THOMAS LINCOLN
CASEY
LIBRARY
1925
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TRANSACTIONS
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON.
THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
LONDON
EO R- fae. | YaIoOA R
oe.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED,
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SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET,
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AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CoO.,
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DATES OF PUBLICATION IN PARTS.
Part I. (TRANS., pp. 1-130, PRoc., i-xvi) was published 14th April, 1902.
lc. 5 er 131-272, ,, xXvii-xx) 55 lth June, ,,
oy WINI.. (( - 273-678, ,, XXi-Xxxli) 5° «Lith dNov.- as
gS rac | ee 679-730, —_,, xxxili—xliv) » -s0th Dec, 5
Pea V oni - 5 Xlv-eviii) » 26th Feb., 1903.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
FOUNDED, 1833.
INCORPORATED BY RoyAaL CHARTER, 1885.
’
OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the Session 1902-1908.
President.
THe Rev. Canon FOWLER, M.A., D.Sc., F.LS.
Vice-Presidents.
FREDERICK DuCANE GODMAN, D.C.L., F.R.S.
Pror. EDWARD B. POULTON, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.
Dr: DAVID SHARP, MA, EUR.S:, FALS., F.Z.S.
Treasurer.
ROBERT McLACHLAN, F.R.S., F.L.S.
Secretaries.
HERBERT GOSS, F.L.S., F.G.S.
HENRY ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.
Librarian.
GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.ZS.
Other Members of Council.
ROBERT ADKIN.
Pror. T. HUDSON BEARE, B.Sc., F.R.S.E.
ARTHUR JOHN CHITTY, M.A.
WILLIAM LUCAS DISTANT.
THE Rev. FRANCIS D. MORICE, M.A.
EDWARD SAUNDERS, F.R.S., F.L.S.
CoLtonEL C. SWINHOKH, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Resident Librarian.
WILLIAM R. HALL.
(olaye 7)
THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
1834—1902.
The Transactions can now be obtained by Fellows
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(S ava)
CONTENTS:
Explanation of the plates
Errata as
List of ellows:. ;
Additions to the Library
Walle
VIII.
MEMOTIRS.
List of the Australian and Tasmanian Wordellide, with Descrip-
tions of New Species. By Arruur M. Lea, F.E.S.
. The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata, L. ES HORACE Sr.
JOHN K. DonisTHORPE, F.Z.S.
. Descriptions of New Australian Bepidapbera: By Epwarp
Meyrick, B.A., F.Z.8.
. On Hypotiane, a new subfimily 2 Pyralide. By “Taomas
ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.8.
. Report on a Collection of Newiean Loe Bees ronmed! in Mr.
Witu1am L. Disranrt, chiefly from the Transvaal. By WILLIAM
F. Kirsy, F.L.S8.
. An Entomological Excursion © Gentral Spain, es; ‘Guonce
CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S..
Notes on Hawaiian Wasps, eis es ations 7m New Spee By
Rosert Cyri Layton Perkins, B.A. Communicated by Dr.
Davip SHarp, M.A., F.R.S. j
Four New Species ead a Newt (Ganie of sonnet Drie, enontere
(Ichneumonide, sub-fam. Ophionine) from the Hawaiian Islands.
By Roserr Cyrit Layron Perkins, B.A. Communicated Ly
Dr. Davin SuHarp, M.A., F.R.S. .
. On the Generic Gharnctar of Hawaiian Gpateanide fone new
genera characterized. By Ropert Cyrit Layton PERKINS, B.A.
Communicated by Dr. Davin SuHarp, M.A,, F.R.S. a
. A Monograph of the genus Acrida, Sta/ ( = Truxalis, Val7.), wath
Notes of some allied genera, and descriptions of new species.
By Matcotm Burr, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc.
. Notes on some cases of Shascnal Dionehe in Butterflies, with
an account of Experiments by Mr. Guy A. K. MArsHALL, F.Z.8.
By Dr. Freperick A. Dixry, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., Fellow of
Wadham College, Oxford
. On the economic importance of the pansies a Caecide. By
Auick L. Empieton, B.Sc. Communicated by Dr. Davip
SHarp, M.A., F.R.S., ete.
. Additional GES on My. Distant’s Oollection of eric an foe pane
By Witriam F. Krrsy, F.L.S., F.E.S.
. Memoir upon the Risyaekotal fora Capside wei, By Gzonex
Wiis KirKarpy, F.E.S.
. Lepidoptera from the Chatham Teen By Eipw: ARD May RICK,
BLA, F.Z.S.
XEN
vill
vill
ix
XXiil
(S-ynr }
XVI. On a new cricket of aquatic habits, found in Fiji by Professor
Gustave Gitson. By Professor Louis ComproN MIALL,
F.R.S., and Professor Gustave GiLson
XVIT. Five Years’ Observations and Experimen‘s (1896—1901) on ive
Bionomics of South African Insects, chiefly directed to the
Investigation of MWimiery and Warning Colours. By Guy A.
K. Marsuatn, F.Z.8. With a discussion of the results and
other subjec ts suggested by them, by Professor Epwarp B.
Povutton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. , Hope Professor of Zoology in
the Univ ersity of Oxford and Fellow of Jesus ( ‘ollege, Oxford;
and an Appendix containing descriptions of new species by
Ernest Epwarp Austen, WiLtiAM Lucas Distant, COLONEL
Cyarves T. Bryeuay, F. "Z. a5 GrUWaAe Ke Manrsuatt, F.Z. S.,
and JuLES BourGEoIS
XVIII. Descriptions of new and little ean species a Dregne
Epiplemide, Micronide, and Geometride, in the National
Collection. By Cotoner CHartes Swinnor, M.A., F.L.S.,
F.Z.S., ete.
XIX. On asymmetry in the Males ‘of Hemurcie one oth er Sphinges
By Tuomas ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S.
XX. The Protective Resemblance to flowers ee by an Atriean
Homopterous Insect, Fata nigrocincta, Walker. By Srpnry
LAnGrorp Hinpr. Communicated by Professor Epwarp B.
Pourron, M.A., D.Sc., F-R.S.
XXI. Descriptions of some Ants from the Rocka Mowntains of ‘Canal
(Alberta and British Columbia). Collected by Epwarp
Wuymperr. By Professor AuGustE Forrr, M.D., Hon. F.E.S.
XXII. “On the Tracheal System of Simulium.” By THomas HAarotp
~ Taytor, M.A. Communicated es Professor LEwis CoMPTON
Mratt, F.R.S.
XXIII. Oa Heter ogynts paradoxa, Rmbr.: an instance of variation by
segregation. By THomaAs ALGERNON Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.S.
Proceedings for 1902
Annual Meeting
President’s Address
General Index
Special Index
Plate III.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
. 11—24
Plates I & II. See pages 1—10 | Plates XXIV )
Plate IV.
189—218 Plates XXVI)
PA
Ixxvii
& XXV. J See pages 679—693
a re Be ae , ; 695—698
Plates V & VI. 9 248—272 & XXVIL. f ,
Plates VII & VIII. ,, 281—285 Plate XXVIII. a 717—729
Plates IX. to XXIII. ,, 287—584 |
ERRATA.
Page 127
TRANSACTIONS.
, line 2 from bottom, for Schirus read Sehirus.
Pages 477, 537, for Pelenogaster read DBelonogaster.
Page 679, line 14 from bottom, for mennon read memnon.
Page 681, line 18 from bottom, for Zetodes read _ Setodes.
Page 717, line 18 from top, for makes read make.
Page 726, line 6 from top, , for Tutts. read Tutt’s.
Page 728, line 22 from top, for Ceratochetu read Ceratocheta.
Dare 729, in Explanation of Plate, for Kamb. vead Ramb.
PROCEEDINGS.
Page xli, line 13 from top, for hanophyges duricuri read hanophyes
durieut.
ist of Fellows
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Date of HONORARY FELLOWS.
Election.
1900 Aurivituius, Professor Christopher, Stockholm.
1900 Braver, Professor Friedrich Moritz, Mayerhofyasse 6, Vienna.
1901 Fare, J. H., Sérignan, Vaucluse, France.
1894 Foret, Professor Auguste, M.D., Chigny, prés Morges, Switzerland.
1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome.
1884 OstEN SacKkEN, Baron C. R., Bunsenstiasse 8, Heidelberg.
1884 PackarD, Dr. Alpheus S., Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A.
1872 Saussure, Henri F. de, Tertusse 2, Geneva.
1895 ScuppER, Samuel Hubbard, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.
1885 SNELLEN, Pieter Carl T., Rotterdam.
1893 Warrenwyt, Hofrath Dr. Carl Brunner Von, Trautsohngasse 6,
Vienna.
1898 Weismann, Dr. August, Freiburg, Baden.
FELLOWS.
Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.
Date of
Election.
1901 + Apair, Sir Frederick E. S., Bart., Flixton Hall, Bungay.
1877 Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, F.Z.S., 50, Ashley-gardens, Victoria-
street, S.W.
1877. Apams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Enfield, N.
1902 ApxKtN, Benaiah Whitley, Brandon House, Morden Hill, Lewisham,
1885 ApKrN, Robert, Wellfield, Lingards-road, Lewisham, 8.E.
1899 Anprews, Henry W., 9, Victoria-road, Eltham.
1901 Awnnine, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C.
1899 + ArRow, Gilbert J., 87, Union-grove, Clapham, 8.W. ; and British
Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-road, 8.W.
1886 ArmorgE, E. A., 48, High-street, King’s Lynn.
1850 + AveBury, The Right Honble. Lord, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.LS., EGS.
etc., High Elms, Furnborough, Kent.
1901
1886
1890
1886
1895
1887
1902
1884
1897
( x )
Bacort, Arthur W., 154 Lower Clapton-road, N.E.
BanKEs, Eustace R., M.A., Norden, Corfe Castle, Wareham.
Barcay, Francis H., F.G.8., Zhe Warren, Cromer.
BarGacul, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo Tempi No. 1,
Florence, Italy.
BarkEr, Cecil W., Rownham, Malvern, Natal, South Africa.
Barker, H. W., 147, Gordon-road, Peckham, 8.E.
BarrauD, Philip J., Bushey Heath, Watford.
Barrett, Charles Golding, Tremont, Peckham Rye, 8.E.
Bares, F., 417, High-road, Chiswick, W.
1894 + Bateson, William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College,
Cambridge, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge.
1896 + BEARE, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., 10 Regent Terrace, Edinburgh.
1851 + Beaumont, Alfred, Gosfield, Halstead, Essex.
1899
1897
1885
1895
1886
1880
1895
1897
1891
BEpDWELL, Ernest C., 25, Ossian-road, Stroud Green, N.
Bennett, W. H., 15, Wellington-place, Hastings.
BetHuNnE-BaKER, George T., F.L.S., 19, Clarendon-road, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.
Bevan, Lieutenant H. G. R., R.N., H.M.S. “Doris,” Channel
Squadron,
Bippur, F. W., M.A., 3, Anole Paddock, Sevenoaks.
BIGNELL, George Carter, The Ferns, Homepark-road, Saltash.
BrncHay, Lieut.-Col. C. T., F.Z.8., Bombay Staff Corps, 6 Gavendwr-
road, West Kensington, S.W.
Brrp, George W., The Manor House, West Wickham, Beckenham.
Buaser, W. H., F.L.S., 85, Gloucester-street, Warwick-square, S.W.
1894 + BLacKBURNE-Mazg, W. P., Shaw House, Newbury.
1889
1885
1886
1891
1876
1888
BLaNDFoRD, Walter F. H., M.A., F.Z.S., 48, Wimpole-street, W.
Buatuwayt, Lieut.-Col. Linley, F.L.8., Eagle House, Batheaston,
Bath,
BLOOMFIELD, The Rev. Edwin Newson, M.A., Guestling Rectory,
Hastings.
Boortu, George A., Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands, Carnforth.
Borre, Alfred Preudhomme de, Villa la Fauvette, Petit Saconner,
Geneva.
Borrer, Win., F.GS., Pakyns Manor House, Hurstpierpoint,
Hassocks, RS.O., Sussex.
Bostock, E. D., Holly House, Stone, Staffs.
BouskeEtL, Frank, Market Bosworth, Nuneaton.
Bower, B.A., Langley, Willow Grove, Chislehurst.
1894 + Bowues, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross.
1852 + Boyp, Thos., Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill, S.¥.
1893
1877
1870
1894
Brapant, Edouard, Chateau de Morenchies, par Cambrai (Nord)
France.
Briaes, Charles Adolphus, Roch: House, Lynmouth, Barnstaple.
Briees, Thomas Henry, M.A., Rock House, Lynmouth, Barnstaple.
BricHt, Percy M., Chumat, Lansdowne-road, Bournemouth.
( xi )
1897 Brieutwen, Mrs. E., The Grove, Great Stanmore.
1890 Bristowe, B. A., The Cottage, Stoke D’ Abernon, Cobham, Survey.
1878 Broun, Capt. Thomas, Drury, Auckland, New Zealand.
1902 Broveuton, Lieut. T. Delves, R. E., Alderney.
1897 Brown, F.N., M.R.C.S., The Elms, Chobham, Woking.
1886 Brown, John, 5, King’s Parade, Cambridge.
1892 Browne, Major Clement Alfred Righy, R.E., Lahore, India.
1898 | BucHan-Heppurn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeaton-
Hepburn, Prestonkirk.
1883 BucKxron, George Bowdler, F.R.S., F.L.S., Weycombe, Haslemere,
S.0., Surrey.
1902. Buxuer, Arthur Percival, Wellington, New Zealand.
1896 + Burr, Malcolm, B.A. F.L.S., F.Z.8., Dormans Park, East
Grinstead.
1868 + Butter, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.LS., F.Z.8., The Lilies, Penge-road,
Beckenham.
1883 Butter, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Sc., 53, Tollington Park, N.
1902 Burner, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading.
1886 CatveERT, Wm. Bartlett, Liceo de Quillota, Quillota, Chili.
1902 Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N., H.M.S. “ Harrier,” Mediterranean
Station.
1885 CAMPBELL, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.ZS., &e., Brynllwydwyn,
Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire.
1898 CanpDhzE, Léon, 64, Rue de l Ouest, Liége.
1880 CanspDALE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, S.E. |
1889 Cant, A., c/o Fredk. DuCane Godman, Esq., F.R.S., 10, Chandos-
street, Cavendish-square, W.
1890 CaprER, Samuel James (President of the Lancashire and Cheshire
Entomological Society), Huyton Park, Liverpool.
1894 Caraccioto, H., H.M. Customs, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British
West Indies.
1892 CARPENTER, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, Kiplin, Northallerton.
1895 CARPENTER, G. H., B.Sc., Museum of Science and Art, Dublin.
1898 CarpPENTER, J. H., Riverdale, Leatherhead.
1868 CaRRINGTON, Charles, Hailey Hall, Hertford.
1890 CartER, George Wm., M.A., F.LS., Cliff End House, Scarboro’.
1895 Carter, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., 48, Charing Cross, W.C.; and
Government House, Nassau, Bahamas.
1900 Carter, J. W., 25, Gilenholme-road, Manningham, Bradford.
1900 Cassat, R. T., M.R.C.S., Laxey, Isle of Man.
1889 + Cave, Charles J. T., Binstead, Cambridge.
1900 CHAMBERLAIN, Neville, Highbury, Moor Green, Birmingham.
1871 CHampPion, George C., F.Z.S., Liprarian, Heatherside, Horsell,
Woking ; and 10, Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.
1891 CHapmaNn, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F.Z.S,, Betula, Reigate.
1902
1890
1897
1898
1902
1902
( xin”)
CHARNLEY, James Roland, Howick House, Hoicick, nr, Preston,
Lancashire.
CHATTERTON, Frederick J.8.,5, Camden Studios, Camden-street, N.W.
CHAWNER, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants.
CHAWNER, Lawrence C., Morest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants.
CHEESMAN, E. M., c/o J. Garson, 63, Railway-street, Durban, Natal.
CHICHESTER, Charles R., B.A., M.B. Dublin, D.P.H., Medical Officer
in the Colonial Service, Bathurst, Gambia, W. Africa; and
OClonmeen, Banteer, Co. Cork.
1891 ¢ Currry, Arthur John, M.A., 27, Hereford-square, 8.W.; and Himt-
1890
1889
ingfield, Faversham, Kent.
Cuoruey, Mrs. H. 8., JMJoorville Cottage, Burley-in- Wharfedale,
Leeds.
Caristy, W. M., M.A., F.L.8., Watergate, Emsworth.
1886 + Cuark, John Adolphus, 57, Weston Park, Crouch End, N.
1867
1886
1891
1873
1899
1901
1900
1892
1886
1867
1895
1888
1890
CLARKE, Alex. Henry, 109, Warwick-road, Earls Court, 8.W.
CiuaRKE, Charles Baron, M.A., F.RS., F.LS., F.G.S., 13, Kew
Gardens-road, Kew, 8.W.
CnLarKEk, Henry Shortridge, 2, Osborne-terrace, Douglas, Isle of Man.
Cote, William, F.L.S., 7, Anighton Villas, Buckhurst Hill, Essex,
CoLuin, James E., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.
Connotp, Edward, 7, Magdalen Terrace, St. Leonards-on-Sea.
Corton, Dr. John, 126, Prescot-road, St. Helens.
Cowan, Thomas William, F.L.8., F.G.S8., F.R.M.S., Pinehurst,
Pacific Grove, California.
CoweE.L, Peter (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library),
William Brown-street, Liverpool.
Cox, Herbert Ed., c/o Mrs. Eve, 125, Harley-street, W.
CRABTREE, Benjamin Hill, The Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester.
Creoor, J. P., Tredinick, Mayow-road, Sydenham, 8.E.
CrEwE, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire.
1880 + Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., J.P., Treasurer L.S., 17, Throgmorton-
1902
1901
1873
1900
1887
1886
1898
1875
1887
1898
avenue, E.C., and Friar Park, Henley-on-Thames.
CruttweLtL, The Rev. Canon Charles Thomas, M.A., Hwelme
Rectory, Wallingford.
Dapp, Edward Martin, 3 Oolina-villas, Green Lanes, Wood Green, N,
Date, C. W., Glanville’s Wootton, Sherborne, Dorset.
DatauisH, Andrew Adie, 21, Prince’s-street, Glasgow.
Dautry, The Rev. Thomas W., M.A., F.L.S., Madeley Vicarage,
Newcastle, Staffordshire.
Dannartt, Walter, Donnington, 75, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, S.E.
Day, G. 0., Parr’s Bank-house, Knutsford.
Distant, Wm. Lucas, Steine House, Selhurst-road, South Norwood,S.E.
Dixey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., Fellow and Bursar of
Wadham College, Wadham College, Oxford.
Dixon, G. B., St, Peter’s-road, Leicester.
1895
1891
1885
1873
1845
1898
1899
1884
1867
1900
1894
1883
1890
1865
1902
1885
1884
1900
1900
1886
1878
1886
1899
1890
1900
1861
1886
1889
1898
1878
1900
1874
1886
1900
1898
( xiii )
Dogson, H. T., Ivy House, Acacia Grove, New Malden, S.O.,
Surrey.
DonistHoRPE, Horace St. John K., F.Z.S., 58, Kensington-mansions,
South Kensington, 8.W.
Donovan, Captain Charles, M.D., R.A.M.C., c/o Messrs. P.
Macfadyen & Co., Winchester House, Old Broad-street, E.C.
Dorta, Marchese Giacomo, Strada Nuova, Genoa.
Dovauas, John Wm., 61, Craven Park, Harlesden, N.W.
Downine, John W., c/o W. Wilde, Esq., 36, Victoria-sti eet, S.W.
Drewitt, Frederic G. Dawtrey, M.A., M.D. F.R.C.P., F.Z.S.,
14, Palace Gardens-terrace, Kensington, W.
Drucr, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.S., 48, Circus-road, St. Johns
Wood, N.W.
Drucer, Herbert, F.LS., F.Z.8., 48, Circus-road, St. John’s Wood,
N.W.
Drury, W. D., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, Woking.
Dupcron, G. C., Holta, Kangra Valley, P.O. Palimpur, Punjab,
India.
Durrant, John Hartley, The Cottage, Merton Hall, Thetford.
Eastwoop, John Edmund, Enton Lodge, Witley, Godalming.
Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., Woodlands, Seaton, Devon.
Epensten, Hubert M., The Elms, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex.
Epwarps, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham.
Epwarps, Stanley, F.L.S., F.Z.8., Kidbrook-lodge, Blackheath, S.K.
Euiort, E. A., 41, Holland Park, W.
Exuis, H. Willoughby, Knowle, Birmingham.
Exuis, John W., M.B., L.R.C.P., 18, Rodney-street, Liverpool.
Etwes, Henry John, J.P., F.RS. F.LS., F.Z.8., Colesborne,
Cheltenham.
Enock, Frederick, F.L.8., 13, Tufnell Park-road, Holloway, N.
Farmporouaa, Percy W., F.Z.S., Lower Edmonton, N.
Farn, Albert Brydges, Mount Nod, Greenhithe, Kent ; and Medical
Department, Local Government Board, Whitehall, S.W.
Fevtuam, H. L. L., P. O. Bow, 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal.
FENN, Charles, Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E. |
Fenwick, Nicolas Percival, The Gables, New-road, Esher.
FERNALD, Prof. C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A.
Finer, F. E., 122, Stockwell Park-road, Brixton, 8.W.
Finzi, John A., 53, Hamilton-terrace, N.W,
Firta, J. Digby, F.L.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds.
Fitcu, Edward A., F.L.S., Brick House, Maldon.
Fircu, Frederick, Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park, N.
Fiemyn@, The Rey. W. Westropp, Coolfin, Portlaw, Waterford.
Fietouer, T. B., R.N., H.M,S. “ Gladiator,” Mediterranean Station.
( xiv )
1883 + FLercuer, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor.
1885 Foxker, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands,
1900 FournKes, P. Hedworth, B.Sec., Harper-Adams Agricultural College,
Newport, Salop.
1898 Founrarnr, Miss Margaret, 7, Lansdowne-place, Bath.
1880 Fowxnrr, The Rev. Canon, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Vice-PRESIDENT,
Rotherfield Peppard Rectory, Henley-on-Thames.
1883. FREEMAN, Francis Ford, Abbotsfield, Tavistock.
1896 FREKE, Percy Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone.
1888 Fremtin, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Mereworth, Maidstone.
1891 Fronwawk, F. W., 42, Waddon-road, Croydon.
1855 Fry, Alexander, F.L.S., Thornhill House, Dulwich Wood Park,
Norwood, S.E.
1900 Fryer, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs.
1884 Funuer, The Rey. Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill,
Sydenham, S.E.
1898 Futter, Claude, Government Entomologist, Péefermaritzburg,
Natal.
1887 GaHan, Charles Joseph, M.A., Whyola, Lonsdale-road, Bedford
Park, W.; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromiell-
road, S.W.
1887 GaLton, Francis, M.A., D.C.L., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.G.S., 42, Rutland
Gate, S.W.
1892 Garpk, Philip de la, R.N., H.M.S. “ Pegasus,” Mediterranean.
1890 GaRDNER, John, 6, Friars-gate, Hartlepool.
1901 + GarpnerR, Willoughby, F.L.S., Reform Club, Liverpool.
1899 Gayner, Francis, 20, Queen-square, W.C.
1899 GeLpART, William Martin, M.A., Trinity College, Oxford.
1902 GintanpERs, A. T., Park Cottage, Alnwick.
1865 + GopMaN, Frederick Du Cane, D.C.L., F.RS., F.LAS., F.Z.8., South
Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham; 7, Carlos-place, Grosvenor-
square ; and 10, Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.
1890 Goxpruwalrt, Oliver C., 5, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, 8.E.
1886 + GoopRicu, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Lennox Lodge, Malvern
Link, Malvern.
1898 Gorpon, J. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtownshire.
1898 Gorpon, R. 8. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, RS.O., Wigtown-
shire.
1855 Goruam, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.8., The Chestnuts, Shirley
Warren, Southampton.
1874 Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., F.G.S., Secrerary, The Avenue, Surbiton-hill,
Surrey.
1886 Green, A. P., c/o S. Green, Esq., 1, Gordon-place, Kensington, W.
1891 + GrEEN, E. Ernest, Government Entomologist, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Peradeuwiya, Ceylon.
1894 Gruen, Joseph F., I.Z.8., West Lodge, Blackheath, S.E.
1850
1898
1899
(osieev 2)
GREENE, The Rev. Joseph, M.A., Rostrevor, Clifton, Bristol.
GrEENSHIELDS, Alexander, 38, Blenkeim-gardens, Willesden, N.W.
Greenwoon, Edgar, Bellevue, Riffel-road, Willesden Green, N.W.
1893 | Greenwoop, Henry Powys, F.LS., Sandhill Lodge, Fordingbridge,
1888
1894
1900
1869
1899
1897
Salisbury.
Grirritus, G. C., F.Z.S., 43, Caledonian-place, Clifton, Bristol.
GrimsHaw, Percy H., Natural History Department, Museum of
Science and Art, Edinburgh.
Groom, Prof. Percy, M.A., F.L.S., Royal Indian Engineering
College, Cooper's Hill, Staines.
GrosE-Suirn, Henley, J.P., B.A., F.Z.S.,5, Bryanston-square, Hyde
Park, W.
GuNNING, Montague, Narborough, Leicester.
Haaukg, Henry, 2, First-place, Brooklyn, U.S.A.
1890 + Haut, A. E., Norbury, Pitsmoor, Sheffield.
1885.
1898
1891
1891
Haut, Thomas William, Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon.
Hamuyn-Harris, R., D.Sc, F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., c/o Dr. Morris,
Imperial Department of Agriculture, Barbados, West Indies,
Hampson, Sir George Francis, Bart., B.A., F.Z.S., 62, Stanhope-
gardens, S.W.
Hanpury, Frederick J., F.L.S., Slainforth House, Upper Clapton,
N.E.
1897 + Harrison, Albert, F.L.S., F.C.S., 72, Windsor-road, Forest Gate, E.
1889
1892
1881
1898
1888
HaRRIson, John, 7, Gawlber-road, Barnsley.
Heapty, Charles Burnard, Two Elms, Alewandra-road, Stoneygate,
Leicester.
Henry, George, 38, Wellington-square, Hastings.
Heron, Francis A., B.A., British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell-road, 8.W.
Hiaes, Martin Stanger, F.C.S., F.G.S., Sheba G. WL. Co., Eureka
City, Transvaal.
1876 | Hittman, Thomas Stanton, Mustgate-street, Lewes.
1896
1888
1902
1887
1898
1897
1901
Hockine, The Rey. John, M.A., Copdock Rectory, Ipswich.
Hopson, The Rey. J.H., B.A., B.D., Harefield, Ansdell-road, Lythum.
Hots, R. S., Indian Forest Service, c/o Messrs, King, King and
Co., Bombay.
Houtanp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., 5th Avenue, Pittsburg,
Penn., U.S.A.
Hotman-Hunt, C. B., Paria Vurai Esp, Munaat, Travancore,
S. India.
Horne, Arthur, Ugie Bank, Aberdeen.
Hopson, M. F., 30, Thurlow-road, Rosslyn Hill, N.W.
1876 + Horniman, Fredk. John, M.P., F.LS., F.Z.S., &e., Surrey Mount, -
1900
Forest Hill, S.E.
Howes, George H., Bow 180, Dunedin, New Zealand.
( xvi)
1865 + Hupp, A. E., Clinton, Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol,
1888 Huvupson, George Vernon, The Post Office, Wellington, New Zealand,
1902. Hurron, Captain Frederick W., F.R.S., Director of the Canterbury
Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand.
1897 ImaGE, Selwyn, M.A., 20, Filzroy-street, Fitzroy-square, W.
1893 Irpy, Lieutenant-Colonel Leonard Howard Loyd, F.L.S., F.Z.S.,
14, Cornwall-terrace, Regent's Park, N.W.
1891 Isapenn, The Rev. John, Sunnycroft, St. Sennen, R.S.O., Cornwall.
1886 Jacopy, Martin, 7, Hemstall-road, West Hampstead, N.W.
1869 Janson, Oliver E., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.; and 44,
Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
1898 Janson, Oliver J., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.
1886 JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, 209, School Hill, Lewes.
1899 Jennines, F. B., 152, Silver-street, Upper Edmonton, N.
1886 Joun, Evan, Llantrisant, Pontyclun, R S.O., Glamorganshire.
1889 Jounson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Pass,
Co. Armagh.
1888 Jones, Albert H., Shrublands, Eltham.
1894 + JorpAN, Dr. K., Zhe Museum, Tring.
1902 Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Bradfield, Reading.
1884 Kang, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.ILA., Drumleaske House,
Monaghan.
1884 Kapprn, A. W., F.L.S., Hilden, 18, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick, W.
1876 + Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.
1896 + Kaye, William James, Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton.
1884 Keays, Lovell, 26, Charles-street, St. James’s, S.W.
1902 Kemp, Stanley W., 80, Oxford Gardens, Notting Hill, W.
1890 Kenrick, G. H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
1898 KersHaw,J.A., Morton Banks, Lewisham-road, Windsor, Melbowrne
Victoria.
1901 KerrsHaw, John C. W., Macao, China.
1900 Knrys, James H., 6, Seymour-terrace, Lipson, Plymouth.
1889 Kune, J. J. F. X., Lecturer on Economic Entomology at the West of
Scotland Agricultural College, 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvin-
side, Glasgow.
1861 Krirey, William F., F.L.S., Wilden, 18, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick,W.
1893 KirKaupy, George Willis, St. Abbs, Worple-road, Wimbledon, S.W.
1889 KuapALER, Professor Franz, Karlin 263, Prague, Bohemia.
1887 } KLEIN, Sydney T., F.L.S.,F.R.A.S., Hatherlow, Raglan-road, Reigate.
1876 Kraatz, Dr. G., 28, Link-strasse, Berlin.
1901 Lanx, E. W., Parkholme, 40, Fletching-road, Clapton, N.E.
1868 Lana, Colonel A. M., R.E., Box Grove Lodge, Guildford.
( xvii )
1900 Lana, The Rev. H. C., M.D., All Saints’ Vicarage, Southend-on-Sea,
1901 Laray, P.1., Lynton Villa, Sydney-road, Enfield.
1895 Larrer, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming.
1899 Lea, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Hobart, Tasmania.
1900 Lerroy, H. Maxwell, B.A., Barbados, W.I.
1901 LercH, George F., corner of Sydenham and Essenwood-roads, Durban,
Natal.
1883 LeMmann, Fredk. Charles, Blackfriars House, Plymouth.
1892 Leste, J. H., Bryn Glas, 33, Streathbourne-road, Upper Tooting, S.W.
1898 Letupripcr, Ambrose G., Knowle, Dunster, Taunton.
1898 Lewis, E. J., 4, Clement’s Inn, Strand, W.C.
1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., 87, Frant-road, Tunbridge Wells.
1902 Lewis, J. H., Ophir, Otago, New Zealand.
1892 Licutroot, R. M., Bree-st., Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.
1865 + LuEweEtyn, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart, M.A. F.LS.,
Penllergare, Swansea.
1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome, Bognor.
1885 + Luoyp, Robert Wylie, St. Cuthberts, Thurleigh-road, Balham, S.W.
1899 Lounspury, Charles P., B.Sc., Government Entomologist, Cape
Town, S. Africa.
1894 Lows, The Rev. Frank E., M.A., Sé#. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey.
1893 Lower, Oswald B., St. Oswald's, Bartley-crescent, Wayville, South
Australia.
1901 Lower, Rupert 8., Davenport Terrace, Wayville, South Australia.
1898 Lucas, William John, B.A., 28, Knight’s Park, Kingston-on- Thames.
1880 Lupron, Henry, Lyndhurst, North Grange-road, Headingley, Leeds.
1901 Lyman, Henry H., M.A., F.R.G.S., 74, MeTavish-street, Montreal,
Canada.
1902 Macponatp, George B. Douglas, M.B., G.P.O., Johannesburg, South
Africa,
1887 M‘Dovucatt, James Thomas, Dunolly, Morden-road, Blackheath, 8.E.
1901 McGreeor, T. M., 48, Glasgow-road, Perth.
1888 Mackinnon, P. W., Lynndale, Mussoorie, N.W.P., India.
1900 Mackxwoop, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., Colombo, Ceylon.
1858 McLacutayn, Robert, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., TReasuRER, Westview,
23, Clarendon-road, Lewisham, 8.E.
1898 Mappison, T., South Bailey, Durham.
1899 + Main, Hugh, B.Sc., 131, Windsor-road, Forest Gate, E.
1887 Manpers, Major Neville, R.A.M.C., c/o Sir Charles McGrigor,
Bart., and Co., 25, Charles-street, St. James’s-square, 8. W.
1892 MansBRIDGE, William, 133, Park Grove, Hull,
1894 + MarsHALL, Alick, Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., Kent.
1895 MarsHatt, G. A. K., P.O. Box 56, Salisbury, Mashonaland, S. Africa.
1896 MarsHatt, P., M.A., B.Sc. F.G.S., University School of Mines,
Dunedin, New Zealand,
(| xviii)
1865 MarsHau, The Rev. Thos. Ansell, M.A., Villa della Croce, Ajaccio,
Corsica. :
1856 + MaRsHALL, William, Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., Kent.
1897 Martineau, Alfred H., Solihull, Birmingham.
1874 + Mason, Philip Brookes, M.R.C.S., F.L.8., Trent House, Burton-on-
Trent.
1895 Massey, Herbert, Zey-Lea, Burnage, Withington, Manchester,
1865 Maruew, Gervase F., F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.R.G.S., Paymaster-in-chief,
R.N., Lee House, Dovercourt, Harwich.
1887 Marruews, Coryndon, Stentaway, Plymstock, Plymouth.
1899 May, Harry Haden, Redlands, Hillbury-road, Upper Tooting, 5.W.
1872 | Mexpoua, Professor Raphael, F.R.S., F.C.S., Vice-PREsIDEN’,
6, Brunswick-square, W.C.
1885 Menvint, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., 36, George-street, Manchester.
1887 MeRRIFIELD, Frederic, 24, Vernon-terrace, Brighton.
1888 Meyrr-Dancis, G., c/o Sogin and Meyer, Wohlen, Switzerland.
1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.Z.S., Elmswood, Marlborough.
1894 Mraxz, Professor Louis Compton, F.R.S., 8, Spring-road, Headingley,
Leeds.
1883 Mines, W. H., The New Club, Calcutta.
1896 Moserty, J. C., M.A., 9, Rockstone-place, Southampton.
1879 Montero, Dr. Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 70, Rua do Alecrinar,
Lisbon.
1902 Monreomery, Arthur Meadows, 83, Osborne-road, Forest Gate, E.
1853 Moors, Frederic, D.Se., A.L.S., F.Z.8., 17, Maple-road, Penge, S.E.
1899 Moors, Harry, 12, Lower-road, Rotherhithe.
1886 Moraay, A. C. F., F.LS., 24, Leinster-square, W.
1889 + Mortcr, The Rev. F. D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford,
Brunswick, Mount Hermon, Woking.
1895 + Morey, Claude, Lpswich.
1893 Morron, Kenneth J., 13, Blachford-road, Edinburgh.
1900 Moser, Julius, 90, Bulow-strasse, Berlin.
1882 Mostey, 8. L., Beawmont Park, Huddersfield.
1898 Movuszey, H., Burnfoot, Buxton.
1901 Morr, Frederick, E. and S. African Telegraph Co., Durban, Natal.
1869 | Mituer, Albert, F.R.G.S., c/o Herr A. Miiller-Mechel, Gren-
zacherstrasse, 60, Basle, Switzerland.
1872 + Murray, Lieut.-Col. H., 48, Cromwell Houses, Cromwell-road, 8.W.
1896 NxsHam, Robert, Utrecht House, Queen’s-road, Clapham Park, S.W.
1889 Nevinson, Basil George, M.A. F.ZS., 3, Tedworth-square,
Chelsea, S.W.
1901 Nevinson, E.G.B., 5, Bentinck-terruce, Regent’s Park, N.W.
1890 NewsteEAD, R., The Museum, Chester.
1900 Nicuott, Mrs. M. Dela B., Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, Glamorqanshire.
1895 NuicHoxson, Charles, 35, The Avenue, Hale End, Chingford, N.E,
1886
1893
1886
1878
1895
1869
1877
GOcactes! 3")
NicHorson, William E., Sehool Hill, Lejes,
Nonrriep, A. F., Rakonitz, Bohemia.
Norris, Herbert E., 15, Market-place, Cirencester.
NovrripGr, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.
Nursp, Major C. G., Indian Staff Corps, Quetta, Baluchistan, India,
OBERTHUR, Charles, Rennes (Ile et Vilaine), France.
OBERTHUR, René, Rennes (lle et Vilaine), France.
1893 | OaLE, Bertram 8., Steeple Aston, Oafordshire.
1893
1873
1895
1898
1901
1883
1879
1900
1897
1901
1891
1901
1885
OLIveR, John Baxter, Elmleigh, Elm-row, Hampstead, N.W.
OnivrEeR, Ernest, Ramillons, prés Moulins (Allier), France.
Pacer, Herbert E., Bertrose, Gellatly-road, St. Catherine’s Park, S.E.
Pauuiser, H. G., Chief Engineer, P.W.D., Karachi, India.
Prat, Henry Woolner, Indian Musewm, Calcutta.
PériInGuRY, Louis, South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa.
PERKINS, Vincent Robt., Wotton-wnder-Edge.
PuHinips, The Rev. W. J. Leigh, Vhe Cottage, Parkwood-road,
Tavistock.
Pures, Hubert C., M.R.C.S., M. and L.S.A., 262, Gloucester-terrace,
Hyde-park, W.
Pickett, C. P., 99, Daawlish-road, Leyton, Essex.
Pierce, Frank Nelson, 1, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool.
PirFarD, Albert, Felden, Boxmoor, Hemel Hempstead.
Pott, J. R. H. Neerwort van de, Heerengracht 476, Amsterdam.
1870 + Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.8., Mayfield, Edgerton, Huddersjield.
1884 + Poutton, Professor Edward B., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,
1851
1878
1893
1898
1900
1909
1893
1891
1898
1890
1898
1894
F.Z.8., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford,
PRESIDENT, Wykeham House, Banbury-road, Oxford.
Preston, The Rev. Thomas Arthur, M.A., F.L.S., Thurcaston
Rectory, Leicester.
Price, David, 48, West-street, Horsham.
Prout, Louis Beethoven, 246, Richmond-road, Dalston, N.E.
QuatL, Ambrose, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Rarnsow, William J., The Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W.
Ret, Perey Charles, Feering Bury, Kelvedon, Essex.
REID, Captain Savile G., late R.E., Zhe Elms, Yalding, Maidstone.
Re, William, St. Andrews-road, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South
Africa.
Rettoy, R. H., c/o Perkins and Co., Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland.
RENDLESHAM, The Right Honble. Lord, Rendlesham Hall, Wood-
bridge.
RevuTER, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland.
Ripine, William Steer, B.A., M.D., Buckerell Lodge, Honiton.
(=x)
1853 Ripon, The Most Honble. the Marquis of, K.G., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S.,
etc., 9, Chelsea Embankment, S.W.
1892 Rostnson, Sydney C., Goldsmiths’ Hall, E.C.
1869 + Ropinson-Dovueias, William Douglas, M.A, F.L.S., F.R.G.S.,
Orchardton, Castle Douglas.
1890 Rosson, John Emmerson, 15, Northgate, Hartlepool.
1886 Rosr, Arthur J., 37, Church Crescent, Muswell Hill, N.
1868 Roruney, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upper
Norwood, S.E.
1894 + Rorascainp, The Honble. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,
148, Piccadilly, W. ; and Tring Park, Tring.
1888 | RorHscHiLp, The Honble. Walter, D.Sc., M.P., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 148,
Piccadilly, W.; and Tring Park, Tring.
1890 RovutLEpGE, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.
1887 Row.anp-Brown, Henry, M.A., Secretary, Oxhey-grove, Harrow
Weald.
1898 RussELL, A., The Limes, Southend, Catford, S.E.
1892 RussExt, 8. G. C., 19, Lombard street, E.C.
1899 RyweEs, William E., B.A., 11, Waverley Mount, Nottingham.
1865 | SAUNDERS, Edward, F.R.S., F.L.S., St Ann’s, Mount Hermon, Woking.
1861 + SaunpERs, G. 8., F.L.S., 20, Dents-road, Wandsworth Common,
S.W.
1886 SAUNDERS, Prof. Wm., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.
1901 ScuHaus, W., F.Z.S., Trentham House, Twickenham.
1881 Scouuick, A. J., Penshurt, Merton-road, Wimbledon, S.W.
1864 SEMPER, George, Klopstock-strasse 23, Altona, Elbe, Germany.
1862 Snarp, David, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Vicz-PRESIDENT,
Hawthorndene, Hills-road, Cambridge ; and University Museum of
Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge.
1902 SuHarp, W. E., Ledsham, Shakespeare-road, Hanwell, W.
1883 SHaw, A. Eland, M.R.C.S., Hampden Residential Club, Pheniv-
street, N.W.
1901 SHELFORD, R., M.A., C.M.Z.S., The Museum, Sarawak, Borneo.
1883 SHELLEY, Capt. George Ernest, F.G.S., F.Z.S., 39, Egerton-gardens,
S.W.
1900 + SHEPHEARD-Watwyn, H. W., M.A., Dalwhinnie, Kenley, Surrey.
1887 Sicw, Alfred, Brentwood, 65, Barrowgate-road, Chiswick, W.
1901 SkeERTCHLY, Ethelbert Forbes, c/o ‘Penang Gazette,” Penang, Straits
Settlements.
1902 SiaDen, Frederick William Lambart, Ripple Court, Ringwould,
Dover.
1902 Storer, Gerard Orby, Westrop House, Highworth, Wilts.
1901 Sirn, Arthur, 16, Hdward-street, Grimsby.
1901) Samira, W. G., Rosebank, Brecknock-road, Knowle, Bristol.
1895) Smita, W. W., Ashburton, Canterbury, New Zealand.
1898
1885
1897
1889
1898
1890
1897
1898
1862
1889
1896
1900
1895
1882
1884
1894
1876
1893
1892
1901
1892
1897
ie <2)
Sopp, Erasmus John Burgess, F.R.Met.S., 104, Liverpool-road,
Birkdale, Lancashire.
SoutH, Richard, 96, Drakefield-road, Upper Tooting, 8.W.
SparRKE, E. G. J., B.A., 1, Christchurch-Villas, Tooting Bec-road,
S.W.
STANDEN, Richard 8., F.L.S., Townlands, Lindfield, Sussex.
Srargs, C. L. B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Infirmary, Wandsworth,
S.W.
Srrarns, A. E., New Mills Cottage, Henley-on-Thames.
Sreppine, E. P., Indian Forest Service, c/o King, Hamilton and
Co., Calcutta.
SrepBinG, Henry, The Shawe, Jarvis Brook, Tunbridge Wells.
STEVENS, John 8., Pound field, Woking.
Srraton, C. R., F.R.C.S., West Lodge, Wilton, Salisbury.
STRICKLAND, T. A. Gerald, 21, Kensington Gate, W.
Strupp, E. A. C., Downton, near Salisbury.
Stupp, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., Oxton, Exeter.
Swanzy, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sevenoaks.
SwINnHok, Colonel Charles, M.A., F.L.8., F.Z.8., 7, Gloucester Walk,
Kensington, W.
SwINHOE, Ernest, 31, Addison-gardens, Kensington, W.
Swinton, A. H., c/o General Callender, Vineyard, Totnes.
Taytor, Charles B., Rae-street, Rae Town, Kingston, Jamaica.
Taytor, The Rey. George W., F.R.S. (Canada), St. Mutihew’s
Rectory, Wellington, British Columbia.
THomepson, Matthew Lawson, 2, Thorneliff Villas, Saltburn-by-the-
Sea.
THORNLEY, The Rev. A., M.A., F.L.S., South Leverton Vicarage,
Lincoln.
Tomuin, B., M.A., 69, Liverpool-road, Chester.
1859 + TRImEN, Roland, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., 19, Emperor's Gate, S.W.
1895
1897
1898
1893
1894
1886
1893
1900
1866
1897
TUNALEY, Henry, 30, Fairmont-road, Briaton Hill, 8.W.
TunstaLL, Wilmot, Brook House, Meltham, Huddersfield.
Turner, A. J., M.D., Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Australia.
TURNER, Henry Jerome, 13, Drakefell-1oad, St. Catherine's Park,
Hatcham, 8.E.
TuRNER, Thomas, Cullompton.
Turt, James W., Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill, S.E.
Uricu, Frederick William, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British West
Indies.
Urwick, W. F., 34, Great Tower-street, E.C.
VERRALL, George Henry, Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.
Vice, William A., M.B., 19, Belvoir-street, Leicester.
1895
1901
1899
1897
1870
1878
(> ml)
Wacher, Sidney, F.R.C.S., Dane John, Canterbury.
WADDINGTON, John, 38, Leicester Grove, Blackman Lane, Leeds.
Wants, Albert, 20, Frenchwood-street, Preston, Lancashire.
WartywariGat, Colbran J., 2, Handsworth Wood-road, Handsworth,
Birmingham.
Waker, The Rev. Francis Augustus, D.D., F.L.S., Dun Mallard,
Cricklewood, N.W.
WALKER, James J., R.N., F.L.8., H.M.S. “ Ringarooma,” Sydney,
Australia.
1863+ Watuacr, Alfred Russel, D.C.L., Oxon., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S.,
Broadstone, Wimborne, Dorset.
1866 + WaLsINGHAM, The Right Honble. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S.,
1886
1869
1901
1900
1893
F.Z.S., High Steward of the University of Cambridge, J/erton
Hall, Thetford ; and 66a, Eaton-square, S.W.
WarRREN, Wm., M.A., 61, Wilton-avenue, Chiswick Lane, W.
WaterRHOUSE, Charles O., Ingleside, Avenue-gardens, Acton, W. ;
and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-road, S.W.
WATERHOUSE, Gustavus A., B.Sc, F.C.S., Waverley, Sydney, New
South Wales, Australia.
Warktns, C. J., King’s Mill House, Painswick, Stroud, Gloucester-
shire.
Wess, John Cooper, 218, Upland-road, Dulwich, S.E.
1876 | WesteRN, E. Young, 36, Lancaster Gute, Hyde Park, W.
1886
1884
1896
1894
1894
1900
188]
1901
1899
1891
WHEELER, Francis D., M.A., LL.D., Paragon House School, Norwich.
Wuite, William, Farnley, New Clive Road, Dulwich, S.E.
WILEMAN, A. E., c/o H.B.M.’s Consul, Kobe, Japan.
Wixson, Edwin, Mill-lane, Cambridge.
Wottey-Dop, F. H., Millarville P. O., Alberta, N.W.T., Canada.
Woop, H., The Old Grammar School, Ashford, Kent,
Woop, The Rey. Theodore, The Vicarage, Lyford-road, Wandsworth
Common, S.W.
WooprorDg, F. C., Market Drayton.
Woottey, H. §8., 7, Park-row, Greenwich, S.E.; and P. 0. Box
1047, Waterbury, Conn., U.S.A.
Wrovucuton, R. C., Inspector General of Forests, Indian Forest
Service, Simla, India; and c/o Army and Navy Co-operative
Society, Ltd., 105, Victoria-street, S.W.
Yerpury, Colonel John W., late R.A. F.Z.S., Army and Navy
Club, Pall Mall, SW.
Youpatg, William Henry, F.R.M.S., 29, Daltonleigh, Cockermouth.
(ei c)
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Austant (J. L.). Les Parnassiens de la Faune Paléarctique. 8vo, Leipzig,
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Benatsson (S.). Ueber Sogen. Herzkorper bei Insectenlarven.
| Bihang K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., xxx., 1899. |
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Bruner (L.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. ]
Busck (Aug.). A Review of the American Moths of the Genus Depressaria,
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CHAmPrIon (G.C.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. |
CuHarn ey (J. R.). Handbook of British Butterflies. 12mo. London, 1902.
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Connotp (E. T.). British Vegetable Galls. 4to, London, 1901.
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DontstHoRPE (H. St. J. K.). On some experiments with Myrmecophilous
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[Entom. Rec., Vol. XIII., 1901.]
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Fasre (J. H.). [See Insect Lire. |
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( okaiv =)
GARDNER (W.). A List of the Hymenoptera-Aculeata of Lancashire a
Cheshire.
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GopMan (F. Ducane). Biologia Centrali-Americana.
Arachnida Arancidea, by O. and F. O. Pickard-Cambridge.
Arachnida Scorpiones, Pedipalpi and Solifuge, by R. I. Pocock.
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man, and D. Sharp. Parts CLXX.—CLXXV.
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GRANDIDIER (A.). Histoire Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar;
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Hancock (J. L.). The Tettigids of North America. 8vo, Chicago, 1902.
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Hutron (F. W.). Darwinism and Lamarckism. 8vo, Lond., 1859.
The Lesson of Evolution. Svo, Lond., 1902. The Author.
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JacoBy (M.). Descriptions of New Species of Coleoptera of the Family
Halticide fro 1 South and Central America.
[P. Z.S., 1902-] The Author.
Janet (C.). Etudes sur les Fourmis, les Guépes et les Abeilles. [19*—21¢
Notes.| 8vo, Paris, 1898—99. The Author.
Kerrisz (K.). Catalogus Dipterorum, hucusque descriptorum. Vol. I.
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Lewis (E. J.). The Black Currant Gall Mite.
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NewsTeEaD (R.). Monograph of the Coccide of the British Isles. Vol. I.
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Nourraty (Geo. H. F.), Cobbett (L.), Strangeways-Pigg (T.).
Studies in relation to Malaria :
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[Journal of Hygiene, Vol. I., No. 1, 1901. ]
2. The Structure and Biology of Anopheles. 4 parts.
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1902. | Col. J. W. Yerbury.
OX¥voRDSHIRE NATURAL History Society AnD Fre_tp Cus. Report for 1900.
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Perni (Karl), Monographie des Coleopteren-Tribus Hyperini.
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PrckARD-CaMBRIDGE (IF. O.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-
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Pocock (R. I.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. |
(aes 19)
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Sanperson (EH. D.) Insects Injurious to Staple Crops. 8vo, New York 1902.
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Saussure (H. de). [See GranpipreEr (A.). ]
Scuaus (W.). Descriptions of New American Butterflies.
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ScuppEr (S.). Canadian Fossil Insects—Additions to the Coleopterous
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Suarp (D.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. |
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SHERBORN (C. D.). Index Animalium. Sectio Prima. 1758—1800. 8vo,
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————- Mantodeen, Phasmodeen u. Gryllodeen aus Kamerun.
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——-——— Monographie der Termiten Afrikas.
[K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Hand]. Bd. 34, No. 4, 1900.]
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Sputsr (Dr. A.). Die Schmetterlinge Europas. Lief. 4—11. 4to, Stuttgart,
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THEOBALD (F. V.). A short description of the Culicidee of India, with
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[Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. LXIX., 1902.]
Notes on Insect Pests, 1901.
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Monograph of the Culicidze or Mosquitoes.
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Trustees of the British Museum.
THomson (C. G.). Opuscula Entomologica—Index (MS.). [See ExLtiorr
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THORELL (T.). Aranez Camerunenses.
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Tomttn (B.) and Sopp (E. J. B.). Coleoptera on Snowdon.
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Tryon (H.). Harvesting Ants.
[Queensland Agric. Journal, 1900. | The Author.
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VeRRALL (G. H.). A List of British Diptera. 2nd ed. 8vo, Cambridge,
g The Author.
WAHLGREN (E.). Collembolen der schwedischen Polarexpedition, 1898.
[Ofvers. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 1899.]
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Wirson (E.). [See Surprey (A. E.).]
Yereury (Col. J. W.). A List of the Diptera met with in Cork and Kerry
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TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON
FoR THE YEAR 1902.
I. List of the Australian and Tasmanian Mordellide,
with Descriptions of New Species. By ArtTHuR M.
LEA, F.E.S.
[Read October 6th, 1901.]
Puates I. and II.
As numerous additions have been made to this family
since the publication of Masters’ Catalogue, I have con-
sidered it advisable to preface the descriptions of a number
of new forms with a list of the species hitherto recorded
from Australia and Tasmania.
For some of the species additional localities are given,
and a few previously referred to Mordella are now first
placed in Mordellistena and Tomowia. Several synonyms
are also now first noted.
Mordella zxmula, Lea.
4 alboscutellata, Lea.
a albosparsa, Germ. = albosignata, Boh.
9 australis, Boisd. Hab. W. A.
mA baldiensis, Blackb. Hab. W. A.
‘ bella, Waterh. Hab, W. A.
S cara, Blackb.
. caroli, Lea=waterhouset, Lea, n. preoc.
. communis, Waterh. Hab. W. A.; V.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (APRIL) 1
Mr. A. M. Lea’s List of the
Mordella distincta, Lea = fulvonotata, Champ.,n. preoc.
dumbrelli, Lea. Hab. V.
e elegans, Waterh.
elongatula, Macl.
exilis, Germ.
- var. obscurior, Blackb.
i var. 7ufimanus, Blackb.
s Jelix, Waterh.
i Jestiva, Lea.
5 Jlavicans, Macl.
» fugitiva, Lea.
» fuscipilis, Champ.
. graphiptera, Champ. =H. fasciata, Lea. Hab.
Wits ®¥
np?
RS hamatilis, Macl.
humeralis, Waterh.
es ignota, Lea.
inusitata, Blackb.
lepida, Redt.
. lewcosticta, Germ. =abdominalis, Bless. Hab.
W. A.
5, limbata, Waterh.
i var. w-albwm, Champ.
mastersi, Lea.
. multiguttata, Waterh. Hab. Q.
Pe nigrans, Macl.
£ notabilis, Macl.
y obscuripennis, Macl.
i, 18-maculata, Lea. Hab. W. A.
: 8-maculata, Macl.
4 ornata, Waterh.
i ovalisticta, Macl.
, pallida, Lea.
7 parva, Champ.
; promiscua, Er.
e pulchra, Lea.
» pulverulenta, Macl.=maculatissima, Blackb.
y pygmea, Champ. =uniformis, Lea.
i" 14-maculata, Macl.
raymondi, Lea.
ruficollis, Waterh.
rufipes, Lea.
subvittata, Macl.
x sydneyana, Blackb. Hab. V.
Australian and Tasmanian Mordellide. 3
Mordella tomentosa, Boisd.
2 tristis, Lea.
trivialis, Waterh.
ce undosa, Macl.
- v-fasciata, Lea.
. var. modesta, Lea.
. var. venusta, Lea.
5 waterhousei, Champ. = obliqua, Waterh., n.
preoc.
$ wiburdi, Lea.
Mordellistena aspersa, Champ.
e austrina, Champ. = Mordella setipes, Lea.
is brunneipennis, Macl. (Mordella).*
5 cuspidata, Macl. (Mordella).
: Jusca, Lea (Mordella).
, jucunda, Champ. = Mordella longipes, Lea.
Tomoxia aterrima, Macl. (Mordella).
- flavicans, Waterh.
55 laticeps, Lea (Mordella).
~ 6-/ineata, Lea (Mordella).
MoRDELLA 8-MACULATA, Macl. (Plate II, figs. 28, 47.)
Mr. Champion + queries this species as being a synonym
of M. leucosticta ; it appears, however, to be sutticiently
distinct, although allied to that insect. Compare figures
28 and 47 with 26, 27 and 48,
MORDELLA LIMBATA, Waterh. (Plate I, figs. 7, 8, 9.)
This is a widely distributed and very variable species;
M. w-album is one of its varieties and possibly MZ. pro-
miscua 1s another.
MorDELLA 18-macuLaTa, Lea. (Plate II, figs. 30, 31, 49.)
A specimen from Western Australia under examination
belongs to this species, but its elytral markings are very
different to those of the type. On the prothorax, however,
the unusual markings are identical.
* Mr. W. J. Rainbow kindly examined the type of this species at
my request, and informed me that it has the apical hinder-part of
the posterior tibiee furnished with two ridges; it is, therefore, a
Mordellistena, and is probably the M. austrina of Champion.
+ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 267.
4 Mr. A. M. Lea’s List of the
MORDELLA GRAPHIPTERA, Champ. (Plate I, figs. 3, 4.)
This species occurs in all the Australian colonies, and is
somewhat variable. One specimen under examination has
the markings reduced to five disconnected spots on each
elytron.
MoRDELLA AUSTRALIS, Boisd. (Plate I, fig. 12.)
The specimens I described (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
1895, p. 288) as probably belonging to this species were
sent to Mr. Champion for examination and returned by
him as being “ = JZ. albosparsa, Gemming.” As, however,
the specimens I described are typical of the species, and
which can be recognized by means of my description, I
have considered it advisable to refer to them as J. aus-
tralis, in comparison with several forms described below.
The species is common in Tasmania, besides New South
Wales and Queensland.
MORDELLA BALDIENSIS, Blackb.
From Geraldton and Rottnest Island (W. A.) I have
numerous specimens that I cannot distinguish from this
species ; they are very closely allied to JZ. fuscipilis, but
differ in possessing red, instead of black spurs.
MORDELLA v-AUREUM, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 34.)
Black; anterior legs and posterior spurs reddish; basal joints of
antennze dull piceous-brown. Head and prothorax with golden-grey
pubescence, the latter with an indistinct median and two lateral dark
vittz ; elytra with black pubescence variegated with golden-grey as
follows: along suture to near apex, three basal stripes of which the
humeral one is most distinct, but jomed to the median one, a median
fascia irregular at each side, but forming a distinct median V, and
two angular subapical spots almost conjoined. Under surface with
greyish-white pubescence, variegated with large spots of black at the
sides of abdomen.
Aculeus moderately long and rather thin, regularly decreasing in
width, apex slightly obtuse. Posterior spurs unequal, the longest
scarcely half the length of first tarsal joint.
Length 5 m.m.*
* The lengths given include the aculeus.
Australian and Tasmanian Mordellide. 5
Hab. W. A.: Vasse.
The markings are very different to those of any other
species with which I am acquainted, although the insect
approaches some of the varieties of JZ. bella.
MorDELLA OBSOLETA, n. sp. (Plate I, fig. 20.)
Black ; anterior legs, posterior spurs, muzzle and basal joints of
antennze reddish-testaceous. Pubescence purplish-black, on pro-
thorax and head indistinctly variegated with white ; each elytron
with an angular white median fascia : extending obliquely upwards
from suture, then almost at a right angle downwards and then again
upwards to suture ; near apex a white spot always largest near suture
and frequently semilunar in shape. Under surface with silvery,
variegated with black pubescence.
Aculeus moderately long, stout at base but strongly lessened from
about middle, apex thin but truncate. Posterior spurs not quite
equal in length, the longest fully half the length of first tarsal joint.
Length 4-4? m.m.
Hab. N.S. W.: Sydney.
In the five specimens under examination the elytra are
entirely without basal markings, nor are any of the mark-
ings variable. The species approaches rather closely to
some of the varieties of M. be//a, but the spurs are very
decidedly red.
MorRDELLA SIMILLIMA, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 32.)
Black ; anterior femora, posterior spurs and basal joints of antennze
reddish-testaceous. Head and prothorax with grey, golden-grey or
golden pubescence ; the prothorax with a median and two lateral
dark vitte, which, however, are sometimes feeble or not at all trace-
able; elytra with purplish-black pubescence, variegated with similar
pubescence as on prothorax, and which is distributed on each as
follows: along suture almost to apex, at base and on shoulder,
between shoulder and suture a stripe (often conjoined with humeral
pubescence and seldom distinetly separated from it), an angular
median fascia which extends obliquely upwards from suture, then
downwards and then upwards for a variable distance but never to
margin, the third portion being sometimes entirely absent, a large
subapical spot of variable size and shape but always concave inter-
nally and convex outwardly. Under surface with silvery or golden
grey, variegated with black pubescence,
6 Mr. A. M. Lea’s List of the
Aculeus rather short and stout, but apical two-fifths much nar-
rower, apex truncate. Posterior spurs unequal, the longest more
than half the length of the first tarsal joint.
Length 45-6 m.m.
Hab. W. A.: Mount Barker (Andrew Muir), Garden and
Rottnest Islands (Zea).
Very close in general appearance to JZ, cara.
MoRDELLA BREVIS, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 33.)
Black ; anterior legs, posterior spurs, muzzle, palpi and basal
joints of antennze reddish-testaceous. Head with greyish pubescence ;
prothorax with silvery pubescence, with a large median and two large
lateral vittee (these sometimes oceupy almost the entire surface so
that the white markings are entirely marginal) ; each elytron with
white markings as follows: along base, where between side and
suture a stripe (sometimes entirely disconnected) projects down-
wards ; along suture to before middle, where it curves outwards and
downwards, then upwards and then almost straight outwards to
margin ; near apex a large semilunar patch. Under surface with
silvery and black pubescence.
Aculeus rather short and stout, but apical half much narrower
than basal, apex obtuse. Posterior spurs unequal, the longest more
than half the length of first tarsal joint.
Length 24-3 m.m.
Hab. W. A.: Mount Barker (2. Helms), Bridgetown,
Garden Island (Zea).
This species is rather close in general appearance to the
one I have supposed to be J/. australis, but it may be at
once distinguished from that species by the shape of the
median fascia and the absence of an oblique scutellar stripe.
The markings are much more sharply defined in some
specimens than in others, the basal stripe being especially
liable to partial obliteration.
MoRDELLA CUNEATA, 0a. sp.
Black ; legs (except the posterior femora and apex of tibiee and
tarsi, which are black) red ; basal joints of antennz obscure red.
Uniformly clothed with greyish pubescence—no darker on the under
than on the upper surface.
Aculeus not very long and stout, sides regularly diminishing in
width to apex, which is obtusely rounded. Posterior spurs unequal,
the longest less than half the length of the first tarsal joint.
Length 44-63 m.m,
Australian and Tasmanian Mordellide. 79
Hab. W. A.: Pinjarrah.
A narrow species, in general appearance suggestive of a
Mordellistena, but the posterior tibize and tarsi are of normal
form. Numerous specimens were taken by means of the
sweeping-net.
MORDELLA VERTICORDIA, Nn. Sp.
Black ; densely clothed with grey, silvery-grey, golden-grey, or
greyish-brown pubescence of an uniform shade on the upper surface,
except that on the scutellum and suture it is almost white. Under
surface and legs with greyish-white pubescence.
Aculeus rather short, sides strongly and not regularly decreasing
in width to apex, which is finely but very distinctly emarginate.
Posterior spurs decidedly unequal, the longest half the length of first
tarsal joint.
Length 54-7 m.m.
Hab. W. A.: Mount Barker (R. Helms), Mogumber (Lea).
A very distinct species, on account of the emargination
of the apex of the aculeus. In general appearance it is
close to the preceding, except that the pubescence is
denser. Numerous specimens were seen on the blossoms
of various species of Verticordia.
MORDELLA INORNATA, 2. Sp.
Black; base of antennz and posterior spurs reddish-piceous.
Pubescence black ; on the head and front part of prothorax appear-
ing greyish-brown in certain lights ; on sides of sterna and abdo-
minal segments with a silvery gloss in certain lights.
Aculeus long, thin and regular, apex very acute. Posterior spurs
equal and less than half the length of first tarsal joint.
Length 9-115 m.m.
Hab. N.S. W.: Victoria (C. French).
The largest black species hitherto recorded from
Australia, and with a remarkably sharp aculeus. The
pubescence from most directions appears to be entirely
black.
MORDELLA APICATA, n. Sp.
Black ; upper surface densely clothed with greyish or reddish-
brown pubescence, except on apical fifth of elytra, where it is black ;
sides of sterna, sides and middle of each of the abdominal segments,
and base of aculeus, with greyish-white. pubescence.
8 Mr. A. M. Lea’s List of the
Aculeus moderately long, base stout and rapidly diminishing to
near the tip, thence feebly diminishing to the apex, which is
almost truneate. Posterior spurs almost equal and less than half the
length of first tarsal joint,
Length 7 m.m.
Hab. Q.: Brisbane.
A rather robust species, that may be readily distinguished
by the black apex of the elytra, the pubescence elsewhere
on the upper surface is midway in colour between that of
M. exilis and M. inusitata. The type specimen has been
kindly presented to me by Mr. C. French, in whose col-
lection it was unique.
MORDELLA 9-MACULATA, 0. sp.
Black ; basal half of antenne, posterior spurs, and anterior legs of
a dingy red colour. Head with greyish-white pubescence ; prothorax
with black pubescence, but marked with white along the apex, base,
sides, and on each side of middle; scutellum with silvery pubescence ;
each elytron with four distinct silvery spots: three close along the
suture, nearly equal in size and at almost equal distances, the first
slightly longer than wide, the second roughly rounded, and the third
feebly transverse ; the fourth spot is on the side midway between the
first and second ; each shoulder and the suture with a feeble sprink-
ling of greyish hairs. Sides and middle of sterna and abdominal
segments and parts of legs with silvery pubescence.
Aculeus long and rather thin, but scarcely regular, apex somewhat
acute. Posterior spurs almost equal and less than half the length of
the first tarsal joint.
Length 8 m.m,
Hab. N.S. W.: Victoria (C. French).
A narrow species of medium size. The elytral markings
are very distinctive, and at a glance appear to consist of
three pairs of rounded spots. ‘The clothing on the pro-
thorax of the (two) specimens under observation appears
to be somewhat abraded (quite possibly it should have
been described as “white with a median and two lateral
dark vitte ”). The white clothing of the scutellum causes
the elytra to appear to be 9-spotted.
TOMOXIA MACULICOLLIS, n. sp.
Black ; basal joints of antenne dull red. Pubescence of a glossy
purplish-black ; head with greyish pubescence, parted in the middle ;
Australian and Tasmanian Mordellidz. 9
apex of prothorax with an indistinct grey margin, across middle with
four or six greyish-white spots (very distinct from some directions,
but indistinct from others); scutellum, base of aculeus, sides and
middle of basal segment of abdomen, and mesosternal episterna with
silvery pubescence.
Aculeus short and stout, strongly diminishing in width to near
apex, which is very decidedly truncate. Posterior spurs unequal,
the longest less than half the length of the first tarsal joint.
Length 5-8 m.m.
Hab. W. A.: Pinjarrah.
Closely allied to 7. aterrima, but the clothing of the
upper surface 1s not entirely uniform.
MoRDELLISTENA CONCOLOR, Nn. Sp.
Piceous-black ; posterior spurs testaceous. Clothing of an uniform
and dingy greyish or brownish-black.
Aculeus long, thin and regular, the apex very acute. Posterior
tibize with one feeble and two very distinct oblique ridges ; spurs
decidedly unequal in length, the longest less than half the length of
first tarsal joint.
Length 33 m.m.
Hab. W. A.: Geraldton.
In appearance, except that it is narrower, remarkably
close to Mordella baldiensis. It is the first black species
of its genus to be recorded from Australia.
FIG.
EXPLANATION OF
Prave I,
Right elytron of—
ie
2 \ Mordella communis, Waterh.
3.
a
5.)
6.J
ual
8.
4
10.
i.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20,
21,
22,
23.
24,
25.
2?
graphiptera, Champ.
bella, Waterh.
limbata, Waterh.
emula, Lea.
Festiva, Lea.
australis, Boisd,
dumbrelli, Lea.
multiguttata, Waterh.
cara, Blackb.
fugitiva, Lea.
felix, Waterh.
pulverulenta, Macl.,
pulchra, Lea.
obsoleta, n. sp.
raymondi, Lea
trivialis, Waterh.
nolabilis, Macl.
sydneyensis, Blackh.
ruficollis, Waterh.
FIG.
26.
Diy
29.
30.)
31.J
32.
THE PLATES.
Poare 1.
Right elytron of—
- Mordella leucosticta, Germ.
_ 8-maculata, Macl.
= 14-maculata, Macl.
" 18-macuwlata, Lea.
4 simillima, N. sp.
55 brevis, n. sp.
ss V-auwreum, n. sp.
i caroli, Lea,
“3 inusitata, Blackb.
A humeralis, Waterh.
<5 venusta, Lea.
se wiburdi, Lea.
95 distincta, Lea.
Mordellistena cuspidata, Macl.
Mordella elongatula, Macel.
Tomoxia 6-lineata, Lea.
a laticeps, Lea,
Prothorax of—
Mordella 14-maculata, Macl.
‘ 8-maculata, Macl.
; leucosticta, Germ.
18-maculata, Lea,
(ED)
Il. The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata, L. By
Horace Str. JoHN K. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S.
[Read December 4th, 1901.]
PrArk Ee
It is my intention to lay before you in this short paper an
outline of the complete life history of Clythra quadri-
punctata. A certain amount has been written upon the
subject, but such writings are scattered and fragmentary,
and in none is there a complete account of the creature’s
life history, nor has even what was known been connected
together. I hope to fill up this blank in the life history
of one of our common beetles. I have had all the stages
under my close observation during the last two years, and
have endeavoured not only to test and connect together
what has been done already, but to find out and prove
those facts which were unknown heretofore.
I give at the end of my paper a short sketch of what
has been written before.
The two most important points which still required
elucidating were how the larva gets into the ants’ nest in
which it is found, and on what it lives when there.
I commence my account of the life history from the
point at which I myself began to study it, and this con-
sisted of the larvee and the larval cases taken from the
ants’ nests.
Now to carry on any experiments in this matter success-
fully, two things are necessary—a good supply of the larva,
and a nest of its host, Formica rufa, im such a form that it
can be under close observation and yet be as natural as
possible. In order that much that follows may be under-
stood, it becomes necessary for me to describe how I
procured and arranged the latter of these requisites. In
April I went toa nest of Formica rufa I had noticed at
Oxshott. I found the ants “massing” on the hillock in
the sun. I took a number of the workers, and about
twelve queens, and several handfuls of the débris of the
nest, and placed them all ina bag. On reaching home I
placed the contents of the bag in a wooden box. I had
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (APRIL)
12 Mr. H. Donisthorpe on
ready a large glass vessel, the bottom of which I had filled
with mould. This vessel stood in a large zine tray, the out-
side of which consists of a trough to hold water about an
inch and a half wide, and two inches deep. Between the
sides of the glass case and the trough there is space about
two inches wide. The ants use a corner of this space as
a cemetery and “kitchen midden,” walking up the glass
sides and returning with ease. I connected the vessel
with a wooden box containing the ants, by means of a
lead pipe. When as many of the ants as I “required had
passed through this tube into the glass case, I removed it,
and placed a couple of handfuls of the débris out of the
box on to the mould. The ants soon built up a small
hillock in one corner of their case, and have steadily added
to it ever since, excavating galleries beneath the mould.
I have from time to time supplied them with fresh pine-
needles, ete., to build with, and for food have given them
honey and live insects.
If one digs deep into a nest of Formica rufa in the
spring, one will generally find a lot of the curious cases
made by the larva of Clythra quadri-punctata. This case,
which is made of black excrementitious matter, is somewhat
pear-shaped, and is open at the narrow end, the opening
being closed by the hard horny head of the larva. On its
upper side several ridges run from the mouth of the case,
the inner ones meeting and forming a series of Vs, in order,
as it is supposed, to strengthen it. On May 3rd this year I
obtained a fair number of cases from a nest of Formica
rufa at Weybridge, containing larvee and pupae. Some of
these I proceeded to introduce into my “observation nest”
described above. The ants attacked the cases, endeavouring
to tear them open with their jaws (which are not however
strong enough for this purpose), and squirted acid on to
them. The closed cases (containing pup) were dragged
about for a long time, but eventually most of them were
taken into the nest.
When a case containing a larva was attacked, the larva
withdrew into its case, blocking up the opening with its
horny head. When it got the chance it laid hold of a
twig or other object on the nest to prevent the ants
dragging it about. When left alone it crawled stealthily
along and finally disappeared into the nest. When walking
the larva comes out of its case far enough to give free
play to the legs, dragging the case after it.
The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata. 138
IT also removed some larvee and pupz from their cases
and introduced them into my nest. These were attacked
and torn to pieces by the ants. The naked larva is a fat,
fleshy grub with a hard, horny head; it is much curved, and
its hinder end, which is the largest part, is bent forwards,
as in the Lamellicornia.
On May 4th I noticed a larva crawling about. I have
in my notes, “It appeared to bite at the mould, fir-
needles, etc.”
On May 138th I introduced from the Blean Woods,
where I had taken very many cases of all sizes in the ants’
nest there, several pupal and larval cases. The same
results were obtained. The ants carried some of them up
the sides of the glass case, as if to remove them altogether.
All the pupze were in the end taken into the nest, or into
some of the galleries underground; the larvee entering
the nest themselves.
On May 14th a larva was observed walking about, and on
the 19th another was seen to come up out of a gallery and
crawl about. The ants now paid no attention to it, walk-
ing over and by it. On June 16th I noticed an ant carrying
a Clythra case with a larva in it. It took it out of the
nest, and threw it into the water-trough. I put it back,
but on the 17th it was again removed. I put it back for
the second time, when it went down a gallery and was
seen no more.
Having placed Clythra cases containing larvee in small
boxes with damp blotting-paper, I gave to some ‘“ egg-
masses” of Formica rufa, to others dead ants and dead
beetles, etc. from the nest. They none of them ever
touched the “egg-masses” or any other animal matter
supplied to them. They however sucked the wet blotting-
paper. The largest larvee (full-grown) closed their cases
and pupated, but the smaller ones lived for months without
growing, and in the end died. I placed others in boxes
with mould and twigs, etc., from the nest. They appeared
to bite at the refuse. Finally, to settle this question of
food, I sent some full-grown fresh larvee in spirit to Pro-
fessor Poulton, who had kindly promised to dissect them
for me under the microscope. He tells me he detected
pieces of vegetable tissue after careful treatment, and that
there is no doubt there was vegetable matter in the diges-
tive tract. I also removed several larvee from their cases,
and put them into small boxes with the same different
14 Mr. H. Donisthorpe on
sets of materials as the others, and I find that they are
quite unable to construct a new case, when once they have
been removed from their original one. They excrete small
particles of a substance similar to that of which the case is
made, but they never make any attempt to build a new
case. These larvee also lived for months; they were of all
sizes, but the full-grown larvae never pupated, and all died
in the end.
I left cases in water, alcohol, benzine, methylated spirit,
vinegar, sulphuric acid, etc., in all of which they are
insoluble. The only thing in which they appear to be
soluble is caustic potash. Furthermore I sent empty
cases to Professor Poulton to experiment with. He
kindly reports as follows: “Heated in the blue flame of a
Bunsen burner, the cases first gave off a smoke and then
burnt with a bright flame. This was probably the decom-
position and removal of some cement substance and
colouring matter secreted by the larva. Keeping the case
at incandescence for some minutes, there remained a pale
reddish-brown cast, exactly similar to the original case.
It was friable, and easily ground to powder by pressure.
This powder, examined in a drop of water under the
microscope, was seen to consist of transparent crystalline
masses of very variable size and irregular outline. They
were unaffected by strong hydrochloric acid, and are pro-
bably minute fragments of quartz. The cases are probably
made of an earth chiefly composed of a quartz sand, and
cemented together by some secretion of the larva’s. The
reddish tint was probably caused by sesquioxide of iron,
derived from iron in the earth made use of.” These ex-
periments confirm the fact that the larva constructs its
case of earth, mixed with its excrement as a cement. We
can see the importance of the cases being insoluble in
acid since the ants squirt formic acid on to them.
Fabre says, speaking of species of Cryptocephalus and
Clythra, that they enlarge the case by removing the old
material from within, and plastering it on the outside, and
that they construct the case with their excrement mixed
with earthy material, using only the mandibles for the
purpose. It is stated that when the larva changes its skin
it first fastens its case to a piece of wood or other object
in the nest. Ihave found that some of the larve in my
nest fastened themselves to a small piece of wood for a
day or two (when I thought they were going to pupate),
The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata. 15)
and then moved away again. To pupate, the larva, after
closing the open end, or fastening it to something in the
nest, turns round and faces the bottom of the case. The
beetle emerges by cutting round the inside of the case in
a circle with its mandibles, thus forming a cap, which it
forces off.
We now come to my experiments with the perfect insect.
On May 13th I introduced into my nest a beetle, which
had hatched out from a case taken from a Formica rufa
nest in the Blean Woods. It was attacked by the ants,
dragged about, and later on thrown out of the nest half dead.
On May 16th a Clythra had emerged from the pupa-
case in my nest ; three ants were dragging about the empty
case, and another the beetle, which remained quite motion-
less. From this date onwards many of the beetles kept
emerging, both in my boxes and in my nest itself.
On May 18th a dead Clythra was removed from the
nest by the ants; it had a hole bitten in its abdomen.
I find that when a Clyihra emerges in the nest, it
proceeds very cautiously to get away: remains quite
motionless when attacked, “feigning death,” and holding
on to twigs ete.; when left alone it continues to walk again,
and is generally successful in making good its escape.
Now it seemed to me that, as the beetle is so liable to
be attacked by the ants, it would be very dangerous for the
female, at such a critical time in the life history as the
egg-laying, to return to the nest to deposit her eggs.
The next question to settle therefore was how the larve
got into the nest. In nature one finds the beetles flying
round and settlig on birch and other shrubs in districts
where Formica rufa abounds. I placed some branches of
birch in a jar of water in a large breeding-cage, and intro-
duced all my beetles into it. They flew about in the sun,
and very soon many couples were in copulation.
In copulation the sits far back on the 9, all three pairs
of tarsi resting on her elytra, the anterior pair just below
the scutellum, intermediate pair on about the centre of
each elytron, and the posterior pair two-thirds from the
base of the elytra. The claws do not clasp hold, the tarsi
holding on as if they were “suckers.” The penis is fairly
long and broad at the end, being somewhat spade-shaped.
Copulation appears to take place many times, the same
female being served by several males. I tried intro-
ducing couples in copulation on birch twigs into my nest;
16 Mr. H. Donisthorpe on
they were, however, generally disturbed by the ants, when
they separated and flew out of the nest. When not dis-
turbed they separated in about twenty-five minutes, and
then both flew away.
Last year I had eggs laid by these beetles, in boxes
in which I had kept them. Nearly all the eggs were
naked, but two of them were partly covered by ¢ a curious
case. I sent them to Dr. Chapman to describe, as I was
going away at the time; this he kindly did in the
Entomological Record (for 1900, p. 218), as follows.
Of the naked eggs he says they were: “Long ovoid,
apparently circular in cross-section. The length is‘12 m.m.,
the greatest width °56m.m. The colour is yellowish-white,
somewhat opalescent, with clearer and more transparent
contents towards the ends in some specimens.”
Of the partly-covered eggs he writes : “ When magnified
so as to look an inch or two long, one cannot resist the idea
that here is a larval case, or cocoon, clothed with the
brown glumes, or bracts, that fall from the leaf-buds of
trees when they open in the spring. The bracts are thin and
membranous, projecting in various directions. . . .but unlike
bracts, are not all to regular pattern, and are like irregular
torn pieces of membrane, of various sizes and shapes.
Their total projection is 12 m.m. from the surface of the
eg.” He then asked if I could explain how this covering
to the egg was provided, and what was its use. I suggested
(Entomologists Record, 1900, p. 238), that perhaps the
beetles laid the eggs on, or in, the anthill, and that all the
eggs were then supplied with capsules to serve the young
larvee as a protection till they had formed their own cases,
Now let us return to the breeding-cage. I found that the
beetles ate the leaves, and especially the young shoots of
the birch, biting them through at the top.
On June 16th I found on the floor of the cage both
covered and naked eggs, but in the case of the covered
eggs they were now completely enveloped by such a
capsule as that described by Dr. Chapman. They look
exactly like the bract, or some other part, of a plant, and
in fact are very like the end of a birch catkin when it
breaks off. Without food the beetle does not appear to
be able to construct a proper covering to the egg. This
egg-case is made by the ? beetle from her own excrement.
It is a lengthy process, which I was fortunate enough to
observe on several occasions. The ? clasps a branch with
The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata. 17
the anterior pair of legs, the body being held well away
from it. The egg, which was held in the depression of the
abdomen, is covered with excrement, which is smoothed,
patted and arranged into the required shape by the posterior
tarsi. When finished the egg is dropped. I obtained
altogether a number of these covered eggs, as well as some
naked ones, but they were always dropped to the ground.
The 2 does not appear to lay continuously, but to drop the
eggs at intervals.
As Father Wasman records finding specimens at Exaeten,
in Holland, “die zur KHiablage die Nester besuchten,’ I
wrote and asked him if he had ever seen the ? laying. He
replied as follows: “I have not seen the 2 entering the
nests, nor have I seen the act of oviposition. But I have
found them sitting over the nest—for example, on grass
stems overmounting the nests. I have also several times
seen Clythra, freshly developed, attacked by the ants; they
‘feigned death,’ contracted their legs, and are probably pro-
tected also by their distasteful blood (the same as in
Timarcha, whose secretion seems to be a means of defence,
especially for many Chrysomelidy). Relics of Clythra
devoured by the ants I have even found in the nests.”
These remarks confirm my own observations. I may here
record the experiments I carried out to prove the distaste-
fulness, or otherwise, of this beetle. On June 9th I took
a number of specimens of Clythra quadri-punctata to the
Zoological Gardens, and offered them to the following
creatures with the results recorded.
A white-backed trumpeter ate a Clythra, but it was
evidently distasteful to it, and it refused to touch another.
The other birds of the same species refused to eat any at all.
Some wood-swallows, after much pecking at and re-
jecting the beetles, eventually ate them; the keeper how-
ever said the birds were hungry, and the beetles were
evidently not to their taste.
The lapwing pecked at Clythra, but eventually refused
it, rubbing the beetle into the ground with its feet. It
then went and washed its bill in some water.
The snow-bunting and house-sparrow both pecked at
and killed Clythra, but refused to eat it.
The racket-tailed drongo was the only creature that
ate Clythra readily, but this bird appears to eat anything
that is given to it.
The marmosette took a Clythra from its keeper, and put
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (APRIL) 2
18 Mr. H. Donisthorpe on
it into its mouth, but immediately took it out again, and
threw it down in evident disgust. It would have nothing
more to do with the beetles.
Finally my three species of lizards (Lacerta viridis,
Lacerta muralis v. tiliguerta, and Lacerta agilis) would
never touch Clythra.
In the Lntomologists’ Record (for 1900, p. 174) I stated
that I considered Clythra quadri-punctata to be a mimic of
the lady-bird, Coccinella distincta, which also lives in nests
of Formica rufa; and in my paper on “ Cases of Protective
Resemblance, Mimicry, ete.,” in our Transactions (Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1901, part iu, p. 367), I suggested that
Clythra might be distasteful on its own account, and thus
provide an example of Miillerian mimicry. This we now
see is the case.
To return to the covered eggs. We have seen that the
2 beetle sits on a branch above, or near, a nest of Formica
rufa and lets fall the egg. I therefore dropped and placed
egos into the case which contained my nest. They were
always removed by the ants and taken into the nest. On
June 23rd I placed a covered egg near my nest which I
watched for some time. I have written in my note-book :
“ At 5.30 an ant took up the covered egg, and carried it
into a gallery, returning immediately without it.”
My experiments therefore have established this new and
interesting point—that the ants carry the egg in its case into
the nest. In carrying the egg into the nest, the ant may be
under the impression that she has a bit of vegetable matter
that will be useful in the nest, as other vegetable remains
are; or she may think she has something different, but still
a useful and normal addition to the nest. It seems highly
probable that, were the beetle a pernicious and parasitic
addition to the nest, the ants would ere this have learned
to discriminate the egg as something undesirable. That
she does take it in, under whichever of the impressions we
have suggested, leads to the belief that the beetle is an
inhabitant of the nest that is useful to the ants. In what
way, we probably have no material for a conclusive
opinion. It may be that its food is that portion of the
vegetable material of the nest which has served its purpose
to the ants, and which by incipient (or completed) decay is
liable to be a danger to the community, or at least to clog
the highways.
I kept some of the covered eggs in boxes, and bred some
The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata. 19
of the young larvee, which hatched in about twenty-one days.
Dr. Chapman thus described a newly-hatched larva he
bred from one of the eggs I sent to him last year: “The
larva is very like a miniature cockchafer-grub in having
the abdominal segments acutely bent forwards. The head
is large, the antennz short and stumpy, of two joints, the
first so thick, and the second so square, at the end as to
look like the two basal joints of a lepidopterous antennee with
the remainder broken off. The mouth-parts are well seen.
The legs are very long, more than half the length of the
body ; the cox, femora, and tibie being very long; the
tarsi are represented by a good claw only, which is how-
ever not a claw, but a joint, as it carries a hair or two.”
When I before referred to the cases I took in the Blean
Woods, I mentioned that I got them of all sizes. On the
smallest cases I observed that the closed end was of a
different material to the rest of the case; this on examina-
tion with the microscope turned out to be an egge-case.
It is therefore evident that the ege-case fulfils several
very important functions. First, to deceive the ants as
to its real nature, and induce them to pick it up and take
it into their nest, as they will any small vegetable substance,
etc.; then, not only to protect the young larva from the
ants, but to give it a foundation on which to commence
the building of the larval case.
Fabre says that the egg-case (speaking of species ot
Clythra and Cryptocephalus) is covered over by the
larval case, and may sometimes be found incrusted in it.
This is not however my experience with Clythra quadri-
punctata. I have found larval cases which were a little
bigger than those just described, in which the ege-case
had broken off, leaving a small hole. The hole is not
large enough to be of any danger to the larva, and is
soon filled up with the same material as the rest of the
case.
To recapitulate the foregoing facts: The life history of
Clythra quadri-punctata is briefly as follows. When the
beetle has emerged from the pupa in the nest, it escapes
with caution, “feigning death,” and holding on to twigs,
when attacked by the ants. It then seeks its mate, and
copulation takes place. The beetles are generally to be found
on birch shrubs, the young shoots and leaves of which they
eat, biting the top shoots right through. The ? then seeks a
tree or shrub above or close to a nest of Formica rufa, and
20 Mr. H. Donisthorpe on
drops the eggs on to the ground beneath. The eggs are
covered by a case, or capsule, which is placed around it by
the 2, and consists of her own excrement. This covering
is placed in position with the posterior tarsi, the egg being
held in the depression of the abdomen. The covered ege
looks exactly like a small bract, and is exceedingly like
the end of a birch catkin. The ants pick up the covered
egg and carry it into the nest. The young larva, which
hatches in about twenty-one days, uses the egg-case as a
nucleus on which to build the larval case; thus very young
larval cases have the egg-case still attached to their
posterior end. The egg-case has a threefold raison d’étre—
to protect the egg and newly-hatched larva, to make the
ants believe it isa bit of useful vegetable refuse, and to
give the larva a foundation on which to start the larval
case. When the larval case grows larger, the egg-case
breaks off, and the larva fills up the hole thus formed
with the same material as that with which it builds the
rest of the case. This material consists of its own excre-
ment mixed with earth, which it prepares with its
mandibles. To enlarge the case the larva removes
particles from the inside, and plasters them on to the
outside. The larva feeds on vegetable refuse in the nest.
When changing its skin it fastens the case to some object
in the nest. When full-grown it fastens the case to a piece
of wood or twig, and turning completely round, changes to
a pupa, facing the broader end of the case. When
hatched the beetle gets out of the case at this broader end,
by biting a circle round inside it, thus forming a cap, which
it forces off.
I now give as much of the bibliography as I have been
able to find on the subject.
Schaller (Abhand. der Hall. Naturf. Gesellschaft, Bd. i,
p. 328, 1783) points out that it is not only the larvee of
Lepidoptera and Neuroptera that make cases, but also
coleopterous ones ; and that a whole family of Chrysome-
lide have this habit. He then records having found ten
cases containing larvee under a stone; these cases and the
larvee he describes, and figures the former. He says, to
pupate the larva turns round and faces the other end of
its case. He mentions that Chrysomela quadri-punctata
emerged from these cases, and that the food of the larvee
must be very different to that of the perfect insect.
Gené (Ann. des Se. Natur., xx, pp. 145-156, 1830) relates
The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata. 21
that the larve of Clythra and Cryptocephalus live in
cylindrical tubes which they drag about with them. He
describes the larva and case of a Clythra, explaining that
the case is made of the excrement of the larve, which
they place on with their mandibles. He mentions that
the larva turns round in the case to pupate, and the beetle
emerges through the broad end. He also points out that
the 2 covers the egg with her excrement.
A. Chevrolat (Revue Ent. Silbermann, i, p. 265,
1835) records again finding in the centre of an ants’ nest
an isolated larva (coleopterous) which resembled that of
Clythra. He describes this case, which he says is made of
glutinous earth mixed with little stones, one end being
closed by the head of the larva, which was smooth, black,
and scaly.
Dr. Schmidt (Stet. Ent. Ztg., 1841, pp. 146-151), m
a paper on Clythra quadri-punctata and its nearest allies,
refers to Schaller’s observations on the larve, mentioning
that he has also had the opportunity to study them.
Maerkel (Germar. Zeitschr. f. Ent., ui, p. 221, 1841)
describes the larval case of Clythra quadrisignata, many of
which he had found in ants’ nests. He mentions that the
larva fastened up the open end of the case before pupation,
and that the beetle came out at the other end. He then
suggests that perhaps the larva of Clythra quadri-punctata
does not live with ants.
Rosenhauer (Stet. Ent. Ztg., 1842, p. 50) records finding
a Clythra case in a nest of Formica rufa, from which
Clythra 4-punctata hatched out. He describes the case
and larva, and says it must now be found out how the
case 1s made, and what the larva feeds on.
Maerkel (Germar. Zeitschr. f. Ent., v, p. 254, 1844) states
that according to Rosenhauer the larva of Clythra quadri-
punctata lives in the nest of Formica rufa.
Lacordaire (Monog. des Coleopt. sub. de la Form. des
Phytogapha, t. ii, p. 13, 1848) describes the larvee, larval
cases and egg-cases of Clythra. He states that the larval
case is made of excrement, and not, as supposed heretofore,
of earth. He mentions that the 2 encloses the egg with
her excrement. He suggests that when the larval case is
closed, it is as a protection against the cold, and states
that the larval case of Clythra 4-punctata has up to now
only been found with Formica rufa.
Vallot (Revue Zoolog., ix, p. 180, 1848) describes Clythra
22 Mr. H. Donisthorpe on
cases found in ants’ nests, mentioning that the larva closes
the case and turns round to pupate. He points out that
what they feed on, and why they occur in ants’ nests, is
not known.
Rosenhauer (Ueber die Entro. und Fortpf. der Clythra
and Cryptocephalus, 1852) describes the larva, pupa, larval
case, and egg-case of Clythra quadri-punctata. He says the
case is made of excrement, although the earlier writers
have said itis made of earth. He points out that the larva
of Clythra quadri-punctata is only found with Formica rufa.
He records having found a closed case in the autumn, and
suggests that the larva closes the case against the cold, as
do snails. He found that the larva would not eat leaves
or dead ants, but that it ate a meal-worm, and he expects
they feed on the prey of the ants, but that it is very
desirable that their real food should be found out. Speak-
ing of species of Clythra and Cryptocephalus, he describes
how the $ covers the egg which she drops, or throws away
from her. He further states that when naked eggs occur,
they are dropped by the ? against her will, or that she
has not had food.
Chapuis et Candéze (Catalogue des Larves des Coleopt.,
p- 278, 1853) describe and figure the larva and larval
case of Clythra quadri-punctata. They mention that the ?
covers the egg with excrement, and that the larva enlarges
the case by adding bits to it. They state that when it
changes its skin, the larva first fastens up the end of the
case.
Gabriel Tappes (L’Abeille, vol. iv, p. lxxxii) points out
that the 2 2 of Cryptocephalus have a small cavity on the
last segments of the abdomen, and that they hold the egg
in this cavity when, like Clythra, they cover it with
excrement. He then describes how the 2 carries out this
operation, making the finished article look like buds or
catkins. He mentions that the larva constructs another
case, and that the first falls off, leaving only a slight trace
at its lower end. He states that the larva is generally
found in ants’ nests, where it devours the twigs and
bits of dried leaves collected by the ants. He also points
out that the larval case is a protection against the ants.
He mentions that the larva plasters on its case its ex-
crement, which is seized by the legs, and that to pupate
it closes the case and turns round. He says that to emerge
the beetle cuts a cap off the bottom of the case.
The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata. 23
F. Buchanan White (Scot. Nat., vol.i, p.261,1871) describes
the larval case of Clythra quadri-punctata, which he says
is of black excrementitious matter, and is constructed by the
larva to protect itself from the ants. He also states that the
larvee (which he records as common in Scotland in the nests
of Formica rufa) feed on the spongy material which forms
the older part of the ant-hill, but he does not tell us on
what grounds he makes this statement. He mentions
that the larva fastens its case to a twig or other object in
the nest to pupate, turning round and facing the bottom
of the case.
Collett (Ent. Mo. Mag., xx, p. 40, 1883) records finding
Clythra quadri-punctata in numbers near Hastings. They
were flying in the sunshine around nests of Formica rufa,
or sitting on bushes overhanging them. On several occasions
he saw specimens crawling about with the ants, and once
a 2 emerging from the entrance to the subterranean cells.
Fabre (Souvenirs Entomologiques, Sept. Serre, pp. 235—
259), writing on species of Clythra and Cryptocephalus,
describes the larval cases, and says that of Clythra is
insoluble in water, and fire has not much effect on it. In
the flame of a candle it loses its brown colour, and takes
on the tint of calcined ferruginous earth; hence the base
must be of a mineral nature. He says the larva makes
the case by bringing out of the back of it a pellet of
excrement, which it kneads with a little earth, and plasters
on with its mandibles. To enlarge the case it removes
part of the inside and puts it on to the outside. He
describes egg and egg-case (figuring the egg-case of Clythra
quadri-punctata, which is not however very like it). He
mentions that the 2? let the eggs fall at intervals promis-
cuously from the boughs (one species of Clythra however
fastening them by long filaments to a branch), and that
the newly-hatched larva remains in the egg-case and adds
to it to form the larval case. He says that the larvae of
Clythra longipes fed on bits of dead moistened bark, but that
he believes they really ate the lichen and alge that covered
it, and not the bark itself. He makes no mention whatever
of their connection with ants.
oe"
Naor WN pw
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
. The perfect insect.
The naked egg,
. The covered egg, or egg-case.
. The newly-hatched larva.
. The full-grown larva.
. The pupa.
. The very young larval cases with egg-case attached, and
after it has broken off.
. The full-grown larval case.
. Ditto (showing other side) attached to piece of wood.
\
an
i)
or
4
III. Descriptions of New Australian Lepidoptera.
By Epwarp Meyrick, B.A., F.ZS.
[Read February 5th, 1902.]
THE following genera and species of Caradrinina, accumu-
lated from various collectors, appear to be undescribed ;
and as I am unable at present to deal with the group as a
whole, it seems desirable to make them known without
further delay.
CARADRINIDS.
Metopiora, n. g.
Face forming a broad, rounded scaled prominence, terminating in
a central truncate-cylindrical horny projection, surrounded by a
sharp projecting horny ring. Eyes hairy. Tongue developed. Palpi
moderate, subascending, loosely scaled, terminal joint short. Antenne
in ¢ subdentate, shortly ciliated. Thorax and abdomen without
crests. Tibi with appressed hairs, Forewings normal, Hind-
wings: 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 connate.
Allied to Lewcania, from which it differs by the peculiar
frontal projection.
M. sanguinata, Lucas.
(Chariclea sanguinata, Lucas, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales,
1892, 254.)
& ?. 29-32 mm. Head yellow-ochreous, mostly suffused with
dull crimson. Thorax yellow-ochreous, patagia erimson-pink, except
shoulders. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. | Forewings elongate-
triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen slightly
sinuate, rather oblique ; bright deep yellow ; costal edge throughout
and a costal streak from 2 to apex crimson-pink ; a moderate longi-
tudinal slightly downwards-curved crimson-pink streak from base
below middle to middle of termen; a crimson-pink terminal line,
forming a small triangular spot at tornus: cilia erimson-pink, tips
rosy-whitish. Hindwings pale whitish-ochreous; cilia ochreous-
white.
Duaringa and Brisbane, Queensland (Barnard, Lucas).
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (APRIL)
26 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
Heliothis eodora, n. sp.
d. 28 mm. Head dull pinkish, becoming whitish-ochreous at
back of crown, face rounded-prominent. Palpi white, terminal joint
pinkish. Thorax ochreous-whitish, pinkish-tinged. Tibia with few
and weak spines, anterior tibiae with two unequal strong horny apical
hooks. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched, apex
obtuse, termen oblique, slightly rounded ; a slight glandular swelling
on middle of costa; reddish-ochreous, suffused with pale rosy-pink
anteriorly and on veins, and with deeper rosy towards costa posteri-
orly ; costal edge white throughout; a small thinly-scaled patch
beneath costal swelling ; an ochreous-whitish longitudinal median -
streak in disc from near base between veins 5 and 6 almost to termen,
finely attenuated to extremities, and three or four fine ochreous-
whitish streaks between veins posteriorly ; cilia dull rosy-pink, tips
of scales whitish. Hindwings white; veins and a broad suffused
terminal fascia fuscous ; cilia white.
New South Wales, probably Sydney ; one specimen.
Heliothis neurias, n. sp.
Q.31lm.m. Head yellow-ochreous, face with rounded prominence.
Thorax pale brownish-ochreous. Abdomen whitish-fuscous. Anterior
tibia with two unequal strong horny apical hooks. Forewings
elongate-triangular, costa almost straight, apex obtuse, termen slightly
waved, bowed, oblique ; whitish-ochreous, suffusedly mixed with
pale ferruginous, especially along veins ; veins fuscous, lower margin
of cell most strongly ; a moderate white longitudinal streak some-
what above middle from near base to near termen, extremities
suffused and indistinct; cilia light fuscous, tips partly whitish.
Hindwings fuscous-whitish, with a broad fuscous terminal suffusion ;
cilia white, basal half fuscous-tinged.
Port Darwin, North Australia (Lyell) ; one specimen.
Hadena trichroma, n. sp.
9. 30m.m. Head and thorax olive-greenish mixed with white
and spotted with black. (Abdomen broken.) Forewings elongate-
triangular, costa almost straight, apex obtuse, termen waved, bowed,
rather oblique ; light dull olive-green; a black spot on costa near
base ; an irregular black median mark from base ; an oblique black
dash from dorsum near base ; first line thick, straight, white, followed
by small black spots on costa and in middle; a very irregular
blackish median shade, in which orbicular is absorbed ; reniform
New Australian Lepidoptera. 27
curved, transverse, white, preceded and followed by black spots,
beneath connected by a curved white suffusion with a subquadrate
blackish spot below middle connecting median and second lines ;
second line formed by a series of white lunules edged anteriorly with
black, starting from a black spot on the costa above reniform, forming
a strong double loop round reniform ; slender waved-dentate white
subterminal and terminal lines, confluent on upper third and
connected in middle, space between them otherwise black. Hind-
wings rather dark-fuscous, somewhat whitish-suffused towards base,
with darker discal spot.
Sydney, New South Wales, in June (Raynor); one
specimen.
Hadena wrrhoa, n. sp.
¢.42 mm. Head and thorax brown-reddish irrorated with
whitish-ochreous. Antenne very shortly dentate. Abdomen light
reddish-ochreous, very densely long-haired, with large supramedian
crest preceded by two smaller ones. Femora clothed with very long
dense hairs. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa almost straight,
apex obtuse, termen waved, rather oblique, rounded ; brown-reddish,
irregularly sprinkled with whitish-ochreous, subbasal line pale,
edged anteriorly with dark red-brown, apex connected with a dark
red-brown dash in dise beyond it; first line indistinct, whitish-
ochreous, dark-edged posteriorly ; claviform dark-edged, semi-oval,
resting on first line ; orbicular large, oblique-transverse, dark-edged,
lower anterior angle touching claviform ; reniform quadrate, anteri-
orly dark-edged, posteriorly edged with whitish-ochreous, lower
anterior angle confluent with orbicular ; second line whitish-ochreous,
indistinct, dentate, anteriorly dark-edged on lower half; subterminal
distinct, whitish-ochreous, edged anteriorly with dark suffusion, with
two prominent teeth on veins 3 and 4, lower reaching termen ; cilia
brown-reddish, with two cloudy dark brown lines. Hindwings
reddish-fuscous ; cilia pale reddish-ochreous, with a brown line, tips
more whitish.
Tasmania (Simson) ; one specimen.
Hadena andrvas, un. sp.
$. 33m.m. Headand thorax light brown sprinkled with whitish
and blackish, collar with a blackish bar interrupted in middle.
Antenne very acutely bidentate (almost bipectinated). Abdomen
whitish-grey-ochreous, with small subbasal crest. Forewings elongate-
triangular, costa almost straight, apex obtuse, termen slightly waved,
28 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
rather oblique, rounded ; light brown, partially reddish-tinged ; sub-
basal line white, edged anteriorly and on costa posteriorly with
blackish ; basal area mixed with white ; an undefined whitish streak,
edged posteriorly with blackish irroration, from dorsum at 4, nearly
reaching middle of first line ; first line white, edged posteriorly with
black, twice sinuate ; orbicular pear-shaped, oblique, pale yellow-
ochreous, black-edged ; claviform absent ; reniform blackish-fuscous
margined with pale yellow-ochreous, laterally black-edged ; space
between reniform and orbicular white, connected by white suffusion
with upper extremity of first line, and second line below middle ;
subdorsal vein also white ; second line white, anteriorly black-edged,
originating above reniform, forming a broad abrupt bisinuate loop
round reniform, curved and broadly dilated towards dorsum ; sub-
terminal line simple, white, preceded by some blackish-fuscous
suffusion, especially in middle and towards costa, connected with
second line near dorsum, and by a streak of whitish suffusion above
middle ; a waved white terminal line enclosing a series of blackish-
fuscous spots : cilia pale brownish with a dark fuscous line, barred
with dark fuscous on apical half alternating with white. Hindwings
white, with violet reflections ; veins and a moderate terminal fascia
narrowed to a point at tornus fuscous, darker terminally ; cilia white,
basally ochreous-tinged, with a series of faint fuscous spots.
Brisbane, Queensland (Lucas) ; one specimen.
PLUSIADA.
Grammodes hoplitis, n. sp.
dé. 32 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen light fuscous. Fore-
wings somewhat elongate-triangular, costa almost straight, apex
obtuse, termen waved, bowed, somewhat oblique ; light fuscous ; a
dark brown trapezoidal patch occupying most of wing, resting on
base and dorsum, its upper side near costa basally but gradually
diverging, its posterior side near and parallel to termen, these two
sides finely edged with white ; a moderate white diagonal streak
from upper side near base to lower posterior angle ; a suffused dark
fuscous oblique apical streak, faintly continued along edge of dark
area: cilia light fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, paler towards base ;
cilia light fuscous,
Duaringa, Queensland (Barnard); one specimen. There
is an example from Fiji in the British Museum. Allied
to G. mygdon, but the form of the dark patch is different.
New Australian Lepidoptera. 29
Thyas aellora, a. sp.
¢. 58m.m. Head, thorax, and abdomen light brownish. Posterior
tibize spined. Forewings rather elongate-triangular, costa slightly
sinuate, apex pointed, prominent ; termen sinuate beneath apex,
bowed, somewhat oblique ; light fuscous, sprinkled with darker,
and partially tinged with brown-reddish ; first and second lines
fine, pale, dark-edged, especially anteriorly, first straight, rather
oblique, second obtusely angulated at 4 from costa, thence moderately
incurved, forming posterior edge of a rather dark fuscous band, very
broad on costa and narrow on dorsum, its anterior edge straight and
parallel to first line ; a small dark fuscous subterminal spot opposite
angle of second line. Hindwings dark fuscous, with pale hairs
towards base ; an undefined straight pale median line ; a moderate
pale fuscous terminal fascia, sprinkled with darker, from apex to
tornus, narrowed to extremities.
Brisbane, Queensland (Lucas) ; one specimen.
Thyas hercodes, n. sp.
¢. 27 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous, whitish-
sprinkled, Posterior tibize not spined. Forewings triangular, costa
faintly sinuate, apex obtuse, termen waved, bowed, somewhat oblique ;
fuscous, darker-sprinkled, basal halt irrorated with white ; first and
second lines slender, rather irregular, dark fuscous, nearly parallel,
second with median third forming a right-angled projection outwards,
on upper half edged posteriorly with white irroration ; subterminal
line obscurely dark fuscous, followed by some whitish scales: cilia
fuscous, tips partially white. Hindwings fuscous, becoming blackish
posteriorly ; a whitish median line not nearly reaching costa ; a fine
whitish subterminal line on dorsal half ; cilia dark fuscous, obscurely
barred with whitish, with a white patch above middle of termen.
Duaringa, Queensland (Barnard) ; one specimen.
Crypsiprora, Nn. g.
Face with strong conical horny prominence concealed in scales.
Tongue developed. Palpi moderately long, ascending, second joint
rough-sealed beneath, terminal joint moderate, cylindrical, obtuse.
Thorax with expansible crest behind collar. Abdomen with strong
crest near base. Femora densely hairy ; tibize densely scaled, without
spines. Forewings normal. Hindwings: 3, 4, 5 approximated, 6
and 7 approximated.
Allied to Prorocopis, but differing especially by the
crested abdomen.
50 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
C’. ophiodesma, n. sp.
2. 27m.m. Head and thorax fuscous sprinkled with whitish.
Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate-triangular,
costa almost straight, apex obtuse, termen strongly bowed, little
oblique ; fuscous, irregularly sprinkled with whitish ; subbasal line
black, irregular ; first and second lines slender, black, irregular, first
angulated near costa, median third forming an oblique rounded
projection below middle, second from middle of costa to 3 of dorsum,
between 4 and middle forming a very large sinuous expanded bilobed
loop reaching to 4 of wing, orbicular dot-like, black ; reniform
obscurely indicated by whitish irroration ; a short thick oblique dark
fuscous apical streak marked with black, preceded by a broad whitish
suffusion towards costa ; a terminal series of black dots: cilia fuscous
sprinkled with whitish. Hindwings whitish-fuscous ; a broad, rather
dark fuscous terminal suffusion ; cilia fuscous-whitish.
Geraldton, West Australia ; one specimen in November.
Eporectis, n. &.
Face with short projecting tuft. Tongue developed. Palpi
moderate, ascending, laterally compressed, second joint with dense
loosely appressed scales, terminal joint short, truncate. Antenne in ¢
bipectinated to near apex, pectinations terminating in long bristles,
Thorax roughly scaled. Abdomen without crests. Anterior cox
very long and projecting far in front of head, rough-sealed, femora
with brush of dense rough scales beneath, tibize densely rough-
scaled ; middle and posterior tibiz loosely scaled. Forewings
normal. Hindwings: 3 and 4 closely approximated, 5 less
approximated, 6 and 7 connate.
A singular genus without obvious affinities; the curious
elongated anterior coxee are, so far as I am aware, quite
unique in the Lepidoptera.
EL. phenax, n. sp.
d. 25 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen pale greyish-ochreous,
somewhat brown-sprinkled. Forewings rather elongate-triangular,
costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen bowed, little oblique ; rather
light fuscous, with a faint ochreous tinge ; costal edge suffusedly
whitish from } to # and before apex ; small dark fuscous costal spots
at 4, before middle, and at 3: cilia ochreous-whitish, apical half
barred with dark fuscous. Hindwings rather light fuscous ; cilia
New Australian Lepidoptera. dl
whitish-fuscous. Under surface of hindwings more whitish-tinged,
mottled with dark fuscous.
Rosewood, Queensland ; one specimen, attracted by light,
in December. During flight the elongated anterior legs
were projected in front of the head, giving a very peculiar
appearance.
Micreschus pyrrhantha, n. sp.
gd. 15 mm. WHead and thorax reddish-ochreous. Abdomen
whitish-yellowish sprinkled with reddish-ochreous. Forewings
elongate-triangular, costa rather strongly arched posteriorly, apex
obtuse, termen angulated on vein 4, concave on upper half, straight
and oblique on lower half ; dull reddish-ochreous, darkest in dise
and towards costa ; small whitish-yellowish triangular spots on costa
before and beyond middle. Hindwings pale grey, suffused with
pale reddish-ochreous, becoming whitish-yellowish anteriorly.
Sydney, New South Wales, in March; one specimen.
Sophia, Walk.
Face with conical horny scaled prominence. Palpi moderately
long, porrected, second joint clothed with rough scales expanded
towards apex above, terminal joint short, obtuse. Thorax and
abdomen without crests. Forewings normal, Hindwings: 3 and 4
approximated, connate, or short-stalked, 5 rather approximated, 6
and 7 connate.
S. omopis, n. sp.
?. 18mm. Head and thorax brown. Abdomen pale yellow-
ochreous, base pinkish, Forewings elongate-triangular, costa sinuate,
apex acute, termen concave on upper half, angularly prominent on
vein 4, oblique and slightly concave below this; brown, towards
termen whitish-fuscous ; median area suffused with rosy-pink except
towards costa, more broadly towards dorsum ; costal edge blackish-
mixed ; first and second lines rising from white costal dots and pale
yellow subcostal marks, first from } of costa, indicated by a few
dark grey scales, slightly curved, second from before middle of
costa, broken outwards beneath subcostal mark, thence slender,
waved, irregular, whitish-grey, edged anteriorly with some black
scales ; an indistinct dark fuscous discal dot ; three white dots on
posterior half of costa; a praeterminal series of black dots: cilia
fuscous-crimson obscurely spotted with orange-ochreous, tips whitish
except at apex and on median projection, where they are dark
fuscous. Hindwings with termen bent on vein 7, thence nearly
32 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
straight ; dull rosy-pink, costa whitish ; first line nearly straight,
dark grey ; second somewhat irregular, whitish, followed by a broad
darker band suffused with dark grey except towards dorsum ; an
interrupted . blackish przterminal line; cilia orange-yellow, base
pale crimson ; tips whitish.
New South Wales (locality unrecorded); one specimen.
af ayaeeey
S. aeluropis, n. sp.
2. 21 m.m. Head, thorax, and abdomen brownish-ochreous,
reddish-tinged. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa almost straight,
apex subobtuse, termen rounded-prominent between veins 3 and 4,
concave on upper portion, oblique on lower ; ochreous-brown,
slightly reddish-tinged, suffusedly mixed with dark fuscous, especi-
ally on veins and towards termen ; orbicular represented by a white
dot ; reniform transverse-oval, ochreous, upper end edged with white,
lower end forming a small clear white spot; extreme costal edge
with about six ochreous-white marks: cilia dark red, tips white.
Hindwings dark fuscous, somewhat lighter towards base.
Richmond River, New South Wales (Olliff); one
specimen.
Hublemma hemiplaca, n. sp.
dé. 13m.m. Head and thorax dark fusecous. Abdomen fuscous-
whitish mixed with fuscous. Forewings elongate-triangular, apex
obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; ochreous-white ; basal half dark
fuscous, limited by a slightly irregular line from just before middle
of costa to just beyond middle of dorsum ; a black discal dot at 2;
a narrow irregular fuscous terminal fascia ; a terminal series of
cloudy dark fuscous dots: cilia fuscous. Hindwings pale whitish-
ochreous mixed with fuscous, posteriorly broadly fuscous,
Duaringa, Queensland (Barnard) ; one specimen.
Eublemma leucodesma, Low.
(Thalpochares leucodesma, Low, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
1899, 88.)
¢@. 13-14m.m. Head and thorax whitish, whitish-ochreous,
or reddish-ochreous. Abdomen orange-ochreous. Forewings elongate-
triangular, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; reddish-ochreous
or ferruginous, sometimes whitish-mixed towards base, sometimes
mixed with dark fuscous posteriorly ; a rather broad whitish median
fascia parallel to termen, more or less ochreous except on edges,
sometimes partially or wholly suffused with dark grey except on
anterior edge, anterior edge straight, posterior edge irregular with
New Australian Lepidoptera. 33
strong abrupt projecting tooth in middle ; a broad streak of darker
suffusion from apex to dorsum beyond this fascia, in one dark speci-
men obsolete: cilia whitish, mixed with reddish-ochreous. Huind-
wings whitish-yellow, becoming light ochreous-orange posteriorly,
or sometimes mostly or wholly suffused with dark grey.
Duaringa and Brisbane, Queensland (Barnard); five
specimens. Highly variable in colour, but always easy
of recognition.
Lublemma nymphodora, n. sp.
¢. 11-12 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen white, partially
ochreous-tinged. Forewings elongate-triangular, apex obtuse, termen
obliquely rounded ; white, more or less suffusedly mixed with pale
ochreous ; a brownish-ochreous streak along anterior half of costa ;
a straight brownish-ocbreous median fascia parallel to termen,
anterior edge suffused, posterior edge sharply marked and followed
by a clear white streak ; a black discal dot at #5; second line fine,
fuscous, indistinct, upper half forming a very strong loop outwards,
below middle sinuate inwards ; area beyond this more or less suffused
with brownish-ochreous ; an apical spot of blackish irroration, ex-
tending into costal cilia: cilia whitish, with two brownish-ochreous
lines. Hindwings white, sometimes faintly greyish-tinged terminally ;
a greyish terminal line ; cilia white.
Carnarvon, West Australia, in October; three speci-
mens. Belongs to the group of Z. rosita, but without rosy
colouring, and specially characterized by the white hind-
wings.
EHublemma marmaropa, a. sp.
¢. 16-21m.m. Head and thorax white, partially suffused with
pale yellow. Forewings elongate-triangular, apex obtuse, termen
obliquely rounded ; white, partly faintly yellowish-tinged ; a narrow
pale brownish streak along anterior half of costa, edged beneath by
a pale yellowish streak ; an elongate pale yellow spot near base in
middle ; a straight pale yellow oblique fascia from beneath middle
of costa to middle of dorsum ; a moderate ochreous-brown terminal
fascia, paler terminally, narrowed to apex and tornus, anterior edge
straight and edged with pale yellow suffusion, containing a series
of cloudy grey-whitish preterminal spots between veins marked
anteriorly with a few black scales : cilia white sprinkled with fuscous.
Hindwings whitish, more or less yellowish-tinged posteriorly ; cilia
whitish.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Kowald) ; two specimens.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (APRIL) 3
34 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Deseriptions of
Eublemma vothicta, n. sp.
2. 16 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-whitish
partially sprinkled with brownish-ochreous, head yellowish-tinged.
Forewings rather elongate-triangular, apex obtuse, termen waved,
bowed, rather oblique ; fuscous-whitish, irregularly irrorated with
fuscous and a few black scales; first and second lines formed of
similar irroration, indistinct, curved, irregularly waved, second placed
in a clear pale band limited anteriorly by a median shade which is
acutely angulated above middle and marked with ferruginous between
angle and dorsum ; a transverse rather dark fuscous discal spot
before median shade ; a postsubterminal series of small indistinct
spots of blackish irroration ; cilia ochreous, basally ochreous-whitish.
Hindwings as forewings, but first line and discal spot obsolete,
median shade straight.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Kowald); one specimen.
Haplopseustis, n. g.
Head with appressed scales. Tongue very short. Palpi moderate,
porrected, with appressed scales, terminal joint short, obtuse.
Antenne in ¢ bipectinated to apex. Thorax crested posteriorly.
Abdomen without crests. Legs with appressed scales. Forewings :
9 and 10 out of 8. Hindwings: 3 and 4 connate, 5 little approxi-
mated, 6 and 7 connate.
HT, erythrias, n. sp.
¢. 17-18m.m. Head and thorax ferruginous mixed with fuscous.
Abdomen dark grey, base reddish-ochreous. Forewings triangular,
apex obtuse, termen bowed, rather oblique ; ferruginous or ferru-
ginous-brown, more or less irrorated with dark fuscous, especially
on median and praesubterminal bands ; first and second lines thick,
deep orange, rather irregular : cilia ferruginous, more or less mixed
with dark fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous, base suffused with
yellow-ochreous ; cilia ochreous-yellowish, sometimes mixed with
dark fuscous and pinkish-tinged.
Port Darwin, North Australia (Lyell); Brisbane, Queens-
land (Lucas); in February: two specimens,
Meranda, Walk.
Head with appressed scales. Tongue developed. Palpi rather
long, porrected, second joint clothed with long rough projecting
scales above and beneath, terminal joint rather short, obtuse.
New Australian Lepidoptera. 35
Antenne in ¢ shortly ciliated. Thorax and abdomen without crests.
Legs with appressed scales. Forewings normal. Hindwings: 3 and
4 connate, 5 little approximated, 6 and 7 short-stalked.
M. holochrysa, n. sp.
¢. 14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax orange. Abdomen pale
orange. Forewings rather elongate-triangular, costa almost straight,
apex obtuse, termen bowed, little oblique ; light ochreous-orange ;
undefined irregular, rather thick, deeper orange transverse lines at
4 and beyond middle ; terminal area suffusedly darker: cilia light
orange. Hindwings light orange, slightly infuscated.
Port Darwin, North Australia (Lyell) ; one specimen.
Rivula ommatopis, n. sp.
¢@. 15-16 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous. Fore-
wings elongate-triangular, apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely
bowed ; light fuscous mixed with darker ; first and second lines
faintly darker, but not distinctly traceable ; a moderate roundish
cloudy dark fuscous discal spot: cilia light fuscous mixed with
darker. Hindwings fuscous, paler or whitish-tinged anteriorly ; cilia
pale fuscous.
Duaringa and Brisbane, Queensland (Barnard, Lucas),
in September and May; three specimens.
Ozarba, Walk.
Face with short projecting tuft. Tongue developed. Palpi long,
ascending, second joint broadly dilated with dense appressed scales,
terminal joint long, slender, somewhat rough-scaled anteriorly,
pointed. Antenne in ¢@ ciliated. Thorax and abdomen without
crests. Legs with appressed scales. Forewings normal. Hind-
wings: 3 and 4 connate, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 and 7 connate.
O. alopecodes, n. sp.
dQ. 20-22 mm. Head and thorax pale fuscous. Abdomen
pale ochreous-yellowish. Forewings somewhat elongate-triangular,
apex rectangular, termen waved, bowed, rather oblique ; whitish-
ochreous or brownish-ochreous, tinged or sprinkled with pale reddish,
sometimes suffused with light fusecous anteriorly and ferruginous
posteriorly ; a straight ferruginous shade from ? of costa to middle
of dorsum, only distinct towards costa ; two dark fuscous dots trans-
versely placed in disc beyond middle ; a faint darker fine subterminal
36 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
line ; a submarginal series of dark grey dots ; a ferruginous terminal
streak : cilia reddish-ochreous mixed with ferruginous or reddish,
with two cloudy blackish lines. Hindwings whitish-yellowish, in
¢ posteriorly reddish-tinged, with grey terminal shade, in 9
suffused with rather dark fuscous ; cilia light reddish, base more
or less suffused with dark grey.
Duaringa, Queensland (Barnard); two specimens.
Oruza leptogramma, n. sp.
Q. 15-18 m.m. Head and collar whitish-ochreous, thorax white.
Abdomen whitish. Forewings somewhat elongate-triangular, apex
rectangular, termen slightly waved, rounded, rather oblique ; white ;
a whitish-ochreous transverse streak on dorsal half at about 3; first
and second lines thick, whitish-ochreous, curved outwards and less
distinct on upper half, marked with a few black scales on costa ;
moderate preesubterminal and praeterminal whitish-ochreous fascie,
indistinct towards costa; orbicular represented by a blackish dot,
reniform by two placed transversely ; sometimes a few black scales
towards costa posteriorly ; a submarginal series of blackish dots :
cilia whitish-ochreous, tips whitish. Hindwings as forewings, but
with only one blackish discal dot.
Duaringa, Queensland (Barnard); three specimens.
Essonistis, n. 2.
Head with appressed scales. Tongue developed. Palpi moderate,
curved, ascending, second joint rough-scaled beneath, terminal joint
short, slightly rough-scaled anteriorly, truncate. Thorax and abdomen
without crests. Legs loosely scaled, femora slightly hairy. Fore-
wings: 3 and 4 stalked, 7, 9, 10,11 out of 8. Hindwings: 3 and
4 stalked, 5 tolerably parallel, 6 and 7 stalked.
E. micrexola, n. sp.
@. 12-13 m.m. Head and thorax white. Abdomen white mixed
with light reddish and towards apex with blackish, second seg-
ment sometimes with distinct dark red band. Forewings elongate-
triangular, costa hardly arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely
rounded ; white sometimes sprinkled with fuscous ; six ochreous
spots on costa, first three marked anteriorly with black ; indis-
tinct traces of several ochreous transverse strive ; first and second
lines irregular, ochreous, sometimes partially fuscous, second abruptly
sinuate inwards below middle ; a median spot of blackish suffusion
New Australian Lepidoptera. 37
in disc; subterminal line indicated by irregular ochreous or fuscous
marginal suffusions ; a terminal series of small dark fuscous spots
separated by ochreous: cilia pale ochreous irrorated with fuscous:
Hindwings with colour, lines, terminal spots, and cilia as in fore-
wings ; a small black discal spot, in one specimen suffused with
crimson-red ; second line sometimes black.
Brisbane, Queensland (Lyell); two specimens.
Trissernis, i. &.
Head with appressed scales. Tongue developed. Palpi moderate,
curved, subascending, second joint rough-scaled beneath, terminal
joint rather short, obtuse. Thorax and abdomen without crests.
Legs loosely scaled, femora witha few hairs. Forewings: 9 and 10
out of 8. Hindwings: 3 and 4 connate, 5 tolerably parallel, 6 and
7 short-stalked.
Nearly allied to Arwopterwin, Hamps.
