

perature.—The remainder of the ‘‘red ¢,’’ twenty-six in number,

were on the 14th Sept. placed owt of doors, and all emerged in

from nine to sixteen days, the temperature at 8 a.m. averaging

about 57°. They showed not only the spring markings, but, as

' will be seen in the Plate, figs. 7 and 8, a dark colour, in some

cases closely approximating to that of the spring emergence. With

two or three exceptions, all are darker than any of those in the

preceding experiment, and most are much darker. We thus have

the spring markings and a close approximation to the spring

colouring produced by subjecting to a moderately low temperature,

averaging 57° at 8 a.m., pupe the moths from which would other-

wise have shown the markings and colouring proper to the summer

emergence.

Three of the twenty-six were, after eight days of the out-door

temperature ‘“‘ cooled” (43°) emerging respectively in 12, 16 and 30

days; but this treatment made no appreciable difference in their

appearance.

—Four of the twenty-six were after eight days forced, and three of

them emerged in from 1} to 2} days; in two of these there is a

change in a direction towards the summer colouring.

Taken as a whole, the experiments on ‘‘red c” seem to show

that the ordinary out-door temperature of a rather warm Sep-

tember, which, taken at 8 a.m. during the time of exposure,

averaged about 57°, is as efficacious to produce a dark colouring as

the markings and colouring of Lepidoptera. 159

is the much lower “cooling” temperature (of 43°), but that

exposing the pupa during its last two or three days to a forcing

temperature may be enough to affect the colouring in the opposite

direction.

Period of pupal development when temperature operates on

colowr.—The next experiments were made with the object of

endeavouring to define still more closely the period of pupal

development during which the temperature has to be applied in

order to develop its effects on colouring. For this purpose the

second “red’’ brood, distinguished as ‘red a,’ which had been at

the icing temperature for about fourteen weeks, was taken. Hight

moths, the pupe of which had been forced from the time they

hardened, are scarcely to be distinguished from the “red c”

similarly treated, being of the same light warm tint, and with the

usual summer markings. Of those not so forced I had about

seventy pupe. This brood, however, was not so healthy and

vigorous as the “red c’s”. Whether from this or some other

cause, the differences in colouring caused by the treatment are not

so marked as in “red c¢.”’

It should be premised that all the experiments on dllustraria

under heads (d) and (e) subsequently detailed were tried with sum-

mer pup which had been iced about fourteen weeks, a treatment

which, as already shown, appears to affect the markings rather than

the colouring.

Fourteen male and fourteen female pupz were, on the 25th

Sept., taken from the ice and divided into two parts, and were

then treated as follows :—

(ad) Forcing for different periods succeeded by a moderately

low temperature.—With the first division, consisting of six males

and six females, the experiment was tried of first forcing and then

from day to day removing into the open air, which at 8 a.m.

averaged about 56°. From the Table (I.) appended it will be seen

that they were, when taken from the ice on the 25th, ready to

emerge in about five days of a forcing temperature. This indicates

that the pupal period, measured by the progress made, was then

not quite half over, for I have found that the summer pupa

exposed to a forcing temperature usually emerges in from eight to

ten days. The results were as follows:—Nos.1 9 and 2 g, and

Nos. 1 2 and 2 2, which had been deprived of a forcing tem-

perature during two or three out of their last five days, are

decidedly darker than the others; of the remainder, No.3 ¢,

which had been deprived of but one day’s forcing, is lighter,

No. 5 gf was accidentally lost, and No. 6 g, which was forced the

whole of the five days, is almost of the summer colouring of the

160 Mr. F. Merrifield on conspicuous effects on

parents which had been forced all through. There is little difference

between the females Nos. 3, 4, 5 and 6, two of which are slightly

crippled; in general they are nearer to the spring than the

summer type of colouring.

(e) Moderately low temperature for different periods followed

by forcing.—With the second division, consisting of eight males

and eight females, the converse experiment was tried by placing

the pup, when taken from the ice, in the open air, and removing

them at intervals to the forcing-box. The intervals were of two or

three days, instead of a single day, in order to make allowance for

the slower rate of progress at a lower temperature. The results

are recorded in Table II. They fully confirm the results of the

experiment last recorded. Of the males, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, all

of which had had from one and a half to four days’ forcing,

approach the summer colouring, and there is not much difference

between them; No. 6, with only one day’s forcing, is darker.

Nos. 7 and 8, with no forcing at all, are decidedly darker. Of the

females, Nos. 7 and 8, with no forcing at all, are decidedly darker

than Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, which had had from one to three and a

half days’ forcing.

The last class of experiments was repeated with pupe from

another brood not of the ‘‘red” type, offspring of a brood kindly

reared for me by Mr. Hollis, but of a more ordinary and variable

colour. They were contemporaries of the “red a,” and fourteen of

them were treated in exactly the same way, six males and six

females being in the same manner selected for first forcing and

then outdoor exposure, and eight males and eight females for out-

door exposure first and then forcing. The results are in the same

direction, though not so marked. The experiments with ‘red

a” and with the last-named brood showed that about three days of

a temperature averaging 56° were equivalent, in the rate of pupal

progress, to one day at 80°.

The general result of the experiments on the three last-mentioned

broods may be stated to be that from two to three days’ forcing

during the last parts of the pupal stage may be enough to affect the

colouring, and in many cases to a very marked degree.

(f) Ordinary indoor temperature, followed by low temperature.

—Another experiment, partly founded on an accidental occurrence,

shows corresponding results, from the exposure of part of a summer

brood to the lower “cooling”? temperature. A red brood of the

third generation, fed up rapidly, and rather unexpectedly pupated

before the middle of August. They were brought indoors, where

more than a dozen were found to have emerged on the 21st August

at the ordinary temperature of the room. The remainder were

the markings and colouring of Lepidoptera. 161

then placed in the refrigerator, where by the 6th September twenty

more had emerged. All are slightly darker than their forced red

parents of the second generation, but such as emerged after the

15th September, 7. e., after twenty-six days of the low temperature,

are decidedly darker than the others. A light uncooled male and

another cooled are given as Figs. 1 and 2 in the Plate.

The conclusions to be drawn from this experiment seem to be (1)

that keeping the pupz at the ordinary room temperature, probably

about 65° to 70°, made the moths slightly darker than their parents,

which were forced; (2) that at the low temperature of the refri-

gerator, averaging at this time, I should think, about 43°, three or

four weeks did not represent, in pupal progress of development,

more than two or three days of a forcing temperature, the lower

temperature, as in the other cases, producing a darkness of

colouring. i

In connection with the effect produced by moderate differences

of temperature, I may here mention that in two broods of wllustraria

pupe, kindly brought up for me by Mr. Weldon at Plymouth, and

kept indoors, some that emerged within a day or two of their

arrival in June and July are conspicuously darker in colouring than

the rest of the broods which were forced. I should think it impro-

bable that the unforced ones had been at a lower average tempera-

ture than 60°.

EXPERIMENTS ON HE. AUTUMNARIA.

The other systematic experiments tried were with H. autwmnaria.

Dr. Chapman kindly sent me two large batches of eggs, the moths

from which I found, after a few had been forced, were very

similar; and after a time I mixed the larve.

(g) Forcing all through, or brief cooling followed by forcing.—

Some were forced all through as pup; others were cooled for

8, 7, 10, 14, 17, and 21 days, then forced, emerging in from

10 to 15 days of the forcing temperature. Thirty moths emerged

(rejecting cripples). There are considerable individual differences

among these, but the only great difference of a general character

is that after about 14 or 17 days’ cooling the colouring and

markings are less vivid, the ground colour is dulled, the spotting

blurred, the outer line broadened, and the inner line shows a

tendency to disappear.

(h) Cooling, followed by an ordinary indoor temperature.—

Others, after being cooled for 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, and 28 days were

then, instead of being forced, kept at the ordinary temperature of

the room, averaging, I think, about 65° to 70° in July, till they

emerged, which they did, to the number of 20 (rejecting cripples),

in from 13 to 21 days. These, also showing considerable individual

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1891,—PaRT I, (MARCH.) M

162 = Mr. F. Merrifield on conspicuous effects on

variation, are, as a rule, very decidedly darker than those which

had been finally forced, viz. (9).

(t) Cooling five or six weeks, followed by forcing.—Other larve

were sleeved, and pupated during the first three weeks of August.

They were ‘‘cooled”’ within a few days after pupation, and taken

out of the refrigerator on the 14th September, 7.e., after about five

or six weeks, and forced, emerging in from six to eight days (a few

of them being taken out of the forcing-box, and replaced in the

refrigerator when the colouring of the perfect moth began to show ;

there is no marked difference in those so treated). The colouring

of all, though dull, is not particularly dark, decidedly not so dark

as in those of experiment (i). About twenty emerged (rejecting

cripples).

(7) Cooling five or six weeks, followed by different tempera-

tures.—Others, which had been cooled for five or six weeks, were

afterwards placed at the ordinary outdoor temperature, averaging

about 56° at 8 a.m., emerging in from 123 to 21 days, some of them

being on the eighth day placed at the ‘‘ cooling” temperature, and

emerging in from 2} to 163 days more; others, being on the eighth

day forced, and emerging in from 23 to 5 days afterwards. About

sixteen emerged (rejecting cripples). Nearly all, except those thus

forced, are dark, most very dark; those cooled being little, if at all,

darker than those left at the ordinary temperature.

The tendency to dulness, to the blurring of spots and broadening

of the outer line, and to the disappearance of the ‘inner line,” is

to be remarked in most of these included in experiment (J).

Figs. 11 and 12 in the illustration represent those that were

forced without any or very brief previous cooling (g); Figs. 13 and

14, those cooled several weeks, and then forced (z); Figs. 15 and

16, those cooled several weeks, and then placed at a low, or mode-

rately low, temperature till emergence (/).

Errects oF Moisture.

Some experiments in 1888 seemed to show no difference in

markings or colouring between pup of illustraria kept moist,

and others in a quite dry atmosphere. This year I placed two lots,

each of six pup of awtwmnaria, as soon as they had hardened, on

sand kept wet in jam-pots covered with closely-fitting pieces of

glass, one jam-pot (experiment /) being placed in the refrigerator

28 days, and then in the room, till the moths emerged, which four

of them did in from 17 to 19 days more (two having died); the

other (experiment 7) in the forcing-box, where five out of the six

emerged in from 12 to 16 days. Afterwards (experiment m) four

the markings and colouring of Lepidoptera. 168

more pup were placed in a flower-pot on wet moss kept saturated

with water, and covered with a piece of glass and placed out of

doors; all emerged, two being cripples. Similar experiments

(experiments n and 0) to the first two were tried with two divisions,

respectively of five and six summer pupe of tllustraria, all of

which emerged, two being somewhat crippled. Two autwmnaria,

out of those kept moist, are slightly darker than the average of

those kept dry, though not so dark as some of these. With that

exception, if it be one, there is no appreciable difference in the case

of that species, and none in wlustraria, between such as were kept

moist and such as were kept dry, but were in all other respects

similarly treated. These results do not support the theory that

exposure of the pup to moisture darkens the colour of the imago.

I do not of course doubt the observations made which tend to show

that some insects bred in moist situations are generally darker than

the same species bred in drier localities, nor do I fail to recognise

the great weight attaching to the opinion on this subject of some

highly qualified authorities; indeed, it appears to me probable

that, especially in countries where the difference of seasons is

rather that between wetness and dryness than between warmth

and coldness, moisture affects colour; but I would venture to make

the remark that I believe most of the English Lepidoptera on

which this effect has been observed emerge in the summer, and

that wetness in summer, whether owing to a rainy mountainous

locality or to the occurrence of a rainy season, causes a relatively

low temperature; and it has been shown that the difference of

temperature between a warm English summer and a cool one is

sufficient to produce a very substantial darkening effect.

EXPERIMENTS WITH OTHER LEPIDOPTERA.

(p) At the end of June a few recent pupe and pupating larve of

V. urtice, all probably from the same brood, were given to me by

Mr. Vine; some were placed at 80°, and others in the refrigerator

at about 47°. Three of the former emerged in seven days; one of

the latter after five weeks’ cooling. It differs materially from the

other three, the darker patches and the blue crescents having

spread considerably, and the ground colour being duller.*

** This is open to the observation that it is the case of a single

individual, but the inference from it is much strengthened by the

statement of Mr. Jenner Weir, in the discussion which followed

this paper, that so dark an example of this common Huropean

species is rarely met with, and by the statement (see Weismann’s

‘Studies in Heredity,’ by Meldola) that the species becomes black

in northern Jatitudes,

164 Mr. F. Merrifield on conspicuous effects on

(q) B. quercus.—Experiments with this species have not yet

been brought to a conclusion, but I have had out a number of the

var. callune, from Aberdeen and Perth, at a forcing temperature ;

and these are certainly lighter in colouring than the ordinary

callune, and not greatly to be distinguished from the ordinary

B. quercus.

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS.

All the experiments, so far, seem to point to the

conclusions :—

1. That both the markings and the colouring of the

perfect insect may be materially affected by the tem-

perature to which the pupa is exposed.

2. That the markings are chiefly affected by long-

continued exposure, probably previous to the time when

the insect has begun to go through the changes between

the central inactive stage and emergence.

3. That the colouring is chiefly affected during the

penultimate pupal stage, t.e., before the colouring of

the imago begins to show.

4. That a low temperature during this penultimate

stage causes darkness, a high temperature during the

same period having the opposite effect.

5. That, in the species operated on, a difference

between 80° and 57° is sufficient to produce the extreme

variation in darkness caused by temperature, a further

lowering of the temperature having no further effect on

it. (Taken in connexion with the others, previously

published, these experiments show further that nearly

the full effect in colouring may be produced by a much

narrower range of temperature, viz., from 76° or 80° to

65° in autumnaria, from 73° to 60° in illustraria.)

6. That in these species dryness or moisture during

the pupal period, whether during a low temperature or

a high one, has little or no effect on the colouring of the

imago.

These conclusions may be treated as established as

regards wlustraria and autumnaria. Of course a much

larger number of species should be tried before they can

be treated as applicable generally. I do not doubt that

protective requirements, hereditary tendencies, and

probably other climatic conditions than those of tem-

perature, and other causes that need not be enumerated,

have their part in affecting colour; but the facts

the markings and colouring of Lepidoptera. 165

ascertained certainly point to the probability of some

general connection between the temperature during

the pupal period and the colouring of Lepidoptera.

As regards the species experimented on by me, how-

ever, though I am satisfied that temperature is the

chief cause of the general changes of colour, as dis-

tinguished from individual variations produced, there

are certain slighter variations of a general character

which rather indicate that other external influences also

operate; and these, I hope, may be made the subject of

further investigation.

The results obtained appear also to indicate that pro-

bably some local climatic varieties, and even seasonal

varieties, may be found to be, in part at least, tempera-

ture forms of the individual; and, looked at from this

point of view, they appear to me to lend some support

to Lord Walsingham’s theory as to the advantages

derived by an insect in a cold region from being of a dark

colour, for they show that, if that is an advantage, it is

one that can be acquired, not only by a race for use in

a cold locality, but by imdividuals for use in a cold

season. I think it quite clear that if a cool week super-

vened in Southern England between the beginning and

the middle of July, or a hot week in the middle of

April, at either of which times many of the pupe of

ulustraria would be in what I have called the penultimate

pupal stage, most of these insects which it found in that

stage would have their colouring affected. It would

appear that even two or three hot days, if they came

exactly at the right period, would be enough for the

purpose; and I need hardly observe that it is very

unlikely that these are the only species that would be so

affected.

There is another general suggestion which I venture

to make in concluding. If Prof. Weismann’s theory is

accepted, that the existing forms of most European and

some North American Lepidoptera have come to us

from a glacial period or climate, and that icing the

pupa causes the insect to ‘‘ throw back” to its earlier

form, then experiments, of the kind tried, on the pup

might assist us in tracing the evolution of the markings

on the wings of some of the most highly developed

modern forms.

Taste I.—IJilustraria pupe (‘red a”) iced 14 weeks, afterwards forced for varying periods, then exposed to outdoor

temperature, averaging 56°.

Manes. F'pMaues.

Days. Days.

No.| Forced. | Placed outdoors. Emerged. == : No.| Forced. | Placed outdoors. merged. sae

\Forced| Outd. | Total. Forced! Outd. | Total.

1 | 25 ix, 8 a.m.) 27 ix, 7 a.m. 7 x, 6.30 a.m. 2 10 12 1 | 25 ix, 8 a.m.) 27 ix, 7 a.m. 6 x, 5 p.m. 2 | 94 | 114

2 3 7 28 ix, 7 a.m. 4 x, 7.30 a.m. 3 6 9 2 he 5 28 ix, 7 a.m. Die (east 3 7 10

3 7" » | 291x, 6.30a.m. | 3x, 8 a.m. 4 4 8 3 a i | PBs Opes | Pox, lajayae, 4 34 74

4 on Pr 30 ix, 6.30 a.m. | 30 ix, 5 p.m. 5 4 54 4 hg A 0 0 0 30 ix, 6.30 a.m. 5 OS ane

5 0 ” Lost. 5 rs * 0 0 () | BY sie, Wf masa, 5 0 5

6 46 - 0 0 0 | 30 ix, 6.30 a.m. 5 0 5 6 3 r 0 0 0 | 30 ix, 5 p.m. 54 0 53

Taste I.—Same; but, after icing, first placed outdoors, at about 56°, for varying periods, then forced.

Nice x PmMALES. |

Days. Days. |

No. See Forced. Emerged. ane No. a ieee Forced. Emerged. | ——_— - [

OUULOOTS: Outd. |Forced| Total. : 'Outd. |Forced) Total.)

2 ve re 30 ix, 7 a.m. 4 x, 6.30 a.m. 5 4 9 2 5 0 30 ix, 7 a.m. 3x, 7 a.m. } oD 3 8

3 =. Boe ams 6 x, 6.30 a.m. 8 3 11 3 A 59 3 x, 7 a.m. 5 x, 7.80 a.m. 8 2 10 t

4 as ) 5 x, 7 a.m. 6 x, 5 p.m. 10 14 114 4 a ics 5 x, 7 a.m. 7x, 7 a.m. Fal) 2 12

5 ef a 7 x, 6.30 a.m. 8 x, 5 p.m. 12 14 134 5 " » | @x, 6.30 a.m. SRxe 6.30 a.m. | 12 fj] a1}

6 . ies 8 x, 7 a.m. 9 x, 6.30 p.m. 13 1 14 6 < og || th bey Pf Bletony Died.

q he 5 0 0 0 14 x, 9 a.m. 19 0 19 7 + ete) 0 0 11 x, 6.30 a.m. 16 0 | 16

Silos >» | © © 9D IOS Sk0bse, | me O | i Seilee a ot Oo © “OW Badea | OIG | 1G

| eh

Markings and colouring of Lepidoptera. 167

P.S.—Notre.—March, 1891. I am now able to add

that the colouring of the spring emergence of illustraria

is as much, or nearly as much, affected by temperature

during the penultimate pupal period as is that of the

summer emergence. This has been established in the

case of three different broods, portions of each having

been subjected to temperatures of 60° and 80° respectively ;

the latter often in colouring very closely approach the

light chestnut-orange summer type. This is interesting

in reference to Prof. Weismann’s theory, that in cases

of this kind the moth from the summer pupa can be

caused to resemble that from the winter pupa, but not

vice versd, as it shows that either form is equally ready,

on the suitable temperature stimulus being applied, to

assume the characteristic appearance of the other,

so far as colouring is concerned. In other respects my

observations are in accord with that theory. Thus, I

have never been able to cause the moth from the winter

pupa to take the markings proper to the moth from the

summer pupa, whereas the moth from the summer pupa

can be made in markings to resemble almost exactly

that from the winter pupa; nor have I been able to

cause the moth from the winter pupa to emerge in a

period approaching in brevity that of the summer pupa;

indeed, in the great majority of cases, the early and

continued exposure of the winter pupa to a temperature

of 80°, or even 60°, caused its death.—F. M.

168

Fie.

Fies.

Fias.

Markings and colouring of Lepidoptera.

EXPLANATION OF Puatre IX.

S. cllustraria.

1. Summer brood, ¢, not cooled.

2. Same brood, g, cooled in its later pupal stages.

3(¢), 4(2). Summer brood, forced at 80° till emergence.

5(d), 6(2). Same brood, iced 12 weeks, then forced at

80° till emergence.

7(d), 8(2). Same brood, iced 12 weeks, then placed at

about 57° till emergence.

9(¢),10(¢2). Hxamples of ordinary spring emergence.

The resemblance of Figs. 5 and 6 to Figs. 3 and 4 in

colouring, to Figs. 7 and 8 in markings, will be noticed.

EH. autumnaria.

11 ($),12(¢@). Forced at 80° till emergence.

18 (f),14(2). Iced 5 weeks, then forced at 80° til

emergence.

15 (gf), 16 (@). Iced 5 weeks, then placed at about 57° till

emergence.

(UG) ))

VI. On some recent additions to the list of South African

butterflies. By Rozanp Trimen, F.R.S., F.L.S.,

Curator of the South African Museum, Cape Town.

[Read February 4th, 1891.]

Tue butterflies to which I here direct notice are all

natives of Eastern South Africa, and three of them

appear to be undescribed, vid., Pseudonympha petula,

Lycenesthes neglecta, and Zeritis Oreas. The last-named

species is a very distinct form, isolated from its known

congeners by the peculiar characters indicated. Of the

three species already known, one, Acrea Admatha,

Hewits., is a native of tropical Western Africa; while

the remaining two, Acrea Ubewra, Hewits., and Lycena

Antanossa, Mabille, inhabit Madagascar. Both the

Acree present some divergence from the typical forms.

Family NYMPHALIDA.

Subfamily SATYRINA.

Genus PseuponympHa, Wallengren.

Pseudonympha petula, n. sp.

Hap. al. ($) 1 in. 63—9 lin.; (2) 1in. 9} lin. Nearly allied to

P. Trimenit, Butl.*

3. Lather dark brown; fore wing with an undivided large

deep fulvous patch occupying all central area, hind wing with a

small discal ill-defined one; bipupillate subapical black ocellus of -

fore wing large, markedly oblique. Fore wing: Fulvous patch

extending from near base as far as subapical ocellus (which it

almost half encircles), filling nearly all discoidal cell, and descending

a little below part of median nervure and its first nervule ; external

border of patch encroaching more or less on dull yellowish grey ring

of ocellus, but not sharply defined below the ocellus ; upper border

of patch rather sharply indented by ground colour at extremity of

discoidal cell; between end of cell and ocellus an irregular dark

brown thin transverse streak which usually becomes obsolescent

* Cat. Sat. Brit. Mus., p. 94, n. 6 (1868).

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—PART I. (MARCH.)

SS ————

170 Mr. R. Trimen on some recent additions

or obsolete inferiorly, about where it takes a strong outward

deflection between 2nd and 1st median nervures; ocellus varying

from large to very large, elongated obliquely, so that the lower of

its two conspicuous white pupils is wholly beyond the upper; its

investing ring usually rather obscure ; a submarginal dark brown

or fuscous streak (touched by outermost part of ring of ocellus),

and also a similar hind-marginal terminal streak. Hind wing:

Small fulvous patch beyond middle extending above 3rd and below

2nd median nervules, and bounded externally by a submarginal

fuscous streak like that in fore wing; a little before this streak,

between 2nd subcostal and 1st median nervules, a series of four

small black ocelli, distinctly unipupillate with white, but very

indistinctly ringed with dull yellowish grey; of these ocelli the

uppermost is much or very much smaller than the others, and in

one specimen it is wanting altogether; a terminal hind-marginal

fuscous streak as in fore wing. UNDER siDE.—Paler throughout ;

neuration throughout hind wing and at apex of fore wing rather

conspicuously whitish. Fore wing: Rufous, brighter in tint; ring

of ocellus better defined ; apex irrorated with whitish, which also

forms a line immediately before submarginal blackish streak

(between that streak and ocellus); before middle, costa and both

sides of inflated costal nervure edged with whitish. Hind wing:

Of the three transverse blackish streaks, the subbasal and median

ones are irregular, angulated, and strongly marked, the inner edge

of the former and the outer edge of the latter being bounded by

whitish clouding more or less freckled with short dark brown

lineole, and the submarginal one is slender, slightly sinuated, and

bounded inwardly throughout and outwardly in its inferior part by

narrow whitish clouding; basal and inner-marginal areas more or

less clouded with whitish, and more closely freckled with dark

brown lineole than rest of wing; edge of costa near base, and a line

from base to hind margin midway between submedian nervure and

median nervure and its first nervule, whitish; a white fringe of

hairs along inner margin and at anal angle; row of ocelli as on

upper side, but consisting of five instead of four, the additional

ocellus being between the subcostal nervules.

@. Like 3’, but larger and rather paler.

(Described from five males and one female.)

This form is readily recognised by the large size and

singularly oblique elongation of the ocellus of the fore

wing. It further differs from its near ally, P. Trimenii,

in the following features, vid., 1o, large size; 20, one

large continuous field of rufous in the fore wings instead

to the list of South African butterflies. 171

of two small rather widely separated patches; 30, better

developed rufous patch and more distinct ocelli in the

hind wings; and, on the under side of the hind wings,

4o, absence of the deeply bifurcate longitudinal whitish

streak in the discoidal cell; 50, much stronger dark

brown (almost blackish) freckling ; 60, different direction

and angulation of median transverse dark streak, which

is also more strongly developed.

The South African Museum acquired a solitary 3 of

this butterfly in 1879; it was taken in the Hastern

Transvaal (Lydenburg District) by Mr. T. Ayres. 1 did

not think it advisable to found a new species on this

specimen, as it might have been merely an aberration of

P. Trimenii; but, in 1889, Mr. J. M. Hutchinson sent

several examples (including one ?) of the same form,

which he had taken, in August and September, on the

Natal side of the Drakensberg, at an elevation of about

7000 ft. He has since informed me that it was numerous

at that height, flying rather swiftly and continuously for

a Satyride; but that it was out fora very short time,

not appearing after the 15th September, and was not

noticed at any lower station.

Hab. Natal: Drakensberg (alt. 7000 ft.). Transvaal :

Lydenberg District.

Subfamily ACRCGIIN AL.

Genus Acraa, Fab.

Acrea Admatha, Hewits.

Acrea Admatha, Hewits., Exot. Butt., iii., p. 15, pl. 8

(Acrea, i1.), ff. 16, 17 (1865). [3 .]

This butterfly belongs to the Horta group, but is dis-

tinguished from that species and its allies by the broad

dark border of the hind wings, completely enclosing six

large round spots of the ground colour.

The type figured by Hewitson is noted as a native of

Old Calabar, and other examples in the Hewitson Col-

lection are recorded from Angola ; while specimens from

Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast are in the South African

Museum and my own cabinet.

_ Not until 1888 was I aware that this species occurred

in extra-tropical South Africa. A single 2? example,

taken at Etshowe, Zululand, in January, 1887, was then

172 Mr. R. Trimen on some recent additions

presented to me by Capt. A. M. Goodrich, of the Innis-

killing Fusiliers. Recently I have received, from Major

J. 8. D’Aguilar, a fg and a @? taken by him at the same

station in 1886; and lastly, Mr. Cecil N. Barker has

presented to the Museum a ? taken by him at Malvern,

near D’Urban, Natal, on the 14th April, 1890.

These southern examples differ from the typical West

African specimens in the form of the black spots of the

hind wings, which is not nearly so rounded ; the discal

series of those spots is also less irregular and more con-

tinuous (the 8rd and 4th spots being nearer to the

extremity of the discoidal cell), while the subbasal spot

in the cell is wanting, and that immediately below it is

crescentic. In the southern ¢ example, moreover, the

dull brick-red of the basi-inner-marginal area of the

fore wings is superiorly more extended, covering the

lower half of the discoidal cell, and the discal series of

indistinct fuscous spots is obsolete. This discal series

of fore-wing spots is, however, present in all the three

southern females.

Until more South African specimens are known, it

must remain uncertain whether the differences pointed

out are constant. In the females the red of the ¢ is

wanting, being replaced by a dull creamy or brownish

creamy tint.

Hab. Zululand: Etshowe. Natal: Malvern, near

D’ Urban.

Acrea Obeira, Hewits.

Acrea Obeira, Hewits., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868,

p. 65.

A. Pwa, Guén., Vinson Voy. Madag., Ann., p. 34.

A. Obeira, Mab., Grandid. Hist. Phys., &c., Madag.,

Lep., 1., p. 95, and Atl., pl. 94, f. 7, and pl. 10,

ff. 5 and 6 (1886—$87).

This is another species of the Horta group, and has

hitherto been known from Madagascar only. Its in-

clusion in the South African fauna is due to my valued

correspondents, Major J. 8. D’Aguilar and Mr. Cecil N.

Barker, the former having sent me a 2? captured at

Esthowe in Zululand, in 1886, and the latter a 2 taken

at Malvern, near D’Urban, on the 14th April, 1890.

I give the following descriptions of these specimens,

vid. -—

to the list of South African butterflies. 178

_ 9. Heap. al. 2 in. 2—8 lin.

Transparent, with a dull fuscous apical and hind-marginal

border in both wings ; hind wing, and (more faintly) basal half

of fore wing as far as extremity of discoidal cell and obliquely

to posterior angle, very dull brick-red; fore wing without

markings, hind wing with numerous black spots. Hind wing:

A spot in cell close to base, and another about or a little beyond

middle of cell; 5 subbasal spots—one costal, and four between

median nervure and inner margin; two small spots, obliquely

placed, marking extremity of discoidal cell; a discal superiorly

strongly outward-curving series of 8 spots from costa to inner

margin, the last three being considerably larger than the rest (the

drd, 4th, and 5th spots are obsolete in the Zululand specimen) ;

fuscous hind-marginal border ill-defined on its inner edge, the

neryules and internervular lines crossing it are darker. UNDER

sipE.—Much duller and paler ; red in fore wing very faint, in hind

wing wanting, replaced by creamy (in Natal example tinged with

dull reddish before discal series of spots). Hind wing: An ad-

ditional black spot at base, on costa.

These South African specimens agree very well with

Hewitson’s brief description (loc. cit.) of the Madagascar

type. Hewitson does not mention any small red inter-

nervular hind-marginal spots in the hind wings, nor is

there any trace of these in the specimens just described ;

but Guenée, in his description (op. cit.) of A. Piva, men-

tions them, and Mabille (op. cit.) both describes and

ficures them. As regards these spots, however, it should

be noted that they are evidently variable alike in colour,

distinctness, and number; the figures in Grandidier’s

work giving six rather bright and large ones in pl. 94,

f. 7; six rather small, faint, and inconspicuous ones in

pl. 10, f. 5; and only three (between 3rd median nervule

and submedian nervure) in pl. 10, f. 6.

Hab. Zululand: EKtshowe. Natal: Malvern, near

D’Urban. Madagascar: North and East (Mabille).

Family LYCHNIDAi.

Genus Lycmna, Fab.

Lycena Antanossa, Mab.

Lycena Antanossa, Mab., Bull. Soc. Ent. France,

ISiieips LOM; Lamd) in Grandid:, Hist.) Physe

Madag., Lep., i., p. 221, and Atlas, pl. 28, ff. 11—

14 (1885—87).

174 Mr. R. Trimen on some recent additions

This Lycena is one of the Lysimon group, and so

closely allied to the Indian L. Otis (Fab.)—as recognised

by Butler,* De Nicéville,+ and other workers at Oriental

Lepidoptera—that I have some hesitation in awarding

it species-rank. The markings of the under side agree

with those of Otis (Singalese specimens), but its ground

colour is paler and less brownish. It is the singular

silvery bluish of the upper side that best distinguishes

Antanossa, resembling as it does the tint exhibited by

the males of the Huropean LZ. Damon, W. Y., and

Corydon, Scop., though less brilliant; for in Otis the

blue is distinctly violaceous, as in Lysimon. The hind-

marginal series of dark and whitish marks on the upper

side of the hind wings is also a distinctive feature ; and

in size (exp. al. g 114—1 in. 03 lin., 2 1 in. Of lin.)

the insect is notably larger than Otis.

As long ago as March, 1867, I met with two examples

of this butterfly in Natal, and recorded at the time its

apparent distinctness from L.Kuysna, mihi (=Lysimon,

Hubn.); but it was not until quite recently that Major

D’Aguilar recalled my attention to the form by for-

warding a pair from Maritzburg, and representing the

apparently constant characters (notably the want on the

under side of the spot in the discoidal cell of the fore

wings) which separated it from Lysimon. ~- Other speci-

mens from Natal have since reached me, vid.: one from

Mr. J. M. Hutchinson, taken at Estcourt, Weenen

District, and three from Mr. A. D. Millar, taken near

D’ Urban. ,

The ¢ differs from the. ¢ in being rather darker, and

in the restriction of the silvery bluish of the upper side,

which in one example is reduced to some indistinct

scaling in basal half of fore wings, and is absent in the

hind wings.

Thad described this butterfly as a distinct form, not

identifying it with Antanossa, Mab., until carefully

comparing it with the excellent figures above cited.

Major D’Aguilar writes that he had taken a good

many specimens in the Maritzburg District, but on the

coast Mr. Millar has noticed but few. My own captures

* Cat. Fab. Diurn. Lep., p. 169, pl. ii., ff. 8, 11 (1869).

+ Butt. India, &c., i., p. 119, pl. xxvi., f. 175 (1890).

to the list of South African butterflies. 175

were made respectively at Udland’s Mission Station and

Mapumulo, in the Umooti and Lower Tugela Districts.

M. Mabille states that it appears to be rare in Mada-

gascar.

Hab. Natal: coast and inland districts. Madagascar.

Genus LycmnistHeEs, Moore.

Lycenesthes neglecta, n. sp.

Allied to L. Liodes, Hewits.

So. Heap. al. 1 in. 0}—1 lin.

Cupreous violaceous; a common hind-marginal linear black

edging ; cilia greyish white in fore wing, white in hind wing.

Hind wing: In three of five examples a small indistinct hind-

marginal fuscous spot between Ist and 2nd median nervules.

UNDER sIDE.—Browmish grey, with a slight ochreous tinge ; in

each wing a double darker streak (enclosing one of the ground

colour) at extremity of discoidal cell, the whole marking being

white-edged on both sides; a discal fascia, very strongly incurved

inferiorly, composed of confluent spots like marking at end of cell ;

two submarginal rows of whitish lunules enclosing spots slightly

darker than ground-colour ; and a hind-marginal terminal black

line, bounded inwardly by a very indistinct whitish edging. Fore

wing: No marking before extremity of cell; discal fascia more

irregular than in Liodes, the 4th and dth spots bevng three-fourths

before the swpertor ones, and the 6th three-fourths before the 5th

(so as to be quite as near base as terminal disco-cellular spot).

Hind wing : Discal fascia not so sharply biangulated inferiorly as

in Lnodes, its first spot different from the rest, fascous, and in a

complete white ring; swbhcostal spot nearer base also similarly

different from that in Liodes, being quite round and black in a

white ring; of three hind-marginal black spots near anal angle,

the Ist and 8rd are always distinct, dusted with greenish silvery,

and edged interiorly by an orange lunule; but the 2nd is indistinct,

without orange lunule, and in three of five examples is obsolete.

The colour of the upper side, the browner (more

ochraceous) tint of the under side, and the differences of

marking italicised in the above description, distinguish

this species from its near ally, L. Liodes; the under

side markings, indeed, approximate it to the larger

L. Sylvanus (in which, however, the hind wing has three

subbasal white-ringed spots instead of one only).

176 Mr. R. Trimen on some recent additions

I took an example of this butterfly in Natal in 1867,

and in 1871 received another, captured at D’Urban by

the late Mr. M. J. McKen. I regarded these as a

probable ‘‘ sport’”’ of Liodes; but both Major D’Aguilar

and Mr. C. N. Barker have recently (1889—90) sent me

other examples, taken respectively at Maritzburg and

Malvern, and pointed out their distinctness from the

species in question; and this additional material has

convinced me that the form is entitled to recognition as

a species. Mr. Barker’s two specimens were taken

respectively on 19th January and 8rd April, 1890, the

former ‘‘on Mimosa flowers.” The female is still

unknown to me.

Hab. Natal: D’Urban, Malvern (near D’Urban), and

Maritzburg.

Genus Zeritis, Boisd.

Zeritis Oreas, n. sp.

Not nearly allied to any known species, but as regards

the upper side nearer to the Zewxo group.

Hep. al.(3) 11 lin.; (2) 1 im. 1 lin.

$. Submetallic golden orange, with black spots and hind-

marginal border; cilia long, black, with conspicuous white inter-

ruptions at extremity of nervules. Fore wing: Base paler on

costa; two small spots before middle—one in discoidal cell, the

other just below origin of 1st median nervule; a subreniform

terminal disco-cellular spot ; above and a little beyond last-named

spot, a much smaller one, close to costa; a discal row of six rather

large spots, irregular by the projection of the 3rd and 5th beyond

the rest,—the 6th (below 1st median nervule) in one example

divided longitudinally ; costa narrowly edged with black from a

little before extremity of cell to apex; hind-marginal border rather

broad, especially at apex, and narrowing very gradually to posterior

angle. Hind wing: Costal border rather broadly black; base

slightly dusky; inner-marginal groove wholly dusky grey ; between

1st subcostal and 1st median nervules, a discal row of 5 spots, of

which the 2nd and 4th are smaller and slightly before the rest;

hind-marginal border broad apically and as far as 3rd median

nervule, but thence very narrow to anal angle, sharply indented

throughout (but more deeply in narrow inferior portion) by the

ground colour on nervules; anal angle with rather an acute pro-

jection. UNnpER sipe.—Hind wing and apex of fore wing pale

dull ochreous yellow, varied with black spots and shining—almost

to the list of South African butterflies. LUT

silvery—white liture. Fore wing: Dull pale orange-yellow ;

black spots as on upper side, but the subbasal one below 1st median

nervule expanded into a longitudinal bar from base; an additional

small round spot in cell close to base, and another (more elongate)

on costa above and a little before terminal disco-cellular spot ;

costa bordered with pale dull ochreous yellow; a regular sub-

marginal series of six large black spots, of which the upper three

are sagittiform (and the 4th subsagittiform) and bounded externally

by >-shaped liture, shining white next spots but pale yellowish

externally ; extremities of these liture convergent at white nervular

interruptions of fuscous cilia; a hind-marginal series of minute

black spots, succeeded by a pre-ciliary black line interrupted on

nervules ; two small costal spots and first two spots of discal series

bounded externally (the upper of the two latter spots also bounded

internally) by a longitudinal white mark. Hind wing: Discal

series consisting of 8 black spots slightly tinged with purplish

ferruginous ; from near base to discal spots run three longitudinal

shining white stripes, vid. ; between costal and subcostal nervures,

—through discoidal cell,—and between median and submedian

nervures ; these stripes are broken by the following purplish black

spots, vid.; the superior one by two (basal and median), the

middle one by two (median and premedian), the lower one by one

(median) ; 1st and 2nd spots of discal row bounded externally (the

2nd also internally) by elongated shining white marks; the last-

named mark forms the commencement of a regular hind-marginal

series of 7 >-shaped liture, like those in apical portion of fore

wing, but longer, more acute, and bounded internally not by

separate black spots, but by a continuous fuscous streak (diffuse

inwardly) throughout; cilia as in fore wing, but the dark portion

mixed with ochreous yellow ; a hind-marginal series of black spots

(rather larger and more diffuse than in fore wing), and a thin

black pre-ciliary line.

9. Larger, paler, and duller, with less of submetallic gloss ;

markings as in g. Hind wing: Lower portion of basal area.

before discal spots obscurer; apical portion of hind-marginal

border narrower. UNDER sIDE.—Paler and duller.

This very distinct species is not nearly related to any

South African congener. The upper side much resembles:

that of Chrysophanus Orus (Cram.), and also that of

Zeritis Zohra, Donzel,* from North Africa; as regards.

the South African species of Zeritis, this surface of the

wings is on the whole (though more strongly spotted,

* Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 2me Ser., v., pl. 8, f. 5 (1847).

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—parT I. (MARCH.) N

178 Inst of South African butterflies.

and with darker basal areas) more like that of the rare

Z. Chrysantas, Trim. A singular difference between the

two forms is exhibited in the cilia, the conspicuous

white interruptions of which in Oreas are at the ex-

tremity of the nervules, while in Chrysantas—as well as

in all others of the genus known to me in which this

character occurs—they are inter-nervular. In the

structural features of the antenne and palpi, and in the

shape of the wings, Oreas also agrees with Chrysantas.

The under side is, as regards the hind wings, quite

unique in pattern and marking, though the >-shaped

hind-marginal lituree which it (m common with the apex

of the fore wings) presents remind one of the similar

(but reversed and much brighter silvery) markings in

the otherwise wholly different Z. Wallengrenti, Trim.

The total absence of any steely or brassy centres in the

black spots of both wings is further a highly peculiar

feature in the under side of Z. Oreas.

The discovery of this notable addition to the genus

Zeritis is due to Mr. J. M. Hutchinson, who thus de-

scribes how he met with the insect at an elevation of

about 7000 ft. in the Drakensberg Mountains, Natal,

vid. :—‘ The first specimen I saw I failed to capture,

owing to my net becoming disjointed ; and for a week or

ten days subsequently I searched for another without

success. But hurrying home to my cave from a thunder-

storm, while a heavy wind was blowing, one of the new

Zeritis was blown against my leg, and, lighting there,

was soon boxed. In less than five minutes I had taken

eight, including a pair in copuld. ‘The insect was very

local, not occurring over more than two or three acres of

eround. Its flight is near the ground, but very rapid

and very suddenly interrupted. Unless one rose,—when

five or six others would join in the flight,—they sat very

close, and even sweeping the net over them would not

make them rise. I took eighteen specimens.”

Hab. Natal: Drakensberg (alt. 7000 ft.).

CTY ALTES) 3)

VII. A Monograph of the Lycenid genus Hypochrysops,

with descriptions of new species. By Hamiuron

H. Drucs, F.E.S.

[Read December 3rd, 1890. ]

Puates X. & XI.

HYPocHRYSOPS.

Thecla, sect. Hypochrysops, Feld., Wien. Ent. Mon.,

iv., p. 248 (1860).

Hypochrysops, Feld., Reise Nov. Lep., i1., p. 251 (1865).

Miletus (part), Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 71

(1816).

Miletus (part), Westw., Gen. Diurnal Lep., p. 502

(1852).

Miletus, Butler, Cat. Fabr., p. 159 (1870).

No list of the species of this beautiful genus of butter-

flies has been published since Mr. Kirby’s Catalogue ;

but a few species have been described, and in the

present paper I have added five more, viz., four from

the Solomon Islands, belonging to Messrs. Godman and

Salvin, to whom my best thanks are due for their kind-

ness in allowing me the use of their specimens, and one

from Australia. Unfortunately very few of these insects

have been delineated, and I find that out of the thirty-

two species here enumerated, ten only have been

figured; and amongst the unfigured species are five

described by the late Mr. Hewitson, and now in the

collection which bears his name in the British Museum.

These I have had carefully drawn, and propose repre-

senting them on the plates.

Although by following certain lepidopterists, Hubner’s

name Miletus should take priority, as the first species

mentioned by him is the P. polycletus, Linn., yet I

prefer, seeing that these insects have become so well

known under Felder’s name, to use his name Hypo-

chrysops. Again, Felder has definitely characterised the

TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1891.—PaRT Il. (JUNE.) 0

180 Mr. Hamilton H. Druce’s Monograph

genus, whereas Hubner placed together under his name

forms that are abundantly distinct, without any remark

as to which should be the type of his genus. By

following this rule, Hubner’s name will not be required,

as the other species mentioned by him, P. symethus,

Cr., has been taken as the type of another genus

(Gerydus) by Boisduval, who has been followed by recent

authors.

Iam unable to follow Mr. de Nicéville when he states

(Butt., India, Burmah, and Ceylon, ii., p. 21, 1890) :—

First, that probably this genus (Miletus) belongs to his

Gerydus group, as the shape of the wings of the majority

of the species and the normal legs would appear to point

to a close relationship to his Poritia group; secondly,

when he states that the genus Hypochrysops, as distinct

from Miletus, includes very different insects. Now by

comparing the legs, palpi, and arrangement of the

nervules of the two types, it will be found that there is

no appreciable difference, and I can detect no characters

whereby to satisfactorily separate the following species

into distinct genera. But, for the sake of convenience,

I have divided the species into the three following

groups, viz. :—

_ Group I.—Costa of fore wings arched; Ist and 2nd

median nervules of hind wing produced, so as to form

blunt tails.

Group II.—Apex of fore wing pointed; hind wing

more produced at anal angle than at apex.

Group III.—Costa of fore wing arched; hind wing

more produced at apex than at anal angle.

It is true, however, that in group II. the 3rd branch

of the subcostal nervure is emitted slightly higher up,

and that the lower median nervule is rather more curved

outwardly than in groups I. and III.; but these slight

differences are, in my opinion, insufficient for generic

distinction.

- The curious crease between the lower median nervule

and the submedian nervure, which is found in many

genera of the Lycenide, is particularly well developed

in some species of this genus, notably H. eucletus and

H. anacletus, giving them almost the appearance of

having an additional nervure.

The butterflies of this genus inhabit the Indo-Australian

region, principally New Guinea and the adjacent islands,

of the Lycenid genus Hypochrysops. 181

and individually seem to have a very limited range,

extending northwards to Gilolo, southwards to New

South Wales, eastwards to the Solomon Islands, and

westwards to Nias Island, W. Sumatra; no species,

however, being recorded between that island and the

Island of Timor.

The majority of the species are exceedingly difficult to

procure, and very few collections contain a representative

series.

The following Table will show at a glance the locali-

ties of the species at present described, but there are,

doubtless, many new forms yet to be received.

Thursday I

N. Australia

S. Wales

W. Australia

Nias Island,

Maleita Island

Queensland

| Kaioa

Batchian

Ceram

Amboina

Saparua

Aru Islands

| New Guinea

New Britain

Guadaleanar I.

Solomon Is.

Fauro Island

Solomon Is.

Timor

| Gilolo

| Waigiou

Hypochrysops

polycletus ..

hypocletus ..

HOD ee A ere Ca

epicletus.... aL

TOvena .... cts Ife

halyetus

dicomas .... aL

ignita

epicurus ....

delicia .... =

apelles .... ose ele te oe

chrysanthis . +

hypates .... +

hecalius .... 1

celisparsus . a

eucletus .... |+ fee) zi

narcissus .. +

WOUUS) 0%. «« | +?

protogenes ..

pythias ....

anacletus .. Sie eteil ate

zeuzis .... |-+

scintillans .. Hells

cratevas.... de

architas .... ae

seuthes .... | ae

arronica.... | \+} |

alyattes .. aul |

doleschalli .. ab

CREO cassce +

herdonius ..

hippuris ..

+++

W. Sumatra

182 Mr. Hamilton H. Druce’s Monograph

Group I.

Hypochrysops polycletus. (Pl. XI., fig. 15, harpago).

Papilio polycletus, Linn., 8. N. 1., p. 485, n. 166 (1758) ;

Mus UI p. d30, NOL so. Noes ope e Toe

No. 265 (1767).

P. polycletes, Clerck, Icones, t. 17, f. 2 (1764); P.

polycletes, Cram., Pap. Ex., II., t. 159, F. a. (1779) ;

Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 584 (1775).

Polyommatus polycletus, Godt., Hine. Méth., ix., p. 661,

no. 151 (1828).

Miletus polycletus, Butl., Cat. Fabr. Lep., p. 159 (1870).

Hypochrysops polycletus, Kirby, Synon. Cat., p. 3878

(1871).

H. polycletus, Pagenst., Lep. Fauna Amboina, p. 48

(1884) ; Schmett. Amboina, p. 12 (1888).

FH, polycletus, Staugr., Exot. Schmett., pl. xciv. (1888).

H. polycletus, Ribbe, Deutsch. Kntom. Zeitschr., p. 254,

n. 117 (1890).

3, Papilio epopus, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv., t. 868, Ga. H.

(1782).

Hab. Batchian (Ster.), Mus. G. & §.; Timor,

B. M. (?); Ceram (Wallace & Ribbe), Mus. G. & S.,

B. M., Hew. Coll.; Amboyna, Mus. G. & S., D., B. M.,

Hew. Coll.; Saparua, Mus. Crowley.

There is a gf specimen in the British Museum from

Timor, and another in the Hewitson Collection, labelled

‘ Batchian,” in which the black marginal borders are

about three times as wide as in typical specimens. These

may possibly belong to a distinct species. The under

sides, however, do not seem to differ from those of H. poly-

cletus. It may be named atromarginata, var. or species.

In the Hewitson Collection in the British Museum,

under the name polycletus, are placed specimens of

H. rex, Boisd., from New Guinea; H. polycletus, Linn.,

from Ceram and Amboyna, the broad-bordered form

referred to above; and a single ? specimen of H. hypo-

cletus, Oberth., from New Guinea.

Hypochrysops hypocletus. (Pl. X., fig. 1).

Hypochrysops hypocletus, Oberthur, Ann. Mus. Genoy.,

xv., p. 521, 1880.

3. Upper side rich purple-blue. Allied to H. polycletus, Linn.,

from which it differs on the under side by the absence of. all red

of the Lycenid genus Hypochrysops. 183

markings on the fore wing, except at the base, and also by the

inner marginal area being greyish white. The red spots on the

costal half of hind wings are broadly bordered with black, and on

the anal half have almost entirely disappeared (in some specimens),

and are replaced by black; the ground colour of both wings being

a much blacker colour.

?. Allied to H. polycletws, but with the white fascia extending

over the whole of the cell. Under side: Fore wing with the white

fascia much more extensive, and reaching close to the base. Hind

wing as g. Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs as in H. polycletus,

but the antenne much less distinctly annulated with white.

Hab. Waigiou (Wallace, Platen), Mus., G. & &.,

B. M., Oberth.; New Guinea; Andai, Salvatti (A. A.

Bruijn), Mus. G. & §., Oberth.

This species, which has been confounded with the

preceding, is abundantly distinct, the whitish inner-

marginal area of the under side of the fore wing of 3,

which makes the sexes appear much alike, easily

separating them; and in a good series of specimens I

can detect no variation. M. Oberthur, in his description

(as a possible variety), compares it with H. epicletus

(H. rex), but it seems to me more nearly allied to the

Linnean species, H. polycletus.

Hypochrysops rex. (Pl. X., figs. 2, 3).

Simethus rex, Boisd., Voy. Astr. Lep., p. 72 (1832). 2.

Miletus rex, Westw., Gen. D. Lep., p. 502 (1852) (!).

M. rex, Kirby, Synon. Cat., p. 386, No. 4 (1871).

M. epicletus, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (4), xviil., p. 244

(1876).

Hypochrysops epicletus, Kirsch, M. T., Mus. Dresd., 1.,

p. 127 (1877).

Hi. epicletus, Oberthur, Ann. Mus. Genov., xv., p. 521

(1880).

Hab. New Guinea, Port Moresby (Goldie & Mathew),

Mus., G. & §., D.; Geelvink Bay (H. O. Forbes), Mus.

D.; Central New Guinea (D’Albertis), Mus. G. & S.;

Kordo, Rubi; Wawiji (Kirsch) ; 8. New Guinea (Oberth.) ;

ne Dorey (Boisd.); Dinner I. (H. O. Forbes),

us. D.

This species is to be found in most collections, and,

next to H. polycletus, Linn., is perhaps the best known

in the genus, but was apparently only known from the

184 Mr. Hamilton H. Druce’s Monograph

description of the type for a considerable time, which

caused it to be doubtfully placed in Miletus by West-

wood in 1852, and by Kirby as late as 1871.

A $ from Geelvink Bay, N. W. New Guinea, has

almost entirely lost the red in the cell of the fore wing

below, and the metallic-green spots are generally smaller.

There can be no doubt that Kirsch has redescribed

the 2 of H. rex.

Hypochrysops epicletus.

Thecla epicletus, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon., iu1., p. 324,

n. 25, t. 6, f. 3 (1859).

Ilypochrysops epicletus, Kirby, Synon. Cat., p. 378

(1871)

_H. epicletus, Ribbe, Iris, iii., p. 85 (1886).

Hab. Aru Is. (Wallace, Ribbe), Mus. G. & S., B. M.

This species is closely allied to the preceding, from

which it is very difficult to distinguish it; and it is

probable that when Felder described it he was unac-

quainted with the ¢ of Boisduval’s species, at least he

does not mention it in his description, but refers to

Hi. polycletus, Linn.

It can, perhaps, be distinguished by the somewhat

ereater extent of black at the anal angle, and by the

fascia on the fore wing of ? being purer white, and

rather blunter at its outer extremity.

Hypochrysops rovena, sp.n.

Allied to Fr. rex, Boisd., but smaller.

3S. The black margins rather broader generally, notably on the

costal margin of hind wing, where it extends almost down to the

lower branch of the subcostal nervure, and also at the anal angle.

Under side: Ground colour considerably lighter, and with a

portion near the apex of the hind wing distinctly lighter than

the general surface.

?. Similar to H. rer, 2, but suffused at the base with light

blue in place of green. Under side as the § (hind wing).

Hab. N. Australia; Cape Bowen, Mus. G. & S8.;

Richmond River, Mus. Crowley; Queensland, Mus. D.;

Cape York; Port Macquaire, B. M.

This species, which has long been in collections

(generally under the name rex), is distinguished from

the New Guinea form by the different ¢ , and by the light

patch on the under side of the hind wings, as noted above.

of the Lycenid genus Hypochrysops. 185

Group IT.

Hypochrysops halyetus. (Pl. X., figs. 4, 5).

Hypochrysops halyetus, Hew., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1874,

p- 350.

3. Wings above brilliant cerulean-blue, with the apical thirds

brownish black; posterior wing with a submarginal orange band.

Under side orange-yellow, with large metallic green spots along

the costa and at.apex of fore wing. Hind wing with three distinct

wide bands of metallic-green, the outer being composed of large

oblong spots.

@. As above, but lilac-blue, and with a linear orange outer

margin to both wings. Expanse, 13, in.

Hab. W. Australia (Swan River, Hew.), Mus.

G. & S., Hew. Coll.

This species, which is not allied to any other, appears

to be a scarce one, as the only specimens I have come

across are four in the Hewitson Collection, and ¢ one in

Messrs. Godman and Salvin’ S possession. :;

Hypochrysops dicomas.

Hypochrysops dicomas, Hew., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1874,

- p. 350. -

Hab. Waigiou (Wallace), Hew. Coll.

The only example of this curious little species which

I have seen is the type, which is stated to bea ¢. It is

dull brown on the upper side, and more rufous-brown,

with metallic bluish spots and lines, on the under side.

It bears a superficial resemblance to some butterflies of

the family Hrycinide, viz., Anteros acanthus, Cr., and

A. acanthoides, Herr-Schaff., but without the tails.

Hypochrysops ignita.

_ Lycena ignita, Leach, Zool. Misc., i., p. 186, t. 60,

f. 1-8 (1814).

Cupido igmta, Kirby, Syst. Cat., p. 876 (1871).

Hypochrysops ignita, Kirby, Syst. Cat., p. 773 (1877).

Hab. Australia; King George’s Sound; Moreton

Bay, B.M.; Victoria, Mus.G.&S§S.; Port Denison,

Hew. Coll.

This species, which is in most collections, varies

somewhat in the width of the black border; also in the

186 Mr. Hamilton H. Druce’s Monograph

extent of the yellow on the costa, apex and nervules of

the fore wings, and on the nervules of the hind wings ;

the specimen, noted above, from Victoria being almost

entirely yellow in these parts.

Hypochrysops epicurus.

Hypochrysops epicurus, Miskin, Trans. Ent. Soc.,

1876, p. 455.

Upper side uniform shining brown, with violet reflections.

Under side pale shining brown, with linear markings of brassy

green.

Hab. Australia; Brisbane (Miskin); Moreton Bay,

Hew. Coll.

Two specimens, in Hew. Coll., are the only two I

have seen. As stated by Miskin, this species is

allied to H.ignita, Leach, but is a much duller coloured

insect.

Hypochrysops delicia. (Pl. X., figs. 6, 7).

Hypochrysops delicia, Hew., Ent. Monthly Mag. xi..,

p. 88 (1875).

Hab. Australia (Hew.); New South Wales, Hew.

Coll.; Moreton Bay, B. M

This species, which on the upper side is a brilliant

bluish green bordered with black, much resembles

Al. .gnita, Leach, on the under side, but is, however, a

much larger insect. It was described by Hewitson, from a

specimen in the possession of Mr. Henley Grose Smith.

The only other specimens I have seen are a o in the

Hewitson Collection and a @ in the British Museum.

Hypochrysops apelles.

Papilio apelles, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 524, n. 342 (1775).

P. apelles, Don., Ins. New Holland, t. 30, f. 2 (1805).

Miletus apelles, Butl., Cat. Fab., p. 159 (1870).

Hypochrysops apelles, Kirby, Syst. Cat., p. 378, n. 7

(1871).

H. apelles, Mathew, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 1885,

» 205:

Jé fe Pe Ribbe, Ivis, i11., p. 85 (1886).

H. apelles, Staud., Exot. Schmett., pl. xciv. (1888).

Hab. Queensland; N. Australia (Macleay); W. Aus-

tralia, Mus. G. & §.; Thursday Island (Mathew), Mus.,

Druce; Aru Islands (Ribbe) ; Champion Bay; Dorey,

B. M., Hew. Coll.

of the Lycenid genus Hypochrysops. 187

This species, which varies considerably in size (the

specimen from Dorey, a 2, being 14 in.), is apparently

fairly plentiful, and is in most collections in this

country.

The type specimen is in the Banksian collection in

the British Museum.

Hypochrysops chrysanthis.

Thecla chrysanthis, Feld., Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien.

Math. Nat. Cl., xl., p. 455, n. 26 (1860).

Hypochrysops chrysanthis, Feld., Reise Noy. Lep., 11.,

p- 256, n. 302, t. 82, f. 1, 2 (1865).

H. chrysanthis, Pagenst., Schmett. Amboina, p. 12

(1888).

Hab. Amboyna (Dr. Doleschall), Mus., F.

This fine species is not in any collections that I have

been able to examine, and is known to me only by

Dr. Felder’s figure.

The description is taken froma 2.

Hypochrysops hypates. (Pl. X., figs. 8, 9).

Hypochrysops hypates, Hew., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1874,

p. 351.

Hab. Kaida (Wallace), Hew.

This species, of which the only specimen known to

me is the type, a ¢, in the Hewitson Collection in the

British Museum, is brown, with broad black margins on

the upper side, and on the under side approaches some-

what to that of H. eweletus, Feld.

Hypochrysops hecalius.

Hypochrysops hecalius, Miskin, Trans. Ent. Soc.,

1884, p. 94.

Hab. Victoria (Kershaw), Mus. Miskin.

This species—which is dark brown with a central

patch of orange on each wing on the upper side, and

chrome-yellow with transverse bands and patches edged

with black and metallic blue on the under side—is known

to me only from the description, and is not represented

in any collections that I have been able to examine. It

appears to be allied to H. hypates, Hew.

Miskin describes a 2. Expanse, 1m in.

188 Mr. Hamilton H. Druce’s Monograph

Hypochrysops colisparsus. (Pl. X., figs. 10, 11).

Miletus celisparsus, Butl., Ann. Nat. Hist. (5), xii.,

p. 159 (1883). .

Hypochrysops celisparsus, Kheil, Rhop. Ins. Nias,

p- 80 (1884).

Hab. Nias Island (W. Sumatra), B. M.

The type of this species is in the British Museum. It

is orange-yellow bordered with black above, whilst the

under side somewhat resembles that of H. eucletus.

The discovery of this species brings our knowledge

of the distribution of the genus some 2000 miles further

westward, as formerly H. polycletus, from Timor, was

the limit in that direction; and it is curious that

no species have been recorded from the various inter-

vening localities at which butterflies have been collected.

The figure is taken from the type specimen in the

British Museum.

Hypochrysops eucletus. (Pl. X., figs. 12, 18).

Hypochrysops eucletus, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., ii.,

p- 258, n. 299 (1865).

H. eucletus, Oberthur, Ann. Mus. Genoy., xv., p. 521

(1880).

H. eucletus, Ribbe, Ivis, ii1., p. 85 (1886).

Hab. Gilolo (Feld.); Port Moresby, New Guinea

(Goldie), Mus. G. &8.; Port Moresby (Mathew), Mus. D.;

Thursday Island (Mathew); Aru Islands, B. M.; New

Guinea, B. M.; Soron, New Guinea (D’Albertis), Mus.

Crowley ; Waigiou (Oberth.). In three females we have

from Thursday Island, the blue on the upper surface of

wings is extended over a greater area than in any speci-

mens I have seen from New Guinea.

The ¢ of this species differs from the @ in the much

more brilliant though less extensive blue of the upper

side, and by the yellow ground colour on the under side

of the hind wings being more or less suffused with dark

purplish brown.