T. prasinoscia, ni. sp.
2. 11mm. Headand thorax ochreous-white, partially greenish-
tinged. Abdomen grey, two basal segments whitish, tinged with
greenish, third reddish. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa almost
straight, apex rounded, termen sinuate, oblique ; light olive-green,
irregularly irrorated with white ; costal edge irregularly marked with
black and ferruginous irroration ; first and second lines indicated by
series of small black dots, second starting from middle of costa very
obliquely outwards on upper third ; an irregular blackish spot in
disc before middle ; some grey suffusion posteriorly: cilia dark grey
irrorated with whitish, Hindwings with colour and cilia as in fore-
wings ; some scattered black scales ; a slender undefined blackish
median line ; some blackish suffusion towards costa and apex.
Brisbane, Queensland (Lyell) ; one specimen.
Sandava xylistis, n. sp.
62. 24-29m.m. Head and thorax pale whitish-ochreous, face
with a dark red-brown band beneath antenne. Antenne in g mo-
derately ciliated. Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with
red-brown posteriorly. Forewings rather elongate-triangular, apex
obtuse, termen waved, rounded, rather oblique; pale whitish-
ochreous ; subbasal line indicated by a dark red-brown costal dot ;
a small dark red-brown costal spot beyond this ; first and second
38 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
lines very fine dark red-brown sprinkled with black, forming en-
larged dots on costa, first right-angled posteriorly in middle, second
curved, rather irregular, indented inwards above middle and towards
dorsum ; a small dark red-brown spot on costa before middle ;
orbicular represented by a cloudy ochreous dot, reniform by a
small pale space surrounded by obscure ochreous suffusion ; sub-
terminal line pale, preceded by an indistinct light ochreous-brown
shade, forming an enlarged dark red-brown spot on costa, and
followed by a stronger ochreous-brown shade, with spots of dark
red-brown suffusion in middle and on costa ; a preeterminal series of
blackish marks ; cilia pale whitish-ochreous, barred with red-brown.
Hindwings with termen strongly waved ; colour, second line, and
cilia as in forewings ; a straight blackish median line mixed with
dark red ; a transverse ochreous discal spot preceding this, connected
with it at lower end ; terminal area wholly dark red-brown on
lower half, intersected by pale subterminal line.
Melbourne, Victoria (Kershaw, Lucas); three specimens.
Sandava spilotis, n. sp.
36 2. 19-20 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale greyish-
ochreous sprinkled with dark fuscous. Palpi shorter than in S. xylistis,
thorax more roughly scaled. Antenne in ¢ with long sete. Fore-
wings somewhat elongate-triangular, costa almost straight, apex
obtuse, termen waved, rounded, rather oblique; whitish-ochreous,
irrorated with dark fuscous ; an undefined dark fuscous subbasal
fascia, well-marked on costa; first and second lines dark fuscous,
irregular, sometimes undefined, forming enlarged dark fuscous spots
on costa, first nearly straight, second curved outwards, approximated
to first dorsally ; a transverse-oval dark fuscous discal spot ; a rather
large roundish dark fuscous spot beyond second line in middle ; a
more or less distinct suffused dark fuscous apical spot ; a preeterminal
series of dark fuscous marks: cilia whitish-ochreous, mixed with
fuscous. Hindwings with termen strongly waved, rounded ; colour,
first and second lines, discal spot, and cilia as in forewings, but lines
obsolete costally.
Duaringa, Queensland (Barnard) ; two specimens.
Paonidia, n. g.
Forehead with projecting ridgelike tuft. Tongue developed, An-
tenne in ¢ strongly ciliated. Palpi long, obliquely ascending,
second joint rough-sealed above and beneath, terminal joint moderate,
densely scaled, obtuse. Collar (in ¢ only ?) forming an expansible
New Australian Lepidoptera. 39
mass of much enlarged flat scales. Abdomen without crest. Legs
with appressed scales. Forewings with raised discal tuft ; neuration
normal, Hindwings with raised discal tuft ; 3 and 4 short-stalked
5 tolerably parallel, 6 and 7 remote.
P. pentaptila, n. sp.
dg. 21mm. Head and thorax reddish-ochreous partially suffused
with fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings elongate-triangular,
costa hardly arched, apex obtuse, termen crenulate, rounded, ob-
lique ; ochreous-brown, basal, discal, and dorsal areas largely
suffused with dark purplish-fuscous ; an undefined ferruginous streak
beneath costa from near base to beyond middle ; first and second
lines waved, double, blackish, first slightly curved, second ‘enclosing
a whitish-ochreous costal mark, strongly curved outwards on upper
3; an indistinct irregularly curved darker median shade: beyond
second line a large subtriangular dark fuscous costal patch, somewhat
glossy and greenish-tinged ; subterminal line indistinct, pale, waved,
darker-edged ; a terminal series of dark fuscous dots between veins,
connected by fuscous suffusion: cilia greyish-ochreous mixed with
dark fuscous, base spotted with light brown. Hindwings with
termen crenate, ochreous-brown, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; discal
tuft larger than in forewings, scales partly pale ; median, second,
and subterminal lines, terminal markings and cilia as in forewings,
but second line less curved, without pale costal mark.
Richmond River, New South Wales (Olliff); one
specimen.
Trigonistis, n. g.
Head with projecting frontal tuft. Tongue developed. Antenne
in ¢ bipectinated, apex simple. Labial palpi very long, second
joint straight, porrected, clothed with rough scales diminishing to-
wards apex, terminal joint moderate, slender, cylindrical, ascending.
Thorax and abdomen without crests. Legs with appressed scales.
Forewings : 9 and 10 out of 8. Hindwings: 3, 4, 5 approximated,
6 and 7 connate.
Type Z. demonias. Closely allied to Hypenodes, but
without abdominal crest.
T. demonias, un. sp.
¢. 16mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous suffused with
whitish. Antennal pectinations long. Palpi abnormally long, second
joint about ten times width of eye, terminal about half second, Fore-
40 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
wings elongate-triangular, costa moderately arched, apex subacute,
termen slightly sinuate, rather oblique, rounded beneath ; whitish-
ochreous, partially suffused with whitish, with some scattered fuscous
and dark fuscous scales ; a rather large roundish dark fuscous discal
spot ; a subterminal ‘series of small dark fuscous spots, terminating
in a short oblique dark fuscous apical dash, the spot between veins
5 and 6 dash-like and placed nearer base ; a terminal series of dark
fuscous marks: cilia whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with fuscous.
Hindwings dull whitish ; a small fuscous discal spot ; cilia whitish.
Brisbane, Queensland (Lucas); one specimen.
T. asthenopa, v. sp.
gd. 15-16 m.m. Head and thorax pale whitish-ochreous. An-
tennal pectinations moderate. Palpi about 5. Forewings elongate-
triangular, costa sinuate, apex nearly rectangular, termen bowed,
oblique, strongly sinuate on upper half; whitish-ochreous, strigulated
with brownish-ochreous, with a few scattered black scales ; costal
edge yellowish on anterior half ; a black subcostal dot near base ;
first line indicated by five irregularly placed blackish dots ; two black
discal dots transversely placed beyond middle ; second line running
from a black mark on middle of costa to 2 of dorsum, ferruginous
mixed with black, most strongly marked dorsally, upper 3 forming a
strong biangulated projection posteriorly ; terminal area brownish-
ochreous, enclosing a pale subterminal line; a series of small black
spots along termen and posterior part of costa: cilia brownish-
ochreous mixed with paler. Hindwings whitish, very faintly tinged
with pinkish-grey ; a small dark grey discal spot ; an interrupted
dark grey terminal line ; cilia whitish, faintly pinkish-tinged.
Brisbane, Queensland (Raynor); Gosford, New South
Wales (Lyell); in November, three specimens.
Hypenodes porphyritica, n. sp.
©. 17mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous suffused with
light brown-reddish. Palpi nearly 4. Abdomen fuscous, segmental
margins ochreous-whitish, sides yellowish-mixed. Forewings elon-
gate-triangular, costa faintly sinuate, apex obtuse, termen bowed,
oblique ; pale reddish-brown, thinly sprinkled with dark fuscous ;
costal edge ochreous-yellowish spotted with dark fuscous ; subeoeale
first, and second lines dark fuscous, ill-defined ; first indented above
and below middle, second strongly curved outwards from } to below
middle ; median faint, brown, parallel to second, its curve surrounding
New Australian Lepidoptera, 41
an indistinct brown discal spot ; a triangular preesubterminal dark
fuscous costal spot ; subterminal line hardly paler ; a series of indistinct
dark fuscous terminal spots: cilia pale reddish-brown, sprinkled with
dark fuscous. Hindwings rather dark fuscous, dorsally mixed with
pale ochreous, with extremities of darker lines indicated ; cilia pale
ochreous mixed with dark fuscous.
Wirrabara, South Australia, in October; one specimen.
Hypenodes micropa, a. sp.
é. 16-17 mm. Head and thorax lght brownish-ochreous,
sometimes sprinkled with black. Antenne ciliated. Palpi3. Fore-
wings elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched, apex nearly rectan-
gular, termen bowed, oblique; brownish-ochreous suffused with
light fuscous and sprinkled with dark fuscous ; first line irregular,
undefined, curved, dark fuscous ; a transverse white discal dot at
3, edged with dark fuscous ; second line starting from a dark
fuscous spot on costa, obscure, undefined, dark fuscous, angulated
above middle ; indications of an irregular dark fuscous preesubter-
minal shade ; a terminal series of small dark fuscous spots : cilia
pale ochreous irrorated with dark fuscous. Hindwings grey-whitish,
sprinkled with grey posteriorly ; a grey discal dot and faint post-
median line ; cilia grey-whitish.
Brisbane, Queensland ; Sydney, New South Wales; in
October, three specimens.
Lthynchina conias, n. sp.
6. 25 m.m. Head and thorax yellow-ochreous, sprinkled with
brown, patagia loosely hairy. Antenne rather strongly bipectinated,
apical half simple. Terminal joint of palpi short, much thickened
with scales. Abdomen yellow-ochreous, partially suffused with
whitish. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly moderately
arched, apex very obtuse, termen oblique, slightly waved, rather
angularly prominent on vein 4; yellow-ochreous, sprinkled with
brown, towards costa with dark fuscous, especially towards base ;
subbasal line slender, white; first line about 4, nearly straight,
whitish, only distinct on costa and median vein ; orbicular small,
oval, clear white ; median shade well-marked, rather dark fuscous,
bent near costa ; reniform represented by two transversely placed
black dots, partially edged with white ; second line irregular, faintly
whitish, partially dark-edged anteriorly, very indistinct ; subtermi-
nal indicated by a well-marked nearly straight ochreous-brown
shade, followed by an irregular whitish shade finely sprinkled with
42 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
blackish, tending to be partially extended between veins to termen ; an
interrupted black terminal line: cilia ochreous, tips partially blackish-
mixed, especially on median prominence. Hindwings with termen
waved ; colour and markings as in forewings, but (except posteriorly)
much paler and partially suffused with prismatic-whitish, orbicular
and preceding lines absent, median indistinct, an additional faint
irregular shade between median and second lines,
New Guinea (Sayer) ; one specimen.
Chaograptis, n. g.
Face with appressed scales, Tongue developed. Palpi moderate,
porrected, second joint with loosely appressed scales, terminal short,
obtuse. Thorax and abdomen without crests. Tibiee smooth-scaled.
Forewings normal. Hindwings: 3 and 4 connate, 5 parallel, 6 and
7 connate,
C. erystallodes, n. sp.
2. 21-23 m.m, Head and thorax white sprinkled with fuscous.
Abdomen whitish, sprinkled with ochreous. Forewings somewhat
elongate-triangular, costa straight, apex obtuse, termen bowed, rather
oblique ; light brownish-ochreous, mixed with dark brown in disc ;
basal area mixed with white ; first and second lines thick, cloudy,
white, first straight, oblique, second from ¢ of costa to 4 of dorsum,
sinuate, sometimes distinctly double ; orbicular white, narrow, very
oblique ; reniform large, 8-shaped, edged and mixed with white,
lower half projecting anteriorly so as almost to touch orbicular ;
subterminal line represented by cloudy white subcostal, median,
and subdorsal spots; an indistinct waved whitish terminal line.
Hindwings whitish-fuscous, becoming fuscous terminally; cilia
whitish-fuscous.
Duaringa, Queensland (Barnard); three specimens.
Piratisca, n. g.
Tongue developed. Palpilong, recurved, second joint with dense
rough projecting scales beneath, diminishing to apex, terminal joint
moderately long, acute, with long tuft of projecting scales in middle
posteriorly. Femora rough-haired beneath, Forewings: 7 and 8
out of 9, 10 connate with 9. Hindwings: 3 and 4 connate, 5 closely
approximated at base, 6 and 7 connate.
PP. minax, n. sp.
2. 51m.m. Head and thorax fuscous mixed with dark fuscous.
Forewings elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded-
New Australian Lepidoptera. 43
obtuse, termen waved, rounded, little oblique ; purplish-fuscous
mixed with dark fuscous; subbasal, first, and second lines waved-
dentate, blackish, second about middle, curved outwards in disc ;
orbicular represented by a dot of raised pale yellowish scales ; reni-
form bya dark fuscous suffusion preceded by two transversely placed
similar dots ; traces of a paler dentate line at ?, followed by a spot
of dark fuscous suffusion above middle; a terminal series of pale
ochreous dots preceded by dark fuscous dashes : cilia fuscous. Hind-
wings and cilia brown.
New Guinea (Sayer); one specimen.
Simplicia selenitis, n. sp.
¢. 29 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish-ochreous ;
antenne withoutthickening ; palpiclothed posteriorly with long loosely
projecting scales on terminal joint and apex of second. Forewings
elongate-triangular, apex obtuse, termen slightly waved, rounded,
little oblique; light greyish-ochreous, obscurely sprinkled with
fuscous ; basal ? suffused with dark fuscous ; first and second lines
slender, fuscous, prominently angulated above middle and near
dorsum, curved inwards between these ; a bent transversely linear
dark fuscous discal mark, interrupted in middle ; a fuscous terminal
band, broadest in middle, containing aninwards-curved slender whitish
anteriorly darker-edyed subterminal line, running from apex to
tornus: cilia pale fuscous, with darker fuscous anterior shade and
subapical line. Hindwings whitish-fuscous, somewhat darker
posteriorly ; an obscure whitish inwards-curved subterminal line
Oo
from apex to 2 of termen.
Brisbane, Queensland (Lucas) ; one specimen.
Simplicia miecrastis, 0. sp.
¢ ?.18-19m.m. Head and thorax pale ochreous mixed with
fuscous ; antennze without thickening; palpi clothed with loose
rough scales posteriorly on terminal joint and apex of second.
Forewings elongate-triangular, apex obtuse, termen bowed, rather
oblique ; pale ochreous tinged with brownish and irrorated with
fuscous ; first and second lines curved, fuscous, dotted with black,
but ill-defined and indistinct; a moderate discal spot beyond
middle, in ¢ dark fuscous, in outlined with dark fuscous,
connected with dorsum by a straight cloudy dark fuscous median
shade not extended to costa; terminal area suffused with fuscous,
including a very indistinct pale sinuate interrupted subterminal
line ; a waved dark fuscous terminal line: cilia whitish-ochreous,
44 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Desertptions of
with three fuscous lines. Hindwings in ¢ whitish-fuscous, darker
posteriorly ; in 9 whitish with light fuscous terminal band cut by
pale subterminal line ; a small faint fuscous discal spot ; cilia as
in forewings.
Brisbane, Queensland (Lucas); two specimens.
SARROTHRIPIDA.
Karias limonia, n. sp.
¢@. 26 m.m. Head and thorax whitish sprinkled with green,
Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous, base white sprinkled with green.
Forewings elongate-triangular, costa moderately arched, apex
tolerably rectangular, termen straight, hardly oblique ; green mixed
with whitish ; costal edge whitish-ochreous ; first line faintly darker,
straight, from before middle of costa to before middle of dorsum; a
faint darker median discal dot; second line darker, obscurely whitish-
edged’ posteriorly, from ? of costa to 2 of dorsum, bent near costa :
cilia green, apical half whitish-ochreous. Hindwings greenish-
whitish, becoming light green towards termen ; cilia light green,
tips whitish,
Richmond River, New South Wales (Ollff); one
specimen.
Earias chlorodes, n. sp.
¢é ¢. 16-21 m.m. Head and thorax whitish-yellowish. Abdo-
men pale whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow,
hardly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen straight,
oblique ; whitish-yellow : cilia whitish-yellow. Hindwings whitish,
towards termen more or less tinged with ochreous or grey ; cilia
whitish.
Duaringa, Queensland; Melbourne, Victoria; Carnar-
von, West Australia ; in October, five specimens.
Prionophora rhodinastis, n. sp.
Q. 29-31 m.m. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous or
whitish-ochreous, faintly crimson-tinged. Forewings elongate,
gradually dilated, costa gently arched, apex acute, prominent,
termen rounded, little oblique ; pale ochreous, slightly rosy-tinged,
with some fine scattered blackish scales ; two blackish discal dots
transversely placed beyond middle; a faint darker oblique shade
from beneath apex towards middle of dorsum ; a preeterminal series
of blackish dots: cilia ochreous-whitish, base faintly rosy-tinged.
New Australian Lepidoptera. 45
Hindwings whitish-ochreous suffused with light dull rosy-pink; a
preterminal row of rather large blackish dots ; cilia whitish.
Port Moresby, New Guinea (Kowald); also from
Queensland; three specimens.
Prionophora taphreuta, n. sp.
g. 24m.m. Head fuscous. Thorax fuscous-whitish, with some
dark fuscous dots, collar ferruginous-brown. Abdomen pale greyish-
ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, gradually dilated, apex
obtuse, termen bowed, oblique; fuscous irrorated with white,
suffused with white in disc and between veins posteriorly ; all veins
marked with blackish-fuscous lines ; a dark fuscous transverse discal
mark beyond middle, space between this and second line more
fuscous through absence of white suffusion ; second line blackish-
fuscous, from 2 of costa to ? of dorsum, obtusely prominent posteri-
orly at + and in middle: cilia fuscous, whitish-sprinkled, obscurely
darker-barred. Hindwings light fuscous, somewhat whitish-suffused
anteriorly, with a terminal band of rather dark fuscous suffusion ;
cilia whitish.
Sydney, New South Wales (Raynor) ; one specimen.
Prionophora allopis, n. sp.
¢d ¢@. 26-29 m.m. Head and thorax fuscous, suffusedly irrorated
with whitish ; thorax with small anterior crest. Abdomen pale
greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, gradually dilated,
apex obtuse, termen bowed, oblique; fuscous, suffusedly irrorated
with white ; veins more or less strongly marked with blackish-
fuscous lines; in ¢ a transverse suffused blackish spot from costa at
1; first and second lines indistinct, fuscous, first somewhat curved,
second from beyond middle of costa to beyond middle of dorsum,
strongly curved outwards from } to below middle ; a grey discal spot
containing two black scale-tufts placed in this curve, in 2 surrounded
with obscure brownish suffusion ; in 9 small scale-tuftson middle of
first line, and on second line below middle and near dorsum ; a sub-
apical streak of darker suffusion ; in @ a series of blackish dots
before termen: cilia fuscous sprinkled with whitish. Hindwings
whitish-fuscous, becoming fuscous towards: dorsum and termen, in
¢ suffused with whitish towards base, and with a terminal band of
dark fuscous suffusion ; ciliain ¢ white, in ? fuscous-whitish.
Kewell, Victoria (Kershaw); two specimens.
46 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
Prionophora charactis, n. sp.
¢. 28 mm. Head and thorax fuscous, sprinkled with dark
fuscous and whitish. Abdomen light fuscous. Forewings elongate,
narrow, gradually dilated, apex obtuse, termen bowed, oblique ;
fuscous, irregularly irrorated with dark fuscous and whitish ; veins
more or less strongly marked with black lines; subbasal line
obscurely whitish, anteriorly blackish-edged ; first and second lines
slender, black, first curved outwards, in middle angulated inwards,
second from beyond middle of costa to % of dorsum, forming a
subquadrangular loop outwards from 4 to below middle ; subterminal
line white, irregular, indented above middle and near dorsum, edged
anteriorly near dorsum with a spot of blackish suffusion ; an in-
terrupted dark fuscous line before termen ; a black terminal line :
cilia fuscous sprinkled with white. Hindwings whitish-fuscous,
becoming whitish towards base, with a terminal band of dark
fuscous suffusion ; cilia white, basal half fuscous-tinged.
Melbourne, Victoria (Kershaw) ; one specimen.
Timorodes, 0. &.
Forehead with projecting scales, Tongue developed. Antenne
in ¢ ciliated, basal joint with projecting apical tuft of scales in
front. Palpi moderate, obliquely ascending, second joint clothed
with dense rough scales, terminal joint short, obtuse. Thorax with
large posterior crest. Abdomen rather elongate, with expansible
crests on first two segments. Femora long-haired beneath. Fore-
wings without raised scales, retinaculum har-shaped ; areole long
and narrow. Hindwings : 3 approximated, 4 and 5 connate, 6 and 7
connate, 8 anastomosing with cell to near middle.
Nearest Zabanda, Walk.
T. blepharias, n. sp.
¢. 34m.m. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish mixed with dark
fuscous, basal joint of antennee white externally, collar and patagia
mostly suffused with dark brown. Abdomen white, dorsal crests,
apical segment, and base of anteapical fuscous, anal tuft whitish-
ochreous, Forewings elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa
gently arched, apex obtuse, termen bowed, oblique, tornus rather
prominent ; rather dark purplish-fuscous ; a shining prismatic white
broad irregular streak extending from base to middle of disc, brassy-
yellowish in fold, upper edge running straight from near base of
costa to + of disc, thence onwards convex, lower edge with three
New Australian Lepidoptera. 47
slender oblique teeth on veins, dilated at base to dorsum ; beyond
apex of this a spot of blackish suffusion, followed by a white dot ;
second line faintly indicated, pale, forming two yellowish-white
marks on dorsum ; a large white suffused patch extending along
costa from 3 to apex, anteriorly reaching half across wing, narrowed
posteriorly, lower anterior portion tinged with brassy-yellowish,
erossed by traces of second line, and enclosing a small anteapical
spot of ground-colour on costa ; subterminal line represented by
some whitish lunules, and a small shining white terminal spot above
tornus : cilia purplish-fuscous, with narrow whitish bars. Hind-
wings prismatic white ; a pale fuscous apical patch, extending to
middle of termen ; cilia white, on upper half of termen fuscous-
tinged.
New Guinea (Sayer); one specimen.
Hypothripa vallata, 0. sp.
¢ @. 20-23 mm. Head and thorax white mixed with grey,
thorax more or less barred transversely with brown. Forewings
elongate, gradually dilated, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse,
termen bowed, little oblique ; white, irregularly and variably mixed
with grey and brown ; basal patch usually suffused with dark grey
or brown, limited by a blackish line, double on upper half, very
obtusely angulated in middle, slightly sinuate below this ; median
and second lines fine, irregular, blackish, median nearly straight ;
second forming a moderate loop outwards between 1 and 2; a
roundish dark brown costal spot at ; a slender indistinctly spotted
grey subterminal line, sinuate outwards above and below middle,
followed on costa by a clear white spot: cilia whitish, sprinkled
with dark fuscous. Hindwings whitish, veins infuscated posteriorly ;
termen suffused with fuscous, more strongly towards apex ; cilia
white, base infuscated.
Brisbane, Queensland (Lucas, Turner); five specimens.
Nearly allied to the Burmese //. curiosa ; but having now
obtained several specimens of each species, I find them,
though variable, constantly distinct.
Ffeteronota, n. &.
Head with projecting frontal tuft. Tongue developed. Labial
palpi long, subascending, second joint thickened with rough project-
ing seales beneath, terminal joint long, thickened with scales, some-
what pointed. Thorax with apex of patagia forming an expansible
seale-tuft. Abdomen with slight crest on second, and more prominent
48 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions, ete.
crests on segments 4-6, that on fifth much largest, Legs with
appressed scales. Forewings with tufts of raised scales ; areole
rather elongate. Hindwings: 3 and 4 rather long-stalked, 5 approxi-
mated, 6 and 7 separate, 8 anastomosing with cell shortly near base.
HT, ochthias, n. sp.
Q. 22 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, irregularly
sprinkled with blackish. Abdomen ochreous-whitish sprinkled with
fuscous, crests mixed with blackish. Forewings suboblong, moderately
broad, little dilated posteriorly, apex obtuse, termen rounded, faintly
waved, little oblique ; white, irregularly sprinkled with fuscous and
dark fuscous, except in middle of dise ; a coppery-fuscous basal patch,
edged with blackish, terminated beneath by a black patch extended
along dorsum to middle and bidentate posteriorly ; a moderately broad
straight dark fuscous fascia from costa before middle to dorsum
beyond middle, almost obsolete at lower extremity, near its anterior
edge with a ridge of raised scales mixed with ferruginous and
blackish ; a curved transverse mark of ferruginous and dark fuscous
scales in disc at 3; traces of bent second line beyond this ; some
undefined dots of blackish scales indicating subterminal line: cilia
whitish sprinkled with fuscous, obscurely barred with darker.
Hindwings whitish-fuscous, becoming fuscous towards termen ; cilia
whitish.
New Guinea (Sayer) ; one specimen.
Sarrothripus crystallites, n. sp.
9.22 mm. Head and thorax white irrorated with fuscous,
collar with a dark fuscous transverse bar. Abdomen grey. Fore-
wings elongate, gradually dilated, costa moderately arched near base,
faintly sinuate in middle, apex very obtuse, termen rounded, rather
oblique ; grey, irrorated with white, with a few fine scattered black
scales ; subbasal, first, and second lines very fine, black, more or less
undefined, very irregular, second indistinctly double, rather curved
outwards in disc, obtusely angulated above middle ; cilia pale grey,
tips whitish, Hindwings with 3 and 4 moderately stalked ; white,
rather thinly scaled ; a moderately broad anteriorly suffused fuscous
terminal fascia from above apex to below middle ; cilia white, on
terminal fascia fuscous-tinged.
Brisbane, Queensland (Lucas); one specimen. This
might easily be overlooked as a variety of Hypothripa
vaWata, though the resemblance is only superficial.
(reo s)
IV. On Hypotianx, a new subfamily of Pyralide. By
THOMAS ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.ZS.
[Read February 5th, 1902. ]
THE genus Hypotia, Zell., of which there appears to be only
one species (corticalis, Schiff., s. v.), presents characters,
especially in the imaginal and larval stages, that place it
in an intermediate position between the Pyraline and
Phycitine, without permitting it to be properly placed in
either. Hence it becomes necessary to give it separate
subfamily rank.
It has hitherto been placed in the Pyraliny. M. Ragonot*
came very near to recognizing its isolated position. The
most obvious point in which Hypotia agrees with Phycitines,
and differs from Pyralines, is in the absence of vein 7 of
the forewing. M. Ragonot was aware of this, but took
the absent vein to be vein 9. I regret that I have not
taken advantage of my opportunities to study this vein in
the developing pupal wing of Hypotia and of Phycitine,
and am quite unable to say positively whether the miss-
ing vein be vein 7 or vein 9, but I entertain no doubt
whatever that the missing vein, whether it be 7 or 9, is
the same vein both in Phycitine and in Hypotia.
By a very remarkable tour de force, both Mr. Meyrick +
and Sir George Hampson { presented Hypotia with the
missing vein, and so overlooked the other Phycitine char-
acters 1t possesses, and easily included it in the Pyraline.
The imago of Hypotia differs from Pyraline and agrees
with Phycitinx, in having lost vein 7, in having vein 1b of
forewing simple, and in the ? having the frenulum simple.
It differs from Phycitines, and agrees with Pyralines, in
the absence of ocelli, and in the pection of hairs on the
hindwing being below, and not on, the lower margin of cell.
The neuration of the hindwing is close to that of Pyralines,
but occurs also in Phycitines, and is not specially distinctive.
The larva resembles Phycitines not merely superficially ;
it has, indeed, little in common with Pyralines, and agrees
* Essai sur le classification des Pyralites, p. 154, 1891.
+ Transactions Entom. Soc. Lond., 1890, p. 473.
t Transactions Entom. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 504.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (APRIL) 4
50 Dr. T. A. Chapman on
absolutely with Phycitines in the development, so char-
acteristic of them, of tubercle III. of 12th segment, and
shows an alliance with them, in the tendency to a similar
development on the thoracic segments, but differs in this
atfecting tubercle Il. of 3rd segment slightly, and of 4th
segment strongly, instead of tubercle IL]. (2) of 3rd seg-
ment as in Phycitines.
The skin texture and markings, the plications of the
thoracic subsegments, and the arrangement of the crochets
of prolegs are those of Phycitines, and not of Pyralines, at
least of the typical genera with which I am acquainted.
The pupa has no character to distinguish it from Phyci-
tines, unless it be that the second leg does not so fully
reach up to the maxillary palpus, and that the prothoracic
piece is often lost on dehiscence, and not the head piece,
which is usually carried away in Phycitines.
The facies of the imago is certainly not that of a Phyei-
tine, but is rather Pyraustine.
New subfamily : HY POTIAN.
Ocelli absent, proboscis fairly developed, maxillary palpi very
short. Forewings triangular, not folded. Vein la absent, 1b simple,
le indicated, 7 absent. Hindwing: line of hairs below, not on
lower margin of cell, 4 and 5, widely separate, 6 and 7 sometimes
separate, sometimes shortly stalked, 8 free. Frenulum simple in
both sexes. Larva with ocelli round tubercle II. of segment 4, and
tubercle III. of segment 12 (head = 1st).
Hypotia, Zell. Characters of subfamily.
Hypotia corticalis, Schiff., s. v.
This very pretty little moth is beautifully figured by
Milliere.* He figures also a larva, which may be that of
H. corticalis, though he says it feeds on Huphorbia spinosa.
One remark he makes is noteworthy, viz. that the larva
much resembles that of a Phycitine (Nephopt. divisella,
Dup.). The figure of the larva is poor, and the description
meagre, and not recognizable, even if it belongs to this
species. In the Stettiner Zeitung for 1882 Baron v.
Nolcken relates how Milliere pointed out to him larvee in
* Iconograplhie, pl. 82.
Hypotiane. 51
the seed-heads of wild carrots as those of Stemmatophora
corsicalis (Pyralis obsoletalis, Mn.), that he collected a
number and bred one H. corticalis. Mulliere evidently
made some error, confusing his larvee or his notes, perhaps
owing to the similarity of the names. Baron v. Nolcken
gives some details on the habits of the larvee, noting how
some of them went over a second winter after he took
them home (to Oesel in the Baltic).
These larvee are not uncommon at Cannes in the seed
heads of wild carrots, on the dead plants of the previous
summer.
When I first asked M. Constant what these were, and
he told me they were those of Hypotia corticalis, I said,
“Surely they are some Phycid?” “ Yes,” he replied, “ they
are most remarkably like Phycids ; nevertheless they are 1.
corticalis.” Fearmg it might be hopeless to rear them, I
did not collect any till last year, when I gathered some in
March, and brought them to England. They were of very
various sizes, and fed up rather slowly. They seemed very
hardy; I never found a dead one (until quite recently)
though I treated them to severe alternations of drought and
moisture. A number of moths emerged in August and
September, July and August being the proper time of
appearance on the Riviera. Baron v. Nolcken appears to
have reared only one, which came out in October. Some
eight or ten of mine remained as larve, most nearly full-
grown, one or two still small ; these, like a similar portion
of Baron v. Nolcken’s, obviously not intending to emerge
till next August. Some of these I preserved; one has
since died, the rest seem still (January 1902) active and
healthy.
The larvee live in the seed-heads of Daucus, fastening
the seeds loosely together, and preventing them falling
off, which largely happens in untenanted heads, in spite of
the incurving of the umbellules, and the presence of the
Jarvee is often recognizable by this circumstance. A small
spider is often a fellow-lodger with the larve—I fancy
accidentally, as I think the larva is not often a victim to
the spider, nor except a saving in silk do I see any mutual
advantage. When the larva is full-grown, and going
into its second winter, it spins a more definite silken tube.
Its cocoon for pupation is smaller and more solid than the
tube ever is. My larve always made their nests and
cocoons amongst the seed-heads. Baron v. Nolcken says
52 Dr. T. A. Chapman on
his crawled away and spun white webs in the corner of his
cages,and then dried up. The proportion going over a second
year was probably abnormal, owing to poor rations and a
colder climate, but it must be to some extent a regular
habit, or it would not occur at all.
Larva of H. corticalis,
The larva is of a dull greyish-brown, as the result of a yellowish
ground colour, and fine marbled markings or spots, that vary from
reddish to blackish-brown. These minute spots are aggregated more
closely, and are of darker colour in places, so as to produce the appear-
ance of a narrow dark dorsal line, and a broader one just outside the
trapezoidal tubercles. This one is darker and wider in the prothoracic
plate. A suffused and indefinite line above, and a more definite nar-
row one below the spiracles. The supra-spiracular marking is to
some extent in diagonal detached pieces, like the lateral stripes in
Sphinx. The head is mottled in the same colours as the body.
The tubercles are darker, but not quite black ; they each carry a
light-coloured bristle, about 0°8 m.m. in length ; these are slightly
porrected. The second tubercles on 3rd and 4th segments (2 and 3
thoracic) have partial (that on 4th nearly complete) dark raised corneous
circles round them, and the supra-spiracular tubercle (III.) of the
12th segment (8th abdominal) has a more delicate, but very com-
plete similar ring, precisely as in most Phycid larvee. The spiracles
are raised on conical projections, faintly paler than the general
surface, but inconspicuous. The tubercles below the spiracles are
on definite smooth areas or plates, that look slightly sunk below the
general surface. They are, first, on one plate below the spiracle,
two tubercles : one, the lower, immediately below the spiracle, the
upper slightly in front of it; the hairs on these tubercles rather
short. Rather lower and at posterior border of the segment a soli-
tary tubercle with long hair. Lower, and at outer and front side of
foreleg (on 7-10) a large plate, carrying three short hairs, in one
line, the first just above, the third in front of foreleg ; lowest of all,
asmall tubercle near the middle line. IV. and V. are on one plate,
VII. VIII. and IX. on another. The solitary tubercles I. IT. III.
VI. and X. all have the same structure. The circle surrounding the
hair is at the summit of a conical projection, or pyramid, with
wrinkled sides, like mountain slopes furrowed by ravines: a not
uncommon form of tubercle in Pyralids.
The structure of tubercle LV. in 8th abdominal segment is as though
the circle surrounding the hair, instead of at once forming the slope,
Hypotiane. 53
was followed by a level of soft pale dermis, and then a larger ring of
chitin formed the summit of the conical projection.
The ventral prolegs have a complete circle of hooks, and when
expanded, are regularly circular, but contract into an anterior and
posterior line, or into a triangle with anterior, posterior and outer
sides. The hooks (or crochets) are in two rows, the longer sharply
hooked and with long bases, are about twenty-eight in number ; the
shorter are between these, are very small, and range with the
proximal ends of the bases of the large ones. The anal prolegs
have the circlet of hooks largely wanting posteriorly.
There is a large plate on Ist thoracic ; 2nd and 3rd thoracic seg-
ments have a subsegmentation of the complicated form common
to most Pyralids ; a central suabsegment carries the tubercles and is
much constricted dorsally, and the marginal ones merge before
reaching the spiracular level. This subsegmentation is not nearly so
pronounced as in Pyralis. The abdominal segments (1-7 at least)
are divided into two nearly equal subsegments, or into four, if two
faintly-marked and narrow subsegments between the two larger ones
be counted as separate.
The general surface has a finely granular or shagreened texture.
In places are small, circular, smooth, apparently depressed areas of
about the same size as the tubercles. The most conspicuous of these
is a row of four on each side of the middle line, along the anterior
margins of the abdominal segments. These are frequent in Phycitine
and Pyraustine.
Pupa of H. corticalis.
From 7-8 m.m. in length. It varies in fact much in size, but Jess
in length than in thickness, a small ¢ being 1°77 m.m., and a 2 2%
m.m. in width, but in length 7 and 8°3 m.m. respectively. Fairly
uniform throughout the thoracic mass, but tapering regularly from 5th
abdominal ; in the more robust specimens the tapering begins at 3rd
abdominal. The ventral aspect of the thoracic mass is fairly straight ;
the tapering towards head is done by dorsal rounding, from meta-
thorax forwards.
There is no dorsal head piece, the face piece extends backwards
between the antennal bases. It carries two fine hairs opposite the
middle of the base of the antennz. At its oral margin a triangular
piece (labrum ?) projects with its lower angle rounded off and notched,
and on either side of this, and overlapped by it, is a small rounded
lappet (mandible ?). Laterally the eye-region is clearly marked off.
Immediately below the free margin of the labrum, the labium begins,
and for a third of its length is single, then divides; its total length
54 Dr. T. A, Chapman on
is about 0°6 m.m., and it is very slender ; from this as far out as the
eyes is the base of the maxilla, which, at first broad, soon narrows
and does not quite reach the end of wings. From the labrum to end
of appendages is about 4:0 m.m. The maxilla exceeds 3°5 m.m., and
where it ceases the 3rd tarsi appear and continue to occupy the
central position to the extremity. Outside them the second pair of
legs reach the extremity, and then the antennze usually do so, but
are sometimes fractionally short. The first legs are about 3°3 m.m.
just outside the maxille and a trifle shorter. Beginning at 0°6 m.m.
from the labrum and extending to 2°0 m.m., there is between the
maxille and first leg a spindle-shaped piece, divided by an oblique
joint, that is some portion of trochanter and femur of first leg.
Beneath the eye-portion of the face is a minute transverse piece
(the maxillary palpus), and below it, and of a width exactly equal to
the length of the palpus, is the first leg. The second leg touching,
or just failing to touch, the palpus, ends here at a sharp angle between
first leg and antenna, The basal portion of antenne above other
appendages is very wide. The transverse markings of the antennze
are distinct, but the leg-covers, etc., are so finely sculptured by rows
of minute points that they may be called smooth. The labrum has
strong transverse ridges. These are finer above, and at the upper
part of head are longitudinal. There is a rather strong dark point
just above outer angle of labrum, and above and within this a rather
strong bristle.
The wings (and appendages) reach nearly to hind margin of 4th
segment. The nervures are well marked, and Poulton’s line also along
the hind margin ; the general surface is smooth, being very minutely
dotted.
Close to the apex, just within Poulton’s line, is a small, definite,
unmistakable bristle, and another at the anal angle similarly just
within Poulton’s line. In some specimens I cannot discover the
latter, and in one specimen the former is wanting, not broken away.
This is a most unusual feature in pupe, perhaps because not looked
for.
The prothorax is devoid of bristles, but is very finely spiculated
at the margin of the spiracle, some of the spicules being fine and
hairlike. On the mesothorax the opposite side of the spiracular open-
ing is also spiculated, but the spicules are very short and small, little
more than points; they extend some distance back on to the outer
surface, and gradually merge into the points of the general surface,
which are here very minute, rounded and closely packed on the
wing-surface, but become large and separate on the dorsum, and have
aringed appearance, being in fact centrally pitted. There are two
bristles on the mesothorax, about the middle, one near the middle
Hypotiane. 55
line, the other near the wing-base. The metathorax is comparatively
small, has fewer and very large punctures, and two bristles, as in
mesothorax ; the posterior wing stretches down in a narrow strip
vanishing about middle of 4th abdominal.
The Ist abdominal segment is small, has pits about the same in
size and distribution as on metathorax ; these continue on all the
following segments, but get gradually smaller, though not very
materially. On ten they are absent. On one (abdominal) there is
only one bristle (i.), the site of iii, being beneath hindwing. On
2-8 (abdominal) are two bristles (i. and iii.), No. ii. being absent ; on
9 is one dorsal bristle (iii. ?). The spiracles of 2nd and 3rd abdominal
have the common appearance of having been shoved back by the
wing, and of having pushed a ridge of chitin before them. The
remaining spiracles are inconspicuous, rather large, with sharp
raised margins. Ventrally (4-9) the pits are fewer and smaller.
On 5, 6 and 7 only a subspiracular bristle exists ventrally, but
there are two on 8 and 9. The anal armature consists of a trans-
verse row of four blunt pyramids, two on either side, each carrying
a spine, and two similar projections with spines, further out and
rather dorsal. These spines are 0°13 m.m. long, and terminate in a
coil, forming a complete circle, so that if straightened out they might
be about 0°2 m.m. in length.
a
Or
~I
te
V. Report on a Collection of African Locustidee formed by
Mr. W. L. Distant, chiefly from the Transvaal. By
WinuiAM F. Kirey, F.LS., F.E.S.
[Read February 5th, 1902. ]
THE present paper completes my preliminary report on
Mr. Distant’s collection of African Orthoptera. The
Locustide, by which I understand the grasshoppers and
true migratory Locusts, with short antennz, are both
numerous and easily collected; and therefore the number
of species and specimens in collections usually exceeds
those of other families of Orthoptera. Mr. Distant’s col-
lection includes a considerable number of new species,
here described, which will, it is hoped, be illustrated, in
due course, in the forthcoming parts of his Jnsecta
Transvaaliensia.
I have also taken the opportunity of introducing oc-
casional synonymic notes and corrections, and notices of
some additional species recorded from the Transvaal, but
not obtained by Mr. Distant. Thus enlarged, the present
paper enumerates 125 species, and a few obscure or im-
mature forms remain over for further consideration.
In all, two new genera and thirty-three new species are
characterized in the present paper, of which seven new
species are described under each of the two genera Chroto-
gonus, Serville, and Xiphicera, Lamarck.
LOCUSTIDE.
ACRYDIIDA4i
Cladonotine.
Genus TRACHYTETTIX.
Trachytettia, Stal, Gifv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxiii (3), p. 57
(1876) ; Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Bele., xxl) ps 213
(1887).
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (APRIL)
58 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
1. Trachytettiz bufo.
Tettix bufo, Costa, Ann. Mus. Nap., ii, p. 58 (1864).
Trachytettiz bufo, Bolivar, Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg., xxxi, p. 213
(1887).
Cladonotus horridus, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., v, p. 844, n. 8
(1871).
Trachytettix scaberrimus, Stal, Atv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxiii
(3), p. 37 (1876).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Zoutpansberg (Kaessner), Sterkfontem
(Thomassen) ; Navau (Gueinzius); LAaGos (Strachan); Da-
MARALAND; SOMALI (olivar).
Acrydiine.
Genus ACRYDIUM.
Acrydium, Geottroy, Hist. Ins., i, p. 390 (1762) ; Fabricius,
Syst. Ent., p. 278 (1775); Leach, Edinb. Encyel., ix,
p. 120 (1815), nec Latreille.
Tetriz, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., iii, p. 284 (1802).
Tettix, Fischer, Orth. Russ., p. 346 (1846), e¢ auet.
2. Acrydium condylops.
Tetrix condylops, Gerstaecker, Arch. f. Nat., xxxv, p. 221
(1869); Von der Decken’s Reisen, i (2), p. 48
- (1873).
Tettix vittata, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., v, p. 821, n. 43
(1871).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Barberton (ken-
dall); NATAL (Gueinzius) ; WANGA (Gerstaccker).
This species appears to have been overlooked by Bolivar
in his monograph.
3. derydium latipes.
Tettix latipes, Stil, fv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxin (3), p. 56
(1876); Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxi, p. 261
(1887).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria, Waterberg, Warm Baths
(Distant), Zoutpansberg (Kaessner’).
Described by Stil from Damaraland.
Report on a Collection of African Locustide.
Or
iio)
4. Acrydium distanti, sp. n.
Long. corp. 10-13 millim,
Dark brown, slightly varied with reddish in the male, the whole
body very thickly and finely granulated, with several large granules
on the sides of the pronotum, and on the upper surface of the hind
femora. Antenne short, 14-jointed, the last joint long and pointed.
Frontal ridge forming a long narrow fork as far as the middle
of the vertex. Pronotum as long as the abdomen, the central carina
considerably raised, but only slightly curved ; the lateral carinz in
front well-marked, and parallel. Legs rather hairy ; front femora
almost cylindrical ; middle femora broader and flatter ; hind femora
very broad, ending in a slightly projecting tooth above, preceded, in
the male, by a very small one. Hind tibiz with a double row of
rather large spines, 9 on the outer and 7 on the inner edge. Hind
tarsi with the first joint very finely serrated above, tripartite beneath,
and considerably longer than the 2nd and 3rd together. Ovipositor
of the female very large and conspicuous, strongly denticulated
beneath. Tegmina and wings not visible.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Zoutpansberg (Kaessner, ¢), Rust-
enburg (Distant, 2).
Genus PARATETTIX.
Paratettix, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxi, p. 270
(1887).
5. Paratettix scaber,
Acrydium seabrum, Thunberg, Nova Acta Upsal., vii, p. 157
(1815).
Tettrix scaber, Stal, Rec. Orth., i, p. 149 (1873).
Paratettiz scaber, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxi, p. 279,
n. 18 (1887).
Var. Tettix subpustulata, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., v, p. 819,
n. 40 (1871).
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Zoutpansberg
(Kaessner), Barberton (fendall); CENTRAL AFRICA; Fort
Johnston, NYASALAND (Rendall).
A long series of this extremely variable species.
6. Paratetti« carinata, sp. n.
Vertical carina produced backwards over the pronotum and the
basal part of the suture of the tegmina in a moderately high and
60 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
gradually-rounded crest. General colour red or grey ; antenne
yellow, blackish towards the tip. Head and pleura mostly black ;
pronotum and basal half of tegmina usually bordered by a very
distinct yellow line, and the curve of the yellow border of the
tegmina is filled up by a long black stripe on each side. Hind
femora blackish on the inside, and striated with black above. Teg-
mine subacuminate, extending for nearly half their length beyond
the abdomen ; wings still longer,
Long. corp. 9-10 millim ; cum alis 12-14 millim.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Barberton (Rendall).
A somewhat variable species, but recognizable in ob-
scurely marked specimens by the raised and regularly
curved carine.
Genus COPTOTETTIX.
Coptotettiz, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxi, p. 287
(1887).
7. Coptotettix infausta.
‘ettia infausta, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., v, p. 820, n. 42
(1871).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); S. AFRIcA (Dr.
A, Smith); NATAL (Gueinzius).
A rather large specimen, without locality, in the British
Museum, is labelled “ Aquatic.”
PNEUMORIDA.
Genus CYSTOCCLIA.
Puewmora (Cystocelia), Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 713 (1839).
8. Cystocelia inanis.
2. Gryllus inanis, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 827 (1775).
2. Pnewmore scutellaire, Latreille, Cuvier, Regne Anim.
(ed, 2), ii, pl. xix, f. 1 (1830).
Pneumora scutellaris, Burmeister, Handb. Ent., 1, p. 164,
n. 10 (1838); Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 713 (1839).
f and ¢. Grahamstown (Schonland).
There is an immature female, apparently belonging to
this species, in the British Museum, which was catalogued
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 61
by Walker as Prewmora ocellata, Thunberg, a species
belonging to the genus Bulla, L. The specimen cata-
logued by Walker as P. scutellaris is a female of Cystocalia
secguttata, Thunberg, of which Pnewmora obliqua, Thun-
berg, is also an immature female form.
MASTACIDA.
Genus PLAGIOTRIPTUS.
Plagiotriptus, Karsch, Entom. Nachrichten, xv, p. 8
(1889).
9. Plagiotriptus hippiscus.
Choretypus hippiscus, Gerstaecker, Arch. f. Nat. xxxv,
p. 218 (1869); Von der Decken, Reisen in Ost-
Afrika, 11 (2), p. 42) pl. u, tig. 8 (1873).
Plagiotriptus hippiscus, Karsch, Ent. Nachr., xv, p. 8
(1889).
Hab. NYASALAND: Fort Johnston (Rendall); Mombasa
(Gerstaecker), Zomba (Whyte, B. M.), Samburu, B. E.
Arrica; collected in November 1896 (Betton, B. M.).
RYN AED ZAR,
Genus ACRIDA.
Gryllus (Acrida), Linneus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x), p. 427
(1758).
Acrida, Stal, Rec. Orth., 1, pp. 88, 95 (1877).
Truxalis, pt. Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 279 (1775).
Tryxalis, Bolivar, Feuille Nat., xxiii, p. 41 (1893).
The type of Zruxalis has been fixed as an American
species; the types of Zryzalis, Blanchard, belong to the
next genus, and therefore <Acrida, Linnzeus, must be
retained, with A. turrita, Linnzeus, as the type.
A. turrita, Linneus, and A. gigantea, Fuessly, are
usually united under the name of 4. nasuta, Linneus ;
but they appear to be distinct, and the true A. nasuta
belongs to the following genus.
10. Acrida turrita.
Gryllus (Acrida) turritus, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1,
p. 427, n. 12 (1758).
Acrida turrita, Stal, Rec. Orth., i, p. 96, n. 3 (1873).
62 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Waterberg, Warm
Baths (Distant), Barberton (Rendall); Nata: Durban
(Ross); Pemba ISLAND (Burtt); NYASALAND: Zomba
(Rendall); MOZAMBIQUE: Mopea.
A common African species, with uniform green tegmina,
and the lateral carine of the pronotum not bordered
with black. The wings are transparent, more or less
tinged with green or yellowish.
11. Acrida gigantea.
Truxalis giganteus, Fuessly, Archives, p. 173, pl. 52, f. 6 —
(1791):
Tryxalis bilineatus, Thunberg, Mém. Acad. Pétersb., v,
p. 266 (1815); Nova Acta Upsal., ix, p..82 (1827).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Barberton
(Rendall); Navrau: Durban (Ross); NYASALAND: Fort
Johnston (Rendall).
Often confused with the last species, but appears to be
distinct; it is found in Africa and the Mediterranean
region. The tegmina are green or pale brown, with pink
or brown longitudinal markings; the head and pronotum
are longitudinally striped with rose-colour on the sides and
sometimes on the median line; the lateral carinze are
generally bordered within with black lines, and the wings
are tinged with yellowish.
12. Acrida rendalli, sp. n.
Long. corp. 60 millim ; exp. al. 120 millim.
Female. Head and thorax green. Frontal protuberance extending
beyond the eye to about % of the length of the latter, with parallel
sides, and cut off almost square at the extremity, its lateral margins,
in front of the eye, brown. Antennze with the basal joint testaceous,
the rest wanting. Behind the eye runs a very pale yellow lateral
stripe, broadening behind, to the extremity of the head ; it is bor-
dered beneath by a slender black line. It is continued by a similar
pale yellow band on the thorax, below the lateral carinee. This band
is obsolete before and behind, as is also a black line bordering it
below. The lateral. carine are yellow, and bordered above with
slender black lines, obsolete behind ; the lower terminal lateral
carine are yellow, unmarked with black. The hinder part of the
prothorax is slightly expanded above, convex and slightly longi-
tudinally striated ; the front of the head and the hinder part of the
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 63
prothorax are marked with a slight median carina, otherwise obso-
lete. Abdomen brown (perhaps reddish in life ?) above, and buff
below. Tegmina green, except the tips, which are lilac (perhaps
discoloured ?); there are traces of an interrupted brown longitudinal
stripe. Basal half of wings and principal nervures throughout clear
rose-colour, unspotted ; outer half hyaline. Longitudinal and trans-
verse nervures towards the tips mostly green ; transverse and inter-
calated nervures mostly blackish in the middle, and reddish towards
the anal angle. Legs green, tarsi rufo-testaceous.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Barberton (Rendall).
It is extremely difficult to determine the number of
species in this group, and the present insect would perhaps
be regarded by some entomologists as a red-winged variety
of A. turrita or gigantea.
13. Acrida aspersata, sp. n.
Long. corp. 64 millim ; exp. a]. 110 millim.
Female. Head, thorax, legs and tegmina green. Head with a
single black lateral line behind the eye, thorax with double black
lines, meeting in front, obsolete behind, and bordered with yellow
lines, on the upper and middle lateral carine. Hinder part of
thorax slightly expanded, pointed behind, and longitudinally striated.
Abdomen and hind femora greenish and buff, with black longitudinal
_spots on the back. Tegmina green, the costa edged by a black line ;
a central longitudinal black stripe, undulated and filled up with
yellow lines above, and broken into spots at 2 of the length of
the tegmen. Wings rose-colour, except on the apical third, where
they are greenish-hyaline ; and with most of the interspaces between
the transverse nervures marked with small blood-red spots.
Hab. Kast ArFrica: Masongolem, 3000 feet (Scott
Elliot) (Brit. Mus.); TRANSVAAL, Barberton (Rendall).
The species is described from Mr. Scott Elliot’s specimen.
Mr. Rendall’s is more faded; but the head, prothorax, and
tegmina are striped with rose-colour, and the space below
the wings is marked obliquely with black and rose-colour.
In the other specimen, it is indistinctly marked with green
and black.
14. Acrida acuminata.
Acrida acuminata, Stal, Rec. Orth., p. 97 (1873).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Barberton (P. Rendall).
One specimen, differing from Stil’s description in wanting
the dark lines towards the tips of the wings.
64 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
15. Acrida sulphuripennis.
Tryxalis sulphwripennis, Gerstaecker, Arch. f. Nat.,
xxxv, p. 215 (1869); Von der Decken’s Reisen, 111
(2), p. 33, pl. 1, fig. 1 (1878).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); NataL: Durban
(Distant) ; ZANZIBAR (Gerstaccker).
One of the smaller species of the genus, and apparently
not very common.
16. Acrida madecassa.
Tryxalis madecassa, Brancsik, Jahresb. Ver. Trencsen, xv,
p. 186 (1898).
Hab, NYASALAND: Fort Johnston (Rendall).
A single example, agreeing with specimens in the
British Museum from Madagascar.
17. Acrida rufescens.
Truxalis rufescens, Palisot de Beauvois, Ins. Afr. Amér.,
p- 17; Orth., pl. 11, fig. 2 (1805).
Acrida rufescens, Stil, Rec. Orth., 1, p. 97 (1873).
Hab. NYASALAND: Fort Johnston (fendall).
A well-known West African species.
Genus TRYXALIS.
Tryvxalis, Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins., in, p. 86 (1840).
Acridella, Bolivar, Feuille Jeune Nat., xxii, p. 41 (1893).
18. Zryxvalis nasuta.
Gryllus (Acrida) nasutus, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1,
p- 427, n. 11 (1758).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Rustenburg (Distant).
A single pair. The male (from Rustenburg) has pale
yellow wings; the female (without locality) has the base
of the wings tinged with purple and red, and many of the
longitudinal nervures red. ‘The male is very similar to
A. varialilis, Klug, and has no red or vinous colour on the
hind wings; but the two insects exhibit so many points of
resemblance that I have ventured to put them together.
Report on a Collection of African Locustide, 65
19. Tryxalis serrata.
Truxalis serratus, Thunberg, Mém. Pétersb.,v, p. 269 (1815);
Nov. Acta Upsal., ix, p. 84 (1827).
Acrida serrata, Stil, Rec. Orth., 1, p. 100 (1873).
Tryxalis nasuta, Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins., 111, p. 36, pl. 10,
fig. 1 (1840).
Truxalis constricta, Schaum, Peters’ Reise Mossamb., v,
p. 129, pl. vii A, fig. 1 (1862).
Tryxalis lativitta, Walk. Cat. Derm. Salt., B. M., iui,
p-. 496, n. 8 (1870).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
Genus AMYCUS.
Stal, Cifv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xii, p. 353 (1855); Rec.
Orth., pp. 89, 100 (1873).
Parga, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., iti, p. 804 (1870).
20. Amycus rhodiopterus.
Amycus rhodiopterus, Stal, Cifv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xii,
p. 353, n. 2 (1855).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria, Masil. Nek (Distant) ; Port
Natal (S¢i/).
Genus PHLAZOBA.
Gomphocerus (Phlwoba), Stil, Eugenie’s Resa, p. 340 (1860).
Phlxoba, Stal, Rec. Orth., 1, pp. 92, 107 (1873).
21. Phizxoba basalis.
Opomala basalis, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., ii, p. 510, n. 20
(1870).
Phixoba chloronota, Stal, QEfv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxiii (3),
p-. 48 (1876). .
Phleoba viridula, Krauss, Sitzungsber. Math. Nat. Cl. Wien,
Ixxvi, (1); p. 52 G877).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Barberton (Rendall);
DeLtacoa Bay (Distant); NYASALAND: Fort Johnston
(Rendall).
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (APRIL) 59
66 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
22. Phlxoba interlineata.
Opomala interlineata, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., i, p. 510,
p. 2) (1870):
Philxoba viridula, var. liturata, Bol., Jorn. Sci. Lisb. (2), 1,
p- 98 (1899).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria; and another female specimen
without special locality (Distant); NATAL (type); NYASA-
LAND (B. M.).
This species is common in Nyasaland, where the
black stripes are a little narrower than in the type from
Natal. Bolivar regards it as a variety of P. chloronota, Stal
(= Opomala basalis, Walker), which he and Krauss
incorrectly regard as identical with Truxalis viridula,
Beauv., which is really a synonym of the American 7’
brevicornis, Linn.
One specimen from Pretoria differs in having a broad
double black band on each side of the central line on the
hinder half of the vertex ; in wanting the usual black lines
on the pronotum ; and in the hind femora being blackish
on both sides. But without a long series of specimens
from the same locality, to show variation, and to check the
effects of possible discoloration, it is difficult to deal with
Orthoptera satisfactorily.
Genus DURONIA.
Duronia, Stal, Bihang Vet. Akad. Handl. (4), v, p. 21
(1876).
The types of this genus are D. semicarinata, Gerst., and
D. chloronota, Stal, the latter of which is a synonym of
Phiwoba basalis, Walk.; but Brunner employs the name
for some Burmese species which are not congeneric.
23. Duronia stenoptera.
Chrysochraon stenopterus, Schaum, Mon. Berl. Akad., 1858,
p. 779; Peters’ Reise nach Mossamb. Zool., v, p. 183,
pl. vii A, fig. 4 (1862).
Chrysochraon semicarinatus, Gerst., Arch. f. Nat. xxxv, p.
218 (1869); Von der Decken, Reisen, iii (2), p.39 (1873).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Eureka near Barberton (Rendall) ;
MOZAMBIQUE (Schaum) ; WANGA (Von der Decken).
Report on a Collection of African Locustide, 67
24. Duronia tricarinata.
Duronia tricarinata, Bol., An. Soc. Esp. xix, p. 312
(1890).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Barberton (fen-
dall) ; Zoutpansberg (Kaessner) ; ASHANTI (Bolwar).
Genus ORTHOCHTHA.
Orthochtha, Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., SERVI Peele,
note (1891).
25. Orthochtha dasyenemis.
Chrysochraon dasycnemis, Gerst., Arch. f. Nat., xxxv, p. 217
(1869); Von der Decken, Reisen in Ost.-Afrika, 11
(2), p. 38, pl. iii, fig. 2, 2a (1878).
Hab. NYASALAND: Fort Johnston (Rendall).
Genus PARACINEMA.
Paracinema, Fischer, Orth. Eur., p. 312 (1870); Stal, Rec.
Orth., i, pp. 91, 103 (1878).
26. Paracinema tricolor.
Gryllus tricolor, Thunberg, Mém. Acad. Pétersb., v, p. 245
(1815), ix, p. 419 (1824).
Paracinema tricolor, Brunner, Prodr. Europ. Orth., p. 97,
pl. iv, fig. 26 (1882).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria, Masil. Nek (Distant); NYASA-
LAND: Fort Johnston (Rendall).
A common species throughout a great part of Southern
Europe, Asia, and Africa. The full synonymy is given by
Brunner.
Genus PNORISA.
Gomphocerus (Pnorisa), Stal, Eug. Resa, p. 341 (1860).
Pnorisa, Stal, Rec. Orth., i, pp. 98, 107 (1873); CEfv. Vet.
Akad. Forh., xxxiii (3), p. 47 (1876).
68 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
27. Pnorisa squalus.
Gomphocerus (Pnorisa) squalus, Stal, EKug. Resa, p. 341
(1860).
Pnorisa squalus, Stal, Gifv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxiii (3), p.
48 (1876).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); Care (Stal);
B. C. Arrica, Baringo (etton).
28. Pnorisa capensis.
Stenobothrus capensis, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., iv, p. 764, n.
62 (1870).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); 8. Arrica (7'7r7-
men).
Very similar to the last species, but. darker and less
distinctly marked.
Genus DIABLEPIA, g.n.
Fastigium nearly as long before the eyes, asthe head behind them ;
convex on the median line to the extremity, where it is subcarinated,
and curves slightly downwards ; the carina is slightly oval, rounded
in front, and there is a slight depression between it and the median
elevated front of the head. Middle carinz of the face meeting in a
point above, but subparallel below, slightly approximating in the
middle at the frontal ocellus. Lateral carinze of the face slender,
starting from below the antenne, and curving slightly outwards at
their lower extremity. Antenne about 21-jointed, ensiform,
broadest and flattest towards the base. Pronotum 4 longer than the
head ; about twice as long as broad, with three well-marked carine,
the lateral ones slightly converging on the hinder part; transverse
sutures barely indicated. Outside the central carine are two addi-
tional rudimentary carinee, parallel, and slightly indicated to the
front of the fastigium of the vertex, where they meet in a point.
Antenne inserted close to, and just below the front of the eyes ;
face much sloped, deflexed sides of pronotum less so, forming an
obtuse angle in front, and almost a right angle behind ; lower side
nearly straight, hinder edge of pronotum above slightly projecting
behind, almost rectangular, but with the angle rounded off at the
extremity. Tegmina rather longer than the abdomen, femora and
tibiz rather hairy, femora not very thick, about as long as the abdo-
men, with the pattern on the outer median area irregular, the angles
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 69
being very acute, and the series of upper and lower raised lines being
separated by a longitudinal waved line. Tibize as long as the femora,
with about eleven spines on each side.
Allied to Phivoba and Duronia, from which it is at once
distinguished by the depression on each side of the
fastigium not meeting in front.
28A. Diablepia viridis, sp. n.
Long. corp. 24 lin.
Grass-green ; antennz, except the basal joint, ferruginousor blackish ;
costa and extremity of the tegmina, upper side of the hind femora,
and probably more or less of the wings, pale rose-colour ; in one
specimen the space between the inner rudimentary carinz of the head
and pronotum is filled up by a narrow cream-coloured, or very pale
yellow stripe, which is continued along the suture of the tegmina.
Head and sides of pronotum with numerous fine irregular reticula-
tions. Spines of hind tibize pale yellow, tipped with black. First
joint of tarsi about as long as the two following ones together, bilo-
bate beneath ; second rather shorter than the third, and slightly pro-
duced beneath at the extremity.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
Genus GYMNOBOTHRUS.
Gymnobothrus, Bolivar, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa (2), i, p. 100
(1889).
29. Gymnobothrus linea alba.
Bolivar, l. c. (1889).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
Appears to be a common species.
Genus CHORTOICETES.
Chortoicetes, Brunner, Ann. Mus. Genov., xxxiii, p. 123
(1893).
30. Chortoicetes prasina.
Epacromia (?) prasina, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., iv, p. 770,
n. 9 (1870).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); CAPE COLONY :
Cape Town (7rimen), Grahamstown (Schonland).
70 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
One of the commonest grasshoppers at Pretoria. It is
very probably identical with C. sociws, Stal, in which case
the latter name should be retained. The specimens vary
a little in size, pattern and the colour of the legs, but
appear all to belong to the same species.
One specimen is labelled : “ With swarm of red locusts,
Pretoria, November 1894.”
31. Chortoicetes plena.
Epacromia plena, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., iv, p. 969, n. 8
(1870).
Acridium (Cdipoda) caliginosa, var. 8, De Haan, Verhand.
Orth., p. 162 (1842).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria, Rustenburg, Waterberg,
Warm Baths (Distant).
32. Chortoicetes minusculus.
Stenobothrus minusculus, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., iv, p. 763,
n. 61 (1870).
Hab. NYASALAND: Fort Johnston (Rendall); CAPE
(Trimen).
LOCUSTIDA.
Genus COSMORHYSSA.
Cosmorhyssa, Stil, Rec. Orth. i, pp. 116, 121 (1873);
Saussure, Mém. Soc. Genéve, xxviii (9), pp. 50, 123
(1884), xxx (i), pp. 18, 37 (1888).
33. Cosmorhyssa fasciata.
Gryllus fasciatus, Thunberg, Mém. Acad. Pétersb., v, p. 280
(1815); ix, p. 408 (1824).
Cosmorhyssa fasciata, Stal, Rec. Orth., 1, p. 121 (1873) ;
Saussure, Mém. Soc. Genéve, xxviii (1), p. 124 (1884).
Gryllus sanguineus, Thunberg, 1. ¢., v, p. 231 (1815); ix, p.
404 (1824).
(Edipoda strigata, Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 726 (1839).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Barberton (fen-
dall); DELAGOA Bay (Distant); PEMBA ISLAND (Burtt) ;
Natal; KILIMANJARO; SIERRA LEONE; GABOON (B. M.);
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 71
NYASALAND: Fort Johnston (Rendall); BrivisH CENTRAL
Arrica : Zomba (Rendall).
A common and widely distributed African species. Mr.
Distant’s is a very pale specimen, and had perhaps been
some time on the wing when captured.
34. Cosmorhyssa suleata,
Gryllus sulcatus, Thunberg, Mém. Acad. Pétersb., v, p. 234
(1815).
Cosmorhyssa sulcata, Stal, Rec. Orth. i, p. 122 (1873);
Saussure, Mém. Soc. Genéve, xxvii (9), p. 124
(1884).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
Genus GASTRIMARGUS.
Gastrimargus, Saussure, Mém. Soc. Geneve, xxviii (9), pp.
109, 110 (1884), xxx (i), p. 37 (1888).
35. Gastrimargus determinatus.
Pachytylus determinatus, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., v, Suppl.,
pata Gs).
(daleus verticalis, Saussure, Mém, Soc. Geneve, xxviii (9),
p. 111 (1884).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria, Masil. Nek (Distant); NATAL ;
Knysna, Marabastaat (B. M.).
36. Gastrimargus marmoratus.
Gastrimargus marmoratus, var. 8, Thunberg, Mém. Acad.
Pétersb:, v, p. 282 (1815); 1x, p. 411, pl. 14, fig. 4
(1824),
Pachytylus (Cdaleus) marmoratus, Stal, Ree. Orth., 1,
p. 128 (1878).
(Edaleus marmoratus, Saussure, Mém. Soc. Genéve, xxvill
(1), p. 112 (1884),
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Barberton
(Distant); NYASALAND: Fort Johnston (/endal/).
A common species throughout the warmer parts of the
Old World.
~]
bo
Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
37. Gastrimargus acutangulus.
Pachytylus (Gidaleus) acutangulus, Stal, Ree. Orth., 1,
p--125 (1873).
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Pretoria? (Distant) CAFFRARIA (Stal).
Mr. Distant’s collection contains a smgle damaged speci-
men of this beautiful species, without precise locality. It
is quite distinct from the species which Saussure describes
under the same name; for Stil’s species has blue wings,
and Saussure’s yellow wings. As Stal’s description is
short, and Saussure’s applies to another species, I add
here a full description of Mr. Distant’s specimen.
Long. corp. 40 millim. ; long. pron. 10 millim. : lat. pron, 8 millim.
Female. Intermediate between G. determinatus, Walker, and G.
marmoratus, Thunb., but nearer to the former. Ground colour test-
aceous ; the central and lateral carinz of the vertex very slightly
indicated, but visible ; a double black line before and behind each
eye ; a brown streak, commencing in a point, just above the central
ocellus, on the frontal ridge; and a slightly-indicated brown line
bordering the sides of the ridge on the outside; lower orbits,
mandibles, and an oblique stripe on the cheeks from the upper
surface of the mandibles, black. Antenne, except two pale basal
joints, wanting. Pronotum granulated, with the central carina
considerably raised, and the hinder angle long and acute, as in
G. determinatus ; central carina pale yellow, narrowly bordered on
the sides with blackish, the upper stripe from the eye continued
to the first suleus, and followed by another black stripe, tapering at
each extremity ; the lower line from the eye expands into a black
triangle, scarcely continued beyond the principal suleus, and sur-
rounded by yellowish, which takes the form of an angulated stripe
above it, and an irregular band below, from the first suleus to the
hind margin of the pronotum. Below it is another triangular black
spot, extending from the fore border of the pronotum to the principal
sulcus, and marked behind at the lower angle by a yellow spot.
Abdomen shining black above, and testaceous below, and on the
sides, which exhibit a double row of black dots. Legs rufo-testaceous ;
hind femora spotted with black on all the carine ; the inside black,
with light blue transverse bands; hind tibiz and tarsi red, the
spines of the tibize yellowish, and tipped with black. Tegmina
brown towards the base, the costal area varied with yellowish
subhyaline ; the anal area darker yellowish above, and brown at the
base and below; the intermediate basal area brown, varied by a
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 73
double row of whitish spots; the apical portion of the wing sub-
hyaline, with two large transverse black blotches, enclosing more or
less transparent spaces ; the second is indeed almost divided into
brown and transparent longitudinal streaks, connected by a brown
transverse band on the inner side ; and it is followed by two series
of long brown stripes on the nervures ; (extremity of the tegmina
broken). Wings with the basal third white, with strongly-marked
blue nervures, which are sufliciently close together at the base to
give the wing a distinctly blue appearance at that point ; this inner
portion of the wing is bordered by a very broad blue-black band,
extending from the costa, and covering a considerable portion of the
hind margin as far as the anal angle ; the outer part of the wing
transparent, with brown nervures, varied in the upper portion by
pale yellow ones: beyond which are three irregular brown longitudinal
stripes, but the extremities of the wings, as well as of the tegmina,
are wanting.
Described from a single broken specimen from the
Transvaal, without special locality. The markings of the
femora alone are sufficient to distinguish it from G.
dohrnianus, Sauss., which has also blue hind wings.
374A. Gastrimargus dohriianus.
daleus (Gastrimargus) dohrnianus, Saussure, Mém. Soc.
Geneve, xxx (1), p. 166 (1888).
Hab, TRANSVAAL (Dohrn’s collection).
Not in Mr. Distant’s collection.
Genus CEDALEUS.
Gdaleus, Fieber, Lotos, iii, p. 126 (1853); Stal, Ree.
Orth., 1, p. 123 (1878); Saussure, Mém. Soc. Geneve,
xxvill (9), pp. 110, 115 (1884), xxx (1), pp. 18, 37, 40
(1888).
38. Gdaleus flavus.
Gryllus (Locusta) flavus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1,
p. 433, n. 53 (1758); (Pet. Gaz., pl. 3, fig. 6, fig. typ.).
Acrydium nigrofasciatum, De Geer, Mém. Ins,, iii, p. 493,
pl. 41, fig. 5 (1773).
Pachytylus (Gidaleus) nigrofasciatus, Stal, Rec. Orth.,
1, p. 126 (1873).
74 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
(Edaleus nigrofasciatus, Saussure, Mém. Soc. Geneve,
xxviii (9), p. 116 (1884), xxx (1), p. 40 (1888).
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); CAPE COLONY:
Grahamstown (Schonland).
A common species throughout the warmer parts of the
Old World. Petiver’s figure, which must be taken as
typical of Linné’s flavus, appears to represent this species.
Genus Locusta.
Gryllus (Locusta), Linneeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x), p. 431
(1758); Schrank, Enum. Ins. Austr., p. 246 (1781) ;
Samouelle, Ent. Compend., p. 218 (1819).
Gryllus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 287 (1775), haud recte.
Acrydium, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. ii, p. 282
(1802), nec Geoffroy.
Pachytylus, Fieber, Lotos, iii, p. 21 (1853); Stal, Ree.
Orth., 1, pp. 116, 122 (1873): e¢ auct. al.
39. Locusta danica.
Gryllus (Locusta) danicus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii),
i (2), p. 702, n. 38 (1758).
Gryllus cinerascens, Fabr., Spec. Ins., i, p. 369, n. 57 (1781).
Hab. NYASALAND: Fort Johnston, Zomba (endal/).
Two very dark specimens, one very large; and a third
small pale specimen.
One of the commonest locusts in most parts of the Old
World.
40, Locusta pardalina.
Pachytylus pardalinus, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., iv,
p. 725, n. 7 (1870).
Pachytylus sulcicollis, Stil, CAfv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxin
(3), p. 50 (1876).
Pachytylus capensis, Saussure, Mém. Soc. Geneve, xxviii
(9), p. 119 (1884), xxx (1), p. 43 (1888).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
One specimen is marked, “ With swarm of red locusts,
November 1894.” It is probably this species which has
been confounded with the Abyssinian LZ. migratorioides,
Reiche, by some authors on South African locusts.
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 75
41. Locusta migratorvoides.
(dipoda migratorioides, Reiche, Voy. Abyss., 11, p. 430,
pl. 28, fig. 12 (1847).
Hab. NYASALAND: Fort Johnston (fendall); ABYs-
SINIA; ANGOLA; SIERRA LEONE; LAS PaLMAS (B. M_.).
A widely-distributed species in Africa, The blue-black
mandibles are very characteristic.
Genus HETEROPTERNIS.
Heteropternis, Stal, Rec. Orth., i, pp. 117, 148 (1873);
Saussure, Mém. Soc. Genéve, xxvii (9), pp. 53, 129
(1884), xxx (1), pp. 19, 45 (1888).
42. Heteropternis vittata, sp. n.
Long. corp. 25 millim. ; exp. al. (circa) 48 millim.
Female. Black, face indistinctly mottled with paler, antennze
reddish above, brown below, palpi conspicuously pale yellow. Pro-
notum dull black, only one suture crossing the central carina a little
before the middle ; just behind it is a broad pale band, probably red
in life, occupying the front half of the space between its commence-
ment and the apex of the pronotum ; it is narrowest at the central
earina, and broadest above at the sides, where it drops straight down,
extending on the overlapping sides to their hinder extremity ; in
front of it are two small yellow spots on the black sides of the
pronotum ; the obtuse hinder angle of the pronotum above is black.
Abdomen testaceous, shining black above, and with broad black bands
on the side of each segment, and with narrow black ones towards the
base of the front segments beneath. Hind femora black, mottled
with yellowish ; lower inner carina, hind tibia (except the base and
spines, which are black) and the hind tarsi, except the black middle
joint, red. Tegmina blackish, the cells paler, except towards the
median line, two small yellow dots at 4 of their length, and a
transverse short whitish stripe at 3. Wings smoky, brown, sub-
hyaline, with the basal half red.
Hab. BritisH CENTRAL AFRIcA: Zomba (fendall).
Probably allied to H. pudica, Saussure.
Described from asingle specimen. There is an immature
specimen of what is probably an allied species, from
Pretoria (Distant).
76 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
Genus PYCNODICTYA.
Pycnodictya, Stal, Rec. Orth., i, pp. 116, 121 (1873);
Saussure, Mém. Soc. Genéve, xxvili (9), pp. 55, 144
(1884), xxx, p. 20 (1888).
43. Pycnodictya obscura.
Gryllus (Locusta) obscurus, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i,
p. 433, n. 52 (1858).
Pycnodictya obscura, Saussure, Mém. Soc. Genéve, xxvili
(1), p. 145 (1884).
(Hdipoda rosacea, Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 728 (1839).
Ilab, TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
A considerable number of specimens, varying a little in
size and colour.
Genus TMETONOTA.
Tmetonota, Saussure, Mém. Soc. Geneve, xxviii (9), pp. 56,
459 (1884), xxx (1), pp. 21, 54 (1888).
44, T'metonota abrupta.
(Edipoda abrupta, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., iv, p. 739, n. 76
(1870).
Trilophidia rugosa, Stal, Ree. Orth., 1, p. 132 (1873).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria, Rustenburg (Distant) ;
NATAL (Krauss); CAFFRARIA (Std).
I am not certain whether Saussure has correctly
determined Stal’s 7. rugosa.
Genus ACROTYLUS.
Acrotylus, Fieber, Lotos, 111, p. 125 (1853); Stal, Ree. Orth.,
1, pp. 119, 185 (1873); Saussure, Mém. Soc. Geneve,
xxvili(1), pp. 51,58, 186(1884), xxx, pp. 21, 23,68 (1888).
45, Acrotylus, sp.
One or more species, not yet accurately determined.
EREMOBIID/L.
Genus BATRACHOTETTIX.
Batrachotettiz, Burmeister, Handb. Ent., ii, p. 796 (1839) ;
Saussure, Mém. Soc. Genéve, xxviii (9), pp. 63, 236
(1884), xxx, pp. 123, 142 (1888).
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 77
46. Batrachotettiz scutellaris.
Trachypetra bufo, White (nec Burmeister), Methuen,
Wanderings in Wilderness 8. Africa, p. 317, pl. u,
tig. 3 (1846).
T. scutellaris, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., iv, p. 795, n. 3
(1870).
Batrachotettiz whiti, Saussure, Mém. Soc. Geneve, xxx (1),
p. 148 (1888).
Hab, GRAHAMSTOWN (Schonland).
PYRGOMORPHID.
Chrotogonine.
Genus CHROTOGONUS.
Chrotogonus, Serville, Ins. Orth. p. 702 (1839); Bolivar,
An. Soc. Esp., xiii, p. 37 (1884).
47. Chrotogonus angustipennis, sp. n.
Long. corp. cum tegm. 20-23 millim.
Uniform brown, strongly granulated, and very pubescent. Facial
carine rather broad, subparallel, scarcely divergent below, rising on
the vertex within the eyes, in front of two large tubercles, an oblique
carinz on the lower part of the cheeks. Prothorax with three raised
carine on the median line, as in C. capitatws, but with only one
slightly oblique carina running to the base of each tegmen. Pro-
notum produced behind in a rectangle. Tegmina very narrow, a
little longer than the abdomen, with a large dark band about the
middle. Antennze testaceous, mostly black on the apical half; legs
testaceous, banded with black ; hind femora darker outside, with a
large black spot in the middle above, and black spots on the carine
below; inside of hind femora black, with a conspicuous yellowish
band before the extremity. Abdomen spotted with black on the
back above, towards the base, in the female; in the male there is
also a double row of black spots beneath, and the terminal segment
is likewise black beneath.
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
Described from one male and two females.
78 Mr, W. F. Kirby’s
48. Chrotogonus capttatus, sp. n.
Long. corp. cum tegm. 20-24 millim.
Dark brown, head and thorax very rugose, and strongly granu-
lated. Facial carina broad, undulating, diverging beneath, imperfect
carinee running down both before and behind the eye. Vertex
with two arched carine between the eyes; antennze testaceous,
varied with black on the terminal half. Behind the carine on the
vertex several smaller ridges run backwards, diverging. On the
oceiput stands a large black triangle, between which and the ridges
(which are placed on an imperfect black band) is an oblique tawny
band spotted with black. Prothorax (viewed from the side) trilo-
bate ; on each side of the first ridge stands a lower carina, and on
each side of the central carina of the hinder lobe of the prothorax
are three more carine, two short, terminal, and the third more
central. Hinder lobe of the prothorax triangularly produced, and
broadly truncate at the extremity. Tegmina brown, indistinctly
spotted with darker brown, with very strongly-marked raised
nervures and several rows of granules. Abdomen thickly punctured,
under-surface tawny in front, yellow further back, and blackish
towards the extremity, and marked with a double row of large
black spots. Middle femora carinated, hind femora strongly granu-
lated, tibize spotted with blackish.
Long. corp. 24 millim.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
Three specimens—two males and one female ; the female
is much more uniformly coloured than the type, and wants
the peculiar markings on the head. It has also two more
distinct blackish bands across the tegmina.
49. Chrotogonus meridionalis.
Chrotogonus meridionalis, Saussure, Dist. Nat. Transv.,
p. 262, pl. iv, fig. 5 (1892).
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Zoutpansberg (Distant).
50. Chrotogonus distantt, sp. n.
Male. Clay-yellow, varied with black on the head, thorax, and
basal segments of the abdomen; antenne black, with the basal
joints, and one or two isolated joints of the flagellum indistinctly
reddish. Front moderately long, tricarinate, the lateral carine end-
ing in tubercles within the eyes. Back of head grey in the middle,
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 79
followed by a black, and then by an orange spot on each side ; space
behind the eyes black, lower parts of head whitish, with black dots
and whitish tubercles; a large pale tubercle on each side near the
middle of the face. Thorax very rugose and tuberculate, front edge
with two black tubercles in the middle, hinder edge rounded and
lobate, the middle lobe and the lateral angles tipped with orange, be-
tween which are five black tubercles on each side. Tegmina rounded,
tuberculate, not longer than the metathorax. Abdomen and hind
femora slightly tinged with reddish, and with numerous small white
tubercles. Legs above clay-yellow, indistinctly mottled with darker ;
knees and tibize varied with blackish. Hind femora beneath and
within yellowish, spotted with black on the carine. Under-surface
of body mostly yellowish ; pectus irregularly spotted with black ;
abdomen with a double row of large black spots, and a row of
smaller dots above the lateral division.
Female. Similar, but larger and darker, the antenne and tibize
black, banded with grey ; in one specimen the lower part of the face
is blackish. In some specimens the whole insect is much veined
with whitish ; the face, the hinder lobe and part of the middle
lobe of the prothorax, the pleura, and the greater part of the basal
half of the hind femora being whitish with black spots. The tegmina
are longer than in the male, extending to, or nearly to, the extremity
of the smooth basal half of the first segment of the abdomen. The
upper lateral spots on the abdomen much larger than in the male.
Long. corp. ¢ 12 millim.; 9 19-21 millim.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Waterberg, Warm Baths (Distant).
Described from one male and two female specimens of
the dark form, and two female specimens of the pale form,
which may possibly prove to be distinct when the genus is
better known.
There appear to be several species of Chrotogonus allied
to C. hemipterus, Schaum, the description and figure of
which were probably taken from specimens bleached by
spirit. I am not sure that it has yet been satisfactorily
identified.
51. Chrotogonus rendalli, sp. n.
Long. corp. cum tegm. 19-20 millim.
Very similar to the last species, but rather narrower, and with the
orange markings almost obsolete. Colour brownish-grey, mottled
with blackish on the thorax. Front edge of prothorax with two black
central tubercles ; hinder edge with two large ones on each side of
the central line, and one or two smaller ones in addition, Face,
80 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
pleura, hinder lobe of prothorax, and base of hind femora paler grey
than the rest of the insect ; pleura with one or two distinct blaek
spots. Tegmina oblong, extending distinctly beyond the pale smooth
basal half of the first segment of the abdomen, rounded off on the
outer end, but slightly pointed at the inner end, which is not the
ease in C. distanti.
Hab. NYASALAND: Fort Johnston (Rendal/).
Described from three female specimens and one male.
52. Chrotogonus carinatus, sp. 0.
Long. corp, 22-23 millim.
Female. Dark brown, thorax thickly studded with black tubercles,
and with several large projecting angles on the sides. Front lobe of
prothorax carinated in the middle ; hinder lobe with two conspicuous
black tubercles on each side of the median line at the extremity,
beyond which is a well-marked carina. Tegmina narrow, almost
sickle-shaped, the points meeting on the median line at the ex-
tremity of the first segment of the abdomen. Legs reddish, slightly
mottled with black, tarsi and tips of tibize black. Tubercles of the
abdomen concolorous.
Hab. NYASALAND: Zomba, Fort Johnston (Rendall).
Described from two specimens.
53. Chrotogonus rotundatas, sp. n.
Long. corp. cum tegm. 20-23 millim.
Dark brown, mottled with blackish ; head and thorax thickly
rugose and granulated ; antenne pale, banded with black in the
male, nearly black in the female ; frontal caring narrow, sub-
parallel ; pronotum not raised in lobes, not much produced, and
regularly rounded behind, where it is slightly carinated. On the
hinder edge are two large black tubercles on each side, between the
median carina and the black lateral carinie, and lower, the sides are
bordered behind with smaller ones. Face, and sides of body whitish,
under-surface yellowish, with the usual rows of black spots on the
abdomen. Face with strong lateral carinie, and with a few large
tubercles at the back of the cheeks, one on each side, in the male,
being conspicuously yellow. Hind femora reddish-brown, more or
less varied with whitish, and mottled with black ; a double black
line about the middle above, and the lower carine spotted with
black, the inside with a black longitudinal stripe. Tegmina with one
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 81
central row of granules, and extending for } of their length beyond
the abdomen.
Hab, NYASALAND: Fort Johnston (Rendall).
Described from two specimens, ¢ and ¢. Apparently
allied to C. fwmosus, Bolivar.
54. Chrotogonus johnstont, sp. 0.
Long. corp. cum tegm, 21-23 millim.
Resembles C. capitatius ; reddish-brown, mottled with blackish ;
head and thorax strongly rugose and granulated, the three lobes of
the pronotum, seen from the side, much higher, the second shorter
than the others, an oblique lateral carina on the hinder lobe opposite
the base of the tegmina ; legs rather irregularly banded with paler
and darker ; hind femora with a blackish band about the middle
above, preceded by a broader paler band ; inner side black, ex-
tremity and lower carina yellowish, the latter spotted with black ;
hind femora black, with two yellow bands ; hinder lobe of pronotum
much produced, broadly rotund-truncate at the extremity ; tegmina
brown, not granulated, irregularly and rather indistinctly banded
and spotted with darker; +4 longer than the abdomen. Frontal
carinee broad, undulating, extending to within the eyes. Under-
surface of the abdomen more thickly and irregularly spotted with
black than in the allied species.
Hab. NYASALAND: Fort Johnston, Zomba (Rendall),
Described from one male and two female specimens.
ATRACTOMORPHIN.
Genus ATRACTOMORPHA.
Atractomorpha, Saussure, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), 1,
p. 474 (1861); Bolivar, An. Soc. Esp., xiii, p. 63
(1884).
Perena, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., i, p. 506 (1870), v,
Suppl., p. 50 (1871).
55. Atractomorpha aurwillir.
Atractomorpha aurivilliz, Bolivar, An. Soe. Esp., xiii, p. 67,
pl. i, fig. 8 (1884).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); NYASALAND:
Fort Johnston (Lendal/).
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (APRIL) 6
82 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
PYRGOMORPHINA.
Genus PYRGOMORPHA.
Pyrgomorpha, Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 583 (1839); Bolivar,
An. Soe. Esp., xiii, p. 76 (1884).
56. Pyrgomorpha granulata.
Pyrgomorpha granulata, Stal, Bihang Vet. Akad. Handl.,
ili (14), p. 26 (1875); Céfv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxiii
(3), p. 32 (1876) ; Bolivar, An. Soc. Esp., xii, p. 426
(1884).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria, Rustenburg (Distant);
NYASALAND: Fort Jolmston (Lendall).
Except in the position of the eyes, the shorter and less
pointed tegmina, and the different colour of the wings, this
species has much resemblance to Atractomorpha aurivillii,
Bol.
Genus OCHROPHLEBIA.
Ochrophlebia, Stil, Rec. Orth., 1, pp. 10, 14 (1878); Bolivar,
An. Soe. Esp., xiii, p. 430 (1884).
57. Ochrophlebia ligneola.
Pecilocerus ligneolus, Serv., Ins. Orth., p. 602 (1839).
Hab. 'TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Barberton (Ren-
dall), Zoutpansberg (Kaessner).
PHYMATINA.
Genus ZONOCERUS.
Zonocerus, Stal, Gifv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxx, p. 51 (1873);
Rec. Orth., 1, pp. 10,16 (1878); Bolivar, An. Soc.
Esp., xiii, p. 457 (1884).
58. Zonocerus elegans.
Gryllus elegans, Thunberg, Mém. Pétersb., v, p. 226 (1815),
ix, p. 407, pl. xiv, fig. 2 (1824).
Zonocerus elegans, Stal, Rec. Orth., i, p. 17 (1873); CEfv.
Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxiii (3), p. 33 (1873); Bolivar, An.
Soc. Esp., xiii, p. 459, pl. 3, fig. 19, 19a. (1884).
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 83
Pekilocerus roseipennis, Serville, Ann. Sci. Nat., xxii, p. 276,
n. 3 (1831); Ins. Orth., p. 599 (1839).
Var. Pwcilocera atriceps, Gerstaecker, Arch. f. Nat., xxxv, p.
216 (1869); Von der Decken’s Reisen in Ost-Afrika,
iil (2), p. 36 (1873).
Zonocerus atriceps, Bolivar, An. Soc. Esp., xiii, p. 458
(1884).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Zoutpansberg (Kaessner); DELAGOA
Bay (Dawson); East London, CAPE; ZULULAND; NATAL;
KILIMANJARO; BriTisH East AFRica (Brit. Mus.).
Z. atriceps, Gerst., is, I think correctly, referred to this
species by Dr. Karsch. The characters given by various
authors, to distinguish it from Z. elegans, Thunb., are not
satisfactory; and it appears to be founded on yellow (or
perhaps faded ?) specimens of the micropterous form. The
red micropterous form of Z. elegans is figured by Bolivar.
59. Zonocerus sanguinolentus.
Acrydium sanguinolentum, De Geer, Mém. Ins., iii, p. 489,
n. 5, pl. 40, fig. 9 (1773).
Pekilocerus sanguinolentus, Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 598
(1839).
Zonocerus variegatus, Stal, Rec. Orth., i, p. 16 (1873); Bolivar,
An. Soe. Esp., xiii, p. 450 (1884).
Hab. ANGOLA (Monteiro); Natau; ZomMBA; SIERRA
LEONE; CAMEROONS; NIGER ; ASHANTI, etc. (B. M.).
I am not satisfied that this species is correctly identified
with Gryllus (Locusta) variegatus, Linneus, the type of
which is lost.
Genus PHYMATEUS.
Phymateus, Thunberg, Mém. Pétersb., v, p. 257 (1815) ;
Serv., Ins. Orth., p. 624 (1839); Stal, Rec. Orth., 1,
pp: tf; £7) (1873); Bolivar, An. Soc: Esp:, xiii, p.
461 (1884).
60. Phymateus leprosus.
Gryllus leprosus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., ii, p. 51, n. 18 (1793).
Phymateus leprosus, Stal, Ree. Orth., i, p. 18 (1873) ; Boli-
var, Ann. Soc. Esp., xiii, p. 463, pl. 3, fig. 21 (1884).
84 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Barberton (Rendall); Beaufort
West, CAPE CoLony (Distant); Nata (B. M.).
61. Phymateus papillosus.
Dictyophorus papillosus, Thunberg, Mém. Acad. Pétersb.,
V, p. 258 (1815).
Gryllus (Locusta) morbillosus, Houttuyn, Nat. Hist., 1 (10),
p- 218, n. 42, pl. 80, fig. 5 (1766).
Gryllus Locust# morbillosi Nympha, Stoll, Saut., pl. 6 B, fig.
21 (1818).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
This insect is apparently not the nymph of P. morbillosus,
as every author since the time of Houttuyn seems to have
inferred. I cannot refer it to any perfect insect before
me; but it is probably most nearly allied to P. /eprosus,
Fabr., though smaller, and differently coloured. There
are specimens of a similar pupa in the British Museum,
also without any perfect insect to correspond to them.
614A. Phymateus xgrotus.
Pecilocerus xgrotus, Gerst., Arch. f. Nat.,xxxv, p. 216 (1869);
Von der Decken, Reisen, iii (2), p. 35 (1873).
Phymateus xgrotus, Bolivar, An. Soc. Esp., xiii, p. 465
(1884).
Phymateus squarrosus, Distant, Nat. Transv., p. 259 (1892);
(nec Linn.).
Hab. Preroria (Distant); ANGOLA (Monteiro); Brit.
CENTRAL AFRICA: Zomba (Rendall) ; CAFFRARIA (Wahl-
berg); ABYSSINIA (Raffray) ; SOMALI (Gerstecker) ; TAN-
GANYIKA; KILIMANJARO; FwamMBo; NYASALAND; NATAL;
ZULULAND (B. M.).
A’common species. The spines bordering the pronotum
may be either red or green. Stoll has figured an allied
species (P. stolli, Sauss.) as squarrosus, Linnzeus, but the
latter is a West African insect belonging to the allied
genus Lhytidoderes, Westwood (Peristegas, Bolivar).
62. Phymateus morbillosus.
Gryllus (Locusta) morbillosus, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.),
p. 431, n. 1 (1758); Mus. Ludov. Ulr., p. 141 (1764).
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 85
Phymateus morbillosus, Stal, Rec. Orth., i, p. 18 (1875) ;
Bolivar, An. Soc. Esp., xin, p. 467 (1875).
Hab. NAMAQUALAND.
A well-known South African species.
DICTYOPHORIN Ai.
Genus TAPHRONOTA.
Taphronota, Stal, Aifv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxix, p. 51 (1873) ;
Rec. Orth., 1, pp: 11, 15 (i873); Bolivar, An. Soc
Esp., xii, p. 473 (1884).
63. Taphronota callipareus.
Peeilocerus callipareus, Schaum, Monatsb. Berl. Acad.,
1853, p. 778; Peters’ Reise Mossamb. Zool., v, p. 130,
pl. vii, fig. 2 (1862).
Bae talliparea, Bolivar, ia Soc. Esp., xiii, p. 475
(1884).
Pecilocerus porosus, Stal, Gifvers. Vet. Akad. Forh., xiii, p.
352 (1855).
Taphronota porosa, Stal, Rec. Orth., i, p. 19 (1873).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Barberton (Distant); NYASALAND
Fort Johnston (Rendall); PEMBA ISLAND (Burtt); Car-
FRARIA (Stal) ; MOZAMBIQUE (Peters) ; NATAL; ZULULAND ;
TANGANYIKA; ZOMBA ; CAMEROONS (B. M.).
64. Taphronota stali.
Taphronota stali, Bolivar, An. Soc. Esp., xii, p. 473
(1884).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Barberton (Ren-
dall); NATAL (B. M.).
Bolivar describes this insect as green; but in all the
specimens before me the pronotum is black, though the
head is often more or less green.
Genus MAuRA.
Stal, d&fv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxx, p. 51 (1878) ; Rec. Orth.,
i, pp. 12, 19 (1878); Bolivar, An. Soc. Esp., xiii, p.
478 (1884).
86 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
65. Maura rubroornata.
Petasia rubroornata, Stal, GEfv. Vet. Akad. Férh. (1855),
p- 352; Rec. Orth., i, p. 19 (1878).
Maura rubroornata, Bolivar, An. Soc. Esp., xiii, p. 480
(1884).
Petasia pyrrhomela, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. B. M., iu,
p- 545, n. 4 (1870).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Zoutpansberg
(Kaessner); CAFFRARIA (Stal); ZULULAND ; CAPE (B. M.).
66. Maura atriceps, sp. n.
Long. corp. 34 millim.; exp. al. 60 millim.
Blue-black ; antennee with two red bands, occupying joints 7 and
8, and 11, 12, and the base of 13. Head quite black, except that
the ocelli are very slightly marked with pale yellow. There is a
buff mark above the four hinder cox, and a buff mark below the
front coxe. A broad transverse band on the metapectus, lateral
bands on the first six segments of the abdomen (connected dorsally by
yellow lines at the ends of the segments), narrower terminal lines
on the six corresponding ventral segments, the cerci, and a spot on
each side towards the extremity of the hind femora, red ; tegmina
dark brown, wings more grey.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Barberton
(Rendall).
The specimen from Barberton differs in having a red
spot beneath the wings, asin JZ. rwbroornata, and in having
a red spot on the outside only of the hind femora, near the
base.
67. Maura flavomaculata, sp. n.
Perhaps a variety of JZ. atriceps, with which it mainly
agrees in size, colour, and markings, except that all the
pale markings are pale yellow, instead of red, only those
on the under-surface of the abdomen being slightly tinged
with reddish. Antenne with two bands; lower part of
clypeus with a broad yellow transverse band on each side.
Pectus and abdomen similarly marked, but there is a
round yellow spot on the pleura (only present in red in
the Barberton variety of JZ. atriceps), and the pale bands on
the under-surface of the abdomen are much broader than
in M. atriceps. Hind femora with a round spot near the
Report on a Collection of African Locustidee. 87
base, and a smaller and more irregular one near the ex-
tremity, towards the upper carina, but on the outer side
only. Tegmina and wings as in JL atriceps; a large pale
spot above the hind coxe.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Sterkfontein (Thomasscet).
In the collection of the British Museum.
68. Maura bolivari, sp. n.
Long. corp. 30 millim.
Female. Dark reddish-brown, mottled with black; head and
thorax rugose above, scutellum of vertex thickly punctured ; antenne
black, the penultimate joint and sometimes the one preceding it red ;
face and lower part of head shining black, except a broad luteous
band, covering the greater part of the clypeus, except near the eyes,
and the middle of the base of the labrum ; tegmina abbreviated,
reaching nearly to the end of the third segment of the abdomen ; a
large rufous spot below their base, on the metapleura ; pronotum
rounded behind ; hind femora black inside and below, mottled with
reddish and black on the outside, and the inner carina above yellowish,
interrupted with black. Abdomen more or less mottled with red and
black above; beneath black banded with red.
Hab. NYASALAND: Fort Johnston (Rendall); Zomba
(Bow):
Named after the eminent Spanish Orthopterist, Senor
I. Bolivar.
Genus EPAMONTOR, g. n.
Male. Scutellum of the vertex as long as the large oval eyes ; seen
from above, ovally rounded in front, but surmounted by two lateral
carine running within the eyes, nearly meeting in front in an acute
angle; head, thorax, and abdomen, with a well-marked median
carina, ceasing a little in front of the eyes, where it is followed by
a suleation extending to the front ; antennze placed near the eyes,
below the lateral ocelli; antenne fusiform, about 17-jointed, the
joints of the flagellum mostly short, transverse, cheese-shaped ; all
parts of the body marked with yellow granules, in more or less
regular longitudinal rows ; pronotum truncated and slightly raised
behind ; cerci stout, conical, a little shorter than the terminal joint
of the abdomen; legs long and slender ; hind femora unarmed, slightly
and gradually attenuated towards the extremity, and nearly as long
as the abdomen ; hind tibie about as long as the hind femora, with
88 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
a double row of moderate-sized spines above. Abdomen with a
carina regularly arched on each segment.
This insect appears to be allied to the genus JJauwra.
It is perhaps a Jarval form, but does not agree sufficiently
with any specimen before me to be placed in the same genus.
69. Hpamontor antennalis, sp. n.
Long. corp. 16 millim.
Male. Rufo-testaceous, darkest on the head and thorax, set with
yellow tubercles, of which the largest are a pair on the bs abe and an
oblong one on each side, at the base of the pronotum ; while on the
abdomen the spots forming the lowest row on the sides are the
largest. Antenne black, the whole of joint 13, and the under-surface
of the following ones to the tip, rufous. Head black, dotted with
yellow ; scutellum of the vertex, below the lateral carinie, palpi,
pectus, under-surface of the abdomen, and cerci, rufous. Legs more
or less varied with reddish or yellowish, and black, and dotted with
yellow ; lower carinze of the hind femora yellow, interrupted with
black.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant),
Described from two specimens.
Genus DICTYOPHORUS.
Dnetyophorus, Thunberg, Mém. Pétersb., v, p. 258 (1815).
|| Petasia, Serville (nee Stephens), Ann. Sci, Nat., xxii, p.
278 Ger Ins. Orth., p. 628 (1839); Stil, Ree.
Orth., i, pp. 12, 20 (1873); Bolivar, An. Sci. Esp.,
xlll, p. 481 (1884).
Thunberg included three species under this name:
D. spumans, papillosus, and reticulatus. D. reticwlatus is
congeneric, if not identical, with Acridiwm micropterwm,
Beauvois, the type of Romalea, Serville (Rhomalea,
Burmeister) ; and D. papillosus is apparently an immature
insect belonging to the genus Phymateuws, Thunberg.
This leaves the first species (and therefore zpso facto the
type, in the view of some entomologists ; though when
I raised the question years ago at the Entomological
Society, the suggestion was rejected), D. spwmans, as ; the
type of Dictyophorus; more especially as it is the type
of Serville’s later and preoccupied genus Petasia, which
could not be retaimed in any case.
Report on a Collection of Africun Locustide. 89
70. Dictyophorus ater.
Petasia spumans, var. ater, Dist., Naturalist in Transvaal,
p. 259, pl. iv, fig. 3 (1892).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
A well-marked form, and perhaps a good species. The
true D. spumans, Thunb. ( = eruentata, Serv.), does not
appear to occur in the Transvaal.
71. Dictyophorus olivaceus.
Petasia olivacea, Serville, Ann. Sci. Nat., xxu, p. 279, n.
2 (1831).
Petasia cruentata, var., Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 630 (1839).
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Barberton (2 specimens: Lendall),
Pienaar’s River (1 specimen: Thomsen).
There appear to be several species confounded under
the name of P. spumans, Thunb. If, as I presume, the
latter is the red insect figured by Roesel and Stoll, and
described by Serville as P. cruentata, there are no speci-
mens in Mr. Distant’s collection. The three specimens
referred to P. olivacea agree fairly well with Serville’s de-
scription, quoted above, which, however, is very incomplete.
PAMPHAGODIN 2.
Genus CHARILAUS.
Charilaus, Stal, Bihang Vet. Akad. Handl, ii (14),
p- 26 (1875); Cifv. Vet. Akad. Forh. xxxiii (3), p. 35
(1876); Bolivar, An. Soc. Esp., xiii, p. 487 (1884).
72. Charilaus carinatus.
Charilaus carinatus, Stil, Bibang Vet. Akad. Handl., 11
(14), p. 26 (1875); Cifv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxiii (3), p.
35 (1876); Bolivar, An. Soc. Esp., xiii, p. 488, pl. iv,
figs. 30, 30a (1884).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Waterberg, Warm Baths (Distant) ;
DAMARALAND (Stcl).
A single specimen of this rare and curious species.
90 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
PAMPHAGIDA.
Genus ADEPHAGUS.
Adephagus, Saussure, Spic. Ent., ui, p. 23 (1887).
73. Adephagus cristatus.
Pamphagus eristatus, Burmeister, Handb. Ent., ii, p. 618, n.
10 (1888).
Adephagus cristatus, Saussure, Spic. Ent., 1, p. 23, n
pl. 3, fig. 22 (1887).
Hab. TRANSVAAL (Saussure).
Genus XIPHICERA.
Xiphicera, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vertebres, iv, p. 243
(1817).
NXyphicera, Latreille, Cuvier, Regne Anim., v, p. 186
(1829).
Aiphocera, Stal (nec paee e (Efv. Vet. Akad. Forh.,
xxxill (3), p. 37 (1876); Saussure, Spic. Ent., ii,
pp. 19, 27, 30, 35 (1887).
So much confusion exists in the use of the names
Aiphicera and Xiphocera that I think it well to discuss
the whole subject in detail, especially as the particulars
given in my paper on “The Genera of Orthoptera,” published
in the Journal of the Royal Dublin Society for 1890, are
incomplete.
1815. Pamphagus, Thunberg, Mém. Pétersb., v, p. 260.
Several species are included under this name, including
Gryllus clephas and serripes, Fabr., and virens, Thunb.
1839. Burm., Handb. Ent., 11, p. 615, includes inter alia, G.
serripes, F., virens, T., and elephas, Linn.
1873. Stal, Rec. Orth., 1, pp. 21, 25.
Stal designates G. elephas, Linn. (nec Fabr.), as the type,
which may be accepted; as G. virens, Thunb. (accidentally
omitted from the list in my Dublin paper, of which I did
not see a revise), is considered to be the same species.
1817. Xiphicera, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., iv, p. 243.
oe pes, Gryllus gallinaceus and serripes, Fabr. (the latter
= carinatus, Linn.).
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 91
1829. Xyphicera, Latreille, Cuvier, Regne Anim. (ed. 2), v,
p- 186.
Types, Gryllus carinatus, Linn., and G. gallinaceus, Fabr.
1831. Xiphicera, Serville, Ann. Sci. Nat., xxii, p. 271.
Types, X. emarginata and trilineata, Serv.
These species belong to the family Cyrtacanthacridx, and
to the American subfamily Z’ropinotine, and have nothing
to do with the types of Lamarck and Latreille.
1839. Xiphocera, Burmeister, Handb. Ent., 1, p. 612.
Used by Burmeister in Serville’s sense, for various
American species of the allied subfamily Tetrateniine.
The name cannot, however, be retained in the form
Xiphocera, for’ Xiphocera was used by Macquart in 1834
for a genus of Diptera, and has also been used by later
Dipterists under the various forms of Xiphocera, Xipho-
cerus, Xyphidicera, X yphocera, and Xyphocerus.
1876. Xiphocera, Stal (nee Burmeister), Gefv. Vet. Akad.
Forb., xxxiii (3), p. 37 (1876); Saussure, Spic. Ent.,
i, pp. 19, 27, 30, 25 (1887).
The types given by Lamarck for Xiphicera are G. galli-
naceus and serripes, Fabr., for the latter of which Latreille
substitutes carimatus, L. The genus is distinguished by
its Truxaliform antenne, which at once throws out G.
gallinaceus, which is one of the Mastacide. Nor is the
character well marked in G. carinatus, of which G. serripes
is usually considered a synonym ; but it is pronounced in
G. cucullatus, Stoll, which is described by Serville under
the name of carinatus; and we are therefore justified in
regarding cucullatus as the insect which Lamarck and
Latreille regarded as G. serripes or carinatus, and there-
fore as the true type of the genus Xiphicera.
1831. Porthetis, Serville, Ann. Sci. Nat., xxii, p. 270.
Type Acrydium dentatwm, De Geer (= Gryllus carinatus,
Linn.).
If we assume that Lamarck and Latreille had correctly
identified G. carinatus and G. serripes, Porthetis would
become a synonym of Yiphicera, and a new name would
be required for G. canescens and its allies; but as the
identification is doubtful, both generic names may be
retained, at least provisionally.
92 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
The genus Xiphicera itself will require further sub-
division; but our knowledge of the sexes, variation, ete.,
is too limited to render it advisable to attempt it at present.
In the case of species with extended synonymy, only the
most important references are quoted ; but these will always
include a reference to some author who gives the full
synonymy.
74, Xiphicera cucullata.
Gryllus cucullatus, Stoll, Sauterelles, pl. 22b, figs. 96, 97
(1815).
Pamphagus cucullatus, Burmeister, Handb, Ent., 11, p. 616,
n. 1 (1839).
Pamphagus canescens, Thunberg, Hemipt. Max. Cap., p. 5
(1822).
Porthetis canescens, Stal, Rec. Orth. 1, p. 24 (1873);
Saussure, Spic. Ent., 11, p. 37, pl. ii, figs. 2-4 (1887).
Alhicera carinata, Serville (nec Linneus), Ins. Orth., p. 605
(1839).
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (immature), Masil. Nek
(Distant), Waterberg (Wildes), Teafontein (Iiss Leppa,
Oct., 1894), Barberton (Rendall).
Previously recorded from the Transvaal by Saussure.
75. AXiphicera ensicornis.
NXiphocera ensicornis, Saussure, Eyt. M. Mag., xxix, p. 152
(1893).
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Zoutpansberg (Distant) ; Lydenburg
(Zurtz).
One of the two specimens of Akicera punctosa, Walker,
in the Brit. Mus., apparently belongs to this species. The
type of punctosa, however, is a slightly larger insect, with
the vertex of the scutellum longer in proportion, and with
larger medial spines on the abdomen. But I am not
quite satisfied that the specimens are not varieties of one
and the same species.
76. Xiphicera nasuta.
NXiphocera nasuta, Saussure, Spicil. Ent., u, p. 47, pl. ii,
fig. 6 (1887).
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 93
Hab. 'TRANSVAAL: Barberton (Rendall); Murchison
Range (B. M.); ZULULAND (Saussure).
The male (not described by Saussure) is 38 millim. in
length, or 46 to the extremity of the closed wood-brown
tegmina, The front is rather prominent, and the scutellum
of the vertex forms a long oval, with converging lateral
carinz, and a slight median carina behind. The head and
prothorax are longitudinally striped with black and testace-
ous, and there is a very characteristic testaceous stripe,
meeting in front, and running backwards below the eye to
a point, before reaching the hinder edge of the prothorax.
The antenne are black, with the two basal joints, and
more or less of the five terminal joints, testaceous. The
female from Barberton is much greyer, with the abdomen
brown. In the female from Murchison Range, the flat-
tened portion of the antennz and the lower part of the
face are reddish, instead of black.
77. Xiphicera eblis, sp. n.
Long. corp. 55 millim.
Female. Very dark chestnut, approaching black on some parts of
the head ; head and thorax moderately thickly speckled with white,
the rest of the body more sparingly ; vertex considerably produced
above the lower part of the face ; scutellum of the vertex forming a
long oval, with lateral carinze behind, curving inwards; head and
thorax with longitudinal ill-defined blackish marks ; face thickly
dusted with white, forming an ill-defined pointed stripe backwards
under the eye, as described in the male of X. nasuta, Antenne 14-
jointed, black, except the two basal, and the terminal joints ; joints
3-7 very broad and flattened, joints 8 and 9 scarcely narrower, the
last five much narrower, the last longest, and conical. Thorax mode-
rately arched, the hinder part with rounded crenulations, the
extremity somewhat obtuse. Abdomen with the usual teeth on the
median carina, short and obtuse on the second and third segment,
scarcely marked on the others. Hind femora moderately long and
broad, slightly dentated above, but merely tuberculate and sinuated
below. Hind tibize with ten spines on the outer carina, the space
between the carine filled up with whitish hair.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
Closely allied to 4X. punctosa, Walk., etc., but differs
from any other species in the shape of the antenne.
94 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
78. Xiphicera angolensis (?).
NXiphocera angolensis, Saussure, Spic. Ent., ii, p. 47, pl. i,
fig. 8 (1887).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Barberton (Ren-
dall).
A series of immature specimens, apparently more re-
sembling this species than any other.
79. Xiphicera cinerascens,
Pamphagus cinerascens, Stil, Rec. Orth., i, p. 23 (1873).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Barberton (Ren-
dall).
Many specimens from Pretoria of this large and hand-
some species, representing both sexes, and also larval
forms. One male exhibits a peculiar malformation of the
right antenna, which is only half the length of the other,
and consists of about eight malformed joints.
80. XLiphicera rugosipes, sp. n.
Long. corp. 60-65 millim.
Female. Very rugose and nodulose. Antenne 16-jointed, scape
thick, twice as long as broad, distinctly granulated ; second joint
annular, joints 3-8 moderately broad and flattened, ribbon-like,
joints 4 and 5 the shortest, the last six joints much narrower, and dis-
tinctly separated ; joint 11 the shortest, nearly square, joint 13
half as long again ; the others longer. Vertex seen from the side
nearly on a level with the lower part of the face ; scutellum of the
vertex slightly depressed and rectangular in front, the extremities
of the angle projecting somewhat beyond the lateral carinze, in front
of the eye ; the lateral carinze curving round in front of the occiput.
Colour rufo-testaceous, varied with paler and darker, indistinctly
striated with blackish, and covered with whitish granules. Crest of
the pronotum moderately arched, the hinder part strongly granulated,
both on the median line and on the outside; terminal carine
yellowish. All the pleurze strongly serrated above each pair of legs.
Abdomen with a strong tooth on each segment on the median line,
and with a row of tubercles on each side. The whole thorax
and abdomen are very rugose, and strongly granulated. Hind
femora shaped as in X. latipes, strongly granulated and tuber-
culated, the central area reticulated with black. Upper carina
strongly serrated, the hinder part somewhat raised beyond the
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 95
deepest notch. Lower carina with a double row of crowded and
irregular teeth and tubercles, and with a very large tubercle about
the middle. Internal area of the hind femora nearly smooth. Hind
tibize with nine spines in the outer carina.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Barberton (Ren-
dall); DELAGOA Bay (H. A. Spencer).
Described from three female specimens. This species
is something like X. cinerascens ; but I can find no species
described which resembles it in its rugosity, and in the
peculiar structure of the hind femora,
81. Xiphicera paupercula, sp. n.
Long. corp. 43 millim.
Female. Dark reddish-brown ; legs paler ; head, thorax and hind
legs thickly granulated with white ; vertex only slightly projecting
beyond the lower part of the face ; scutellum of the vertex rounded
off in front, nearly horizontal, coarsely and finely granulated, the
lateral carine converging behind. Antenne short and broad, 14-
jointed, rather flattened, joints 3-8 flattened, closely connected, pairs
9 and 10 and 11 and 12 successively narrower, but 9 and 11 shorter
than 10 and 12, and 13 narrower but a little longer than 12; terminal
joint twice as long as broad; conical. Thorax compressed, crest
regularly arched, with three deep concavities beneath it ; hinder part
of crest denticulated, with the extremity bifid. Abdomen very rugose,
median teeth large, and a row of rather large callosities on each side
as well. Hind femora very broad, extremity truncated, preceded
by a large concavity beneath. Hind femora strongly dentated above,
and irregularly denticulated below, and with nine spines on the outer
carina.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
This insect seems to combine the characters of 4.
distanti and X. rugosipes, but the scutellum of the vertex
is more rounded in front, and the antennz differ much.
It is, however, not quite impossible that it may be an
immature form of XY. rugosipes.
82, Xiphicera distante.
Xiphocera distanti, Saussure ; Dist., Nat. Transv., p. 261, pl.
iv, fig. 1 (1892).
96 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
Several specimens. The male has rather pointed rudi-
mentary wings extending just beyond the third segment of
the abdomen.
83. Xiphicera picta.
Xiphocera picta, Saussure ; Dist., Nat. Transv., p. 261, pl. iv,
fig. 2 (1892).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria, Waterberg and Rustenburg
(Distant).
This species seems to vary considerably, but I have not
felt justified in describing any of the forms before me as
new. The male has rudimentary wings.
84. Xiphicera compressa, sp. n.
Long. corp. 45 millim. ; capitis et pronoti 24 millim.
Male. Antenne short, 14-jointed ; ensiculus 6-jointed, moderately
broad, intermediate joints transverse, the first only half as long as
the second ; flagellum 4-jointed, the two first joints flattened, narrower
than the intermediate joints, and slightly broader than long ; the
two last cylindrical. Vertex not produced beyond the lower part
of the face; scutellum of vertex rather longer than broad, subrec-
tangular in front, but obtusely rounded off ; lateral carinze converging
behind. Head and pronotum grey, head below, and pronotum above
and below darker. Pronotum very long, considerably compressed,
but not pitted above ; slightly sinuated beyond the middle, but not
dentated ; extremity shortly bifid. The whole insect, except the
basal and apical joints of the antennie, the sides, under-surface, and
neighbourhood of the sutures of the abdomen—which are brown—and
the spines and tarsi of the legs, is more or less thickly covered with
white granules ; on the sides of the hinder part of the prothorax are
some larger concolorous tubercles. Wings extending to the middle
of the third segment of the abdomen, rufo-testaceous, with black dots
along the longitudinal nervures. Hind femora about three times as
long as broad, carinze subparallel, the lower one slightly concave
before the knee, denticulated above, and more slightly below ; hind
tibize with nine spines on the outer carina.
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
Described from two specimens, one considerably darker
than the other. The lighter specimen, has been selected as
the type. Somewhat resembles 1. brevis, Walk., in shape,
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 97
but much less rugose, and the shape of the antenne is
quite different. Probably allied to X. obsoleta, but can
hardly be the male of that species.
85. Xiphicera granulosa, sp. n.
Female. Antenne 15-jointed, basal joints red, joints 3-8 black,
forming an ensiculus, slightly flattened, but scarcely broader than
the rest ; joints 9-11 also black, more distinctly separated ; joint 9
shorter than the two following ones ; joints 12-15 reddish, the last
cylindrical, and nearly as long as the two preceding ones together ;
body brown, thickly granulated with white, and with larger granules
scattered on the sides of the thorax and abdomen ; space behind and
below the eyes a little greenish ; vertex hardly projecting beyond the
lower part of the face ; scutellum of the vertex nearly as broad as
long, forming a rectangle in front, not rounded off, and the lateral
carine semicircular behind ; pronotum sharply pointed in front,
crest nearly straight, yellowish, not carinated, but strongly bifid
at the extremity; spines of the abdomen large; hind femora
narrowed above and below before the knee, strongly dentated above,
and denticulated below ; crest of pronotum with three semivitreous
cavities below.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
Allied to X. compressa, and possibly the female of that
species.
86. Xiphicera brevis.
Pamphaqus brevis, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., ii, p. 534, n. 3
(1870).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); NaAtvau (type)
(Gueinzius).
87. Xiphicera obsoleta, sp. n.
Long. corp. 50 millim.
Female. Dark brown, nearly black, granulated. Antenne 14-
jointed, joints 3-8 moderately broad, and so closely connected that
they can hardly be counted ; joints 9 and 10 flattened, but narrower,
and joint 9 shorter than 10; the rest cylindrical, 11 and 12 shorter
than 13 and 14. Prothorax with the median and all the bordering
carine slightly reddish ; the upper two-thirds of the front more
reddish, with traces of three blackish longitudinal lines in front,
below the crest. Crest moderately arched, and somewhat sloping
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (APRIL) 7
98 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
behind, where it is denticulated. Abdomen with strong spines on the
median line on the first seven segments. Hind femora very broad
and truncated at the extremity, the carine paler; upper carinz
moderately dentated, lower carinz denticulated. Hind tibie with
nine spines on the outer carina.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
Ditters from X. femoralis, Walk., and X. /atipes, Sauss., in
colour, the well-marked abdominal spines, the armature of
the hind femora, ete.
88. Xiphicera rendalli, sp. n.
Long. corp. 45 millim.
Female. Dark reddish-brown, darker in the back, longitudinally
marked on the sides with waved, but rather indistinct blackish
lines. Antenne very long, 16-jointed ; two basal joints red, the
rest black ; ensiculus moderately broad, flattened, 7-jointed ; inter-
mediate joints, first pair of joints of flagellum and second pair
successively narrowed, but scarcely decreasing in length ; terminal
joint cylindrical, longer than any preceding. Vertex hardly pro-
jecting beyond the lower border of the face; pronotum somewhat
rugose, crest regularly and moderately arched, slightly crenulated
towards the extremity, which is simple. Hind femora contracted
above and below before the knee, strongly dentated above, and
denticulated beneath.
Hab. 'TRANSVAAL: Barberton (Rendall).
Resembles Saussure’s figure of X. mannulus, but the
structure of the antenne is quite different.
89. Xiphicera bradyana.
Xiphocera bradyana, Saussure, Spic. Ent., , p. 55, n. 17,
pl. u, fig. 1 (1887).
Hab. TRANSVAAL (Saussure); SouTH AFRICA (B. M.).
Not in Mr. Distant’s collection.
Genus PORTHETIS.
Porthetis, Serville, Ann. Sci. Nat., xxii, p. 270 (1831);
Stal, Rec. Orth., 1, pp. 21, 23 (1873); fv. Vet. Akad.
Forh., xxxiil (3), p. 87 (1876) ; Saussure, Spic. Ent.,
il, pp. 83, 60 (1887).
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 99
90. Porthetis carinata.
Gryllus (Bulla) carinatus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1,
p. 427, n. 16 (1758) ; Mus. Ludov. Ulr., p. 122 (1764).
Porthetis carinata, Stal, Rec. Orth., 1, p. 23, n. 2 (1873).
Xiphocera carinata, Saussure, Spic. Ent., ii, p. 60, pl. 1,
fig. 13 (1887).
Hab. TRANSVAAL (Saussure); CAPE COLONY.
Not in Mr. Distant’s collection.
I refer to Stal and Saussure for the complicated
synonymy of this species.
91. Porthetis consobrina.
Xiphocera consobrina, Saussure, Spic. Ent., i, p. 62, n. 23
(1887).
Hab, TRANSVAAL (Sausswre).
Not in Mr. Distant’s collection.
Genus HOPLOLOPHA.
Hoplolopha, Stil, Gifv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxiii (3), p. 36
(1876); Saussure, Spic. Ent., 11, p. 63 (1887).
92. Hoplolopha lineata.
Pamphagus lineatus, Stil, Rec. Orth., 1, p. 24, n. 5 (1873).
NXiphocera lineata, Saussure, Spic. Ent., i, p. 65, n. 24, pl.
il, fig. 16, 17 (1887).
Akicera grisea, g (nec. $), Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 606
(1839).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (?) (Distant).
93. Hoplolopha reflexa.
Pamphagus reflewus, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., 111, p. 535,
n. 5 (1870).
Xiphocera camelina, Saussure, Spic. Ent., ii, p. 67, n. 26,
pl. 11, fig: 18, 19 (1887).
Hab. CAPE; TRANSVAAL (Sausswre).
100 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
94. Hoplolopha horrida.
Pamphagus horridus, Burmeister, Handb. Ent., 11, p. 617
(1888).
Hab. CAPE CoLony: Grahamstown (Schonland, Feb. 25) ;
Brak Kloof (Mrs. G. White, March 1895).
Several specimens, approximately agreeing with the
insufficient description of this species. Antennz 16-jointed,
joints 3—11 flattened, broader than long, 12 and 13
narrower, almost square ; terminal joint broadly fusiform,
about twice as long as broad.
CYRTACANTHACRID A.
EUTHYMIIN A.
Genus LENTULA.
Lentula, Stal, Bihang Vet. Akad. Handl., v (4), pp. 45, 90
(1878).
95. Lentula obtusifrons.
Lentula obtusifrons, Stal, Bibang Vet. Akad. Handl., v
(4), p. 90 (1878).
Hab. BARBERTON (Rendall) ; NATAL: ZULULAND (B. M.).
One immature specimen from Barberton of this interest-
ing and little-known species.
OX YINA.
Genus OXYA.
Oxya, Serville, Ann. Sci. Nat., xxii, p. 282 (1831); Ins.
Orth., p. 675 (1839) ; Stal, Rec. Orth., 1, pp. 41, 81
(1873).
96. Oxya viridwitta.
ft Heteracris viridivitta, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., iv, p. 660,
n. 10 (1870) (South Africa).
9 Heteracris humeralis, Walker, |.c., p. 662, n. 16 (1870)
(Madagascar).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria, one $ (Distant); Sout
Arrica (Sir A. Smith); Mapacascar (lda Pfeiffer);
Laaos (Strachan).
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 101
I refer the few specimens I have seen to the same species
with some hesitation ; but the material before me is too
small for absolute certainty. In the two females the
costal area is dilated near the base as much as in the
Australian genus Bermius, Stil.
GON YACATHIN 44.
Genus GONYACANTHA.
Gonyacantha, Stil, Rec. Orth., i, p. 43, note (1873).
97. Gonyacantha ensator.
Mesops ensator, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., iii, p. 501, n.
(1870).
Hab. MozAMBIQUE: Mopea (Coll. Distant); Natan
(Gueinzius).
5
MESOPIN Ai.
Genus MEsops.
Mesops, Serville, Ann. Sci. Nat., xxii, p. 267 (1831); Ins.
Orth., p. 585 (1839) ; Stal, Rec. Orth., i, p. 44 (1873).
98. Mesops laticornas.
Mesops laticornis, Krause, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76 (1),
p. 49, pl. ii, fig. 18 (1877).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Waterberg, Warm Baths (Distant) ;
SENEGAL: SIERRA LEONE (Krause) ; NATAL; BrivisH East
ArricaA: Samburu (collected by C. S. Betton, Nov. 1896),
Zomba (B. M.).
MESAMBRIIN 4.
Genus ANTHERMUS.
Anthermus, Stal, Bihang Vet. Akad. Handl., v (4), pp. 24,
68 (1878).
99. Anthermus granosus.
Anthermus granosus, Stil, Bihang Sv. Handl., v (4), p. 68
(1878),
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); NATAL (Brunner’s
collection).
Four specimens were obtained by Mr. Distant.
102 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
CYRTACANTHACRIN 41.
Genus CYRTACANTHACRIS.
Cyrtacanthacris, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., B. M., iii, p. 550
(1870).
Acridium vel Acrydium, Serville, Ann. Sci. Nat., xvii, p. 282
(1831); Ins. Orth., p. 141 (1839); e¢ auct. seg. ; nec
Acrydium, Geoftroy.
I retain this name provisionally for an extensive group
of large migratory locusts, much in need of sub-division,
which are generally designated by the inapplicable name
Acridium. Walker makes two genera, Cyrtacanthacris and
Acridium; but all the African species included in the
present paper are enumerated by him under Cyrtacanthacris.
100. Cyrtacanthacris tatarica.
Gryllus (Locusta) tatarica, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1,
p. 432, n. 46 (1788) ; Mus. Ludov. Ulric. p. 139 (1764).
|| Acridiwm ruficorne, Burmeister, Handb. Ent., ii, p. 630, n.
9 (1838); Stal, Rec. Orth., p. 60, n. 2 (1878); nec
Fabricius.
|| Acridium succinctum, Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 642 (1839),
nec Linnzeus.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); Johannesburg ;
Barberton (Rendall); Natau (A. R.).
The true C. ruficorne, Fabricius, is a West African insect.
101. Cyrtacanthacris rubella.
Acridium rubellum, Serville, Ins, Orth., p. 645 (1839) ;
Stal, Rec. Orth., i, p. 62 (1873).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria, Zoutpansberg (Distant) ;
Barberton (Rendall); Delagoa Bay (Distant).
102. Cyrtacanthacris variegata.
Cyrtacanthacris variegata, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., iii, p.
557, n. 18 (1870).
fyrtacanthacris internum, Walker, |. ¢., iv, p. 613 (1870).
|| Acridiwm ruficorne, Serv. (nec Fabr.), Ins. Orth., p. 643
(1839).
Acridium hottentottum, Stil, Rec. Orth., 1, p. 62 (1873).
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 108
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Barberton; NYASALAND, Fort
Johnston (Rendall).
This species varies in the number of spines on the hind
tibie. The normal number on the outer carina is six, but
some specimens in the British Museum have as many as
nine,
103. Cyrtacanthacris fascifera.
Cyrtacanthacris fascifera, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., B. M.,
ili, p. 558, n. 20 (1870).
Hab. NYASALAND: Fort Johnston (Rendall) ; Conco
(type); ZULULAND ; MozaMBIQUE; NataL; Mompasa;
Mauritius (B. M.).
104. Cyrtacanthacris septemfasciata.
Acridium septemfasciatwm, Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 661
©) (1839):
Cyrtacanthacris purpurtfera, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., 111,
p. 561, n. 25 (1870).
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (swarm, Nov.1894) (Distant);
NatTaL: Durban (Distant), Pine Town (A. R.).
106. Cyrtacanthacris subsellata.
Cyrtacanthacris subsellata, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., 111, p.
559, n. 21 (1870).
Hab. Nata: Pine Town (Coll. Distant).
Perhaps a form of C. septemfasciata, Serv.
107. Cyrtacanthacris distanti, sp. n.
gf Cyrtacanthacris prasina, Walker, var. 8, Walk., Cat.
y ie
Derm. Salt., iv, p. 563 (1870).
2 Cyrtacanthacris awricornis, var. (?), Walker, I. c. (1870).
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); NaTaL (Gwein-
20s).
Long. corp. 33-56 millim. ; exp. al. 66-86 millim.
Light green, sides of pronotum narrowly edged before and behind
with pink. These borders are connected below the median carina by
a more or less distinct pink or brownish stripe on each side, and
the front border is sometimes edged behind by a blackish line,
104 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
sometimes slightly expanded above, and sometimes indistinctly
visible as a mere shading along the lower lateral border of the
pronotum. Hinder pink border of the pronotum throwing up a
short oblique branch at its lower extremity, not extending beyond
the hinder sulcus. Hind lobe of the pronotum more coarsely punc-
tured than the rest; prosternal tubercle moderately stout, long,
conical, pointed, recurved, and touching the front of the pronotum in
the female; in the male it is somewhat shorter, and less curved.
Tegmina subhyaline-greenish, with greenish or whitish nervures, the
longitudinal nervures, and the densely reticulated upper basal third
of the anal area, inclining to reddish. Wings greenish-hyaline, with
pale yellow longitudinal nervures ; legs green ; hind femora with a
dark red line on the basal half of the outer carina ; terminal lobe of
the femora green, surrounded with black both within and without,
except below ; tibiw green, black at the intersection with the femora,
and generally with a pink ring half-way between the knee and the
first spines, which are pale yellow, tipped with red, and which
number six to eight on the outer carina, and eight on the inner carina.
Tarsi sometimes red.
This insect may be a pale form of C. prasina, Walk.,
from which C. awricornis is scarcely distinct, but C. prasina
has much heavier blackish markings on the pronotum,
scarcely marked with red; the tegmina, except along the
anal border, are thickly and uniformly reticulated with
reddish, and the hind tibiz and tarsi are entirely red,
except the extreme base of the tibize, which is green, like the
femora.
It is also probably allied to C. deckeni, Gerstaecker, which
appears to be quite distinct from any species I have yet
seen,
MONACHIDIIN A.
Genus ABISARES.
Abisares, Stal, Bihang Vet. Akad. Handl, v (4), p. 29
(1878).
108. Abisares viridipennis.
Monachidium viridipenne, Burmeister, Handb. Ent., 11, p.
626, n. 5 (1839).
Hab. NYASALAND: Zomba, Fort Johnston (Rendall!) ;
NaTAL (A. R.).
A very common species in Kast Central Africa.
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 105
CABANTOPIN A.
Genus EUPROPACRIS.
Eupropacris, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., B. M., in, p. 642
(1870).
109. Lupropacris genuale.
Acridium genuale, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., iv, p. 625
(1870).
This species was founded ona specimen from Kast Africa,
of which almost every marking has been obliterated by
spirit, except on the inside of the legs. Still, I cannot
venture to regard the better-coloured specimens before me
as new, so I append a fresh description.
Long. corp. 30-35 millim. ; 60-62 millim.
Female. Head yellow. Antenne, a streak on the frontal ridge be-
low the antennex, the greater part of the spaces on each side between
the inner and outer pairs of carine, several spots on the mouth-parts,
and two short stripes behind the eyes, nearly connected by a streak
beyond, all black. Vertex and pronotum with a broad blackish or
reddish stripe, darkest in front, expanding from between the eyes to
the extremity of the pronotum ; this is bordered on each side with
yellow, separating it from a broad darker or paler-reddish band, bor-
dered beneath with yellow, which runs obliquely across the pronotum
and pleura, which are thicklyrugose-punetate. Abdomen reddish or
yellowish, with black sutures. Four front legs reddish, middle
femora striped with yellow beneath. Hind femora yellow, the outer
middle area with two blackish or reddish stripes, meeting at the
extremity ; inner surface blackish or reddish, nearly to the knees,
which are also blackish, or reddish, and sometimes preceded by a
pale band. Hind tibiz yellow above, and blackish below, or uniform
reddish, as well as the tarsi. Tegmina dull red, with whitish reticu-
lations ; costal area darker. Hind wings red, with red nervures, and
subhyaline, especially towards the extremity. ;
Hab. NYASALAND: Zomba (fendall); FWAMpo ;
TANGANYIKA (B. M.).
Allied to the South African £. spectabilis, Walker ; and as
regards the pattern of the head and pronotum, to 4.
dominans, Walk., from Silhet and Singapore.
Genus CATANTOPS.
Catantops, Schaum, Mon. Berl. Akad., 1853, p. 779; Peters’
Reise Mossamb. Zool., v, p. 184 (1862).
106 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
110. Catantops capicola.
Acridium (Catantops) capicola, Stal, Eugenie’s Resa, Orth.,
p. 331 (1860).
Catantops humeralis, Stal (an Thunberg?), Rec. Orth., i,
p. 69, n. 1 (1873); CEfv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxiii (3),
p. 40 (1876).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); NYASALAND
(Rendall).
A somewhat variable species ; the descriptions are very
unsatisfactory, and I cannot identify any specimens with
humeralis, Thunberg, or distinguendum, Stal. In two
specimens, the dark band on the sides of the pronotum
is continued to its hinder edge ; but they do not otherwise
ditfer from the rest of the specimens.
In another variety, the upper dark band on the femora
is partially obliterated in front and within.
111. Catantops vittata, sp. n.
Long. corp. 19 millim.
Fawn-colour, with a black band slightly bordered with whitish
running backwards from the eye in a straight line over the sides of
the pronotum, and continued over the costal area of the tegmina.
The upper half of the central area of the outside of the hind femora
with a broad black stripe; inside apparently red, with two black
spots ; hind tibiz mostly red, with black spines. Antenne con-
colorous ; frontal carina nearly obsolete.
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); Delagoa Bay
(Distant).
112. Catantops decorata.
Catantops decoratus, Gerstaecker, Von der Decken, Reisen
in Ost-Afrika, 111 (2), p. 44, pl. ili, fig. 4 (1873); Stal,
(fv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxiii (8), p. 40 (1876).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); BRITISH CENTRAL
Arrica: Zomba (fendall); NyasaLaAnD: Fort Johnston
(Lendall).
113. Catantops melanosticta.
Catantops melanostictus, Schaum, Mon. Berl. Acad., 1853,
p. 779; Peters’ Reise Mossamb., vy, p. 184, pl. VIIA,
f. 5 (1862).
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 107
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Delagoa Bay
(Distant) ; NYASALAND: Fort Johnston, Zomba (Rendall?) ;
SIERRA LEONE; Conco (B. M.).
One of the commonest African species, and the type of
the genus.
114, Catantops urania, sp. n.
, Sp
Long. corp. 44 millim. ; exp. al. 77 millim.
Female. Brown ; vertex, pronotum and pleura rugose-punctate ;
vertex, cheeks and pronotum with scattered black dots, especially
towards the median line of the pronotum, where they are more or
less continuous, and expand outwards in two diverging lines from
before the hinder suture. Abdomen with a row of shining black
spots on the back, decreasing nearly to the extremity. Hind femora
yellowish, with the carinz and angles of the central area dotted with
black ; central area dull greenish, except on the sides and middle ;
upper surface with two transverse black bands extending to the
inner surface, the first about the middle, and the second half-way
between this and the black knees; under-surface black externally
and red internally. Lower projecting lobes yellow. Tibi and
tarsi vinous red, with two yellow spots towards the base, followed
by a broader yellow band above ; nine white, black-tipped spines in
the outer row, and ten in the inner. Post-sternal lobes subcon-
tiguous. Tegmina brownish, subhyaline towards the tips, and more
or less reticulated and mottled with darker brown transverse
nervules. Hind wings pale blue, hyaline, with black nervures.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria, Barberton (Distant); Nya-
SALAND: Fort Johnston, Zomba (Lendal’).
Allied to C. spissa, Walk., from West Africa; but C.
spissa is smaller, the wings are much less distinctly blue,
and the pattern of the hind femora is different. C. wrania,
however, so much resembles the description of Aeridiwm
arthriticwm, Serville, in almost every particular (size in-
cluded), that I should have identified it with that species
without hesitation, but that Serville’s description of the
hind legs of his A. arthriticum seems to agree with those
of a Calliptamus. Can he have had a specimen of the
present species with the legs of some large Calliptamus
substituted for its own ?
The description of C. wrania is taken from the specimen
from Zomba.
108 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
Genus STENOCROBYLUS.
Stenocrobylus, Gerstaecker, Arch. f. Nat., xxxv, p. 219
(1869); Von der Decken’s Reisen, iii (2), p. 45 (1878).
115. Stenocrobylus (2) trifasciatus, sp. 1.
Long. corp. ¢ 18 millim., 2 22 millim. ; long. al. ant. ¢ 9 millim.,
2 14 millim.
Rufo-testaceous ; antennze black, except the basal joint in the male ;
the incisions very narrowly ringed with pale. A broad black stripe,
bisected by the pale dorsal carina, runs from the back of the pro-
notum to the extremity of the scutellum of the vertex, where it ends
in a point ; there is also a black stripe on each shoulder, narrowed in
front, extending behind the eye to the extremity of the pronotum ;
between this and the central band are some blackish dots at the
back ; and the sides of the pronotum and pleura are marked with
scattered black dots. Tegmina with a short black stripe (sometimes
obsolete) beyond the base of the costa, and a median black stripe,
searcely reaching the base, extending for about $ the length; above
this is a row of partly-connected and variable black spots, and two
or more black spots on the basal half of the anal area. Prosternal
tubercle broad at the base, obtusely rounded at the extremity, and
more slender in the male than in the female. Hind femora with three
partly macular black bands, converging behind, on the outer central
area; and the outer spaces above and below dotted with black ; the
upper and median spaces on the inner surface are also largely black,
and the lower space dotted with black. Hind tibiz with a black
line above, and with eight black-tipped spines on the outer carina.
Wings considerably shorter than the abdomen in both sexes.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Barberton (endal/).
Described from two males and four females.
There are several species allied to this in the British
Museum, but with wings as long or longer than the
abdomen. I refer them, with some slight hesitation, to
Gerstaecker’s genus Stenocrobylus.
The species nearest to S. trifasciatus is very abundant
at Zomba, and I add a description below.
116. Stenocrobylus (?) whytet, sp. n.
Long. corp. 16-25 millim.
Testaceous, hardly shading into rufous. Antenne black, except at
the extreme base, vertex and pronotum with a double central stripe,
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 109
as in the last species, and with a narrow, sharply-defined, black
shoulder-stripe running from the eye to the end of the pronotum.
Sides of the pronotum with several large black spots round the
edges, but otherwise, like the pleura, almost destitute of black dots,
though coarsely punctured. Tegmina rather longer than the abdomen,
with a black line on the costa towards the base, and a broad central
black band, intersected by the pale longitudinal forking nervures.
Wings hyaline. Legs thickly dotted with black, hind femora with
arow of rather large black spots in the middle of the outer central area.
Tibiw blackish below, and with eight black-tipped spines on the outer
carina. Prosternal tubercle conical, rounded at the tip, rather more
slender than in the last species.
Found abundantly by Mr. A. Whyte at an elevation
of 2000-3000 feet at Zomba in September (Brit. Mus.).
OCALLIPTAMIN Ai.
Genus EURYPHYMUS.
Euryphymus, Stal, Rec. Orth., i, p. 72 (1873) ; Cifv. Vet.
Akad. Forh., xxxiii (8), p. 40 (1876).
117. Luryphymus erythropus.
Gryllus erythropus, Thunberg, Mém. Acad. Peétersb., v, p.
248 (1815), ix, p. 426 (1824).
Calliptamus (Euryphymus) erythropus, Stal, Rec. Orth.,1, p.
73 (1878).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria, Masil. Nek (Distant).
About twenty specimens. The black pattern on the
back of the pronotum varies a little in form, sometimes
extending to the back of the pronotum; but it more
frequently ceases before reaching the extremity.
Genus CALLIPTAMUS.
Calliptamus, Serville, Ann. Sci. Nat. xxii, p. 254 (1831) ;
Ins. Orth. p. 686 (1839); Stal, Cifv. Vet. Akad.
Forh., xxxiii (3), p. 43 (1876).
Caloptenus, Burmeister, Handb. Ent., 1, p. 637 (1839).
118. Calliptamus antennatus, sp. n.
Long. corp. 16 millim.
Male. Testaceous. Antenne black beneath, frontal ridge mottled,
110 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
distinctly marked with blackish, and a black band, widening hind-
ward, extending backwards from between the eyes, over the occiput
and pronotum, but having a moderately broad pale border on each
side. Sides of head with a black stripe running down from the eye,
and another further back, with a whitish stripe between them ; sides
of pronotum with two whitish and three blackish stripes, the lowest
of the latter triangularly expanded ; beneath it the colour is
testaceous, as is also the hinder lobe of the pronotum, which is more
strongly punctured than the rest. Pleura testaceous, mottled with
black. Hind femora testaceous; on the outer side are three short
blackish longitudinal marks on the middle of the central lobe ; the
spaces between the lower carine are black on the outside, and red
on the inside, inner surface of the hind femora black to the middle,
after which follows a pale space, and another longitudinal black one,
ceasing before the hinder lobe, which is concolorous, being only
marked with a blackish stripe on the inside at its base. Hind tibize
coral red, with nine yellow black-tipped spines on each carina. Tegmina
longer than the abdomen, yellowish subhyaline, with large reticulated
blackish spaces on the median line, separated by pale spaces ; anal
area pale. Wings probably hyaline, tinged with red at the base.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
Allied to C. hottentottus, Stal.
119. Calliptamus tibialis, sp. n.
Long. corp. 32 millim. ; exp. al. 63 millim.
Female. Head testaceous ; the middle of the frontal ridge, a line
on the outside of its lateral borders, and two lines below the eyes,
more or less blackish ; cheeks sometimes with a whitish bloom,
which extends to the hinder suture on the sides of the pronotum.
Pronctum narrowed in front, a slight depression on the vertex
between the eyes at the narrowest part ; the dark band on the
frontal ridge broadens behind it over the pronotum ; the sides,
lateral lobes, and terminal carina (which is obtusely produced and
rounded off in the middle above) testaceous; two slightly oblique
black stripes on the sides of the pronotum from the front to the
hinder suture, the uppermost broadest. Tegmina brown, varied with
yellowish and whitish subhyaline spots and transverse stripes ;
towards the tips largely subhyaline ; a testaceous stripe (seen in
closed specimens to be the continuation of the pale sides of the
pronotum) occupies the upper and outer part of the anal area of the
tegmina; wings hyaline. Hind femora above yellowish, with two
or three blackish bands, and also with blackish mottlings and black
dots on the carine, but all more or less indistinct. Inner and lower
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 111
side red ; outer median area glaucous-white, the upper and sometimes
the lower bounding carine spotted with black ; central area glaucous-
white, the angulated lines yellowish, with about six ill-defined
blackish dots on each. Hind tibize and tarsi red ; tibiz rather hairy,
with about seven black-tipped spines on each carina.
Hab. 'TRANSVAAL: Pretoria; Waterberg, Warm Baths
(Distant); PEMBA ISLAND (Burtt).
A very distinct species. Described from seven specimens
from Pretoria, one from Pemba Island, and one from Water-
berg; the last is rather darker-coloured than the others.
There are also four specimens from Zomba in Mr. Distant’s
and the British Museum Collection, which differ in their
generally darker colour; the upper black stripe on the
sides of the pronotum extends more or less distinctly to
the front, and sometimes backwards to the hinder extremity
of the pronotum ; the black markings on the upper surface
of the hind femoraare more clearly defined, and the middle
area on the outer side is sometimes suffused with black ;
and the pleura and abdomen are more or less varied with
black. In one specimen the hind tibiz are vinaceous, with
traces of one or two yellowish bands towards the base, not
extending to the upper surface. But Orthoptera are so
hable to change colour more or less after death that I do
not consider these differences of sufficient importance to
indicate even a well-marked local form.
In one specimen from Pretoria the pronotum is dark
brown above on the sides, as far as the lateral carinz, and
reddish along the central carina; and in the Pemba Island
specimen, the pronotum is reddish-testaceous above, and
‘though the front part is blackish, the black is not
symmetrical, and appears to be due to accidental dis-
coloration.
Genus CALOPTENOPSIS.
Caloptenopsis, Bolivar, Jorn. Sci. Lisb. (2), 1, p. 1738 (1889).
120. Caloptenopsis fratercula, sp. n.
Long. corp. g 18 millim. ; 9 23 millim.
Testaceous ; sides of head, pronotum, and outer and lower part of
hind femora more or less glaucous-white. Head mostly testaceous ;
central ridge suleated above between the eyes ; the lower part with
traces of a double black central line, and border-lines ; one black line
112 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
; sides of head indistinetly mottled with black, pro-
notum with an expanding brown band above, sometimes intersected
by the pale central carina, and broadly bordered with paler ; sides
of pronotum mottled with black, and with one or two short, slightly
oblique white stripes, alternating with black ones, on the lower part
of the sides in front ; hinder edge with distinct black dots. Hind
border of pronotum above almost rectangular. Tegmina pale
testaceous subhyaline, central area with a row of black spots separ-
ated by subhyaline transverse stripes, and increasing in size to the
middle, and then diminishing ; on the outer third is a double instead
of a single one. Costal and anal area with a few black spots ; anal
area black below at the base. Wings hyaline, with a slight bluish
tinge. Sides of abdomen with a double row of brown dots; hind
femora on the middle outer area glaucous-white, with black spots on
the angular striz ; or with alternate tawny and bluish-white striz,
the former spotted with black. Upper surface of hind femora testa-
ceous, with three black bands ; inner surface black, witha testaceous
space between this and the knee, which is usually heavily and exten-
sively marked with black, and throws off a short black line below the
lower central carina. Hind tibiew testaceous, with seven black-
tipped spines.
below the eye ;
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); Delagoa Bay
(Distant).
Described from eight specimens.
Resembles Calliptamus hottentottus, Stal, superficially,
but that species has the wings tinged with red instead
of blue. In one specimen, the dark mark usually filling
up the centre of the pronotum is absent, though the cor-
responding mark on the back of the vertex is present.
121. Caloptenopsis wniformas, sp. 0.
Long. corp. 19-23 millim.
Head with the narrowest space between the eyes, and the frontal
eurve above the antenne, with a long excavation between two
parallel carine ; the frontal ridge between and below the antennie
entire, punctured. Rufo-testaceous ; face, sides of head, pronotum,
pleura, and legs more or less varied with glaucous-white. Pronotum
above smooth, without black markings, rarely longer than broad,
except that it is rectangularly produced behind ; sides subparallel,
very slightly approximating in front, the lateral and terminal carine
slightly marked with yellow, upper part of sides of pronotum
blackish below the yellow carine. Tegmina reddish, with some
Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 113
indistinct transverse subhyaline markings ; costal and apical third
hyaline ; anal area probably green in life. Wings hyaline. Hind
femora glaucous on the outer side, the carinz and transverse curves
rufous ; upper carinz serrated. Inner surface black, with a yellow-
ish space before and around the deep black crescent on the terminal
lobe ; a black line extends from it for a short distance on the outer
side below the lower median carina. Tibi and tarsi yellowish (red-
dish during life ?) with black-tipped spines, six or seven on the outer,
and seven on the inner carina. Prosternal tubercle transverse, not
narrowed at the extremity. Terminal spines on the inside of the
hind tibiz long, hairy, the second considerably longer than the first.
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
Described from three males and one female.
Closely allied to C. fratercula, but apparently distinct.
HUPREPOCNEMIN 4. =
Genus HETERACRIS.
Heteracris, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., iv, p. 655 (1870).
|| Demodocus, Stal (nec Guérin, 1842), Bihang Vet. Akad.
Handl., v (4), p. 75 (1878).
Walker’s genus Heteracris is very heterogeneous; but as
Stal’s name Demodocus is preoccupied, it will be convenient
to retain Walker’s name in this restricted sense, rather than
to impose a new one, as twelve out of Walker’s forty-three
species appear to belong to it. Acridiwm herbaceum, Serville,
may conveniently be regarded as the type.
122, Heteracris cognata.
Heteracris cognata, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., B. M., iv, p.
658, n. 6 (1870).
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Barberton; NYASALAND: Fort
Johnston (Rendall); NATAL (Gueinzius ; B. M. types).
The disc of the hind femora is infuscated on both sides
in the ‘specimen from Barberton, but this is not the case
in the types, with which it otherwise agrees very well.
Walker’s types are rather larger than Mr. Rendall’s speci-
mens, and the colour of the hind tibize is indeterminate
(probably faded) ; in the latter they are blue, with a broad
pale band near the base.
TRANS. ENT, SOC, LOND, 1902,—PARTI. (APRIL) 8
114 Mr. Kirby’s Report on African Locustide.
123. Heteracris bettoni.
Heteracris bettoni, Kirby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1902),
(ined.).
fab, TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Delagoa Bay
(Distant and Muir); NyYASALAND: Fort Johnston
(Rendall),
A species widely distributed in East and Central Africa,
easily recognized by the usual dark band ceasing in the
middle of the hinder lobe of the pronotum, instead of
extending to the extremity.
Genus EUPREPOCNEMIS.
Eyprepoenemis, Fieber, Lotos., 111, p. 178 (1853).
ELupropocnemis, Stal, Rec. Orth., 1, p. 75 (1873).
124. Huprepocnemis pulchripes.
Caloptenus pulchripes, Schaum, Monatsber. Akad. Berl.,
1853, p. 779; Peters’ Reise nach Mossamb. Zool., v, p.
138, pl. VITA. fig. 7 (1862).
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Barberton (Distant); NYASALAND :
Fort Johnston (Rendall); MOZAMBIQUE (Schawm).
A single male specimen from Barberton of a species
which seems to be somewhat rare. The antennz are
thickened in the middle, with long moniliform joints,
Schaum describes and figures a female. There is also a
single faded specimen from Fort Johnston.
125. HLuprocnemis ornatipes.
Curtacanthacris ornatipes, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., iv, p.
575, n. 50 (1870).
Hab. NYASALAND: Fort Johnston (Rendal/).
Walker's type is a female without locality, but I believe
I am correct in referring the single male specimen obtained
by Mr, Rendall to the same species.
res S
VI. An Entomological Excursion to Central Spain. By
GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S.
[Read March 5th, 1902.]
In the Transactions of the Entomological Society for 1897,
pp. 427-434, Mrs. M. de la Béche Nicholl has given us an
interesting account of her travels in Aragon and Castile,
accompanied by alist of the butterflies she met with, and a
description of the general features of the places visited. Dr.
Chapman and I having journeyed through the same district
during the past summer, it is proposed here to supplement
Mrs. Nicholl’s paper by giving some particulars concerning
the Coleoptera and Hemiptera noticed by us, Dr. Chapman
having already published various notes on the Lepidoptera.
The date of our visit, July 6th to August 10th, though
probably the best time for the majority of the Lepidoptera,
was, of course, much too late for most of the beetles,
the characteristic Longicorn genus Dorcadion, and many
of the Carabide, Malacodermata, Elateride, etc. being
nearly or quite over, owing to the vegetation on the lower
ground being already dried up. Still this was amply com-
pensated for by the discovery of a conspicuous Buprestis,
not previously recorded from Spain, the abundance of
various Lepturids, ete. So far, too, as at present ascer-
tained, the most interesting captures in the Coleoptera,
as well as in the Hemiptera-Heteroptera, were made in
the lower, hot, arid regions, where the fauna resembles
that of Algeria, and not in the pine-forested and more
humid mountainous districts, which have a beetle-fauna
very similar to that of the Eastern Pyrenees. Some of
the species met with in these pine-forests, we had captured
at Arcachon, in the Landes, on our way out, as Melanotus
tenebrosus, Spondylis buprestoides, Monohammus gallo-pro-
vineialis, Hylotrupes bajulus, Magdalis memnonia, Buprestis
octomaculata, Chrysobothrys solieri, etc. It was a pleasant
surprise to me, having previously travelled to the Sierra
Nevada and other places in Southern Spain, to find such
extensive forests of pine as still clothe the mountains
which form the watershed of the rivers Tagus, Jucar and
TRANS. ENT, SOO, LOND, 1902.—PART I. (APRIL)
116 Mr. G. C. Champion on
Guadalaviar, in contrast to the arid, almost treeless regions
passed over on our outward and homeward journeys through
the country.
Arriving at Madrid on July 6th, where we had the good
fortune to meet Senores Bolivar and Uhagon, we devoted
the two following days to a visit to the Escorial (where
we also met another entomologist, José Hernandez
Alvarez, of the Escuela de Montes) and Toledo respect-
ively. Leaving again on the 9th for Cuenca, about nine
hours distant by rail, we remained there till the 18th,
working daily up the Huecar gorge or valley, or on to
the arid hills in the vicinity of the town. This valley was
still green enough to afford very good collecting-ground,
as, apart from the river, there were springs in various
places issuing through the precipitous rocks from the
adjacent high ground. The new road in course of con-
struction, however, had to be avoided, it being deep in
dust, from the constant passage of the mules. dragging
down the timber from the distant pine-forests. About
six miles up the valley was the village of Palomera, near
which we found several productive spots on the banks of
the stream, and a few miles above that again, leaving the
Huecar for a time, and ascending through scattered pines,
a limestone cave on the hill-side was visited, though no
beetles were obtained therein. The most noticeable insects
seen about Cuenca, exclusive of the numerous butterflies,
were a day-flying Lthizotrogus (pygialis, Muls.); several
species of Zonabris, in abundance, Leptura (unipunctata,
F.), Clytanthus, Trichodes, Anthawia, etc., On very spiny
plants ; various Cetoniide, Lixus, Larinus, ete., on thistles ;
a Cerocoma (miihlfeldi, Gyll.), Omophlus ruficollis, F., two
species of Lelia, etc., on flowers; a curious Anthribid
(Trigonorhinus areolatus, Boh.), on shrubs in the even-
ing, etc. Here, too, in the Huecar valley, there were
plenty of Pentatomidz and other Hemiptera, an ex-
tremely variable Hurydema swarming on certain plants,
the most dissimilarly-coloured forms being often seen in
copula; and two species of Crioceris were noticed on
the asparagus plants. On the hills, which are clothed
in places with many spiny plants, as evidence of
much more abundant fauna to be met with earlier in
the season, we found a large Thylacites (chaleogrammus,
Boh.) in some numbers, a beautiful Chlanius (martinezi,
Ganglb.), Purpuricenus budensis, Goeze, various Tentyria,
An Entomological Excursion to Central Spain. 117
Heliopathes, Aristus, Acinopus, Steropus, Ophonus, ete.
About “stercore humano,” only too abundant everywhere
on the outskirts of Cuenca, the very local Axis sansi, Sol.,
and a large Slaps, were not uncommon. The Jucar river,
which is joimed by the Huecar in the middle of the city,
and down which large numbers of logs are floated, did
not look very attractive for collecting, the valley being
much barer of vegetation (and we therefore paid but
little attention to it) above the town, though we followed
the stream down for some distance. Here, Plagiodera
swarmed on a species of Salix and a Haltica on poplar,
both stripping the trees of their leaves, the destructive
Galerucella luteola, Miill., on elm, two species of Notoxus,
etc. On the sandy banks of the streams about Palomera,
Omophron, Acylophorus, Pederus, Tachyusa, Potaminus, etc.,
occurred, and in the water itself various interesting species
of Deronectes, Gyrinus, Elvis, Ochthebius, and Parnus. At
Cuenca we were again fortunate enough to meet a young
entomologist, Juan Jiménez Cano, and he accompanied
us on various excursions. Leaving this place in company
with this gentleman, on July 17th, for the first stage of our
journey across the mountains of Castile into Aragon, for
which a guide and horses were with difficulty procured,
we reached Ufa, in the vicinity of the lake of that name,
the same afternoon passing on our way the curious place
known as the “ Ciudad Encantada” (Enchanted City), and
very interesting from a geological point of view, passing
the night in very primitive quarters. Here, in the village,
as elsewhere, the widely-distributed and conspicuous Longi-
corn Spondylis buprestoides, L., was noticed quite commonly
on the wing towards evening. The district hereabouts, as
noted by Mrs. Nicholl, looked very good for entomological
work, the slopes of the adjacent hills being clothed with
pine-forest, and there being plenty of flowers in the marshy
ground round the lake, but as we had decided to go on as
soon as possible to Tragacete, we made an early start next
morning for that place. This day’s journey, which lay
through a very hilly, almost uninhabited country, clothed
in great part with open pine-forest, was a very fatiguing
one, to two of our party at least, one of our guides losing
his way for some hours, the right track being regained with
difficulty, ten hours in all being spent in the saddle. At
Tragacete, where we obtained accommodation in the house
of Indalechio Martinez, we remained till July 26th. This
118 Mr. G. C. Champion on
village, which lies in the upper part of the valley of the
River Jucar, at an elevation of about 4000 feet, proved to
be an excellent centre for work, there being plenty of pine-
forest and other suitable ground in the vicinity. Many
excursions were made up the Jucar, which descends
through a long narrow gorge before reaching Tragacete,
sometimes to near its source, amongst the extensive pine-
forests, and we never failed to bring back some interesting
insects. In the open places, as at Cuenca, there was the
usual abundance of Zonabris, Zonitis, Cerocoma, Trichodes
(four species), Leptura unipunctata, Cl ytanthus ruficornis,
ete, on Hryngiwm and other spiny flowering plants.
Higher up, in the wooded ground, on the Umbellifer,
etc., various Longicornia were to be found, as Leptura
stragulata, Germ. and Strangalia pubescens, F., both in
plenty, and both varying in colour to entirely black, Z.
distigina, Charp. (a beautiful insect alive), LZ. sanguinolenta,
L., Pachyta 4-maculata, L., and divers species of Lebia,
Acmeodera, Anthaxia, Corebus, Haploenemus, Malachius,
Mycterus, Mordella, Chrysanthia, Hdemera, etc. On the
pine-trees, on which we had the pleasure of first finding
the handsome larva of Grellsia isabellx, various beetles
were met with, as Brachyderes sutwralis, Graells, Scythropus,
Pissodes, a pallid Cryptocephalus (near 0. pint, ike but with
a smooth thorax), a similarly-coloured Galerucid, “Magdalis,
etc. On the pine-timber, or under its bark, we obtained
three species of Buprestis, Anthaxia, Temnochila, Plegaderus,
Platysoma, Paromalus, Tachyta nana, Gyll., Placusa, Mene-
philus, Hypophleus, Hylastes, Tomicus, Crypturqus, Mono-
hammus, Criocephalus, Spondylis, and others. In dung in
the road Aphodius carpetanus, Graells (in plenty), Bubas,
Copris, Emus, ete., occurred. The wet moss on the stones
in the river (here reduced to a narrow stream) harboured
Bembidium ibericum, Pioch., and an Ocalea (in plenty), as
well as Ovectochilus and an Ancyrophorus; on the stones
themselves, here or elsewhere near Tragacete, were several
Elmis, Ochthebius, Hydrena, and Parnus; and on the
banks, various TYachyusa, Scopeus, Paederus, Bembidium,
Blemus, Cryptohypnus, and Hydrocyphon. ‘The old deserted
nests of the pine processionary-moth Zhawmatopwa pit yo-
campa, Schiff, hanging on the upper branches of the pines,
when one had pluck enough to handle them, furnished
Dermestes aurichalceus, Kiist., in abundance. In grassy
places on the hill-sides, Meloé majalis, L., was frequently
n Entom ical Exeurse entral Span. ¢
An Entomological Excursion to Central Sp 119
to be seen, travelling much more rapidly than most of its
congeners, and very snake-like in its movements; here,
too, we found Carabus rugosus, F., and C. melancholicus, F.,
Chlenius martinezi, Ganglb., Steropus insidiator, Pioch.,
various Harpali (zabroides, De}j., etc.), Acinopus, Aristus,
Cyrtonus, Timarcha, Asida, Heliopathes, Dorcadion, ete.
Leaving Tragacete on July 26th, we worked our way on
foot to Guadalaviar, a village close under one of the highest
points in the district, the Muela de San Juan, crossing
on our way the upper valley of the Tagus and the Portillo
de Guadalaviar, the high ridge known under the latter
name forming the boundary between Castile and Aragon.
All these mountains are clothed with pines to the summit,
and none of them are high enough (under 7000 feet) for
really alpine forms; nevertheless near the top of this ridge,
on the northern side, in some open places amongst the trees,
a good many interesting beetles were found under the
larger stones which had been cleared away from the
cultivated patches of ground, as Cathormiocerus (two
species, one perhaps undescribed), and various Hypere,
Cymindis, Zabrus, Carabus, and Harpalus. Sleeping one
night at Guadalaviar, we again moved on early the
next day en route for Albarracin, on foot as before, the
greater part of the way lying over undulating arid districts
till we descended abruptly to the fertile valley of the
River Guadalaviar, at the village of Trama Castilla.
Hence on to Albarracin, about nine miles distant, our route
was along a fine, new road, wholly uninteresting from an
entomological point of view, the last two miles or so
through a very narrow, deep, winding gorge, at the mouth
of which the town is situated, perched upon an eminence
formed by an abrupt angle of the river, and completely
barring the outlet. This new road, extending from near
Teruel to the mining districts above Noguera, is carried
straight under Albarracin by a tunnel, near the entrance
to which we obtained lodgings at a house by the road-side,
the “ Posada Nueva,” the proprietor of which, José Narro,
knew something of entomology, having collected at times
for Father Bernardo Zapater, who lived close by, and Herr
Max. Korb of Munich, the Father himself, in spite of his
great age, helping us in many ways. At Albarracin we
remained till August 8th, making one long excursion, how-
ever, to Bronchales, in the Sierra, about fifteen miles
distant, and sleeping there two nights. The most pro-
120 Mr. G. C. Champion on
ductive localities in the vicinity of Albarracin were :—
(1) The gorge of the Guadalaviar, about five miles down
the Teruel road, and the adjacent savin-covered foot-
hills of the Sierra; (2) the pine-forests on the ridges of
the Puerto de Losilla, about the same distance off. On
these lower hills we were fortunate enough to discover the
fine Buprestid, Bb. sanguinea, F.,* and a new Capsid,
belonging to the genus Nasocoris, Reuter, both on Ephedra
nebrodensis, an Hquisetwm-like plant of the order Gnetacez.
Here, too, we noticed various Zonabris, Zonitis, Clytanthus,
Coptocephala, Lachnea, Clythra, Cryptoce phal us,and Trichodes
(8-punctatus, F.), most of these resting on the spiniest plants;
and, under stones, the large, crepitating Aptinus displosor,
Duf., and divers Ophonus, Steropus, Acinopus, and many
scorpions were to be seen. On the summit of the pine-
ridge, at Puerto de cena Rhynchites ceruleocephalus,
Schall., and Hispa testacea, L., abounded on Cistus (the
Hispa having been noticed by us in a similar way
Arcachon, a fortnight or so earlier), and on the pines there
were the usual Scythropus, Magdalis, Pissodes, Spondylis,
and Buprestis (8-guttata, L.). Under large stones, at the
same place, many small Coleoptera and Hemiptera were ob-
tained, as Rhytirrhinus variabilis, Bris., Thylacites guinardi,
Duv., Galeatus maculatus, H.-S. (in the greatest profusicn),
Acalypta, Agramma, and a new Piezostethus allied to P.
cursitans, Fall. Lower down, under stones, adjacent to the
cultivated ground, we found various Chr ysomela, Timarcha,
Cyrtonus, and Harpalus, Adimonia tanaceti in abundance
(as in most of the other places visited), ete.; and on
ragwort and other flowers JLebia crux-minor, L., a
Malachius or two, various Pentatomids, Phymata, ete.
The streams hereabouts produced divers Parnus, Pota-
minus, Elmis, Hydrena, Pederus, Tachys, and Bemlidium.
On this ridge of the Puerto de Losilla we also met with
Erebia zapateri, Oberth., in some numbers, and all in very
fresh condition, on the last day of our stay at Albarracin.
August 3rd—5th were spent at Bronchales, whence we
travelled in a springless country-cart up the new road to
as far as Noguera, the remaining five miles or so of the
journey across the mountain- ridge being accomplished on
foot. Here, as at Tragacete and Losilla, there was an
abundance of pine-forest, and in the opener places the
Umbelliferze were in full flower, producing Chrysanthia
* Cf. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1901, pp. 379-384, t. 13.
An Entomological Excursion to Central Spain. 121
viridissima, Leptura stragulata, and Strangalia pubescens,
in more or less abundance, as well as Acmeodera, and
other species already noticed at Tragacete. On the pines,
again, there were the usual Buprestis, Brachyderes, Magdalis,
and Criocephalus, and also Prionus coriarius, L., and Elater
preustus, F, By beating young trees in a marshy place
we obtained Lebia crua-minor, L. cyathigera, and L. cyano-
cephala, Here, too, we had the pleasure of taking Hrebia
zapatert in numbers, the larva of Graellsia isabellx, ete.
Leaving Albarracin, finally, on August 8th, our journey
home was much accelerated by the new line of railway
opened a few weeks before, from Teruel to Calatayud, one
of the stations, Cella, being only about four hours distant,
a long diligence journey, or a detour by the Mediterranean
coast, being thus avoided. Of our wearisome railway
journey from Calatayud, by way of Zaragoza, Pamplona,
San Sebastian, ete., to the frontier at Hendaye, it is not
necessary to speak, except to note the abrupt change from
the arid districts of the interior to a very green and fertile
region as the northern coast was approached.
The Teruel district, as noted by Mrs. Nicholl, has been
much worked by Father Zapater, who has resided for many
years at Albarracin, and Herr Korb, but as they are
chiefly devoted to Lepidoptera, it is probable they have
not paid very much attention to the beetles. So far as I
am aware, no collected account of the Coleoptera of
Cuenca or Albarracin has hitherto been published, and the
following preliminary list of species met with by us may be
of interest, though, as compared with what might be found
a month earlier, it is no doubt very incomplete. The
Hemiptera-Heteroptera are, of course, still less known, and
a list of them is also appended.
The following species were captured, amongst others
not yet identified * :—
[Tr.=Tragacete; Alb.= Albarracin; Guad. = Guadalaviar ;
Br. = Bronchales.]
COLEOPTERA.
Cicindela flexuosa, F., on the banks of streams, Cuenca ;
C. campestris, L., dark var., Br. Carabus melancholicus, F.,
and C. rwgosus, F., under stones, Tr.; C. latus, Dej., Sierra
* T am indebted to MM. Bedel, Reitter, Schilsky, and Tschits-
cherine for assistance in naming some of the Coleoptera, and to Dr.
O. M. Reuter and Mr. E, Saunders for their help with the Hemiptera.
122 Mr. G. C. Champion on
Alta, Br., Tr., Guad., under stones, rare. Omophron limbatus,
F., Cuenca (also seen at Toledo), on the sandy banks of
streams. Bembidium ibericum, Pioch., in plenty in moss on
stones in stream, and B. punctulatwm, Drap., B. stomoides,
Dej.,? etc., on its sandy banks, Tr. Zachys parvulus, Dej., on
banks of stream, Alb. TZachyta nana, Gyll., under bark of
pines, Tr. Perileptus areolatus, Creutz., on banks of stream,
Tr. Platynus viridicuprens, Goeze, under stones, Alb.; P.
secpunctatus, L., and P. parumpunctatus, F., marshy places,
Tr., Br. Synuchus nivalis, Panz., and Platyderus monta-
nellus, Graells, under stones, Tr. Steropws insidiator, Pioch.,
under stones, Tr., Alb., Guad., Una; S. sp.?, Guad. Pereus
sp. ?, Alb. Peeilus crenulatus, De}., Guad. Orthomus his-
panus, Dej., Guad, Tr. Amara cquestris, Duft., var.
zabroides, Dej., Tr., Guad., Br., Utia ; A. acuminata, Payk.,
Guad. Zabrus spp. ?, undetermined, Guad. Acinopus
picipes, Oliv., under stones, not rare, Cuenca, Guad., Tr.,
Alb. Aristus capito, Dej., and A. clypeatus, Rossi, under
stones, Cuenca, Tr. Ophonus sabulicola, Panz., Guad.; O.
difinis, Dej., Alb.; O. azureus, F., Alb., Tr, Guad.; 0.
cordatus, Duft., Guad., Alb., Tr.; 0. rotundatus, Dej., Cuenca.
Harpalus zabroides, Dej., under stones and clods of earth,
not rare, Tr. Stenolophus teuwtonus, Schr., Alb. -Anisodac-
tylus binotatus, F., Br. Tr. Chlenius martinezi, Ganglb.,
under stones, etc., on the dry hill-sides, not rare, Cuenca,
Tr., Guad.; C. nigricornis, F.,Guad. Lebia crux-minor, L.,
var. nigripes, De}j., on flowers and by beating young trees,
Alb., Tr., Br., Cuenca; Z. cyathigera, Rossi, Br. ; L. tureica,
F., Cuenca; Z. rujipes, Dej., Cuenca; LZ. eyanocephala, L.,
Tr., Cuenca, Br. Cymindis miliaris, F., and C. spp., under
stones, Portillo de Guadalaviar, Tr., Alb., Br. Aptinus
displosor, Duf., under stones on dry hill-sides, Alb. Bra-
chinus crepitans, L., Br., Tr., Guad.
Deronectes bicostatus, Schaum, not rare, in small running
stream, above Palomera, near Cuenca; J. opatrinus, Germ.,
with the preceding, and at Tragacete. Hydroporus halensis,
F., H. lepidus, Oliv., with the preceding, Cuenca. Agabus
didymus, Oliv., A. chaleonotus, Panz., A. guttatus, Payk., A.
bipustulatus, L., Tr. Dytiscus marginalis, L., Cuenca. Halt-
plus badius, Aubé, Cuenca. Gyrinus urinator, Ill, G.
natator, Ahr., Cuenca. Aulonogyrus striatus, Aubé, Cuenca.
Orectochilus villosus, F., Tr.
Hydrena (2 sp.) and Ochthebius (3 sp.), Tr., Cuenca.
Potaminus substriatus, Miill., Alb., Cuenca. Parnus
An Entomological Excursion to Central Spain. 123
nitidulus, Heer, Cuenca; and two other species, Alb., Tr.,
Cuenca.
Ocalea sp.?, in moss on stones in stream, in plenty, Tr.
Tachyusa balteata, Er., 7. coarctata, Er., and Ischnopoda
umbratica, Er., on banks of streams, Cuenca, Tr. Falagria
thoracica, Curt., Tr. Placusa sp.?, under ‘pine-bark, Tr.
Pronomea rostrata, Er., Tr. Emus hirtus, L., in dung, Tr.
Staphylinus stercorarius, Oliv.,Guad. Ocypus cyaneus, Payk.,
Guad., O. cupreus, Rossi, Tr. Acylophorus glabricollis, Lac.,
not rare on the sandy banks of streams, Palomera, Cuenca.
Pederus gemellus, Kr. ?, abundant on the banks of streams,
Tr., Cuenca. Scopseus spp.?, Alb., Tr., Cuenca. Stenus
guttula, Miill., Cuenca, Tr. ; 8. bipunctatus, Er., Cuenca; 8.
ater, Mann., Alb.; S. filum, Er., Tr. Bledius sp. ?, Tr.
Ancyrophorus aureus, Fauv., Tr.
Temnochila cerulea, Oliv., on fallen pines, or under bark
of these trees, rare, Tr. Dermestes aurichalceus, Wiist.,
abundant in the old nests of Thaumatopea pityocampa,
Schiff., on the branches of pines, Alb., Tr. Atéagenus piceus,
Oliv., on flowers, Ufia, Cuenca, Alb. ; A. trifasciatus, F., on
flowers, Cuenca. Orphilus niger, Rossi, dr, Platysoma
oblongum, F., Paromalus flavicornis, Herbst, Plegaderus
sanatus, Truqui, under pine-bark, Tr. ister sinwatus, F.,
in dung, Tr. Suhcoccinella 24-punctata, L., Cuenca. Exo-
chomus auritus, Scriba, Br. Coccinella 14-pustulata, L.,
commonly by beating low plants, Tr., Br., Alb. ; C. dowbliei,
Muls., Cuenca. JMysia oblongoguttata, L., on pines, Tr.
Hyperaspis reppensis, Herbst, Tr.
Gymnopleurus flagellatus, F., on the roads, Tr., Alb.
Bubas bubalus, Oliv., Copris lunaris, L., Onthophagus schire-
bert, L., in dung, Tr. Aphodius carpetanus, Graells, in
profusion on one occasion in dung in the road (but over-
looked at the time for the common A. rufipes, L.), Tr.
Ammecius spp., Lago de Una, Tr. Trow sp., Alb. Geotrupes
levigatus, F., common, Alb. Lhizotrogus pygialis, Muls.,
not uncommon, flying in the hot sun, and variable in colour,
Cuenca, Tr., Br.; &. pind, Oliv., Br.; 2. solstitialis, L., var.
pineticola, Graells, Br.; FR. rufescens, Latr., Tr., Guad.; &.
tornosi, Perez, Br. Anoxia villosa, F.. Cuenca. Chasmato-
pterus villosulus, Ul., Alb. Hoplia farinosa, L., Cuenca, Alb.
HT, philanthus, Fiissl. Tr. Anisoplia betica, Er., not un-
common, and very variable in colour, Cuenca, Tr. Cetonia
oblonga, Gory, common on thistles, Cuenca; C. awrata, L.,
Oxythyrea stictica, L., Cuenca.
124 Mr. G. C. Champion on
Buprestis flavomaculata, F., common on felled pines, in
the hot sunshine, Tr., Br., Losilla; B. rustica, L., and B.
octoguttata, L., on pines, Tr., Losilla; B. sanguinea, F., not
uncommon on Lphedra nebrodensis, between Albarracin and
Gea. Pacilonota sp. ?, a single specimen of a large species
allied to P. rutilans, F., picked up dead on the road in the
town of Cuenca. Anthaxia cresus, Vill., Tr. ; A. hypome-
lena, Ill., Cuenca; A. confusa, Lap., Tr. ; A. quadripunctata,
L., in pine-woods, on flowers and on logs, common, Tr. ;
A, cichorit, Oliv. 2, on flowers, Cuenca, Tr., Br. Acmeodera
teniata, F., and A. bipwnctata, Oliv., on flowers of Umbelli-
ferze, Br., Tr. Chrysobothrys solieri, Lap., on cut pine-timber,
Br. Corebus spp., Tr., Cuenca. Agrilus sp. ?, Tr. Throscus
spp., Cuenca, Elater preustus, F., Guad., Br. Cryptohypnus
dermestoides, Herbst, Tr. Melanotus tenebrosus, Er., Cuenca.
Cardiophorus rufipes, Goeze, Cuenca. Corymbites latus, F.,
Tr. Hydrocyphon australis, Lind. ?, Cuenca. Fhagonycha
melanura, Oliv., swarming on flowers, Una, Tr. JZalthodes,
Moloniius Atialus, Ebxus, Henicopus, Dolichosoma, Dasytes,
Haplocnemus, Psilothrix, various spp., not yet determined.
Thanasimus formicarius, L., Guad., Losilla. Tvrichodes
apiarius, L., Tr., Alb., Guad.; 7. octopunctatus, F., Tr., Br.,
Una; 7. ammios, F., common, Cuenca, Tr., Guad.; 7. lew-
copsideus, Oliv., Guad., Br., Tr., Alb., common, and extremely
variable in size, all four species on flowers, particularly of
Eryngium. Lasioderma lexve, Il., Cuenca.
Tentyria spp., Cuenca, Guad. Stenosis sp., Alb. Akis
sansi, Sol., common, Cuenca, about “stercore humano” ;
A, sp.? Alb. Blaps gigas, L., Cuenca. Asida spp., not
determined, Tr., Cuenca, Alb., Guad. Colpotus simi-
laris, Muls., Alb. Heliopathes montivagus, Muls., common
under stones in dry places, Cuenca, Guad., Tr., Br. ; 2.
spp.? Alb., Guad. Microzowm tibiale, F., under stones,
Puerto de Losilla. Pentaphyllus chrysomeloides, Rossi,
Una. Corticeus pint, Panz., under pine-bark, Tr. Helops
sp., Tr. Menephilus cylindricus, Herbst, under pine-bark,
Tr. Lryzx ater, F., Uta. Omophlus ruficollis, F., common,
Cuenca, ete. Lagria lata, F., Alb., Br.; LZ. hirta, L.,
Cuenca, etc. Scraptia dubia, Oliv., common, by beating
herbage, Cuenca. Sormicomus pedestris, Rossi, Cuenca.
Jotoxus trifasciatus, Rossi, and NV. monocerus, L., common
on bushes by the Jucar, Cuenca. Anthicus rodriguezt,
Latr., Tr.; A. awbei, Laf., Cuenca; A. tristis, Schmidt,
Alb.; A. instabilis, Schmidt, Alb. Mordella aculeata, L.,
An Entomological Excursion to Central Spain. 125
Br., Tr.; M. fasciata, F., Tr. Mordellistena and Anaspis
spp., undetermined, Cuenca, ete. Pentaria defarguesi,
Abeille (= oberthuri, Champ.), and P. badia, Rosenh.,
Cuenca. Silaria trifasciata, Chevr., Cuenca, Alb.; 8.
brunnipes., Muls., Br., Tr. ; S. varians, Muls., Tr. Hmenadia
preusta, Gebl., Tr.; #. bimaculata, F., Cuenca. Meloe
majalis, L., not rare on hill-sides, Tr., Guad, Zonabris
quadripunctata, L., Z. variabilis, Oliv., and various species,
undetermined, some of them very abundant at Cuenca,
Tragacete, etc. Cerocoma miihlfeldi, GylL, locally abundant
on flowers, Cuenca, Tr. Zonitis preusta, F., common on
flowers of Hryngiwm, Guad., Tr., Cuenca, Alb. ; Z. mutica,
Scriba, Cuenca; Z. sp.? (near Z. quadripunctata, F., var.
korbi, Esch.), Cuenca. Wdemera flavipes, ¥., Tr.; @.
simplex, L., Cuenca; . sp.? Tr. Chrysanthia viridissima,
L., common on umbelliferous flowers, in pine-forests, Br.,
Tr. Mycterus curculionoides, F., on flowers, with the
preceding, Br., Tr., Alb.
Otiorrhynchus sp.? one specimen, under a stone, Portillo
de Guadalaviar (the only representative of the genus met
with). Scythropus squamosus, Kies., on pines, Tr. Bra-
chyderes sutwralis, Graells, abundant*on pines, Tr., Guad.,
Losilla, Br.; B. sp.,Tr. Cathormiocerus lapidicola, Chevy. ?,
and C. sp.n.? under stones, Portillo de Guadalaviar. Thyla-
cites chalcogrammus, Boh., under stones in dry places,
not rare, Cuenca; 7. guinardi, Duy., under stones, Losilla.
Cleonus ophthalmicus, Rossi, Cuenca, Tr. Lixvus turbatus,
Gyll, Tr.; Z. eribricollis, Boh., Cuenca, Bubalocephalus
rotundicollis, Cap., a few specimens under stones, on high
ground, Puerto de Losilla, Portillo de Guadalaviar, 'I’r.
Hypera hispanica, Cap., and H. sp.? under stones, with
the preceding, Guad., Tr. Rhytirrhinus variabilis, Br.,
under stones, Losilla,Guad. Pissodes pint, L., Br.; P. no-
tatus, F., Tr., Losilla, Br. Ceuthorrhynchus echit, F., Cuenca,
Tr.; C. ferrugatus, Perris, Losilla. Baris nitens, ¥., Cuenca.
Brachytemnus porcatus, Germ., Tr. Balaninus ochreatus,
Fahr., Tr. Rhamphus flavicornis, Clairv., Cuenca. Mag-
dalis memnonia, Gyll. M. frontalis, Gyll., on pines, more
or less common, Tr., Br., Losilla. Citonus longicollis, Bris.,
on Verbascum thapsus, Tr. Apion wenckeri, Bris., on Cistus,
Losilla; A. cyanescens, Gyll., Br.; A. atomariwm, Kirby,
Tr. Auletobius pubescens, Kies., on Cistus, Br. Rhynchites
ceruleocephalus, Schall., in profusion on Cistus, Puerto de
Losilla ; £. auratus, Scop., Tr. Trigonorhinus (brachytarsus)
126 Mr. G. C. Champion on
areolatus, Boh. (= pardalis, Woll.), common, by beating
herbage towards evening, females predominating, Cuenca.
These specimens agree precisely with Wollaston’s type of
T. pardalis, which, to judge from his remarks (Col. Hesp.,
p. 189), was almost certainly obtained in Algeria, and not
in St. Vincent, Cape Verdes, as stated. Boheman’s insect
was from Sicily, and his description appears to have
been made from a rubbed individual. 7. areolatus also
occurs in Italy, but it has not, perhaps, been pre-
viously recorded from Spain. The structure of the head is
so different from that of Brachytarsus, that Wollaston’s
generic name will have to be retained for this species.
Hylastes palliatus, Gyll., Crypturqus sp., Tomicus sexdentatus,
Boern., 7. laricis, F., under bark of pines, Tr., Pityogenes
bidentatus, Herbst, Una.
Spermophagus carduti, Boh., common on flowers, Cuenca,
Una. Spondylis buprestoides, Te about pine- timber, and on
wing towards evening, common, Tr., Cuenca, Una, Alb.
Prionus coriarius, L., Br. Pachyta quadr imaculata, Tis fig 2
Leptura rubra, Ls sparingly, Br., Tr.; L. wnipunctata, F.,
Le: on Er, -yngium and other flowers, in open places,
Cuenca, Guad.; L. distigma, Charp,, on flowers of
pas in pine-forests, rare, Tr., Br.; L. stragulata,
Germ. (including var. nigrina, Schauf.), plentiful, with the
preceding, and extremely variable in colour, Br., Tr., and
also at Guad.; Z. sanguinolenta, L., Tr., Br., ete.; LZ. livida,
F., Tr. Strangalia pubescens, F. (including var. holosericea,
Muls.), plentiful, in company with JL. stragulata, and also
varying to entirely black, Br., Tr.; S. maculata, Poda, Br. ;
S. bifasciata, Miill., Cuenca. Hylotrupes bajulus, L., Tr.,
Cuenca. Criocephalus rusticus, L., on pine-stumps, Tr., Br.
Aronia moschata, L., var. thoracica, Fisch., on willow, Tr.
Purpuricenus budensis, Goeze, on Umbelliferze, ete., Una,
Cuenca. Clytanthus verbasci, L., rare, Alb. ; C. ruficornis,
Oliv., common, on flowers of Hryngiuwm, ete., Tr., Alb.,
Cuenca. Dorcadion sp., not yet identified, three worn
specimens, Tr., Muela de San Juan, Guad. Jonohammus |
gallo-provincialis, Oliv., on pines, Tr. Agapanthia sp., Tr.,
Cuenca. Phytxcia afinis, Harrer, Br. Oberea erythrocephala,
Schrank, Tr., Cuenca.
Donacia consimilis, Schrank, Tr.; D. linearis, Hoppe,
Cuenca; D. sp. (near impressa, Payk.), Cuenca, Lema
puncticollis, Curt., Alb.; LZ. melanopa, L., Cuenca, Alb.,
Una. Crioceris 12-punctata, L., and C. asparagi, L., com-
An Entomological Excursion to Central Spain. 127
mon, on asparagus-plants in the cultivated ground by the
Huecar, Cuenca; C. merdigera, L., Cuenca. Titubea
biguttata, Oliv., Cuenca. Lachnexa sexpunctata, Scop., and
L. wieina, Laec., Alb. Clythra leviuscula, Ratz., Alb. Cop-
tocephala scopolina, L., Alb., Br., Guad., Cuenca. Crypto-
cephalus sexmaculatus, Oliv., Alb., Tr.; C. bimaculatus, F.,
Alb., Cuenca; C. imperialis, Laich., Guad.; C. violaceus, -
Laich., Tr.; C. pina, L., on the pines, Br.; C. sp.?, very
near the preceding, but with a smooth thorax, also on the
pines, not. rare, Tr., Guad., Losilla; C. moran, L., Tr.; C.
erassus, Oliv., Cuenca; C. pygmeus, F., Tr.. Cuenca; and
various other species of the genus, not yet determined,
mostly found on low plants in open places. Pachybrachys
spp., Tr. Stylosomus sp., Alb. Timarcha hispanica, H.-S. ?,
in abundance, under stones on the edges of cultivated fields,
Tr., Alb., Guad.; and other species as yet unidentified.
Cyrtonus cupreovirens, Perez ?,in plenty, and C. denticulatus,
Chevr. ?, rarely, under stones, Guad., Tr., Alb. Chrysomela
americana, L., Cuenca; C. grossa, F., Tr.; C. betica, Suftr.,
Alb., Cuenca; C. analis, L., Guad., Tr.; C. hemoptera, L.,
Tr., Guad., Losilla; C. menthastri, Suftr., Tr., Cuenca, Ufa.
Plagiodera versicolora, Laich., abundant on willow, Cuenca.
Phytodecta xgrota, F., Cuenca. Galerucella luteola, Miill.,
only too common on elms, Cuenca, Alb. ; also seen at San
Sebastian, on the north coast,on our way home. Adimonia
tanaceti, L., in abundance, under stones near cultivated
ground, Tr., Br., Guad., Alb. MJalacosoma lusitanicum, L.,
Tr. Sermyla halensis, L., Br. Tr., Alb. Luperus sp. ?, a
pallid form occurring in company with a similarly-coloured
Cryptocephalus, on the pines, Tr. Monolepta erythrocephala,
Oliv., Tr. Haltica sp. in profusion on young poplars, by
the Jucar, Cuenca. Aphthona levigata, F., Cuenca. Cassida
equestvis, F., Br. Hispa testacea, L., in abundance on
Cistus, Losilla ; H. atra, L., Cuenca.
HEMIPTERA—HETEROPTERA.*
Odontoscelis fuliginosa, L., Tr.; O. dorsalis, F., Alb.
Odontotarsus grammicus, L., Cuenca. Hurygaster nigrocu-
cullata, Goeze, Alb. ; EL. maroccana, F., Cuenca. Ancyroso-
ma albolineatum, F.. Cuenca. Graphosoma lineatum, L.,
Cuenca. Brachypelta aterrima, Forst., Cuenca. Schirus
morio, L., Tr.; S. dubius, Scop., Guad., Alb., Cuenca, Tr.
* The synonymy adopted is that of Puton’s Catalogue, 1899.
128 Mr. G. C. Champion on
Sciocoris sp. (near wmbrinus, Wolff), Cuenca. Dyroderes
umbraculatus, F., Cuenca. Alia acuminata, L., Tr. Stago-
nomus ttalicus, Gmel., Tr. Staria lunata, Hahn, Cuenca.
Carpocoris varius, F., Cuenca, Alb. Dolycoris baccarum,
L., Cuenca, Alb. Peribalus sphacelatus, F.; Cuenca, Alb,
Rhaphigaster nebulosa, Poda, Br. Holcogaster fibulata,
Germ., on pines, Tr. Losilla. Hurydema festivum, L.,
abundant on low plants, and varying greatly in coloration,
the most dissimilar forms often seen in copuli, Cuenca;
LE. oleraceum, L., Tr. Zicrona cerulea, L., Cuenca. Cypho-
stethus tristriatus, F., Alb. Phyllomorpha laciniata, Vill.,
Alb., also seen at Toledo. Centrocoris spiniger, F., Alb.,
Cuenca. Gonocerus juniperi, H.-S., Cuenca. Pseudo-
phleus falleni, Schill., Cuenca. Coreus hirticornis, F., Alb.,
Cuenca. Camptopus lateralis, Ger., Cuenca, Tr. Alydus
calearatus, L., Tr. Stenocephalus agilis, Scop., Tr.; 8.
albipes, F., Cuenca. Therapha hyoscyami, L., Cuenca,
Tr., Alb. Corizus erassicornis, L., Tr.; C. parumpwnetatus,
Schill., Br., Tr.; C. subrufus, Gmel., Tr. Neides tipularius,
L., Cuenca. Megalomeriwm meridionale, Costa, Lago de Una.
Berytus signoreti, Fieb.?, Alb. Lygevus pandurus, Scop.,
Cuenca; L. cquestris, Tr.; L. saxatilis, Scop., Tr. Cymus sp.,
Cuenca. Geocoris grylloides, L., Tr. Platyplax salvix, Schill,
Tr. Microplax albofasctata, Costa, Alb., Cuenca. Macroplaa:
Jasciata, H.-8., Alb. Heterogaster urtice, F., Tr., Cuenca.
Stygnocoris fuligineus, Fourc., Alb. Aphanus quadratus, F.,
Alb.; A. saturnius, Rossi, Tr.; A. cbericus, Baer. ?, Tr.,
Guad., Br. Beosus maritimus, Scop., Cuenca. Hmblethis
sp., Tr., Guad., Alb. Pyrrhocoris xgyptius, L., Alb.; P.
apterus, L., Cuenca. Serenthia leta, Fall. Acalypta platy-
chila, Fieb., and Galeatus maculatus, H.-S., under large
stones, on the summit of the pine-ridge, Puerto de
Losilla, the last-mentioned in profusion. Catoplatus
carthusianus, Goeze, Tr. Monanthia echii, Wolff, Cuenca.
Monosteira unicostata, Muls. and Rey, Cuenca. Phyl-
lontocheila auriculata, Costa, Cuenca. Phymata crassipes,
F., Tr. Hebrus pusillus, Fall, Cuenca. Velia cwrrens,
F., Tr. Gerris najas, De G., Cuenca; G. thoracicus,
Schum., Alb. Reduvius personatus, L., Tr. Harpactor
iracundus, Poda, Cuenca; H, erythropus, L., Tr.; H. san-
guineus, F., Tr. Coranus subapterus, De G., Guad., Tr.
Nabis ferus, L., Lago de Una. Piezostethus, n. sp.,* not
* This species and the new Nasocoris will be described by Dr, O,
M. Reuter in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine.
An Entomological Kxcursion to Central Spain. 129
uncommon, under stones, with Galeatus, etc., Puerto de
Losilla; P. cursitans, Fall., under pine-bark, Tragacete.
Mirrdius pallidus, Horv., Tr. Phytocoris spp., Br., Alb.
Adelphocoris seticormis, F.. Tr. Brachycoleus triangularis,
Goeze, Cuenca. Pachyxyphus cexsareus, Reut., not rare, on
Cistus, Puerto de Losilla, Br. Capsus seutellaris, F., not rare,
Tr., Cuenca, all the specimens having the scutellum rufous.
Inocoris tripustulatus, ¥.,Cuenca. Pilophorus cinnamopterus,
Alb.,Cuenca. Zopus sulcatus, Fieb., Alb., Cuenca. Nasocoris,
n. sp., on Ephedra nebrodensis; the two described species of
this genus are from Algeria and Southern Russia _re-
spectively. Strongylocoris niger, H.-S., Alb. Mimocoris
coarctatus, Muls. and Rey, Cuenca. Neocoris nigritulus,
Zett., Cuenca. Calocoris sulphwreus, Reut.?, Cuenca.
Globiceps flavomaculatus, F., Tr.
APRIL 14, 1902,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I, (APRIL) 9
may ts
: a | as
* .
ne a
VII. Notes on Hawatian Wasps, with Descriptions of New
Species. By Roperr Cyrit Layton PERKINS,
B.A. Communicated by Dr. Davin SHarp, M.A.,
E.R.S.
[Read March 5th, 1902.]
THE present paper deals only with the wasps which are
found on the island of Hawai, and the distinguishing
characters of the many species are given in the table,
which will enable the hymenopterist to readily separate
the various forms. Only four or five of these species are
found on any other island of the group, all the rest being
peculiar to Hawai. These species are more numerous and
difficult than the Oahuan species, which I have previously
tabulated (E. M. M., Vol. XII., 2nd Ser., p. 264), and
consequently I have added sufficiently full descriptions of
the new ones. Owing to the one sex (whether ¢ or ?)
frequently presenting striking characters not exhibited by
the other, the table from 27 becomes double, the males
being treated of from 27 to 59, the females from 60 to 92.
Before 27 males and females are included under each
head. In one or two cases I have included a species both
under the ¢ and 2, although the latter sex is not known
to me, but in these cases the characters given are such as
present no differences according to the sex. A little care is
necessary In examining the emargination of the apex of the
clypeus, as the depression behind it often makes it appear
stronger than is really the case, and it should be noticed
that strong cyanide is lable to turn the yellow markings
red, especially the small frontal spot, the colour of which
I have found it convenient to use in one case. I think it
probable that the table includes nearly all the species that
exist on Hawau, and that very few more remain to be
discovered.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. (2) Postscutellum with an elevated ridge ; second discoidal cell
at the apex about twice as high as the third discoidal at
tig ase, 1. 4 . . . O. nigripennis, Holmer,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART UL. (JUNE) 10
~I
10.
13.
14.
15.
16.
wre
(16)
Mr. R. C. L. Perkins’
Postscutellum without a transverse elevated ridge; second
discoidal cell at the apex generally much less than twice
as high as the third at its base.
Coste of second ventral segment wanting, or much effaced
and indistinct ; or extremely short, the middle ones not
so long as the transverse basal portion of the segment,
which is before them.
Second ventral segment greatly raised behind the transverse
sulcature, very much higher than its basal portion.
¢. Mandibles and apex of clypeus red; propodeum smooth
and shining with a few punctures in front ; abdomen
deep-black, shining. . . . . . . O. cypris, sp. nov.
¢. Mandibles and apex of clypeus not red ; propodeum
dull, or with the concavity densely and largely punctate.
Posterior concavity of the propodeum coarsely and closely
punctured ; mesothorax shining between the punctures.
O. eutretus, sp. nov.
Posterior concavity of propodeum dull, with at most some
feeble and indefinite punctures ; mesothorax not shining.
O. heterochromus, P.
Second ventral segment little, or not at all, raised behind the
coste, or transverse sulcature.
Front of head and mesothorax very dull, with the
puncturation nearly effaced, hardly visible.
O. egens, P. (? var. =O. infaustus, P.).
Mesothorax dull with distinct punctures, or shining and
coarsely punctured,
Mesothorax dull, finely punctured, abdomen often red-
marked above or beneath. . . . . O. cyanopteryx, P.
Mesothorax coarsely and closely punctured, shining between
the punctures ; abdomen entirely black.
O. holomelas, sp. nov.
Costze of second ventral segment always distinct, and
never very short, the middle ones about as long or
sometimes longer than the basal portion of the segment.
First and second abdominal segments above red, or one or
both spotted with red at the sides, the red colour some-
times dull and not obvious at a glance, the spots of
second segment sometimes confined to the deflexed sides
and hardly visible in dorsal view.
First and second abdominal segments nearly wholly red.
wings with only a slight blue iridescence.
O. frater, D. T.
First and second segments only spotted with red; if
18,
19.
20,
21.
22.
23.
24,
25.
26.
bo
~J
29.
30.
Notes on Hawavian Wasps. 133
largely red then the wings have very conspicuous blue
iridescence.
(19) ¢.Clypeus very deeply emarginate ; sides of first and second
segments obscurely red ; mesothorax very dull, with very
feeble or obsolete punctures ; a median yellow spot behind
thelantemmentrls), 2.4. 29) Sa ceret err events ons avestes. Ps
(18) ¢@. Clypeus not very deeply emarginate ; if deeply then the
mesothorax is strongly and densely punctate.
(21) Depression of second ventral segment deep, very wide, im-
pressed to the level of the costz very widely at the base ;
front of head dull with fine, often nearly obsolete,
punctures ; second dorsal segment simple, when seen in
profile not raised into a distinct hump at its basal third.
O. obscwre-punctatus, Blackb.
(20) Depression of second ventral segment not extremely wide,
nor widely sunk at the base to the level of the apices of
the costze ; front of head densely punctured or somewhat
shining, or the second dorsal segment of abdomen is
rather strongly raised to a point at its basal third.
(23) ¢. Apex of clypeus very distinctly dentately-emarginate ;
mandibles red ; propodeum rugose.
O. dyserythrias, P. var.
(22) ¢. Apex of elypeus sometimes depressed and dentate, but
only slightly emarginate or truncate ; mandibles red
or dark ; propodeum not rugose, sometimes a little
roughened by some large, feebly-impressed punctures.
(25) Propodeum with some more or less evident, large shallow
punctures ; basal abdominal segment in strict lateral
view very abrupt in front, so that its two faces meet at an
angle (rounded off), . . . O. rubopustulatus, Blackb.
(24) Propodeum dull, but smooth, not punctured ; lateral out-
line of basal abdominal segment forming an almost even
but strong curve from the petiole.
O. crypterythrus, sp. nov.
(15) Basal segments oftabdomen not red above, nor spotted with
red at the sides, at most with the apical margin of the
basal segment narrowly red.
. (60) Males. Antenne 13-jointed, terminal ones modified to
form a hook.
28. (29) Second ventral segment largely or entirely red.
O. dyserythrias, P.
(28) Second ventral segment not red.
(39) Clypets extremely deeply emarginate, the emargination
almost semicircular or even deeper.
134 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins’
31.
32.
33.
34.
36.
Sie
38.
39.
40.
41.
(32) Second segment beneath largely but lightly impressed
behind the costz ; above, greatly raised into a conical
tuberculate form.. . . . . O.dromedarius, Blackb.
(31) Second segment beneath with a distinct wide depression, very
deep at its base, or else it is hardly more than simply con-
vex above, not raised into a conical or tuberculate form.
(34) Second segment beneath with the depression very deep at
the base, above subtuberculately elevated ; abdomen
entirely black . . . . . . - O. melanognathus, P.
(33) Second segment beneath with a shallow or moderate
depression ; above simply convex, not tuberculately
elevated ; abdomen often yellow-banded or densely
clothed with decumbent grey pubescence.
. (36) Clypeus with one or two yellow spots (sometimes very
small) ; depression of second ventral segment extremely
shallow, sometimes hardly perceptible.
O. newelli, sp. nov.
(35) Clypeus without yellow spots ; depression of second ventral
segment distinct, moderate.
(38) Mesothorax and scutellum with appressed sericeous
pubescence, so dense as to nearly conceal the surface,
impunctate or very obscurely punctured.
O. sociabilis, P.
(37) Mesothorax less densely clothed and more strongly
punctured, the scutellum with sparse and feeble, but
evident, punctures. .. * taf =. > 1. stomiaceissis
(30) Clypeus truncate or ENE: emarginate at apex, never
very deeply so, often impressed at apex behind the
emargination, which gives it an appearance of being
deeper than is really the case.
(41) Abdomen with two yellow bands and the second ventral
segment flat behind the costz without a depression.
O. cooki, P.
(40) Abdomen sometimes with one, very rarely with two, yellow
bands ; if yellow-banded there is a distinct depression
behind the costee.
. (43) Mesothorax very densely rugulosely punctured, the
punctures not coarse nor deep, running into one another ;
(propodeum dull and smooth, at most a little rugose or
with some obscure punctures ; mandibles dark).
O. venator, P.
. (42) Mesothorax not very densely rugulosely punctured (pro-
podeum in some species conspicuously rugose and in
some the mandibles are red).
44,
45.
46.
48.
57.
Notes on Hawatian Wasps. 135
(47). Second ventral segment with a large depression, deep in
front, and extending back to or behind the middle of the
part of the segment behind the cost ; propodeum at the
most slightly punctured or roughened, the posterior
concavity dull but smooth, and without distinct sculpture ;
mandibles red.
(46) Mesothorax extremely dull with the punctures extremely
feeble or obsolete ; apex of clypeus not deeply impressed
behind the emargination. . . . O. erythrognathus, P.
(45) Mesothorax not strongly but distinctly punctured ; apex
of clypeus deeply impressed behind the emargination.
O. orbus, P.
7. (44) Depression of second ventral segment sometimes wide and
well-marked (but much less deep than that of the two
preceding species), in which case the propodeum is
rugose ; if the propodeum is smooth, the depression of
second ventral segment is somewhat small and narrow,
not reaching to the middle of the part of the segment
behind the cost ; in some species the depression is very
shallow, and hardly or not perceptible ; mandibles dark
in nearly all the species.
(49) A median spot behind the antenne, and some thoracic
markings as well as the hind margin of basal abdominal
segment red. (Probably all except the median frontal
spot sometimes wanting). . . . O.mesospilus, sp. nov.
. (48) Head, thorax and abdomen not red-spotted. Sometimes a
yellow or yellowish median frontal spot.
. (55) Second dorsal segment more or less strongly raised from the
base, not simply convex.
. (52) Puncturation of mesothorax very fine and feeble, sometimes
obliterated. ©. $09. ° o/s) 0) SOX cyphotes,. P-
. (51) Puncturation of mesothorax very distinct.
. (54) Mesothorax very dull between the punctures.
O. vulcanus, Blackb.
. (53) Mesothorax more or less shining between the punctures.
O. hiloensis, P., and konanus, P.
5. (50) Second dorsal segment simply convex.
. (57) Second ventral segment with the depression shallow, but
quite distinct ; (thorax extremely dull, appearing greyish
from dense, very short, erect grey hairs ; puncturation
very feeble or obsolete). . 3). . -: « . ‘O. peles, P.
(56) Second ventral segment with the depression excessively
is}
shallow, or obsolete ; mesothorax more or less distinetly
punctured.
136 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins’
58.
59,
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
. (72) Mandibles dark, at most reddish at the apex.
(59) Clypeus much produced, elongate ; no yellow spot behind
the antenne ; inter-antennal carina extremely sharp.
Chelodynerus chelifer, P.
(58) Clypeus wide, not much produced ; a yellow spot between
the antenne ; the inter-antennal carina less sharp.
Pseudopterocheilus pterocheiloides, P.
(27) Females. Antenne 12-jointed, the apical joints simple.
(62) Maxillary palpi extremely long, regularly fringed with
long hairs. . . Pseudopterocheilus pterocheiloides, P.
(61) Maxillary palpi normal.
(64) Mandibles extremely long and narrow, teeth obsolete or
subobsolete, a distinct longish cheek between mandible
andeye.. . . . Chelodynerus (gen. nov.) chelifer, P.
(63) Mandibles normal ; cheeks obsolete.
(84) Second dorsal segment of abdomen in profile distinctly
raised from the base or very strongly convex, often
tuberculate or subtuberculate in dorsal aspect ; if hardly
tuberculate, but very strongly convex in profile, then
either the mesothorax is shining between the punctures,
or the depression of the second ventral segment is very
wide and deep, and the segment prominent, and almost
tuberculate on either side of the depression at its base.
(67) Mesothorax with extremely dense (shallow and not coarse)
rugulose puncturation.. . . . . O. venator, P.
(66) Mesothorax not so punctured.
(69) Second ventral segment with a very shallow large impression
behind the costs ; propodeum smooth.
O. dromedarius, Blackb.
(68) Second ventral segment with a large deep depression, or
it is small, triangular, not extending half-way from the
costee to the apex (O. cyphotes), or the propodeum is
rugose.
(71) A median ved spot behind the antenn (postseutellum
and mesopleura sometimes also red-spotted, mesothorax
deeply punctured, not dull, minute interstitial punctures
very distinct, propodeum rugose). O. mesospilus, sp. nov.
. (70) A yellow or yellowish spot behind the antenna, or none.
75) Mandibles red.
. (74) Head normal ; mesothorax with the larger punctures very
fine and feeble, sparse ; sometimes impunctate or nearly.
O. erythrognathus, P.
. (73) Head inerassate ; mesothorax distinctly, but not coarsely,
pumebared.. <; <x ay b O. orbus, P.
(is
80.
85.
86.
88.
89.
90.
Die
92.
Notes on Hawatian Wasps. 137
. (81) Mesothorax very dull.
. (78) Mesothorax distinctly and rather strongly punctured ;
propodeum conspicuously rugose, even in the posterior
CGoncayvitye ws sre £8 3, OF wulcamis; Blackb.
. (77) Mesothorax at the mest finely and very feebly punctured ;
propodeum at most a little roughened, or with some
very feebly impressed coarse punctures, making it
subrugose.
(80) Second ventral segment with a small depression, only
distinct for a short way behind the costee. O. cyphotes, P.
(79) Second ventral segment with a large, wide, deep depression,
extending more than half-way from the costz to apex of
the segment. . ... .. . QO. melanognathus, P.
. (76) Mesothorax more or less shining between the punctures,
never dull.
. (83) Depression of second ventral segrnent wide. O. konanus, P.
(82) Depression of second ventral segment not very wide.
O. hiloensis, P.
. (65) Second dorsal segment simple, only ordinarily convex in
profile ; mesothorax not shining ; depression of second
ventral segment only moderately deep at base or some-
times very shallow.
(86) Minute interstitial punctures of mesothorax under a very
strong lens present, but very feeble and not dense, in-
conspicuous owing to the microscopic surface sculpture ;
apex of clypeus very slightly emarginate or truncate.
O. peles, P.
(85) Minute interstitial punctures of mesothorax very dense ;
apex of clypeus often rather strongly emarginate.
. (90) Depression of second ventral segment very feeble or entirely
wanting, wings not very dark and with little or no blue
iridescence,
(89) Depression of second ventral segment feeble but present.
O. newelli, sp. nov.
(88) Depression of second ventral segment wanting, surface flat
beyond costae, the basal part of the segment consequently
appearing tumid. . .. . She ha pie Cr COOKD,es
(87) Depression of second ventral eee quite distinct, wings
dark with blue or steely iridescence.
(92) Front of head finely and very feebly punctured.
O. sociabilis, P,
(91) Front of head densely and distinctly punctured.
O. scoriaceus, P.
188 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins’
Odynerus cypris, Sp. NOV.
Niger, mandibulis clypeique apice rufis, abdominis segmento primo
postice flavomarginato (an semper?). Frons capitis dense punctata,
clypeo distincte emarginato. Mesonotum sparsim punctatum, in-
terstitiis etiam distincte punctulatis. Propodeum lve, nitidum,
parce punctatum. Abdominis segmentum secundum supra fere
wqualiter convexum; subtus, post sulcum transversum fortiter
abrupte elevatum, costis nullis, suleo nitido, depressione post
suleum angustissima. Ale fusca, nitentes, violaceo-iridescentes.
d. Long. ad. apicem abd. seg. 24). 8 m.m.
Hab. Puna, HAwaltt.
Odynerus eutretus, sp. Nov.
Niger, mandibulis ex majore parte vel totis nigris, fronte media
post antennas spe rubronotata ; alis infuscatis, ceeruleo-iridescent-
ibus. Frons capitis densissime punctata, apice clypei subimpresso,
truncato aut vix emarginato. Mesonotum nitidum, fortiter dense
punctatum, propodeo levi, postice dense punctato, Abdominis
segmentum 2 dorsale simpliciter convexum, haudquaquam eleva-
tum ; ventrale post sulcum transversum fortissime abrupte elevatum,
sulco nitido. ¢ 9. Long. 7-10 m.m.
Sp. O. heterochromo, atlinis, thorace nitido, multo grossinus pune-
tato, et sulco transverso segmenti ventralis 2i nitido distinctissima.
Tab. HAWAII, in several districts.
Odynerus holomelas, sp. n.
Niger, mandibulis rufis, alis infuscatis caruleo-iridescentibus.
Frons capitis densissime punctata, clypei apice plus minusve im-
presso, levissime emarginato aut truncato. Mesonotum grossius
dense punctatum, haud opacum, propodeo postice grosse punctato.
Abdominis segmentum 2 ventrale post costas haudquaquam
elevatum, costis ipsis brevissimis, depressione post costas nulla.
6 2. Long. 6-10 m.m.
Sp. hnic affinis est O. cyanopteryx, Perk., qui thorace peropaco,
multo subtilius punctato, et abdomine sepius aut supra aut infra
rufonotato, conspicue differt.
Hab. Widely distributed on HAWAt, but not generally
common.
Notes on Hawatian Wasps. 139
Odynerus crypterythrus, sp. 0.
Niger, mandibulis et nonnunquam apice clypei rufis ; abdominis seg-
menti primi et secundi lateribus vel secundo solo rufonotatis. Caput et
pronotum opacum, illo minus dense subtilius irregulariter punctato,
propodeo levi, haud nitido, impunctato. Abdominis segmentum a
basi distincte subtuberculatim elevatum ; subtus, depressione dis-
tincta, costis sat longis. Ale infuscate, caeruleo-iridescentes.
6 2. Long. 7-9 m.m.
Sp. O. obscure-punctato, et O. rubropustulato, similis et affinis, ab
hoe differt mesonoto multo subtilius punctato et propodeo haud-
quaquam punetato ; ab illo depressione segmenti 2 ventralis minus
lata, costarum apices ab basim multo minus late attingente.
Hab. Found on both sides of Hawau, but probably
much scarcer than the allied species.
Obs. This species further differs notably from the allied
species, in the form of the basal abdominal segment. In
these the front face or basal part is extremely abrupt, and
in profile its outline forms an angle (rounded off) with the
dorsal face. In the present species the lateral outline
is a strong, but almost even curve from the petiole to
the apex.
Odynerus newelli, sp. nov.
Niger, clypeo flavonotato, abdominis segmentis 2 basalibus
postice flavomarginatis, alis haud aut vix evidenter ceeruleo-iride-
scentibus. Clypeus profunde emarginatus, capitis fronte subtiliter,
remotius et plus minusve obsoletim punctata. Mesonotum opacum
distincte sat dense nee grosse punctatum, propodeo rugoso vel
subrugoso, Abdominis segmentum 2 dorsale haudquaquam elevatum ;
ventrale post costas depressione levissima, nonnunquam vix dis-
cernenda, signatum. 4. Long. 7-10.
Sp. O. smithii, D.T., cognatissima, capitis fronte subtilius, obsole-
tius et remotius punctata distinguenda.
flab. Hiio, HAWAII, on the coast and also on the Kona
coast.
The @ will no doubt differ by its black clypeus, less
deeply emarginate, and the less distinct abdominal bands,
probably one or both being generally wanting. This species
was discovered by Bro. Matthias Newell.
140 Mr. R, C. L. Perkins’ Notes on Hawavian Wasps.
Odynerus mesospilus, sp. nov.
Niger, fronte inter antennas rufonotata. Pronotum ¢ et ab-
dominis segmentum basale, mesopleura utriusque sexus, et post-
scutellum 92, nonnunquam rufonotata, sed variabilia. Clypeus
levissime emarginatus vel truncatus, capitis fronte densissime sub-
rugosa punctata. Mesonotum fortiter punctatum, interstitiis nitidis et
distinctissime punctulatis, propodeo rugoso, Abdominis segmentum
2 dorsale fortissime (pracipue ¢) tuberculato-elevatum ; ventrale
post costas depressione sat lata et distincta, sed parum alta, signatum.
3 @. Long. 8-10 m.m.
Sp. O. erythrostactes, qui insulam Maui incolit, affinis,
Hab. Puna, HAWAII.
( 141 )
VIL. Four New Species and a New Genus of parasitic
Hymenoptera (Ichneumonide, swb-fam. Ophionine)
Jrom the Hawaiian Islands. By Roperr Cyrin
Layton Perkins, B.A. Communicated by Dr.
Davip SHarp, M.A., F.R.S.
[Read March 5th, 1902.]
THE three new species of Hnicospilus, Curt., as well as the
more interesting form for which the genus Abanchogastra
is created, are all found in the Koolau range of mountains
on Oahu. The latter with the neuration of Banchogastra,
Ashm., combines the cephalic and abdominal characters of
many species of Hnicospilus. It is probably a rare, and
certainly a very inconspicuous species, several journeys to
the locality where the first specimen, a ¢, was obtained
_ having resulted in the capture of a single example of the
other sex. Most of the Hawaiian Ophionines fly freely in
the day-time as well as at night, and, made conspicuous by
their activity, are more easily collected than many other
native insects.
Abanchogastra, gen. nov.
Eyes large, touching the base of mandibles or nearly, distinctly
emarginate on a line with insertion of the antenne ; ocelli large, the
lateral ones touching the eye-margins, but distinctly separated from
one another. Propodeum without a transverse carina. Claws of
tarsi pectinate. Neuration almost as in Banchagastra, Ashm., the
first recurrent nervure interstitial with the second transverse median
nervure ; transverse median nervure in hindwings obtusely angularly
broken about the middle; discocubital nervure very regularly
curved. Abdomen and legs as in most Hawaiian Hnicospilus.
Abanchogastra debilis, sp. nov.
d @. Length 8-9 mm. Black; face yellow, with a median
longitudinal band in the ? testaceous ; palpi pale, teeth of mandibles
black, posterior orbits yellow in both sexes, and the space between
the ocelli of the same colour in the ¢, black in the 9. Thorax
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART II. (JUNE)
142 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on
black, scutellum obscurely piceous, also the mesothorax in the @ ;
prosternum pale; antennze and legs testaceous ; hind coxe dark and
the femora brown, tarsi fuscous in the ¢, pale in the 9 with dark
apical joints. Abdomen with basal segment black or brownish-black,
second brown, the following paler than the second, the terminal ones
more or less dark.
Face impunctate or nearly ; antenne in ¢ reaching beyond the
apex of the wings when spread by about half the length of the latter,
in ? shorter, but reaching beyond the apices of the wings. Mesono-
tum coriaceous, not evidently punctate. Propodeum densely rugulose
posteriorly, much smoother in front, except along the middle, and
with no transverse carina in either sex. Abdomen with the basal
segment subclavate, a little longer than the second in dorsal aspect,
the apical segments strongly compressed. Wings hyaline and
iridescent.
Hab. Koolau range of Oahu.
Enicospilus semirufus, sp. nov.
é ¢. Length 17-21 m.m. Black; face in ¢ widely yellow along
the orbits, in the middle, and the whole of the clypeus light brown or
testaceous, in front of the anterior ocellus dark brown, occiput yellow
with a dark brown band behind ; the face in the 2 has the orbits
generally much more narrowly yellow, and between these is dark
brown, and the occiput is much more extensively dark. Palpi dark,
the terminal joint paler. Antennze dark brown or blackish fuscous,
scape sometimes of a paler colour, Thorax entirely and the legs
black, tibie and tarsi dark brown or blackish fuscous. Abdomen
with the petiole black, the second segment generally darker than the
following, which are ferruginous, the terminal segments blackish.
Clypeus finely and closely but distinctly punctured ; antennz in
¢@ half as long again as the wings, in the ? reaching to the apex.
Mesothorax with fine close feeble punctures. Propodeum rugose
(more coarsely in 2), much more finely in front on the anterior
third than behind, transverse carina wanting or indistinct in ¢, very
well marked in 9. Abdomen densely and very finely punctured on
the sides, unusually dilated at the apex in the 9 as compared with
other species (e. g., H. mauicola molokaiensis, etc.) owing to the more
exserted sixth ventral segment. Wings fusco-hyaline discocubital
cell with one small blister-like spot.
Hab. Koolau range of Oahu.
Apparently closely allied to #. kaalx, Ashmn., but in the
description of that species I find no reference to a sexual
Hymenoptera from the Hawavian Islands. 143
difference in the transverse carina of the propodeum, and
it further has the palpi pale and the tibize and tarsi rufous.
Enicospilus dispilus, sp. nov.
3d @. 16-18 mm. Black; face in ¢ brown or dark brown,
clypeus and labrum pale ferruginous or yellowish, front and hind
orbits pale yellow, the yellow of the latter discontinuous, not meeting
behind the ocelli. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax and basal segment
of the abdomen black, the third segment more or less evidently
tinged with dull ferruginous, the rest blackish fuscous. Femora
black, tibiz and tarsi dark brown or fuscous, front tarsi sometimes
paler.
Face finely and densely punctured, antenne in @ extending
beyond apex of the spread wings by a length about equal to that
of the marginal cell, in the 2 somewhat shorter ; ocelli very large.
Mesothorax finely and very densely punctured, propodeum with
very dense rugulose sculpture which is evidently finer on the anterior
third, the transverse carina very distinct in both sexes and shining.
Wings fusco-hyaline with dark neuration, discocubital cell with a
larger pear-shaped or subtriangular spot on the basal side of the
hyaline hairless space, and a minute roundish one situated well
within this space.
Hab. Koolau range of Oahu.
Extremely like #. mawicola, Ashm., except for the second
spot in the discocubital cell and the less smooth surface of
the anterior third of the propodeum.
ELnicospilus dispilus, var. pallipes.
Hardly different to the type in the structure, but readily dis-
tinguished by the clear rufotestaceous antenne, tibice and _ tarsi
and the more or less rufescent femora.
Hab. Mountains of Kauai.
Enicospilus dimidiatus, sp. nov.
2. Closely allied to and greatly resembling EH. mawicola, Ashin.,
but differing in the following characters. It is much smaller, the
length being only 11 mm. The face is excessively finely and
indistinctly punctate, the yeliow lines along the anterior orbits
extremely narrow, the antenne are brown and not very dark-
coloured. The propodeum posteriorly is much more finely rugulose,
the transverse carina very faint, only perceptible on the middle third,
being effaced at the sides. The wings are clearer.
Hab, WKoolau range of Oahu.
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IX. On the Generic Characters of Hawaiian Crabronidee ;
four new genera characterized. By ROBERT CYRIL
Layton Perxrins, B.A. Communicated by Dr.
Davip SaHaArpP, M.A., F.R.S.
[Read March 5th, 1902.]
WHEN describing the species of Hawaiian Crabronide in
the “Fauna Hawaiiensis” I referred the bulk of the
species to the subgenus So/enius, establishing a new genus
Nesocrabro for the “remainder. At that time I erroneously
supposed the common European Crabro vagus to be the
type of Solenius, and at the same time pointed out that
the Hawaiian species would probably form several new
genera. It still appears to me that the Crabro vaqus is
most closely allied to some of these species, but is not
congeneric. ‘Three of the Hawaiian species are evidently
generically distinct from the others, each forming the type
of a new genus, and two of these appear to me to be
highly remarkable forms. The remaining species formerly
referred to So/enius are still a rather ill-assorted lot, show-
ing important differences in structure, but still may be
conveniently included in a single genus. Nesocrabro, the
peculiar genus previously characterized, is also a very
distinct form, and in the table of generic characters given
below it is included with the four other genera. I may
add that I have not been able to add a single new species
of Crabronide to the Hawaiian list durmg my present
visit, and I imagine that very few species remain to be
discovered. All the Crabronidz of the islands belong to
Ashmead’s subfamily Crabronine, the other subfamilies
being quite unrepresented. Of the Hawaiian genera I
consider that the species of Aenocrabro probably most
nearly resemble the type by which the islands were
originally colonized, and that the other four are special
developments in various directions from -Yenocrabro, the
development of generic characters having proceeded along
much the same lines as is the case with Crabronids in
other parts of the world. Thus X. afinis makes a distinct
approach to the genus Nesocrabro, X. monticola to Hylc-
crabro in some important characters.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902. PART II. (JUNE)
146 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on
The following characters appear to be common to all
the Hawaiian Crabronini:
¢@ ?. Ocelli in a tiiangle, which is much widest at the base, the
posterior ocelli being nearly twice as far apart as either one is from
the anterior ocellus ; recurrent nervure received very near the apex
of the cubital cell ; superorbital fovez at most represented by elongate
smoother spaces, or shallow and often shining impressions.
¢. Antenne 12-jointed, 3rd joint always long, much longer than
the 4th, but shorter than the 4th and Sth together, not less than
twice as long as the 2nd; 6th always emarginate beneath and pro-
duced more or less below the base of the 7th, often forming a very
prominent tooth ; spur of middle tibiee well-developed ; apex of
mandibles always bidentate.
2. Pygidial area always defined by distinct carine, but varying
in form from more or less wide and triangular, to very narrow and
elongate.
1. (2) Antennal fossz in front view of the head well separated from
the eye-margins by a space at least nearly as wide as one of
the antennal forse.
Clypeus with suberect hairs, the surface not concealed by
dense appressed pilosity of metallic colour, the apex
widely rounded ; propodeum with a median sulcus.
¢ with the 6th joint of the antenne very little pro-
duced beneath at the apex, not forming a strongly
prominent tooth. @ with the 5th segment (except in
one species) densely clothed with red hairs ; mandibles
3-dentate at apex, the upper tooth generally not
strongly developed, no post-median tooth on the upper
edge ; pygidial area very narrow and elongate.
Nesocrabro P.
2. (1) Antennal fossze in front view contiguous to the eye-margins ;
clypeus always hidden under a dense covering of silver or
golden appressed pilosity.
3. (4) ¢. Sixth joint of the antennz produced into a long tooth, ap-
pearing simple in one aspect, but it is really flattened and
of subquadrate form ; front legs much modified.
Oreocrabro, gen. nov. (Type Crabro abnormis, Blackb.)
4. (3) ¢. With the 6th joint of the antenne feebly or distinctly
toothed, but the tooth not flattened and compressed.
5, (6) ¢. Second segment of abdomen beneath flattened and inclined
at an obtuse angle to the flattened or impressed third seg-
ment; 6th joint of antennz very little produced at apex,
not projecting much below the base of the following:
The Generic characters of Hawaiian Crabronide. 147
abdomen above closely and evenly punctured, posterior
tarsi very short, hardly as long as the tibie.
. Mandibles 3-dentate at apex, the post-median tooth of
upper edge wanting, the edge at most a little sinuate,
clypeus carinate and the apex rather widely emarginate ;
propodeum with a distinct consute groove dividing it from
the postseutellum, smooth except for feebly - impressed
nearly obsolete punctures and minute surface sculpture,
no longitudinal wrinkles, calearia of hind tibie much
bent ; abdomen with 2nd dorsal segment finely and closely
punctured, beneath very tightly convex, the pygidial area
long and narrow.
Melanocrabro, gen. nov. (Type Crabro curtipes P.)
6. (5) g. Second ventral segment lightly or strongly convex over
most of its surface, not inclined at an angle to the
following.
2. Mandibles bidentate at apex, or if 3-dentate then there is
a post-median small, but evident, tooth on the upper edge,
and the 2nd ventral segment is very strongly convex.
7. (8) g. Second ventral segment very strongly convex in profile,
generally more or less tumid ; clypeus somewhat produced
in front, its middle part subtriangular, somewhat widely
truncated at the apex, 6th joint of antennee with a very
distinct prominent apical tooth ; post-median tooth of
upper edge of mandibles small.
?. Mandibles 3-dentate at apex, with small post-median tooth
on upper edge, clypeus somewhat produced and very dis-
tinctly emarginate at the apex ; 2nd ventral segment very
convex, tumid, or subtubereulate ; pygidial area long and
narrow ; eye facets very coarse in front.
Aylocrabro, gen. nov. (Type Crabro twmidoventris, P.)
8. (7) g. Second ventral segment not strongly convex ; if rather
strongly, then the 6th joint of the antennz is only very
feebly or hardly visibly produced below the base of the
following ; clypeus with its anterior margin generally
widely rounded, sometimes a little sinuate, rarely pro-
duced in front; post-median tooth distinct and sharp, often ~
large.
?. Mandibles bidentate and with post-median tooth of upper
edge sharp and well-developed, clypeus often widely
rounded at apex; if somewhat produced it has no distinct
emargination ; 2nd ventral segment simple, only lightly
convex ; pygidial area triangular, never very narrow and
elongate, flat within the carine, or the middle part ob-
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART 1. (JUNE) I1
148 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on the Generic characters, etc.
securely raised. Facets of eyes very coarse or finer,
variable according to species.
Mesothorax with a very shallow median impression an-
teriorly, the sculpture of the front part dense, consisting
of very feebly impressed, indistinct punctures, the
surface dull, posteriorly sometimes more definitely
punctate. Propodeum in front with minute granulate
sculpture under a strong lens rather than punctured,
generally with some fine longitudinal wrinkles or
irregular ones, sometimes very short, rarely wanting.
¢ with the anterior femora, trochanters and _ tarsi
simple ; the 6th joint of the antenn very slightly
or strongly produced at the apex according to the
species.
Xenocrabro, gen. noy. (Type Crabro wnicolor, Smith.)
Cale)
X. A Monograph of the genus Acrida, Stal ( = Truzxalis,
Fabr.), with Notes of some allied genera, and
descriptions of new species. By MAtcotm Burr,
B.A., F.LS., F.Z.8., etc.
[Read March 5th, 1902.]
THE following revision of the genus Acrida, Stal, better
known as 7'ruxalis, Fabr. (usually, and incorrectly, spelt
Tryxalis), with the notes on certain allied genera, was
written nearly eighteen months ago, when it was my
intention to so revise the whole of the family 7ruwalide. I
do not, however, at present see my way to completing the
work, and so publish now the results of a study of the genus
Acrida, Stil, which badly needed recasting, together with
descriptions of a few new species of other genera, and a
revision of the genus Gelastorrhinus, Br., which was pre-
viously ranged not in the Zrucalide, but in the Acridiide ;
these were at the time taken in the stride in due course
when studying the genera in order. I have, moreover,
refrained from including notes upon the American genera,
which have been well done by McNeill, Scudder, Brunner
and others, especially as the latter author has been, and
is still, occupied with these genera. Some of the African
genera given in the synoptical table, are not otherwise
referred to, for there is nothing as yet to add to the
original descriptions of Karsch.
I have received help and assistance from various corre-
spondents, but am especially grateful to Herr Hofrath
Dr. C. Brunner von Wattenwyl, upon whose suggestion
and kindly invitation, I originally went to Vienna to work
at the Z’ruxalidx of his extremely rich collection. All
the wealth of this finest of collections of Orthoptera were
placed freely at my disposal, and much help and advice
I received from this most experienced and distinguished
entomologist.
LITERATURE.
The following is a list of the chief works quoted.
Smaller papers which are referred to, but not included
in this list, may be found in the list of works quoted by
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART II. (JUNE)
150 Mr. M. Burr’s Moncgraph of
Brunner in his Prodromus der Europaischen Orthopteren,
and his Lévision du Systeme des Orthopteres.
3EAUVOIS (Palisot de). Insectes récueillis en Afrique et Amérique.
Paris, 1805.
BLancuHarp (E.). Insects, in Voyage au Pole Sud, par Dumont
d’Urbille. Zool.,t.iv. Paris, 1842-1854.
Boutvar (1). Ortépteros de Espafia, nuevos 6 poco conocidos,
Madrid, 1873.
Catalogus Orthopterorum Europe et confinium.
[Ann. Soc. Esp., H.N., VII., 1878.]
Etudes sur les Insectes d’Angola qui se trouvent au Museum
National de Lisbonne.
[Jorn. Sci. Math. Phys. et Nat. Lisboa, 1881, XXX.]
Ortépteros de Africa del Museo de Lisboa.
[Jorn. Sci. Math. Phys. et Nat. (2), Tome I., 1890, pp. 73-
112.]
Diagnoses de Ortdpteros nuevos.
[Ann. Soc. Esp., N.H., 1890, XIX., pp. 299-334.]
Tableau pour la Détermination des especes du genre
Tryxalis, F. Insectes orthopteéres.
[Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes. Révue Mensuelle d’His-
toire Naturelle, II[le Serie, No. 275. Paris, 1893.]
Ortépteros recogidos en Marruecos por D. Jeronimo Oleese.
[Act. Soc. Esp., H.N., 1898, p. 74.]}
Orthoptéres du Voyage de M. Martinez Escalera dans l’Asie
Mineure.
[Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XLIIT., 1899, p. 583.]
Catalogo sindéptico de los Ortépteros de la Fauna Iberica.
[Ann. Sci. Nat. Porto, IV., 1900.]
Bonnet (Ed.). Orthopteres d’Obock. Le Nat. 1886, p. 3.
Bonnet (Ed.) and Fryor (A.). Catalogue raisonné des Orthoptéres
de la Régence de Tunis. Montpellier, 1885.
Brunner (C. von Wattenwyl). Prodromus der Europaischen
Orthopteren. Leipzig, 1882.
Révision du Systeme des Orthoptéeres et déscriptions des
esptces rapportées par M. Leonardo Fea de Birmanie.
[Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., 1893 (2), XIII., 1-230.]
The Genus Acrida. 151
Burr (M.). A List of Roumanian Orthoptera, with descriptions of
New Species.
[Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1898, p. 43.]
List of the Orthoptera of Roumania, with localities, 1899.
[Ent. Mo. Mag. (2), X., p. 88.]
Descriptions of Two New Genera and Six New Species of
Orthoptera collected by Dr. Henry O. Forbes and Mr.
W. R. Ogilvie-Grant in the Islands of Abd-el-Kuri
and Sokotra.
[Bull. Liverpool Museum, IT., 1899, No. 2, pp. 42—45.]
Orthoptera of Lake Urmi.
[Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., 1900, 416-418. ]
CHARPENTIER (T. de). Hore entomologice, adjectis tabulis 9
coloratis. Vratislavize, 1825.
Einige Bemerkungen die Orthoptera betreffend, besonders
in Bezug auf Burmeister’s und Serville’s Schriften
uber diese Insektenabtheilung.
[Germ. Zeitsch. fiir Entom., T. 3, 1841, p. 305.]
Fryot (A.). Faune de l’Algerie et de la Tunisie.
[Insectes Orthoptéres. Paris, 1897.]
GERSTAECKER (A.). Baron Carl van der Decken’s Reisen in Ost-
Africa.
[III. Band., 2 Abth., Gliederthiere, Leipzig, 1873. ]
Beitrag zur Insekten-Fauna von Sansibar, No. II., Orthop-
tera und Neuroptera.
[Arch. f. Naturgesch, XXV., 1873.]
Giento-Tos (E.). Viaggio del Dr. E. Festa in Palestina, nel Libano
-e regione vicine, V. Ortotteri.
[Boll. Mus., Tor., No. 164, 1893.]
Seconda communicazione. Op. cit., 1894, No. 191.
GrirFini (A.). Intorno ad aleuni Ortotteri raccolti dal, Rev. L.
Jalla a Kazungula, Alto-Zambesi.
[Boll. Mus., Tor., No. 290, Vol. XII., 1897.]
Notes sur la Faune entomologique piémontaise, XI., Tryxa-
lides, Caloptenides et Tettigides.
[Miscell. entom., 1897, V.]
152 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
Karscu (F.). Die Insekten der Berglandschaft Adeli im Hinter-
lander von Togo (Westafrika) nachdem von dem
Herren Hauptmann Eugen Kling (1888 and 1889) und
Dr. Richard Biittner (1890 and 1891) gesammelten
Materiale.
[Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., 1893. Springheuschrecken :—Orthop-
tera Saltatoria. |
Verzeichniss der von Herrn. Dr. Paul Preuss in Kamerun
erbeuteten Acridiodeen.
[Berl. Ent. Zeit., XXXVI., 1891, p. 175.]
Neue Orthopteren aus dem tropischen Afrika.
[Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1896, pp. 242-339. ]
Krauss (H.). Dermatopteren und Orthopteren aus Tunis.
[Wien, Ent. Zeit., 1892, XI., 142.]
McNEILL (Jerome). Revision of the Trwxaline of North America
(1897).
[Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. VI., 1889—1897, pp.
179-274, Pl. 3-5.]
Pauisot. Vide BEAUVOIS.
PanteL (J.). Contribution 4 Vorthopterologie de 1’ Espagne centrale.
[Ann. Soc. Esp., H.N., XV., 237, 1886. ]
REDTENBACHER (J.). Die Dermapteren und Orthopteren des Erzher-
zogthums Oesterreich. Wien, 1889.
Die Dermapteren und Orthopteren von Oesterreich-Ungarn
und Deutschland. Wien, 1900.
RetrowskI (O.). Beitriige zur Orthopteren-Kunde der Krim.
[Bull. Soe. Imp. Mose., 1888, p. 402.]
Saussure (H. de). Etudes sur quelques Orthoptéres du Musée de
Geneve, nouveau ou imparfaitement connus.
[Aun. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1861 (4), I., 469-494, Pl. 11.]
Orthoptera nova americana.
[ Diagnoses préliminaires, Series Ila, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1861,
Mars. |
Voeltzkow’s Ergebnisse der Reisen in Madagascar und Ost-
Afrika in den Jahren, 1889-—1895. Orthoptera.
[Senckenberg. naturf. Ges., XXV., Heft. iv., 1899, p. 569. ]
The Genus Acrida. 153
ScHULTESS-RECHBERG (Dr. A. v.). Die von First Ruspoli und Prof.
Dr. C. Keller im Somalilande erbeuteten Orthopteren
[Zool. Jahrb. VIIT. }
Orthoptéres du pays des Somalis, récueillis par L. Robeechi-
Brichetti en 1891 et par le Prince Ruspoli en 1892-93.
{[Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2), 1898, XIX., p. 161.]
ScuppeEr (S. H.). Guide to the Genera and Classification of the
North American Orthoptera found North of Mexico,
Cambridge, 1897.
Srdt (C.). Nya Orthoptera.
[Ofv. Vet. Ak, Forh., 1855, pp. 353.]
Recensio Orthopterorum.
[ Révue Critique des Orthoptéres décrits par Linné, de Geer
et Thunberg, I. Stockholm, 1873. ]
Orthoptera nova descripsit.
[Ofv. Vet. Ak. Férh., 1873, No. 4, p. 39.]
THomAs (Cyrus). Synopsis of the Acridiidee of North America.
[ Dept. Interior, U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ., Washington, 1873. ]
THuNBERG (C. P.). Hemipterorum maxillosorum genera illustrata,
[Mem. Ac. Pet., 1815, V. p. 224.]
Truxalis, insecti genus illustratum.
[Nov. Act. Ups., 1825, IX., p. 76.]
WERNER (F.). Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orthoptera Fauna der
Hercegowina.
[ Verh. k.k. z—b. Ges. Wien., 1898, p. 153.]
Zupowsky (N.). Zur Acridiodea Fauna Transcaspiens.
[Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross, XX X., 1896, p. 184.]
Zur Acridiodea Fauna des Asiatischen Russlands.
[Ann. Mus. Zool. Ac. Imp. Sci. Pet., 1898, p. 68.]
Dispositio Generwm.
1. Caput ascendens. Pronotum postice
plus minus timidum. obi
1.1. Caput haud ascendens. Pronotum
postice haud tumidum.
2. Prosternum tuberculo parvo instruc-
Acrida, Stil,
tum. (Lobi metasternales con-
tigui ; caput cylindricum.)
154 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
3. Caput pronoto longius.
4. Foveole verticis anguste. Ely-
tra et alee perfecte explicate.
Tibiee posticee margineexterno
spinis 16 armate. . . . .
4.4. Foveole nulle. Elytra rudi-
mentaria ; ale nulle, Tibiz
postices spinis 25 armate. .
3.3. Caput pronoto brevius, vel «que
LOUOUM; J ~ ip aae ae eee
2.2. Prosternum mauticum, tuberculo
nullo.
3, Caput conicum. Frons minus
reclinata, Lobi metasternales
haud contigui.
4, Vertex oculolongior. Elytra ¢
longitudine pronoti latiora.
Ale ¢@ latissime fenestratze
4.4. Vertex oculo brevior. Elytra
¢@ longitudine pronoti an-
custiora. Ale ¢ minus late
LONESEEA HS - te ya) ae tis ete s
3.3. Caput subeylindricum, vel valde
horizontaliter productum, hand
conicum. Frons valde reclinata.
Lobi metasternales contigui vel
subcontigui.
4. Caput pronoto longius.
5. Statura gracillima. Ale haud
TASClats: «eae eee a
5.5, Statura robustiori. Ale ni-
gprofasciate . . . . .
4.4, Caput pronoto haud longius,
sepe brevius.
5. Elytra valde abbreviata (an-
tenne serrate) .. .
5.5. Elytra perfecte explicata.
6. Ale ¢ @ fenestrate .
6.6. Ale ¢ @ haud fenestratie.
7. Statura majore. Lobi
acuminati femorum
posticorum exteriores
quam interiores multo
Achurwm, Sauss.
Rhadinotatwm, MeN.
Gelastorrhinus, Brunner.
Hyalopteryx, Charp.
Truxalis, Fabr.
Calamus, Sauss.
Glyphoclonus, Karsch. -
Odontomelus, Bol.
Amphicremna, Karsch.
The Genus Acrida. 155
majores. Antenne
serrate . . . . . Oxyolena, Karsch,
7.7, Statura minore. Lobi
acuminati femorum
posticorum interiores
majores. Antenne
serrate.
8. Caput rugis longitudi-
nalibus instructum. Amycus, Stal.
8.8. Caput rugis nullis. . Macheridia, Stal.
ACRIDA, LINN.
Caput in conum ascendentem elongatum ; oculi oblongi, a margine
antico pronoti longe remoti. Fastigium verticis rotundatum, lateri-
bus reflexis, cum fronte angulo valde acuto contiguum. Foveole
verticis inferee, angustissime, triangulares. Frons valde reclinata,
ad ocellum medium subconstricta. Costa frontalis ad verticem
acuta, inter antennas valde compressa, profunde sulcata, dehine
sensim obliterata. Antenne capite longiores, compressee et basi
dilatatee, ensiformes, segmento primo cylindrico, secundo parvo,
aeque longo et lato, sequentibus valde compressis, triquetris, apicali-
bus 10 angustioribus, ultimo subcylindricis. Pronotum, a latere
visum, concavum, postice triangulare (in A. thrymmatoptera excep-
tum, rotundato-truncatum), supra tricarinatum, carina media a sulco
transverso unico interrupta, carinis lateralibus antice subparallelis,
postice divergentibus, lobis deflexis rugis longitudinalibus interruptis
instructis, angulo antico obtuso, postico acuto. Elytra angusta,
acuminata, vena intercalata nulla. Ala acuminate, angustee, area a
furca rami radialis inclusa dilatata, venulis transversis verticalibus,
eque distantibus reticulata. Pedes graciles, postici longissimi,
gracillimi, Femora postica vix incrassata. Segmentum abdominale
primum utrinque fovea valde aperta instructum. Lamina suprana-
lis in utroque sexu triangularis, obtusa, in larvis utriusque sexus
valde elongata, compressa, acuminata. Lamina subgenitalis ¢ in
processum cucullatum producta.
(Gryllus) Acrida. Linn., 1758, S.N., ed. x, i, p. 427.
Truxalis, Fabr., 1775, Syst. Ent., 279; Serv. Charp.
Tryxalis. Brullé, 1835, Hist. Nat. Ins., IX, 216; Fisch.
Fr. Brunner et auctt.
Troxallis, Fisch. de W., 1846, Orth. Ross., p. 229.
Acrida. Stal, 1873, Rec. Orth., I, 95; Karsch, Bol., Sauss.
Stil was the first to restore Linneus’ name, of un-
doubted priority, and although Brunner refuses to accept
156 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
the alteration, Stal is followed by Karsch, Bolivar and
de Saussure.
It is a difficult genus, and Stal’s work by no means
clears the difficulty. Bolivar, however, has to a great
extent elucidated it.
Dispositio Specierum.
1. Elytra in utroque sexu similia ; areis
mediastina et scapulari opacis, irre-
gulariter reticulatis, hand ampliatis.
Carine laterales prozone recta, par-
allele. Ungues tarsorum breves,
arolio iis eque longo, apice dilatato,
magno.
2. Alw lete rubra vel aurantiace.
3. Ale fascia nigra ornate.
4. Vertex ante oculos acute deline-
atus : caput et thorax unicol-
oria: fascia nigra apicem
alarum attingens.
5. “Statura mediocri vel magna.
Fastigium plus productum,
acutius.”. . . . . . . 1. Brunneriana, Bol.
5.5. “Statura minore. Fastigium
minus productum,obtusius” 2. Sanguinea, Sauss.
4.4. Vertex ante oculos deplanatus :
caput et pronotum nigro-
punctulata: fascia nigra mar-
ginem externam alarum
liberans. . . . .-. . . & Inberta, sp. a.
3.3. Ale fascia nigra nulla,
4. Ale crocex, apice hyaline. . 4. Crocea, Bol.
4.4. Ale aurantiace, nigro-tesse-
Tate ae) sc eae ee) loseHinsis a burr:
2.2. Ale hyaline, vel infumatz, vel
flavescentes, vel albidee.
3: Alwialbide. , . . =... »). (6) Intercalata, sp. mm:
3.3. Ale hyaline.
4, Alarum ramus ven radialis
primee haud incrassatus, aream
angustam includens.
5. Carine pronoti parallel.
The Genus Acrida. 157
Femora antica pronoto
VONSIOTA 5 siya ah ede
5.5. Carine pronoti postice sensim
divergentes ; femora antica
pronoto breviora.
6. Caput et pronotum fortiter
carinulata. . .
6.6. Caput et pronotum levia.
4.4, Alarum ramus ven radialis
prime incrassatus, aream
latam includens.
5. Vena incrassata alarum flex-
uosa, apice recurva, vena
ulnari contigua (ale sul-
jeliiy yet 2)) BAW les meee em
5.5. Vena incrassata alarum sub-
recta, apice recurva, venam
ulnarem liberans.
6. Carine pronoti parallele .
6.6. Carine pronoti postice
divergentes.
7. Ale infumatze. Species
asiatica.
8. Ale hyaline, basi
nigro-tesselate. Fe-
mora antica prono-
tum longitudine
equantia . . . .
8.8. Ale hyaline, tote
leviter infumatie :
femora antica pro-
noto longiora. . .
7.7. Alze flavescentes. Species
africane.
8. Ale leviter flaves-
centes. Femora
antica pronotum
equantia . . .
8.8. Ale hyaline, haud
coloratae : femora
antica pronoto long-
i Nae een ee
7. Acuminata, Stal.
8. Carinulata, Bol.
9. Nasuta, Linn.
10. Rufescens, Pal.
11. Sulphuripennis, Gerst.
12. Stali, Bol.
13. Lugubris, sp. n.
14. Brevicollis, Bol.
15. Subtilis, sp. n.
16. Propinqua, sp. 1,
158 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
1.1. Elytra in ¢ areis mediastina et
scapulari ampliatis, hyalinis, venulis
transversis regulariter dispositis,
reticulatis. Carinze laterales pro-
zone flexuose. Ungues tarsorum
articulo tertio parum_ breviores,
arolio compresso, brevissimo.
2. Statura maxima (9 92 mm.); ale
valde abbreviate. Fastigium ver-
ticis latum ; pronotum postice [Karsch.
rotundato-truncatum . . . . . 17. Thrymmatoptera,
2.2. Statura mediocri. Ala haud abbre-
viate. Fastigium verticis angus-
tius. Pronotum postice acutangu-
lum.
3. Carine pronoti antice subrecte.,
Pronotum postice acutangulum, 18. Variabilis, Klug.
3.3. Carine pronoti valde flexuosz.
Pronotum postice in spinam
acutam productum.
4, Ale fusco-fasciate . . . . . 19. Fusco-fasciata, Bol.
4.4. Alw hand fasciatee.
5. Alz basi flavescentes, hya-
line. Antenne marginibus
integris . . . . . . . 20. Serrata, Thunb.
5.5. Ale sanguine, nigro-tesse-
late. Antenne marginibus
serratis . . . » . . 21. Somalia, sp. n.
.
1. Acrida brunneriana (Bol.).
Viridis, fusco- vel rufo-variegata. Statura gracili: mas femina
duplo minor. Antenne ensiformes, elongate, ¢ capite et pronoto
unitis longiores, lateribus serratis. Caput angustum, vix elevatum ;
vertex ante oculos acute delineatum, fastigium lateribus vix reflexis,
vix concavum. Pronotum cylindricum, carinis lateralibus subrectis,
postice subundatis, margine postico acutangulo : lobi deflexi carina
superiori recta : pronotum postice sub-dilatatum. Caput et pronotum
viridia, fusco- vel testaceo-variegata, linea albida ab oculis per genas
lobosque deflexos perducté ornata: carine nigro-ornate. Elytra
angustissima, viridia, fusco-variegata, areis mediastina et scapulari
haud dilatatis. Ale basi albidw, vel flavescentes, medio lete
rubro, extus fascia lata nigra apicem ipsum liberanti, margine
The Genus Acrida. 159
exteriori maculis nonnullis albidis, ornate. Femora antica pronoto
longiora: ¢ @.
3 ?
Long. corp.. . . . . 31-34m.m. 51-53 m.m.
FH AMLEM Maa LO —o 21-22
Ay = PEONOL, =... 4=4°0 8
3 xelytrorum’. ~.-. 29 48-53
‘3 emaanty sos) 6 9
Me eH Posts e <- 4 > 20S 39
Patria. CENTRAL MADAGASCAR (Bol., Coll. Brunner,
No. 13,823); Tananarive (Coll. Brunner, No. 17,874).
Trucxalis brunneriana. Bol., 1893, Det. Gen. Tryx., 1 and 3.
Acrida radame. Sauss., 1899, Senck. Nat. Ges., xxi, 629,
pl. xxxviil, figs. 29, 30.
Bolivar gives a very: brief description of the species,
under the name received from de Saussure. The speci-
mens in the Brunner collection are named “ brunneriana,”
but there can be no doubt that de Saussure changed his
name on publishing the description. In the meantime
Bolivar had gained priority and his name must stand.
The specimens in the Brunner collection named “ brun-
neriana” by de Saussure agree perfectly with the latter’s
description, and there is no doubt as to the correctness of
the synonymy.
It varies considerably in size and intensity of colour.
The male is very markedly smaller than the female.
2. Acrida sanguinea, Sauss.
Quam A. brunneriana minor. “Caput minus elongatum ; ejus
processus a latere minus angustus, multo minus elongatus, verticisque
rostro breviore. Pronotum illo A. turritxe (7. nasutx) sat simile,
carinis dorsalibus lateralibus in metazona divergentibus. Elytra et
ale angustissima, acutissima. Color viridis, subtus pallidus.