IT have never seen a specimen from Gilolo, but the

New Guinea insect appears to fit the description, and is

generally considered identical.

of the Lycenid genus Hypochrysops. 189

Hypochrysops narcissus.

Papilio narcissus, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 524, no. 342

(1775).

P. narcissus, Don., Ins. New Holland, t. 30, f. 8 (1805).

Miletus narcissus, Butl., Cat. Fabr., p. 159 (1870).

fab. Australia.

This species is closely allied to the preceding, but the

blue on the upper surface of the hind wing is more

extensive and of a much lighter hue; the oround colour

of the hind wing below is considerably blacker, and the

yellow, which is so distinct on H. eucletus, has almost

entirely disappeared. The type specimen, a 3, which

is in the Banksian Collection in the British Museum, 1s

the only specimen I have seen.

Hypochrysops livius.

Hesperia livius, Fabr., Ent. Syst., 11., p. 815 (1798).*

Papilio livius, Don:, Tat India, t. 46, - 4 (1800).° ;

- P. livius, Westw., Dene Tus. India, t.

Miletus livius, Butler, Cat. Fabr., p. 159 (1870).

aos + In Indus,’ ?2-- Australia (?).

Mr. Kirby, in his Catalogue, gives Amboyna as a

possible locality.

There is a specimen in the Oxford Museum, which I

believe to belong to this species. It is labelled,

‘* Australia.”

Hypochrysops protogenes. (Pl X., figs. 14, 15).

Hypochrysops protogenes, Feld., Reise Nov. Lep., i1.,

p. 255 (1865).

: Miletus protogenes, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4),

Xvill., p. 249 (1876).

Hhpadimeeone otogenes, J. Kirsch, M. T. Mus. Dresd.,

Hey [Oe APE ARSIOIZ NR

Hab. Waigiou (Wallace); Mus. Feld., Hew. Coll. ;.

New Guinea, Port Moresby; Ansus.

In a ¢, in the Hewitson Collection, the upper side is

dark purple-blue, narrowly bordered with black, which is

rather broader at the apex, and much resembling the

same sex of the following species. The under side is the

same as the °.

190 Mr. Hamilton H. Druce’s Monograph

Hypochrysops pythias. (Pl. XI., fig. 1).

Hypochrysops pythias, Feld., Reise Nov. Lep., ii,

p. 254 (1865).

Hab. Waigiou (Wallace), Mus. Feld., B. M., Hew.,

G. & S.; New Guinea, B. M., 3.

The g on the upper side is a uniform dark purple,

darker in the cell, and with scarcely any black margins.

This species would seem to afford good evidence to

prove that these insects cannot be divided into distinct

genera, as on the upper side it resembles H. anacletus,

Feld., and allies; and on the under side, H. polycletus,

Linn.

Hypochrysops anacletus.

Thecla anacletus, Feld., Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien. Math.

Nat. Cl., xl., p. 454, n. 25 (1860).

Hypochrysops anacletus, Feld., Reise Noy. Lep., ii.,

p. 252, n. 298, t. 32, f. 38-5 (1865).

H. anacletus, Mathew, P. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., 1885,

p- 265.

H. anacletus, Pagens., Lep.-Fauna Amboina, p. 48

(1884) ;, Schmett. Amboina, p. 12 (1888).

H. anacletus, Ribbe, Deutsche Entom. Zeitschr.,

p. 2538 (1890).

Hab. Amboyna; Ceram; B. M., Mus. G. §., Hew.

Coll.; Saparua, Mus. Crowley.

This species, which is represented in most collections,

is the largest and most robust looking of the group.

Hypochrysops zeuxis.

Hypochrysops zeuxis, Stgr., Exot. Schmett., p. 273,

pl. xciv. (1888).

Hab. Grilolo.

This species, which is stated by Ribbe (Deutsche Ent.

Zeitschr., p. 254, 1890) to be a local form of H. anacletus,

seems to differ from that species by the much greater

surface of blue above, and by the bands on the under

side of the hind wing being black in place of brick red.

It is only known to me by Dr. Staudinger’s figure.

of the Lycenid genus Hypochrysops. 191

Hypochrysops scintillans.

Miletus scintillans, Butl., Ann. Nat. Hist. (5), x.,

p- 149, 1882.

Hab. New Britain.

This species is allied to H. anacletus, but is of a

lighter blue above, and the red bands below are larger

and of a more fiery red colour.

The type specimen is in the British Museum.

Hypochrysops cratevas, sp.n. (Pl. X., figs. 16-18 ;

Pl. XI., fig. 16, harpago).

“* Hypochrysops cratevas.

Alis supra lete saturate cyaneis undique nigro circumcinctis,

anticis apice late nigris : subtus ochraceis, anticis area interna grise-

scente, lineis tribus longitudinalibus notatis una costali altera inter

venas costalem et subcostalem tertia per cellule medium, maculis

quatuor subcostalibus, lineis duabus transversis ultra cellulam et

maculis quinque submarginalibus nitide eneis, omnibus nigro lim-

batis, fascia interrupta discali rufescente, nigro marginata; posticis

linea costali et lineis quinque transversis quarum prima et secunda

conjunctis quarta et quinta eodem modo conjunctis omnibus nigro

marginatis, fascia discali (ad angulum apicalem interrupta) nigro

extrorsum marginata, ultra eam fascia altera rufescente-grisea

nigro extrorsum limbata, fascia submarginali maculosa enea nigro

extrorsum marginata.

@. Alis fuscis ad basin ceruleo limbatis, anticis dimidio costali

nigricante macula discali lilacino tincta subtus mari similis.

Hab. Solomon Islands; Aola in Guadaleanar (C. M.

Woodford), Mus., G. & 8S.

The nearest ally to this species appears to be

HI. anacletus of Felder, from Ceram and Amboyna;

besides slight differences in the markings of the under

surface, the blue of the upper surface is of a much

deeper tint.

Mr. Woodford obtained many specimens of this

species, all from the Island of Guadalcanar.’—Salvin,

MS.

Hypochrysops architas, u. sp. (Pl. XI., figs. 2, 3).

*“* Hypochrysops architas.

Przecedenti similis, sed posticarum fasciis transversis eneis dis-

tinctis haud conjunctis, et area inter primam et secundam tertiam

et quartam ferruginea distinguendus.

192 Mr. Hamilton H. Druce’s Monograph

Hab. Solomon Islands; Fauro Island (C. M. Wood-

ford), Mus. G. & S.

Of this species, Mr. Woodford obtained only a single

specimen; but as it differs both in pattern and colora-

tion from the allied form in Guadalcanar, we do not

hesitate to describe it.”—Salvin, MS.

Hypochrysops seuthes, sp.n. (Pl. XI., figs. 4, 5).

‘* Hypochrysops seuthes.

@. Alis fuscis, anticis ad basin ceruleo lavatis et plaga subtri-

angulari discali alba notatis, posticis pallidioribus; subtus anticis

fere ut in H. cratevas sed area interna albicantiore, posticis

dimidio proximo ochraceo undique lineis ceruleo-argenteis nigro

marginatis vermiculato maculis irregularibus ferrugineis ultra

cellulam, dimidio distali albicante margine externo late rufescente-

ochraceo introrsum nigro limbato et luea submarginali ceruleo-

argenteo includente.

Hab. Solomon Islands; Uru Bay and Tyoh in

Maleita Island (C. M. Woodford), Mus. G. &S.

Mr. Woodford’s collection contains two females of

this distinct species, which is not closely allied to any of

the foregoing, but comes perhaps nearer to H. cratevas

and H. architas rather than to H. alyattes ; but, like the

latter species, there is a good deal of white colouring on

the under surface of the wings.”—Salvin, MS.

Hypochrysops arronica.

Thecla arronica, Feld., Wien., Ent. Mon., iii., p. 828,

OL eG. fa 185 O)e

Hypochrysops arronica, Kirby, Syst. Cat., p. 878

(1871).

_ H. arronica, Ribbe, Iris, 3, p. 85 (1886).

Hab. Aru Islands (Wammo Dobbo, Ureiuning) (C.

Ribbe), Mus. G. 8., B. M., Hew. Coll.; Waigiou, ¢,

Mus. G. S.

It is, perhaps, possible that the 2 in Messrs. Godman

& Salvin’s collection is incorrectly labelled, ‘“‘ Waigiou.”

It is not recorded from the intervening islands, Ceram,

Amboyna, or New Guinea.

of the Lycenid genus Hypochrysops. 193

Hypochrysops alyattes, sp.n. (PI. XI., figs. 6—8).

‘“* Hypochrysops alyattes.

Alis supra nitide cyaneis undique nigro limbatis: subtus albis,

anticis costa (cellulam includente) margine externo et linea trans-

versa discali a costa ad angulum analem nigricantibus, costa et

margine externo ipsis ferrugineo tinctis lineis tribus longitudi-

nalibus altera transversa discali maculis quoque sex submargi-

nalibus nitide argenteo ceruleis; posticis basi lineis transversis

duabus confluentibus nigris ceruleo-argenteo limbatis, linea sub-

marginali nigra extrorsum ceruleo-argenteo marginata margine

ipso ferrugineo.

@. Alis fuscis cxruleo ad basin lavatis anticis macula discali

albida, posticis pallidioribus.

Hab. Solomon Islands; Aola, mm Guadalcanar (C.

M. Woodford), Mus. G. & S.

Mr. Woodford obtained a few specimens of both sexes

of this beautiful species, all in the Island of Guadalcanar,

where it is found in company with H. cratevas, but is

apparently a much scarcer insect.

It is probably most nearly allied to H. doleschalli of

Felder, but has many points of distinction.”—Salvin,

MS.

Hypochrysops doleschalli.

Thecla doleschalli, Feld., Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien. Math.

Nat. Cl., xl., p. 454, No. 24 (1860).

Hypochrysops doleschal, Feld., Reise Nov. Lep., ii.,

p: 251; nm. 296, t. 32, f. 67 (865).

H, doleschallu, Pagens., Schmett. Amboina,’ p. 12

(1888).

Hab. Amboyna, Ceram; Hew. Coll.

The only representatives I have seen of this species

are two specimens (g ?) in the Hewitson collection.

Group III.

Hypochrysops theon. (Pl. XI., figs. 9, 10).

Hypochrysops theon, Feld., Reise Nov. Lep., ii.,

p- 252, n. 297 (1865).

H. theon, Ribbe, Iris, ii., p. 85 (1886).

Hab. Gilolo (Felder); New Guinea, Hew. Coll. ;

Aru Islands, B. M., Hew. Coll.; Ureiuning (C. Ribbe),

Mus. G. & 8S.

194 Mr. Hamilton H. Druce’s Monograph

The ? of this insect is rather larger than the ¢,

and the upper side of a dull black colour, with the

internal area of the fore wing yellowish white, with a

few blue scales along the superior wall of the cell. The

hind wing is dull black, with the costal margin pure

white, asinthe ¢. Under side same as ¢.

Although this species has a somewhat extended range,

it is a rare insect, and seldom met with in collections.

Hypochrysops herdonius. (Pl. XI., figs. 18, 14).

Hypochrysops herdonius, Hew., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1874,

p. 352.

Hab. Aru Islands (Wallace).

The only specimens I have seen of this beautiful

insect are the types in the Hewitson Collection in the

British Museum. Herr C. Ribbe has not recorded the

species in his ‘‘ Lepidopteren-Fauna der Aru-Inseln,”’

Cis, i, S36.

Hypochrysops hippuris. (Pl. XI., figs. 11, 12).

Hypochrysops hippuris, Hew., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1874,

p- 351.

Hab. Aru Islands (Wallace).

This species, again, is only known to me by the type

in the Hewitson Collection, and is also not recorded by

Herr C. Ribbe.

These last two species bear a superficial resemblance

to the group which includes the Papilio danis, Cr., from

Amboyna.

The following species have been described under

Hypochrysops, and referred to other genera by recent

authors, viz., H. elegans, Druce, and H. bubases, Hew.,

to Catapecilma, by Mr. Butler and others.

The Ilerda (2) superba, Druce, placed in Hypochrysops

in the Hewitson Collection, has been made the type of

a new genus (Semanga) by Mr. Distant.

The letters ‘‘G. & S.” refer to specimens in Messrs.

Godman & Salvin’s collection; ‘‘ D.” to specimens in

our own possession ; and ‘‘ B, M.” to those in the British

Museum.

of the Lycenid genus Hypochrysops.

EXXpLANATION oF Puates X. & XI.

ACI eee

Fie, 1. Hypochrysops hypocletus g, under side.

Fic

10.

11.

12.

138.

14.

15.

16.

rex 3g.

ren 2D.

halyetus 3.

i &, under side.

delicia 3.

3S, under side.

hypates 2.

5 @, under side.

celisparsus 2.

+ @, under side.

eucletus 3.

Ff 3S, under side.

protogenes g.

cratevas g.

29 f-

5 @, under side.

PLATE XI.

. Hypochrysops pythias 2, under side.

architas 2.

35 ?, under side.

seuthes @.

» @, under side.

alyattes 3.

99 2 0

Pr @, under side.

theon 3g.

» o, under side.

hippuris 3.

” 3, under side.

herdonius Sg.

” Ss, under side.

polycletus (harpago).

cratevas (harpago).

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1891.—PaRT II. (JUNE.)

3S, under side.

195

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VIII. Notes on the Lepidoptera collected in Madeira by

the late T. Vernon Wollaston. By Gores T.

Baxer, F.L.S.

[Read December 3rd, 1890. |

Puate XII.

In the early part of the present year I was much

interested to see Mrs. Wollaston’s collection of Madeiran

insects, comprising both those taken by herself as also

many taken in earlier years by her much lamented

husband. When making another call on my friend at

Teignmouth, I was very gratified by her generous offer to

place nearly all the collection at my disposal, and thus save

to science a record that would otherwise have perished.

At present but little is known of the Lepidoptera of these

islands, as also of the Cape de Verdes and the Canaries,

though the latter have recently been attracting more

attention ; but for years nothing has been written about

the Madeiras. It appears to me, therefore, that this

may be a fitting opportunity, after describing and

cataloguing the species before me, to collate and

tabulate all that is known of the insects of the Atlantic

Islands, in so far as it may be possible to do so.

The literature on the Lepidoptera of Madeira may be

said to be comprised in two papers, both published in

the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ viz., the

first, by the late T. V. Wollaston, ‘‘ Brief diagnostic

characters of undescribed Madeiran Insects,” 3rd series,

vol. i.; and the other by Mr. Stainton, ‘‘ Notes on Lepi-

doptera collected in Madeira by T. V. Wollaston, Hisq.,

with descriptions of some new species,’ 38rd_ series,

vol. ii., p. 209. These appear to have been entirely

overlooked by the majority of continental entomologists ;

even Dr. Staudinger did not know of them until a very

few years ago. Mr. Stainton’s paper, being easy of

access, will only be referred to occasionally, as we come

to the insects therein described; but Mr. Wollaston’s

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—PaRT II. (JUNE.) P2

198 Mr. G. T. Baker’s notes on

paper, though of equal accessibility, consists almost

entirely of short Latin descriptions of the various

Species mentioned (as its title implies), and I therefore

propose to transcribe these, and add thereto another

careful description in English, where possible, from his

types, but otherwise from specimens in my possession.

It will be seen from what follows that there is a

tendency to considerable variation among the individual

species, generally in the direction of melanism. Various

theories have been broached to account for melanic

variation, but in this instance temperature, 7. e., lowness

of temperature, cannot be the cause; the probability is

that humidity of climate (another of the more recent

propositions) may have been a potent factor therein.

Passing on now to catalogue the collection, and

following the general order of Staudingeyr’s list, the first

insect is

Pieris brassice var. Wollastoni.

Of this insect there is a considerable series, which, I

think, will prove it worthy of its varietal name. It is,

moreover, an interesting instance of insular deviation

from the original type. In the deepening and enlarge-

ment of the black spots on the fore wings it forms a

transition between brassice and the Canary form

cheiranthit, whilst in the greener colour of the under

surface of the hind wings it recedes in the contrary

direction. The upper side of the ¢ is practically indis-

tinguishable from brassice, but on the under side the

two black spots are larger and often connected by a

dark scaling, making them almost appear to be one

large patch. There is, however, a greater difference in

hind wings and the apical area, which in brassice are of

a yellowish grey hue, whilst in this variety the colour is

greenish grey, the distinction being caused to some

extent by the darker grey irrorations of v. Wollastonv.

From cheiranthi the Madeira form differs also chiefly on _

the under surface, the former of which can be recog-

nised at once by the broad black band of the upper

wings (formed by the coalescence of the two black

spots), and also by the deep yellowish buff of the

secondaries.

The @ sex from Madeira shows some little variation.

All are much darker than the parent species, but none

Lepidoptera collected in Madeira. 199

so dark as the Canary form. Nevertheless, the darker

forms approach cheiranthi more nearly than the paler

ones do brassice. The two spots on the fore wings are

quite twice as large as in the latter, each being extended

over the two veins and joined together in the centre by

a black dusting; the black dash on the inner margin is

likewise larger, and joined to the lower spot. They

never, however, form the broad band, which makes

chetranthi so conspicuous and handsome an insect. The

dark apical area is usually as large and as dark as in

that species. The yellowish hue of the secondaries

not infrequently extends to the fore wings also, a

circumstance I have never noticed in the Canary form.

The colour of the hind wings is occasionally quite as

deep as the paler specimens of cheiranthi, but, as a rule,

they (the hind wings) are paler, and the black marginal

spot is never as large. On the under surface the spots

are always decidedly larger than in brassice, but never

joined, i. ¢., in the fifty specimens before me, as they are

in cheiranthi, whilst the colour of the apical area and

secondaries is always greener and greyer than in our

common species, thus deviating in exactly the opposite

direction from cheiranthi, which is usually of such a

handsome deep yellowish buff. It is clear from the

foregoing that we have here a distinct transitional form

from brassice to cheiranthi, without having to go so far

as India for it. I may mention also that my largest

Madeira specimens are not so large as the smallest

Canary one I have.

Colias edusa, F., and var. helice, Hb.

Common, and similar to the Huropean form, some

being, however, unusually large.

Rhodocera cleopatra var. maderensis, Feld. (Pl. XII.,

figs. 1, 1a).

This also is common in Madeira, and is interesting,

inasmuch as it forms a connecting link between the

ordinary Mediterranean form and that found in the

Canaries, viz., cleobule, Hb. The Madeira g¢ specimens

have the whole of the fore wings deep reddish orange

colour, with only the narrowest border of yellow at the

apex and hind margin, and the hind wings are also of a

somewhat deeper hue. The under surface is likewise of

200 Mr. G. T. Baker’s notes on

a deeper and more uniform yellow, whilst the central

spots are much darker; there are also present, about

midway between them and the posterior margin, a row

of small dark dots, extending half across the fore wing

from the costa, and all round the hind wing.

In the @ the difference is less marked, the colour

being slightly deeper than in the ordinary form, this

being more apparent in the secondaries; the central

spots are also decidedly larger and brighter, whilst the

extreme margins, both costal and posterior, are finely

edged with deep orange. The same differences apply as

to the under surface, and there are also generally

present the rows of small dark spots, already mentioned

in the 3.

The Canary form of both sexes is deeper in colour,

and the orange extends right fully up to the posterior

margin.

Polyonmatus phleas, L.

Common. The usual form of this species is very

dark, both the wings being suffused all over with very

dark scales. I have one or two paler specimens, but

they are evidently rare, the ordinary ones being certainly

darker than v. eleus. I have before me specimens from

almost every country where it obtains, but, with the

single exception of one extraordinary and almost black

eleus from Broussa (Asia Minor), none are as dark as the

Madeira insects.

Lycena betica, L.

Common, and does not differ from the usual Huropean

type.

Vanessa atalanta, L.*

I have but three specimens labelled, by Mr. Wollaston,

‘the Mount,” showing that it and callirhoé inhabit pre-

cisely the same area. ‘These three do not deviate from

the ordinary form.

Vanessa callirhoé, F.

Mrs. Wollaston tells me that this is abundant at low

and intermediate elevations. All the specimens before

me are smaller and darker than my Amoor examples ;

the white spots are much smaller, and all the coloured

Lepidoptera collected in Madeira. 201

markings reduced somewhat. Mr. Wollaston says,

“Porto Santo specimens are permanently smaller than

‘in Madeira proper ”’ (‘ Variation of Species,’ p. 74).

Mr. Leech tells me that Canary specimens are quite

as large as those from the Hast.

Herr 8. Alpheraky writes, in vol. v. of ‘ Romanoff’s

Memoires,’ p. 218, ‘“‘In spite of the opinion of lepi-

dopterists, I cannot recognise in this species anything

else than a variety of our European atalanta;” and he

goes on to base his arguments mainly on the fact that

Mr. J. H. Leech reared five atalanta out of several

hundred larve supposed to be callirhoé. This really

proves nothing at all, for, as Mr. Leech tells me, he

made no special notes on the larve, and did not take a

description of them, so that out of the great quantity he

had nothing is more probable than that the five were

overlooked, especially as then he was not particularly

interested in the species. The much more probable

solution of the fact of the two species being found

together, in both the Madeiras and Canaries, is (as

Mr. Leech has suggested) that callirhoé is the indigenous

species, and that atalanta has been recently introduced.

This solution is also strengthened by the fact that the

latter is a very much scarcer species, whilst the former

is abundant in both groups of islands.

Dr. Christ, in a paper on the ‘‘ Insects of Teneriffe”

(Mitth. d. Schweizer Ent. Soc., vol. 6, p. 340), says that

callirhoé holds the same relation to atalanta that

cheirantht does to brassice. This, certainly, is not the

case in Madeira, if it is in Teneriffe, for both the former

species are found flying together in Madeira, whereas

only Wollastoni (the Madeiran form of brassice) is found

there, for, out of all the specimens of this insect before

me, there is certainly not one true brassice. Tvidently,

therefore, the two cases are not analogous in this

instance. ;

Vanessa cardut, L.

Similar to the ordinary type, but perhaps somewhat

paler ; common, as usual.

Argynnis lathonia, L.

Abundant, and of the usual form.

202 Mr. G. T. Baker’s notes on

Satyrus semele v. maderensis. (Pl. XII., figs. 2, 2a).

The form of this species is, I consider, quite sufficiently

modified to warrant a varietal name. It is so very

uniform in coloration and so much darker than the

usual type, and is so thoroughly constant, that Mr.

Wollaston himself considered it to be ‘‘a fixed geogra-

phical modification” (‘ Variation of Species,’ p. 34).

The whole of the upper surface is uniform dark brown

(darker than any semele I have ever seen), and without

the dusky transverse band near the margin of the fore

wings, though very occasionally there is the slightest

trace just visible. The two black spots near the hind

margin of the primaries are present as usual, and are

sometimes pupilled with white. In the secondaries there

is generally a trace of the transverse band, and near the

anal angle there is a black spot encircled with tawny

and pupilled with white. On the under surface there is

no difference in the pattern of markings, but the marbling

of the hind wings is darker and richer in colour, and the

whitish band is broader and whiter, whilst the brown

posterior margin of the fore wings is broader and darker,

extending between the spots.

In the 2 the colour is likewise darker, the pupilled

spots are present as usual in the primaries, but the

tawny encircling of the apical spot is smaller and duller,

being reduced to a short dash on each side, whilst the

surrounding tawny patch of the lower spot is quite

dusky, and decidedly smaller than in the ordinary form.

The secondaries are also rather darker and duller, the

tawny band, being replaced by the whitish band of the

under side, showing through; the ocellated spot near the

anal angle is present as usual. The under side is darker

in every particular, and the dark posterior margin is

much broader, and extends as a patch between the two

black spots.

I have been unable to trace any record of this insect

from the Canaries or other Atlantic islands.

Pararge xiphia, F.

Mrs. Wollaston says this is one of the commonest

species in Madeira at intermediate elevations, and

wasted examples may be found throughout the winter,

Lepidoptera collected in Madeira. 208

especially in the district above Funchal, called ‘the

Mount.” It was described by Fabricius in 1775 from

Madeiran specimens.

Xiphia is now so well known that it is quite unnecessary

to redescribe it. There is no doubt in my own mind that it

should retain its specific rank, but the present seems to

be a good opportunity of settling the position of var.

xiphioides, which insect is certainly a form of e@geria,

and not of xiphia.

The whole of the markings of e@geria are carefully

reproduced in var. xiphioides, the difference being that

the Canary form is much darker and richer in colours

in all respects, and that the spots are somewhat reduced

in size. If in our own common form of e@geria (egerides

of Staudinger’s Catalogue) the olivaceous brown was

replaced by a deep rich umber and the pale spots altered

to a pale sienna, we should have var. xiphioides exactly,

only perhaps a trifle smaller than the average size of the

Canary insect. The same remarks apply to the under

side, the only difference being great intensification and

richness in colour. i

Between the Madeiran xiphia and these two insects

there appear to me to be constant differences. The two

spots in the median portion of the wing are quite want-

ing in the former; the whole of the posterior margin is

entirely dark, there being no pale border or pale spot

therein ; and the streak or short dash on the secondaries

within the ocellated row is much increased in size, often

extending three-quarters across the wing. Furthermore,

the g is adorned with a patch of long downy scales in

the primaries, extending all over the discal cell, smoothed

down from the costal towards the inner margin, and

terminating in a blackish line just below the said cell.

The under side is rather variable as to the hind wings,

the general hue being much richer, with an absence of

markings (a sort of obsoletion) and uniformity of colour ;

this, however, is sometimes varied by great contrast,

from rich red-brown to grey and white, this being caused

by the great intensification of the hue of the usual

pattern. Added to this, the Madeiran species is

uniformly much larger than either e@geria or var.

xiphioides; the smallest xiphia is decidedly larger than

the largest var. xiphioides I have ever seen, whilst the

latter is larger than the common European species. In

204 Mr. G. T. Baker’s notes on

xiphia, again, the ground colour is darker and richer

than in either of the other insects, and the spots are

more reduced even than in the Canary form, and are

also often much obscured.

Out of thirty-five xiphia before me, the average size

is g 49, 2 58 mm. The largest 9 is 50 mm., whilst

my two largest ? measure 64 mm., and the smallest ¢ is

47 mm. bare, but this is evidently an abnormally small

specimen ; whereas the largest 2 var. xiphioides is 45

mm., i.¢., two millemetres smaller than the unusually

small Madeira 3.

Acherontia atropos, L.

Differs in no respect from the usual type.

Sphinx convolvulr, L.

Common in Madeira, but does not differ at all ae

either my British or European specimens. There are

none of Dr. Christ’s variety batate among those

before me.

Deilephila titymali, B.?

One specimen ; too worn to identify with certainty.

Deilephila lathyrus ?

Two specimens, which are very much nearer this Indian

species than any other. They certainly are not titymali,

whose wings are a different shape; and being so very

close indeed to lathyrus, I deem it wiser to place them

under this insect.

Deilephila livornica, Esp.

Similar to the usual type.

Macroglossa stellatarum, L.

Common. Similar to the European insect, but

perhaps a little darker in colouring.

Deiopera pulchella, L.

The only specimen taken has the fore wings very

much less spotted than usual.

Lepidoptera collected in Madeira. 205

Bryoplila maderensis, n. sp.

Primaries uniformly dark grey. The dark central area is en-

closed on the basal side by a pale grey wavy, almost perpendicular,

stripe, and on the posterior side by a very frequently and sharply

toothed black line, edged on the outer margin with whitish,

which line recedes well back between the median and submedian

veins, but advances again from the latter to the inner margin;

this line is occasionally somewhat indistinct, so as to almost make

the whole of the hind three-fourths of the wing look uniform dark

grey. The reniform stigma is more distinct than usual, being

defined by a fine black margin immediately above it. The costa

has two whitish spots; the extreme posterior margin is rather

paler than the central area, with a somewhat roughly spotted

appearance. The fringes are grey, with the usual dark dividing

line strongly scalloped. Secondaries uniform dark brownish grey ;

fringes paler grey, with a dark dividing line. Thorax and

abdomen same hue as the primaries and secondaries, respectively.

Al. ex., 28—29 mm.

This species does not come very near any Huropean

species, but approaches closest to alg@, but may be at

once separated from it by the absence of any green

tinge, by its uniform dark grey hue, and by the dark

central area being bordered on its basal margin by a

whitish grey band, and by the serrated line on its

posterior margin. Not uncommon in Madeira.

Agrotis (Tryphena) pronuba, L.

Abundant in Madeira, and variable as usual.

Agrotis saucia, Hb.

Abundant, and similar to British examples in all

respects.

Agrotis segetum, Schiff.

Bay common around Funchal, and variable as

usual.

Mamestra (Hecatera) madera, n.sp. (Pl. XIL., fig. 3).

Primaries rather dark ash-grey; orbicular and reniform stigma

very distinct, and encircled with a black line. Of the toothed

transverse lines, the first, by the base, is pale, edged on each side

206 Mr. G. T. Baker’s notes on

with black, extending from the costa to the lower median vein ;

the second, before the orbicular stigma, likewise paler grey, and

margined on each side with a black line, extends all across the

wing; the third is a single fine black line all across the wing, and

cutting the base of the reniform stigma; the fourth curved and

very frequently toothed line, is just beyond that stigma, and is

edged posteriorly with pale grey; the subterminal line is paler and

edged interiorly with dark grey, and is somewhat interrupted.

The ground colour is paler grey from the fourth line to the hind

margin, which margin is darkly dotted. Beneath the orbicular

stigma is an oval pale spot, encircled finely with black. The costa

has a pale spot over the reniform stigma. Secondaries pale grey,

with a broad dark posterior border edged anteriorly by a light

hue, which is again margined by a dusky line. Fringes of

primaries grey, the outer half is tessellated with white. Fringes

of secondaries grey, with paler extremities. Head and thorax pale

grey; abdomen somewhat darker. Al. ex., 34 mm.

One specimen only in the National Collection.

This insect is nearest Hillii (Grote), but can be

recognised by its uniformly much darker colour, and it

has no pale blotch on the inner margin at the anal

angle.

It is readily distinguishable from serena by its much

more uniform and dark colour, and by the absence of

any pale patch by the basal and posterior part of the

wings.

Epunda albostigmata, n. sp.

Primaries brownish grey, with a short black dash from the base;

between the base and the discal cell the central area is decidedly

darker than the rest of the wing; the orbicular stigma is white

and v-shaped; the reniform stigma is grey, broadly encircled with

white; on the costa, between this and the apex, are three small

whitish dots, a submarginal row of pale grey spots extends from

the apex to the inner angle. The scalloped hind margin is faintly

edged with black. Fringes pale yellowish, with a dark margin.

Secondaries grey, dusted with brownish, and having a line of

darker shading beyond the centre, with the blackish central spot

of the under side showing through. Fringes as in primaries.

Antenne pectinated. Al. ex., 46 mm.

I have but one specimen of this insect, labelled ‘‘ San.

Antonio de Serra,” which is about 2000 feet. It is

nearest H. mamestrina, Butl., but differs in that the

Lepidoptera collected in Madeira. 207

general hue is browner, whilst the orbicular stigma is

white ; moreover the dark central area is more restricted

and defined, being roughly triangular in shape. The

secondaries are also browner, and have a dark transverse

line beyond the centre; whilst the antenne are pecti-

nated like Grotei, and not pubescent like mamestrina.

Its correct position will be between these two species.

Hadena atlanticum, n. sp.

Primaries reddish brown, with a short distinct basal black dash

forked from its centre, just beyond which is a small indistinet

dusky patch on the inner margin; orbicular stigma encircled by a

fine black line; reniform darker than the ground colour on its

inner margin, then somewhat paler, the posterior margin being

edged with whitish; between these two stigmas the ground colour

deepens in its tone. The blackish and sharply dentated line, just

beyond the reniform stigma, has scarcely a trace of the lighter

edging so often seen in adusta. The reddish yellow subterminal

line is very much interrupted, and almost resolves itself into a row

of buff spots, and it lacks the preceding row of dark spots usual in

the aforesaid species; the posterior margin is finely scalloped with

blackish. Fringes paler than ground colour, with a dark dividing

line. Secondaries brown, darker around the posterior margin.

Antenne pectinated in both sexes. Al. ex., f 48, 2? 45 mm.

From adusta (its near ally) it can be separated by its

more uniform and altogether redder appearance, by its

uniform brown hind wings, and by its pectinated

antenne.

I have a s and 2, bearing the labels in Mr.

Wollaston’s writing, ‘“‘ The Mount” and ‘San. Antonio

de Serra,” respectively, both of which are stations of

about 2000 feet, or somewhat more.

Eriopus Latreillei, Dup.

Of this insect I have seven specimens, all of which

agree inter se, and they are a beautiful form of the

ordinary type. Instead of being of the usual colour,

they are all suffused with a very pretty rosy tinge, more

especially over the hinder half of the wing; the markings

are also of a deeper and richer colour, the two thus com-

bining to make a very pretty insect out of a rather dull

one. The rosy tinge also extends to over the hairy tufts

of the fore legs, over the outer portion of the under

208 Mr. G. T. Baker’s notes on

surface of the hind wings, and to a less extent over the

under surface of the primaries. -

Prodenia littoralis.

Common, but similar to the usual form.

Phlogophora periculosa and var. brunnea.

This very variable North American insect is not un-

common, and varies in like manner to the American

specimens; there are two of the dark variety brunnea.

Phlogophora Wollastoni, n. sp.

Primaries brownish pink, with the posterior margin darkly and

broadly edged, the apical half of which is dusted with fine lustrous

greyish scales, as also is the costa from the upper part of the discal

cell. The orbicular and reniform stigma are of the same some-

what greyish colour; in the middle of the posterior half of the

latter is an ochreous patch ; from the lower edge of this stigma, and,

as it were, continuing the oblique posterior margin thereof, is a

broadish stripe of dark reddish grey extending to the inner mar-

gin; beyond this are three indistinct spotted fine lines of greyish

shading, the first of which is only visible for its lower half, the

second extends obliquely from near the apex to the inner margin ;

these are followed by a paler stripe of the ground colour, which has

a double border of reddish brown and pale ochreous, which ochreous

line touches the lustrous grey marginal edge. About midway

between the base and the orbicular stigma is a grey transverse line

extending from the costa to the inner margin. Fringes brownish

pink, with a pale edging, and scalloped as usual, but not hollowed

out internally by the anal angle. Secondaries pinkish grey, with

a narrow greyish margin, followed by a broad band of paler pinkish

to near the centre, from whence the colour becomes greyer to the

inner margin. The upper margin is pale ochreous for its first two-

thirds, beyond which it assumes a pinkish hue. Thorax and abdo-

men as primaries and secondaries respectively. Antenne slightly

pubescent.

This very pretty insect approaches nearest to periculosa,

but can be at once separated by its very uniform pinkish

hue, and by the entire absence of any darker central

area.

Only one fine specimen was taken at S. Antonio de

Serra, which measures nearly 50 mm.

Lepidoptera collected in Madeira. 209

Nyssocnemis dubiosa, n. sp.

Primaries umber-brown, with the central area enclosed by the

inner line and elbowed line of a deeper velvety brown. ‘The

orbicular and reniform stigmas of the usual Phlogophora shape,

the former being of the same hue as the ground colour, as also the

latter, but this is in another specimen of a pale ochreous; the half

line at the base of the wings is fairly distinct, and so is the sub-

terminal line, which is sharply dentate. Costa with three small

pale ochreous dots between the reniform stigma and the apex.

Fringes same hue as primaries, with a darker central shading.

Secondaries brownish grey, somewhat paler towards the base, with

paler fringes, which are scalloped, as is also the posterior margin.

Thorax and abdomen asfore and hind wings respectively. Antenne

pectinated. Alar expanse, 389 to 41 mm.

I have been a little doubtful where to place this

species. The genus Nyssocnemis has the antenne almost

ciliate, but in duwbiosa they are merely pectinate ; in every

other feature, however, it is so close an ally to obesa,

that I think there is no doubt that it should be placed

in the same genus with that insect, from which it may

be recognised by the antenne, as just mentioned, and

by its rather smaller size. In my insect the orbicular

stigma is very distinct, but very indistinct in obesa; the

secondaries are also darker and more uniform than in

that species, which has them of a pale yellowish grey

hue, with a broad dark posterior margin.

Nonagria sacchari, Woll. (Pl. XIL., fig. 4).

** Alis anticis lutareis, puncto nigro plice ante medium, altero

disci in medio, serie curvata punctorum nigrorum pone medium,

linea transversa nigra fere ad marginem postremum ; alis posticis

“a

albidis immaculatis. Exp. alar. 174 lin.’ *

Primaries uniform brownish grey, with a small black dot before

the centre just beneath the discal cell, and generally another

indistinct one about the centre, which, however, is not quite con-

stant; between this and the posterior is a curved row of small

black dots, and close to the hind margin, but not absolutely on its

edge, is a line of black composed of small dots. Fringes pale

brownish grey. Secondaries whitish, tinged with grey. g antenne

* ¢Annals & Mag. of Nat. History’ (1858), 38rd Series, vol. i.,

pp. 117, 118.

210 Mr. G. T. Baker’s notes on

slightly pectinate, 2 pubescent. Thorax and abdomen same as

primaries. Alar. ex. about 37 mm. g, 42 9°.

In the same paper from which this is transcribed, Mr.

Wollaston writes :—‘‘ Inhabits Madeira proper, and has

probably been imported into the island, being extremely

destructive to sugar-canes. The caterpillar, which may

be taken during the summer months, lives in the interior

of the stem, where it does incalculable damage to the

cane, more or less spoiling the entire crop. I am

indebted for an excellent specimen of the imago to

C. Bewicke, Esq., who reared several of them in

Funchal during the autumn of 1855, and who communi-

cated to me some interesting observations concerning

the habits of the insect. It appears totally distinct

from the Diatrea sacchari of the Rev. Lansdown Guilding

(Trans. of the Soe. of Arts, vol. xlvi., p. 148, a.p. 1828) ;

as also from the Proceras sacchariphagus, Bojer (de-

scribed in the ‘Report of the Committee on the Cane-

borer,’ and published at the Mauritius), which belongs

to an altogether different family, the Pyralide ; as well

as from the Noctua sacchari of the ‘ Papillons de Suri-

nam’ (pp. 185, 136, pl. 64, a.p. 1848).”

Leucania extranea, Gn.

Abundant; most of the specimens are labelled San.

Antonio de Serra, which shows that it is common at an

elevation of at least 2000 ft.

Caradrina quadripunctata, Fab. (cubicularis).

Two specimens, one of which is labelled Funchal.

Caradrina exigua, Hb.

One fine specimen in the National Collection, taken by

Mr. Wollaston.

2 Calymnia ferruginea, Walker.

This species was described by Walker under the genus

Hydrelia from a single insect, with the label, “This

species has been taken by W. D. Crotch, Esq., in

Teneriffe.” I have before me seven specimens from

Madeira, which show that it cannot belong to that genus.

It appears to me to be nearer Cosmia, and, after care-

Lepidoptera collected in Madeira. 211

fully comparing its characteristics, I have come to the

conclusion that its best resting place will be in Hubner’s

genus Calymnia, in which I therefore place it with a (?).

Cucullia chamomille, Schiff. j

One specimen, which does not differ from our own

specimens.

Plusia aurifera, Hb.

Fairly common.

Plusia chalcitis, Kisp.

Common at low and intermediate elevations.

Plusia gamma, L.

This ubiquitous insect is not uncommon, and presents

no points of difference from the ordinary type.

Plusia circumflexa, L.

Very common ; two of the specimens are labelled by

Mr. Wollaston “ Funchal,” but it is improbable that it

is confined only to this low elevation. Some of the

series are very richly and beautifully coloured.

Heliothis peltiger, Schiff.

- One specimen in the National Collection from Mr.

Wollaston.

Heliothis armiger, H.-S.

Three specimens without a precise locality.

Acontia lucida, Hufn.

Two specimens, rather darker than usual, from Madeira

and Porto Santo.

Thalpochares ostrina, Hb., and var. estivalis, Gn.

The two specimens of the former are richly coloured ;

the second generation presents no difference whatever

from Algerian specimens.

TRANS. ENT. 80C. LOND. 1891.—PaRT II. (JUNE.) Q

212 . Mr. G. T. Baker’s notes on

Spintherops dilucida, Hb.

There is one specimen of this insect in the National

Collection, taken by Mr. Wollaston, which is very much

paler than any of my specimens from the South of

France.

Hypena lividalis, Hb.

There is one specimen of this insect which does not

differ from the ordinary type.

Hypena obsitalis, Hb.

Very common, and, as usual, very variable, many of

the specimens being almost black.

Hypenodes costestrigalis, Steph.

Not uncommon, and somewhat darker than the ordi-

nary form, one specimen being very dark indeed.

Nemoria nubigena, Woll. (Hemithea nubigena, Woll.).

‘‘Alis viridibus, striga posteriore alba communi subindistincta

ornatis, costa alarum anteriorum albido-ochracea. Exp. alar.

Qu lina? 45

The ground colour of both primaries and secondaries is emerald-

green; the posterior stripe extends all through both wings, and is

white. In some specimens this stripe is fairly broad, but it varies

considerably, and in other examples simply consists of an in-

distinct row of dots. The costa in fresh specimens is pinkish, but

becomes ochreous by wear and exposure. The fringes are white,

tipped (in a freshly-emerged insect) with pinkish. Abdomen and

thorax green. Antenne ochreous, ciliate in g, simple in 9.

Exp. alar. 19 to 22 mm.

In the same work that I have already quoted from,

and on the same page, Mr. Wollaston says :—‘‘ Inhabits

Madeira proper, occurring among the heath-woods of the

loftiest elevations. Whilst encamped on the extreme

summit of the Pico Ruivo (upwards of 6000 ft. above the

sea), early in August, 1850, it flew into my tent in great

abundance, attracted by the light of the candle, after

sunset.”

* «Annals & Mag. of Nat. History’ (1858), 3rd Series, vol. i.,

p- 118.

Lepidoptera collected in Madeira. 213

Acidalia madere, n. sp.

Both primaries and secondaries are of the same hue, and have

the same markings carried through them. The colour is ochreous

grey, without any markings before the dark central spot; behind

this is a fairly distinct but ill-defined darkish broad transverse

stripe, beyond which is an oblique wavy greyish line; midway

between this and the posterior margin is the broader subterminal

greyish line. The margin itself is very finely and darkly edged,

and is very slightly scalloped. Fringes same hue as wings.

Antenne slightly pubescent. Exp. alar. 23 mm.

I have two females from Madeira proper.

Acidalia dimidiata, Hufn. (scutulata, W. V.).

Common and very variable. Ihave but one specimen

of the type we usually find in England; there are, how-

ever, several somewhat similar in general tone, but they

have a very broad blackish band all across the centre of

the primaries, and extending in like manner through

the secondaries. Another very prevalent (in fact, the

commonest) form is much darker than usual, and also

larger, and of the ordinary pattern, with the addition of

an indistinct band across the central area.

Acidalia atlantica, Stainton, (non atlantica, Walker).

‘ Walker’s name atlantica must nowsink as a synonym

of A. separata, Walk. Mr. Warren, who has recently

gone through the Geometre in the National Collection,

considers Acidalia separata, Walker, and atlantica,

Walker, both from St. Helena, in the Wollaston cabinet,

to be one and the same species, in which opinion I have

not any doubt that he is correct, for it would be im-

possible to separate some of the specimens, and the

main markings are all identical. Walker’s name

atlantica, therefore, sinks as a synonym of separata,

whilst Stainton’s name for the Madeira species remains

good.”

This species was described by Mr. Stainton in the

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd series, vol. ii. (1859),

p. 210, where he says :—‘“‘ Allied to Acidalia virgularia,

but paler and neater; the three lines parallel, and dis-

tinctly angulated towards the costa; the discoidal spot

Q 2

214 Mr. G. T. Baker’s notes on

placed on the central line, and the hind margin of the

hind wings more dentated, the hind tibie of the male

are incrassated, with no spurs, and the tarsi almost

obsolete; the hind tibia of the female have one pair of

spurs. Inhabits Deserta Grande.” I have a few speci-

mens from Madeira, evidently referable to this insect ;

they are, however, in addition to the distinctions drawn

by Mr. Stainton, certainly smaller than virgularia.

Acidalia unostrigata, n. sp.

Primaries and secondaries uniform pale ochreous, with the

usual dark central spot, behind which, but adjoining, is a broad

dark grey transverse band extending from the costa to the inner

margin, and continued all through the secondaries, but on the

other side of the central spot, 2. e., between it and the base. There

are no other markings at all, except the least trace of a row of

very minute dark spots between this and the posterior margin of

the primaries. At the extremities of each of the nervules the hind

margin is finely and darkly dotted. Fringes rather paler than fore

wings. Exp. alar. 22 mm.

One specimen from Madeira appears to be nearest the

black-banded form of dimidiata, but it can be at once

distinguished by the uniform ochreous colour, with no

other markings save the dark band. The wings are

likewise of a different shape, being narrower and less

ample, whilst the costa and hind margin is straighter,

thus making the apex sharper.

Acidalia zargi, n. sp.

Primaries pale ochreous, the basal area, extending half-way to

the central spot, being of a rather pale chocolate colour; the pos-

terior margin is very broadly bordered with the same chocolate

hue, in the centre of which is a waved ochreous interrupted line.

The space between these two areas is ochreous, dusted more or

less all over, but especially in the centre (where it almost forms a

transverse stripe), with fine pinkish rusty scales. The secondaries

are likewise pale ochreous, finely dusted with the same coloured

scales, which are somewhat condensed around the central spot so

as to form a trace of a transverse stripe; otherwise there is no

marking until the posterior margin, which is like the fore wings,

but rather paler, viz., pale chocolate, with a distinct wavy ochreous

submarginal line, preceded, however, by another indistinct ochreous

Lepidoptera collected in Madeira. 215

line just within the chocolate border. Fringes paler chocolate.

Exp. alar. 27 mm.

This is a very pretty insect indeed, and it is to be

regretted that but one ? was taken in Madeira. It is

like no Kuropean Acidalia known to me.

AcidaliaWollaston, n. sp.

All the wings are uniform dull magenta, slightly deeper in hue

by the posterior margin, with a very small central white spot in

each. Between this spot and the base there is a faint trace of a

jagged transverse buff-coloured line, which line on the secondaries

extends from the discal cell to the inner margin. The pinkish ochre

subterminal line is very distinct in both the wings, extending to

its fullest limit in each. Fringes magenta, with pinkish ochre

extremities. Thorax and abdomen as primaries. Exp. alar.

26 mm.

Of this beautiful Acidalia there is but one specimen

from Madeira.

Acidalia wrrorata, n. sp.

Primaries and secondaries pale ochreous grey, finely and plenti-

fully sprinkled all over with minute dull reddish irrorations. There

is scarcely a trace of the first line; the grey spots are fairly distinct,

as is also the ill-defined central grey transverse band. The scalloped

grey subterminal line is also fairly distinct. All the markings of

the primaries apply in like manner to the secondaries. The

posterior margin is darkly bordered. Fringes ochreous. Antenne

oS pectinate. Exp. alar. 26 mm.

One ¢ from Madeira.

Zonosoma (Ephyra) pupillaria, Hb.

I have several of this species, all of which differ from

the ordinary type, and are a very pretty form. Both

wings are of a pale buff, slightly freckled more or less

all over with pink. The central spots white, encircled

with pink. The subterminal line is represented by a

curved row of pinkish dots. In the ¢ the colour is

similar to the ¢, but both the first and subterminal lines

are represented by a curved row of dark grey spots finely

encircled with pinkish, and the central band is dark grey,

indistinctly edged with a few pinkish scales.

216 Mr. G. T. Baker's notes on

Zonosoma (Ephyra) maderensis, n. sp. (Pl. XIL., fig. 5,

banded form).

Primaries ochre-colour, finely and densely irrorated with rough

pinkish scales, more especially by the posterior margin. The

central waved band just beyond the spot is of a greyish hue. The

subterminal line is distinct and of paler ochre; posterior margin

finely and darkly dotted. Central spot whitish, encircled with

reddish brown. The secondaries are likewise ochreous, with all

the pattern of the primaries repeated, but the subterminal line is

broader than therein. Thorax and abdomen same hue as wings.

Antenne ¢ ciliate, 2 simple. The @? is similar tothe gf. Exp.

alar. 26 mm.

This is evidently a common species in Madeira, and,

like many others found in the island, it varies con-

siderably. I have specimens almost unicolorous, with

scarcely a trace of any markings except the central spot,

whilst there are others which are very broadly and darkly

banded; one of the handsomest of these will be found

figured. Again, I have one or two almost unicolorous

fawn-colour, with a single dark grey waved central stripe

just beyond the central spot. Mr. Wollaston says of

the larva :—‘‘A small green caterpillar with brightly

variegated patches on either side. Chrysalis bright pale

green, fixed by the tail and slung up horizontally with a

single thread. Feeds on Hudson’s oak.”

Hemerophila madere, n. sp. (Pl. XIL., fig. 6).

The primaries and secondaries vary from dull umber-brown to a

reddish umber. The first and second oblique somewhat parallel

lines are dark brown, both arising from the inner margin, the

former near the base, and extending indistinctly half across the

cell, the latter starting beyond the centre, and extending almost

up to the apex. At the tip of the discal cell is a smallish dark spot.

The whole of the wing is scaled with darker brown irrorations.

The pattern of the secondaries is similar to the primaries, but

minus the first line; the ground colour is at times slightly paler,

and is thickly covered with dark brown scales taking the shape of

short dashes. Thorax, abdomen, and fringes as wings. Antenne

plumose. Exp. alar. 43 to 44 mm.

The @ is very pale ochreous grey, with the first and second line

as in the g', but blackish; the central spot is larger. There is also

a blackish shading at the tip of the second line just below the apex

of wing, which follows for a short distance the course of the afore-

mentioned black line. Secondaries slightly deeper in hue than

Lepidoptera collected in Madeira. 217

primaries, with the second line blackish and rather broad, and with

a slight dark dusting between it and the margin; the first line is

likewise distinct and black, whilst the base of the thorax is also

black ; so that, when the wings are expanded, the first line assumes

the form of the crescent. The dark scales on the secondaries are

much fewer than in the g, and are dark greyish. Antenne slightly

pubescent. Exp. alar. 37 to 40 mm.

There is one very fine variety of this insect in which

the whole of the space from the first to considerably

beyond the second line, and extending right up to the

margin below the apex, is of a very dark and rich

umber-brown ; and in the secondaries this colour extends

from the base of the wings to near the posterior margin,

whilst the ground colour is of a more yellowish tint than

usual. This insect does not appear to be very near any

other species of the genus, but the very different and

pale ? will serve to distinguish it from its allies.

The figure of this fine insect is rather more highly

coloured than my specimens, or than those in the

National Collection, but this may arise through them

being somewhat faded.

Boarmia Wollastoni, n. sp. (Pl. XII., fig. 7).

Primaries rather dark brownish grey; the first transverse line

blackish, closely followed by a second, both being waved and

toothed ; at the end of the discal cell is a reniform-shaped patch of

raised paler scales, edged with black, from whence to the inner

margin runs a black line, bluntly toothed near the centre ; beyond

this is a very frequently and sharply serrated curved transverse

black line, followed in its upper third by a row of dark dentations ;

beyond this is an indistinct waved stripe of paler ground colour,

succeeded by an indistinct interrupted scalloped line of whitish,

from which to the margin the ground colour is darker. The

extreme posterior margin is finely edged with black. The basal

and central areas, and also the margins of the transverse lines, are

sparingly scattered over with ochreous scales, which are likewise

present over the pale stripe beyond the serrated line, though

in a less degree. Fringes grey, intersected with darker grey.

Secondaries greyish brown, darker on the outer margin, with an

indistinct pale scalloped submarginal line, and a darker line beyond

the centre. Fringes greyish brown. Exp. alar. 38 to 40 mm.

The @ is very pale whitish grey, with all the marks repeated as

in the g, but in a darker shade of grey. The space between the

918 Mr. G. T. Baker’s notes on

two central toothed lines is dark grey for its lower half. Posterior

margin darkly dotted. Fringes whitish, with grey extremities and

intersections. Hind wings pale grey, marked asin g. Exp.alar.

about 46 mm.

Var. obscura.

Basal area almost black ; between the outer basal and the inner

central line is a broad band of greyish, over which a few dark

scales are scattered; beyond this the whole of the wing is sooty

black, with a small apical grey patch, and the pale scalloped

interrupted line fairly marked. Secondaries as in Wollastont.

Exp. alar. 40 mm.

The 2 of this variety copies its g precisely, but the colour,

instead of being sooty black, is dark dirty grey. Exp. alar. 43 to

44 mm.

This appears to be a constant form, being not im-

probably the second brood, and as such seems worthy of

a varietal name.

Mr. Wollaston describes the larva thus :— ‘‘ Cater-

pillar of a pale dirty yellowish buff, with a paler line

down the middle of the back, and very obsoletely freckled

(or rather pencilled) all over with indistinctly traceable

scroll-like markings. The legs and prolegs and the

sutures of the segments have a faint rosy tinge. Feeds

on common broom.”

Common at St. Antonio de Serra. This species is

extremely variable, some being of a palish uniform grey,

others almost all black; and, though there are not in

the series before me (88) connecting-links between them,

I entertain no doubt but that in a really large series

every transitional form could be traced.

Eubolia rupicola, Woll. (Pl. XII., fig. 8).

* Alis anticis fuscis, saturatiore lineatis, striga anteriore parum

angulata, striga posteriore (extus dentem emittente et albido-

marginata), punctis dilutis, maculisque duabus marginem posticum

versus nigro fuscis ornatis. Exp. alar. 16 lin,”*

Primaries umber-brown ; basal line darker, palely edged pos-

teriorly, with a very broad dark brown central space (in which are

several dark serrated lines), angulated exteriorly and margined

with whitish ; in the middle of this space is a paler fascia, with a

**Annals & Mag. of Nat. History’ (1858), 38rd Series, vol. i.,

p- 118.

Lepidoptera collected in Madeira. 219

dark spot in the upper part thereof. Between the basal line and

the dark central shade is another dark indistinct line. The sub-

margiral waved line is dark brown, and usually composed of small

scallops; between this and the posterior margin there is generally

a small dark clouding in the upper part of the wing. Fringes

brown. Secondaries paler brown, covered with most indistinct

wavy transverse lines, which are occasionally quite obsolete.

Antenne ¢ ciliate, 2 pubescent. Exp. alar. 34 to 36mm.

Like several other Madeiran insects, it varies a good

deal, the extreme in the one direction being very dark,

with the central shade almost black, whilst in the con-

trary direction the colour is paler than in the type, and

the central part of dark space becomes nearly quite

white. Another form has the central space broadly

edged with white posteriorly, whilst yet another is almost

uniform umber-brown, with nearly all the pattern

obliterated. This is evidently one of the commonest

insects in the island.

Mr. Wollaston, in the paper already referred to, says:

—‘ Inhabits Madeira proper, abounding at intermediate

elevations throughout the sylvan districts, and secreting

itself generally beneath the overhanging projections of

the rocks, which it more or less resembles in colour.”

Sterrha sacraria, L.

The one specimen taken near Funchal has the pink

band very broad, the costa near the base is margined

with pink, and there are a few pinkish scales in the

median portion of the wing; they are not, however, by

any means sufficient to call it v. sangwinaria.

Coremia centro-strigaria, Woll. (Genus Cidaria of

Staudinger’s Catalogue). (Pl. XIL., fig. 9).

* Alis anticis griseo-ochreis, basi ac area centrali rufescentibus,

hee fasciam nigram extus prope costam acute angulatam includens.

Exp. alar. 12 lin.”*

Primaries greyish ochre, with the basal and broad central areas

reddish, in the latter of which is a broadish transverse fascia of a

dark bluish grey colour, in the upper part whereof is the black

central spot; both these areas have several transverse darker wavy

lines, and the latter is edged on the outside with whitish, beyond

** Annals & Mag. of Nat. History’ (1858), 3rd Series, vol. i.,

p. 119. ,

920 Mr. G. T. Baker’s notes on

which is the subterminal scalloped line, followed by a darker

clouding of pale reddish up to the hind margin, in which (clouding)

is another short pale scalloped line. The same markings are

carried through the secondaries with the dark central fascia, and

the substitution of darker greyish for the reddish hue. ¢ 22,

Q@ 24 mm.

Mr. Wollaston says :—‘“‘ Inhabits Madeira proper, and

is allied to the C. ligustraria and ferrugaria of more

northern latitudes.”’

Cidaria fluviata.

A common species at low and intermediate elevations,

but offering nothing noteworthy, being quite similar to

those found in our own island.

Gymnoscelis insulariata, Stainton. (Genus Hupithecia,

Ster.).

Mr. Stainton says of this species (Ann. & Mag. Nat.

Hist., ser. 8, vol. iii., p. 209) :—‘‘ Allied to Hupithecia

pumilata, but central portion of the wing darker, the

second paler fascia more angulated and indented, and

especially distinguished by the reddish fascia on the

posterior wings and the reddish spots on the abdomen.

Inhabits Madeira proper, Porto Santo, Dezerta Grande,

&e.”

I have before me upwards of thirty of this insect,

and find these differences somewhat variable; it is

evidently common at low and intermediate elevations,

and seems so close an ally of pumilata that I think it is

most probably the Madeiran form of that species.

Gymnoscelis bicoloria, 1. sp.

Primaries silver-grey, with the dark grey basal area confined by

a darker curved line; beyond the centre there is another dark

transverse curved line, behind which the whole of the wing is

closely dusted with blackish scales, which extend over the said

line for its lower portion, and more than half across the inner

margin of the wing. There is the least trace of a pale subterminal

line close by the posterior margin. Fringes dark grey. Secondaries

likewise grey, with the posterior margin darkly dusted, in which

dusting there is an interrupted pale line. Fringes grey. Exp.

alar. 16 mm.

Lepidoptera collected in Madeira. 221

Of this well-marked species I have but one specimen,

which was taken high up about the fir-tree limit.

It may be worthy of remark that of the Hupithecie at

present known from these islands, both of the species

belong to the subgenus Gymnoscelis.

This completes my list of Macro-Lepidoptera (the

Tineine, &c., being as yet unnamed, will, I hope, be

catalogued in a later paper). There does not appear to

be anything to call for special remark beyond what has

already been done; there is, however, one point that

has struck me in looking over the collection. Besides

the tendency to great variation there is also a decided

tendency to assume a pink or reddish hue. In the South

and West African fauna I am informed that this tone of

colour is also prevalent, in which case it is interesting to

note that in these Atlantic islands we find the meeting-

place, if I may so call it, of the Palearctic, Ethiopian,

and Nearctic insect fauna; of course, the great majority

of insects belong to the former, to which region they

(the islands) undoubtedly belong, but the others are also

represented by a similarity in colour, or by the Lepi-

doptera themselves.

EXPLANATION oF Puate XII.

Fic. 1. Rhodocera cleopatra, v. maderensis, Feld.

la. 5 A 5 under surface.

2. Satyrus semele, v. maderensis, Baker.

20. ‘9 ss under surface.

3. Hecatera madere, Baker.

4. Nonagria sacchari, Woll.

5. Zonosoma maderensis, Baker (banded form).

6. Hemerophila madera, Baker.

7. Boarmia Wollaston, Baker (typical @).

8. Hubolia rupicola, Woll.

9. Coremia centro-strigaria, Woll.

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( 223 )

IX. Additions to the Carabideous fauna of Mexico, with

remarks on some of the species previously recorded.

By Henry Water Barus, F.B.S., F.L.8., &c.

[Read February 4th, 1891. |

Puates XIII. & XIV.

THE present paper is in continuation of that read last

year to the Society on the subject of the Cicindelide of

Mexico, and has the object of making known the addi-

tions to the Carabide of the Mexican fauna that have

been received by Messrs. Godman and Salvin, or have

otherwise come to our knowledge, since the publication

of vol. i., part 1, of the ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana,’

in 1884. In that work the number of species of Cara-

bide recorded from Mexico was 650. The additions in

the following pages bring the total up to 744, there being

93 species, of which 70 are described as new, and 23

new to Mexico, but previously described chiefly from

North America. Seven previously known genera,

Micrixys, Dercylus, Pangus, Cratacanthus, Agonoderus,

Pristodactyla, and Pogonus, and one new genus, Xeno-

dromius, are added to the Mexican list. Some notes are

added in elucidation of certain species included in the

original work in the ‘ Biologia,’ rendered necessary by

the results of the examination of much ampler material

than was formerly available. Precise localities are now

known for several species, which previously had been

recorded only as from ‘‘ Mexico.”

Calosoma viridisulcatum, Chaud.

Specimens of this species have been received from

Herr Hoge from Guadalajara.

Calosoma ampliator.

C. peregrinatori (Guér.) proxime affinis ; differt corpore breviori

et latiori precipue thorace valde transverso lateribusque rotundatis

nullo modo angulatis. Long. 21—27 millim.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—ParRT II. (JUNE.)