Caput subtus lutescens, utrinque inter carinas laterales vitta lutea
vel rubrescente ab ocula emissa ornatum, necnon superne utrinque
vittam alteram albidam ab oculo inter carinas supernas ad apicem
pronoti preebens. Margo inferior loborum lateralium anguste albo-
limbatus. Elytra longissima, viridia. Ale et ad basin sanguine ;
campi antici apice leviter decolore vel virescente ; margine externo
campi postici per vittam fuscam limbato ; vitta antice latiuscula,
postice valde angustata.
Var. a. Caput et pronotum vitta dorsali lenpitudinals lutea. Var.
160 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
b. in desiccatis nonnunquam ale decolores flavicantes, vel tantum
anterius sanguine. 9° long. corp. 53; caput supra 13 ; pronoti. 7 ;
elytr. 54; fem. post. 33 m.
Acrida sanguinea. Sauss., 1899, Senck. Nat. Ges., xxi,
629.
Patria. Antananarivo in MADAGASCAR (Sauss.).
I only know this species from de Saussure’s description,
It appears to be very closely allied to A. brunneriana,
3. Acrida liberta, sp. n.
Viridis ; statura majore. Caput, pronotum, sternum et pleura
nigro-punctulata. Vertex latus, deplanatus, haud acute delineatus,
lateribus valde reflexis. Antennz valde deplanatz, long. Pronotum
postice haud dilatatum, carinis lateralibus parallelis, rectis ; disco
medio puncto nigro utrinque ornatum ; lobi deflexi carinulis irre-
gularibus instructi. Elytra longa, angusta, valde acuminata. Ale
elytris breviores, rubra, apice hyaline, nigrofasciate ; fascia nigra
marginem posticum alarum includens, apicem liberans. 9.
.
long, corp. . . « 75 m.m.
» antenne . . 23 (broken).
oo ACApIOIS.. 61°. M65
7 spronotii« 5%.) 10
» elytrorum . 64-25
5; tebieant, £77,,, 135
3) fem. post... 4z
Patria. Suave Coast, H6é (Coll. Brunner, No. 17,
438).
This species differs from A. brunneriana in the form of
the vertex and the alar fascia, which is curved inwards
towards the apex, leaving the apex of the wing clear.
From A. crocea, it may be easily distinguished by the
presence of the black band.
4. Acrida crocea (Bol.).
Viridis vel rufa. Vertex ante oculos deplanatus, haud acute
delineatus. Fastigium verticis antrorsum ampliatum, latissimum,
supra concavum, marginibus reflexis. Antenne valde ensiformes,
deplanate, ¢ dimidio basali latiores, dimidio apicali angustate,
? in tertia parte apicali tantum angustate. Pronotum angustum,
nec dilatatum nec elevatum, carinis lateralibus parallelis, postice
acutangulum ; lobi deflexi carina superiori subsinuate. Elytra
The Genus Acrida. 161
valde acuminata, opaca, viridia vel rufescentia, areis mediastina et
scapulari in utroque sexu opacis, haud dilatatis. Vena radialis postica
in medio elytri furcata. Ale elytris breviores, leete crocew, maculis
nonnullis pallidioribus ornate, apice tantum hyaline vel flaves-
centes. Femora antica pronoti longiora: femora postica elytris
breviora: ungues tarsorum breves, arolio elongato, Lamina sub-
genitatis Q acuminata. ¢ 9°.
3 ?
Long. corporis . . . 45-55 m.m. 66-75
» antennarum. . 20 27
ae pronoth, ‘5... ) \. 1 I=8 10
» elytrorum . . 41°75-52 68
i tems ant, 5254 4, (1°7529 10-12
ae SLCINR POSE. Wo.) seco 35°5
Truxalis crocea. Bol., 1889, Ort. Mus., Lisbon, p. 91.
Bol., 1893, Det. Gen. Tryxalis, pp. 1 and 3.
Patria. ANGOLA, Duc de Braganga; Ambriz (Lo/.) ;
Port Natat, Duc de Braganga; TRANSVAAL (Coll. Brunner,
Nos. 2304, 15,398).
The specimens in the Brunner collection are somewhat
smaller than the type of Bolivar.
It may be distinguished by the colour of the wings: it
falls obviously into the first division of the genus, and is
not likely to be confused with its allies.
The cell on the pronotum is sometimes present, and
sometimes obsolete.
5. Acrida ensis (Burr).
Viridis. Corpus elongatissimum, cylindricum. Caput minus
ascendens ; antennx longi, deplanate, segmentis apicalibus minori-
bus, capite pronotoque unitis longiores. Pronotum parvum, cylin-
dricum, nec constrictum nec postice dilatatum : carine laterales sub-
flexuose, postice paullo divergentes; suleus typicus valde pone
medium situs, sinuatus ; lobi laterales pronoti antice obtuse-angulati,
haud rotundati, carinis cum ecarinis dorso-lateralibus pronoti pene
parallelis. Sternum medio valde carinatum. Elytra longissima,
acuminata viridia, area scapulari venulis transversis obliquis sat
remotis venulaque spuria instructa. Ale pulcherrime, longe,
angustie, elytris valde breviores, aurantiace, nigro-tesselate, apice
flavido-hyaline. Abdomen typicum. Pedes longissimi, gracillimi ;
tarsorum urgues longi; pulvillo magno. 9.
162 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
:
Long. corp. . . . 53-63 mm.
» antenn. . . 24
» capitis . . 145
» pronoti . . 8-825
» @lytrotrum . 52°57
» alarum ... 46
35. 2em: post... Sf
jut UID. 5 = Sa eogle
(2) Tryxalis nasuta. Burr, 1898, P.Z.S., 284 (larvee).
Trucalis ensis. Burr, 1899, Bull. Mus., Liverp., 11, 43.
Patria. SoxoTRA (B. M. Mus., Liverp.).
This is one of the two most elongated and slender mem-
bers of the genus: it should be noticed that the antennz
exceed the combined length of the head and pronotum ;
the golden-orange wings, tesselated with black, are very
striking.
6. Acrida intercalata, sp. n.
Statura minore. Testacea. Vertex latus, deplanatus, haud acute
delineatus, lateribus paullo reflexis. Pronotum postice haud dilata-
tum, carinis lateralibus parallelis ; lobi deflexi angulo postico
acuto. Elytra testacea, angusta, valde acuminata. Ale anguste,
tote albidie. Pectus carinatum. 9.
?
Long. corp. . . . 48m.m.
ss eDtenm 9. = ?
pr eptOD. 84) Je iD
oy ) MOLYGD. jus cd yta) | Feo
» tem. post. . 30
Patria. CENTRAL MADAGASCAR (Coll. Branner, No.
14, 871).
7. Acrida acuminata, Stil.
Virescens, vel testacea. Statura fortiori. Caput haud elevatum ;
fastigium verticis latum, lateribus haud fortiter reflexis ; antenne
capite et pronoto unitis breviores. Pronotum nigro-vittatum, carinis
lateralibus rectis, parallelis, mesosternum carinis tribus, media recta,
lateralibus antrorsum convergentibus, instructum. Elytra angusta,
valde et fortiter attenuata, acuminata, testacea fusco-variegata. Al
anguste, citrine, valde acuminate, apice fusco-radiate, vena
radiali furcata, aream latam formanti, regulariter reticulate. 9.
The Genus Acrida. 163
Long.icorp; . . . a m.m,
TeMbenia, 3) io
my eapiuiss: « .. 24-15
i Spronow 9... 6. 10:5
» ¢lytrorum . 58
So tel. POSta 6. sco
Acrida acuminata. Stal, 1873, Ree. Orth., 1, 97.
Bol., 1881, Ins. Angola Mus. Lisb., 10.
Tryxalis acuminata. Bol., 1893, Det. Gen. Tryx., 1-3.
Bol., 1893, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 174.
Patria. CAFFRARIA (Stal, Mus. Holm.); GAaBoon (Coll.
Brunner, No. 13,261); Porr Nara, near Ladysmith
(Coll. Brunner, No. 16,729); BatHurst, Assinie (£ol.).
The extremely pointed elytra, the yellow wings, radiated
with brown at the extremity, the thickset, flattened head
aud pronotum, distinguish this species.
8. Acrida carinulata (Bol.).
“‘Pallide rufescens (verisimiliter decolorata). Fastigium verticis
concavum, marginibus reflexis. Caput supra subtusque longitrorsum
carinulatum, inter carinas rugoso-granosum. Antenne modice
ampliate. Pronotum granulosum, pone suleum posticum parum
ampliatum, carinis punctato-impressis, ante suleum rectis, parallelis ;
pone sulcum lewvissime curvatis, valde distantibus ; sulco pone medium
sito ; margine postico obtuse angulato ; carina media acute producta ;
lobis deflexis retrorsum modice ampliatis, margine externo valde
incrassato, fere recto, intus carina longitudinali cum carina marginali
dorsi parallela, in prozona fere oblitterate. Elytra angusta, longis-
sima, valde acuminata vena radiali tertia ante medium elytri
furcata, deinde haud ramosa; vena intercalari basi apiceque oblit-
terata. Ale hyaline, angustee, acuminate ; ramo primo vene
radialis ante medium furcato. Pectus haud carinatum. Femora
antica pronoto breviora ; postica angulis apicalibus dorsalibus modice
productis ; aroliomagno. @.
longseorp:. == 7. ¢damm:
antennae
yy (ORM 6 ne Al
ar elyttm 7 x « 68
~ MO Bitte so se @
ae emiapost.. & 4
Esta especie pertenece 4 la primera division de Stal y debe figurar
al lado del 7'r. acuminata, Stal, de la que se distingue por la forma
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PaRT Il. (JUNE) 12
164 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
relativemente mas prolongada y estrecha del pronoto y por la
escultura de este y de la cabeza, esta Ultima presenta numerosas
quillas longitudinales no todos igualmente elevadas, distinguiendose
ademas de la central otras dos & cada lado que parten del ojo y se
continuan con la quilla lateral del pronoto y con el borde inferior
lateral respectivamente ; entre estas quillas hay otras menos elevadas
y mas irregulares, como formadas por granos dispuestos en series
frecuentemente interrumpidas. El pronoto tambien esta cubierto de
granos que sobre la metazona forman lineas longitudinales. Los
élitros son muy largos y estrechos terminando en punta aguda ; la
tercera vena radial se divide en dos antes del medio, casi el mismo
nivel que la ulnaria anterior, continuando los ramos de la primera
sin nueva division mientras que el ramo anterior de la nlnaria se
bifurca una vez: la vena intercalada disaparece cerca de la base y
tambien en el extremo del area que recorre, que es abierta, Las
alas son hialinas, agudas, estrechas y una quinta parte mas contas
que los élitros. Las patas posteriores son muy largas y delgadas.”
Tryxalis carinulata. Bol., 1890, Orth. Afr. Mus., Lisboa,
1, p. 90:
Tryxalis carinulata. Bol., 1893, Det. Gen. Tryx., 2 and 3.
Patria, Care VERD ISLANDS (Bol.).
I do not know this species and so merely quote Bolivar’s
description and remarks.
9, Acrida nasuta, Linn.
Viridis unicolor, vel roseo- et fusco-vittata, vel testacea. Elytra
interdum in area discoidali serie vittarum albidarum, venam inter-
calatam simulante, ornata. Fastigium verticis supra concavum, haud
acute delineatum. Antenne usque ad apicem depress. Pronotum
disco pone sulcum transversum vix dilatato, sensim elevato. Elytra
areis mediastina et scapulari in utroque sexu opacis, venulis irregu-
laribus obsitis, area anali angusta. Al hyaline, viriscentes, venis
principalibus rufescentibus, in varietate testacea apice fuseo-cireum-
datis. Femora antici pronoto breviora. Lamina subgenitalis ¢
lanceolato-acuminata, margine superiore sinuato.
db :
Long. corp. . . . . . 3646mm. 52-64 m.m.
jp SRO Sg) 5 bs 8-11
SL elvan, .o BED 45-62
Pe LeMGANLs eyby oc bo. 6-6-9
» dem. poet.. . . . 26-28 30-38
Ba).
The Genus Acrida, 165
(ryllus (Acrida) nasutus. Linn., 1754, Syst. Nat., ed. x,
1, p. 427 ($:2 = unguiculata, Ramb.).
Linn., 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr., p. 118.
Stoll., 1787-1815, Représ. Tab., viii, b., fig. 27 (antennis
falsis).
Truxalis nasutus. Fabr., 1793, Ent. Syst., ii, p. 26.
Rossi, 1790, Faun. Etrusca, 1, p. 263.
Thunb., 1825, Mem. Ac. Sci. Pet., v, 264.
Latr., 1804, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xii, p. 147, tab. 94,
fig. 5, id.
Latr., Gen. Crust. Ins., ii, p. 103.
Cuvier, 1846, Regne An., tab. 84, fig. 2; tab. 85, fig. 1.
Truxalis nasuta. Charp., 1825, Hore Ent., 126.
Burm., 1839, Handb., 11, 606.
Serv., 1839, Orth., 580.
Trycalis nasuta. Brullé, Hist. Nat. Ins., ix, 217.
Fisch., 1853, Orth. Eur., 299, tab. xv, fig. 1, la, b. 2.
Friv., 1868, Mon. Orth. Hung., 137, tab. vi, fig. 3.
Luc., 1849, Expl. de ’Alg. Orth., 25.
Fieb., 1853, Syn. 8; Ergénz. Lotos., 1854, 177.
Eversm., 1859, Bull. Soc. I. Moscow, xxxii, 131.
Brunner, 1882, Prod., 88.
Trusalis pellucida, Klug., 1830, Symb. Phys., tab. xviii,
figs. 5-9,
Acrida turrita. Stal, 1873, Rec. Orth., i, 96.
Bol., 1878, Ort. de Esp., 102, tab. i, figs. 14, 15.
Dubr., 1879, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., xii, 12.
Acrida testacea, Stil, 1873, Ree. Orth., i, 96.
Acrida nebulosa, Ibid., p. 96.
Acrida bicolor, Tbid., p. 97.
Acrida conica. Ibid., p. 98.
Acrida nasuta. Bol., 1878, An. Soe. Esp. H. N., vii, 461.
Pantel., 1886, An. Soc. Esp., H. N., xv, 266.
Bol., 1898, Cat. Sin. Ort. Faun. Ib., 43.
Karsch, 1887, Ent. Nach., xiii, 39.
Sulz., Kennt., tab. viii, fig. 57 (antennis falsis).
Rosel., Ins. Bel., 11, tab. iv, figs. 1, 2 (antennis falsis).
Savigny, Descr. Egypt. Orth., tab. v, figs. 3, 4, 5.
166 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
Truzalis rafiesii. Blanchard, Voy. Pol. Sud. Orth., iv, p. 366.
Truxalis nasuta. Linn., var., id. op. cit.,pl. 2, figs. 3-4 (18 ..).
Truxalis gigantea. Fuessly, 1794, Arch. (French trans.),
p. 173, pl 52/8. 76.2.
Acrida turrita. Dubr., 1878, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., x1, 331.
Karsch, 1891, Berl. Ent. Zeit., xxxvi, 176.
Id., 1893, Orth. von Adeli, 55.
Marquet, 1898, Orth. Languedoe, 9.
Sauss., 1899, Senck. Nat. Ges., xxi, 630.
Troxallis nasuta, Fisch. de W., Orth. Ross., 231, tab. x,
fos, 1,79.
5 )
Gryllus (Acrida) turritus. Linn., 1854, Syst. Nat., ed. x,
427; ed. xu, 692.
Villers, Linn, Ent., 1, p. 434, tab. 11, p. 4
Tryxalis turritus. Krauss, 1878, Orth. Faun. Istriens, 26.
Truxalis hungaricus. Fab., 1793, Ent. Syst., u, 27.
Herbst, Fuessly, 1786, Arch., tab. 52, fig.
Germar., Reise, 1817, Dalm., p. 260.
Truxalis unicolor, Thunb., 1815, Mém. Ac. Pet., v, 263.
Truxalis cinereus, Thunb., 1827, Nov. Act. Ups., ix, 79, 2.
Truxalis testaceus. Thunb., 1815, Mém. Ac. Pet., v, 263;
id. 1827, Nov. Act. Ups., ix, 81.
Truxalis nebulosus, var. a. Thunb., 1815, Mém. Ae. Pet.,
v, 267; id. 1827, Nov. Act. Ups., 1x, 83.
Truxalis bicolor. Thunb., 1815, Mém. Ac. Pet., v, 267;
id. 1827, Nov. Act. Ups., ix, 87.
Truxalis interruptus. Thunb, 1815, Mem. Ac, Pet., v, 269.
Truxalis conicus. Thunb., 1827, Nov. Act. Ups., ix, 87.
Tryxalis nasuta. Bol., 1893, Ort. de Esp., p. 17; id. 1893,
Det. Gen. Tryx., 304; 1894, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., elxi.
Burr, 1897, Tr. Ent. Soc., London, 44.
Bucchich, 1885, Verh. k. k. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien., 381.
de Bormans, 1885, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2), 11, 102.
Cuzurro, 1888, Ann. Soc. Esp. H. N., xvii, 473.
Eversm., 1859, Orth. Volg.-Ural., 131.
Friv., 1868, Mon, Orth. Hung., 137.
The Genus Acrida. 167
Gerst., 1873, Beitr. zur Ins. F. Sans., 215.
Giglio, Tos., 1893, Boll. Mus. Tor., No. 164, p. 5.
Griffini, 1897, Note Faune Piem., xi, 2.
Novak., 1883, Orth. Les., 125.
Tryxalis nasutus. Bonn. Fin., 1885, Orth. Tunis., 23.
Truxalis nasuta. Burr, 1899, Ent. Mo. Mag. (2), 10.
Charp., 1841, Germ. Zeitschr. f. Nat., 11, p. 305.
Finot, 1883, Cat. Orth. France, 6.
Id., 1883, Orth. Fr., 46.
Id., 1897, Orth. de PAlg.-Tunis., 44
Graber, 1870, Faun. Stud. Syrm., 377.
Krauss, 1887, Derm. Orth. Siciliens., p. 10.
Krauss, 1890, Erklirung Savigny’s Egypt, 251, 252.
Panéié, 1883, Orth. Serb., 46.
Redt, 1889, Orth. Oestr., 23.
Redt, 1900, Derm. Orth. O.-Ung. Deutschland, 44.
Retowski, 1888, Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosce., 409.
Schult., 1898, Zool. Jahrb., viii, 73.
Schult., 1898, Orth. Somalt, 185.
Werner, 1898, Verh. k. k. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien., p. 154.
Zub., 1896, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., xxx, 184.
Zub., 1898, Ann. Mus. Zool. Ac. Imp. Sci. Pet., 70.
Truxalis nasuta. Krauss, 1892, Wien. Ent. Zeit., 148.
Schaum., 1862, Peters’ Reise Mossamb. Ins., 129.
Patria. In Europe: All Southern Europe, very
common. The most northerly points of its dis-
tribution appear to be Budapest, the southern slopes of
the Alps, and the south of France, Marseilles, Mont-
pellier (Coll. Br.), the whole of the Balkans, and South
Hungary (common), Italy, Sicily. In Arrica: Algeria,
Tunis, Egypt Senegal, Sierra Leone, Cameroons, Gaboon,
South Africa, Natal, Cape Colony, Madagascar. In ASIA:
Asia Minor, Syria, Turkestan, Himalaya, China, Hong-
Kong, Hainan, Japan, Cambodia, Cochin China, Malaccas,
Singapore, Celebes, Sumatra, Bangkok, Java, Borneo,
Philippines. In AustraLtaA: Rockhampton, Queensland,
Sydney, Moreton Bay, Lord Howe’s Island, Port Adelaide,
Victoria, New Holland.
10. Acrida rufescens (Pal.).
“Truxale roussitre. Antennes, téte, elytres variés on rayés de
brun. Abdomen et pieds roussatres, (Fig. 2.)
168 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
“Truxalis rufescens. Antennis, capite, elytrisque fusco-varie-
gatis. Abdomen pedesque rufescentes. (Fig. 2.)
“ Aux mémes eux que la précédente (nasutus, 7. e. Chama, Oware
and Benin), sur le bord des eaux.
“Obs, Rigoureusement parlant, cette espece ne différe de la verte
(i.e. nasutus Fabr. et Linn.) que par sa couleur ; cependant, toutes
proportions gardées, les antennes sont plus longues, et les sept ou
huit derniers articles sont cylindriques, et cessent d’étre plats et
triangulaires comme les inférieurs. J’en posséde deux variétés : une
dont les elytres sont marquées latéralement dune large raie brune,
tichetées de blanchatre et dans laquelle se trouve une nervure brune,
interrompue alternativement de taches longues et blanchatres: ce
qui semblerait la rapprocher de la T'’rucale conique, Truxalis conicus,
Fab. L’autre a les elytres entitrement rousses, d’une couleur plus
pale, uniforme et comme mouchetées de taches brune, mais peu
apparentes.”
Truaalis rufescens. Pal., 1805, Ins. Afr. Amér. Orth.,
Pie, Doll (5 tee:
Acrida rufescens. Stal, 1878, Rec. Orth., i, p. 97.
Truxalis nebulosus, var. d. Thunb., 1815, Mém. Ac. Pet.,
v, p. 267; id. 1827, Nov. Act. Ups., 1x, p. 83.
Tryxalis rufescens. Bol. Jorn. Sci. Math. Phys. e Nat.,
Lisboa (2), i, p. 92, 1890.
This remains a doubtful species ; if it really deserves
specific rank, it must fall near to Acrida nasuta, L., but I
am unable to differentiate in the synoptical table. Bolivar
(I. c.) appears also in doubt.
have given above Palisot de Beauvois’ remarks in
detail. Bolivar refers, with some hesitation, to this
species some large specimens from Duque de Braganga.
Stal remarks that it is very similar to A. twrrita, but
larger. In all probability it is merely a synonym of the
type species.
11. Acrida sulphuripennis (Gerst.).
Viridis vel testacea. Mas feminaé duplo minor. Caput magis
elevatum. Fastigium angustum, concavum. Antenne haud valde
deplanate, capite et pronoto unitis breviores. Pronotum subcon-
strictum postice subdilatatum, carinis lateralibus subsinuatis ; lobi
deflexi angulo postico minus acuminato. Elytra viridia, vel testacea,
fusco-variegata, Alze flavee, latiores, haud valde acuminate, area
The Genus Acrida. 169
dilatata valde perspicua, apice infuscate. Abdomen sordide flavidum
vel fuscum. Lamina subgenitalis ¢ fornicata, bituberculata. ¢ 9.
dé 2
Long corp, ... . 33°09 53
aibenincen ee co 19
my) TSRONTOn bo oe 85-10
ebyerorunt =.) 21 52
ay fem PSs... =. =< 20 37
Tryzalis sulphuripennis. Gerst., 1873, Van der Decken’s
Reise, iii (2), p. 33, tab. iu, fig. 1.
Gerst., 1873, Beitr. Ins: Faun. -Zanz., 215, Arch. £
Naturf., xxv.
Bol., 1889, Orth. Afr. Mus. Lisboa, 1, 93.
Id. 1893, Det. Gen. Tryx., 2 and 5 (nec Stal).
Acrida sulphuripennis. De Bormans, 1881, Ann. Soc.
Ent. Belg., xxv, Orth.
Patria. Zanzibar (Gerst.), Duque de Braganga, and
Lourengo Marques (Bol.), Zanzibar (Coll. Brunner, No. 10,
264), Lower Congo (Coll. Seeldrayers, Coll. mea.), South
Africa (Borm.).
Very close to A. stali, Bol.
12. Acrida stali (Bol.).
Statura majore. Tota viridis; antenne rufescentes, tantum
basi dilatata apud ¢, post medium apud @. Ale flaviscentes,
hyaline. Elytra femora postica ¢ paullo superantia, 9 valde
superantia, acuminata; pronotum carinis rectis, parallelis ; lobi
deflexi carina superiori antice cum carinis dorsalibus parallela. ¢ 9.
) ?
ongs corp. . 9 = vs be, 45 mem: 70 m.m.
pu promet:. =... a sk. (OS 12
Se diyin fete, gd 60
| fem post. <.. 4 = 26 40
Acrida sulphuripennis. Stal (nec Gerst., nec Bol.), 1873,
Ree. Orth., 95.
Tryxalis stali. Bol., 1893, Det. Gen. Tryx., 2 and 4.
Patria. Senegal, Gulf of Guinea (Bol.), Sierra Leone
(Stal, Bol.).
I do not know this species, and merely give the details
170 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
as given by Bolivar. It appears to be very nearly allied
to A. sulphuripennis, Gerst.
13. Acrida lugubris, sp. n.
Statura mediocri: Viridis vel testacea, fusco-variegata, Vertex
ante oculos deplanatus, Jateribus haud valde reflexis. Antenne
breves, dimidio basali tantum paullo dilatate. Pronotum plus
minus constrictum, postice dilatatum, margine postico acutangulo :
carine laterales sinuatee: lobi deflexi angulo postico haud acuto,
rotundato. Elytra latiora, apice obtuse-acuminati, viridia vel
testacea nigro- et albido-ornata. Alz hyaline, costa frontali paullo
infuseata, basi infumate, fusco-tesselata. Elytra ¢ 2 femora
postica vix superantia. Lamina subgenitalis ¢ elongatum, angus-
tum, supra basi bituberculatum. Mas femina multo minor,
3 ¢
Long. corp.. . . . 32°5-35°5 mm. 54°5-64°5 m.m.
sy PMU 6 oo ORS 14-16
Sy APEOMA§ ok eau) (Ee O=o-D 10-10°75
mi Nelytry a.¢ wl) ae b-=28 46-51
» tem. post. . . 205-22 32-37
Patria. East INpres (Coll. Brunner, ex coll. Fieber,
No. 9382); CryLon: Tungalle (Nos. 5696 and 15,556),
and Colombo (Coll. Brunner, Nos. 5696, 15,556, 16,252
and 17,258); BomBay (Coll. Brunner, No. 16,192); SIKKIM
(Coll. Brunner, No. 22,846); SourH CELEBES : Samanga
and Patuhuang (Coll. Branner, No. 20,768).
The specimens in the Brunner collection are labelled
“Tr, lugubris, Fieb.” and “ Tr. lugubris, Br.,” but the
species has not hitherto been described.
The finest-coloured and largest specimens are from the
north of Ceylon.
14, Acrida brevicollis (Bol.).
Statura minori. Viridis vel testacea. Antenne breves, caput et
pronotum unitis vix longiores, Pronotum subconstrictum, postice
dilatatum, carinis lateralibus flexuosis, lobi laterales angulo postico
subrecto. Elytra minus angusta, apice obtuse acuminata. Als’
hyaline, prope basin leviter infumate, Lamina supraanulis ¢
caniculatee.
Long. corp... . . - 28-38 mm. 50-59 m.m.
ay, ONLEDN ke. 9°5 1Y
ay | MPEOLS "Gh wo, Se 5—5°5 8°75-1]
The Genus Acrida. 171
3 ?
Long. elytr. . . . . 25-80 m.m. 45-50 m.m.
% sfem:. post... 4. . 1875-28 Sy
Tryxalis brevicollis. Bol., 1893, Det. Gen. Tryx., 2 and 4.
Patria. East INprES (Bol.): Maduré (Bol.), Hast India
(Coll. Brunner, Nos. 13,259, 14,747, 2855, 5522, 16,014,
7391, 13,018), Silhet (Coll. Brunner, No. 6356) ; CEYLON
(Coll? Brunner; iINos. “6253; 915,556) 16,105, F5;869)::
Colombo (Coll. Brunner, No. 16,668).
Very closely allied to A. naswta ; may be distinguished
by the venation of the wings.
15. Acrida subtilis, sp. n.
Statura minore. A. brevicolli (Bol.) wgre distinguenda: ab ea
differt, alis totis flavescentibus, nec infumatis, lamina supraanali ¢
non caniculata, apice rotundata,
3
ihong-corp: |. = «= «. Sl=o2 mim:
» ioe 5 6 9 til
DLO a nO Oso
eelytr: 2 1... (25"79=26°5
a tem: post. . . 19=20
Patria. MADAGASCAR (Coll. Brunner, No. 14,870).
Very close to A. brevicollis, but the wings are very
different ; the antennz also are slightly longer.
16. Acrida propinqua, sp. n.
A. lugubri vicina: ab ea differt alis hyalinis, pronoto vix
constricto. Species africana.
3 ¢
Kong vcorp: =: =) - 30 mim, —48;5: mim:
5 oun 4 =, 4 TOYS 15°5
i ORO ow oh a a 8) 8
ry elyine 2 a ate 25 43
ae emi post. 4 5 tS 30°5
Patria, Care Cotony (Coll. Brunner, No. 16,698)
SLAVE Coast, Ho (Coll. Brunner, No. 17,437).
This species scarcely differs from A. /wgubris, m., and I
ean find no points of distinction other than given above.
17. Acrida thrymmatoptera, Karsch.
“Griin, Hinterleibsriicken licht roth, Bauchseite gelb. Auf den
172 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
Hinterfliigeln einige Queradern dunkel gesaiimt. Durch die Deck-
fliigel zieht ein vorn gabliger, dann schmaler und vom Innenrande
entfernter,im hinteren Viertel breiter und dem Innenrande sehr nahe
verlaufender dunkler Langsstreifen. Oberrand der oberen, Unterrand
der unteren Scheidentheile schwarz.
“Scheitel nur wenig langer als der Pronotum-riicken, nach vorn
nur ein wenig verschinalert, Scheitelgipfel langer als breit, gleich
breit, vorn stumpf, mit gerundeten Winkeln. Fiihler sehr breit,
wenig schmaler als der Scheitelgipfel. Pronotum-riicken fast gleich
breit in seiner ganzen Lange: Basaltheil halb so lang wie der
Apicaltheil, flach, nicht ansteigend, auf der Mitte des Hinterrandes
spitzwinkelig, die Seitenkiele des Pronotum-riickens ihrer ganzen
Lange nach parallel. Krallen massig lang, Arolium gross, langer als
die Krallen. Deckfliigel wohl ausgebildet, die Mitte der Hinter-
schienen ziemlich erreichend. Hinterflitigel ausserordentlich kurz,
die Mittelschenkel kaum tiberragend, schmal, am Ende spitz, 9.”
8
Long..corp. . ... 92mm.
s5. apibis's Sa Ly,
sy) dastepl. .. * 2S"D
3) a pronoti "7.7 14
» elytrorum . 72
» oslarum <-. {16
PCI waniteaceeue ilies
» fem.med.. . 145
» fei. post.. . 45
Acrida thrymmatoptera. Karsch, 1893, Berl. Ent. Zeit.,
Xxxvill, p. 55, fig. 1, 9.
Patria. W. A¥rica: Bismarckburg, Nov. 1—Dec. 15,
1890 (Karsch).
I only know this species from Karsch’s description and
figure; its large size and extremely abbreviated wings
should distinguish it from the others of the genus. In
the shortness of the wings it approaches Ca/anvus, Sauss.
18. Acrida variabilis (Klug.).
Viridis, vel testacea, fusco-variegata. Fastigium verticis haud
acute delineatum. Antenne dimidio basali tantum deplanate,
dehine attenuate. Pronotum carinis lateralibus antice subrectis,
postice divergentibus, postice dilatatum, lobis lateralibus angulo
postico recto. Elytra area marginali in parti apicali arearum media-
sting et scapularis ¢ hyalina, venulis transversis obliquis, regula-
The Genus Acrida. is
riter dispositis. Ale hyaline, fusco-tesselatz, interdum flavescentes,
precipue in @ basi violacew al rosew. Femora antica pronoti
longiora. Ungues tarsorum fortiores, articulo primo breviores,
arolio minimo, compresso. Abdomen apice fusco-vittatum. Lamina
subgenitalis ¢ breviter acuminata, a latere visa margine postico
subtruncato, margine superiori recto. ¢ Q.
re) :
Long. corp.. . . . 4447 m.m. 65-74 m.m.
OCI a ee Wie: 10-14
yy Ceytt =. a,» 38-42 55-61
Me hon tata) 10°5-14
5 fem. post. . . 25-80 36-44
Truxcali variabilis. Klug. 1829, Symb. Phys., tab, xvii,
figs. 2-6.
Serv., 1839, Orth., 582.
Burm., 1839, Handb., 11, 607.
Tryxalis variabilis. Brullé, 1835, Hist. Nat. Ins., ix, 218.
Truaalis variabilis. Burm., 1839, Handb., 11, 607.
Troxallis variabilis. Fisch. de W., 1846, Orth. Ross., 232.
Truxalis obsoleta. Klug., 1829, Symb. Phys., tab, xvi,
fig. 1.
Truxalis procera. Klug. ibid., 208.
Truxalis conspurcata. Klug., ibid., xvii, fig. 1.
Trucalis annulatus. Thunb., 1829, Mem. Ac. Sci. Pet., v,
267.
Truxalis bilineatus. Thunb., ibid., 258.
Truxalis nebulosus, var. P. Thunb., ibid., 267.
Tryxalis klugw. Fieb., 1853, Syn. 8: Lotos., 1854, 177.
‘ Savigny, Descr. de lEgypte, Orth., pl. v, figs. 6, 8-14.
Truxalis pharaonis. Klug., 1829, Symb. Phys., tab. xiv.
Krauss, 1890, Ekl. Sav. Taf., 251.
Tryxalis (Aeridella) pharaonis. Bol., 1898, Det. Gen.
Tryx., 3 and 4.
Tryxalis unguiculata. Fisch., 1853, Orth. Eur., 301, tab.
XV, figs. 3, 3a, 4.
Br., 1882, Prod., 90, fig. 21.
Kr., 1886, Orth. Sicil., 10, iv. 1890; Ekl. Orth. Taf. Sav.,
28 and 29.
Bonn, and Finn., 1885, Cat. rais. Orth. Tunis,, 23,
174 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
Bonn., 1886, Orth. Obock., 3.
Borm., 1884, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2), u1, 102.
Bol., 1889, Ort. Afr. Mus., Lisb., 1, 93.
Caz., 1888, An. Soc. Esp., H. N., xvii, 473.
Frey-Gessner., 1872, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., xi, 4.
Fieb., 1853, Syn., 8.
Giglio, Tos., 1893, Boll. Mus. Tor., No. 164, p. 5.
Griffini, 1894, Mise. Ent., No. 6, p. 1.
Redt, 1889, Wien., Ent. Zeit., viii, 24.
Schult., 1898, Zool. Jahrb., vin, 73.
Schult., 1898, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2), xix, 25.
Truxalis unguiculata. Ramb., 1838, Faune de lAnd., 72.
Finot, 1884, Nom. Cat. Orth. Fr., 6.
Finot, 1897, Orth. Alg. Tun., 411 and 412.
Krauss, 1892, Wien., Ent. Zeit., 148.
Krauss, 1892, Zool. Anzeig., No. 390, 4.
Krauss, 1896, Zool. Jahrb., 560.
Burr, 1900, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., 417.
Acrida unguiculata. Bol., 1898, Act. Soc. Esp. N. H., 75.
Bol., 1899, Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg., 587.
Truxalis miniata. Klug., 1829, Symb. Phys., tab. xvi,
figs. 1—4.
Gerst., 1873, Arch. f. Nat., xxv., 215.
Finot, 1897, Orth. Ale. Tun., 411 and 413.
Schult., 1898, Jahrb. Zool., viii, 93.
Serv., 1839, Orth., 583.
Tryxalis miniata. Gerst., 1878, Von der Deckens’ Reise
in Ost.-Afrika, 111, Insecta, 33.
Tryxalis (Acridella) unguiculata. Bol., 1893, Det. Gen.
Tryx., 3 and 4,
Acrida (Acridella) wnguiculata. Bol. 1898, Ort. Fam.
Iber., 43.
?G@ryllus (Acrida) nasutus. Linn., 1759, Syst. Nat., ed. x,
427, No. 11.
Tryxalis (Aerida) nasutus. Brullé, 1832, Exp. Moreé., 91.
Krauss, 1877, Orth. vom Senegal., p. 24.
Acrida nasuta. Stal, 1873, Rec. Orth., i, 99.
Bol., 1878, Ort. de Esp., 103, tab. 1, fig. 16.
Dubr., 1878, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., xi, 331,
De Borm., 1881, ibid., xvi, 214.
=
sl
Or
The Genus Acrida.
Bol., 1878, An. Soc. Esp., H. N., vii, 461.
Pant., 1886, An. Soc. Esp.; H. N., xv, 266.
Patria. In Europe: the Mediterranean Coast; Andalusia,
Sicily, Candia, Corfu (Bol., Br... In Arrica: Algeria,
Egypt (Pinot), Senegal, Angola, Cape Verd (5ol.), Morocco
(Bol.), Mombassa (erst.), Somali (Schwit.). In ASIA:
Syria, Jaffa (Coll. m.), Asia Minor, Cyprus, Seir in N.W.
Persia (Burr), Angora (Bol.), Aden (Schult.). Var. variabilis:
Egypt (Klug., Br.), Assouan, Khartoum, Nubia. Ladakia,
Ceylon; India; Moluccas (Coll. Brunner, Nos. 9102, 9103,
15,694, 15,870, 16,669, 2852, 5038).
Several authors have endeavoured to separate <A.
miniata, Klug. (=variabilis, Klug.), A. pharaonis and A.
unguiculata, Ramb., into separate species. Finot (Orth.
Alg. Tun.) gives miniata and wnguiculata distinctions in a
synoptical table, as well as long descriptions. The only
point of distinction which I am able to find consists in the
colouring of the wings, especially in the ¢, but this is far
too weak acharacter to suffice. The difference is rather one
of degree than of kind, and cannot be made to bear the
strain of supporting a species. Finot remarks, however,
that although A. miniata is found in the same localities
as A. unguiculata, it reaches the imago stage several
months later. For A. miniata he gives October, for A.
unguiculata he gives May to September ; larvae, May to
November (in Algeria).
The form minzata with crimson wings ( f) occurs in
Egypt and Tunis, but has not yet been taken in Europe.
19. Acrida fusco-fasciata (Bol.).
“ Testacea, fusco-fasciata. Fastigium verticis antrorsum distincte
angustatum, marginibus plus minusve reflexis ; antenne anguste.
Pronotum dorso pone suleum posticum elevatum sed parum amplia-
tum, carinis lateralibus ante suleum valde flexuoso-angulatis, dein
flexuosis sed vix divergentibus, intus fusco-fasciatis, suleo postico
ante medium sito; postice acutissime productum ; metazona in-
distincte carinata; lobis deflexis sulco medio profunde impresso,
carina interna carinisque marginalibus dorsi antrorsum valde diverg-
entibus. Elytra apice obtuse acuminata, areis mediastina et scapu-
lari in utroque sexu eque dilatatis, opacis, reticulatis ; campo dis-
coidali fascia fusea antice pluriundata ornato : furca ulnari longe
pone medium sita. Ale hyaline, fascia lata media fusca ornate
ven radialis postica pone medium furcata, Pectus haud carinatum ;
176 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
femora antica pronoto sub-breviora : femora postica elongata, supra
apice bispinosa. Ungues articulo tertio parum breviores, arolio
parvo. Lamina subgenitalis ¢ brevissima.
d a
Long. corporis. . . 33 m.m. 48 m.m.
3 antenn: = o . 16 19
Ny, SMPLOUIAL es Jeet m2, NG 85
» elytrorum .. 31 41
> LONN. ODi eee One its
530 LEM. WOSt. ce ay ae ee 29
‘““Semejante al Tr. serrata, Thunb., del que 4 primera vista se dis-
tingue por la coloracion de las alas que ofrecen una ancha faja parda
dispuesta como en el genera Pyrgodera, y ademas por las diferencias
siguientes.
“Las antenas son mas estrechas y las quillas laterales del pronoto
mas fuertemente sinuosas en su primera mitad y poco mas separadas
entre si en la metazona; esta segunda mitad del pronoto aun cuando
provista de arrugas longitudinales no aparece tan distintamente
estriada como en el T'r. serrata, Th. : los lédbulos laterales tienen el
borde inferior mas sinuoso y el surco medio profundamente impreso.
Los élitros son de igual formas en ambos sexos, con las areas medias-
tina y escapular completamente reticuladas y opacas ; el campo dis-
coidal ofrece como en el 7'r. serrata, Th., una faja longitudinal parda,
ondeada por delante, pero en la nueva especie las ondas son mucho mas
menudas y numerosas. Las alas son de igual forma que en la especie
citada y finalmente las patas son delgadas, los fémures posteriores
terminan porencima en dos largas espinas y los lébulos geniculares
tambien son espinosos, las uias del ultimo artejo de los tarsos son
apenas mas cortas que este y el arolio es muy pequetio. La placa
infra-anal del ¢ es muy corta.”
Tryxalis fusco-fusciata. Bol., 1890, Ort. Afr. Mus., Lisb.,
i, 93.
Tryxalis (Acridella) fusco-fasciata. Bol., 1889, Det. Gen.
Tryx., 3 and 4. :
Patria, Quando in ANGOLA (Bol.).
Apparently a very distinct species, but I only know it
from the description.
20. Acrida serrata (Thunb.).
Statura minore, robusta: viridis vel testacea, fusco-variegata.
Vertex haud acute delineatus. Antenne capite et pronoto unitis
longiores, deplanatae, marginibus integris. Caput breve, fastigium
*
The Genus Acrida. 177
verticis oculis brevius, haud acute delineatum, lateralibus valde
reflexis. Pronotum breve; disci pars antica parte postica
multo brevior: pronotum medio constrictum, carinis lateralibus
valde flexuosis ; margine postico in spinam producto ; lobi lateralis
carina superiori cum carinis dorsalibus haud parallel, angulo postico
rotundato-recto. Elytra latiora, maculis albidis seriatim ornata. Ale
hyalinz, basi flavescentes, apice infumate. Valvule ovipositoris
breves. @.
Long. corp. r m.m.
» antenn. 19
3) pron: 8
» elytr. 39
55 fem. post. 27
Truxalis serratus. Thunb., 1815, Mem. Ac. Pet., v, 269;
1827, Nov. Act. Ups., ix, 84.
Tryxalis serrata. Bol., 1889, Ort. Afr. Mus., Lisb., i, 92.
Schult. 1899, Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat., xxxv (132),
p. 302.
Griffini, 1897, Boll. Mus. Tor., No. 290, p. 5.
Acrida serrata, Stal, 1873, Ree. Orth., 1, 100.
Tryxalis (Acridella) serrata. Bol., 1893, Det. Gen. Tryx.,
3and 4.
Trucalis dentatus. Thunb., 1815, Mém. Ac. Pet., v, 269,
iv, 1827; Nov. Act. Ups., ix, 88.
Truxalis econstrictus. Schaum., 1862, in Peter’s Reise
Mossamb. Ins., 129, tab. 7, A.F. 1.
Patria. ?“ INDIA ORIENTALIS” ( Thunb.) ; MOZAMBIQUE
(Schaum) ; Huilla and Duque de Braganga in West Africa
(Bol.). SterrA LEONE (Coll. Brunner, No. 1247); S.
AFRICA (Stal); CAPE oF GooD Hope (Coll. Brunner, Nos.
2007, 5351, 12,828); DELAGOA (Schwlt.); KazUNGULA on
Upper Zambesi (Grifint).
A very distinct species, remarkable for the form of the
head and pronotum.
21. Acrida somalia, sp. n.
A, serratx, Thunb., vicina : differt., stature multo majore, fastigio
verticis magis acute delineato, antennis marginibus serratis, ala nigro-
tesselate late rubra, 9.
178 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
?
ong corp. <3 2 22" 160mm!
Sp) chou 5 BG AO)
pe JOE G5 6 4 e 15
i Clytts se ae ee
oy: ) MCML DOSE). me) eee
Patria. Pass Gerator, Somatt (Coll. Brunner, No.
18,808).
The only specimen, a female, was captured by Ketter,
Pass Gerator, Somaliland, and was obtained from Dr.
Schultess-Rechberg, who, however, in his paper on Orthop-
tera collected there by Dr. C. Ketter, makes no reference
tox.
22. Achurum, Sauss.
Statura gracili. Caput elongatum, lateribus parallelis, horizon-
tale: vertex rotundatus, convexus, medio carinatus, lateribus
reflexis: frons, a latere visa, sinuata: foveolz laterales lineares.
Antenne deplanati, triquetra, acuminate, capite et pronoto unitis
oreviores. Pronotum supra deplanatum, carinis rectis, parallelis,
sulco typico pone medium interruptis, margine antico recto, postico
rotundato: lobi laterales margine antico obliquo, inferiori recto,
postico sinuato. Prosternum spina parva armatum, Elytra angusta,
apice acuminata. Ale perfecti explicate. Femora postica valde com-
pressa, lobis genicularibus in spinas obtusas productis. Valvule
ovipositoris breves. Tibiz posticee margine externo spinulis circ.
17 armate, calcaribus terminalibus haud valde ineequalibus.
Achurum. Sauss., 1861, Orth. Nor. Am., ii, 15.
Stal, 1873, Rec. Orth., 11, 9.
Brunner, 1893, Rev. Syst. Orth., 118.
MacNeill, 1897, Rev. Trux. N. Am., 201.
Typus generis Achurum sumichrasti. Sauss.
Dispositio specierum.
1. Elytra abdomen valde superantia: pro-
notum alutaceo-rugosum . . . . . 1. Swmichrasti, Sauss,
1.1. Elytra abdomen haud superantia : pro-
notum haud alutaceo-rugosum. . . 2 Acridodes, Stal.
23. Achurum sumichrasti, Sauss.
Statura minore. Viride vel testaceam. Gracilis, compressum.
Caput breve. Pronotum alutaceo-granosum, medio carinatum, ante
The Genus Acrida. 179
medium sulco incompleto interrupto, pone medium suleo typico
instructum ; carinz lateralis parallel : margo anticus rectus, postico
rotundatus: lobi lateralis margine antico obliquo, infero recto,
postico sinuato, angulo postico acuto. Elytra perfecte explicata,
femora postica et abdominis apicem valde superantia, angusta, apice
acuminata. Ale angustz, elytris breviores, hyaline, leviter in-
fumate, campo antico excepto, margine antico in tertia parti parte
apicali macula angusta testacea ornato, Pedes breves, gracilis.
Femora postica valde compressa, elytris et abdomine valde breviora.
Lamina supraanalis ? conica, obtusa, valvule ovipositoris breves. ?.
Long. corp. . . . 38m.m. (after Sauss.).
» elytra ¢ 5 484
= lem. post: 2 “15:5
Truxalis (Achurum) sumichrasti, Sauss., 1861, Orth. Nor.
Amer. Diagn. Prélim., Series iia, p. 15; Rev. Mag.
Zool., 313.
Thos., 1873, Acrid. N. Am., 195.
Achurum sumichrasti. Gerst., 1861, Arch. f. Nat., xvii,
ii, 317; iv, 1851, Bericht., 45 (teste Scudd.).
Scudd., 1868, Cat. Orth. N. Am., 83.
Walk., 1870, Cat. Derm. Salt, 111, 518.
Stal, 1873, Rec. Orth., i, 101.
MacNeill, 1897, Rev. Trux. N. Am., 202, fig. 2, a and c.
Scudd., 1900, Cat. Descr. Orth. U.S. and Canada, 19.
Patria, “Mexico TEMPERATA” (Sauss.); MExtco (Coll.
Brunner, No. 6806); GUATEMALA (Coll. Brunner, No.
6986); ARIZONA (Scudd.); Fort Grant in Arizona (U.S.
Nat. Mus., McNeill).
24, Achurum acridodes (Stal).
“ Fusco testaceum ; vertici, dorso pronoti areaque anali elytrorum
virescentibus ; genis lobisque lateralibus pronoti dorsum versus
obtusoribus : elytris griseo-hyalinis, area analiexcepta, fuscovenosis :
alis infuscatis.
“Forti ad A. sumichrasti, Sauss., referendum, colore dorsi pro-
notoque dorso haud alutaceo-rugoso, sed antice et in lobo postico
obsolete punctulato, lobisque lateralibus obsolete variolosi differre
videtur. Elytra corpore paullo breviora, femoribus posticis plus
longiora, venis anali et axillari libere excurrentibus. Femora postica
apicem abdominis haud attingentia. Lobi metasterni pone impres-
siones toti contigui. Antenne vertice paullo angustiores, capite et
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.— PART I. (JUNE) 13
180 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
pronoto simul sumtis nonnihil longiores. Segmentum genitale
maris longum, productum, sensim acuminatum. ¢ Long. 27 m.m.”
Truxalis acridodes. Stal, 1873, O. N. A. F., 30, ii, p. 52.
Achurum acridodes. Stal, 1873, Rev. Orth., i. 101.
MeNeill, 1897, Rev. Trux. N. Am., 202.
Patria, Mexico (Mus. Holm.; S¢a/).
I only know this species from Stal’s description; it is
also unknown to McNeill. It may not be distinct from
A sumichrasti.
25. Gelastorrhinus, Brunner.
Caput elongatum, vertex brevis, lineola curvata inter oculos
delineatus. Antenne long, ensiformes, ab oculis parum remote.
Frons valde reclinata, costa sulcata, carinis parum divergen-
tibus, carinis lateralibus rectis. Pronotum supra planum, tricari-
natum. Elytra et alee acuminate. Prosternum dente minimo
vix distinguendo armatum. Femora intermedia coxas posticas
superantia. Femora postica gracilia, supra carinata, apice in lobos
duos, acutos, plus minus longos, producta. Tibize postice extus
spinis 13-20 armatz, supra spinaeapicali externa nulla. Abdo-
men compressum. Lamina supra-analis ¢ acuminata, sulcata.
Cerci utriusque sexus depressi, apice acuminati vel rotundati. Valvule
genitales ¢ superiores inermes, inferiores leviter denticulate. 4.
Gelastorhinus.* Brunner, 1893, Révision, p. 157.
Sauss., 1899, Senck. Nat. Ges., xxi, 633.
Dispositio specierum.
1. Rostrum a vertice sulco ita a disjunctum,
Antenne capite et pronoto unitis aque
long. (Tibia posticee femoribus post
wque longe. Elytra albolineata). . 1. Hdax, Sauss.
1.1. Rostrum a vertice suleo parabolico ita
-— disjunctum. Antenne capiti et
pronoto unitis longiores.
2. Statura majore, robusta. Tibize postice
femoribus posticis aque longe.
* The name was invented by de Saussure, from yeAaoros, ridiculus,
and pis—nasus, but in combination p must be doubled,
The Genus Acrida. 181
3. Elytra aldolineata. Tibiz postica [ Brunner.
extus spinis 15-20 armate. . . 2. Albolineatus,
3.3. Elytra viridia, haud albolineata.
Tibiz postice extus spinis 12-15
armate 5 =. if als A Ge a “ea welacne, Spo le
2.2. Statura minore gracili. Tibiz postice
femoribus (preecipue in ? ) breviores.
3. Area discoidalis elytrorum vena in-
tercalata una instructa, venulis
transversis sat distantibus. Species
javanica
iB eas 4, Lucius, sp. n.
3.3. Area discoidalis elytrorum venis in-
tercalatis falsis pluribus instructa,
venulis transversis conferti reticu-
lata. Species japonica. . . . 5. Hsox, sp. n.
26. Gelastorrhimus edaxr, Sauss.
Statura minore. Testaceus, viridi-variegatus. Antenne capite
et pronoto unitis aque longe, dimidio basali deplanatw, parti
apicali attenuate. Frons a latere visa sinuata. Pronotum supra
deplanatum, a latere visum, subconcavum ; carine laterales levissime
sinuate, fere rectz et parallele ; sulcus typicus pone medium situs ;
margo anticus rectus, posticus subrotundatus : lobi laterales margine
antico inclinato recto, inferiore recto, postico sinuato. Elytra an-
gusta, hyalina, testacea, area mediastina vitta humerali albida, intus
vitta angusta nigro- marginataéornata ; elytraabdomenet femora postica
superantia. Ale elytris breviores angustz, acuminate, hyaline.
Femora postica lobis genicularibus acuminatis, Tibiew postice
spinulis extus 17 inter 15 armate. ¢ ?.
¢
Long. corp, «=. « - . 40mm.
Me PLOU sa eo A ee ein
af RCE alll Ce ee x oe
ae tem, Post; sa % 221
Gelustorhinus edax. Sauss., 1899, Abh. Senck. Naturf.
Ges., xxi, 634, figs. 31, 32.
Patria. MADAGASCAR; MAJUNGA and MAKAMBI ISLAND
in Boeni Bay (Sauss.); Nosst Bt (Coll. Brunner, No.
14,942); MApnaGascar (Coll. Brunner, Nos. 17,925, 19,340);
CEYLON (Coll. Brunner, Nos. 15,871, 16,256).
De Saussure says: “ Pronotwm wnicolor.’ The lateral lobes
are however usually green, and this general colour varies.
182 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
27. Gelastorrhinus albolineatus, Brunner.
Statura majore. Colore pallido fulvo-testaceo, Fastigium verticis
oculo brevius, acutum, sulco parabolico a vertice disjunctum, An-
tenne parum supra oculos inserte, ensiformes, capite et pronoto
unitis aque long. rons, a latere visa, levissime sinuata. Prono-
tun supra planiusculum, tricarinatum, fulvo-testaceum, utrinque
vitta longitudinali fusciori signatum, lobis deflexis pallide viridibus.
Elytra apicem abdominis superantia, fulvo-testacea, versus venam
radialem sensim fusciora, hac vena basi atra, vitta longitudinali
eburnea, albida apposita. Femora postica supra acute carinata, apice
in Jobos duos sat longos producta. Tibi posticee extus spinio 15-20,
apice nigris, armate ?.
e
Long. corp. . . . 54m.m.
yy 1KeMMs 50 4 9
a) 1 ee ee: O |
» fem. post. . 30
Gelastorhinus albolineatus. Brunner, 1893, Rév. Syst.
Orth., 158.
Patria. Bhamo in BuRMAH (Brunner).
28. Gelastorrhinus selache, sp. 1.
Statura majore robusta. Colore viridi, rubro-variegato. Rostrum
a vertice sulco parabolico disjunctum. Oculi rubri: vitta rubra ab
oculis per genas, carinasque laterales pronoti in venam radialem
parte proximali elytri producta. Antenne long, capite et pronoto
unitis valde longiores. Pronotum deplanatum: lobi laterales mar-
ginibus antico et postico obliquis, sinuatis, inferiori subrecto. Elytra
latiora, magna, longa, vitrina, vena radiali in parte basali rubrescente.
Alz elytris breviores, vitrina, basi leviter fulvo-inflatea. ¢ 9.
3 ?
Long. corp. . . . . . 47mm. 60 m.m.
uegantenm. . . . 24 21
STP LODL cs) Ae eee 12
Pre EVE yes ils, oa tare 54
4 etioe SP HAY 26
Patria. SiKKiM (Coll. Brunner, No, 22,847).
29. Gelastorrhinus lucius, sp. n.
Rubro-testaceus viridi, variegatis. Statura gracillimi. Antenne
longx, capite et pronoto unitis longiores. Rostrum a vertice suleo
parabolico disjunetam, Pronotum deplanatum, carinis parallelis,
The Genus Acrida. 183
sulco typico pone medium sito ; margine antico recto, postico rotun-
dato. Elytra angusta, longissima, femora postica et abdomen valde
superantia, rubro-testacea, parte anteriori viridi.
hyaline, levissime infuscatee,
Alz angustie,
costa anteriori necnon ornata.
Femora postica basi incrassata, abdomine breviori.
A. G. esoci vix distinguendus: differt statura graciliori, elytris
longioribus.
Long. corp.
» antenn.
3 + Pron.
a elitr,
» fem. post.
3
26 m.m.
la
4
26
12
?
42 m.m.
16
Ul
39
15°5
Patria, West JAva (Coll. Brunner, No. 19,391).
Gelastorrhinus esox, sp. 0.
Ab E. edaci tantum differt, vertice a rostro suleo parabolico
disjunctus (~~), elytris haud albolineatis. Antenne capite et
pronoto unitis valde longiores. ¢ Q.
Long. corp.
5 pron.
a liane
» fem. post.
3
25 m.m.
4
25
12
°
44 m.m.
75
4]
17
Patria. JAPAN (Coll. Brunner, Nos. 5740, 6562, 12,067).
30. Hyalopteryx exaggeratus, sp. 0.
Statura mediocri. Valde compressus, testaceus. Elytra lanceo-
lata, apice acuminata, margine antico curvato, postico obtusangulo :
vene ut in H. rufipenni: ale g area fenestrata venis transversis
8 instructa: campus analis citrinus.
Femora postica caleari ter-
minali interiori quam exteriori multo majore. ¢@.
Long. corp.
» antenn.
a0 pron:
5 elyér.
lat. 5 max:
Lat. ,, area fem..
Long. fem. post.
3
31 m.m.
9°5
5
29
7
Di)
16
Patria, Cxtgurros (Coll, Brunner, No. 23,027); BoLIvia
(Coll. mea.).
.
184 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
In venation and structure, this form resembles #H.
rufipennis. It is however even more compressed, lighter
in colour, and the wings are clear yellow.
31. Calamus, Sauss.
Linearis, elongatus, gracilis. Caput valde elongatum, subspini-
forme, horizontale productum ; rostrum ita formatum, apice trunca-
tum, supra concavum, striatum, Oculi haud prominuli, longe pone
medium capitis inserti. Antenne ensiformes, deplanata. Pronotum
capite haud latius, parallelum, striatum, antice et postice truncatum,
tertiam partem longitudinis capitis equans. Prosternum tuberculo
parvo instructum. Elytra angustissima valde elongata, apice acum-
inata. Ale breviores, ¢ plus minus colorate, 2 hyaline; ¢
abdominis longitudine, 2 abdominis dimidio breviores. Abdomen
lineare, supra carinatum. Pedes graciles, breves ; femora postica
capite hand longiora, lobis genicularibus brevibus, acutis,* genubus
supra in spinam longam productis. Tibize posticae femora breviores.
Lamina subgenitalis ¢ cuculluta, subtus pilosa, valde elongata,
acuminata.
Calamus. Sauss., 1861, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4), i, 476,
Karsch. 1893, Berl. Ent. Zeit., xxxviii, p. 56, fig. 3.
In spite of the presence of a small prosternal tubercle,
this genus in every other way belongs here. The only
specimen in the Brunner collection was arranged among
the Mesopes. I have no hesitation i following Karsch
and ranging it with the Amycv.
32. Calamus linearis, Sauss.
Fuseo-testaceus. Elytra immaculata, testacea, apice pallidiora.
Ale g abdominis longitudine, hyaline, leviter fusco-tesselate, vel
fere tote fusce, leviter pallido-punctate ; 9 abdominis dimidio
breviores, hyaline, incolores. ¢ 9.
) 2
Long. corp. . . . 30mm. 47 m.m.
mi Peapitis, 4° .+ 9 14°5
ee DLOL ct . e O o 5
ST PMELytE Ss. sS2 42
3 alarum:* . . 14 14
Stem: cae 5 es 17
* It should be noticed that it is not the lateral genicular lobes, but
the superior one, that is produced into a spine.
The Genus Acrida. 185
Calamus linearis. Sauss., 1861, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4),
p. 476, pl. ui, fig. 3.
Karsch, 1893, Ins. von Adeli, 56, fig. 3 (excl> syn.
Bol.).
Griffini, 1897, Boll. Mus. Tor., No. 290, p. 6 (excl.
syn.).
(?) Mesops gracilis. Burm., 1839, Handb. ii, 610.
Patria. ? (Sauss.) ; Bismarckburg (Karsch); Bogos
(Coll. Brunner, No. 12,768); Kazungula on the UPPER
ZAMBESI (Griffint); H6 on the SLAVE Coast (Coll. Brunner,
No. 17,436).
Bolivar (Ort. Afr. Mus., Lisb., i, 1889, p. 94) wrongly
regards this species as synonymous with Amycus wanthop-
terus,as Karsch rightly points out, and he misquotes Bolivar’s
rhodiopterus ; but I fail to see why the latter assumes that
Bolivar’s species should be C. linearis, and that his deter-
mination is wrong. I prefer to merely regard Bolivar’s
synonymy as faulty.
De Saussure’s figure is incorrect in omitting the promi-
nent genicular spines,and Karsch’s drawing shows the posi-
tion of the eyes inaccurately. Griffini considers Karsch’s
insect as an entirely different species, but it appears to me
that it entirely agrees with C. linearis, Sauss. ; the Italian
author bases his opinion on Karsch’s drawing, especially
on the position of the eyes; the specimen in the Brunner
collection agrees equally well with the C. linearis of de
Saussure and of Karsch. I prefer to disagree with Griffini,
in regarding Karsch’s determination as correct.
33. Amycus, Stal.
Statura minor]. Caput pronoto haud longius, antice rotundatum.
Antenne breves, basi deplanatze, apice cylindrice, segmento apicale
composito. Caput et pronotum supra tota rugis longitudinalibus
instructa. Pronotum compressum, margine antico trancato, postico
acutangulo: lobi laterales margine antico obliquo, infero recto, pos-
tico sinuato. Elytra angusta ; alee elytris breviores. Pedes breves ;
femora postica abdomen paullo superantia, elytrorum apicem haud
attingentia, lobis genicularibus lateralibus acuminatis, superioribus
in lobos obtusos productis. Tibize posticze spinis parvis 8 armatis.
Amycus. Stal, 1855, O. V. A. F., 353.
etal, B., 1873: Rec. Orth., 1, 89)
186 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of
Karsch, 1893, Orth. Adeli, 59
Brunner, 1893, Rév. Orth., 118.
Typus generis. Amycus xanthopterus, Stal.
Dispositio specierum.
1. Antenne margine externo serrate. Alize coloratie.
= °
1. Xanthopterus, Stal.
1.1. Antenne margine externo integra. Ale vitrine.
2. Achromopterus, Karsch.
34, Amycus wanthopterus, Stal.
Fusco-testaceus, necnon pallido-variegatus ; elytris apice, genubus-
que infuscatis, Als hyaline, aurantiaco- vel roseo-inflate : antennie
parte basali segmentis deplanatis, margine externo angulo apicali in
dentem productis, segmentis apicalibus cylindricis.
Ss
ong.;corp., <5 < s ae Zo tam.
oeraobenns: .%. —-/e° oto
ee PEON e £e se ce) cae
BE ELYECs ic) oe Pee ee eae
5 tem. post. . . . 14
Amycus vanthopterus, Stal, 1855, O. V. A. F., 353; ibid.
1878; Rec. Orth., 1, 100.
Bol., 1889, Orth. Afr. Mus., Lisb., i, 94 (excl. syn.).
Amycus rhodiopterus. Stal, 1855, O. V. A. F., 353; ibid.
1892, Rec. Orth., 1, 100.
Karsch, 1893, Orth. von Adehi, 59.
Patria, CA¥FFRARIA (Stl); Duque du Braganga, Caconts
and Cabinda in ANGOLA (Bol.) ; Bismarckburg (Karsch) ;
Port Natal (Mus. Berl. teste Karsch, rca NATAL (Coll.
Brunner, Nos. 2305 and 6739), Weener in Natal (Coll. mea. ).
I have little hesitation in uniting the two forms, with
yellow and red wings respectively, into one species, as has
been suggested by Karsch. I do not agree however with
the latter in regarding Macheridia teniata, Bol., as synony-
mous, owing to its “elytra viridia.”
35. Amycus achromopterus, Karsch.
Fusco-testaceus, lobis lateralibus pronoti, sternis, pleuris, abdomine
pallidis, femoribus posticis apice excepto pallidis, nigro-punctulatis,
alis vitrinis, margine antico fusco necnon parte dimidia apicali
infuscata. ¢@.
The Genus Acrida. 187
)
ong.corp. . . . 20°5 m.m,
OR 6 oo 6 Gis
Pemelytr st. Lose
5 tems post... li
Amycus achromopterus. Karsch, 1896, Stett. Ent. Zeit.,
250.
Patria. Hast Arrica: Nyassa, Milanji (Karsch).
The antennz are more slender than in the preceding
species, and also longer; the depressed basal part is not
serrated on the outer margin. The wings are plain and
not coloured.
Nore.—Since the above went to the press, I have seen Mr. Kirby’s
work on a ‘“ Collection of Locustide, formed by Mr. W. L. Distant in
the Transvaal” (ante, p. 57), which will necessitate the modification of
some points in this paper. The Acrida turrita of Mr. Kirby coincides
with my Acrida nasuta, whereas his Tryxalis nasuta coincides with
my Acrida variabilis; his Acrida gigantea, Fuessly, is the striped
form of my Acrida nasuta. I have inadvertently omitted Acrida
madecassa, Brancsik (1893, Jahresb. Ver. Trencsen, xv, p. 186, from
Madagascar), which appears to me to differ little, if at all, from
Acrida nasuta, Linn, The two species Acrida rendalli, Kirby, and
Acrida aspersata, Kirby, do not clash with any described by me.
( yiisoan)
XI. Notes on some cases of Seasonal Dimorphism in
Butterflies, with an account of Experiments by
Mr. G. A. K. MarsHatt, F.Z.S. By FREDERICK
A. Dixty, M.A., M.D., F.ES., Fellow of Wadham
College, Oxford.
[Read March 19th, 1902.]
Puate IY.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
1, Seasonal Dimorphism in Catopsilia pomona, Fabr.. . . 189
2. Seasonal Dimorphism in Catopsilia pyranthe, Linn. . . 193
3. Irregularities of Seasonal Dimorphism in various Genera 194
4, Experiments and Observations in Seasonal Dimorphism
conducted by Mr. G. A. K. Marswatt, F.Z.S., in the
years S96— LOOMIS Aaeagt te 4 t e eer 1 | 199
Oe OUMUMIAT Vest te te yc ll ce SS, AS es 1 Da i a
1. SEASONAL DiMorPHISM IN Catopsilia pomona, Fabr.
I HAVE long been of opinion, from the examination
of many hundred specimens, that no line of specific
demarcation can be drawn between Catopsilia pomona,
Fabr., and C. crocale, Cram. This conclusion was based
mainly on the fact that, distinct in appearance as typical
examples of the two forms undoubtedly are, it is easy
to arrange a series of examples showing every possible
gradation between the two. The relation between C-.
pomona and C. crocale so much resembles that between
forms which there is reason for regarding as cases of
seasonal dimorphism, that I was led to suspect that the
dimorphism of C. pomona-crocale might also have a
seasonal significance. In 1898 I mentioned my suspicion
to Mr. Trimen, showing to. him at the same time a good
series, including many transitional forms, of C. pomona,
which had been captured near Brisbane in 1897 by T.
Batchelor, and presented to the Hope collection by Mr.
G. C. Griffiths. This series was noticed by Mr. Trimen in
his Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of
London, delivered on January 18, 1899, and was con-
sidered by him as “lending some probability to the view
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART II. (JUNE)
190 Dr. F. A. Dixey on
that C. crocale and C. pomona (including C. catilla) will
prove to be seasonal forms of one species.” * Direct
evidence on the point was, however, lacking; and I
therefore welcomed a statement made later by Batchelor
in a letter from Brisbane, and kindly communicated to
me by Professor Poulton, that C. crocale and C. pomona
were one species, “crocale bemg the summer brood and
pomona the autumn one.” It does not appear that any
observer has as yet actually bred one form from the other,
so that it cannot even now be said that their specific
identity is proved with absolute certainty. Nevertheless,
the opinion of a collector who has taken large numbers of
both forms is of weight, and may safely be held to indicate
a strong probability’ that, at all events in part of their
range, C. pomona, Fabr. and C. crocale, Cram. are seasonal
phases of the same species.
It is, however, evident that the case with regard to
C. pomona is not quite a simple one. In the autumn of
1900, a series of eighteen specimens of Catopsilia was
received by the Hope Professor at Oxford from the late
Mr. L. de Nicéville, who stated that they were all caught
nearly at the same time in the Kangra Valley, Western
Himalayas, by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. Of these eighteen,
sixteen were taken on August 11, and the remain-
ing two on August 13, 1900. Two of the captures on
August 11 were Catopsilia pyranthe, Linn.; and of the
remainder, eight were C. crocale, Cram., and six were
C. pomona, Fabr. Those caught on August 13 were
C. crocale $ and C. pomona ? taken in copuli. In two
private letters to the Hope Professor, Mr. de Nicéville
appeals to this series of specimens in support of the
view that C. pomonat+ and C. crocale constitute one
* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1898, p. Ixxvi. It is hardly necessary
to recall the fact that this address of Mr. Trimen’s contains an
excellent account of nearly all the experiments and observations
that had been made on the subject of seasonal dimorphism in
butterflies up to the time of its delivery.
+ De Niceville calls it C. catilla, Cram.; but the latter name,
under which Cramer figures the form with brownish-crimson patches
on the under-surface (see Cramer, Pap. Exot., III. t. 229, D, E), is
later than that of Fabricius. Fabricius’s type still exists in the
Banksian cabinet, where I have examined it in concert with Dr. A.
G. Butler. The six specimens of C. pomona caught on August 11
include two C. catilla, Cram. The British Museum contains six
specimens of C. crocale and seven of C. pomona caught by Mr,
Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. OM
variable species, the variation not being due to seasonal
causes. ‘his view was published by de Nicéville in
1894, and was reiterated by him on several subsequent
occasions.* There can be no doubt that de Nicéville’s
opinion receives support from the present series of speci-
mens. The fact of C. crocale f pairing with C. pomona ?
tends to show their specific identity, while the simul-
taneous occurrence of the two forms in presumably
equal numbers seems adverse to the supposition that the
dimorphism of this species has a seasonal significance.
With regard to the first point, that of specific identity,
I think there can now be no reasonable doubt that the case
is made out. I have already mentioned my own conviction
on the matter, which was arrived at independently, and
on different grounds. Batchelor’s observations here coin-
cide with de Nicéville’s; and it may be added that
Piepers,t who has bred the species in large numbers, is
strongly of the same opinion. On the other hand, Dr. L.
Martin, writing of the butterflies of Sumatra (Journ.
Asiat. Soc. of Bengal, LXIV, u, p. 490, 1895), considers
C. erocale and C. catilla (pomona) distinct, on the following
grounds :—C. crocale, the far commoner form, occurs on
roads, near houses and gardens, and is never found in the
forest. C. catilla is found only in the forest. The antennz
of C. crocale are black in both sexes, those of C. catilla are
red. The underside of the males in C. crocale is unspotted,
and the tuft of hair on the inner margin is whitish. In
C’. catilla the males, like the females, have reddish spots
on the underside of both wings, and the tuft of hair is
Dudgeon on the same occasion (August 12) as those mentioned
above. They are stated to have formed part of a migratory flight
which lasted all day.
* Gazetteer of Sikkim, p. 166, 1894; Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
LXIV, ii, p. 490, 1895 ; Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., xi, p. 586,
1898 ; Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LX VIII, ii, p. 211, 1899. The
first two of these are cited by Mr. Trimen, loc. cit., p. Ixxvi, note.
+ “ Die Farbenevolution bei den Pieriden,” Tijdschr. der Neder-
landsche Dierk. Vereenig.; (2) Deel V, p. 119, 1898. Piepers gives
thawruma, Reak., as a synonym ; the latter, however (from Mada-
gascar), is unquestionably distinct. “ Pomona, Cram.” (ibid.) is a
slip; the name was bestowed by Fabricius. Piepers’s view was first
published in 1891—‘“ Observations sur des vols de Lépidoptéres”—
Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Ned.-Indié, Dl. L, 1891, pp. 205,
222. In the same periodical, Dl. LVII, 1898, he repeats it, but
speaks, rather curiously, of “ Gnoma, Feld.,” as a form of ‘t Catopsilia
pomona, Cram.” (Loc. cit., p. 111).
192 Dr. F. A. Dixey on
distinctly yellow. The females of both forms are variable,
but the range of variation is distinct in the two. De
Nicéville, however, rightly remarks that “the distinctive
characters on which Dr. Martin relies are all quite incon-
stant, and entirely break down” when large numbers of
both forms are examined. It may be added that the
difference of habit alleged to exist between C. crocale and
C. pomona is no disproof of specific identity, inasmuch as
a similar difference, witnessed to by both Trimen* and
Marshall,t obtains between Precis scsamus, Trim. and the
southern representation of P. octavia, Cram. (called by
Marshall P. octavia-natalensis). The form natalensis,
according to Marshall, frequents high, open spots; sesamws
is shade-loving, though it occasionally flies with natalensis,
especially at the change of seasons. Sesamus 1s more
wary than natalensis ; 1t 1s more often found in gardens,
and occasionally enters human habitations. It also con-
trasts with natalensis in being at times gregarious. But
in spite of these well-marked divergencies of habit, the
5
two forms, as 1s well known, have been absolutely proved
to be seasonal phases of the same species. Hence, in the
case of C. pomona and C. crocale, Dr. Martin’s objection
on the score of habit cannot be held any more conclusive
than that founded on the difference in aspect.
With regard to the second point, that of the seasonal
relations of the two forms, it seems that the utmost we
can at present allege is that in part, at all events, of its
range the dimorphism of C. pomona is associated with the
change of season. That this is not the case everywhere
is evident from de Nicéville’s observation, as quoted by
Trimen,t that ‘the innumerable varieties which are found
in both sexes occur at all times;” and, more particularly,
from the statement that “both true C. crocale and the
dimorphic form, C. catilla, Cram. occur commonly in
Mussoorie from July to October, and in Dehra Dun
throughout the warmer months of the year.Ӥ On the
other hand, we have Batchelor’s categorical assertion from
* South-African Butterflies, vol. I, 1887, pp. 230, 233.
+ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1898, vol. II, pp. 33, 34.
+ Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1898, p. Ixxvi.
§ Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journal of Bombay Nat. Hist.
Soe., vol. XI, 1898, p. 586. Piepers also denies absolutely that the
dimorphism of C. pomona is seasonal (“ Notes from the Leyden
Museum,” vol. XXII, 1899, note 1, p. 13, cbique cit.).
Seasonal Dimorphism wm Butterflies. 193
Brisbane, given above; while the fact recorded by Dr.
Martin (oc. cit.) that among many hundreds of both sexes
of C. crocale, all presumably belonging to one emergence,
taken by him near Bindjei, there was not a single C.
catilla (pomona), may possibly have a similar significance.*
It is not a little remarkable that although there are
forty-three specimens of C. pomona and C. crocale in the
Hope collection duly labelled with locality and date, they
cannot be said to throw much light on the question of
seasonal dimorphism. What is wanted is a long series of
observations carefully carried on in one locality, and
accompanied, if possible, by breeding experiments.
If, as is probable, it should eventually be shown beyond
doubt that the different forms of C. pomona, though
related to the seasons in some part of its range, occur
indifferently at all times in others, the case would by no
means stand alone. I propose in the next place to notice
very briefly several statements that have been made by
different authorities with regard to other species, which
statements tend to show that in many cases where the
existence of seasonal modification has been reasonably
presumed, or even actually demonstrated, the seasonal
relation is far from being rigidly fixed in all parts of the
area of distribution.
2. SEASONAL DIMORPHISM IN Catopsilia pyranthe, Linn.
The first instance that may be taken is that of Catopsilia
pyranthe, Linn, This buttertly grades imperceptibly into
C. gnoma, Fabr. just as C. crocale does into C. pomona.
Here again, in the absence of breeding experiments, the
absolute proof of specific identity is still lacking; but de
Nicéville had no doubt, from his own observations, that the
two forms represent a single species. In this case he is
able to assign a seasonal value to the two forms,—C.
pyranthe being in his opinion the wet-season, and C. gnoma
the dry-season phase of the species. But the point of
special interest, in view of the irregularity that appears to
obtain in the seasonal relations of C. crocale and C. pomona,
* It should, however, be noted that “N.-E. Sumatra does not
possess a well-marked dry and wet season, such as is found over
most of the continent of India, there bemg no month in the year
when it does not rain.” Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LXIV, 1895,
pt. 11, p. 862. See below, p. 196.
194 Dr. F. A. Dixey on
is the fact that, as recorded by de Nicéville himself, the
different forms of C. pyranthe, though corresponding to the
seasons in some parts of its range, are independent of them
in others. Thus, in speaking of this species under the
name of C. chryseis, Drury, he notes that “it is not seasonally
dimorphic in Sumatra as it is in India.” * Again, he
remarks under C. pyranthe, “Moore in the ‘ Lepidoptera
of Ceylon’ gives four forms of this species as separate
species; C. gnoma, Fabr., C. ilea, Fabr., C. chrysets, Drury,
as well as typical C. pyranthe. Manders notes that as far
as his observations go these four forms are not dependent
on season, but appear indiscriminately nearly throughout
the year, those flying in the dry season from February to
April being a little smaller than those found during the
rest of the year.” On the other hand he says, “True
C. pyranthe is not very common in Mussoorie in the rains;
the dry-season form, C. gnoma, Fabricius, even less so.
In the Dun both forms are common in their respective
seasons.” ¢
If then we are to trust the observations that have been
cited, we are led to the conclusion that in these Catopsilias,
viz., C. pomona and C. pyranthe, we have to deal with two
polymorphic species, each of which has no doubt several
geographical forms, and each of which shows, in most
localities, a special tendency to cleavage into two well-
contrasted types. These latter phases in each case are in
some parts of the range of the species dependent on
seasonal changes; in other parts, however, they show no
such connection.
We may now pass on to the consideration of similar
irregularities as shown in other groups.
3. IRREGULARITIES OF SEASONAL DIMORPHISM IN
VARIOUS GENERA.
It has been recorded by most of those who have ex-
perimented on the subject, that there are individual
differences in the reaction of members of the same brood
to what appear to be identical conditions of the environ-
ment. A conspicuous instance of this is the well-known
* Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., LXIV, 1895, ii, p. 490.
+ Ibid., LX VIII, 1899, ii, p. 211.
¢ Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., XI, 1898, p. 586.
Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 195
experience of Mr. Marshall, who in April 1898 bred a
specimen of Precis sesamus and another of P. octavia-nata-
lensis from two eggs, laid on the same day by the same
mother, and reared under precisely similar conditions.*
Dr. Butler has also put it on record that Captain Nurse
bred Teracolus yerburti, Swinh., and 7. nowna, Lue.,+ from
a batch of similar larvee, the perfect insects presumably
emerging at the same season. Many cases have been
observed where, although each of the two forms of a
species is on the whole confined to its own time of year,
there is yet a considerable amount of overlapping at
the change of seasons; this overlapping showing itself
both by the simultaneous occurrence of freshly-emerged
specimens of both phases, and also by the appearance of a
more or less complete series of “intermediates.” A good
instance of the simultaneous occurrence, in the field, of
different phases believed on strong grounds to be seasonal,
is afforded by the capture of all three forms (“ wet,’ “dry,”
and “intermediate ”’) of Precis sesamus by Mr. Crawshay at
Nairobi within little more than a week during the month
of April.t Many records of this kind are in existence ;
and are often, no doubt, to be ranked as examples of the
seasonal overlapping that has just been mentioned.
It is however evident that there are numerous cases of
simultaneous occurrence which cannot be brought under
this head. Besides the definite statements of de Nicéville
with regard to two species of Catopsilia, we have now a
considerable bulk of evidence, with regard to many species,
of the appearance side-by-side, at all times of year, of
forms closely analogous with what are now well established
as seasonal phases. Thus, again according to de Nicé-
ville, the ocellated and non-ocellated forms of Jlelanitis
leda, Linn., which he has shown to be related in India to
the wet and dry seasons respectively, both occur in North-
Kast Sumatra all the year round. In Java it has been
* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1898, vol. 11, p. 30.
+ More accurately, perhaps, 7’. evagore, Klug. T. nowna is the
dry-season phase of the African form 7’. daira, Klug. Capt. Nurse’s
larvee were found at Shaik Othman, and no doubt belonged to the
Arabian form, of which 7. yerburii, Swinh., is the wet, and 7.
evagore, Klug, the dry-season phase. This is pointed out by Butler
in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1897, vol. ii, p. 460. The original record
is in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1896, p. 247.
ft Proc. Zool. Soc., 1900, p. 916.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART II. (JUNE) 14
196 Dr. F. A. Dixey on
noted by Piepers * that the non-ocellated form, though on
the whole belonging chiefly to the dry season, is also to be
met with during the rains. It is true, as Piepers says, that
in Java, as in the Malayan Islands generally, the distinc-
tion between dry and wet season is not so sharp as on the
Indian mainland; so that a certain amount of inter-
mingling of the two forms might perhaps have been
antecedently expected. It does not appear, however, that
all dimorphic species are affected by these or the like
conditions in the same way. De Nicéville points out, in a
passage quoted by Trimen, that with this exception of
Melanitis leda there are no dry-season forms in North-east
Sumatra; and Doherty mentions analogous facts in refer-
ence to localities with a generally moist climate, like
Ceylon and Singapore, and also, mutatis mutandis, to dry
countries like Sind.+ The prevalence of wet-season
forms in the equatorial forest region of West Africa is
another phenomenon of the same kind. Instances such
as these show that a generally damp country may be
characterized by a greater abundance of “ wet-season ”
forms, and vice versd. But these cases of the prevalence
of “dry” or “ wet-season ” forms respectively, according to
the general climatic conditions of a given locality, are, as
we have just seen, accompanied by others which seem to
prove that in certain districts, especially perhaps dry ones,
the phases that are usually associated with the seasons
occur indiscriminately at all times of the year.
Many such instances are recapitulated by Butler in his
late revisions of the genera Zeracolus and Terias. Teracolus
eupompe, Klug, for example, has a wet, an intermediate
and a dry phase. “The two latter undoubtedly fly
together, and in Aden it is tolerably certain that all the
phases emerge at the same time as mere variations.” ¢
With regard to 7. halimede, Klug, Butler observes, “ 7.
acaste represents the wet-season phase, 7. halimede the
* “Die Farbenevolution bei den Pieriden,” Tijdschr. der Neder].
Dierk. Vereenig; (2) Deel V, 1898, pp. 179—185, ete. The value of
the theoretical considerations based by Piepers on the facts that he
has evidently observed with much care, appears to me to be greatly
diminished by his refusal to admit the influence of selective
adaptation, even as a provisional hypothesis.
t+ Pros. Ent. Soc. London, 1898, p. Ixviii. Compare Watson ;
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1894, vol. viii, p. 489, ete.
t Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1897, vol. ii, p. 497.
Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies, 197
intermediate, and 7’. celestis the dry-season plase of the
species; but they are none of them confined to seasons,
but occur (as is the case with other species in very arid
countries) as mere coexistent variations.” * Of 7. proto-
media, Klug, he remarks, “ At Aden all three [seasonal]
types occur together as mere variations.” + Other species
of Teracolus of which similar statements are made are 7’.
protractus, Butl., 7’. phisadia, Godt., T. puellaris, Butl., 7’.
vestalis, Butl, TZ. evagore, Klug, and 7. plecone, Klug.
With regard to Zerias Butler also notes that, “as in
Teracolus, those countries which have no wet season never-
theless produce the three phases of a species as coexistent
varieties.” {| There is reason to think that in the New
World, at any rate, there may occur a similar intermingling
of forms which is not confined to “countries having no wet
season.” Thus, Messrs. Godman and Salvin write as
follows: ‘“‘ Many of these forms [of 7'e7vas] are said to be
due to the season of the year at which they appear, wet-
season and dry-season broods having each their peculiar
characteristics. These observations have been made chiefly
in the east. In our country we have not noticed any
phenomenon of this kind.” § Mr. G. C. Champion again,
if my memory does not deceive me, in the discussion that
followed the exhibition of certain specimens of Callidryas
referred to by Mr. Trimen (Joc. cit.), many of which were
collected by himself, stated that according to his experience
of these butterflies, the varying forms of the same species
from the same locality had no definite relation to the
seasons. Colonel Swinhoe, besides recording the fact that
he has taken all the seasonal forms of certain eastern
Teracoli flying simultaneously at Karachi, has also averred
that he has captured Byblia simplex, Butl., the supposed
dry-season form in India of B. withyia, Drury, practically
all the year round. Some doubt has been thrown by de
Nicéville and by Marshall on the latter observation ; the
* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1897, vol. ii, p. 502. The dates of Col.
Yerbury’s captures at Aden clearly prove the simultaneous occurrence
of different “seasonal” forms, but they do not seem incompatible
with a certain amount of correspondence on the part of these phases
with the time of year, See, e.g., the dates given for Teracolus
celestis and T’. acaste ; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1884, pp. 489, 490.
y+ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1897, vol. ii, p. 507.
t Ibid., 1898, vol. i, p. 57.
§ Biologia Centrali-Americana, Rhopal. ii, p. 154.
198 Dr. F. A. Dixey on
former, however, says Butler, is a fact that can be proved
from the data on the Museum specimens.*
Statements of this kind, the list of which could be largely
extended, go far to show that the case of Catopsilia pomona
and C. crocale is by no means an isolated one, and that just
as there are regions in which more than one geographical
form of a widely- ranging species may be found flying
together,t so there are districts of a greater or smaller
extent where diverse forms of a species, confined for part of
its range to definite seasons, may all occur simultaneously.
No doubt the data are as yet insufficient for a complete
explanation of these phenomena. It seems, however, clear
that the forms or phases which are usually called “seasonal”
may occur under many diverse conditions and in man
different proportions. It appears further that they do
not fall into a regular system of succession, except in the
presence of recular alternations of season, and not always
then. I still venture to think that a probable view con-
cerning many of them is that briefly expressed by me
some years ago in “ Nature” (Vol. lx ; 1899, p. 98), viz.,
that polymorphism, however it may have arisen, 1S capable
of being brought more or less into relation with locality
and season under the influence of natural selection. On
the other hand, it is conceivable that in some cases at all
events the forms in question may have first arisen as
adaptations to the seasonal changes, and afterwards, in
consequence of extending their range, or of some other
alteration of conditions, may have partly or eutirely lost
* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1897, i1, p. 386 ; [bid., 1896, ii, p. 335. The
following instances may be added from specimens with data in the
Hope collection :—(1) Australian form of Verias hecabe, Linn. (T.
sulphurata, Butl.) ; the dry, wet, and intermediate seasomel forms, all
taken by Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., on June 19, 1890, at Port Darwin,
North Australia, (2) Teracolus phleqyas, Butl. (T. difficilis, E. M.
Sharpe) ; a wet-season male taken paired with a dry-season female,
both in good order, by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, May 3, 1899, at
Salisbury, Mashonaland. (3) Teracolus vestalis, Butl. ; the wet and
dry-season forms both taken at Karachi on May 10, 1888, by Mr.
W. D. Cumming. (4) Belenois severina, Cram. ; wet and dry-season
forms both taken on Feb. 18, 1897, at Karkloof, Natal ; a wet-season
male paired with a wet-season female, and another wet-season male
with a dry-season female on Feb. 24, 1897, at Malvern, Natal. All
these by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall.
} E.g. the various forms of L. chrysippus, Linn., which are all
found together at Aden. See Butler in Proe. Zool. Soc., 1884, pp.
478-481; and Col. Yerbury in Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1892,
p. 209.
Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 199
their correspondence therewith. These are questions that
must, I think, for the present remain unanswered ; though
whatever the solution may be, there seems no need to
anticipate that it will weaken the case for selective
adaptation,
4. EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS IN SEASONAL DI-
MORPHISM CONDUCTED BY Mr. G. A. K. MARSHALL,
F.Z.S., IN THE YEARS 1896—1901.
In the “Annals and Magazine of Natural History,”
1901, ii, p. 4038, Mr. Marshall writes as follows:—* Two
years ago I made a few experiments in applying moist
heat to the pupz of several species of TZeracolus. Un-
fortunately all my notes on the subject have been lost,
but, so far as I can recollect, the results were almost
entirely negative, which I then attributed to insufficient
heat. The resulting specimens were, however, sent to
the Oxford University Museum with full data.” There
are also in the Hope collection several other specimens,
collected by Mr. Marshall in 1896 and following years,
which are of considerable interest in their bearing on the
subject of Seasonal Dimorphism. By the kindness of the
Hope Professor, I am permitted to give Mr. Marsball’s own
comments on both series of specimens. These are contained
in private letters to Professor Poulton, and have not hitherto
been published. I propose to arrange the notes in chrono-
logical sequence ; but it will be seen that the experiments
fall into two main groups, which are more or less inter-
mingled in order of time. The first group of experi-
ments includes cases where one form of a species was
reared under normal conditions from eggs laid by another
form of the same species. In the second group of experi-
ments, the pups, or sometimes the larve in their later
stages as well as the pups, were subjected to artificial
conditions in order to see whether any effect could be
thereby produced on the following emergence. It is well
known that very striking results have been brought about
by artificial conditions of temperature in the case of
dimorphic butterflies in Europe and North America. The
names of Dorfmeister, W. H. Edwards, Weismann, Merri-
field and Standfuss, to say nothing of others, will occur to
every one as those of the authorities to whom we owe nearly
200 Dr. F. A. Dixey on
the whole of our knowledge in this particular. In view of
the great difference between the temperate and tropical
seasons, it was natural to suppose that the seasonal forms
of tropical butterflies would be found to stand in relation
to quite other meteorological conditions than those re-
sponded to by the Nearctic and Palearctic species which
had previously formed the subject of experiment. So far
as I am aware, the only factor found generally operative
in these latter cases is a raising or lowering of the
temperature; the direct effect of humidity has been tried,
but almost always with negative results. Mr. Marshall,
on the other hand, has successfully used heat in combi-
nation with both moisture and dryness, and has also
employed moisture unaccompanied by heat. By all these
means, as will be seen, he has secured results analogous
indeed with those of the European observers, but as a
rule far less complete. It is possible that there may still
be discovered some factor or combination of factors which
will produce, in dimorphic tropical species, equally strik-
ing results with those to which Merrifield and Standfuss
have now accustomed us. Most, however, of the species
so far investigated by Mr. Marshall have proved compara-
tively resistent to this kind of treatment, and he has no
instance of artificial modification which can be ranked
with the Araschnia levana of many experimenters, or the
Selenia tetralunaria of Mr. Merrifield.
Mr. Marshall’s initials are here appended to each separate
extract from his correspondence.
“ Estcourt, Natal ; Dec. 14, 1896.—I only succeeded in
getting three eggs of Zeracolus topha,* of which I send
you one of the resulting specimens, which is undoubtedly
T’. auxo, being of the early wet-season form with the upper
side black markings not yet fully developed. The eggs were
laid within five minutes of one another, and they hatched
simultaneously, but one larva pupated a day later than the
other two and emerged a day later. The first two examples
* The result of this experiment was communicated by Mr. Marshall
to the “ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” 1897, p. 52, and is
referred to by Mr. ‘l'rimen in his address above quoted (Proc. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1898, p. lxxii). It should be noted that the name
T’. topha, Wallgrn., which is now used by both Mr. Marshall and
Mr. Trimen to designate the dry-season form of 7. auxo, is con-
sidered by Dr. Butler to be applicable rather to an intermediate
form between 7. anxo and T. keiskamma, Trim., the latter being the
true dry-season phase. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1897, ii, p. 453.)
Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 201
(of which yours is one) are quite similar, but the third has
the black edging to the apical patch of the forewing a trifle
heavier, and also shows a trace of the black line along the
inner edge of the patch characteristic of the full summer
form. As the eggs were all laid by the same female, and
the larvee were reared under absolutely similar conditions,
it would seem at first sight that the heavier markings
could only be due to the longer larval stage, but this seems
highly improbable. I was astonished at the rapid develop-
ment of this species; egg-stage, three days; larval stage,
twelve to thirteen days; pupal stage, eight days. Total,
twenty-three to twenty-four days. From this I should
estimate that there must be from nine to ten broods in
the year.’—G. A. K. M.
The above-mentioned specimen, a male, is now in the
Hope collection, and entirely bears out Mr. Marshall’s
description. It is a well-marked, but not extreme example
of the “wet-season” form 7’. auxo, Luc. Mr. J. Mansel
Weale’s experience of the same species is well known ; *
and it may be noted that of five bred examples sent to the
Hope collection by Mr. Weale in 1878, there isa pair each
of the auzxo (wet) and topha (dry) form, together with a
single female of an intermediate phase. Mr. Marshall’s
experiment removes the subject of the specific identity of
these several forms from the region of probable conjecture
to that of proof.
«“ Estcourt, Dec. 14, 1896.—While staying with Mr. Burn,
at the junction of the Blaauwkraantz River with the Tugela,
I tried to see whether the black markings of the early wet
brood of Zeracolus annex could be intensified by damp
surroundings, so as to resemble those of the full wet form.
For this purpose I had a tin half filled with wet sand,
in which I stuck the pups on thin sticks, covering it
over with a cloth on which was a wet sponge. Into this
I put five freshly-turned pupz, of which I kept three in
for seven days and two for nine. Only one specimen
emerged out of each lot, and so far as I can see there
is absolutely nothing unusual about either of them.
Although the results of the experiment are negative, they
are interesting, in that they fend to show that cold moisture
cannot accentuate the black markings of the wet-season
form, and also that cooler surroundings (induced by evapor-
* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 2738. See also Mr. Barker’s
comments ; Ibid., 1895, p. 422.
202 Dr. F. A. Dixey on
ation) do not tend to cause a reversion to the dry-season
form. The first lot of Z. annxw I bred (under ordinary
conditions) were in pupa during fine warm weather, and
took nine days to emerge. Those placed in the damp tin
took in both cases twelve days. Three other pupe kept
under ordmary conditions were also twelve days in pupa,
the last six days being cold, wet weather; these however
were all of the full wet form, one female being even blacker
than usual. With this species I observed that the bred
specimens were nearly always more advanced in coloration
than freshly emerged captured specimens.” —G. A. K. M.
Hight of the specimens of 7. annx, Wallgrn. above
referred to, are now in the Hope collection. One of these
emerged on Noy. 17, 1896, after a pupal stage of twelve
days, during seven of which it was kept in the damp tin
jar, as above stated. It is an ordinary wet-season male,
not extreme in character. A well-marked wet-season
female, also in pupa twelve days, but under usual condi-
tions, emerged on Nov. 11. This may be the female
mentioned above. The only other bred specimen is a
well-marked wet-season male, decidedly darker than the
first. It emerged on Nov. 18, but there is no note as
to its duration in the pupal state. The remaining five
specimens were caught in the open. A female taken
on Nov. 6 is wet-season ; a pair on Noy. 12 are intermedi-
ate, as are two males taken on Nov. 14 and Nov. 16
respectively.
“ Estcourt, Dec. 14, 1896.—On my return here I attempted
a small test experiment as a converse of the former one,
viz., Submitting pupze to dry warm conditions. My modus
operandi was as tollows: ona tripod stand I placed a round
tin containing a little water; on the mouth of the tin was
a china saucer filled with dried sand, in which were placed
the pupze beneath an inverted glass, the water being
warmed by a spirit-lamp. Into this I put a suspended
larva of Byblia ilithyia, a papa seven days old, and another
two days old. I applied too much heat at first, keeping
the water at a boil, which killed the larva. I then turned
the lamp as low as possible, keeping the tin just hot
enough for the hand to bear. The older pupa emerged
in three days (normal pupal stage, thirteen to fifteen days)
and presents no marked peculiarity, as you may see, being
of the early wet-season form, which was the only form
occurring at that time in the natural state. The last
Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 203
pupa emerged after six days’ heating (eight days in pupa);
unfortunately it had a difficulty in emerging, and I arrived
too late to help it. But such as it is, it seems to me
a very interesting specimen, forit is clearly intermediate
in colouring, being therefore a step backwards towards the
dry form. Its intermediate character is shown on the
underside of hind wings, in the deeper ground-colour and
more accentuated white bands, and on the upper side by
the broad interruption about radial nervules of the sub-
marginal black line in forewings, a character which ,only
occurs in the dry or intermediate form of the female, and
never in the early wet form of that sex.’—G. A. K. M.
The two specimens here mentioned are both in the
Hope collection. The ditference between them is marked,
the one which emerged on Nov. 27, from the pupa which
was already seven days old before being exposed to dry
warmth, being a wet-season male of the ordinary kind;
while the other, which was only two days old when sub-
jected to the same dry warmth, emerging on Nov. 30, is
a crippled female, distinctly of the dry-season form, not
extreme, but quite unmistakable, and entirely differing from
specimens captured in the same locality at the same time
of year.
“ Malvern, Natal ; Feb. 21, 1897.—I have been trying to
find some reason to account for the occurrence of the marked
varieties of Biblia ilithyia. This again is a widespread
and common species, and comparatively conspicuous, so
that there must be some sort of protective agency at
work. I can only explain it by the fact that B. iithyia
strongly suggests an Acreva on the wing. Its general
coloration, somewhat elongated wings and flapping flight
(so different from that of its congeners), all tend to suggest
this. That the typical form does not actually resemble
any species of Acrva is of course plain, but I certainly
regard the variety achelova as a marked stage of incipient
mimicry. On the underside, the hindwing of this variety,
in its wet-season form, differs from that of the type in
having lost the whitish bands, which gives it a very marked
resemblance to Acrwa serena-buxtoni. Again, the loss of
the discal row of spots on the upper side of the hindwing
points the same way, and it is interesting to note that,
so far as my experience in South-east Africa goes, where
A. serena-buxtoni occurs, there acheloia prevails over
the typical form. Again, the chief difference between
204 Dr. F. A. Dixey on
the Central African sevena and its southern sub-species
is that in the former the black band near the apex of
the forewing is continuous, but broken in the latter.
If I remember right, there is a somewhat similar difference
between acheloia and its Central African form goetzius,
which, if correct, would further bear out my idea. Now
as to the winter form; the underside of this is of course
quite unlike that of any Acrawa, and I can only suppose
that it is a case of protective resemblance on the principle
of the zebra’s or tiger’s stripes, for the insect always
roosts on grass. It is interesting to note however that that
part is undergoing modification in the variety acheloia,
as the marginal white line in both wings has already done.
It would be interesting to know whether there is any
likeness between this species and the Indian Acrexas.”—
G. A. K. M.
As I have elsewhere stated, I consider that Byblia
gotzius, Herbst, which Mr. Marshall here speaks of as
BL. ilithyia var. acheloia, is entitled to distinct specific rank
beside B. withyia, Drury. Mr. Marshall's observation with
regard to the continuity of. the apical black band of the
forewing in the Central African form of B. gdtziws is borne
out on an examination of specimens in the Hope collec-
tion and the British Museum. It was remarked by me
some time since, in discussing the modifications of B.ilithyia
and its allies, that “the Socotran B. boydi resembles most
specimens of B. gétzius from the West African subregion
in having the dark costal bar of the forewing continued
rather heavily across the wing to join the submarginal
band. This is also more or less the case with two females
of B. gotzius from Abyssinia, and specimens of the same
from Somaliland and Aden in the British Museum; but in
examples from South and East Africa the connection be-
tween the costal and the submarginal dark bands is often
slight or absent.” * It is worth noting that the marginal
white line spoken of by Mr. Marshall, on the under-
side of both wings in the dry-season form of B. iithyia,
has disappeared from the dry-season B. gétzius, but persists
in B. boydi, of which only the dry-season form is at present
known. ‘This is another indication of the intermediate
position of the latter insect, which, though nearer to
B. gotzius, yet shows several points of resemblance to
Bb. ilithyia.
* Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, p. 378.
Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 205
On the whole Mr. Marshall’s view as to the incipient
mimicry of Acrea serena, Fabr., by B. gotzius seems a
very probable one. The underside of the wet-season
B. wlithyia perhaps recalls slightly that of the Indian Acrva
(Telchinia) viole, Fabr., but the likeness in this case is of
a remote kind.
« Malvern, Natal; May 14, 1897.—Ezxperiments on
submitting pupe to conditions of morsture or dry heat.
The apparatus used for dry-forcing was a covered tin (into
which was poured a little water) placed on a tripod over a
spirit-lamp. On the lid of the tin was placed some dried
sand, into which was stuck a stick bearing the pupze, which
were covered with an inverted glass. The ‘damp tin’
contained very damp sand, the pup being separated
from it by a grating of perforated zinc; and the mouth
of the tin was covered with a cloth, on which was placed a
wet sponge.
“ HXPERIMENT WITH Acrva cabira.
1897
March 26. Two larvee (a and 6) pupated this morning ;
I put them in the dry forcer in the evening.
28. A larvee (c) pupated, and was left in the
breeding-cage.
» ol. Two larve (d and e) pupated; d put in the
forcer, ¢ left in breeding-cage.
April 6. ¢ emerged, being a normal male.
8. eemerged, a normal female; d not yet
emerged, but still alive; @ and 0 probably
dead.
» 9. d evidently too weak to emerge, so I helped
it out, but it was only just alive, and
wings did not expand. Its colouring was
apparently normal. a and 0b never
emerged at all, but shrivelled up.
“ Result.—Acrva cabira apparently unable to exist in a
very dry, hot climate, as might be supposed from its dis-
tribution. It is noteworthy that two pupz of Zerias brigitta
emerged satisfactorily in forcer during the same period.
“EXPERIMENT WITH Pinacopteryx pigea.
preryx pry
1897
April 2. Seven larvee (@ to g) pupated.
206 Dr. F. A. Dixey on
1897
April 3. Put two pupze (a and 0) in dry forcer; two
more (ec and d@) in damp tin ; and left three
(e, f and g) in breeding-cage.
» 9. Took ¢ and d out of damp tin, as they
showed signs of emergence.
» 10. a,eand e emerged in the morning. a@ was
a female of the yellow form, showing an
approach to the dry-season form in a
slight reduction of all the black spots and
borders, especially the discal spot in fore-
wings; ¢ was a female of the white form,
and had all the black spots well marked ;
eé was a white female, intermediate in the
development of black markings between
a and ec.
Removed 0} from forcer to breeding-cage.
» ll. 0,d,fand g emerged. b was a white female
in which the black markings were not
quite so hght as those of a, but noticeably
lighter than those of ¢; d was a normal
wet-season male; / and g were yellow
females intermediate in markings between
the extreme forms a@ and ec.
“ Result.—The differences exhibited are slight, but so far
as they go they apparently tend to show that the effect
of dry heat is to reduce the black markings, and that of
cool moisture to enhance them. It is to be observed that
yellow and white forms of the female occur at both seasons,
the deeper yellow specimens are however more prevalent in
winter. Reliable seasonal distinctions are greater or less
development of the marginal black spots and discal spot
in forewing, combined with less or greater acuteness of
forewing.
“ EXPERIMENT WITH Crenis boisduvalii.
1897
April 9. Twenty-two larvee of C. boisduvalit pupated.
» 10. Put six pupze into dry forcer; six into damp
tin; and left the rest in breeding-cage.
14. Six pup in forcer emerged; there were
four male and two female, but two of the
former were deformed.
”)
Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 207
1897.
April 15. Three males and three females emerged in
damp tin; one male escaped and another
was deformed. Three males and six
females also emerged in breeding-cage.
“On comparing the three sets of specimens the differ-
ences were found to be remarkably slight, all the specimens
being of a more or less intermediate character between
the wet and dry season forms (as might be expected
during this month for those bred under normal conditions).
But such slight differences as do exist appear to be fairly
constant. In the females the black patches on the under-
side of the forewings are constantly best developed in
those from the damp tin and least in those from the forcer.
Those reared under normal conditions are much nearer the
former in this respect, being all rather lighter, except
examples which are hardly separable from those reared
under moist conditions. The differences in the hindwings
are too slight to be taken into account. In the males
those from the forcer show a slight difference from the
rest in having the black mark on the underside of
the forewing somewhat reduced, and a greater suffusion
of ochreous scales on the upper side of the hindwing. The
others are practically inseparable. The seasonal differences
in this species are very clearly defined as a rule.
“SECOND EXPERIMENT WITH Pinacopteryx pigea.
£397;
April 8. Six larvee pupated (a to /).
» 9. Two larve pupated (g and h). Put a, b and ¢
into dry forcer, and d and e into damp
tin.
» LO. Two larve (j and &) pupated. Put g into
damp tin.
, 15. Removed a@ and 6 from forcer to breeding-
cage ; ¢ was dead; cause unknown.
, 16. aand b emerged; both females.
, 17. f and h emerged in breeding-cage; both
females.
» » @ emerged in damp tin; female.
, 18. e emerged in damp tin ; female.
Sa ey | emerged i in breeding- -cage ; ; female.
yy Uae geand i emerged in damp tin and breeding-
cage respectively ; ; both males.
208 Dr. F. A. Dixey on
“No notes were kept of individual markings, but on
comparing the three sets it was noticeable, as in previous
experiments, that considering the disparity of conditions,
the markings showed wonderfully little difference. It is
however indisputable that, taking the specimens in con-
junction with those of the previous experiment, all those
subjected to dry heat had the black markings appreciably
less developed than those whose pupz were kept in a cool,
moist atmosphere. Those that were reared entirely in the
breeding-cage are mostly of an intermediate type of
colouring, though two are quite as bright as the heated
specimens, but none of them resemble those that were
kept damp.
“Tt is noteworthy that in Crenis boisduvalw the speci-
mens reared under normal conditions showed just the
opposite tendency.
“ Although the experiments are on far too small a scale
to prove anything one way or the other, yet to my mind
they appear to lend more support to the theory that the
heavier development of black markings in South African
butterflies during the summer is probably more dependent
on the prevalence of moisture than on the action of heat:
though the very small effects shown by these agents in the
above experiments suggest the supposition that the absence
or presence of black markings alone cannot be referred
entirely to climatic agency, as I had been previously
inclined to think, but have been developed by natural
selection, for some purpose not at present apparent, which
has worked on the slight tendency to variation caused by
climatic influence.”—G. A. K. M.
In 1896 Mr. Marshall had exposed some larvae of Acreva
anacreon to “dry-season” conditions just before pupation,
but they all died in consequence, as he believes, of over-
heating (Estcourt, Oct. 15, 1896). On Oct. 7, 1897, he
writes from Malvern: “The experiment in which I found
that the pup of Acrewa cabira were killed by dry heat
which did not affect Zerias brigitta, leads me to think
some of these highly-developed nauseous species may have
suffered in hardness of constitution, which would account
for their not spreading more widely than they do.”
Of the specimens referred to by “Mr. Meecha’ in the two
series of experiments on Pinacopteryx pigea, Boisd., a, ¢ and
e of the first series, and a, b, d,e,f and h of the second
series are in the Hope collection. The divergences noted
Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 209
as the result of the different treatment are more easily
visible in the first series than in the second.
The Hope collection also possesses seven specimens of
the above-mentioned series of Crenis boisduvalii, Wallgrn.
These are a pair of the “dry heat” emergence on April 14;
a pair of the “damp tin” emergence on April 15; anda
male and two females which emerged under normal con-
ditions, also on April 15. There is no doubt that the
“dry heat” female is considerably lighter on the upper
surface, and has the dark marks on the under surface of
the forewings less distinctly marked than any of the
others. The differences between the males are of the
same kind, but somewhat less apparent.
“ Aug. 29, 1899.—I am sending you by this maila small
lot of butterflies, including the bred P. seswmus and archesia,
and twenty-one bred specimens of Teracolus omphale and
T. achine, with their respective parents. .. . The Zeracoli
will be valuable as actually proving seasonal dimorphism
in these species. I must admit that I was much surprised
to find that the warm, damp atmosphere had no effect on
T. omphale (D1—4) whatever.* The apparatus I used was
a very deep circular tin (uncovered), which was partially
filled with water, in which was placed a stand ; to this
the pupz were pinned, they being about four inches above
the water. In the case of 7. omphale (D1—4) I kept the
spirit-lamp with only a tiny flame, so as to keep the water
just hot, and so that a faint warmth could always be felt
on placing the hand above the mouth of the containing tin.
On account of the negative results thus obtained, I came
to the conclusion that the heat applied was perhaps in-
sufficient. in all these cases. Unfortunately, I had not
enough material left to test this properly, but in the case
of 7. achine (Cr and C2) I kept the water at about
180° F., still keeping the tin uncovered, and, as you will
see, this has undoubtedly had a more decided effect, espe-
cially in the case of C2, which was put in before actual
pupation. I was, however, surprised that with Cr the
protectively coloured under side should have been affected,
rather than the black markings of the upper side. In
view of this result I think the previous experiments must
not be taken as conclusive. Among the Zeracoli there
* It appears to me to have had a slight effect, as ean be seen on
comparing D2, D3 and D4 with Ds, Dé and D7. See pp. 211-13.—
BA, 1D;
210
Dr. F. A. Dixey on
is a highly interesting female omphale (KE, No. 15).”—
Gea: KM,
The specimens of Zeracolus here spoken of were all ob-
tained at Salisbury, Mashonaland. They are as follows :—
1. Teracolus achine, Cram.
X. A “wet-season” female (Figs. 5, 5a). Captured
March 26, 1899. Laid one egg.
D.G
Offspring of X. From egg laid March 26; hatched
March 31; pupated April 23; kept under normal
conditions; emerged May 9. <A “dry-season ”
female, not extreme, corresponding to the form
described by Trimen (South African Butterflies,
vol. 11, 1899, p. 136) as 7’. antevippe, Boisd., &.
(Figs. 6, 6a.)
B. An “intermediate” female. Captured April 28,
1899 ; laid 15 eggs.
Br. Offspring of B. Egg laid April 23 ; hatched April
29; pupated June 12; kept under normal con-
ditions; emerged July 20. <A dry-season male,
corresponding to 7. untevippe, Boisd., as described
by Trimen, /oc. cit.
B2. Offspring of B. Egg laid April 23; hatched April
29; pupated June 15; kept under normal con-
ditions ; emerged July 22. A well-marked dry-
season male, the pink of the hindwing under side
more pronounced than in Br. The left hindwing
is not completely expanded.
C. An intermediate female, verging towards “ dry.”
Captured April 26, 1899; laid 17 eggs.
Cr. Offspring of C. Egg laid April 26; hatched May
3; exposed to damp heat from 10 p.m., June 22,
to 8 am., July 4. Emerged July 7. An inter-
mediate male, on the under side resembling the
wet-season form.
C2. Offspring of C. Egg laid April 26; hatched May 3;
C3.
exposed to damp heat from 10 p.m., June 22, to
8 am., July 4; pupated 8 am., June 23; emerged
July 8. An intermediate male, like C1, but some-
what more closely approaching the wet-season form
on the upper surface.
Offspring of C. Egg laid April 26; hatched May 3;
pupated June 22; kept under normal conditions ;
emerged July 29. A male, intermediate on the
Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 211
upper surface, but with the under side decidedly of
the dry-season type.
C4. Offspring of C. Egg laid April 26; hatched May 3;
pupated June 28; kept under normal conditions ;
emerged Aug. 3. A dry-season female.
. Leracolus omphale, Godt.
D. A wet-season female (Figs. 7, 7a). Captured April
26, 1899. On the same day laid 19 eggs, which
hatched on May 3. Seven of the resulting butter-
flies are in the Hope collection, as follows :—
Dr. Exposed to damp heat from 6 p.m., June 17, to
11 pm. June 25; pupated 11 pm. June 17;
emerged June 27. <A dry-season male, crippled.
D2. Pupated 2 p.m., June 17; damp heat 6 p.m., June
17, to 11 pm., June 25; emerged June 27. A
yellow dry-season female, imperfectly expanded.
D3. Damp heat 6 pm. June 17, till emergence;
pupated 8 p.m., June 17; emerged June 28. A
yellow dry-season female.
D4. Pupated 2 p.m., June 17; damp heat 6 p.m., June
17, to 11 p.m., June 25; emerged June 29. A dry-
season male, not extreme.
D5. Pupated June 10; normal conditions; emerged
July 12. A white dry-season female, more ad-
vanced than D2 and D3; as shown by the dimin-
ution of the dark markings on the upper surface,
and the disappearance of the transverse bar and
orange-shaded discoidal spot on the under side of
the hindwing, traces of these being visible in both
the females D2 and D3, which had been exposed
as pupz to damp heat.
D6. Pupated June 10; normal conditions; emerged
July 14 (Figs. 8, 8a). A white dry-season female,
still more advanced than D5.
D7. Pupated June 16; normal conditions; emerged
July 17. A dry-season male, more advanced than
D4.
E. A yellowish wet-season female. Captured April 30,
1899. Laid 15 eggs the same day. Offspring :—
Eri. Hatched May 8; pupated June 28; normal con-
ditions; emerged July 25. A white dry-season
female, with dark markings on disc of forewing
greatly reduced, and with a yellowish shade re-
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART II. (JUNE) 15
212 Dr. F. A. Dixey on
placing the orange in the centres of the apical
interspaces. This is the specimen referred to by
Mr. Marshall as E, No. 15 (p. 210).
E2 and 3. Hatched May 8; pupated June 28; normal
conditions ; emerged July 26. Two dry-season
males.
F. A wet-season female. Captured May 3, 1899. Laid
2 eggs, which hatched on May 9. Offspring :—
Fr. Pupated June 27; normal conditions; emerged
July 26. A dry-season male.
F2, Pupated June 28; normal conditions; emerged
July 26. A yellow dry-season female, not extreme.
G. A wet-season female. Captured May 10,1899. Laid
10 eggs. Offspring :—
Gi. Hatched May 18; reared under normal conditions ;
emerged July 31. A white dry-season female, not
extreme.
G2. Hatched May 18; normal conditions; emerged
BAT O side? pele dry-season male.
Tn all the above cases, the “ dry-season” offspring of the
parent Zeracolus omphale corresponds generally with the
form described by Mr, Trimen (South African Butterflies,
vol. 111, 1889, p. 145) as 7’. theogone, Boisd. The specific
identity of these two forms had long been suspected, and
by the above series of specimens is placed absolutely
beyond doubt.
In 1898 Mr. Marshall sent home a collection of butter-
flies from Salisbury, Mashonaland, which was described by
Dr. Butler in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, pp. 902-912. In an
accompanying letter to Dr. Butler he says: “I am some-
what in doubt as to the Zeracolt I have sent you labelled
pallene, for they are practically indistinguishable from the
extreme dry form of omphale; yet the wet form is cer-
tainly not omphale, which I do not remember ever to have
seen here, but seems referable to pallene.” Dr. Butler (doe.
cit., p. 911) “has not the least doubt that these examples
are ordinary 7. omphale.” An examination of similar
specimens sent to the Hope collection by Mr. Marshall as
7’. pallene, led me independently to the same conclusion as
Dr. Butler; and it is worthy of notice that while several
of the bred examples just described are not separable from
Mr. Marshall’s specimens of 7. pa//ene, the four parents,
all of which were captured at Salisbury, are identified by
Mr. Marshall himself as 7”. omphale. The inference seems
Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 213
clear that there is no reason for considering Mr. Marshall’s
“T. pallene” from Mashonaland as specifically different
from 7’. omphale.
It will be seen from the above descriptions that the
damp heat to which many of the specimens of 7. omphale
were exposed was not entirely without effect; though the
changes in the direction of the wet-season form are no
doubt less marked than those produced in the case of 7.
achine, where the heat employed was greater.
3. Teracolus phlegyas, Butl.* (7. difficilis, E. M. Sharpe).
One specimen: Salisbury, Mashonaland. Larva sus-
pended June 6, 1898; placed in damp forcer June 7;
pupated same day; removed June 30; emerged June 31.
An intermediate female, on the whole nearer to the dry
than to the wet-season form. The dark markings on the
upper surface of the forewings, including the discoidal
spot, are, however, somewhat strongly developed for a dry-
season form ; and there is a well-defined grey basal patch,
but no dark inner-marginal bar. Beneath, the hindwings
have lost the definite spots of the wet-season phase, but
have not assumed the dry-season colouring in its full
development.
This completes the list of specimens of Z'eracolus men-
tioned by Mr. Marshall in his letters. The succeeding ex-
tracts bear reference to the African forms of the genus
Byblia, Hiibn.
“ April 25, 1899.—I have a few authentic eggs of Byblia
ithyrva and acheloia, which may perhaps decide the justice
of Dixey’s contention as to the specific validity of the
latter.
“ April 19, 1901.—I hope to be able to get some definite
evidence as to Byblia, as I have now five pup and three
larvee bred from authenticated eggs of ilithyia, and one
pupa and six larve from those of vulgaris, t.e. the wet-
season form of B. acheloia (= B. gotzius). The resulting
butterflies will also prove the seasonal variation in the
two forms. So far as my present material goes, I find
that there is a very slight colour-distinction between the
two larvee in the last stage only.
“Sept. 27, 1901.—The specimens resulting from my
damp experiments, together with those already sent, might
* This, though belonging to an earlier series of experiments, is
inserted here for convenience
214 Dr. F. A. Dixey on
form the nucleus of a most interesting and instructive
series to show the experimental evidence as to the proxi-
mate causes of seasonal dimorphism..... You will
find some of the specimens from my Ayblia experiments.
The few that emerged all bred true to their parents, but
the principal evidence consists in a slight, though constant,
colour-distinction which I found in the larve of the two
insects, thus proving them to be distinct species.”—
Ga KM,
It is satisfactory to me to find that in consequence of
his latest experiments, Mr. Marshall now holds the view
as to the specific distinction between the two continental
forms of Byblia which I felt justified in putting forward in
1898.* The specimens recently forwarded by him to the
Hope collection from Salisbury, Mashonaland, are as
follows :—
A. B. ilithyia, Drury. A worn wet-season female.
Captured March 17, 1901. Laid 3 eggs. Off-
spring :—
At. Hatched March 21; pupated April 11; emerged
April 28. A wet-season female.
Az. Hatched March 21; pupated April 11; emerged
April 29. An intermediate male.
B. B. alithyia, Drury. A worn wet-season female (Fig.
1). Captured March 17,1901. Laid 5 eggs. Off-
spring :—
Br. Egg laid March 24; hatched March 28; pupated
April 11; emerged April 29. An intermediate
male,
Bz. Egg laid March 24; hatched March 28 ; pupated
April 11; emerged April 30. An intermediate
female (Fig. 2).
B3. Ege laid March 24; hatched March 28; pupated
April 11; emerged May 1. An intermediate
male.
C. B. gétvius, Herbst. A worn wet-season female, of
the form vulgaris, Staud. (Fig. 3). Captured March
24,1901. Laid 6 eggs. Offspring :—
Cr. Egg, March 24; hatched March 28 ; pupated April
* Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, p. 376. The current number (Feb. 1902)
of the “Entomologist’s Mouthly Magazine” contains the first instal-
ment of a paper by Mr. Marshall in which he gives a detailed account
of his experiments in the breeding of Byblia ilithyia and B. gétzius,
with descriptions of larve and pupe.
Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 215
22; emerged May 8. A dry-season male, of the
form acheloia, Wallgrn. (Fig. 4).
C2. Egg, March 24; hatched March 28; pupated April
24; emerged May 13. A dry-season male, like
Ci
KE. B. ilithyia, Drury. A wet-season female. Captured
March 24,1901. Laid 2 eggs. Offspring :—
Ei. Egg, March 24; hatched March 28; pupated April
27; emerged May 19. An intermediate male.
These specimens supply complete proof, if proof were
wanted, of the specific identity of B. vulgaris, Staud. with
B. acheloia, Wallgrn., and also of &. alithyia, Drury, with
the African form corresponding to B. simplex, Butl., of
India. It is to be noted that none of the bred B. tithyia
are of the full dry-season form. One or two of them, how-
ever, approach it so closely as to leave no manner of doubt
that later in the year the typical “dry-season ” colouring
would be developed.
The following specimens of TZerias sent home by Mr.
Marshall are also worthy of note :—
Terias brigitta, Cram.
A. Malvern, Natal. -Pupa in dry heat 6 days; emerged
April 4, 1897. A wet-season male.
This is no doubt one of the two 7. brigitta mentioned
above (p. 205) as having withstood an amount of heat
which proved fatal to Acreva cabira.
B. Malvern, Natal. Pupa under normal conditions ;
emerged April 9, 1897. A wet-season female.
Terias senegalensis, Boisd.
A. Salisbury, Mashonaland. Captured April 7, 1901.
(Figs. 9, 9a.) Laid 3 eggs. A wet-season female
of 7’. senegalensis, Boisd. Offspring :—
At. Egg laid April 7; hatched April 11; emerged June
10. (Figs. 10, 10a.) A dry-season male, of the
form 7. ethiopica, Trimen.
These two specimens are of great interest, as showing
that a 7. hapale-like form (7. xthiopica) may be bred from
a T. hecabe-like parent (7. senegalensis) ; and as thus tend-
ing in some respects to confirm Mr. Marshall’s view
expressed to Dr. Butler in 1898 as follows :—
“ You will notice among the Terias that I have pointed
216 Dr. F. A. Dixey on
out that 7. xihiopica and butleri of Trimen are respectively
dry and wet forms of the same species, and thus, taking the
synonymy given in your revision, hapale must fall as a
seasonal form of senegalensis. I have not actually proved
the case by breeding, but I°think you can take my obser-
vations on trust now.’* I may mention that I had some
time ago come independently to the conclusion that the
T. hapale forms could not be specifically separated from
the 7. senegalensis assemblage, and had arranged the
examples in the Hope collection in accordance with that
view. But I do not think that even now the seasonal
relations of these forms are quite clear.
In addition to the series just described, Mr. Marshall has
also presented to the Hope collection the greater number
of the specimens resulting from the experiments recorded
by him in the “ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,”
1901, vol. 1, p. 898. They exemplify the very slight effect
produced on the early dry-season broods by subjecting the
larve and pup to conditions of moisture without heat.
In Mr. Marshali’s opinion, the amount of occasional inclin-
ation towards the wet-season form shown in this series is
no more than might have been met with in examples of
similar dates caught in the open. ‘These specimens need
no further notice here, having been fully dealt with by Mr.
Marshall in his paper above referred to.
5. SUMMARY.
The main points of the present paper may be sum-
marized as follows :—
1. Catopsilia pomona, Fabr. (including C. catilla, Cram.),
and C. crocale, Cram. are phases of a single species. In at
least one part of its range, these phases appear to be in
relation with the seasons ; in other parts there seems to be
no such connection.
2. In like manner Catopsilia pyranthe, Linn. is conspeci-
fic with C. gnoma, Fabr. Here the association of each
form with its own season is better recognized, but there is
reason to think that even in this case the relation by no
means obtains universally.
3. There are many other instances on record of the
simultaneous occurrence in a given locality of forms of a
* Proce, Zool. Soc,, 1898, p. 909.
Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 217
species which are either known to be characteristic of the
seasons in other parts of the range of the species, or which
at least are analogous with proved cases of seasonal
dimorphism.
4, Some of these cases of simultaneous occurrence are
undoubtedly due to an overlapping at the change of
seasons. In other instances the intermingling of the
different forms takes place indifferently all the year round.
This is perhaps more especially apt to occur in regions
where the climate does not show very well-marked
alternations between wet and dry.
5. Mr, Marshall has proved the specific identity of the
following pairs of forms by actually breeding one from the
other :—(a) Teracolus topha, Wallgr., and 7’. auxo, Lue. ;
(6) Teracolus achine, Cram., and 7’. antevippe, Boisd. ; (c)
Teracolus omphale, Godt., and 7’. theogone, Boisd. ; (d) Terias
senegalensis, Boisd., and 7. xthiopica, Trim. ; ‘(e) Byblia
gotzius, Herbst (vulgaris, Staud.), and B. acheloia, Wallgrn. ;
(f) Byblia ilithyia, Drury, and the African form ot B.
simplex, Butl. In each of these cases it was already
known that the different forms were respectively associ-
ated with ditferent seasons, but the actual proof of specific
identity afforded by “breeding through” had hitherto
been wanting.
6. The final stage can in many cases be influenced by
the artificial application of heat or moisture during the
pupal condition. Thus, Mr. Marshall has found that dry
warmth may cause the early wet-season form of Byblia
uithyia to approach the dry-season type of coloration ;
while the intermediate or early dry-season forms of
Pinacopteryx pigea and Crenis boisduvali were slightly
affected in the same direction. Warmth in conjunction
with moisture produced in early dry-season forms a
tendency to revert to the garb of the rains. ‘This was well
seen in Teracolus achine, and to a less extent in 7. phlegyas
and 7’. omphale. On the other hand, neither the early
wet-season form of 7’. annx (1896), nor the early dry-season
forms of several other species (1901) seem to have been
affected by the application of moisture without the addition
of heat, though a tendency towards the wet-season form
made itself apparent under these conditions in Pinacopteryx
pigew and, to a slighter extent, in Crenis boisduvalr.
7. Mr. Marshall has now detected constant differences in
the respective larvee and pup, which prove that Byblia
.
218 Dr. F. A. Dixey on Seasonal Dimorphism, ete.
gotzius (including B. vulgaris) is specifically distinct from
B. ilithyia.
In conclusion, I wish to thank the authorities of the
British Museum of Natural History, particularly Dr.
Butler and Mr. Heron, for help that has always been
courteously and readily given. My obligations to Professor
Poulton are still more weighty; I owe to him the enjoy-
ment of complete facilities for work in the Hope Depart-
ment at Oxford, the loan of Mr. Marshall’s letters, and the
photographs of specimens that illustrate this paper. With
regard to Mr. Marshall himself, I should wish to place on
record my sense of the high value of his work as collector,
experimenter and observer. He has had good opportunities,
which he has known how to use in a thoroughly scientific
manner. Moreover, what he has already achieved justifies
us in looking for still greater results from his persevering
labours.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LV.
Fig. 1 (underside). Byblia ilithyia, Drury. A wet-season female.
2 (underside). Offspring of the above. An intermediate female,
approaching the ‘‘dry ” form which corresponds to the Indian
B. simplex, Butl.
3 (underside). Byblia gitzius, Herbst. A wet-season female, of
the form vulgaris, Staud.
4 (underside). Offspring of the above. A dry-season male, of the
form acheloia, Wallgrn.
(See pages 214, 215.)
5, 5a (underside). Teracolus achine, Cram. A wet-season female.
6, 6a (underside). Offspring of the above. A dry-season female
of the form described by Trimen as antevippe, Boisd.
7, 7a (underside). Teracolus omphale, Godt. A wet-season female.
8, 8a (underside). Offspring of the above. A dry-season female,
of the form described by Trimen as theogone, Boisd.
(See pages 210-211.)
9, 9« (underside). Terias senegalensis, Boisd. A wet-season female.
10, 10a (underside). Offspring of the above, A dry-season male,
of the form a&thiopica, Trimen.
(See page 215.)
In the actual specimens, owing to the presence of colour, the difference
between the wet- and dry-season forms of the same species is more striking
than appears in the Plate.
€ 21)
XII. On theeconomic importance of the parasites of Coccide.
By Atice L. EmMBueton, B.Sc., 1851 Exhibition
Science Research Scholar. Communicated by Dr.
Davip SHARP, M.A., F.B.S., ete.
[Read April 16th, 1902.]
Or the numerous families of insects which possess great
economic importance, it is generally admitted that there
are none more deserving of attention than the Coccide
insects popularly known as “mealy bugs,” “scales,” and
“bark lice.” The enormous damage they do to plants of
various kinds in all climates is effected by means of the long
thread-like proboscis which is buried deeply in the hosts
tissue, and through which the sap is sucked.* They are
excessively prolific, and their insignificant size, too, enables
them only too easily to escape detection, the result being
that many of them are becoming almost universally dis-
tributed. Add to this the fact that they are notoriously
difficult to kill, and it is then easily comprehended that
they are amongst the worst insect-pests the horticulturist
has to reckon with. Not only are there immense numbers
of individuals in a species, but also there are a great many
species—the number already known has recently been
computed at over a thousand.+
In spite of their undeniable importance as pests of a well-
nigh ubiquitous character, they have received compara-
tively slight attention, with the result that the study of
these creatures is but little advanced, being far in arrear of
the state of knowledge in several other departments of
Entomology. In this country in particular, the study of
Coccid# has been carried on by one or two naturalists ; in
America, especially during recent years, considerable inter-
est has been taken in them and their economic aspects,
for in that country it has been necessary to combat the
* Kocus [Jahrb. Hamb. Anst., xvii, 1900, Beiheft iii.] has recently
studied the subject of the penetration of this proboscis into the plant
tissues, and the effect its presence has on the host.
+ “A check-list of the Ooccidx.” T. D. A. Cockrretn, Bull.
Illinois Lab., iv, pp. 318-339.
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART Il. (JUNE)
220 Miss A. L. Embleton on the
very serious ravages of a variety of scales including the
“pernicious,” or San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus).
The history of the work done in this subject was sum-
marized last year by Mr. R. Newstead,* and, in speak-
ing of the contributions which have come from this
country, he says: “ Up to the year 1887 the English works
were fragmentary and most inaccurate, but at that time
Mr. J. W. Douglas began a series of articles on British and
Foreign Coce idev,i in the “Kntomologist’s Monthly Magazine,”
which he continued till the year 1894, when he then com-
pleted his twenty-seventh article. Needless to add, these
were very thorough, and contain a vast amount of valuable
information to the student of the British Coccidex.” In 1891
Mr. Newstead began to publish his own work on the sub-
ject, and he has continued to do so up to the present time,
the first volume of his monograph on British Coccidx
having only just been issued.
Although many of the species of Coccide have now
been described and figured, our knowledge at present of
the life-histories, parasites and all their varied biological
aspects and relations is very limited; unfortunately, too,
the knowledge that does exist is scattered and disconnected,
so that it is of little help to the horticulturist, to whom
the chief consideration is how to control these pests. For
success in this matter it is of the first importance that the
life-histories of the creatures should be thoroughly well
known, and that the modes by which they are kept in
check in a state of nature should be ascertained.
The insect enemies of scales are usually called “para-
sites”; but the term is ambiguous, for there are two
distinct kinds: (i.) The predaceous enemies which roam
about freely and devour the scales, and which it would be
well to speak of as “ predators” ; (i1.) the true parasites,
the best known of which are small Hymenopterous flies,
whose growth and development take place inside the
Coceidzx. In this way the pests may be actually exter-
minated, while at the same time there is little or no
external ‘evidence of what is occurring. The term
‘ parasite” should be restricted to these internal
destroyers.
The predaceous enemies of Coccid# have received more
attention than their internal parasites, and they have been
* “On the progress in the study of Coccide,” Ent. Rec., xiii, 1901,
pp. 57-59.
Economic Importance of the Parasites of Coccide. 221
shown to be of enormous value, though their action is to
some extent uncertain. But the internal parasites are less
known, and, in fact, have been too much neglected, though
a considerable amount of work has been done on them in
recent years by Dr. L. O. Howard, Mr. Hubbard, and other
able American Economic Entomologists. Mr. W. H.
Ashmead has also published some valuable work on these
parasites, including the “Classification of the old family
Chalcididx,” * and a paper “ On the genera of the Chalcid
flies belonging to the sub-family Hucyrtine.’ + In the
latter work he gives the host, or hosts, of each species,
which much enhances the importance and value of the
paper.
A very interesting characteristic of some of these para-
sites is that they will attack more than one species of scale,
which makes them especially valuable from the economic
point of view. Information as to this may be found in
Mr. Ashmead’s second paper referred to above, but experi-
ments are urgently needed to ascertain what parasites are
likely to be most valuable on this account. Among those
that attack more than one host, Ashmead mentions
Encyrtus infidus Rossi, Aphycus lecanit Howard, Blasto-
thrix sericea Dalman, JMicroterys chalcostomus Dalman,
M. fuscipennis Dalman, J. flavus Howard, J. sylvius
Dalman, Arrhenophagus chionaspidis, and Signiphora
Jflavopalliata Ashmead, giving the hosts of each.
A case of considerable interest has lately been recorded
by the Economic Entomologists, Koningsberger and Zim-
merman, in their work on the enemies of coffee-culture in
Java; they found that Lecaniwm viride, a highly injurious
scale, is kept in check by the Hymenopterous parasite,
Encyrtus bogoriensis. It is worthy of remark that this im-
portant and interesting relation has only been discovered
within the last few years, and we may confidently antici-
pate that other parallel cases will soon be added to those
already brought to light.
The fact that comparatively little is known about these
parasites is scarcely a matter for surprise, for it must be
remembered that the existence of these enemies is only
obvious to the trained observer. A colony of scales may
be thoroughly parasitized so that every individual is
doomed, and yet to the unskilled eye there exists no
* P. Ent. Soc., Washington, iv, 3, pp. 242-249.
+ P. U.S, Nat. Mus., xxii, pp. 323-412,
229, Miss A. L. Embleton on the
evidence that such is the case. This ignorance is often
responsible for much harm that is done in the way of apply-
ing so-called remedies to exterminate the scale or mealy-
bug ; for, when the creature is already destroyed by the
parasite, it is not only superfluous but highly injurious to
apply insecticides or similar remedies, for these are then
really destroying the beneficial insects which keep the
scale in check.
Attention has lately been called to this important point *
in the report of a discussion on the subject in America.
Mr. Johnson “said that he had bred Aphelinus fuscipennis
in great abundance from the San José scale this autumn,
He is inclined to think that this parasite has become so
abundant that it will be necessary to alter remedial mea-
sures against the scale. Instead of cutting down and burn-
ing at once, he will recommend girdling the trees and
killing them, and then leaving them until all parasites
have had a chance to escape before they are burned. He
stated that he even doubts the wisdom of winter spraying,
although he is not certain as to the stage in which the
parasite hibernates.’ This discussion finally took the form
of considering in what state these parasites of scales
hibernate.
My own observations induce me to emphasize the im-
portance of the remarks quoted above. As regards hiberna-
tion I can say that the parasite of Lecaniwm hemisphericum
var. filicum passes the winter in quite a variety of stages.
Specimens of the perfect insect were observed in the act of
emerging early last autumn, and they have continued to
do so “during the winter, except that emergence was inter-
rupted by the very cold weather. During the winter I have
examined and mounted a large number of the Lecaniwm
and its parasite, and I have found all stages of the latter
from half-grown larvee to pupz as well as adults ready for
emergence, and waiting apparently only for a favourable
moment, All the specimens that emerged in the autumn
and winter were females, but in the last few days (March)
the other sex has begun to appear. This Lecaniwm I have
studied chiefly on ferns, but it occurs on other plants. King +
says of this species: “ Lecaniwm hemisphericum Targioni
Tozzetti, 1869. This is one of the commonest of scale insects
found in greenhouses and on potted plants in dwelling-
* P, Ent. Soc., Washington, iv, part 4, July 1901, p. 418.
+ “Greenhouse Co ecide.” “Ent. News, Philad., xii, p. 311.
Economic Importance of the Parasites of Coccide. 223
houses, especially on ferns ; in the department greenhouses
at Washington, D.C., it is found on the orange, Drisipyrus,
Chrysophyllus, sago-palm, and Croton variegaius; on
Nephrolepis exultatus and on Cycas in the College green-
house at Colorado; on the house-fern and potted plants in
New Mexico; on Cycas revoluta at Ames, Iowa; on two
species of ferns at Warehouse Point, Conn. ; on the sword-
fern Pteris, sp., at Lawrence, Kansas; on ferns, palms,
orange and oleander in Georgia; on Avecha catecha grown
in pots in Jamaica; on Cycas revoluta, orange, oleander at
Lawrence, Mass. ; and on the fern M ephrolepis tuberosa at
Cambridge, Mass. A common greenhouse pest in Europe,
according to Signoret. It is found living out of doors in
Europe and America.” No mention, however, is made of
any parasite. 4
This scale I find is parasitized to an enormous extent by
a small Chalcid, viz. Comys infelix, n. sp.* On many of
the same plants I also found another scale, Chionaspis
aspidistrex, in great profusion, and I ascertained that it was
parasitized by a very much smaller Chalcid, which may be
Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, Howard, or more probably a
form allied thereto. This insect has not, so far, been
recorded in Britain, though it is possible it is in Walker’s
list under some name that has been unknown to the
American Entomologists, who have done almost all the
recent work on this subject. This is one of the smallest of
insects, being scarcely visible to the naked eye (35 m.m.),
but its power of destroying the scale is enormous. On
examining some of the badly infested plants I have noticed
that scarcely any of the Coccidx have escaped destruction
by the Chalcid. Though the scales look perfectly natural,
a minute round hole in each individual may be detected
on close inspection. And yet the work of this microscopic
* This insect has been submitted to Dr. Howard, Mr. Cameron and
Mr. Newstead, neither of whom is acquainted with it. It is closely
allied to Comys albitarsis Zett., and ©. bicolor Howard. The
following diagnosis will be sufficient till I give a fuller description in
the paper I am preparing on its life- -history and structure.
Comys infelix, n. sp., Encyrtinarum, @ variegata, capite thorace-
que fusco- -aurantiacis, scutello nigro-hirto, abdomine nigro-subvio-
laceo ; pedorum coxis omnibus femoribusque anterioribus et inter-
mediis albidis, femoribus versus apicem tibiisque fusco-flavis, his
apicem versus laete flavis; tibiis posterioribus nigris ; tarsis posteriori-
bus albidis, basi apiceque nigro-maculatis ; antennis seapo flavo, fla-
gello nigro, flavo- maculato : ; alis anterioribus late nigro- -signatis.
Long. corp. 2 m.m., expans, alarum 33 m.m.
224, Miss A. L. Embleton on the
creature passes unobserved as the scales continue to adhere
to the plant, and show to the uuaided eye nothing to
indicate that they are really exterminated. The question
as to the distinguishing marks by which one may recognize
scales that are parasitized is one of great interest, bearing
as it does on the practical operations for controlling the
diffusion of Coccide.
Returning to Comys infelix, the parasite of Lecaniwm
hemisphericum. During the latter stages of the develop-
ment of the fly within the scale, it becomes evident from
the outside which scales are parasitized and which have
escaped attack. At first there is little or no difference in
the scales; then it is noticed that those containing the
larval fly look rather whitish and swollen. Later on as
the pupa inside develops and becomes black, the scale can
be seen to be swollen and black. In the fully-grown con-
dition it is very evident when the fly is present, for the
scale looks black instead of brown, due doubtless to the
black pupa inside. The scale is more narrow and
arched than in the normal condition. In the earlier stages
it needs more experience before deciding which scales con-
tain the parasites ; those sheltering the large white larva
look rather more pale and swollen than the others. In the
very earliest stages it is almost impossible to detect the
presence of the parasite by a superficial examination, but
the larva, if present, is found on opening the scale. The
mature forms of the scale usually exist on the same plant
with the immature stages, and if these are seen to contain
the parasite then it is fairly safe to deduce that the others
are also attacked. Taking the average from a great many
plants that I have examined, I find the proportion of scales
destroyed by the parasite to be very high indeed, for
usually almost every scale is kilied. My experience is, of
course, limited, and is relatively unimportant, for in order
to make a reliable statement regarding the proportion of
Coccide destroyed, many months would have to be devoted
to collecting evidence and compiling statistics on this point,
and my work has been mainly on other aspects of the sub-
ject. But as far as I can judge from the facts that have
come under my immediate observation, I am led to rate
very highly the value of these parasitic Zymenoptera as
destroyers of Coccid pests. In the case of Lecaniwm
hemisphericum, King’s statement that it is one of the
commonest pests i greenhouses, applies to the neighbour-
Heonomie Importance of the Parasites of Coccidw. 225
hood of Cambridge as well as to the United States, and in
the locality I refer to the pest is satisfactorily controlled by
the parasite. If the parasite is not found in other localities
where the scale is injurious it should be introduced there.
Considerable difficulty has been experienced in the attempts
to distribute the predaceous enemies, but in the case of the
internal parasites, the task is much simpler, and success
will be easier to attain, for it is only necessary to transmit
a small plant bearing a few parasitized Coccide. From my
work on this species of parasite Iam led to believe that
the Hncyrtine are remarkably tenacious of life in their
early stages.
Judging, therefore, from my own observations on the
subject, supported as they are by Mr. Johnson’s remarks
quoted above, it is clear that, from the point of view of the
cultivator, it is of the utmost importance that, previous to
any attempt to destroy the Coccidx, it should be ascer-
tained whether internal parasites are present or not. If
they are found in large porportion, then the application of
a remedy should be abandoned. If they are present in a
smaller proportion then time should be allowed before any
insecticide be used, so that the parasites may emerge from
all those individuals containing them, so as to allow the
beneficial creature to be perpetuated and increased. After
the emergence of the flies, then the Coccidw, if any such
there be, may be killed by using those insecticides which
are especially adapted to the particular case.
An impression still seems to prevail in this country that
the parasites of scales are of little importance from an
economic point of view. Mr. F. V. Theobald,* in a report
just issued, recommends the importation of Coccinellid
predators to destroy scale, and then remarks: “A few
minute Jchneumonide also feed on certain species of scales,
but unfortunately our worst pests seem immune against
them.” By the term “Jchnewmonide,” doubtless Mr. Theo-
bald is here referring to the Chalcididex. It would be inter-
esting to learn what efforts have been made in this country
to ascertain how far “ our worst pests seem immune against ”
Hymenopterous parasites. If the natural parasites have
been found and their presence established, then experiments
and trials ought to be carried on and the results published,
and then one can judge more accurately as to the general
question of economic importance of the Coccid parasites.
* Rep. South-Eastern Agric. Coll., Wye ; March 1902.
226 Miss A. L. Embleton on the
Abroad, however, and particularly in the United States,
this problem of the natural enemies of insect-pests is
receiving attention and careful study. In a paper* just
come to hand, Mr. H. Maxwell-Lefroy remarks that, beyond
useful birds and other animals, “there are the hosts of pre-
daceous and parasitic insects of whose work it is difficult to
form any conception. Little can be done to encourage
these beyond taking reasonable precautions that our pre-
ventive or remedial measures do not destroy them, and
spreading such a knowledge of them as will prevent their
destruction through ignorance as pests.”
It is very satisfactory to find from such notes as this and
that of Mr. Johnson, that Economic Entomologists are recog-
nizing that their operations must not be confined to mere
destruction ; and that to be of permanent value they must
be based on a reliable knowledge of the natural history of
the pests.
In connection with this it may be remarked that a
knowledge of the natural modes of dissemination of both
the pests and their parasites is essential in the work which
is carried on in various parts of the world to prevent the
introduction of pests, and often spoken of as quarantine.
These regulations exist in Austria-Hungary, Belgium,
France, Germany, Canada, British Columbia, Cape of Good
Hope and elsewhere, though not in Britain.
It is indeed difficult to understand how insects that are
not only apterous but which have, in many cases, even lost
their legs, become so widely distributed, or even how they
succeed in spreading from tree to tree. All Coccide, how-
ever, have the power of walking when newly hatched. I
have watched theactive young ofseveral species—Lecanium,
various spp., and Pulvinaria camellicola—and I found that
“they wandered restlessly about on the plant, and in a very
short time I noticed they were migrating from the plant,
so that out of the myriads which appeared only a few
remained on the host plant. These, however, are quite
sufficient to carry on the destruction of that plant, though
the majority wander off in search of new hosts. I carried on
experiments in this matter on scales on camellia and rose-
plants, grape vines, ferns, and other plants, and the result
was always that the majority of the young wandered away
in spite of all obstacles. It is known that considerable
* “Suggestions for Insect Control in the West Indies.” West
Indian Bull. ii, No. 4, pp. 318-344.
Economic Importance of the Parasites of Coccide. 227
variety of behaviour prevails among the young of different
species; but as far as I can judge from the facts which
came under my notice and from previous observations, it
seems that all the forms are very tenacious of life when
young ; I found them wandering for days over the shelves
of the hot-house in which I was rearing them.
Lecanium hemisphericum is noted for its unusual powers
of locomotion. Signoret * speaking of this Coccid says:
“Cette conformation des tarses indiquerait peut-étre que
les especes de cette série sont moins fixes que leurs con-
géneres.” Comstockt+ confirms this by the statement that
“actual observation shows the surmise of Signoret as to the
locomotive powers of the insect to have been correct. We
have seen the adult insects, when removed from their
positions, crawl back with apparent ease.” I have seen
this happen repeatedly. Reh + made experiments and
found that certain young Coccids could move a metre in
about an hour. But he thinks, and I agree with him, that
it is improbable that their own powers of locomotion are
the most important means by which they become distri-
buted. The most valuable information on this point is to
be found in some briefly-described observations by Hubbard.
I cannot do better than quote some passages from this
talented and lamented American observer.§ “ During the
migratory age the restless habit of the young bark-lice
impels them to crawl actively about, turning aside for no
obstacles, but mounting every object met with in their
path. The instinct of self-protection being entirely wanting
in these degraded creatures, they make no distinction
between dead and living objects, and crawl without hesita-
tion upon the bodies of other and larger insects. The
latter, impelled by the annoying presence of the intruders,
fly away, bearing with them the scale larve, and thus
assist in distributing them upon surrounding plants... .
But spiders more than any other animals must be con-
sidered efficient instruments in this mischievous work.
Not only do they transport the lice—and it is an observed
fact that the movements of the latter upon their hairy
backs do not incommode the spiders—but they also
* “Essai sur les Cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptéres-Coc-
cides),” Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5), iii, 1873, p. 437.
+ ‘‘Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1880,” p. 334.
t Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anhalten, xvii, 1899 ; 3 Beiheft, pp. 1-6.
§ Amer, Natural, xvi, 1882, p. 411.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART II. (JUNE) 16
228 Miss A. L. Embleton on the
harbour them under their webs in folded leaves, etc., where,
safe from the attacks of parasites and enemies, they in-
crease and multiply inordinately.” He thinks the popu-
lar theory that wind carries scale insects from tree to tree
is fallacious to a great extent, but that there is an indirect
action of the wind, due to the influence it exerts upon the
flight of sects and other winged animals which transport
Coccide; this applies with particular force to spiders whose
webs are carried in the direction of prevailing winds.
Hubbard’s brief observation in his paper on “ Insects
affecting the Orange,” suggested the experiments con-
nected with insects and spiders conveying the pest, which
I carried on last year with Mr. C. Warburton, as to the
modes of dissemination of the black-currant gall-mite
(Lriophyes |Phytoptus| ribis).* Here it was found that
spiders, Aphide, Coccinellid larvee, and, indeed, any pass-
ing creature, carried the mites in considerable numbers
from bush to bush.
Thus it appears probable that, in a state of nature,
Coceidxe are largely disseminated by the agency of other
insects. The males are active on the wing, and if a single
female were transported by an insect to another tree, a new
colony would in this way soon be established. This mode
of dissemination, and the observations I have related
as to the crawling of the young on inanimate objects, are
clearly of considerable significance in connection with the
quarantine operations that I have referred to as being
carried out in different parts of the world. For the creatures
may be imported on merchandise or by insects as well as on
plants. Neither should it be forgotten, that if a pernicious
scale be once introduced and then all other importations
be prevented, then the parasites that may be contained in
the scales are excluded. To avoid this, a knowledge of the
marks by which parasitized scales can be distinguished
from others, is really essential in the carrying out of the
quarantine regulations.
Fortunately for the prospects of the cultivator, it some-
times happens that in places where noxious insects have
been introduced, some native insect may be ready to take
up the work of control that is performed by other
destroyers in the original country. Marlatt + in his recent
* Linn. Soc., London, xxviii, pp. 366-378, pls. 33, 34.
+ Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Associa-
tion of Economic Entomologists, 1902, p. 45.
Economie Importance of the Parasites of Coccidx. 229
report on the San José scale in Japan, after stating that
this Coccid has been lately established in that country,
says, “the scale is attacked also by one or two Chalcid
parasites, presumably the ones we have in America, and
brought to Japan with the scales or cosmopolites.”
It is very probable that the pernicious scale is really a
native of Japan,* and that this is the reason why it is not
injurious there; scale insects are very rarely destructive
in their natural homes because of the natural relations
that exist between them and their destroyers. Sasaki +
says the principal enemies of Aspidiotus perniciosus
are a red mite, Coccinella japonica, and a Chalcid fly
(? Coccophagus). He states that “in the specimens of the
scale allied to the pernicious scales collected by myself, I
have often found a roundish, or rather small irregular open-
ing in most of the scales, which is evidently perforated by
the parasitic Chalcid fly ” (p. 172).
My object in writing this paper is not merely to add a
few items to the facts of Economic Zoology, but rather to
point out how very much remains to be discovered, even as
to matters that have a very serious economic bearing. This
is a somewhat invidious task, for it seems to involve a
reflection on those who have worked at the subject. I
should lke to say that I hope no inference of that kind
will be drawn from anything I have said. The work done
by many Economic Entomologists is admirable, and the
American school has accomplished wonders ; and in nothing
are they more worthy of admiration than in their readiness
to modify their methods in accordance with the advance of
knowledge.
It is encouraging to find how clearly it is being recognized
that the chief consideration of the Economic Entomologist
should not be the mere prescription of modes of destruction,
but should be rather in the direction of learning the facts
of the natural history of the pests. It may be predicted
that the Economic Zoology of the future will be generally
recognized as being “Applied Natural History.” The
prevention of the undue increase of enemies should there-
fore be the object of the economic investigator, so that
wholesale destruction of life should be rarely, if ever,
required.
* See Marlatt and others in Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. Ent., xxxi,
1902, pp. 41-48.
t Annot. Zool. Japan, ili, p. 171.
XIII. Additional Notes on Mr. Distant’s Collection of
African -Locustide. By Wituiam F. Kirsy,,.
F.L.S., F.E.S.
[Read April 16th, 1902.]
In my former paper (antea, pp. 57-114) I was unable,
through illness, to include a few species, chiefly belong-
ing to the genus Acrotylus, Fieber, which had been set
out shortly before the paper was read; and I have also
to add some localities, etc. 16 species are added to the
former list in the present paper, half of which are described
as new, 5 of these being species of Acrotylus. ‘This brings
up the total number of species to 141; including 2 new
genera and 41 new species. For convenience of reference,
I have cited the page on which each genus will be found
in the first paper.
TRY XALIDA.
Genus AcRIDA, Linn. (p. 61).
11. Acrida gigantea, Fuessly.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Johannesburg (A. oss).
Genus PHLAOBA, Stal (p. 65).
22. Phiwoba interlineata, Walker.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Johannesburg (A. Foss).
Genus PNorisa, Stal (p. 67).
27. Pnorisa squalus, Stal.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Johannesburg (4. Loss).
Genus EPACROMIA.
ELpacromia, Fischer, Orth. Eur., p. 360 (1853).
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART II. (JUNE)
232 _ Mr. W. F. Kirby’s Additional Notes on
294. Lpacromia thalassina.
Gryllus thalassinus, Fabricius, Spec. Ins., 1, p. 367, n. 31
(1781).
Epacromia thalassina, Brunner, Prodr. Eur. Orth., p. 146
+» (1882).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Eureka, Barberton (Rendall); NATAL
(Distant).
A common species in South Europe, Africa, and many
parts of Asia.
Genus CHORTOICETES, Brunner (p. 69).
30. Chortoicetes prasina, Walker.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Johannesburg (A. Loss); DELAGOA
Bay (Distant); NYASALAND: Fort Johnston (Rendal/).
31A. Chortoicetes interruptus, sp. n.
Long. corp. 20-22 millim. ; exp. al. 41-44 millim.
Head reddish-brown, antenne red, a long reddish stripe below
each eye, pointed at the lower end, and another running from the
back of each eye over the pronotum, divided by four oblique lines,
which do not cross ; cheeks with an oblique yellowish line between
two black marks ; abdomen greenish-brown, legs testaceous, hind
femora above with transverse black bands, outer area blackish,
irregularly marked with pale yellow ; inner area black, interrupted
by a pale yellow blotch before the extremity. Tegmina rufo-testaceous,
subhyaline towards the tips, and with a longitudinal greenish stripe
above and parallel to the inner margin, a row of three or four brown
spots, sharply defined, and mostly oval or oblong, on the basal half of
the tegmina, intersected by the principal nervure ; beyond these,
are several rounder spots, below the nervure. Wings pale greenish
hyaline at the base, followed by a rather broad curved blackish
band, extending to the hind margin, but distinctly interrupted be-
low the costa; apical area outside the band clear hyaline.
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
Allied to C. plena, Walker, but in addition to the
characters above given, the vertex is more pointed in
front, and much narrowed above the eyes.
Mr. Distant’s Collection of African Locustide. 233
LOCUSTIDA.
Genus HUMBE.
Humbe, Bolivar, J. Sci. Lisb., xxx, p. 117 (1882).
Humbella, Saussure, Mém. Soe. Genéve, xxvill (9), pp. 50,
105 (1884); xxx (1), pp. 17, 32 (1888).
344A. Humbe tenwicornis.
Pachytylus tenwicornis, Schaum, Monatsb. Akad. Berlin,
1853, p. 779; Peters’ Reise Mossamb. Zool., v, p. 137,
pl. vii A, f. 6 (1862).
Humbella tenuicornis, Saussure, Mém. Soc. Geneve, xxviii
(9), p. 106 (1884).
Pachytylus (Hdaleus) punctifrons, Stal, Gifv. Vet. Akad.
Forh., xxxii (3), p. 50 (1876).
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
A widely-distributed species in East, West, and South
Africa,
Genus GASTRIMARGUS, Saussure (p. 71).
378. Gastrimargus vitripennis.
Hdaleus vitripennis, Saussure, Mém. Soc. Geneve, xxx (i),
p. 38 (1888),
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
A widely-distributed species in South and Central
Africa, and distinguished by the absence of any dark band
on the hind wings,
Genus HETEROPTERNIS, Stal (p. 75).
Page 75, no. 42, line 4 from bottom, for Heteronternis
pudica, Saussure, read H. pudica, Serville.
Genus ACROTYLUS, Fieber (p. 76).
45. Acrotylus femoralis, sp. n.
Long. corp. 20-32 millim. ; exp. al. 36-48 millim.
Head and pronotum yellowish-grey, vertex, and some large granu-
‘lations on the front of the pronotum blackish ; tegmina long, narrow,
and pointed, the central area densely reticulated with reddish-brown,
the cells between subhyaline towards the borders; the central
234 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s Additional Notes on
area with complete intercalated nervures. Wings pink, with only
the extreme borders brownish subhyaline. Antennz wanting,
legs and pectus very hairy, four front legs yellowish-grey, hind
femora with the outer area yellowish-grey dotted with black, the
inner area black nearly to the extremity, where a yellow ring
separates it from the knee, which is red, bordered with black above
and at the side ; lower part of femora red. The black stripe on
the inside of the femora is marked rather beyond the middle by
a double longitudinal réw of yellow dots, about four in each row.
Hind tibie and tarsi yellow on the outside, and red on the inside ;
tibiw inside with a black stripe, followed by a yellow ring.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Zurtz).
Described from two damaged specimens. Probably
allied to A. crassus, Saussure.
45A. Acrotylus zonatus, sp. N.
Long. corp. 15 millim. ; exp. al. 34 millim.
Head and thorax brown, rugose and granulated, back of the head
varied with black and yellow, antenne not longer than the head and
pronotum, and tipped with black, abdomen yellow, with black blotches
on the back and sides, and three rows of black dots below ; last
ventral segment black and shining ; four front legs belted alternately
with black and yellow, hind femora yellowish on the outside ; black
on the inside and on the inner sulcus beneath; on the inside it is
interrupted by a yellow band below the knee, preceded by some
detached yellow markings ; hind tibia black, with a tawny belt
near the base ; hind tarsi tawny. Tegmina rusty brown, with inter-
calated nervures, and intermediate longitudinal series of brown dots
and dashes ; two large brown marks, extending nearly across, one
at the convexity on the costa near the base, and the other beyond ;
round the borders are also brown spots alternately with light ones.
Wings with the base and inner margin pink ; a very broad curved
smoky brown band, widening to, and expanding on the costa to
the base, but not extending below to the inner margin; and the
hind margin subhyaline.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
A. zonatus agrees with A. concinnus, Serville, in the
great extent of the brown band on the hind wings, which
separates both species from A. hottentottus, Saussure ; but
A. concinnus is described as having the hind femora yellow
on the inside,
Mr. Distant’s Collection of African Locustide, 235
458. Acrotylus annulatus.
Long. corp. 16-18 millim. ; exp. al. 36-42 millim.
Head and thorax rugose and granulated, rufo-testaceous, abdomen
reddish, with black markings on the back towards the base, and
yellow markings on the sides. Legs reddish, four front legs annulated
with brown, hind femora indistinctly spotted with black outside, and
black on the inside, with two yellow bands before the extremity,
hind tibizw black, with two broad yellow rings, the second broadest,
spines black, eight in the outer row, tarsi yellow. Tegmina rosy
brown, subhyaline towards the extremity, with numerous intercalated
nervures, marked with two large brown shades on the costa, one on
the convexity, and the other beyond, and with numerous other smaller
indistinct brown and pale spots chiefly along the borders ; between
the principal longitudinal nervures runs a series of small long or
round brown dots. Wings subhyaline, with the base yellow, and
the hind margin very broadly infuscated.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); Nata: Durban
(Ross).
Described from five specimens. But for the intercalated
nervures, I should have referred this species to A.apricornis,
Stal; but this is placed by Stal and Saussure in the other
section of the genus. From A. deustus, Stil and Saussure
(and Thunberg ?), 4. annulatus is separated by the colour
of the legs.
450, Acrotylus patruelis.
Gryllus patruelis, Herrich-Schaffer, Panzer, Faun. Germ.
Fasc., 157, pl. xviii (1840).
Acrotylus patruelis, Brann. Prodr. Eur. Orth., p. 156 (1882) ;
Sauss., Mém. Soc. Genéve, xxvii (9), p. 191 (1884);
xxx, p. 68 (1888).
(Edipoda inficita, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., B. M., iv, p. 742,
nm 75 (1870):
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); NYASALAND:
Fort Johnston (Rendall).
A widely-distributed species occurring throughout South
Europe, Africa, and Western and Southern Asia eastwards
to Ceylon. It is very variable, and the specimen from
Pretoria much resembles Walker’s types of his @. inficita,
and labelled “Sandwich Islands. Presented by Captain
Beechey”; but they are probably from the Canaries, like
236 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s Additional Notes on
some other Orthoptera in the British Museum bearing the
same label.
45D. Acrotylus furcifer.
Acrotylus furcifer, Saussure, Mém. Soc. Geneve, xxx (i),
p. 69 (1888).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Barberton (Rendall).
A single specimen, which I refer to this species with
some hesitation, as the description is not sufficiently
precise.
458. Acrotylus flavescens.
Acrotylus flavescens, Stal, Rec. Orth., i, p. 135 (1878).
Acrotylus angulatus, Stal, GEfv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxii
(3), p. 52 (1876) ; Saussure, Mém. Soc. Geneve, xxxvill
(9), p. 189, n. 5 (1884).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); Ovambo (angu-
latus, Stal); CAPE; CHINA (/lavescens, Stal).
About 40 specimens. The insect appears to be both
very abundant and very local. In one or two specimens
the head and thorax are reddish, with the characteristic
black markings more or less obliterated.
The two names referred to above appear to me to relate
to the same species.
45K. Acrotylus saltator, sp. 0.
; exp. al. 44 millim.
Head and thorax brown above, yellow on the sides, with a black tri-
angular mark expanding behind each eye, and meeting on the back at
the principal suture ; below it another black mark curves back from the
middle of the cheek to the principal suture ; hind lobe of pronotum
brown, punctured. Intercalary spaces, pectus, and basal half of abdomen
above mostly black ; abdomen beneath and at the sides yellow ; four
front legs yellow, indistinctly banded with brown ; hind femora
yellow on the outside ; and above, but with two black transverse
bands above, before the knees, which are black, inside and under-
surface black, a yellow band before the knee on the inside ; hind
tibiz black in the middle, with a yellow band near the base, and
the apical fourth red ; spines black, nine in the outer row ; tarsi red.
Tegmina with intercalated nervures, brown, with a quadrate whitish
spot near the costa beyond the convexity, and some irregular
Long. corp. 15 millim. ;
Mr. Distant’s Collection of African Locustide. 237
scattered whitish spots elsewhere ; wings subhyaline, pale blue, with
the apical third brown, the colour diminishing towards the anal
angle.
Hab. DELAGOA Bay (Junod).
45c. Acrotylus gillettw, sp. n.
Long. corp. 18 millim. ; exp. al. 33 millim.
Tegmina narrow, longer than the wings, rosy grey towards the
base, subhyaline on the costa beyond the convexity, and over the outer
half of the tegmina, except along the anal area. A row of seven black
costal spots, the first five large, the 3rd and 4th not quite touching
the costa, the 6th and 7th much smaller, and annular ; there is also
a series of smaller brown spots on the inner margin, but receding
from it towards the base, and there are also numerous blackish and
brown dots towards the base and middle of the tegmina. Wings
clear hyaline, the nervures blackish, with some of the intermediate
longitudinal nervures pale ; the pale nervure marking the uppermost
fold is ornamented towards its extremity with a few brown spots on
each side. Pronotum, antenne, and thorax rosy grey, cheeks whitish,
the principal suture on the pronotum is marked with four yellow
callosities, two on the back, and two on the sides, a black spot at the
base of the wings ; otherwise the intercalary space is rosy grey in the
middle, and .bluish-grey on the sides ; abdomen testaceous, with two
large and transverse bluish spots at the base, bordered above with
black. Two front legs rosy grey, indistinctly spotted with brown ;
hind femora whitish on the outside, and yellowish-white on the
inside, irregularly streaked and spotted with brown ; hind tibiae pale
blue in the middle, yellowish towards the base, and reddish towards
the extremity ; tibial spines black, seven in the outer row ; terminal
spines very long, reddish, tipped with black.
Hab. NYASALAND: Fort Johnston (Rendall) ; Somati-
LAND (Miss F. Gillett).
Closely allied to A. quadrimaculatus, De Haan, which
Stal and Saussure place as a synonym of A. deustus, Thun-
berg. Apart from the identification of Thunberg’s insect
being very doubtful, A. guadrimaculatus and g gillettee have
no intercalated nervures on the forewings, and therefore
belong to a different section to that in "which Stal and
Saussure have placed their 4. deustus. A. quadrimaculatus
and A. gillette seem to form a transition between Acrotylus
and Sphingonotus,
238 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s Additional Notes on
CYRTACANTHACRID A.
CYRTACANTHACRINA.
Genus CYRTACANTHACRIS, Walker (p. 102).
102. Cyrtacanthacris variegata, Walker.
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Johannesburg (A. Koss).
CATANTOPIN 4.
Genus CopracrRa.
Coptacra, Stal, Ree. Orth., i, pp. 37, 58 (1877).
108A. Coptacra paupercula, sp. n.
Long. corp. 12-15 millim. ; exp. al. 27-31 millim.
Head, pronotum, and tegmina reddish-brown, thickly dusted with
grey ; head and pronotum thickly and closely punctured, frontal
ridge very broad above between the antennz, narrower below, hinder
orbits narrowly whitish ; antenne red; in one specimen the sides
of the pronotum are blackish, bordered below with a large subtri-
angular whitish spot ; wings pale yellow, subhyaline ; four front
legs brownish on the outside, and more or less grey on the inside ;
hind femora whitish above, with two or three transverse blackish
bands ; outer surface wholly whitish, inner surface wholly red ; the
suleus below the white outer area black ; tibia and tarsi red, tibial
spines tipped with black, eight spines on the outer carina, basal joint
of tarsi as long as the third, and considerably expanded.
Hab. TRANSVAAL, Pretoria; Warm Baths, Waterberg,
(Distant).
Allied to C. succinea, Krauss, but does not quite agree
with the description.
Described from two specimens.
Genus ACRIDODERES.
Acridoderes, Bolivar, J. Sci. Lisb. (2), 1, p. 163 (1890).
108B. Acridoderes crassus.
Acridoderes crassus, Bolivar, Ll. ce. (1890).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); Fwamso (B. M.);
CACONDA, QUANGO (Bolivar).
A single specimen only from Pretoria.
Mr. Distant’s Collection of African Locustide. 239
108c, Acridoderes punctatus, sp. n.
Long. corp. 30 millim. ; exp. al. 73 millim.
Female, Rufo-testaceous, with traces of bright red markings ; a
series of irregular white markings extending nearly round the eyes,
but especially below, and below these, is a very oblique white streak.
Pronotum with very large depressed punctures, and with numerous
black spots, interspersed on the sides with some white ones. Hinder
lobe granulated and rugose-punctate, slightly produced and trun-
cated behind, and with the terminal carina marked with three black
spots on each side. Cerci slender, hooked inwards at the end,
subgenital lamina produced into a long broad-pointed keel consider-
ably beyond the abdomen. Legs probably red during life ; four
front legs with the joints slightly marked with black; middle
femora indistinctly spotted with black ; hind femora strongly spotted
with black on the upper and outer carina ; upper surface with traces
of two black transverse bands ; outer median area with a double row
of broad opposing white stripes; hind knees marked with black ;
spines of hind tibie whitish, tipped with black, and spotted with
black at the base, six or seven on the outer carina. Prosternal tubercle
rather large and rounded. Tegmina subhyaline, very thickly reticu-
lated, the principal longitudinal nervures more or less black, and the
rest of the neuration reddish; costal area with indistinct brown spots,
the rest of the wing marked with irregular double transverse brown
lines, rather far apart, and brown rings, etc. Wings greenish
hyaline, with brown neuration, and the tips clouded with brown.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Rustenburg (Distant).
But for the much smaller size of this specimen
(especially considering that it is a female), the much
narrower wings, more obtuse pronotum, and the broader
rounded prosternal spine, which resembles that of
Catantops, I should have been inclined to refer it to
A. crassus, Bol. A. punctatus has much superficial re-
semblance to some of Walker’s species which I include
provisionally in Catantops, such as Acridium adustum and
Cyrtacanthacris spissa of Walker. I should add that the
shape of the prosternal tubercle is probably a less
important character in Zocustidx than has been imagined.
Genus Carantops, Schaum (p. 105).
112. Catantops decorata, Gerstaecker.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Johannesburg (A. Joss).
240 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s Additional Notes on
Genus STENOCROBYLUS, Gerstaecker (p. 108).
115. Stenocrobylus trifasciatus, Kirb.
Hab, NYASALAND: Fort Johnston (Rendall).
Wings pale red, grey towards the costa and tip.
_ CALLIPTAMINA.
Genus KuRYPHYMUS, Stal (p. 109).
117. Euryphymus erythropus, Thunberg.
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Johannesburg (A. Loss).
A very small specimen.
117A. Huryphymus vylderi.
ELuryphymus vyldert, Stal, Efvers. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxii
(3), p. 42 (1876).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Barberton (Lendall) ; DAMARALAND
(Stal).
IT am not quite certain whether I have identified this
species correctly.
Genus CALLIPTAMUS, Serville (p. 109).
118A. Calliptamus semiroseus.
Calliptamus semiroseus, Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 692 (1839).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant).
A single female specimen, which appears to be referable
to this species. It is remarkable for the unusually short
tegmina.
1188. Calliptamus minor.
Caloptenus minor, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., iv, p. 699, n.
48 (1870).
Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Zoutpansberg
( Kaessner ).
Both these specimens are females, and differ from the
type, which is a male, by the somewhat shorter and broader
pronotum, and the markings of the wings, which are
subhyaline, brown at the base and along the inner margin,
Mr. Distant’s Collection of African Locustide. 241
with a longitudinal row of long brown spots in the discoidal
cell, a large brown spot at the end of the cell, and several
between this and the apex; but not symmetrical on the
two sides. The male has large reticulated brown spots
extending over the outer half of the tegmina. C. semi-
roseus, var. (?) Walker (nec Serville), appears to be a variety
of C. minor in which the wings are tinged with rose-colour
at the anal angle; in the type of C. minor, and in the two
females here referred to that species, the wings are clear
hyaline, without any tinge of rose-colour.
119. Calliptamus tibialis, Kirb.
Hab, TRANSVAAL: Johannesburg (A. Loss).
( 243 )
XIV. Memoir upon the Rhynchotal family Capsidee Auctt.
By GreorGe WILLIS KrirKALpy, F.ES.
[Read December 4th, 1901.]
PLATES V AND VI.
THANKS to the gigantic labours of F. X. Fieber and O. M.
Reuter, we have now a considerable knowledge of the
external morphology of the palzearctic forms, except those
inhabiting Japan and North-Eastern China. Good work
has also been effected upon the American fauna, and we
have at least a general acquaintance with the dominant
forms of the regions comprised. But of the Oriental,
Australian, and Ethiopian regions, there is only very
scattered and imperfect information, and it is a matter of
some little difficulty to present comprehensible descriptions
of new genera and species from them, as these are often
isolated, with little affinity to the forms of other regions,
as for example Platyngomiris coreoides and Bothriomiris
marmoratus now described. The great divisions instituted
by Reuter for the palzearctic fauna, and very largely adopt-
able for North America, are often inadequate for the other
regions ; his Miraria for instance seem not to be so sharply
separable from his Capsaria in some extra-European genera.
The number of cells in the membrane moreover is a
character not I think to be too rigidly enforced ; for
Platyngomiris is in its general structure undoubtedly a
“ Capsarian,” but has only one cell, while some at least.of
the numerous genera now embraced by the “ Bryocoraria ”
appear to me to have little affinity with Bryocoris, Fallén.
I have recently had the good fortune of acquiring his
exotic collection of this family, from my friend Mr. A. L.
Montandon. I have also received some Indian material
from my friend Mr. Gerald C. Dudgeon, from which two
new genera and species are now described. The rest are
all from Mr. Montandon’s collection, and are but a small
proportion of it, as only the more remarkable forms have
been selected. The types are all in my own collection.
Unless otherwise stated, the “length” of a bug is taken
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART II. (JUNE) 17
244 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the
from the apex of the head as seen from above, to the apex
of the elytra when at rest.
The forms noticed in this memoir are geographically
distributed as follows. New genera and species are denoted
by an asterisk.
PALE ARCTIC REGION,
21 Olympiocapsus,* celestialium.*
42 Megalocerwa, Fieber, cvlestialiwm.*
ORIENTAL REGION.
Systellonotus, Fieber, palpator.*
Hekista,* laudator.*
Berta, Kirkaldy, lankanus (Kirby).
17 Kosmiomiris, * rubroornatus.*
18 Hyalopeplus, Stal, lineifer (Walker).
19 Malacopeplus,* discoidalis (Walker).
23 Hblis,* amasis.*
24 Kangra,* dudgeoni.*
25 Platyngomiris,* coreoides.*
26 Cheilocapsus,* flavomarginatus.*
30 Eurystylus, Stal, costalis (Stal).
31 Derwxocoris, Kirschbaum, sacratus.*
33 Tinginotum,* javanum.*
34 Disphinctus, Stal, swmatrator.*
35 Disphinctus, Stal, anadyomenc.*
41 Helopeltis, Sienoret, insularis.*
48 Rhinomiris,* vicarius (Walker).
50 Bothriomir is, marmoratus.*
CD >
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
2 Diocoris,* agelastus.*
3 Nesidiocoris,* volucer.*
5 Sphinetothorax, Stal, montandoni.*
() Umslopogas,* nigroquadristriatus.*
22 Zulaimena,* hathor.*
28 Korasiocapsus,* pylaon.*
29 Proboscidocoris, Reuter, seti.*
32 Lygus, Hahn, osiris.*
44 Helopeltis, Signoret, waterhouset.*
Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 245
AUSTRALIAN REGION.
1 Orthotylus, Fieber, ewrynome.*
27 Hurybrochis,* zanna.*
45 Hurymiris,* eurynome.
46 Austromiris,* viridissimus.*
47 Saturniomiris,* tristis (Walker).
49 Zanessa,* rubrovariegata.*
AMERICAN REGIONS.
7 Orectoderus, Uhler, obliquus, Uhler.
9 Hesperolabops,* gelastops.*
10 Sysinus, Distant, floridulus, Distant.
11 Neofurius, Distant, awrora.*
12 Resthenia, Spinola, scutata, Spinola.
13 R. simulacrum.*
14 BR. berta.*
15 Lomatopleura, Reuter, hesperus.*
16 Newrocolpus, Uhler, nubilus (Say).
36 Monalonion, Herrich Schatfer, atratum, Distant.
37 M. «anthophilus (Walker).
38 MM. pilosipes.*
39 M. megiston.*
43 Eioneus, Distant, bilineatus, Distant.
44 Collaria, Provancher, oleosus (Distant).
A total of 22 new genera and 36 new species.
1. Orthotylus eurynome, sp. nov.
dé ¢ macropterous, concolorous ; above with sparse black hairs,
not mixed with white hairs. General colour dark green, anterior
part of pronotum, scutellum and legs dilute. Elytra saturated,
opaque. Eyes dark greyish-green ; antennw pale sordid greenish-
brown ; tarsi brownish. Membrane subhyaline, fumate, immaculate,
cells concolorous, nervures after death flavescent. Vertex wider than
an eye, longitudinally impressed. Second segment of antennze 4
times as long as Ist which is } of the length of the pronotum.
Rostrum scarcely reaching beyond intermediate coxz, Pronotum
obscurely marginate laterally. Posterior tibize more than 4 times as
long as tarsi, 2nd tarsal segment subequal to the 3rd.
Long. 5 mill., lat. 14 mill.
Hab. AUSTRALIA, Victoria, Alexandra.
Allied to 0. virescens, Douglas and Scott, Reuter.
246 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the
The genus Orthotylus has a wide range, viz., the whole
palearctic region (except Japan and China), New Guinea,
Australia, St. Helena, Hawauan Group and North America,
and is doubtless even still more widely extended.
MNocoris, gen. nov.
Closely allied to Lemocoris, Reuter, but with longer head,
eyes very long, pronotum not strongly narrowed anter iorly.
Female macropterous with unialbosignate elytra.
Elongate ; head almost vertical, elongate, # longer than high,
acutangular apically (profile). Vertex broad, nearly 3 times as wide
as an eye, acutely triangular in front of the eyes (vertical), base finely
but distinctly sinuately marginate ; antennze about as long as entire
body. Eyes quite half the length of head (seen in profile), distinctly
sinuate laterally, contiguous with pronotum, extending laterally
farther than anterior lobe of pronotum. Rostrum reaching a little
beyond base of posterior coxae, first segment not reaching to base of
head, three apical subequal in length to one another. Pronotum
declivous, anteriorly not strongly narrowed, lateral margins of
anterior half parallel, posterior half not greatly divergent, base con-
versely sinuate, exposing anterior part of scutellum, about 3 wider
than apical margin (of pronotum) ; pronotum about 3 times as long
as the eye (as seen from above). Collar distinctly separated from
pronotum by a very narrow suture, but not at all constricted. Elytra
reaching beyond apex of abdomen, sinuately emarginate laterally,
unialbosignate ; cuneus not (or scarcely) declivous. 9 macropterous,
Abdomen strongly constricted at the base.
~
2. D. agelastus, sp. nov.
Covered with exceedingly short close velvety pubescence of the
general ground colour, not long pilose, punctured nor rugose. Very
dark chocolate with a purple tint (a little browner on vertex), pro-
notum and scutellum purplish-black, Antenne: dark brown, apical
2 segments covered with dense pale pubescence. Eyes stramineous,
A central transverse band on corium, narrowing on entering the
clavus, which it traverses (also lateral margins of elytra very
narrowly)—whitish. Membrane dark fumate, semiopaque, nervures
brownish-black. Pronotum about 24 times as long as Ist segment of
antenne, which is about half the length of the head (profile) ; 2nd
segment nearly 3 times as long as Ist (¢ longer than pronotum),
subequal to the 3rd, which is } longer than the 4th.
Long. 5 mill.
VA ee
Rhynchotal family Capside Aucett. 247
Hab. Guinea, Addah.
From the appearance of a macropterous , it is highly
probable that there exists an antlike ? form.
Nesidiocoris, gen. nov.
Closely allied to Campylonewra, Fieber, but easily distin-
guishable by the much larger eyes, narrower vertex
(looking more like some of the Pilophoraria of Reuter)
and the longer legs.
Vertex convexly rounded, declivous, a little narrower (at the
narrowest part) than the large, internally convexly-rounded eyes
which occupy almost the whole space (longitudinally) from base
of head to antenne. Vertex somewhat feebly marginate at base.
Rostrum reaching a little beyond apex of intermediate coxe, Ist
segment reaching a trifle beyond base of head. Collar and callosities
well-marked. Pronotum a trifle more than twice as long as an eye,
lateral margins concavely sinuate, postero-lateral angles prominent ;
base emarginate, twice as broad as head. Interior nervure of
membrane angulate. Posterior femora reaching beyond apex of
abdomen, but not beyond apex of elytra. Abdomen basally con-
stricted.
3. N. volucer, sp. nD.
p)
Elytra greyish cinereo-hyaline ; head, pronotum and scutellum
sordid testaceous (scutellum with a more or less reddish tinge).
Sterna dilute flavous with a reddish tinge. Legs dilute flavous.
Abdomen above blackish, beneath dilute cinereous. Basal 2 segments
of antennz brownish-black (more or less) ; 3rd sordid testaceous ; 2nd
a little more than 3 times as long as Ist, and 4 longer than 3rd.
Elytra with short, somewhat stiff hairs.
Long. 4 mill., lat. 1 mill.
Hab. IsLE REUNION, St. Denis.
4, Systellonotus palpator, sp. nov.
Blackish-brown, shining. Antenne stramineous, more or less
infuscate. Legs pallid, more or less infuscate, basal ? of posterior
femora dark, Elytra fuscous, cuneus and lateral margins darker ; a
small spot at junction of clavus, corium, and membrane, and 2 large
corial spots (at base and apex—the latter extending a little on to the
clavus)—white. Membrane pale fuscous, a white central transverse
band. Venter black,
248 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir wpon the
é Body sparsely and shortly pilose. Head (with eyes) broader than
long, short behind the eyes, the latter prominent. Antenne not
incrassate, 2nd segment 4 times as long as Ist, # longer than 3rd.
Long. 3} mill., lat. nearly 1 mill.
Hab. Sind, Karachi.
5. Sphinctothorax montandoni, sp. nov.
(Plate V, fig. 3; Plate VI, fig. 3.)
Superficially like Orectoderus amenus, Uhler, but much larger.
Head, apex of 2nd and 38rd segments of antenn, tarsi, etc., black.
Scutellum pale reddish-black. Eyes, pronotum, sterna, elytra,
legs, ete., reddish-brown ; an oblique band near the base of corium
and the base of cuneus—stramineoflavous. Antenne stramineo-
flavous, Ist segment infuscate. Membrane cinereohyaline, nervures
dark brown.
Head nearly vertical in front of the eyes, wider at eyes than the
anterior lobe of pronotum. Eyes forming continuous curve with the
lateral margins of the head. Head three times as long as 1st segment
of antennee (which does not reach to apex of head) ; 2nd segment
apically incrassate, nearly 5 times as long as Ist and nearly twice as
long as 3rd. Rostrum reaching to base of intermediate cox. Coxze
somewhat long, anterior pair inserted in the anterior lobe of the
sterna. Hamus very obscurely indicated.
Long. 9 mill., lat. 24 mill.
Hab. ZANZIBAR.
This genus, which is probably an ant-mimie, is closely
allied structurally to the American Orectoderus, Uhler,
which is catalogued by Atkinson among his Plagiogna-
tharia, but which, however, belongs to his Pilophoraria.
Hekista, gen. nov.
Densely, somewhat coarsely, pilose. Head shining, smooth. Pro-
notum strongly but finely punctured, except on the smooth anterior
callosities. Head almost vertical, longer than high, vertex transverse,
very short, basally marginate. Pronotal collar narrow, pronotum
about 3 longer than 1st segment of antenne, roundly convex, base
convex, Elytra rugose-punctate. Posterior femora not reaching to
apex of abdomen, elytra reaching well beyond the latter. First
segment of posterior tarsi a trifle longer than the 2nd.
This genus has no near allies, being distinguished from the other
‘“‘ Pilophoraria” (of Reuter) by the short vertex, of which the apical
margin is very slightly roundly produced (almost truncate) in front
Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 24.9
of the eyes (as seen from above) by the proportions of the posterior
tarsi, the strongly punctured pronotum, ete.
6. H. luudator, sp. nov. (Plate VI, fig. 4.)
Elongate, parallel-sided. Shining black, pilosity pallid. Head,
apical half of Ist segment of antennz, an obscure ring on posterior
femora—dark fuscotestaceous ; legs (including coxe, but excluding
the black 3rd segment of posterior tarsi), basal half of 1st antennal
segment, lateral margins of pronotum very narrowly, lateral margins
of elytra, exterolateral margin of clavus, flavotestaeous. Vertex a
trifle wider than the 2 eyes together. Apical half of Ist segment
of antenne a little swollen. Pronotum anteriorly with 2 submedian
impressions. Eyes touching pronotum, of which the base is rounded.
Orifices tuberculo-elevate exterolaterally.
Long. 4°4 mill., lat. 1°4 mill.
Hab. Puto Laut.
7. Orectoderus obliquus, Uhler. (Plate VI, figs. 1, 2, 5, 23.)
The apterous form of this species is doubtless an ant-
mimic, and is not unlike that of some of the European
genera.
? Black (greenish-bronzy reflections) ; antennee (except apex of 2nd
segment), tibiee,. etc., dark reddish-brown. Pronotum truncate
apically and basally, subrotundate laterally, base scarcely wider than
apex. Meso- and metanotum and Ist 2 (?) segments of abdomen not
wider (a little narrower) than pronotum. Abdomen widening
roundly from base of 3rd (?) abdominal segment, 3rd to 6th segments
forming a subelongate globe. Elytra short, reaching to the middle
of 2nd (?) segment.
Hab, AMERICA, Massachusetts, Lowell.
The male (macropterous form) is also figured.
8. Berta lankanus (Kirby).
Java. Previously described from Ceylon.
Hesperolabops, gen, nov.
Closely allied to Zabops, Burmeister, but differing
radically in structure of head and pronotum.
Elongate, parallel-sided, vertex and face medianly sulcate (an-
teriorly rounded), the prominent interolaterally emarginate eyes fixed
on long elevated peduncles which rise obliquely from the base.
250 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the
Vertex short (half the length of the pronotum), about 4 times as wide
as the eyes together. Face vertical, long triangular, genze insigniA-
cant. Pronotum constricted at the middle and collared anteriorly, the
collar wide and lobate, projecting anteriorly over the base of the
head, anteriorly elevated, apical margin sinuate ; callose behind the
collar near the lateral margins, collar and anterior lobe widely sub-
reflexed laterally ; posterior lobe diverging rotundately, $ wider at
base than the apical margin of the anterior lobe. Posterior lobe and
elytra minutely punctured. Elytra reaching far beyond apex of
abdomen, the membrane apparently with one cell only.
9. H. gelastops, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 2.)
Vertex, face, scutellum (except black lateral margins), ventral
surface, etc., pale sanguineous. Clypeus, collar, anterior lobe of
pronotum, lateral margins of pronotum and of elytra, cox, ete., pale
flavous. Eyes, upper margin of peduncles, pronotal callosities,
brownish. Posterior lobe of pronotum (except lateral margins),
elytra (except lateral margins)—black.
Long. nearly 6 mill., lat. 24 mill.
fab, Mexico, Guanajuato.
10. Sysinus floridulus, Distant.
Brazil, Sta Catharina. The Ist segment of the antenne
is somewhat incrassate towards the apex.
11. Neofurius awrora, sp. nov.
Very close to N. amethystus, Distant, but larger and differently
coloured. Head, collar, anterior lobe of pronotum (except a thin
median scarlet line), 1st segment of antennz and extreme base of
2nd, legs (except the ‘scarlet-tinged posterior femora), apical %
of cuneus, and membrane (except extreme base)—pale luteous.
Elytra, pronotum and anterolateral part of scutellum—scarlet ;
remainder of scutellum, clavus (except base), interomedian part of
corium, bluish-black. Eyes reddish-black. Underneath luteostra-
mineous. Covered (especially on elytra and scutellum) with short,
close, pale yellow hairs (not pubescence) ; tibis shortly pilose.
Pronotum closely punctured.
Long 44 mill.
Hab, AMAZONS, Itaituba.
In this species the vertex is glabrous, shining and
rounded ; in afinis, Distant (the only other species of the
genus I possess), of which I have a variety from Ecuador,
Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 251
the vertex is not glabrous, and is somewhat pilose. In
afinis the Ist segment of the antenne is thicker in pro-
portion than in awrora, and moreover in the latter the
2nd segment is about ? longer than the Ist, while in
affinis it is 24 (or nearly) times as long as the Ist. Mr.
Distant had only carded specimens (as is also the case with
mine), and full structural details are therefore still want-
ing. It is possible that amethystus and aurora will be
placed ultimately in a separate genus.
Resthenia, Spinola.
The type of this genus is:
12. &. scutata, Spinola.
1837. Essai sur les Hémipteéres, p. 185, from Brazil, not
included in Atkinson’s Catalogue, and not mentioned, so
far as I know, by any authors since Amyot and Serville.
13. A. simulacrum, sp. nov.
Very like RB. luteigera (Stal), from Mexico, in appearance,
but structurally different and distinguished at once by the
black head.
Head, eyes, antenne, a large triangular spot on pronotum (occu-
pying the whole of the posterior lobe except the sides), scutellum,
apical half of clavus, a broad transverse band on middle of corium,
cuneus (except exterobasal angle), legs entirely, dead black. Collar,
callosities, lateral margins (widely) of pronotum, base of clavus and
corium, apical 3rd also of the latter, prosternum (mesosternum less or
more), bright luteous obscurely and faintly mottled with orange-red.
Membrane dark fumate. Abdomen beneath obscure pallid smoky.
Second antennal segment as thick as the Ist, 2 longer than the
latter, 3rd twice as long as the Ist. Pronotum } longer than the
1st segment, acutely reflexed anteriorly at the sides of the callosities,
somewhat obtuse (not reflexed) posterolaterally.
Long. 10 mill.
Hab. N. BRazit, Itaituba.
The black markings on pronotum, scutellum and elytra
bear a ludicrous resemblance to the head and shoulders of
a man in a pith helmet.
252 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the
14, FR. berta, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 10.)
Head above and below, pronotum and scutellum, lnteous, Eyes,
antenne, a central line on pronotum, and a dot on each side of the
middle at the base of the callosities, and the posterior margin
infuseately (these pronotum markings less or more obscure); a
median wedge-shaped stripe on scutellum, not reaching the base ;
tibiz, tarsi, and apex of femora, brownish-black or blackish. Elytra
greyish-black, clavus (except exterolateral margin), an irregular
longitudinal marmorate stripe on corium, and cuneus, very pale,
greyish-greenish white. Membrane fumate. Femora sordid test-
aceous. Venter immaculate creamy white. Rostrum reaching
intermediate coxee. Second segment of antenne slightly incrassate
apically, but not so stout as the Ist, and a little more than twice as
long; 3rd almost as long as Ist. Pronotum 4 longer than Ist
segment of antenne, lateral margins entirely, but somewhat
feebly, acute, not or scarcely reflexed.
Long. 94 mill.
Hab. N. BRazit, Itaituba.
Readily distinguished by its colouring.
15. Lomatopleura hesperus, nov. nom. (Plate V, fig. 1.)
Capsus coccineus, Walker (nec Meyer, 1843); 1873 Cat.
Hem. Heter., Brit. Mus., vi, p. 93.
This species, of which I possess examples from Florida
(labelled by a well-known American entomologist Resthenia
insignis !!), is closely allied to LZ. cesar, Reuter. Does
it really belong to the Capsaria ?
16. Newrocolpus nubilus. (Plate VI, fig. 24.)
Capsus nubilus, Say, 1832, Heter. Hem. (N. Harmony), p. 22.
Newrocolpus mexicanus, Distant, 1883, Biologia, Rhyuch.,
ip. 262, pl. xxii, 1g...
Neurocolpus affinis, Distant, |. ¢., p. 263.
Distant’s figure represents one of the pale forms of this
protean species. I have a very variable colour series
from Costa Rica, the species being distributed from
Canada to Panama. The antenne are very remarkable,
the sete (as noted by Distant) with which the Ist
segment is clothed, being dilated apically.
Rhynchotal family Capsidex Auctt. 253
Kosmiomiris, gen. nov.
Head small, transverse (as seen from above), short, vertical in
front of the eyes. Vertex superficially sulculate longitudinally, not
marginate, Eyes together broader than the vertex, interior margins
diverging apically, basal margins above sinuately emarginate. Hyes
in profile very broad. Rostrum reaching to the base of the apical
3rd of abdomen. Antenne long. Pronotum strongly punctured,
convexly elevated, collar distinct and somewhat broad. Lateral
margins of pronotum rounded, not greatly divergent, not reflexed,
Scutellum slightly eallose. Elytra extending well beyond apex of
abdomen, parallel-sided. Legs slender.
This genus is not very closely related to any other
known to me.
17. .K. rubroornatus, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 4; Plate VI, fig.6.)
= Capsus lucidus, Walker, |. c., p. 124, (nec Kirschbaum).
Vertex, apex of abdomen above and below, basal § of posterior
tibix, antenne, etc., shining black. Pronotum, scutellum, cuneus
(less or more), membranal nervures, etc., dull brownish-black
(scutellum a little redder). Basal part of 3rd segment of antennz
and apical $ of posterior tibiw, whitish. Eyes blackish or reddish.
Frons pallid sanguineous, Collar pallid. Elytra yellowish hyaline.
Clavus (except basally, where it is black) and 2 oblique out-
wardly diverging stripes on the corium near the base ; posterior
femora rostrum (mostly)—deep crimson. Base of cuneus whitish
hyaline. Membrane fumate. Venter pale flavous ; sterna, etc., black.
First segment of antennz as long as pronotum (excluding collar),
broader at apex than at base, 2nd nearly twice as long as Ist.
[3rd longer than Ist, 4th shorter than Ist (sec. Walker).]
Posterior femora scarcely incrassate.
Q. Long. 52 mill., lat. 2 mill.
Hab. Puto Laut (type); SARAWAK. (Brit. Mus.)
Var. Sterna pallid ; lateral margins of pronotum pallid.
9. Long. 74 mill., lat. 24 mill.
Hab. Mauacca, Perak.
18. Hyalopeplus lineifer (Walker).
= Capsus linerfer, Walker, |.c., p. 122.
Hab. MALACCA.
254 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the
Malacopeplus, gen, nov.
Closely allied to Hyalopeplus, Stal, differing in the form
of the pronotum, membranal areole, etc.
Head vertical, vertex as wide as the 2 eyes together, eyes not
quite touching pronotum. First segment of antenne much longer
than head, 2nd a little longer than Ist, 3rd subequal to 2nd.
Rostrum reaching to posterior coxa. Collar and pronotum medio-
longitudinally carinate (the carina not reaching the base of the
latter) ; the collar wider than the 2nd segment of the antenne at
base. Pronotum very finely densely punctured, lateral margins not
greatly widened posteriorly, raised posteriorly, base truncate.
Cuneal fracture not profound, cuneus longer than wide. Interior
membranal cell long, acutangular, reaching well beyond apex of
cuneus ; exterior cell small, not extending so far as apex of cuneus.
Posterior femora extending beyond apex of abdomen.
19. MM. discoidalis (Walker).
= Capsus discoidalis, Walker, l.¢., p. 122.
Hab. MALACCA and SINGHAPUR.
Umslopogas, gen. nov.
Not or only very finely and minutely punctured, very pilose.
Vertex immarginate, impressed transversely at base; obscurely
suleate longitudinally. Head declivous, longer than high, vertex as
wide between the eyes as an eye. Rostrum reaching to intermediate
coxw. Eyes scarcely touching pronotum., First and 2nd segments
of antennz stouter than the rest. First segment shorter than
pronotum ; 2nd segment longer than the width of pronotum at
base. Collar wide, pronotal callosities pronounced, but not extend-
ing to lateral margins, which are fairly straight. First segment of
posterior tarsi twice as long as 2nd; 3rd nearly as long as Ist ;
Ist much stouter than either 2nd or 3rd.
Differs from Pachypterna, Fieber, by the more oblong
form, shorter pronotal callosities, longer collar, longer
basal segment of the antenne, 2nd segment not (or
scarcely) incrassate apically, and by the longer 3rd segment
of the posterior tarsi, ete.
20. U. nigroquadristriatus, sp. 0.
(Plate V, fig. 11; Plate VI, figs. 7, 25.)
Pale greenish stramineous ; a central stripe (not reaching to the
base) and 2 spots near the base of head and base more or less ; 4
fthynchotal family Capside Auctt. 255
broad longitudinal stripes on pronotum (the 2 median not extending
on to the anterior lobe and not quite reaching to the slightly
reflexed posterior margin), lateral margins of scutellum, etc. black.
Elytra more dilute, striped with brownish-grey, lateral margins
and the cuneus immaculate. Membrane fumate, not marbled,
nervures flavostramineous. First 2 segments of antenne blackish,
3rd obscure brownish. Legs obscure brownish, spotted and striped
with black. Ventral surface greenish-testaceous, mesosternum
striped with black; abdomen sublaterally and tarsi, blackish.
Second segment of antennee 2% times as long as Ist, 4 longer than
3rd. Interior membranal area sometimes angularly rotundate api-
cally, sometimes acutangular.
Long. 63-74 mill., lat. 2 mill.
Hab. Nata, Howick.
Olympiocapsus, gen. nov.
Smooth, not punctured. Head and pronotum strongly declivous,
the former long triangular ; vertex as wide between the eyes as the
2 eyes together, obscurely marginate near the eyes, not suleate.
Clypeus prominent, extending beyond apex of vertex. Eyes almost
touching pronotum, Rostrum extending to intermediate coxe.
First segment of antennee distinctly shorter than pronotum, collar
comparatively long, about as long as the width of the Ist antennal
segment ; pronotal callosities obscure. Pronotum and scutellum
transversely rugulose ; base of the former emarginate, exposing anterior
margin of scutellum, Interior area of membrane apically rotundate-
angulate. Corium without extra nervures,
Differs from Dichrooscytus, Fieb., the only other im-
punctate genus with laterally marginate vertex, by the
long Ist segment of the antenne. Not unlike Lurycyrtus,
Reuter, in general appearance, but with longer head, eyes
not touching pronotum, and membranal areole more
angulate.
21. O. calestialiwm, sp. nov. (Plate VI, figs. 17, 18.)
Black, a posterolateral spot on the vertex between the eyes on
each side, a mediolongitudinal stripe on pronotum, the 3 angles of
the scutellum, a small ring (with black centre) about the middle
of each half of the posterior lobe of pronotum, posterior margin
of pronotum, and lateral margins of elytra (very narrowly), a spot
near apical margin of exocorium—pale flavotestaceous. Cuneus
256 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memow upon the
sanguineous or sanguineotestaceous (except the black apex). Venter
sordid testaceous, more or less marked with blackish-brown.
Long. 74 mill., lat. 3 mill.
Hab. Cutna, Ngan Hoei, Hochan.
This solidly built but sombrely handsome bug has no
close palzearctic relations.
Zulaimena, gen. nov.
Smooth, not punctured (except obscurely and minutely on the
pronotum). Head roundly declivous, long, narrowly convex, vertex
immarginate, not suleate, longer (in profile) than height of head.
Eyes touching pronotum, First segment of antenne shorter than
pronotum, much stouter than the length of the collar. Rostrum
reaching apex of intermediate coxe. Membranal areole narrow,
apically angulate.
Distinguished from the other impunctate Capsaria by
the narrow, pubescent collar, transverse pronotum, convex
head, ete.
22. Z. hathor, sp. nov. (Plate VI, fig. 8.)
¢ @. Subglabrous, pale cinereoflavous with a more or less rufous
tint ; very sparse pale golden pubescence. ¢ Abdomen ventrally
more or less mottled with sanguineous sublaterally. ¢ 9 Second
segment of antenne 3} times as long as Ist, 3rd $ longer than
Ist, ¢ longer than 4th, each decreasing in thickness.
Long. 54 mill., lat. 14 mill.
Hab. GUINEA, Addah.
Lblis, gen. nov.
Pronotum and elytra finely punctured. Head strongly declivous,
vertex obsoletely suleulate, clypeus scarcely elevated. Head between
eyes about equal to that of an eye, interior margin of the latter not
sinuately emarginate, apically divergent. Rostrum reaching beyond
posterior coxee. Head and pronotum immarginate. Antenne longer
than total length of body. Membrane glabrous.
Allied to Capsus, Fabr., but differs by the elongate,
slender antenne and by the pronotum, narrower apically.
23. H. amasis, sp. nov. (Plate VI, fig. 10.)
Bronzy-black ; head, pronotum and scutellum (elytra sparsely)
with silvery pubescence. Anterior and intermediate tibia, all coxee,
apical half of posterior tibia, stinkgland orifices, 3rd and 4th seg-
Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 257
ments of antenne—pallid. First segment of antennz about equal to
length of pronotum, the former somewhat incrassate ; 2nd segment
2? longer than Ist, $ to } longer than 3rd, and a little more than
twice as long as 4th. Base of pronotum twice as wide as collar.
Posterior femora somewhat incrassate, tibis about 4 longer than
femora.
Long. (including elytra) 7-8 mill., lat. 2-3 mill.
Hab. Inpia, Kangra Valley (4500 ft. August 1899,
Dudgeon).
Kangra, gen. nov.
Somewhat allied to Hyalopeplus, Stal, but readily separable by
the less robust form, longer and slenderer antenne, less hyaline
elytra, non-carinate pronotum, etc. Elongate, parallel-sided, almost
impunctate, smooth above. Head and pronotum subhorizontal.
Vertex immarginate with a distinct transverse sulcus ; genz mediocre,
clypeus prominent. Rostrum reaching beyond posterior femora.
First 3 segments of antenne longer than body (excluding elytra).
Pronotuin superficially punctured, transversely sulcate, laterally
immarginate, nearly 3 times as wide at base as at collar, widely
rounded, lateral margins slightly concave. Elytra extending far
beyond apex of abdomen, very finely punctured, cuneus longer than
wide at base. Legs elongate.
24, K. dudgeoni, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 5.)
= Capsus stramineus, Walker, l.c., p. 120 (nec Walker,
Ge. 9G):
Head and pronotum pale dirty stramineofuscous. Eyes blackish-
brown. A number of oblique striz on each side of the vertex in
front of the eyes, interior margin of clavus, apical margin of corium,
membranal nervures-—sanguineous. Elytra pale greenish-testaceous,
Scutellum blackish-sanguineous, apex of posterior femora dark
sanguineous. Venter and legs pale greenish-testaceous. Vertex a trifle
wider than an eye, eyes somewhat oblique, not touching pronotum.
First segment of antenne thicker than the others, a trifle longer
than pronotum ; 2nd 23 as long as the Ist, slightly longer than 3rd.
Posterior femora reaching beyond apex of abdomen, subincrassate,
tibiz 4 longer than femora, Ist tarsal segment shorter than either
2nd or 3rd.
Long. 8 mill., lat. 2 mill.
Hab. InptA, Kangra Valley (4500 ft., August 1899,
Dudgeon).
258 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the
I have pleasure in naming this species after its dis-
coverer, my friend Mr. Gerald C. Dudgeon, whose
observations on the oviposition of certain forms are
familiar to Rhynchotists. I have also from Mozambique,
Rikatla, 2 examples of either this species, or of one almost
indistinguishable by appearance or structure.
Platyngomiris, gen. nov.
Not closely allied to any genus of its division, and has
only 1 membrane cell. It has a strong superficial resemb-
lance to certain Coreinze. The vesiculate pronotum is also
a novelty in this family.
Head strongly declivous, anterior part vertical, posteriorly con-
stricted behind the eyes, wider between the eyes than the eyes
together ; shortly transversely impressed on the vertex behind the
eyes. Eyes prominent, somewhat remote from pronotum, subpedun-
cular; antenn inserted in the subpedunculate part of the head
close to the interoapical angle of eye, lst segment incrassate, very
short, shorter (in profile) than the length of the eye. Rostrum
reaching posterior cox. Pronotum and scutellum very strongly,
deeply punctured, the former widely collared in front, base of the
collar widely angularly produced in the middle. Pronotum callose
on each side behind the collar, posterior lobe raised and rounded,
base sinuately emarginate, posterolateral angles prominent, rounded.
Pronotum widely reflexed posterolaterally. Scutellum large, vesi-
cular (somewhat as in some Tingidz) base rounded (as seen in profile).
Elytra with only 1 distinct, long, angular, membrane cell, which
reaches beyond apex of cuneus.
25. P. coreoides, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 7.)
Bright fulvoflavescent (somewhat bronzy), pronotum more or less
infuscate, a parallel stripe joining the eyes ; the pronotal callosities,
cuneus, apical margin of each connexival segment above and below
(connexiva not separated distinctly from abdomen below), antenne
above, rostrum, legs, ete.—black. Pronotal punctures bright amber-
coloured. Whole ventral surface more or less obscurely marked
with black, membrane dilute flavocinereous, nervures pale flavous.
Pronotum with short yellow hairs. Second and 3rd segments of
antennz very thick, 2nd 6 times as long as Ist, } longer than 8rd.
2 Abdomen rounded laterally, connexival segments extending
well beyond lateral margins of elytra. Each abdominal segment
below narrowly transversely impressed.
Long. 93 mill., lat. pron. 33, lat. max. 44 mill.
Ee
Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 259
Hab. Puto Laut.
Although this remarkable genus has only 1 distinct
membrane cell, it appears to me to belong to the Capsaria.
Cheilocapsus, gen, nov.
Somewhat remotely allied to Hyalopeplus, Stal, but at
once separable by the opaque elytra and differently formed
pronotum.
Vertex feebly marginate near the base ; clypeus vertical, promi-
nent, extending beyond vertex. Eyes prominent, anterolaterally
sinuately emarginate, oblique, together wider than vertex, remote
from pronotum. Rostrum extending to intermediate cox. Pro-
notum with a well-marked collar, obsoletely callose behind the
latter, lateral margins a little sinuately divergent posteriorly,
2% wider at base than at apex, subrugose transversely, posterior
margin subrotundately truncate. Elytra subrugose-punctate, extend-
ing beyond apex of abdomen, the larger membranal area angular
apically. Cuneus very elongate.
26. C. flavomarginatus, sp. nov. (Plate VI, fig. 9.)
Clothed with short, black, bristly hair. Head, pronotum, extreme
base of scutellum, legs and ventral surface, dull flavous. Exocorium,
cuneus (except black interobasal angle and extreme apex) bright
flavous. Antenne sanguineous, apex of 2nd segment blackish. Eyes,
lateral margins (narrowly) of pronotum, scutellum, elytra, mem-
branal nervures, etc., black. Membrane cinereohyaline. Posterior
femora with 4 small black spots. Dorsum of abdomen sanguineous.
Head with a slight longitudinal sulcus. First segment of antenne
subinerassate, subequal to pronotum in length, a trifle longer than
cuneus, 2nd a little more than twice as long as the Ist. First
segment anterior tarsi longer than 2nd and 3rd together.
Long. 11 mill, lat. pronot. 33 mill.
Hab. BURMA, Chan Yoma.
Lurybrochis, gen. nov.
Somewhat similar in appearance to Camptobrochys,
Fieber, but vertex entirely marginate. Allied to Lygidea,
Reuter, but with longer head, eyes not touching pronotum,
eyes (as seen in profile) longer, basally emarginate.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (JUNE) 18
260 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the
Pronotum and elytra very strongly punctured, not (or very indis-
tinctly) pubescent. Vertex, callosities, collar and scutellum smooth,
shining. Head declivous, a little more than twice as long as high
(profile). Vertex about as wide as an eye. Eyes not touching pro-
notum, Antenne inserted distinctly within the lateral margins of
the eyes, Ist segment extending well beyond apex of clypeus.
Rostrum reaching posterior cox, Ist segment extending just
beyond base of head. Collar wider than apex of 2nd antennal
segment. Pronotal callosities confluent, part anterior to them
sae shining, not punctured, pronotal lateral angles prominent,
base sinuately rotundate. Scutellum subconvex, sed trans-
versely near the anterior margin. Elytra a little wider at the base
than the base of pronotum, cuneus a little longer than broad.
Posterior femora scarcely thicker than the others. First segment
of tarsi distinctly shorter than 2nd and 8rd together, 1st longer
than 2nd.
27. £. zanna, sp.nov. (Plate V, fig. 8; Plate VI, fig. 11.)
This species is very variable within certain limits.
General colour testaceous, less or more suffused with greenish,
brownish or pink (varieties). Scutellum usually with 2 longitudinal
stripes ; apices of corium, exocorium and cuneus, blackish-brown.
These marks are nearly always present, also sometimes spots and
blotches of the same colour on clavus and corium. Membrane
less or more marbled. Clavus and corium in 1 example almost
entirely black. Legs sordid pallid fuscotestaceous, annulated with
fuscous ; antenne rufotestaceous (or greenish), apex of 2nd segment
black. Venter sordid, less or more marked with blackish,
Long. 53—63 mill., lat. 2 mill.
Hab. AUSTRALIA, Victoria, Alexandra.
Korasiocapsus, gen. nov.
This genus cannot be confused with any Ethiopian one,
and appears also to have no near Palearctic ally. It is
one of the smallest (judging from the two specimens
composing the at-present unique species) in size of the
Capsaria, and combines several of the characters of the
two principal groups into which Reuter divides the
Palzearctic genera.
Generally impunctate (or only very remotely punctured), sparsely
aie y very YI » §P y
shortly pilose, pronotum rugose-punctured. Vertex immarginate
Pat ih Cee ale Be,
Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 261
(superficially suleate longitudinally, and also superficially impressed
transversely between the eyes) about as wide as an eye. Head
horizontal as far as apex of eyes, then strongly declivous. First
segment of antenne extending far beyond apex of head, inserted
(looking from above) within the interoapical angle of eyes, equal
in length to pronotum. Eyes almost touching pronotum, internal
margins convexly rounded, Pronotum not reflexed laterally, lightly
sinuate ; base gently convexly rounded, about 4 wider than head
(with eyes) ; callosities not confluent; collar distinct. Costal margin
of elytra widening towards apex ; cuneus longer than wide. Legs
slender, femora short.
28. K. pylaon, sp. nov.
Bright sanguineous (including membranal nervures). Eyes, Ist
seoment of antenna, and tarsi, black. Head, lateral margins of
elytra, cuneus (except a little sanguineous internally) pale flavous.
Membrane fumate. Legs pale flavous (irregularly and sparsely
marked with sanguineous). Ventral surface pale flavous, widely
bordered dilutely with sanguineous.
Long. 4§ mill. (including elytra), lat. 14 mill.
Hab. MOZAMBIQUE, Rikatla.
Proboscidocoris, Reuter.
Reuter’s typical species (of which I possess a cotype)
was described from specimens lacking legs, etc. The
posterior femora are somewhat incrassate, and do not reach
as far as the apex of the abdomen, and the Ist segment
of the tarsi is very short.
29. P. seti, sp.nov. (Plate VI, fig. 12.)
Closely allied to P. fuliginosus, Reuter, from Guinea,
but more robust and quite differently coloured.
Dead-black, above and beneath, with pale golden pubescence.
Antenne fulvous, excepting the black Ist segment and apex of
2nd; cox, anterior and intermediate femora, apical 4} of pos-
terior femora and apical 3rd of all tibie, black ; the rest of the
legs fulvous or fulvotestaceous. First 3 segments of rostrum fulvo-
testaceous, 4th black. Membrane fumate, nervures fuscotestaceous.
Vertex (?) a trifle wider than in fuliginosus, and the eyes not quite
so elongate.
Long. 5°8 mill., lat. 2°7 mill,
Hab. MozAMBIQUE, Rikatla.
262 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the
30. Eurystylus costalis, Stal. (Plate VI, figs. 13, 20.)
Stal has placed this near Atractotomus, Fieber. It
appears to me, however, to belong to the Capsaria, on
account of the distinct (comparatively) long collar, and
the remoteness of the coxze from the lateral margins of
elytra, the absence of an alar hamus, ete.
To Stal’s description add
Pubescence yellowish and silvery. Ventral surface pale fulvous ;
mesosternum with a central stripe and a large lateral spot—black ;
abdomen with a sublateral spot on each segment. Eyes contiguous
with pronotum; Ist segment of antenne equal to pronotum in
length, 34 times as long as wide ; 6 or 7 times as wide as the 2nd at
apex. Second segment slightly incrassate apically, nearly twice as
long as Ist. Stinkgland orifices wide, emarginate. Collar much
wider than 2nd antennal segment. Pronotum immarginate laterally.
Cuneus declivous ; interior area of membrane rounded apically.
Q ovipositor, ete., blackish.
The specimens in my collection are from Tolo (Philip-
pines) and from Ardjeano (Java).
31. Derxocoris sacratus, sp. nov.
Eyes, 3 apical segments of antennz, pronotal callosities, pronotum
(except lateral margins widely), elytra, etc., shining black. Head,
Ist segment of antenne, a wide entire longitudinal stripe on corium,
femora (apex pallid), sordid fuscotestaceous. Lateral margins of pro-
notum (widely) except extreme apex and base, base very narrowly,
collar and extreme base of 3rd segment of antenn, whitish tes-
taceous. Membrane fumate. Venter brownish-black. Second seg-
ment of antennz 33 as long as Ist, nearly twice as long as 3rd, and
% longer than 4th. Collar glabrous, pronotum densely impresso-
punctured ; tibiz not spinose, obscurely annulated with pallid.
Rostrum reaching to posterior cox.
Long. 47 mill., lat. 1$ mill.
Hab. Puto LAvt.
32, Lygus osiris, sp. nov.
Greenish-testaceous (including membrane-nervures); 2 longi-
tudinal submedian vitte and the lateral margins of scutellum, 2
spots on clavus near claval suture, 2 suboblique stripes on corium,
pale sordid purple fuscous. Ventral surface pale greenish-testaceous.
Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 263
Two apical segments of antennz fuscous. Pubescence flavous.
Vertex somewhat feebly, but entirely, marginate. Rostrum reaching
well beyond posterior cox. Second segment of antenne longer
than width of head (including eyes), 3rd segment about equal to
the latter. Tibie entirely (except obscurely apically) pallid, some-
what feebly spinulose.
¢. Vertex distinctly wider than an eye.
2. Vertex distinctly narrower than an eye.
Long. 4? mill., lat. 2 mill.
Hab. Iste ReEUNION, St. Denis; MozAMBIQUE, Rikatla.
Closely allied to Z. approximatus (Stal) from Sitka.
Tinginotum, gen. nov.
Long oval ; vertex somewhat obtusely marginate, less so medianly.
Eyes touching pronotum. Head almost vertical, longer than high,
vertex a little wider than an eye, longitudinally suleate between the
eyes, clypeus prominent. Collar wider than the 2nd segment of
antennz at apex ; pronotum strongly but somewhat minutely im-
presso-punctured, very convex, and greatly elevated posteriorly, base
rounded. Pronotum longer than Ist segment of antenne, but much
shorter than 2nd. Elytra not, or scarcely, punctured. Costal area
(comparatively) very broad, widening basally ; cuneus a little longer
than broad; membrane obscurely marbled, nervures rotundate
angulate. Posterior femora not reaching so far as apex of abdomen.
First segment of posterior tarsi much shorter than 2nd,
Differs from the other Capsaria (except Stethoconus,
Fieber, which is quite different) by the impunctate elytra
and punctured pronotum.
33. 7. javanum, sp. nov.
Sordid rufoflavous ; antennz blackish-brown or rufobrunneous,
annulated with pallid. Base of clavus blackish-brown. Elytra and
venter pale rufoflavous, the former mottled with darker. Legs
sordid pale rufoflavous, annulate with blackish-brown. Membranal
nervures stramineous. Second segment of antenne twice as long as
3rd, which is a trifle longer than the Ist, the 3 apical slender, 2nd
slightly incrassate apically.
Long. 53 mill., lat. 2 mill.
Hab. JAVA.
264 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the
34, Disphinctus sumatrator, sp. nov.
Q. Entirely castaneous (with pale golden pubescence) except—eyes
pale ; 2nd to 4th segments of antennze, an annulus on the middle of
anterior and intermediate femora, the posterior tibie, an irregular
blotch at apex of corium, cuneus (except extreme base and very nar-
rowly the interior margin), black. Membrane (excluding nervures)
greenish-cinereous-hyaline. Pronotum smooth, base emarginate.
Legs with somewhat long, bristly golden hairs. Second segment of
antenne 3? as long as the Ist, which is twice as long as the head.
Long. 114 mill.
Hab. SUMATRA.
35. D. anadyomene, sp. nov.
= Capsus fasciatus, Walker, l.c., p. 122 (nec Meyer, 1843).
This lovely species from Singhapur is of a delicate
dark coral-red colour.
36. Monalonion atratum, Distant.
Hab. Ecuapbor, Quito.
37. M. wanthophilus (Walker).
= Capsus xanthophilus, Walker, 1. ¢., p. 110 (Brazil).
= Resthenia xanthophilus, Atkinson, p. 62 !!
38. J. pilosipes, sp. n.
Head, antenne (entirely), anterior lobe of pronotum, legs (except
an obscure pallid ring on the middle of the intermediate tibic, and an
obscure reddish ring on the middle of the posterior femora), metaster-
num, genital segments above and beneath, elytra, etc., shining
black. Posterior lobe of pronotum, scutellum, abdomen above and
beneath, pro- and mesosterna, dark sanguineous. Head nearly twice
as long as 1st segment of antennee, 2nd segment between 9 and 10
times as long as Ist. Base of pronotum truncate. Posterior tibie
curved, and very pilose, as also posterior femora.
Long. 10} mill.
Hab. Ecuapor, Quito.
39. I. megiston, sp. nov.
Closely allied to IZ, dissimulatum, Distant, but larger,
fhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 265
base of pronotum only slightly emarginate,antenne eutirely
black and with different proportions.
Scutellum entirely pale. Posterior lobe of pronotum reddish-
ochraceous, Anterior and intermediate legs pallid, except base of
femora ; posterior legs entirely black, except a broad pale yellowish
ring on middle of femora. Abdomen black. First segment of
antenne very short, } shorter than head ; 2nd nearly 8 times as
long as first, + longer than 3rd.
Long. @ 113-15 mill.
Hab. AMAZONS (type); ECUADOR.
40. Helopeltis waterhouset, sp. nov.
Differs from H. bergrothit, Reuter, by the colouring and
by the different proportions of the antenne.
?. Frons and clypeus pale ; elytra, legs (except pallid coxa and
basal half of femora), antenne (except orange-red base of 1st segment),
scutellum, ete., shining black. Anterior lobe of pronotum orange-
red, Abdomen above and below bright sanguineous. Second seg-
ment of antenne 4 longer than Ist, subequal to 3rd (5 longer).*
The basal 4th of the scutellar horn is directed slightly backwards, the
apical ? directed forwards at an obtuse angle (nearly right angles).
Hab. GABOON.
41. H. insularis, sp. nov.
?. Shining black ; anterior lobe of pronotum, base of scutellum,
legs (except tarsi and apex of femora and 1 or 2 more or less obscure
spots on femora), connexivum above—pale reddish-testaceous. Elytra
dark reddish-black. Antenne, rostrum, venter, etc., entirely black.
@. Var. 1. Entirely black. Cuneus faintly red. Legs dark
testaceous.
2. Var. 2. Second to 4th segments of antennee obscurely pallid.
¢. Black, except the obscurely reddish cuneus. Basal half of 1st
segment of antenne testaceous. Posterior legs testaceous, femora
spotted with black.
¢6 2. Second segment of antennie 3 longer than the Ist, 2
longer than the 3rd. Scutellar horn somewhat elongate, almost erect
and straight.
Long. ¢ 6 mill., 2 73-8 mill.
Hab. Puto Laur.
* In bergrothit the 2nd is more than ¢ longer than the 3rd.
2
266 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the
42. Megalocerexa celestialium, sp. n.
Closely allied to IZ ruficornis (Fourcroy) but a little
smaller, head more depressed, posterior femora slenderer,
ete.
Dilute greenish ; a median line on head, 4 lines on pronotum, 2 on
scutellum, etce., brownish-cinereous. Antenne, apex of posterior tibize
and the Ist 2 tarsal segments rosaceous. Eyes blackish. Third
segment of posterior tarsi and claws black.
Second segment of antenne 3 times as long as Ist, and
than 3rd.
Long. nearly 6 mill., lat. 14 mill,
Hab, Cuina, Nan King.
ae
longer
43. Hioneus bilineatus, Distant.
Hab. Costa Rica.
This genus is closely allied to Megalocerxa.
44. Collaria oleosus (Distant).
Hab. Costa Rica, San José,
_ The colour of the pronotum is somewhat variable; at
one extreme only the posterolateral spots are well-marked,
while at the other, beside the 4 typical spots, there
is a S5th—in the middle of the posterior margin.
Luryiniris, gen. nov.
Allied to Teratocoris, Fieber, but differs by the apically
rounded head.
Vertex between the eyes, 24 times as wide as an eye, transversely
impressed, anteriorly rounded, basal half superficially sulculate
longitudinally, not narrowed behind the eyes, which are remote from
the pronotum, prominent and almost pedunculate, extending laterally
well beyond the base of the head. Pronotum anteriorly constricted,
anterolaterally callose behind the constriction, lateral margins sinu-
ate, diverging posteriorly ; posterior margin truncate,obtusely tubercul-
ate laterally. Scutellum obtusely rounded, First segment of tarsi twice
as long as 2nd, tomentose beneath, 2nd inserted subapically, 3rd
apically.
45. EH. eurynome, sp. nov. (Plate VI, fig. 21.)
Glabrous ; head, pronotum and scutellum very smooth, the 2
Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 267
last superficially transversely rugose. Elytra rugose-punctate, interior
area of membrane much longer than exterior, the latter coriaceous.
Pale (slightly greenish) testaceous. Eyes black. Anterior femora
apically, and anterior tarsi, blackish. Elytra pale olivaceous ;
clavus centrally and subexterolaterally, corium subcostally—
narrowly blackish. Membranal nervures and abdomen pale greenish-
testaceous.
Long. 92 mill., lat. max. 2 mill.
Hab, AUSTRALIA, Victoria, Alexandra.
Austromiris, gen. NOV.
Allied to Megalocerza, Fieber, but differs by the slightly
transverse, apically rounded head, etc.
Vertex scarcely impressed or sulcate, basally somewhat feebly
marginate. Eyes not touching pronotum. Pronotum constricted
a little above the middle, anterior lobe laterally rounded, callose sub-
medianly on either side, with a small impression on either side of
the middle. Posterior lobe transversely rugose, lateral margins
sinuately divergent, posterolateral angles prominent, subacute,
posterior margin sinuately emarginate, exposing apex of scutellum.
Membranal areas entirely membranous.
46. A. viridissimus, sp. nov. (Plates V, fig. 12; VI, fig. 22.)
Smooth, glabrous (except posterior lobe of pronotum). Head,
scutellum, legs, ete., greenish-testaceous. Pronotum and elytra green,
some spots on head and anterior lobe of pronotum, the greater part of
posterior lobe, mediolongitudinal stripe on scutellum and exterolateral
angles of the latter—blackish or greenish-black. Claval and corio-
claval sutures and a stripe along middle of corium, antenne, tarsi and
tibial spines, blackish or brownish-black. Venter more or less dilute
green. Membrane fumate, nervures pale flavous. First segment of
antennze much longer than vertex, a trifle longer than pronotum,
more than twice as wide as 2nd segment. Second segment 3 times
as long as 1st, which is subequal to the 3rd. Rostrum reaching
nearly to apex of intermediate coxe.
Long. 8 mill., lat. nearly 2 mill.
Hab. AUSTRALIA, Victoria, Alexandra.
This species varies a little in colouring, principally in
the depth of tint of the green; thus the clavus and interior
half of corium are sometimes dark green, the exterior half
of corium greenish-yellow, these areas being separated
268 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the
by a narrow pale brownish-black stripe. The head is
sometimes immaculate, and the posterior lobe of pronotum
entirely bright green. The exterior half of corium dark
green, and the dark stripes broader.
Saturniomiris, gen. nov.
Distinguished by the very wide head (with eyes), which
is much wider than the anterior lobe of the pronotum.
Vertex nearly as wide as the eyes together, longitudinally sulcate.
Head long, triangular. Eyes very large, semipedicillate. Pronotum
constricted before the middle and transversely suleate, posterior lobe
raised, and there is also a narrow, but distinct and somewhat
swollen collar. Pronotum finely rugose-punctured, anterior lobe
callose mediolaterally, lateral margins rounded, base truncate.
Elytra minutely tuberculate. Posterior femora short.
47. S. tristis (Walker).
Capsus tristis, Walker, 1. ¢., p. 125.
Head and pronotum sordid fuscofulvous (less or more mottled),
antenne and elytra blackish-grey, or blackish. Legs black ; apical
half of tibiz, and the tarsi, pallid. First segment of antenne in-
crassate, 1st short, 2nd about 23 (nearly 3) times as long as Ist,
3rd a trifle longer than 4th, both shorter than 1st.
Hab. NEw GUINEA.
Rhinomirvis, gen. nov.
Superficially very like the Nabine genus Reduviolus
(Kirby).
Head subhorizontal, produced triangularly in front of the eyes,
the pre-antennal part somewhat longer than the post-antennal ;
vertex mediolongitudinally sulcate towards the base. Eyes large,
prominent, nearly touching the pronotum. Antenne longer than
thorax and abdomen together, nearly as long as entire body ; Ist
segment about as long as head. Rostrum very long. Pronotal con-
striction nearer to the base than the apical margin, the anterior lobe
rounded laterally, humped in the middle (the hump longitudinally
sulcate) ; lateral and posterior margins of posterior lobe sinuate, the
former divergent posteriorly. Posterior lobe of scutellum humped.
Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 269
48. R. vicarius, Walker.
Capsus vicarius, Walker, 1. ¢., p. 121=¢.
Capsus canescens, Walker, |. c., p. 121= 2.
(Plate V, fig.6; Plate VI, fig? 14.)
Blackish-brown variegated with fuscotestaceous. Vertex apically
black, fuscotestaceous (with a brownish central spot) basally ; base
behind the eyes black. Eyes dark brown. The basal 2 segments of
antenne rufofuscous, the 2nd apically black, extreme apex with a
pale annulus, 3rd and 4th blackish, except the pallid extreme base
of 3rd. Pronotum apically black, posteriorly brownish-black, a
central flavous stripe, and various less or more obscure flavous mark-
ings. Scutellum blackish, a median line (anteriorly expanded) and
an anterolateral curved line, fuscotestaceous. Elytra blackish-brown
with the following fuscotestaceous or sordid flavous *—nervures,
margins narrowly (costa somewhat widely), a large number of small
spots (except on the corium interoapically) on clavus and corium.
Corium exteroapically fumate ; membrane somewhat fumate. Legs
rufofuscous (less or more obseure) with pale annuli and spots. Venter
(in part at least) black. Third segment of antenne { longer than
2nd, which is 2+ as long as the Ist, which is slightly longer than the
4th (35, 90, 1380, 33). Elytra with short, scant hairs ; strongly
rugulose transversely ; apex of corium acute, reaching as far pos-
teriorly as apex of interior area of membrane, exterior area very
small, hyaline. Femora longitudinally subsulcate above, anterior
pair the thickest.
¢ Rostrum reaching beyond apex of abdomen. @ Rostram reach-
ing to apex.
Long. 10 mill.
Hab. Puto Lavt.
Zanessd, gen. NOV.
Somewhat allied to Miris, Fabr., and has a little the
appearance of an elongate Calocoris, Fieber.
Covered with short hairs (not pubescence). Vertex, pronotum and
scutellum mediolongitudinally carinate ; the lst transversely im-
pressed, and lightly marginate at the base. Eyes globular, promin-
ent, together much wider than the vertex. Rostrum reaching to apex
of intermediate coxee. Pronotum constricted a little in front of the
* The unique types, which are in bad condition, are faded and the
pallid markings are whitish mostly.
270 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the
middle, lateral margins sinuately diverging posteriorly ; base sinu-
ately emarginate, exposing apex of the impunctate, slightly rugose
scutellum. Elytraand wings reaching well beyond apex of abdomen.
Legs slender, pilosospinose.
49. Z. rubrovariegata, sp. nov. (Plates V, fig.13; VI,fig. 15.)
2. Head, pronotum and scutellum pale testaceous ; lst and 2nd
segments of antenne, a submedian line on each side of the carina (of
the head, pronotum and scutellum, expanded on the last-named) pale
crimson. Apex of 2nd antennal segment above, Ist and 2nd segments
beneath, lateral margins of pronotum, 2 submedian apical spots on
scutellum, blackish. Elytra pale crimson (widely) and dark purplish-
brown (more narrowly) in alternate bands, separated by very narrow
pale testaceous lines. Cuneus crimson, extreme apex pale testaceous.
Membrane fumate (irridescent crimson and green), nervures crimson.
Legs pale crimson-testaceous, coxze pale testaceous, tarsal segments
partly blackish; a black annulus at apex of posterior femora.
Abdomen above black, connexivum crimson. Venter pale (greenish)
testaceous, spiracles blackish-brown. First segment of antenne in-
crassate, twice as thick as 2nd and more than 34 timesas long as head ;
2nd segment 24 times as long as Ist. First segment of rostrum not
reaching to the point of the xyphus ; 2nd segment slender, reaching
to anterior coxe ; 3rd reaching to base of intermediate coxe.
Long. 94-93 mill.
Hab. AUSTRALIA, Victoria, Alexandra.
I have also in my collection a single male which is pro-
bably referable to this species. It comes from the same
locality, is similarly coloured, though a little darker, and
the venter is dead black.
Long. 74 mill.
This is certainly the handsomest Mirarian so far
described.
Bothriomiris, gen. nov.
Has no near allies and will probably form a new division.
Oblong, broad, pilulose. Entire surface (head, nota, sterna, elytra,
etc.), densely, strongly punctured. Vertex, strongly declivous, much
longer than high (profile), as wide as the 2 eyes together, not sulcate,
basally marginate. Antenne long, 2nd segment distinctly longer
than pronotum. Interior margin of eyes convex, not emarginate.
Pronotum without a collar and not constricted latero-medianly,
Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 271
anteriorly callose, the callosity somewhat deeply sulcate longitudin-
ally, and not densely punctured. Posterior part of pronotum
medianly carinate, base truncate, very slightly emarginate, postero-
lateral angles prominent, obtuse, pronotum widely reflexed at postero-
lateral angles. Cuneus small, longer than broad. Interior area of
membrane very acutangular apically. Posterior cox very remote
from lateral margins of abdomen ; femora short, incrassate; tibic
twice as long as tarsi, lst tarsal segment much longer than 2nd.
Membrane marbled.
50. B. marmoratus, sp. nov. (Plates V, fig. 9; VI, fig. 16.)
= Capsus simulans, Walker, |. c., p. 125 (nec Stal).
Head, anterior part of pronotum, central line or posterior part and
scutellum, the more or less obscure marmoration of elytra and mem-
brane—pale flavous more or less suffused with pale sanguineous,
Antenne blackish-brown (paler beneath). Posterior lobe of prono-
tum and scutellum dark crimson (or reddish-black), reddish-black
laterally. Membrane nervures pale flavous. Ventral pale sordid
yellow, sterna black laterally, abdomen black laterally irregularly.
Elytra with pale golden pubescence. Second segment of antenne
nearly twice as long as 1st, a little incrassate apically.
Long. 7 mill., lat. 24 mill.
Hab. Mauacca, Perak (type); Singhapur (British Mus.)
The vertex in one example has a suffused blackish longi-
tudinal stripe ; this is pale sanguineous in the other.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES V AND VI.
PLATE V.
Fic.
1. Lomatoplewra hesperus, Kirk. Head and pronotum.
2. Hesperolabops gelastops, Kirk. ~ 45
3. Sphinctothorax montandoni, Kirk.
4. Kosmiomiris rubroornatus, Kirk.
5. Kangra dudgeoni, Kirk.*
6. Rhinomiris vicarius (Walker).
7. Platyngomiris coreoides, Kirk.
* This has been drawn in error with the pronotum tilted forward,
showing the root of the elytra, etc.
272 Explanation of Plates V and VI.
8. Ewrybrochis zanna, Kirk.
9. Bothriomiris marmoratus, Kirk.
10. Resthenia berta, Kirk.
11. Umslopogas nigroquadristriatus, Kirk.
12. Austromiris viridissimus, Kirk.
13. Zanessa rubrovariegata, Kirk.
PEATE VA.
Fic.
1. Orectoderus obliquus, Uhler. . . . . Macropterous ¢.
Ih. 5 xs =p . . Apterous?.
3. Sphinctothorax montandoni, Kirk. . . Head in profile.
4. Hekista laudator, Kirk. .
oS) ’
5. Orectoderus obliquus, Uhler. op ”
6. Kosmiomiris rubroornatus, Kirk.. 5 5
7. Umslopogas nigroquadristriatus, Kirk. . " A
8. Zulaimena hathor, Kirk. : * 5
9. Cheilocapsus flavomarginatus, Kirk. FS ee
10. Eblis amasis, Kirk. . ai A
11. Eurybrochis zanna, Kirk. ; sy
12. Proboscidocoris seti, Kirk. MN -
13. Eurystylus costalis, Stal . = ‘
14. Rhinomiris vicarius (Walker) . ; _
15. Zanessa rubrovariegata, Kirk. . Ra A
16. Bothriomiris marmoratus, Kirk. . . ir
17. Olympiocapsus celestialium, Kirk. 9 “
18. .) _ Head and pronotum, dorsal
view.
19. Eblisamasis, Kirk. . . . . . Head and pronotum, dorsal
view.
20. Hurystylus costalis, Stal. . . . Head and pronotum, dorsal
view.
21. Eurymiris ewrynome, Kirk. . . Head and pronotum, dorsal
view.
22. Austromiris viridissimus, Kirk. . Head and pronotum, dorsal
view.
23. Orectoderus obliquus, Uhler. . . Head and pronotum, dorsal
view.
24. Newrocolpus nubilus (Say). . . Antenna enlarged.
25, Umslopogas nigroquadristriatus, Kirk. Posterior tarsus.
JUNE 17, 1902.
(2530)
XV. Lepidoptera from the Chatham Islands,
By Epwarp Meyrick, B.A., F.ZS.
[Read May 7th, 1902.]
THE following species of Lepidoptera were collected in the
Chatham Islands by Mr. J. Fourgere, and transmitted to
Professor Hutton, of Christchurch, New Zealand, who
placed them in my hands for determination. Little or
nothing seems to have been known previously of the
Lepidoptera of this outlying group of the New Zealand
system, and it is exceedingly desirable that no time should
be lost in securing representatives of those to be found
there. They are probably not numerous, but search
should be especially made in those parts of the islands
which are furthest removed from the influence of settle-
ment, and also particularly on the highest points, however
bleak and exposed these may appear to be.
The present consignment appears to contain 19 species,
of which however one is not in a condition to be accurately
determined. Of the remaining 18 species, 7 are new to
science, 7 are common New Zealand species which are not
at all likely to have been introduced by man (two of these
occur also in Australia and Tasmania), and 4 are semi-
domestic species of more or less wide distribution which
have doubtless been artificially imported. The 7 new
species are all of characteristic New Zealand genera, and
obviously related to New Zealand species of these genera,
so that, so far as herein appears, the islands are simply a
detached portion of New Zealand.
CARADRINID&.
1. Leucania propria, Walk.
One specimen, in poor condition, but apparently normal.
2. Melanchra bromias, n. sp.
¢ . 34-36 m.m. Head and thorax grey, sometimes whitish-
mixed, variably tinged with brownish or reddish, and indistinctly
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART II. (NOv.) 19
274 Mr. E. Meyrick on
marked irregularly with blackish streaks. Antenne in ¢ shortly
bipectinated to 8. Abdomen light grey, sometimes ochreous-tinged.
Forewings moderately dilated, costa almost straight, apex obtuse,
termen crenulate, obliquely rounded; grey, partially whitish-
sprinkled, variably and irregularly tinged with purple-brownish,
median band and terminal area darker; a short black median
longitudinal streak from base; a short similar parallel streak from
dorsum near base, sometimes obsolete ; first and second lines slender,
blackish, waved, nearly obsolete on upper half, fairly distinct and
rather nearly approximated on lower half; spots outlined with
black, more or less rosy-brownish, especially reniform, orbicular and
reniform sometimes whitish-edged, orbicular semi-oval, incomplete
above, claviform subtriangular ; subterminal line white, sometimes
interrupted or partially obsolete, with one prominent dentation
below middle (on vein 3), near dorsum more conspicuous and
preceded by a triangular dark fuscous spot, elsewhere edged with
smaller dark fuscous spots: cilia fuscous, mixed with dark fuscous,
and indistinctly barred with whitish. Hindwings light fuscous,
darker terminally ; cilia whitish, with cloudy dark fuscous line.
Four specimens. Nearest to JZ mutans, with which it
agrees in the rather peculiar character of the single
prominent dentation of subterminal line, but darker and
duller-coloured, without the black supratornal streak of
that species, and differing also by the blackish posterior
margin of reniform.,
3. Melanchra composita, Guen.
Five specimens.
HyYDRIOMENID.
4. Xanthorhoe rosearia, Dbld.
One specimen ($); somewhat peculiar, median band of
forewings strongly marked with dark fuscous, its posterior
edge more approximately parallel to termen than in any
of my New Zealand specimens; in the absence of further
material I am disposed to regard it as a local form only.
5. Nanthorhoe homalocyma, n. sp.
¢ 24-28 m.m., 2 22-26 m.m. Head and thorax pale ochreous,
more or less sprinkled or tinged with fuscous. Antennal pectinations
of ¢ long (a 6, b 8). Forewings triangular, apex obtuse, termen
Lepidoptera from the Chatham Islands. 275
oblique, gently rounded, slightly waved ; pale ochreous, sometimes
fuscous-tinged, sometimes sprinkled with whitish or dark fuscous ;
numerous waved brownish-ochreous or fuscous striz, usually faint
in ¢ but more distinct in ? ; edge of basal area angulated near
costa, in ¢ sometimes blackish-marked in middle and on dorsum ;
third and fourth fasciz (limiting median band) usually darker-
suffused, in ¢ sometimes blackish-marked on external edge towards
middle and on dorsum, anterior edge curved, posterior slightly
prominent in middle and beneath costa; on each side of median
band are somewhat paler fascia, in which veins are often marked
with white, and more or less conspicuously dotted with black ; a
transverse black discal dot; termen sometimes darker-suffused,
especially in @, limited above by an oblique dark apical streak :
cilia pale ochreous, with two cloudy fuscous lines. Hindwings light
grey, sometimes ochreous-tinged ; posterior edge of median band
sometimes indicated by a faint darker angulated shade ; sometimes
one or two darker subterminal strize ; cilia as in forewings.
Twenty-seven specimens. Somewhat imtermediate be-
tween X. rosearia and A. subductata ; markings much as
in subductata, but forewings without the characteristic
ellow-greenish mixture, and posterior edge of median
band much less prominent in middle. It also approaches
the larger Tasmanian Y. centronewra, which however is
reddish-tinged, and has distinct band of median strize on
hindwings, besides other differences.
6. X. lucidata, Walk.
Three specimens, somewhat large and pale, but not
otherwise different.
SELIDOSEMID,
7. Selidosema ombrodes, n. sp.
4d 9. 32-86 m.m. Head and thorax varying from fuscous to
brownish-ochreous. Antennal pectinations in ¢ very long (16),
extending to near apex. Abdomen pale ochreous-yellowish, sprinkled
with fuscous, in g rather elongate. Legs rather dark fuscous, ringed
with whitish-ochreous, posterior tibie in ¢ little dilated. Fore-
wings rather elongate-triangular, costa moderately arched, apex
obtuse, termen somewhat oblique, rounded ; light ochreous, more or
less largely suffused with brown, and strigulated with dark fuscous ;
first and second lines dark fuscous, usually indistinct, first strongly
curved, second somewhat irregular, hardly curved on upper 3,
276 Mr. E. Meyrick on
thence obliquely bent inwards; an indistinct transverse blackish
discal mark ; usually a pale costal spot beyond second line ; in one
? conspicuous pale fasciz on each side of median band ; subterminal
line indistinct, sometimes partially whitish, waved-dentate: cilia
rather dark fuscous. Hindwings with termen rounded, gently
waved ; rather light grey, indistinctly strigulated with darker ; cilia
pale grey.
Eight specimens. Not to be confused with any other ;
perhaps nearest allied to S. productata, but larger and
more sombre, and distinguished from it and all similar
New Zealand species by the grey hindwings; the very
long antennal pectinations of f are also noticeable.
CRAMBID®.
8. Crambus ramosellus, Dbld.
One specimen ; much damaged, but does not appear to
differ from typical examples.
9. Crambus horistes, n. sp.
¢ 9. 21-26 m.m. Head and thorax pale greyish-ochreous, with
some white scales. Labial palpi 4, greyish-ochreous, white towards
base beneath. Forewings with apex tolerably rectangular, termen
nearly straight, rather oblique, rounded beneath ; pale brownish-
ochreous ; a rather broad straight snow-white longitudinal streak
above middle from base to termen, extremity extended upwards to
apex, sometimes yellowish-tinged towards base ; costal area above
this wholly rather dark brown: cilia pale ochreous, suffusedly
barred with white. Hindwings whitish-fuscous ;- cilia white, with a
faint subbasal whitish-fuscous line.
Four specimens. Allied to C. flexuosellus (no other
species has the sharply contrasted dark costal and light
dorsal areas), but easily distinguished by the absence of the
characteristic dark spots on lower edge of white streak,
and by the hindwings not being yellowish.
PYRAUSTID.
10. Mecyna marmarina, Meyr.
Four specimens; normal in all respects. I now regard
Mnesictena, formed as a genus to include this species and
its allies, as properly a group of Mecyna.
Lepidoptera from the Chatham Islands. 277
11. Mecyna pantheropa, n. sp.
4 @. 25-26 m.m. Head and thorax light yellow-ochreous, some-
times mixed with reddish-fuscous or whitish. Labial palpi 4-45,
yellow-ochreous mixed with fuscous, beneath white towards base.
Legs whitish, anterior tibie infuscated. Forewings rather elongate-
triangular, costa gently arched, apex almost rectangular, termen
slightly bowed, oblique; orange, variably mixed with reddish-
fuscous or dark fuscous, especially on veins, in two specimens wholly
suffused with fuscous ; extreme costal edge sometimes whitish in
middle; markings reddish-brown, mixed or suffused with dark
grey ; a suffusion along basal 4 of costa, sometimes extending basally
to dorsum ; first line irregularly curved, second denticulate, forming
a strong subquadrate loop inwards below middle, space between
them wholly suffused with dark except along costa and on a band
preceding upper half of second line ; sometimes a sharply defined
irregular transverse or rhomboidal clear white discal spot at middle,
but in three specimens this is not indicated ; a moderate terminal
fascia, suffusedly projecting inwards opposite loop of second line :
cilia dark grey, tips pale and reddish-tinged. Hindwings whitish-
yellowish, becoming whitish towards costa ; dorsal area more or less
suffused with grey (in one specimen the whole wing grey except
costa) ; two dark grey discal dots very obliquely placed ; sometimes
a grey postmedian line ; a suffused dark grey terminal fascia, some-
times very narrow or obsolete except at apex ; a terminal series of
dark grey dots; cilia rosy-whitish, with an indistinct grey line.
Seven specimens. Very variable; nearest to I/. lavidalis,
but always without the yellow quadrate spot in middle of
dise of forewings (always present in flavidalis), and also
distinguished from both flavidalis and marmarina by the
much longer palpi; readily separated from notata by the
dark median band and terminal fascia.
12. Scoparia, sp.
One specimen of a species allied to S. eyameuta, but in
very poor condition and unfit for determination.
13. Scoparia leptophea, n. sp.
?. 19-21 m.m. Head and thorax light fuscous, with some whitish
scales. Labial palpi 34, fuscous, white towards base beneath. Fore-
wings very narrow, apex rounded-obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ;
fuscous-whitish, densely irrorated with fuscous and sprinkled with
278 Mr. E. Meyrick on
dark fuseous; first and second lines formed by black irroration,
very indistinct, first nearly straight, rather strongly oblique, second
angulated above middle, indented beneath costa, followed on costa
by a cloudy whitish spot ; spots formed by black irroration, very
undefined, orbicular remote from first line, elaviform obliquely
before orbicular, near first line, discal cloudy: cilia fuscous-whitish,
with subbasal and postmedian cloudy fuscous lines. Hindwings 13,
pale fuscous, becoming darker towards termen; cilia whitish, with
fuscous basal line.
Seven specimens, all in bad condition. An obscure
species, but quite distinct from anything else; by the
form of the narrow forewings it is probably most allied to
S. psammitis.
PTEROPHORID&.
14. Platyptilia wolodes, n. sp.
d ?. 17-22 mm. Head, ‘palpi, and thorax ochreous, variably
mixed with whitish and reddish-fuscous, frontal tuft 1; palpi
nearly 4. Middle tibize distinctly tufted in middle and at apex.
Forewings with apex produced, termen prominently angulated on
vein 3 (middle of second segment) ; reddish-brown, varying to light
reddish-ochreous, variably mixed with whitish and dark fuscous ;
costa darker, strigulated with whitish ; a dark reddish-brown sub-
triangular spot on costa at 3, anteriorly undefined, its apex touching
a blackish transverse dot before fissure, posteriorly followed by more
or less ochreous-whitish suffusion ; subterminal line sharply dentate,
ochreous-whitish, usually nearly obsolete, but in one specimen in
which the terminal area is suffused with dark reddish-brown very
conspicuous : cilia reddish-fuscous, barred with whitish, on termen
with tips beyond a blackish median line whitish, on dorsum with
numerous small projections of black scales and a larger black scale-
tooth at 3. Hindwings fuscous : cilia whitish-fuscous, with indistinct
darker median line on termen ; on dorsum with rather large un-
defined black scale-tooth scarcely beyond middle of third segment,
and numerous black-tipped projecting scales between this and base.
Six specimens. Varies considerably in colour; nearest
allied to P. falcatalis, but smaller and darker, and readily
distinguished by the prominent angulation of termen of
second segment of forewings (in /a/catalis the margin is
somewhat bent but not angulated), and the principal
dorsal scale-tuft of hindwings being hardly beyond the
middle, whereas in falcatalis it is much broader and is
considerably beyond the middle.
—
wie)
Lepidoptera from the Chatham Islands. 2
TORTRICIDZ.
15. Cacacia excessana, Walk.
Four specimens, showing considerable variation.
(ECOPHORID 2.
16. Borkhausenia (Heophora) pseudospretella, Stt.
Four specimens. Artificially introduced.
TINEID.
17. Trichophaga tapetiella, L.
One specimen. This and the two following species are
also hangers-on of man, and have been brought in by him.
18. Monopis ethelella, Newm.
Six specimens ; normal.
19. Tinea terranea, Butl.
Six specimens.
XVL On a new cricket of aquatic habits, found in Fy by
Professor Gustave Gilson. By Professor Louis
Compron MrAxt, F.R.S., and Professor GUSTAVE
GILSON.
[Read May 7th, 1902. ]
Puates VII anp VIII.
THE aquatic cricket now to be described was obtained by
Professor Gilson of Louvain in Viti-Levu, Fiji, on October
23rd, 1897. It was found ona branch of the Upper Navua
river, a clear and rapid stream, flowing through a deep,
rocky valley. Myriads of black specks were seen dancing
on the surface of the water. When alarmed, they hid
behind stones. They skated on the water, or jumped to a
height of about six inches, usually several times in close
succession, and were sometimes seen to leap upon very
disturbed water. Now and then three or four of the
crickets seemed to be playing at leap-frog, and jumping
over one another, as if in sport. ‘They were very hard to
catch, though several men were employed in capturing
them, and very few specimens were secured, Night
interrupted the work, and next day an attack of malarial
fever obliged Professor Gilson to desist. Rainy weather
followed, the river rose, and no more was seen of the
crickets.
The largest male specimen was 11 m.m. long, not
including the antenn, cerci, or wing-tips. In most
respects the head resembles that of other Gryllide. The
mandibles exhibit a peculiar structure, the masticatory
surface consisting of three cutting ridges, alternating with
molar surfaces, which are armed with close-set denticles
(fig. 8). No ocelli were found. A pair of cerci project
from the 7th abdominal segment.
The wing-covers of the male have the dorsal area
largely membranous; the general arrangement of the
veins is somewhat like that of the Gryllide in which the
male stridulates, and altogether different from the vena-
tion of the female wing-cover. The roughened file, the
chanterelle, the chords and the oblique veins are either
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART UL. (NOV.)