224 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

Hab. Villa Lerdo, in Durango; Guanajuato; Jalapa;

Chihuahua City; Nuevo Laredo, in Tamaulipas; Paso

del Norte, in Chihuahua (Hoge).

Distinctly shorter and broader than C. peregrinator ;

black, moderately shining, the triple row of small fovez

and the margins of the elytra, in fresh examples,

metallic-green. The head is finely punctured, the fore-

head also coriaceous ; the mandibles densely rugose and

punctured ; the tooth of the mentum narrower and more

deflected than in C. peregrinator and the allied species,

so that it is often invisible, without dissecting the mouth.

The thorax is transverse-ovate, the sides strongly

rounded, widest near the middle ; the hind angles as in

C. peregrinator, rauch deflected ; the thickened margin

much lowered and thinner at the extreme apex, which

is moderately acute; the disk coriaceous or smooth,

sides and base sparingly punctured. ‘The elytra are

oblong, scarcely widened behind, finely striate-punctate

and triseriate-foveate. Beneath, the metathoracic epi-

sterna and sides of basal ventral segments are sparingly

punctured. ‘The legs are rather shorter and stouter than

in C. peregrinator, and the three dilated joints of the

anterior tarsi in the ¢ are short and broad, the 2nd and

8rd nearly twice as broad as long.

C. peregrinator (Guér.=carbonatum, Lec. sec. Horn)

is found in the same localities, Chihuahua and Durango,

as C. ampliator, but appears to be more common.

Calosoma lugubre, Leconte, Trans. Am. Phil. Soce., x.,

p- 400.

Hab. Nuevo Laredo, in Tamaulipas (Hoge) ; Texas.

Calosoma macrum, Leconte, Trans. Am. Phil. Soe., x.,

p- 400.

Hab. Nuevo Laredo, in Tamaulipas (Hége); Texas.

This species, like the preceding, is an addition to the

Mexican fauna.

Calosoma leve, De}.

Dejean’s description applies exactly to the numerous

examples received from the neighbourhood of the city of

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 225

Mexico, Puebla, and other localities on the central

plateau. They are of elongate-ovate form, more or less

slender, with rounded thorax, having generally a narrow

flattened space accompanying the thickened and, even

near the hind angle, only moderately reflexed lateral

margin, broadly rounded hind angles, and a vague basal

fovea on each side rarely with distinct traces of punctua-

tion. The forehead is always rather thickly punctured ;

the elytra very convex, the convexity beginning gradually

from the base, and the posterior declivity being steep ;

the surface faintly striate-punctulate, rarely quite smooth.

The length is 22—25 millim. The punctured forehead

always distinguishes it from C. levigatum, which is a

smaller insect. The following seem to be nothing more

than varieties :—

Var. C. punctulicolle—Head punctured to the vertex ;

thorax broader and with distinctly wider explanated

lateral margins; the basal fovez, base, and sides punc-

tured. EHlytra faintly striate-punctate, as in the type-

form, but in addition with three rows of small but in-

conspicuous foveoles. Long. 22—27 millim., ¢ 2.

Hab. Santa Clara, in Chihuahua; Durango city;

Monterey, in Nuevo Leon (Hoge).

The thorax is wider and a little more quadrate in

Durango examples; in the single specimen from Monte-

rey, on the contrary, it is much narrowed behind.

Var. C. explanaticolle.—Head with sparser and stronger

punctures ; thorax behind with wider explanated margin

and more broadly rounded hind angles, smooth. The

rest as in the type-form. Long. 22—27 millim., ¢ °.

Hab. Tupataro, in Guanajuato (Hoge).

Var. C. microgonum.—Precisely like the more slender

examples of the type-form, with the remarkable excep-

tions thatthe hind angles of the thorax, instead of being

broadly rounded, are acute, projecting a little beyond

the line of the basal margin, and that the base of the

thorax is also distinctly punctured.

Hab. Jalapa (Hoge), Mexico City (Flohr). Three

examples.

226 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

Calosoma anthracinum, De}.

Mr. Smith captured several examples of this species

at Amula, in Guerrero.

Calosoma levigatum, Chaud.

Numerous specimens of this species have been received

from Real del Monte (Pachuca), from Mr. Richardson.

Calosoma costipenne, Chaud.

Mr. Richardson captured two examples of this insect

at Rio Frio.

Calososoma atrovirens, Chaud.

The precise locality of this species was unknown to

the describer. Herr Hoge obtained it at Tula, in

Hidalgo. Only two of his examples were coloured

green, with the disk of the thorax black, many others

showing a green or bluish tinge only on the borders of

the elytra, and on the sides of the prosternum ; this is

the var. obscurum of Gehin’s Cat. des Carab. (1885),

p-. 65. Others from the same locality are entirely black,

and are so similar to the typical form of C. leve, that I

fail to detect any definite character by which to separate

them. The only differences are the oily or silky gloss

of the surface (C. leve being almost always polished

black), and the more broadly rounded sides of the thorax

preceding the hind angles; some few examples of C. leve,

however, have precisely the same outline of thorax.

Calosoma omiltemium. (Pl. XIII., fig. 1).

C. blaptoidi (Putz.) affinis; gracilis, niger, supra cxrulescens

thorace cordato, levi postice subsinuatim angustato, angulis pos-

ticis paullo depressis acutis; elytris gracile ovatis convexis, utrin-

que octo-costatis, sulculis seriatim tuberculatis et foveolatis, sulcis

et foveis versus apicem confusis. Long. 19—20 millim., J 2.

Hab. Omilteme, in Guerrero, 8000 ft. (H. H. Smith).

This distinct species has the slender form and rela-

tively small, cordate thorax, of C. blaptoides. The

thorax is smooth, silky-opaque, as in that species, but

the head differs in having a cluster of large punctures

on each side of the forehead, and the mandibles are

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 227

smooth only on their outer side, on the inner being

rather strongly striated. The thorax differs also in

being less uniformly rounded, the sides behind the

middle being slightly sinuated, with much more strongly

elevated margins, and the hind angles more acute. The

elytra are more shining, and their sculpture consists of

alternate narrow ribs and wide sulci, interrupted by

somewhat regular series of oblong tubercles, each tubercle

separated from its successor by a unigranulate fovea; the

ribs are much less sharply elevated in some examples

than in others, and the sculpture becomes confused near

the apex. The legs are slender; the tooth of the men-

tum is narrow and acute, the penultimate joint of the

labial palpi is quadrisetose. The three dilated joints of

the anterior tarsiin the ¢ are rather slender, the second

not being much broader than long.

Calosoma diminutum. (Pl. XII, fig. 2).

C. polito (Chaud.) similis sed multo minor et brevior, precipue

elytris breviter ovatis. Convexus, niger politus, capite thoraceque

levissimis, hoc transverso lateribus squaliter rotundatis, disco

usque prope angules posticos convexo ; elytris vix perspicue striato-

punctulatis foveisque conspicuis triplice serie.

Var. Elytra distinctly punctulate-striate throughout; the triple

rows of fover same as in the type. Long. 15—18 millim., J 9.

Hab. Salazar (Hége). A large series of examples,

only two of which belong to the variety.

The mandibles are nearly as smooth as the head and

thorax. The thorax is almost precisely as in C. politum,

half as broad again as long, destitute of marginal groove

in front, and without trace of thickening on the hind

margin, the lateral border moderately thickened and

reflexed, the surface smooth and without depression

near the hind angles, which are broadly rounded. The

elytra are strongly convex, and in nearly all the numerous

examples have no conspicuous sculpture, except the

three rows of fovez, which in most specimens are strongly

impressed, and one row of small intra-marginal points ;

but minutely punctured strie are visible under the lens.

The under side is smooth, except two or three punctures

on the sides of the ventral segments. The prosternal

process is broader and less narrowed behind than in

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—PaRT II. (JUNE.) R

" 998 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

C. leve and allied species, and the femora and tibiew are

less roughened with punctures, and nearly destitute of

seta.

C. politum (Chaud.) seems to be peculiar to the

neighbourhood of Toluca, where Herr Hége obtained a

large number of specimens. It is very closely allied to

C. diminutum, differing, indeed, only in its constantly

more elongate form, the elytra being also longer relative

to the head and thorax, and its average larger size, viz.,

16—21 millim.; the rows of fovee also are seldom con-

spicuous.

As individuals (generally small) of C. diminutum

occur in which the elytra are relatively more elongate

than usual, the two species cannot be said to be com-

pletely segregated. But, similarly, examples occur (a

few in a large series) which connect C. politwm (Chaud.)

and C. striatulum (Chevrolat), two species which appear

so completely distinct in the majority of their indi-

viduals.

Calosoma striatulum, Chevrolat.

In describing C. politum, Chaudoir gives the elytral

convexity as one of the characters distinguishing it from

C. striatulum. IJtis true that the great majority of the

examples of C. striatulum from Jalapa and Las Vigas

have very moderately convex elytra, with the posterior

slope much more gradual than in C. politum or C. leve:

but examples occur in both the localities mentioned, and

in both sexes, where the convexity is much greater than

usual, and not inferior to that of C. politum. C. stria-

tulum is recognisable by its narrower oblong, scarcely

ovate, form, nearly as elongate as C. striatipenne, and

by the perceptibly more quadrate thorax, besides the

striated elytra; but some of the convex examples differ

from the usual form also in being distinctly shorter and

more ovate, and they are, in fact, exactly intermediate

between C. politum and C. striatulum. As gradations

occur, and the variety inhabits the same locality as the

type, it is better not to give it a name, as it would be

sure to be misapplied hereafter.

Calosoma morelianun.

C. diminuto quoad formam simillimum et forsan ejus varietas

localis; differt tamen capite precipue lateribus sparsim punculato

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 229

ibique leviter ruguleso; elytris apud dorsum sat grosse striato-

punctatis striis nonnullis vage punctis majoribus interruptis, lateri-

bus levibus; foveis seriatis haud perspicuis. Long. 15—17 millim.,

oP.

Hab. Huitzilac, in Morelos (Hége); El. Guarda,

10,000 ft. (Flohr).

The short ovate form and close resemblance in all

essential respects would lead one to infer this to be an

extreme modification of C. diminutum. The sculpture

is intermediate between that of C. striatipenne and

C. cicatricosum, both elongate-oblong forms, and easily

distinguishable.

Rare. Individuals occur, at Jalapa, intermediate in

form of body between C. morelianum and C. striatulum.

Calosoma porosifrens. (Pl. XIIL., fig. 3).

Sat late ovatum, valde convexum nigro-nitidum, fronte utrinque

grosse punctata mandibulis thoraceque levibus hoe valde trans-

verso marginibus lateralibus quam in C. polito et affinibus multo

magis explanatis, angulis posticis rotundatis et paullo preductis ;

elytris late ovatis valde convexis sed prope suturam planatis vel

depressis, margine suleato, laterali latieri et gressius granulato-

punctato; vix perspicue striato-punctulatis interdum seriato-

foveatis; tibiis intermediis densius asperatim punctato-setosis ;

metasterni episternis ventrisque lateribus grosse punctatis. Long.

16—19 millim., J 2.

Hab. Refugio, in Durango (Hége). A good series of

examples, all readily distinguishable from C. politum

and C. diminutum by the broader intra-marginal sulcus

of the thorax and depressed area near the posterior

angles, independently of the strongly punctured sides,

and often also the middle of the forehead. The general

form of body is broader and shorter than even in

C. diminutum.

Scaphinotus macrogonus. (Pl. XIII., fig. 5).

C. mexicano (Bates) proxime affinis; differt precipue thoracis

angulis posticis valde prolongatis, elytrisque striato-punctulatis

interstitiis planissimis. Long. 17—20 millim., J ?.

Hab. Refugio, in Durango (Hoge).

All the numerous examples of Scaphinotus, labelled by

R 2

230 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

Herr Hoge with the above locality, are conformable to

the diagnosis given above, whilst all those ticketed

“Ciudad” belong to S. mexicanus, in which the hind

angles of the thorax are only moderately produced, 2. e.,

not prolonged into a fine point, and the elytra closely

and strongly punctate-striated with narrow raised inter-

stices. The general form in S. macrogonus is also rela-

tively broader, and the thorax is also a little broader and

more quadrate ; but S. mexicanus varies greatly in these

respects, the thorax being sometimes strongly cordate,

and more generally slightly cordate, but-in some

examples nearly quadrate, and the elytra more or less

ovate, and often oblong or subelongate ; so that reliance

cannot be placed on that character. The colour in

S. macrogonus is generally violet-black, most con-

spicuously so on the elytra.

Pasimachus duplicatus, Leconte, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.,

X., p. 895 (1853) ; Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., 1874,

p- 271; P. costifer, id., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,

1854, 79.

Var. elytris levibus.

Hab. Nuevo Laredo, in Tamaulipas (Hodge) ; North

America, Texas to Missouri.

The Mexican examples have no trace of the geminated

rows of punctures on the elytra, which Leconte states is

also the case with some of the Texan specimens, and the

two lateral carine are well-developed, the inner one

being sometimes as long as the outer.

Pasimachus ignicinctus.

P. mexicano affinis, parum convexus niger subopacus, thorace

(antice excepto) et elytris anguste cupreo-aurato-marginatis ; ely-

tris basi et apud humeros latius splendide igneo-auratis, basi a

humeris usque ad pedunculum parum rotundato, carinula humerali

nulla, passim lzvibus striis nonnullis punctulatis versus apicem

vix perspicuis. Long. 28 millim.

Hab. Canelas, Sierra Madre of Durango (Flohr in

Coll. Bates).

The thorax resembles in form that of P. viridans

(Lec.) more than that of P. mexicanus, being transverse

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 231

and more narrowed near the base, but the sides behind

the middle are more fully rounded, and the sinuation

near the base is very short, as in P. viridans, but there

is scarcely any trace of basal fovee. The elytra are

broader and much flatter than in either species, but are

equally elongate; they are opaque, and the rows of

punctures, where they are visible, are regular, not gemi-

nated; the lateral metallic margins are densely trans-

verse-rugose. The hind tibie of the S$ near the apex

are pubescent.

In colours, and in the absence of elytral sculpture,

this species resembles P. awrocinctus (Chaud.), but the

elytra are very different in form, being much longer and

rather less convex than P. intermedius, instead of shorter,

more ovate and convex, as described by Chaudoir.

Pasimachus levisulcatus.

Sat gracilis et minus convexus, toto niger nitidus, thorace fere

sicut in P. cardiodero (Chaud.) graciliter cordato, lateribus post

medium parum rotundato deinde longe sinuato angulis posticis

exstantibus acutis; elytris oblongo-ovatis late striatis, striis levi-

bus opacis postice dilatatis, interstitiis utrinque octo interioribus

minus, exterioribus magis, convexis, 2ndo, 4to, et 6to interdum

paullo depressis et apice abbreviatis. Long. 21 millim.

Hab. Ciudad, in Durango (Hége).

Pasimachus Quirozi, Flohr, Deutsche Ent. Zeits.,

1887, p. 128.

Hab. Coatepec, in Vera Cruz, alt. 3800 ft. (Flohr in

Coll. Bates).

This species has been described since the publication

of vol. i., pt. 1, of the Coleoptera in the ‘ Biologia Cen-

trali-Americana.’

Pasimachus mexicanus, Gray.

Var. ceruleus.—A typo differt colore supra et infra saturate

ceruleo marginibus subviolaceis ; elytrorum carina humerali paullo

longiori, sculptura nulla. Long. 28 millim.

Hab. Tula, in Hidalgo (Flohr in Coll. Bates). One

example.

Herr Hoge obtained a large series of the typical green

232 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

P. mexicanus at Tula, few only of which are black on the

disk of thorax and elytra. Of the closely allied P. vir-

dans, Leconte, there are two examples only in the

collection, both from Ventanas, in Durango.

Pasimachus Smithi. (Pl. XUL., fig. 6).

P. rotundipenni gracilior, thoracis angulis posticis obtusissimis

sed non rotundatis, niger minus nitidus, anguste cupreo-viride

marginatus; elytris sat elongato-ovatis late striatis striis opacis

levibus, interstitiis mediocriter convexis equalibus, 80, 5to, et 7mo

longe ante apicem conjunctis. Long. 23 millim.

Hab. Amula, in Guerrero, 6000 ft. (H. H. Smith).

Two examples.

A distinct speeies, not closely allied to any hitherto

described. The outline of the thorax is less semicircular

than in P. rotundipennis, and more nearly resembles

that of P. subangulatus; the hind angles, however, are

less distinctly pronounced than in that species, without

being broadly rounded off, as in P. rotundipennis ; the

sides also are more broadly rounded in the middle, and

converge more to the base, where the thorax is much

narrower; the basal impressions are faintly marked.

The elytra are somewhat elongate-ovate, convex, the

strize wide, not sharply impressed, opaque, and without,

distinct punctuation; the interstices convex, nearly

equal in width, the 8th without the usual row of punc-

tures.

Scarites Durangoensis. (Pl. XIII, fig. 4).

S. texano (Chaud.) proxime affinis; differt elytris subtilissime

punctulato-striatis, striis a 5to obliteratis interstitiis planis; niger,

politus, palpis, antennis et tarsis rufo-testaceis. Long. 19 millim.

Hab. Villa Lerdo, in Durango (Hége).

This might be considered merely a local variety of

S. texanus, but the nearly smooth and polished elytra

give it a distinct facies; the eyes, too, are decidedly less

convex, and the head broader behind than in S. texanus.

Distichus granulipygus.

D. septentrionalé affinis; sat angustus, parum econvexus, niger

nitidus, elytris parallelis, acute striatis, interstitiis interioribus

planis, 6—7 convexis striisque 5—7 latius exaratis, interstitio 8vo,

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 233

margine apiceque late granulosis ; stria 3io sexpunctata. Mentum

rugulosum gula confluenter punctata; metathoracis episterna

granulata. Long. 14—16 millim.

Hab. Cordova, in Vera Cruz; San Juan Bautista, in

Tabasco (Hége).

The head and thorax do not differ from the same parts

in D. septentrionalis, the mandibles having a smooth

longitudinal groove, the epistome 4-dentate, with the

two median teeth very small and approximated, and the

thorax sinuate-angustate towards the base, dentate at

the angle, and minutely granulate in the basal de-

pression ; but the elytra differ greatly in their sharply-

srooved striz, broader and deeper towards the sides,

with corresponding convex interstices, strie continuing

well-marked to the apex, and in the granulated sides and

apex. ‘The transversely grooved ventral segments bring

the species within the definition of Distichus, but the

maxille are not much more obtuse than in Scarites sub-

terraneus, the hooked apex being less prolonged and

acute. The middle tibiz have only one very distinct

subapical spine.

Schizogentus multisetosus.

S. Truqwi (Putz.) affinis et similis; at differt thoracis striis

discoidalibus vix ultra medium extensis, elytrorumque interstitiis

810, 5to et 7to punctis setiferis, in medium interstitium sitis, circa

15; eneus vel eneo-piceus, nitidus, versus apicem plus minusve

infuscatus ; antennis, palpis et pedibus rufis; clypeo tridentato,

carinis duabus medianis antice gradatim acuminatis, fronte utrin-

que 4-carinatis 2 medianis payrallelis; elytris parum convexis,

acute striatis, striis usque medium punctulatis, Long. 4—

43 millim.

Hab. Huitzo, in Oaxaca; Yautepec, in Morelos

(Hoge).

The chief difference between this species and S.

Truqua lies in the short discoidal stria of the thorax,

which in S. T’ruquit reaches nearly to the fore margin.

But to this are added many peculiarities, ¢.g., the trans-

verse anterior groove of the thorax is smooth (not punc-

tured asin S. Truquit); the frontal carine are not all

straight, nor do they terminate before reaching the level

of the hind border of the eyes, nor do the middle pair

join behind in a curved carina. The 7th elytral stria is

234 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

smooth in S. multisetosus, punctured like the others (all

which are punctured nearly to the apex) in S. Truquit.

The locality of the latter species is Cuernavaca.

Scythropasus elongatus, Chaud.

Two examples, females, of this species have been

received from Dr. Gaumer, taken at Temax, in North

Yucatan, and I am indebted to the kindness of M. Salle

for a male specimen, also from Yucatan. All agree well

with Chaudoir’s description, founded on a unique example

“from the interior of Mexico.” In the Biol. Centyr.-

Amer., Col., i., 1, p. 24, an insect from Chontales,

Nicaragua, is referred to this species, but it differs suffi-

ciently from the Yucatan species to rank as distinct :—

Scythropasus nicaraquensis.

S. elongato differt colore nigro polito, thorace ad basin dilatato

elytrorumque striis mediocriter impressis omnino punctulatis.

Body greatly elongated and sublinear, as in S. elongatus; head

slenderly oval and very gradually narrowed behind the eyes, which

are much less salient than in the allied genera. Thorax narrow,

quadrate, but a little the widest at the base. The elytra have

smooth, and not, asin S. elongatus, finely punctured interstices ;

the rows of larger punctures are, however, the same. Long.

14 millim.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

Pelecitum subdentatum, Chaud.

Examples of this species were captured by Mr. Herbert

Smith at Omilteme, Guerrero, at an elevation of 8000 ft.

Micrixys distinctus, Leconte, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., vii.,

220; id., Col. of Kansas and Eastern New Mexico,

196 Jey tas 15 Os

Hab. Durango City, Aguas Calientes City (Hége) ;

New Mexico.

The genus Micrizys is an addition to the Mexican

fauna.

Chlenius chrysopleurus (Chaud.).

The typical form of this species, with a brilliant cop-

pery or gold-green streak on each side of the disk of the

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 235

thorax, and the two marginal interstices of the elytra

green, extends through Guatemala and Yucatan to

Oaxaca and Chilpancingo, on the Pacific coast of Mexico.

The var. C. ceruleus (Chaud.), described from Puebla,

has been found also at Cuernavaca (but the examples

are more frequently brilliant green than blue or green,

with blue reflections on the elytra) by Herr Hoge,

who has also brought home a series of the following

variety :—

Var. C. Guerreroensis.—Elytra black, but clothed with

a more tawny pubescence, which gives the surface a

brownish tinge; thorax as in the type, brilliant golden

coppery, especially on the convex sides, but sometimes

green, with the disk black or wholly green; the green

border of the elytra extending, especially towards the

base, to the 6th or 5th stria. Long.13—18 millim. 3 @.

Hab. Chilpancingo and Acapulco, in Guerrero;

Mazatlan (Hoge).

Chlenius ruficauda, Chaud.

A large series of this species was obtained by Herr

Hoge at Villa Lerdo, in Durango, and Chihuahua City,

and an equally large number of the Mexican form at

Tehuantepec ; the two being strikingly and constantly

different in size, width of thorax, and to a minor extent

in sculpture, and the degree to which the orange apical

spot is sinuated on the suture. The true ruficauda is

smaller (generally 10 millim.) and more slender, with

narrower thorax, more gradually sinuate-angustate

behind, and feebly sinuated at the suture. Chaudoir’s

names, like all the others given in the synonymy, and

his description (except as to size) refer to the Californian

form, which, according to Leconte’s figure, agrees with

that of North Mexico; consequently a new name must

be applied to the well-defined South Mexican variety or

species. Its differential characters are as follows:—

Chlenius cordifer.—Major, thorace latius rotundato, versus basin

brevius sinuato, supra sparsius punctato; elytris apice macula

magna aurantiaca late cordiformi apud suturam semper fortiter

sinuata. Long. 123 millim.

Hab. Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Putla.

236 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

Chlenius porphyrius. (Pl. XIII., fig. 7).

C. cursort (Chevy.) major, subopacus capite thoraceque paullo

nitidis, purpureus capite vel capite et thorace interdum ceruleis;

thorace cordato-quadrato sat elongato et planato grosse discrete

(disco utrinque paullo sparsius) punctato; elytris elongato-ovatis

versus basin gradatim angustatis, punctulato-striatis (punctulis

postice obsoletis) interstitiis haud dense punctulatis ; partibus oris

antennis et pedibus rufis. Caput ovatum, oculis mediocriter

prominentibus, post oculos transversim depressum, grosse puncta-

tum, media fronte colloque postice levibus. Palpi articulis api-

calibus fere cylindricis. Labrum truncatum. Abdomen medio

sparse lateribus paullo densius punctatum. Episterna (precipue

metathoracica) grosse punctata. Long. 16—18 millim., J ?.

Hab. Xantipa and Omilteme (alt. 8000 ft.), in

Guerrero (H. H. Smith).

Allied to C. cursor, but of more elongate form, the

thorax especially longer, quadrate, before the middle

moderately rounded, behind the middle slightly nar-

rowed with gradually sinuated sides, the hind angles

outstanding, rectangular, as in C. Rodriguezi (Chaud.) ;

the surface is only slightly convex, and the anterior

angles (asin C. cursor) moderately declivous.

Chlenius eurybates. (Pl. XIIL., fig. 8).

C. porphyrio proxime affinis, sat latior et robustior, thorace

latiori et postice brevius sinuato-angustato, angulis posticis rectis,

supra similariter grosse discrete punctato. Subopacus cyaneus,

elytris Jateribus vel margine viridibus, interdum capite et thoracis

disco violaceis; antennis articulo 38io semper nigro, 1—2 piceo-

rufis, 4—11 testaceo-rufis; capite grosse punctato medio late levi ;

labro mandibulis pedibusque nigro-piceis; elytris late ovatis versus

basin angustatis, striis vix perspicue punctulatis; ceteris sicut in

C. porphyrio. Long. 16—18 millim., J °.

Hab. Omilteme, 8000 ft.; Xucumanatlan, 7000 ft. ;

Amula, 6000 ft., in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).

The thorax varies in outline, examples in which it is

narrower and subcordate are purplish violet, at least on

the disk of the thorax, and so far resemble C. porphyrius

in form and colour; but they are distinguishable from

that species by the black 8rd antennal joint and pitchy

black legs. A single example from Amula has a wider,

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 237

transverse thorax, though otherwise agreeing in shape

with the others.

Chlenius beatus. (Pl. XIII, fig. 9).

C. glauco (Lec.) affinis; major, convexus precipue thorace con-

vexiori lateribus fere equaliter rotundatis sed antice magis quam

postice angustato angulis posticis valde obtusis, supra discrete sat

minute (disco utrinque sparsius) punctato, foveis basalibus sat

elongatis profundis; elytris acute punctato-striatis, interstitiis

planis; capite omnino minutissime punctulato; labro arcuatim

emarginato. Caput et thorax viridi-enea nitida, elytra cum epi-

pleuris viridescente-nigra, vel obscure viridia, fusco-pubescentia,

partibus oris pedibus antennisque articulis 1—8 testaceo-rufis, his

art. 4—11 fusco-rufis. Long. 14—16 millim., J 9°.

Hab. Cuernavaca (Hoge). Many examples.

The thorax is more elongate than in C. glaucus, and

its sides much more rounded and less convergent to the

base than in C. tricolor and allied species. A single

example from Tehuantepec has the thorax less rounded

on the sides, hence the hind angles are rather less

obtuse.

Chlenius amplians.

A C. beato differt solum thorace breviori, crebrius et undique

‘punctulato, lateribus equaliter sat fortiter rotundatis, angulisque

posticis distinctioribus; capite thoraceque viridi-eneis, elytris

viridescenti-nigris, partibus oris antennis pedibusque rufis; labro

sat profunde emarginato. Long. 12—13 millim., J ?.

Hab. Cuernavaca (Hége). Several examples.

Notwithstanding the shorter, more rounded and evenly

punctured thorax, besides its smaller side, this form may

be only a structural modification of C. beatus, found in

the same locality. The hind angles of the thorax are

more pronounced, and in some of the few examples are

preceded by a slight sinuation of the lateral margin, a

character which connects it with C. tricolor; but the

elytra, as in C. beatus, are more convex, and the strie

much more finely punctured than in C. tricolor.

Chlenius suppletor.

C. beato affinissimus, sed differt thorace paullo grossius et sparsius

punctato lateribus regulariter arcuatis, angulis posticis obtusis.

238 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

Capite et thorace ceruleis, viridescenti-ceruleis vel violaceis, elytris

obscure cerulescenti-nigris; labro late sinuato et capite sicut in

C. beato minutissime punctulato. Long. 12—14 millim., J 9.

Hab. Cordova, in Vera Cruz (Hége).

This resembles C. beatus so closely in the form of the

thorax and other characters, that it may be only a local

modification of the same stock. There is, however, a

good series of each form, and the peculiarities are con-

stant. Itis smaller, and the elytra especially are rela-

tively shorter and more rounded on the sides, so that

they may be described as oval; whilst in C. beatus they

are elongate oblong-ovate. The punctuation of the

thorax is stronger, and on the disk sparser. The epi-

pleure of the elytra and lateral margins of the thorax

are deep black.

Dercylus (Dercylodes) mexicanus.

D. crenato (Schaum.) simillimus, sed certe differt elytris humeris

angulatis dentiferis striisque in fundo solum subtilissime punctu-

latis. Paullo brevior elytrisque minus convexis, fere parallelis ;

capite thoraceque haud diversis, elytris profunde striatis inter-

stitiisque valde convexis; subtus levis, tibiis rectis; niger sub-

nitidus palpis rufis. Long. 14 millim.

Hab. Tapachula, in Chiapas (Hége). Two examples.

The species belongs, like D. crenatus, to Chaudoir’s

generic group Dercylodes, separated from Dercylus chiefly

on account of the sexpunctate labrum, the latter group

having only two punctures. The genus is Tropical

South American, this being the first species recorded

from north of the Isthmus of Panama.

Dicelus costatus, Leconte, Classif. Carab. U. §., p. 889

(1853) Journ Aces Nata Sci, mle gia emt snap

Var. Lerdoensis, Villa Lerdo, in Durango (Hége). Two

male examples, differing in nothing but their larger size

(84 millim.), and the somewhat rounded sides of the

thorax at the anterior part, which gives a less trapezoidal

outline. In six Texan examples of D. costatus, received

from Belfrage, the size varies from 26—28 millim.

An addition to the Mexican fauna.

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 239

Dicelus levipennis, Lec. (D. Flohri, Bates).

Herr Hége’s last collection contained a good series of

this species from three localities—Mexico City, Toluca,

and Refugio in Durango. In the two former, all the

examples belong to the variety Flohri, oblong, robust,

with the sculpture of the elytra limited to one or two

(very rarely to three) lines of punctures towards the

suture, and the apex subacuminately rounded, the speci-

mens from Mexico being, as a rule, rather longer

(22 millim.) than those from Toluca (17—20 millim.).

At Refugio the species is much modified, the form being

shorter and oblong-ovate rather than oblong in outline,

with the apex of the elytra more rounded, and the surface

having nine complete but fine rows of punctures. There

is, however, among the large series sent by Herr Hoge,

considerable variation, some individuals being larger

and more elongate, with the apex of the elytra less

broadly rounded: these form the transition to the

smaller examples from Toluca, and come nearest the

typical form of D. levipennis from Colorado and Utah ;

others are remarkably short and ovate, and, if seen

apart from transitional grades, would be taken for a

distinct species; and this var. may be thus charac-

terised :—

Var. D. abbreviatus.— Sat breviter oblongo-ovatus apice late

rotundatus, niger subnitidus marginibus interdum viridescentibus ;

elytris subtiliter striato-punctulatis, carina humerali parum elevata

subobsoleta. Long. 144—17 millim., ¢ ?.

Hab. Refugio, in Durango (Hége).

Anisotarsus purpurascens, Bates.

Numerous specimens of this insect were captured by

Herr Hoge at Nuevo Laredo, in Tamaulipas.

Anisotarsus hilariolus.

A. cyanippo (Bates) affinis, breviter oblongus, supra (g 2)

nitidus metallicus, capite et thorace viridescenti-ceruleis, elytris

enescenti-cupreis (raro toto viridi-eneus); capite sat lato fronte

subplanata sutura transversa profunda; thorace transverso, quad-

rato, ante medio leviter rotundato deinde subrecte et paullo angus-

tato angulis posticis valde obtusis haud vero rotundatis, foveis

basalibus fortiter impressis, toto levi; elytris breviter oblongo-

240 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

ovatis politis acute striatis, interstitiis omnino planatis, interstitio

3i0 unipunctato, 7mo impunctato. Palpi et antenne fulvo-testacee,

corpore subtus pedibusque nigris tarsis piceo-rufis. Long. 10;—

12 millim., J @.

Hab. Omilteme, in Guerrero, 8000 ft. (H. H. Smith).

A shining metallic species, like A. cyanippus, but the

thorax different in form, the sides not being regularly

arcuated, but the curvature greatest a little before the

middle, and thence very slight, or the sides straight, to

the hind angles. This form gives the species the aspect

of a Harpalus of the group H. rubripes. The dilated

tarsi in the g are transverse-cordate or broadly tri-

angular, except the first joint, which is narrowly tri-

angular. The species is also closely allied to A. peruvi-

anus, Dej., but it is rather more elongate and less convex.

From A. mexicanus, Dej., which it resembles in form,

though smaller and shorter, it differs, besides colours, in

the very obtuse hind angles of the thorax.

Anisotarsus virescens, Dej.

Examples of this species have been received from Herr

Hoge, from Cuernavaca and Salazar.

Harpalus Durangoensis.

H. herbivago (Say) similis, oblongus, convexus, politus, nigro-

piceus ; antennis palpis pedibusque fulvo-testaceis ; thorace paullo

transverso quadrato postice leviter angustato, apud basin quam ely-

tris angustiori prope angulos posticos planato, lateribus nullo modo

sinuatis, angulis posticis fere rectis sed apice obtusis, margine laterali

rufescenti, fovea basali angusta, basi levi sed interdum vage punc-

tato; elytris crenulatim punctulato-striatis, humeris dentatis plica

basali perparum curvata, striola scutellari cum foveola prope striz

2ndz basin conjuncta, interstitiis parum convexis, puncto unico

juxta striam 2ndam, apice late subsinuatim rotundatis. Long. 7}—

9 millim., J @.

Hab. Refugio and Ciudad, in Durango (Hége).

Harpalus gravis, Leconte, Proc. Ac. Phil., 1858, p. 60.

Hab. Matamoros Izucar, in Puebla (Hége); Norra

America, ‘Texas.

There is one example of this species, an addition to the

Mexican fauna, in Herr Hoge’s collection.

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 241

Harpalus mexicanus, Chaud.

Found in abundance by Herr Hoge at Villa Lerdo, in

Durango; also sparingly at Durango City and Paso del

Norte.

Pangus caliginosus, Fabr.

Mr. Hége has found this well-known and conspicuous

North American species near Chihuahua City.

The genus is an addition to the Mexican fauna.

Cratacanthus dubius, Beauv.

This species, widely distributed in the Atlantic

States, has been taken by Herr Hoge at Villa Lerdo,

in Durango.

Also an additional genus to the Mexican fauna.

Selenophorus aureocupreus.

Angustus, subelongatus, thorace angulis posticis rotundatis, supra

zneo- vel aureo-cupreus subnitidus, palpis, antennis articulis 1—2

(ceteris fusco-nigris) corpore subtus pedibusque testaceo-rufis.

Long. 7 millim., f°.

Hab. UHuetamo, in Michoacan (Hoge). Many

examples.

Resembles in form and in the rounded angles of the

thorax the smaller and narrower specimens of Discoderus

arcuatus (Putz.), but the four anterior tarsi of the g are

dilated and biseriate-squamulate beneath, and the species

therefore belongs to Selenophorus. The hind angles,

moreover, are not quite so obliterated as in Discoderus

arcuatus; they are, on the contrary, perceptible as

angles, though very obtuse; the sides of the thorax also

are not arcuated, the rounding being limited to the front

a little before the middle, whence they are (especially in

the 3) nearly straight to the hind angles; the disk is

remarkably convex, the space near the hind angles

flattened and punctulated, the hind marginal groove not

interrupted in the middle. The elytra are sharply

striated, the strize deeper and broad near the apex, the

row of punctures near the 2nd, 5th, and 7th small but

conspicuous; the apex is subacuminate, with strong

sinuation of the subapical margin.

249, Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

Selenophorus tarsalis, Putz.

Var. losomus.

Differs from the type-form, as found in Mexico and

Guatemala, only in its larger size and the more polished

and more strongly iridescent surface. The colour is

piceous, metallic above, inclining to green on the head

and thorax, and brownish coppery on the elytra. The

sides of the thorax are arcuated, much more strongly so

than in S. splendidus (Putz.), the greatest width being

just before the middle; the sides become less arcuated,

almost straight, towards the base, and the hind angles

are well-pronounced, though obtuse; the base has

scarcely any punctuation. The interstices of the elytra

are smooth to the apex, except the 9th (marginal) and

the edge of the 8th, which are finely punctured. The

antenne, parts of mouth and legs, are tawny red, the

femora in some examples darker and piceous. Long.

10 millim.

Hab. Temax, in Yucatan (Gawmer). Many examples.

Selenophorus bradycelloides.

Parvus, nitidus, rufo-testaceus, capite postice, maculis thoracis

discoidalibus duabus elytrisque interstitiis 2—6, castaneo-fuscis vix

metallicis; antennis articulis 3—4 nigro-fuscis; thorace sub-

cordato-quadrato, postice sinuato-angustato angulis posticis rectis,

basi utrinque planato, punctulato; elytris acute striatis, apice

oblique modice sinuatis, interstitiis planis (apice vix convexioribus)

8io, 5to et Tmo seriatim punctatis. Long. 5 millim.

Hab. San Juan Bautista, in Tabasco (Hége).

This small and distinct species is not recognisable as

a member of the genus Selenophorus at first sight ; the

shape and style of coloration being rather those pre-

vailing in Acupalpus and Bradycellus. The maxillary

palpi also are more gradually pointed than in the

restricted Harpaline group, but the rounded punctiform

frontal fovee, the edentate mentum, and the triseriately

punctured elytra show that the species is a Seleno-

phorus. The punctures are very distinct and deep,

but few in number; the row of six on the 38rd inter-

stice lying near the 2nd stria, that of the 5th (five in

number) near the 6th and that of the 7th (consisting

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 243

of four punctures only) lying in the 8th stria. The two

marginal interstices and the apical portions of all are as

usual, in Selenophorus, thickly and finely punctured.

Selenophorus punctatulus, Putzeys, Biol, C. A., Col.,1.,

1 ye

Examples of this species have recently been sent by

M. Gaumer from Temax, in Yucatan, the State whence

the insect described by M. Putzeys was obtained. The

species belongs to a group of the genus in which the

thorax (except on the disk) and the elytra are closely

punctured, a group which connects Selenophorus with

Arthrostictus. The glabrous elytra of S. punctatulus may

justify the retention of the species in Selenophorus,

although under the lens a very fine laid pubescence is

seen on the sides towards the apex, especially in the

females.

S. punctatulus occurs also at Tampico and Minas

Viejas. The following is a closely related species :—

Selenophorus dispar.

S. punctatulo paullo major ; differt elytris densius punctulatis in

? undique, in 9 lateribus tantum, fulvo-pubescentibus; 3 politus

opalescens, ? vix nitida. Elongato-oblongus, piceo-niger ; antennis

palpis pedibusque melleo-flavis; thorace lateribus paullo ante

medium arcuatis, angulis posticis fere rotundatis, basi late et dense,

lateribus et antice sparsius punctulatis, disco glabro. Long. 73—

10 millim.

Hab. Cuernavaca, in Morelos (Hége); Chilpancingo

and Iguala, in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).

This species departs somewhat widely from the typical

Selenophori, and perhaps would be better placed with its

allies, S. paganus, Dej., S. rufilabris, Dej., and S. rugi-

penms, Putz., in the genus Arthrostictus. The tri-

seriate punctures of the elytra are very small and liable

to be overlooked.

Selenophorus crassiusculus, Putzeys.

This species, recognisable by its robust, convex form

and rather long suboval thorax, with hind angles broadly

rounded, is met with—its typical state—in Oaxaca,

and at Cuernavaca, Yautepec, Tehuacan, in Puebla, and

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1891.—PaART II. (JUNE.) 8

944 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

Ventanas, in Durango. All the examples have clear

reddish-tawny antenne (slightly browner in some Ven-

tanas specimens), and palpi and reddish tarsi, the

labrum in some cases being also tawny red. Putzeys

gives 10 millim. as the size. In a large series taken by

Herr Hoge the length varies only between 10 and 11}

millim. The thorax never assumes the subcordate form,

that is, distinctly broader before the middle, the arcuation

of its sides being generally regular; but the degree of

arcuation varies much, and in the smaller examples the

widest part is a little before the middle, with the sides

thence to the base a little straighter than in all the

larger and more typical specimens, so that there is

little to distinguish them from S. arcuatus (Putz.) except

the unicolorous reddish antenne and somewhat longer

thorax. In the ¢ the four anterior tarsi have four

dilated joints, the sides of the 2nd—4th only being

clothed with hair-scales; the middle tibie are slightly

arcuated, but not denticulate on the inner side. The

species therefore belongs to Selenophorus, although its

facies and form of thorax are those of Discoderus.

Var. S. nigrescens.—Rather smaller (9 millim.) ; legs

(including tarsi) and antenne black, joints 1—2 red ;

palpi dull reddish, more or less varied with black.

Thorax nearly as in the type-form.

Hab. Irapuato, in Guanajuato; Mexico City ; Aguas

Calientes City ; Atenquique, in Jalisco (Hége).

A good series of examples. This form seems to be a

transition stage between S. crassiusculus and S. arcuatus.

A dark blue variety of S. nigrescens is not uncommon.

Selenophorus arcuatus, Putzeys (nec Discoderus ambly-

derus, Bates, Biol. Centr.-Am., Col., 1., 1, p. 63).

Putzeys distinguished this species from his S. crassius-

culus by its smaller size (74 millim.), black antenna,

with the two first joints red, and the broader, more

transversal, and less rounded thorax. These characters

are found in a species of which I have seen many

examples from the neighbourhood of Mexico City, and

which in some individuals, where the sides of the thorax

are more arcuated than usual, are scarcely distinguish-

able from the smaller specimens of S. crassiusculus var.

nigrescens. When I referred S, amblyderus to the same

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 245

species, I had not seen any examples of the male of

S. arcuatus, many of which have since been received

and prove to have four dilated joints to the four anterior

tarsi, with the soles of joints 2—4 only squamulose, and

simple middle tibiw, precisely as in S. crassiusculus.

Putzeys’ species must therefore be retained in the genus

Selenophorus. D. amblyderus, on the other hand, which

in the ¢ is with great difficulty distinguishable from

S. arcuatus, has in the ¢ simple anterior tarsi, and the

middle tibize armed on the inner side with a row of blunt

denticulations, and is consequently a Discoderus, though

the middle tibiz are not more arcuated than in the ¢ of

Selenophorus crassiusculus. Long. 74—9 millim.

The synonymy will stand thus :—

Discoderus amblyderus.

= Selenophorus id., Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878,

nog.

Dee arcuatus, id., Biol. Centr.-Am., Col., i., 1,

p. 63 (nec S. arcuatus, Putz.).

Mexico City, Aguas Calientes, Jalapa; Durango City,

Cuernavaca.

The thorax is, in the majority of the individuals, de-

cidedly shorter than in S. arcuatus, and is more narrowed

behind, but the arcuation of the sides varies greatly.

Discoderus dislocatus.

D. acinopoidi (Bates) affinis et similis, differt colore piceo-fusco

vix eneo-tincto striolaque scutellari brevi, obliqua, cum stria 2nda

conjuncta et a foveola umbilicata separata. Facies Acinopt,

oblongus, convexus politus enescenti-fuscus, palpis antennis tarsis-

que testaceo-rufis ; thorace levi quadrato, postice perparum angus-

tato et lateribus paullulum rotundatis, angulis posticis rotundatis ;

elytris breviter oblongis acute striatis, punctorum triplici serie -

minutis vix perspicuis, striis 2nda, 5ta et Tta contiguis. Q tibiz

intermedie paullo curvate intus simpliciter ciliatz ; ventris seg-

mentum apicalen utrinque bipunctatum. Long. 12 millim., ?.

Hab. Durango City (Hége).

In form of body and in the simple and slight curvature

of the middle tibie agrees with D. acinopoides of the

same sex, but differs in the elytra not being metallic

cupreous, as in that species, and in the curious disloca-

tion of the scutellar striole, which in D. acinopoides, as

in other allied species, proceeds from the basal umbili-

946 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

cated foveole, and in D. dislocatus proceeds from the 2nd

stria at a distance behind the foveole. The difference

must be admitted to be very slight, but, being constant

in the four examples (all females, like the single speci-

men of D. acinopoides), it appears to be of specific signi-

ficance.

Stenolophus plebejus, Dej., Sp. Gén., iv., p. 424.

Hab. San Juan Bautista, in Tabasco (Hége).

Herr Hoge obtained numerous examples, all females,

of this species; an addition to the Mexican fauna.

They differ in nothing but their little larger size from

specimens received from Pennsylvania and New York.

In all the numerous examples I have seen the elytra

become gradually more rufous towards the sides, especi-

ally near the apex, a feature not mentioned by Dejean.

The species is very closely allied to the common

Kuropean S. vespertinus, but is sufficiently distinct in

the colour of the elytra, and in the antenne having always

two basal joints rufous.

Stenolophus lamprotus.

S. vespertino quoad formam similis, sed major elytrisque disco

lxtissime opalescentibus. Rufus, ventro infuscato, capite nigro,

elytris interstitiis 2—4 (medio 2—5 vel 2—6) nigris politissimis,

iridescentibus, limbo castaneo-rufo. Antenne pallide rufe articulis

3—11 vix perspicue infuscatis. Thorace relative angusto, postice

angustato, angulis posticis omnino rotundatis, fovea utrinque basali

lata parum impressa sparsim punctulata. Long. 63 millim.

Hab. Villa Lerdo, in Durango (Hodge). Two examples.

Agonoderus pallipes, Fabr., Dej.

Hab. Paso del Norte, in Chihuahua, and Villa

Lerdo, in Durango (Hége).

This genus is new to the Mexican fauna. The species,

of which only three examples were sent, agrees with

numerous boreal American specimens apparently of A.

pallipes, with which I have compared it.

Caralideous fauna of Mexico. 247

Bradycellus Flohri, Bates, Biol. C.-A., Col., i., 1, p. 72.

Var. denigratus.

A good series of this apparently local modification of

B. Flohri was obtained by Herr Hoge at Ciudad, in

Durango. It agrees with the type in its narrow subelon-

gate form, and in the obsolete hind angles of the thorax

with rather strongly punctate basal fover. The hind

angles of the thorax are, however, more completely

rounded, and the form therefore may really be specifically

distinct. The colour above and beneath is deep black

or pitchy black, and only in immature examples shows

a rufous tinge along the suture and lateral borders of

the elytra, and the lateral margins of the thorax. The

antenne are nearly black, with the basal joint only red,

the second sometimes pitchy red. The legs are pitchy

red, with the femora generally darker. The palpi also

are dark piceous, with the tapering part of the apical

joints more or less pallid. Long. 44 millim.

Celia californica, Dejean, Sp. Gén., iil., p. 474.

This common Californian species was recorded by

Putzeys as occurring also in Sonora, and was acci-

dentally omitted as a Mexican species in the ‘ Biologia.’

Herr Hoge has since met with it in Durango (near

Ciudad), and at Chihuahua City and Paso del Norte.

His specimens range in size from 8 to 103 millim., and

on the average are therefore larger than the very closely

allied C. mexicana, which varies from 74 to 9 millim.

On comparing a large series of both, among which are

several examples from California, I find no difference

whatever in form or sculpture, and nothing remains but

the prevailing darker antenne (from the 38rd _ joint)

and darker legs to distinguish C. mexicana from C.

californica, nearly all of which have clear tawny red

antenne, palpi, and legs. As examples with reddish

antenne and legs occur among darker ones in various

Mexican localities, C. mexicana can only be considered

an imperfectly segregated subspecies of C.. californica.

Celia Hoegei, Bates, Biol. C.-A., Col., i., 1, p. 77.

Further examples of this species have been received.

It is easily recognisable by its constantly black, rarely

248 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

bluish or brassy black, colour, and the black legs, palpi,

and antenne, the two basal joints of the last-named

only being red. It is a little smaller and rather more

oblong than the equally, but more sooty, black C. merens

(Zimm.), which is distinguished also by its antenne

being wholly black, with the basal joint only (very rarely

the second also) dull red.

The following appears to be nothing but a local colour

variety of C. Haget :—

f Var. C. civitatis.—Oblong-ovata lete cuprescenti-enea interdum

obscure fuscescenti-enea, cyanea vel violacea; pedibus sxpe rufe-

scentibus. Long. 8—9 millim.

Hab. Ciudad, in Durango (Hége).

A good series of examples, in all of which the two

basal joints of the antenne are red, the rest and the

palpi black. The sculpture of the upper surface offers

no constant difference from C. Hegei or from C. cali-

fornica and C. mexicana, but the exterior strie of the

elytra are frequently more faintly impressed.

Celia tenebrionella, Bates, Biol. C.-A., Col., i., 1, p. 77.

Var. eneicolor.— Supra cuprescenti-enea. Long. 7 millim.,

3 o.

Hab. Ciudad, in Durango (Hége). A good series of

specimens.

This Ciudad form of the black C. tenebrionella bears

the same relation to its type as the metallic C. civitalis

in the same locality bears to C. Hagei. The basal joint

only of the antenne is red, the rest of the antenne, the

palpi, and legs being black. There is very little differ-

ence between C. tenebrionella and C. Hegei, except in

size, the latter being 8—9 millim., but I have seen no

intermediate examples.

Celia Ciudadensis.

Oblongo-ovata, niger subenea vel (immatura ?) pallidius fusco-

enea; palpis antennis pedibusque fulvo-rufis; thorace sicut in

C. infima versus basin haud latiore, lateribus leviter arcuatis, basi

plus minusve punctata, utrinque foveis duabus sat profundis

(exteriori rotundato) ; elytris striatis stria scutellari juxta basin

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 249

a 2nda incipienti, simplici, interstitiis planis 90 angusto. Long.

8 millim., J 2.

Hab. Ciudad, in Durango (Hége).

The arcuated sides of the thorax would render this

species almost equally well placed in the genus Levo-

cnemis, but the base is not distinctly narrowed; the

arcuation of the lateral margin continues (though be-

coming slight) to the hind angles, which are obtuse

rather than rectangular. In the darker examples the

ae half of the terminal joints of the palpi is dark

rown.

Celia rectangula, Leconte ?.

Hab. Paso del Norte, in Chihuahua (Hége) ; Nortu

America, Oregon, California (Lec.), Arizona (Morrison).

I refer this insect, taken abundantly by Herr Hoge, to

C. rectangula, Lec., with some hesitation; but it agrees

with his brief description fairly well. The species is an

addition to the Mexican fauna.

Evarthrus substriatus, Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., iv.,

p. 844; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1873, p. 319.

Hab. Ciudad and Refugio, in Durango (Hége).

A large series, varying greatly in size (13 to 17 millim.),

and to some extent in form of body, some examples

being shorter, with more ovate elytra, like specimens I

have seen of this species from Kansas, and others being

decidedly more oblong. The elytra are generally very

finely striate-punctate towards the suture, but in some

examples they are smooth, with only faint traces of

striz under the lens. According to Leconte the elytral

striz are sometimes effaced. Also, like the following,

an addition to the Mexican fauna.

Pecilus chalcites, Say.

Herr Hoge captured a specimen of this boreal American

insect at Paso del Norte.

Euchroa chrysophana. (Pl. XIIL., fig. 10).

E. dimidiata (Chaud.) proxime affinis; paullo minor et angus-

tius oblonga, supra lete cuprescenti-sensa viridi-relucens; antennis

250 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

et pedibus piceo-rufis, palpis pallidioribus femoribusque obscuriori-

bus; subtus nigra. Thorax quadratus ante medium paullo rotun-

datus, angulis posticis rectis interdum subacutis, basi utrinque fovea

lineari profunda, inter foveam et angulum planata, foveola minori

parum impressa. LElytra subtiliter striata striis interioribus 3

interruptis et in lineolas dissolutis, omnibus usque ad apicem, 6to

et Tmo fortiter, impressis; interstitiis planis impunctatis, margi-

nali cum elytrorum apice subtiliter alutaceis; humeris valide

dentatis, striola scutellari nulla. Long. 10—11 millim., J 2.

Hab. Omilteme, in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).

The thorax varies in outline in this species and in

EE. dimidiata, and the strie are equally fine in both, with

a tendency in those near the suture to break up into

punctures or short lineoles. The difference in the colour

of the upper surface is, however, constant throughout a

fair series of each, the head and thorax being, in

E. dimidiata, always strongly contrasted in colour

(metallic-green) with the elytra, which vary from cop-

pery red to golden green. ‘The mesosternal process in

FE. chrysophana is immarginate at the apex, in H. dimi-

diata (which Chaudoir places in the section of the genus

having a margined prosternum) it is variable, the mar-

gin being often feeble, and in some examples quite

obsolete. The apical ventral segment in both sexes has

two large foveze ; the four fovee of the @ is not there-

fore a generic character, as stated by Chaudoir.

Loxandrus rubricatus.

L. infimo (Bates) proxime affinis sed elytrorumque apice vage

rufo-maculato. Elongatus niger nitidus elytris parum opalescenti-

bus, elytris apice cum epipleuris castaneo-rufis; antennis palpis et

pedibus fulvo-rufis. Thorax quadrato-cordatus, postice sinuatim

leviter angustatus, angulis posticis subacutis, ad basin sparsim punc-

tatus. Hlytra dorso depressa, punctato-crenato-striata versus

apicem striis et punctis minus late impressis ibique interstitiis

planioribus et (2) subtiliter alutaceo-strigosis ; humeris rotundatis,

apice perparum sinuatis. Long. 10 millim., 2.

Hab. Chilpancingo, in Guerrero (Hége).

Very closely allied to ZL. infimus (Biol. C.-A., Col., 1.,

1, p. 87), of which we have received, since the description

was published, further examples taken at San Juan

Bautista, in Tabasco, by Mr. H. H. Smith, some of

Carabideous fauna of Memico. 951

which are nearly as large (83 millim.) as ZL. rubricatus.

The sculpture of the elytra and peculiar fine striation of

the apical portion in the ? are the same in both species.

The acute outstanding hind angles of the thorax are

also nearly the same, but the thorax isa little longer

relatively in L. rubricatus. There remains for the chief

distinctive character the bronzy red vaguely-defined long

oval spot near the sutural interstices, and the similarly

coloured apical border and epipleure.

Morio cyclomus, Chaudoir, Bull. Mosce., 1854, i., p. 328.

Hab. Teapa, in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).

This species has previously been recorded from

Columbia, the Upper Amazons, Para, and Minas Geraes,

in South Brazil, but not from Central America.

Calathus gregarius, Say.

Specimens of this insect were captured by Herr Hoge

at Refugio and Ciudad in Durango, Real del Monte in

Hidalgo, and La Noria in Sinaloa. The species was

doubtfully included by me in the Mexican fauna on

p- 279 of the Coleoptera of the Biol. Centr.-Am., vol. i.,

pt. 1.

Calathus ambigens.

C. mexicano (Chaud.) affinissimus, sed differt thorace haud

postice angustato, lateribus rufo-translucentibus paullo explanato-

reflexis. Piceo-niger leviter eneo-tinctus, antennis palpis pedibus

margineque laterali prothoracis rufescentibus, thorace quadrato

apud basin paullulum latiori quam ad apicem, lateribus plus minusve

arcuatis, basi versus angulos obtusissimos planata, puncto setifero

magno conspicuo; elytris striis hic illic indistincte punctulatis,

interstitiis planis 83—4 punctato. Long.8—9 millim., J 9.

Hab. Ciudad, in Durango (Hége).

Rather more elongate and slender in all its parts than

C. mexicanus, and with constantly paler rufous antenn

and legs. The thorax differs in being broader behind,

and having rufo-translucent lateral margins. It re-

sembles the Kuropean C. micropterus, but is larger.

952 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

Pristodactyla impunctata, Say, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., ii.,

p. 45; P. Americana, Dej., Sp. Gén., iii., p. 83.

Hab. Ciudad, in Durango (Hége).

This genus is an addition to the Mexican fauna.

Anchomenus (Agonum) megillus.

A. alyconee affinis sed multo major, precipue elytris magnis

latius oblongis. Caput et thorax relative parva, supra viridi-znea

polita, hoc rotundato, lateribus et margine basali versus angulos

posticos sat alte reflexis, ibique dorso concavo et in concavitate

fovea profundiori impresso, angulis rotundatis. Elytra viridi- vel

cuprescenti-zenea, acute striata, interstitiis planis tertio punctis

4—5 grossis partim in medio interstitio sitis. Subtus piceo-niger,

pedibus sordide testaceis femoribus versus apicem, tibiis et tarsis

partim, infuscatis. Antenne et palpi fusco-nigra. Long. 10—

11 millim.

Hab. Villa Lerdo, in Durango (Hoge). Many ex-

amples.

Anchomenus cyclifer, Bates.

Found in profusion by Herr Hoge at Villa Lerdo, in

Durango.

Elliptoleus olisthopoides.

E. flavipedi (Dej.) affinis et similis, nigro-fuscus seneo-tinctus,

antennis palpis et pedibus fuscis vel fusco-rufis, thorace subcyathi-

formi ab angulis anticis usque ad basin curvatis et angustatis

angulis posticis nullis ibique margine leviter reflexo, elytris striis

omnibus sat acute impressis et subpunctulatis. Long. 6i—

7 millim.

Hab. Ciudad, in Durango (Hoge).

Very closely allied to H. flavipes and E. vixstriatus,

but well-distinguished by the fine distinctly impressed

elytral striz and darker colour of the legs.

Colpodes haptoderoides. (Pl. XIIL., fig. 11).

C. pterostichoidi (Bates) et C. orthomo (Chaud.) affinis et sub-

similis. Sat breviter oblongus parum convexus piceo-niger nitidus,

palpis antennis, tibiis et tarsis testaceo-rufis. Caput ovatum post

oculos gradatim angustatum. Thorax elytris paullo angustior,

quadratus antice magis quam postice angustatus, paullo ante

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 253

medium rotundato-dilatatus deinde usquead basin sinuatus, angulis

posticis exstantibus acutis; angulis anticis acutis, lateribus et basi

prope angulos sat late planatis, margine tenui, interdum rufo-

translucenti. Elytra subpunctulato-striata striis versus apicem

grossius exaratis, interstitiis planis, tertio bipunctato, puncto primo

prope medium (interdum deficiente) raro tripunctato ; basi utrinque

fortiter arcuata, humeris porrectis haud vero dentatis; stria prima

ad basin attingenti ibique in foveam desinenti; prope apicem sat for-

titer sinuata. Metasterni episterna brevia. ‘'Tarsi graciles, 4 pos-

tici lateraliter sulcati; 4 anteriores articulo 4to brevissime bilobato,

lobis paullo inequalibus. Palpi articulo apicali graciliter fusi-

formi apice vix perspicue truncato. Thoracis puncto setifero

posteriori in margine ipso anguli sito. Long. 10—12 millim., J 2.

Hab. Omilteme, in Guerrero, 8000 ft. (H. H. Smith’.

A large series of examples.

In C. pterostichoides the elytra have a coppery tinge,

and are much more finely striated ; the thorax, though

essentially similar in shape, differs conspicuously in

being less narrowed in front of the anterior dilatation,

with less acute angles, so that it is as broad at the base

as at the apex, and the hind tarsi are flattened above,

and hence appear broader.

Colpodes harpaloides. (Pl. XIII., fig. 12).

Sat breviter oblongus, politus, enescenti-niger, elytris cupreis,

antennis palpis et tarsis obscure piceo-rufis. Caput late ovatum;

antenne breves. Thorax transverse quadratus lateribus medio-

criter arcuatis et explanato-reflexis, postice nullo modo sinuatis sed

angulis posticis breviter exstantibus subrectis, puncto-setifero supra

angulum. Elytra oblonga parum convexa basi utrinque paullo

arcuata ad apicem distincte sinuata, subtilissime subpunctulato-

striata, interstitiis planissimis tertio tripunctato. Metasterni epi-

sterna brevia latitudine basali haud longiora. Tarsi 4 postici supra

paullo depressi utrinque sulculati articulo 4to brevissime in-

equaliter bilobato. Long. 11 millim.

Hab. Omilteme, in Guerrero, 8000 ft. (H. H. Smith).

Three examples.

A species not closely allied to any other known to me

in the genus. The head has the usual two supra-orbital

sete.

954 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

Colpodes steropoides. (Pl. XIV., fig. 1).

C. sphodroidi (Chaud.) affinis sed magis convexus, elytris relative

brevibus ovatis. Niger nitidus; caput paullo latius ovatum,

oculis paullo prominentibus ; seta supraorbitali anteriori deficienti,

Thorax late ovatus postice multo magis quam antice angustatus,

angulis anticis obtusis sed a collo distantibus, posticis omnino

rotundatis puncto-setifero posteriori deficienti. Elytra tenuiter

striata, interstitiis planis tertio 3-punctato, margine basali recto,

angulis humeralibus obtusissimis, apice rotundata nullo modo

sinuata. Antenne, palpi et tarsi obscure rufo-testacea. Meta-

thoracis episterna brevia latitudine anteriori haud longiora. Tarsi

omnes articulo quarto angulis sat longe inequaliter productis ;

4 postici lateraliter sulculati, articulo unguiculari glabro. Long.

104—12 millim.

Hab. Omilteme, in Guerrero, 8000 ft. (H. H. Smith).

Many examples.

Agrees rather better with Chaudoir’s description of

his C. biovatus than the typical specimen of that species

in the Sallé collection does, with the exception that in our

species the thorax is strongly narrowed behind, and not

equally narrowed behind and before, as stated by the

describer. In facies C. steropoides resembles a small

Steropus, e.g., S. Illigeri, except that the elytra are

more ovate. In the singular absence of the anterior

supra-orbital seta it agrees with C. sphodroides, but in

facies the two species are wholly dissimilar.

Colpodes platysmoides. (Pl. XIV., fig. 2).

Elongato-ovatus fuscus supra eneo-tinctus nitidus, palpis an-

tennis et pedibus rufis. Caput breviter ovatum, setis supra-

orbitalibus duabus. Thorax elongatus subquadratus ante medium

mediocriter rotundatus postice gradatim, versus basin sinuatim,

angustatus, angulis posticis distinctis sed obtusis margine basali

prope angulum obliquato, lateribus mediocriter explanato-reflexis

prope angulum posticum planatis, angulo haud elevato. Elytra

ovata convexa, basi utrinque valde arcuata, humeris acutis, apice

valde sinuata; exarato-striata prope apicem striis fortioribus,

interstitiis planis tertio tripunctato, 6to 7mo et 8vo postice longi-

tudinaliter concavis. Metathoracis episterna brevia paullo trans-

versa. Tarsi graciles, 4 postici fortius sulculati, articulo 4to

craciliter triangulari angulis inequaliter breviter productis, articulo

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 255

5to subtus glabro. Antenne elongate, graciles. Long. 12 millim.,

do.

Hab. Omilteme and Xantipa, in Guerrero (H. H.

Smith).

The metathoracic episterna are nearly as in C. mestus

(Dej.), shorter and broader than in C. transfuga (Chaud.),

and are shorter than the width at the base. The upper

surface is very dark brown, glossy, and with a brassy

tinge, the under side with the elytral epipleure being

lighter, almost tawny brown. The facies is that of

certain species of Platysma. The posterior thoracic seta

1s apparently absent.

Colpodes omaseoides. (Pl. XIV., fig. 3).

EHlongato-oblongus nullo modo ovatus, niger nitidus, antennis

palpis et tarsis obscure rufis. Caput ovatum tumore post-oculari

elongato postice angustato, sulco posteriori sat profundo; setis supra-

orbitalibus duabus. Thorax quadratus, lateribus explanato-reflexis

plus minusve rotundatis, interdum subcordatus, post medium sub-

sinuatim angustatus, angulis posticis breviter prominentibus,

puncto setifero in margine ipso juxta angulum sito. Hlytra pos-

tice convexa ad basin utrinque leviter arcuata, apud humeros sub-

dentatim angulata, margine subapicali haud sinuato, parum pro-

funde striata, interstitiis paullo convexis, tertio tripunctato. Meta-

thoracis episterna brevia. Tarsi 4 postici lateraliter sulculati,

omnes supra paullo depressi et sparse setosi, articulo 4to angulis

paullo productis inequalibus, 5to subtus ciliato. Antenne minus

elongate. Long. 11$3—12} millim., J 9°.

Hab. Omilteme, in Guerrero, 8000 ft. (H. H. Smith).

A good series of examples.

Although superficially so similar to C. steropoides, this

species, as will be remarked on comparison of the de-

scriptions, differs in numerous points of structure of high

importance. The posterior tactile seta of the thorax is

implanted on the thickened edge very near the hind

angle, in which it produces a slight notch, as in many

other species of Colpodes.

Colpodes valens. (Pl. XIV., fig. 4).

C. mesto (Dej.) affinis, major robustior et magis politus. Ob-

longo-ovatus haud elongatus, niger nitidus elytris cyanescentibus,

palpis antennis et tarsis rufiscentibus, Caput sat gracile ovatum,

956 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

Thorax late ovatus, angulis anticis prominentibus, posticis obtusis-

simis sed distinctis, margine basali prope angulum valde obliquato,

lateribus explanato-reflexis ad medium rotundatis, ante basin leviter

sinuatis. Elytra ovata, basi arcuato versus humeros ascendenti,

humeris subacutis, apice obtuse rotundata paullulum sinuata ;

fortiter striata striis omnibus integris, interstitiis paullo convexis

tertio tripunctato. Metathoracis episterna latitudine basali haud

longiora. Tarsi 4 antici articulo 4to brevissime bilobato, 2 postici

angulis paullo productis inequalibus; 4 postici utrinque sulculati

dorso subcarinati; omnes articulo unguiculari subtus ciliato.

Long. 18 millim., $ @.

Hab. Ciudad and Refugio, in Durango (Hége). Many ~

examples.

Colpodes stenos.

C. lugens (Dej.) affinis; multo angustior, gracile oblongus supra

depressus. Piceo-niger, palpis antennis et tarsis fulvo-rufis, supra

sericeo-subopacus sed sepe nitidus. Caput ovatum relative parvum

nec sicut in C. lugens late ovatum. Thorax sat angustus quadra-

tus, ante medium mediocriter dilatato-rotundatus, post medium

sinuatus vix angustatus, angulis posticis exstantibus subacutis, seta

posteriori juxta anguli apicem sita. Hlytra elongato-ovata fere

oblonga, depressa, striata striis hic illic subpunctulatis interstitiis

paullulum convexis; apice oblique sinuata. Metathoracis episterna

brevia, latitudine basali vix longiora. Tarsi 4 postici lateraliter

sulculati, omnes articulo 4to lato angulisque obtuse paullo pro-

ductis parum inequalibus, articulo 5to subtus tum glabro tum

parce ciliato. Long. 9—10 millim., J 9°.

Hab. Toluca, Amecameca, in Morelos (Hoge). <A

large series of examples.

In form and many points of structure intermediate

between C. lugens and C. semiopacus, and closely allied

to C. Forrert (Bates). The metathoracic epimera are

decidedly longer and relatively narrower than in C.

lugens, and the long and well-marked sinuation of the

sides of the thorax and produced hind angles distinguish

it from both species. The examples from Amecameca

are generally of a deeper black than those from Toluca,

the head and thorax being highly polished, and the

elytra sometimes subopaque.

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 257

Colpodes tinctipennis.

C. mesto (Dej.) affinis, thorace longius quadrato-cordato, ete.

Niger, nitidus elytris plus minusve sericeo-opacis cxruleo- vel

violaceo-tinctis ; antennis et tarsis obscure fulvo-rufis palpis pallidi-

oribus. Caput sat gracile ovatum, setis supraorbitalibus duabus.

Thorace longe post medium sinuato-angustatus, angulis posticis

rectis subacutis, puncto setifero in anguli apice sito. Elytra pos-

tice convexa subpunctulato-striata, interstitiis subplanis tertio tri-

punctato; plica basali utrinque arcuata versus humeros acutos

ascendenti; apice oblique sinuata. Metathoracis episterna latitu-

dine breviora. Tarsi articulo 5to subtus ciliati, 2 antici articulo

Ato breviter bilobato, 4 postici articulo 4to triangulares angulis acutis.

Long. 11—12 millim., $ ?.

Hab. Ciudad and Refugio, in Durango (Hoge).

Distinguished from the numerous species of the C.

mestus subgroup, with sinuated sides and rectangular

hind angles of the thorax, by the tactile sete of the head

and thorax being of the normal number, the elytra

rather strongly convex behind (not depressed as in

C’. stenos), and the ciliated claw-joint of the tarsi. The

elytra have a bluish or violaceous tinge, as in C.

Durangensis and C. Forrert.

Colpodes rectilineus. (Pl. XIV., fig. 5).

C. sphodroidi (Chaud.) affinis; ab omnibus speciebus differt

thorace anguste oblongo lateribus fere rectis. Piceo-niger, nitidus,

partibus oris, antennis genubus et tarsis testaceo-rufis. Caput

gracile ovatum, oculis haud prominentibus, seta supraorbiculari

anteriori deficienti. Thorax capite vix latior, lateribus subrectis

interdum medio perparum rotundatis ante basin sinuatis paullo

reflexis; angulis anticis haud porrectis, posticis rectis, puncto

setifero posteriori deficienti, anteriori ante medium sito. Elytra

paullo convexa, ovata, exarato-striata, interstitiis fere planis tertio

couspicue tripunctato, basi utrinque arcuata, apice fortiter oblique

sinuata. Antenne minus elongate articulo tertio ceteris multo

longiori. Metathoracis episterna brevia subquadrata. ‘Tarsi

graciles, 4 postici lateraliter vix perspicue sulculata, omnes articulo

4to ceteris latitudine equali, angulis inequaliter productis. Long.

11 millim., $ ¢?.

Hab. Omilteme, in Guerrero, 8000 ft. (HZ. H. Smith) ;

Guerrero (Baron).

258 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

I have failed to discover any trace of the usual seti-

ferous puncture at or near the hind angles of the thorax

in the ten examples in hand of this species The absence

of this posterior puncture occurs in a few other Central

American species, viz., C. sphodroides, C. championi, and

others, of which I have examined a large number, and

in which the anterior puncture is always present. In

the allied Pacific genera, Colpodiscus and Barypristus,

according to Dr. Sharp, their founder, the posterior punc-

ture is present and the anterior absent, and in Metro-

nemus (Sharp) both punctures are wanting. A more

remarkable feature of C. rectilineus and C. sphodroides

is the presence of only one supra-orbital seta, the number

of sete, one or two, being a character on which Dr. Horn

founds his primary divisions of the main body of the

Carabide.

Colpodes segregatus. (Pl. XIV., fig. 6).

C. chloreo (Bates) et C. monacho (Dej.) affinissimus, sed differt

thorace ovato angulis posticis rotundatis. Lete viridis interdum

elytris disco violaceis, antennis piceis partim rufescentibus, palpis

et tarsis pallidioribus. Caput gracile ovatum collo paullo con-

stricto. Thorax ovatus angulis posticis omnino rotundatis lateri-

bus nullo modo sinuatis, puncto setifero in margine elevato a basi

remoto. lHlytra elongato-ovata, convexa, subpunctulato-striata,

interstitiis planis interdum convexis. Metathoracis episterna medio-

criter elongata et angustata. Tarsi 4 postici dorso bisulcati,

anticorum articulo 4to angulis productis paullulum inzqualibus,

4 posticis triangularibus. Long. 123;—14 millim., $ 2.

Hab. Cuernavaca (Hége).

Many examples of this species, or subspecies, were

included in the series of C. chloreus obtained by Herr

Hoge at Cuernavaca. The totally different form of the

thoracic hind angles (which in C. chloreus and C.

monachus are nearly rectangular, preceded by a well-

marked sinuation of the sides, and the setiferous punc-

ture implanted close to the apex of the angle) is almost

the only difference. The metathoracic episterna in

most of the examples are decidedly shorter, but they are

a little variable in length in C. chloreus. There are no

intermediate fornis in the series.

Caralideous fauna of Mexico. 259

Colpodes Trujilloi.

C. fratello (Chaud.) affinis sed multo minor et minus elongatus.

Capite et thorace nigro-eneis, illo parvo, oculis magnis haud vero

valde prominentibus, hoc parvo quadrato lateribus anguste expla-

nato-reflexis, ante basin paullulum sinuatis angulis posticis dis-

tinctis sed obtusis, margine basali prope angulum obliquato. Elytra

saturate viridi-enea, oblonga parum ovata humeris fere rotundatis

angulis obtusissimis; apice longe sinuata, striata, striis versus apicem

latius exaratis, interstitiis planis tertio tripunctato. Subtus niger ;

pedes nigro-enei, coxis, trochanteribus, tarsis et antennis fulvo-

piceis, his fusco-maculatis; palpi fusci apice fulvi. Metathoracis

episterna longissima. Tarsi graciles, lateraliter sulculati; 4 postici

articulo 4to unilobato. Long.8 millim., 3 2.

Hab. Jalapa (M. Trujillo).

Colpodes eneicauda.

C. semirufo (Motsch.) et C. imopi (Chaud.) affinis. Major,

supra piceo-niger politus, elytris obscure viridi-zneis versus apicem

aurato-eneis, subtus fuscus femoribus nigro-piceis ; antennis palpis

thoracis lateribus et tarsis obscure fulvis. Caputparvum. Thorax

trapezoidalis, disco transversim ruguloso, lateribus (cum angulis

posticis) explanato-reflexis, angulis posticis subrectis (margine

laterali ante angulum paullo rotundato). Elytra relative elongata

et ampliata, apice suturali sublobato-producto, ante apicem lateri-

bus fortiter sinuatis; exarato-striata, interstitiis planis, tertio tri-

punetato. Metathoracis episterna valde elongata. Tarsi plantis

dense ciliatis, 4 antici articulo quarto brevissime bilobato, 2 postici

triangulares, angulis acutis equalibus. Long. 11 millim., 3.

Hab. Xucumanatlan, in Guerrero, 7000 ft. (H. H.

Smith) ; Guerrero (Baron).

Two male examples, one of them from Mr. Harford,

taken by Mr. Baron in Guerrero.

Colpodes acutulus. (Pl. XIV., fig. 7).

C. variabili (Chaud.) affinis et similis, sed multo minor et differt

palpis apice haud truncatis, articulo ultimo fusiformi apice acumi-

nato etsi paullulum obtuso. Castaneo-fuscus, politissimus, elytris

viridi- vel cupreo-zneis subtilissime et acute striatis, apice profunde

sinuatis parte suturali sublobato-producta. Palpi, antenne et

pedes fulvo-rufa. Caput sat parvum collo subconstricto, oculis

prominentibus post oculos sat subito angustatum. Thorax relative

TRANS. ENT. 80C. LOND. 1891.—PART II. (JUNE.) T

260 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

parvus cordato-quadratus, transversus, lateribus explanatis rufo-

translucentibus ante basin breviter sinuatis, angulis posticis ex-

stantibus subacutis, reflexis. Elytrorum strie apice nullo modo

profundiores. Metathoracis episterna elongata, angustata. Tarsi

gracillimi 4 antici articulo 4to paullo inequaliter producto, 2 pos-

tici triangulares angulis paullo productis. Long.8 millim., J 9°.

Hab. Zacualtipan, in Hidalgo (Hége).

Colpodes columbinus, Chaud.

Herr Hoge met with this insect at Jalapa.

Colpodes porrectus, Chaud.

We have received examples of this species from

Omilteme, in Guerrero (Smith), and Amecameca, in

Morelos (Hége).

Pogonus (Diplochetus) emaciatus.

Angustus, sublinearis, rufo-testaceus politus. Caput post oculos

incrassatum. Thorax elongatus, postice gradatim angustatus, lateri-

bus pauliulum rotundatis, ante basin leviter sinuatis, angulis pos-

ticis subrectis etsi baseos versus angulum obliquato, fovea utrinque

magna levi, carinula ab angulo suboblique versus discum extensa.

Elytra parallela, sed prope humeros paullo rotundato-angustata,

basi thoracis latiora, margine basali interrupto carina valida ab

humeri basi usque ad interstitium 5um curvata; sat fortiter punc-

tulato-striata, striis (4ta, 6ta et 7ma exceptis) usque ad basin im-

pressis, duabus marginalibus multo latioribus et longe ante basin

conjunctis ; interstitiis convexis 3io unipunctato raro bipunctato.

Long. 6—64 millim.

Hab. Mazatlan (Hoge).

This species seems to be distinct from P. rutilus

(Chevr.) and P. parallelus (Lec.), both belonging to the

genus or subgenus Diplochetus, the descriptions of which

specially mention that the elytral strie are obliterated

at the base, and do not fit the Mazatlan insect in other

respects. P. rutilus is from Cuba, Colombia, and

Venezuela, P. parallela is from Texas. P. depressus

(Lec.), which has the curved humeral carina distinctive

of the Diplochetus group, differs from our insect in being

‘* strongly depressed,” and in having three dorsal punc-

tures.

Carabidéous fauna of Mexico. 261

The genus Pogonus is an addition to the Mexican

fauna.

Tachys (Barytachys) decastichus.

T. duplex (Bates) aftfinis et similis, sed differt inter alia colore

supra saturate viridi-eneo. Antennarum articuli 2 basales palpi

et mandibule pedesque pallide rufo-testacea, corpore subtus nigro-

zneo prosterni lateribus interdum castaneis. Thorax transversus

antice valde rotundato-dilatatus post medium sinuatim angustatus

ante angulos lateribus rectis angulisque postice subacutis; sulco

basali levi fovea utrinque profunda carinulaque obliqua juxta

angulum. EHlytra convexa punctato-striata, striis utrinque quinque

suturali haud profundiori, 2—5 ante apicem abbreviatis (5a per-

parum abbreviata) spatiis apicali et laterali levissimis, stria 3ia

grosse bipunctata, puncto primo ante, secundo post, medium,

striola recurva recta obliqua. Long. 24 millim.

Hab. Teapa, in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).

Pericompsus Tabasconus.

P. stictico (Bates) affinissimus, at differt semper elytrorum

maculis majoribus primaque (subhumerali) usque ad striam 3iam

vel 4tam extensa. Nigro-gzneus antennarum articulis 1—3 partibus

oris pedibusque flavo-testaceis. Gracile ovatus. Thorax parum

transversus antice mediocriter rotundatus, angulis posticis sub-

acutis. Elytra convexa, utrinque striis punctulatis sex, exteriori-

bus ante apicem abbreviatis, interstitio 3io0 bipunctato; macula

flava subhumerali a margine laterali (ibique lata et elongata) ©

usque ad striam 3iam vel 4am extensa, macula apicali magna ~

obliqua. Long. 2} millim.

Hab. Teapa (H. H. Smith) and San Juan Bautista

(Hoge), in Tabasco.

There is no difference that I can detect between this

species and the Guatemalan P. sticticus, except in the

dimensions of the yellow elytral spots, which in the

latter are much smaller, the anterior one narrow and

confined to the marginal interstice. It is, however,

constant in its difference throughout a large series of

examples, and merits a distinguishing name, if only as

a local variety.

Bembidium spherulifer.

B. Championi simile, eneum politum elytris utrinque 7-striatis

stria septima brevissima ; differt antennis 5—11 et 4to apice nigro-

7 2

262 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

fuscis, articulis basalibus palpis et pedibus rufo-testaceis, tarsis in-

fuscatis. Thorax sicut in B. Championi, B. spherodero et

affinibus latus, spheroidalis; elytris sat grosse punctato-striatis,

striis 2—7 gradatim brevioribus. Long. 33—4 millim.

Hab. Ventanas and Ciudad, in Durango (Hége).

Two examples only. These, B. spheroderum and B.

Championt, are so closely allied that they may hereafter

prove to be only modifications of one variable species.

Bembidium (Peryphus) macrogonum.

B. mexicano (Dej.) proxime affine, sed differt thoracis angulis

posticis prolongatis exstantibus carinulaque rectiori usque ad basin

(juxta angulum) extensum. Cyaneo-viride politum, antennarum

articulis 1—2, palpis ad basin pedibusque flavo-testaceis (tibiis paullo

obscuris), elytris prope apicem macula obliqua transversa rufo-

testacea. Thorax antice sat late rotundatus lateribus ante basin

valde sinuatis, angulis posticis exstantibus, basi dilatata latitudini

majori anteriori fere exquali, sulculo marginali laterali angusto

usque ad angulum posticum ducto carinulaque recta. Elytra

dorso planata, striis punctulatis sex interioribus (precipue in indi-

viduis minoribus) usque prope apicem impressis. Long. 53—

6 millim.

Hab. Cordova, in Vera Cruz (Hége). Five examples.

Bembidium (Peryphus) erosum, Motschulsky, Bull. Mosc.,

li., 127; Mannerheimi, Leconte, Ann. Lye. N.

York, v., 190.

Hab. Chihuahua City (Hége) ; Paso del Norte (Flohr) ;

Nortu America; California.

A large series of examples offering very little variation

in markings or in size (83 millim.), and differing in no

essential respect from Californian representatives of the

species. It resembles very closely large examples of

B. mexicanum var. Sallei, in which the elytra have a

large humeral reddish spot, or the colouring is spread

over the whole base of the elytra, a form which occurs

in Oaxaca, near Mexico City, and in the same locality

as B. erosum, viz., Chihuahua City. B. erosum may,

however, be distinguished by the shallower fovea and

thickly punctured base of the thorax, and the absence

of all trace of the short oblique carina near the hind

angle, which, though sometimes very faint, is never

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 263

entirely wanting in B. Sallei. The species is an

addition to the Mexican fauna.

Bembidium (Peryphus) ciudadense.

B. erosum (Motsch. =B. Mannerheimi, Lec.) differt thorace

late rotundato, etc. Caput et thorax nigro-enea, elytris castaneo-

rufis, vitta lata (interdum latissima) suturali (in individuis imma-

turis deficienti) nigricanti, palpis antennis et pedibus obscure rufo-

testaceis femoribus subtus infuscatis, corpore subtus cum coxis

piceo-nigro. Caput levissimum sulcis frontalibus latis profundis.

Thorax late cordatus antice late ampliato-rotundatus postice sat

valde angustatus, lateribus ante angulos subacutos sinuatis ; supra

toto levis, politus, suleulo marginali-laterali angusto usque ad

angulos et foveam parvam basalem continuato, carinula nulla,

spatio inter foveam et angulum subconvexo levi. Elytra elongato-

oblongo-ovata, utrinque striis punctatis mediocriter impressis sex,

2—6 am versus apicem fere obsoletis. Long. 8 millim., 3.

Hab. Ciudad, in Durango (Hoge).

Many examples, but nearly all immature. One was

sent to me by Mr. Flohr with insects from the neigh-

bourhood of Mexico City ; I have it so labelled in my

collection, but strongly suspect it has been referred to

that locality by mistake.

Bembidium levigatum, Say, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.,

ii., 84.

Paso del Norte, Chihuahua (Hége).

An addition to the Mexican fauna.

Bemlidium Durangoense.

B. nitidulo (Dej.) valde affine; differt inter alia femoribus

viridi-eneis. Subtus splendide viridi-eneum supra #neo-cupreum

minus nitidum, antennarum articulis 1—8 et 4to basi rufo-testaceis

ceteris nigris, femoribus ad basin (cum trochanteribus) tibiis tarsor-

umque articulo basali (ceteris nigro-fuscis) testaceis. Caput sulcis

frontalibus rectis subangustis. Thorax subquadratus medio per-

parum rotundato-dilatatus antice gradatim, postice minus et sinu-

atim angustatus, angulis posticis exstantibus acutis. Elytra

oblongo-ovata passim sat grosse subcrenatim punctato-striata

interstitiis paullo convexis equalibus 8io punctis mediocribus

duobus. Elytrorum strie 8—9 arcte approximate. Long. 6—

63 millim.

264. Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

Hab. Villa Lerdo, in Durango (Hége).

From B. coxendiz (Say), a species belonging to the

same subgroup of Bembidium, our species differs in the

conspicuously longer and narrower thorax. In colours

and sculpture there is little difference.

Anchonoderus fulvipennis.

A. subtili (Bates) affinis. Nigro-eneus, elytris (cum epipleuris)

castaneo-fulvis apice late, et interdum lateribus, nigris; antennis

(versus apicem obscurioribus) palpis pedibusque rufo-testaceis.

Oculis sicut in A. subtili et eneicolli magnis prominentibus.

Caput fere leve, nitidum, collo leviter constricto, inter antennas

breviter et late bisuleatum. Thorax relative parvus, cordatus post

medium angustatus ante angulos parvos reflexos breviter sinuatus,

margine basali versus angulos obliquato; indistincte rugulosus

parum nitidus dense erecte pubescens. Elytra oblonga acute

punctulato-striata, interstitiis planis, subtiliter punctulatis, erecte

pubescentibus. Long. 64—7} millim.

Hab. la Noria, in Sinaloa (Hége).

A remarkable species, in its style of coloration unlike

any other known of the genus. The elytra have no

trace of fover.

Lachnophorus cuprellus.

L. subaurato (Bates) proxime affinis ; differt thorace fere levi,

ete. Nigro-seneus, capite thoraceque letius eneis elytris sub-

cupreis sat nitidis; antennis nigro-fuscis articulis 1—4 (apicibus

fuscis exeeptis) femoribusque flavo-testaceis, tibiis et tarsis fusco-

nigris. Caput punctulatum et strigulosum, collo levi. Thorax

parvus cordatus mox pone angulos anticos ampliatus deinde valde

angustatus, parte basali cylindrica, supra vage subtiliter rugosus sed

haud punctatus. Elytra anguste oblonga, exarato-striata, striis

versus basin crenato-punctatis, interstitio 3io trifoveato. Long.

5 millim. .

Hab. la Noriain Sinaloa, and Ventanas in Durango

(Hoge). Three examples.

Closely allied to the Guatemalan ZL. subauratus, but

certainly distinct ; the elytra are more narrowly oblong

and less convex, the thorax much more narrowly cor-

date and narrowed more gradually behind, the straight

sides for a short distance before the base being the same ;

the surface is not coarsely confluent-punctate, as in

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. "965

L. subauratus ; the head is more closely punctured, the

punctures in L. subauratus being few and large, and, on

the other hand, the interstices are smooth, so that the

surface is more brilliant. The antenne in L. subauratus

are much stouter, and, with the legs, are fulvous.

Casnonta sulcicollis. (Pl. XIV., fig. 8).

C. picte et C. pennsylvanice affinis. Multo minor et minus

gracilis. Nigra, polita, elytris cerulescentibus immaculatis, an-

tennis articulis 2—8 et 4to ad basin, rufis, pedibus flavo-testaceis,

femoribus tibiisque ad apicem et tarsis fuscis. Caput et oculi sicut in

C. pennsylvanica illud sat paullo minus elongatum. Thorax paullo

brevior, convexus, ad medium gracile ovatus prope apicem leviter

constrictus angulis anticis productis acutis ; sutura pronoti utrinque

@ supra perspicua sulciformi, prosterno grosse punctato. Elytra a

basi usque ad paullo ultra medium grosse striato-punctata, triente

apicali levissima. Long. 64 millim.

Hab. Ciudad, in Durango (Hége).

Mr. Flohr has also sent us examples of this distinct

species from the same locality.

Casnonia lioptera.

C. tetrastigme (Chaud.) et C. lineolate (Bates) affinissima ;

differt elytris callo preapicalicarentibus, etc. Gracilis, nigro-polita,

antennis articulis 2—4 rufis, 8—9 testaceo-albis, femoribus dimidio

basali (cum trochanteribus posticis) tibiisque annulo mediano,

albis; elytris utrinque macula unica (laterali prope apicem) tes-

taceo-alba. Caput levissimum antice convexum, post oculos

prominentes elongatum rectilineatim angustatum, collo brevissimo.

Thorax elongatus, angustus, usque longe post medium gradatim

leviter dilatatus, perparum subtiliter transverse striatus, sutura

prosternali tenuissima. Elytra angusta oblonga, angulis exteri-

oribus apice sat productis; lineis punctorum abbreviatis prope

basin exceptis fere levia, sed striis punctulatis, dorsalibus tenuis-

simis sub lente (juxta maculam preapicalem profundioribus) per-

spicuis; fovea utrinque magna prope basin; callo apud maculam

preapicalem nullo. Long. 93 millim.

Hab. Atoyac, in Vera Cruz (Flohr in coll. Bates).

Hoge’s collections do not contain this species, which

might be considered a variety of C. tetrastigma (Chaud.)

were it not for the absence of preapical callus, which is

2.66 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

so conspicuous a feature in that and other allied species ;

the interstice covered by the whitish spot near the apex

is nearly quite plane in C. loptera. The short rows of

punctures near the base are much smaller than in C. tetra-

stigma, though the punctured strize on the rest of the

surface are much more clearly indicated. The external

apical angles are more produced, but do not form long

tooth-like projections, as in C. rufipes.

Galerita ovalipennis. (Pl. XIV., fig. 9).

G. Boucardi, Chaud., quoad formam simillima, differt antennis

palpis et pedibus rufis. Nigra-obscura opaca breviter erecte fulvo-

pubescens, genis post oculos sat late et breviter rotundatis. Thorax

sat elongatus quadratus, ante medium mediocriter rotundato-dila-

tatus deinde longo sinuatus et parum angustatus, angulis posticis

oblique productis et subelevatis. Elytra relative brevia, convexa

valde costata, lineis geminatis in sulcis vix elevatis lineam

punctorum includentibus, humeris omnino rotundatis. Long.

17 millim.

Hab.. Soledad and Xantipa, in Guerrero (H. H.

Smith). Two examples.

Galerita Lecontei, Dejean, Sp. Gén., v., p. 294.

Hab. Villa Lerdo, in Durango (Hége).

This species has been added to the Mexican fauna by

Herr Hoge, from whom we have two or three examples

resembling Texan specimens of G. Lecontev.

Zuphium punctipenne.

Z. mexicano (Chaud.) simile, minor, et differt elytris una cum

thorace conspicue sat dense punctatis. Parvum depressum, supra

toto erecte pubescens, fulvo-testaceum subnitidum capite apiceque

elytrorum interdum infuscatis. Caput sparse punctatum politum ;

thorax quam in Z. mexicano brevior, antice subrectus angulisque

distinctis etsi obtusis nec ut in Z. punctipenni rotundatis, lateribus

post medium valde sinuatis angulis posticis exstantibus acutis,

basi medio lobato, supra subdense conspicue punctatus. Long.

5 millim.

Hab. Cuernavaca (Hoge). Five examples, among a

small series of Z. mexicanum from the same locality.

The thorax is more strongly punctured than in Z. mevi-

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 267

canum, and the elytra, instead of being finely alutaceous,

are punctured throughout, without tendency to confluence,

nearly as strongly as the thorax. The short basal lobe

of the thorax is quadrate, its sides forming a nearly

right angle with the portion of the base near the angle.

Diaphorus rufulus, Leconte, Ann. Lyc. N. York, v., 173

(Enaphorus, id.).

Hab. Teapa, in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).

A single example which, though it agrees with Leconte’s

description as far as it goes, I refer with doubt to this

species. The locality of his specimens was St. Jose,

California.

Inna planipennis. (Pl. XIV., fig. 10).

I. Boyerv (Chaud.) affinis, sed major elytris deplanatis, etc.

Rufo-picea subnitida supra obscurior elytrisque subviridi-metallicis,

margine explanato rufo-translucenti; antennis et palpis rufo-

testaceis. Caput elongatum, exsertum, media fronte cum vertice

fere levibus sparse subtiliter punctulatis, collo transversim grosse

et densius punctato. Thorax medio angulatim dilatatus antice

paullo curvatim postice sinuatim angustatus, antice arcuatim

emarginatus, postice fere truncatus, lateribus explanato-reflexis,

rufo-translucentibus, margine irregulariter serrato quasi eroso

‘angulis posticis rectis; supra grosse subconfluenter punctatus.

Elytra oblongo-quadrata, depressa, costis utrinque septem medio-

criter elevatis (suturali inclusa) hic illic planatis punctulatis, inter-

stitiis versus basin biseriatim, apicem versus et lateribus confuse,

pluri-punctatis. Long. 83—11 millim., J ?.

Hab. Temax, North Yucatan (Gaumer) ; Jalapa (H.

Edwards).

Var. Thorax angustior lateribus haud angulatis margineque

reflexo angustiori; capite supra adhuc leviori.

Hab. 'Teapa, in Tabasco.

M. Sallé has favoured me with an example of this

species, which he has also received from Yucatan. The

punctuation of the interstices of the elytra varies in the.

different examples ; in some the small punctures in the

middle of the interstices begin near the base.

I. costulata (Chaud.) has also been received from Mr.

Gaumer from Temax, the specimens differing in no

essential respect from those taken at Bugaba, in the

268 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

State of Panama, by Mr. Champion. It is a smaller

and narrower insect, with the head strongly punctured

throughout, and the sides of the thorax rounded with

but slight angularity.

Brachinus amplipennis.

B. mexicano (Dej.) quoad formam similis, sed major elytrisque

relative latioribus. Fulvo-aurantiacus, elytris viridescenti-ceruleis,

antennis articulis 8io vel 4to leviter infuscatis; subtus episternis

posticis ventrisque lateribus nigrescentibus. Caput post oculos

gradatim fere recte angustatum, collo haud constricto, setifero-

punctatum vertice parum convexo levi. Thorax anguste cordatus

quam in B. mexicano planior, margine laterali (a latere viso)

multo minus arcuato; versus basin plus minusve profunde

sinuatus angulis posticis exstantibus, supra dense erecte pilosus

nec rugulosus. Elytra mediocriter convexa, obtuse carinata

(carinis levibus, versus latera et apicem obsoletis) interstitiis

pilifero-pluripunctulatis. Antenne longitudine mediocres. Long.

11—14 millim.

Hab. Villa Lerdo, in Durango; Paso del Norte in

Chihuahua, Tampico in Tamaulipas (Hoge).

In real affinity, and especially in the sculpture and

pubescence of the thorax, this species belongs to the

North American group, of which B. fumans is the type.

Though similar in form to the larger examples of

B. mexicanus, it differs widely from that species, and

from all the Mexican species hitherto described, except

B. hirsutus (Bates), in the densely hairy thorax, which,

in the other species, shows only a few hairs towards the

anterior angles. Bb. mexicanus differs besides in the

blackish antennal joints 3 to 4, in the black abdomen,

reddish only in the middle of the base, and in the more

convex elytra and more strongly raised carine and

glabrous interstices. B. hirsutus is smaller than B.

amplipennis, with shorter and broader thorax and more

acutely carinated elytra.

Brachinus Tabasconus.

B. amplipenni affinis et similis; differt solum elytris disco et

basi fere glabris interstitiis uniseriato- vel pauciter-punctulatis.

Long. 12—14 millim.

Hab. Juan Bautista in Tabasco; Tlacotalpam in

Vera Cruz (fHdége).

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 269

The description above given of the northern B. ampli-

pennis will apply to this form from the opposite extremity

of Mexico, with the exception that the elytra, instead of

having a large number of piliferous punctures in the

interstices, have only an irregular row of mostly glabrous

punctures, at least in the interstices 1—6 from the base

to about the middle. The punctures are destitute of

hairs towards the base, and hence the elytra are more

glabrous and shining; their colour also is generally

greener than in B. amplipennis. The thorax is some-

what elongate, and varies in outline, as in the other

species, and its surface is densely clothed with piligerous

_ punctures.

In one or two examples of the series before me the

interstitial punctures are not uniseriate, but irregularly

two or three abreast; these form transitions to B.

Tabasconus, and the form can scarcely be considered as

more than a local variety of that species. Transition

varieties are, however, very frequent in the genus

Brachinus.

Brachinus cognatus, Chaud., Monogr. d. Brachyn., p. 64.

The typical form of B. cognatus in Southern and East-

central Mexico has short convex elytra, with strong

glossy carine and smooth interstices ; the whole under

surface being pale red, like the head and thorax. A

character omitted by Chaudoir is the absence of hairs

from the surface of the thorax and elytra; viewed

laterally, no trace of pilosity is visible. The following

variety is from Northern Mexico; it agrees with the

type in every respect, except as stated in the following

diagnosis :—

Var. cancellatus. Elytra longius ovata, convexa, carinis elevatis,

angustioribus interstitiisque transversim impressis; antennis

articulo 4to 3ioque basi fuscis. Long. 7—8 millim.

Hab. Aguas Calientes City; Villa Lerdo, in Durango;

Chihuahua City (Hége).

In two examples only, respectively from Lerdo and

Chihuahua, are the transverse impressions of the elytral

interstices strongly marked; but they agree with the

others, in their subelongate form and other characters,

from Aguas Calientes.

270 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

Coptodera xanthopleura.

C. aurate (Chevr.) affinis et similis, sed differt colore viridi-eneo

minus nitido, precipue elytris obscurioribus margine explanato

laterali epipleurisque fulvis, interstitiis convexis. Caput et thorax

sicut in C. awrata, viridi-enea polita, hic valde transversus,

postice angustatus sed lateribus haud sinuatis ; antennis pedibus-

que rufis illis articulis 5—11 obscurioribus. Elytra paullo brevius

oblonga, obscurius viridi-enea, subpunctulatim striata interstitiis

convexis, margine laterali explanato epipleurisque fulvo-testaceis.

Pedes piceo-fulvi femoribus cum corpore subtus nigris. Long.

82 millim.

Hab. Tehuantepec (Sallé) ; Dos Arroyos, in Guerrero

(H. H. Smith).

An example of this species was overlooked by me in

the series of C. auwrata in the Sallé collection. Mr.

Smith has since obtained one exactly similar in the

State of Guerrero.

Cymindis pilosa, Say, Trans. Am. Phil. Soce., i., p. 10

(1828) ; C. pubescens, Dej., Sp. Gén., 1., 215.

Hab. Cholula, in Puebla (Hoge).

One example, which I cannot distinguish from speci-

mens of C. pilosa from the Eastern States of N. America.

The species is an addition to the Mexican fauna.

Pinacodera atrata, Chevr., Biol. Centr.-Am., Col., i.,

Lp.

All the numerous examples taken by Mr. H. H. Smith

at Omilteme and Xucumanatlan, in Guerrero (alt. 7—

8000 ft.), have rather clear reddish antenne and palpi,

and very many have all the trochanters and tarsi of the

same colour. The outline of the thorax and strength of

the punctuation of the upper surface vary, but the latter

is generally greater than in the typical P. atrata from

Mexico City. A more universal point of difference is

the reddish antenne. ‘The variety may be distinguished

as follows :—

Var. ruficornis. Antennis, palpis et interdum trochanteribus

tarsisque rufis. Long. 9—14 millim.

Another variety of this variable species is distinguished

by the almost impunctate upper surface :—

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 271

Var. levior. Supra subtilissime et sparsim punctulata vel toto

levis, elytris politis, striis subtilibus et subtiliter punctulatis ;

antennis et palpis rufescentibus.

Hab. Huitzo, in Oaxaca (Hoge). Many examples.

Apenes hilariola. (Pl. XIV., fig. 11).

A. pallidipe affinis; minor et gracilior, elytris nitidulis fusco-

eneis, etc. Caput et thorax rufa, illo utrinque post oculum, hoc

vitta indistincta utrinque discoidali, fuscis, capite supra sat dense

subtiliter flexuoso-ruguloso et punctulato. Antenne nigro-fusce

articulis 1—2, 3tioque basi rufis. Thorax capite latior, quam in

A. pallidipe longior, lateribus minus arcuatis; totus transversim

strigulosus et subtiliter punctulatus. Hlytra subtilissime alutacea

sed sat nitida punctulato-striata, fusco-enea, humeris et margine

laterali late, vitta brevi supra interstitium 6um apice intus supra

interstitia 4 et 5um prolongata, fasciaque late undulata preapicali,

flavo-testaceis. Pedes flavi geniculis infuscatis. Subtus rufo-

polita lateribus ventrisque dimidio apicali fusco-nigris. Long.

9 millim.

Hab. Cuernavaca, Colima City (Hége ; Flohr in coll.

Bates).

Two examples only. The base of the elytra is dark

bronze from the suture to the 6th stria, with the excep-

tion of the outer half of the interstice divided by the

scutellar striole, which is reddish. The preapical

fascia 1s composed of rather long spots on interstices

3—7, the 8th—10th interstices being occupied by the

marginal vitta.

Apenes amplicollis. (Pl. XIV., fig. 12).

Major et latior, nigro-fusca, pedibus flavo-testaceis, antennis

palpisque obscure rufo-testaceis scapo pallidiori. Caput sicut in

A. pallidipe ovatum, oculis parum prominentibus, supra totum dense

punctato-strigulosum. Thorax latus paullo transversus dense

punctulatus et transversim strigulatus, subnitidus, lateribus pre-

cipue antice rufo-translucentibus. Elytra latius oblonga acute

exarato-punctulato-striata, interstitiis planis, disperse punctulatis

et alutaceis sericeo-opacis, margine laterali explanato grossius

punctato; utrinque maculis duabus aurantiacis 1ma majori

humerali apud interstitia 6—8, 2da przapicali minor apud inter-

stitia 5—8, maculis interdum subobsoletis. Subtus fusco-nigra,

nitida. Long. 11—12 millim.

O72, Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

Hab. Ventanas, in Durango (Hége); Tepic (Flohr

in coll. Bates).

Larger and broader than any other described species

of the A. pallidipes group, resembling more A. omostigma

and A. purpuripennis of Chaudoir’s group ‘‘ Apenes

ingenue,” from which it differs in the narrower and

more oval head.

XENODROMIUS, Novy. gen.

Gen. Axinopalpo (Lec.) aftinis, a quo differt unguibus simplicibus

elytrisque versus basin angustatis humerisque rotundatis. Caput

exsertum post oculos subrecte prolongatum paullo angustatum,

oculis parum prominentibus. Palpi articulo apicali in maxillari-

bus gracile fusiformi subacuminato, in labialibus ovato obtuse

truncato. Antenne elongate dimidium elytrorum attingentes

versus apicem gradatim crassiores, articulis 1—2 et 3ii dimidio

glabris. Thorax cordatus ad apicem capite multo latior, angulis

anticis paullo porrectis, mox pone apicem rotundato-dilalatus

deinde sinuatim valde angustatus angulis posticis distinctis sed

obtusis, margine basali versus angulum valde obliquato. Elytra

plana, subovata, versus basin angustata apice latissime rotundata

subtruncata, angulis humeralibus omnino rotundatis, plica basali

brevi profunde sinuata; poris marginalibus magnis a supra con-

spicuis, epipleuris longe ante apicem terminatis. Setx supra-

orbitales duo. Metathoracis episterna brevia subquadrata. Tarsi

sat robusti, articulo 4to unguibusque simplicibus.

Axinopalpus humeralis, Solier (Variopalpis, id.), has a

similar exserted head, but differs in its oblong-quadrate

elytra, like all other species of the same genus. With

regard to the form of the thorax, Axinopalpus brevicollis,

Germ., and A. brunneus, Chaud., approach closely our

new genus. In the form of the head and elytra, Xeno-

dromius recalls forcibly the Brachinus type.

Xenodromius Flohri. (Pl. XIV., fig. 18).

Deplanata, glabra, rufo-testacea polita, elytris (epipleuris rufis

exceptis) castaneo-fuscis, striatis, striis perparum impressis vage

Hab. Las Vigas (Flohr in coll. Bates). Two examples,

apparently female, the anterior tarsi not being dilated.

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 273

Calleida chlorotenia. (Pl. XIV., fig. 14).

C. circwmcincte (Bates) affinissima, sed differt thorace ante

medium late rotundato geniculis nigris, etc. Minus elongata, sub-

depressa, fulva nitida, antennis articulis 8—11, palpis (apice pallido

excepto) genubus tarsisque nigris; elytris vitta angusta marginali

splendide viridi, ab humero fere usque ad apicis angulum exteriorem

extensa et interstitia 8—9 tegenti (postice interdum angustiori).

Thorax latus, ante medium late rotundatus postice perparum vix

sinuatim angustatus, angulis posticis subrectis, lateribus late

explanato-reflexis et punctatis plicaque crassa curvata cum mar-

gine laterali parallela transversim strigosa. LElytra acute punc-

tato-striata, interstitiis planis sparsim punctulatis, 3i0 poris duabus

Imo prope basin 2do prope apicem. Long. 9 millim.

Hab. Acapulco (Hoge).

In C. circumcincta the thorax has a similar curved

fold, or wheal, near to the explanated lateral margin, but

the thorax is narrower, the sides scarcely curved from

the middleto the fore angle, and strongly sinuated behind;

the outline, however, varies considerably in C. chlorotenia.

The legs also are concolorous, rufous.

Loxopeza calomicra.

Parva, angustula, rufa polita, elytris, epipleuris (cum margine

tenui) plicaque basali rufis exceptis, lete viridi-zneis. Caput leve.

Palpi articulo penultimo ultimoque basi nigris ; antenne articulis

d5to—l1lmo, 4toque apice nigro-fuscis. Thorax transversus versus

apicem sat late rotundatus, lateribus late explanatis disco vix

ruguloso. Elytra sat anguste oblonga, acute striata interstitiis

versus basin convexis postice planioribus. Venter nigro-piceus.

Long. 53 millim.

Hab. Acapulco (Hége).

Two examples only, both females. The emarginate

and not bilobate penultimate tarsal joints, added to the

coloration, are almost sufficient to show that this species

belongs to the genus Loxopeza, but it is only on the

examination of the anterior tarsi of the male that its true

position can be decided. It is smaller and slenderer

than L. atriceps ; the elytra are brassy green.

Lebia Smithiella.

L. quadricolori (Chaud.) affinis, sed elytris distincte etsi haud

acute striatis. Oblonga, capite et elytris lete viridi-cyaneis metallicis,

274 Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

thorace toto, pedibus, antennarum articulis 1—3 et 4ti basi (cxteris

fuscis) rufis, meso- et metasternis, palpis, abdomineque nigro-viridi-

bus. Caput breve, convexum, leve, oculis magnis prominentibus.

Thorax capite parum latior, quadratus paullulum transversus, ante

medium paullo rotundatus postice perparum sinuato-angustatus,

margine laterali mediocriter (postice latius) explanato-refiexo.

Elytra subtiliter alutacea sericeo-opaca, apice flexuoso-truncata,

subtiliter haud acute striata. Long. 6 millim., J ?.

Hab. Chilpancingo, 4600 ft., Amula, 6000 ft. (H. H.

Smith).

Allied to ZL. quadricolor (Chaud.), from which it is

conspicuously distinct in the explanated lateral margins

of the thorax. This and its coloration gives it a great

resemblance to the smaller Loxopeze, especially L. atri-

ceps (Lec.); the transversely truncated apices of the

dilated anterior tarsi in the males show, however, that it

does not belong to that genus, but to Lebia.

Lebia furcata, Leconte, Ann. Lyc. N. York, iv., 193.

Hab. Teapa, in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).

One example of this N. American species, agreeing

with numerous specimens from Utah and Montana, with

which I have compared it, was obtained by Mr. Smith.

L. furcata is an addition to the Mexican fauna.

Agra pacifica.

A. ictine (Bates) proxime affinis, forsan ejus varietas geo-

graphica. Gracilis, fusco-nigra enescens, elytris obscure cupreis.

Caput post oculos mediocriter prolongatum, rotundato-angustatum

occipite medio fovea vaga elongata lateribus utringue 2—3 punc-

tatis. Thorax mediocriter elongatus lateribus rotundatis, prope

apicem tantum angustatus ad basin paullo constrictus, crebrius grosse

punctatus, linea dorsali levi interdum interrupta, linea utrinque

discoidali irregulari. Elytra angusta postice perparum ampliata

acute punctulato-striata, interstitiis planis 2ndo 4to et 6to poris

setiferis parvis 6—8, apice flexuoso-truncata; epipleuris rufe-

scentibus neo-tinctis, margine superiori interdum viridi-eneo.

Prosternum toto grosse punctatum.

gf. Metasternum ventrisque segmenta 1—4 medio, tenuiter

punctulato-pilosa ; femoribus trochanteribusque glabris. Seg-

mentum apicale ventrale medio incisum. Tibie 4 postice intus

yersus apicem pilose.

Carabideous fauna of Mexico. 275

?. Sterna et venter glabra. Segmentum apicale leviter angu-

latim emarginatum. Antenne articulo 8vo nullo modo abbreviato.

Long. 15—16 millim.

Hab. Acapulco (Hége). Seven examples.

Closely resembling A. ictina ; differing, in both sexes,

chiefly in the flatter elytral interstices, with finer and

more sharply incised strize and rather smaller but very

conspicuous setigerous pores, and, in the 3, by the less

dense and more limited pubescence of the under surface,

which in A. ictina extends to the coxe and trochanters.

The description of A. ictina applies to the Guatemala

specimens, those from Cordova (I have only a ? example

before me) being in some respects intermediate between

ictina and pacifica. One or two setigerous pores are

found on the 6th interstice in A. ictina, but they are

usually more numerous in A. pacifica.

Agra cyanippe.

A, elaine (Bates) similis. Angusta supra et subtus viridi-

cyanea, capite antennis tibiis et tarsis nigrioribus. Caput angus-

tum levissimum, post oculos valde elongatum et vix angustatum

angulis posticis rotundatis. Thorax fere linearis prope apicem sat

subito angustatus, lineatim grosse punctatus, linea irregulari

angusta dorsali lineisque discoidalibus utrinque latioribus, levibus,

prosterno lateribus grosse punctatis. Elytra mediocriter angusta

pone medium leviter ampliata, apice recte truncata, angulo exteriori

subacuto sed non producto, suturali recto subobtuso; profunde

punctato-striata (striola scutellari dilatata) poris setigeris in striis

2nda et 4ta sitis haud conspicuis. Antennz articulo 8vo abbre-

viato, 9. Long. 14 millim.

Hab. Yautepec, in Morelos (Flohr in coll. Bates).

One example only.

For a list of the new and additional species and new

varieties of Cicindelide and Carabide added to the

Mexican fauna in this and the preceding paper (Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond., 1890, pp. 493—510), see pp. 276 and

277; and for an Explanation of Plates XIII. and XIV.,

see p. 278.

TRANS. ENT. S00. LOND. 1891.—PART II. (JUNE.) U

276

Mr. H. W. Bates’ additions to the

The following is a list of the new and additional

species and new varieties of Cicindelide and Carabide

added to the Mexican fauna in this and the preceding

paper (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1890, pp. 493—510) :—

Cicindela obsoleta, Say, var. santa- Pasimachus duplicatus, Lec., p. 230.

clare, Bates (Trans. Ent.

Lond., 1890, p. 493).

C. thalestris, Bates, p. 494. 0

C. scotina, Bates, p. 494. 56

C. viatica, Chevr., var. nigri-

labris, Bates, p. 495. 59

C. melania, Bates, p. 495. 5

C. ritteri, Bates, p. 496. 90

C. plurigemmata, Bates, p.496. ,,

C. rugatilis, Bates, p. 497. 50

C. precisa, Bates, p. 498. 9p

C. guerrerensis, Bates, p. 499. ,,

C. speculans, Bates, p. 500. a

C. punctulata, Fabr., var. chi-

huahue, Bates, p. 500. $3

C. politula, Lec., p. 501. A

C. dugesi, var. calomicra,

Bates, p. 501. aA

C. deliciola, Bates, p. 502. a

C. rufiventris, Dej., var. venta-

nasa, Bates, p. 503. .

C. nebuligera, Bates, p. 504. 5

C. flavo-punctata, Chevr., var.

chiapana, Bates, p. 505, -"

C. sinaloe, Bates, p. 505.

C. euryscopa, Bates, p. 506. %

C. sperata, Lec., p. 507. %

C. psilogramma, Bates, p. 507. ,,

C. leuconoé, Bates, p. 508. -

C. debilis, Bates, p. 509. 3

Calosoma ampliator, Bates, antea,

in this Paper, p. 223.

C. lugubre, Lec., p. 224.

C. macrum, Lec., p. 224.

C. leve, Dej., var. punctulicolle,

Bates, p. 225.

C. leve, Dej., var. explanaticolle,

Bates, p. 225.

C. leve, Dej., var. microgonum,

Bates, p. 225.

C. omiltemium, Bates, p. 226.

C. diminutum, Bates, p. 227.

C. morelianum, Bates, p. 228.

C. porosifrons, Bates, p. 229.

Scaphinotus macrogonus, Bates,

p. 229.

Soc. P. ignicinctus, Bates, p. 230.

P. levisulcatus, Bates, p. 231.

P. quirozi, Flohr, p. 231.

P. mexicanus, Gray, var. ceruleus,

Bates, p. 231.

P. Smithi, Bates, p. 232.

Scarites durangoensis, Bates, p. 232.

Distichus granulipygus, Bates, p. 232.

Schizogenius multisetosus, Bates, p.

233.

Scythropasus nicaraguensis, Bates,

p. 234.*

Micrixys distinctus, Lec., p. 234.

Chlenius chrysopleurus, Chaud., var.

guerreroensis, Bates, p. 235.

C. cordifer, Bates, p. 235.

C. porphyrius, Bates, p. 236.

C. eurybates, Bates, p. 236.

C. beatus, Bates, p. 237.

C. amplians, Bates, p. 237.

C. suppletor, Bates, p. 237.

Dercylus mexicanus, Bates, p. 238.

Dicelus costatus, Lec., var. lerdo-

ensis, Bates, p. 238.

D. levipennis, Lec. (Flohri, Bates),

var. abbreviatus, Bates, p. 239.

Anisotarsus hilariolus, Bates, p. 239.

Harpalus durangoensis, Bates, p. 240.

HA. gravis, Lec., p. 240.

Pangus caliginosus, Fabr., p. 241.

Cratacanthus dubius, Beauv., p. 241.

Selenophorus aurocupreus, Bates, p.

241.

S. tarsalis, Putz., var. liosomus,

Bates, p. 242.

S. bradycelloides, Bates, p. 242.

S. dispar, Bates, p. 243.

S. crassiusculus, Putz., var. nigre-

scens, Bates, p. 243.

Discoderus dislocatus, Bates, p. 245.

Agonoderus pallipes, Fabr., p. 246.

Bradycellus Flohri, var. denigratus,

Bates, p. 247.

Stenolophus plebejus, Dej., p. 246.

S. lamprotus, Bates, p. 246.

Celia californica, Dej., p. 247.

* This species, though not belonging to the Mexican fauna, is included

here for convenience.

Carabideous fauna of Mexico.

Celia hegei, var. civitatis, Bates,

p. 247.

C. tenebrionella,

Bates, p. 248.

C. ciudadensis, Bates, p. 248.

C. rectangula, Lec., p. 249.

Evarthrus substriatus, Lec., p. 249.

Pecilus chalcites, Say, p. 249.

Euchroa chrysophana, Bates, p. 249.

Loxandrus rubricatus, Bates, p. 250.

Morio cyclomus, Chaud., p. 251.

Calathus gregarius, Say, p. 251.

C. ambigens, Bates, p. 251.

Pristodactyla impunctata, Say,

p. 252.

Anchomenus megillus, Bates, p. 252.

Elliptoleus olisthopoides, Bates,

p. 252

Colpodes haptoderoides, Bates, p. 252.

C. harpaloides, Bates, p. 253.

. steropoides, Bates, p. 254.

. platysmoides, Bates, p. 254.

. omaseoides, Bates, p. 255.

valens, Bates, p. 255.

stenos, Bates, p. 256.

. tinctipennis, Bates, p. 257.

. rectilineus, Bates, p. 257.

segregatus, Bates, p. 258.

. trujilloi, Bates, p. 269.

. eneicauda, Bates, p. 259.

. acutulus, Bates, p. 259.

Pogonus emaciatus, Bates, p. 260.

Tachys decastichus, Bates, p. 261.

Pericompsus tabasconus, Bates,

p. 261.

Bembidium spherulifer, Bates,

p. 261.

var. c@neicolor,

aagaaagaaaaag

277

Bembidium macrogonum, Bates,

p. 262.

B. erosum, Motsch., p. 262.

B. ciudadense, Bates, p. 263.

B. levigatum, Say, p. 263.

B. Durangoensis, Bates, p. 263.

Anchonoderus fulvipennis, Bates,

p. 264.

Lachnophorus cuprellus, Bates,

Casnonia sulcicollis, Bates, p. 265.

C. lioptera, Bates, p. 265.

Galerita ovalipennis, Bates, p. 266.

G. lecontei, Dej., p. 266.

Zuphium punctipenne, Bates, p. 267.

Diaphorus rufulus, Lec., p. 267.

Inna planipennis, Bates, p. 267.

Brachinus amplipennis, Bates,

p. 268.

B. tabasconus, Bates, p. 268.

B. cognatus, Chaud., var. cancel-

latus, Bates, p. 269.

Coptodera xanthopleura, Bates,

p. 270.

Cymindis pilosa, Say, p. 270.

Pinacodera atrata, Chevr., var. rufi-

cornis, Bates, p. 270.

P. atrata, var. levior, Bates, p. 271.

Apenes hilariola, Bates, p. 271.

A. amplicollis, Bates, p. 271.

Xenodromius Flohri, Bates, p. 272.

Calleida chlorotenia, Bates, p. 273.

Loxopeza calomicra, Bates, p. 273.

Lebia smithiella, Bates, p. 273.

L. furcata, Lec., p. 274.

Agra pacifica, Bates, p. 274.

A. cyanippe, Bates, p. 275.

278 Cara

bideous fauna of Mexico.

EXPLANATION OF Puates XIII. & XIV.

Fic. 1

PLATE XIII.

. Calosoma oniltemium.

5 ‘ dinunutum.

* porosifrons.

. Scarites dwrangoensis.

Scaphinotus macrogonus.

Pasimachus Snuthi.

Chlanius porphyrius.

vs eury bates.

3 beatus.

. Huchroa chrysophana.

. Colpodes haptoderoides.

a harpaloides.

PLATE XIV.

. Colpodes steropoides.

» platysmordes.

omaseotdes.

% valens.

bn rectilineus.

oH segregatus.

%) acutulus.

Casnonia sulcicollis.

. Galerita ovalipennis.

. Inna planipennis.

. Apenes hilariola.

» amplicollis.

. Aenodromius Flohri.

Calleida chlorotenia.

(272795 ®)

X. On the genus Xanthospilopteryx, Wallengren. By

Wittiam F. Kirsy, F.L.S., F.E.S., Assistant in the

Zoological Department, British Museum (Natural

History), South Kensington.

[Read February 4th, 1891. |

PLATE XV.

XANTHOSPILOPTERYX, Wallengren.

** (Noctua, Fabr., Agarista, Auct., ex parte).

‘“* Antenne graciles, in medio sensim crassiores, apice attenuate,

arcuate. Palpi capite longiores, subadscendentes, articulo ultimo

haud nutante, articulus medius et basalis conformes, squamosi,

pilis rigidis infra instructi, ultimus tamen gracilis, per totam suam

longitudinem conformis, apice rotundatus, pilis rigidis obsitus,

articulo intermedio longitudine sequalis. Oculc nudi. Frons

squamosa, obtusa, haud prominens. Pedes fere ut in Agarista, sed

tibia squamose, pilis brevissimis rarioribus instructe. Ale

antice elongate, apice rotundate; omnes infra leves. Segmenta

4 abdominis fasciculis brevissimis lateraliter instructa. Abdomen

maris ante anum valde coarctatum ; anus in utroque sexu barbatus.

Coste al. posticarum 9, ut in genere memorato; costae 1—3

e trunco superiore, 4ta e costula transversa cellule, 5—7 ex angulo

postico cellule, sed 7ma haud procul ab octavam egredientes,

Coste al. anticarum 11, costa Ima e basi, 2—5 e trunco inferiore,

6—9 e trunco superiore, 10—11 iterum e basi, hee tamen in ipso

margine antico; costa 3tia ex angulo postico cellule, 4ta—dta

haud procul abhine et costula transversa, sed intervalla inter

costas 8—5 invicem «qualia; costa 6ta ex angulo antico cellule;

cost 7—8 ex angulo areole accessorie hee triramosa et ramulos 2

in marginem anticum ramulumque unicum in marginem exteri-

orem emittens; costa 9na e latere antico cellule. Cellula in alis

posticis dimidiam partem ale non superat, sed in anticis partem

bitrientalem fere attingit. Areola accessoria triangulata, lateribus

inequalibus, cellulam tertia parte superans. Fam. Castnii.

Species typica, X. Geryon, Fabr., ex Africa interiore.”

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—PART II. (JUNE.)

980 Mr. William F. Kirby on the

The genus Xanthospilopteryx was founded by Wallen-

gren in 1858, in the ‘ difversigt’ of the Swedish Academy

(p. 83). The typical species was Noctua Geryon, of

Fabricius, but several species were at that time included

under the names of Geryon, Fab., or Huphemia, Stoll;

and as the actual species on which Wallengren founded

his genus proved to be Husemia superba, Butl., the latter

becomes the true type.

Hitherto the species of Xanthospilopteryx have usually

been included in the Kast Indian genus Eusemia, Dalm.*

(Episteme, Hutbn.), but the section represented by

Eusemia Euphemia, auct., is exclusively confined to

Tropical and Subtropical Africa, from Abyssinia to

Caffraria and Natal. The presence of an accessory cell

in the fore wings, and the shorter and thicker legs, the

shorter claws, unexpanded tarsal joints, &c., amply

justify the separation of Xanthospilopteryx from Episteme.