282 Prof. L. C. Miall and Prof. G. Gilson on
wanting or not functional, so that our cricket has no
tambour in the sense of Saussure,* a fact which has
some bearing upon its systematic position. It seems most
probable that the wing-cover has been formerly adapted
for stridulation (as in most male Trigonididz) and that the
power has subsequently been lost. The wings of the
second pair resemble those of other Gryllide in their
numerous radiating veins, which cover the whole surface ;
when folded, they project beyond-the body like a pair of
long tails.
The fore tibia has two auditory fenestree and one
terminal spur (fig. 13).+ The tarsus is three-jointed, and
the middle joint, which is short and heart-shaped, shows
a very peculiar structure, viz. a fringe of rather long and
close-set sete, protected by a thin chitinous plate, which
is perhaps double. A similar apparatus is found in the
tarsus of the mid and hind legs also (figs. 10, 11); 1t is
perhaps used as a comb for cleaning the body. From the tip
of the basal joint of the tarsus stands off a stout spur, ending
in a hook, and with one border serrated. The terminal
joint in all the legs bears two pointed, laterally serrate
claws. The mid leg differs from the fore leg chiefly in
the absence of auditory fenestree and the presence of two
tibial spurs. The hind leg, as in other Gryllide, is adapted
for leaping. The tibia of this leg bears three unequal
spurs, two of which are serrate, and six articulated and
setose spines, three internal and three external. The first
tarsal joint bears two unequal spurs, one of which is
serrate, the middle joint is short, heart-shaped, and pro-
vided with a comb, and the terminal joint, as in the
other legs, bears two serrate claws. The hind leg greatly
exceeds the others in length, and here only can we discover
a special adaptation to leaping on water. The long and
setose spines of the tibia are well fitted for striking the
surface-film without breaking it. No very special modifi-
cation fur this purpose has been discovered in the mid
and fore legs. It is possible, as every-day observation
shows, for insects of small size, such as Nemoceran flies,
to rest on the surface of water without possessing any
* Rech. Zool. du Méxique, VI, pp. 297, 309 ; Mélanges Orthopt.,
p. 513.
+ Theimperfect condition of the female specimens does not enable
us to positively say that the fenestrae occur in that sex, as they
almost certainly do; they are wanting in the larva,
A New Cricket of aquatic habits found in Fiji. 283
peculiar structure in the leg. Even the common house-
cricket, though nearly twice as long as the aquatic cricket
from Fiji, and many times heavier, does not sink in water,
and can propel itself awkwardly upon the surface, though
it cannot leap upon it.
‘It is well known that another genus of cricket (Tridac-
tylus, placed by Saussure in the tribe of Gryllotalpide)
is capable of leaping on water. Here the hind tibia bears
two rows of articulated and flattened plates, four on one
side and three on the other. From the extremity of the
joint project two pairs of spurs and the rudimentary
tarsus. Tridactylus differs so conspicuously from other
crickets in the antennz and wings that it cannot be
supposed to be nearly related to our cricket, and the
similarity in the hind tibia is no doubt purely adaptive.*
In Scelymena, Serv., a genus of Tettigide, of which
several species occur in Ceylon, Java and Burmab, the
hind tibia ends in four strong, articulated spines, and the
first tarsal joint may be dilated. These insects live on
the margins of streams and ponds; some of them have
been seen to leap on water.t Dr. Brunner von Wattenwyl
tells us that several groups of Phasmidz are known to
him as possessing the same power. The long hairy
spines of Pseudonemobius pictus (Gryllide) from Cashmere
suggest that this insect also may leap upon water, but
its habits have not been described. Certain Hemiptera,
such as Gerris (Hydrometra) lacustris, and some Collem-
bola, such as Podura aquatica and Isotoma palustris, can
also leap upon water, a faculty which becomes less re-
markable as the size of the insect diminishes. The Fijian
cricket attains a length of 11 m.m., Tridactylus variegatus
6 m.m., Gerris lacustris 9 m.m., while neither of the
Collembola exceeds 2 m.m.
The female insect differs must conspicuously from the
male in the presence of a rather long, curved ovipositor,
and in the quite different pattern of the wing-cover. The
ovipositor resembles that of some other Trigonidide.t+
The larva has no wings, no ovipositor, no auditory
* The mode of life of Tridactylus is carefully described by
Saussure, Recherches, VI, pp. 321-3.
t Saussure, Etudes sur quelques Orthoptéres du Musée de Geneve ;
Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 4° sér., tom. I, pp. 467-494 (1861).
+ Saussure, Mélanges Orthopt., tom. II, pp. 522-531, and Fig,
LXXIX.
2834 A New Cricket of aquatic habits found in Fiji.
yy ag 4]
fenestrae, and only three articulated spines on the inner
side of the tibia.
The aquatic cricket from Fiji agrees with the Trigonididee
among the tribes of Gryllide,* “except in the number of
the articulated spines of the hind tibia and the character
of the male wing-cover. Saussure, who, of course, was
unacquainted with this form, says (loc. eit., p. 599), that
in male Trigonididw the elytra are sometimes devoid of
tambour (stridulating apparatus), and are then identical
with the elytra of the female; or they may be furnished
with a complete and well- developed tambour. In our
insect the male elytron or wing-cover differs greatly from
that of the female, and yet is not completely equipped
for stridulation. The ovipositor of the female closely
resembles the peculiar ovipositor of Cyrtoxiphus,+ and
the partly coriaceous, partly membranous wing-covers, as
well as the presence of two fenestra in the fore tibia, also
approximate it to the genus Cyrtoxiphus. Brunner von
Wattenwyl ¢ has described a genus of Trigonidide (Amu-
surgus), in “which the male elytron has no tambour or
stridulating organ, and the new Fijian cricket seems to
come very near both to Amusurgus and to Cyrtoxiphus.
Few details of the male elytron of Amusurgus are given,
but it appears to differ from the same part in our cricket,
being narrow and silky (“angusta, holosericea”). The
hind tibia has four movable spies on each side.
It is necessary, we think, to place our aquatic cricket
in the tribe Trigonididw, where it will be distinguished
by the male elytron being partly membranous and
altogether unlike that of the female, but without func-
tional stridulating organ, while the hind tibia bears two
series of articulated spines. It seems necessary to recognize
the genus as distinct, and we propose for it the name of
Hydropedeticus.§ The species may be named /H. vitiensis.
Dr. Brunner von Wattenwyl, to whom we have submitted
our description and drawings, tells us that he has no
doubt of the correctness of the systematic position thus
assigned to the new cricket from Fiji.
* Saussure, Mélanges Orthopt., tom. II, p. 185.
t [bid., p. 601.
t Rév. ‘du Syst. des Orthoptéres, 1893, pp. 207, 212.
§ Suggested by Mr. B. M. Connal, lecturer in Latin to the York-
shine College. Hydropedeticus means leaping on water.
Fie. 1.
bo
Fig. 7.
10.
1H
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.
Male Hydropedeticus, the right wing-cover and wing
extended x 3.
. Left wing-cover of the male. The dorsal and lateral areas,
which do not lie in the same plane, are drawn separately,
a clear space intervening.
. Right wing-cover of the female, the dorsal and lateral
areas separated.
. Tibia and tarsus of hind leg, showing the adaptation for
leaping on water. Three of the spines are foreshortened,
and their set are not shown.
. Auditory fenestre of fore tibia, superposed,
. Immature Hydropedeticus (larva) = 3.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.
Head of Hydropedeticus with antenne, eyes and mouth-
parts.
. Edge of mandible, showing the cutting ridges alternating
with molar surfaces.
. Maxille and labium, seen from behind.
Middle tarsal joint of mid leg, To the right is seen the
thin chitinous plate and the fringe of sete,
The same part of the hind leg, with the smaller serrated
spur of the basal joint.
. The larger serrated spur of the basal tarsal joint (hind leg).
Only the bases of the long setze on the outer margin are
shown.
. Fore leg with auditory fenestra.
. Mid leg.
. Extremity of female abdomen in side-view, with one of the
cerci and the ovipositor. A spiracle is seen between the
dorsal and ventral plates.
XVII. Five Years’ Observations and Experiments (1896—
1901) on the Bionomies of South African Insects,
chiefly directed to the Investigation of Mimicry and
Warning Colours, by Guy A. K. MarsHatt, F.Z8.
With a Discussion of the Results and Other Subjects
suggested by them, by Epwarp B, Poutton, M.A.,
D.Sc, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology in the
University of Oxford, Fellow of Jesus College,
Oxford; and an Appendix containing Descriptions
of New Species by Ernest E. AusTEN, WILLIAM
L. Distant, Colonel CHartes T. BincHAM, F.ZS.,
Guy A. K. MARSHALL, and JULES BOURGEOIS.
[Read March 5, 1902. ]
Puates IX. to XXIII.
CONTENTS.
1. InrRopuction. By Guy A. K: Marsnati and E. B.
PKL TOINA atc aan Gee Ke ae cu eee Poy om Oe
2. EXPERIMENTS ON Manrip® IN NATAL AND RHODESIA.
((G ATS ie) NL) eee Sa Pal ate So (co Ee ie be See eae 297
3. ConcLUSIONS FROM EXPERIMENTS ON Mantipa. (E.B,P.) 315
4, EXPERIMENTS ON SPIDERS IN THE Karxkioor, (G. A.
Ke Mee wena ts ee tere ee ty Sac res OLS
5. REesuLts oF EXPERIMENTS ON SPIDERS AND THE EARLIER
EXPERIMENTS ON Mantip&: ONE PROBABLE MEANING
OF THE TENACITY OF LIFE IN DISTASTEFUL INSECTS.
(GEIS CANS eae Oa eg ee yr eens U) Oaatcae ate 322
6. Taz Avracks or PrepDAcEOUS INSECTS OTHER THAN
MANTIDA UPON CONSPICUOUS SPECIALLY-DEFENDED
TmPiormmma, atc. (HE, Bi Pi). 37. 9. . . . . = 328
A. Predaceous Hymenoptera and Newroplera. . . . . - 329
B, Predaceous Coleoptera. . . . . - . » =» +. + - 330
C. Predaceous Diptera . . . . : MANS. Boll
7. LEPIDOPTERA WITH WARNING COLOURS SPECIALLY LIABLE
TO THE ATTACKS oF Parasttic Insects. (G.A.K.M.) 337
8. EXPERIMENTS ON Lizarps aNnD Froes. (G. A. K.M.) . 338
9, EXPERIMENTS ON CAPTIVE KusTRELS (Cerchneis rupt-
coloides and C. nawmanni). (G.A.K.M.). . . . . 340
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART III. (NOV.)
288 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
10,
11.
14,
15,
16.
Lv.
23.
EXPERIMENTS ON A TAME GROUND HorN-BILL (Bucorax
canoer), (GAs IK, MO) oe re ee
THE INSECT-FOOD OF WILD SourH AFRICAN Brrps. (G.
A. K. M.) Oe See Can eee ‘
Recorps or ATTACKS ON LEPIDOPTERA, ESPECIALLY
BUTTERFLIES, BY WILD SourH AFRICAN Brrps. (G.
A. K. M.)
. RECORDS oF ATTACKS ON Bian BY WILD Bian
IN InDIA AND Cryton. By Con. J. W. YERBURY,
R.A. ; see
RECORDS OF ee ON peer ETC., BY WILD
BurMESE Birps. By Con. C. T. BInaHam
Guy A. K. MARSHALL’S INDIRECT EVIDENCE OF THE
ATTACKS UPON Burrerruies. (E. B. P.)
EXPERIMENTS ON A CAPTIVE MUNGOOSE WITH INSECT-FOOD,
(Gran KM) Mire,
EXPERIMENTS ON A CAPTIVE Mae ontae WITH eee FOOD.
WARNING CHARACTERS AND DISTASTEFUL QUALITIES
IN SoutH AFRIcaN Brrps. (G. A. K. M.)
EXPERIMENTS ON Cercopithecus pygerythrus. (G. A. K. M.)
EXPERIMENTS ON CAPTIVE Bapoons. (G. A. K. M.)
CONCLUSIONS FROM EXPERIMENTS ON CAPTIVE BABOONS,
MunGoosk, AND Kestrets. (G.A.K.M.) .
CONCLUSIONS FROM EXPERIMENTS ON Bapoons. (EK. B. P.)
THE CHIEF CONSPICUOUS SPECIALLY-DEFENDED GROUPS IN
THE COLEOPTERA INFERRED FROM G, A, K. MARSHALL’S
EXPERIMENTS. A COMPARISON BETWEEN COLEOPTERA
AND LEPIDOPTERA IN THIS RESPECT. (KE, B. P.).
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF THE VALUE OF THE TERRI-
FYING MARKINGS IN Cherocampa LArv&®, (G, A. K. M.)
. EVIDENCE OF A SUPERSTITIOUS DREAD OF THE LARVA OF
Cherocampa elpenor. (KE. B. P.)
. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF TERROR CAUSED BY THE
SQUEAK OF Acherontia atropos. (G. A. K. M.)
. INSECT STRIDULATION AS A WARNING OR INTIMIDATING
CHaracter, (G. A. K. M.). 5 Pare
Human EXPERIENCE OF THE ‘TASTE AND SMELL OF IN-
SECTS AFFORDS UNTRUSTWORTHY EVIDENCE OF THE
EFFECT UPON THE SENSES OF INSECTIVOROUS ANIMALS.
(E. B. P.) a Wa io ee ee
. Guy A. K. MarsHatw’s Bacon OF SEASONAL CHANGES
IN SoutH ArricAN BuTTERFLIES OF THE GENUS Precis.
(HBP)
A. Introduction .
347
348
353
361
366
376
378
379
380
387
388
414
414
The Bionomics of South African Insects.
B. Historical mate ;
C. The Demonstration by Guy a. K. Mamewaer that Texcen
simia is the Wet Phase of P. antilope . :
D. The Habits of the two Seasonal Phases of the South
African Species of the Genus Precis, and the Stations
they respectively occupy . ;
E. Hvidence of Adaptation in the conspicuous nen Pes a
the Wet-Season Phases almost equal to the Ee of it
in the cryptic Dry Phases
F. The severity of the Struggle for Heeisioncé among cee
in the African Dry Season as compared with the Wet.
The relation of the Seasonal Changes in Precis to those
of other Butterflies ;
G. The succession of the two Season Phas of beer
sesamus in Natwre : :
H. The attempt to control the Phases of P. sesamus An
P. archesia by the artificial application of Moisture
and Heat to the earlier stages. aay lines of
Experiment .
I. The Bearing of the SAdtonal Phases of Pees upon fhe
Science of Insect Systematics :
29. THE GREGARIOUS INSTINCT IN Hiysumarion AND she
GRATION OF Insects. (E. B. P.) res
30. DESCRIPTION AND Discussion oF MATERIAL BEARING ON
Mrmicry In South AFRICAN RHOPALOCERA COLLECTED
BY Guy A. K. MARSHALL, AND THE RECORD OF
OBSERVATIONS MADE BY HIM. (E. B. P.)
. Black-and-White Amauris-like Group .
. Limnas chrysippus-like Groups
The Origin and Meaning of the Tiree Chie Bona of
Linunas chrysippus
D, A study of Mimetic Forms may matite Us lo pecans a
the Lost Stages through which the Older Model has
passed . Shri te, ea mae Wee peo
E. Amauris echeria-like Groin marked Secondary Resem-
blances between the Forms mimicking echeria
F. The Origin of the black-marked golden-brown Tr ae
at the base of the Hind-Wing wnder-side in many
Ethiopian Butterflies,
G. Compound Growp containing Ee preiaeen ives of all ihe
three previously described. Species probably entering
two Growps . : :
H. Groups of Synaposematic Worwas captured a ee same
Place und Tine
Qn >
TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND. 1902.— Pare HI. ~(ov.) 2
289
458
460
466
466
468
488
490
492
0
290 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
I. Mimetic Species of South African Lycenide and Hes-
peridex captured with their Models
J. Mimiery in Lycenide and to a less extent im Fawn ide
a Character of the Ethiopian oe Possible Inter-
pretation .
K. Mimicry in the N’ wignedane 0 Bian or Miilleri ion 2
L. Miscellaneous Observations on Mimicry in South eae ican
Rhopalocera. (G. A. K. M.) .
31. Warning Contours AND MIMICRY (ALMOST WHOLLY “Mut
LERIAN) IN SourH ArFRIcAN ConEopTERs. (G. A. K.
IM. and. Ey BSP.)
A. Peculier Warning oe ae eae Maha. in
Carabidae and Cicindelide. (E. B. P. and G. A. K. M.)
B. Mutilloid Coleoptera: Cleridx, Carabide, and Cicinde-
lide: Primary and Secondary Synaposematic and
Pseudaposematic Associations. (E.B.P.) . . . .
C. Lycidx as Models for other Coleoptera and Insects of
many Orders. (G. A, K. M.). = Lb saree
D. Miillerian (Synaposematic) Groups in South African
Coleoptera. (G. A. K. M.)
a. Cantharid Group :
B. Intermediate Group bikes ie Cannan!
and Coccinelloid Groups .
. Coccinelloid Group . 4
Group of small pale yellow naa oe ‘Phaeuhage
with their Melyrid and Curculionid Mimics
E. Comparison between certain Coleopterous Groups in
Borneo and South Africa, with respect to Minicry,
Common Warning Colowrs, ete. (G. A. K. M.)
F. Note on Rhynchophora with Procryptic Colowring as
Models for Mimicry. (E. B. P.)
32. Common WaRNING CoLoURS IN SOUTH ArRroaw Hy.
MENOPTERA AND THE MIMICRY OF THEM ‘BY INSECTS
OF OTHER OrpeERS. (G, A. K. M.) :
A. Group with Black Bodies and Dark Blue ene BME
Fossores
B. Mimicry of Deeiontore 0 Wea wil Trae of ther
Orders, (E. B. P.) Lee
C. Group with Black Bodies ane alow Tails, ta
Diploptera
D. Group with Dark Badia Contre Ww hile Pale ae Red-
Brown Tails: Megachile the Models
E. Group with Black Thorax and Yellow roe all
Hymenoptera
id
493
498
500
509
508
The Bionomics of South African Insects.
F. Group with Black Bodies, Blue Wings, and Yellow or
Red Thorax.
G. Group with Black Bodies, Blue Wings, and Red or
Yellow Heads . DD het oss Carts <> ee Re eee ae
H. Group with Black and Yellow-Banded Bodies, all
Hymenoptera
lL. Group with Dark Wings ae Blac We and Yellows ‘Tpaes
Ichneumonid Models. ; :
J. Black and Yellow-Barred Braconid Crem ai Minne Shia
K. Black and Red Braconid Group and Mimics . :
L. Diptera mimicking Single Species of Hymenoptera rgthier
than the General Type of a Group
a, Asilid Fly mimicking Xylocopid Bee
B. Syrphid Fly mimicking a Wasp .
y. Bee-like Group
M. Growp of Ant-like Insects apiundd rogues
33. Mimeric RESEMBLANCE OF MANTISPIDE TO Hymew-
OPTERA. (E. B, P.).
34, CONVERGENT GROUPS or SouTH aiean Hemrerera,
(Gz ACK, Mi.) :
A. Black and Red Lygexoid Group
Bb. Group of Yellow Hemiptera with Bicol Anes erie one or
two Black Bars.
35. MISCELLANEOUS OnsERVATIONS: ON SORE Awnroaw In-
sects. (G. A. K.M.) .
A. Note on the Courtship of Terni cbr YSippus . :
B. The possible meaning of the Suc of Female Acreine .
C. A Rhodesian Muscid a Parasitic on Man .
APPENDIX a
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
INDEX .
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
bo
eo)
bo
INTRODUCTION.
A. By Guy A. K. MARSHALL.
THE observations and experiments which form the
eroundwork of the present memoir were originally under-
taken by me at the instance of Prof. Poulton, and such
interest as they may possess 1s largely due to his valuable
suggestions and advice. Moreover he has been good
enough to undertake the entire clerical work in connec-
tion with the publication of the paper, and he alone is
responsible for the numerous excellent plates with which
it is illustrated. The utility of experiments such as here
recorded depends almost entirely upon the manner in
which the results may be treated. The mere accumula-
tion of facts of this kind has little real value, unless these
facts are properly classified and co-ordinated, and their
bearing upon current theories adequately considered and
discussed. This portion of the work has been left almost
entirely in Prof. Poulton’s hands, and I feel that I am
fortunate in having obtained his hearty co-operation ; for
his wide experience in this particular line of research
insures a thorough treatment of the subject.
In carrying out the experiments I have always en-
deavoured, so far as in me lay, to record the results as
impartially as possible. But on reviewing my experiences
as a whole I cannot escape the conclusion that they lend
very strong support to the theories of Mimicry and
Warning Colours as enunciated by Bates, Fritz Miiller,
and Wallace; I feel convinced that were naturalists more
ready to carry out extensive experiments of this nature
there would be much less of the prevalent @ priori criti-
cism of these valuable theories which throw hght upon a
vast number of facts which must otherwise remain for us
mere meaningless coincidences. It is especially important
that experiments should be made by as many different
observers as possible, for in this way alone can the errors
due to unavoidable personal bias be eliminated; and if
the present publication only has the effect of inducing
other entomologists in South Africa, or elsewhere, to turn
their attention to the interesting problems involved, it
will have fully served its purpose.
Ge A; Kae
The Bionomics of South African Insects, 293
B. By E._By Pounron.
The following memoir has been written upon and
around the great mass of valuable material supplied by
Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall’s observations, experiments, and
captures from 1896 to 1901. So far as this material
consists of specimens it is open to the study and criti-
cism of all naturalists; for it has been placed by the
generosity of Mr. Marshall in the bionomic series of the Hope
Department in the Oxford University Museum. The
paper itself has been gradually growing during these years,
not only by the accumulation of specimens, but by an
uninterrupted correspondence between Mr. Marshall and
myself. Extracts from Mr. Marshall’s letters form a very
important part of the whole work, and it is only right to
point out that they were not written for publication, and
that any want of co-ordination or continuity is entirely
due to this cause. At the time when they were selected
and arranged for publication there was no prospect of Mr,
Marshall’s return to England, and I was anxious that as
many naturalists as possible might have the opportunity
of reading the observations and “discussions from which I
had learnt so much and received such great pleasure; and
when eventually he did return the paper had _ been
read. Although no attempt was made to alter or re-write
these extracts, Mr. Marshall’s presence in England has
made an immense difference in the work. We have been
able to discuss the general arrangement and illustration as
well as the details of many obscure and difficult subjects.
On several points he has written paragraphs which give a
far higher value to the paper. Where the experience of
the naturalist on the spot has been specially required it
has become available. ‘Ihe sections of the paper under my
own name have also greatly benefited by his kind assist-
ance, and the opportunity of discussing points of special
difficulty or uncertainty. It will be clear to all who read
the paper that Mr. Marshall and I do not entirely agree in
the interpretation of many facts, especially those connected
with the seasonal phases of Precis, and in the extent and
predominance of Miillerian mimicry as compared with
Batesian in Lepidoptera. For these and other reasons it
is necessary to state explicitly that I am solely responsible
294 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
for the opinions and considerations set forth in the sections
to the titles of which the initials “ E. B. P.” are appended (in
both the contents and the text). Mr. Marshall’s numerous
and important contributions to these sections are always
acknowledged and placed between inverted commas. The
titles of Mr. Marshall’s sections are indicated by the initials
“G. A. K. M.,” and my contributions to these are always
placed between square brackets, and are furthermore
indicated by my initials.
Colonel J. W. Yerbury has kindly contributed one section
and Colonel C. T. Bingham another, and both have given
much help in other parts of the work. Some of the most
strange and interesting insects were undescribed species,
and would have been comparatively valueless for the
purpose of this memoir, were it not for the kind assistance
of the naturalists who have written the Appendix. Dr.
F. A. Dixey kindly read the proofs and made many valuable
suggestions and corrections. Mr. C. J. Gahan has given
much kind assistance in the sections dealing with Cole-
optera and in the identification of species. ‘The number of
species sent by Mr. Marshall is so large that the work of
identification has been very laborious and prolonged, and
we desire warmly to thank Sir George Hampson and the
whole of the staff of the Insect Department of the British
Museum, every one of whom has been consulted at one
time or another. We also wish to thank heartily Colonel
C. T. Bmgham, who has named the whole of the
Hymenoptera; Colonel J. W. Yerbury, who has worked
out the majority of the Diptera; Mr. M. Jacoby, who has
named many Phytophaga; Monsieur Jules Bourgeois, who
has named the /ycidz, and Mr. W. L. Distant, who has
named the Hemiptera. Much other kind assistance has
been given and is acknowledged in the text of the work.
Valuable material with excellent data, comparing in a
most interesting manner with that sent by Mr. Marshall,
was contributed from British East Africa by my kind
friends Mr. and Mrs. 8. L. Hinde.
The thirteen uncoloured plates are reproduced from
excellent negatives taken from the actual specimens by
Mr. Alfred Robinson in the Oxford University Museum.
The two coloured plates are reproduced from Mr, Horace
Knight's drawings of the specimens.
A brief abstract of some of the chief results here recorded
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 295
in detail was communicated to the Zoological Section of
the British Association at Bradford (Report 1900, pp.
793—4), and an abstract of the present paper is printed in
the Proceedings of the meeting at which it was read (Proce.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. x—xiil). Some of the observa-
tions were also brought before the International Zoological
Congress at Berlin, 1901 (Verhandlung, p. 171). Lists of
the specimens presented to the Hope Department and a
brief statement of the principles which they illustrate
have been published yearly in the “Report of the Hope
Professor of Zoology” communicated to the “Oxford
University Gazette.’ Allusion to some of the material
and the problems it illustrates, has also been made by the
present writer in Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., vol. xxvi, 1898,
p. 558, and Report Brit. Assoc., 1897, p. 689. Much has
been written upon the work on seasonal dimorphism in
the genus Precis, but full references will be found in this
section of the present paper.
The first part of the following work, occupying just
half of it, deals with experiments and observations upon
insectivorous animals, and the conclusions and considerations
arising out of this work. The experiments on Mantide,
Kestrels, and baboons will be found to be especially
numerous and important. <A table shows all the examples
of Asilidx and the species forming their prey which could
be found recorded or preserved in the British Museum
and Hope Collection. The direct and indirect evidence
of the attacks of birds on butterflies meets objections
which are often raised, and indeed nearly the whole of
this part of the paper is an effective reply to those who
ask for facts rather than hypotheses. One very important
side of the work is the employment of Coleoptera on a
large scale, and the clear evidence of aposematic and
synaposematic colours in the group. A comparison between
the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera in this respect is attempted.
The first half of the memoir ends with a section discussing
and criticizing the conclusion that there is any great signifi-
cance or value in human experience of the taste and smell
of insects.
The second half of the work is more heterogeneous.
Its first section attempts to supply an interpretation of
the startling seasonal phases of butterflies of the genus
Precis. In this section Dr. A. G. Butler’s convenient
296 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
terms “wet phase” and “dry phase” * are generally used
in preference to “ form” or “ variety,” while Mr. Marshall’s
useful sign €) to indicate the former and © to indicate the
latter are freely employed. The remainder of the paper is
chiefly devoted to the description of an immense mass of
material illustrating mimicry and common warning colours
in Rhopalocera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and to a less
extent Hemiptera. Many interesting conclusions emerge
and are discussed.
I entirely agree with Mr, Marshall’s opinion that an
unbiassed consideration of the facts presented in this paper
yields a very strong measure of support to the classical
theories of Bates WwW allace and Fritz Miiller. I would go
further and maintain that Mr. Marshall's observations and
experiments here recorded, place Africa in the first position
as the region which supplies stronger evidence than any
other of the validity of these theories. But I am even
more impressed by the strong support yielded to the
modern developments of Fritz Miiller’s theory of mimicry.
Where has Professor Meldola’s Miillerian explanation in
1882 of the common facies of specially-protected sub-
families of butterflies received such illustration as in the
groups of synaposematic Acrwinw captured in one place
and at one time; or the extension in 1887 by the
present writer of the same interpretation to the types of
insect colour and pattern which are common to a country,
received such support as in the marvellous group of
Mashonaland insects of many Orders with an appearance
founded upon that of the distasteful Coleopterous genus,
Lycus? And the most recent developments of all, the
discovery (1894—7) of the principle of “reciprocal mimicry”
or “diaposematic resemblance,” and of the specially close
mimetic resemblance of the females in Miillerian mimicry
no less than in Batesian by Dr. Dixey, together with his
Miillerian interpretation of resemblances between mimics
overlying their resemblance to a common model, all these,
founded on the study of Neotropical forms, have supplied
the explanation of numerous instances in the Ethopian
Region although applied to very different families and
* The term “phase” is advantageous inasmuch as it is conveniently
applicable to the whole of the winter or summer generations of a
species, as well as to single individuals of either seasonal form.
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 297
sub-families of butterflies, to Coleoptera as well as to
Lepidoptera.
T cannot conclude without warmly thanking my friend
Mr. Marshall for the pleasure I have enjoyed in the work
which we have done together.
Heeb.
2, EXPERIMENTS ON MANTIDEH IN NATAL AND RHODESIA.
(G. A. K. M.) Natal, February 1897.
I. Gave a wingless Acrwa horta to a Mantis. It seized
it and threw it away. On a second presentation it felt
the butterfly carefully with its antennz, then took it and
began eating first the haustellum, then the palpi, and
finally the whole head with apparent relish. On biting
at the thorax, however, it threw it down with evident
disgust and began wiping its mouth on its fore-legs as
though to take away the taste. I again presented the
butterfly, but the Mantis at first only ran away from it.
At last it took it again and began eating the thorax, but
quickly threw it down and would have nothing more to
do with it.
If. Experiment «—Caught a full-grown Mantis and put
it in a large green gauze bag. In the afternoon put in
a house-fly, which was not eaten that day, but was gone
next morning. Then put in a wingless male A. horta (a
bitter yellow juice exuded from the wing stumps). On
_ perceiving it the Mantis ran towards it, seized it and made
a bite at the back of the thorax, but started back as if in
great surprise, and wiped his mouth on his front legs. He
exhibited both fear and curiosity; for as the Acrea ap-
proached he edged away, just keeping far enough off to
be able to touch it with the end of his long antennee, and
when the Acrwa walked away he followed, still feeling it
over. At this point I was called away, and on my return
found that the Acrwva had been eaten all except the head and
apical half of the abdomen. Afterwards put into the bag
the Amauris echeria which had been rejected by spider C
(Experiment 13), and which was half dead. As the
Mantis took no notice of it I left, but on inspection in
the evening I found that this butterfly had been entirely
devoured, only a few small fragments of wings and legs
being left.
Experiment ).—Gave the Mantis a perfect male A.
298 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
horta. He tackled it at once, seizing it from above and
biting the thorax, but he quickly let go and began wiping
his mouth as before. A few minutes later he made a
second attempt with the same result. After this he ap-
peared to avoid it. I then put in a wingless Amauris
echeria and left him for some time. On my return I
found it had been entirely eaten, whereas the A. horta
was still untouched. Took the Horta out, cut off its wings
and replaced it. ‘The Mantis eyed it w ith suspicion when-
ever it came near him, and felt it cautiously with his
antennze; when it came too near him, he backed away
and would not attempt to touch it. Later on I tapped
the gauze so that the horta fell close by the Mantis. He
eripped it at once, and began eating away at the underside
of the abdomen, but soon threw it down again, and would
not touch it although I gave him no other food for twenty-
four hours. After that I put in a male Belenois severina,
which he devoured readily.
Experiment ¢.—After starving the Mantis for twenty-
four hours I gave him a JL. chrysippus. On seeing it
fluttering he came down to it eagerly and soon caught it.
The large wings prevented him for some time from getting
at the body, and he therefore ate away almost half a hind-
wing. He then went on and ate the whole insect except
the limbs.
Experiment @.—Gave the Mantis a Papilio demodocus.
He had some difficulty in catching it at first, owing to its
size and strength, but eventually seized it from below and
devoured it.
Experiment ¢.—Gave an entire female horta to my
captive Mantis. He caught it, bit the thorax and started
back with disgust, just as in the previous experiment, but
his efforts to get rid of the nasty taste were more prolonged.
For over five minutes he continued cleaning his mouth on
his fore-legs or rubbing it from side to side on the gauze,
I then put in an entire Amauris echeria, but he seemed
too scared to attempt to touch it. Howev er, he caught it
during the night (while there was a light in the room) and
ate all the abdomen, leaving the head and thorax.
EXPERIMENTS ON J/antide AT MALVERN, NATAL.
III. On March 11, 1897, I captured a large female
green Mantis [probably Polyspilota eaffra (Westw.) or very
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 299
near it}. On the 12th I gave her an A. petra, which she
devoured entirely. On the 13th I gave her an A. serena ;
she seized it and ate a good piece out of one of the hind-
wings. She then attacked the thorax, but after a few
bites threw down the insect and began ejecting a brownish
liquid from her mouth on to a leaf, and also wiped her
mouth with her legs in the usual manner. A few, moments
after I put in a male Hypolimnas avisippus, which she
soon caught and ate. Later on I put in another A. serena,
but she paid no attention to it. I then put in a P.
demodocus, with the same result, so I removed them both.
On the 14th I gave her no food. On the 15th I put in
one A, encedon and one female H. misippus, but no atten-
tion was paid to either. I eventually removed encedon,
leaving misippus. Later on put in Lurytela hiarbas, and
left both in all night and through the next day, but
the Mantis would not touch them. As it was beginning
to show signs of weakness I released it.
1V. Experiment «.—March 25. Caught another female
Mantis [probably the same species as the last], and gave
her an A. cabira, which she quickly caught. She began
by eating part of the fore-wing, but as she reached the
base of the costa dropped it suddenly. A little later,
while I was not watching, she took it up again and ate
all the body except the head and anal segment. I then
gave her a Charaxes varanes and a P. demodocus, which
were both eaten immediately in succession.
Experiment 0.—March 26. Gave the Mantis an A.
cabira. The day being cloudy and cool, she was sluggish,
and it was some time before the butterfly was caught.
She missed the first two strokes, catching it at the third
and eating it entirely.
Experiment ¢—March 27. Gave one A. encedon to
Mantis. It immediately flew right on to her, which
seemed to frighten her considerably, and she did not
attempt to catch it, but edged away when it approached.
This continued for a quarter of an hour, so I took the
encedon out and put in a P. demodocus, which was soon
caught and eaten. Later on I put in a Neptis agatha ;
the Mantis seemed rather suspicious of it, but eventually
caught and ate it. I then gave her a Pentila tropicalis,
which she ate, including the whole of the two fore-wings.
I then tried her again with the same specimen I had
5 . .
given her in the morning; she caught and ate it without,
300 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
any signs of distaste. Subsequently gave her Mylothris
agathina, which was also eaten.
Experiment ¢.—March 28, I gave a male A. serena to
Mantis. After a few moments she caught it and ate a bit
out of the wings, but soon threw it down. The butterfly
at once walked straight back to her and was promptly
caught again, and after a single bite was again rejected.
On looking a few hours afterwards I found it had been
eaten. I then gave her a P. tropicalis and an Alena
amazoula, both of which were eaten, the latter wings
and all.
Experiment e.—March 29. I gave Mantis one Lurytela
hiarbas, one Pyrameis cardut, one Junonia clelia. All
were eaten.
Experiment /—March 30. I put one male A. serena,
one P. demodocus, one N. agatha, and one LP. tropicalis into
the Mantis’ cage at the same time. They were caught
and eaten in the order mentioned without any sign of
distaste. Immediately after she had finished I put in a
brilliant dark-blue moth with orange markings (Lgybolis
vaillantina), which has astrong smell. To my surprise she
completely demolished it, and then ate a second P.
demodocus.
Experiment g—March 31. Gave Mantis a P. demodocus
in the morning, which she ate: in the afternoon gave her
one JL, chrysippus, which she ate without any ado, and
immediately afterwards a female //. misippus. I then
gave her an Acrwa natalica, which she quickly seized,
but on biting the thorax dropped it at once. For some
time she paid no attention to it, but later on tried it
again, biting a little out of the wings and then dropping
it again ; after which she had nothing more to do with it.
Subsequently put in a Papilio brasidas, which was promptly
eaten,
Experiment /.—April 1. In the morning gave Mantis
an A, serena. She caught it, aid after eating the apex of
one fore-wing threw it down, but a few seconds after she
caught it again, nibbled a bit out of the costa of fore-wing
and again threw it down, After a short interval the
butterfly walked past her, she seized it, bit at the thorax
and at once rejected it. A few moments later she made a
fourth attempt, this time eating half an antenna, but again
found the taste too much for her. I then removed the
butterfly and put in an A, encedon, but after nibbling a
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 301
small bit out of the wing she would have nothing more to
do with it. In the afternoon I tried her with an A. cabira,
which she also refused; I removed it and put in one J.
clelia and one P. brasidas, but apparently the continued
disappointments she had undergone disheartened her, for
she would have nothing to do with either of them, but
avoided them, and only tried to escape through the glass
of the cage. About an hour after she ate the brasidas,
but had not touched the clelia by sundown.
Experiment 7.—For three days I fed the Mantis only on
clearly edible species. On April 5, after eating two P.
demodocus I gave her L. chrysippus, which she soon caught,
but after eating a small portion of a hind-wing, she threw
it down. A few seconds after, however, she caught and
consumed all except the wings. She then ate a male /.
misippus, and immediately after I put in a male and
female A. cabira. The male was eaten at once; she then
caught the female and ate a piece of the wing, but threw
it down after the first bite at the thorax. The butterfly
remained for a long time at the bottom of the box feign-
ing death, so I put in another LZ. chrysippus. The move-
ments of the latter disturbed the cabira, which was
promptly seized by the Mantis, the abdomen being eaten
but the thorax rejected. Shortly afterwards the chrysippus
was caught and eaten from head to tail. Next morning
as a sequel to this feast I found the Mantis in an ap-
parently half-dead condition. The abdomen was much
distended and no faeces had been passed for twenty-four
hours. I therefore gave it no food whatever for two days.
On the third day it seemed better and faeces were passed
freely, but it still seemed very weak and refused food.
Next day I found that it had lost all power of gripping
with its fore-legs, so I fed it by hand on edible species.
This I continued to do for several days, but it never
properly recovered its strength, so I killed it.
V. EXPERIMENTS ON Pseudocreobotra wahlbergi, Stal.
1897.
Sept. 3. Lower Umkomaas River. Captured a male
P. wahlbergi, and gave him an dAcrea
cabira; he nibbled a bit out of the wings,
then ate the whole abdomen, but on
302
”
”»
On
~I
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
reaching the thorax rejected it, the but-
terfly having still sutticient vitality to
flutter about.
In the morning gave him an JM. sa/itza, which
he ate at once. In the afternoon put in
an Acre encedon, which he seized twice,
but on eating a bit of the wing rejected ;
however, towards evening it was eaten.
Gave him an Acrea serena; he seemed
frightened at first and avoided it, but ate
it about an hour afterwards. Put in
another later, which remained untouched.
The serena of yesterday was left uneaten all
the morning. I therefore removed it and
put in an A. calbira, which was also
refused.
In the morning removed the cabiia, and put
in another serena. As the Pseudocreobotra
had not eaten it towards evening, I gave
him an J/. safitza in addition. He seemed
to detect the difference, watching it im-
mediately it was put in, and as soon as it
came within striking distance, he seized
and ate it, but still paid no attention to
the serena.
The serena remained uneaten all day, though
from its appearance it had evidently been
seized, In the afternoon put in a Neptis
agatha. The Mantis avoided it at first
just like the Acrwxa, but about an hour
later I found it had been eaten.
Wet days and no Acreas procurable.
Gave Mantis an JZ. sajitza and an A. serena
at the same time; he seemed very fright-
ened of both, avoiding them, or else strik-
ing at them in order to drive them away.
Some hours later I found the safitza had
been eaten entirely and a small piece out
of the abdomen of the Acrxa, which, how-
ever, was still quite lively.
Gave Mantis two A. serena during the day,
both of which were seized at once and
eaten entirely from head to tail without
any sign of distaste.
Sept.
The Biononics of South African Insects. 308
15. Put in an A. serena. It was eaten after a
short interval. Later gave him an A.
encedon. At first he seemed only fright-
ened, but subsequently caught it, and after
taking a bite at the thorax threw it down
and paid no further attention to it.
16. Brought Psewdocreobotra from Umkomaas to
Malvern.
Pat a Zeracolus omphale and an A, encedon
into his box, but they were not touched
all day, owing to their inactivity and the
large size of the box. The Mantis was
also more sluggish in its movements than
in a natural state.
19. Caught the encedon and offered it to Mantis
in my fingers. He objected strongly at
first, but eventually took a small nibble
but would not try another bite. Offered
him the omphale in the same way, but
being suspicious he refused it also, but at
last took a bite, and, finding it all right,
ate it all. On again putting the encedon
near his mouth he only felt it with his
palpi but would not eat.
20. Left the same encedon in all day in hopes
that he might be compelled to eat it by
hunger ; but he did not do so.
21. Eneedon untouched, so removed it and put
Pseudocreobotra into a smaller box with
the specimens of A. sevena, but he seemed
to take no interest in them. On holding
one of the butterflies to his mouth, he felt
it persistently with his palpi and seemed
almost as though he were trying to eat
but could not. He was certainly weaker
on his legs.
One of the encedon died during the night,
and in the course of the morning I found
the Mantis apparently eating at its head
as it lay at the bottom of the box, without
using his fore-legs, which were held out
on each side. However, on taking up the
butterfly I found he had made no impres-
sion on it. I then placed a Zerias brigitta
—
bo
bo
304 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
close to his mouth, and he mumbled at it
in the same manner without eating. It
therefore seemed evident that his mandi-
bles must have been paralyzed in some
way, and on examination this proved to
be the case, for they could be moved
easily with a pin backwards and forwards,
the insect clearly having no control over
them whatever. The grip of the fore-
legs though noticeably weaker than nor-
mal was not completely lost, as in the
previous experiment with a “ Charaxes-
eating” Mantis. I am inclined to think
that the insect became at last partially
blind, both from its actions and from the
appearance of a small discoloured patch
in the left eye, a symptom which also
occurred in the “ Charaxes-eating” Mantis.
The results of Experiment VI. practically negative the
supposition that any of the above symptoms might be due
to insufficient food.
VI. Experiments ON Lear Mantis (Phyllocrania
insignis, Westwood).
[One of Mr. Marshall’s specimens was compared with
the type of the above-named species in the Hope Collection. |
At the Lower Umkomaas River, during September, I
kept two specimens of this insect for twelve and fourteen
days respectively without a particle of food, and neither
their vitality nor activity were in any way impaired at the
end of that period. When captured they were in their
pupal instar, and the final change took place on the 10th
and 7th days respectively, both insects casting their skins
in a normal and healthy manner in spite of their long fast.
VII. EXPERIMENTS ON “ CHARAXES-EATING ” MANTIS
(Polyspilota caffra, Westwood, or very near this species).
1897.
Sept. 238. Caught, at Malvern, Natal, a “ Charaxes-
eating” Mantis (in the pupal stage), and
gave him a JZ. achine and an <dcrea
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 305
serena at the same time. He was some-
what wild at first, paying no attention to
them but only trying to escape. Eventu-
ally he took the achine from my fingers
and ate it, and later caught and ate the
Acrea.
Sept. 24. Mantis ate a Belenois severina.
25. Mantis ate two Acrea eneedon without
showing any signs of distaste.
, 26. Gave him two A. encedon, but they were not
eaten.
, 27. Mantis ate one encedon.
, 28. The second encedon dead. Put in four Par-
dopsis punctatissima, but no notice was
taken of them.
, 29. Mantis still refused to eat. Two P. puncta-
tissima dead. Put in one A. encedon.
, 30. One more P. punctatissima dead, and the
remaining one was three-parts eaten, the
encedon being left.
Oct. 1. Gave Mantis one P. punctatissima and one A.
serena in addition, but he made no attempt
to catch any of them, even when they
settled quite close, merely feeling towards
them with his antennz; if they came
too near he only ran away or else drove
them off by striking out straight with his
fore-legs. The discoloured patch in the
left eye made its appearance on this day,
and the sight on that side was evidently
somewhat impaired. The legs also seemed
to be weakening, and the grip of the front
pair was not so strong as in normal speci-
mens.
- 2. No butterflies eaten, though I tried several
times. I think that he may have been
preparing for the final change of skin,
which would account for his refusal to eat.
, 8. Mantis attempted to perform the final ecdy-
sis during the night, but owing to his bad
state of health could not free himself
properly from the old skin, being per-
manently deformed in a doubled-up
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART II. (Nov.) 21
306 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
attitude when I first looked at him. I
therefore killed him.
Judging from Experiment VI. the inability to change
can hardly be attributed to weakness caused by want of
food, |
[In relation to the above-recorded experiments it is im-
portant to know the habits and natural food of the Mantis, .
and if possible to determine the species. Mr. Marshall
kindly sent a specimen of an identical, or at any rate very
closely-allied species, together with the following notes.
Raber S|
“ Umkomaas Mouth, Natal ; Sept. 3, 1897.—The Malvern
species of Mantis is one of the largest out here, and I
selected it as I knew it to be almost entirely a butterfly
feeder. It frequents chiefly Acacias and their allies, and
catches the Charazes which come to suck the gum. Un-
fortunately they are scarce at Malvern, and I could not
procure a single specimen during the winter, for I had
hoped to make the very experiment you suggest, viz.
feeding exclusively on Acrzeas or L. chrysippus. However,
I caught two small Mantises on my arrival here (Umkomaas
Mouth) yesterday, but I have not as yet even seen an
Acrea.”
“ Malvern, Oct. 7, 1897.—I am not quite certain whether
the Charaxes-eating Mantis sent is specifically identical
with the one that died from Acrwa diet. I thought it
was the same in the pupal stage, but the imago of the
latter has the upper wings entirely green, with a small
yellowish spot about the middle. Unfortunately I have
not been able to get one.”
[The Mantis sent (captured at Malvern, Sept. 1897)
was Polyspilota caffra (Westwood), of which the type is in
the Hope Collection, Oxford—E. B. P.]
VIII. ExPerIMENtTs wItH Pseudocreobotra wahlbergi, Stal,
female.
1897.
Sept. 26. I captured at Malvern a full-grown female
Ocellated Mantis, which ate a specimen
of Acrewa encedon during the day.
» 27. Gave Mantis two A. encedon. She ate the
thorax of one, rejecting the remainder.
, 28. The remaining encedon died to-day. Re-
moved it, and put in one Acrwa neobule
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 307
and five Pardopsis punctatissima, but the
Mantis would not touch any of them.
Sept. 29. Mantis still refused to eat, one P. punctatis-
sima dead.
30. Three more pwnetatissima dead. Mantis
ate the neobule entirely.
Oct. 1. The remaining punctatissina dead. Put in
two Acrwa encedon and one <A. serena.
The Mantis seemed more keenly alive
to their presence than usual, eagerly
following them in their flight with sharp
turns of the head like a cat watching a
swallow. At last the serena gave her a
chance, and was immediately seized and
eaten. No more were eaten during the
day, and towards evening I put in another
A. serena.
The day being dull the three butterflies
were quite inactive. I therefore placed
the serena near the Mantis, which soon
seized it, and ate nearly the whole of one
fore-wing and part of the other; finding
this unsatisfactory she dropped it. I then
offered her an encedon, which was promptly
taken and devoured entire, and immedi-
ately afterwards the serena was eaten.
3. Wet day: no Acrzeas procurable. Remain-
ing encedon dead,
4. Gave Mantis two A. encedon. She was
evidently hungry, on two occasions making
futile jumps towards the butterflies as
they fluttered past, instead of waiting
for them to come within striking dis-
tance; there was however a noticeable
decrease in her general vivacity. Eventu-
ally she caught both butterflies in quick
succession, and devoured them completely.
After the head of the second one was
eaten, a large drop of yellow liquid oozed
from the thorax. On tasting it she drew
back quickly and seemed uncertain
whether to go on or not, but finally put
her mouth to it and sucked it all up,
»”
i)
»
”
308
»?
8.
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
though it appeared to me as if it were
done under protest.
No Acrzeas procurable.
Put four P. punctatissima ito her box at
the same time. During the short time
I was watching I saw her catch one or
other of them no less than seven times,
but on each occasion after the first nibble
or two she threw it down with evident
disgust.
I was absent all day, but all the butterflies
had evidently been further attacked by
the Mantis, and small pieces had been
eaten out of the fore-wings, but in no
case had the bodies been damaged.
Removed all the punctatissima and put in
two A. cabira and one A. encedon, which
were consumed entirely in quick succes-
sion, The Mantis appeared to show no
decided symptoms of ill-health at present.
I was unable to complete the experiment.
IX. First EXPERIMENT WITH MANTIS. SALISBURY.
1898.
March
”
bo
es,
~
.
“I
Caught a pair of large green Mantis i
copula | Sphodromantis lineola, Burm.].
Gave them one A. caldarena, one A. halali,
and one A. neobule, but they were all
untouched.
The caldarena had been caught and dis-
carded, the thorax and one wing being
partly eaten; removed the butterflies.
Female Mantis ate the male. Put in two
caldarena and one induna; Mantis tasted
one of the former but quickly threw it
down. During the day the other two
were evidently caught and tasted, as they
were both more or less damaged about
the head and thorax.
Mantis ate one caldarena and the induna ;
remaining caldarena died from injuries.
Put in three caldarena, one of which was
partially eaten.
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 309
March &.
ee LU
14.
ile
18.
One other caldarena completely eaten; the
third died, its head having been partly
eaten.
Put in one female halali and one male, and
one female caldarena. The former was
soon caught, but after a few bites was
rejected with evident disgust.
Male caldarena eaten completely, female
partially.
Put in male natalica, one male and one
female caldarena; the two former partially
eaten. The latter was caught three times
in quick succession, but promptly rejected
on each occasion after the first bite.
Put ina male halali, which the Mantis took
at once, throwing it away after eating
about half the thorax. Then gave her a
male caldarena, which was completely
eaten, so put in a second, which she
promptly caught, but threw it down after
the first bite at the thorax. She caught
it again about a minute afterwards and
started eating the apex of abdomen, but
two bites were sufficient. A third attempt
ended similarly.
Saw Mantis seize and reject the same
caldarena twice; removed it in the evening.
Put ina male caldarena, which wascompletely
eaten, but a second which I gave her
immedately afterwards remained un-
touched. The Mantis began to show
distinct signs of weakness, and I observed
an opaque blackish spot in her left eye
to-day for the first time.
The male caldarcna was killed to-day by a
bite on the head. Mantis began to nibble
off the end of one of her front tarsi, a
sign that her end is not far off.
Gave her a female caldarena, which was
caught several times but not eaten. She
continued to nibble at her tarsi.
Mantis oviposited during the night, but the
egg cocoon was only half as large as usual
in this species [eggs proved to be infertile].
DLO
March 2
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall oz
Gave her one male /alali and two male
caldarena. 'They were all caught in suc-
cession, but she only ate a very small
piece out of each. At times she seemed
very frightened of them, and in running
away she twice fell upon her back, when
she had some difficulty im righting herself
owing to weakness.
Put in three male caldarena, one of which
was caught and the whole of one fore-
wing and part of the thorax eaten.
Remaining two butterflies untouched.
Mantis had by now eaten off the ends
of all her tarsi except the anterior and
intermediate on one side.
In the afternoon I found the Mantis dead
on her back.
X. SECOND EXPERIMENT WITH MANTIS. SALISBURY.
1898.
March
Oo
26.
Caught a large green female Mantis of same
species as previous one [Sphodromantis
lineola, Burm.],and gave her one Junonia
cebrene and three TZerias senegalensis, all
of which she ate. She also ate the
following :—
One TZ. senegalensis, one T. brigitta, one
Belenois severina.
One J. cebrenc, one Catochrysops ostris.
Two Alxna amazoula, without showing any
signs of distaste.
One Spindasis natalensis, two J. cebrene.
One 7’. senegalensis, two Myrina ficedula.
The Mantis escaped from the box this
morning, and I did not find her till
5.30 p.m., when she was busy ovipositing
on the side of a book. She had then
laid about a third of her eggs, and did
not stop laying till 8.30 p.m.
Mantis ate one Pavosmodes icteria, and two
Hesperia spio. She seemed very hungry,
following the butterflies about instead of
waiting for them to come within striking
distance.
March 27.
”
”
XI. Turrp
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 311
1898.
April 3.
»
”
She ate one Catopsilia florella ; I then put
in a Belenois mesentina, and she be-
came much excited, running about after
it, and making several futile snatches at it
on the wing. ” At last she gave a vigorous
stroke, and missing the butterfly caught
the gauze with which the box was
covered. Imagining apparently that she
had caught her prey, she began trying to
eat the gauze, in spite of my attempts to
drive her away, for fully two or three
minutes. At last she desisted and soon
caught and devoured the butterfly,
eating a B. severina and Axiocerces harpax
immediately afterwards.
One Precis sesamus and one B&. mesentina.
One Hamanumida dexdalus and one B.
severvird.
One Pyrameis cardui and one B. mesen-
tind.
One J. cebrene and two B. severina.
One J. cebrene and one C. florella.
Two C. florella and one P. cardut.
Mantis escaped. She was fully as vigorous
and healthy on the last day as when first
caught.
EXPERIMENT WITH MANTIS. SALISBURY.
Captured a female Mantis closely allied to
those of preceding experiments, being of
same size and colouring, but having a
much broader thorax and the mouth
pink. This insect I submitted to a
purely distasteful diet, combined with
periods of starvation, as follows :—
Three Acreva caldarena eaten.
Two - - ,
Two . LING .
One yi caldarena ,,
Two Limnas chrysippus ,,
One ” »” ”
One ’” ” ”
One ‘ ‘6
312
April 16.
ae 20.
May 19.
et ae
June 4.
ee:
»” 30.
July 8
eae.
Aug. 21
oe ee:
es:
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
One Limnas chrysippus eaten.
One A 3 % ; then left
her a month entirely without food, which
however did not seem to affect the
health or vitality in any way.
One Acrwa axina eaten,
One L. chrysippus ,,
One ,, 3 x
Two ,, M , his insect never
once exhibited the least signs of distaste
for any of the butterflies, and devoured
them all with avidity, showing a marked
contrast to the Mantis first experimented
with (IX.), which throughout exhibited
an intense dislike to the Acraas, and
evidently ate them from sheer hunger.
The close proximity of these two kinds of
Mantis suggests the idea that they might
possibly be seasonal forms of one species
in which the winter form has adapted
itself to an Acrwa diet, owing to the com-
parative scarcity of other butterflies at
that season. In spite of its diet and long
fast, this Mantis was still fully as vigorous
and healthy as when first captured.
Ate one L. chrysippus.
Gave it two Acrea axina ; it tasted both of
them several times, but in every case at
once discarded them with evident disgust.
Gave it two more A. azina with precisely the
same result.
Ate one L. chrysippus.
»”»> ) 9? ”
> ”? > LP
” two ” ”
Put in one ZL. chrysippus. The Mantis
showed its normal eagerness, and followed
it about for some time, finally attempting
to seize it, but failed. The vigorous
flutterings of the butterfly seemed to
frighten the Mantis, which ran away
from it and made no further attempt to
catch it. ,
Put in two more chrysippus, but Mantis
The Bionomis of South African Insects. 313
was still scared and would not go near
them.
Sept. 8. Mantis died. There were no signs of ill-
health as in former experiments, and the
characteristic blotch in the eye was
absent. Death was probably due either
to hunger or natural causes. I only
wonder at its lasting so long, considering
its long fast and unhealthy food.
[The above experiments upon Mantidee of four different
genera are summarized as follows :—
Mantis I., in the Karkloof. Evident intense dislike,
after trial, of Acrwa horta.
Mantis II., male, in the Karkloof. Evident dislike of
A. horta, although one specimen out of three was almost
entirely eaten. Two A.echeria were eaten, and one partially.
One L. chrysippus, one B. severina, and one P. demodocus
were eaten.
Mantis IIL, female, probably Polyspilota caffra, at
Malvern. Ate one A. petra, but rejected A. serena after
trial. Ate one male 1. misippus, but after this refused all
butterflies, and exhibited signs of weakness.
Mantis IV., female, probably the same species, at
Malvern. Ate Papilios and Nymphaline freely, including
the probably aposematic genus JVeptis, and the probably
aposematic Lyczenid genera Alxna and Pentila, and Pierine
genus Mylothris. Ate LZ. chrysippus with hesitation, and
partially in one case, freely in two cases. Hence the Mantis
appeared to be a very general feeder on all butterflies
except the genus Acrwa, the species of which (cabira,
serena, encedon) were rarely eaten until after one or more
trials, and were sometimes finally refused. Natalica was
only offered once, and rejected after trial. Itis interesting
to note that immediately after trial of three different
Acreas, the Mantis refused species which she freely ate
at other times. The final weakness without power of
recovery was a probable result of the diet.
Mantis V., male, Psewdocreobotra wahlbergi, on the Lower
Umkomaas River. Ate Jf. safitza, T. omphale, and Neptis
agatha freely, the first-named on three occasions.
Acrexa cabira, refused twice ; encedon, refused twice after
trial and accepted once; serena, refused on five occasions,
eaten on four. It is probable that the weakness and loss
of sight was due to the Acrea diet.
314, Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
Mantis VI., Phyllocrania insignis, on the Lower Umko-
maas River. The evidence that starvation for twelve and
fourteen days respectively does not produce the symptoms
observed in Experiments IL, IV., V., VIL, and IX.
Mantis VII, male, in pupal stage, probably Poly-
spilota caffra, at Malvern. The Pieries T. achine and
B. severina freely eaten. Of the Acrzeas, two encedon eaten
apparently freely, and one after an interval, others re-
fused : one serena eaten after atime: of four punctatissima
only one partly eaten. The Mantis then refused all food,
became weak, and one eye was affected. He was unable
to throw off the pupal skin properly. In Experiment VI.
two individuals of another species performed this change
of skin after ten and seven days of starvation.
Mantis VIII, female, Psewdocreobotra wahlbergi, at
Malvern. Only offered Acreeas. Nine punctatissima always
refused with or without trial ; encedon eaten freely several
times, refused once, and partly eaten once ; two cabira eaten
freely ; serena eaten freely or after trial; neobule eaten
after two days’ interval.
In spite of this diet the Mantis remained apparently
healthy, September 26 to October 9, 1897, when the
experiment came to an end.
Mantis IX., female, Sphodromantis lincola, at Salisbury.
It was intended to offer this individual a purely Acrea
diet, but she ate her mate on the third day after their
capture in copuld. She was chiefly fed upon Acrea
caldarena, which she ate sometimes freely, sometimes
after an interval and after trials: at other times she
refused it with or without trial ; one induna was eaten after
a day’s interval ; one neobule was untouched; one natalica
was partly eaten; two /a/ali were rejected after trial, one
without. After a fortnight of this diet the Mantis became
weak, and her left eye was affected : a day later she began
to nibble off the end of one of her fore tarsi: two days
later she oviposited, but the egg cocoon was only half its
usual size (eggs infertile). After the first signs of weak-
ness the Mantis ate only a small part of three Acreeas out of
eight offered her during six days, She continued to nibble
at her tarsi, lost power over her movements, and died
after twenty days of captivity.
Mantis X., female, Sphodromantis lineola, Salisbury.
This individual was the subject of a control experiment,
being fed solely upon several species of the following groups
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 315
—Nymphaline, Pierine, Lycenide, and Hesperide. The
only species with marked aposematic colouring and habits
was the Lycenid Alwna amazoula, and of this only two
specimens were offered, both being eaten freely. After
fifteen days of this diet the Mantis escaped: she was then
as healthy and vigorous as when first captured.
Mantis XI., female, species resembling Sphodromantis
lineola, Salisbur y. Fed solely upon Acrwa, caldarena and
A. avina, and Limnas chrysippus, with long periods of
starvation, two of them a month in duration. Seventeen
chrystppus, six caldarena,and three axina were eaten without
any signs of distaste, while four axina were discarded after
tasting several times. The Mantis was captured on April
3, 1898, and refused food on September 4, dying on Sep-
tember 8 without signs of ill-health or blindness. Mr.
Marshall suggests that the species may be a winter form
(possibly ofS. lineola) specially adapted to eat Acreeas
when other butterflies are scarce.—E. B. P.]
CONCLUSIONS FROM EXPERIMENTS ON MANTID&.
(dew ees)
Certain conclusions stand out very clearly, while others
are suggested as probable. ‘These voracious insects did
not show any dislike of butterflies outside the Danaine
and Acrvine. The undoubtedly aposematic Pierine genus
Mylothris was freely eaten, and so were the following
genera with probable warning colours, movements, and
attitudes—WNeptis, Alena, Pentila, and the moth Egybolis
vaillantina. Kven the Danaine were generally eaten with-
out hesitation (II, 1V., XI.), and never rejected alto-
gether. In marked contrast was the behaviour of
Mantide towards Acrvinx, which were constantly refused,
and often eaten only after one or more trials and long
intervals of time. When the Acreas were eaten freely
and without hesitation there is reason for suspecting
exceptional hunger. The summary of experiments
shows very clearly that “ Pardopsis appears to be consider-
ably more distasteful. . . . than the general run of
Acreas” (G. A. K. M., October 7, 1897, Malvern). There
were also less marked differences in the degree of dislike
shown towards other species; thus avina was less freely
eaten than caldarena (XL); caldarena appeared to be
eaten more freely than halali, neobule, induna, and natalica
316 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
(IX.), although the number offered of these latter was
insufficient to warrant a certain conclusion; cabira was
rejected while a considerable proportion of the encedon
and serena were accepted (V.); horta evidently possesses
a high degree of unpalatability to Mantide (I., IT.).
Mr. Marshall’s evidence, by far the most important
collected in the case of the Mantide, is in entire accord
with the few observations which had been previously
recorded. Thus the late Mr. de Nicéville found that
Acrwa viole was the only butterfly refused by all the
species of Jantis with which he experimented in the
Hast (“Butterflies of India, Burmah, and Ceylon,” vol. 1,
pt. 1, p. 318). Colonel J. W. Yerbury informs me that he
watched the Mantis Gongylus gongyloides hanging from
the drooping lavender flowers of a species of Duranta at
Trinkomali (1890-91), and capturing the butterflies
which were attracted by the bloom. 'The insect hung by
its four posterior legs, with head thrown back and preda-
ceous legs held ready for striking. He saw it capture
and eat Delias eucharis on several occasions, and also
Belenois mesentina and the Hesperid Hasora alexis (Fab.).
Colonel C. T. Bingham has also given me a male
specimen of the Harpagid Mantis, Creobotra urbana (Fab.),
found by him on a Lantana bush actually eating Delias
descombest (Boisd.). This observation was made in the
North Shan States, Upper Burma, on October 9, 1900.
The fact that two species of Delias were thus freely eaten
compares in an interesting manner with the acceptance of
Mylothris by the African species of J/antis. We may safely
conclude that outside the Acrwine, and doubtfully the
Danaine, Mantide devour butterflies very freely, the
species with warning colours as well as the others, and
that they are far more undiscriminating than the majority
of vertebrate insect-eaters. Thus Mr. F. Finn found Delias
ewucharis to be one of the most distasteful of all butterflies
to many species of Indian birds (“Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.,”
vol. xvii, Pl. ii, No. 4, 1897, p. 667). Mr. Finn also
found in Kast Africa that a moth of the genus Lgybolis
(ZL. vaillantina) was refused by a Chameleon and a Gecko
(“Natural Science,” vol i, No. 10, Dec. 1892, p. 747). It
is of deep interest to find such marked differences between
the preferences of the various groups of insect-eating
animals.
In addition to the observations recorded above, Dr.
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 317
David Sharp, F.R.S., quotes Mr, F. Muir concerning the
food of Jdolwm diabolicum (Sauss.) at Mozambique :—“ Its
food seemed to consist of flies, Zimnas chrysippus being
rejected, even when hungry, and other butterflies only
taken for lack of other food” (Proc. Cambr. Phil. Soc.,
vol. x, pt. i, p. 175). Mr. Edward Barlow (Proce. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal, Dec. 1894) states that Hierodula bipapilla
(Serv.), kept in captivity at Calcutta, ate ordinary flies
(Musca sp.) with avidity, but attacked with great. re-
luctance the common large green blowfly (Lucilia sp.),
only eating them when they could get nothing else. Two
bugs, Cyclopetia sp. and Physomerus sp., offered when the
Mantis was very hungry were never eaten, although often
killed. After tasting the former, the Mantis wiped its
mouth against its right fore-leg several times. This last
observation is the only record I have found of Hemiptera
offered as food to Mantide.
The question arises as to whether the preferences
exhibited by J/antide in captivity are the same as those
which exist in the wild state. A Mantis is probably less
affected in this respect by confinement than a vertebrate
animal; but the same general criticism will probably hold
in both cases—that while the rejection of an insect by a
not over-fed insectivorous animal in captivity is evidence
of unpalatability or dislike, its acceptance is not sufficient
evidence of appreciation or that it constitutes an element
of the normal diet. An insect may be eaten readily in
captivity which would be rejected or only eaten under the
stress of hunger in the wild state; for it is generally quite
impossible to supply an animal under artificial conditions
with the variety and often the quantity of insects which
it would catch for itself. In this respect a large Mantis
can be kept in a more normal condition than an insecti-
vorous vertebrate, because of the much larger amount of
food required by the latter; although the young Mantis
would offer great difficulties to the breeder, because of the
vast numbers of very minute insects which it would
require. But Mr. Marshall’s experiments yielded plenty
of evidence of the positive refusal and acceptance, as it
were under protest, of Acrxinx, so that there can be no
doubt of their distastefulness to this class of enemy,
although acceptance might under the circumstances
have not been convincing proof of their palatability. It
is however in every way satisfactory to obtain evidence
318 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
from the behaviour of Mantide in the wild state, and
such as we do possess entirely confirms the conclusions to
be drawn from Mr. Marshall’s experiments. In the first
place we have the following observation of his own, made
in the Karkloof, Natal, in February 1897 :—
“Saw a Mantis catch a male horta on a flower in the
veldt. It began eating at the base of the abdomen, which
it consumed entirely, and then started on the thorax, of
which it only ate a very little, and then threw it away.”
This observation corresponds almost precisely with
many made upon the captive insects. Mr. Roland Trimen
also says that he never found the wings of Danais or Acrwa
among the fragments of butterflies which sprinkle the
ground below the feeding-place of a large Mantis, although
he is careful to add that he could not be sure that these
butterflies visited the exudations of Acacia sap, round
which the predaceous insects secure a plentiful supply of
food (Linn. Soc. Trans., vol. xxvi, 1870, p. 500). It has
already been pointed out that Colonel Yerbury’s and
Colonel Bingham’s observations upon JJantidx in the wild
state are entirely confirmatory of Mr. Marshall’s observa-
tions of them in captivity, as regards the food which
appears to be freely provided by certain Pierine genera
refused or disliked by other insect-eating animals.
Another question of deep interest raised by Mr.
Marshall’s experiments on Mantide is the inquiry how
far the species which they reject or eat only sparingly is
unwholesome or even poisonous to them. ‘There is
strong @ priori probability for the view that the
preferential appetite of such a form as a Mantis is merely
the strong instinctive tendency to eat the food which best
suits its organization and reject that which suits it least.
We should expect therefore that such marked disinclina-
tion to eat Acrzeas as we observe in Jantidx imdicates,
not distaste or unpalatability in an anthropomorphic sense,
but merely that Acrseas are unwholesome to JMantide.
The evidence requires to be sifted in detail.
In Experiment IIT. the signs of weakness seem to be a
too-excessive result of the single Acrxa, and portion of
another, which were eaten. At the same time generic and
specific differences are almost certainly of oreat import-
ance, and it must be remembered that IIT., ‘TV., and VII.
belonged to probably the same species, and all exhibited
weakness after an Acraa diet, resulting in the death of
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 319
IV., the deformity of VII., while III. was released.
Experiments V. and VIII. were also upon the same
species of Mantis. The first, a male, became weak and
probably blind after eating a few Acreas; the second, a
female, remained apparently healthy after an exclusively
Acreeine diet for fourteen days. It is very unfortunate that
this latter experiment could not be continued. It is,
however, clear that in the case of this species and sex a
purely Acreeine diet for fourteen days is not necessarily
unwholesome. Experiments IX., X., and XI. were upon
species which were the same, or nearly the same, and all
females. The first died after an Acrwa diet for twenty
days, the second was perfectly healthy after a mixed butter-
fly diet without Acrevinw and Danaine for fifteen days,
while the third lived healthily from April 3 to September 8
upon Acreas and Limnas chrysippus. The latter seems to
be an insuperable difficulty, but it must be remembered (1)
that chrysippus was given in especially large numbers, and
there is no evidence that Danainx are much rejected by
Mantide, (2) that the Mantis may have recovered from
the effect of the Acreeas during the long fasts, (3) that the
Acrea chiefly made use of, A. caldarena, may be less
unwholesome than the majority of the group.
More experiments are greatly wanted, but Mr. Marshall’s
observations render it highly probable that Acraeas are
—unwholesome to Mantidy. The definiteness of the
symptoms exhibited, and especially the effect upon the
eye, constitute not unimportant evidence in support of
this conclusion. The appearance of an opaque blotch in
the left eye of three of the Mantises (V., VII., IX.) suggests
further experiments in order to test whether we have to
do with mere coincidence or a phenomenon of deeper
significance,
Mr. Marshall’s conclusions from his experiments were
written upon the results obtained with spiders as well as
Mantises, and will be found at the end of the section upon
the former (p. 322).
4. EXPERIMENTS ON SPIDERS IN THE KARKLOOF.
(G. A. K. M.) Natal, February 1897.
[The Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, F.R.S., informs me
that the species made use of was the common and widely-
distributed Epeirid Nephilengys malabarensis, Walck.—
He By P|
320 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
The spiders experimented on were all of one species
with very large females and minute males. Their webs
were all round the verandah, where they were strictly
preserved by Mr. Ball. I never saw the species in the
bush.
1. Gave a spider (A) a specimen of Acrva horta
(entire); she ran down and bit the thorax, then pulled it
out of the web and dropped it. At the same time gave
A. horta with its wings cut off to another spider (C) of the
same species, which ate it without hesitation.
2. Gave horta without wings to four spiders (A, B, D,
and KE), and also one in which half the wings had been
cut off to C. All were eaten readily.
3. Gave entire males of horta to A and B, and both
were at once rejected.
4, Wingless specimens of LZ. chrysippus given to A and
C were at once thrown out of their webs.
5. The following wingless specimens were given to this
species :—Papilio brasidas to A, P. ophidicephalus to B,
P. ewphranor to C, P. ophidicephalus to D, Eurytela hiarbas
to E, and P. /yxus to F. All of them were promptly
eaten.
6. Caught a female horta, rubbed all the colour off its
wings, leaving them entire, and gave it to A, which after
careful examination wrapped it up and carried it off to eat.
7. Gave A a perfect male horta; she ran down and bit
it in the thorax and ejected it from the web. I then
rubbed all the colour off the wings and returned it. The
spider approached it carefully feeling round with her palpi,
and again cut the butterfly loose. I then gave it to B,
which also refused it. I then cut the wings off and gave
it to B again, with the same result. Finally I gave it to
A again, but she pulled it out of the web by the abdomen
and dropped it.
8. Gave wingless specimens of Papilio demodocus to B
and C. Both were eaten.
9. Gave a perfect female horta to D, which bit it several
times, being seemingly rather doubtful about it, but
eventually wrapped it up and carried it off to her chamber.
After a short time she threw it down, the butterfly being
still alive.
10. On two occasions saw dead specimens of A. horta in
spiders’ webs in the bush. They were both wrapped up,
but evidently had not been sucked.
The Bronomics of South African Lnsects. 321
11. Cut off the wings of three male horta and gave
them to A, B, and C, but they were all rejected. Gave
one of the same specimens to D, which carried it off to
eat, and was still sucking it when observed two and a
half hours afterwards.
12. Gave a wingless Amauiris echeria to A, which came
down very cautiously and bit it in the thorax as usual,
Its taste was evidently unpleasant, as in extricating the
butterfly from the web it carefully abstained from biting
any part of the body. I then put the same specimen in
B’s web; she ran down at once and tackled it. After
giving it a few bites she paused as though in doubt, then,
as if thinking it was worth trying, she wrapped it up and
drew it up after her to her chamber. She was clearly still
doubtful, as she remained several minutes without attempt-
ing to touch it. She then sucked it for a few seconds, but
soon let it drop. Gave the same specimen to D, and it
was rejected. Gave another wingless specimen to GC,
which also was rejected.
13. Gave entire specimens of Terias brigitta to B, C,
and D, and also female Nepheronia argia (agathina form)
to A. All were eaten readily. Subsequently gave entire
P. sesamus (natalensis form) to C, which was also eaten.
14, Gave a perfect male horta to D. She ran down, bit
it in the thorax as usual, wrapped it up and carried it off.
She then remained some minutes without attempting to
touch it, then after sucking it for a few seconds she threw
it away. (Compare Experiments 9 and 11.)
15. Gave a wingless Acrwa violarum to spiders 5, C,
and D, in succession. It was promptly ejected by each of
them.
16. Gave entire specimens of A. horia to spiders A, B,
C,and D. The two former ejected theirs at once; C cut
hers loose from the web, and was holding it in her jaws
preparatory to throwing it away, when she seemed sud-
denly to change her mind and ran up to her chamber with
it, without however enshrouding it with web. She
remained with it in her mouth for about half a minute,
and then threw it down. D took no notice whatever of
the insect in her web.
17. Gave male Acrva buxtoni to A, and female Nephe-
roni argia (agathina form) to C. Both were eaten.
18. Gave Pontia hellica to B, Papilio demodocus to C, and
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PaART II. (NOV.) 22
Bip Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
Planema esebria to D, All of them were eaten, though
D seemed a little suspicious at first.
19. Gave Byblia goetzius-acheloia to A, which ate it
readily, although she was a long time before coming down
to see what it was.
20. Gave wingless specimens of A. horta to spiders
A, B, C, and D (six days since last were given—Experi-
ment 16). The first three promptly ejected them, but D
wrapped hers up and carried it off. She did not seem
very enthusiastic about it however, for she turned it over
and over a good many times, giving it a bite here and
there, and then left it alone for some time. This pro-
cedure she repeated several times, and then threw it away.
21. Gave entire males of Acrwa serena-buxtont to
spiders A, C, and D, all of which were eaten. It should
be noted that experiments with this species are un-
satisfactory, owing to the fact that when captured it is able
voluntarily to exude from the thorax its bitter yellow
juice, and therefore when given to spiders it has lost much
of its nauseous quality, and would be less distasteful
than if caught by them direct.
5. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS ON SPIDERS AND THE
EARLIER EXPERIMENTS ON MANTIDZ: ONE PROB-
ABLE MEANING OF TENACITY OF LIFE IN DISTASTEFUL
Insects. (G. A. K. M.)
Malvern, Natal; February 21, 1897.—The danger of
arguing from insufficient materials was clearly shown me
in my first few experiments on spiders with A. horta
(Experiments 1, 2, 3, and 6). When I had got thus far I
felt sure I had got proofs of the appreciation of warning
colours by the spiders. For in these experiments they ate
every specimen without wings and refused all those with
them except one which had the colour rubbed off. Yet
subsequent experiments have convinced me that both
spiders and Mantises have no appreciation of warning
colours; and this fact has elucidated another which often
puzzled me, I mean the apparently constant correlation
between distastefulness and tenacity of life in Lepidoptera.
At first sight it would seem that tenacity of life or the
power to recover after severe injury would be useful to
any species in the struggle for existence. But a little
thought showed me that this power would be of no use to
edible species, as if once caught by insectivorous animals
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 323
they are not likely to be released. But in the case of
inedible species it is different. For if my surmise is true,
that insectivorous invertebrates are not capable of appreci-
ating warning colours but have to taste a// their captives
before being able to tell whether they are edible or not
(which I think is clear from my experiments), then tenacity
of life (as a protective agency) will be as useful an
acquisition against invertebrates as warning coloration is
against ver tebrates, and come into play when the latter is
useless. Of course tenacity is of use against the experi-
mental tasting of young birds, lizards ete., but this does
not seem to me to be a sufficiently cogent factor to
develop the power to such a high pitch. For if the
insects had only these enemies to contend against, even
supposing every specimen experimentally tasted died from
its Injuries, the protection afforded by the warning colours
would still be ample. Indeed I believe that the tough-
ness of inedible insects has been primarily developed to
counteract the injuries from invertebrate foes (which are
incapable of reasoning as to whether an insect is edible or
not), and that therein lies its chief utility, though it may
prove useful incidentally in other cases.
A. buatoni appears to have more juice in proportion
than horta, and I regard it as a more highly-developed
species, from a distasteful point of view, in that it can
exude juice at will from its thorax, and thus show its
nauseous qualities without necessarily having to be injured
like horta. When squeezed the juice often oozes from
the ends of the antennze and all the nervures of the
fore-wings when they are cut. But, as I have pointed
out (vide Expt. 21), the results of experiments with it
are unreliable.
The treatment of A. horta by the spiders would almost
give some colour to your suggestion that the inedibility of
species may be due to unpleasant internal effects rather
than the mere taste, for B ate one specimen and A, OC, and
D two each before they seemed to become aware that it
was not good to eat, from which I should conclude either
that. the unpleasant effects are subsequent to eating or
that their sense of taste is not sufficiently acute to recog-
nize a nasty flavour at once. But the latter conclusion
appears to be invalidated by their prompt rejection of Z.
chrysippus and A. echertia, Anyway their selection seems
to show that there are grades of unpleasantness, and, as I
324 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
expected, those species in which the sexes are alike are
least edible. Thus I expect to find that A. anemosa, A.
cabira, and P. aganice will prove more distasteful than
their allies in which the sexes differ markedly. However,
I must admit that in the case of the Mantis this was not
so, and its persistent preference for echeria rather than
horta (on three occasions) is very curious and interesting.
Its dislike of the taste of Horta was most marked, and yet
it did not appear to distinguish it by sight. In Experiment
Il. ¢(p. 298) the Mantis certainly avoided Horta after its first
taste, but it showed equal fear of echeria, which it after-
wards ate, and I presume could not distinguish between
them. But it is clear that it was unable to retain long
the impression which connected a butterfly with an un-
pleasant taste. The prompt acceptance of A. serena by
the spiders appears to support my view that the bright red
colour conveys no significance to them, although they find
the red horta distasteful. J was surprised at their unani-
mous refusal of the single specimen of A. violarum I was
able to procure, as I had thought it would certainly be
more edible than Horta, and I am almost inclined to believe
that it was rejected under a misapprehension,
I had an idea that perhaps Papilio demodocus was dis-
tasteful, which was suggested by its wide range and general
abundance ; and that if this were so it would be probable
P. ophidicephalus, P. euphranor, P. constantinus, ete., might
obtain protection from their strong resemblance to it on
the wing. But my experiments seem to negative the
idea as far as invertebrate foes are concerned.
Aoain, Terias has always puzzled me. They are so
widely distributed and alw: ays plentiful; moreover, their
flight is weak and their contrasting colours of black and
yellow are most conspicuous on the open veldt, which they
frequent ; indeed, far more so than the colours of the
females of A. violarum and nohara. Yet they do not seem
to be protected, although some of the tropical Durbanias
and Teriomime appear “to mimic them.
Malvern, Natal; Oct. 7, 1897.—The experiments on
the effects of an Acrewa diet, so far as they go, seem to
lend some measure of support to your view as to the un-
wholesome qualities of Acrwa, though many more experi-
ments will be necessary to establish it. If I could only
get the material I should like to experiment contempora-
neously on a number of the same species, starving one,
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 325
giving one or two only edible butterflies, and confining
the remainder to a single species of Acrva or Amauris
each. But at present I find it not only difficult to get
hold of a Mantis, but it iseven quite a job to catch sufficient
Acrzeas to continue the experiments. I have not seen a
single specimen of A. petrwa for over six weeks, though
normally it should be swarming at this time of year.
[Mr. Marshall subsequently carried out a part of the
programme which he here suggests. See Experiments
IX., X., XI. on Mantidez.|
When the experiments on spiders are compared with
those on Mantises the conclusion is suggested that Acre-
ine were distasteful to both, and only eaten under the
stress of hunger, while Danainw were far less distasteful
to the Mantises than to the spiders. To the latter they
appeared to be at least as distasteful as the Acrvine.
Such differences in the susceptibilities of insect-eaters help
us to understand the puzzling case of Terzas, and the
Ethiopian Lycienid genera which appear undoubtedly to
mimic it, and permit us still to look on Papilio demodocus as
a possible model. We see that the various insectivorous
groups have different tastes, and within each group we
must expect to find individual species adapted to feed
largely on insects which are as a rule rejected by the
other members of the same group.
In one respect spiders are ext emely satisfactory for the
purpose of these experiments. They remain throughout
wild animals with their natural sources of food still avail-
able. The same may be the case with Mantides, as in
the Gongylus watched day after day by Col. Yerbury at
Trinkomali (see p. 316).
The late Thomas Belt (“ Naturalist in Nicaragua,” Lon-
don, 1888, p. 317) states that a “spider that frequented
‘flowers seemed to be fond of” the Heliconide (including
LIthomiuine), although a large species of Nephila used to
drop them out of its web when he put them into it.
Dr. A. G. Butler (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 27)
long ago showed that the larvee of Abraxas grossulariata and
Halia wavaria were not eaten by the spiders he employed
—EHpeira diadema (the name given in the paper is Hvreiba
diadema) and Lycosa species (2). In the former case they
were cut out of the web, and in the latter seized and
earried down the “dark silken funnel,’ but then relin-
quished apparently uninjured. Professor Plateau (Mém.
326 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
de la Soc. Zool. de France, tome vii, 1894, p. 375)
gives reasons for doubting whether the latter spider
belonged to the genus named by Dr. Butler, and he
supposes from the described form of “funnel” that
the “ Zycosa,” which does not make a web, was in
reality Agelena labyrinthica. Professor Plateau’s fresh
experiments (I. c. § 8) on spiders, however, entirely con-
firm the results obtained by Dr. Butler so far as the larva
of Abraxas is concerned. An Amaurobius ferox, which had
spun a characteristic web in captivity, paid no attention
during two days to three half-grown larvee moving about
and entangled in the web. From the Professor’s long
experience of spiders in captivity he is confident that it
was not afraid, and he thinks it probable that it refrained
from attack because the vibration of the web was not like
that caused by its habitual prey. It would have been
more satisfactory if this interpretation had been tested by
the offer of a few inconspicuous larvae. In the next ex-
periment four larvze were thrown into a large web spun by
a female 7egenaria domestica over the roof-light of a barn
in such a position that the observer could watch everything
without in the least disturbing the spider. The following
is a translation of Professor Plateau’s account :—‘ At the
moment of the fall of the larvee into the web, the 7egenaria
.... rushes at one of them and bites it, or at least makes
two successive attempts to bite it. The spider then leaves
the first victim and attacks a second, which she also tries
to bite, but the skin of the larvae being too tough and the
caterpillars rolled wp and pretending to be dead, she retires
slowly, a certain proof to those who know the habits of
these animals that she does not feel any fear.” After-
wards, when the caterpillar began to move the web, the
spider, “ having learnt the uselessness of her attempts to
bite, neglects them entirely and remains in her tube.”
Concerning this and the previous interpretation, it is
necessary to remark that no signs of fear were to be ex-
pected upon the hypothesis that the spider recognized
that the larva was uneatable; while the suggestion that
the skin was too tough to be penetrated seems to be very
improbable.
An experiment of the same kind was then made with a
female Tegenaria, which spun a web in confinement. After
keeping the spider for three days without food, two cater-
pillars were thrown into the web. The spider rushed
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 327
towards one of them but retreated again, “ recognizing that
it had been disturbed by a creature such as had never
before fallen into the web.” The same thing was again
repeated on four occasions, the spider never actually
attacking a caterpillar. Agelena labyrinthica was then
tried in the same way, but would not leave its retreat;
when, however, an earwig was substituted for the larva, it
was instantly seized and devoured.
On the other hand, Professor Plateau has produced evi-
dence that the imago of the Alrazas is freely eaten by
Tegenaria domestica, Nearly every day for some weeks
he placed this moth, sometimes on one, sometimes on
another of three or four webs of this spider spun in a little
tool-house in his garden. They were always seized and
carried off.
Agelena labyrinthica, on the other hand, killed the moth
but abandoned it after some attempts to suck its juices.
Professor Plateau suggests that the spider found the prey
too large for it, an interpretation which might have been
advanced had the attempt to capture and kill been unsuc-
cessful; but, as the case stands, serves to show that the
author is willing to accept any explanation however im-
probable rather than the obvious one that there was
something in the taste or smell of the moth which pre-
vented the spider from devouring it.
A half-grown female Hpeira diadema devoured the moth
with avidity. It is to be hoped that this experiment will
be repeated many times, as in the case of the Zegenaria ;
and in all such researches comparison should be constantly
made with the behaviour of the spiders towards many other
kinds of insects.
It is quite probable from the experiments of Mr. Marshall
and Professor Plateau, and the observations of the late Mr.
T. Belt, that certain species of spiders, together with Man-
tides and other predaceous insects, will be found to be
among the chief, perhaps the chief, non-parasitic enemies of
aposematic insects.
Colonel J. W. Yerbury has kindly searched his notes for
any references to the attacks of spiders on butterflies. He
writes, “I can find very few references to the relations of
these two animals to each other in my old notes. The
following are two of them :—
“<Aden, ? date-—A large green flower-haunting spider
resting on a dried-up plant was preying on a female
328 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
Teracolus vi. The specimen was almost the first female
of the species which I obtained. The individuals of this
butterfly roosted regularly on the stalks of the plant in
question, their under-sides being of about the same tint
as the dried-up leaves and stems.
“< Futehpore Sikri, near Agra, May 1877.—Spiders lay
in wait for the Pierine Lelenois mesentina, on the flowers
of a caper (Capparis aphylla). On this occasion the spiders
took a very heavy toll of the butterflies.’ ” *
[Mr. C. J. M. Gordon has sent to the Hope Department
a male specimen of Aerwa bonasia, which he found on
January 8, 1902, at Old Calabar, in the grasp of a flower-
haunting spider (7homisus, sp.). The falces of the arachnid
were fixed in the butterfly’s thorax, and the insect was
nearly dead.—k. B. P.]
6. THE ATTACKS OF PREDACEOUS INSECTS OTHER THAN
MANTIDA UPON CONSPICUOUS SPECIALLY-DEFENDED
LEPIDOPTERA, ETC. (E. B. P.)
H. W. Bates, in the historic paper which contained the
first suggestion of the theory of Protective Mimicry
(Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxiu, 1862, p. 495), states concerning
the attacks of predaceous insects: “I never saw the
flocks of slow-flying //c/iconide [in the writings of Bates
and Belt upon Mimicry, the Heliconide always include
the Lthomiine or Neotropine, then called the Danaoid
feliconidx] in the woods persecuted by birds or Dragon-
flies, to which they would have been an easy prey; nor,
when at rest on leaves, did they appear to be molested by
Lizards or the predaceous Flies of the family Asilide,
which were very often seen pouncing on Butterflies of
other families” (p. 510).
There is, however, good reason for believing that such
attacks are not rarely made, and that predaceous insects
are important enemies of aposematic butterflies.
In the following three sub-sections of this paper I have
brought together some slight evidence in support of this
conclusion. Far more requires to be done, and it is hoped
that the attention which is here directed to the inquiry
* Shortly after I had made the observation I came across a
reference to this habit of the spiders at the very same place, but I
cannot now recall the name of the publication.—J. W. Y.
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 329
may bring the subject to the notice of naturalists, especi-
ally in the parts of the world where the struggle for
existence is keenest.
A. Predaceous Hymenoptera and Newroptera.
The Neuroptera are included here and not under a
separate heading because I have as yet only re-
ceived a single record, and that one in association with
an observation on predaceous Hymenoptera. Accurate
observations on Odonata and Jantispide are greatly
needed, as well as on the predaceous Hemiptera, Large
Tenthredinidw should also be observed, for I have seen
them devouring insects. Locustidx furthermore are con-
siderable and indiscriminate enemies of their class. I
have seen them eating Acridians, and there is a specimen
of one in the Hope Department together with its victim,
a moth.
The late Thomas Belt long ago recorded the capture of
Nicaraguan “ Heliconide” by a yellow and black banded
wasp for the purpose of storing its nest: “ Whenever one
of these came about, they would rise fluttering in the air,
where they were safe, as I never saw the wasp attack them
on the wing. It would hawk round the groups of shrubs,
trying to pounce on one unawares ; but their natural dread
of this foe made it rather difficult to do so. When it did
eatch one, it would quietly bite off its wings, roll it up
into a ball, and fly off with it” (“ Naturalist in Nicaragua,”
Lond., 1888, p. 109). The following observation of Mr.
Marshall’s upon the chief unpalatable butterfly of the
Old World compares in an interesting manner with the
foregoing :—
“Tugela River, junction with Blaawwkraantz River, Dee.
14, 1896.—I have observed two enemies of Limnas chry-
sippus lately: one is a large wasp which I sawca rrying
off the larvee, and the other was a very large red dragon-
fly which was devouring an imago.” It is quite likely
that the Odonata may not uncommonly attack such
conspicuous butterflies, but this is the only record I have
as yet received.
Experiments and observations on ants suggest an almost
boundless field of inquiry. The following interesting
observation made by my friend Mr. C. J. M. Gordon, M.A.,
of Balliol College, clearly proves that certain ants neglect
330 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
specimens of Acreeas when they can get other butterflies.
Mr. Gordon writes of two Acrieas captured Jan. 13, 1902,
at Old Calabar: “So distasteful do these butterflies seem
to be that even the ants will not eat them. These speci-
mens are the only survivors of a set of about twenty. The
ants got in and ate all the rest, leaving these, as you see,
untouched.” It is interesting to note that the species
were very different, being Acrva admatha and A. neobule.
5
The specimens are in the Hope Department, Oxford.
B. Predaceous Coleoptera.
A great deal of work remains to be done with the
predaceous Coleoptera. .So far as I am aware Professor F.
Plateau is the only naturalist who has made any important
use of them, but there is reason to infer from his experi-
ments that they too are important enemies to aposematic in-
sects. One section of his paper (Mém. de la Soe, Zool. de
France, tome vii, p. 375, § 9) is devoted to experiments in
which Abrazas larvee were ae to Carabus auratus, Dytis-
cus marginatus [marginalis], and D. dimidiatus. Two of the
Carahi in confinement were starved for about eleven hours,
and then given one full-grown and two smaller larvae of
Abraxas, One beetle fed upon the large larva continuously
for about an hour, only leaving the thoracic region. The
other Carabus, of whic one antenna was mutilated, after
half-an-hour attacked one of the smaller caterpillars and
then abandoned it. When the observer returned after a few
hours both the smaller larvae were partially eaten. Twelve
hours later the beetles were perfectly well. The experi-
ment was renewed with two fresh Carali starved for
eighteen hours. The beetles began to devour the eee
of two larvie given to them, and even fought over it:
an hour only the torn and empty skin remained. By dis
next morning the second larva had been devoured, and
the beetles were quite healthy. Three imagines of Abraxas
were then offered to two freshly-caught Carabi. After
three hours one moth was nearly devoure ed, after about six
hours the second, and by the following morning the third.
There only remained some fragments of the wings. The
beetles were as active as ever. Several larve were then
thrown into an aquarium containing the two above-
mentioned species of Dytiscus. The latter at once at-
tacked them, fighting over their prey, which seemed to
be entirely consumed,
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 331
These results are tolerably decisive; but it would have
been more satisfactory if the experiments had been con-
tinued for a much longer period and controlled by others
in which different forms of food were employed. In this
way a convincing test of the wholesome qualities of the
larvee would have been supplied. In other experiments,
again, 1t would have been desirable to offer a wide choice,
and ascertain if there are any marked preferences.
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall has also observed one of the
FHisteridx, Hister caffer (Krichs.), eating a far larger beetle
than itself, the Scarabeid Onitis alexis. He has also
observed the same beetle devouring Aphodii.
On July 19, 1898, I observed a large Elaterid (Corym-
bites virens 9) eating the larvae of Vanessa urtice on a
nettle beside the mountain road (6000 feet) from Leukerbad
to the Gemmi Pass, Valais. The specimens are now in the
Hope Department.
C. Predaceous Diptera.
It is convenient to bring together the numerous records
of the attacks of <Asz/idx upon insects into a tabular
statement. In its preparation I have received the kindest
help and co-operation from Colonel Yerbury, Colonel
Bingham, Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, Mr. A. H. Hamm, and
Dr, Chapman.
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
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333
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Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
354
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335
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336 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
Colonel Bingham has sent me the following notes of his
observations on Asilidw: “ With regard to flies of the
family Asilidw and spiders attacking butterflies, I find
only a very few scattered notices of cases which I had
seen, but no details, I am sorry to say. So far as I can
remember I have seen these flies once or twice actually
capture butterflies, and in one instance I find it noted in
my diary that I found an Asilus with a Junonia hierta
which was still slightly quivering its wings. I have seen
the flies not once, but often swoop at butterflies, dragon-
flies, and bees. I cannot, however, find any particular
note of that case of the <Asi/us with a dragon-fly the
specimens of which are in the British Museum. What
note I made was written on the paper envelope in which
the specimens had been put away. With regard to the
Asilus which I found attacking the dammar bees (J/e/i-
pont), I find that I have noted that they, the flies, persist-
ently hover round the nest-mouth of the dammar bees, and
catch the latter on the wing as they issue from the nest.
The flies, so far as I have noticed, never eat their prey on
the wing, but retire to a bush holding their prey with
their long hairy legs.”
A study of the table at once shows that the Asilidz are
most indiscriminate in their attacks. The stings of the
Aculeates, the distasteful qualities of Danaine and Acre-
ine and of the odoriferous Lagria, the hard chitinous
covering of Coleoptera, the aggressive powers of Odonata,
are alike insufficient protection against these active and
voracious flies. The only tendency towards specialization
in the direction of any particular group of prey appears to
be manifested in the preference of the slender Asilids of
the genus Diosctria for Ichneumonids.* The far greater
frequency with which the female Asilid has been observed
with prey is sufficiently accounted for by the larger size of
this sex and the more important part borne by it in
reproduction.
Looking at the table as a whole, and the large propor-
tion of attacks made upon specially-defended insects, the
* Since this sentence was written I have captured (July 1902)
many specimens of Dasypoyon diadema with prey at La Granja,
Sierra Guadarrama, Spain. The great majority of these were
sucking Aculeates, especially the hive-bee. Another species of
Asilid, on Penalara, also exhibited an apparent preference for
Coleoptera.—E, b. P. :
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 337
conclusion is suggested that Bates was mistaken in sup-,
posing that Asilid flies play no part as the enemies of
Fleliconine and Ithomiine.
7. LEPIDOPTERA WITH WARNING COLOURS SPECIALLY
LIABLE TO THE ATTACKS OF PARASITIC INSECTS.
(G. A. K. M.)
[The late Erich Haase in his work on mimicry (English
translation “ Researches on Mimicry,” etc., Pt. II, Stutt-
gart, 1896) continually made the assumption that the
immunity of Danaine, Acrvinx, and other specially-pro-
tected groups is absolute, and extends to the attacks of
parasitic Hymenoptera and Diptera as well as to those of
insect-eating vertebrates. A little reflection upon the rate
of multiplication of animals, and especially of insects,
makes it clear that any such absolute immunity is an
impossibility. A high degree of protection from the
attacks of the generality of insect-eating animals will
always be found to be compensated by the attacks of
special enemies, and probably very largely by that of
insect parasites. I brought forward this argument in
1890 (“Colours of Animals,” London, p. 181) ; and Haase,
without attempting to meet it, made the crude assump-
tions which will now be dismissed, once and for all, by
the numerous observations recorded below.—E. B. P.]
Estcourt, Oct. 15, 1896.—We brought seventy-five
larvee of Acrewa anacreon home with us from Ulundi to
Kstcourt, and no less than twenty of them were killed by
a Dipterous parasite, so that, although it may be protected
in the imago stage, the percentage of larval deaths must
be very high. ;
Malvern, Feb. 21, 1897,—I certainly cannot understand
Haase’s attitude with regard to protection from parasites.
There are such patent examples to disprove it among
European “whites.” Out of eight pup of Acrwa horta
that I bred this season no less than five were killed by a
Dipterous parasite.
[I have also received from Mr. Marshall two cocoons
and two imagines of an ichneumon bred from Acrea
cabira at Malvern. They bear the date April 1897.—
He ie. |
Umkomaas Mouth, Natal ; Sept. 3, 1897.—I think it is
highly probable that Byblia ilithyia will prove to be dis-
tasteful as you suggest ; but so far as my experience goes
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART II, (NOV.)° 23
338 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
the larvae are very free from parasites, which in my
opinion tells somewhat against that view.
Salisbury, March 6-10, 1898.—Of four larve of JZ.
chrysippus I have taken this season two were killed by a
parasitic fly [probably a Zachina] which attacks many
different butterfly larvee.
In his “ Rhopalocera Malayana” (p. 407) Mr. Distant
writes : “ Mr. W. F. Kirby has kindly drawn my attention
to the fact that several species of Chalcis have been reared
from Kast Indian Danaids.” *
[Colonel J. W. Yerbury at Aden “lost a great number
of chrysippus larvee from the attacks of a large dipterous
parasite, one of the Tachinine” (Journ. Bomb, Nat.
Hist. Soc., 1892, p. 209).
Professor Félix Plateau, in his interesting paper on
Abraxas grossulariata, L. (Mém. de la Soc. Zool. de France,
tome vil, 1894, p. 375), also referred to on pp. 325-7, states
that he found twenty-two caterpillars out of fifty-one, 43 per
cent., attacked by insect parasites, viz. of Hymenoptera, two
species of Microgaster and one of Jchnewmon; of Diptera,
the Tachinid Hxorista vulgaris (Fallen). The caterpillar,
pace Professor Plateau, is most conspicuous, and, as the
Professor admits in the above-quoted paper, is refused
by European insect-eating vertebrates with wonderful
unanimity.
In the autumn of 1888 I found the conspicuous gregar-
lous larvae of Pieris brassice suftered to an enormous extent
from the attacks of Jchnewmonide. No less than 424 mature
larvee out of 631 died from this cause (Trans. Ent. Soe.
Lond., 1892, p. 439). I have also observed an excessively
high ‘rate of mortality from the same cause among the
conspicuous specially-defended larvae of Porthesia auriflua,
Dr. F. A. Dixey informs me that he has found the larvee
of Huchelia jacobee much infested by ichneumons.—
E. B; Pi]
8. EXPERIMENTS ON LIZARDS AND Froas. (G. A. K. M.)
[Experiments with lizards and frogs were few and the
results negative. A large number of the 8. African species
are no doubt specialized to eat only certain kinds of food,
and these would be useless for experiment if their natural
* The names of Chaleis cuplea, Hope, and CO. albicrus, Klug, are
specially mentioned,
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 339
°
prey did not include members of the insect Order which it
was desired to test. European lizards freely eat insects of
all Orders, and have been found very satisfactory for such
experiments. The African species which Mr. Marshall has
actually seen hunting butterflies (see p. 435) should afford
very valuable testimony as to the relative palatability of
various Lepidopterous species and groups. Even if in-
tolerant of captivity, they would probably thrive in an
enclosure out of doors, with plenty of air, sun, and space.
—Ki. B. P.]
Estcourt, Oct. 15, 1896.—I have just got a lizard to try
experiments on with regard to the edibility of insects, but
though it eats Diptera and some Orthoptera readily, it
will not look at any of the butterflies I have given it, viz.
Terias brigitta, Pontia hellica, and Zeritis taikosama. I
had previously tried an Agama lizard with the same result,
as I found that its natural food consisted almost entirely
of ants.
Malvern, Feb. 21, 1897.—I have found Pontia hellica
to be distasteful to a lizard.
Salisbury, March 6-10, 1898.—I kept a lizard for about
a week, but it refused to eat any of the butterflies I gave
it, but as 1t also refused termites the results were unre-
liable, and I let it go. In experiments of this kind the
nataral habits of the predatory animal must be taken into
account, and the fact that a lizard prefers a fly to a butter-
fly may in some cases have no greater significance, so far
as mimetic problems are concerned, than that a frugivorous
bird prefers a berry to a butterfly.
Salisbury, June 5, 1898.—I have made several attempts
at experiments with butterflies and lizards, but with no
satisfactory results, as the latter seem to be unwilling to
eat anything at all in captivity, remaining in a sort of
listless condition,
Malvern, May 14, 1897.—Caught three frogs and put
them in a box, and put in a wingless specimen of Acreva
natalica, After a short interval the largest frog swallowed
it. He made no sign to show that it was distasteful, nor
did he disgorge it afterwards. For several days I put in
specimens of various species, both edible and otherwise,
but as none of the frogs paid the slightest attention to
them I ceased to experiment.
340
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
9, EXPERIMENTS ON CAPTIVE KESTRELS (Cerchneis rupi-
coloides and CL nawmanni). (G. A. K. M.)
1899.
January 2,
”
~I
12.
Salisbury, Mashonaland.
Offered a young kestrel (Cerchneis rupi-
coloides) an Acrwa caldarena; he took it
in his beak, held it for a few seconds and
then threw it away with a sharp shake
of the head. Then gave him a Byblia
ilithyia, which he accepted, but after
making one or two pecks at it let it drop
and would not touch it when it was again
offered. I then tried him with an example
of A. nohara-halali and A, doubledayi-
axina, but he would have nothing to do
with them.
Gave the kestrel a large Buprestid beetle
(Psiloptera valens, Pér. 2.1.); he seized it in
his beak with a cry of evident pleasure,
then holding it in his foot tried to eat it,
but after a peck or two it slipped from
his grasp; I gave tt back to him several
times, but always with the same result—
the beetle was too slippery. Pszlopterx
are all eaten readily by baboons, and it
would appear from this that their hard,
shiny integuments combined with their
torpedo-like shape form a very efficient
protection (apart from their procryptic
colouring) from all birds which are not
sufficiently large to swallow them entire.
Offered kestrel two Dlepisanis haroldi, a
small Longicorn with Lycoid markings,
but he would not touch them; then a
Lycus rostratus, at which he pecked but
was evidently displeased with the taste,
and neglected it.
Gave kestrel a Precis pelasgis, Junonia
cebrene, Precis sesamus GQ and Atella
phalantha. He ate them all with evident
relish, though he seemed to experience a
little difficulty in managing them at first,
as he could not get a good hold with his
claw in order to pull them to pieces. So
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 341
the first two were practically swallowed
whole, but the others were eaten piece-
meal. I then offered a larva of Limnas
chrysippus, which he accepted and held
for some moments in his claw as though
in doubt, but finally let it drop after a
half-hearted peck. On re-presentation
he would not touch it, so in order to
restore confidence I gave him a grass-
hopper, on which insects he is usually
fed. The species offered happened to
have some rather light-green, yellow, and
black markings; he took it with evident
distrust and soon dropped it, although it
was a species he had often eaten before.
Thinking that the refusal was due to
his experience with the brightly-marked
larva of L. chrysippus, I offered some
dully-coloured green and brown grass-
hoppers, which were readily eaten, and
after them he also ate the one previously
refused. I then offered a larva of Acrva
vahiva; he evinced a decided interest in
it, but, although it crawled about over his
feet, absolutely refused to touch it. This
however may have been due to a general-
ized impression that all caterpillars were
distasteful.
January 13. Cerchneis rupicoloides ate one Catopsilia
florella. A young bird of another species
(C. naumanni) accepted a dead Papilio
demodocus; for a few moments he seemed
undecided where to attack it: then
noticing the eye-spots in the hind-wing
he promptly pecked them out, afterwards
eating the rest.
. 16. C. nawmanni ate three Terias brigitta ;
both this species and C. rupicoloides
refused the Lycoid Prionocerus dimidiatus
with unmistakable signs of dislike.
e 21. C. nawmanni ate one Precis pelasgis, one
Axiocerces harpax, one Terias brigitta,
one Catopsilia florella, and one Precis
sesamus (natalensis form) €, all with
342
January 22.
at ls
28.
29.
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
evident appreciation. C. rupicoloides
appeared to have become tired of butter-
flies, refusing all, even those it ate before.
Swynnerton found that it continually
refused the brightly-coloured grasshopper
mentioned above, but always ate it with
relish when it had been dipped in meal
to obscure its colours. C. nawmanni on
the other hand never refused the insect.
C. nawmanni accepted a Papilio corinneus,
but seemed in some doubt as to its
edibility ; he finally ate the thorax and
threw away the abdomen. Acreva halali
was then offered, tasted, and rejected.
Acrva anemosa and Limnas chrysippus
were likewise refused, and shortly after-
wards one Dyblia ilithyia and one Terias
brigitta were eaten.
C. rupicoloides escaped, and all the follow-
ing notes refer only to CG) nawmanni.
Kestrel ate one Dichtha inflata and one
Amblysterna vittipennis. A Lagria, sp.,
was tasted and rejected.
When very hungry the bird ate part of an
Acreva caldarena, throwing away the rest.
Subsequently he ate four Belenois severina,
one Junonia cebrene, and one Precis sesaimus
(natalensis form).
Two Byblia ilithyia eaten by kestrel. A
Clythra wahlbergi, with strong Coccinellid
odour, was eaten by the kestrel after
some hesitation. Kestrel refused the
Coccinellid Epilachna dreget.
A Longicorn (Ceroplesis fallax, Pér.) offered
to kestrel, which had been kept without
food for some time. He was evidently
nervous and much impressed by the
stridulation of the insect. I therefore
pulled the head off the beetle, and the
hawk then ate it, but very slowly and in
such a way as to ‘lead me to suppose that
it was not altogether palatable. Gave
a Piezia selousi, head first, to kestrel, which
ate it readily though evidently noticing
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 345
the acidity of the abdomen. A Poly-
hirma xnigma was at once eaten by
kestrel. I then offered him Graphipterus
lineolatus, tail first; he pecked at it and
received a small discharge of acid in the
mouth, whereupon he shook his head
and began wiping his beak vigorously on
the perch, as though to get rid of the
taste. Upon the beetle being presented
head first, he took it with caution and ate
it. The same results were obtained with
Graphipterus wahlbergi, G. bilineatus, and
G. lineolatus, they being refused when
presented tail first and eaten when
reversed. It should be noted that these’
beetles all discharge their secretions
violently when captured, and therefore
the kestrel would probably receive a
comparatively small dose of the acid.
February 1. Gave kestrel an Afella phalanthea ; he
seemed a good deal doubtful about it at
first, but finally ate it without any signs
of distaste. He then ate a Junonia
cebrene and a Byblia withyia with manifest
enjoyment. I then offered L. chrysippus ;
he accepted it readily, pulled off the
head which he discarded, pecked a
little at the tough thorax and wings, and
then let it drop; on offering it again he
took it, gave it a few pecks and jerked it
away with his beak. He then ate a
Hamanumida dexdalus and accepted an
A, caldarena, of which he ate a small part
of the abdomen and threw away the rest.
After this he ate with pleasure a P. sesanvus
(natalensis form), J. cebrene, and B. ilithyia.
Several Onitis alexis were then given
to the kestrel, which ate them readily.
Anomalipus plebeius was too hard for him,
and after five minutes’ hard pecking he
had only succeeded in pulling off the
head; I therefore broke it up for him,
and it was promptly eaten. He then
refused Clinteria infuscata, Mylabris holo-
344.
February 3.
»
>
”
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
sericea, Clerus sp. (entirely scarlet, with
strong verbena-like smell), and Prionocerus
dimidiatus.
Kestrel ate several dull-coloured Cureulio-
nide (Oosomus, sp., and Hremnus, spp.),
refusing several Onthophagus gazella which
were offered, also Lycus ampliatus, L.
vostratus, and L. constrictus, all of which
were tasted and were very evidently
unpleasant.
Kestrel refused Zonitis, sp., Hletica rufa,
Mylabris palliata, and Diacantha conifera,
after tasting each.
The kestrel had been starved for twenty-
four hours, and was very hungry. He ate
the following insects, in the order given,
with great avidity: two Teracolus achine,
one £. ilithyia, two Atella phalantha, one
Junonia cebrene, and one Papilio corinneus.
I then gave him an Acrea caldarena, of
which he first ate the head and swallowed
the rest whole, one 4. rahivra was also
swallowed whole; Z. chrysippus was then
offered; the bird ate the head, which
seemed to raise suspicions in his mind,
for he sat considering for some moments,
and then began pecking at the thorax
and wings and finally dropped it; on
re-presentation he seized the butterfly,
gave a few pecks at it, and jerked it away.
Then one Acrva axina and two A. halali
were swallowed whole, but A. caldarena
which followed was only partially eaten,
fully half being discarded. Another
L. chrysippus was offered, and the entire
head and thorax was eaten before it was
thrown down. Later, the bird swallowed
whole another A. vahira subsequent to
eating several grasshoppers.
28. Gave kestrel a B. dlithyia, which was eaten
rapidly, and a second as well. He then
ate a Precis pelasgis and another dithyia,
but an Acrea halali was pecked at once
or twice and thrown away, and a fourth
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 345
ilithyia was treated in the same way,
being apparently mistaken for an Acrea.
I then offered a female Anoplocnenis
curvipes; the bird ate the head, but
evidently in some doubt; it continued
with the thorax however, but showed its
dislike by repeated sharp shaking of the
head, and finally dropped the abdomen.
I put a male of the same bug on its
perch, but though it examined it carefully
it would not touch it; yet this species is
eaten greedily by the baboons.
[There are several very significant results from the
above-recorded experiments on kestrels. ‘The rejection of
Byblia, after trial and rejection of an Acrewa, may have
been due to the superficial resemblance. On the other
hand, this bird (C. rupicoloides) was apparently not fond of
butterflies, for after eating (Jan. 12) Precis, Junonia, and
Atella and (Jan. 13) Catopsilia, he refused all Rhopalocera.
The refusal of an Acridian marked with bright green,
yellow, and black, and its acceptance when the colours
were hidden was almost certainly the result of unpleasant
experiences with conspicuously-marked insects, of which a
particular instance was afforded when the larva of JL.
chrysippus was offered. Such association of impressions
brought about by very imperfect resemblances are of great
importance in helping us to understand the origin of
mimicry, both Batesian and Miillerian, in slight accidental
resemblances of a very rough and imperfect kind. It also
warns us not to regard as far-fetched or absurd those
imperfect likenesses which may well be the early stages
of incipient mimicry. The refusal of the Lycoid Longicorn
Blepisanis may be similarly due to a previous experience
of Lycide, or it may be truly distasteful and synaposematic.
The latter interpretation is certainly true of the Lycoid
Melyrid Prionocerus also refused by the kestrel “with
unmistakable signs of dislike.”
The other species of kestrel, C. nawmanni, was much
fonder of butterflies and of insects generally, eating the
brightly-coloured grasshopper on all occasions. The fact
that it took special notice of and pecked at the eye-spots
on the hind-wing of P. demodocus is of much interest, and
recalls an observation of my own quoted on pp. 440, 441.
Such observations strongly confirm the interpretation of
346 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
eye-spots, especially upon the under-side of the wings, as
directive marks leading an enemy to attack a non-vital
part, and they tend to refute Portschinski’s explanation
of them as the representation in colour of drops of some
specially-protective fluid (see p. 398).
Butterflies of different groups, Hesperidx, Pierine,
Nymphaline, were freely eaten, but the rejection of the
abdomen of Papilio corinneus by the captive bird which
afterwards ate Byblia and Terias, can only be explained
on the supposition of unpalatability, and the same was
evidently true in a more marked degree of Acraas and
L. chrysippus, although parts of these would sometimes be
eaten, while on Feb. 15, after starvation for twenty-four
hours, many Acreas were swallowed whole. The behaviour
on this occasion renders it certain that, as in the case of
Bucorax caffer, L. chrysippus was far more distasteful to
the kestrel than the Acrzas.
The rejection, after trial, of the evil-smelling Coreid
bug A. curvipes, greedily eaten by baboons, is a good
example of the difference in value of the same defence
with different enemies.
The treatment of Coleoptera almost invariably supported
the theories which explain the meaning of insect colouring
as cryptic, warning, ete.
The following beetles were eaten by the kestrel:
Curculionidx, with cryptic colouring (Oosomus, sp., and
Evremnus, spp.) ; the large, slow-moving, conspicuous, black,
earthy Heteromeron Anomalipus plebeiws, when the chitin
was broken; the smallish Buprestid Amblysterna vitti-
pennis (dark metallic green or coppery with white stripe
on each elytron); the Heteromeron Dichtha inflata, dark
brown with reddish stripes, conspicuous and slow-moving
like Anomalipus ; the medium-sized Scarabeid Onitis alexis
with elytra and legs brown, and thorax iridescent green.
It is probable that most of the defensive fluid had been
already discharged in the case of the Carabidx of the
genera Piezia, Polyhirma, and Graphipterus, of which the
acid secretion was seen to be a very positive protection
when there was opportunity for its operation on a normal
scale. The Longicorn Cercplesis fallax with a Cantharid
type of colouring may be synaposematic, as it was only
eaten very slowly although the bird had been kept without
food. The impression produced by the stridulation is of
much interest (see p. 408).
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 347
The following beetles were refused, usually after
tasting :—
CANTHARIDAE :—Mylabris palliata, MW. holosericea, Eletica
rufa, Zonitis sp. (all most conspicuous).
COCCINELLIDEH :—Lpilachna dreget (characteristic col-
ouring).
CLERIDE :—“ Clerws” sp. (scarlet).
PHYTOPHAGA :—Diacantha conifera (Lycoid).
MELYRID& :—Prionocerus dimidiatus (Lycoid).
Lycip#:—Three characteristically coloured species of
Lycus.
CETONUDA :—Clinteria infuscata (orange thorax with
two black spots, brown elytra, sometimes black).
HETEROMERA :—Lagria, sp. Probably distasteful, con-
spicuous and synaposematic with Phytophaga.
SCARABAIDA :—Onthophagus gazella, smallish Scarabzeid
with brown elytra and iridescent dark green thorax
and head.
With the possible exception of the last named, all these
species possess distinct aposematic colouring, and nearly
all belong to groups which are much mimicked, or fall
into important synaposematic combinations.
Mr. Marshall specially points out that the Kestrel, C.
naumanni, was young, and it is probable that it had
never before had experience of many of these species.—
E. B. P]
10. EXPERIMENTS ON A TAME GROUND HORN-BILL
(Bucoraz caffer). (G. A. K. M.)
Malvern, Natal, May 14, 1897.
March 14. Gave a tame ground horn-bill (Bucorax
caffer), belonging to Col, J. H. Bowker,
the following butterflies: two male A.
serena, one P. lywus, one male H, misip-
pus, one male A. serena, all of which he
ate readily, taking them in the end of his
beak, crushing the thorax and throwing
them down his throat. I then gave him
L. chrysippus. He took it, crushed the
thorax and dropped it at once. A second
specimen given a short time afterwards
was treated in the same manner.
, 24. Gave the following butterflies to ground
horn-bill: three A. encedon, one A. petrxa,
348 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
one P. aganie, two J. clelia, three male
H, misippus, one P. tropicalis, two P.
brasidas, two P. demodocus, one P. lyxus,
and two Jt. forestan. He ate every one
without the least hesitation, and evidently
appreciated them, as he would follow me
about, waiting for more.
April 1. Gave ground horn-bill one A. petrwa, two
A. cabiva, one P. brasidas, one male H.
misippus, and one P. esebria, all of which
he ate readily.
[It has alieady been pointed out that the acceptance of
insects by insectivorous animals in captivity is no proof
of their normal likes or dislikes in a wild state. Such
acceptance only proves what their action would be when
they had been, from some exceptional cause, kept without
their normal food in its usual quantity and variety. Hence
the fact that the Acraas were devoured is no evidence
that they are normally eaten except in a time of unusual
hunger. On the other hand, the rejection of two L. chry-
sippus, after three Acreeas had been readily eaten, indicates
that the former butterfly is decidedly distasteful to this
species of bird. It must be remembered that five Acreeas
were freely eaten on the next occasion. A comparison
with the experiments on Mantides is interesting.—E. B. P.]
11. THe INSECT-FOOD OF WILD SoutTH AFRICAN BIRDS.
(G. A. K. M.)
[Even more important than the results of experiments
are the observations made and collected by Mr. Marshall
upon the contents of the stomachs of birds, and the record
of actual attacks made by birds upon insects, which have
been witnessed in the field. The contents of birds are
clearly shown in the two following tables, A and Bb, which
are printed just as I received them from Mr. Marshall,
except that I have added a brief description of the general
appearance of those insects which seemed to require it.
Mr. Marshall had only supplied such a description in three
or four cases. In future records of this kind it will be
advisable for the observer on the spot to supply such
notes, together with a brief account of the habits, in-
asmuch as conspicuousness or concealment depend upon
these quite as much as upon colour and pattern.—k. B. P.]
The Bionomics of South African Insects.
349
TABLE A.—Contents of birds, probably 1898, unless otherwise
stated, and Salisbury when no other locality is mentioned.
BIRDS.
l
| INSECTS, ETC. |
|
Irrisor erythrorrhyn-| HOMOPTERA, Pyrops sp.
chus.
Eremnus sp. Syagrus |
puncticollis, Lefev.,
Sympiexiorrhynchus, sp. |
CoLEorTERA, Platypria
mashund, Pér., Anthaxia
sp.
GENERAL APPEARANCE OF INSECTS.
Macronyx capensis. | COLEOPTERA, Cleonus sp., | Syagrus,» a shining black,
medium-sized Phytophagous
beetle (Humolpide). All
others are weevils, and pro-
bably all with cryptic
colouring.
Pyrops, at rest are red-brown
or greyish insects. Platypria,
tawny with brown spots,
very spinous (/ispide).
Anthaxia, small green or
coppery Buprestid.
Coracias garrula.
COLEOPTERA, Gymnopleurus
Jastiditus, Har.
C. caudata.
CRABS.
CoLEOPTERA, Agrilus sp.,
Anthia pachyoma (!).
Large, sooty-black, smooth
Scarabeid.
Agrilus, small Buprestids,
colour varies. Anthia, huge
black Carabid with very
powerful mandibles.
C. spatulata.
Drprera, fly-maggots from
carrion.
UC. olivaceiceps.
ORTHOPTERA, Phymateus |
morbillosus, IL. (a large
evil-smelling bright-green
locust with purple and
crimson hind-wings).
M elittophagus
pusillus.
| COLEOPTERA, Onthophagqus,
sp.
|
Very conspicuous, with red
thorax and head; legs red
and yellow.
Genus of Scarabeidx, varying
much in size: metallic or
black.
Merops natalensis.
| COLEOPTERA, Mylabris |
| oculata, Thunb. (1).
Characteristic Cantharid,apose-
matic, orange and black
colours.
Cuculus gularis.
| COLEOPTERA, Nyassinius
lugubris, Sphenoptera
disjuncta, Hoplonyx sp.
Nyassinius, small red-brown,
rough Cetoniid, probably
cryptic. Sphenoptera, dark
metallic, coppery, moderate-
sized Buprestid. Hoplonyx,
medium-sized, black often
polished, Heteromera (Tene-
brionide).
Asturinula
monograniin ica.
Falco subbuteo.
| ORTHOPTERA, Clonia wahl-
bergi. CENTIPEDES.
Clonia is a fine Locustid living
among the leaves of trees.
It is certainly procryptic.
CoLEorTERA, Pentodon
nireus, Burm., Onitis
alexis, Anomala sp. |
Pentodon, large black Dynastid.
Onitis, medium-sized Scar-
abeid, elytra and _ legs,
brown; thorax_ iridescent
green. Anomala, pale yellow
brown, or metallic Rutelide ;
moderate-sized_ beetles,
350
Mr. G. A. K. Mazuball on
TABLE A.—(¢ ontinued. )
BIRDS.
Cerchneis
j ‘upicoloides. 3.
| CENTIPEDES.
INSECTS, ETC.
CL. naumanni,
C. amurensis.
}
| Bubo maculosus.
COLEOPTERA,
COLEOPTERA, Heter ronychws
licas, Klug. , CENTIPEDES. |
ARACHNIDS, Solpuga mar- |
shalli, Poe. |
COLEOPTERA, HTydaticus,
sp.
GENERAL APPEARANCE OF INSECTS.
Heteron nychus, ‘smallish black,
rather shining Dynastid.
Solpuga is red-brown, distal |
part of 4th leg black, broad
median black band on
abdomen which is clothed at
sides with yellowish-white
hairs. It runs very swiftly
and its habits are strongly
procr yptic.
Moderate-sized, oval, polished
dark-brown Dytise idee.
Hespero-
phanus amicus, white.
A large red-brown Cerambycid :
proeryptic.
Herodias lucidus.
|
|
Dragon-flies and aquatic
Hemiptera.
Ciconia abdimii. CoLEorTERA, Psammodes | Psammodes, both species are
ventricosus, Fihr., P. | large dull-brown Tenebrionid
scabratus, Gerst., Poly- Heteromera. Polyhirma,
|
hirma
Chd.,
semisuturata,
Piezia marshalli, |
Pé., Roe, sp.
HyMENOPTERA, Ants
the genus Carcbara.
of
Numida coronata.
Shot by C. F. M.
Swynnerton
Mazoe, Mashona-
Jand, 4000 ft.
| Merops natalensis,
September 1901.
at
COLEOPTERA, 2 Ps siloptera |
chalcophoroides, Peér., 1
Hipporhinus bohemanii,
Fahr., 1 Phantasis
gigantea, Guer., 1 Maero-
coma aureovillosa, Mash.
These five specimens were
taken from the crop,
December 25, 1898, by |
Guy A. K. Marshall,
They are now in the |
Hope Collection, Oxford, |
and are extraordinarily |
perfect, retaining the legs
and in some cases the
antennee.
moderate-sized, black Car-
abid with white markings.