There are other species from Africa, and more especi-

ally Madagascar, described under Husemia, which do

not belong to Xanthospilopteryx, most of which belong

to Prof. Westwood’s genus Rothia; these 1 do not

intend to discuss at present. No true Xanthospilopteryx

appears to inhabit Madagascar.

The British Museum is very rich in species of this

genus, which my friend and colleague Mr. Butler has

just rearranged. The total number of species on our

lists (including one or two doubtfully belonging to

Aanthospilopteryx, and two new species described below)

is 25, of which the Museum possesses no less than 18.

Mr. Butler therefore agreed with me that it would be

useful to give a short sketch of the species, most of

‘which are described by English authors, and seem very

little known abroad, as Mabille, in a paper on the subject

in the ‘ Annales de la Soc. Ent. de France’ (6), x., Bull.,

pp- ¢xxli—cxxiv, has just stated that he is only acquainted

with 8 species of the group, 4 of which he describes as

new ; and that he has only been able to find descriptions

of 5 species already described, one of which (Husemia

contigua, Walk.) is unknown to him.

The species of Xanthospilopterya are handsome moths,

measuring from 13 to 8} in. in expanse, according to

the species. The fore wingst are usually longer than

* The type of Hpisteme, Hiibn., or Husemia, Dalm., is the

Chinese Noctua Lectrix, Linn.

t I object to the American application of the ornithological

genus Xanthospilopteryx. 281

the hind wings, the apex rounded (rarely subacute), and

the hind margin either regularly rounded or convex.

The hind wings are regularly rounded, and more dis-

tinctly sinuated than the fore wings, and the fringes

are entire or very slightly sinuated, and rather long for

moths of comparatively large size.

Although the species are numerous and handsome,

their colours and pattern are rather uniform. ‘The fore

wings are always black, with pale yellow, or more rarely,

white spots, those nearest the hind margin often more

or less connected, and sometimes coalescing (except the

spot near the hinder angle) into one continuous band or

blotch. The hind wings are usually of the bright

crimson colour so common among African Lepidoptera

(which is liable to fade to a yellowish shade), but more

rarely distinctly yellow, or even white; and the fringes

here also are sometimes narrowly edged with white, or

other pale colour, towards the upper part of the hind

margin. The abdomen generally extends a little beyond

the hind wings, and is nearly always yellow, banded

with black, and tufted at the extremity with yellow, or—

in the males—usually with black.

The spotting of the fore wings is very uniform, and

the ordinary spots may often be conveniently referred to

by numbers. There is, firstly, a spot near the base of the

cell, and sometimes continued below it (No. 1) ); a second,

larger and more square, towards the end of the cell

(No. 2); an irregularly-shaped spot below No. 2, often

filling up the space between the median and submedian

nervures (No. 3); a long dash on the inner margin,

below No. 1 (No. 4); the apical spot (No. 5), which is

sometimes broken up into a row of more or less con-

tiguous spots (No. 5), and a spot towards the hinder

angle (No. 6). No.4 is sometimes represented by an

irregular mark above, instead of below, the submedian

nervure. There are usually some obsolete pale blue or

plumbeous markings formed of scattered scales, and the

tibiz are nearly always more or less yellow.

terms, ‘‘primaries’”’ and ‘‘secondaries,” to the wings of Lepi-

doptera, because they are in universal employment in another

branch of Zoology in a totally different sense. Such an application

of well-known scientific terms seems to me to be both unnecessary

and inconvenient, and well deserving of rejection on the ground of

pre-occupation.—W. F. K.

982 Mr. William F. Kirby on the

After these preliminaries, I will enumerate the known

species of this genus, adding a short diagnosis of each.

Genus XANTHOSPILOPTERYX, Wallengr.

Wallengren, Cifv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xv., 83 (1858).

EHusemia, p. auct.

A. Species with white markings on the fore wings.

1. Xanthospilopteryx Hornimani, Druce.

Eusemia Hornimani, Druce, Ent. Mo. Mag., xvi.,

p. 269 (1880) ; Waterh., Aid, ii., pl. clv., fig. 5

(1885).

Exp. 23—3 in.

Fore wings black, with creamy white markings. Spot 1 ex-

panded below as far as the submedian nervure; spots 2 and 3 large,

sometimes connected with No. 1 by lines above the subcostal and

submedian nervures; spot 4 wanting, spot 5 subparallel, hardly

divided by the nervures; spot 6 small. Hind wings creamy white,

with black borders ; fringes concolorous; body black, dotted with

white; anal tuft yellow.

Hab. Mongo-ma-Lobah (type); Cameroons and

Isubu. B. M.

The only known species with white hind wings.

2. Xanthospilopteryx (2) tigrina, Druce.

Hespagarista tigrina, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1882, p. 778, pl. Ix., f. 4.

Metagarista (2) tigrina, Kirb., Cat. Lep. Het., i., p. 41,

n. 2 (ined.).

Exp. 23 in.

Fore wings black, the 4 first spots replaced by 3 oblique stripes,

the 2nd largest, the 2 basal ones inclining to buff; spot 5 divided

below by the last nervure which intersects it; spot 6 small; a dull

red suffused band before hind margin. Hind wings fulyous, with

black borders, and white-spotted fringes; body black, sides of

abdomen tawny on the basal half; apical half belted with white

anal tuft black.

Hab. Cameroons and Old Calabar; Cameroons.

B. M.

genus Xanthospilopteryx. 283

Mr. Butler considers this species to be allied to

Eusemia contigua, Walk., but it appears to me to have

more relationship to M etagarista or Atgocera. The

peculiar dull red submarginal band on the front wings is

found in no other species likely to be referred to Xantho-

spilopteryx.

3. Aanthospilopteryx (?) Pogget, Dew.

pieene Pogget, Dewitz, Mitth. Munch. Ent. Ver.,

Decoy Dledies, te 3 (1879).

Exp. eS in.

Red, with broad black borders. Fore wings with a long black

spot filled up with leaden, closing the cell; costa and inner margin

narrowly bordered with black; hind margin with 4 or 5 white

spots on the upper part, and one at the hinder angle, above which

the border is deeply indented by the ground colour, and then runs

up into it still more sharply. Hind wings with the fringes spotted

with white (inner margin yellow in the figure); body black, spotted

with white; abdomen with the basal two-thirds yellow in the

middle above.

Hab. Guinea.

Recognisable at once from the red colour extending

over the greater part of the wings, as in the similarly-

coloured African genera Phegorista, Aletis, &c. The

colour of the body may indicate some affinity to X. (?)

tigrina. (While actually passing these pages for press,

I have seen a specimen of a new species from Hast

Africa, allied to X. Pogget).

4. Xanthospilopteryx pallida, Walk.

Eusemia pallida, Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., i., p. 51,

n. 9 (1854); Butl., Ill. Lep. Het. B. M., i., p. 10,

Ole Aves inne) (ALS T))c

Exp. 23—23 in.

Fore wings black, with markings of a somewhat yellowish white.

Hind wings red, with black borders. Apices pure white. Spots 1,

2, 3, 4, 6 placed as usual; spot 5 broken into 4 small spots, placed

2 together near the costa, and 2 together opposite the middle of

the hind margin; body black, abdomen ringed with yellow.

Hab. Old Calabar; Cameroons. B. M.

In the type the white and red markings have faded to

buff, but the former are still distinctly white on the

under surface.

984 Mr. William F. Kirby on the

5. Xanthospilopteryx niveosparsa, Westw.

Husemia niveosparsa, Westw., Oates’ Matabele-Land,

p. 855 (1881).*

Exp. 3 in.

Perhaps a variety of the last; described as having 7 small white

spots on the fore wings; it would appear that the submarginal

spots consist of one near the costa and a double one between this

and the hinder angle. In H. pallida the former is double, and

there is an additional spot at the hinder angle.

Hab. Cameroons.

6. Xanthospilopteryx emulatrix, Westw.

Eusemia emulatriz, Westw., Oates’ Matabele-Land,

p. 855 (1881).

Exp. 24—23 in.

Very similar to the last two species, but the pale spots of a

rather yellower white, and spot 5 forming a band divided only by

the nervures into 5 spots.

Hab. Congo. B.M.

7. Xanthospilopteryx (2) terminatis, Walk.

Eusemia terminatis, Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., vii.,

p. 1587, n. 16 (1854).

Anaphela terninatis, Kirb., Cat. Lep. Het., 1., p. 25,

n. 17 (ined.).

Exp. 2 in.

Fore wings rather long, with white spots arranged nearly as in

X. pallida, and with some smaller bluish spots near the base.

Hind wings yellow, with rather broad black borders; body black;

head and thorax spotted with white; abdomen banded with yellow

in front, and (narrowly) with white behind. Anal tuft yellow.

Hab. (Bi Wile

I am doubtful whether this species really belongs to

Xanthospilopteryx, but mention it because it is placed

there in the Museum Collection.

** All the species of Husenva described in the work above quoted

belong to Xanthospilopteryx, except, perhaps, HE. glossutrix, which

I have excluded from the present paper; it is purplish black, with

a straw-coloured marking on the front wings, and white borders to

the hind wings. It is said to inhabit 8.E. Africa.

genus Xanthospilopteryx. 985

B. Species with ochraceous or yellow markings on the

fore wings. (In one or two species included in

Section a, the white colour sometimes inclines

towards yellow.)

a. Hind wings with a conspicuous red or orange spot

on the border near anal angle.

This little group of two or three species is at present

unrepresented in the Museum Collection.

8. Xanthospilopteryx perdix, Druce.

Husemia perdix, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887,

p- 668 (1888).

Exp. 23 in.

Fore wings black, with orange-yellow spots, nearly as in X.

superba, Butl., but with the basal spots coalescing into a basal

band, and the apical spot narrower. Hind wings bright carmine,

with black borders, and a red spot near the anal angle.

Hab. THast-Central Africa; Manbria; Delagoa Bay.

9. Xanthospilopteryx Hoa, Mab.

Eusemia Eoa, Mab., Bull. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 6,

vol. x., p. exxill. (1890).

Wings black. Fore wings with 3 rows of orange-yellow spots ;

along basal spot, 3 intermediate, and a large apical one. Hind

wings red, with a black border, enclosing an orange spot, divided

by a fold, near the anal angle.

Fab. oe

Perhaps the same as X. perdix.

10. Xanthospilopteryx mozambica, Mab.

Eusemia mozambica, Mab., Bull. Soc. Ent. France,

ser. 6, vol. x., p. exxili. (1890).

Resembles X. Hoa, but the basal band of the fore wings is longer

and narrower, and the apical spot broader. Hind wings with the

black border broader, extending in a point along the first branch of

the submedian ; and a black band descends from the costa to the

front of the cell.

Hab. Mozambique.

286 Mr. William F. Kirby on the

aa. Hind wings with the border unspotted.

b. Apical spot replaced by a series of separate spots.

11. Xanthospilopteryx longipennis, Walk.

Eusemia longipennis, Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., i.,

p. 51, n. 9 (1854); Butl., Il. Lep. Het. B. M.,

Leap yl Op lenveetcr om CLO.

Exp. 3—8} in.

Fore wings long, narrow, and rather pointed, black, with dull

yellow spots; spot 1 very small or wanting, and spot 5 replaced by

a series of 5 long well-separated spots, of which the 4th is the

longest. Hind wings salmon-colour, with broad black borders,

into which the ground colour projects rather sharply; tips of all

the wings with the fringe white; abdomen, except at the tip,

clothed with dirty yellowish hairs.

Hab. Congo. B.M.

The shape, the obsolete basal spot, and the well-

separated apical band of spots, easily distinguish this

species from any other, except, perhaps, the following.

bb. Apical spot not distinctly divided.

12. Xanthospilopteryx nigridorsa, Mab.

Eusemia nigridorsa, Mab., Bull. Soc. Ent. France,

ser. 6, vol. x., p. cxxill. (1890).

Fore wings black, with 2 rows of yellow spots; one median,

formed of 2 spots, and one apical, formed of 5 confluent spots, the

lower one only somewhat isolated. Hind wings red, with a very

wide black border ; fringe white, stained with black in the middle ;

body black.

Hab. _-?.

Seems to differ from X. longipennis in the black body,

whiter fringes, less divided apical spot, and (possibly) in

the absence of spots 1, 4, and 6.

C. Spot 1 forming a transverse band at the base;

no streak (spot 4) on the inner margin.

13. Xanthospilopteryx (2) contigua, Walk.

Eusemia contigua, Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., i.,

p. 50, n. 7 (1854) ; Butl., Tl. Lep. Het. B. M.,

1, ps LO Std dt. On lSit).

Ley fi

genus Xanthospilopteryx. 287

Exp. 12 in.

Fore wings black, with an oblique yellow band near the base, a

transverse spot before the end of the cell, a long subapical spot, the

lowest part nearly separated by a nervure; and spot No. 6 very

small; fringes white at tips of fore wings. Hind wings salmon-

red, with black borders. Head and thorax black, spotted with

white; abdomen greyish brown, with narrow white rings.

Hab. Ps 1835 Wie

A small species, which cannot be mistaken for any

other. In pattern it slightly resembles X. tigrina,

Druce.

14. Xanthospilopteryx africana, Butl.

Eusemia africana, Butl., Ann. Nat. Hist. (4), xv.,

p. 142 (1875).

E. meretriz, Westw., Oates’ Matabele-Land, p. 855

(1881).

Exp. 13—234 in.

Fore wings black with yellow spots, basal spot forming a short

band from the subcostal to the submedian nervure ; spots Nos. 2

and 3 of nearly equal size; apical spot long, deeply indented on

the inside, near the lower end; spot6 small. Hind wings crimson,

with black borders; fringes white at the tips of all the wings.

Body black; head, thorax, and extreme base of fore wings spotted

with white or bluish white ; abdomen belted with yellow.

Hab. Natal, Zulu. B. M.

15. Xanthospilopteryx indecisa. (Pl. XV., fig. 1).

Husemia indecisa, Butl., Ann. Nat. Hist. 6), )Vil., p. 50

(1891).

Exp. 2i—2} in.

Very similar to X. africana ; the spots on the fore wings are of

a more ochreous yellow, and the apical spot is not indented on the

inner side.

Hab. Kandera, Central Africa. 3B. M.

ec. Spot 1 not continued much below the median nervure.

d. Apical spot with the lower end cut off by a nervure.

16. Xanthospilopteryx Geryon, Fabr.

Noctua Geryon, Fabr., Spec, Ins., ii., p. 216, n. 37

(1781),

288 Mr. William F. Kirby on the

Noctua Euphemia, Stoll, Pap. Exot., iv., pl. 348, fig. a

(1782).

Eusemia Euphemia, Butl., Ent. Mo. Mag., xii., p. 120

(1875).

EF. xanthopyga, Mab., Bull. Soc. Ent. France (6), x.,

p. exxiv. (1890).

EL. nugatrix, Westw., Oates’ Matabele-Land, p. 356

(1881).

Exp. 2—23 in.

Fore wings black, with the usual 6 ochreous spots rather large,

the apical one moderately broad, and indented within on its lower

extremity ; there are also frequently several smaller ones at the base,

chiefly on the costa. Hind wings red, with black borders; tips of

all the wings with white fringes. Body black; head spotted with

white; abdomen belted with yellow; thorax with a collar of 4

yellow tufts in front.

Hab. Ashanti, Guinea, White Nile. B. M.

The oldest known species, well-characterised by the

yellow collar, which is indicated in Stoll’s figure. The

locality he gives is Amboina, which, of course, is an

error. The specimens from Sierra Leone and the White

Nile agree best with his figure; those from the Gambia

and Ashanti are smaller, and agree better with the

description of X. nugatrix, Westw., which hardly appears

to be a distinct species.

17. Xanthospilopteryx Fatima, sp.n. (Pl. XV., fig. 2).

Eusemia Euphemia, Mab., Bull. Soc. Ent. France (2),

X., p. Cxxiv. (1890).

Exp. 23 in.

Male. Intermediate between X. Geryon and X. swperba. Fore

wings black, with ochraceous spots as in the former species, except

towards the base. Spot 1 forms the first of a series of 4, the 3rd

and 4th linear, running obliquely to the inner margin, the 4th

nearly obsolete; the base of the costa is marked with 3 small

bluish white spots, followed by a streak of the same colour;

another small bluish spot stands at the base, below the subcostal

nervure ; and there are 2 small ochraceous spots between this and

the oblique series. Hind wings red, with black border. Under

side similar, but fewer small basal spots, and spots 2 and 3 united

into one continuous band. Head and thorax black, spotted with

white; no yellow collar; yellow tufts above base of abdomen;

genus Xanthospilopteryx. 289

abdomen banded with yellow ; anal tuft black; legs black, striped

with yellow, and spotted with white ; femora white below.

Hab. Taita, EB. Africa. B. M.

18. Xanthospilopteryx incongruens, Butl. (Pl. XV.,

fie. 6 3, fig. 7 2).

Eusemia incongruens, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1878, p. 381.

Exp. 24 in.

Fore wings black, with ochraceous markings. Hind wings

reddish orange or yellow (perhaps faded), with black borders.

Markings nearly as in X. Fatima, but the bluish costal streak is

wanting; spot 1 has only one other below it, above the submedian

nervure; and the apical spot is subparallel, and not distinctly

indented on the inside.

Hab. Abyssinia. B.M.

19. Xanthospilopteryx superba, Butl.

EKusemia superba, Butl., Ann. Nat. Hist. (4), xv., p. 141,

ple xd, f. 3 (87,5)r.

Xanthospilopteryx Geryon, Wallengr., Vet. Akad. Handl.

(2), v. (4), p. 7 (1865).

Exp. 2}—23 in.

Resembles the last two species, but spot 1 is larger, crossing the

median nervure, and instead of spot 4 being a long dash on the

inner margin, it is an irregular spot, running obliquely upwards

across the submedian nervure towards No. 1; the apical spot is

broad, and not indented, and the base of the costa is marked with

about 4 small white spots, under which stand 1 white one towards

the base, and 2 yellow ones beyond. Hind wings red, with a black

border, which deeply indents the ground. colour. Instead of a

yellow collar, there is a yellow tuft on each side above the base of

the abdomen.

Hab. Zulu, Port Natal. B. M.

As explained above, this species is the type of the

genus.

20. Xanthospilopteryx Thruppi, Butl. (Pl. XV., fig. 5).

Eusemia Thruppi, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885,

p- 775 (1886).

Exp. 23 in.

Resembles X. superba, but the head and thorax are marked with

290 Mr. William F. Kirby on the

orange, not white, spots, and all the small spots near the base of

fore wings are ochraceous. Hind wings rose-colour below the

median nervyure and orange-tawny above, but perhaps faded ;

abdomen rufous.

Hab. Somali. B.M.

The rufous abdomen at once distinguishes this species.

21. Xanthospilopteryx pardalina, Walk.

Husemia pardalina, Walk., Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glas-

TOW 1, D. O29, Dla Vere 1 Loo).

E. ochracea, Butl., Ann. Nat. Hist. (4), xv., p. 142

(1875).

Fore wings black, with ochraceous spots; spots 1, 2, 3 and 6

more uniform in size than usual; spot 5 hardly indented within;

an additional small spot above the submedian nervure between

spots 1 and 4. Hind wings orange-tawny, with a black border,

which indents the ground colour before the anal angle. Head and

thorax black, spotted with white; base of costa with 2 or 3 small

white spots; and one or two other small yellow spots below them;

abdomen banded with black and yellow.

Hab. Congo. B.M.

Easily known by the orange-tawny hind wings.

22. Xanthospilopteryx adulatria, Westw.

Eusemia adulatrixz, Westw., Oates’ Matabele-Land,

p. 355, pl. a, fig. 1, pl. u, f. 8, 8a, 3b (1881).

Exp. 24 in.

Head and body black, and, as well as the base of fore wings,

spotted with yellow, spot 1 being hardly larger than the others;

spots 2 and 3 contiguous, forming a band, reaching nearly to the

inner margin, on which spot 4 stands; spot 5 subparallel, slightly

constricted in the middle; spot 6 rather large. Hind wings red,

with black borders ; abdomen banded with black and yellow.

Hab. “Prope Tati et Gavailo fluv.”

Distinguished by the continuous central band, and

(according to the figure) by the yellow spots on the

head and thorax, which are represented by white ones

in the allied species.

genus Xanthospilopteryx. 291

23. Xanthospilopteryx Butleri, Walk. (Pl. XV., fig. 4).

Eusemia Butlert, Walk., Char. Lep. Het., p. 111 (1869)-

Exp. 13 in.

Black; head, thorax, and base of fore wings, with small white

spots; spot 1 well-marked, spot 2 the first of a band of 3, running

to the hind margin; apical spot subparallel, hardly indented, spot

6 of moderate size. Hind wings crimson, with black borders ;

abdomen belted with orange.

iGgoemeNatal. B: M.

24. Xanthospilopteryx Aisha, sp. un. (Pl. XV., fig. 3).

Exp. nearly 23 in.

Female. Fore wings black, with ochraceous spots of the same

shade as in H. superba, Butl.; 3 small spots at the base of the

costa, and 2 below the median nervure; just beyond there is a

quadrate spot (No. 1) crossing the cell, and extending just above

the subcostal nervure; and 2 smaller ones, resting on the sub-

median nervure ; beyond these are 3 more spots (8—5), larger and

oblong, one crossing the cell, and extending just above the sub-

median neryure ; another placed obliquely, and rather beyond it,

above the submedian nervure, and a smaller one, nearly below the

first, on the inner margin. Nearer the apex is a long oblique band

(5), not divided by the nervures, but constricted in the middle ;

and near the hinder angle is a pentagonal spot (6), with the point

projecting outwards. Scattered pale blue scales form rather in-

distinct spots and lines at the base of the cell, and between the

large spots in the cell, as well as a streak near the base, resting on

the submedian nervure, and another between the median and sub-

median neryures, beyond the two basal spots resting on the latter.

Fringes black, slightly shading into grey beneath, with a buff line

at the apex. Posterior wings crimson, with a moderately broad

black border, slightly sinuated on the inner side, and projecting

into the wing before the anal angle ; fringes ochraceous at the tip.

Body black; head and thorax spotted with white; abdomen

banded and tufted with yellow; legs yellow, spotted with black ;

tarsi ringed with black and white. Under side of fore wings with

an ochraceous dash above the submedian nervure at the base,

2 spots beyond in the cell, a large spot in the cell, and another

below, meeting it in a point; and the subapical band and spot at

the anal angle nearly as above, but rather larger.

Hab. Masai Land (H.C. V. Hunter). B.M.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—paRT II. (JUNE,) xX

292 On the genus Xanthospilopteryx.

Nearest to H. Butleri, Walker, but considerably larger,

and the spots of the fore wings larger in proportion, and

differently arranged; thus, H. Butleri has a row of 3

spots arranged in a regular curve before the subapical

band, instead of the 2nd being projected obliquely

forward, as in X. Aisha, and the 8rd on the inner

margin is less disproportionately small.

25. Xanthospilopteryx pentelia, Druce.

EHusemia pentelia, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887,

p- 668 (1888).

Exp. 13 in.

Fore wings rather pointed, black, with ochraceous spots; 4 in a

square towards the base, apical spot subparallel, hardly indented;

spot 6 rather large. Hind wings salmon-red, with black borders.

Head and thorax black, spotted with white ; abdomen belted with

black and yellow.

Hab. Delagoa Bay. B. M.

EXPLANATION OF Puate XY.

Fic. 1. Xanthospilopteryx indecisa.

2. X. Fatuma.

3. X. Aisha.

4, X. Butleri.

5. X. Thruppt.

6. X. wmcongruens, J.

» P-

( 293 )

XI. The Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. Part II.

Apionide and Anthribide. By Davip Suarp, M.B.,

[Reels del DitSen (xGe

[Read February 4th, 1891. |}

Tuts part is, like Part I.,* drawn entirely from the

materials obtained in the Archipelago by Mr. George

Lewis.

APIONIDA.

Japan at present appears to be very poor in this

division of the Rhynchophora, but this may be in part

due to insufficient collecting; the comparatively short

time Mr. Lewis spent in the islands could not allow of

his doing full justice to all the smaller and more obscure

beetles. He brought back only some fifteen species of

the genus Apion, a number which contrasts strongly

with that of the European fauna, there being fully two

hundred species already detected in Hurope proper.

The number of specimens obtained by Mr. Lewis likewise

is very small, whereas, in Europe, Apions are amongst

the most abundant of beetles.

Apion abruptum, Nn. sp.

Affinis A. opetici, Bach. Plumbeo-nigrum, opacum, parce

setosum, antennis articulis duobus basalibus rufis; rostro subtus

in medio compresso-dilatato; prothorace conico, dense fortiter

punctato, medio canaliculato. Long. absque rostro 3 mm.

Rostrum longitudinally convex above and swollen in the middle ;

underneath dilated and laterally compressed in the middle. An-

tenn with the basal two joints red, the rest black, the first joint

more than twice as long as the second. Thorax slender, the sides

convergent in front, but nearly rectilinear, the hind angles very

* In Part I. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1889), p. 42, line 6 from

top, instead of ‘‘is absent and it is clear,” read ‘‘is apparently

absent but it is clear.” As it stands at present the first part of the

sentence may be construed as contradictory of what follows.—D. 8.

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—parT Il, (JUNE.) x2

294 Dr. Sharp on the Rhynchophorous

inconspicuous, the surface very coarsely and closely punctate, with

a longitudinal channel extending from the base to in front of the

middle. Elytra rather deeply striate, interstices broad and flat,

dull. Under surface less sparingly pubescent, lower and hind

margin of orbit with numerous erect sete. Legs, including the

tarsi, black. In the male the rostrum is short, but in the female

it is rather longer, and has a well-marked apical portion, which is

much more slender and shining.

This differs from A. opeticum by the shorter rostrum,

much more dilated in the middle, and provided with only

a short apical part: this form of the rostrum also dis-

tinguishes it from A. cerdo, to which it is equally similar.

Only a few specimens were obtained of A. abruptum at

Junsai, Sapporo.

Apion japonicum.

Apion japonicum, Roelofs, Ann. Ent. Belg., 1874,

p. 128.

Miyanoshita. This species remains extremely rare.

Apion unicolor.

Apion unicolor, Roelofs, Ann. Ent. Belg., 1874, p. 129.

Higo, Nowata, Subashivi.

Apion corvinum.

Apion corvinum, Faust, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1889, p. 224.

Described on a single example, and said to be near

unicolor. It has not been obtained by Mr. Lewis.

Apion lugubre.

Apion lugubre, Faust, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1889, p. 224,

This was described from a single example of the g

sex: the small series obtained by Mr. Lewis shows that

the ? has the rostrum still longer, and a little slender

and more shining.

Hitoyoshi, Yuyama, in May; Nara, in June; Miyano-

shita.

Apion protractum, Nn. sp.

Elongatum, angustum, plumbeo-nigrum, opacum, tenuiter pube-

scens ; rostro elongato, curvato, punctulato, opaco. Long. absque

rostro 23, cumque rostro 33 mm,

Coleoptera of Japan. 295

Antenne inserted just behind the middle of the rostrum, first

joint about three times as long as the second. Head long and

narrow} eyes not prominent, remote from the thorax. Thorax

small, slender, not greatly narrowed in front, coarsely punctate,

with an elongate channel on the middle. Elytra moderately

deeply sulcate ; interstices quite flat, dull.

Shimonosiwa, July 31st, 1881. One specimen.

This very distinct species reminds one of A. curvi-

rostre, but the Japanese insect is really very different,

the rostrum and head being more slender, the thorax

smaller, differently sculptured, and not constricted behind

the front margin.

Apion bulbinasum, n. sp.

Nigerrimum, parcissime setosum, sat nitidum, elytris profunde

suleatis; rostro apicem versus dilatato, subtus membranaceo.

Long. absque rostro 24 mm.

Of this most remarkable Apion only one example was procured,

and I am not able to speak as to its sex: it has the apical portion

of the rostrum thickened and inflated, while beneath the surface

is hollow, and the chitinous integument is absent, the hollow being

closed by a membrane. Except for this unprecedented structure

of the rostrum the insect has nothing peculiar. The rostrum is

about as long as the head and thorax, punctulate on the apical part,

dull and impunctate on the basal part; the eyes are widely sepa-

rated, the surface between them obsoletely striate: the antenne

are inserted about one-fourth of the length in front of the eye.

The thorax is rather small, narrowed in front, a little rounded at

the sides, coarsely punctate, with a fine short channel in front of

the scutellum. Elytra with rather broad deep grooves, which are

very indistinctly punctate ; the interstices are slightly nitid, almost

destitute of pubescence.

Sapporo ; one example.

Apion sulcirostre, n. sp.

Nigrum, elytris sanguineis, circa scutellum margineque apicali

nigricantibus, antennarum basi piceo-rufo, pedibus nigro-piceis ;

rostro crassiusculo, anterius in medio canaliculato. Long. absque

rostro 24 mm.

Rostrum short and stout, but little curved, nearly straight, quite

dull, punctate, with a channel extending from the insertion of the

antenne to near the apex; antenne inserted a little behind the

middle, rather short. Thorax rather small, subconical, slightly

996 Dr. Sharp on the Rhynchophorois

constricted near the front, dull, rugose-punctate, feebly impressed

in front of the scutellum. Elytra narrow at the shoulders, convex,

red, but black at the base, at the apex, and along the deflexed side

margins, moderately deeply suleate. Legs rather stout, claws of

the tarsi lobed at the base.

Mr. Lewis found three specimens of this species at

Subashiri; they are quite alike, and probably all of the

male sex. It is one of the most readily recognised

species of the genus, the colour and the canaliculate

rostrum being diagnostic.

Apion griseo-pubescens.

Apion griseo-pubescens, Roelofs, Ann. Ent. Belg., 1874,

Oo LAS),

Awomori.

Apton precarium.

Apion precarium, Faust, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1889,

p. 225.

Mr. Lewis obtained a small series of this species, but

the only localities noted are Suyama and Kiga. There

are also, in Mr. Lewis’s collections, a few specimens

that may be varieties of this species, or distinct forms.

Apion placidum.

Apion placidum, Faust, Deutsche Ent. Zeit., 1887,

p- 180.

Described from E. Siberia, and said to be also found

in Japan, but Mr. Lewis has not met with any specimen

that 1 can refer to it.

Apion pallidirostre.

Apion pallidirostre, Roelofs, Ann. Ent. Belg., xvi..,

p. 128.

Konosé, May 18th, 1881.

Apion daimio, n. sp.

Convexum, nigrum, elytris disco rufo, pedibus rufo-testaceis,

antennarum apice rufescente; rostro elongato, gracili, polito.

Long. absque rostro, 23 mm.

Rostrum rather longer than the head and thorax, slender, elon-

gate, polished. Antenne inserted as far in front of the eyes as the

Coleoptera of Japan. 297

width of the head and eyes, piceous, the slender club more dilute

in colour ; eyes convex, but little separated in the middle. Thorax

elongate, conical, greatly narrowed in front, not punctate, but

bearing rather scanty, depressed, white hairs. Hlytra subglobose,

broadly and deeply sulcate, clothed like the thorax, and with a

large common oblong red patch extending on each side as far as

the fourth groove. Legs clear yellow. Middle coxe widely

separated.

A single example of this remarkable species was found

by Mr. Lewis many years ago. It is not at all like any

other Japanese species, nor any Kuropean species, that. I

know of, but comes much nearer to some of the Central-

American species.

ANTHRIBIDA.

In Anthribide, Mr. Lewis was remarkably successful,

as he has discovered about sixty species of the family.

Geographical Kurope only possesses about thirty species,

so that the proportions to the whole coleopterous fauna

are very different in the two regions. Whether the

Japanese Anthribide are more allied to those of Asia

than to those of Europe must remain at present an open

question, as nothing is known of this part of the Chinese

coleopterous fauna.

In reference to the way I have treated this family, it

is necessary to remark that the classification of the

Anthribide has not been touched since Lacordaire, and

that as left by him it is amongst the most unsatisfactory

of the order. This is due to several circumstances, the

first of which is the natural difficulty arising from the

fact that the generic characters vary from species to

species, so that it is very difficult to decide where the

lines of separation of genera should be drawn ; indeed,

as we at present are acquainted with but a small pro-

portion of the species, it is not to be expected that

genera can be naturally defined by us. It must be

admitted, too, that the choice of the leading characters

for his divisions made by Lacordaire was no means a

happy one, and he made it worse by not strictly defining

- the sense in which some of his terms were to be under-

stood, and by himself in several cases misunderstanding

them. Hence it is, perhaps, not surprising that I can

find no satisfactory means of distinguishing T'ropideres

298 Dr. Sharp on the Rhynchophorous

and Litocerus, although Lacordaire placed them in

different primary divisions. Finally, I may add that

he did not make a complete revision of the family, but

carried over, as it were, some of the faults previously

existing in Schonherr’s work. For instance, in the case

of Tropideres, he admits the impossibility of defining it,

and states that it cannot remain in its present condition,

but makes no alteration in it.

Under these circumstances, I regret very much that I

am obliged to refer about one-half of the Japanese

Anthribide to this most unsatisfactory genus, especially

as by so doing I increase the difficulty of either defining

or dividing it; for I to some extent extend the limits of

the structural variations included in it, while by de-

scribing some species intermediate between forms that

might previously have been treated as generically dis-

tinct, the difficulty of dissolving the genus is increased.

This is not the first time I have felt the impossibility

of dealing with this family in a satisfactory manner, and

some years ago, when dealing with the New Zealand

species, I endeavoured to evade the difficulty by treating

all the species as belonging to the old genus Anthribus.

And at that time the late Dr. Leconte informed me that

he had experienced similar obstacles in dealing with the

N. American forms. A complete revision of the classi-

fication of this family is certainly a pressing necessity,

the confusion about it being at present very great.

ASEMORHINUS, nov. gen. (TopHoDERIDES, Lacord.).

Rostrum modice elongatum, apicem versus parum latius, scrobi-

bus posterius fortiter convergentibus, profundis.

The insect for which I establish this genus appears

from Lacordaire’s table to be most nearly allied to

Tophoderes, from which it differs decidedly by the very

deep scrobes, which converge strongly behind so as

almost to meet on the under side of the head, and, in

addition to this, the apical dilatation of the rostrum is

wanting. The antenne are moderately long, with a

three-jointed, moderately long and broad, club; the

basal joint is impressed and curved in front, and is

about as long as the second joint: the insertion is quite

apical. The eyes are rather short and placed laterally.

The prebasal carina of the thorax is slightly sinuous,

Coleoptera of Japan. 299

forms a very obtuse rounded angle at the sides, and is

continued forwards for only a short distance. The

middle coxe are moderately distant, the junction of the

meso- and metasterna between them very discontinuous.

The sexual disparities are but slight.

Asemorhinus nebulosus.

Niger, griseo-tomentosus, albido fuscoque subvariegatus ; rostro

abrupto, suboblongo, apicem versus paulo latiore; prothorace

lateribus rotundatis, anterius valde angustato. Long. cumque

rostro 12—16 mm.

Antenne of female reaching about to the back of the thorax, in

the male longer; slender, the basal joint curvate and hollow in

front; black, the two joints preceding the club bearing some white

pubescence, the club rather slender, compressed, in the female

with the three joints subequal in length, in the male the basal

jomt more elongate than the other two. Eyes prominent, sub-

elliptic; rostrum at the base narrower than the head, distinctly

broader towards the apex, the antenne inserted at the apex; it is

not quite so long as the thorax, covered with unicolorous grey

pubescence, flat, feebly longitudinally carinate along the middle.

Thorax greatly narrowed towards the front in a curvilinear

manner, the prebasal carina strongly elevated, slightly undulate,

not directed forwards at the side before reaching the side margin,

with which it forms an obtuse angle, the latter not reaching the

front; the surface is clothed with depressed hairs, but little

variegate ; across the middle are two or three indistinct elevations ;

the sculpture concealed by the clothing. Elytra more variegate

than the anterior parts, with very coarse series of punctures, which

are much obscured by the subdepressed clothing. Legs blackish,

with whitish marks on the femora, tibie, and tarsi.

Found on boleti on a tree at Nara, 28th June, 1881 ;

also at Yuyama, May 17th.

BLABIRHINUS, noy. gen. (TopHopERIDES, Lacord.).

Rostrum modice elongatum, apicem versus parum latius, scrobi-

bus elongatis, posterius fortiter convergentibus, latis, perparum

profundis.

Antenne moderately elongate, with definite, rather short, three-

jointed club; terminal in their insertion, second joint elongate,

much longer than the first ; eyes rather large, elongate, extending

forwards but not inwards, very widely separated, very finely

300 Dr. Sharp on the Rhynchophorous

facetted. Thoracic carina distant from the base, curved forwards

on each side in an extremely gentle sweep, only very slightly pro-

longed anteriorly along the side. Middle coxe moderately widely

separated.

The insect for which this genus is proposed cannot be

associated with Asemorhinus nebulosus on account of the

scrobes, which, though they nearly meet behind, are

very shallow and broad ; the basal joint of the antenna

is short, almost globose, not curved. The third joint of

the tarsi, looked at from above, can scarcely be seen, so

that the feet look as if they were only three-jointed.

Blabirhinus dorsalis, nu. sp.

Fusco-griseo tomentosus, thorace lineis nigro-fuscis, elytris pone

discum nigro-signatis, antennis pedibusque nigris, his griseo-

vestitis parum variegatis. Long. rostro porrecto 44—74 mm.

Elongate-oblong, rather flat. Antenne in female quite as long

as rostrum and thorax, in male rather longer; club rather broad,

compressed, intermediate joint transverse. Thorax rather long,

greatly narrowed in front, marked along the middle with two rather

vague fuscous lines, which converge in front, and on each side

with a shorter line; the prebasal carina distant from the base, and

very prominent on each side. Scutellum covered with paler

tomentum. Elytra marked with two short oblique dark stripes,

converging towards the suture and behind each line with a small

cruciform dark mark. Under surface not variegate, almost uniform

in colour with the upper surface.

Higo, 14th May, 1881. Four specimens.

ULORHINUS, 0. gen.

Rostrum breve, latum, modice deflexum, apice truncato ; scrobes

profunde, foveiformes; antenn parve, clava triarticulata,

This genus is proposed for an obscure Anthribid which

seems to be intermediate between the two divisions into

which Lacordaire divides his T'ropiderides, the rostrum

being short and broad, scarcely narrower than the head,

and yet not abruptly deflexed, without a transverse im-

pression beneath to limitit from the head. The position

should be very near T'ropideres. The rostrum is quite

truncate in front, quite flat, not dilated at the extremity.

The eyes convex, widely separated, a little convergent in

front. Thoracic carina nearly straight, moderately

Coleoptera of Japan. 301

distant from the base, continued forwards at the sides

for less than half the length. The scrobes are deep,

and are prolonged inwards for a short distance, termi-

nating in a very sharply-defined angle. The middle

cox are moderately separated.

Ulorhinus funebris, n. sp.

Niger, parum variegatus, in elytris obscure albido-guttatus ; pro-

thorace sat elongato, anterius leviter angustato, equaliter convexo.

Long. rostro subporrecto, 6 mm.

Antenne short and rather slender, black, piceous at the base;

first joint short, scarcely so long as the second, third to sixth

slender, seventh and eighth a little broader, the latter short, ninth

rather longer than broad, tenth transverse, terminal joint also

rather short. Rostrum with a very shallow oval depression on the

middle, rugose, with a very scanty dark clothing. Thorax gently

narrowed in front in a slight curve, black, with a few white hairs

in the middle in front, and some others at the base in front of the

scutellum; the disc not impressed; the thoracic carina nearly

straight, joining the lateral margin by a rectangle. Elytra rather

short, with very indistinct elevations near the suture, and with in-

distinct white spots scattered on the surface. Legs rather stout,

tibie and tarsi not variegate.

Chiuzenji, August, 1881. Two specimens.

TROPIDERES.

TROPIDERES, Schonh., Disp. Meth., p. 35.

Litocerus, Schonh., Gen. Cure., 1., p. 125.

Acorynus, Schonh., Gen. Cure., 1., p. 1238.

Lacordaire remarks correctly that this is a composite

genus, for it undoubtedly contains species that differ

much in facies, and in the minor characters. Although

it will no doubt be divided, yet I think Litocerus will

always be merely a synonym, as it 1s congeneric with

the typical division of T’ropideres (T’. albirostris), although

Lacordaire placed the two in different subfamilies.

Acorynus is distinguished from Litocerus merely by the

middle joint of the club of the antenne being shorter, a

character which Lacordaire considered correctly to be of

insufficient importance for generic distinction.

302 Dr. Sharp on the Rhynchophorous

Group 1. Thoracic carina slightly sinuous, nearly equi-

distant from elytra for all its width: eyes placed

more or less on the anterior aspect of the head.

Species 1—8.

1. Tropideres rugirostris, n. sp.

Niger, ochraceo-variegatus, rostro lato, plano, anterius fortius

dilatato, rugoso, nigro, medio superne ochraceo; antennis testaceis,

articulis basalibus clavaque nigricantibus, hac in mare valde elon-

gata, lineari. Long. cumque rostro 11 mm.

Rostrum densely rugose, black, dull; eyes but little separated,

each margined internally with an ochraceous line, which converges,

meeting its fellow at the front of the eyes, and so forming a broad

line, which is continued a little forward along the middle of the

rostrum. Thorax broad, greatly narrowed in front, coarsely

rugose, black, with a transverse impression on the disc, on either

side of which there is an ochraceous mark; there is a quadrate

pale mark in front of the scutellum, and a few minute spots; the

prebasal carina is nearly straight, is bent forwards at the side,

forming a rounded angle, and ceases suddenly about the middle, so

as to leave there a sort of denticular prominence. Elytra black,

but with large irregular ochraceous marks that cover half the

surface ; with series of punctures that are fine near the suture,

coarser towards the sides, especially in the middle. Pygidium

ochraceous. Legs slender, black; femora with a pale mark in

front, tibiz with along pallid ring near the base ; basal joint of

tarsi elongate, pallid, but black at the tip. Metasternum with a

large pallid spot on each side; ventral segments with two rows of

spots. In the male the antenne are slender, about 8 mm. long,

the club very elongate, scarcely broader than the preceding joints.

In the female the intermediate joints of the antenne are darker

in colour, being piceous yellow, andthe club, though very elongate,

is not so slender as it is in the male.

Only three examples of this remarkable Tropideres

were procured; one each at Nikko, Chiuzenji, and

Junsal, in June.

2. Tropideres roelofst.

Litocerus roelofst, Lewis, Ann. Nat. Hist, 1879, p. 465.

Although there is very little to distinguish Litocerus

from T'ropideres, this elegant insect is better placed in

the latter division. It appears to be very rare, but has

Coleoptera of Japan. 303

been met with at Nagasaki, Kiga, and Higo in single

examples.

3. Tropideres latirostris, n. sp.

Niger, ochraceo-variegatus, rostro in faciem externam capiteque

sub oculos griseo-vestitis; antennarum clava valde elongata,

articulis inequalibus, intermedio transverso. Long. rostro deflexo

8—9 mm.

This Tropideres may be at once identified by the peculiar con-

struction of the club of the antenne, the first and third joints of

this part being very elongate, while the intermediate one remains

quite short; the intermediate joints are slender, each reddish in

colour, marked with fuscous. The rostrum is very broad, covered

with very minute cinereous or griseous tomentum, this colour

extending between the eyes, while below each eye there is a patch

of similar colour. The thorax is not coarsely sculptured, and

bears several small obscure spots of an ochraceous colour. The

elytra are much variegate, in a complex manner, with a similar

colour, and the tibie and tarsi are marked with pallid rings. The

male has a well-marked mucyro at the extremity of the inner face

of the middle tibia, and the eyes in front are separated by a smaller

interval than they are in the female.

Nikko in June, Kiga, Higo, Oyayama at the end of

March; Kurigahara, 5th of August. One specimen

marked as being found under bark of pine.

The structure of the club of the antennz is similar to

what exists in Acorynus.

4. Tropideres japonicus.

Iitocerus japonicus, Roel., C. R. Ent. Belg., xxii,

p, lv.

This species as yet has been found only by Hiller at

Tokio. Ido not know why it was placed in Litocerus, as

it is extremely closely allied to T. albirostris, the type of

the genus T'ropideres ; it may, however, be distinguished

from it, as well as from the following species, by the

antenne being rather more slender and pallid in colour,

with a rather longer basal joint to the club, and by the

upper surface being clothed with a very delicate more

fuscous tomentum, which is very indefinitely variegate.

I have been able to inspect a small series of the examples

found by Mr. Hiller, and I cannot see any variation,

304 Dr. Sharp on the Rhynchophorous

except that the males have the eyes very approximate in

front, and a mucro directed inwards on the inner margin

of the extremity of the middle tibia. I have dissected

out the copulatory organs of a male example, and they

leave no doubt that 7’. japonicus is quite distinct from

T. albirostris and T’. vilis.

5. Tropideres laxus, n. sp.

Niger, rostro in faciem anteriorem capiteque sub oculos albido

vel ochraceo-tomentosis ; elytris guttulis paucis parvis ornatis ;

antennarum clava gracili, laxe articulata. Long. rostro deflexo

8—9 mm.

This differs from the following three species by the more elon-

gate, slender, and less compact club to the antenne, and also by a

distinct difference in the direction of the prebasal carina of the

thorax, as well as by the eyes being a little more distant. The

three joints of the club of the antenna are subequal in length, and

all are slender, each much longer than broad. The thoracic carina

is widely separated from the base in the middle, but on each side

becomes slightly more approximate to the base, instead of more

distant from it as it is in the following species ; there is a large

quadrate ochraceous mark in front of the scutellum. The elytra

have a very small pallid mark adjacent to the scutellum, and each,

just behind the middle near the suture, has a small but conspicuous

white mark. The legs bear rings of pallid colour, there being two

such rings on each tibia.

It seems difficult to distinguish the sexes in this

species ; indeed, I have not detected any certain external

distinctions: the club of the antenne is more elongate

in certain examples, but I fancy this is, in 7’. laxus, not

a sexual variation. The colour of the pallid clothing of

the rostrum and head varies considerably, and the small

pallid marks on the elytra are by no means similar in

all the examples.

T. laxus was found in small numbers in several

localities from Yezo, southwards to Yuyama.

6. Tropideres germanus, Ni. sp.

Niger, elytris parum ochraceo-variegatis, rostro capiteque sub

oculos subtiliter griseo-tomentosis ; antennis parum elongatis, clava

mediocre. Long. rostro subdeflexo 6—7 mm,

Coleoptera of Japan. 305

Var. a, capite rostroque sub oculos niveo-tomentosis, elytris

albido-variegatis.

Var. 6, minus variegatus, rostro capiteque parum tomentosis.

This species is closely allied to the Kuropean T. albi-

rostris, but the club of the antenne is a little longer,

and the white marks on the posterior part of the elytra

are small and disconnected, and do not form a large

common patch as they do in T’. albirostris.

I refer to T’. germanus a series of about a dozen ex-

amples, but if they are all one species, it is a very variable

one in colour. The specimens I have treated arbitrarily,

as the types were found at the Moon Temple, Kobé, and

at Buno, in the end of August, 1881; these are the

most different in appearance from T’. albirostris. Three

examples, which I have little doubt are the same species,

though they differ in the colour of the elytra and their

markings, were found at Nikko, Yuyama, and Kashiwagi.

The two very different-looking individuals I have treated

as var. a were found at Sapporo, and the exponents of

var. 6 at Junsal.

7. Tropideres vilts, n. sp.

Niger, fere concolor; antennis brevioribus, clava brevi. Long.

5mm.

This differs from 7’. germanus by the smaller, less

variegate, surface, and by the shorter basal joint to the

club of the antenne. It scarcely differs in any im-

portant point from T. albirostris, though the different

colour of the head, rostrum, and apical part of the

elytra render them very distinct on superficial in-

spection.

A few specimens were found in the Island of Yezo,

Hitoyoshi, and Kashiwagi.

Iam by no means sure as to the validity of the dis-

tinctions between these two Japanese forms and ’. albi-

rostris. I have examined the male organs in them, but

these do not settle the point, as, though they exhibit

certain differences, it is quite possible these may not be

constant, and they are but slight.

8. Tropideres flabellicornis, u. sp.

Niger, elytris ad summam apicem pygidioque albidescentibus ;

antennis articulo ultimo brevi transverso, maris articulis 50.—llm

dilatatis, subtus hirtellis. Long. 7—9 mm,

306 Dr. Sharp on the Rhynchophorous

There is nothing to distinguish this insect generically from

Tropideres albirostris, except the structure of the antennz of the

male, and I prefer therefore not to establish a new genus for it.

The rostrum is very short, formed as in 7. albirostris and vilis,

and the eyes are similar in form and position to what they are in

the species named. The antenne are black, with the basal joint

short, rather shorter than the second, the seventh bearing some

white pubescence; in the male the joints from the fifth onwards

are dilated and flattened, and on the under side are hirsute; in the

female they bear a broad three-jointed club, the terminal joint

being a good deal smaller than those preceding it. The form of

the thorax and its carina are like those of T. albirostris. The

elytra have a very feeble elevation of the surface—not amounting

to a tubercle—at the base of each near the suture. The under

surface is not variegate. The tibie are obscurely variegate, the

basal joint of the tarsi more distinctly white.

Mr. Lewis obtained a small series of this species at

Junsai in the Island of Yezo.

Group 2. Thoracic carina consisting of two curves,

united in front of the scutellum so as to form a

sharp angle there. Antenne thick. Species 9.

9. Tropideres crassicornis, n. sp.

Niger, rostro valde deflexo, niveo, elytris ad basin plaga magna,

communi, pallida; antennis crassiusculis, clava parum latiore,

articulis duobus ultimis brevibus. Long. 5—5} mm.

Antenne stout, the first joint of the club as long as the following

two together. Rostrum moderately long, much dilated at the

extremity, densely covered with snow-white pubescence, which

extends backwards under the eyes. Thorax much narrowed in

front, the surface uneven, the carina placed near the base, strongly

angulate in the middle, and deeply sinuate at each side. Elytra

with a large elevation on each near the scutellum, and with the

third interstice strongly elevated on the declivous part; blackish

in colour, but with a very large pallid patch occupying a large

portion of the basal area, also obscurely variegate near the apex.

Legs stout, but little variegate. Under surface clothed with pallid

pubescence.

Of this very distinct species, two examples, of the

male sex, were found at Junsai.

Coleoptera of Japan. 307

Grove 8. Thoracic carina forming a curve with its

convexity forwards, and so more approximate to the

elytra at the shoulders than at the scutellum.

Antenne short; eyes placed chiefly on anterior

aspect of the head. Species 10.

10. Tropideres rufescens.

Litocerus rufescens, Roelofs, C. R. Ent. Belg., xxil.,

Delve.

This insect agrees with T. sepicola in the shape and

position of the thoracic carina, but differs greatly there-

from in the form of the rostrum and the position of the

eyes, and in these points comes nearer to T.. albirostris ;

the antenne are rather slender, but the club, although

not broad, is well marked; the middle coxe are widely

separated.

Group 4. Thoracic carina slightly sinuous, the thorax

abruptly narrowed behind it, so as to appear sepa-

rated by a deep excision from the elytra. Eyes

lateral. Species 11—13.

11. Tropideres brevirostris, n. sp.

T. niveirostris proxime affinis ; niger, griseo-fusco tomentosus,

minus variegatus, rostro anterius albidescente; elytris obsolete

tuberculatis ; thoracis carina prebasali subrecta; antennis pedi-

busque rufescentibus parum variegatis. Long. rostro subdeflexo

4mm.

This is very closely allied to 7. niveirostris and to

T. nodulosus, but I cannot consider it at present as a

variety of either ; its surface is more obscurely coloured

and less variegate, and it differs also from T’. niveirostris

in that the thoracic carina is considerably less deflexed

backwards at the sides; the white colour on the beak

does not extend backwards between the eyes. From

T. nodulosus it is readily enough distinguished by the

obscure colour, and by the fact that the apical nodule of

the elytra is absent.

Sapporo. Only one specimen was met with, and

unfortunately it is in bad preservation.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—PpaRT II. (JUNE.) Y

308 Dr. Sharp on the Rhynchophorous

12. Tropideres nodulosus, n. sp.

T. nivetrostris proxime affinis; niger, pervariegatus, elytris

nodulosis; rostro nivescente. Long. rostro deflexo 43 mm.

Although very closely allied to T. niveirostris, this is,

I have no doubt, a distinct species; the surface is more

variegate in colour, and the three nodular elevations

placed in a line on each elytra are very large; the

thoracic carina is at each side less deflexed backwards.

The thorax is separated from the elytra by an angular

incision on each side, as in 7’. niveirostris.

13. Tropideres incisus, n. sp.

Brevis, latus, fusco nigroque variegatus, rostro albidescente,

tuberculatus; prothoracis carina prebasali a basi longe remota,

thorace ab elytris incisura profunda separato. Long. rostro de-

flexo 5} mm.

Antenne rather short and slender, red, with the club darker, the

first joint of this latter part elongate, second about as long as

broad, terminal joint rather shorter. Rostrum very short and

broad, dilated over the insertion of the antennz, whitish; eyes

widely separated, but convergent. Thorax short and _ broad,

greatly narrowed in front, its carina very conspicuous, placed far

in front of the base, straight in the middle for the greater part of

its length, towards the sides very slightly directed backwards, not

continued forwards along the sides; behind the carina the thorax

is greatly narrowed so as to leave a deep excision between it and

the elytra. Elytra with an elongate snbcariniform elevation at

the base of each near the suture, and behind the middle with a

smaller elevation; the general colour is blackish, with the apex,

the summit of the basal elevations, and a small patch round the

scutellum, brownish. Pygidium tawny. Legs feeble, variegate.

Middle cox widely distant.

This elegant insect is allied to 7’. nivetrostris. Only

two specimens were met with at Ichiuchi, 1st May, 1881,

and Omama, 27th August, 1881.

Group 5. Thoracic carina nearly straight, forming a

well-marked angle at the sides; thorax not excised

behind. yes lateral above, but convergent below.

Species 14, 15.

Coleoptera of Japan. 309

14. Tropideres aberrans, n. sp.

Subcylindricus, rufescens, variegato-tomentosus ; rostro anten-

nisque brevibus, oculis posterius valde distantibus, anterius con-

vergentibus; prothorace carina prebasali subrecta. Long. 5 mm.

Antenne short, red, joints 3—8 darker; club rather long,

moderately broad, loosely articulated, formed of three subequal

joints. Rostrum very short, broad, transverse, its clothing pallid

but not white. Hyes very widely separated behind, but con-

verging abruptly, and in the male only slightly separated in the

middle, though in the female separated by a space about half the

width of the rostrum. Thorax gently narrowed in front, feebly

variegate, the prebasal carina not widely distant from the base,

exhibiting in the middle a very slight angle directed towards the

scutellum, forming at each side an angle, which is nearly rectan-

gular, and continued forwards along the side in a marked manner

for quite half the length. lElytra feebly variegate, with four

obsolete elevations placed behind one another from base to apex

near the suture; these elevations are black in colour, and there

are some other minute black flecks. Legs red, but variegate.

Under surface nearly black; middle coxe widely separated.

15. Tropideres confinis, u. sp.

T. aberranti peraffinis ; subcylindricus, nigricans, minus varie-

gatus, rostro antennisque brevibus, his basi rufescente, illo anterius

fulvo tomentoso; oculis posterius valde distantibus, anterius

conyergentibus; prothorace carina prebasali subrecta. Long.

43 mm.

This appears to be structurally very closely allied to T. aberrans,

though so different in colour. The club of the antenna is quite

black; there are some vague tawny marks placed parallel to one

another at the base of the elytra, and the deflexed apex and the

pygidium are quite covered with pallid setosity.

Hitoyoshi, 38rd May, 1881. A single specimen. I

presume it to be a male, though the eyes are rather less

approximate in front than they are in that sex of T’.

aberrans.

Group 6. Thoracic carina nearly straight, forming at

the side a very obtuse and rounded angle; eyes

lateral, prominent. Species 16, 17.

310 Dr. Sharp on the Rhynchophorous

16. Tropideres distinguendus, n. sp.

Subcylindricus, niger, tomentosus, supra pallide griseo-fuscoque

variegatus, antennis minus tenuibus, rufescentibus, extrorsum

fuscescentibus ; carina thoracis subrecta, ad basin approximata.

Long. rostro porrecto 4 mm.

Antenne rather stout, the three joints of the club rather laxly

articulated, none of them elongate. Rostrum subquadrate, only

very slightly narrowed at the eyes; these lateral, encroaching in

fronta little on the rostrum. Thorax elongate, gently narrowed in

front, the carina nearly straight, but little distant from the elytra,

joining the lateral margin at an obtuse and rounded angle. Elytra

with the clothing rather coarse, pallid, but much marked with

fuscous; with a feeble basal elevation. Tibiz reddish, not varie-

gate. Prosternum short, middle coxe not widely separated.

A small series of this little Anthribid was obtained

from widely separated localities. Nagasaki in April,

Kiga and Miyanoshita in May, Yokohama, Junsai.

The insect, though not described by M. Roelofs, was

known to him, and marked by him as a new genus, and

it will no doubt be separated from Tropideres when that

composite genus is dismembered ; a course that appears

to be, though inevitable, at present impracticable.

17. Tropideres basipennis, n. sp.

Subcylindricus, nigricans, tomentosus, griseo pallideque rufo

variegatus, antennis sat crassis; prothoracis carina prebasali sub-

recta; elytris mox pone marginem basalem profunde transversim

impressis. Long. rostro porrecto 6 mm.

This insect seems structurally closely allied to T. distinguendus,

but possesses a peculiar character that distinguishes it from that

species, as well as all others, inasmuch as there is profound trans-

verse depression at the base of each elytra, and the basal margin

being elevated in front of this, and projecting on the base of the

thorax, appears as if it were a portion of the latter. The rostrum

is short, but a good deal dilated at the apex, the antenne rather

stout, with broad, rather long, three-jointed club; the thoracic

carina is nearly straight, and is directed forwards at the sides by

an extremely gentle curve. Elytra greatly variegate, but without

definite pattern ; without elevations. Middle cox but little

separated.

Kurigahara, 6th August, 1881. One specimen of the

female sex.

Coleoptera of Japan. 311

Grove 7. Thoracic carina nearly straight, very close to

the elytra, forming an acute angle on each side.

Species 18.

18. Tropideres debilis, n. sp.

Fuseus, pallido-rufo-signatus, rostro parcius albido-vestitus,

antennis testaceis, articulis 30—5m clavaque fusco-testaceis ; pro-

thorace subconico, carina subrecta ad basin approximata. Long.

rostro porrecto 4 mm.

Antenne slender, with elongate loosely-articulated club, the first

joint of which is longer than either of the two others, these sub-

equal in length. Rostrum quadrate, flat, the head sparingly

clothed with white pubescence, the eyes widely distant behind,

much convergent in front, but there separated by about half the

width of the rostrum. Thorax gently narrowed in front, not

impressed nor deplanate on the disc, largely marked with rather

indefinite pallid spots; the carina placed very near the base,

sharply elevated, straight, joining the lateral margin by a sharply-

marked rectangle. Elytra destitute of elevations, fuscous, much

marked with pallid macule of angular form, and of a faint pink

tinge. Legs rufescent, vaguely variegate. Prosternum very

short. Middle coxee widely separated.

I must at present treat this insect as an aberrant

species of T’ropideres ; it ditfers therefrom by the shorter

prosternum, and by the thoracic carina ; but as there is

considerable variety on these points in Tvropideres, it

is better not to separate T’. debilis at present. The

thoracic carina is similar to that of Cratoparis, except

that it is slightly separated from the elytra.

Two examples were found at Junsai. From their very

mutilated condition it is probable that they were cut

out of wood. A third specimen, found at Chiuzenji, I

treat as a variety, though it is rather broader, and

appears to have the thoracic carina a little more distant

from the base.

Group 8. Thoracic carina nearly straight; eyes very

widely separated on the vertex ; funiculus of antenne

very slender. Species 19, 20.

19. Tropideres cylindricus, n. sp.

Subcylindricus, fuscus, elytris variegatis, ad latera rufo-pallidis;

antennis pedibusque pallide rufis, his tenuibus, clava tenuissima,

312 Dr. Sharp on the Rh ynchophorous

elongata, laxe articulata ; thoracis carina prebasali in medio sub-

angulata. Long. rostro subporrecto 44 mm.

Antenne very slender, joints 3—8 very elongate and slender

even the eighth three times as long as broad; the club infuscate,

sparingly setose, its three joints subequal in length, the point of

articulation between each of them very delicate. Rostrum very

short, transverse, sparingly clothed with fine pubescence; eyes

very widely separated behind, but strongly convergent in front,

where they are separated by less than half the width of the

rostrum. Thorax slender, subconical, gently narrowed in front,

disc not deplanate or impressed; the carina strongly developed,

nearest to the base in the middle, thence very slightly divergent on

either side, but without any sinuation or distinct curve, joining the

lateral margin by a slightly obtuse angle. Elytra slender, much

variegate, the colour being pallid red at the sides, nearly black

about the suture, and bearing vague maculations; without eleva-

tions. Legs rather stout, pale red (including the tarsi), very

indistinctly variegate. Prosternum short, middle coxe but little

separated.

Four specimens. Nagasaki and Nara in June, Junsai ;

Oyama, ist June, 1881.

There can be no difficulty in identifying this species,

which is by no means near to any other.

20. Tropideres longipes, n. sp.

Convexus, nigro-fuscus, maculis pallidis numerosis sat variegatus ;

antennis tenuibus, testaceis, clava nigricante laxe articulata;

thoracis carina leviter arcuata, utrinque ab elytris divergente.

Long. rostro subporrecto 7 mm.

Antenne with joints 8—8 very slender, even the eigthth three

times as long as broad; the club well marked, but long and

slender, composed of three subequal, laxly-articulated joints, dark

in colour. Rostrum very broad, quadrate, straight at the sides,

covered with fine griseous setosity, which is not sufficiently marked

to give a predominant colour; eyes very widely separated, convex,

a little convergent in front. Thorax rather elongate and narrow,

a little narrowed in front, coarsely punctate, but little variegate,

the carina feebly curved, the curve extending slightly away from

the elytra on each side, where it is distinctly simuate, then directed

forwards with a very rounded angle, and continued only for a very

short distance forwards. Elytra convex, rather narrow, rusty-

black in colour, with numerous small pallid spots, which are not

Coleoptera of Japan. 313

conspicuous; without elevations. Legs rather stout, elongate,

black; the tibie with a pallid ring in the middle, the tarsi varie-

gate. Middle coxe not widely separate. Breast of the male

covered with densely-set black scales, giving it an appearance

somewhat like the surface of a file.

Junsai, Sapporo ; Chiuzenji, 23rd August, 1881. Seven

specimens.

This is another very distinct species.

Group 9. Thoracic carina forming a curve with the

convexity forwards; eyes very widely separated

above, convergent below; antenne rather small.

Species 21.

21. Tropideres pardalis, n. sp.

Convexus, nigro albidoque variegatus; antennis parce setosellis,

tenuibus, parum elongatis, testaceis, clava fusca, laxe articulata ;

thoracis carina subcurvata, utrinque ad elytra subapproximata.

Long. rostro deflexo 63 mm.

Antenne with the first and second joints much shorter than the

others, subequal, 8—8 each extremely slender, even the eighth

three times as long as broad; club slender, dark in colour, formed

of three laxly-articulated joints. Rostrum short and broad,

densely covered with ashen white pubescence ; eyes large, convex,

strongly convergent in front. Thorax convex, gently narrowed in

front, without visible sculpture, black, white at the sides, the

thoracic carina forming a curve the extremities of which are

directed towards the elytra, continued forwards at the sides in

an acute angle, the angle itself, however, being rounded. Elytra

black, with a large number of ashen white marks, forming a com-

plex but indefinite pattern; without elevations. Legs black, much

variegate; femora largely covered with white tomentum, tibie

with a very broad white ring, tarsi much variegate. Under

surface ashen white; prosternum short, middle coxe not widely

separated.

There is no other species at all like this one. Only

one pair was met with ; at Sapporo and Junsai.

Group 10. Minute insects with long antenne; thoracic

carina forming two curves; thorax excised behind

the carina. Species 22, 23.

314 Dr. Sharp on the Rhynchophorous

22. Tropideres guttifer, n. sp.

Niger, supra maculis parvis pallidis ornatus, subtus subtiliter

albido-vestitus; antennis tenuibus, clava perelongata; thoracis

carina a basi remota, bicurvata. Long. rostro deflexo 3} mm.

Antenne black, slender, elongate ; club very long, its first joint

longer than the seventh and eighth together, tenth and eleventh

joints subequal, each distinctly shorter than the ninth. Rostrum

short and broad, transversely impressed across the front, dark in

colour, with some delicate pallid pubescence near the eyes, most

distinct at the vertex ; eyes encroaching on the front, but separated

by half the width of the rostrum. Thorax gently narrowed in

front, marked with some widely separated small spots of pallid

pubescence; the carina remote from the base, forming two curves,

with their convexities forwards, which meet in the middle in an

excessively obtuse angle; the hind angles prominent, so that an

incision exists between the bases of the thorax and elytra on each

side. Elytra black, with numerous small flecks of pallid pube-

scence. Under surface uniformly covered with delicate pallid

pubescence. Middle coxe moderately widely separated.

Nagasaki, 14th February, 1881. Two specimens.

This and the following species are allied to the

European T’. cinctus.

23. T'ropideres concolor, n. sp.

Niger, subtiliter griseo-pubescens, haud yariegatus; antennis

elongatis, clava elongata, angusta; thoracis carina a basi remota,

bicurvata. Long. rostro deflexo vix 2} mm.

Mas. Femora intermedia posterius rotundato-dilatata; abdo-

mine segmentis 1—4 medio longitudinaliter impressis.

This differs from 7’. guttifer in being smaller and uni-

formly covered with pallid pubescence ; the ninth joint

of the antenna is but little longer than the seventh ; this

latter distinction may be sexual, as the unique example

of J’. concolor is a male, while the two specimens of 7’.

guttifer are females. The middle coxe are rather less

widely separated in 7’. concolor; the thoracic carina is

similar.

Yokohama, April, 1880. One specimen.

Group 11. Minute insects with delicate but not long

antenne; thoracic carina forming two curves,

following the outlines of the bases of the elytra and

Coleoptera of Japan. 315

approximate thereto; the hind angles acute and

near to the elytra. Species 24—28.

24. Tropideres pectoralis, n. sp.

Niger, supra griseo-subvariegatus, rostro albido-tomentoso ;

antennis pedibusque testaceis, illis gracilibus elongatis, his femori-

bus fuscis ; prothoracis carina bisinuata, ab elytris parum remota.

Long. rostro subporrecto 3} mm.

Antenne yellow, rather elongate and slender, with long slender

club of three subequal joints. Rostrum broad and short, clothed

with white silky tomentum, this colour extending upwards between

the eyes, these latter separated in front by about one-half the

width of the rostrum. Thorax rounded at the sides and narrowed

_in front, dull fuscous black, ashen white about the sides, the carina

forming in the middle a gentle curve, not at all angulate, sinuate on

each side, the angles free and slightly projecting. Elytra fuscous

black, much variegated in an irregular manner with griseous pube-

scence. Tibie and tarsi yellow. Under side uniformly covered

with pallid pubescence ; the middle coxe moderately distant, the

mesosternum produced between them as far as the middle of the

metasternum.

Kashiwagi, 22nd June, 1881; Kurigahara, 5th August,

1881; Nikko, Junsai. One specimen from each locality.

This species can be readily distinguished by the

peculiar prolongation backwards of the mesosternal

process ; on the upper side the readiest means of identi-

fying it will be found in the white pubescence of the

front of the head and rostrum.

25. Tropideres truncatus, n. sp.

Nigro-fuscus, supra parum distincte variegatus, rostro parcius

griseo-tomentoso, antennis pedibusque testaceis, illis gracilibus sat

elongatis, his femoribus fuscis; prothoracis carina bisinuata, ab

_ elytris parum remota. Long. 2;—3 mm.

This obscure insect is excessively similar to TJ’. pec-

toralis, but may be distinguished on the upper side by

the front of the head and rostrum not being white;

while beneath it differs by the mesosternal process being

truncate just in front of the middle cox, instead of

being prolonged between them.

I have both sexes of 7’. truncatus before me; the male

316 Dr. Sharp on the Rhynchophorous

has the antenne slightly longer, and the ventral seg-

ments more abbreviate in the middle than they are in

the female. The species apparently varies a good deal

in colour and size.

Kashiwagi in June, Kurigahara and Chiuzenji in

August. Also one example found on an old plum tree at

Nagasaki in 1886. Nine specimens.

26. Tropideres bruchoides, n. sp.

Brevis, subconvexus, plus minusve tenuiter griseo-pubescens ;

elytrorum sutura ad basin albido-tomentosa; antennis gracilibus

clava sat elongata; prothoracis carina bisinuata ab elytris parum

remota. Long. rostro deflexo 3 mm.

Closely allied to T. pectoralis and T. truncatus, and agreeing

with the latter in the structure of the breast, distinguished from ~

both by the dark colour of the legs and antenne. The rostrum is

short and broad, strongly deflexed, the eyes very distant; the club

of the antenne moderately long, loosely articulated, not so slender

as in 7’. pectoralis, the tenth joint about as long as it is broad.

The thorax is rather short and broad, narrowed in front, gently

curved at the sides, the surface a little depressed in front of the

carina ; this is very near to the scutellum in the middle, and

diverges a little on either side. The elytra are deeply striate, and

have a small pale common linear mark on the suture at the base.

Legs black ; basal joint of the tarsi as long as the following three

together.

Kashiwagi, in June. Four specimens.

27. Tropideres unperfectus, n. sp.

Brevis, niger, fere concolor, antennis breyibus, clava minuta ;

prothoracis carina, bicurvata, ab elytris satremota. Long. 2}.mm.

This minute insect is essentially distinguished from its allies by

the minute club to the antenne, and by the eyes being much more

approximate. The antenne are short, the basal joint nearly

entirely concealed, the club small and compact. The rostrum is

very short, and the eyes are separated by only one-fourth of its

width. The carina of the thorax is very distinct, and follows the

outline of the bases of the elytra by two strong curves, which meet

together in the middle so as to form a well-marked angle. The

metasternum is short, and in the male the ventral segments are

very much abbreyiated in the middle, the pygidium being strongly

inflexed.

Coleoptera of Japan. 317

Kashiwagi, 16th June, 1881; one specimen. Also two

examples from the collection made by Mr. Lewis in

1869.

28. Tropideres difficils, n. sp.

Niger, tibiis anterioribus et intermediis piceis, antennarum clava

sat elongata; prothoracis carina bicurvata, ad basin valde approxi-

mata. Long. 2$ mm.

This resembles 7. bruchoides and T. imperfectus; it is dis-

tinguished from the first by its smaller size, narrower form, and

the shorter antenne, the eighth joint of which is markedly smaller ;

at first sight it more resembles 7. imperfectus, but is radically

distinct from it by the position of the eyes, by the nature of the

antennal club, and by the thoracic carina being very near to the

base, so that in some positions it almost touches the elytra. The

three joints of the club are of subequal length, the tenth about as

long as broad. The rostrum is very short, very finely sculptured,

the eyes separated by the greater part of its width. The thoracic

carina closely follows, in two curves, the outlines of the base of the

elytra, and its angles project backwards rather than outwards.

The striation of the elytra is coarse even at the base.

Kashiwagi, in June; Fukushima, in July.

Aylinades japonicus, n. sp.

Minor, fulvo fuscoque variegatus, pedibus rufis, antennis piceis;

prothorace tuberculato-rugoso, carina prebasilari curvata; elytris

profunde, subtiliter striatis, striis subtiliter tuberculatis. Long.

cumque rostro 10 mm.

Antenne short, the terminal joint compressed, acuminate in one

direction, covered with a pallid silky pubescence ; the penultimate

joint also silky, strongly transverse, the basal joint of the club

twice as long as the penultimate joint, dark in colour, like the rest

of the antennz. Head with a deep longitudinal impression along

the middle, this impression divided behind into two by a broad

polished elevation. Thorax about as long as broad, greatest width

a little in front of the middle, thence a good deal narrowed behind

close to the front abruptly narrowed; the surface covered with

tubercular rugosities; the prebasal carina not in the least angu-

late in the middle. Elytra tawny, with some dark marks; these

are variable, the most conspicuous being a large one on each side

just behind the middle, extending inwards towards the suture, so

that the two almost connect atthe suture; the striz very fine, and

tubercles in them small.

318 Dr. Sharp on the Rhynchophorous

The smallest species known to me of the genus. Only

two examples were produced, 16th May, 1881. Yuyama.

Eucorynus colligens, Walker, Ann. Nat. Hist. (8), i1.,

p. 261.

Higo; one specimen.

In this species there are only three joints in the club

of the antenne, though in the books the genus is chiefly

defined by the club being 4-jointed.

Apolecta lewisti, n. sp.

Niger, supra grisescens, elytris post medium fascia lata irregulari

nigra. Long. capite porrecto 8—9 mm.

This insect is smaller than any other I have seen of the genus.

The antenne of the male are four or five times as long as the

body, of the female about one and a half times; they are exces-

sively slender except the basal two joints, scarcely any club

exists, but the tenth and eleventh joints, together with the apical

portion of the ninth, are slightly less slender, and are densely

covered with fine sensitive pubescence; the nodose thickening of

the apex of each joint is very slight, and after the third joint is

scarcely perceptible. The upper surface is sparingly clothed with

griseous pubescence, more densely so on the elytra, and just

behind the middle of these latter there is a broad very conspicuous

dark fascia; except for this the variegation is but slight; there

are, however, some small dark specks on the elytra, and the

tomentum on the thorax is not evenly distributed. The thorax is

longitudinally carinate along the middle from the apex to near the

base, and somewhat depressed on each side of the carina; the pre-

basal carina is very near to the base in the middle, and diverges on

either side ; it is curved forwards in a very gentle curve, and con-

tinued only for a very short distance on the side.

Nikko and Kashiwagi in June, Kurigahara in August ;

Junsai.

Mr. Lewis secured a small series of this very elegant

insect.

ANTHRIBUS.

The name of this genus is replaced, in the Munich

Catalogue, by that of Macrocephalus, Oliv., but I prefer

to follow Lacordaire, and continue to use the name by

Coleoptera of Japan. 319

which our well-known European species has been long

distinguished.

Anthribus daimio, n. sp.

Elongato-oblongus, niger brunneo albidoque variegatus, elytris

dorso apiceque late albidis. Long. rostro porrecto 10—12 mm.

Closely allied to A. albinus, but rather larger and more elongate,

and with a much greater extent of white colour on the front of the

thorax and on the middle of the elytra. The rostrum and head

are covered with white tomentum, and there is much of this colour

on the anterior parts of the thorax; there are three small brown

tufts on the disc of the thorax, and the middle one is tipped with

black. In front of the middle of the wing-cases there is a large

white common patch, and the extremity is broadly white; there

are four small black tufts in a line on each elytron. The legs and

antenne are black, variegated with white ; the club of the latter in

the male is very long and acuminate.

Yokohama in June, Kobé in July, Kurigahara in

August; Junsai.

Phileobius apicalis.

Anthribus apicalis, Walk., Ann. Nat. Hist. (8), iii.,

p. 262.

Mr. Lewis has found only one example of this insect ;

though it is in very mutilated condition, having lost its

antenne, it apparently agrees with Walker’s species

described from Ceylon. It may be distinguished from

all the rest of our Anthribide by the remarkably great

dilatation of the third tarsal joint on all the feet.

Phleobius gibbosus.

Phleobius gibbosus, Roelofs, C. R. Ent. Belg., xxii.,

p. lv.

A small series of this species was found on Rhus

succedanea near Nagasaki during Mr. Lewis’ first visit to

Japan.

Phleobius mimes, n. sp.

P. gibbost persimilis, minor, antennarum articulo ultimo in

utroque sexu breviore ; niger, fusco griseoque tomentosus, parum

variegatus. Long. 6—7 mm.

Although this insect is only half the size of P. varie-

gatus, the two are otherwise so similar that at first I

320 Dr. Sharp on the Rhynchophorous

thought them to be of the same species. This, however,

is, I believe, not the case; the club of the antenne# is

comparatively short and broad in the male, the terminal

joint not being elongate and bisinuate, as it is in P.

gibbosus. In the female of P. mimes the club is shorter,

and the joints are bilaterally symmetrical, whereas in

that sex of P. gibbosus the dilatation of the club joints is

greater on the inner than it is on the outer side.

This species also was found during the first visit of

Mr. Lewis to Japan in 1869 near Nagasaki.

Basitropis dispar, n. sp.

Elongatus, niger, subcylindricus, griseo-marmoratus, antennarum

articulo ultimo ferrugineo; prothorace parce punctato. Long.

rostro porrecto 11—12 mm.

Mas. Antennis crassis, articulis 40—8m gradatim crassioribus.

Fem. Antennis clava quadriarticulata.

Rostrum very short, canaliculate on the middle; vertex sparingly

punctate. Thorax elongate, nearly parallel-sided, except in front,

where it is rather abruptly constricted, the surface much variegated

by irregular olive-grey patches, and bearing numerous rather large

shallow punctures. Legs stout, tibie broadly grey in the middle.

In the female the eighth joint of the antenna is so much broader

than the others that it may be considered to form part of the club.

In the male the joints are thickened from the fourth outwards, so

that it cannot be said where the club commences; each of the

broader joints bears some dark pubescence on the anterior part of

the lower surface ; the third and fourth joints are quite short, the

latter slightly the longer. In each sex the penultimate two joints

are transverse, the terminal joint is also short, and is paler in

colour than those preceding it.

Nikko ; a small series found in the month of June.

The genus Gynandrocerus of Lacordaire can scarcely

be maintained as distinct from Basitropis, as it appears

to rest solely on a difference in the antenne of the sexes.

B. dispar belongs by this character strictly neither to

Basitropis nor Gynandrocerus.

Ozotomerus japonicus, 0. sp.

Hlongatus, angustus, cylindricus, niger, griseo-subvariegatus,

elytris post medium plaga, magna, indeterminata, nigro-fusca.

Long. 7; mm,

Coleoptera of Japan. 321

Antenne extremely short, joints 2—8 slender, 6—8 quite minute ;

club compact, three-jointed, acuminate. Head destitute of rostral

prolongation, grisescent. Thorax elongate, parallel, coloured like

the head, not variegate, though the griseous pubescence does not

cover it quite uniformly. Elytra long and narrow, grisescent,

bearing numerous small indistinct fuscous black spots, and before

the extremity a broad band of this colour, very vaguely limited in

front, more sharply behind. Legs rather slender, tibiz obscurely

rufescent.

Nishi. A single specimen, probably of the female sex.

CAcCORHINUS, Nov. gen.

Rostrum brevissimum, anterius subattenuatum. Antenne

breves, clava triarticulata sat elongata, articulo decimo transverso ;

oculi fortius granulati. Submentum brevissimum, anterius vix

emarginatum.

This is a very distinct genus, and it is not easy to

determine the exact position it should occupy in Lacor-

daire’s system of the Anthribide, it being doubtful

whether it should be placed near Basitropis or Brachy-

tarsus, and by no means closely allied to either. The

condition of the submentum—unique, so far as I know,

in the family—renders it isolated. The rostrum is

excessively short, but on the under side is divided from

the head by a very deep constriction ; the antenne are

inserted at the sides of the rostrum, the point of in-

sertion is covered in front, the scrobes are grooves

extending directly downwards; the whole of the basal

joint of the antenne is, however, exposed. The eyes

are coarsely facetted, and very large. The submentum

appears to be quite truncate, but a careful examination

shows that its angles are slightly prolonged in front.

The thoracic carina is quite basal, and is continued at

the sides for about half the length of the thorax. The

front coxe are nearly contiguous, the middle rather

widely separated, the mesosternum between them not

quite perpendicular. For the present the genus will, I

think, be best located between Basitropis and Hugonus.

Caccorhinus oculatus, n. sp.

Sat elongatus, subcylindricus, prothorace anterius attenuatus ;

niger supra griseo-tomentosus, nigro-maculatus. Long. 63;—

93 mm,

822 Dr. Sharp on the Rhynchophorous

First and second joints of antenna much thicker than the

following, but rather slender ; third to eighth quite slender, ninth

broad, subquadrate ; tenth transverse, terminal joint as long as the

two preceding together. Thorax rather long, greatly narrowed

towards the front, not variegate, but the basal part usually darker

in colour than the front part. The carina is quite basal, and forms

a rectangle—very slightly acute—with the lateral margin. The

elytra are rather elongate, and bear much griseous tomentum, in

which numerous black spots are arranged in a linear manner.

The under surface is black and destitute of tomentum.

This species was found in fungus at Osaka during

Mr. Lewis’ first visit to Japan. On his recent journey

he met with it at Junsai, and at Otsu in July.

Brachytarsus niveovariegatus.

Brachytarsus niveovariegatus, Roel., C. R. Soc. Ent.

Belg., xxii., p. lv.

Apparently a rare insect.

Brachytarsus fallax.

Brachytarsus fallax, Perris.*

A fair series of this insect was met with. They are

all, with one exception, much larger than my unique

EKuropean representative of the species ; but I can find

no satisfactory indication of specific distinctness.

Hitoyoshi, Kashiwagi, Nikko, Kurigahara, Junsai.

Areocerus fasciculatus.

Areocerus fasciculatus, DeGeer, Ins., v., p. 276, pl. 16,

1 OG

Amblycerus japonicus, Thunb., N. Act. Ups., vil.,

p. 122.

Areocerus coffee (Fab.), Schénh., Gen. Cure., i.,

p. 172.

This species has no dilatation of the front tarsi in the

male, but that sex may be identified by the apex of the

dorsal plate of the pygidium being rounded, while it is

acuminate in the female.

Mr. Lewis procured a few specimens of this insect

during his first visitto Japan ; they agree with examples

from §. America in my own collection.

* T have not been able to find the description of this insect,—D. 8,

Coleoptera of Japan. 323

Areocerus tarsalis, n. sp.

Brevis, convexus, nigricans, antennis pedibusque rufis, his

variegatis, illis clava nigricante; supra in thorace elytrisque

setosulis variegatis, ornatus. Long. 3} mm.

Mas. Tarsis anterioribus dilatatis.

This is closely allied to A. fasciculatus, but is of

slightly shorter form, more prettily variegated above,

with shorter prothorax and club of the antenne, and

with the male characters different. In this latter sex

the front feet are notably larger than they are in the

female, being both longer and broader; and in this sex

the apex of the pygidium is rounded and ciliate, while

in the female it is acuminate.

This species varies much in colour and size; some

Specimens are nearly black and very little variegate,

except that the basal parts of the antenne are constantly

yellow.

A fair series was amassed, made up from several

localities: one of them, a female, is labelled as having

been found amongst peas at Kobé in August, 1871.

Kiga, Miyanoshita, Nikko, Kashiwagi, Chiuzenji, Awo-

mori, 22nd June, 1881, 23rd August, 1881. Kiga,

Miyanoshita, Fuji, Nikko, Awomori.

Choragus compactus, n. sp.

Niger, densissime punctatus, opacus, antennis elongatis, articulis

basalibus rufis pedibus piceis ; elytris seriatim fortiter, regulariter

punctatis. Long. 8} mm.

Antenne with the basal joint:elongate and much curved, second

about as long; club elongate, very loosely articulated and fragile.

Head broad, eyes large. Thorax very densely finely rugulose,

blackish, somewhat piceous in front, and with an excessively

minute pubescence about the sides, giving it a silvery reflection

in certain lights; the hind angles prolonged behind beneath the

shoulders of the elytra: these latter with regular series of very

coarse punctures, the interstices rather convex, very densely

punctate. Legs stout.

This fine Choragus has, like the following species, the

appearance of a small Cryptocephalus. Three examples

were found at Nikko.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—PaRT Il. (JUNE.) Z

324 Dr. Sharp on the Rhynchophorous

Choragus cryptocephalus, n. sp.

Nigerrimus, densisssime punctatus opacus, antennis, articulis

basalibus fusco-testaceis; elytris seriatim fortiter punctatis, inter-

stitiis primo et secundo pone basin irregularibus. Long. vix

3mm.

This is smaller than C. compactus, and the angles of

the thorax, though very acute and prolonged backwards

under the shoulders of the elytra, do not form a definite

process, as in C. compactus : also there is a peculiarity

by which the species may be distinguished, there being

near the base a kind of isthmus by which the third

interstice appears to pass across the second to form a

connection with the suture. The colour is jet black, and

the sculpture of the thorax is not so rugulose as in

C. compactus.

Nikko, two specimens; and from the same locality

an individual which may be either a small variety, being

only one-half the size, or a distinct species, more pro-

bably the latter.

Choragus mundulus, n. sp.

Sat elongatus, subcylindricus, fuscus, elytris pallidioribus, anten-

narum basi pedibusque testaceis, antennis extrorsum nigris; pro-

thorace omnium densissime punctato; elytris regulariter profunde

striatis, interstitiis convexis, striis crebrius punctatis. Long.

2} mm.

This is more cylindrical in form than the other

Japanese Choragi, and is. readily distinguished by its

shape, and by the deep striation of the elytra from

C. compactus and C. cryptocephalus, while from C. ano-

bioides and the rest of the genus it differs by the fact

that the base of the thorax has on each side a small

piece produced under the shoulders of the elytra. The

antennge are elongate, with long excessively loosely-

articulated club. The punctuation of the thorax is

extremely dense, and the basal carina is a little angulate

in the middle. The minute punctuation on the elytra

does not render them quite dull.

25th July, 1881, 4th August, 1881. Three specimens.

Coleoptera of Japan. 325

Choragus anobioides, n. sp.

Minutus, brevis, niger, opacus, antennarum basi pedibusque

piceis ; prothorace densissime ruguloso-punctato ; elytris seriatim

punctatis, interstitiis dense subtilissime punctatis haud omnino

opacis. Long. 13 mm.

This is another species that has entirely lost the facies

of an Anthribid; it may be distinguished from the pre-

ceding species by the hind angles of the thorax being

rectangular and not produced, and by there being no

trace of any isthmus on the elytra. In these respects it

resembles the following species, C. cissoides, but that

species has the elytra somewhat shining, the interstices

being nearly impunctate.

Oyama, 1st June, 1881. Four examples.

Choragus cissoides, n. sp.

Minutus, brevis, niger, antennarum basi pedibusque rufis; pro-

thorace densissime punctato, opaco; elytris seriatim fortiter punc-

tatis, interstitiis subconvexis, obsolete punctatis, subnitidis. Long.

13 mm.

This little insect has more the aspect of a species of

the genus Cis than of the normal Anthribide, and bears

an excessively short minute pubescence, somewhat like

that which is seen in some species of Cis. It is very

closely allied to C. anobioides, though readily dis-

tinguished by the scanty and obsolete punctuation of

the interstices. The pygidium is much covered by the

elytra, and very coarsely punctate.

19th June, 1881. Two specimens. There is also a

mutilated example from Nagasaki, which is still smaller

and more shining, and may possibly be a variety, though

I think it more probably distinct.

Choragus cryphaloides, n. sp.

Brevis, minutus, rufo-testaceus, elytris abdomineque fuscis,

antennarum clava nigricante ; prothorace brevi, densissime rugoso-

punctato; elytris seriatim fortiter punctatis, interstitiis CORVeRS)

sat dense punctatis, subunitidis. Long. 2 mm.

The bright red colour of the anterior parts of the body

distinguishes this species; the hind angles of the thorax

are rectangular, and not produced under the shoulders

Z 2

326 Dr. Sharp on the Rhynchophorous

of the elytra. The punctures forming the series on the

wing-cases are large and distinct, and the minute pub-

escence is quite evident. In the male the ventral seg-

ments are short, and the basal three or four are broadly

impressed on the middle.

Nikko; Kurigahara, 6th August, 1881. Four speci-

mens.

DEROPYGUS, N. gen.

Inter Areocerum et Choragum locandus; discedit antennis

inter sese parum distantibus, coxisque intermediis approximatis.

There can be no question as to the position of this

genus, for its characters are almost those of Choragus,

except as to the two points mentioned above. The eyes

are round and convex, however, and formed more like

those of Areocerus ; the antenne are slender, with large

excessively fragile club, and the inner margin of their

cavities of insertion extends considerably farther inwards

than the inner edge of the eye does. The thoracic

carina is basal, and is continued along the sides for

about half of the length. The mesosternum forms a

small subrhomboidal piece in front of the middle coxe,

and is connected with the metasternal process only by a

narrow isthmus. The pygidium is remarkably slender,

and projects somewhat downwards in a beak-like manner.

Deropygus histrio.

Fusco-niger, subopacus, subtiliter tomentosus, superne albido-

picturatus antennarum basi pedibusque testaceis. Long. 8 mm.

Antenne with an elongate setose club, which is dark in colour,

formed by three excessively slightly articulated joints, the first of

which is a little the larger. Head and rostrum inflexed. Thorax

rather short, extremely densely and indistinctly sculptured, quite

dull, dark in colour, with three white spots along the front, three

along the base, and one on each side. There are series of rather

large punctures on the elytra; these, however, are rendered

indistinct by the clothing: this is very fine, dark in colour, but

variegated by numerous white spots. The front legs are sordid

testaceous, the hind pair are more dusky in colour.

Ichiuchi, Ist May, 1881. ‘Two specimens.

Coleoptera of Japan. 327

Deropyqus jocosus.

Fusco-niger, superne, vage griseo-picturatus, capite prothoraceque

rufescentibus pronoto basi late in medio nigricante, antennarum

basi pedibusque rufis. Long. 3 mm.

Antenne with the first and second joints red, stout, the following

joints blackish, extremely slender; club large, extremely loosely

articulated. Thorax red, with the base in the middle broadly

blackish, extremely densely punctate, very sparingly pubescent;

the hind angles produced beneath the shoulders of the elytra in

the form of a definite lamina. Elytra with series of very coarse

punctures, separated by narrow interstices, the sculpture somewhat

concealed by the pubescence, some of which is greyish, the most

conspicuous being a flammulate fascia behind the middle. Male

with the pygidium inflexed, very elongate, suboblong, the ventral

segments much abbreviate in the middle, the metasternum im-

pressed and tuberculate on each side.

Only one example has been found of this very inte-

resting insect; at Fukushima, 28th July, 1881.

NOTIOXENUS.

This genus has hitherto only been recognised as found

in St. Helena, where it possesses numerous species, and

forms one of the most remarkable elements of the

coleopterous fauna. The St. Helena species of the genus

differ considerably in some structural points, such as

the coarseness of the facets of the eyes, and the width of

the intercoxal process of the abdomen. As long as they

remain in one genus, the two Japanese species I here

describe must also be placed in it, and likewise the New

Zealand Anthribus inflatus, Sharp. So that this genus,

hitherto considered peculiar to St. Helena, is now found

to exist in three most widely separated parts of the

world. If the St. Helena genus were to be divided,—

and this will probably be found necessary when the

classification of the family is remodelled,—then the two

Japanese species would form two distinct genera, and

the New Zealand species another. Aréocerus purpureus,

_ Brown, should form also a new genus between Notioxenus

and Homeodera.

Notioxenus wollastoni, n. sp.

Elongatus, angustulus, fuscus, tomentosus, indistincte griseo-

variegatus, antennarum basi, pedibusque rufis. Long. 2; mm.

028 Ehynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan.

Antenne with the basal joint stout, elongate, curvate; second

joint shorter, but equally stout; club very elongate. Thorax large,

the base curvate, the hind angles slightly marked, remote from the

elytra, the surface very densely but indistinctly sculptured, very

indistinctly variegate by some scanty pallid pubescence. Elytra

narrow, with rounded shoulders and series of deep coarse punctures,

separated by very narrow interstices, scantily pubescent, and

indistinctly spotted by scanty pallid hairs.

Higo. Three specimens in bad preservation.

Notioxenus tomicoides, n. sp.

Rufulus, supra eneus, nitidus, antennis basi pedibusque testaceis,

illarum clava fuscescente ; prothorace elongato, elytris brevibus.

Long. vix. 14 mm.

Antenne with short comparatively compact club, the inter-

mediate joint of which is transverse. Eyes finely facetted. Pro-

notum very elongate, sternum short, so that the thoracic orifice

looks downwards, as in many Jomicide ; surface finely punc-

tured, shining, the hind angles slightly marked, much removed

from the elytra; the latter short, shining, covered with series of

closely-placed punctures, and with a few minute punctures on the

small interstices.

This is the smallest Anthribid discovered, except

A. atomus, Sharp. It greatly resembles A. inflatus,

Shp., from New Zealand, but that species has coarsely

facetted eyes, and the ante-coxal portion of the pro-

sternum no longer than the post-coxal portion.

Togami, near Nagasaki. A small series of specimens.

( 329) )

XII. The life-history of the Hessian Fly, Cecidomyia

destructor, Say. By Freprmrick Enocx, F.H.S.

[Read February 4th, 1891.|

Prats XVI.

In the ‘Third Report of the United States Entomological

Commission, 1882,’ there is a long paper compiled by

Dr. A. 8. Packard, on the Hessian Fly, concluding with

a list of no less than seventy-one papers and articles on

this insect; and since that date the number has gone on

increasing, so that up to the present time it cannot be

far short of one hundred! This being so, anyone would

naturally suppose that the subject had been thoroughly

worked out, with every detail of the life-history laid bare,

until nothing more could be learned about it; and I dare

say that many may think it presumptuous on my part

to attempt to say anything new: My reason for bringing

this matter before you is—that of all those who have

written upon the Hessian Fly, since Mr. George Palmer,

of Revell’s Hall Farm, Hertford, first discovered it in

England, on July 27th, 1886, none of them have given

any account of its life-history from their own observa-

tions, but have preferred to copy the writings of others,

and, in so doing, have copied their mistakes.

Before entering upon a detailed account of the notes

and observations which I have made during the past

four years, I will throw upon the screen a photograph

of a barley plant, taken from a field at Revell’s Hall

Farm, in which you will observe that the stem is bent

down sharply at the second joint; this has been caused

by the larve of the Hessian Fly (Cecidomyia destructor,

Say), and it was this appearance of bent and broken

stems which first attracted the attention of Mr. Palmer,

who at first thought the barley was merely ‘‘root-fallen”’ ;

but a more careful examination of the bent stems revealed

the peculiar chestnut-coloured ‘‘flax-seeds” which Prof.

Westwood and others identified as the puparia of the

Hessian F'ly.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—PaRT II. (JUNE.)

330 Mr. F. Enock’s life-history of

Most of us here present will remember the fear and

great trembling which seemed to fall upon some entomo-

gists, farmers, and others; and ‘‘reports”’ came in from

various quarters, all kinds of ingenious explanations

being given as to why it had appeared in one county

and not in another—the fact that ‘‘the pest” had wings

and could transport itself whithersoever it felt disposed

being quite overlooked ; and I am inclined to think that

had we had in Great Britain a properly organised staff

of practical entomologists, with agents in the country,

such as the United States of America have, our Govern-

ment ‘‘ Reports”? would now be looked upon with a little

more respect than they are by foreign entomologists.

It is very often the case, when an entomologist sets

himself the task of following out the life-history of any

particular insect, that he becomes acquainted with its

last stage first, and the jist, last; though the subject of

my discourse made itself known to us first in its so-

called puparia or third stage, and this appears to have

satisfied most ‘‘arm-chair”’ naturalists.

My first acquaintance in the field with the now well-

known ‘‘ flax-seed’’ was made on August 5th, 1887, when

invited by Mr. G. Palmer to visit his barley fields, and

many times since then have I enjoyed the kind hospitality

of Revell’s Hall.

I will now commence the life-history of the Hessian

Fly by giving my notes and observations made upon the

Jirst stage, viz., the egg. On Sept. 8th, 1888, I visited

Revell’s Hall Farm, and examined the stubbles in one

of the barley fields, which had only been cut a day or

two previously, and here I very soon found the eggs on

both self-sown plants and aftergrowth. I immediately

settled down to serious work, and, whilst so engaged,

I observed a small dark fly meandering about the

stubble close to the ground; after following it for some

yards I lost sight of it near some aftergrowth, from

which I started it up again, and finally lost it among a

heap of cut barley. On examination of the self-sown

plants I found a number of eggs had been laid thereon.

Wishing to arrive at some definite conclusion as to

whether the fly preferred the self-sown plant or the

‘“‘aftergrowth,” I gathered a hundred of each. I then

most carefully examined each leaf on both sides with my

pocket-lens, commencing with the self-sown, most of

the Hessian Fly. 331

which had but one blade, or at the most three, varying

in length from an inch and a half to three inches high,

showing that they were of very recent growth. I found

eges on 21 of them, all laid on the youngest or last

developed leaf; these I subjected to a more minute

examination on reaching home; the total number of

eges being 118, or an average of 5 to each self-sown

plant, the actual numbers varying from 2 up to 12 ona

leaf. Of the 100 plants of “‘ aftergrowth,” most of them

6 to 9 in. high, and having 4 to 6 leaves, only 12 had

been attacked; the number of eggs laid was 84, or an

average of 7 to each plant, showing the marvellous

instinct (or whatever else we may term it) of the fly,

which, in the case of the delicate self-sown plant, only

laid 5 to each, but seem to know that the stronger after-

growth was capable of sustaining more; the number of

egos laid varied from 2 to 20. On 9 these were laid on

the last developed leaf, and on the other 3 the eggs were

divided, and laid on the last and preceding leaf:

leading me to think that two flies had visited these three

plants. Most of these eges hatched in less than a week.

On Sept. 22nd, 1888, | found great numbers of eggs

on both self-sown and aftergrowth barley around Stroud,

Gloucestershire, where I also found puparia in the stubble,

and great numbers in the wheat; in fact, in every barley

and wheat field which I examined around Stroud during

a fortnight’s visit to Mr. Thos. Lancaster, of Bownham

House, I found eggs and puparia in the greatest abun-

dance, besides capturing a number of specimens of the

male Hessian Fly on the windows. ‘This is the first

time ‘‘the pest”? had been reported from the West of

England, though no doubt it had been firmly established

there, as | am inclined to think it has been all over the

country, for some time; and if farmers could be persuaded

to search for it, I think it would be found all over Eng-

land and Scotland, and in all probability in Ireland too.

As it would be impossible from out-door observations

to determine the number of eggs a female fly is capable

of laying, we must fall back upon experiments conducted

somewhat under difficulties and artificial circumstances,

owing to the surroundings of a small London garden

not being quite so countrified as we could wish.

From puparia which I collected on Aug. 5th and 8th,

1887, I bred a large number of male and female flies,

332 Mr. F. Enock’s life-history of

and on June 4th, 1888, I placed an impregnated female

under a separate cylinder of book-muslin, a foot high by

6 in. in diameter, carefully fitted and fixed over a flower-

pot containing a dozen young plants of barley of four

days’ growth; in a few moments after being introduced,

the female settled on one of the plants about 2 in. high,

and commenced ovipositing as fast as she could: by first

placing three eggs side by side, then at a short distance

three more close together, then six on the outside of the

sheath of the stem, and, apparently becoming excited,

she laid clusters of three, four, and six ; seven more on

the outside, and five at the tip of the leaf: thirty-seven in

all on this one plant; she then flew to No. 2, laying

16 on the inside of the leaf, and 10 on the stem . = 26

No.8. 4 outside, and 11 on the inside of leaf . . = 15

», 4. 24 on the inside of leaf, some in clusters . = 24

” 5 10) ” ” 9 a

», 6. 6 outside sheath, close together, & 12 inside. = 18

oy illo. We ” ” ” 1 ee w8)

otal) earel5s

eggs laid by this one female, which is greatly above the

number stated by most writers, Herr Wagner included ;

he gives the number at 80 and under 100.*

On July 29th, 1888, I isolated another female imme-

diately after impregnation at 2 p.m., when she commenced

to oviposit on the barley plants, continuing to do so until

7 p-m.; on examination of the leaves, I found she had

laid 23 eggs on the outside of 12 leaves, and 106 on the

inside of 27 leaves; total, 129. The next day the fly

appeared to be laying eggs on the muslin, but I could

not get my lens near enough to detect them.

Aug. 38rd, 1888. I put six females under a cylinder,

but, as I went to Hertford that day, I had not an oppor-

tunity of watching them or examining the leaves until

the following day, when I found 88 eggs had been laid

on the outside of 10 leaves, and 228 on the inside of

21 leaves, varying in number from 1 to as many as 44

on a single leaf. These females did not appear to have

completed ovipositing, and for some reason would not

continue.

* *U.S., A, Third Report.’ Appendix, p. 15.

the Hessian Fly. 333

On Aug. 5th, one female laid 80 eges on one leaf 2 in.

long, and another 100 in a small phial.

Aug. 6th, a female laid 58, and another 140 eggs.

On the same date I placed six impregnated females in

separate phials, where each one commenced to oviposit

freely, placing the greatest number on the under side of

the corks. No.1 laid 130; No. 2, 125; No. 8, 129;

No. 4, 114; No. 5, 96; and No. 6, 70 eggs.

I will not weary you with further details of oviposition,

as those I have given show that the female Hessian Fly

lays from 100 to 150 eggs, distributing them over many

plants, and depositing them end to end in rows of

3 to 10, sometimes side by side, and at others carelessly

in clusters.

On Sept. 18th, 1888, I dug up a fresh root of wild oat-

grass (Arrhenatherum avenaceum), and re-set it in a pot

of sandy soil, covering it over with a cylinder of book-

muslin; I then introduced some female flies, and one

soon settled down to ovipositing on the upper surface of

the leaves; but I noticed a peculiar uneasy movement

of the ovipositor, as though the fly was not quite satisfied

that it was a suitable plant; and when some fresh barley

leaves were introduced, she immediately recognised their

presence, becoming quite excited and utterly careless in

her hurry to lay her eggs, most of which were in clusters

or, I might say, lumps. On Oct. 14th I made a careful

examination of the grass, but could not find any trace of

larvee, so concluded the stem was too hard and dry for

them to subsist on. Prof. C. Lindeman, of Moscow, has

found the puparia on Timothy-grass (Phlewm pratense).

I have made most careful microscopic measurements

of the fresh-laid egg, which is ‘(02 mm. long by -008

broad; it is rounded at both ends, of a pale orange

colour, with reddish dots here and there, making it very

easy to be seen in the ridges of the young barley-leaves;

this colour soon changes to a somewhat darker hue, the

shell becoming so transparent on the third day that the

movements of the enclosed larve can be distinctly seen ;

and on the fourth day I have often watched them making

muscular efforts to burst open the shell, which they

succeed in doing after three or four hours’ work.

The female fly, as a rule, lays her eggs with the head-

end pointing downwards towards the main stem, so that

when the tiny larva emerges it is started from its infancy

334 Mr. F. Enock’s life-history of

in the right direction on its journey downwards, and,

cuided by the longitudinal striz of the leaves, it reaches

the stem, round which the leaf-sheath is closely wrapped,

but not too close to prevent the larva forcing its way ;

until, after some four hours’ steady travelling (during

which time it has covered only the small distance of two

or three inches), it reaches the base of the sheath,

generally of the second joint above ground; here its

further progress is blocked, and it turns half round, so

that its ventral surface is in contact with the stem, the

head still downwards.

As idleness in insects is a characteristic noticeable by

its absence, the tiny larva commences to injure the

plant by bringing its head and mouth up to the soft

stem, imbibing the life-juice for its maintenance, but

very much to the detriment of the barley. The larva

increases 1n width even before it disappears out of sight,

leading one to suppose that it imbibes moisture as it

journeys down the furrows of the leaf; that the larva is

capable of taking fluid nourishment I have proved by

feeding and fattening a number of them which emerged

in a glass phial, Aug. 7th, 1888, into which, attached to

the cork, | put a strip of white blotting-paper, which I

had moistened by dipping into a very weak solution of

starch-water ; the damp paper clung to the sides of the

phial, and between the paper and glass a number of the

young larve crawled, and lived upon the starch-water

for more than a week. I am afraid, when withdrawing

the cork to replenish the blotting-paper with starch-

water, the larvee received some injury, for all were dead

on the eighth day. I frequently observed that when an

impregnated female was put under a cylinder enclosing

erowing barley she showed considerable excitement, and

was careless as to where she laid her eggs; sometimes

settling on a leaf bent down, laying her eggs the wrong

way, with the heads towards the tip of the leaf.

I watched the eggs very closely on the fourth day, and

was fortunate in seeing some hatch. The larve worked

their way to the tip of the leaf, where some of them

managed to cross the edge and get on to the back or

under side, and commenced their tremendous journey of

four to six inches! some arriving at their destination at

the next joint below the one they would have occupied

had the female laid her eggs on the inside of the upright

the Hessian Fly. 335

leaf. The progress of the young larve was very much

accelerated when the leaf was moistened, and many died

on a hot, dry day.

Some of the ‘‘one-day-old larve”’ I mounted in fluid,

and the one now before you shows the head and organs

of the mouth as seen from above, and the other seen

from the side (Plate XVI., fig. 1). From these you will

observe that the mouth of the young larva appears to

consist of a notched semicircular plate, at each side of

which are the palpi. At the anal end there are indi-

cations of suckers, or prehensile feet.

Larve measured Aug. 9th, bred Aug. 7th, were 2 mm.

long. On Aug. 28rd I examined some of the young

barley plants growing in pots, upon which a number of

eges were laid Aug. 8th: at one joint I found three

larve, and at the second joint of another no less than

nineteen of various sizes, packed close together.

On Aug. 8th eggs were laid by a female, and hatched

on the 12th; the larve full grown Sept. 6th, when |

noticed some were beginning to change colour; this

gives 25 days as the feeding-time of these larve in con-

finement.

A good deal has been written about the so-called

“‘anchor-process,” or “‘ breast-bone,” which is (according

to Miss Ormerod) :—‘‘ A short stem fixed at one end to

the larva, and free at the other; the free end, which

points forward, is considerably enlarged, and is of various

OVE CO\S) Sy RAE but the use of this appendage does not

appear as yet to be fully known; but from my own

observations I conjectured that it is used as a digger or

scraper, and it may be that the reason why strong-

stemmed wheat, or stems containing more silica, are not

so much injured by attack as other kinds is that the fork

is not strong enough, in these instances, to assist the

excessively delicate mouth-parts to acquire their food

from the stem.”

And again, in our one “ Official Report,’ which was

“presented to both Houses of Parliament by command

of Her Majesty’! we read, at p. 12:— ‘‘ From the eges

laid in the spring comes a wrinkled yellowish maggot,

the larva, without legs, having fourteen joints. It

is close upon the eighth of an inch in length when

full-grown, being then of a clouded white hue, and

showing faint greenish lines under the skin. The

336 Mr. F. Enock’s life-history of

anchor-process, or breast-bone, upon the second segment

next to the head, on the under surface of the body, is

also plain and prominent. This is a forked appendage,

mistaken by Curtis for two rudimentary legs, and is

peculiar to the larve of the Cecidomyie. It is probably

used to assist the larva, whose mouth is soft, in pene-

trating the tissues of stems of corn-plants. After the

larva has been hatched, it proceeds from its birth-place

on the leaf above almost invariably to the second joint

of the stem at the base of the blade or leaf, and fixes

itself head downwards, with its head close to the soft

stem, and with its rudimentary mouth, and its anchor-

process (italics are mine), as is supposed, absorbs the

juices of the plant.” *

To most of those who have read the two pamphlets

from which I quote the above, these statements may

appear perfectly correct; but anyone who will take the

trouble to carefully examine under the microscope the

true larva (Plate XVI., figs. 2 & 3), (by this I mean the

larva in its first or feeding stage) will at once see that it

does not possess any anchor-process at all, and it is not

until the jinal larval stage, when the larva is securely

sealed up within the puparium or coarctate larva, or

second larva stage, that the anchor-process is developed

and utilised in the most wonderful manner.

I will now throw upon the screen a photograph of a

feeding larva, showing the invaginated head (Plate XVI.,

fig. 3), and would call your especial attention to this won-

derful provision of Nature, the mouth being so constructed

that it acts like a spiral spring; and whatever the pres-

sure of the leaf-sheath upon the dorsal surface, the mouth

is kept just up to its work, and adapts itself to the varying

pressure—another example of the skill of the Great

Artificer, which cannot fail to excite our admiration and

wonder.

On Aug. 15th I collected a number of coarctate larve,

as well as some larve still feeding in the aftergrowth, or

any green plants; these I carefully examined, as well as

the nineteen found at one joint, for the purpose of

deciding to my own satisfaction which way the larve

rested; for all writers in America and elsewhere state

that the larva rests head downwards, and yet not one of

the number has ever explained how the fly emerges.

** See ‘Whitehead’s Report,’ p. 12.

the Hessian Fly. 337

Perhaps it will not be waste of time to consider the

position of the larva when feeding. The head and

mouth-organs of a new-born larva are, as you will see

from the photograph, placed at the extreme end; but if

we examine a full-grown larva, we find the head has

become inyaginated and bent round almost at right

angles to the body, so as to bring the mouth-organs into

contact with the stalk of the plant, and as the juices

are imbibed the cells become partially withered, forming

a cavity in the stalk, in which the larva is embedded, or

pressed into, by the encircling leaf-sheath.

I must confess that when I read that the larva fixes

itself head downwards, I felt rather incredulous, for I im-

mediately thought, if this be so, How does the fly emerge ?

for, as you see from the photograph (Plate XVL., fig. 9),

the head of the larva is downwards and turned inwards,

fixed into the solid stem; and, even supposing that the

pupa was capable of penetrating this, it would only land

itself in the centre of the hollow stem, with a solid joint

top and bottom to bar further progress. I then thought

that surely the larva must, as soon as it reaches the joint,

immediately reverse its position, keeping its head wp, and

then there would be no impediment in the way of the fly

when emerging. I examined a number of half-grown

larve most carefully, and could not then come to any

other conclusion but that they had been wrongly described

as having their heads downwards, and this idea was

considerably strengthened when I bred several of the

flies, for on examination of the puparia I found they had

emerged at the top end

On Sept. 6th, 1888, I examined some of the home-

grown barley plants, and found six larve at one joint;

one of them was full grown, the colour glassy-white, with

the usual greenish intestine, the skin perfectly tight, so

that the segments were scarcely visible. I laid this

specimen on its back for the purpose of making an exact

drawing, and, whilst engaged measuring the lower or

thick end with the eye-piece micrometer, | was astonished

to see through the skin, immediately below the orifice

(which I had imagined was the tail), the anchor-process

in motion. This discovery—to use a somewhat un-

scientific expression—‘‘sent my heart into my mouth,”

for I had a strange feeling that I was on the point of

clearing up a great difficulty ; for as this apparatus, the

338 Mr. F. Enock’s life-history of

anchor-process, is placed in close proximity to the head

of the larva in the third stage (Plate XVL., fig. 5), and the

fly emerges at the top end, it proved that the larva in its

third stage turns head to tail within the puparium, and its

head, which when feeding was pressed against the stem, is

now brought to the opposite side and end, facing outwards

and upwards (Plate XVI., figs. 9 to 16). At the time of

this discovery I made a note that it seemed to me that

the anchor-process was in some way used by the larva to

assist it in turning round.

On the following day, Sept. 7th, 1888, I examined a

number of barley plants, removing therefrom all the full-

crown larve, of which there were great numbers, and in

most of these I could see the anchor-process under the

invaginated head, fully confirming the previous day’s

discovery ; these larve gradually assumed the coarctate

state, and in a fortnight had become of a chestnut

colour; these and many others taken from the barley

plants I fixed to a piece of card in the same position as

they occupied when feeding—with heads downwards.

On Sept. 7th I also dissected seven puparia collected

since July 5th, and in one case the anchor-process was

found at the upper end, proving beyond a doubt that the

larva had turned round. Another which I dissected

revealed the true pupa, with its head up and facing

outwards; the perfect insect emerged in about ten days

after, and the other six a little later.

Of the puparia fixed on card, I opened one or two at

regular intervals of about a week to see if I could catch

a larva in the act of turning round. The first examined,

Sept. 13th, had the anchor-process still at the lower end,

and subsequent examinations made all through the

winter and up to April 5th, 1889, showed the anchor-

process to be still at the lower end; but on April 20th

I examined some, and found no sign of anchor-process

at the lower end, so dissected the other end, and, on

removing the skin, discovered that the larva had turned

round, the anchor-process now being seen at the top end

outwards; and all examined after this date, April 20th,

had turned round, and during May many were found to

have changed to pup. From the foregoing observations

I gather that when the larva arrives at full growth and

leaves off feeding, and coincident with the gradual

hardening of the skin and change of colour from white

to chestnut-brown, is the wonderful change within the

the Hessian Fly. 339

coarctate larva. Careful dissections and removal of the

outer skin reveals the larva in its final larval stage; the

smooth shuttle-shape remains, but has no connexion

with the enclosed larva, which has shrunk away from its

former covering, just as a ripe nut does from its shell, and

is now somewhat flattened and much wrinkled in form,

with blunt ends; the head, which in the feeding larva

was decidedly turned so that it was on the side, has now

recovered its primary position at the end, and imme-

diately below this, in front, on the second segment, is

the anchor-process, a photograph of which I will now

throw upon the screen (Plate XVL., fig. 6). From this

front view you will observe that the fixed part of the

apparatus lies partially embedded, the tips just projecting

beyond the top of the segment.

Though my endeavours to catch a larva in the act of

turning round were not successful, I made some valuable

observations from the contortions of the disturbed larve,

the most important being that, by a powerful contraction

of the muscles attached to the lower part of the anchor-

process, the larva was enabled to draw the apparatus in

at the base until it was at right angles to the normal

position ; the head, too, was drawn quite in, so that the

forked end of the anchor-process projected to its fullest

extent, and whilst in this naked condition it is thrust

into the inside walls of the coarctate larva; the muscles

are relaxed, and the ventral surface brought into contact

with the inside ventral surface of the coarctate larva.

Then other muscles appear to move a portion of the

dorsal surface of the body downwards and round towards

the bottom or head-end of the coarctate larva; the tips

are then withdrawn, the base contracted again, and a

hold taken by the tips being driven in a little higher up;

again the muscles bring a tiny portion of the body

further round and down, and so this leverage goes on

until the larva has completed its task, reversed its

position, and rests with its head wo and anchor-process

outwards; the spines on the skin of the larva, all of

which point down towards the base, assist it materially

in obtaining a firm hold on the inside of the coarctate

larva, preventing it from slipping back.

On July 31st, 1889, I received from Mr. Stewart

a number of pieces of the common reed grass

(Digraphis arundinacea); on the outside of the stems

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—PaRT II. (JUNE.) 2a

340 Mr. F. Enock’s life-history of

were a number of longitudinal slits of about + in. long; on

cutting the stem through, I found at the back of each of

these slits a hard sort of internal gall, containing a flattened

and wrinkled larva very much like that of the Hessian Fly,

only twice as large; the anchor-process was very promi-

nent; its movements exactly similar to those noticed

in C. destructor. Having obtained a large supply, I

endeavoured to cut the outer wall of the gall so that

I could watch the movements of the larva, and at last,

after endless failures, I succeeded in just cutting through

and removing sufficient of one side to expose the larva;

this I placed on the stage of my microscope in such a

position that I could, with the aid of the “silverside-

reflector,” throw a most brilliant light into the interior.

When first exposed, the larva was lying perfectly quiet

in a horizontal position, but after some hours’ watching,

it slowly raised its head, then withdrew it out of sight ;

the tips of the anchor-process were brought into contact

with the inner surface of the cell, followed by a movement

and contraction of the base, exactly similar to that which

I had observed in the larva of the Hessian Fly; it then

appeared to fix the tips into the cell; the base of the

apparatus appeared again, and the 3rd and 4th segments

could be seen moving in the direction of the head; a

slight pause, then the anchor-tips were next withdrawn

the merest distance, and advanced very slowly; the

muscular contraction repeated, and the points driven in,

followed by a decided movement of the 8rd and 4th

dorsal segments ; these movements were continued until

the larva had worked itself a little beyond right-angles,

when it paused in its work, and gave me the opportunity

for making a careful sketch; and though I watched it

long into the night, it did not increase its position ;

possibly the aperture I had made had in some way

interfered with its comfort, and it objected to be stared

at with so high a power as 40 diameters! But I think

I had observed enough to warrant me feeling sure that

I had determined the use of this anchor-process, which

at first sight appears of little importance, but when

carefully and patiently studied proves to be of the

highest importance, enabling the larva to extricate itself

from a position which to me seemed incomprehensible.

I have bred a great many flies from the puparia which

Mr. Palmer has so frequently sent to me, and most of

them emerged from the dorsal side between the 10th

the Hessian Fly. 341

and 12th segments, but some had emerged at the other

end; these I carefully examined, and found that the fly

had emerged on the ventral side, or that nearest to the

stem, showing that in these instances the larva had not

turned round, and it would in all probability have

perished had not the puparium become detached from

the surrounding sheath. A few had emerged at the

dorsal side, appearing to have revolved half-way round,

so bringing the head to the front and outwards, though

downwards ; but in every one of the hundreds bred from

coarctate larve in their normal position in the straw, the

fly had emerged at the top end.

On July 5th, 1888, the larve were most plentiful in the

barley, and as the crop was very backward and stunted

in May, when the females were ovipositing, the larve in

nearly every one of the 400 straws cut were not more

than an inch above ground, and in many instances the

barley was bent at the ground-line.

I noticed that the small thin plants were more fre-

quently attacked than the stronger ones, and generally

contained several larve; the tail-end protruding from

between the folds of the leaf-sheath. The position of the

larva was quite different to that in the 1887 crop, when

the barley was much stronger and the bend nearly always

at the second joint, and often at the third, 7 to 10 in.

above ground.

The larva is most delicate, and dries up if the strawis

cut before the maggot has reached its full growth; so

that the only plan to observe the changes is to have a

number of living plants of various sizes; in fact, when

the flies are emerging, sow about a dozen grains in a

six-inch pot, always keeping up a constant supply.

The second stage of the larva, known as the puparium,

or, more correctly, the coarctate larva, and more popu-

larly as the ‘‘flax-seed”” state, has been so frequently and

fully described that I need not add to it; but one thing

I have constantly noticed is that when the leaf-sheath is

removed carefully, and the upper or tail-end of the flax-

seed drawn away from the stem, the mouth always

appears to be fastened by some sort of white cement or

starch, which in a measure prevents the puparium from

being too readily shaken out of place before its time;

though no doubt vast numbers are scattered broadcast

when the harvest is cut and carried, and, wherever the

2a2

342 Mr. F. Enock’s life-history of

waggon goes, there the puparia are shaken out, and I

have found them lying free on the ground underneath

the shocks of barley.

The number of larve at the joints varies considerably

-—from one to nine in straw collected at Hertford, and in

home-grown plants, in one instance only, as many as

nineteen /

The male puparium is of a much more slender form

and paler colour than that of the female.

When the crop of barley is backward, as in 1888,

a great many puparia are left in the stubble, and should

the field be sown with clover, they remain in the stubble

all the winter, secure from injury; the flies which

emerge after the harvest have no difficulty in finding

plenty of aftergrowth and self-sown plants growing

among the clover, and on which they lay their eggs.

Owing to the time of year when the wheat and barley

are sown, the females are all dead before the wheat is up;

but not so in America, where whole districts of “ fall-

wheat” are entirely ruined.

On Dec. 31st, 1888, I received from America a tin box

which contained a large number of plants of this “ fall-

wheat,” a very slight examination of which revealed a

number of puparia close round the base of the stem, and

in some cases there was a slight appearance of a gall-

like swelling. I put these plants under a cylinder of

muslin, and exposed them to the full force of the weather.

From May 5dth to the 22nd I bred forty-four male and

thirty-seven female Hessian Flies, and from June 5th to

July 5th twenty-three parasites, Platygaster minutus.

Herr Wagner, in his admirable Monograph on the

Hessian Fly (a translation of which appears in the

Appendix to the ‘Third Report of the U.S.A. Entomo-

logical Commission’), states that :—‘‘Though the great

frequency of the parasites in the summer generation was

striking, it was not less so that the pup gathered from

the barley aftergrowth yielded not a single parasite,

from which I infer an entire exemption of the actual

winter generation (not to be mistaken for those hyber-

nating in stubble) from parasites. Fitch received from

young infested plants gathered in April only gall-gnats,

thus corroborating my idea that the parasites attack only

the winter generation.”

I venture to think that Herr Wagner did not obtain a

sufficiently large number of plants, or he would no doubt

the Hessian Fly. 343

have bred the minute parasite, Platygaster minutus,

which, by the bye, can force its way through the meshes

of the finest book-muslin, and only a cambric pocket-

handkerchief tied over the cylinder will keep them in.

In the table given later on of the parasites bred, you

will notice how very few emerge in September and

October, and I think that one reason why the “ fall-

wheat”’ is so free from parasites is that they could not

get down to the puparia, which are close to the roots;

but I have repeatedly watched these small Platygaster

minutus searching for and sounding the lower part of the

stems for puparia, and, failing to find them, they have

worked their way down the smallest space between the

stem and surrounding earth, and no doubt reached the

objects of their search.

The plants of ‘‘ fall-wheat”’ sent from America were so

dried up and brittle that when I attempted to search for

puparia their position could not be accurately noted ;

but in infested plants of a similar size grown in pots, and

on which the eggs were laid before a stem was formed,

I found the puparia at the roots, and in some-instances

lying in the old husk of the grain, and others actually

underneath the crown among the roots. The photograph

of American “ fall-wheat”’ shows the empty pupe-cases

protruding from the stems.