Piezia, a Carabid — super-
ficially similar to last.
Scarites, shining black Car-
abids of variable size ; large
mandibles.
Psiloptera, largish iridescent
bright-green Buprestids.
Macrocoma, a small golden-
green iridescent Phytopha-
gous beetle. Hipporhinus,
a large brown rough eryptic
weevil. Phantasis, a large
Longicorn generally similar
to the above, and probably
mimetic of certain very hard
Curculionide.
the Saturniide Psewd- |
aphelia apollinaris and
Cirina similis.
Leprmpoprera HErerocer A, The moths both conspicuous,
slow, day-flying, and pro-
bably distasteful species.
Pseudaphelia, is large semi-
transparent, whitish with
black markings; Cirina is
still larger and dull pink.
The Bionomics of South African Insects,
351 -
TABLE B.—ZTnsects, etc., in stomachs of birds (probably 1898),
Salisbury.
COLEOPTERA.
BIRDS.
varying much in colour, but
always with more or less of
a pattern).
| often polished black-brown
or greenish Lamellicorns ;
probably mimics of Galeru-
cide, Chrysomelide, and
Coccinellidz).
Cassida (Aspidomorpha) pwne-
tata, F. (medium size,
abundantly — black-spotted,
colour probably
brown when fresh).
| Polycleis decorus (largish weevil,
Trochalus sp. (small rounded
reddish- |
Oriolus notatus, Coracias caudata, Haleyon
pallidiventris. |
Lradyornis mariquensis, Fringillaria taha- |
pist. |
|
== xi
BL. mariquensis, Irrisor
Campothera bennettt.
erythrorrhynchus,
Alcides hemopterus, Boh.
(smallish weevil with red-
brown white-spotted elytra
and black thorax and head).
Prionops talacoma.
Oosomus sp. (an entirely black,
Graucalus pectoralis, Upupa africana, Irrisor |
erythrorrhynchus, Campothera bennettt.
arboreal or — subcortical
weevil).
|Zophosis sp. (black quick-
running Heteromeran).
Scarabeeid with brown elytra
| and iridescent dark-green
thorax and head).
OTHER INSECTS, ETC.
Onthophagus gazella (smallish
Geocichla litsitsirupa.
Cauprimulgus rufigend,
large numbers).
Falco puaguiee (in
Pentatomid bugs,
Geocichla litsitsirupa, Laniarius guttatus,
Trrisor erythrorrh ynchus, Cerchneis amur-
ensis, Co es OTe TUS.
| Reduviid bugs.
Macro ye capensis, Ritnopomastus cyano- |
melas. i
Ant-lion larve.
Thamnolxa cinnamomeiventris.
Ants.
Bradyornis mariquensis, Pratincola torquata,
Monticola angolensis, Saxicola pileata,
Buchanga assimilis, Thamnolea cinna-
momeiventris, Crateropus kirkii, Lopho-
ceros leucomelas, Campothera bennetti,
Crecopsis egregia. |
352 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
TABLE B.—(continued.)
OTHER INSECTS, ETC. | BIRDS.
Other Hymenoptera.
| Rhinopomastus cyanomelas, and all four
| species of bee-eaters.
_ Hairy caterpillars. | Oriolus larvatus, and all the cuckoos.
Millepedes. | Turdus libonyanus.
Scorpions. Coracias olivaceiceps, Cerchneis rupicoloides,
|
|
|
|
|
|
Asturinula monogrammica (apparently
favourite food with this species).
VERTEBRATES.
Lizards. ; Melieraxz polyzonus, Astur polyzonoides,
Aquila wahlbergi, Circetus pectoralis,
Cerchneis rupicoloides, and Glaucidiwm
perlatum.
Snakes. | Astur polyzonoides, Buteo jakal, Circetus
pectoralis, Bubo maculosus.
RESULTS OF TABLES A AND B.
[The almost complete absence of the members of apo-
sematic Coleopterous groups is very marked. In fact, the
whole of the numerous beetles are probably cryptic, with
the following exceptions. The species of the Eumolpid
genus Syagrus is probably distasteful; for it freely exposes
itself on leaves, where its shining black appearance renders
it conspicuous. It is worthy of note that the only bird in
which it was found, Macronyx capensis, also ate Reduviid
bugs. The Phytophagous Macrocoma aureovillosa belongs
to a probably distasteful group, but it is itself green in
colour; it was only eaten by one species. The Hispid
Platypria is probably distasteful, and here too the only
species of bird which ate it, J7visor erythrorrhynchus, also ate
the conspicuous Cassida (Aspidomorpha) punctata and
Pentatomid bugs. The above-named Cassid was also found
in two other species of bird. The most remarkable exception
is however the typically-coloured Cantharid, MJylabris
oculata, only detected in Merops natalensis. Here we
find the interesting proof that under certain circumstances,
and with certain enemies, the most marked distasteful
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 353
or unwholesome qualities accompanied by the most con-
spicuous orange and black aposematic coloration may
afford no protection. Furthermore, it is of great interest
to observe that the same species of bird was the only
one in which two conspicuous and almost certainly dis-
tasteful Saturniid moths were found. The Carabide of
the genera Anthia, Polyhirma, Previa, and Scarites are not
so remarkable. Scarites is probably nocturnal and entirely
procryptic, while the defensive secretions of the three
other genera may be discharged and lost as the result of
the attacks of an experienced enemy.
Outside the Coleoptera, the number of birds which ate
Pentatomid bugs is remarkable (five species), and it
would be interesting if it were possible to obtain the
remains and make out the species of these Hemiptera.
The specialization of enemies to feed upon forms which
haye become excessively abundant through specialization
in their modes of defence is seen in the two species which
contained ants, and the three which had eaten scorpions.
The hairy caterpillars eaten by cuckoos are a similar case ;
this group of birds being specialized to feed on insects
which are specially defended against the majority of insect-
eaters. The fact that Phymateus morbillosus, a large,
conspicuous, and strong-smelling locust, had been eaten, is
also of interest. Solpuga moi shalli, in spite of its formid-
able appearance, is quite harmless, with procryptic appear-
ance and habits, The Tables as a whole afford w onderfully
strong support to the existing theories which explain
cryptic colouring and instinct as the defence of forms
which are eagerly sought for as food by numerous enemies,
and an aposematic appearance and mode of life as the
defence of specially-protected forms only attacked under
the stress of hunger or by comparatively few specially-
adapted foes.—KE. B. P.]
12. Recorps oF ATTACKS ON LEPIDOPTERA, ESPECIALLY
BUTTERFLIES, BY WILD SoutTH AFRICAN BIRDS.
(G. A. K. M.)
[The stimulus which induced Mr. Marshall to collect
observations on the attacks of birds upon butterflies was
provided chiefly by the account of the discussion which
followed Dr. F. A. Dixey’s paper on “ Mimetic Attraction ”
(Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1897, p. 317; Discussion in
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART UI. (NOV.) 24
354 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
Proc. 1897, pp. xx-xxxil, xxxiv—xlvii). The following
extracts from a letter indicate the line Mr. Marshall would
have taken had he been in England at the time.—E. B. P.]
Malvern, Natal; Oct. 7, 1897.—I am much struck with
the large amount of adverse criticism levelled against the
theory of even Batesian mimicry. The theory of converg-
ence (Miillerian mimicry) might perhaps be considered as
debatable, but how any one who has paid any attention
to the subject can doubt the reality of Batesian mimicry,
I cannot understand, and the attempt to explain it away
by climatic causes seems to me weak in the extreme. If
the view, advocated by many, that birds cannot be reckoned
among the principal enemies of butterflies in their imago
state, be true, then I consider that we may practically
abandon the whole theory of mimicry as at present applied
to the Acreine and Danaine of South Africa at all
events, for from what I have observed of these insects I
am convinced that their warning coloration cannot have
reference to either mantises, Asi/idx, or lizards, which are
practically the only other enemies that can be taken into
account, Moreover, the swift flight of the majority of
edible species can only have been developed to enable
them to escape from winged enemies, and that this de-
velopment is due to Asilide or dragon-flies is more than
I can believe. Certainly the paucity of records of birds
eating butterflies is somewhat disconcerting, but this is
doubtless due to the fact that not sufficient attention has
been paid to the subject, which would entail long and
patient observation of the birds themselves, an occupation
that the average entomologist is not likely to indulge in
when out collecting. Personally I do not suppose I have
seen such an occurrence more than perhaps half-a-dozen
times; the birds being the Paradise flycatcher (Zerpsi-
phone perspicillata), the bee-eater (Merops apiaster), and
two rollers (Coracias spatulata and Eurystomus afer); but
then I admit that I have paid little or no attention to
the matter until quite recently.
The habits of the Zeracoli, especially in their winter
forms, have always seemed to me strongly suggestive of
their being frequently attacked by birds. With hardly an
exception they are fairly swift fliers (especially the
“ purple-tips ”), keeping comparatively close to the ground
aud dodging well. If struck at gently as they fly by,
they dodge and hurry onwards but still continue their
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 355
flight; if however they be thoroughly frightened by
continued strokes of the net, they will dart rapidly on for
a short distance, then vanish—or, in other words, they settle
with extreme suddenness, and their under-side colouring
harmonizes so well with the sandy soil they love that they
are very difficult to detect. It seems to me that such a
habit can only have been developed for the purpose of
escaping from birds, and must be very effectual in most
cases. I have noticed that the summer forms, which have
not the sandy-coloured under-side do not adopt these
tactics, but rely on their flight alone—probably because
food is more plentiful for insectivorous birds at that
season,
[After this, Mr. Marshall kept a careful record of obser-
vations. His results, including one observation made at
an earlier date, are shown on pp. 357-9 in the form of
a diary. The two following letters bear on the same
subject.—E. B. P.]
Salisbury, March 6, 1898.—I was much interested in your
arguments * for Common Warning Colours in butterflies
and your remarks on their probable enemies, but I must
candidly confess that I am not altogether convinced. ‘The
difference in our views lies in your fundamental proposi-
tion that butterflies are an easy prey for birds to capture
from a general point of view. If this proposition be
correct, then I quite agree that your theory offers the most
natural and probable explanation of the predominance
of bright colours among butterflies. But from what I
have seen of the South African species I could not truth-
fully say that I consider that they would be likely to fall
an easy prey to birds, indeed I should say that the average
insectivorous bird would not have a chance against most
of the swift-flying species when on the wing, and would
only be able to catch them under exceptionally favourable
circumstances when the insects were off their guard. If
this supposition be correct it would go a good way to
explain how so many butterflies have been able to acquire
such brilliant colours, and particularly in the case of
those species which have protectively-coloured under-sides,
which is the rule rather than the exception. Birds would
soon learn the futility of attempting to pursue such species,
and would only capture them by stealth,and in a more or less
* Some of the arguments here referred to are set forth on pages
500 to 502 of the present memoir.—E, B. P.
356 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
unobtrusive manner, which might account for the paucity
of records. The fact that birds have been seen to capture
moths more frequently than butterflies need not neces-
sarily imply a preference for the former insects, but might
be explained on the supposition that they are aware that
they can be captured more or less easily on the wing, and
therefore that when a moth does happen to get well up
into the air in open country it is promptly pursued,
whereas under similar conditions a butterfly would be
allowed to pass unmolested. While on the subject of swift
fight I might mention that I was much struck during my
visit home with the slow flight of English butterflies as
compared with the generality of South African species.
I am inclined to agree with Trimen in his Presidential
Address to the Entomological Society, that birds are
among the chief enemies of butterflies. That they have
been the chief, if not the only, agents in the production
of mimicry, whether Batesian or Miillerian, I have little
doubt. It is highly significant that mimicry in its fullest
development is only to be found in forest-clad regions
where insectivorous birds are most abundant. Moreover,
T am not aware of a single instance of true mimicry
among species which habitually settle on the ground.
Salisbury, March 10, 1898.—It would seem that mere
unpleasantness of taste or smell would hardly be sufficient
to give so great an immunity from attack from birds as is
apparently enjoyed by the Danaine and Acrexine, unless
accompanied by poisonous or unwholesome qualities—at
least, if we may judge by other orders of insects. A large
number of Rhynchota, for instance, possess a very un-
pleasant smell, and yet their colouring is procryptic instead
of aposematic. In the crop of the great spotted cuckoo
I have found a large green Pentatomid, which in the
strength and unpleasantness of its smell is only beaten
by Petascelis remipes, our largest Hemipteron. Again, in
the crop of the racquet-tailed roller (Coracias caudata,
Trim.) I have found a full-grown specimen of a large
Phymateus locust, which is a most evil-smelling beast.
This insect appears to combine procryptic and aposematic
colours; for when settled its general green colour is
eminently protective, but during “its laboured flight it is
most conspicuous owing to its brilliant crimson and purple
hind-wings. If annoyed when settled on the ground they
often raise their wings over their backs (clearly to exhibit
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 357
the bright colours), exuding at the same time an odoriferous
frothy liquid from the thorax.
1897.
March 28. While out collecting at Malvern, Durban,
Natal, I saw a Paradise flycatcher
(Terpsiphone perspicillata) catch a speci-
men of Hronia cleodora. The butterfly
was hovering over a flower when the bird
swooped down, seized it with its feet,
and carried it off.
1898.
Feb. 27. Saw a Marico wood-shrike (Bradyornis
mariquensis) dart down from a tree and
eatch a Sarangesa eliminata (Holl.),
which was sitting with outspread wings
on a small plant.
March 6. Saw a flycatcher (Pachyprora molitor)
make several futile attempts to catch a
Tarucus plinius which was circling round
the bush on which it sat.
Noy. 23. Saw a bush kingfisher (Halcyon chelicuten-
sis) catch and eat two butterflies, viz.
Junonia cebrene and Catopsilia florella,
both of which were captured when
feeding.
Dec. 1. C. F. M. Swynnerton saw a drongo
(Buchanga assimilis) fly past him with a
white butterfly in its beak, probably C-
florella, >
15. Remains of Papilio demodocus found in the
stomach of a cuckoo (Coccystes caffer).
Jan. 1. While watching an Ate/la phalantha hover-
ing over a bush of its food-plant, a
Paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone perspicil-
lata) darted past, and with a loud snap of
its beak tried to catch the butterfly in its
swoop. The latter escaped, however, and
on following it up I found that the tip
of one hind-wing had been cut clean off;
unfortunately I had no net and failed to
capture the insect.
Swynnerton shot a hobby (Falco subbuteo),
which had in its stomach an almost
358
April 26.
1900.
May 13
1901.
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
complete Terias. The thorax and abdo-
men were quite uninjured, but the tips
of the fore-wings were gone.
I was watching a drongo hawking insects
5 5
from the top of a dead tree; there were
many Pierinw about, chiefly Zeracolus
and Belenois, but the bird paid not
the least attention to them. At last
a Belenois came by which had its wings
very much shattered, so that its flight
was weak and erratic; the drongo
observed it at once, and swooped down on
it, but I saw the butterfly drop into the
long grass. Whether it was imjured by
the bird I could not say, as I was unable
to find it, and I did not see it rise again.
This episode would point to the conclu-
sion that the fact that birds refrain from
pursuing butterflies may be due rather to
the difficulty in catching them, than to
any widespread distastefulness on the
part of these insects,
C. F. M. Swynnerton wrote from Gazaland :
“Tn March [1900] I saw a Pratincola
torquata [South African stonechat] in
chase of Tarucus plinius. Had it not
been frightened off by coming face to
face with me, it would undoubtedly have
caught it. I think I told you long ago
of having found the wings of a lot of
butterflies, chiefly P. corinneus, below the
branch of a tree on which some swallows
were constantly settling.”
Salisbury. Saw a drongo (Buchanga assi-
milis) swoop from a tree and eateb, what
I took to be an injured Belenois, which it
dropped almost at once. I marked the
insect down, and found it to be a common
white moth of the distasteful genus Dia-
crisia (D, maculost).
Dec. 17. Melsetter, 5500 feet, Gazaland. <A speci-
men of the large, conspicuous, Hypsid
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 359
moth Callioratis bellatriz was seized and
rejected by a drongo, undoubtedly a
young bird, judging by its plumage.
[The moth, which is now in the Hope
Department, has lost most of the head,
but is otherwise uninjured.—E, B. P.]
138. Recorps oF ATTACKS ON BUTTERFLIES BY WILD
Birps IN INDIA AND CEYLON, BY CoLONEL J. W
YERBURY, R.A.
1884.
1885.
Sept. 23.
1886.
Sept. 2.
[Colonel Yerbury has kindly extracted from
his notes all the observations he has made
bearing on this interesting question.—
E. B. P.]
“ About the year 1884 a discussion arose in
the Bombay papers as to whether birds
preyed on butterflies, and the general
opinion expressed was that it was com-
paratively rare for them to do so. In
common with some other members of the
Bombay Natural History Society, I deter-
mined to watch and note the results. My
records taken from old diaries are as
follows :—
Neighbourhood of Poona and Aden. None.
Aden, Campbellpore,and Murree Hills. Road
up Thundiani, near the Kala Pani
Bungalow. Saw a young king-crow,
Dicrurus ater, stoop at a big blue
Papilio, either P. polyctor or P. arcturus,
and miss it. The bird did not repeat the
attempt.
Campbellpore, Thundiani, ete. Road up
Thundiani, near top of the hill. Saw a
young king-crow stoop at a specimen of
Vanessa kaschmirensis, and after missing
it once take it at the second attempt.
Did not notice whether the insect was
eaten,
360 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
1887.
Rawul Pindi and home, vid Japan and
America. None.
1888-
At home.
1890,
June, Ceylon, Trinkomali. No record.
1891.
Noy. 14. On the Kandy Road between Trinkomali and
Kanthalai; butterflies in great numbers
sitting on the wet mud by the roadside;
chiefly Pievrine (Catophaga), but a few a
nomius with them. These butterflies rose
in clouds as one drove past. A bee-eater,
Merops philippinus, kept flying in front of
my carriage and taking specimens of these
butterflies as they rose. The bird seemed
to select the yellow females, which are
rare, the white females being to them
probably in the proportion of 100 to 1.
These flocks of butterflies often unite and
form what are known as snowstorms in
Ceylon; they then migrate right across
the island.
“These bee-eaters were often seen catching Pierine ; in
fact, it seems to have occurred so often that I ceased to
record the fact, for I can only find this one reference,
Probably the attacks were always witnessed at the begin-
ning of the N.E. monsoons during the time of the heavy
rains, 7.e. September to December.
“T am not certain as to the date on which I saw the
Ashy swallow-shrike (Artamus fuscus) catching speci-
mens of the Euploea Crastia core. The fact is associated
in my mind with a particular place, and with the capture
of Charaxes psaphon ° there. This is recorded for April
12th, 1891, so this may be the correct date on which I
watched the bird. At least six specimens of the Crastia
were captured by the shrike, all of which it carried away
to a branch high up in a big tree, but I could not see
whether they were eaten.
“ As regards my experience of birds catching butterflies,
it appears to have occurred more frequently in damp than
in dry districts ; e.g. it was frequent in Ceylon, rare in
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 361
places with moderate or small rainfall, such as Campbell-
pore, Poona, and Aden.
“Tn my opinion an all-sufficient reason for the rarity of
the occurrence exists in the fact that in butterflies the
edible matter is a minimum, while the inedible wings,
etc., are a maximum.”
[See Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 210, where Lepidoptera
and especially butterflies are spoken of in almost exactly
these terms, as a suggested explanation of the fact that
lizards, although they eat them, greatly prefer flies or
eryptic larvee.—E. B. P.]
14. REcoRDS OF ATTACKS ON BUTTERFLIES, ETC., BY
WILD BURMESE BIRDS, BY COLONEL C. T. BINGHAM.
[Colonel Bingham has kindly sent me the following
extracts from his 1878 diaries, for incorporation in the
present memoir.—E. B. P.]
“ April 23.—Marched from Kawkaraik to Thinganyina-
ung, fourteen miles. Started about 7.45, rather late as
there was some difficulty in collecting the elephants this
morning. ... The road, a mere jungle path, followed
the course of the Akya Chaung, a feeder of the Haundraw
River, and crossed the little stream some twenty or more
times in the first six or seven miles before turning up the
hill to the Taungyah Pass in the Dawnat Range. From
the outskirts of Kawkaraik right up to Thinganyinanng
on the other side of the pass, the road goes through dense
evergreen forest, and consequently the collecting is very
good on this road, both for insects and birds. ‘To-day, the
day being hot, butterflies, bees, and dragon-flies swarmed,
and at every opening of the Chaung I found crowds seated
on the damp sand apparently sucking up the moisture.
Collecting as I went, it was past 11 o’clock before I got to
the foot of the Pass. I was hot and a bit tired, so I sat
down on a fallen tree to rest, just before crossing the Akya
Chaung for the last time. I had not been seated many
minutes looking at the swarms of butterflies, bees, and
dragon-flies, which were flitting about or sitting on the
sands, when my attention was attracted by a bird, a bee-
eater (erops swinhoer), which swooping down from a tree
overhead caught a butterfly, a Cyrestis, within a few paces
of me. The bee-eater seemed to catch the butterfly with
ease, and I distinctly heard the snap of its bill. Then
holding the butterfly crossways the bird flew back to the.
362 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
tree, and sat still for a minute or so, then came a little
jerk of the head, and the wings of the butterfly came
fluttering to the ground, while the body was gulped. On
the same branch some four or five more bee-eaters of the
same species were seated, and as I sat very still, one after
another these birds swooped close to me, sometimes after
a butterfly, sometimes at a bee or a dragon- -fly. More
than once I saw a bird miss a butterfly, when the latter
would dodge and try to get away among the bushes of the
dense undergrowth around, but only very seldom was this
successful, for the bird would hover and twist and turn in
hot pursuit, and generally managed to catch the insect.
I was greatly interested, for though I had seen both bee-
eaters and king-crows (Dicrwrus) go for butterflies and
moths, this was the first time I had witnessed a continuous
hawking of butterflies on the part of birds. I sat for
nearly half-an-hour watching. The birds seemed to
swoop only for the insects flying about, never at those on
the ground. A drove of pack bullocks with their shouting
Shan drivers coming down the road frightened the bee-
eaters, and they flew off. I got up and prepared to start
up-hill, when it struck me that it would be interesting to
see what species of butterfly had been taken by the bee-
eaters, so I set to work and colleeted all the loose wings I
could find. I did not get many, for the undergrowth was
very dense, and the wings dropped in it were difficult to
find. Also the place swarmed with ants, I could see them
on all sides carrying off whole wings, or portions bitten
out of them. Again I was pressed for time, so that I
managed to get together only nineteen wings, most of them
odd ones luckily. . . . I have just sorted out and put away
my collections of the day. The butterflies hawked and
eaten by the bee-eaters belong to the following species—
Papilio erithonius, P. sarpedon, Charaxes athamas, Cyrestis
thyodamus, and Terias hecabe. A meagre list, for I am
certain I saw the bee-eaters swoop for and catch Prioneris,
Hebomoia, Junonia, and Precis. I also particularly noticed
that the birds never went for a Danais or Luplea, or for
Papilio macareus, and P. xenocles, which are mimics of
Danais, though two or three species of Danas, four or five
of Huplaa, and the two above-mentioned mimicking
Papilios simply swarmed along the whole road.” *
*T did not then realize the importance of my find, or I should
have spared more time for the collection of the fallen wings of the
butterflies, and taken more care of them,—C, T. B.
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 363
Looking through my diaries I find more scattered notes
of my having witnessed birds swoop for and catch butter-
flies and moths, but these were solitary incidents, and
only slight mention is made of them in the diaries with
one exception, which is given below—
“Camp Wabosakhan, December 3. . . . Going
through some fairly open jungle close to the main road
I put up a Melanitis zitenius, which fluttered across the
road and was swooped at by a king-crow (Dicrurus)
but missed; the butterfly dodged, got to the other side
of the road and dropped to the ground among the
herbage and fallen leaves, as is the habit of Melanitis.
The king-crow hovered for a minute not three feet from
the ground over the exact spot where I had noticed the
butterfly drop, failed to see it, flew off, but returned and
again hovered over the spot, but was again unsuccessful,
and flew up to a tree. I went forward very cautiously,
and having carefully noted the spot where the butterfly
had dropped, was enabled to make it out, but not. till
after fully ten minutes of patient and very cautious look-
ing. The Melanitis was there among dead leaves, its
wings folded and looking for all the world a dead dry leaf
itself. With regard to Melanitis, I have not seen it
recorded anywhere that the species of this genus when
disturbed fly a little way, drop suddenly into the under-
growth with closed wings and invariably lie a little askew
and slanting, which still more increases their likeness to a
dead leaf casually fallen to the ground.
“Only once again did I see the systematic hawking of
butterflies by birds. This second occurrence was also by
bee-eaters; this time it was the large JJerops philippinus.
I had been up in the Salween forests beyond the great
rapids, and had managed to get a bad bout of fever which
necessitated my returning to Moulmein, my head-quarters.
It was a hot steamy day in October, and I was lying with
the hot fever fit on me in the boat on the Salween below
Shwégon, when I noticed clouds of butterflies, chiefly
Catopsilia, migrating, crossing the Salween from east to
west in a continuous stream. These were being persist-
ently hawked by the Merops, mixed with which were
some king-crows.”
With regard to Microhierax eerulescens catching butter-
flies, I find the following note :—
“ March 20,1881. ... Passing through a taungyah on
my way back to camp I noticed a number of butterflies,
364 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
some seated, some hovering round a spot where some
Karens had been eating their food, and had left some rice
and gnapi scattered on the ground. I was approaching
the butterflies cautiously to see what species were there,
when a small black-and-white bird came down from a tree
close by and perched on the ground close to one little mob
of butterflies busy feeding away on the gnapi. I recog-
nized the bird at once as the pigmy hawk (Microhierax
cerulescens). His coming flop down close to the butterflies
disturbed some, but not all. A few were too intent on
their meal. The hawk sat for fully two minutes looking
at the butterflies, then he crouched as birds do when they
are about to rise, and next moment with a quick snatch
he had taken a butterfly in his claws and was flying to
the nearest tree. Though I was watching intently J am
quite unable to say whether he took one of the sitting
butterflies or one that was flying about. I watched him
eat the insect, which he held with his claw against the
branch on which he was seated, and he tore at it just as
the larger hawks do with their prey. I wanteda specimen
of the bird, so shot it, and afterwards picked up the wings
of the butterfly he had eaten; it was a Papilio sarpedon.”
N.B.—That same specimen of Microhierax is now, I
believe, in a small case by itself in the bird gallery of the
British Museum.
[Colonel C. T. Bingham has also made some interesting
observations on the use of insects’ wings as a pad at the
bottom of a hole in a tree, forming the nest of this same
species of bird, the falconet MJicrohierax ceerulescens,
Linn. (J/. eutolmus, Hodgs.). The following account 1s
quoted from “Stray Feathers” (vol. v, No. 2, June 1877,
pp. 79-81). The observations were made in the “ Govern-
ment Teak Reserve on the Sinzaway Chaung, a feeder of
the Yoonzaleen River, which it enters about two days’
march below our frontier station of Pahpoon in Tenasserim.”
The nest was found on April 14, “in a hole on the under-
side of a decayed bough of a mighty Pymma tree (Lager-
stremia Flos Regine).” The four eggs were found to be
“stained by resting on the broken leaves, wings of dragon-
flies, and bits of wood which composed the nest.” The
editor appends to this account a note of Davidson’s which
had been in his possession for years. On March 25 the
nest of Microhierax fringillarius, Drap., was examined.
It had been made in a hole in adry tree in an old taungyah
(clearing) “near Bankasoon at the extreme south of 'Tenas-
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 365
serim.” “At the bottom of the hole, which was about
eighteen inches deep, was a soft pad composed of flies and
butterflies’ wings, mixed with small pieces of rotten wood.”
In March 1878, Col. Bingham found a second nest of
the same species (JZ. cwrulescens) which he sent to the late
Mr. de Nicéville in order to ascertain the species of insects
which had been made use of. Mr. de Nicéville wrote as
follows :—
“The fragments of butterfly wings you send are as
follows :—
No. 1. Portion of fore-wing of Papilio caunus.
, 2. Fore- and hind-wing of Mycalesis perseus.
, 9% Hind-wing of Papilio erithonius.
, 9. Portion of fore-wing of Junonia orithyia.
» 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, too fragmentary to make out, but
seem to belong to some species Of the Lycwnide.
, 10. Half of fore-wing of Charaxes sp. ?.
, Ll. Portion of hind-wing of Symphedra dirtea &.
, 12 to 17 are the wings of dragon-flies.” *
A passage from another letter of Mr. de Nicéville to
Colonel Bingham indicates in a different manner the
severity of the nearly unseen struggle for existence which
butterflies of certain genera pass through. The wings
sent by Col. Bingham were found by him in 1888. Mr.
de Nicéville wrote concerning them :—
“See p. 275 of vol. 1 of my ‘Butterflies.’ Ferguson found
a single wing of Charaxes schreibert in Travancore on the
ground. It is curious that the only record so far of the
* In the Zoologist (4th Series, vol. v, 1901, pp. 224, 225) Colonel
Bingham states that he found, on April 23, 1899, a nest of the same
species of pigmy falcon in a hole on the under-side of a branch of
a dead tree in a deserted taungyah alongside the high-road leading
from Thabeitkyin, on the banks of the Irrawaddy above Mandalay,
to Mogok, the site of the famous Ruby Mines of Upper Burma, The
hole had evidently been made by a Barbet. It was 15 inches long,
and at the end was slightly enlarged into an oval chamber contain-
ing ‘‘a fairly firm pad of chips of wood, a few leaves, with an upper
stratum quite two inches thick, composed almost entirely of the
wings of cicadas, with a few butterfly and moth wings interspersed
therein.” There were no eggs or nestlings. “ Further south, in
Tenasserim,” Colonel Bingham continues (I. ¢. p. 225), “I found the
eggs of this falcon in a precisely similar situation early in April,
as well as Lean remember. That nest was composed almost entirely
of butterfly wings.” Colonel Bingham informs me that the last-
named nest was the one, described above in the text, which was found
in March 1878, and furnished the wings named by de Nicéville.
366 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
same species from Burma should be the three wings you
send me, which you say you found on the ground.”—
E. B. P.]
15. Guy A. K. MarsHA.i’s INpIREcT EVIDENCE OF THE
ATTACKS UPON BUTTERFLIES. (EK. B. P.)
At the meeting of the Entomological Society held on
August 1, 1883, Professor Meldola communicated some
observations made by Dr. Fritz Miiller in Brazil (Proc.
Ent. Soc. Lond., p. xxii), together with specimens of dis-
tasteful conspicuous butterflies with wings notched or
otherwise injured apparently by birds. Dr. Fritz Miiller’s
well-known theory, which accounts for synaposematic
resemblances, implies that even distasteful butterflies
are experimentally attacked by young enemies. That
such attacks are made had been doubted, and Professor
Meldola therefore wrote to Dr. Miiller asking him to
collect observations upon the point. A specimen of /e/i-
conius eucrate sent by him to Professor Meldola was
described (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Dec. 1882, p. 419) as
having a symmetrical, jagged notch on both fore-wings;
and on Aug. 1, 1883, Professor Meldola exhibited examples
of thirty-six notched and shorn specimens. of Acrwa [ Acti-
note| thalia, obtained in one week by the great German
naturalist. These examples and the Heliconiws have been
presented by Professor Meldola to the Hope Depart-
ment, where they may be seen beside numerous similar
specimens from very different parts of the world, includ-
ing those figured on the accompanying Plates IX, X,
and XI. Similar observations upon Bornean butterflies,
including four Danaine, have been published by S. B. J.
Skertchley (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) iii, 1889, pp. 477-
485), while W. L. Distant has described unsymmetrical
injuries, apparently caused by a bird, in the wings of
Limnas chrysippus (“ Naturalist in Transvaal,” 1889, p. 65),
I noticed the same thing (1888) in many specimens of
Colias edusa captured in Madeira (“Colours of Animals,”
London, 1890, p. 206; see also Roland Trimen’s Presidential
Address to the Entomological Society of London, Jan. 19,
1898, where many of these and other records are collected
and commented upon).
It seemed of importance to obtain this kind of evidence
from as many parts of the world as possible and on a large
I therefore asked Mr. Marshall if he would kindly
scale.
The Bionomics of South African TIisects. 367
look out for specimens of butterflies bearing injuries which
were probably caused by birds or other enemies. The
results, as in every other instance in which I have asked
for his help, far exceeded my most sanguine hopes. He
sent me the fine series of injured specimens represented
on Plates IX, X, and XI.
Looking at the species represented in this collection one
is at once struck with the repetition of the very forms
which have been seen to be attacked by birds (see pp. 357
to 359). Thus Atella phalantha, once seen to be mutilated
by a bird (p. 357), is represented by no less than five injured
specimens (Plate IX, figs. 9 and 12; Plate X, figs. 2, 4,-
and 5). And nearly every other species observed to be
attacked or found in the stomach of a bird is also repre-
sented, often by two or more examples, in the three
accompanying plates.
The presence of specially-protected forms, Danaine
and Acrwinx, is as conspicuous as in the observations
made in other parts of the world; but new and interesting
light is thrown upon the problem by the examination of
these specimens and comparison with those of other more
palatable groups. A large proportion of the former (Plate
IX, figs. 1, 5, 7, 10, 11) are far more extensively mutilated
than any but exceptional instances among the latter, and
remarking the peculiar toughness, flexibility, and power of
recovery in the wings of Danaine and Acrxine, we are
driven to the probable conclusion that the results are in
many cases those of experimental trials by young enemies
and heroic attempts on the part of extremely hungry
enemies, rather than unavailing efforts at the capture of
palatable prey. The futile attempts of hungry animals,
accompanied by extensive mutilation of unpalatable in-
sects, are well known in confinement (Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1887, p. 191), and Mr. Marshall has made observations of
the same kind upon insect enemies in the wild state
(see pp. 318, 358, 359).
The conclusion that butterflies may be pursued when
specially easy to catch, suggested by the observations on
April 26, 1899 (p. 358), 1s somewhat confirmed by the
curious fact that all the five examples of Limnas chrysip-
pus are females (Plate IX, figs. 1, 5,10, and 11; Plate X,
HO- TL),
Of the conspicuous wet phases of the seasonally dimorphic
Precis only a single example is present (Plate IX, fig. 24),
368 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
whereas six examples of the cryptic dry phase are included
in the series (Plate IX, figs. 15, 19, and 23; Plate XI, figs.
1, 2, and 4). These facts may possibly lend some support
to the suggested interpretation of these remarkable changes
(see pp. 431 to 44 2).
Some naturalists may be inclined to interpret the in-
juries represented on Plates IX, X, and XI as the ordinary
results of age and wear, or the accidental contact with
thorns or twigs. Such an explanation is not consistent
with the fact that the great majority of the specimens are
in other respects fresh and unworn, and the margins of the
wings not frayed as they become in individuals which have
been long upon the wing. Again, the very high propor-
tion of the injuries inflicted at the anal angle and along the
hind margin of the hind-wing is inconsistent with any such
interpretation. The part of the wing surface which is
certain to come most in contact with foreign objects is the
apical angle of the fore-wing, next, the costal and hind
margins of the fore-wing, last of all the border of the hind-
wing which is behind,and,as the insect finds its way through
an interlacing meshwork of twigs and leaves, is defended
by the greater width and powerful costa of the fore-wings.
It is true that the apex of one or both fore-wings is not
uncommonly snipped off, several examples being repre-
sented on Plate IX, and in the four lowest figures on Plate
XI, but the great majority of the specimens captured by
Mr. Marshall will be found to be injured in the hind-wing.
And of those snipped or notched in the fore-wing, some
exhibit symmetrical injuries which clearly suggest that the
insect was seized with the wings together, probably at rest.
Fizs. 12 and 17 on Plate IX are good examples. Equally
symmetrical injuries are also common on the hind-wings,
either taking the form of a snip which suggests the very
shape of a bird’s bill (eg. Figs. 4, 30, 31, 33 on Plate
X), or one in which both anal angles or even a large part
of both hind-wings are shorn completely off (¢. g. Figs. 2 and
28 on Plate X; Figs. 8, 9, 18 and 20 on Plate XI).
In one very interesting example of Vanessa atalanta
from N. Devon, presented by Dr. F. A. Dixey to the Hope
Department, there is only one possible position in which
the injury could have been inflicted, viz. the position
shown in Fig. 31, Plate X, for in that position alone can
the snip in all four wings be made to coincide. Further-
more, the position is that of complete repose, when the
The Bionomices of South African Insects. 369
white patch on the costal border of the under-side of one
hind-wing, wrapping round the front of the costa of
the fore-wing, meets the corresponding patch on the oppo-
site side, and is distinctly seen from the front. The speci-
men captured by Mr. A. H. Hamm, represented in the
adjacent Fig. 33, was probably seized soon after it had
alighted, when the wings were held in the manner indicated
in the figure, and before they were lowered between the
hind-wings in the attitude of repose. Or it is possible
that this specimen was seized during flight at the moment
when the wings came together.
The theory of probability prevents the interpretation of
any but very rare symmetrical notches, except on the
supposition that the wings were together at the time of
the injury, and when the condition of the specimen is
fresh and the notch possesses a definite and similar shape,
fitting that upon the opposite side, there can be no hesita-
tion in inferring the attack of an enemy.
Turning to unilateral injuries, of which many examples
will be found in Plates IX, X, and XI, Mr. Marshall is of
opinion that they are the strongest evidence of the attacks
of birds because they were almost certainly inflicted while
the insect was upon the wing. Perfectly fresh specimens
with such injuries of a very pronounced type are shown on
Plate IX, figs. 15,19, and 23; Plate X, figs. 1, 3, 5, 19, 25,
29, etc.; Plate XI, figs. 4, 6,7, 11, etc. It is true that a
butterfly settled upon a flower with outspread wings
might be seized by one side; but insects in that position
are on the alert, and many butterflies when slightly dis-
turbed will shut their wings with a snap when they do
not take flight.
Looking at the injuries as a whole it is seen that the
great majority are inflicted at the anal angle and adjacent
hind margin of the hind-wing, a considerable number at or
near the apical angle of the fore-wing, and comparatively
few between these points, at or near the inner angles of
the wings. I was at first greatly struck by the compara-
tive rarity of injuries in the last position, but in a later
consignment Mr. Marshall forwarded many excellent
examples, referred to in the following paragraph :—
“ Salisbury, Sept. 27, 1901.—It was curious that just
after getting a letter from you, pointing out the greater
rarity of mutilation at the inner angles, I came across quite
a succession of excellent examples of this form. The
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART Ill. (NOV.) 25
370 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
Teracolus omphale is of special interest, as I think the
attack can only have been made bya bird. The same
apples to the Vyctemera, for this insect invariably conceals
its hind-wings when settled, dropping immediately into
this position as it alights. I have occasionally observed
that it holds its wings over its back for a very short time
before closing them. I think the damage to the hind-
wings must be the result of two separate snaps from a bird
while the moth was on the wing.”
The specimen of Zeracolus omphale was accidentally
omitted from the illustrations, but the Vyctemera is shown
on Plate X, fig. 8, and three of the best examples of injury
at an inner angle on Plates IX, figs. 15, 19, and 23,
If it be granted that the injuries shown on Plates IX, X,
and XI are chiefly if not entirely due to enemies, the
question as to the kind of enemy remains to be settled.
The only probable foes are birds, reptiles, especially lizards,
and mantides. It is therefore of importance to show that
injuries entirely similar in character to those upon Mr.
Marshall’s South African captures, are also found on but-
terflies from parts of the Holarctic Belt where mantides do
not exist and the attacks of lizards amount to so little that
they may be safely neglected.
I have therefore included (on Plate X, figs. 26 and 28 to
33) the representation of a few butterflies with snipped
wings from the Northern United States, Switzerland, and
England. These are only a selection from a much larger
amount of material of this kind in the Hope Department,
but sufficient to show that the character of the injuries in
the northern land belt is the same as that of those far
south of the Equator, and in a country where lizards and
mantides are very important foes.
Much however may be determined by the character of
the injury and the habits of the butterflies. Such an
injury as that shown on Plate X, fig. 4, for example, is
hardly likely to have been caused by anything but the
beak of a bird. When a mantis seizes a butterfly with its
raptorial legs the wings are instantly crumpled and at the
same time torn and scratched with the thorn-like spines.
Only two or three specimens out of the 82 here figured
bear any such traces, viz. Plate I, figs. 7, 11, and Plate XI,
fig. 5, and in these cases the interpretation 1s very far
from certain. With regard to lizards, butterflies which
settle on low flowers, and especially those which alight
The Bionomics of South African Insects. Eyal
on the ground and rocks, are very liable to be attacked,
but in South Africa at least, species which haunt bushes
and trees and fly high are not likely to fall a prey to
lizards, and birds are the only probable enemies when no
traces have been left by a mantis. In the description of
Plates IX, X, and XI, a brief account of the habits of each
South African species is given by Mr. Marshall together
with the conclusion which appears to be justified.
A very interesting general conclusion emerges after this
consideration and comparison of all the specimens here
figured, viz. the bionomic meaning of important elements
in pattern, and important structural developments of the
wings of Lepidoptera. On Plate [X we see evidence that
injury at the apical angle of one or both fore-wings is
fairly common. Now this angle is very remote from the
vital parts, and no great harm to the butterfly is done by
such injury. And this is a part of the wing which is
constantly rendered specially conspicuous below as well as
above by apical and sub-apical white spots and bars, black
tips, patches of bright colour, and by eye-spots (Plate IX,
figs. 1, 3, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25; Plate X, figs. 3, 8, 19,
25, 28, 32,33; Plate XI, figs. 4, 21, 22, 23, 24). In the
four lowest figures on Plate XI the conspicuous apical
marking has been injured and, in three cases out of four,
partially or entirely shorn off on one side. This interpre-
tation of the meaning of the apical colour-patches was
suggested by Mr. Marshall in sending these very speci-
mens, and he alluded to two out of the three butterflies
figured on Plate XI, figs. 21-23,in the following passage :—
“Salisbury, June 20, 1899.—I would suggest that these
bright patches of colour [in the orange- and purple-tipped
Teracoli|, which were doubtless first developed by sexual
selection, have been of further use in diverting attack
from the vital parts, and this may perhaps explain their
almost universal transmission to the female sex. I have
sent you two good examples supporting this view, in that
the orange tip of one wing has been snipped off, presumably
by a bird. It should however be noted that the purple
tips are very inconspicuous in flight, and perhaps this might
account for the markedly-swifter flight of those species
which possess them, as they will have thus lost a useful
protection through the action of sexual selection, and have
compensated it by increased swiftness.” *
* Dr. F. A. Dixey points out to me that it is in favour of this
3/2 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
Notches close to and sometimes involving the same
kind of markings are to be seen on Plate IX, figs, 1, 3, 5,
10, 16, 19, and 21.
We can thus understand the conspicuous apical mark-
ings of the fore-wings of butterflies, together with the
common prolongation of the apex of the wing, as directive
marks which tend to divert the attention of an enemy
from more vital parts.
The comparison of Figs. 31 and 33 on Plate X will show
a common method in the use of this marking on the under-
side. It is exposed for a few seconds after the butterfly
alights (Fig. 33), and then hidden by lowering the fore-
wings between the hind (Fig. 31). The meaning is no
doubt that which is suggested on pp. 440, 441, where it is
however applied to the case of those sub- ‘apical eye-spots
on the under-side (Plate X, figs. 28 and 382) which are
exposed and then hidden in a similar manner.
Since the above sentence was written I have consulted
my assistants, Mr. W. Holland and Mr. A. H. Hamm, who
have bad great experience in the ways of British Lepi-
doptera, and they both agree with me that our species
of Satyrine with special sub-apical eye-spots on the
under-side of the fore-wing are apt to expose these marks
for a few seconds after alighting, and then swiftly cover
them by lowering the fore-wings between the hind. The
“Grayling,” Satyrus semele, is particularly noticeable in
this respect, as all three of us have often observed ;
but the movement is well seen in our other species with
similarly-placed eye-spots.* This characteristic movement
considered in relation to Mr. Marshall’s injured specimens,
and to the experiment with a lizard mentioned on pp. 440-1,
and a kestrel on p. 341, places the hypothesis advanced
on the former pages in a satisfactory position.
But the interpretation of markings and structures at or
interpretation that the females of the species with purple-tipped
males are themselves often orange-tipped.
* Dr. Dixey has specially observed this movement in semele. He
states that Epinephele janira, on the other hand, usually shows the
eye-spot when resting by day, although it quite conceals it when
settling down in the evening: while a 2 £, tithonus, settled on a
bramble-leaf in sunshine, exposed the ocellus, but concealed it when
a cloud came over the sun, again uncovering it when the cloud
passed. Dr. Dixey’s notes were made at the time of the observations
at Morthoe, North Devon, in 1897-8,
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 373
near the anal angle of the hind-wing is even more con-
vincing, inasmuch as both markings and structures are far
more ‘specialized and examples “of their injury much
commoner, Plate X is entirely occupied with the repre-
sentation of such injuries in species which are without
special directive marks and structures at this region of the
hind-wing, while Plate XI, with the exception of the four
lowest figures (21 to 24) and figure 4, is devoted to the
illustration of injuries received at the very spot which has
been rendered specially conspicuous. In fact, on Plate IX.
we have evidence that the attacks of enemies are common
at the apical angle of the fore-wing, and on this Plate as
well as in the four lowest figures of Plate XI the special
directive marks developed at this specially-exposed area
are seen to be shorn off or in some way injured; while on
Plate X we have the same kind of evidence of still more
frequent attack at the anal angle of the hind-wing, together
with, on Plate XI, the evidence that this general tendency
on the part of the enemy is encouraged by the develop-
ment of directive features of all kinds, which are shown to
be successful in that they have been attacked. We see on
Plate XI the prolonged “tails” of the hind-wings of Precis
shorn off (Fig. 1), together with the large eye-spot
marking the same region in Papilio demodocus (Figs. 8
and 9), the two “tails” of Charawes (Figs. 5, 10, 13, 14, 15,
20), the slender single “ tail” with its accompanying § single
or double eye-spot of some Lycviide (Figs. 6, 11, 16, 17),
the conspicuous lobes combined with one or two ‘tails
and bright spots, sometimes in the form of eye-spots, of
other Lycenide (Figs. 3, 7, 12, 18, 19).
Many beautifully “tailed” forms occur among the
Nymphaline of tropical America, such as Protogonius,
Ana, ete., and the commonly developed “ tails” of Papilios
are probably to be explained in the same manner. When
a “tail” is produced at the anal angle of the hind-wing
in relation to a dead-leaf-like under-side, the mid-rib-like
stripe is developed in relation to the apparent leaf stalk,
as is seen in Plate XIII, figs. 4a, 4b, 6, 7, and 8. On the
other hand, Fig. 1 on Plate XI shows well that such “ tails”
may also act as advantageous directive structures.
The resemblance of the marks and structures at the
anal angle of the hind-wing under-side in many Lycwnide
to a head with antennz and eyes has been independently
noticed by many observers. The movements of the hind-
a)
374 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
wings by which the “tails,” the apparent antenne, are
made continually to pass and repass each other, add very
greatly to this resemblance. The head-like appearance,
first observed by Dr. Arnold in Thecla iarbas and con-
firmed in other species by Dr. Forsstrona, is quoted by
Kirby and Spence (People’s Edition, 1867, p. 428): it was
independently observed by Mr. R. C. L. Perkins (“ Colours
of Animals,” London, 1890, p. 208) in 7heela W-album, and
this keen naturalist obtained confirmatory evidence in the
case of the English 7hecla, similar to that shown upon
Plate XI. My friend Dr. Richard Evans of the Museum
at Georgetown, British Guiana, independently observed
the same thing in Siam, when taking part in the Skeat
Expedition. My friend Professor Wyndham R. Dunstan,
F.R.S., sending me a pair of Deudoriv antalus bred from
larvee which are destructive to the pods of “ Jnga dulcis”
at Manashi, near Cairo, wrote (July 4, 1900) that his
friend Mr. KE, A. Floyer who sent the insects “remarks
that the butterfly has markings on its tail which resemble
the head. He considers this protective, as a bird is
uncertain which is the head and which is the tail, and the
insect often escapes by going off in the unexpected
direction.” My friend Mr. Champion b. Russell, who
presented to the Hope Department the beautifully
mutilated specimen of Spindasis natalensis represented on
Plate XI, fig. 8, also independently recognized the same
resemblance (1900), and thought that the lobes with their
two tails passing and repassing each other looked like
jaws opening and shutting. I asked Mr, Marshall’s opinion
on this subject and received the following reply :—
“ Salisbury, June 11, 1901.—Mr. Russell’s observations
on the tails of Lycwnide are, as you say, of considerable
value as coming from an entirely independent source, but
I must confess that I am not inclined to believe that the
anal appendages in the wings of butterflies have been
modified in imitation of particular organs, for I fail to see
how this could be effected by ordinary selection. And I
think a valid argument against such an idea is the great
diversity of form shown by these appendages, not only
among the Lycewnide but other families as well. It seems
safer to regard these curious lobes and tails as having been
developed by natural selection for the purpose of attract-
ing attention to that part, and that the particular form
they take is due to congenital variations which we cannot
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 375
at present explain. Asa matter of fact there seem to be
really very few “blues” in which the tails bear any real
resemblance to antennze. Again, so far as the special
explanation of jaws is concerned it seems to me that this
would rather prompt a bird or lizard to attack the insect,
at the other end, which would be fatal. In some cases
there appears to be a possibility of explaining the particular
shape of a tail; for example, in Charaxes the general rule is
two thin tails on each wing, and we can understand that
this would not be suitable for the leaf-like under-side of
C. varanes, which has consequently developed a single
thick tail which is more in keeping with its style of
coloration. Again, the thick twisted tail of Myrina greatly
enhances its general resemblance to a bit of shrivelled
fig-leaf, and so forth.”
I think, however, that it is probable that such resem-
blance as there is to a head, in certain species of Lycenidx
may be of value and may have been produced by direct
selective action, and I would specially draw attention to
Mr. Floyer’s suggestion (p. 374) that the butterfly may
dart off in a direction which the head-like appearance has
caused to be unexpected by an enemy. Many years ago
my friend Dr. A.C. Haddon, F.R.S., showed me a specimen
of a little yellow fish, about 14 inches long, which he had
observed and captured among coral, Aug. 11, 1888, at
Thursday Island, Torres Straits. The head was crossed
by a dark, white-bordered, vertical, somewhat curved band,
which included the eye and tended to conceal it. At the
root of the tail was a very conspicuous eye-like mark,
The fish had the habit of often swimming for a little
distance very slowly tail first, but if disturbed it would
dart off with great rapidity in the opposite direction, viz.
head first. That so similar an adaptation should be met
with in such a very different part of the animal kingdom
affords considerable indirect support to the interpretation
of these Lyczenid marks and structures, at which so many
naturalists have independently arrived. Dr. Haddon
kindly permits me to make use of his interesting observa-
tion, which has not been hitherto recorded. Mr. G. A.
Boulenger, F.R.S., informs me that the fish is Chetodon
plebeius,
376 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
16. EXPERIMENTS ON A CAPTIVE MUNGOOSE (Herpestes
galera) witH INsECT-Foop. (G. A. K. M.)
1899.
May 27. Offered a Rhopalocampta forestan to a very
young female Mungoose (/evpestes galera) ;
she rushed at it, but on touching it with
her nose drew back sharply (her eyesight
was still but feeble); so I partially cut off
its wings and let it flutter on the floor,
whereupon she ran at it several times but
did not attempt to eat it. I then gave her
four 7’. senegalensis (without wings) which
she ate greedily, and on being offered a
Mylothris agathina she promptly seized it,
but immediately jumped back so violently
that she rolled head over heels. The
way she shook her head clearly demon-
strated the distastefulness of the butterfly,
and she would not let me bring it any-
where near her. I then offered a Lelenois
mesentina, but with the same result; she
refused to touch it every time. Thinking
this might be due to her experience with
the Mylothris, I put the Selenois aside
and offered it ten minutes later, when it
was eaten with undoubted relish. An
Acrexa caldarena and A. axina were then
refused, but without being tasted, the
smell being apparently quite sufficient.
More than an hour afterwards I again
tried her with &. forestan, but she would
not touch it, though whether this was
due to fear of its size and violent fluttering,
or to some unpleasant smell, I could not
well decide; any way she did not attempt
to bite it.
June 8. Gave mungoose two Terias brigitta, two
Tevacolus omphale, and two Belenois seve-
vind. All these had their wings cut off
and were thrown on the ground, when
they were promptly seized and eaten, A
Mylothris agathina was then offered in
the same manner, and even this was eaten.
The Bionomics of South African Insects, Sun
June 4. Mungoose ate three Terias brigitta, three
T. senegalensis, two Precis sesamus, three
Byblia ilithyia, one Pyrameis cardui, and
two Mylothris agathina.
7. Mungoose ate three Acrwa axvina and actually
one Limnas chrysippus. Whether this
eating of evidently-unpalatable species
is due to the voracious appetite of the
animal or toa youthful lack of discrimina-
tion it is difficult to say, but probably
the former is the truer explanation. I
could not observe any marked signs of
its having found the insects unpleasant.
11. Gave mungoose an Acrva caldarena, which
was promptly eaten. An JL, chrysippus
was then thrown down; she seized it at
once, but quickly ejected it with unmis-
takable signs of distaste. An A. axina
was treated in a precisely similar manner,
so that she seemed to have learned
wisdom. Later on she was offered a
Phymateus morbillosus ; she made several
attempts to eat it, but its very unpleasant
smell deterred her each time.
[These results are interesting and in some respects re-
markable. It is probable that some of the apparently-
inconsistent results were due to the fact that a voracious
insect-eater in extreme youth was gaining its first experi-
ence of certain species. Thus the apparent fear of the
large Hesperid Rhopalocampta was probably, as Mr. Marshall
suggests, the inherent timidity of a young animal in the
presence of a strange sound and a method of wing-vibra-
tion very different from anything which it had witnessed
before. The treatment of Mylothris suggests that the
animal was startled at first by something unusual in taste
or smell, but that when it became accustomed to the
experience the Pierine was no better defended against
the mungoose than against mantides. On the other hand,
the behaviour towards Acreas and chrysippus seems to
indicate a progressive recognition of distastefulness or
unwholesome qualities. It is unfortunate that the experi-
ments were not greatly extended and prolonged.—E. B. P.]
”
2
378 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
7. EXPERIMENTS ON A CAPTIVE MUNGOOSE WITH Brrp-
FOOD. WARNING CHARACTERS AND DISTASTEFUL
QUALITIES IN SouTH AFRICAN Brrps. (G. A. K. M.)
[Although this section is strictly speaking outside the
scope of the present memoir, 1t is so closely associated
that I have ventured to include it.
Mr. Frank Finn noticed that his mungoose, Crossarchus
Jasciatus, “ appeared to be unwilling to attack birds, though
it did not seem to find them unpalatable ” (é Natural
Science,” vol. i, No. 10, December 1892, p. 746).—E. B. P.]
Salisbury, Jan. 24, 1900.—I have been recently giving
my mungoose some wild birds, and I was much interested
to note the result. It ate a dove (Turtur capicola),
standard wing night-jar (Cosmetorius vexillarius), Awarf
goose (Ne ettapus auritus), moorhen (Gallinula chloropus),
and wheatear (Saxicola pileata); while it emphatically
refused an owl (Asio capensis), kestrel (Cerchnets rupi-
coloides), buff-backed egret (Herodias lucidus), hobby (Falco
subbuteo), and drongo (Buchanga assimilis). Its dislike of
the smell of the common and conspicuous blue-and-black
drongo was very marked, especially as it was hungry at
the time, and I had plucked the bird clean; it made one
or two attempts to eat the meat, but finally gave it up.
In the case of this bird and the egret we would therefore
seem to have a case of true warning coloration. This is
also probably the case with the wood-hoopoes (Jrrisor
and Rhinopomastus), which are very conspicuous both in
voice and colour—the latter being in both genera black
shot with metallic dark-blue or green, with a large white
speculum in the wing, and a long tail.
Salisbury, June 26, 1900.—As to distastefulness in
birds I must further mention our wood-hoopoes, Jrrisor
viridis and Rhinopomastus cyanomelas, both of which emit
a strong unpleasant smell. They are both metallic greenish-
blue birds with long fan-like tails and a conspicuous white
bar on the wings, differing principally in the shape and
colouring of the beak. They are also both very noisy,
frequently uttering their harsh, chattering cries, and
especially when alarmed. Another bird which has well-
known distasteful qualities is the gronnd horn-bill (Bucoraz
caffer). Indeed the Zulus use it on that account for rain-
making ; they will kill one and throw it into a river, for
they say its smell makes the river sick, so that it calls
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 379
down the rain to enable it to wash the body away. This
bird is black all over with only the primaries white, and
is so weak on the wing that after three or four flights a
good runner can run it down,
18. EXPERIMENTS ON Cercopithecus pygerythrus,
(G. A. K. M.)
The following experiments were all made at one time,
in February 1902, at Salisbury. The insects were offered
in the following order: —
Psiloptera chalcophoroides : regarded with some suspicion;
its head bitten off, and the remainder examined and eaten
cautiously.
Amblysterna vittipennis: was offered and eaten at once.
Praogena splendens: was smelt and at once thrown away.
Dichtha inflata: was cautiously smelt and refused.
Amblysterna vittipeniis: was regarded with great
suspicion, carefully examined and then eaten slowly.
Precis sesamus (natalensis form): was received with
suspicion and very slowly eaten.
Precis pelasgis, P. sesamus (natalensis), Byblia acheloia, and
two Precis antilope were then eaten readily, but evidently
not so much appreciated as the beetles.
Acrea halali was then accepted without suspicion, but
when the monkey put it in his mouth, he at once took it
out again and looked at it with the utmost surprise for
some seconds, and then threw it away. He would have
nothing to do with an A. caldarena which I then offered
him.
[Mr. Marshall was greatly struck with the caution and
hesitancy displayed by the monkey, and the evident effect
of distasteful forms in causing suspicion of palatable
species offered immediately afterwards. I have noticed
the same thing with the marmoset (‘‘ Colours of Animals,”
London, 1900, pp. 241, 242),
The refusal of the two Heteromerous Coleoptera, the
acceptance of the cryptic species, and the treatment of
the Lepidoptera, are in general correspondence with the
results obtained in other experiments.—kK. B. P.]
380
19. EXPERIMENTS ON CAPTIVE BABOONS.
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
(G. A. K. M.)
Lepidoptera Rhopatocera.
ACCEPTED.
P. cardui, R. forestan, J. cebrene,
B. severina, C. florella, T. achine
(apparently with doubt, the first
specimen being rejected at sight but
eaten immediately afterwards,
others eaten at once).
One P. corinneus (taken with
suspicion, pulled to pieces and
thrown away, then picked up,
smelt, and eaten).
REFUSED,
A. halali, A. axvina (recognized
and refused untasted), L. chrysip-
pus (tasted and rejected), Protoparce
convolvuli (seized eagerly by the
female, but on smelling it she
regarded it with suspicion; she
rubbed it about on the ground and
then pulled it to pieces, smelling
and rejecting each piece).
A. P. sesamus G was pulled to pieces and rejected by the
female, but the remains were eaten by the male; each
subsequently ate another specimen.
BL. withyia refused
by female but eaten by male; female ate the second one
offered. C. jflorella
eaten readily by both.
A. halali
rejected by female at sight, tasted and rejected by male.
L. chrysippus tasted and rejected by male.
Coleoptera.
']
ACCEPTED.
Polyhirina xnigma (with doubt
at first) ; Peploptera anchoralis, Jac.
(rejected at first and rubbed on the
ground, but eaten immediately after-
wards) ; five Piezia marshalli (eaten
readily) ; Polycleis longicornis and
P. equestris; Adoretus flaveolus ;
Graphipterus mashunus; Piezia
selousi ; Polyhirma bouecardi and
P. semisuturata; Graphipterus
tibialis; Anomala, n. sp.; one
Anomalipus plebeius; Brachycerus
brevicostatus; Sternocera funebris ;
Psiloptera chalcophoroides ; Peplo-
ptera zambesiana; Micrantereus
carinatus.
REFUSED.
Gyimnopleurus smaragdinus ;
Onitis alexis; Epilachna dregei ;
Anthia thoracica (evidently recog-
nized at once; the baboon seized
and flung it on the ground, rubbing
it violently, with averted head, as
though to kill it); Clinteria infus-
cata ; Praogena festiva ; Chilomenes
lunata ; fachnoda —_ flaviventris ;
Onthophagus gazella; Mylabris
palliata; Diacantha conifera ;
Protxtia amakosa ; Zonitis, sp. ;
Plagiodera thoracica ; Lycus amplia-
tus; L. subtrabeatus ; LE. constrictus ;
L. rostratus.
A Mutilla offered twice but
evidently recognized and _ refused
(Polyhirma xnigna eaten im-
mediately afterwards with searcely
any hesitation). /etica rufa (with
evident disgust); MJalacosoma dis-
coidalis, Jac.; Prionocerus dimidi-
atus ; Decatoma lunata and M, tet-
tensis ; Onitis innwus ; Oniticellus
militaris ; and Pachnoda rufa all
refused at sight.
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 381
Four Protetia amakosa and four Oxythyrea dysenterica
were refused by female at first but eaten rapidly by male.
The female eventually ate one of the latter, but evidently
in doubt.
The above experiments were conducted at Salisbury in
December 1898.
1899.
Jan. 7. Psiloptere are all eaten readily by baboons.
» 28. Byblia iithyia eaten by young baboon
(Papio parcarius), A Clythra wahlbergiwas
offered to baboon, but immediately refused
on being smelt (it has a very decided
Coccinella-like odour), The Coccinellid
Lpilachna dregei was refused.
» 29. Offered the Longicorn, Ceroplesis fallax, to
the baboon, which smelt it and shook his
head, showing evident alarm when the
insect stridulated; on my pulling off the
head he took the body and pulled it to
pieces, smelling each part, but would not
eatit. I then offered him a large brightly-
coloured Cetoniid, Celorrhina loricata; its
strong smell was clearly distasteful to
him, so I put the insect on his hand; he
was much frightened and tried to shake
it off, but could not, owing to its long
claws, and was thoroughly terrified by
the loud buzzing it made as it finally flew
off. Offered Piezia selowst to the baboon ;
T could tell by the way that he tried to
snatch sharply at it that he recognized it,
and when he did seize it he threw it
violently on the ground, rubbing it with
his hands (as is their custom with dis-
tasteful insects). I picked it up and gave
it to him again ; he then ate the head,
took a bite out of the abdomen and threw
the rest away.
Feb. 1. Another young baboon ate two B. severina
and two B. mesentina with evident relish.
It then refused Onitis alexis at sight and
would not even touch it. An example of
Anomalipus plebeius was then taken, smelt
382
Mr. G. AK. Marshall on
and thrown away, although I can detect
no smell in this species, which, however,
stridulates strongly by rubbing the head
against the thorax.
Baboon ate one Colias electra and one Byblia
ilithyia. It tasted and rejected first an
A. caldarena, then an L. chrysippus, then
rejected at sight several A. axvina and A.
halal.
Gave female baboon two Teracolus achine,
which she ate with appreciation. A Iy-
lothiis agathina was taken with some
doubt, the head and thorax were eaten
and a small part of the abdomen, the rest
being thrown away; it was clearly not
much appreciated. An ZL. chrysippus was
tasted and refused. Then an crea
anemosa was offered with under-side
exposed to show the bright red and black
markings; it was tasted and refused. A
Precis sesamus G was then offered in pre-
cisely the same manner ; the baboon took
it, held it in her hand for a few moments
and then let it fly away without attempt-
ing to smell or taste it. I then cut the
wings off another specimen of the same
insect, and this was promptly eaten with-
out any signs of distaste. This appears
very significant. Then two Limnas
chrysippus and one Acrwa anemosa were
refused at sight without trial; one Meptis
agatha was tasted and neglected, and
two belenois severina were eaten.
Baboons ate with great avidity two Ano-
plocnemis curvipes, a large strong-smelling
Hemipteron all brown in colour. They
would have nothing to do with a Majlis
dicincta or a M. tettensis,
Baboons ate readily four Brachycerus
brevicostatus, one Psummodes scabratus,
one Chlenius cylindricollis, one Tragi-
scoschema wahlbergi, and also an imago
and nymph of the very large and evil-
smelling Hemipteron Petascelis remipes.
The Bionomies of South African Insects, 383
A blepisanis haroldi which was offered to
one was taken, immediately thrown down
without even being smelt; on re-present-
ation it was smelt and tasted cautiously,
found to be palatable, and eaten ; there
can be little doubt that it was mistaken
for one of the synaposematic members of
the powerful Lycoid group. A larva of
Precis sesamus was neglected by both
baboons, neither taking the slightest
interest in it.
Feb. 24. Baboons ate greedily two <Anoplocnemis
curvipes. As I was taking an Anthia
massilicata out of a box the male baboon
made a snap at it and received a good
dose of its powerful acid in his mouth,
which made him start back in a great
fright, making most comical grimaces; I
then offered the beetle piecemeal to the
other baboon, and it was eaten with
relish except the anal portion of the ab-
domen, which was rejected. This is of
interest in connection with the immediate
recognition and violent rejection of A.
thoracica by the female in an earlier ex-
periment. One Catopsilia florella and
three Terias brigitta were next eaten.
Then two Byblia ilithyia were offered
with the upper-side exposed, and were
eaten with undoubted appreciation by
the female; I then showed her a large
brightly- coloured example of Acraa
rahira, also exposing the upper-side, but
she recognized it, merely taking it, pull-
ing its head off and throwing it on the
ground without even smelling it. She
then ate two more B. iithyia, and finally
I offered her an tlithyia and an Acrea
axina together, both having their wings
closed and being held close to one an-
other; she took and ate the former, but
quite neglected the latter. This experl-
ment tends to show that the general
resemblance which Byblia bears to an
384.
Keb.
March
”
bo
Or
20.
April 9.
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
Acrxa is not sufficiently close to deceive
a baboon.
Gave baboon a &. ilithyia, which was
eaten without hesitation, then an Acrexa
halali, which she rubbed in her hands
as though preparatory to eating, but
eventually threw down without even
smelling it; she then ate another Jb.
uithyia.
Gave baboons three specimens of a
brightly-coloured black-and-yellow spider
(Gasteracantha ornata). They viewed
them with some distrust at first, but
eventually ate them with appreciation.
Baboons ate one Precis archesia and two
male Hypolimnas misippus, but rejected
a Mylothris agathina. They further ate
two Lb. ilithyia, three Atella phalantha,
and one Precis sesanvus G. I then offered
an Acrexa natalica, which was seized,
smelt, and thrown away; another P.
sesamus ©) was offered immediately after-
wards and neglected.
Gave baboon a Mylothris agathina; she
regarded it with some suspicion, but
eventually ate it very slowly and _ evi-
dently did not care about it. I then
gave her another specimen; she pulled
the abdomen off, smelt at the exuding
juices, and after tasting them gingerly
with her tongue, threw the imsect away.
After this two Belenois severina were
eaten with relish, I then gave her a
Neptis agatha, and she seemed to hesitate
about taking it, and after tasting a portion
of the abdomen neglected it. Of asecond
specimen she ate rather more before
throwing it down; the remains I offered
to the other baboon; he tasted it and
seemed in doubt for some time as to
whether it was fit to eat or not, but
finally rejected it.
Gave baboon a female Hypolimnas misippus,
var. tnaria, of which I had cut off the
The Bionomics of South African Insects, 385
wings; she ate it readily and likewise a
P. sesamus.
April 22. The female baboon ate with relish a male
Hypolimnas misippus and a Precis sesa-
mus ©. I then gave her a B. ilithyia,
which she pulled to pieces and threw
down, but then changed her mind, picked
up the thorax and ate it, and immediately
afterwards she ate three more examples
in quick succession without hesitation, A
single B. ilithyia given to the male was
pulled to pieces and neglected.
» 23, A Khopalocampta forestan and R. pisistratas
were eaten with avidity by female baboon ;
she watched with great eagerness while I
opened another box, and was evidently
disappointed when I produced a Belenois
mesentina ; she ate it, however, and an-
other after it. She seemed doubtful
about a Herpenia eriphia, but while
she was tasting it the male made a grab
at it, and I could not decide whether the
insect was really appreciated.
May 1. The female baboon ate a Papilio corinneus
without any signs of distaste, and likewise
a Belenois mesentina. She then took a
Hf. eriphia, but without eagerness, and
pulled it to pieces, tasting it gingerly,
and finally rejected three-parts of it.
Another 2B. mesentina was then offered
and neglected,
» 21. Offered female baboon a larva of B. mesen-
tina. She was clearly afraid of it, snatching
it from my hand and throwing it down,
but she soon picked it up again and began
examining it very cautiously; finally she
decided to taste it, and after some con-
sideration came to the conclusion that it
was all right. She then eagerly devoured
over twenty of them, though it was
evident she did not like to feel them
wriggling in her hand. I noticed that
she almost always squeezed out the ex-
creta of the caterpillars before eating
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PaRr IIl. (NOV.) 26
386 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
them. The male was much too fright-
ened to eat them in spite of the example
of the female. I then gave a Bb. severina
to the female and a B. mesentina to the
male, both being eaten readily. The
female made a grab at my box, seized a
Mylothris agathina and a B. mesentina
together and began eating them at the
same time; she soon found something
was wrong and dropped them, then picked
up the Mylothri is, tasted it and threw it
away, eating the SBelenois afterwards.
The male, who had meantime eaten an-
other B. mesentina, picked up the dis-
carded Mylothris, but on tasting it also
at once rejected it. Then four Tera-
colus omphale and three 7’. achine were
eaten with undoubted appreciation by
both baboons. On giving each a H.
eriphia they were both tasted and re-
jected ; the female ate a 7’. phlegyas and
neglected another HZ. eriphia.
There can be little doubt as to the
distastefulness of this latter insect to a
certain extent, but I should be inclined’
to rank it rather lower than Jylothris
and about on a par with Neptis agatha.
Finally, six Zerias senegalensis were
eaten without any sign of distaste by
both baboons, though the insects are tco
small to be much appreciated by them.
Salisbury, Sept. 21, 1900.—I could not yet say what
protective character is possessed by the Jchnewmonide,
but with the Bracons there can be no doubt that it con-
sists in their having a very strong and unpleasant smell,
somewhat resembling that of the Coceine llide, only rather
more pungent. They do not attempt t6 defend them-
selves by stinging, and their flight is slow, rendering them
very conspicuous on the wing. I gave one of the common
red species to my monkey (Cereopithee us pygerythrus) the
other day. He put it straight into his mouth without
smelling it, but soon spat it out again. I then offered
the mangled remains to one of the baboons, but she merely
smelt and rejected them, It is interesting to note that
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 387
the baboons, which eat insects largely, are much more
cautious in receiving any food than is the Cercopithecus.
20. CONCLUSIONS FROM EXPERIMENTS ON CAPTIVE
Bapoons, MuNGOosE, AND Kesrrets. (G. A. K. M.)
[Mr. Marshall’s notes on these insectivorous animals were
in one series, which I have analyzed for the purpose of this
memoir. Hence the following references in his letters
deal with the experiments as a whole, except in those
instances in which a particular animal is named.—E. B. P.]
Salisbury, June 20, 1899.—In view of the above experi-
ments it seems to me impossible to regard such genera as
Terias, Teracolus, Belenois, Byblia, ete. as unpalatable. I
quite agree with your excellent suggestion that distasteful
characters probably first arose in the larval stage and were
transmitted to the imago,and this view lends further support
to the presumed palatability of Belenois, for my baboon
ate the larvee with much relish. Zeracolus likewise I must
still regard as a non-distasteful genus, at least so far as the
orange- and purple-tipped groups are concerned.
I was much pleased with the undoubted proof of mimicry
[in the experiments with baboons] in the case of Precis
sesamus ), for Ido not recollect having seen an account of
direct experimental proof before.
With Byblia I was not so successful as I had hoped, but
I am inclined to attribute the hesitation in accepting this
species, which was observed in some instances, to imperfect
mimicry. I fully recognize the difficulty in distinguishing
in such experiments between Batesian and_ slightly
Miillerian mimics, as either might be received with
hesitation at first, though if subsequent specimens were
eaten readily (as in the case of Byblia) I should think they
must be included in the former category.
The eager acceptance of the malodorous Coreid bugs by
my baboons came as a very great surprise to me, and
several other results in these experiments point to the
great danger of generalizing on the unpalatability or other-
wise of insects, from the results of experiments on only
one kind of animal.
Salisbury, April 25, 1899.—I may mention that so far
as my experiments go I have no evidence for the unpalat-
ability of Zerias, Teracolus, Belenois, Byblia, Precis, or
Hypolimnas, whereas Mylothris and Neptis are certainly
distasteful to some extent.
388 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
21. CONCLUSIONS FROM EXPERIMENTS ON BABOONS.
CEBAE)
Some of the most interesting results were those which
show the actual working of the principle on which the
theory of mimicry depends ; especially the twice-repeated
experiment with the exposed under-side of the distasteful
Acrea anemosa, resulting im the escape of the Precis
sesamus G) with a somewhat similar under-side, while the
same species deprived of its wings was readily eaten. At the
same time a P. sesamus G) was on one occasion rejected by
the female without any preparatory display of an Acrea.
The suspicion of the Lycoid Longicorn, Blepisanis haroldi,
dispelled when it was tasted, points in the same direction.
On the other hand, the baboons were not imposed upon
by the resemblance of the Carabid Polyhirma xnigma to a
Mutilla. In the natural state the swiftly-running Carabid
would have a much better chance of this pseudaposematic
protection than under the conditions of an experiment with
captive insect-eaters. Byblia wdithyia was similarly dis-
tinguished from an Aecrva ; but this by no means proves
that the resemblance is not beneficial under natural
conditions.
As regards Lepidoptera, the refusal of a Protoparce
convolvuli, after examination of every fragment of it, is
most remarkable. The insect at rest is apparently a
beautiful example of cryptic colouring. Further experi-
ments are very desirable.
The Acrvine (axina, caldarena, rahira, anemosa, halali)
and L. chrysippus were never eaten, although sometimes
tasted; on many occasions they were recognized at sight,
and refused. Mylothris agathina was sometimes partly
and once completely eaten, but it was usually rejected and
evidently unpalatable to them. NVeptis agatha was also
generally tasted and neglected, and never entirely eaten.
The Pierine Herpenia eriphia was also evidently dis-
tasteful. Other butterflies which were usually eaten did
not appear to be a food which is much appreciated. Thus
B. ilithyia was sometimes neglected and sometimes only
partially eaten; Zeracolus achine was on one occasion eaten
“with doubt,’ and the same was true of one Papilio corin-
neus. The two large Hesperids of the genus Rhopalocampta
were, on the other hand, eaten with relish, and the baboon
showed evident disappointment on receiving Lelenois
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 389
mesentina after them. Apart from these examples of
hesitation, disappointment, and refusal in part or complete,
the baboons ate many species of Pierine (Teracolus, Colvas,
Terias, Belenois, Catopsilia) and Nymphaline (Junonia,
Precis, Pyrameis, Atella, Hypolimnas), but refused to touch
the larva of Precis sesamus, Considering what has been
already argued about insect-eating animals in confinement,
the acceptances (excluding the Hesperidx) probably do not
justify the conclusion that the Lepidoptera were palatable,
or that they would be sought for in the wild state except
under the stress of hunger. The treatment of the larva
of Belenois mesentina certainly seems to indicate palatability
to the baboon, and also that it was a first experience of
this caterpillar.
The experiments with Hymenoptera are particularly
valuable; for although M/utillide and Bracomde are so
greatly mimicked, there is practically no direct evidence
that they are refused by insect-eaters.
The fact that the two large species of Hemiptera were
eaten, in one case “with great avidity,” is a further example
of the failure of a mode of defence which produces a great
impression upon man, viz. the emission of an odour offensive
to us. The suspicion created by the conspicuous spiders
was probably due to unpleasant experiences of insects
with a similar combination of colours.
The numerous experiments with Coleoptera are excep-
tionally interesting. I have below tabulated the results
under A, acceptances, and B, rejections. It is seen that
the species of the following groups were refused without
any exceptions :—Lycidxe, Melyridx, Cantharide, Cocci-
nellide, and Scarabeide, while those belonging to the
Rutelide, Buprestide, and Curculionide were invariably
accepted. The uniform refusal of five species of Scarabeids
is somewhat surprising, but all of them possessed iridescent
colours. Of the six Cetoniidex offered, four were always
refused, two being sometimes rejected and sometimes eaten.
The only Phytophaga eaten were two Clythridx of the
genus Peploptera, and one of these was refused at first.
The cryptic Heteromera were accepted, although one of
them was smelt and refused on one occasion ; the iridescent
species was rejected. Longicornia were eaten, except the
Cantharid-like Ceroplesis, which is probably synapose-
matic (compare p. 396). The Carubide were extremely
interesting. The acid secretion appears to be their
390 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
undoubted defence against baboons as it was against the
kestrels (pp. 342-3). Hence the small and medium-sized
species were caten somewhat freely, although with evidence
from time to time that the acid was disliked, and, on the
other hand, a large species with a greater amount of
secretion was avoided, and evidently recognized at sight.
Another one being seized, discharged its secretion into the
baboon’s mouth with immense effect. When however it
was killed and offered piecemeal, all the parts except those
which contained the acid were eaten by the other baboon.
If we allow for the fact that Carabide, attacked under
natural conditions, have a much larger supply of the acid,
we must admit that they possess a very powerful defence,
and that the meaning of the chief quality which under-
lies the aposematic appearance of the large species is
tolerably clear.
A.—Coleoptera accepted by Baboons.
GROUP. SPECIES. S1izE AND APPEARANCE,
Medium ; black with white
lines and patches.
Largish ; similar coloration to
above.
CARABID&. Piczia marshalli.
is selousi (some-
times treated as if
distasteful and only
partly eaten).
Polyhirma wnigma Smallish ; white-
black,
RUTELID,
BUPRESTID&.
CURCULIONIDZ.
¢with doubt at first).
Polyhirma boucardi.
Polyhirma semisutura-
la.
Graphipterus
NUS.
Graphipterus tibialis.
mashu-
Chleniuscylindricollis.
Anonala, sp. nov.
Adoretus flaveolus.
All Psiloptera (inelud-
ing the largish P.
chalcophoroides).
Sternocera funebris.
Brachycerus brevicosta-
lus.
Polyeleis longicornis.
a5 equestris, var.
spotted.
Largish ; black with white
dorsal thoracic line.
Medium; black with
lines and patches.
Smallish ; black with tawny
lines and spots.
Small ; grey-brown, with grey
linear markings.
Medium ; green, with yellow
margin to elytra and yellow
white
legs.
Medium ; testaceous.
Smallish ; 65
Cryptic colouring.
Large; shiny black, with
white hairs on thorax.
Large ; cryptic.
Largish ; black, with yellow
spots on elytra.
Largish ; iridescent blue-green
with red oblique band on
elytra,
The Bionomics of South African Insects.
Group.
HETEROMERA.
PHYTOPHAGA.
LONGICORNIA.
SPECIES.
Psammodes scabratus.
Anomalipus plebeius
(once refused after
smelling).
Micrantereus carinatus.
Peploptera anchoralis
(vejected at first).
Peploptera zambesiana.
Tragischoschema wahl-
bergi.
Blepisanis haroldi.
391
SIZE AND APPEARANCE.
Large ; cryptic.
Large; black, often earthy,
and probably allocryptic.
Medium ; probably earthy and
allocryptic female, shining
black male.
Medium; yellow with black
spots and bands (Clythri-
de).
Similar to above.
Smallish ; black with con-
spicuous orange markings.
Small ; Lycoid.
B.— Coleoptera rejected by Baboons.
GROUP.
LycIpD#.
MELYRID.
CANTHARID.
CoccINELLID#.
PHYTOPHAGA.
CETONIID&.
ScARABHZIDA.
SPECIES.
Four species.
Prionocerus dimidiatus.
Zonitis sp.
Eletica rufa.
Deecatoma lunata.
5. cettensis.
ss) Gacineta.
» palliata.
Chilomenes lunata.
Epilachna dreget.
Malacosoma discoida-
lis.
Diacantha conifera.
FPlagiodera thoracica.
Clythra wahlbergi.
Clinteria infuscata.
Pachnoda flaviventris.
45 rufa.
Protexetia amakosa
(sometimes eaten),
Oxythyrea dysenterica
(sometimes eaten).
Coelorrhina loricata.
Onitis innuus.
SIZE AND APPEARANCE.
Warning coloration charac-
teristic of African Lycide.
Lycoid coloration.
Characteristic Cantharid and
Lycoid (¢.g. I. palliata,
etc.) coloration, orange and
black.
Characteristic Coccinellid col-
oration.
Medium ; nearly black with
narrow yellow band at apex,
and at base of elytra,
Lycoid coloration.
Largish ; red-brown thorax,
iridescent blue or green
elytra.
Medium; Cantharid type,
orange and black.
Medium ; brown elytra, some-
times black, orange thorax
with two black spots.
Large ; greenish-black with
orange markings.
Large ; thorax green, greenish-
orange elytra.
Smallish ; black with many
small white spots.
Smallish ; shining green or
blue elytra and red thorax.
Largish ; green thorax and
scutellum, yellow elytra
with 4 black spots ; brick-
rea head and legs.
Largish ; iridescent
green.
dark-
392 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
GROUP. SPECIES. SIZE AND APPEARANCE.
ScARABHIDH. Onitis alexis. Medium ; brown elytra and
legs, iridescent green thorax
and head.
Onthophagus gazella. Smallish ; similar colouring to
above.
Gymnopleurus smarag- Small; iridescent green, blue,
dinus. or red,
Oniticellus militaris. Small; probably when fresh
iridescent dark-green with
orange markings.
Hererompra. Praogena festiva. Medium ; almost black with
purplish iridescent reflec-
tions on elytra, bluish on
thorax.
CARABID&. Anthia thoraciea. Large; black, white spot on
thorax and white margin to
elytra. Huge mandibles.
= massilicata Large; black with pale mar-
(only eaten when gin to elytra. Huge man-
offered piecemeal). dibles.
LONGICORNIA. Ceroplesis fallax. Large ; black, yellow-banded,
Cantharid type.
bo
bo
THe CuHreEr Conspicuous SPECIALLY-DEFENDED
GROUPS IN THE COLEOPTERA INFERRED FROM
G. A. K. MARSHALL’S EXPERIMENTS. A COMPARI-
SON BETWEEN COLEOPTERA AND LEPIDOPTERA IN
THIS Respect. (EH. B. P.)
It is of great interest to attempt to conclude from the
results of the experiments on the palatability of conspicu-
ous Coleoptera contained in this memoir, and from
previously recorded observations and experiments on the
same order of insects, what are the chief specially defended
groups which may be considered to stand in the same
position towards their allies as the Jthomiine, Danaine,
Heliconine and Acreinx do to the rest of the Rhopalocera,
and the Agaristide, Syntomide, Zygenide, ete., do to the
rest of the Heterocera.
The chief memoirs upon which the conclusions stated
below have been based are published in the Transactions
of the Entomological Society of London. They are the
papers by Mr. C. J. Gahan (1891, p. 367), by Mr. H.
Donisthorpe (1901, p. 845), and the Presidential Address of
Canon W. W. Fowler, Jan. 15, 1902 (Proc. 1901, p. xxxili).
I have also had the opportunity of reading the manu-
script of an important paper by Mr. R. Shelford on mimicry
in Bornean insects, now being published by the Zoological
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 393
Society of London, and of arranging an abstract which is
printed in the Report of the British Association at Bradford,
1900, p. 795.
But, above all, I wish to express my thanks to Mr. C. J.
Gahan and Mr. G. A. K. Marshall for their kind advice and
assistance in the attempt to arrive at sound conclusions.
The groups about which there seems to be no doubt at
all—conspicuous, constantly refused by insect-eaters, and
liable to be mimicked by other Coleoptera—are the
following :—
1. Eroryiip&. Very apt to enter into conspicuous
combinations which are doubtless synaposematic with
other beetles.
2. CoccINELLIDA. Greatly mimicked by other beetles
and insects of other orders. Very commonly form synapo-
sematic assemblages (see p. 520).
3. MALACODERMID&, including the Lyciny, Lampyrine,
and Telephoring. Greatly mimicked by beetles of other
families, and also by insects of other Orders (see pp. 515-
518).
4. MELYRID&. Some of the species convergent towards
Lycine and Telephorinew ; others characterized by the
possession of thoracic glands, which are exserted when the
insect is irritated.
5, CANnTHARIDEZ. Undoubtedly a distasteful group
with conspicuous warning coloration. Some of the species
are synaposematic with other beetles, and with Aculeate
Hymenoptera (see pp. 516-518 and 525-527), while
others afford models for mimicry and synaposematic
approach (pp. 518, 519).
6. CHRYSOMELIDA. The sub-families, Galerucine and
Hispine are especially largely mimicked by other beetles,
and fall into synaposematic combinations. The Chrysome-
line, Humolpine, ete., also enter into combinations which
are doubtless Miillerian (synaposematic). The I/egalopine,
however, may be mimetic (pseudaposematic) rather than
synaposematic.
Concerning the last-named family, Mr. Gahan writes to
me, March 3, 1902 :—
“In reference to my previous paper on Diabrotica
[Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 367], there are a few
facts since published in a paper by F. M. Webster ‘ On the
probable origin, development, and diffusion of North
American species of Diabrotica,’
394 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
“<«The fact that several species of this genus are literally
swarming over large areas of country, and their habits are
such as to expose them almost continually during the
adult stage to attacks of birds, while in all of the investi-
gations of the food of birds they rarely appear, has raised
the question of their being inedible.’
“ Webster gives also a quotation from Bates’ ‘ Naturalist
on River Amazon, which I had overlooked :—
“<The Eumolpidee and Galerucidse were much more
numerous than the Chlamydes and Lamprosomas, although
being also leaf-eaters, and having neither the disguised
appearance of the one nor the hard integuments of the
other; but many of them secrete a foul liquor when
handled, which may perhaps serve the same purpose of
passive defence.’ ”
There are two other groups which may eventually be
placed beside the six families named above.
Enpomycuib&. Mr. Shelford’s experiments show that
several of the Bornean species are most distasteful. They
are abundant and extremely conspicuous; they form
synaposematic groups, especially with the Hrotylidx, and
there is one beautiful example of mimetic resemblance to
an Endomychid model by a Bornean Longicorn. The style
of colouring in the family suggests that it contains
Miillerian groups (see also p. 522),
Pyrocuroips&. The colouring and habits suggest that
these Coleoptera are highly distasteful ; they may even
belong to the first rank in this respect.
We now pass to a Coleopterous family which may with
more probability be placed beside the ypsidx or Chalco-
stinx, undoubtedly distasteful groups of moths which
nevertheless are exceedingly apt to display Miillerian
resemblances to other presumably still more strongly-
protected Lepidoptera. In such synaposematic combin-
ations they appear perhaps invariably to take the patterns
and colours of others, rather than impress the stamp of
their own likeness on the assemblage.
CLERtDaz. These beetles are, like the above-named
moths, most apt to take on the appearance of still more
distasteful allies, such as the Lycinw, the Cantharidx, the
Galerucine, and, in the genus Allochotes, the Coccinellidex.
They are great mimics of J/wii/lidxw, and less commonly of
ants. Mr. Shelford has come across one beautiful example
of the mimicry of common Bornean Clerids of the genus
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 395
Lemidia, by a Longicorn of the genus Daphisia. The
common mimicry of Mutillide may be due to an original
body-form, size, and colouring, which rendered the resem-
blance to such models peculiarly easy and rapid of attain-
ment by selective means. Cleridx also occasionally
possess warning colours of their own. Examples are
found in the genus Lemidia mentioned above, and in an
abundant, bright-red, strongly-smelling South African
species of a genus which is probably new. The latter was
rejected by insect-e ating animals (see p. 344).
We now come to four groups which the experiments
here recorded show to be at any rate partially distasteful.
They are often very conspicuous, sometimes from an
aposematic colouring peculiar to themselves, sometimes
from their sluggish movements and size, and the manner
in which they expose themselves or move freely in the
open. They are, however, not as a rule mimicked by
other beetles, and they do not largely enter into synapo-
sematic association with the most distasteful Coleoptera.
ScARABHIDH. The diurnal South African species are all
conspicuous, and freely expose themselves. Their colours,
black, green, or coppery, are all conspicuous against the
ground on which they are always found. The largest
South African species (Scarabeus femoralis) adopts a
warning attitude when it is disturbed. Many of the
species were evidently distasteful to insect-eaters. It is
possible that their special defence is due to the nature of
their food,
Creronupa. The majority of South African species,
including all the larger species, are conspicuous on flowers
or exuding gum. They freely take wing in sunshine, but
are quite sluggish in cloudy weather. ‘Their colours vary
greatly, but very conspicuous and contrasted tints are often
present. Many of the species were found to be unpalatable.
TENEBRIONIDA. Mostly dull browns and blacks, gener-
ally diurnal, terrestrial, and slow-moving. Several species
proved to be distasteful.
Lacrupa&. The South African species are often iri-
descent green or purplish, many brown or black. They
are abundant and very sluggish ; they freely expose them-
selves in conspicuous positions on leaves, and have a
strong smell. Although but few experiments were made,
it is probable that the whole group is distasteful.
The case of the Longicornia is peculiarly interesting.
396 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
They may be considered as parallel to the Nymphaline
among Rhopalocera. In both we have a great preponder-
ance of species with cryptic habits and colouring, while
genera mimetic of the most distasteful groups of their
respective Orders are also common. In some of these
examples the mimicry is almost certainly Miillerian, as in
the case of Neptis and Limenitis among the Nymphaline
and Cymatura and Ceroplesis among Longicorns. Further-
more, the Clytine and Callichromine have been shown by
Mr. Shelford to be mimicked in Borneo on a large scale by
other Longicorns, although the former tend strongly to
mimic Aculeates in nearly all parts of the world. Simi-
larly, there is good reason for thinking that the genera
Neptis and Limenitis, which may be mimetic, are also
themselves mimicked by other Vymphaline, ete.
There remain the remarkable cases of the Cicindelide,
Carabide,and Curculionide, which are probably without any
strict analogy in the Lepidoptera. The two former require
special mention, the last-named are treated separately on
pp. 522-525.
CICINDELIDZ. These Coleoptera supply models for
mimicry by a Locustid in Borneo, and Mr. Shelford also
considers that one of them is mimicked by a fly. They
are also known to be mimicked by Longicorns. Many
South African Cicindelide are convergent towards, or
mimetic of, Carabide, especially those of the latter which
are themselves convergent towards Mutillide (see pp. 511—
515). Some of the species have a peculiar scent. On the
other hand, their swift movements and retiring habits are
inconsistent with a high form of special protection.
CARABIDZ. Mimicked in Borneo by a_ Locustid.
Probably more strongly defended by the possession of
anal glands than are the Cicindelide, and in the com-
binations between the two families it is seen that the
latter have approached the former, rather than vice versd.
Certain groups of Carabidex form pseud- or synaposematic
combinations with the Galerucinw and also with the
Mutillide. The South African smaller and moderate-
sized diurnal species have habits very similar to the
Cicindelide, but are not so swift. They commonly pos-
sess directive marks indicating the specially-protected
anal region. ‘The largest South African species (Anthia)
have a very large charge of the defensive secretion and
extremely powerful mandibles. They freely expose them-
The Bionomies of South African Insects, 397
selves, and are most conspicuous, often possessing a
highly-characteristic warning pattern. They adopt special
warning attitudes, and do not run away when they are
attacked (see p. 510).
These two families may be perhaps compared to the
powerful group of the hawks, which are mimicked by the
feeble cuckoos, and yet, when attacked, are themselves
swift in flight, but can render a good account of themselves
when active defence becomes necessary.
23. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF THE VALUE OF THE
TERRIFYING MARKINGS IN Cherocampa LARVA.
(G, A. K. M.)
Salisbury, April 16, 1899.—I offered baboons a full-grown
larva (about seven inches long) of Chwrocampa osiris. The
larva is remarkably snake-like, the general colouring some-
what recalling that of the common puff-adder (bitis arte-
tans). The female baboon ran forward expecting a tit-bit,
but when she saw what I had brought she flicked it out of
my hand on to the ground, at the same time jumping
back suspiciously ; she then approached it very cautiously,
and after peering carefully at it from the distance of
about a foot, she withdrew in alarm, being clearly much
impressed by the large blue eye-like markings. The male
baboon, which has a much more nervous temperament,
had meanwhile remained at a distance surveying the
proceedings, so I picked up the caterpillar and brought
it towards them, but they would not let me approach, and
kept running away round and round their pole, so I threw
the insect at them. Their fright was ludicrous to see;
with loud cries they jumped aside and clambered up the
pole as fast as they could go, into their box, where they
sat peering over the edge watching the uncanny object
below. After a while the female seemed inclined to descend
to investigate matters again, but owing to the manner in
which they had entangled their ropes she could not descend
without the male, and he very emphatically refused to
move. On concealing the larva I managed to coax them
down again, and then seizing the rope to which the male
was tied, I drew him slowly towards me holding up the
larva in the other hand; he simply screamed in abject
terror, so I let him go, and they retired to their box. The
whole performance was a most remarkable demonstration
of the high value of the terrifying colours in these larvee.
398 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
. Their terror of the insect was most amusing, and
was an eloquent testimony to the great value of this form
of colouring to so bulky a larva. ‘T do not. think any one
could now argue that the theory of terrifying coloration is
far-fetched, as I have heard contended. The snake-like
appearance seems capable of deceiving more intelligent
animals than baboons, for it is not long since I received
a box containing a mutilated specimen of this caterpillar
accompanied by a note inquiring, “Is this a snake ?”
[This evidence recently obtained by Mr. Marshall,
added tothatalready published by Professor Weismann, Lady
Verney, and the present writer (“Colours of Animals,”
London, 1890, pp. 260, 261), leaves no doubt that the
conspicuous eye-spots of Cherocampa and other large
larve are really terrifying and do actually alarm their
enemies. The results observed are consistent with the
production of a feeling of terror rather than of distaste or
repugnance such as Portschinski supposes to result from
the sight of an ocellated spot. In his remarkable papers
on “Coloration marquante et Taches ocellées” (St. Peters-
burg), this acute and imaginative naturalist states his
belief that ocellated spots represent the appearance of a
drop of warning liquid. He develops this hypothesis
with the greatest ingenuity, and describes and illustrates a
large number of such spots in insects of many kinds. In
some ocellated spots he sees represented the reflection of
the sky in a drop of warning liquid; in others, the dis-
torting effect of gravity upon a drop resting on a
vertical surface: in the sounds made by certain irritated
Mantides, as they display the spots on their raptorial legs,
he believes he hears a representation of the rushing sound
of a warning liquid forced through a fine aperture. My
kind friend Professor W. R. Morfill has given me the
opportunity of learning the remarkable and highly-imagin-
ative views of the distinguished Russian naturalist. On
some future occasion I hope to be able to lay them before
English-speaking naturalists in much greater detail. For
the present I desire to point out that the results obtained
by experiment do not support his conclusions, but suggest
in the most convincing manner that terror, such as is
caused by the appearance of a serpent, is produced by the
display of eye-like marks on a large caterpillar. ‘Terror
may be similarly caused by the display of large
ocellated spots on the wings of imagines, while in other
The Bronomics of South African Insects. 399
cases they probably act as ‘directive marks, diverting the
attention of an enemy from the body of the insect (see
pp. 371-5 and 440-1). To the former category probably
belong the remarkable eye-like spots on the tegmina of
certain Harpagid Mantides; for Mr, Marshall writes (1902)
of a South African species: “The eye-like markings on the
wings of the Mantis, Pseudocreobotra wahlbergi, are, I
think, almost certainly of a terrifying character. When
the insect is irritated the wings are raised over its back in
such a manner that the tegmina stand side by side, and
the markings on them then present a very striking resemb-
lance to the great yellow eyes of a bird of prey, or some feline
animal, which might well deter an insectivorous enemy.
It is noticeable that the insect is always careful to keep
the wings directed towards the point of attack, and this is
often done without altering the position of the body.”—
EB; BoP]
24, EVIDENCE OF A SUPERSTITIOUS DREAD OF THE
LARVA OF Cherocampa elpenor. (K. B. P.)
Professor Weismann and Lady Verney have shown that
the larva of C. elpenor terrifies birds, and I have found that
Lacerta viridis was at first much intimidated, but finally
overcame its fright and devoured the larva. An account
of these observations is given in “Colours of Animals,”
Poulton, 1890, pp. 260, 261. I have recently ascertained
that the larva is regarded with superstitious fear in certain
parts of Ireland. This I owe to the kindness of my friend
Mrs. Nuttall, the American anthropologist, who has drawn
my attention to an article by Mrs. Frances J. Battersby,
of Cromlyn, Westmeath, in “ Knowledge,” vol. 21, 1898,
p. 256, and reprinted in “Public Opinion,’ Nov. 11,
1898, p. 622. The writer quotes the following quaint and
amusing account of the larva, and the sympathetic magic
by which its supposed evil influence is cured, from “A
Chorographical Description of the County Westmeath,”
by Sir Henry Piers, of Insternaght (1682): “We have a
certain reptile found in our bogs called by the Irish the
‘Connagh worm. This is an ugly worm, sometimes as
thick as a man’s thumb, about two or three inches long,
having, as all reptiles have, many short feet, a large head,
great goggle eyes and glaring, between which riseth or
Jutteth forth one thick bristle, in shape like a horn, which
400 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
is prominent and bendeth forward about three-quarters of
an inch. Whatever beast happeneth to feed where this
venemous worm hath crept (some say if he do but tread
there) is certainly poisoned, yet may be infallibly cured if
timely remedy be applied; the case is twofold, yet in effect
but one, both proceeding from the very worm itself. Some
there are that take this worm and, putting it into the hand
of a new-born child, close the hand about it, tying it up
with the worm closed in it till it be dead. This child ever
after, by stroking the beast affected recovers it, and so it
will if the water wherein the child washes be sprinkled on
the beast. I have known a man that thus would cure his
neighbours’ cattle though he never saw them. The other
method of cure, which I like much better, is by boring an
augur-hole in a well-grown willow-tree, and in it imprisoning
but not immediately killing the worm, so close by a wooden
peg that no air may get in, and therein leaving him to die
at leisure. The leaves and tender branches of this tree ever
after if bruised in water, and the affected beast therewith
be sprinkled, he is cured. The All-wise and Ever-gracious
God having thus in His Providence ordered it that not only
this venemous reptile, but divers others, and who knows if
not all, did we know the right method of using them,
should have in themselves their own antidotes, that so we
might have a remedy at hand as the poet sayeth :—
“Una eademque manus vulnus opemque ferat.’”
The authoress also shows that a superstitious dread of the
larva still persists among the Irish folk. In all the deserip-
tions the terrifying eye-like marks have a prominent place.
A “clergyman’s daughter, walking near a ditch, ‘saw her
little dog barking and snapping at a most curious-looking
creature with staring goggle eyes.’” One of the country-
folk said that the creature “had a round head like a cat’s,
and goggle eyes.” “ He was afraid to touch it, as its eyes
glared like a frog’s, and said it bit or stung cattle, when
their heads swelled up; and a man was once bit on the
leg, which swelled up, and he nearly died.” A labourer,
going to fetch a tin basin from a field, “found a Connagh
sitting in it, glaring at him.” A woman lost one of these
caterpillars which she was carrying on a stick, and was
reproved by her father ‘for not having killed the Connagh
by smashing it with a stone, ‘as now it would sting the
cattle”” The authoress, who is an experienced collector
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 401
of Lepidoptera, has also shown specimens of the larva
to the country-folk, and ascertained that it was what they
call the “ Connagh,” so that we are not dependent for the
identification upon the loose descriptions of ignorant
and excited people. She states that there are two models
of the “Connagh” in the Dublin Museum “studded with
coloured stones, and supposed to have been used as
charms.” *
Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod in her Eleventh Report, for 1887
(p. 126), also shows that this larva is looked upon “at least
in one district in Ireland as the cause of murrain in cattle.”
Thus “In the course of last year Miss Fleming, writing
from Derry Lea, Monasterevan, Co. Kildare, Ireland, men-
tioned :—‘ There is a very Jarge caterpillar sometimes
found here (I have seen it four inches long), which is said
by popular voice to give the disease called “murrain”
when licked or swallowed by a cow. The people call this
creeping thing a Murrain Worm.” On Aug. 7, 1887,
Miss Fleming sent a specimen which proved to be the
larva of C. elpenor. Another specimen was sent on Aug.
20, 1887, to Miss Ormerod, by Mr. N. Richardson, from the
Estate Office, Castle Comer, Co. Kilkenny.
In the autumn of 1898 (Twenty-second Report, for
1898, p. 72) Miss Ormerod received from Mr. Thomas
Wade, of Newcastle-West, Co. Limerick, an account of the
disease of a cow which “the farmers, not only here, but
all over Munster, seem convinced ... is caused by ‘a
worm.” Although Mr. Wade suggests that they refer to
“a lizard, or something akin to it,” it 1s almost certain that
we have here another case of the same superstition.
Mr. G. H. Carpenter, B.Sc., F.E.S., of the Science and
Art Museum, Dublin, informs me that in 1901 a police-
constable in Co. Mayo forwarded a larva of elpenor as
“a rare kind of reptile,” and that a similar description
has been given to him by other country correspondents.
The evidence of alarm and superstitious dread is however
of greater significance than the employment of a word
which is so often used inaccurately.
* Mr. Carpenter informs me that the cylindrical form of these
models and the large size of the caudal horn on one of them suggest
Acherontia rather than Cherocampa.
TRANS, ENT, SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART II. (NOV.) 27
402 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
95. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF TERROR CAUSED BY
THE SQUEAK OF Acherontia atropos. (G. A. K. M.)
{I had been told by Mr. Roland Trimen that the South
African native races commonly have a superstitious dread
of this moth, and I was anxious to know whether this was
the case in Rhodesia. The observation recorded below
indicates very clearly that the sound and the attitude are
the cause of the fear; for it was inspired in a native who
had never before seen the moth. It is improbable that
the moth is distasteful, but its legs are very powerful, and
the spines on them sharp enough to cause an unpleasant
prick even to human fingers. The behaviour of the
Cercopithecus is strong evidence that the sound possesses a
terrifying significance.—K. B. P.]
Salisbury, Jan. 11, 1901.—I was deeply interested in
your investigations into the sounds produced by A. atropos,
but I regret to say that I have never goue into the subject
at all. The larva is fairly common with us, feeding on
Solanum and foxglove, but the imago is not often seen.
I showed one to some Mashonas the other day, and asked
them if they knew it. ‘‘Oh yes!” they said, “it’s an
‘imvemviine’ [a general term for butterflies and moths]; it
flies up in the air—whr-r-r-r—and the black man doesn’t
know how to catch it; only the white man can catch it.”
When asked if it were noxious, they seemed surprised and
said, no, not at all. A Zulu rephed in much the same
way, and seemed to have no particular ideas about it.
Some Zambesis said they did not know it, and when I
suggested that it might be a “schelm” [a Dutch word for
anything noxious or obnoxious], they said no, and one of
them stepped forward and touched it with his finger. But
when it arched its back and squeaked loudly, he jumped
back in a fright saying: “ Oh yes, boss, that’s a ‘skellem ’
right enough.” I finally gave the insect to my monkey
(Cercopithecus pygerythrus), making it squeak while doing
so. He was evidently struck by the sound, and after
watching a few moments grabbed it from my hand, bit off
its head, and threw it down violently. He then approached
cautiously, and began pulling it to pieces in a nervous
spasmodic way, evidently fearing to get stung or bitten
every moment; on tasting one of the bits he found it palat-
able and proceeded to eat it all. I should imagine that
the curious movements and squeak of the moth are of a
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 403
terrifying character, or it may be really aposematic for
certain mammals and birds, to which it may be distasteful.
I cannot find from other sources that the Kafirs here have
any superstitions with regard to it; the only insects they
take any interest in seem to be the various beetles and
larvee which they eat.
26. INSECT STRIDULATION AS A WARNING OR INTIMIDAT-
ING CHARACTER. (G. A. K. M.)
Salisbury, April 19,1901—I have been thinking of
trying to get some material together to support the view
that stridulation in insects where occurring in both sexes
may be explained in a large number of cases as a warning
character, its value in this respect being especially well
brought out in a number of obscurely-coloured Hetero-
mera, etc., which are known to be distasteful, while it is
largely absent in brightly-coloured, distasteful groups, as
Cetonvide, Mylabridx, Lycidx, etc. I should also expect
to find it more prevalent among distasteful nocturnal
species, where warning colours are of little avail. One of
my chief difficulties lies in the larval stridulating organs
in Coleoptera referred to by Gahan in his interesting
paper (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 438), and I
should be much interested if you could kindly tell me
whether these larve really do stridulate, for I see that
Sharp (Camb. Nat. Hist. Ins., Vol. IT, p. 198) throws much
doubt on the larval stridulation of A/elolonthide and Scara-
beidxe suggested by Schiddte. Lucanus cervus seems to be
a well-authenticated case, and it would be most interesting
to know whether the larva is distasteful. Darwin’s sug-
gestion as to the acquirement of stridulation by one sex
and its subsequent transference to the other has always
seemed to me unsatisfactory, and its possible warning value
occurred to me immediately I began experimenting with
Coleoptera. Of course in some cases it might be pseud-
aposematic, as in Hymenoptera-like Longicorns in which it
would suggest the shrill, angry buzz of a wasp. Pocock
has already suggested this explanation with reference to
scorpions and Mygale spiders, but I am not aware of any
one else having referred to it.
[For this interesting investigation a piece of apparatus
invented for me by my friend Mr. G. J. Burch, F.R.S., would
be extremely useful. It consists of an ordinary double
404 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall ox
stethoscope (for both ears) with the usual form of end-piece
replaced by a cork traversed by a glass tube about one-
eighth of an inch in internal diameter, and with its terminal
lip very slightly expanded into a small funnel. Tf, while
the ear-pieces are inserted in both ears, the open end be
moved about near to a stridulating insect, an extraordinary
reinforcement of sound takes place as the source is
approached, so great indeed that I found no difficulty in
localizing it within a small area. Excessively minute
sounds become clearly audible by the use of this valuable
and simple piece of apparatus. If there be good reason to
suppose that the stridulation of any insect is inaudible to us,
viz. if the structure of its organ and the movements set up
asa result of irritation suggest stridulation, it would be
feasible, I believe, to transmit the vibrations to some re-
cording surface other than the tympanum of the human
ear, and thus to investigate them.
It is usually possible to distinguish readily between the
sounds which are emitted in courtship and those which are
produced on irritation and are probably of a warning or
terrifying significance, inasmuch as they arise from quite
different stimuli and tend to be accompanied by character-
istic movements or attitudes. This latter association is
exhibited by the imago of Acherontia atropos, and the snap-
ping sound made by its larva, due to the movements of the
mandibles, is also of terrifying ‘significance. I have once heard
the epigamic sound of Halias prasinana, but only when
the male was pursuing the female and the whole mode of
flight was subordinated to the ends of courtship. Generally
speaking, any sound produced by both sexes on irritation
or attack, and accompanied by threatening attitudes or
movements (as of the mandibles), or merely ‘violent strug-
gles, is to be interpreted, with a high degree of probability,
as a warning or intimidating character. The decision
between warning and intimidation can only be arrived at
after an experimental investigation into the qualities of
each separate species.
Pseudaposematic sounds are also well known in birds,
especially those which build in holes in trees and hiss like
a snake when disturbed. Many lizards also hiss when
extremely irritated. Professor J. W. Gregory, F.R.S.,
describes a grasshopper at Kurawa which hissed so that
he at first mistook it for a snake (“The Great Rift Valley,”
London, 1896, p. 275).—E. B. P.]
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 405
27. HUMAN EXPERIENCE OF THE TASTE AND SMELL OF
INSECTS AFFORDS UNTRUSTWORTHY EVIDENCE OF
THE EFFECT UPON THE SENSES OF INSECTIVOROUS
ANIMALS. (HE. B. P.)
The idea that human experience would supply a valuable
test as to the palatability or unpalatability of insects to
their natural foes has occurred to more than one naturalist.
In Section 7 of his paper (Mém. de la Soc. Zool. de France,
tome vii, 1894, p. 3875, § 7), Professor Félix Plateau describes
what he calls the “real taste” (‘‘saveur réelle”) of the
larva, pupa, and imago of Abraxas grossulariata : meaning
by the words “real taste” the impression produced upon
his own palate. After some natural hesitation he tasted
a fine lively specimen of the larva, first cutting it trans-
versely into two pieces. After masticating it sufficiently
long to be sure of the impression produced, he aftirms that
it is almost without taste, very slightly sweetish, with
nothing whatever unpleasant about it: “ni nauséabonde,
ni poivrée, ni acide, ni amere, sans arriere-gott, et J’ajouterai
meme agréable, rappelant un peu celle des amandes douces
seches ou de la noix de coco.” The skin is however some-
what tough, which Plateau suggests as a possible reason
for the rejection of the larva by certain vertebrate enemies.
The pupa was very similar, but even more trssteless than
the larva; while the abdomen of the moth produced
much the same effect when masticated: “la saveur m’a
paru faible, agréable et analogue a celle de la chenille.”
Plateau considers his experience to be entirely convincing
and decisive as to the real taste of the insect to all in-
sectivorous animals. But it is perfectly obvious that the
only point which has been proved is that a single individual
of an animal not habitually insectivorous has found this in-
sect to be rather pleasant in taste although decidedly insipid.
But this fact does not enable us to judge in any way of
the impressions produced upon the senses of a truly
insectivorous animal, That evidence must be judged upon
its own merits, and, as Plateau appears to consider that he
has shaken it, I give a somewhat detailed account of his
treatment of the subject, and especially of his own valuable
and interesting experiments, some of which were conducted
upon insect-enemies hitherto unobserved and untried from
this point of view. In view of the far-reaching character of
Plateau’s conclusion it becomes necessary to re-examine the
406 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
whole of the evidence for the unpalatability of Abvazas gross-
ulariata, especially the larva, which has been chiefly em-
ployed for the purposes of experiment. Professor Plateau
gives a fair and admirable résumé of the work of the earlier
experimenters on the larva, showing that they arrived at
the opinion that it was unpalatable, from the uniform
behaviour of many European insectivorous animals, viz.
many species of birds,* two species of spiders, the common
frog, the tree frog, and many species of lizards. In deserib-
ing the last experiments, those of F. E. Beddard, F.R.S., and
EL Fi inn, conducted almost exclusively upon non-Kuropean
animals (“Animal Coloration,” London, 1892, pp. 149, 164,
165), the conclusion is omitted : “these experiments show
that, with a few exceptions, the caterpillar of the magpie
moth is distasteful to animals.” Although a marmoset
“ate one up quite greedily,” the behaviour of two Cebus
monkeys and a Cercopithecus callitrichus, as described by
Mr. Beddard, is most suggestive of the errors likely to
arise from a too-exclusive study of insectivorous animals
able in confinement to eat but little, or nothing at all,
of a food they would obtain in the wild state in plenty
and variety. These monkeys “sucked at the caterpillar
and threw away the skin after the contents had been
entirely extracted; they paused every now and again to
sniff suspicrously at the caterpillar, but nevertheless they
steadily persevered in munching it.” Mr. Beddard’s
account of the behaviour of non- European birds entirely
confirms the conclusions derived from a study of European
insect-eaters. It is probably safe to conclude that the
species had never seen the larva before, and it is not
surprising that many of them should peck atit. But
although from Mr. Beddard’s statement (oc. cit. p. 149) it is
clear that over a dozen species were experimented upon,
the only bird which certainly swallowed the larva was a
large ground cuckoo (Carpococcyx radiatus). The author
* T am now glad to be able to add the evidence that a sparrow in
the wild state rejected this moth after eaptUnDe it. The observation
was made by my friend Mr. G. C. Griffiths, F.E.S., of Clifton, Bristol, a
naturalist of great experience and powers of observation, Mr. Griffiths
writes as follows :—-“ I was standing on June 30, 1900, among the
trees on Clifton Down at mid-day, when a specimen of A. grossulariata
flew out from a wych-elm and passed slowly across over a gravel
path. A sparrow darted after it and bit off all its wings, but held
its body scarcely an instant, dropping it upon the path, where I
picked it up—a very satisfactory proof of its disiastefulness.”
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 407
is also “inclined to think” that a white-eye (Zosterops)
ended by swallowing the insect after masticating it for a
long time. The behaviour of the cuckoo is really con-
firmatory of previous observations, for it has been long
known that our own cuckoo is a coarse feeder, and there
is even evidence that it eats this very species, as pointed
out by our President in the Annual Address for the present
year (Proc. 1901, p. xl). The experiments made by Beddard
and Finn on lizards support previous conclusions : “ chewed
and refused by Z. viridis, and disregarded by Zowwrus and
Amplhibolurus ;” but they state that a toad ate the larva.
From their other observations on these Amphibia, it appears
certain that toads are indifferent to modes of defence
which are efficacious against the majority of insect-
eaters; but many more observations and experiments
under various conditions are needed before we can safely
conclude that Abraxas is palatable to these enemies. As
possessing some bearing on the question, it is to be noted
that a toad which had swallowed a caterpillar of Huchelia
jacobex, “almost immediately threw it up” (p. 159).
We now come to the more recent experiments of
Professor Plateau. He found (§ 5) that eight Cistudo
europea, Which were certainly insectivorous, inasmuch as
they devoured beetles, paid no attention to the larva of
Abraxas, with the exception of one individual which seized
a larva and then abandoned it. Coluber xsculapii and
an Italian variety of Lacerta muralis paid no attention to
them, and if, when one of them opened its mouth, a larva
was inserted, it was immediately rejected. As regards
Amphibia (§ 6), Professor Plateau found that the common
frog acted exactly as Dr. A. G. Butler has described. He
further believes that the frog never again attacks the
caterpillar which it has once seized and rejected, although,
as the larva walks off quite uninjured, the frog sometimes
follows its movements for a few seconds. He then threw
some larve into an aquarium containing a number of
Triton punctatus, many of which seized and “ made efforts
to swallow them, giving, according to their custom, sharp
blows with the head to right and left. But the prey was
too big, or the skin too tough, for the Tritons abandoned
them after a few minutes.” The newt swallows its prey
whole, and has great powers of expansion to meet the
special difficulty of size, so it is far more probable that
these Amphibia were influenced in the same manner as
408 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
the frogs and the water tortoises experimented on by
Professor Plateau. He then offered the larve to the
larger Triton alpestris, which paid no attention to them.
Professor Plateau’s experiments on spiders are described
on pp. 325-7, where it will be seen that the larve were either
neglected or treated as A.G. Butler described by Amauro-
bius ferox, Tegenaria domestica, and Agelena labyrinthica.
The imago on the other hand was constantly eaten by
Tegenaria, offered once to Epeira diadema and eaten with
avidity, killed but rejected by Agelena.
His experiments on Carabus auratus and two species of
Dytiscus are described on p. 380: they indicate clearly that
these predaceous beetles freely attack and devour both
larva and imago of Abraxas.
The above is a résumé of the evidence as Plateau gives
it, although he also includes the attacks of insect-parasites.
These I have quoted on p.338; but the other observations
recorded in the same section of this memoir indicate that
insects with warning colours and distasteful to the (non-
parasitic) enemies of their class are specially lable to these
attacks, so that the results obtained by Plateau in this
section (§ 10) of his paper tend, so far as they go, to support
the conclusions he seeks to destroy.
As regards the vertebrate enemies Plateau has supplied
a considerable amount of evidence in support of the con-
clusions of his predecessors. He shows that certain
spiders are probably, and some predaceous beetles almost
certainly, enemies of Abraxas in one or more stages. These
latter facts are most interesting and valuable, but they no
more controvert or throw doubt upon the behaviour of the
generality of insectivorous vertebrates than the admitted
exception of the cuckoo, and the pleasant impression pro-
duced upon the Professor himself. All the theory of
aposematic colouring requires is that the conspicuous form
should be unfit as food for the majority of the enemies
of its class; and this has been abundantly proved in the
case of Abravas. It is unimportant whether our anthropo-
morphic terms unpalatability, distastefulness, ete., truly
express what an animal feels, if we admit the fact, as we
are bound to do after the experiments, that the majority
of insect-eaters after trial do not eat the insect, and after
one or more trials do not seek to eat it unless driven by
starvation. Kxactly what impressions they feel we can
never know, and it is quite unnecessary for the theory
The Bionones of South African Insects, 409
of warning or aposematic coloration that we should know.
The behaviour is sufficient, and affords convincing proof.
Plateau also brings two indirect lines of argument to
bear on the question. He points out (§ 3) that the larva
is not wholly conspicuous, but requires searching for if it
is to be obtained in large numbers. This is due to its
habit when young of resting along the serrated edges of
leaves, exposing only the reddish lateral band sprinkled with
black points. This appearance is at a little distance very
like the reddish edges of many leaves. When it is older
he observes that it stretches itself longitudinally along the
branches in the inner darker part of the bush at no great
height above the ground. When the bush is shaken it
falls or lets itself down by a thread; and as soon as it
reaches the ground rolls ina ring. In this position, which
it retains for a long time, it resembles the excrement of a
bird. Mr. Beddard too points out (loc. cit., pp. 167, 168)
that these larve “like other Geometers . . . do not begin
to feed until evening. I have a quantity of these cater-
pillars on some thick-leaved shrubs in my garden; during
the daytime none are visible, but in the evening they
commence to crawl about quite actively.” I have myself
often observed the larva moving and freely exposed by
day on the sides and tops of hedges, but after the state-
ments of these two naturalists I am quite ready to believe
that my observations were exceptional. Indeed on general
grounds I must believe that this is so; for it would not be
an advantage but a great disadvantage to the Abraxas to
display its aposematic colouring at too great a distance.
It has certain enemies, such as the cuckoo, and it would
doubtless be dangerous if these were able to see it upon
the bush at a great distance. Its colours would be con-
Spicuous enough to the majority of insect enemies hunting
the bush for food; and the very rough resemblance to
leaf-edges, branches, and birds’ excrement would never
impose upon the eyes which enable their owners to find
abundant food in spite of the extraordinarily close likeness
to each one of these objects which is attained by so many
of the cryptic species which they hunt.
Plateau’s second indirect argument depends on the
undoubted fact that the pupa of the Abraxas resembles a
wasp. This he regards as an example of (Batesian)
mimicry, and believes moreover that it has never been
pointed out before. This is very far from being the case.
410 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
In my paper “The Experimental Proof of the Protective
Value of Colour and Markings in Insects in Reference to
their Vertebrate Enemies,” Proc. Zool. Soc., 1887, p. 191,
I published a Table (A) of the various combinations of
colours of conspicuous insects. Section III of Table A,
on pp. 252, 233, contained the combinations of black and
yellow and of yellow and black; under the former was
placed the pupa of Abraxas grossulariata and several
Hymenoptera Aculeata, etc., under the latter the larva
of Huchelia jacobex and other species. Another Table (B)
grouped conspicuous insects according to their patterns.
Section I of Table B, on p. 236, is as follows :—
I.—Ring Pattern.
Pattern developed ( Pupa of 4. grossulariata.
on abdominal ~ | Imago of Vespa, Nomada, | Alternating rings |
| :
segments. | and Bombus. | of yellow and |
Developed on whole | Larva of 2. jacobwx. black.
length of body.
The followmg sentences refer to this very section of
Table B:—*There is probably in some cases a certain
amount of true mimicry in the acquisition of patterns and
colours. Thus it is more than probable (as has been
previously suggested by other observers) that the species
rendered conspicuous by alternate rings of black and
yellow gain great advantages from the justly respected
appearance of hornets and wasps. It must not be for-
gotten, however, that the latter forms also probably gain
to some extent by the greater Dena which follows
from the resemblance ” (pp. 235, 238). Furthermore in
1890 the same conclusions were re-stated in almost the
same words, save that the species indicated in Table B,
Section I, are here introduced into the text :—*“ Thus it is
more than probable that the species marked by alternate
rings of black and yellow (including the chrysalis of
the. Magpie Moth and the caterpillar of the Cinnabar
Moth) gain considerable advantages, ete.” (“Colours of
Animals,” London, p. 186).
It is hardly necessary to point out that the resemblance
to a wasp is no evidence of palatability, any more than the
resemblance, which is often strongly marked, in the same
district between wasps of different genera and between
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 411
them and Hymenoptera Aculeata of other sections. The
present memoir contains splendid examples of Miillerian
or synaposematic associations between inedible forms such
as Lycide and stinging Aculeates (see p. 517), and the
resemblance between Abraxas and a wasp is probably of
the same kind, as I suggested in 1887.
My friend Professor W. M. Wheeler of the University
of Texas has also tasted a Syrphid fly, Spilomyia fusca
(Loew), which mimics Vespa maculata as well as a smaller
wasp. The fly was “found to have an agreeable flavour,
the alimentary tract of the insect being full of honey.”
Hence in this case Professor Wheeler concludes that the
colours of the fly are “associated with the absence of dis-
agreeable smell and taste, as the generally accepted theory
of mimicry requires’ (“ Science,” N. 8. vol. vi, No. 154,
p. 887, Dec. 10, 1897). Still later in “The Century
Magazine” for July 1901, p. 378, Professor Wheeler
describes another experiment as follows:—“The writer
while riding through the deserts of Wyoming some years
ago was impressed with the day-flying moths (Psewdohazis)
flitting leisurely along near the ground or resting fully
exposed on the glaucous spikes of the sage-brush.