In only one instance have I found puparia at both 2nd

and 3rd joints of the same plant, at Stroud, Oct., 1888.

From about 500 infested straws gathered, I noticed a

great many puparia were at the 3rd joint, at least nine

inches from the ground, and that the barley at each side

of the roadway through the fields was always most

affected; this, to my mind, was the result of the

previous year’s scattering of puparia from the waggons

at the time of carrying. I particularly noticed this at

Hertford, Littlehampton, and many fields around Stroud,

Gloucestershire.

The next stage is the third larval, or rather final larval,

form, which is most easily obtained by placing on damp

blotting-paper or sand a number of puparia picked out

from ‘‘screenings’’; these are more or less injured by

having passed through the thresher, and the effect of

moisture upon a fractured puparium is most striking,

causing the larva to work its way out, and, when entirely

free, it quietly rests in some cranny or under the sur-

rounding puparia; and it is whilst they are in this state

344 Mr. F. Enock’s life-history of

that careful observations can be made of the anchor-

process, &c., for attempts to dissect them from the

puparia entail a great loss of time, and not unfrequently

of temper also!

Mr. G. Palmer has after each harvest sent to me a

sack of screenings, from which I have picked great

numbers of puparia, and from these the larve in their

final stage have crawled, most of them to a quiet corner,

to lie dormant until April or May, when they change to

pupe; but a few change very quickly, and the flies

emerge in September.

On May 12th, 1888, I picked out about thirty puparia

from the 1887 harvest, placing them on white blotting-

paper over damp sand; five hours after a larva was

working its way out, followed by others in an hour

or two, and several more the following day (the 13th).

One of these began to alter in shape, the body elongating,

losing the wrinkled appearance, until it had, on the 14th,

at 6 a.m., almost regained its full-fed larval form; the

skin being quite tight, the mouth-organs drawn down

from the end to a ventral position, and all so tight and

stretched that it looked like bursting; when at 3 p.m.

I placed it under the microscope to make a sketch of it.

Between 8 and 9 p.m. it began twisting and straining,

particularly its head, which was moved backwards and

forwards, until at last, at 9.30 p.m., the skin split over

the mouth and towards the thorax; this effort was

followed by a short rest, then more twisting, until the

larva-skin, with its anchor-process, was gradually worked

down the abdomen, and it rested a shrivelled mass

around the anal segments, revealing the true pupa,

which at first was perfectly white, with the exception of

a brown chitinous projection not unlike a parrot’s beak,

occupying the place of the cast-off ‘‘anchor-process.”’

No limbs or segments were visible until twelve hours

after, when it began to assume a most delicate pink

colour ; the sutures of the head and thorax appeared

but very indistinctly. Three days after, May 17th, the

pink colour was decidedly darker, bringing into view the

wings and leg-cases. Fourth day: the pupa quite rosy,

the thorax testaceous. Fifth day: I made careful

drawings under the microscope of the pupa in various

positions, when all the parts were very distinct. These

changes went gradually on, and on the eighth day the

facets in the eyes became visible, and dorsal plates darker.

the Hessian Fly. 345

On the ninth day the eyes were much darker, and the

tips of the feet or claws visible, and the second pair of

legs traced under the wings; thorax much darker, inclined

to brown.

The next day, wings almost black, and thorax very

dark colour, but the eyes were not distinguishable from

the other parts. In the evening, when I examined the

pupa with side illumination, I could see the hairs on the

abdomen, and mark the strong pulsations; the abdomen

was much swollen, and the legs projected and stood clean

away from the ventral surface.

At eleven days old the dorsal and ventral markings

clearly seen, the ventral segments of a blood-red colour,

with scales on back very plain and dark; at night, when

examining this and other pupe, I noticed that they were

very susceptible to the light from the side reflector, all

twisting and twirling about directly it was concentrated

upon them. At 9 p.m. the skin of the abdomen appeared

silvery, as though the internal moisture was absorbed.

On the twelfth day, at 5a.m., the pupa was quiet, with

the exception of a slight quivering of the tail; but on the

following day, at 4 a.m., it commenced writhing about

for a quarter of an hour, then a rest, followed at 4.45 by

tremendous muscular efforts, and at last it succeeded in

bursting its shell, the female fly gradually working its

way out. From the number of larve I have watched

change to pups, and then on until the flies emerged,

I find the time varies from twelve to thirteen days for

both sexes. One peculiarity I noted was the time at

which the larve changed to pupe—in nearly every

instance between 9 p.m. and 3 a.m.

On August 3rd, 1888, I bred a male Hessian Fly from

egos laid June and, giving sixty-three days for the entire

transformation.

For the sake of convenience, I placed a certain number

of free puparia in flower-pots filled up to within three-

quarters of an inch of the top with damp sand, covered

with white blotting-paper. On this I laid the puparia in

rows, examining them every morning to see at what time

the flies emerged; after many mornings’ close watching

with a hand-magnifier, I found some just expanding their

wings at 3.50 a.m., and, though I have watched as soon

as daylight appear ed, I never found any out at an earlier

hour; the greater number came out between 5 and

7 a.m., and others in the afternoon up to 7.80 p.m.

346 Mr. F. Enock’s life-history of

On May 28th, 1889, I was much pleased to find an

empty pupa-case protruding from the top end of one of

the infested straws (which I generally cut from 1 in. to

13 in. above the bend), and another pupa-case sticking

out below the bend. Since then I have found several of

these ‘‘climbing pupe,” which work their way up between

the leaf-sheath and stem until they reach an opening;

these observations fully confirm those made by Asa Fitch.

The great power the pup possess to force their way

up was shown in the following experiment: on April 18th,

1888, I buried twenty-four infested straws one inch deep

in light soil, exposing the pot to all sorts of weather, and

on June 11th I found a female fly on the gauze covering;

it had managed to find its way through the earth some-

how, but, as I could not find the empty pupa-case, I

cannot say whether the fly or pupa ascended. On

July 38rd I examined the buried straws, and found several

puparia, one containing a pupa about four days old.

Having now seen almost every transformation, I was

most anxious to observe that of the fly from the pupa

a situ, and for this purpose I arranged a number of

infested straws stuck into pots of damp sand, and in such

position that I could examine each one easily and quickly,

for the first appearance of a pupa might take place in,

say, the No. 10 pot while I was going over No. 1; in fact,

this happened repeatedly, until on June 7th, at 6.45 p.m.,

after numerous hours of morning and evening exami-

nation, I was fortunate in focussing my magnifier upon

a, straw which seemed to shake very slightly. I continued

watching it, and in another minute or two I saw the

cuticle of the leaf-sheath begin to swell at a tiny point

just above the joint, as though something was pushing

it outwards and downwards; presently a small brown

beak-like process appeared and disappeared, but as

quickly came into view again, as it made a forward

curved movement, the hard, sharp, chitinous beak cutting

through the sheath, which was soon widened sufticiently

to permit the pupa working its thorax through; then a

rest, followed by slight twisting and contortions, until

the leg-sheaths were free and rested against the side of

the stem, so forming a wonderful bracket or support.

The leaf-sheath had partially closed, and gently nipped

the end of the pupa, and so preventing it falling out—

another of those perfect provisions of Nature which cannot

fail to excite feelings of intense wonder and admiration

the Hessian Fly. 347

in the hearts and minds of those who are content to

follow closely these marvellous transformations.

The pupa now commenced to bend its head down

several times, when the skin burst at the top and back

of the thorax, from which the fly (a male) slowly and

majestically seemed to rise, until it had protruded as far

as the eighth segment, the antenne, wings and legs

being pressed closely around it.

It now commenced bending backwards and forwards,

occasionally stopping to give a peculiar sort of lifting

movement, after which it succeeded in withdrawing its

antenne, moving them up and down; continuing the

back and forward movements, it partially released its

wings, and began to draw up its legs from out their

delicate sheaths, making great muscular efforts to release

its wings, until at last one became free, then renewed

exertion to get its legs out, the femora of the first and

second pair projecting in front; the other wing was next

released, and both hung over the back like two bits of

stick; then first leg free, then the second; the antennez

during these contortions had been gradually expanding

their whorls of hairs; the third pair of femora now began

to project, and the fly looked as though it might fall out

and be injured; but just when the second pair of legs

were quite free, it swung them about until one caught

hold of the stem, towards which the fly immediately

drew itself until it had a firm hold, when it quickly

withdrew the remaining pair of legs, becoming quite free

and walking along on the under side of the bent straw,

hung attached by its first and second pair of legs, with

the abdomen perpendicular, and the claspers on the tail

in the same position; the stick-like wings were flapped

together over its back a number of times, and in a

quarter of an hour were fully expanded, and then crossed

in position; the anal claspers turned up over the back,

the tips bent downwards, and at 8.30 p.m., or exactly an

hour and a quarter after the straw was split, the fly

made its first flight. The tiny silvery shroud or pupa-

case is left still protruding from the straw. I have

watched flies, both males and females, emerge from

isolated pupe, many of which had great difficulty in

freeing their legs from their delicate sheaths, and often

became helpless cripples; and yet some of them will

manage to crawl to a plant, and lay their eggs in one

place; one of these laid eighty eggs on one leaf. Three

348 Mr. F. Enock’s life-history of

or four hours after emerging the males become very

restless, flying about in search of a partner; the females

hang to the under side of the leaves, with the ovipositor

fully extended, and, unless disturbed, they appear very

sluggish; copulation usually takes place about noon,

and only for a few seconds. Immediately after, the

female flies to the young plants or fresh leaves, and

commences ovipositing; she generally alights on the

leaf, and quickly crawls to the upper side, keeping her

head towards the tip of the leaf; she taps the surface

with her antenne, and, arching her abdomen until the

tip touches the leaf, she appears to give it a wiping

movement towards her head, and in so doing extrudes

an egg from the orifice, which is, you will notice, not

quite at the end; this action she continues, tapping each

time with her antenne and keeping her head down;

sometimes she alights on the stem, and crawls up until

she reaches the edge of the leaf-sheath, when she arches

the abdomen so much that the tip is brought between

her front legs, and she seems to push the eggs in between

the leaf-sheath and stem; at other times she will lay

them right up to the tip of the leaf. When once a

female has started ovipositing, she continues at it in the

most business-like manner, passing from plant to plant

until her task is done, when she appears weak, often

having lost or broken one or two legs, frequently laying

her eggs on the stem just above the ground, and then,

when quite exhausted, she hides away in the earth to die.

They are very careful to avoid ovipositing on mouldy

leaves, and when at rest both male and female keep

the tarsal jomts and abdomen close down to the surface

of the leaves.

On Aug. 6th, 1888, I bred one male and three females

from one pot of puparia; these I placed under a muslin

cylinder enclosing young barley plants, upon which I

observed each female ovipositing, and all the eggs hatched

on Aug. 12th.

On Aug. 8th three more virgin flies were put with one

male, and with the same result, viz., that all the eggs

laid hatched four days after.

On the 7th I found six females out in one pot. I placed

these under another cylinder containing one male, and

again with the same result, each female ovipositing on

separate plants, which I most carefully marked, and

when examined on the fourth day, all had hatched.

the Hessian Fly. 349

These and other experiments proved that one male is

capable of impregnating from one to six females. I have

noticed females ovipositing at 6 a.m., and as late as

7 p.m.

During July and August I bred a great number of

females, so determined to see whether they were parthe-

nogenetic. I placed half-a-dozen of these virgin females

in separate phials, upon the sides and corks of which all

oviposited after a few days, but all these dried up in less

than a week.

On May 21st, 1889, five virgin flies were ‘“‘ calling,”

and all laid a number of eges, which I examined most

carefully under my microscope, but could not see any

change. I examined them each day until June 5th,

when all were shrivelled up.

T isolated a great many virgin females, but not one of

the many hundreds of eggs laid ever hatched, so 1

conclude that the Hessian Fly is not parthenogenetic.

I put four females bred May 20th, 1889, under a

cylinder with young barley plants, and they continued to

‘call,’ keeping the ovipositor slightly in motion and

fully extended for two or three days, but apparently

came to the conclusion that there were no partners to be

had, so they commenced ovipositing, and all died by the

fifth day.

From the behaviour of the females in captivity, I

should say that they were very shy in their habits,

hiding under the leaves and flying but a short distance

above the ground; for though I have repeatedly swept

the stubble and young growing barley, only once (Sept.

23rd, 1887) did I obtain a female. I have frequently

observed them hide away in holes and crannies in

the earth, also that they are particularly fond of resting

there, their colour, I think, protecting them from being

readily seen by birds. The males fly long distances, as

proved by those which I captured on the windows of

Bownham House, Stroud, Sept. 22nd, 1888, the nearest

barley or wheat field being about three-quarters of a

mile away.

My own observations fully confirm all that Prof. C. V.

Riley and others have stated concerning the weather

most favourable for the development of the Hessian Fly.

A warm, damp, “‘muggy” atmosphere is decidedly the

best; the larve thrive quickest in moist and rainy

weather, and the puparia appear as though they could

350 Mr. F. Enock’s life-history of

stand any amount of wet; the pots in which I have kept

isolated puparia and those with the infested straws have

frequently been flooded for hours together an inch deep,

without sustaining the slightest injury ; in fact, moisture

is of most vital importance to their existence.

On Aug. 9th, 1889, in a letter to the ‘Hcho,’ I ex-

pressed an opinion that, owing to the wet weather and

backwardness of the wheat and barley crops, there was

every probability of being three broods instead of two,

the second brood emerging early in August; these laid

their eggs on young plants, and some of the flies of the

third brood did emerge in September.

Though moisture is of such importance to their welfare,

and hastens their development, it is astonishing how very

tenacious they are of life. In season of drought their

development may be greatly retarded—far longer than

even Herr Wagner appears to have observed, for he

states that ‘The first part of the Hessian Troops left

Cassel in March, 1776, landing in Long Island Aug. 12th;

the packing straw used by them must have been that

grown in 1775, and in the ordinary course of Nature the

pupa which might have been in the straw ought to have

hatched April and May, 1776, and the flies of course died

before reaching Long Island.” This would have been

correct, supposing all the flies had emerged; and though

it is a matter of very small importance whether the fly

was introduced into America by the Hessian troops, or

from some other source, the following facts will show

that under certain conditions the development of this

insect is frequently retarded to a very long time, or more

than twice as long as Herr Wagner states.

On March 9th, 1889, I received from Mr. Palmer two

sacks of barley screenings, one from the harvest of 1888,

and the other from 1887; this one, Mr. Palmer informed

me, had been tied up all ready to send to me, but from

some cause had been put away in a dry room and

forgotten until sending the 1888 screenings, from which,

on April 25th, I picked a large number of puparia.

I then examined some from the 1887 crop, and was

astonished to find several alive! though very much

shrivelled; and out of a hundred puparia which I

dissected, sixty-seven had dried up; from eighteen the

parasites had emerged, and in fifteen the larve of the

Hessian Fly were still alive, shrivelled up to half their

natural length. I placed these on damp sand, and two

the Hessian Fly. 351

days after the resuscitated larve had worked themselves

out, having, since they were placed on damp sand,

imbibed sufficient moisture to enable them to apparently

entirely recover from their long imprisonment. These,

with a number of others from the 1887 screenings, were

placed in the usual manner on blotting-paper on damp

sand, so that I could observe all changes. On May 14th

I noticed one of the larve had assumed a faint rosy tint,

such as is seen on a three-days-old pupa; and such this

proved to be, though when placed under the microscope

I discovered that the larva had not cast its skin, the

anchor-process and everything else being still in place.

In the course of two or three days I observed that most

of the other larve had changed colour, and in each

instance the larva had been unable to cast the skin; and

yet, in spite of this impediment, the changes in the

pup went on, and were plainly visible.

On May 24th, 1889, the first abnormal pupa had, after

twisting and rolling about a distance of two inches, managed

to cast its larval skin; and a day or two after the thorax

split, but the fly did not seem able to emerge, and died

in situ. Others seemed to arrive at maturity, and yet

not one of these skin-clad pupz produced a fully-

developed and perfect fly. In another pot I placed

a number of 1887 puparia just as I picked them out,

and from these a perfect male Hessian Fly emerged

May 9th. The rest of the screenings I put into a flat

box under a large muslin tent out in the garden, where

they were exposed to all sorts of weather, with very

heavy rain.

On June 38rd the first male emerged, followed by a

number of both sexes until July 2nd, when the last (a |

female) made her appearance. I had sown some barley

under the tent, and upon this being pulled up I found a

number of larve of various sizes about the crown of the

plants. Now, if we put down May 15th as being about

the time when eggs are laid by the first brood, we find

that some of these Hessian Flies bred from 1887 harvest

had been quite two years in the puparia!

Having now given the result of my observations upon

the life-history and economy of the Hessian Fly, I will

endeavour to show that something might be done to keep

down and arrest the increase of this most injurious

insect.

- In the first place, I beg to call your attention to

352 Mr. F. Enock’s life-history of

copies of the results of my various collections of puparia,

giving the dates when the flies and parasites emerged.

On Aug. 5th, 1887, in answer to an invitation from

Mr. Palmer, who asked me to come and examine his

fields, I paid a visit to the now well-known Revell’s Hall,

Hertford. The barley was in splendid condition for

examining, and I had no difficulty in picking out the

infested straws, for they were very plentiful, and in two

hours I had cut over three hundred.

Aug. 8th. I searched another field, but, before doing

so, I proceeded to mark out with net-sticks and umbrella

a distance of twenty yards up the rows. Starting to

walk slowly between these, 1 examined three rows at

either side, cutting with a large pair of scissors the bent

straws into lengths of about two inches, counting and

placing them in a bag slung round my neck; arrived at

the distance-stake, I noted down the result, moved the

stake further along, and resumed my work “all among

the barley’’; but I did not feel at all ‘‘ free” (as the well-

known glee goes), for the barley ‘“‘haulm,” as most folks

know, has a peculiar knack of getting up the sleeves, and,

after travelling about, emerges at the neck. At first this

was decidedly irritating, but, as ‘‘ familiarity breeds con-

tempt,” I soon got used to it, and went on with my

search, until the sound of a country church clock striking

the hour told me I had worked just four hours, during

which time I had traversed a distance of eighty yards by

twenty, and cut over 800 straws, each of which contained

from one to four puparia. From these I bred 280

Hessian Flies and 358 parasites of various kinds.

In 1888 I made collections on July 5th and 17th, and

on Aug. 3rd and 15th, spending about four hours each

time in cutting the bent straws; and though wet weather

interfered a good deal with my operations, I obtained

1458 infested straws. In addition to these, Mr. Palmer

sent to me two bags of screenings, one from 1887 harvest,

which I have already described, and the other from 1888

crop; and from this, after many tedious hours’ work,

much lightened by the help of my wife, we picked 1694

puparia, more or less injured by the thresher, but, in

spite of this, 261 Hessian Flies and 319 parasites emerged.

During the year 1889 the weather was so bad that

I had only one day’s collecting, and then my search was

stopped several times by heavy thunderstorms and

drenching rain, rendering a barley field anything but a

the Hessian Fly. 358

dry spot to be in; this, in conjunction with the laid

barley, made my task a hard one, and yet I managed to

obtain 500 bent straws, and, had the weather been finer,

I could easily have obtained twice that number. Mr.

Palmer sent me another sack of the screenings from

this harvest, the puparia being so plentiful that in one

hour I picked out 270, the largest number ever found in

that time, and, from what Mr. Palmer told me, and my

own observations, I think the attack was the most serious

I had yet seen.

The sum total of infested straws and puparia collected

in two years was 4451, from which I bred 752 Hessian

Flies! and 909 parasites. All the flies I killed and used

for microscopic investigation, and of the parasites I have

turned a large number down in infested districts.

Hessian FLIES AND PARASITES BRED FROM 1309 PuPaARIA

COLLECTED IN THE STRAW, AUG. 5TH AND 8TH, 1887.

TIME OF

EMERGENCE.

HESSIAN

WEATHER.

Furies.

PARASITES. WIND.

1st | S18

e bo

iS)

ISG

—

EO OQHWNWHEpPDHHH

(Jb)

gaan

Sept. 1

ie)

11 1 4 p.m. W. Dull.

iy 1 Dull.

18 1 7 a.m. We |) Dull:

May 16

OD eel

wNwmPr

N.W. | Warm.

Hessian

Fuies.

Mr. F. Enock’s life-history of

PARASITES.

TIME OF

EMERGENCE.

June

Epeon PB Fp wo ee PB

wpe pr eS eo

aa)

me oo

ee po

tl OC (SX) RPP O PR WNW oOo oO O10) 02 Or bP ish)

———

fot eet

POD I TO HHH ROW UORMOAWWOHWNHOWNNRANDH

bp wp

3 p.m.

Uf Bye,

3.50 a.m.

WIND.

WEATHER.

Warm.

Dull.

Windy.

Windy, very bright.

Dull and cold.

Cold.

Rain and warmer.

Sultry and dull.

Sultry & very warm.

Sultry & very wari.

Sultry & very warm.

Cold and dull.

Fine to rain.

Rain.

Cooler.

Finer.

Much rain.

the Hessian Fly.

Datr HESSIAN PARASITES. Tre oF WIND.

Fu1gEs. EMERGENCE.

1888. Bi Qype ye

July 7 2

12 2,

23 1

BO) ||

30; 1 2,

31| 7 4

JANE Weg 5 2 aro Lea Ra 3 a.m E.

2) 14 1 6 a.m W.

3] 6 7 6 a.m W.

4a.m.

4} 12 9 to W.

6p.m.

5| 5] 10 2 p.m. W.

( 4a.m.

6; 1-10 to W.

(igen,

G4 8 W.

Si 5 W.

On ant 9 1 W.

HORE 5 4 W.

11; 8} 13 W.

ON er: 4 W.

13 2 W.

16 1 K.

20 1 |

Dill 1

23 1

24 1

25 1

Septemtan 1 | 1

Ze) al 1

1153) al 1

i 6a.m.

16; 4 6 1 1 to W.S.W..

(6p.m j

Ue 4

TS <3 ak N.W.

19| 4 5 K.

20 3 EK.

OAL |) a BK.

Oct. 27 1

& (129 |151 1147 211

@ |151 147

280 858 Parasites bred.

280 Hessian Flies bred.

Total

355

WEATHER.

Wet.

Glorious day.

Fine.

Dull and wet.

Very close & sultry.

Very close and rain.

Very close.

Fine and muggy.

Muggy to rain.

Dull and cooler.

Fine.

... 638 Flies and parasites bred from 1309 puparia

collected in straw during 1887.

TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND, 1891.—PaRT It.

(JUNE.) 2B

356

Mr. F. Enock’s life-history oy

Hessian FLIES AND PARASITES BRED FROM 1458 PUPARIA

COLLECTED JULY 5TH To AUG. 15TH, 1888.

Date.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

FLIEs.

aN se

1 1

2, 4

1 1

3) 1

PaRASITES|

|) x

1 1

i iL

1 1

2, 1

ae|| al

i 2

WIND. WEATHER.

W. Wet.

W. Fine to wet.

Dae |

Wet.

Wet,

Fine.

N.W. | Wet.

S.W. | Fine.

E.S.E. | Wet to fine.

BK.

W.S.W.| Fine.

E.S.E. | Fine.

N.N.W. | Fine.

N.N.W.

H.S.E

N.E. | Dull.

Dull and muggy.

June

FLies.

& || &

1 | 1

Dy |

DB Al

2 i

11 6

1 2,

3 9

8 | 14

8 | 15

Uf 7

3 7

3 5

6 3

1 5

iL 2

3 1

FNM WNFENMADDADELOWODAODRE NHN

PARASITES.

—

NOR RRR OD PWR POO OOH Ob oo 09

WInD.

A AAA wm

H HERR 24:

the Hessian Fly. 357

WEATHER.

Cool.

Warm.

Sultry.

Warm.

Wet.

Wet and cool.

Warm.

Very warm.

Dull and warm.

Dull and cool.

Very cold and wet.

Much cooler. [50°.

Very much cooler:

Dull and dark.

Duli and cold.

Dull.

Warm.

Rain.

Very warm.

Warm.

Very warm.

Cooler.

Cool.

2B Q

358

Mr. F. Enock’s life-history of

Date. | Furies. {Parastres.| WIND. | WEATHER.

lesen nase cael Ipecac =

9 | 2 W. Rain.

11 | | 1

140 1 W. Wet.

15 | 1

215 1

Augeyld) | lie N.W. | Wet.

18 1 | N.W. | Wet and warm.

Sept. 1/ 1 1 | N.W. | Warm: very hot.

10 | may

3S | 84 |127 }1138 |119

84 113

Flies ...|.s00.. i211 232 Parasites.

211 Flies.

443 Total bred from 1458 puparia.

FLIES AND PARASITES BRED FROM 1694 PUPARIA PICKED FROM

ScREENINGS FRoM 1888 Harvest.

14—19

20—24

Furies. |PARASITES. Date. Fries. [{Parastres.

Ss ef ie | MCB E Eee ae eee

2 | May 27| 1

1 | 25—97 | 9 | 15

98 4 3

25 | 12 29 | 2 1

4 28—30 | Sys

1 30) 2 il

3 31 2, 4) 4

2, 10 | 13 June 2| 1 3

2 18 | 16 we 41) i 2 9 tf

3} 13 8 5 6 9

D, ila 4 9

2, 14 1 |

2, J uly 21 1 1

1 July 26] 7 4

1 27 &29| 4 4

30} 6 if 1

28 | 28 ye) 9

a Augie pis 63

iL $$] —— |___t___

2, 3 | 62 | 55 1160 |159

iL 55 160

i 144 Larve. ——

18 17 — 319

261 Flies.

319 Parasites.

580 Bred from 1694

puparia,

the Hessian Fly. 359

FLIES AND PARASITES BRED FROM PUPARIA FROM AMERICAN

‘Ratt WHEAT.”

Date. FLIEs. Date. |PARASITES

1889. ? sex

13 10

16 4

July 5 3

22, Parasites bred.

WH AOwASIR] BF

2 +0

Sl epee HPoRwaAa Ne

On June 11th I sent over 800 of the parasite, Semio-

tellus nigripes, to Prof. Riley for the purpose of accli-

matisation, but owing to the heat, &c., surrounding the

mail bags, all died in transit. In the course of February

and March I hope to be able to send a large number of

puparia picked from screenings, and no doubt from these

Prof. Riley and his assistants will be able to breed this

exceedingly plentiful and most useful parasite in such

numbers that it will soon obtain a footing in the United

States, and, I trust, will make its presence felt.

Since reading this paper, I have sent over 2000 puparia

to Prof. Riley, of the U.S. Department of Agriculture at

Washington, and to-day, May 8th, have received a letter

as follows :—‘‘I duly received your favour of April 9th,

and the accompanying box of puparia. Iam glad to say

that these arrived in good condition, and that many of

the parasites have already begun to issue; and that I

have made arrangements to distribute them at four

different points, so that I think the result of this

experiment will be satisfactory.”

During Sept., 1888, I found the puparia exceedingly

plentiful all round the neighbourhood of Stroud, Glou-

cestershire, which is the most westerly point where ‘‘the

360 Mr. F. Enock’s life-history oy

pest” has been recorded from; not that it had not

occurred there before, but there were no persons who

troubled themselves to examine the crops. At Acock’s

Green, near Birmingham, I found puparia in plenty

in the barley stubble, together with the rarest thing

I have ever met with, viz., a satisfied farmer: one

who (as he said) ‘‘didn’t care a straw if the Hessian Fly

was in his fields; he had hada good crop, and what more

did he want? except to have me locked up for trespassing

in his fields of stubble’! This specimen of an English

farmer had not always been so contented; for years ago, so

he told me, his crops of mangolds ‘“‘had been eaten up by

the worm as turned to a little mot as lays thousands of

egos in a minute! he knew, and had seen ’em do it in

his ’at/”” The remembrance of this “little mot” was

indeed bitter to this old ignoramus, who positively raved

about it, and wanted to know why ‘ Parlimint didn’t do

summut to help the poor farmer to live?” I quite agreed

with him that something ought to be done, and so we

parted good friends.

Another farmer at Evesham had heard something

about the Hessian Fly, but ‘‘hadn’t bothered himself

about it,” though on examination of the stubble I found

the puparia in plenty. I asked, What had he done with

the screenings? ‘Oh, chucked ’em in a heap under a

clump of trees’”’ was his reply, and there I found them

just as they had come from the thresher; the farmer

had made a “‘midden heap” of them, and that was

enough for him ; and more than enough for others—for

the abundant spread of the Hessian Fly over their fields.

On Aug. 24th I wrote a letter to ‘The Times,’ sug-

gesting the advisability of collecting the bent straws

breeding the parasites, to turn down, and of course

killing the flies. I argued then, as I do now, that if one

person can in about four hours collect about 2000

puparia, a properly organised staff would be able to

show far more important results; but though several

papers noticed and commented on my letter, I believe

I was the only person who continued to collect and breed

the parasites.

IT am afraid that very little preventive work can be

done whilst the eggs are being laid; as this takes place

from the latter end of April right on to the end of June,

and it would be impossible to search the growing barley;

the Hessian Fly. 361

and even after harvest, when there are so many self-sown

plants, I doubt if it would answer.

During the next stage, the larval, we do not see the

result of their work; so we must wait another month, or

until, say, the middle of July before we can find the bent

straws, when, supposing there was any desire on the part

of Government to do anything in the way of checking the

pest, the puparia could, as | have already proved, be

collected by thousands for the purpose of breeding the

parasites.

As an instance of what can and has been done in

importing the natural enemies of a most injurious pest,

I cannot do better than call the attention of everyone

here present to Prof. Riley’s Report to the United States

Committee of Agriculture on that most injurious pest,

the Orange Scale (Icerya Purchast), which, as most

horticulturists know, has utterly ruimed whole districts

of orange-groves in California, &c., and bid fair to make

‘a clean sweep, until its natural enemy was discovered in

Australia; and Prof. Riley, acting with that promptitude

and ‘‘cuteness’’ which is part of the character of our

American cousins, suggested to the United States Com-

mission that agents should be sent out to collect this

natural enemy, a species of lady-bird, and in this the

Government at once acquiesced; no time was lost in

looking out ‘‘red tape,’’ but the letter of submittal was

made out, and Mr. Koebele started on his journey to

Australia, ‘‘nothing doubting” or wanting either, deter-

mined to obtain the insect for which he was sent; no

such thought as, “‘ It can’t be done,” ‘‘ It isn’t practical,”

&c., ever entered his mind, but he went on and on,

gradually gaining experience and obtaining specimens,

which he quickly sent home; these were as quickly

placed in a large muslin tent covering an orange tree

which was infested with the scale, and here the Vedalia

set to work to feed and lay their eggs; the larva soon

hatched, and commenced feeding upon the Icerya, eating

and breeding so fast that in a short time there were

sufficient beetles to permit of the poor eaten-out orange-

growers coming with their boxes, &c., to carry away

dozens of these precious ‘‘bugs” to transfer to their

orchards, with the result that in a very short time

scarcely an Icerya could be found!

Now that we have a ‘‘Chamber of Agriculture,” no

362 Mr. F. Enock’s life-history of

doubt our Government will do something of a practical

nature to check the increase of these injurious insects ;

and I am sure that I only express the desire of all present

to-night, that more attention may be given to the study

of Economic Entomology, and that we are now within

measurable distance of the time when the “‘ poor distressed

farmer” can go to the Natural History Museum and find

comfort in studying the enemies of his crops, and also

Nature’s provision for the extermination of these pests.

If we want a pattern, we have only to turn to the

United States of America, and its Department of Agri-

culture, with Dr. C. V. Riley at the head of the Entomo-

logical Division, aided by his assistants, all of whom

seem to have imbibed his spirit. Any farmer, or anyone

who is not a farmer, who may write to the Department

about any insect is always treated in the most courteous

manner, and should the letter relate to any insect little

known, an agent is sent down to make enquiries, and

not many months pass before the life-history and

economy is known from beginning to end. I would here

mention how very much I am indebted to Prof. Riley

for his long-continued kindness and help in my study of

the Hessian Fly and its parasites; and I would call

special attention to that most useful of entomological

pamphlets, ‘Insect Life,’ published by the Bureau of

Agriculture, which contains the most practical sug-

gestions relative to Economic Entomology, with numerous

figures of insects, and details generally passed over by

British entomologists.

No doubt all who are here present will recollect the

profound sensation caused among the inhabitants of

Great Britain during the autumn of 1886, when the

announcement was made that the Hessian Fly had been

discovered in Hertfordshire. The newspapers were full

of long articles written by learned and unlearned men, and

in the periodicals figures of ‘“‘the pest’’ were given;

“latest news’”’ and bulletins were issued with surprising

rapidity, reporting the advance of the enemy, and that

it was gradually spreading; but from this latter opinion

I entirely disagreed, and I have not changed my opinion,

that in whatever barley field, in whatever county an

intelligent farmer or practical entomologist searched,

there would be found the puparia of the Hessian Fly;

and I quite agree with Prof. Riley that it had been

the Hessian Fly. 363

breeding in Great Britain for some years, and we must

confess that it had been overlooked until Mr. G. Palmer

discovered it in his barley fields, July 27th, 1886.

In September last (1890), whilst on a visit to friends

in the island of Portland, I searched both wheat and

barley fields with the usual result, that 1 found puparia

in all of them; the last one visited surrounded the well-

known lighthouse at ‘‘ Portland Bill,” the furthermost

point on the island, and here the barley was still

standing; and five minutes’ search revealed both larve

and puparia in the injured stems ; these I showed to the

keeper of the lighthouse, who informed me he had

‘‘heard tell of the Hessian Fly in the newspapers, but

did not know how to go about to find it.”

From reports we gather that some of the sleepy British

farmers were stirred into activity to search for the pest,

and in most cases found it in plenty; but, like all other

things connected with Economic Entomology in Great

Britain, the interest at first taken in the Hessian Fly

has been gradually falling off, until in 1889 there were

not (according to reports) a dozen farmers to be found

in the whole land who cared one jot whether it was

plentiful or not in their fields, though no doubt every one

of them would have the usual grumble at the lightness

of the crop.

All practical entomologists who have studied the

Hessian Fly in the fields agree that the preservation of

the natural remedy—the parasites—is of the greatest

importance. Perhaps a few quotations on this important

subject will not be out of place. Dr. Asa Fitch, who was

about the first to study the Hessian Fly in America,

asserted that it was of the highest importance to encourage

these parasites.

In the ‘Third Report of the United States of America

Entomological Commission for 1882,’ Dr. Packard, when

referring to the subject of ‘‘ burning the stubbles,” writes:

—‘‘ Although this remedy has been advocated, it will be

seen to be worse than useless when we reflect that, after

all the artificial means taken to reduce the number of

the Hessian Fly, Nature’s method of checking its undue

increase is far more important and thorough-going; we

refer to the diffusion and multiplication of the insect

parasites. As previously stated, most probably nine-

tenths of the young Hessian Flies are destroyed in the

364 Mr. F. Enock’s life-history of

larva or pupa state by the parasites already described.

For the most part, these parasites live in the ‘ flax-seed’

contained in the straw, and appear in spring. Now, to

burn the stubble in the autumn or early spring is simply

to destroy these useful parasites, the best friends of the

farmer. We do not hesitate to urge that the straw be

untouched. On the contrary, the parasites should be

gathered and bred in numbers. and we believe that

practical entomologists should bend all their energies

towards clearing up the subject of rearing and multiplying

these insect hosts. Much knowledge and practical skill

is needed in this direction, as occasionally by dissemi-

nating the parasites their noxious hosts may be increased

and distributed ; but knowing, as we do, how many more

of the parasites are in many cases bred than the insects

on which they prey, it seems safe and reasonable to

advise not only not burning the stubble, but letting it

stand, so that the parasites may finish their transforma-

tions, become fledged, and ready, when the eggs and

larve of the Hessian Fly are upon or in the young

wheat, to destroy them. It is a matter of fact that in

years when the Hessian Fly is specially abundant and

destructive, similar seasons are highly favourable to the

corresponding increase in the number of their insect or

ichneumon parasites; they do their work so effectually

that the few following years the numbers of Hessian

Flies are greatly reduced. It is, then, to these parasites

that we are indebted for the years of immunity from the

the attacks of the Hessian Fly as much as to favourable

and unfavourable weather.”

Herr Wagner also states that, ‘‘The most effectual

remedy in checking the excessive multiplication of the

wheat-worm has been provided by Nature herself in the

aid received from the parasites just mentioned. To spare

them is a very important thing.”

On July 30th, 1888, I ventured to bring the subject of

breeding the parasites before the readers of the ‘ Mark

Lane Express,’ for since my letter to ‘The Times’ I had

had another year’s practical experience of rearing para-

sites, so could speak still more positively as to what

could be done. This letter was replied to in the following

week, Aug. 6th, but in a totally different manner to what

might have been expected. I was told, ‘“‘I was no

farmer’’; that ‘“‘there were other difficulties in the

the Hessian Fly. 365

practical applications of the subject, which a non-

agriculturist may well be excused for not knowing, &c.” ;

and in a subsequent letter, in reply to mine, the following

most extraordinary paragraph appeared, viz., “It does

not therefore follow that we are sure of their (the para-

sites’) services; male and female have to meet, eggs be

fertilised, and the female must find her way to the

infested fields and stalks before the egg can be laid”!

I must confess that I had never read anything con-

nected with Economic Entomology which amused me so

much as the remark that male insects have any difficulty

in finding the females, and vice versé. Why? Was it

not one of the first commands given to animals, ‘‘ to

be fruitful and multiply’? and have we ever heard of

female flies experiencing any difficulty in finding out the

right place to deposit their eggs? Are they idle and feel

“it can’t be done,” or do they ever forget to use their

powers of flight and that most marvellous sense, whether

of smell or touch, which enables them to know in an

infinitesimally short time in what direction the food

lies upon which their progeny must feed ?

If they were under the guidance of a Committee, no

doubt they would experience the greatest difficulty in

these matters ; but being the work of the Creator, they

are endowed with such powers that they do everything

in accordance with His purpose; and whatever purpose

or duty they have to perform, their whole life and energy

seems taken up in carrying out that purpose. What a

lesson is here set forth for us to go and do likewise !

For Explanation of Plate XVI. see next page.

366 Mr. F. Enock’s life-history of the Hessian Fly.

Fic. 1.

EXPLANATION OF PuatE XYI.

Lateral and ventral view of head of larva (one day old) of

Hessian Fly, x 140 diam.

Lateral and ventral view of feeding larva, x 8 diam.

Lateral and ventral view of head of feeding larva, x

36 diam.

Lateral and ventral view of puparium, x 8 diam.

Lateral and ventral view of third stage of larva, x 8 diam.

Lateral and ventral view of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd segments of

ditto, showing the head and anchor-process, x 36 diam.

Head and anchor-process after having been squeezed flat,

x 36 diam.

Lateral and ventral view of pupa, x 8 diam.

Vertical section through centre of barley-stalk, showing a

feeding larva in situ.

Vertical section through centre of bent barley-stalk ;

puparium 77 situ.

Vertical section through centre of bent barley-stalk ;

3rd stage larva im sitw within the puparium, head

downwards and inwards towards the stalk.

Vertical section through centre of bent barley-stalk ;

drd stage larva commencing to turn round.

Ditto, ditto, further advanced.

Ditto, ditto, half-way round.

Ditto, ditto, three-quarters round.

Ditto, ditto, larva reversed, showing head wpwards and

outwards towards the leaf-sheath.

Vertical section through centre of bent barley-stalk ;

pupa within puparium, and cast skin and anchor-

process.

Bent barley-stalk; pupa protruding, previous to the fly

emerging.

(Figs. 9 to 18 magnified 5 diam.)

( Bor)

XIII. Mimetie resemblances between species of the Coleo-

pterous genera Lema and Diabrotica. By CuaruEs

J. Ganan, M.A., F.E.S., Assistant in the Zoological

Department, British Museum.

[Read March 4th, 1891.]

Puate XVII.

Wuen, a short time ago, I began to work at the phyto-

phagous genus Diabrotica, I was somewhat puzzled to

account for the strangely familiar appearances of some

of the species; for I had never any reason, until then,

to examine them very closely. Upon a little reflection,

however, I suspected that, by looking into the cabinet

drawers containing the species of Lema, which I had

not long before arranged, I should be able to find the

needful explanation. This suspicion proved correct.

Certain species of Lema were seen to have the closest

resemblance in colour and marking to those species of

Diabrotica which had so perplexed me.

If only one or two out of the five hundred species of

Lema resembled one of the four hundred or more species

of Diabrotica, the fact need not be considered very

extraordinary ; but it certainly does seem deserving of

notice that as many as fifteen or sixteen species of the

one genus should present the most striking analogical

resemblances to corresponding species of the other. The

resemblance, it need scarcely be said, was found to be most

pronounced between specimens from the same localities.

It would be fruitless to attempt to convey by descrip-

tion a clear idea of the similarity in colour and style of

marking ; so that I do not intend to give here more than

a brief indication of the points of resemblance between a

few of the species.

In Diabrotica 10-guttata, Oliv. (see Baly) —a very

variable species, occurring abundantly in the Amazonian

regions—the head is black, the eighth and ninth joints

of the antenne are whitish, the remaining joints brownish

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—PaRT Il. (JUNE.)

368 Mr. C. J. Gahan on mimetic resemblances

black ; the prothorax is yellowish tawny ; the elytra, in

typical examples, have a shining brownish black colour,

and each is marked with five rounded tawny spots arranged

in the order 2,2,1. The femora are fulvous, the tibie and

tarsi black. A repetition of these details would almost

exactly describe the coloration and style of marking of

Lema Batesii, Baly, a species from the same regions. In

this species, however, the two middle spots of each elytron

are usually united to form a sort of transverse band.

In one variety of D. 10-guttata nearly all the black

colour is obliterated from the basal three-fourths of the

elytra ; the apical spot on each remains surrounded by a

somewhat irregular black border. This variety occurs in

Ecuador and the Upper Amazons, and has its counterfeit

in a species of Lema (L. oculata, Lac.), also from Keuador.

Lema nigrovittata, Guér., found in Mexico and North

America, has the elytra striped with black and yellow in

close imitation of Diabrotica vittata, Fab., which is very

common in the same localities.

Other striped species of the two genera are very much

alike. The most remarkable, perhaps, are the Mexican

species, L. bisbwvittata, Clark, and D. Fatrmairei, Baly.

They are of about the same size. ‘The pale yellow

stripes of their elytra correspond almost exactly in

position and in width. ‘The elytra have in each species

the same peculiar violet-brown ground colour, and they are,

moreover, raised into narrow longitudinal costze between

the rows of punctures with which they are impressed.

So that in colour, sculpture, and pattern of marking the

elytra in the two species offer a strong resemblance.

It is not often that two species of different genera are

more deceptively alike than L. dimidiaticornis, de Borre,

and D. lepida, Say. These are also found in Mexico.

The head and prothorax in both are of the same reddish

colour. In D. lepida the elytra are glossy black, and

each is marked with two confluent ivory-like spots near

the middle, with a similar spot near the apex. In L.

dimidiaticornis the elytra have a glossy bluish black

colour, and are each marked with a transverse yellowish

band at the middle, and with a spot of the same colour

near the apex. The transverse band is often slightly

constricted in its middle, so that it comes more closely

to resemble the two confluent spots occupying a similar

position in the Diabrotica.

between species of Lema and Diabrotica. 369

Lema Buckleyi, Baly, and Diabrotica elegans, Baly,

both from Ecuador, are extremely alike. The general

tone of colour in each isa pale yellow. The elytra are

crossed by two bright metallic-blue or green bands—one

at the base, the other behind the middle. These bands

in the two species correspond exactly in shape, extent,

and position. Given the outline of one species to fill in,

and the other species as a model from which to copy, it

would be difficult for an artist to more faithfully repro-

duce the colours and design than Nature has done in

this case.

It is a rather happy coincidence in nomenclature that

the same specific name has been applied to a Diabrotica

and a Lema, both from Central America, and both

closely resembling each other. This name—biannularis

—pretty well expresses the character common to the

two species. In each the pale yellow elytra carry four

somewhat circular metallic-blue figures. The two basal

figures are usually complete circles, the two posterior

figures are generally crescentic or arcuate in form.

Sufficient has been stated to show that the resemblances

are not confined to species exhibiting one particular kind

of pattern, but that almost every style of marking

occurring in the genera is represented among the imita-

tive forms.

It remains for me now to offer some explanation of

the resemblances here recorded. I believe they are

cases of true ‘‘mimicry”’; that the species of Diabrotica

are protected, and that the species of Lema derive

advantage by mimicking them. At first it might seem

that the Lemas, owing to the harder covering of their

bodies, were the protected species, and that the softer-

bodied Diabroticas were the mimics, just as certain

Longicorns and other beetles mimic the hard Curcu-

honide. But the following considerations will, I think,

bear out in some measure the opinion which I have

expressed.

The species of Diabrotica are very numerous in in-

dividuals, some of them occurring in swarms in the

localities in which they are found. A considerable

variety of colour and style of marking runs throughout

the genus Diabrotica. ‘This is true also, to some extent,

of the Lemas of America; but, as a rule, the Lemas of

the Old World, though often exhibiting metallic tints,

370 Mr. C. J. Gahan on mimetic resemblances

are much less varied in their markings. It would seem

from this that certain species of Lema had departed

somewhat from the style of marking prevalent in their

genus in order to mimic species of Diabrotica living in

the same localities. This view is all the more reasonable

when it is taken into account that the shape of the

elytra in some of the mimicking Lemas approximates

more to that of the mimicked Diabroticas than to the

form customary in their own genus. There are, in

fact, one or two species of Lema with their elytra so

shaped and coloured that one might almost venture to

predict that they will be found to mimic species of

Galerucide.

Mr. Bates has mentioned some cases of Longicorns

which mimic Galerucide. One of these is Oxylymma

giblicollis, Bates, which, he says, closely resembles a

species of Diabrotica.

Mr. Jacoby, without, I think, suggesting any explana-

tion of the facts, has recorded that many of the species

of his genus Neobrotica exhibit most striking resem-

blances to species of the closely-related genus Diabrotica.

There are a few species of other allied genera which

also resemble species of Diabrotica. Dircema fraterna,

described by the late Mr. Baly and originally placed by

him in Diabrotica, has a most deceptive resemblance to

Diabrotica triplagiata, a species from the same locality.

This example is all the more remarkable, because D.

fraterna, with its glabrous and highly polished elytra, is

very unlike most of the other species of Dircema, which

are covered with a kind of velvety pubescence.

If the species of Diabrotica are not favoured in some

particular way, why do we find them mimicked not only

by species of allied, but also by species of widely separated

genera? The genus Lema is to be distinguished from

Diabrotica by decided structural differences. In Lema

the antenne are inserted far apart, and the prothorax

is narrow and cylindrical in form. In Diabrotica the

antenne are quite close together at their points of

insertion, and the prothorax is somewhat flattened, and

has sharp lateral edges. The two genera belong, in

fact, to different subfamilies. Common ancestry cannot,

therefore, be regarded as a possible explanation of the

resemblance between species of the two genera. Simi-

larity in their surroundings and in their habits of life

between species of Lema and Diabrotica. 371

may have something to do with it. Butif, as I have

been led to suspect, the species of Diabrotica are pro-

tected by some nauseous property, this in itself would

be a sufficient explanation. I have, within the last few

weeks, been able to get some evidence tending to show

that the species of Diabrotica are so protected.

Lacordaire, in his ‘ Mémoire sur les habitudes des

Insectes coléoptéeres de l’Amérique méridionale’* states,

when writing of the genus Galeruca, that ‘‘ the large

species, G. cyanipennis, Fab., xanthodera, lycoides, De}.,

&e., simulate death when captured, and secrete an

abundant yellow fluid through their mouth and the joints

of their legs. In another, G. viridis, Dej., this liquid is

colourless, and sufficient in quantity to entirely cover

the insect. The small species have not this faculty.’’t

I have not been able to identify G. cyanipennis, Fab.,

but it is given in Gemminger’s catalogue as a species of

Diabrotica. The G. viridis of Dejean has been described

by von Harold under the name of Diabrotica marginata.

Neither of these is in the list of mimicked species which

I have appended. But it is safe, I think, to assume

that Lacordaire’s observations apply to all the larger

species of Diabrotica. The secretion of a special fluid of

this kind is usually found to be a protection to the insect

which secretes it. It might be argued that the species

of Lema are, perhaps, similarly protected. At present

there is no evidence to show this. Lacordaire has care-

fully noted the different genera whose species secrete a

nauseous fluid, but in referring to Lema he does not

mention this property. In reference to this point, three

species of Lema from Borneo are very suggestive. These,

at first sight, look very unlike Lemas, and might easily

be mistaken for Hispide. In Lema monstrosa, Baly, the

resemblance is greatest. The rough elytra of this

Species are furnished with a number of highly-raised

and sharply-pointed conical tubercles. In its red-

coloured thorax and black elytra it agrees with a species

of Hispa found in the same island. You have only to

imagine the very fine ends of the Hispa’s spines to be

broken off in order to arrive at the style of armour met

with in the Lema. The remaining two species of Lema

mimic the Hispa in the same way, but to a less degree.

* ¢ Annales des Sciences Naturelles,’ vols. xx. and xxi.

1p dois Coy FESlag Wor WEDS

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891,—PART II. (JUNE,) 20

372 Mr. C.J. Gahan on mimetic resemblances

The three species form, in fact, a graduated series,

showing how the process of adaptation has gone on. As

is the rule in such cases, the mimicked Hispa appears to

be abundant, whereas the mimicking Lemas are appa-

rently very rare.

As an additional reason for believing that the species

of Diabrotica are a protected group, it may be mentioned

that some of the species belonging to one section in this

genus are, in colour and marking, extremely like certain

species of the other section which come from the same

localities. Now this, according to Mr. Wallace, is a

phenomenon that does not often occur in unprotected

groups, though it is frequently to be met with in pro-

tected genera.

The resemblances between species of Neobrotica and

certain species of Diabrotica will probably have to be

placed in the same category as those between species

belonging to the two different sections of Diabrotica.

Fresh observations upon the species of Lema and

Diabrotica in their living state will have to be made

before it can be definitely established that the resem-

blances between them are cases of true mimicry; but

the facts, so far as they are at present known, are, I

submit, strongly in favour of this conclusion.

List OF THE SPECIES.

Those that closely resemble each other are bracketed

together :—

Habitat.

Lema Batesvi, Baly ..........sessesecres Amazons.

Diabrotica 10-guttata, Oliv. ......... ‘5 and Cayenne.

DLeema oculata, Lac. .socc.cscccccsssecees Ecuador.

Diabrotica 10-guttata, Oliv., var.... 5) , Upper Amazons.

oe nigrovittata, GUEL. ..cccccceres Mexico and N. America.

Diabrotica vittata, Fab.............+.- - 3

Lema bisbivittata, Clark...........000 Mexico.

Sagano Fairmairet, Baly.......0. m

Lema vittatupennis, Baly ......seeeee Amazons,

| Diabrotica separata, Baly .........06 .

Lema Buckleyt, Baly .........-..s0000 Ecuador.

{| Diabrotion elegans, Baly,. <<css.sco0c - and Colombia.

Lema Champtont, Jac....cccccccscceeee Panama.

Diabrotica Godmani, Jac. ......ccceee *

Neobrotica ceruleofasciata, of ac. 5 93

- between species of Lema and Diabrotica. 373

Habitat.

Lema biannularis, Clark ........00 . Mexico and Guatemala.

Diabrotica biannularis, v. Harold... » Guatemala, and

Neobrotica ornata, Jac. .......s..s000e 3 [Honduras.

ICTR AUCAIUSs | swaissieisiseiecieioenses Colombia.

| Diabrotica elegantula, Baly ......... a

Lema senrisepta, Lac. ..crsecssecesseoes South Brazil.

[Pistrotin piceosignata, Baly ...... ‘

POO CLOLA MSG We etscccedsioce ese cenetie. ms

{ Lema trivirgata, Lac., var. ......+4. Peru. [Amazons.

Diabrotica boliviana, v. Harold ... », Bolivia, and Upper

Lema Suffriant, Jac. s.occceresersevees Costa Rica,

Diabrotica 9-maculata, Jac. ......... 45

Neobrotica imitans, Jac. ......+..00e ‘>

{ Liens (Ouyfitith, Olin) ocnosonqooocdoncecon Cayenne.

Diabrotica 5-maculata, Fab.......... 3

* (Lema mystica, Lac., var. ........+... South Brazil.

| Diabrotion Clarkella, Baly............ 5

ae did, Bally... c etreausacneaaeete Amazons.

Diabrotica alcyone, Baly .......00+- “3

{Lema amazond, Baly .....cccsceeseeees Upper Amazons.

(+Diabrotica triplagiata, Baly ...... 5

(Lema dimidiaticornis, de Borre .... Mexico.

|Diabrotica lepida, Say ......ercsseoee 45

Lema crucifera, Clark..............00+- Cayenne.

{ | Cerotoma arcuata, Oliv. ...--eeeeeee FA

** This species may be briefly characterised as follows :—Head

and hind breast black; prothorax transverse, nitid, testaceous;

elytra yellowish, with the suture anteriorly, a submarginal band on

each extending from the shoulder to near the apex, and a small

spot on each just inside the hinder extremity of the lateral band,

black. Antenne dark brown, with the scape yellowish brown, and

three or four of the apical joints pale tawny; with the third,

fourth, and fifth jomts thickened in the male. Legs tawny; inter

mediate tibie in the male slightly curved, thickened from above

the middle to the discal extremity ; intermediate femora in the

male each with a small tooth a little below the middle of the

ventral side. Middle legs in the female normal.

+ Dircema fraterna, Baly, is deceptively like Diabrotica tri-

plagiata, and is found in the same localities.

| The genus Cerotoma is nearly allied to Diabrotica.

For Explanation of Plate XVII. see next page.

9c2

3874 Resemblances between species of Lema, &c.

EXPLANATION OF Puate XVII.

Fic. 1. Diabrotica 10-guttata, Oliv.

2. Lema Batesit, Baly.

3. Diabrotica 10-guttata, Oliv., var.

4. Lema oculata, Lac.

5. Diabrotica vittata, Fab.

6. Lema nigrovittata, Guer. .

7. Diabrotica triplagiata, Baly.

8. Lema amazona, Baly.

9. Diabrotica elegans, Baly.

10. Lema Buckleyt, Baly.

11. Diabrotica alcyone, Baly.

12. Lema dia, Baly.

13. Diabrotica lepida, Say.

14. Lema dimidiaticornis, de Borre.

15. Diabrotica biannularis, v. Harold.

16. Lema biannularis, Clark.

17. Diabrotica boliviana, v. Harold.

18. Lema trivirgata, Lac., var.

19. Cerotoma arcuaia, Oliv.

20. Lema crucifera, Clark.

The figures are drawn twice the natural size; the effect of

which is to exaggerate the differences and diminish the

resemblances between the species.

(4°375)7))

XIV. A list of the Heteromerous Coleoptera collected by

Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., F.L.8., in the region of the

Straits of Gibraltar, with descriptions of four new

species. By Grorcs C. Cuampion, F.Z.S.

[Read April 1st, 1891. |

Tue following list of the Heteromerous Coleoptera from

the Straits of Gibraltar is intended as a continuation of

the paper contributed by Mr. Walker himself on the

Macro-Lepidoptera of this region (Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1890, pp. 861, et seq.). Mr. Walker’s captures

include many species not recorded by Rosenhauer in his

important work, ‘Die Thiere Andalusiens’ (1856); Mr.

Walker, however, was unable to collect so far inland as

the Sierra Nevada, where very many of Rosenhauer’s

insects were obtained. The collection made by him at

Gibraltar (including Algeciras, the cork-woods, &c., a

radius of at least ten miles inland) is a very extensive

one, and must be by far the most complete ever got

together at this place. A certain number of species

were obtained at Malaga, and these are also included.

On the opposite coast, at Ceuta, Djebel Mousa (Apes’

Hill), Esmir, Tetuan, Benzis Bay, Tangier, Peregil

Island, &¢., important but less extensive collections

were made, more especially in the vicinity of Tetuan ;

his opportunities of visiting Tangier were, however, few

and far between, so that he did not obtain examples of

many well-known Tangier species. The Gibraltar

collection cannot contain fewer than 1200 species of

Coleoptera; examples of about 950 of these were ex-

hibited by myself on one occasion at a meeting of this

Society. With the Maroccan insects, and the few

collected at Malaga, the total number of species of

Coleoptera obtained probably exceeds 1500.

From the point of geographical distribution the

collection is particularly interesting, as showing which

species are confined to the European and which to the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—-PART II. (JUNE.)

376 Mr. G. C. Champion’s list of

African side of the Straits, and those that are common

to both. As it would necessarily take a considerable

time to determine such a large number of species, a list

of the ‘‘ Heteromera”’ is offered as a first instalment, in

the hope that lists of the species of the other groups of

the Coleoptera may be subsequently supplied, either by

myself or others.

Mr. Walker obtained altogether examples of 191

species of this group ; of these 64 were met with on both

sides of the Straits, 89 on the European side only, 38

on the African side only. Four or five species are

additions to the European list, and four are described

as new.

In addition to Rosenhauer’s important work on the

Andalusian Coleoptera, two other valuable papers have

been published on the Coleoptera of this region :—(1).

“Hine entomologische Wintercampagne in Spanien,”

by G. Dieck (Berl. ent. Zeitschr., 1870, pp. 145—184) ;

an English translation of this interesting article is given

in the ‘Entomologist’ for 1888, pp. 88—43, 75—81).

This contains an account of the Coleoptera observed at

various places on the European side (Algeciras, &c.),

and also at Tangier, but a general summary of the

Species is not given. (2). ‘‘ Entomologische Reise nach

dem sudlichen Spanien,’ by Lucas von Heyden (Berl.

ent. Zeitschr., 1870, Beih. pp. 1—175).

Rosenhauer enumerated 205 species of Heteromera

from Andalusia, but of these about thirty are inserted

on the authority of Waltl, examples not having been

obtained by him; some of Waltl’s names (and Rosen-

hauer’s also) are merely synonyms. ‘This is a con-

siderably larger number than Mr. Walker’s (153), but it

must be remembered that Rosenhauer collected in the

Sierra Nevada, and also at Cadiz, Granada, Malaga, &c.,

as well as in the vicinity of Algeciras and Gibraltar ;

nevertheless, the following list adds about 56 species to

Rosenhauer’s list.

Of the species occurring on the Maroccan coast, and

which do not cross the Straits, perhaps Lagria viridi-

pennis, Fabr., is the most striking, it bemg abundant at

Tetuan. Helops tuberculipennis, Luc., and Oncomera

marmorata, Eyr., are not included in yon Heyden,

Reitter, and Weise’s European Catalogue (1891). Of

the four species described as new, two are from the

Heteromerous Coleoptera. 377

vicinity of Gibraltar, and two from the Maroccan coast.

From a study of the following list it will be seen that

by far the larger number of the species of the Hetero-

mera are common to §. Europe and Marocco; but, as

there is no published catalogue of the Maroccan Coleo-

ptera, a precise analysis cannot be given.

I am indebted to Herr E. Reitter and M. Allard for

their assistance in determining some of the doubtful

forms, and also for furnishing me with examples of

various species for comparison.

Marked * new to Rosenhauer’s Andalusian list.

TENEBRIONIDA.

Zophosis minuta, Fabr. (suborbicularis, Sol.).

Gibraltar ; sandy places, common. Also at Tetuan

and Tangier.

Erodius tibialis, Linn. (ewropeus, Sol.).

Tangier; common. Not met with in the vicinity of

Gibraltar, but recorded by Rosenhauer from San Lucar

and Cadiz.

Erodius carinatus, Sol. (latus, Sol.).

Gibraltar ; sandy places, plentiful. Also at Tetuan

and Tangier.

Hrodius rugosus, Kr. (puncticollis, Rosenh.).

Gibraltar; Campo Common, in summer ; not common.

Not observed on the Maroccan side of the Straits.

Pachychila Salzmanni, Sol.*

Gibraltar ; in tufts, under stones, &c., common. Also

at Ceuta, Tetuan, and Tangier. Recorded by Crotch

from Gibraltar [Petites Nouv. Ent., 1., p. 49 (1870) J,

and by Dieck from Algeciras, Gibraltar, and Tangier.

Pachychila nitens, Sol.*

Gibraltar ; a few examples.

378 Mr. G. C. Champion’s list of

Pachychila Dejeani, Bess. (subovata, Bess.).

Tetuan; one example, perhaps belonging to this

species.

Pachychila Steveni, Sol.

Tetuan ; one specimen. Both this species and the

preceding are upon the European list.

Pachychila Germari, Sol. (bifida, Rosenh.).

Gibraltar; sandy places, neutral ground, &¢.; common.

Also at Tetuan.

Tentyria elongata, Waltl (sinuatocollis, Rosenh.).

_ Gibraltar ; sandy places, abundant. Also at Tetuan.

Tentyria gaditana, Rosenh.

Gibraltar ; cork-woods, rare. September, 1887.

Tentyria platyceps, Stev. (Goudoti, Sol., modesta, Rosenh.).

Gibraltar ; in tufts and under stones, Campo and San

Roque. The var. modesta was found by Rosenhauer in

the Sierra Nevada. ay

Tentyria levis, Sol.

Malaga ; not uncommon.

Adelostoma sulcatum, Dup.

- Gibraltar; in tufts and under stones; common. Speci-

mens collected at Tetuan, Marocco, have the median

carina of the head extending almost to the base; these

are, no doubt, referable to A. cristatum, Eschsch., which,

according to Haag, is merely a variety of A. sulcatum,

Dup.

Stenosis hispanica, Sol.

Gibraltar ; more local than the following, but abun-

dant. Also at Djebel Mousa (Apes’ Hill), and Tetuan,

Marocco.

Stenosis hesperica, Sol.

Gibraltar; at roots of herbage, abundant. Also at

Tetuan and ‘Tangier.

Heteromerous Coleoptera. 379

Dichillus leviusculus, Kr.

Tangier; one example.t

Dichillus subcostatus, Sol.

~ Gibraltar ; under bark, in the cork-woods.

Dichillus andalusicus, Rosenh.

Gibraltar; chiefly under stones, very common; Campo,

&c. Neither this nor the preceding species were met

with on.the Maroccan side of the Straits, where they

appear to be replaced by closely allied forms.

Elenophorus collaris, Linn.

Malaga; one example. Benzts Bay, Marocco; one

example.

Morica planata, Fabr.

Gibraltar ; North Front ; locally very abundant. Also

at Tangier and Tetuan.

Akis acuminata, Fabr.

Gibraltar; Rock, North Front, neutral ground, Campo,

&c.; abundant.

Scaurus uncinus, Forst. (gigas, Waltl, hespericus, Sol.).

Gibraltar; neutral ground, &c.; not rare. Also at

Tetuan.

Scaurus tristis, Oliv.*

Gibraltar. Also at Tetuan.

Scaurus sticticus, Gemm. ( punctatus, Herbst).

Gibraltar; Rock, neutral ground, San Roque, &c.;

common. Also at Benzts Bay and Tangier.

Blaps lusitanica, Herbst.

Benzus Bay and Tangier, Marocco. Numerous ex-

amples of both sexes of a large Blaps resembling B. gages

seem to belong to this species, from European specimens

of which the males differ in being a little less convex and

more elongate. Three of these specimens (two males

+ This species is not included in the last edition of the European

Catalogue (1891) ; I, however, possess a specimen of it from Carta-

gena.

380 Mr. G. C. Champion’s list of

and one female) have the entire upper surface very

opaque ; they were collected at Benzts Bay with others

which have the upper surface slightly shining, and I

have very little doubt they are merely a variety of the

same species. The males of both forms are without the

characteristic tuft of fulvous hairs between the first and

second ventral segments; the only other large species

mentioned by Allard in his monograph (Ann. Soc. Ent.

Fr., 1880—1882) as possessing this character being

B. caudigera, Gemm., which, however, isa larger and

broader insect. The caudal appendages are formed

exactly as in B. lusitanica, long in the male, shorter in

the female, and scarcely dehiscent at the apex. The

posterior femora are denticulate and the tibie of the

same pair of legs are slightly sinuous in the male.

M. Allard has examined one of the opaque females, and

states that the species is unknown to him.

Blaps gages, Linn.

Tangier ; one male example.

Blaps armeniaca, Fald. (plana, Sol.).

Gibraltar ; not uncommon. To judge from Allard’s

description and figure (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1881, p. 171,

fig. 48), and from comparison with numerous specimens

so named by him, the commonest Blaps at Gibraltar is

referable to B. armeniaca, Fald., and not to B. gages,

Linn.

Blaps hispanica, Sol.

Gibraltar; North Front; not uncommon. All the

specimens are comparatively small in size.

Blaps brachyura, Kast.

Gibraltar; North Front. Female examples only

obtained, two of which have been thus determined by

M. Allard.

Blaps similis, Latr. (fatidica, St.).

Gibraltar ; one example.

Asida holosericea, Germ. (Ramburi, Sol.).

Malaga.

Asida luctwosa, Rosenh.

Gibraltar ; occasionally found on paths in the spring.

Heteromerous Coleoptera. 381

Asida Kraatz, All.

Of this species two specimens were captured on

Peregil Island, on the Maroccan coast. Allard’s examples

came from Tetuan.

Asida inquinata, Rosenh.

Gibraltar ; found in tufts and under stones ; not rare.

Also at Tetuan and Tangier.

Asida Goudoti, Sol., var. ventricosa, Sol.

Gibraltar ; one dead specimen in the second pine-

wood.

Asida barbara, All.

Benzus Bay, Marocco; one example.

Asida cincta, Rosenh.

Malaga; not rare.

Asida rugosa, Fabr. (Fabrici, All.).

Tangier ; not uncommon.

Pimelia variolosa, Sol.

Gibraltar ; on the Rock, &c.; not rare.

Pimelia maura, Sol.

Gibraltar ; chiefly beyond San Roque; not rare. Also

at Ceuta, Tetuan, and Tangier.

Pimelia ruida, Sol.

Malaga. Also occurs at Almeria.

Pimelia forncata, Herbst.

Gibraltar; North Front, neutral ground, &c.; common.

Also at Tangier.

Pimelia Boyeri, Sol.

Tangier ; two specimens.

Pimelia scabrosa, Sol.

Tetuan, Marocco; a few examples. Not met with at

Gibraltar, but it is recorded from Spain.

382 Mr. G. C. Champion’s list of

Sepidium bidentatum, Sol.

Gibraltar ; cork-woods and on the Rock, in spring ;

not common. Malaga; abundant.

Sepidium barbarum, Sol.

Tangier ; one specimen. Recorded from Europe.

Crypticus gibbulus, Quens.

Gibraltar; North Front, neutral ground, &¢.; common.

Also at Tangier and Benzts Bay, Marocco.

Crypticus pruinosus, Duf.

Gibraltar ; sandy beaches, at roots of plants ; common.

Not met with on the Maroccan coast.

Oochrotus unicolor, Luc. ers

Gibraltar ; in nests of Atta barbara; abundant. Also

at Tangier.

Dendarus pectoralis, Muls.*

Gibraltar ; three examples. Also at Tetuan, Benzus

Bay, and Tangier, Marocco.

Dendarus castilianus, Pioch.*

Gibraltar ; not uncommon. Chiefly found under bark.

These specimens differ from D. pectoralis in having the

elytral interstices more or less convex, and the sides of

the thorax less abruptly constricted behind, thus agreeing

with Piochard’s description. Rosenhauer does not men-

tion either of these species, the only Dendarus (Pandurus)

recorded by him being D. Aubei, Muls., an insect not

met with by Mr. Walker.

Dendarus insidiosus, Muls.*

Gibraltar; not uncommon. Also at Tangier.

Phylax littoralis, Muls.*

Gibraltar ; one specimen only.

Litoborus planicollis, Waltl.

Gibraltar ; under stones, &c.; not rare.

Heteromerous Coleoptera. 383

Litoborus Moreleti, Luc.*

Tetuan, Marocco. A single specimen from Gibraltar

seems to belong to the same species.

Micrositus furvus, Muls.*

Malaga ; common.

Micrositus obesus, Waltl (beticus, Muls.).

Gibraltar ; in the cork-woods; rare. Alsoat Malaga.

Isocerus ferrugineus, Fabr.

Gibraltar ; at roots of herbage on the beach ; common.

Also at Tetuan and Tangier.

Heltopathes cribratostriatus, Muls.

Tangier; a few examples. Not met with on the

European side of the Straits ; the species, however, has

been recorded from Spain.

Heliopathes interstitialis, Muls.

_ Djebel Mousa (Apes’ Hill) and Tetuan, Marocco; not

uncommon.

Heliopathes emarginatus, Fabr. (variolosus, Luc.).*

Gibraltar ; notuncommon. These examples seem to

agree better with Mulsant’s description of H. emarginatus

than with his definition of any other species of the

genus; the determination, however, is doubtful. Rosen-

hauer and Dieck both record H. ibericus, Muls., from

Algeciras ; Mr. Walker’s examples, however, do not fit

Mulsant’s description of that species, nor do they agree

with a specimen of H. ibericus forwarded to me for com-

parison by Herr EH. Reitter.

Heliopathes (Olocrates) planiusculus, Muls.

Gibraltar ; rare. Also, commonly, at Peregil Island

and Tangier, Marocco.

384 Mr. G. C. Champion’s list of

Heliopathes (Olocrates) latipennis, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, rather convex, dull black; the head very

densely and rugosely punctured, the eyes completely divided by the

gene ; the prothorax broader than long, transversely convex, semi-

circularly emarginate in front, finely margined at the sides and

base, moderately rounded at the sides anteriorly, gradually nar-

rowed posteriorly, and subparallel at the extreme base, the hind

angles prominent, rectangular or a little projecting, the entire

surface very densely and uniformly punctured, and with traces of

a smooth median line; the elytra distinctly wider than the pro-

thorax, convex, moderately long, widest about the middle, parallel

towards the base, with the humeri projecting in front and excavate

within for the reception of the hind angles of the prothorax, finely

striate, the striz with rather coarse not very closely placed punc-

tures, the interstices thickly and minutely punctured, feebly con-

vex; legs stout, the anterior tibie triangularly dilated, but not

very broadly so, the anterior tarsi simple. Length 9—10, breadth

4—4}, millim.

Tetuan, Marocco. Three examples, their sex not

ascertained.

Closely allied to H. planiusculus, Muls., but duller,

less elongate, and more convex; the head and thorax

less finely punctured; the thorax a little broader at the

base, and not so strongly constricted at the sides behind ;

the elytra very distinctly broader than the thorax, more

coarsely punctate-striate, the interstices very feebly but

distinctly convex ; the anterior tibie less widened towards

the apex. In the prominent humeri this species ap-

proaches the genus Phylax, but it is evidently better

placed in the Olocrates section of Heliopathes ; it agrees,

in fact, in most of its characters, with H. planiusculus,

which is one of those species with the anterior tarsi

undilated in the male. The form of the humeri sepa-

rates it from Micrositus, and that of the anterior tibize

from Litoborus.

Pseudolamus pusillus, Baudi (seriatoporus, Fairm.).*

> b]

Gibraltar ; in tufts of grass, &c., Campo Common ;

rare. Also commonly at Tangier, and rarely at Tetuan.

Heteromerous Coleoptera. 385

Scleron armatum, Waltl.

Gibraltar ; in tufts of grass, &c., Campo; abundant.

Also at Tetuan.

Cnemeplatia atropos, Costa.*

Gibraltar; chiefly on walls, late summer; common.

Also at Tangier.

Opatrum porcatum, Fabr.

Djebel Mousa (Apes’ Hill), Tetuan, and Tangier; not

uncommon. Recorded from the Balearic Islands and

Sicily.

Opatrum beticum, Rosenh.

Malaga; common.

Opatrum (Gonocephalum) rusticum, Oliv.

Gibraltar ; under stones, North Front, &c.; common.

Also at Tetuan. Possibly this is the O. lugens of Dieck.

Opatrum (Gonocephalum) pusillum, Fabr.

Gibraltar ; in tufts of grass, &c., Campo and other

places; not rare. Also at Tangier.

_ Opatroides thoracicus, Rosenh.

Gibraltar ; under stones, not rare. Also at Tangier.

Leichenum pulchellum, Kust.

Gibraltar; sandy places, notcommon. Also at Tetuan.

Anemia granulata, Lap., var. sardoa, Géné.*

Gibraltar; on the North Front road, common, in

summer.

Ammophthorus rufus, Luc. (rugosus, Rosenh.).

Gibraltar ; sandy places, at roots of herbage ; com-

mon. Also at Tetuan.

Trachyscelis aphodioides, Latr.*

Gibraltar ; eastern beach, not common. Also at

Tetuan.

386 Mr. G. C. Champion’s list of

Phaleria oblonga, Kust.

Gibraltar; at the roots of herbage and under carcases

on the beach; common. Also at Tetuan.

Phaleria cadaverina, Fabr.

Tangier; not met with at Gibraltar. Recorded by

Rosenhauer from Malaga.

Alphitophagus 4-pustulatus, Steph.

Gibraltar ; one specimen found beneath decaying fig-

bark on the Rock.

Pentaphyllus testaceus, Hellw.*

Gibraltar ; in dead locust tree, Alameda ; abundant.

Tribolium ferrugineum, Fabr.

Gibraltar ; occasionally on walls.

Gnathocerus cornutus, Fabr.

Gibraltar ; on walls.

Palorus melinus, Herbst (depressus, Fabr.).*

Gibraltar ; plentifully in a dead oak, at the edge of the

second pine-wood.

Corticeus fasciatus, Fabr.*

Gibraltar ; plentifully in a dead oak, at the edge of the

second pine-wood.

Alphitobius diaperinus, Panz.

~ Gibraltar.

Cataphronetis crenata, Germ.

Tetuan; not uncommon. Not met with at Gibraltar.

Recorded by Rosenhauer from Cadiz.

Cossyphus Hoffmannseggi, Herbst.

Gibraltar ; very plentifully under stones near Campo.

Also at Peregil Island, Djebel Mousa (Apes’ Hill), Tetuan,

and Tangier,

TTeteromerous Coleoptera. 387

Cossyphus Dejeant, de Bréme.

Gibraltar ; under same conditions as the preceding ;

plentiful. Also at Tetuan and Tangier.

Cossyphus incostatus, de Bréme.

Algeciras ; under stones, clay soil; common. Also

at Djebel Mousa (Apes’ Hill), Marocco. Recorded by

Dieck from Tangier.

Cossyphus tuberculatus, de Bréme.

Recorded by Rosenhauer from Algeciras. Only met

with on the Maroccan side, at Tangier.

Cossyphus pygmeus, de Breme.*

Algeciras ; under stones, common, March 16th, 1889.

Also plentifully at Tangier.

Tenebrio obscurus, Fabr.

Gibraltar ; picked up in the town.

Calcar elongatum, Herbst.

Gibraltar; under stones, &c., Campo; abundant. Also

freely at Tetuan and Tangier.

Calcar humerale, n. sp.

Smaller and less elongate than C. elongatum ; the upper surface

more opaque ; the eyes still smaller, transverse, distant from the

base of the head; the head and prothorax a little more finely and

shallowly punctured ; the prothorax with the sides parallel in their

median third, rounded in front, and obliquely converging just

before the base, the hind angles well defined ; the elytra relatively

much shorter than in C. elongatum, not or barely exceeding twice

the length of the prothorax, the strie deeper and more finely,

shallowly, and more closely crenate-punctate, the interstices

moderately convex on the disc, strongly so towards the sides, and

sparsely and minutely punctured, the lateral carina sharper and

extending right up to the base (visible from above), the humeri

considerably prolonged in front and subtuberculiform, the sides

almost parallel at the base; the legs shorter than in C. elongatum ;

the anterior tibize bent inwards at the apex (the intermediate pair

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—pPaRTU. (JUNE.) 2D

388 Mr. G. C. Champion’s list of

also, but less distinctly so), the posterior tibize very feebly dilated

on the inner side within about the middle, and all the femora a

little more swollen, in the male; the other characters very much

as in C. elongatum. Length 73—73 millim. (f 9).

One female and two male examples, all from Tangier.

Abundantly distinct from C. elongatum in numerous

particulars, more especially by the very prominent sub-

tuberculiform humeri, the relatively much shorter elytra

(in C. elongatum they are considerably more than twice

the length of the thorax), these being almost parallel at

the base, the distinct hind angles to the thorax, the

more convex elytral interstices, and the deeper and more

finely punctured striz. The very small, narrow, trans-

verse eyes, which are distant from the base of the head,

separate C. humerale at once from all the species of the

section Centorus, Muls., of which two, C. Lucasi, Muls.,

and C. Raffrayi, Fairm., have been described from

Algeria. C. clongatuwm is a common species at Tangier,

and the two were apparently collected together. Cen-

torus procerus, Muls., is recorded by Rosenhauer from

Algeciras.

Boromorphus tagenioides, Luc.

Gibraltar ; in dry tufts of grass and under stones ;

abundant. Also at Tangier and Tetuan.

Dilamus rufipes, Luc.*

Gibraltar ; beyond San Roque, a few under stones,

&c., March, 1888. Also at Tangier ; common.

Misolampus Goudoti, Guér.

Djebel Mousa (Apes’ Hill) and Ceuta, Marocco; under

loose bark. Not met with on the opposite side of the

Straits, but recorded from Europe.

Helops coriaceus, Kust.

Gibraltar ; under loose cork-bark, cork-woods; spar-

ingly.

Helops (Nalassus) pallidus, Curt.*

Gibraltar ; chiefly on the east beach at roots of her-

bage; not rare. Recorded by Dieck from Gibraltar and

Tangier,

TT eteromerous Coleoptera. 389

FHelops (Nalassus) nanus, Kust. (parvulus, Luc.).

Gibraltar ; under stones, in tufts of grass, flood refuse,

&e.; occasional. Also at Tetuan.

Helops (Nalassus) parvulus, Ramb.

Gibraltar ; one mutilated example, perhaps belonging

to this species.

Helops (Nalassus) tingitanus, All.

Tetuan ; three examples.

Helops (Stenomax) calpensis, n. sp.*

Oblong-ovate, moderately convex, blackish brown, shining, the

elytra with a very faint brassy lustre, the labrum and oral organs

fusco-testaceous. Head deeply transversely depressed in front,

very closely and finely punctured; antenne fusco-ferruginous,

rather slender, in the male reaching to about the basal fourth of

the elytra, in the female a little shorter; prothorax strongly

transverse, transversely convex, scarcely broader at the base than

at the apex, the base and apex feebly bisinuate, the sides finely

margined, rounded and dilated before the middle (less distinctly so

in the female), narrowed and slightly sinuate behind, the hind

angles subrectangular, the basal fovez feebly indicated, the surface

closely, finely, and almost equally punctured (the punctuation a

little more diffuse than that of the head, and not becoming denser

towards the sides) ; scutellum with a few minute punctures; elytra

a little flattened on the disc, not more than two and a half times

the length of the prothorax, and scarcely wider than it at the base,

widest at the middle, a little rounded at the sides, obliquely. nar-

rowed behind, deeply and finely punctate-striate, the strie be-

coming finer towards the apex, the interstices feebly convex,

minutely and rather thickly punctured; beneath pitchy-brown,

finely and thickly punctured ; legs pitchy-brown, the tarsi testa-

ceous ; the anterior tarsi only a very little stouter in the male than

in the female; body apterous. Length 73, breadth 3, millim.

(in2))-

Two examples only, both from the vicinity of Gibraltar.

Somewhat resembling H. (Omalets) ophonoides, Luc. ;

but with the elytra relatively much shorter Gn H.

- ophonoides they are fully three times as long as the

thorax), less parallel, very little wider than the thorax at

2D2

390 Mr. G. C. Champion’s list of

the base, and the strie more finely punctured; the

thorax more convex transversely, more rounded at the

sides anteriorly (in H. ophonoides the sides are slightly

sinuate-emarginate before the apex), and with the anterior

angles more declivous and less prominent; also much

smaller in size. The male differs from the female in

having the anterior tarsi slightly stouter, the thorax

rather broader and more rounded at the sides before the

middle, the elytra a little narrower, and the antenne

longer. M. Allard, to whom an example has been

submitted for examination, states that the species is

unknown to him. WH. ophonoides is recorded by Dieck

from Algeciras.

Helops (Catomus) Walkeri, n. sp.*

Elongate, narrow, convex, brownish-piceous or obscure reddish-

brown, with an «neous lustre, slightly shining, the oral organs,

antenne, and legs reddish-brown, the upper surface thickly clothed

with long erect yellowish-cinereous pubescence. Head very deeply

transversely depressed in front, coarsely and densely punctured ;

antenne thin at the base, but thickening outwardly, extending to

beyond the middle of the elytra in the male, considerably shorter

in the female ; prothorax convex, distinctly wider than the head in

both sexes, very little broader than long in the male, more trans-

verse in the female, rounded at the sides anteriorly, obliquely

narrowed behind, the hind angles subrectangular, the base trun-

cate, the entire surface densely and coarsely punctured, the

punctures oblong in shape, and here and there obliquely or longi-

tudinally confluent (more distinctly so in some specimens than in

others); scutellum short, more than twice as broad as long,

smooth, or with a few fine scattered punctures; elytra distinctly

wider than the prothorax at the base, long and convex, widest

at the middle, slightly rounded at the sides and narrowed at

the shoulders, very sharply margined from the base to the apex,

truncate at the base, the humeri distinctly projecting in front, the

basal margin somewhat swollen, finely and deeply striate through-

out, the striz with fine oblong closely placed punctures, the inter-

stices feebly convex or almost flat, coarsely punctured, the punc-

tures on each interstice forming irregular double rows in the

larger specimens, and a single row in the smaller ones; beneath

paler in colour, coarsely and closely punctured; anterior tarsi

with the three basal joints very broadly and equally dilated in the

male. Length 4—73, breadth 13—23, millim. (fg 2).

Heteromerous Coleoptera. 391

Gibraltar ; not uncommon, in tufts of grass, &e.

Specimens of this species submitted by me to M. Allard

have been named by him as H. gossypiatus, Reiche, an

insect only known as yet from Algeria. These Gibraltar

Specimens, however, by no means agree with either

Reiche’s original description, or with the subsequent one

given by Allard (Mittheil. schweiz. ent. Ges., v., p. 191).

Both authors state that ‘‘ H. gossypiatus may be easily

distinguished by its almost cylindrical form, its pro-

thorax scarcely broader than the head, and its hairy

clothing.” In the last-mentioned character H. Walkeri

agrees with H. gossypiatus ; but its general shape is less

cylindrical, and the prothorax in both sexes is very dis-

tinctly wider than the head. In various other par-

ticulars it also differs from the description: the elytral

interstices are coarsely (not finely) punctured, the elytra

themselves are distinctly broader at the base than the

prothorax, the scutellum is almost smooth, &c. H.

Walkeri is nearly allied to H. macellus, Kr., an insect

inhabiting the same locality; but is easily separable

from it by the long pubescence, the very much more

finely punctured elytral strie, the flatter and coarsely

punctured interstices, &c. Like many other species of

the genus, it varies enormously in size. The male has

the three basal joints of the anterior tarsi very broadly

and equally dilated, these joints being as wide as the

tibie at the apex. It differs in various particulars

from H. piligerus, Ky., H. villosipennis, Luc., H. pube-

scens, Kust., &e.

Helops (Catomus) macellus, Kyr.*

Gibraltar ; under stones, in tufts of grass, flood refuse,

&e.; occasional. Recorded by Dieck from Algeciras.

Helops (Catomus) angustatus, Luc.

Tetuan and Tangier; several examples, varying

enormously in size. Not yet known from Europe.

Helops (Diastixus) carbo, Kiist.*

Gibraltar; five examples. The determination is made

upon M. Allard’s authority. These specimens seem

392 Mr. G. C. Champion’s list of

to agree better with the description of the Algerian

H. puncticollis, Luc., than with that of H. carbo, Kust. ;

from an Algerian example of the former before me they

merely differ in having the thorax more sparsely and

finely punctured on the disc.

Helops (Nesotes) tuberculipennis, Luc.*

Gibraltar ; a few specimens. Rather commonly at

Tetuan and Tangier. Insome of the Gibraltar examples

the upper surface is of a more shining and more bronzy

tint than in those from Marocco, others again are very

dull black ; the punctures of the elytral striz are also

coarser in some specimens than in others. One example,

from Tetuan, has the thorax much less transverse than

usual ; the elytra in all exhibit the characteristic tuber-

culate apical interstices. An addition to the Huropean

ist.

CISTELIDA.

Isomira ovulum, Kies.* (acuminata, Fairm.).

Gibraltar ; Rock, &c., not uncommon; chiefly on the

blossom of Chamerops. Previously recorded from

Gibraltar by Crotch (Petites Nouv. Ent., i., p. 49) under

the name of I. acuminipennis, and by v. Heyden (Berl.

ent. Zeitschr., 1870, Beih., p.144). I. acuminata, Fairm.,

from Tangier, Marocco (specimens of which are before

me), is, no doubt, synonymous with I. ovulum.

Isomira murina, Linn.

Gibraltar; by sweeping near San Roque; scarce.

These examples have the thorax fusco-ferruginous.

Omophlus ruficollis, Fabr.

Gibraltar and Malaga; on flowers in spring and early

summer ; abundant.

Omophlus abdonunalis, Lap.

Benzus Bay and Tangier, Marocco; not uncommon.

Omophlus rufiventris, Waltl.

Gibraltar ; chiefly on thistles, early summer; common.

Apparently replaces O. abdominalis on the European

Heteromerous Coleoptera. 398

side of the Straits; the latter, however, is recorded

from Spain.

LAGRIIDA.

Lagria viridipennis, Fabr.

Tetuan, Marocco; abundant. This species seems to

be restricted to the African side of the Straits.

Lagria Grenieri (Bris.), Kies.*

Gibraltar ; Rock, on walls, &c., and on the wing ; not

rare. Kiesenwetter’s description of L. Greniert, Bris.

(Berl. ent. Zeitschr., 1870, Beih., p. 145), agrees with

these specimens. A single male example collected by

Mr. Walker at Malaga, apparently a variety of the

same species, has the thorax broader, and the elytra

less coarsely wrinkled.

Lagria lirta, Linn.

Gibraltar ; scarce.

Lagria lata, Fabr.

Gibraltar ; one male example only. This has the

antenne much less elongate than in the same sex of

LL. Grenieri, and the thorax almost smooth.

PEDILIDA.

Scraptia dubia, Oliv. (fusca, Latr.).

Gibraltar ; on the Rock, and also near Algeciras; a

few specimens by sweeping.

Scraptia fuscula, Mull. (minuta, Muls.).*

Gibraltar ; under dry bark, cork-woods, May, 1888 ;

one example.

Scraptia ophthalmica, Muls.*

Gibraltar; Rock, &c., not uncommon, on flowers.

Also at Tangier. Apparently not hitherto recorded from

Spain. Mulsant gives France; Reitter (Deutsche ent.

Zeitschr., 1889, p. 268), Corsica and Sicily. The head

of this species is figured by Reitter (Wien. ent. Zeit.,

1883, t. 4, fig. 5).

394 Mr. G. C. Champion’s list of

XYLOPHILIDA.

Xylophilus boleti, Marsh.

Gibraltar ; in dead sticks, &¢., on the Rock; scarce.

Also at Tetuan.

Xylophilus nigripennis, Villa (neglectus, Duv.).

Tetuan, Marocco; one example, apparently belonging

to this species.

Xylophilus sanguinolentus, Kies.*

Malaga; two examples, one of each sex.

PYTHIDA.

Rhinosimus planirostris, Fabr.*

Gibraltar ; one specimen, Linea.

ANTHICIDA.

Notoxus monoceros, Linn.*

_ Gibraltar; Campo, &c.; chiefly on the wing.

Notoxus cornutus, Fabr.

Gibraltar; on sallow bushes, first pine-wood, July,

1888 ; not rare.

Formicomus pedestris, Rossi.

Gibraltar ; in tufts of grass, flood refuse, &c.; not

rare. Also at Tetuan and Tangier.

Formicomus canaliculatus, La Ferté.

Tetuan and Tangier; not rare. Recorded from

Kurope.

Amblyderus scabricollis, La Ferté.

Tetuan ; two examples only. Not met with on the

Kuropean side, but recorded from Spain.

Tomoderus compressicollis, Motsch.

Tetuan ; many examples. Recorded from Europe.

Heteromerous Coleoptera. 395

Anthicus Rodriguest, Latr.

Gibraltar; in tufts of grass, Campo Common, &c. ;

not rare. Also at Tangier and Tetuan.

Anthicus antherinus, Linn.

Gibraltar ; in tufts of grass, on walls, &c.; common.

Anthicus quadriguttatus, Rossi.

Gibraltar ; neutral ground, Campo, &c.; common.

Also at Tangier and Tetuan.

Anthicus hispidus, Rossi.

Gibraltar ; in company (as usual) with the preceding,

but much less common.

Anthicus instabilis, Schmidt.

Gibraltar ; in flood refuse, &c.; common. Also at

Tetuan and Tangier.

Anthicus Ghiliani, La Ferte.

Gibraltar; rare. Five examples only.

Anthicus humilis, Germ.

Gibraltar; in flood refuse, &c.; common. Also at

Tetuan, Ceuta, and Tangier, Marocco.

Anthicus minutus, La Ferté.

Gibraltar ; in tufts, on walls, &c. Also at Tetuan.

Anthicus blandulus, Baudi.*

Gibraltar ; a few examples. Also at Tetuan. These

differ from A. minutus (of which it is treated as a variety

by Marseul) in the closely punctured head, thus agreeing

with Reitter’s remarks (cf. Wien. ent. Zeit., 1884, p. 144).

Anthicus fenestratus, Schmidt.

Gibraltar; at roots of herbage, sandy places, Linea,

&c. Also at Tangier.

396 Mr. G. C. Champion’s list of

Anthicus floralis, Fabr.

Gibraltar ; on walls, &c. Also at Tangier.

Anthicus Brucki, Kies.*

Gibraltar ; on yellow flowers, Rock, early summer ;

not uncommon. Only recorded as yet from Gibraltar

(Kies., Berl. ent. Zeitschr., 1870, Beih., p. 147; Mars.,

Monogr. des Anthic. de l’Ancien Monde, L’Abeille, xvii.,

p. 138).

Anthicus tenellus, La Ferté.

Tetuan ; a few examples. Occurs in Europe.

Anthicus tristis, Schmidt.*

Gibraltar ; at roots of herbage in sandy places, on

walls, &c.; common. Also at Tetuan.

Anthicus olivaceus, La Ferté.

Gibraltar ; chiefly found on flowers ; not uncommon.

Anthicus Genet, La Ferté.*

Gibraltar ; one specimen, Campo beach, in flood

rubbish.

Ochthenomus unifasciatus, Bon.

Gibraltar ; in flood refuse, occasional. Also at Tetuan.

Ochthenomus tenuicollis, Rossi.

Gibraltar ; in tufts of grass, &c.; rather common.

Also at Tetuan.

MORDELLIDA.

Mordella sulcicauda, Muls.*

Gibraltar ; on umbels, &c., early summer; common.

Perhaps the M. fasciata of Rosenhauer.

Mordella bipunctata, Germ.*

Gibraltar ; on umbels, &c., near San Roque; a few

specimens. Also at Benzus Bay, Marocco.

Heteromerous Coleoptera. 397

Stenalia testacea, Fabr. (brunneipennis, Muls.).

Gibraltar ; on umbels, first pine-wood ; common.

Mordellistena brunnea, Fabr.*

Gibraltar ; on Cistus flowers, first pine-wood ; rare.

Mordellistena parvula, Gyll.*

Gibraltar ; on flowers, &c., on the Rock.

Mordellistena micans, Germ. (grisea, Muls.).

Gibraltar ; on umbels, &c.; a few specimens. Also

at Benzus Bay, Marocco.

* Mordellistena pumila, Gyll.

Gibraltar ; on flowers, in the spring. Also at Tangier.

Mordellistena stenidea, Muls.*

Gibraltar ; on flowers, &c.; notrare. Also at Tetuan.

Anaspis ruficollis, Fabr.*

Gibraltar ; on flowers, common.

Anaspis pulicaria, Costa.*

Gibraltar ; on flowers, common. Also at Tangier.

Anaspis subtestacea, Steph.*

Tetuan. One example.

Anaspis (Larisia) Chevrolati, Muls.*

Gibraltar ; cork-woods, on dead timber; also on the

Rock, on umbels. These specimens are apparently

referable to A. Chevrolati, Muls., as defined by Emery.

Also at Benzts Bay and Tetuan.

Anaspis (Nassipa) labiata, Costa.*

Gibraltar ; on clover flowers, &c., Campo.

398 Mr. G. C. Champion’s list of

Anaspis (Silaria) quadrimaculata, Gyll.

Gibraltar ; on umbels, &c., on the Rock, June; com-

mon. Also at Tetuan; oneexample. In the specimens

from Gibraltar the thorax is black; in the one from

Tetuan it is reddish testaceous.

RHIPIPHORIDA.

Evaniocera Dufouri, Latr.*

Gibraltar ; one male example, captured on the wing

in the cork-woods, May, 1888.

Emenadia preusta, Gebl.*

Gibraltar ; Campo, one female specimen only, taken

from a flower.

Emenadia flabellata, Fabr.*

Gibraltar ; one male example, cork-woods.

MELOID.

Meloe tuccius, Rossi.

Gibraltar ; on paths, occasional.

Meloe purpurascens, Germ.*

Gibraltar ; on paths, &c., chiefly in winter ; rare.

Meloe majalis, Linn.

Gibraltar ; Campo Common, &c., in the spring; abun-

dant.

Meloe murinus, Brandt.

Tangier ; one example.

Meloe rugosus, Marsh.

Gibraltar ; occasionally under stones, in winter. Also

at Tetuan.

Meloe baudueri, Gren.*

Gibraltar; one example. According to Abeille de

Perrin (Bull. Soc. Toulouse, 1880, p. 2385), this species

is widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin.

Heteromerous Coleoptera. 399

Meloe autumnalis, Oliv.

Djebel Mousa (Apes’ Hill), Marocco; one example. A

well-known European species.

Meloe violaceus, Marsh.

Tangier ; a few examples.

Mylabris olee, Cast.

Tetuan and Tangier, Marocco. Apparently not re-

corded from Kurope.

Mylabris variabilis, Pall.

Tetuan and Tangier, Marocco. A well-known European

species.

Mylabris quadripunctata, Linn.

Gibraltar ; on flowers, &c., chiefly in the cork-woods

in early summer ; common.

Mylabris hieracit, Graells (suspiciosa, Rosenh.).

Gibraltar ; with the preceding.

Coryna billbergi, Gyll.

Gibraltar ; with the preceding. In some specimens

the two spots nearest the suture are obliterated.

Ginas fusicornis, Abeille de Perrin (¢ =afer, Duv.,

nec Linn.; ? =hispanus, Ab. de Per.).*

Gibraltar ; near Algeciras and in first pine-wood, on

umbels, numerous examples, including both sexes. The

male agrees with Abeille de Perrin’s description of

GH. fusicornis, and the female with his GZ. hispanus; the

latter was described from a single female example, the

former from the male sex only!

Ginas afer, Linn. (nec Duv.).

Benzus Bay, Marocco; a few specimens, including

both sexes. They agree with Abeille de Perrin’s de-

400 Mr. G. C. Champion’s list of

finition of this species (Bull. Soc. Toulouse, 1880,

pp. 241, 243). Some examples collected at Tangier

perhaps belong here (or to CH. sericea, Oliv.) ; four of

them have the thorax pitchy black, instead of rufous.

Lagorina sericea, Pall.

Gibraltar ; occasionally found by sweeping, &c. Also

at Tangier.

Zonitis preusta, Fabr.*

Gibraltar ; Campo Common, &c., on flowers ; not rare.

Zonitis mutica, Seriba.

Gibraltar ; not uncommon.

Lydus algiricus, Latr.

Benzis Bay, Marocco. Recorded from Kurope.

GDEMERIDA.

Asclera xanthoderes, Muls.*

Gibraltar ; on Cistus flowers, cork-woods, three ex-

amples, March, 1888. Recorded by Mulsant from

France and Sicily.

Nacerdes melanura, Linn.*

Gibraltar ; on the wing at Linea and elsewhere.

Oncomera marmorata, Kr.*

Gibraltar; one example flying in the Alameda at

dusk, June, 1887, and two others subsequently. An

addition to the European list.

(Hdemera barbara, Fabr.

Gibraltar ; on flowers, common, in spring.

Cidemera lurida, Marsh.

Gibraltar ; on flowers, first pine-wood.

Heteromerous Coleoptera. 401

(Hdemera unicolor, Schmidt.

Gibraltar ; on flowers, in the spring; one female

specimen only.

(Hdemera simplex, Linn. (flavimana, Schmidt).*

Gibraltar ; on flowers, &c.; notrare. Also at Malaga.

This is probably Rosenhauer’s GZ. flavipennis. It also

occurs in Marocco.

Stenostoma ceruleum, Pet. (rostratum, Fabr.).

Tetuan, Marocco; plentifully in the marshy ground

at Esmir. Recorded from Spain.

( 4038 )

XV. On a new species of Prothoé. By Puinip Crowtey,

Iie DifSi5y teats )oq 4S

[Read July 1st, 1891.}

PuaTE XVIII.

A Few months since I received from Tonghou, Burmah,

a specimen of Prothoé, which I placed among my Prothoé

caledonia ; but upon further examination with the type,

and also eight or ten other specimens from Perak, found

that it differed to such an extent that I have ventured to

describe it as a new species under the name of Prothoé

belisama. The specimen in question came from the

neighbourhood of Tonghou, which is some 1200 to 1500

miles north of Perak, or Borneo, from whence, I believe,

the type came. I append a description, and give a plate

of belisama, which is in my own collection.

Prothoé belisama, Crowley.

Nearest to P. caledonia, Hewitson, but is easily distinguished by

the large extent of yellow on the fore wing, and the dark border

on the hind wing being very much narrower. Upper side :—Fore

wing; The yellow patch is rather paler in colour, and extends up

to the third median nervule, the edges of which are more dentated

than in P. caledonia. At the posterior angle the yellow almost

unites with the hind marginal border. The dark colour on the

costa, apical portion, and hind margin, though somewhat lighter

in colour, is relieved by five very distinct yellow spots, there being

an additional one below these, on the costa, but near the base.

Hind wing: The border on the hind margin is very much

narrower, which entirely disappears below the second median

nervule, towards the anal angle. The basal area is pale mauve,

the grey being rather pinker than in the allied species. Under

side :—Hore wing : Both wings rather paler, both in ground colour

and markings, especially the red beyond the discoidal cell. The

black bars between the third median nervule and the second dis-

coidal or radial neryule is wider apart, which reduces the red on

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1891.—paRT it. (oct.) 28

404 Mr. Crowley on a new species of Prothoé.

either side to a mere spot. The large black spot at the posterior

angle is much smaller in size, and not so dark in colour. Hind

wing: The black spots at the base are larger, those above the

costal and subcostal nervules being more elongated. The white

band which crosses the wing from the end of the costal nervure to

the base is paler and slightly broader. The broad green sub-

marginal border has entirely disappeared, with the exception of

two tiny spots, one between the first and second subcostal nervules:

and the other between the first and second median nervules. The

line which also edges this green border is missing, the only

indication being a small red spot between the first and second

subcostal nervules. Exp. 43 in.

Hab. Tonghou.

EXPLANATION OF PuatE XVIII.

Fic. 1. Prothoé belisama, Crowley.

2. Under side of ditto.

( 405 )

XVI. Notes on the Orthopterous family Mecopodide.

By Witiiam FEF. Kirsy, F.L.S., Assistant in the

Zoological Department, British Museum.

|Read July 1st, 1891. }

Tue small family Mecopodideé forms a very natural group

among the Phasgonuride, or grasshoppers with long

antenne, which are usually, but improperly, called

Locustide by entomologists, as the name Locustide

should certainly be retained for the large migratory

species with short antenne, of which Locusta migratoria,

L., is the type.

The Mecopodide are inhabitants of the warmer parts

of Asia and Africa, and may easily be recognised by a

few salient characters :—

Prosternum bispinose.

All the tibize with terminal spines above on each side.

Front tibiz with open foramina on each side.

Tarsi with the joints broad, depressed and laterally

carinated.

Hind legs very long.

Karsch has published a synopsis of the family in Berl.

Ent. Zeitschr., xxx., pp. 1O7—118), which may be con-

sulted with advantage.

Genus I. MacronyristEs.

Vollenhoven, Tijdschr. Ent., viii., p. 106 (1865).

1. Macrolyristes wmperator.

Vollenhoven (nec Walker), J. c., p. 108, pl. vii. (1865)

Hab. Java, Borneo. B.M.

A very large and handsome species, with strongly

serrated lateral borders to the pronotum.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1891.—PART II, (ocT.) 252

406 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s notes on the

Genus II. Mrcopopa.

Serville, Hist. Nat. Ins. Orth., p. 532 (1839).

Lucrra, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt. B. M., i., p. 265

(1869), wmmature.

2. Mecopoda elongata.

Gryllus elongatus, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1., p. 429, n. 26

(1758): Mus. Ulr., p. 127 (1764).

Mecopoda elongata, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., iii,

p- 457, n. 1 (1870).

M. rufa, Walk., l.c., p. 458, nu. 3 (1870), nec Stoll.

Decticus pallidus, Walk., l.c., u., p. 262, n. 34 (1869),

emmature.

D. tenebrosus, Walk., 1. ¢., p. 263, n. 35 (1869).

Lucera bicoloripes, Walk., l.c., p. 265, n. 1 (1869),

wmmature.

Hab. India, China (north to the Corea), Ceylon,

Philippines, Borneo, &. B.M.

A very common and widely distributed species. The

full synonymy is given by Walker (i1., p. 457), and is

therefore not here repeated. Walker’s Mecopoda rufa

appears to be only a bleached specimen of M. elongata.

He quotes (doubtfully, it is true) a figure of Stoll’s (Saut.

et Grill., pl. 9, f. 87), which does not appear to me to

belong to the Mecopodide at all.

3. Mecopoda cyrtoscelis.

Karsch, Ent. Nachr., xiv., p. 146 (1888).

Hab. ‘“‘ Segaar Bay” (Karsch).

4, Mecopoda lamellata.

Gryllus lamellata, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 429, n. 29

(1758).

Gryllus lamellosus, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 128 (1764).

Mecopoda lamellosa, Stal, Rec. Orth., ii., p. 48 (1874).

Hab. Sierra Leone. B. M.

There is only a single male in the British Museum

collection, which appears to agree with Stal’s descrip-

tion, though whether it is identical with the Linnean

Orthopterous family Mecopodide. 407

species may be open to question. In the absence of a

series of MW. lamellata it is better to regard M. latipennis,

Burm., as provisionally distinct.

5. Mecopoda latipennis.

Burm., Handb. Ent., ii., p. 686, n. 2 (1839).

Hab. Natal. B.M.

All the specimens in the British Museum are rather

larger than Burmeister’s type. The male has green or

brown tegmina; the female has brown tegmina, with a

longitudinal row of black spots, bordered outside with

white, and followed by some detached whitish markings.

6. Mecopoda frontalis.

Mecopoda frontalis, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., v., p. 48

(1871). )

M. monroviana, Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., xxx.,

p- 112, pl. iu., fig. 4 (1886).

Hab. Monrovia (Karsch) ; Sierra Leone. B. M.

A very dark-coloured species.

7. Mecopoda walkert, sp. nu.

Mecopoda imperator, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., iii.,

p. 458, n. 4 (1874).

Hab. Philippines. B. M.

A true Mecopoda, but with broader tegmina than the

other species. It has nothing to do with the genus

Macrolyristes.

8. Mecopoda platyphea.

Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., ii1., p. 458, n. 5 (1870).

Hab. Ceylon. B.M.

One pair. The tegmina are green in the male, and

brown in the female.

9. Mecopoda karschi, sp. n.

Male. Dark chocolate-brown, indistinctly mottled with paler

and darker. Head with pale carinz in front of and between the

eyes; behind these are two pale spots adjoining each eye, the

408 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s notes on the

hindermost reaching the occiput. A large reddish frontal ocellus

on the face between the lower borders of the eyes. Antenne

chocolate-brown towards the base, black beyond, with pale rings at

more or less regular intervals. Pronotum chocolate-brown, rugose-

punctate, with two rather deep incisions on each side, the lateral

carine bordered with pale, especially in front. Tegmina brown,

with one or two pale blotches about the middle, and some small

scattered pale dots. Wings fusco-hyaline, marked with brown at

the tips. Legs varied with 1ufous-brown, femora darker. Four

front femora unarmed, their tibiez with very fine spines; hind

femora strongly thickened, with some small spines at the base

above. Six spines on the outside; those on the inside rather

larger, and more numerous, extending further towards the base.

Cerci thick, curved inwards, nearly as long as the subgenital plate,

which is triangularly emarginate at the extremity. Long. corp.

25 millim.; al. ant. long. 40; lat. 10; al. post. long. 39; lat.

17 millim.; fem. post. 43 millim.; tib. post. 88 millim.

Hab. Queensland. B. M.

A small species, with rather long, narrow, and pointed

wings and tegmina.

10. Mecopoda regina, sp. n.

Female. Brown; head behind the eyes above, and below them,

pale ; pronotum deeply incised on each side, and its front lobe with

a slight additional indentation on each side. Hind lobe almost

rectangular at the sides, and slightly bordered with paler. Antenne

blackish, with pale rings at regular intervals, those towards the

base narrowest. Tegmina brown, irregularly varied with pale

grey, rather narrow towards the base, wider beyond the middle,

the apex somewhat pointed. Wings rather narrow, fusco-hyaline.

Front legs wanting; middle femora unarmed; middle tibie with

two rows of small spines beneath, and a single row on the upper

surface. Hind femora much thickened at the base, with several

strong yellowish tubercles above, on and within the central carina;

beneath, an outward row of small tubercles, and an inner row of

short spines. Hind tibiz with a double row of short strong spines

on the upper surface, and a few small ones at long intervals

beneath, on the hinder two-thirds of the tibie. Long. corp. cum

ovipos. 59 millim.; ovip. 23; al. ant. long. 65; lat. 16; al. post.

long. 63; lat. 28; fem. post. 56 millim.; tib. post. 55 millim.

Hab. Duke of York Island. Bb. M.

Much resembles the description of MM. cyrtoscelis,

Orthopterous family Mecopodide. 409

Karsch ; but, apart from the difference in locality, the

latter appears to be a larger and much more strongly

spined insect.

Genus III. Pacnysmopopa.

Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., xxx., p. 108 (1886).

11. Pachysmopoda abbreviata.

Mecopoda abbreviata, Taschenberg, Zeitschr f. Naturw.,

lvi., p. 184 (1883).

M. (Pachysmopoda) abbreviata, Karsch, Berl. Ent.

Zeitschr., xxx., p. 114, pl. iv., f. 2 (1886).

Hab. Socotra. B. M.

Genus IV. Euruyeropa.

Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., xxx , p. 108 (1886).

Macroscirtus, Pictet, Mém. Soc. Généve, xxx. (6),

p. 18 (1888).

12. Huthypoda acutipennis.

Mecopoda (Huthypoda) acutipennis, Karsch, Berl. Ent.

Zeitschr., xxx., p. 116, pl. iv., f. 3 (1886).

Hab. Chinchoxa.

138. Huthypoda kanguroo.

Macroscirtus kanguroo, Pictet, Mém. Soc. Généve, xxx.,

p. 14, pl. u., f. 38, 38a (1888).

Hab. Gaboon (Pictet); Ashanti. B. M.

14. Huthypoda granulosa.

Mecopoda (Huthypoda) granulosa, Karsch, Ent. Nachr.,

xallgy (Oo wile (Custela))s

Hab. West Africa, between Kuako and Kimpoko.

15. Huthypoda inalata.

Mecopoda (Iduthypoda) inalata, Karsch, Berl. Ent.

Zeitschr., xxx., p. 117 (1886).

Hab. Chinchoxo; and between Kuako and Kimpoko.

410 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s notes on the

16. Huthypoda wnguculata.

Mecopoda (EHuthypoda) unguiculata, Karsch, Ent.

Nachr., xiv., p. 147 (1888).

Hab. Usambara.

Genus V. VETRALIA.

Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., ii., p. 391 (1869).

17. Vetralia quadrata.

Vetralia quadrata, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., ii., p. 392,

n. 1 (1869).

Mecopoda (Huthypoda) difformis, Karsch, Berl. Ent.

Aeitschy., Xxxsspella, ple ives a SSO):

Hab. Ceylon. B.M.

Genus VI. Acripoxena.

AcripoxEeNna, White, Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edinb., ii.,

p- 809 (1865).

|| Sranza, Scudd., Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii., p. 454

(1875).

Eusrausa, Scudd., l. c., xx., p. 95 (1879).

18. Acridoxena hewaniana.

Acridoxena hewaniana, Smith, Proc. R. Phys. Soe.

Edinb., 1i1., p. 810 (1865).

Stalia foliata, Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii.,

, pp. 456, 457, figs. (1875).

Eustalia foliata, Scudd., Go; xX. p. 9D (L879)= Karsehs

Ent. Nachkr., xii., pp. 145— 147, fig. (1886).

Hab. Gaboon (Karsch) ; Old Calabar. B. M.

A very remarkable species, with leaf-like expansions

of the front femora and tibie, and broad tegmina,

emarginate at the apex.

Genus VII. Corycus.

Sauss., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), i., p. 487 (1861).

Orthopterous family Mecopodide. 411

19. Corycus juriner.

Sauss., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), i, p. 489, pl. x1.,

ft 4—7 (1861); Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., xxxit.,

p-. 415, fig. (1888).

Hab. Cameroons.

Allied to Acridoxena.

Genus VIII. Puyrama.

Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., xxxii., p. 416 (1888).

20. Phyrama interjectum.

Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., xxxi., p. 417, pl. 1, f. 1,

1a—d (1888).

Hab. South Central Madagascar.

A species of doubtful location, having characters in

common with the Prochilide and Mecopodide.

Genus IX. Mossuna.

Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., i1., p. 288 (1869).

This genus has an extraordinary resemblance to

Salomona, Blanch., among the typical Phasgonuride, in

size, shape, the short frontal horn, and even in the neura-

tion, which is more complicated than in Mecopoda, and

the anterior and posterior radials of the tegmina are

completely separated from their origin, running almost

parallel throughout, and only slightly diverging at their

extremities. But the open foramina, long hind legs, &c.,

show the real affinities of the genus to be with the Meco-

podide.

21. Mossula vitticollis.

Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., 11., p. 288 (1869).

Hab. Do 1eia Nile

22. Mossula Sulomonis, sp. n.

Male and female. Robust, tawny, face varied with whitish, the

extremity of the scape, and at least the base of the second joint

of the antenne, black beneath; vertex concave, narrowed in front,

and produced between the antenn into a short spine. Pronotum

with two transverse constrictions, the middle lobe with two de-

pressions, starting from a short stem behind, and diverging in

412 On the Orthopterous family Mecopodide.

front. Tegmina about as long as the body, subparallel, obtusely

rounded at the extremities; testaceous, slightly marked with black

between the nervures at the base; speculum of the male oval, very

clear hyaline, and surmounted by a clear vitreous space, extending

beyond the speculum at each end, and curving downwards opposite

to it on the basal side. Wings nearly as long as the tegmina,

semicircular, fusco-hyaline. Front femora with 6 spines on the

inner carina; front tibie with 9—11 spines on each carina; inter-

mediate femora with one row of 6 or 7 spines beneath, and inter-

mediate tibize with about 12 pairs of small spines; hind femora

thickened at the base, with 8—13 spines on each side; hind tibie

with about 20 spines on each of the upper carinze ; those on the

two lower carine rather less numerous. Cerci short, subgenital

plate of male with two long-jointed hairy processes ; ovipositor of

female hardly curved, about as long as the abdomen.

Dimensions.— §. Long. corp. 45 millim.; long. ant. cirea 210;

al. ant. long. 41; lat. 14; al. post. long. 88; lat.29; fem. post. 42;

tib. post. 40 millim.

?. Long. corp. cum ovip. 90—100 millim.; long. ant. cirea

220; ovip. 87—39; al. ant. long. 52—60; lat. 183—16; al. post.

48—55 ; lat. 87—40; fem. post. 44—50; tib. post. 41—43 millim.

Hab. Solomon Islands. B. M.

A much larger and more robust species than M. vitti-

collis, and with no black markings on the pronotum.

Described from one male and five females.

( 413 )

XVII. Note on Siphonophora Artocarpi, Westw. (Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond., 1890, p. 649). By Prof. Joun

O. Westwoop, M.A., F.L.S., &c.

|Read July 1st, 1891.|

I am indebted to Mr. E. Ernest Green, the discoverer of

this species in Ceylon, for the following notice of a

remarkable structure, which I must have overlooked in

my examination of the specimens which he had been

good enough to supply me with, and of which I do

not recollect another instance. In a note from that

gentleman, dated 20th August, 1891, is the following

passage :—‘‘ With reference to the aphis of the bread-

fruit tree, I draw your attention to the lobe or appendage

at the hinder angle of the compound eye. This seems

to be part and parcel of the eye, though the facets on

this part are larger, more irregular, and disconnected

from those on the main part. The appendage contains

pigment, which is in direct connection with the pigment

of the main portion. | have noticed a similar appendage

in more or less degrees in several other species of Aphis

in Ceylon.”

I may be permitted to add that in fig. 1 of my Plate

XXI. the very characteristic second branchlet of the

post-costal vein is hardly sufficiently curved beyond its

centre, and the honey-secreting tubes are even longer in

the younger state of the larve than in their more

advanced state.

TRANS. ENT. Soc. LOND. 1891.—parRT 1. (0CT.)

( 415 )

XVIII. On the South American species of Diabrotica.

Part II. By Cuartes J. Ganan, M.A., F.E.S.,

Assistant in the Zoological Department, British

Museum.

[Read July 1st, 1891.]

THE present paper is intended to serve as a continuation

of one on the same subject by the late Mr. Joseph S.

Baly, F'.U.8., &¢., which appeared in the first Part of the

‘Transactions’ of this Society for the year 1890.

A few words in explanation of the circumstances

under which I have been induced to write it may not be

out of place. Mr. Baly’s collection of Galerucide having

passed into the possession of the British Museum, I

have been entrusted with its arrangement and incorpora-

tion. A number of manuscript descriptions of species—

the result of Mr. Baly’s work towards a completion of

his monograph—was handed over to my care. As this

manuscript was in an unfinished state, and without

arrangement, it could not with advantage be presented

for publication. I have endeavoured instead to complete

this second part of the paper, and have included in it

nearly all of Mr. Baly’s manuscript descriptions. These

are clearly indicated in the text, so that Mr. Baly’s

share of the work may be easily distinguished from my

own. I have omitted a few descriptions, having been

unable in such cases to satisfy myself as to the identity

of the species. Except in a few instances, I have had to

add the references to previously published short diagnoses

or descriptions.

In the arrangement of the species I have endeavoured

to make use, as far as possible, of structural characters.

In grouping many of the species, however, I have had

to rely upon a general resemblance in facies or colora-

tion.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1591.—PART III. (OCT.)

416 Mr. Charles J. Gahan on the

TABLE.

Section II. Fourth joint of the antenne shorter than the second and

third united.

A. Elongate or oblong, slightly dilated posteriorly; elytra with raised

longitudinal lines, of which one or two on the inner disk of

each are somewhat broader than the rest; seriate or sub-

seriate-punctate, the punctures arranged more or less regularly

in double rows between the raised lines.

a. Elytra blue, green, brownish, or black; each with a marginal

band and a subsutural vitta yellowish.

b. Elytra each with more than one raised line; with the subsutural

and marginal vitta united at the apex.

c. Prothorax yellowish or testaceous. Species 1—6 and 9—12.

cc. Prothorax black. Species 7 and 8.

bb. Elytra each with a single (dorsal) costa, which is abbreviated

behind, with the dorsal and marginal vitte both interrupted

posteriorly. Species 13.

aa. Elytra entirely fulyous.

d. Prothorax black. Species 14.

dd. Prothorax testaceous. Species 15.

B. Species small; oblong-ovate, feebly dilated posteriorly ; elytra with

more or less feebly raised lines, or with a strongly punctured

longitudinal depression towards each side between the shoulder

and the middle.

a. Elytra with obsolete raised lines. Species 16—18.

aa. Elytra with longitudinal depression behind each shoulder. Species

19 and 20.

C. Body oblong or elongate, distinctly dilated posteriorly. Hach elytron

in the male with a subsutural cariniform tubercle posteriorly.

a. Elytra with distinctly raised lougitudinal lines, the intervals

between which are strongly and rugosely punctured.

b. Prothorax black. Species 21 and 22.

bb. Prothorax yellowish or testaceous. Species 23—26.

aa. Elytra closely and somewhat rugosely punctured; with feebly or

obsoletely raised longitudinal lines.

c. Prothorax black. Species 27.

cc. Prothorax yellowish or testaceous. Species 28—31.

aaa. Elytra strongly and very closely punctured; without raised

lines; entirely metallic-blue, green, or violaceous. Species 32

and 33.

aaaa. Elytra densely and less strongly punctured; nitid or subnitid.

Species 834—38.

D. Body elongate, dilated posteriorly; elytra torulose or with de-

pressions and small swellings on the middle of the disk.

Species 39—41.

E. Elytra elongate or oblong, either entirely metallic-blue, green, or

black, or with the outer limb only yellowish.

a. Elytra strongly and very closely punctured, dilated posteriorly.

b. Elytra entirely metallic-blue or green. Species 42, 43.

bb. Elytra with outer limb yellowish. Species 44—46.

aa. Elytra thickly and more or less strongly punctured, feebly dilated

posteriorly ; outer limb yellowish. Species 47—53.

South American species of Diabrotica. A417

F. Ovate, slightly dilated posteriorly. Elytra either wholly metallic-

blue or green, or with longitudinal fulvous bands.

. Elytra wholly metallic-blue or green. Species 54.

aa. Elytra metallic-blue or violet, with outer margin and a sutural

vitta, posteriorly abbreviate, fulvous. Species 55.

aaa. Elytra piceous or brown, with suture, entire outer limb, anda

median vitta on each fulvous or yellowish. Species 56, 57.

G. Ovate or oblong-ovate, dilated posteriorly.

. Elytva fulvous or yellowish, with black or brown spots or lines.

. Elytra with spots or plage.

. Prothorax black or piceous. Species 58—60.

cc. Prothorax wholly or partly yellowish. Species 61—64.

. Elytra with longitudinal lines or bands, sometimes also with spots

in addition. Species 65—67.

. Elytra piceous, black or blue, with yellowish or fulvous markings.

d. Prothorax wholly or partly fulvous. Species 68—70.

Prothorax black. Species 71.

H. Elongate-ovate, feebly dilated posteriorly. Hlytra black or brown,

with yellowish or greenish markings. Species 72—74.

I. Body subelongate, dilated posteriorly. Antenne in the male with

joints 3rd to 5th somewhat thickened, and usually more or

less elongated.

a. Intermediate tibiw in the male normal. Species 75.

aa. Intermediate tibiz in the male strongly curved, produced into a

tooth at the apex on the ventral side. Species 76.

aaa. Intermediate tibiz in the male incrassate below, the incrassation

beginning with an obtuse tooth or angulation placed either

above the middle, at the middle, or nearer to the apex.

. The incrassation of the intermediate tibie beginning at or below

the middle. Species 77—81.

. The incrassation of the intermediate tibiz beginning above the

middle. Species 82, 83.

J. Ovate or oblong-ovate, dilated posteriorly ; elytra usually black, with

yellowish fascie or vitte. Species 84—98.

K. Elytra oblong-ovate, distinctly dilated posteriorly, strongly convex,

their-apices broadly rounded or subtruncate. Head in the

male concave or excavated in front.

. Elytra black or reddish brown, with yellowish bands.

b. Epipleures of elytra black.

. Elytra with feebly or obsoletely raised lines. Species 99—103.

c. Elytra without raised lines. Species 104, 105.

. Epipleures of elytra, and usually also the entire outer limb,

yellowish.

d. Punctuation of elytra rather coarse. Species 106—108.

dd. Punctuation of elytra finer. Species 109—114.

aa. Elytra yellowish, with black bands or spots. Species 115, 116.

aaa. Elytra entirely yellowish or fulvous. Species 117, 118.

L. Ovate, distinctly dilated posteriorly. Elytra subventricose, strongly

convex posteriorly.

a. Elytra ampliate, strongly reticulate-corrugate. Species 119.

aa. Elytra wrinkled in parts. Species 120, 121.

aaa. Klytra coarsely rugulose-punctate. Species 122—124.

aaa

aaaa

a. Klytra strongly and closely punctured, without being distinctly

rugose. Species 125—127.

a. Elytra less strongly and less closely punctured, nitid. Species

128—130.

418 Mr. Charles J. Gahan on the

M. Rather broadly ovate, distinctly dilated posteriorly. Elytra with

pasa half or third part fulvous, the posterior part black or

blue.

a. Elytra with posterior dark part opaque. Species 131—134.

aa. Elytra with posterior dark part nitid. Species 135—137.

N. Ovate, dilated posteriorly. Elytra usually fulvous or yellowish, with

black plage. Each elytron in the male of some of the

Species with a distinct tubercle placed close to the suture a

little before the apex.

a. Prothorax black.

b. Each elytron with two plage or spots, one near the base, the