They had black-and-white wings and black-and- -orange
bodies. So striking was this case of apparent warning
colour that the writer after much hesitation decided to
ascertain by means of the only available experiment
whether the insect really possessed the ‘nauseous pro-
perties’ so generally assumed in such cases by writers on
the subject of animal coloration. He dismounted from
his horse and proceeded to masticate the body of one of
the moths. ‘To his astonishment, the little flavour that it
contained was mild and pleasant—one might almost say,
nut-like.” The writer also records that lizards previously
fed on house-flies, aud therefore not very hungry, “ devoured
with evident signs of relish” several of the conspicuous
day-flying moths Aly ypia octomaculata. Professor Wheeler
concludes “that if every field-entomologist could only
bring himself to repeat the writer’s experiment on one of
many cases of ‘flaunted nauseousness, and place his taste-
impressions on record, we should in the course of time
have a really valuable body of evidence, for we can hardly
assume that beasts, birds, and reptiles can find things
‘nauseous’ which are quite tasteless or even pleasant to
the human palate.”
412 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
I believe, on the contrary, that we are justified in the
opinion expressed in the last words quoted from Professor
Wheeler, and I have proved that we have very good
grounds for maintaining that a conspicuous insect pleasant
to the human taste is rejected with probable signs of
disapproval by many truly insectivorous animals. The
tasting of conspicuously coloured insects by entomologists
in general, recommended by Professor Wheeler, would I
believe be of very little value or more probably of no
value at all as evidence of the likes and dislikes of insect-
eating animals. Carefully conducted experiments upon
such animals, and still better observation of them and
their prey in the field, and the examination of the contents
of their digestive canal and the components of their feces,
are the only means by which trustworthy conclusions can
be reached. We have to deal with a heterogeneous group
of animals, alike in one respect, viz. the specialization of
digestive apparatus and sense-organs to an insect diet.
It is reasonable to suppose that, “whatever we may find
in man and other forms not markedly insectivorous, in the
members of this particular group there will be a specially
acute sensitiveness to qualitative differences amongst the
innumerable species from which they select their food.
It is probable that especial keenness for certain species
indicates a high nutritive value, and that the sense-organs
of insectivorous animals enable them to detect and thus
to reject species which would have an injurious effect, or
at the least would be of comparatively low value as food.
There is no reason for the belief that an equal degree of
specialization exists in animals which are not insectivorous.
Least of all is this likely to be the case in man, with his
comparatively minute olfactory lobes, the central organ by
which there is appreciation of every kind of flavour as
well as every variety of scent.
I have thought it desirable to argue the question at
some length, inasmuch as the two distinguished naturalists
I have quoted, as well as others, find significance in human
experience of the taste of insects. The opposite conclusion
has always seemed to me inevitable from the considerations
set forth above; but if any doubt remains it must be
dispelled by reading the following account of Mr. Marshall’s
experiments upon himself, and coniparing it with those
which he conducted upon insect-eating animals of many
5
kinds. It is interesting that he should detect bitterness,
The Bionomices of South African Insects. 413
acridity, and a Coccinellid-like smell in certain species, but
even in these the human experience is probably very
faint compared to that of a truly insectivorous animal.
Nor does it by any means follow that a scent which is
excessively unpleasant to man indicates unpalatability to
all or even the majority of natural foes, as in the obvious
case of Anoplocnemis curvipes, the evil-smelling Coreid
bug eaten greedily by baboons (sce p. 382), although
rejected after tasting by a kestrel (p. 345). Professor
Plateau and Professor Wheeler will probably reconsider
the significance of their own sense-impressions when they
read below that Mr. Marshall could detect nothing un-
pleasant in the much-mimicked Limnas chrysippus.
“ Hstcourt, Oct. 15, 1896.—I have for some time intended
to make experiments on the taste of the Acrzas....
However, my tasting experiments have not helped me
much, for my sense of taste is evidently not as acute as
that of birds and lizards. However, I send you the few
notes I have made in case they may be of interest or use.
“Tn Acrva nohara, buaxtoni, cabira,and Planema esebria, I
was unable to detect any trace of bitterness or acridity,
and they appeared to me quite insipid; indeed, as far as
mere taste is concerned, I doubt whether I could dis-
tinguish them from Belenois severina, though their outer
integuments are much tougher. [Mr. Marshall subsequently
found that buatoni does possess a bitter juice, which
exudes freely from the wings when they are cut, especially
at the bases.] This alone is sufficient to prove the un-
reliability of the test, for cabira is most certainly an
inedible species, even if esebria is doubtful. A. encedon
and its var. lycia exude a yellow juice from the thorax
which is slightly bitter, but not very markedly so. <Acrewa
anacreon and natalica both exude juice in the same
manner, but it seems distinctly more bitter than that of
encedon. A. anemosa in addition to the bitter juice emits
a very strong smell when pinched, being the only Acrva
in which I have noticed this, though possibly acava does
the same, as I regard these as the two best-protected
members of the genus. Planema aganice has no smell,
but emits a lot of acrid juice, not only from the thorax,
but also from the antennze and the nervules of the hind-
wings. With regard to the juice-exuding species I may
note that the bitter taste appears to lie only in the
exudation and not to permeate the tissues of the body.
414 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
“Tn the few specimens of Amauris echeria that I tried
I found that no juice was emitted, but they had a nauseous
taste and a strong smell, which reminded me somewhat of
that emitted by many Coccinellide, But it was L. chry-
sippus which showed me the futility of trying to arrive at
any definite conclusions from this line of research, for it
emits neither juice nor smell, and I could detect no trace
of any taste, unpalatable or otherwise, but the tissues have
a somewhat soapy feel to the tongue, which I noticed in
A, echeria and some of the Acrzeas. The same may be
said of Mylothris agathina, though from its conspicuous
colouring, slow flight, and wide dispersal, I feel sure it is
an inedible species.
“ Malvern, Feb. 21, 1897.—Aerexa horta exudes a bitter
yellow juice from the thorax when it is injured, and this
juice permeates the costa of the fore-wing. The head and
abdomen do not appear to me to have any unpleasant
taste. Trimen refers to their smell, but my smelling
powers are not sufficiently acute to detect it.
“Malvern, May 14, 1897.—Alexna amazoula feigns
death most persistently; it has an unpleasant taste and
strong smell not unlike that of the Coccinellidx.”
28. Guy A. K. MARSHALL’S PROOF OF SEASONAL
CHANGES IN SoutH AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES OF THE
Genus Precis. (E. B. P.)
A. Introduction.
The attempt will be made in the following section of
this memoir to explain these astonishing changes as due
to the adaptation of a moderately distasteful and protected
genus in two directions—towards conspicuous warning
colours in the generations of the wet season, the time
when insect-food is abundant; towards procryptic conceal-
ment in the pressure and scarcity of the dry season.
Facts which require for their interpretation the hypothe-
sis of adaptation in the direction of conspicuousness will
be brought forward, much use being made of the conclu-
sive proof only recently obtained by Mr. Marshall, by
breeding the one from the other, that Precis simia is the
wet phase of P. antilope.
The distinct habits and stations of the two phases, their
relation to other seasonal forms of butterflies, the observed
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 415
differences in the insect life of the two seasons, will all be
shown to be consistent with the above hypothesis.
The results of Mr. Marshall’s experiments as to the
nature of the stimulus by which the change is started in
any individual will be discussed, and further lines of
investigation suggested. The much greater size and
weight of the dry phases will be shown to have an import-
ant bearing upon the inquiry, indicating, as it does, that
the phase must be predetermined in the larval stage.
Finally, it will be argued that the facts proved by Mr.
Marshall, although most startling and indeed astounding,
are not subversive of any of the principles of the science
of systematics.
B. Historical.
In his great work on “South African Butterflies”
(London, 1887, vol. 1), Mr. Roland Trimen describes several
intermediate varieties between Precis natalensis and P. sesa-
mus, and records Mr. F. N. Streatfeild’s capture of the two
butterflies in coitu. He concludes (oc. cit. pp. 231 and 233),
“Tt is only to such occasional unions, and to their fertility,
that the origin of the intermediate examples under notice
can be attributed.”
Mr. Trimen also makes a similar suggestion as to the
intermediate varieties between pelasgis and archesia, which
are also recorded as having been taken 7a coitw (loc. cit. p.
235).
Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall first published in 1896 the
suggestion that. a group of South African butterflies
described and known as different species of the genus
Precis or Junonia were in reality the seasonal phases of a
comparatively limited number of species. He pointed
out, however, that octavia and amestris (s. 1.) had been
previously considered as two forms of a single species by
M. Charles Oberthiir of Rennes (Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii,
1883, p. 721), and also that Mr. C. N. Barker, the distin-
guished Natal naturalist, had been long convinced of the
existence of these seasonal phases, and especially of the
most remarkable case of all, P. sesamas, and its wet-season
form, natalensis.
Mr. Marshall’s general description of the differences be-
tween the two phases is as follows: “The dry-season form
is smaller, and usually assumes a duller type of colouring’
on the upper-side, sometimes of quite a different hue; the
416 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
under-side becomes of a general brownish tint, more or
less resembling a withered leaf, the likeness being
heightened by an oblique line running from the apex of
fore-wi ng to the anal angle of hind-wing, representing the
mid- rib; also by the marked prolongation of the fore-wing,
so well known in the winter form of Melanitis leda.
Lastly, the ocelli on the under-side are much reduced or
obsolescent” (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 557). I
am unable to understand the opening statement that
“the dry-season form is smaller,’ indeed, Mr. Marshall
criticizes a more general statement of the same kind made
by Mr. C. N. Barker (loc. cit. p. 551). In the very first
species described from this point of view by Mr. Marshall,
Precis tugela, he speaks of “the smaller summer form,”
and the only other Precis in which he speaks of a differ-
ence in size is P. artaxia, of which he uses almost the
same words (p. 561). I have since compared the two
phases of the following species in the Hope Collection, with
results shown below:
Precis tugela, dry phase larger.
|, Conyiie. tasers much larger.
» actia, PA . Fe
pelasgis,,, ,, Yather ,,
» sesamus,, ,, distinctly larger.
antilope,,, ,, much F:
ATtALIO, 4, 5. - ee
See also pages 451 and 456 for the proof by weighing of
the great difference between some of these phases.
Since the above paragraph was written Mr. Marshall
has informed me that the statement was certainly a slip
of the pen, which remained uncorrected, because he was
unfortunately unable to see the proofs of his paper.
Although Mr. Marshall anticipated the results of future
discovery in a truly remarkable manner in this memoir
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 557), and brought forward
evidence of a most convincing kind, yet the conclusion
which required to be proved was to most naturalists so
highly improbable, because of the extraordinary differences
between the supposed species, that nothing less than the
actual breeding of one form from another was sufficient.
In his second paper on the subject (Ann. and Mag. Nat.
* Difference much less marked in specimens from northern part
of range.
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 417
Hist., ser. 7, vol. 11, July 1898, p. 30), which it is only
just to describe as epoch-making in the history of seasonal
dimorphism, Mr. Marshall recorded this great discovery,
and published the fact that he had succeeded in breeding
sesamus trom natalensis in three cases. 'The specimens
themselves Mr. Marshall presented in two cases to the
Hope Collection at Oxford, in the third to the British
Museum of Natural History. The Oxford specimens are
figured on Plate XII, figs. 1 and 2 the parents, figs. 1a, 10,
and 2a the offspring. The dates of the various stages are
given in the description of the plate.
These specimens must always have historic interest, and
I have therefore published in the plates accompanying
this memoir a representation of the whole of the evidence
obtained by Mr. Marshall in 1898, so far as it is at my
disposal. The extracts from Mr. Marshall’s letters bearing
on the same subject have also historic interest, and are
therefore recorded in full below.
“Umkomaas Mouth, Natal ; Sept. 3, 1897.—I am sorry
to say I have never yet bred natalensis through to sesamus.
At Karkloof, Natal, I managed to secure three eggs in
March (just the right month for the purpose of testing
the hypothesis that they are the same species), and one of
the resulting larvee was fully half-grown when I left there
for Malvern, near Durban. I brought them down with
me, as I knew that C. N. Barker had bred natalensis from
the larva, and so would know their local food-plant. The
Karkloof plant does not occur at Malvern, and the larvee
utterly refused the Malvern food-plant and everything
else I tried them with; so they pined away and died.
“T have not the least doubt of the specific identity of
these two forms; they are undoubtedly confined respec-
tively to the wet and dry seasons, they have been frequently
observed in coitu, and intermediate forms occur at the
change of seasons. The larve are identical and feed on the
same plant; for out of twelve larvee taken by Hutchinson
off one plant, ten were natalensis and two sesamus. I
always think natalensis is an interesting species as showing
the briliant colours which can be acquired by an unpro-
tected species without detriment. A newly-emerged
natalensis is a glorious insect, and rivals the brightest
Acrzeas in its colouring on both surfaces; moreover, it is
a frequenter of open country, where its salmon-red wings
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART UI. (NOV.) 28
418 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
are a conspicuous object as it sits sunning itself on plants
or stones. But it is very wary and dittcult of approach,
being kept on the alert by its enemies, the lizards. I
have often watched these little reptiles stalking both
natalensis and pelasgis round the stones, and have seen
them capture and eat both species.”
“Salisbury, March 6, 1898.—You will be pleased to
learn that within another few weeks I hope to have been
able to have solved the natalensis-sesamus question.
Three weeks ago I obtained five eggs from a female of
typical natalensis ; two proved infertile, one young larva
I lost, but the remaining two are thriving and growing
splendidly. Later on I got three more eggs, which
have hatched successfully. To-day I took one more,
and also, which pleased me much, an egg of typical Precis
simia, which I am convinced is the wet-season form of
P. cuama (Hew.), in spite of Butler's remarks. The
natalensis question I am all the more anxious to settle, as
I have now strong collector's evidence against me, viz.
Distant, who records that he only took one natalensis at
Pretoria, whereas seswmus was abundant and occurred all
through the wet season.”
“Salisbury, June 5, 1898.—You will be glad to learn that
I have at last proved the identity of P. sesamus and natal-
ensis by breeding the former from eggs laid by the latter
in three instances, and I send you the parent and offspring
in two of the cases, the third I am sending to the British
Museum. You may imagine my delight on seeing the first
specimen emerge, for though I felt convinced that the result
would be as I anticipated, yet Distant’s remarks raised
a haunting fear that perhaps I had made a big mistake
after all. However, I am glad to say this was not so.”
C. The Demonstration by Guy A. K. MARSHALL that
Precis simia is the Wet Phase of P. antilope.
Only a few weeks ago Mr. Marshall obtained this further
proof of the soundness of the conclusions he reached, and
the validity of the evidence he adduced in 1896. A
female specimen of P. simia was tracked while she laid nine
eggs, on Feb. 23, 1902, at Salisbury. The butterfly was
then captured, and is represented on Plate XII, fig. 3,
and the under-side on Plate XIII, fig. 4. Offspring of
The Bionomics of South African Tnsects. 419
the form antilope were successfully reared from two of
these eggs. In the case of the first, shown on Plate XII,
fig. 3a (under-side on Plate XIII, fig. 4a), the egg
hatched on March 1, the larva pupated on April 10, and
the imago, a female, emerged on April 27. In the case
of the second, shown on Plate XII, fig. 3b (under-side on
Plate XIII, fig. 40), the:egg hatched on March 1, the
larva pupated on April 14, and the imago, a male,
emerged on April 29. All three specimens have been
presented by Mr. Marshall to the Hope Collection at
Oxford. The great difference between the under-sides of
the two offspring (compare Fig. 4a with 45 on Plate
XIII) is deeply interesting. Although so widely differ-
ent, both equally resemble dead leaves, recalling the
various distinct forms of dead leaf represented by the
under-sides of the individuals of the same species of Kal-
lima. The difference between the outline of the wings in
parent and offspring is seen to be far greater in this species
than in sesamus and natalensis, and archesia and pelasgis,
as will be at once seen when the figures on Plate XII or
Plate XIII are compared.
Mr. Marshall’s account of his success in obtaining the
material by which he proved the identity of antilope and
simia, was received in the following paragraph of one of
his letters.
“ Salisbury, Feb. 26, 1902.—I cannot even now agree with
Butler’s arrangement of Precis antilope and cuama. For
although their extreme forms appear to be very distinct,
yet all the chief distinctive characters are unstable and tend
to converge. Aurivillius agrees with me in regarding them
as conspecific, though he separates ¢rimeni and simia, A
pair of these latter I took in copuld last season, which is
sufficient evidence as to their identity in my mind, for [am
very sceptical as to interbreeding in a case such as this.
However, I have determined to solve the problem this
season, and since my return most of my time out-of-doors
has been spent in trying to secure authenticated eges of
either summer form. Last Sunday I succeeded at last! I
got nine eggs from a single simia, and they will probably
hatch to-morrow ; I hope I shall succeed in pulling most of
them through. All my larvee died in the first stage last
year, for owing to the erratic way in which the females
lay I could not ascertain the true food-plant, but I think
I have it all right this time. I expect to breed both
420 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
antilope and cuama from these eggs, as these forms are
just beginning to appear.”
As explained above, both pupze emerged as antilope.*
D. The Habits of the two Seasonal Phases of the South
African Species of the Genus Precis, and the Stations
which they respectively occupy.
That these butterflies should exhibit a marked differ-
ence in habit and station corresponding to a difference in
appearance at the wet, as compared with the dry season,
is of such paramount importance in the consideration of the
significance of these phenomena, that I quote at length
all available observations of naturalists—some of them
made before there was any suspicion that such forms as
sesamus and natalensis were the two phases of a single
species.
In “‘South African Butterflies,’ vol. i, London, 1887, p.
230, Mr. Roland Trimen, F.R.S., speaks of the habits of
Precis octavia [natalensis, G wet phase], as he had seen it
‘widely spread over Natal in the summer of 1867. It
frequents open, grassy hills, especially their summit ridges
or highest points, and is very conspicuous, whether flying
or settled.”
Of the habits of P.sesamus © he writes (p. 233): “ Though
constantly to be seen flitting about with its congeners,
octavia, archesia, and pelasgis, | have noticed that sesamus
has a greater liking than any of them for shady places,
preferring to settle under a bank or in some deep road-
cutting... . The very dark bronzy-green under-side 1s
well adapted for concealment in such spots.”
Of Precis archesia (dry), he notes that it “delights to
bask or repose on rocks or large stones. Colonel Bowker
has noted that it sometimes congregates under rocks, and
is often met with in small rocky caverns in deep forest
kloofs.’” Mr. Trimen has noticed at Highlands, near
Grahamstown, “a habit in the ¢ pelasgis [wet] which I
have never witnessed in the case of archesia [dry], viz.
that of perching himself on the projecting twig of some
* [“ Although I am still of opinion that Dr. Butler is in error in
regarding antilope and cuama as distinct species, yet it may be
pointed out that the results of this experiment do not in any way
disprove his contentions.” —G, A. K. M.]
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 421
high bush at the edge of a wood, and thence giving chase
to other passing buttertlies” (p. 237),
In suggesting the seasonal relationships in the genus
Precis which he afterwards proved to exist, Mr. Marcnall
speaks at the beginning of his first paper on the subject
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 557) of the special
interest which attaches to the alternations in this genus,
“not only on account of the great differences in the colour-
ing of their two forms, but also because of their marked
change in habits.”
He points out that the species of Precis in which there
is but little seasonal change (P. tugela, P. elgiva, and LP.
natalica) are, when at rest, leaf-like in both phases, although
they are more leaf-like in the dry season. He states that
they are furthermore especially forest insects, being
confined to “the warmer, low-lying, or heavily-timbered
districts.” The other species of Precis in which the
seasonal forms are very different “occur more abund-
antly, or even exclusively, in the uplands and in open
country.” There are, however, differences of habit in
the species of the former group. Thus Mr. J. M.
Hutchinson is quoted by Mr. Marshall as stating that the
summer form of P. tugela “is a bolder insect, sailing
around and settling on trees at a fair height, almost after
the manner of Charaxes, whereas the other is much more
retiring, keeping among the thick bush and settling low
down, or on the ground among dead leaves, etc.” (doc. cit.,
p. 558).
Turning to the second group of species in which the
seasonal changes are pronounced, Mr, Marshall describes
the habits of P. simia [antilope] (loc. cit., p. 560): “The
dry-season form only frequents the bush, settling on the
ground among the dead leaves, or very rarely on small
plants, the under-side colouring affording it excellent
protection. As the season advances the habits of the
insect change, and in October and November the later
form (c) may be found in company with the early form of
simia (b), frequenting open tops of kopjes, flying boldly
about within a limited area, and settling with expanded
wings on shrubs and bushes. This is the habit of all
summer forms of Precis... .’ With regard to P. sesamus ©,
Mr. Marshall remarks that it “differs from the normal
type of winter Precis in the absence of leaf-like colouring
below, and in the very slight falcation of fore-wings. This
422 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
is accounted for by its different habits, for instead of
frequenting dead leaves in the bush it prefers the dark
rocks on stony and wooded kopjes.” Evidence is brought
forward to show that P. artaxia only exists in the cryptic
dry phase in the warm timbered coast belt, although it
develops a much less well-concealed wet-season phase
(nachtigalii) in open country (pp. 561, 562).
In his second paper on the subject (Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser. 7, vol. il, July 1898, p. 30) Mr. Marshall gives a
further account of these interesting differences in habits :
“Speaking broadly, the natalensis form frequents the
highest points in any neighbourhood, especially if they be
more or less open (for it 1s anything but a sylvan insect) ;
whereas the sesamus form is more partial to shady spots,
and is to be found in ravines and spruits or rocky wooded
slopes, and shares with the Hesperid Sarangesa eliminata
a marked affection for disused mine-shafts and cuttings.
This distinction must not be taken too strictly, for true
sesamus is oceasionally found in company with the summer
form on open hill-tops, but principally at the change of
seasons; but zatalensis, so far as my experience goes, 1s
never to be found in the more shady stations frequented
by sesamus. The latter, moreover, is distinctly warier and
more difficult of approach when not feeding, and if alarmed
flies off with a rapid, and often zigzag, flight, settling
abruptly among rocks or herbage, when its ereenish- black
under-side colouring is equally protective. Sesamus 18
more often observed in gardens, and not unfrequently
enters human habitations in search of a shady resting-
place.” Mr. Marshall also quotes Mr. J. M. Hutchinson’s
experience on his farm in Natal, lying in an open plain
between two ranges of hills: “He has found sesamus
resident. on the farm, occurring fairly commonly along the
banks of the spruits during the winter, whereas natalensis
is very much scareer and non-resident, the examples seen
having always been travelling from one range of hills to
the other, on both of which it is common,’
Since his return to England, in the present summer,
Mr. Marshall has summarized his experience of the habits
and stations of the seasonal phases of the species under
discussion as follows :—
“There are three types of stations in South Africa which
may be occupied by butterflies of this genus.
I. Forest country, with heavy timber affording deep
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 423
shade. Found on the coast belt and also in the interior,
but,
south of the Zambesi, only in patches.
II. Woodland country, without timber. Trees small,
affording light shade.
Ill. Open country, without trees. Nothing higher than
small scrub.
ik
k,
3.
The following species are only found in the forest :—
P. tugela. It has been already explained that the
wet-season form exposes itself more freely (p. 421).
Both phases have leaf-like under-sides, but the dry
has a more hooked tip to fore-wing and more pro-
longed anal angle to hind-wing,
. P. elgiva. No difference in habits observed. The
shght differences in appearance are due to a more
hooked tip with a somewhat different direction, and a
more leaf-like under-side in the dry phase as com-
pared with the wet.
P. natalica. No difference in habits observed, both
phases being low settlers. Ocelli and white spots on
the under-side tend to disappear in the dry phase.
II. The following species are found in the woodland
country :—
1,
and 2, P. antilope and P. actia. In both these
species the dry-season phase and the female of the
wet are found in the more shady places, viz. the lower
slopes of kopjes. The ¢ of the wet phase is usually
found on the less-wooded higher slopes.
. P. artaxia. The habits are like those of the two
preceding species. ‘Towards the forest belt in Umtali
the dry phase encroaches on the wet, and in the low
country between Umtali and the sea Selous never saw
the wet form at all. The larger dry form has a far
more leaf-like under-side, with a mid-rib, and hooked
tip to the fore-wing, wanting in the wet. The dry
phase is also more wary.
IJ. and III. The following species are found in open as
well as woodland country :—
1,
and 2, P. sesanvus and P. archesia have very similar
habits. The dry phase generally frequents the wooded
and the wet phase the open country. In entirely
open country the former would occur on the lower
slopes in whatever shade is to be found. In entirely
woodland country the dry phase would be found on
4.2.4 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
the lower, more shady slopes, the wet on the upper
slopes where there is less shade.
III. The following species only occurs (in Mashonaland)
in open country :—
1. P. ceryne. Both forms are found in open swampy
districts, without bush. Rare.”
E. Evidence of Adaptation in the conspicuous wnder-sides of
the Wet-Season Phases almost equal to the proof of it in
the cryptic Dry Phases.
The evidence of adaptation in the eryptic under-sides of
the dry phase in the species under discussion is so clear
and so generally admitted that it is unnecessary to say
much about it. I will only poimt to the manner in which
the various distinctive elements of this phase are co-
ordinated to a common end, that of concealment. Thus
in the dead-leaf-like forms such as archesia and antilope
we find the prolonged anal angle of the hind-wing, the
produced and bent apex of the fore-wing, the angulated
outline between these points, the stripe representing a
mid-rib, the colours and patterns varying in different
individuals but always resembling some type of dead leaf
with discoloured blotches or eaten into holes (archesia).
Most important of all there is the co-ordination of all
these diverse elements with appropriate habits and the
choice of an appropriate station. In archesia, which com-
monly frequents rocks, the intensely variable mottled
appearance produces a strongly cryptic effect at a little
distance, while a close inspection aril brings out the details
which produce a graphic representation of a dead leaf. In
sesamus the outline and under-side differ from those of the
dead-leaf-like dry phases of the other species, and differ in
a direction which is specially eryptic, because of the peculiar
habits of this phase of the species (see pp. 420, 422).
All this will be at once admitted by every naturalist
who studies the specimens, as it is proclaimed by all who
have had the advantage of observing the species in the
wild state. What is not admitted, but is 1 think almost
equally clear, is the fact that adaptation in the opposite
direction, viz. the direction of conspicuousness, is characteristic
of the under-sides of the wet phase. If the under-side
merely reproduced the conspicuous pattern of the upper-
ad
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 425
side of the wet phase the case would be strong and con-
vincing for adaptation, and an interpretation based on the
principles of warning colours or mimicry, Batesian or
Miillerian. But the under-side does more than this; it
differs from the upper-side, and so far as it differs, it
becomes more conspicuous. The following details render
the case for adaptation in the direction of conspicuousness,
as it seems to me, overwhelming.
In comparing the upper- and under-side of the wet
phase of the species to which the chief attention of
naturalists has been directed, it 1s of special interest to turn
to the accurate descriptions of Mr. Roland Trimen, F-.R.S.,
written long before Mr. Marshall’s discovery was thought
of, a time when natalensis and sesamus were not only
considered distinct but were even separated by ceryne. In
“Rhopalocera Africe Australis” (London, 1862-66) we read,
on pages 130, 131, of Junonia octavia | Precis sesamus)]:
“UNDER-SIDE.—Much paler, more creamy in tint, with a
glistening pinkish tinge.” Again, on the under-side of
the fore-wing the author speaks of “the row of spots
parallel to hind-margin commencing distinctly from costa,
the first two spots increasing the number to seven;
double row of bluish lunules more conspicuous than on
upper-side, whiter.’ And the under-side of the hind-wing
is thus described: “Basal black containing four rather
large, very conspicuous spots of the grownd-colowr, and dusted
with blue scales, which form a transverse streak between
costal and subcostal nervures near extremity of black ;
whitish-bluish lunules, in hind marginal border, large and
very conspicuous. ” The fact that the ground- colour of the
under-side is much paler than the salmon-red of the upper
and thus affords a far more effective contrast with the
black markings is seen when Fig. 1 on Plate XIII is com-
pared with Fig. 1) on Plate XII. Figs. 1 and 2 on Plate
XIT represent worn specimens, and the comparison with
them is invalid. Fig 1), Plate XII, possesses unusually
heavy black markings, but the representation of the depth
of the red ground-colour is normal for a fresh individual, as
is that of the under-side in Fig. 1, Plate XIII. The more
complete row of black spots and the greater conspicuous-
ness of the border, owing to the larger white and blue
markings in it, as described by Trimen, are also well seen
when the figures are compared, but allowance must be
426 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
made for the fact that the border represented in Fig. 14,
Plate XII, is exceptionally broad, and is still more excep-
tional, indeed transitional towards sesamus, in the size of
the blue markings in it. But the lighter character of the
markings and the more conspicuous appearance of the
under-side border is perfectly clear in Fig. 1, Plate XIII.
And there is one other point not expressly mentioned
although probably implied by Mr. Trimen, which is I
think the most convincing evidence of all in favour of
adaptation in the direction of conspicuousness ;—the fact
that the spots of ground-colour included in the basal black
patch of the hind-wing, and absent from the upper-side,
are distinctly lighter in tint than the rest of the ground-
colour, and thus afford a far more effective contrast with the
black. 'This difference in tint is well seen in Fig. 1, Plate
XII. The spot in the basal black of the fore-wing which
represents a similarly-placed spot on the upper-side, is
also often lighter than the rest of the under-side eround-
colour, but the difference is far less marked than in the
hind-wing and is sometimes absent.
Now the basal area of the under-side of butterflies’
wings and especially of the exposed hind-wing is a part
specially seized upon by natural selection for the display
of conspicuous warning characters. It is seen in the red
patches of many Pierine genera, especially the distasteful
Delias (appearing also in its Chalcosid mimics) in the Old
World, and several Piering in the New, where Dr. F. A.
Dixey has shown that the character has probably been
adopted by Heliconine in Miillerian association with them,
the relationship—an important discovery first made in
1894 by Dixey—being one of “ eee assimilation ” or
“ diaposematic resemblance ” Seaey Ent. Soc. Lond., 1894,
pp. 296-298 ; 1896, pp. 72-74; 1897, pp. 326, 327, 331 ;
Proc. Ent. Soc., 1897, p. xxix). A stripe of bright yellow
or red bordering the basal part of the costal margin of the
under-side of the hind-wing of a large number of distaste-
ful tropical American butterflies of different sub-families
is another very characteristic synaposeme, rendering the
same part of the wing especially conspicuous. And in
Africa itself we have the most remarkable case of all, in
the triangular golden-brown, black-marked synaposeme
which is discussed at some length on pages 488 to 490
of the present memoir. Furthermore, there is the group
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 427
of large black spots on a light ground which renders this
part of the wimg prominent in such large numbers of
Ethiopian butterflies.
In the wet phase of. Precis sesamus this area is also
remarkably conspicuous, but by a method which is as
positive to negative in relation to other distasteful butter-
flies inhabiting the same part of the world, viz. by the
appearance of light spots on a black ground, instead of
black spots on a light ground.
Thus it is improbable that this particular element in the
conspicuous appearance of the under-side of the wet phase
of P. sesamus can be mimetic, and its existence, side by
side with a general resemblance in colour and pattern to a
large Acrwa, is evidence that such resemblance is Miil-
lerian or synaposematic rather than Batesian or pseudapo-
sematic. This argument is much strengthened by the
discussion of the wet phase of the allied P. archesia (see
pp. 428-430).
Much that has been said of P. sesamus applies with
greater force to the closely-allied P. antilope. On compar-
ing the under-side of the wet phase, shown in Fig. 4, Plate
XIII, with the upper-side of the same specimen, shown in
Fig. 3, Plate XII, it is at once seen that the difference in
tint of the ground-colour and in conspicuousness of the
marginal band ‘on the two wing surfaces is far more pro-
nounced than in the species which has been just described.
In fact, with an upper-side which is much less conspicuous
than sesamus GZ (compare Figs. 3 and 1b, Plate XIT: it must
be remembered that the ground-colour of 3 is merely
tawny, while that of 1) is salmon-red), the wet phase of
antilope combines an under-side which is distinctly more
conspicuous than that of the corresponding form of the
allied larger species (compare Figs. 4 and 1, Plate XIII).
The increased conspicuousness 1s especially clear in the
relative size of the spots in the basal black patch and the
inclusion in it of a very large piece of the ground-colour of
the fore-wing. Here too the increased lightness of the
spots of ground-colour in the black area is often distinct,
as itis in Fig, 4, Plate XIII, but in a large proportion of
the individuals I have had the opportunity of examining
it is only feebly marked.
In P. antilope @ there is probably some considerable syn-
aposematic approach towards the Acrwa type, but to a less
extent than in P. sesamus; while the conspicuous basal
428 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
character which is non-acreiform and purely aposematic
is far more emphasized than in the latter species. It is
probable that sesamus represents a later development, and
that in it the synaposematic elements have been gradually
strengthened and the peculiar aposematic character cor-
respondingly reduced.
We now pass to the consideration of a species in which
the conspicuous characters of the under-side of the wet
phase are probably entirely peculiar and aposematic.
Mr. Marshall’s suggestion in 1896 that Precis pelasgis is
the wet phase of P. archesia has never been confirmed by
breeding the one form from the other. It is, however,
certain that his conclusion was sound. The two forms
have often been captured i coitu. The female pe/asgis
represented in Plate XII, fig. 4, was captured by Mr.
Marshall iv coitw with the male archesia shown in Fig. 5 of
the same plate. Intermediate forms are much commoner
than in the ease of sesamus and antilope; and above all the
relationship of wet phase to dry is far closer in archesia, so
that it is possible to see how the one was derived from
the other more fully thanin any of the species with mark-
edly-different seasonal forms. The under-side of one of the
commonest forms of the dry phase is represented in Fig. 6
Plate XIII, and opposite toit that of the typical wet phase
in Fig. 5. At first sight they appear tot ally different, and
certainly the latter is as conspicuous as the former is well
concealed. An uncoloured illustration cannot do justice
to the varied shades of brown and grey on the under-side
of archesia (Fig. 6), and a long series of specimens would be
required to show the immense range of individual variation
by which all kinds of common appearances presented by dead
leaves are reproduced. Among such variations is one in
which the dark-brown eround- colour is almost uniform
and unmottled inside the mid-rib-like stripe (Fig. 7). From
this we pass to forms in which the stripe widens into a
light band (Fig. 8), clearly showing its homology with the
still more conspicuous band of pelasgis (compare Figs. 5 and
8). Such a variety as that shown in Fig. 8 is still a long way
on the archesia side of a form intermediate between the
wet and dry phase, and would certainly be eryptic rather
than conspicuous in nature, although not so well concealed
as the form shown in Fig. 7, and still less so than that
shown in Fig. 6. Truly intermediate varieties between
the wet and dry phases are not uncommon, in which
The Bionomices of South African Insects. 429
the broad band becomes sharply defined on its outer border,
but lacks the light tint of the full wet phase.
These considerations and the careful comparison of Figs.
5 to 8 on Plate XIII will show the essential nature of the
changes by which the cryptic under-side of the dry phase
is converted into the startlingly conspicuous under-side of
the wet phase, or vice versd. The mid-rib-like stripe
widens, lightens in tint, becomes sharply defined along its
outer border, and is now the “ warning band” of pelasgis.
The row of ocellated spots, many of which, with semi-
transparent white centres and specially-coloured borders,
suggest holes in the apparent leaf of archesia, become
entirely or almost entirely black upon the hind-wing, and
gain intensely black borders upon the fore-wing of pelasgis,
and, placed upon the light ground of the “ warning band,”
render this feature still more conspicuous. The mottling
disappears, and the ground-colour, both within and without
the borders of the “warning band,” becomes an almost
uniform very dark brown, forming a most effective contrast
with the band. Finally, the dead-leaf-like margin of the
wing of archesia is rendered conspicuous in pelasgis by a
black-and-white fringe and two parallel series of light
markings just within and parallel to the much less deeply
indented outline.
Furthermore, the comparison of Figs. 6 to 8 on Plate
XIII with Fig. 5 on Plate XII shows clearly enough that
the under-side of the dry phase of archesia differs from its
upper-side in being cryptic, while the comparison of Fig. 5
on Plate XIII with Fig. 4 on Plate XII shows that the
under-side differs from the upper-side of the wet phase
(pelasgis) in being more conspicuous, thus in both respects
acting like the two phases of sesamus and antilope. The
under-side of pelasgis is more conspicuous than its upper-
side because of the increased lightness and greater sharp-
ness of the borders of the band and the greater contrast
atforded by a darker ground-colour, also because of the
more pronounced light marginal markings.
I have described the relationship between the phases of
archesia at some len&th, because it was the consideration of
this species which first convinced me of the validity of the
interpretation here set forth, that we have convincing
evidence of natural selection acting in two opposite direc-
tions in the two phases—in the one to produce the maxi-
mum of concealment, in the other a very efficient form of
430 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
conspicuousness. When I realized that it was the mid-
rib-like stripe—the character which more than any other
gives meaning to the cryptic resemblance to a dead leaf;
that it was this very character which, transformed into the
‘warning band,” became the conspicuous feature of the
wet phase—the operation of natural selection seemed as
clear in the one case as the other.
When we examine the species of the whole genus
Precis and those of the genera allied to it, the conclusion
is forced upon us that the dry cryptic phases are ancestral
as compared with the conspicuous wet phases. I do not
mean to imply that the cryptic forms have not altered,
but that the original form of the species possessed a eryptic
under-side, which has been handed down with more or less
change as the cryptic under-side of the existing dry phase,
while the conspicuous under-side of the existing wet phase
is a new and comparatively recent development. This
question of the relative age of the two forms is most im-
portant and interesting, and from the very first occupied
Mr. Marshall’s attention. Thus the following passage 1s
extracted from a letter written a few weeks after his
discovery :—
“ Salisbury, June 5, 1898.—I should be most interested
to learn your ideas as to the reasons for the singular
seasonal change in this species, for I must admit that I
cannot arrive at any really satisfactory conclusion on the
subject as yet. The blue scales of seswmus are my chief
stumbling-block, for I certainly cannot perceive what
utility they can possess, and considering its protective
under-side colouring there seems no reason why it should
not have retained its wet-season colours abov e, as in the
case of P. artaxia or P. ceryne. I suppose you will agree
that sesamus is a later development ?”
For the reasons I have indicated above it is difficult
to doubt that the cryptic character of the under-side
of sesamus is ancestral and the conspicuous under-side of
natalensis relatively recent, but with regard to the upper-
sides this conclusion is by no means so evident. Indeed
on comparing the species with anti/ope and other allies, it
seems probable that the upper-side of natalensis is more
ancestral than that of sesamus, having been chiefly modified
in tint, thus falling into Miillerian association with the
larger Acreas. The upper-side of sesamus probably
shows cryptic changes in the acquisition of the far darker
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 431
colours which render the phase less conspicuous in the
stations it frequents.
There does not seem to be any escape however from the
conclusion that the conspicuous under-sides of the wet phases
are relatively recent, and if this conclusion be considered
in relation to the comparison between the under-sides of
archesia and pelasgis, it leads inevitably to the conclusion
that the conspicuows appearance of the one has been
modified out of the older cryptic appearance of the other,
and not vice versd.
On what hypothesis can we believe that such a change
has taken place? In the existing state of our knowledge
there are only two possible interpretations: (1) that the
modification is mimetic of some other conspicuous dis-
tasteful form; (2) that it is a warning of some special
protection possessed by the Precis itself. The former
interpretation cannot apply to the case of pelasgis, because
its pattern is so unlike that of the well-known distasteful
Ethiopian Rhopalocera, although some advantage may be
gained by Miillerian association with black and white
aposematic genera such as Amauris, Neptis, Planema, ete.
Furthermore, it has been shown that there are important
elements in the conspicuous under-sides of the wet phases
of sesamus and antilope which are not synaposematic,
although the appearance as a whole is probably to be
explained in this way. I therefore firmly believe that the
conspicuous appearance of pelasgis has been produced by
selection from the cryptic archesia as a warning character
indicative of some special protection, an aposeme pro-
claiming that it is less palatable or in some way less suit-
able as the food of insect-eating animals than an immense
number of other species which abound during the wet
season in the same stations.
I proved in 1887 (Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 191) that the likes
and dislikes of insect-eating animals are purely relative,
and that a conspicuous distasteful form will’ be freely
eaten under the stress of hunger, that the existence of
these forms depended entirely upon the co-existence in
their neighbourhood of an abundance of palatable species,
that under any other circumstances the warning colours
if freely exposed would be a danger and would lead to the
extermination of the species. As soon as I had studied
the case of wrchesia and pelasgis I felt convinced that the
432 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
extraordinary seasonal phases of Precis were to be inter-
preted along the lines suggested in 1887—that we have to
do with a set of somewhat distasteful species which can
only exist in the keen struggle of the dry African winter
when food palatable to insect-eaters is relatively scarce, by
a very high standard of protective disguise associated with
the appropriate instincts, but gain the recognized advan-
tages of aposematic colouring by producing markedly
conspicuous generations during the moist summer, when
insect- eating. animals have a much greater variety and
abundance of suitable food.
F. The severity of the Struggle for Existence among Insects
in the African Dry Season as compared with the Wet.
The relation of the Seasonal Changes in Precis to
those of other Butterflies.
As soon as the idea expressed in the concluding para-
graph of the last section of this memoir occurred to me, I
wrote to Mr. Marshall asking for his experience on the
subject, and also inquiring whether any of the admittedly
unpalatable African butterflies exhibited seasonal changes,
such that the winter generations became comparatively
inconspicuous,
His deeply-interesting reply is printed in extenso below.
“Salisbury, Jan. 8, 1899.—As to your query about the
keenness of the struggle for existence at the two seasons,
in my own mind [| had never felt < any doubt that the dry
season is certainly the more critical period for insects, and
this I referred to incidentally in my paper on Precis (Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. ii, July 1898, p. 36). It
is true that insectivorous birds are far more numerous
during the summer, but this I think would be more than
outbalanced by the increase of such insects as Coleoptera,
Hymenoptera, Diptera, etc., apart from the fact that the
summer broods of the perennial butterflies are undoubtedly
larger and much more numerous (some Pievinx have a fresh
brood every four or five weeks), and that a number of
additional species make their appearance at that season
only. On the other hand, during the dry season, although
a number of migratory birds depart northwards, yet we
have a considerable number of resident insectivorous birds,
including rollers, drongos, shrikes, flycatchers, bush-king-
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 433
fishers, etc., and owing to the warmth of the midday sun,
even in mid-winter, the lizards are always more or less
active, and the insectivorous mammals are probably in no
way reduced. With the insects it is very different ; owing
to the parching up of the vegetation the hosts of phyto-
phagous insects disappear almost entirely, and the diminu-
tion in insect-life is enormous, being most noticeable
among the Coleoptera and least so among butterflies, of
which latter almost two-thirds have winter broods; and
moreover their lives would be rendered even more pre-
carious by the generally adverse conditions of their
environment from climatic causes. It therefore seems
clear that the struggle for existence would fall pretty
severely on butterflies during the winter, owing to their
general conspicuousness, and that such is actually the case
is shown by the numerous instances of the development of
a highly-protective under-side coloration durimg the dry
season among Satyrinex, Nymphaline, Lycenidx, and
Picrine. That the strugele is sufficiently keen, however,
to compel unpalatable species to adopt protective color-
ation I should not like to say. The following is, I take it,
a complete list of the South African genera possessing
more or less undoubted distasteful qualities: Limnas,
Amauris, Acrea, Planema, Pardopsis, Neptis, Pentila,
Alena, Mylothris, and Pontia hellica, and with the ex-
ception of Acrva none of these exhibit any change of
colour during the winter which can possibly be construed
as protective. Dealing therefore with Acra, I find that
even in this genus a considerable number of species such
as horta, neobule, anemosa, acara, encedon, cabira, etc.,
exhibit only a comparatively insignificant seasonal dimor-
phism or even none at all. There remains therefore a group
composing such insects as violarum-asema, nohara-halali,
petrea, doubledayi-axina, atolmis, buxtoni, ete.,in which the
dimorphism is fairly strongly marked in one sex or the
other, and an interesting feature about this group is that
they are all, with the exception of petrea, frequenters of
open country, having a low flight and frequently sitting on
the ground. It is also noticeable that this group, unlike the
other, presents a very marked difference in the sexes, and
wherever this is not the case, both sexes have a distinctly
obscure coloration as compared with their congeners, é. g.
axina and asema; further, that where the summer males
exhibit any exceptional brilliancy, as petrwa, atolmis, or
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART HII. (NOV.) 29
4.34 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
nohara, it is always compensated for by an exceptional
dulness on the part of their respective females. I fear I
do not feel sufficiently competent to attempt an explan-
ation of the above facts, but I think you will agree that
as a whole they hardly bear out the stiggestion that
distasteful species are compelled to adopt protective
colouring in winter through the keener struggle for exist-
ence; and for the present I am tempted to incline to the
view that the less marked cases of dimorphism may be
attributable to purely climatic causes. The colouring of the
other open veldt Acre, viz. halali, axina, and asema, 1s
somewhat puzzling; for in the two latter it is far from
being very brilliant or conspicuous; in ha/ali, the male in
summer is very brithant, but the blackish or brownish
grey of the female is certainly protective, and the insect
when alarmed is very bard to follow with the eye in its
low dodging flight over the herbage. In the winter the
colouring of both sexes of all three s species is certainly not
very conspicuous among the withered grass. Either their
unpalatability must be of a low order, or else they must
be more subject to attack by some particular enemies than
the woodland species. I should not be surprised if the
rollers, of which we have five species, or cuckoos (also
five) were to eat Acrzeas, as they are all far from particular
as to their diet.”
This hypothesis concerning certain of the smaller
Acreas had been in Mr. Marshall’s mind for a long time.
Thus he wrote in 1896 from Natal :—-
« Estcourt, Oct. 15, 1896.—I have an idea that all the
species of the genus Acrwa are not protected equally by
nauseous taste, ete., and some of them perhaps not at all;
for in many of the smaller species there is a marked
seasonal dimorphism which has clearly a protective value.
Now such a change seems hardly in keeping with warning
coloration, which must be constant to impress itself on the
minds of enemies, and moreover a species which requires
protection by seasonal dimorphism cannot be very much
protected in other ways, not to mention the fact that its
colouring cannot be both warning and protective at the
same time. There is, of course, nothing to show how
much of the seasonal change we can attribute to climate
alone. For instance, in comparing the slight alteration in
an A. acara with the marked change in female A. petra,
are we to suppose that the dark-grey female of the latter
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 435
is due solely to climatic influence, and that such a change
in the former is checked by the necessity for keeping the
warning coloration uniform, or are we to consider that the
slight change in the former is all that climate can effect,
and that in the case of petrwa this slight climatic effect
has been enhanced by some other cause—presumably
protection? Personally I incline to the latter view, but in
either case it is clear that there are varying grades of
protection by distastefulness in the genus.”
An extract from another letter states the same im-
portant conclusions as to the severity of the struggle
during the dry season.
“ Salisbury, March, 10, 1898.—There are very few butter-
flies (South African, at least), exclusive of the admittedly
protected species and their mimics, of which the bright
colour cannot be explained on the Tecracolus-Kallima
basis. The most evident exceptions are byblia, certain
species of Precis, as sesamus (form natalensis), ceryne, etc.,
which are practically coloured the same below as above,
and Belenois severina and mesentina. The first I will
admit has been so far a stumbling-block to me, though I
am not yet prepared to accept it as a protected species.
Provided that my ideas on seasonal variation in Precis be
correct, these would also fall under the same heading as
Teracolus, for like them they only assume the protective
under-side colouring during winter, when attacks from birds
are no doubt a great deal more to be feared, owing to the
almost complete absence of easily-caught prey, such as
beetles and other small insects; the summer forms
probably are very little molested by birds, owing to their
great agility and alertness, and the profusion of other
insects at that period; they do, however, not unfre-
quently fall a prey to the rock-lizards, which stalk them
with much astuteness, as I have observed on several
occasions.
“With regard to Belenois my mind is still open, for it is
a very curious genus, containing as it does the above two
species which might perhaps from certain considerations be
considered protected, and at the same time a species like 2.
gidica which evidently comes under.the Teracolus heading,
and lastly B. thysa which, to my mind at least, is clearly a
Batesian mimic,”
After a consideration of the evidence brought forward
above, it will be generally admitted that the struggle for
436 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
existence is far keener in the dry winter season, and that
butterflies are especially subject to it.
The most distasteful forms, many of which are the
models for mimicry, are sufficiently protected to retain
their conspicuous aposematic appearance throughout the
year, and either exhibit no change in the winter season or
a change which is not in any way cryptic.
While this is true of all the larger and most conspicuous
Acreas, some of the smaller Acrzas do exhibit changes
in a cryptic direction in their winter generations. These
are Acrzeas which, from their colourmg and habits, may
be inferred to possess only a moderate degree of unpalat-
ability as compared with the other species of the genus.
Cases in which colouring is “warning and protective
[procryptic] at the same time” are quite common, e. g.
the protected larvee of many Tenthredinide which har-
monize sufficiently well with their food-plant to be con-
cealed at a little distance, but assume the most conspicu-
ous aposematic attitudes and movements as soon as they
are discovered and disturbed. But in the case of the
smaller Acreeas suggested by Mr. Marshall, the colouring
which is most procryptic does not occur at the same time
as that which is less procryptic or probably aposematic.
Mr. Marshall’s numerous experiments upon the edibility of
the smaller Acrzeas (see Sections 9, 18, 19) do not support
the view that any of them are palatable to the insect-
eating animals made use of. It has already been pointed
out that the refusal or evident dislike of insect food by
captive animals is trustworthy evidence of unpalatability,
while acceptance is not proof of palatability (see p. 317).
The smaller Acraeas furthermore fall into beautiful syn-
aposematic groups (see pp. 492, 493); indeed a strong
Miillerian association can be recognized throughout almost
the whole of the Ethiopian representatives of the genus,
as was first suggested by Professor Meldola (Ann, and
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. x, 1882, p. 425).
It is therefore probable that these smaller Acrzeas are
still specially protected, although to a less extent than
other species of the genus, but that the keener struggle
of the dry season has compelled them to produce gener-
ations which are inconspicuous as compared with those of
the wet season.
If these interpretations here suggested be correct, the
parallelism with Precis sesamus, etc., is very remarkable.
The Bionomres of South African Insects. 437
In the Acrwine we find that the least unpalatable species
of an unpalatable and conspicuous family have been com-
pelled to produce relatively inconspicuous generations in
the severe struggle of the dry season: in the Nymphaline
we find that some of the less palatable species of a com-
paratively palatable and inconspicuous family have been
compelled to produce strongly conspicuous generations in
the wet season when more edible insect food is abundant.
The interpretation I have here suggested was put
forward very cautiously in a note, dated Nov. 1898, to a
short paper on Mr. Marshall’s results with P. sesamus in
the Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., Oct. 5, 1898, pp. xxv, Xxvl.
The note points out that insects with warning colours
are not to be seen in an English winter. “Those such as
Coccinellidx, which exist in the perfect form, hide them-
selves. The reason probably is that the amount of palat-
able food available is not sufficient to make it safe to rely
on unpalatability, accompanied by warning colouring [see
also ‘Colours of Animals,’ London, 1890, pp. 179, 180].
Experiments with hungry animals support this view. It
is possible that the conditions are similar in South Africa
[it is perhaps unnecessary to state that organic conditions
were alone referred to], and that warning colours are more
characteristic of the wet than of the dry season, thus
affording greater opportunities for mimetic resemblance.
If it should hereafter be shown that Precis is to some
extent unpalatable, and that its resemblance to an Acrean
type is synaposematic rather than pseudaposematic, the
parallelism with our own fauna would be even closer, the
conspicuous species which hide and thus adopt procryptic
habits being represented by one which gives rise to
another brood with markedly procryptic colouring and
habits.”
Mr. Marshall in commenting on this note records the
following interesting observations on the habits of South
African Coleoptera as determined by damp and dryness.
“Salisbury, Feb. 12, 1899.—Do you think that the
English Coccinellide really hide in winter owing to their
increased danger from enemies, and not from climatic
causes? I ask the question because in this country
Coleoptera are highly susceptible to weather. They
appear to be for the most part absolutely dependent on
moisture, this being especially noticeable among the ter-
restrial forms such as Cicindelidxe, Carabidex, Psammodes,
4.38 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
Anomalipus, etc. These insects appear with a rush as
soon as the early rains have saturated the ground, but
should a dry spell supervene, they disappear as rapidly as
they came, only to emerge again on the recurrence of a
good rain. The case of the dung-beetles has always
puzzled me, for here we have a large family of powerful
and apparently hardy beetles, which have a constant
supply of food all the year round, and yet they are unable
to stand out the winter in the imago state, although a
delicate butterfly can do so. In fact, the Copridx are
quite as dependent on moisture as the large Carabide, and
are only to be seen at work from November to March,
retiring even then during the dry spells.”
The interesting effects of dryness described above cer-
tainly cannot be produced in our damp winters, and it is
difficult to believe that our cold can be the cause of the
retirement of Coceinellidx, etc., when species of insects
closely allied to those of England can endure to be frozen
stiff and brittle in a temperature of 50 degrees below zero
(F.) in a Manitoban winter.
Another letter from Mr. Marshall, received about the
same time, contains a different comment upon the inter-
pretation suggested by the present writer in 1898 and
here amplified.
“Salisbury, Jan. 8, 1899.—I can fully perceive that
any arguments that wmay be brought forward in support
of the contention that Precis sesamus (natalensis form)
is an example of incipient mimicry are equally applicable
to the suggestion of incipient warning coloration, and
for the present it must remain a matter of opinion as to
which is the correct explanation, though the alertness of
the insect and its undoubted palatability, so far as lizards
are concerned, seems to lend more support to the former
view to my mind.” [See also Aun. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 7, vol. 1, July 1898, p. 35.]
It has been here shown that there are important elements
in the under-side coloration of the wet phases of Precis
sesamus and P. antilope which cannot be explained as
mimicry, Batesian or Miillerian (see pp. 425-8), while the
entire appearance of the under surface of 2. archesia form
pelasgis can only be interpreted as a warning character
(pp. 428-431).
The conspicuous appearance of the under-sides of these
forms is doubtless chiefly adapted to render them con-
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 439
spicuous during the attitude of rest. There is probably
a certain parallelism with cryptic under-sides, such as those
of our Vanesside, which have no particular meaning in
flight and when the insect alights, but still remains fully
on the alert. The resting attitude is specialized in relation
to the development of cryptic colours and patterns on the
under-side, and in this attitude cryptic insects are always in-
conspicuous. Apart from the evidence of adaptation in the
direction of conspicuousness on the under-side of the wet
phases of Pyecis—the strongest argument for the presence
of some distasteful quality--the mere existence of such
ah appearance in a palatable species is inconsistent with
the explanation of cryptic under-sides as the product of
adaptation in the direction of concealment from enemies.
The successful attacks of a species of lizard may be
analogous to other well-known instances in which special
enemies, such as the cuckoo, are known to devour con-
spicuous unpalatable insects.
Two other arguments in Mr. Marshall’s paper (Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. 11, July 1898, p. 30)
must be met here. First, the suggestion that the brilliant
colours of natalensis are due to the impunity with which
such a development can arise in the limited struggle for
existence in the stations occupied by the species, and the
abundance in the wet season of other insect food (loc. cit.,
pp. 35, 36). Such a suggestion does not explain the
under-side coloration, and. especially the evidences of
* adaptation init. Secondly, Mr. Marshall meets de Nicé-
ville’sand Weismann’s contention, that both seasonal forms
“must be adaptive, otherwise the non-adaptive form would
be gradually supplanted by its more favoured relative,”
by the suggestion that the dry-season phase may be a recent
development which is even now actually supplanting the
wet phase (loc. cit., pp. 86, 87). It is, however, difticult
to believe, looking at the Ny ymphalinse as a whole, and
especially the nearest allies of the species under discussion,
that the conspicuous under-side of the wet phase is an-
cestral, and the cryptic under-side of the dry phase recent
(see p. 430), so that the argument set forth above seems
to me untouched. Mr. Marshall has indeed shown that
the dry phase of P. artaxia has actually supplanted the
wet phase (nachtigalit) in forest regions, where the
struggle for existence is far more uniform at all seasons
of the year than it is in the more open woodland country
4.4.0) Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
in which the dry and wet phases alternate. The displace-
ment of one form of artaxia by another is however no
evidence of relative age, but only of relatively better
adaptation to the conditions which obtain in the area
where the displacement has occurred. Hence the ob-
servation recorded by Mr. Marshall seems to me strongly
to confirm de Nicéville’s and Weismann’s conclusion that
when both seasonal phases exist, both are adaptive.
Mr. Marshall also shows on pp. 421 to 428 that the
species of Precis entirely restricted to forest regions possess
cryptic under-sides and habits all the year round, although
the dry-season generations are more completely cryptic.
It is not difficult to understand the observations referred
to above,—viz. that the appearance and habits while
cryptic all the year round should be more cryptic in the
generations of greatest stress. Thus Mr. Marshall describes
the wet-season phase of the purple-tipped South African
Teracoli as having under-sides not specially well adapted
for concealment on the ground during the resting attitude,
and without the habit of suddenly settling when pursued,
modes of concealment adopted by the dry-season generations.
In such examples the success of the adaptations may be
equal in the two seasons because of the ditference in the
intensity of the struggle. But the extreme seasonal phases
of Precis can never be thus understood, because the wet
forms are not merely less cryptic than the dry, they have
gone over into the opposite camp, and have developed a
very extreme, and, except in the examples of mimicry and
warning colours, an unknown degree of conspicuousness.
Another and very interesting form of seasonal dimor-
phism is that which has been well known for a long time
in the Satyrinx, and consists chiefly in the development
of conspicuous ocelli, especially upon the under-side of
the wet phases and their greater or less suppression in
the dry. No interpretation of the change has, so far as
I am aware, been attempted, except that of Portschinski,
which has been further alluded to and criticized on p. 898.
I think it is probable that a valid interpretation is sug-
gested by the result of an experiment made in 1887, and
witnessed by Professor Meldola as well as by me. A
specimen of Cenonympha pamphilus was introduced into a
lizard’s cage. ‘‘ It was at once obvious that the lizard was
greatly interested in the large eye-like mark on the under-
side of the fore-wing: it examined the mark intently, and
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 441
several times attempted to seize the butterfly at this spot.
The observation seems to point to, at any rate, one use
of the eye-like markings which are common on the under-
sides of the wings of butterflies,” viz. in order to attract the
attention of an enemy, and thus divert it from more vital
parts (“Colours of Animals,” London, 1890, pp. 206, 207).
The same interpretation is suggested by the habits of
many species which expose an eye-spot as soon as they
settle, when they are likely to be seized by an enemy
which has marked them down to their resting-place, but
quickly lower the wings and conceal the spot, so that they
are far more likely to be concealed from an enemy which
has not been specially directed to the exact place by
seeing them alight. (Much confirmation will be found
on pp. 371-5, where Mr. Marshall’s injured specimens are
described.)
Such directive marks may well be an advantage in the
wet season, when enemies with an abundance of other
insect food are less keen in their pursuit of butterflies,
but in the far greater stress of the dry season we can
understand how they would become a danger, and how
the only chance of the survival of the species lies in the
adoption of a cryptic appearance, and cryptic instincts in
their most extreme and unqualified form.
This explanation has much in common with that sug-
gested for the seasonal phases of Precis. Indeed, it is of
much interest to observe that nachtigali, the wet form
of P. artaxia, has precisely the same relationship to the
dry form as that described above in Satyrinw. It is far
less cryptic than the leaf-like dry phase, but it is not
conspicuous. The ocelli on the under-sides of both wings
and the strongly-marked hind margins, together with the
specially prominent apex of the fore-wing, are probably
directive characters which divert the attention of an
enemy from the vital structures, when the insect is at rest
with its wings closed.
The relationship of the interpretation in Precis to that
just suggested in Satyrinw, and to that offered in certain
smaller Acrzeas (see pp. 433-7), renders it on the whole
improbable that there is any alternation in degrees of un-
palatability corresponding to the alternation in the seasons.
There is, however, no @ priori difficulty in the hypothesis
that a higher degree of unpalatability may be correlated
with the conspicuous colouring of the wet phase of Precis ;
442 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
and experiments specially undertaken in order to test the
suggestion would be of much interest. That the hypothesis
is improbable is further shown by a long series of experi-
ments (hitherto only published in abstract in the Report
of the British Association, Manchester, 1887, p. 763)
which I conducted in 1887 with lizards and the highly
insectivorous marmoset. Large numbers of the imagines
of Vanessa io and V. urtice were made use of, and I came
to the decided conclusion that both were somewhat un-
palatable. They were certainly only eaten when the
insect enemies under observation were hungry. Now the
strongly cryptic under-side of both species associated with
a fairly-conspicuous upper-side renders them in every
way comparable to the dry phases of Precis. ‘The results
of my experiments suggest that if Vanessa urtice appeared
on the wing in the teeming organic environment of Africa
in the wet season—with far more enemies but an even
greater preponderance of palatable insects—it would be to
its advantage with its present degree of unpalatability to
acquire a conspicuous under- side coloration, and thus to
ensure easy recognition and rejection with comparatively
little loss of life “by experimental trials.
The considerations set forth above suggest what will
probably hereafter be proved to be true, that a degree of
unpalatability associated with a conspicuous appearance
in the tropics will often appear associated with a cryptic
appearance in the Holarctic Belt as well as in those areas
of the tropics in which for special reasons the amount
and variety of insect life is greatly restricted.
It is suggested on pages 475 to 477, that this is the
interpretation of the loss of much of the aposematic ap-
pearance of Limnas chrysippus, var. klugit, on desert areas
in the tropics.
To return to the seasonally dimorphic Ethiopian species
of the genus Precis, if the two phases have been produced,
as is here contended, by natural selection working in
opposite directions because opposite kinds of adaptation
are advantageous in the very different organic environ-
ments of the wet and dry seasons, the questions as to the
way in which the change is actually determined, and as
to the existence of any kind of susceptibility to external
influences connected with the seasons, are still unanswered.
The considerable amount of labour devoted by Mr. Marshall
to the solution of this problem has up to the present
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 443
yielded negative results. Before describing his experiments
and discussing the results, it is desirable to show the
mode of succession of the phases in the wild state. By
far the most complete evidence I have been able to obtain
relates to a single species, P. sesanvus,
G. The succession of the two Seasonal Phases of Precis
sesamus in Nature.
The following extracts from Mr. Marshall’s letters from
1897-1900 give an account of his experience of the
succession of wet and dry forms of this species in the wild
state, and also show how the conviction was gradually
forced upon him that the early appearance of occasional
specimens of the dry phase in the heart of the wet
season is not due, as he thought at first, to exceptional
climatic conditions (see also his paper in Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. vii, Nov. 1901, p. 402).
: Malver n, Natal ; March 12 2, 1897.—You will notice that
the dry forms of several species made their appearance at
the Karkloof in the middle of February: this is most
unusually early. I do not know whether it is a feature
and characteristic of that locality or whether it is due to
the abnormally dry weather during that month, which is
usually one of the wettest in the year. The average rain-
fall for this February was considerably lower than it has
been for twenty years. It is true that here the insects
are still all of the true summer form, but the proximity of
the sea may account for that.”
“Salisbury, March 6, 1898.—Scsanus was unusually early
here this year, appearing at the beginning of February,
full six weeks before its usual time. This I am inclined
to attribute to the exceptionally dry January and February
we have had—normally our wettest months—though I
am aware that Weismann considers that exceptional
seasons have little or no effect on seasonal forms, which
certainly does not accord with my experience in S.
Africa. ‘
“Salisbury, Feb. 12, 1899.—I send a specimen of P.
sesamus © captured on Jan, 27, 1899, on which day I also
saw another. ‘These two examples are of considerable
interest as bearing on the problem concerning the stimulus
f=)
which actually induces seasonal change in this species.
444 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
In a normal wet season (in which there are more or less
continuous heavy rains from the middle of December to
the end of February) P. sesamus © appears at the end of
March. Last season we had heavy rains up to the end of
December 1897, but January was unusually dry and
sesamus () appeared on Feb. 6, being the earliest record I
had for it. This season the drought was still more severe
in January and commenced earlier, viz. about Dec. 12.
This has been accompanied by a still earlier appearance of
sesamus @. The evidence so far as it goes tends to show
that climatic conditions, in some cases at least, are directly
‘apable of inducing the change and upsetting the normal
alternation of the forms. Here, owing to highly abnormal
conditions, we have the dry form occurring at what is
normally the very height of the wet season. Moreover,
ever since I have observed seasonal dimorphism in butter-
flies I have noticed the effect of abnormal weather in
retarding or accelerating the appearance of either form,
and Barker has made similar observations at Malvern, near
Durban, Natal.”
“Salisbury, April 25, 1899.—The sesamus form is
evidently more dominant than the natalensis, for despite
the heavy rains in February 1899 the latter made very
little headway after the appearance of the dry-season
form; whereas among such insects as the Pierine the
result of the alternating extremes was much more
evident.”
“ Salisbury, Feb. 7, 1900.—In spite of our heavy rains
during January (16°75 inches for the month) the winter
forms of Precis are appearing just as early as last year,
which has puzzled me considerably. I shall send you the
first examples of each form captured.”
“ Salisbury, June 26, 1900.—I am afraid I am not yet
convinced as to the automatic alternations [viz. due to the
organism itself and not to external stimuli] of the seasonal
forms in P. sesanvus; there seems to be at present an equal
amount of pridence on either side, and until the matter
can be settled by an exhaustive series of experiments al
must retain an open mind on the question.”
I have given below a list of all the specimens of the two
phases of “Precis sesanvus sent to me from Mashonaland by
Mr. Marshall. ;
The Bionomics of South African Insects.
445
| FORM OF Precis sesamus
LOCALITY. OBSERVER. DATE, IN HOPE COLLECTION.
Mazoe, G. A. K. Marshall. | Dec. 28, 1894. | 1 natalensis, fresh,
4000 ft.
Gadzima, { Dec. 20, 1895. | 1 natalensis, fresh.
4200 ft., G. A. K. Marshall. - |
Umfuli River. | Dec. 23, 1895. | 3 natalensis, fresh.
Salisbury, il
5000 ft. Jf
G. A. K. Marshall. /
March 20, 1895.
1 sesamus, fresh.
| Feb.
13, 1898.
2 natalensis (in coitu).
3 worn, @ fresh.
. 20, 1898.
1 natalensis, fresh.
. 27, 1898.
1 natalensis, worn (par-
ent of 1. sesamus,
and 1 natalensis).
March 2, 1898.
1 sesamus, fresh.
|| March 6, 1898.
1 natalensis, worn (par-
ent of 1 sesamus).
|| March 12, 1898.
March 16, 1898.
1 sesamus, fresh.
1 sesamus, fresh,
April 2, 1898.
1 sesamus, fresh.
| Jan. 27, 1899.
it sesamus, fresh (the
| first seen in 1899).
| March 11, 1899.
1 natalensis, worn.
Feb. 3, 1900.
1 sesamus, fresh (the
second seen in 1900).
Jan. 23, 1901.
1 natalensis, fresh.
Jan. 26, 1901.
1 sesamus, fresh (the
first seen in 1901).
March 2, 1901.
1 sesamus, fresh, trans-
itional towards natal-
ensis.
April 8, 1901.
2 sesamus, fresh.
A study of the above list makes it probable that the
occurrence of occasional specimens of the dry phase of
sesamus in January and February is a normal overlap.
446 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
Very careful and numerous records over a large number
of years would be required to show that any change in the
relative time limits of the two forms is taking place.
Owing to the kindness of Mr. 8. L. Hinde, H. M. Sub-
Commissioner, Kast African Protectorate, and Mrs. Hinde,
I have received a most interesting series of the two forms
from British East Africa, probably near the northern
boundary of the range of the species. The numbers,
captured in a short time on a limited area, are sufficient
to enable us to judge of the relative proportions of the
two forms, and we see that in May and the beginning of
June the two occur mixed in about equal proportions,
while in December and January the wet phase greatly
predominates, although an occasional dry form appears, as
it does in Mashonaland, early in January. I have included
in the series two other specimens from near the northern
part of the range of P. sesamus. The whole list is wonder-
fully similar to that from Mashonaland, and supports the
view that Mr. Marshall’s observations record the normal
mode of replacement of the wet by the dry phase, although
the former persists in large numbers much later in the
north than it does in the south.
447
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448 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
The succession of the seasons is very different, in the
region in which Mr, and Mrs. Hinde captured the butter-
flies, from that which obtains in Salisbury. The two
forms of succession are shown in parallel columns below.
BRITISH EAST AFRICA | MASHONALAND
(MACHAKOS, KITUI, ETC.), | (SALISBURY, MAZOE, GADZIMA).
Mid-October Small wet season Early November )\ Wet season, aver-
to (about 17—18 age rainfall of
Mid-December J inches). | to | Salisbury about
__ to \gmall dry season. | ; : 35 inches.
Mid-March J. | = Mid- April
fa Big wet season
- (about 17—18 |
end May =f inches). | to Dry season,
sagt -Big dry season
Mid-October J "° y season. | Early November
J
It is to be observed that the rainfall of the small and
the big wet seasons are about the same, and also that the
country is not really dried up in the small dry season
except in unusually dry years. The country is always
dried up in the big dry season,
In spite of these great differences in the seasons, the
succession of the phases is wonderfully alike in the two
areas, as has been pointed out above. We must conclude
that sesamus can produce two seasonal phases annually
but not more, so that the small dry season of the north
is no more effective in producing the dry phase than the
simultaneous wet season of the south. The species is so
constituted that it produces a dry phase for the big dry
season and a wet phase for the rest of the year, some of
the dry-phase individuals being produced some months
before the normal change takes place, viz. at and just
before the beginning of the chief dry season. The differ-
ence between the date at which this great change of
seasons takes place in north and south is attended by a
corresponding difference in the date at which the wet
hase of sesamws gives place to the dry. Both lists are
unfortunately wanting at the transition from the big dry
season to the wet. There is indeed only a single record
for the period between the beginning of June and the
beginning of December. Speaking from memory, Mr.
Marshall thinks that the break from sesamus to natalensis
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 449
at the beginning of the wet season is not sharp; indeed,
he has a distinct recollection of seeing them flying together
at that season fairly frequently. “I believe,’ he writes
(1902), “that in some seasons one might take sesamus in
every month of the year. Certainly at Gadzima, in 1895,
the true winter broods of sesamus lasted right up to the end
of December. In a dry spring, that is when the rains are
late in starting, buttertly life appears to be less abundant
and the emergence of the wet-season forms seems to be
retarded. On such occasions an actual break without
specimens might occur in such a comparatively unfavour-
able locality as Salisbury. But I believe that this would
be an unusual occurrence, and even if it happened in one
locality I doubt if it would necessarily take place every-
where at the same time; for example, in the moister parts
of the low veldt the succession of the broods would
probably continue unbroken. I am quite satisfied that
there are at least two or three broods of sesamus during
the winter months, that is if the condition of wild specimens
can be taken as any criterion. Food is much less plentiful
in the winter, but it is obtainable in quite sufficient
quantities to keep the species going. The change of
seasons from wet to dry is of rather a gradual character ;
the reverse change is more marked, but this depends a
good deal upon the total rainfall of the preceding year.
When this has been heavy, the ground retains a certain
amount of moisture throughout the winter, so that when
the frosts cease and the sun’s heat increases in the spring,
a large number of the earlier plants spring up and flower
before a drop of rain has fallen. But after a succession of
dry years this does not take place, and, with possibly a
few exceptions, none of the plants come out in response to
the heat, but require the rains to bring them out. In
this latter case the change in conditions is very strongly
marked, much more so than during a wet cycle.”
The discussion of the possible nature of the environ-
mental stimulus, if any, is better deferred until after the
description and consideration of Mr, Marshall’s experiments
in the next section.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART Ill. (NOV.) 30
450 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
H. The attempt to control the Phases of P. sesamus and
P. archesia by the artificial application of Moisture
and Heat to the earlier stages. Suggested lines of
Huperiment.
All the experiments hitherto made by Mr. Marshall were
directed towards the production of the wet natalensis and
pelasgis phases in place of the dry sesamus and archesia
respectively. .The whole of the specimens produced were
presented by Mr. Marshall to the Hope Collection, and all
are tabulated below, together with a statement of the
experimental conditions which were employed in each
ease. All experiments were made at Salisbury.
The following extracts from Mr. Marshall’s letters refer
to some of the experiments on sesamas :—
“ Salisbury, June 5, 1898.—I kept two larvee in a damp
jar, but one did not attach itself properly when pupating,
and the resulting pupa fell down when soft and was
killed. The other larva produced a black pupa which
emerged as the wet form [April 13, 1898, in the Table
below], but this was rendered nugatory by the fact that
one of the larve in normal conditions produced the same
form, though from a gilded pupa [April 20, 1898, in the
Table below].
“Salisbury, April 25, 1899.—I have fourteen bred
specimens of P. sesamus which I will send later [specimens
in year 1899 in the Table below]; I tried some experi-
ments with them, but the results are mostly negative.
There are two interesting varieties, one with a red bar in
the discoidal cell and another with the red spots much
reduced,”
451
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452 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
The experiments on the power of adaptation of the
pupal colours to their environment are very interesting,
and prove that the susceptibility resembles that of the
allied British species Vanessa wrtice. They also show
that there is no essential difference between the colours of
the pup of the two phases, but merely an adaptive
response to environments which differ in colour at the
two seasons, as suggested aby Mr. Marshall (Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., July 1898, p- 33). It is clear, from the experi-
ments, that if withered leaves of the usual winter yellow
appeared, owing to exceptional circumstances, in the
summer, larvee suspended to them would produce gilded
pupe instead of the usual dark summer forms, and,
mutatis mutandis, larvee would produce dark pup upon
dark leaves in the winter.
The highest form of procryptic defence, viz. the power
of each individual to respond adaptively to any of its
different normal environments, here exists in the helpless
pupal stage, although the under-side of the wet phase of
the imago can only be interpreted on the supposition
that natural selection has developed a conspicuous appear-
ance. Our own Vanesside however offer examples of the
same kind of association in the different stages of a single
life history. Thus the pup of V. wrtice and V. io have
the same specialized power of concealment, while their
gregarious black larvee are excessively conspicuous and the
imagines themselves by no means palatable to certain
enemies of insects (see p. 442).
No special significance appears to attach to the varieties
of the imagines produced in these experiments. The red
bar in the cell of No. 5 is a common variety which indeed
appears to be universal in the dry phase of the West
African P. octavia, and red scales can be detected in this
region in a large proportion of the individuals of P. sesamus.
The red spots of No. 5 are not specially developed. The
latter were largest in an individual exposed to normal
conditions (No. 16), while Nos, 14 and 17, also exposed
to normal conditions, were among the specimens with the
smallest spots. The bright blue shade of the ground-colour
of No. 9, exposed to damp heat, is well known in captured
specimens from the most northern part of the range of the
species as well as the south.
The specimens were weighed on an Oertling’s balance,
each pinned on a small cork foot which weighed :06275
grammes on June 29, 1902, and ‘00025 grammes more on
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 453
June 30. The weight of the No. 16 pin (D. F. Taylor's)
was obtained by weighing three sets of ten similar pins.
The weight of the first ten was °7960 grammes, of the
second and third ‘7950 grammes. The average weight of
a pin was therefore -07953 grammes, and this number
added to (06275 was deducted from each of the specimens
weighed on June 29 (see p. 456): added to -063 it was
deducted from the specimens of the experiments recorded
above, and all others weighed on June 30 (see pp. 451,
456). On the latter date the cork foot was weighed
at the beginning of work, in the middle, and at the end.
On all three occasions it weighed ‘063 grammes.
The consideration of the experiments on Sesamus is
better deferred until after describing those upon archesia,
although it is at once evident that no positive conclusions
can be drawn as to the nature of the environmental
stimulus, The negative character of the results obtained
induced Mr. Marshall finally to form the opinion quoted
below.
“Salisbury, Feb. 26, 1902.—I do quite agree with you
now that in the case of Precis the evidence is sufficiently
strong to show that climate has ceased to operate as the
stimulus which calls forth the seasonal change. But I do
not think that this view is applicable to other genera
whose changes coincide closely with the changes in
climate. The theoretical proposition I would suggest is
that at its inception seasonal change was but slight and
then due entirely to climatic action, such cases doubtless
occurring at the present time. Any markedly useful
variations of this kind would then be preserved and
accentuated by natural selection, but climatic causes would
still remain the controlling factor. Finally, as in Precis,
the influence of natural selection would attain its maximum,
and the seasonal changes would then take place solely as
a result of this principle and irrespective of the influence
of climate. It remains to be seen whether this can be
proved by experiment.”
On pp. 455 to 458 it will be seen that there are still
hopes that the operation of some environmental stimulus
may yet be discovered in the case of Precis.
The results obtained from the smaller’ series of experi-
ments upon P. archesia are even more negative than those
yielded by P. sesamus, as will be seen by a glance at the
Table below, giving a complete account of all that has
been as yet done,
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
454
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The Bionomics of South African Insects. 455
Concerning the specimens which emerged on May 7 and
14, and April 28, 1899, Mr. Marshall wrote as follows :—
“Salisbury, Aug. 29, 1899.—The case of pelasgis and
archesia was very puzzling, as the results were just the
opposite of what one would expect—the forced pupa
emerging as the dry-form archesia, and the normal ones
as the wet-form pelasgis, though this latter has disappeared
for some time, being replaced by archesia.”
The negative results from these fairly-numerous experi-
ments tempt us to believe that the change from sesamus
to natalensis and natalensis to sesamus may be fixed in the
constitution of the species, and may form an alternating
series contemporaneous with the alternating seasons but
not causally connected with them. Such a view is how-
ever rendered improbable, as Dr. Dixey has pointed out to
me, because there would be nothing to prevent a gradual
shifting and finally an entire want of parallelism between
the two series. That, however, the change is essentially
constitutional in the species and merely requires some
external stimulus to set it going may be taken as certain.
Furthermore, it is not necessary to suppose that a stimulus
is required for both changes, the return to one of them,
and presumably the more ancestral, may be in the nature
ofarebound. The slight but distinct difference between
the succession of the forms of sesamus in British East
Africa and in Mashonaland also probably indicates a
causal relation with the inorganic environment, and the
same conclusion is supported by the fact that artaxia has
been observed without its wet-season phase in a forest
region (see pp. 422-3).
After Mr. Marshall’s experiments it is difficult to believe
that the application of heat or moisture or the two com-
bined to the pupal stage can determine the production of
natalensis or pelasgis in place of sesamus or archesia,
respectively, at the period when the latter forms are
becoming abundant in nature. It is possible that here
we are merely witnessing the return to a more ancestral
phase due to purely internal causes. The reverse experi-
ment, viz. the application of cold, or dryness, or both com-
bined, to pupze of the earlier generations of natalensis, might
produce more positive results and cause the appearance of
sesamus at a time of the year when it is very rarely seen,
although the occurrence of occasional individuals of
sesaimus in nature in the depth of the wet season seems to
Precis antilope.| & | Salisbury.
Precis antilope. |
4.56 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
be quite unrelated to dryness or cold (see pp. 443-8). But
it would probably be necessary to apply artificial conditions
to the larval stage. Indeed, the fact that the winter
phases of certain species of Precis are so very much larger
than the summer phases seems to require the conclusion
that the change is pre-determined during or previously to
the stage in which material is accumulated.
The differences in weight are well shown in captured
individuals of two species in the following list: the method
of procedure has been already described on pp. 452-3.
It is seen that the dry phase always weighs more and
sometimes over twice as much as the wet one.
| WEIGHT,
LOCALITY. | DATE OF CAPTURE. | PHASE. | FIRST 2 ON JUNE 29,
|
we)
si
SPECIES.
[REST ON JUNE 30, 1902.
ee Se
March 2, 1898. | Wet. | 03422 grammes.
Salisbury. | Feb. 27, 1898. | Wet. | :03747 grammes.
Precis antilope. |
Precis antilope.|
2
? | Salisbury. | April 3, 1898. | Dry. | 07472 grammes.
2
Salisbury.” | March 9, 1898. | Dry. | -04947 grammes.
Dec. 27, 1900. | Wet. | °05597 grammes. |
Precis artaria. | 2 Umtali.
ees poe 9 Umtali. | . Dec. 380, 1900. Disye -09672 grammes.
Pras oe ee | Umtali. Dec. 20, 1900. Dee 08447 poummen.
Precis Cee 9 | Gadzima, ers 29, 1895. Wet. “06622 pate
Umfuli R. | F
Precis ee | 3 Gadzima, | Den 30, 1895. Wet. 05422 cones
| Umfuli R.
Precis artaxia.| 9 | Gadzima, July 29, 1895. | Dry. | °06997 grammes.
Umfuli R.
Precis artaxia.| 9 Mazoe. | Dec. 28, 1894. | Wet. | 04522 grammes.
| |
Precis artaxia | 9 Mazoe. | Oct. 23, 1894. | Dry. | (09547 grammes.
(worn). | |
|
It may be argued that the results from captured speci-
mens are untrustworthy because some females will have
laid their eggs, some males will have paired, and others
not. The five series of specimens of sesamus and natalensis
bred by Mr. Marshall are not open to this objection and
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 457
are therefore of especial value. The weights of the
eighteen bred specimens are given on p. 451, and it will
be seen that the difference between the phases is very
marked, although not nearly equal to that between the
two forms of artaxia.
There is no escape from the conclusion that the larvee of
the dry phase of these species must be much larger than
those of the wet, and must eat a great deal more food.
This inevitable conclusion suggests that in experimenting
on this most interesting of all known examples of seasonal
change, it will be well to keep an open mind on all con-
ceivable stimuli: on the abundance and character of the
food-plant as well as the inorganic conditions of humidity
and temperature, the latter of which has been proved by
Dorfmeister, Weismann, Merrifield and Standfuss to be
an effective stimulus in the case of certain Palearctic
seasonally dimorphic species. It is possible that the
parched state of the food-plant towards the end of the dry
season may be the stimulus which determines development
in the direction of the smaller summer phase. The different
sizes and weights render it nearly certain, as I have argued
above, that the phase is predetermined in the larval stage.
Now the larval stage of the first dry-season brood is passed
in the wet séason, and that of the first wet-season brood
probably in the dry. We must look to some condition
affecting one or both of these larval stages, or the eggs
from which they arose, as the stimulus which sets in
motion the organic processes resulting in a change of
phase. Some colour of support is lent to the suggestion
that the condition of the food-plant may afford the neces-
sary stimulus by the fact that the wet phase of P. artavia
is unknown in certain forest regions, where it is probable
that the food is not subject to the same alternation of
condition as in more exposed stations. But forests would
also act as moderating influences for extreme differences
in temperature and humidity, and thus tend to prevent
these from acting as stimuli for the species in question ;
for we know that some stimuli must be effective in pro-
ducing such seasonal changes as occur in other forest
species of Precis (see p. 423). Finally, quantity as con-
trasted with condition of food would be well worth trying.
The unusually low weight of the imagines bred from the
egg (Expts. 11, 12, and 13 on p. 451) was a probable
result of difficulty in obtaining a constant supply of fresh
458 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
food in an entirely normal state, and it is noteworthy that
one out of the three was natalensis. The extremely low
weight of the 2 natalensis in Expt. 10 also suggests some
unfavourable condition in the larval state.
With the facts before us I do not see that any further
suggestions can be made at the present moment; but I
think the tables of weights clearly indicate the period at
which the stimuli should be applied, while temperature,
humidity, quantity or quality of food, or some combination
of these, seem to exhaust all probable influences in the
direction of a change of phase.
T. The Bearing of the Seasonal Phases of Precis upon the
Science of Insect Systematics.
The results which have been described and illustrated
in this section of the present memoir are so startling that
they may well shake the confidence of naturalists in the
whole fabric of insect systematics. If such forms as
natalensis and sesamus, as simia and antilope, as pelasgis
and archesia, are nothing but the generations of two
alternating phases of a single species, approximately
synchronized with the heat and cold or humidity and
dryness of the alternating seasons, naturalists may feel
driven to ask, “ What becomes of the validity of specific
distinctions?” Between the two phases of Precis sesamus
there are extraordinary differences in colours, pattern,
shape of wings, relation of upper- to under-side, nay, even
in instinctive habits, including the choice of particular
stations. This latter distinction between the phases is
but the outward expression of some profound difference in
the intimate structure of ganglionic centres and inter-
communicating strands in “the central nervous system.
Important differences in venation are incidentally brought
about by the great differences in the shape of the wing.
The extreme rarity of intermediate varieties furthermore
recalls the abrupt transitions which are so common,
although very far from universal, between species of
animals which are assumed to be distinct. Under the
shock of Mr. Marshall’s discovery that sesamus and
natalensis are two forms of the same species, the systematist
may well feel doubts about the foundations upon which
his science has been erected, In these distracting circum-
oD
stances a firm belief in natural selection will be found to
The Bionomics of South African Insects, 459
exercise a wonderfully calming and steadying influence.
The structures which are adopted as the conventional
criteria of specific distinction are of course modified by
natural selection and brought into adjustment with new
conditions of the struggle for existence as one species is
gradually changed into another; but they are also capable
of modification in one and the same species as it passes
through various conditions during its life-history and in
sexual and other dimorphism. The species frequently
requires that the female sex should be more protected than
the male, and hence we often witness a more perfectly
cryptic appearance and habits in the female, and mimicry
in the female alone. In many kinds of di-, tri- and
polymorphism we see a species more perfectly protected
at one and the same time by extending the area over
which it must be sought by its enemies—in cryptic
resemblance, earth and bark as well as leaves and shoots—
in mimetic resemblance, Danaine or other distasteful
models not of one species alone but two or more. In the
di-, tri- or polymorphism of the social Hymenoptera and
Neuroptera we see the specialization of the individual for
the good of the community. In the extreme cases of
seasonal dimorphism, exhibited by the genus Precis, there
is a far less common modification of a species into two
series of generations respectively adjusted to the con-
ditions obtaining at two seasons of the year. But less
marked cases of the same kind are probably not uncommon.
There is however nothing revolutionary or subversive in
any of these interesting facts. The conventional marks of
specific distinction remain just as they were, convenient
indications to the systematist, enabling him provisionally to
separate groups of individuals into the assemblages we call
species. When his work is done carefully subsequent
breeding experiments will, we may be sure, confirm his
conclusions in the majority of cases. But here and there
startling exceptions will be found when it is to the
advantage of a species to appear in two or more very
different forms. In such cases the reason for the differ-
ence can generally be satisfactorily explained on the
principles of natural selection ; and when such an explan-
ation is possible or even probable it is quite unnecessary
to assume that the exceptions possess a numerical import-
ance sufficient to shake the foundations of systematics.
Certain species are cryptic while others are aposematic
4.60 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
or pseudaposematic; certain stages in the life of an indi-
vidual may be cryptic, others aposematic or pseudapo-
sematic. ‘There is nothing subversive in the thought that
certain species exposed to different organic environments
in two seasons of the year may appear as cryptic genera-
tions at one of these, aposematic or pseudaposematic at
the other. The explanation is at any rate sufficiently
probable to enable us to contemplate Mr. Marshall's wonder-
ful discovery with equanimity and with an interest un-
disturbed by the thought that he has laid in ruins the
whole edifice of insect systematics,
29. THe GREGARIOUS INSTINCT IN HYBERNATION AND
EMIGRATION OF INsEcTs. (E. B. P.)
The interesting observation that individuals of Precis
sesamus are apt occasionally to congregate in large numbers
as they go to roost, led me to reflect on the possible
meaning of such an instinct. Mr. Marshall records other
examples of the same kind “in species of Huralia, also
in Belenois, Herpenia criphia, and Teracolus eris” (Aun,
and Mag. Nat. Hist., Joc. cit., 1898, p. 34). It is possible
that one interpretation does not explain all these cases,
but I think it is probable that the observed instances of
the congregating of Precis and Huralia are sporadic ex-
amples of an instinct which is associated with hybernation
or, at any rate, a prolonged period of rest during a time of
relatively excessive cold, heat, or dryness. Objection may
be taken to this interpretation on the ground that large
companies undergoing a prolonged rest ought to be well
known in these species. It is possible however that the
extreme conditions which render such a state desirable
or even necessary for the species are not common, and,
when they occur, do not conduce towards the active pursuit
of natural history; furthermore, such prolonged rest would
probably be passed through in some hidden recess which
could only be found by accident.
Large numbers of naturalists for hundreds of years have
been interested in the doings of Vanessa io, but, so far as
I am aware, it is not generally known that this species
may display a gregarious habit in hybernation.* My friend,
* Edward Newman recorded the occurrence of a company of more
than forty V. io in a hollow oak (British Butterflies and Moths,
London, N.D., p. 16), and the Rey, Joseph Greene disturbed three
The Bronomics of South African Insects. 461
Dr. W. Hatchett Jackson, the Radcliffe Librarian at
Oxford, permits me to publish the following observation
made by him at Weston-super-Mare in the second week
of January 1895. Dr. Jackson found, in the garden of
his house, on the side of a hill sloping south, about twenty
peacock butterthes hybernating in the heart of a bramble-
bush. The butterflies were arranged in rows on two or
three approximately horizontal runners about a foot from
the ground. All rested with their wings hanging down-
wards. When the butterflies were first disturbed they
made no movement, but on repeated disturbance they
specimens in the hollow formed by the arching roots of a large beech-
tree, in Dec, 1852 (G. C. Barrett, British Lepidoptera, London,
1893, vol. i, p. 139). W. 8. Coleman (British Butterflies, London,
1862, p. 88) quotes Doubleday in the Zoologist :—“ Last winter some
large stacks of beech faggots, which had been loosely stacked up in our
forest (Hpping) the preceding spring, with the dead leaves adhering
to them, were taken down and carted away, and among these were
many scores of io, wrtice, and polychloros.” No reference is given,
and I have failed to find the original statement. Am observation of
Mr. Banning of Monte Video, Ballacraine, Isle of Man (also quoted
by Coleman, |. c. p. 91), is recorded in the Zoologist (1856, p. 5000) :—
“Whilst standing in my farmyard on the day following Christmas
Day [1855], it being unusually fine and warm, I was suddenly
astonished by the fall of more than a hundred of the accompanying
butterflies [Vanessa urticx]. I commenced at once collecting them,
and succeeded in securing more than sixty... .” This observation
apparently points to the emergence of a hybernating assemblage in
consequence of exceptionally warm weather. It also indicates con-
ditions which at a normal time of the year would be favourable to
pairing.
Mr. J. W. Tutt states that the imagines of V. io feed largely during
August, disappearing at the end of the month or in September
(Entomologist’s Record, 1895-6, vol. vii, p. 3). It is therefore
probable that the butterflies produced by one company of larvie do
not keep together, or the fact would certainly have been noticed
when they are in search of food. It is probable that the products of
all companies scatter and become thoroughly intermingled before
again assembling into groups for hybernation. Another line of
evidence may perhaps yield incontrovertible proof of the existence
of this intermixture before reassembling—a probable adaptation to
prevent in-and-in breeding. Dr. W. H. Jackson and Mr. O. H.
Latter, F.E.S., have found that the pup obtained from different
batches of larvee of V. io “were principally, but not entirely, of one
or of the other sex” (Trans. Linn. Soc., London, vol. v, 1890, p. 156).
It would not be difficult to obtain a numerical statement of the
average constitution of a company in this respect, so that it would
be available for comparison with that of a hybernating group. A
marked difference would prove intermixture before hybernation,
while a similar constitution would yield negative evidence.
462 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
flicked their wings and the movement passed along the
row. It must be remembered that the climate of Weston
is extremely mild, and the great frost of 1895 had not
then begun.
The advantages of a period of rest during excessive
heat and dryness may be as great as those which follow
from excessive cold. In the former the food-plant may
be parched and dry or confined to very few and widely-
scattered damp spots, and the perfect insect may pass
through its lite without the chance of laying eggs in
places where the larvee would be able to survive. But
quite apart from this, the continuous excessive drought
may be injurious to the perfect insect itself. At the
driest and hottest part of the African dry season a great
scarcity even of common butterflies has been noticed, and
it is not unlikely that many individuals of some species
pass through the most critical period of very dry and hot
years concealed in a state of rest. It is significant that
the congregating instinct has only been observed in the
dry phase of Precis sesamus.
This does not solve the problem of the gregarious instinct
iuself. It is clear that Dr. Jackson’s observation on V. <0
and Mr. Marshall’s on Precis, ete., indicate the existence of
an instinct which must be a real and great danger to the
species. The less the individuals congregated and the
more widely they scattered, the greater would be their
chance of safety. A fortunate enemy finding one of the
peacocks in the bramble-bush at Weston would have
secured the whole. It is therefore certain on the principles
of natural selection that some great advantage is gained
by the instinct, an advantage which more than compensates
for the increased danger. I would suggest that this
advantage is the facility given for pairing and the laying
of eggs without any loss of time, as soon as the period of
rest comes to an end. The advantage would be quite as
great or even greater after the rest during drought than
after ordinary “hybernation, because of the rapidity with
which the food-plant recovers with the first moisture. It
would be interesting to consider from this point of view
the food-plants of the African species in which the instinct
has been observed.
This suggestion naturally leads to a consideration of the
gregarious instinct in the peculiar form of cmigration
which has been observed in insects. The same increased
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 463
dangers attend the phenomenon, and I think it is very
probable that they are more than compensated by the
analogous benefits. The instinct to emigrate probably
exists in a dormant state in all species liable from their
powers of rapid multiplication suddenly to outrun the
food-supply in any part of their range. The stimulus
which evokes the instinct is, in such insects as the locust,
or such mammals as the lemming, probably merely the
direct and obvious incentive of hunger (A. R. Wallace,
“ Geographical Distribution,’ London, 1876, vol. i, p. 18).
In the majority of perfect insects, however, we cannot
accept this interpretation, and we are compelled to look
for a stimulus in some other result of undue increase—the
crowds of individuals everywhere, the food-plant covered
with eggs and young larvee, and females laying still more
egos. Then probably arises the imperative instinct to
move, perhaps in both sexes, perhaps only in the female,
the males accompanying them (in many species in far
larger numbers). And the instinct further compels the
individuals to move together in vast masses in the
same direction, rather than to scatter and fly in all
directions. The increased danger from enemies is of
course lessened, as compared with the hybernating com-
panies, by the enormous number of emigrating individuals;
but there is, I believe, the solid advantage that fresh food-
plant may be found in another uncrowded area; that the
limits of the normal range of the species may be overpassed;
that areas from which the species has been driven may
be regained :—not by single individuals or by a very few
pairs, but by immense numbers of both sexes without any
of the dangers of in-and-in breeding when once they have
established themselves as a fresh colony. In this way
the range of many species has probably been extended
in the past, and, although the emigrating crowds so often
described may again and again be landed in a foodless
desert or the sea, the instinct is advantageous in that it
utilizes individuals which are at the moment useless and
even injurious to their kind, in a manner which may be
in a high degree beneficial (see also Trimen, “South
African Butterflies,” vol 1, 1887, p. 31). The suggestion
is made that the crowded masses, resulting from over-
production and inability of enemies to cope with the
increase, are injurious to the species, because it is likely
that food-plants would be checked for years or even killed
4.64 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
out altogether in certain localities, while the heaps of dead
individuals would encour age the attack and rapid spread
of bacterial foes. Indeed, the advantages to be derived
from the removal of the surplus from an overcrowded
area may probably overweigh those which accrue from
the occasional successes in colonization, and may more
than the latter account for the development by natural
selection of the instinct to move. The massing of the
moving individuals and their flight in the same direction
seem, on the other hand, to have arisen by selection from
the beneficial results conferred by spreading into less
crowded areas. It is difficult to imagine any other possible
means by which such animals as insects could overcome
the effects of asudden increase too great for the restraiming
influences of their natural enemies—eftects which in-
sufficiently checked for a few generations would inevitably
lead to the destruction of the species in the area of over-
production.
We may well inquire why it should be necessary for
such emigration, with a possible successful issue in colon-
ization, to require the services of countless individuals
when the importation of half-a-dozen rabbits or a few
specimens of Pieris rapx will, for the naturalist, change
the face of a continent. The results of these unintentional,
or intentional but ill-considered, experiments do indeed
shake the belief in the paramount necessity for crosses
and the dangers of in-and-in breeding ; but the end is not
yet, and the ‘teeming colonies which have arisen from such
small beginnings may in time vanish from the operation
of deep- seated causes. The varied adaptations for cross-
fertilization and the prevention of in-and-in breeding are
so evident in nature, that we are compelled to believe that
they meet and counteract serious dangers which sooner
or later would menace the very existence of the species.
And among other adaptations it is significant that the
instinct under discussion should lead to the streaming
of large populations, and not of small batches of individuals
from an area of high pressure.
The gregarious instinct in emigration has been observed
in many groups of insects beside the Lepidoptera. I need
only mention here the hundreds of Am#mophila hirsuta,
ordinarily a solitary species, found by Fabre under a large
flat stone on the summit of Mont Ventoux at a height
of 6000 ft., aud the crowds of ladybirds witnessed by him
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 465
on the same mountain and on the tableland of St. Armand
(“Insect Life,” English translation, London, 1901, p. 193).
A valuable account of a large number of observations will
be found in Mr. J. W. Tutt’s numerous papers on “The
Migration and Dispersal of Insects” (Ent. Record, 1898—
1902). The author recognizes the dangers of over-
multiplication as a cause of migration (I. ¢. vol. xii, 1900,
p. 238: see also vol. xin, 1901, p. 200). Numerous
examples quoted by him prove that movement in vast
bands, often at great distances from land, has been
observed again and again in those very species which
are remarkable for their wide geographical distribution
and occurrence upon oceanic islands. The appearance
of two species of Hybernia, H. defoliaria and H. auranti-
aria, observed in large numbers in Heligoland by Giitke,
cannot be explained on the hypothesis here suggested
because, the females being flightless, males only appeared.
In several other instances recorded by Mr. Tutt the
presence of both sexes is either specially affirmed or
implied. In the great majority of cases, however, no
observations of sex were made, and it is to be hoped
that careful attention may be paid to this point in the
future. The proportion of females to males would also
be deserving of careful investigation.
The limits of this memoir are perhaps too wide already,
and it is impossible to attempt any discussion of these
observations in detail, but I have taken the opportunity of
making a suggestion as to the possible essential meaning
of the instinct.
I have deliberately used the word “emigration” of
insects, because this term probably expresses the exact
state of the case. In response to some stimulus connected
with undue increase, immense masses of individuals move
out of an overcrowded area. The line of movement may
carry them to destruction or to plenty, in both cases
benefits are probably gained, although they are of course
much greater in the latter. True “mzgration” as of birds
and perhaps of fishes implies different and far higher
faculties—the memory of the individual summed up by
tradition into what may be called the collective memory
of the species.
TRANS, ENT, SOC. LOND. 1902,—PART UI. (NOV.) 31
466 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
30. DESCRIPTION AND DiscussION OF MATERIAL BEARING
ON Mimicry IN SouTH AFRICAN RHOPALOCERA COL-
LECTED BY Guy A. K. MARSHALL, AND THE RECORD
OF OBSERVATIONS MADE BY HIM. (E. B. P.)
The splendid material which is described and discussed
below has gradually accumulated as the result of Mr.
Marshall’s kind and generous response to my desire for
specimens for the Hope Department illustrating the fact
that mimetic species and their models, and the members
of large convergent or synaposematic groups, not only in-
habit the same areas but fly together at the same time.
The study of this material naturally led to conclusions and
suggestions which it 1s hoped possess a general interest in
relation to the doctrine of evolution and the important
part which mimicry plays in it, as one of the chief evidences
of the operation of natural selection. These more general
discussions are placed under separate headings immediately
after the groups whose study gave rise to them.
The last sub-section is placed under Mr. Marshall’s name,
being quoted in extenso from his letters.
A. Black-and-White Amauris-like Group.
The central model for the group described below is
probably Amauris ochlea, but it was not captured on
March 27, 1897, when five convergent individuals were
taken at Malvern, near Durban, Natal. The group as
captured is as follows :—
Planema aganice &.
Ps esebria 9, var. with white markings.
Neptis agatha &.
2 Nyctemera leuconoé.
The male Planema aganice is but an imperfect member
of the group, the lighter markings being buff instead of
white, as in the female. We thus find that the latter sex
forms closer synaposematic resemblances than the male,
when the two sexes differ. It is probable that this rela-
tionship between male and female will be found to be
generally true of Miillerian mimics in which the sexes
exhibit different degrees of likeness to the type of some
group characterized by Common Warning Colours. Fur-
thermore, the culmination is often reached in Miillerian
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 467
mimicry, just as 1t is in Batesian where it has long been
recognized, in species of which the female enters “into a
more or less well-marked membership of a group towards
which the male has made no apparent approximation.
Numerous examples will be found in the present memoir.
This interesting similarity between Miillerian and
Batesian mimicry was probably unrecognized until 1894,
when it was discovered by F. A. Dixey,* because of the
fact that in the first-known examples of Miillerian mimicry
in tropical America, which are the most wonderful instances
in the world, the convergent pairs and groups contributed
by the Heliconing and Ithomeine and by different genera
within each of these sub-families, are made up of species
with males and females which are superficially alike.
Now, however, tliat the principle has been recognized by
Dixey in many Neotropical Miillerian mimics with differ-
ing sexes and here in many Ethiopian, the explanation is
doubtless the same as that suggested by Wallace (Trans.
Linn. Soc. xxv, Pt. I, 1865) in the case of Batesian mimics,
viz. the great importance for the species that the female,
with her slower flight and the necessity to pause and lay
her eggs, should gain to the full the advantages of that
extra advertisement of warning coloration which is con-
ferred by membership in a synaposematic group. This is
the interpretation offered by Dixey in his 1894 memoir
(q- V.).
Neptis agatha exhibits in an interesting manner that
concentration of white markings into four large patches,
one upon each wing (save that the fore-wing is invaded
by a small portion of the hind-wing patch), and that
disappearance of the other bars and markings, except
for traces on the under-side, which are characteristic of
many Ethiopian species of this genus, and doubtless indi-
cate a synaposematic approach to the black-and-white
species of Amauris and Planema of the Region.
It is too wide a subject to introduce into the present
memoir, but I cannot forbear to allude to the evident
synaposematic sensitiveness of the genus Neptis, leading it
to form associations with local conspicuous Rhopalocera.
Among the most beautiful of these are NV. venilia and N.
lactaria, which resemble the remarkable Danaine genus
Hamadryas, especially upon the under-side. Again, the
* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1894, p. 298, note ; 1896, pp. 70, 71;
1897, pp. 319, 326-328, 330,
468 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
likeness to Athyma and Limenitis must have struck every
naturalist who has looked through the drawers of a toler-
ably large collection. Col. Swinhoe has recently called my
attention to a Huplea-like Neptis from China, NV. imitans.
The resemblance of the genus Neptidopsis to Neptis
seems, on the other hand, to have been due to mimetic
approach on the part of the former towards the type set by
the latter.
The Hypsid moth Nyctemera lewconoé seems to have in-
dependently adopted the same aposematic scheme of
colouring as the genus Amauris, the only change in the
direction of the latter dominant type being a slight broad-
ening of the white bar crossing the fore-wings, a broaden-
ing which is at once recognizable when this and other
African species of the moth are compared with their nearest
Oriental allies. The conspicuous and almost certainly
specially-protected ypsidw strongly tend to enter into
synaposematic association with other specially-defended
forms in various parts of the world. Thus one species
approximates towards Hamadryas, while, in tropical
America, the smaller forms become transparent and
resemble the smaller Jéhomiine, while the larger (Pericopis)
possess the warning coloration of species of Melinva and
Feliconius.
B. Limnas chrysippus-like Groups.
The first of these groups was captured on March 6, 1897,
at Malvern, Natal. It consists of the eight following
individuals :— “
Limnas chrysippus 2.
‘ 2, var. alcippordes.
Hypolimnas misippus §%, with pale hind-wings like
the last-named insect.
H. misippus 2, var. tnaria.
Planema esebria 3, chrysippus-like type-form with
white sub-apical bar to fore-wings and reddish-
brown black-bordered hind-wings, the ground-
colour extending on to the fore-wings,
Acra encedon &.
A, serena, var. buxtonm, &.
A, doubledayi §.
The latter individual, bemg a male, is not really a
member of the group, inasmuch as it lacks the oblique
The Bionomics of South African Insects, 469
sub-apical white bar present in the female of typical
doubledayi. ‘The presence of the male indicates, however,
that the female flies with the other members of this
chrysippus-like group, of which it forms an imperfect and
outlying constituent. The male of sevena also does not
resemble chrysippus, while the female is an even more
imperfect Miillerian mimic than the female of dowbledayi.
Nevertheless such cases are of the highest interest, inas-
much as they enable us to understand how mimicry arose
in species which now exhibit a startling likeness. A.
encedon, one of the most perfect Miillerian mimics of
chrysippus, presents an equally close approximation in
male and female.
The fact that the female of P. esebria should present
two well-marked varieties, one of which falls into a black-
and-white group convergent round the species Amauris,
while the other, the type-form, enters the combination
which surrounds L. chrysippus, recalls a principle already
well known and probably correctly understood in the ease
of Batesian mimicry. When an abundant well-protected
Acrxa thus approximates to two very different Danaine
patterns it is obvious that we are not necessarily driven to
a Batesian interpretation of the forms of the female Papilio
cenea, which approximate to the appearance of Amauris
echeria as well as to the two other Danaine types alluded
to above. The enemies of chrysippus and the species of
Amauris are certainly not precisely the same, and it may
well be an advantage to a Miillerian mimic to secure that
increased protection from insect-eating enemies which is
conferred by belonging to two or more groups.
Furthermore, the Planema has come to resemble the
Danaine and not the Danaines the Planema, and this
probably indicates that the Danaine is on the whole the
less attacked and the better known. It is probably of
advantage to the whole group that the Danaine which set
the pattern should still be the dominant member of the
assemblage of which it is the centre. This dominance is
favoured by the individuals of an abundant species joining
two or more groups instead of throwing the whole of their
number into a single one. In the case of Batesian mimicry,
where the mimics are comparatively palatable and would
be freely eaten if recognized, the advantage of this di- or
trimorphism and the likeness to two or three models is
even more obvious,
470 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
A second group of the same type was captured in the
same locality on March 30, 1897, and consists of six
individuals :—
L. chrysippus &
H. nisippus 2,a pale patch in the centre of each hind-
wing.
P. esebria &, buff sub-apical bar to fore-wing.
A. encedon &.
A, serena, var. buxtoni §.
A. petrxa 9.
The lack of correspondence between the varieties of the
females of 7. misippus and those of the central member of
the group is well seen in these two sets. Thus one of the
three females is the inaria form, although the /:lwgit var.
of chrysippus is almost unknown in 8. Africa, while the
other two suggest the appearance of the ale ippoides var.,
which does indeed occur not uncommonly, but is not
nearly so abundant as typical chrysippus. The female of
A, petrxa is another outlying member of the group, while
the male is altogether outside it
A third group, captured by Mr. Marshall at Salisbury on
April 10, 1898, contains these species :—
LL. chrysippus °.
H., inisippus § | all typical forms.
2 A. encedon f |
A fourth group captured at the same locality on April
9, 1899, contains :—
2 L. chrysippus f, 2 (Plate XIV, figs. 1, 1a).
2 Mimacrwa marshalli f (Plate XIV, fies S. 12, 20):
fo)
This beautiful Lycsenid mimic presents in some respects
a closer approximation to Acrwa encedon (Plate XIV, figs.
3, 3a) than to LZ. chrysippus, the primary model of both.
Thus the character and contour of the sub-apical white
bar of the fore-wing suggests that of the Acraa rather
than the Danaine. In the two former the bar is more
continuous, in the latter more obviously broken into dis-
continuous spots, attended by outlying smaller spots.
Another far more important similarity between Lyeznid
and Acrza is brought about by the numerous conspicuous
black spots which in beth are scattered over the basal part
of the under-side of the hind-wing. In other respects the
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 471
under-side of the Lyczenid presents a much closer approx-
imation to the Danaine than does the Acrea. In well-
marked individuals there are fourteen of these spots in the
Lyczenid, nineteen in the Acraea. In place of these, the
Danaine model possesses, in addition to the marginal
white-marked spots and a single spot at the extreme base
of the wing, only a row of three spots on the outer
boundary of the cell in the female, with an additional
white-centred black patch, marking the scent-pouch, in the
male. The three spots along the outer margin of the
cell are encircled with white, as are all the spots in the
Lyczenid ; while the veins of the under-side of the hind-
wing in both are more or less emphasized with white. In
these minor but distinct points the Lyczenid approximates
to the Danaine and not to the Acraea; and furthermore in
the fact that the black spots of the under-side of the hind-
wing are hardly visible on the upper-side of the Lyczenid,
while all except the basal ones are as distinct upon the
upper- as upon the under-side of the Acrzea. In the Danaine
they are very distinct although much smaller on the upper-
side, but as there are only three in the female and four in
the male, the Acrzea is in this respect much further from
the other two than they are from each other, its distance
being still further increased by a few (4—6) large conspicu-
ous black spots on the ground-colour of the basal half of
both surfaces of the upper wing. It is noteworthy that
these points of divergence on the part of A. encedon are
characters which it shares with a large number of related
species. All the points mentioned above can be well seen
in the six upper figures of Plate XIV, which should be
compared with the six corresponding figures on Plate XV,
showing the prevalent form of the Danaine model and
its Acreine and Lyczenid mimics much further north in
British East Africa,
In the dark shade of the brown ground-colour the
Acrzea is much nearer to the Danaine as developed in 8.
Africa than the Lycenid, and upon the wing the black
spots would probably make the Acrzea appear still darker.
The bright fulvous tint of MZ. marshalli is more of the
shade of the Oriental specimens of chrysippus. This rela-
tionship appears to exist between many of the other African
Miillerian and Batesian mimics of Z. chrysippus and their
model, and suggests that the Oriental bright shade is
ancestral, although the Oriental intrusion is comparatively
4.72 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
modern, as proved by the relatively small amount of
mimicry, and that little very imperfect, in species peculiar
to the Region. The fact that the bright Oriental shade
still persists in many of the specimens of chrysippus from
the north-east and probably other parts of Africa, supports
the same conclusion.
Mr. Roland Trimen points out that the J/imacrexa also
resembles the female of the type-form of Planema esebria
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1898, p. 15).
Mr. Marshall gives the following account (1902) of the
habits of this interesting insect :—“ In its general habits
Mimacrea marshalli, Trim., like Acrwxa encedon, is essen-
tially a woodland (but not a forest) insect, and shows a
marked fear of venturing out into open country. Limnas
chrysippus, on the other hand, frequents both open and
woodland stations. When quite undisturbed it flits about
ina limited area of the bush with a slow flight exactly
resembling that of Z. chrysippus (see also pp. 481, 482),
but when alarmed it is capable of flying with considerable
speed, and dodges with great dexterity. When hard pressed
it will occasionally rise right over the tops of the trees,
descending into the bush again further on. But its usual
method of escape is by dodging in and out among the tree-
trunks, then settling suddenly on the far side of one of them,
which makes it extremely difficult to follow. It is in its rest-
ing habits that it differs most from the mimetic group to
which it belongs, for I have never seen a specimen settle
anywhere except on a tree-trunk, and then always with its
head downwards, just like a Libythea or the brown species
of Crenis, The Danaine and Acrwinee, on the other hand,
always rest with their wings hanging down, and usually
in more exposed positions ; indeed, I think it may be
said that no species of these groups (in South Africa at
least) ever settles upon tree-trunks. This habit is also a
very unusual one among our Lyczenide, one or two species
of Teriomima bemg the only cases of its occurrence which
I can recall. Despite the great resemblance of this
Mimacrea on its under-side to Acrwa encedon, yet its
colouring when at rest is very far from conspicuous, and
harmonizes a great deal better with its surroundings than
might be supposed from an examination of the insect in
the cabinet, especially as the fore-wings are so much
depressed between the hind- wings as to quite conceal
the sub-apical white patch. The species seems to be of
The Bionomics of South African Insects, 473
considerable rarity; I know of only fourteen or fifteen
specimens, all of which, except two or three, were captured
by myself.”
C. The Origin and Meaning of the Three Chief Forms
of Limnas chrysippus.
T have often discussed the question set forth in the title
of this sub-section with my friend Colonel J. W. Yerbury,
who has observed this insect carefully in many of its local-
ities, and is deeply interested in it.* He believes that the
appearance of the various forms is controlled by environ-
mental influences—dryness or moisture—acting upon the
pupa at some critical period of special sensitiveness. The
facts recorded below do not seem to be consistent with
this interpretation.
My friends Mr. and Mrs. 8. L. Hinde, who have kindly
collected many specimens throwing light on problems to
which I have given much thought (see also pp. 446, 447),
sent me two series of forms of Lémnas chrysippus, Which
are of special value in relation to this discussion.
The first set (of 15) was captured, almost on the sea-
level, in the uniform damp heat of Mombasa, on May 6
1900, and consists of four of the type-form of Limnas
chrysippus (1 f and 38 9), and eleven of the form klugw (9
g and 2 9). All were taken in less than an hour on a
spot of ground a few yards in extent. They thus afford a
fair criterion of the proportionate numbers of the two
forms.
The second set (of 18) was taken, at a height of about
5400 ft., at Machakos Road, on the Uganda Railway, on
May 22, 1900, and consists of four of the type-form (3 ¢
and 1 2), one alcippoides (2), seven klugii (2 f and 5 9),
and one dorippus (4). These also were taken on a spot
of ground a few yards in extent, in less than an hour.
Mr. Hinde has given me information as to the climate
of the period in which the latter capture was made. It
is printed on pp. 447, 448, but it is well to re-state here
that May 22, 1900, was at * the end of a very dry wet-
season in an exceptionally dry year.’ The specimens show
the effect of these conditions, for they are on the average
* J. W. Yerbury, Journ. Bomb, Soc. Nat. Hist., 1892, p. 207.
Col. Yerbury’s observations on the species are also quoted by Dr.
A. G. Butler in Proc, Zool, Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 478; 1885, p. 756.
4.7 4 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
very much smaller than those bred from larvee which fed
on the more luxuriant food-plant in Mombasa. Examining
the two series, we are driven to the conclusion that the
Machakos larvee were partially starved, probably by feeding
on parched food-plant. Interesting and i important inferences
may be drawn from the comparison.
In the first place the specimens, so far from supporting
the conclusion often arrived at from incomplete and, as I
think, ill-regulated experiments, that males are produced
by starvation, actually show a larger number of females in
a smaller total of specimens than the set from Mombasa,
viz. 6 out of 13, as against 5 out of 15. Even if the
females had been very scarce at Machakos, nothing would
have been proved in the direction of the determination of
the sex of the individual by diet, for starvation pushed to
the extreme of preventing the completion of development
of many individuals is certain to kill off the heavier sex
far more freely than the lighter. The results, however,
show no abnormal excess of males, and in every way
support a prediction firmly founded on the anatomical fact
that the essential organs of sex, the testis and ovary, are
already present, rudimentary, but perfectly distinct, in the
larval stage.
A comparison of the two series furthermore indicates
very strongly that the various forms of the species are not
in any way due to environmental causes, but are inherent
and hereditary. It is believed that klugii is due to
drought, but there is a larger proportion of this form in
the series bred in the moist heat of the coast than in
that reared at high and dry Machakos. The great differ-
ence in conditions which is manifest in the different
average size of the two series was powerless to effect any
change in the inherent hereditary tendency of the indi-
vidual to become either k/ugii or its modification dorippus,
the type-form or its modification a/eippoides.
This comparison of forms from adjacent localities under
different climatic conditions leads to an inference which is
precisely the same as that drawn from the comparison of
forms from different localities under the same climatic con-
ditions. The tropical forests of West Africa and the
Malayan Islands are very similar as regards climate: in
the first chrysippus occurs as the white-hind-winged
alcippus, in the second as the type-form, a peculiar dark
form inhabiting Java (4, bataviana). It is not necessary
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 475
to pursue such comparisons further. So far as chrysippus
is concerned, I know of no facts which support the hypo-
thesis of the environmental production of the forms, and
many which are inconsistent with it.
The only alternative hypothesis which presents itself is
that of the operation of natural selection in determining
the very different distribution of the various forms of
chrysippus in the different parts of its range. And in
attempting to solve this difficult problem I have been
guided by the same principles which enabled me_ to
suggest a meaning for the two widely-different seasonal
phases of Precis, viz. the relation between insects-and their
enemies, the value of warning colours under certain con-
ditions, their weakness and danger under other conditions.
I believe that the condition of desert areas corresponds to
that of the dry season, only differing in that they are more
rigid, so that cryptic colouring is still more imperative. I
therefore suggest that the A/wgit form is a development in
a procryptic direction in areas where the struggle is so
severe that even this most unpalatable and widely-
mimicked species must put off some of its aposematic
appearance, viz. the conspicuous black-and-white apex of
the fore- -wing.
There is also a peculiar faintly greenish-orange shade in
the area of the apex of the fore-wing under-side “beyond the
sub-apical white bar of chrysippus which is wanting from
the corresponding part of klugii, the difference tending to
bring about a further uniformity in the ground-colour of
the under-side of the latter.
Furthermore, many specimens of /:/ugii have a ground-
colour quite different from that of even light individuals
of the type-form, gaining a distinct sand colour. This is
all the more striking in Africa, where the type-form
commonly develops a dark rich fulvous ground-colour
very different from the paler Oriental type.
This interpretation is based on the assumption that
klugvi has developed from chrysippus and not chrysippus
from klugii, and no escape from this assumption seems
possible. The main lines of argument are these. Island
individuals, which are so generally ancestral, are chrysippus
and only very rarely klugii, except near the metropolis of
the latter form in Somaliland. Perfect and imperfect
mimics, Batesian and Miillerian, are very large in number,
especially in Africa. Probably not one of them mimics
476 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
Klugit and not chrysippus, a few mimic both, while the
great majority mimic chrysippus alone. Again, klugu
stands alone among Danaina, while the pattern of chrysip-
pus is closely rel: ited to that of several other species and
genera, such as Salatwra. The distribution of Aduwgit can
be understood by supposing the desert region of Somali-
land to be its centre. From this point it radiates,
towards the east becoming gradually rarer, although it is
well known in Karachi, and Colonel Yerbury even captured
a single specimen in Ceylon, towards the south finally
disappearing in South Africa, towards the Nile Valley,
here also probably disappearing towards Central Africa.
Chrysippus, or at least forms with a black-and-white apex to
fore-wings, on the other hand, occur over the whole vast
range of the species with the exception of certain parts
of Somaliand.* The strongest argument is, however, one
which is developed at the end of the section, because wide
conclusions of great interest spring from it (see pp. 482-484).
The white-hind-winged alcippus was for a long time a
great difficulty to me, but Mr. Marshall’s suggestion (see
p. 479) that it is a farther development in the direction of
still more efficient warning colours than the type-form
seems to me to be sound, especially considering its distri-
bution in the abundant life of the tropical West Coast,
and considering the fact, of which Mr. Marshall assures
me, that it is much more conspicuous on the wing.
I have for a long time thought that this great develop-
ment of white, combined with the darkening of the
fulvous ground-colour so common in African specimens
and marked in a/cippus, may indicate an incipient synapo-
sematic approach to the black-and-white Danaina of the
genus Amauris, and the large black-and-white Acrwine
of the genus P/anema.
It is in favour of this view that the darkened ground-
colour appears to be a recent development, although it has
arisen in the Ethiopian region—the ancestral, home of
the species, if we may judge by the much larger number
of mimics which resemble it in this part of its range. I
believe the lighter ground-colour of chrysippus in “India
and, with certain exceptions, the East generally, formerly
* Consult Dr. A. G. Butler’s map of the distribution of the forms
of chrysippus, on Plate XLVI, accompanying his paper in Proc.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1884, p. 478; also by the same author, Proc.
Zool. Soc, Lond., 1885, p. 756.
The Bionomics of South African Insects. ATT
prevailed in Africa, because so many of its African mimics
retain this shade rather than that now borne by their
model, and because chrysippus itself often exhibits the
paler tint, especially to the north and east * of the African
continent (see pp. 471, 472.).
I quote below extracts from several of Mr. Marshall’s
letters dealing with the hypothesis which I have here set
forth, and also referring in other ways to this interesting
butterfly and its forms.
“ Malvern, May 14, 1897.—I was interested to hear
that the Z. chrysippus, var, alcippoides, I sent resembles
the West Coast specimens. Personally I have never come
across that variety commonly, and those I have taken have
mostly been very shghtly marked with white, but Mr. G. H.
Burn, who has collected for some years in the Tugela Valley,
near Weenen, says they are not uncommon there, but appar-
ently are most prevalent in the early winter (it is a very
hot dry district), and they are frequently marked quite as
strongly as the one I sent you.”
“Salisbury, Jan. 24, 1900.—Referring to your very inter-
esting remarks on L. chrysippus, | was much struck by your
theory with regard to/i/ugii. The only point, however, on
which I do not feel satisfied is whether we can consider the
colouring of this variety to be really protective. Of course
I have never seen it in life, but I have seen many of the
inaria form of Hypolimnas, and I must confess that the
insect is very far from being inconspicuous; and even apart
from colour it must be remembered that slowness of flight
is a very important factor in rendering an insect conspicu-
ous (compare our large and powerfully-armed but soberly-
coloured wasps of the genus Lelenogaster). Again, it would
seem hardly consistent to regard the colouring of klwgii as
protective if we rank that of the smaller Acreeas, which
inhabit some at least of the same areas, as among the
warning colours. It would therefore strengthen the
theory if some other use could be assigned to the klugii
coloration, though none occurs to me at the moment. Of
course the correlation argument might be brought
forward; but while thoroughly appreciating Meldola’s
masterly defence of this principle, | must admit that I
have a distinct distrust in its use in such cases, as it
means virtually begging the question. I cannot alto-
gether gather from your remarks what are your reasons
* See F, A, Dixey in Proc. Zool. Soc,, 1898, p. 373, note.
478 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
for supposing that the lighter Asiatic form is the older
[see pp. 471, 476]. On general principles it would seem
that swamping would be likely to keep the species more
or less constant in its ancestral home, whereas those speci-
mens that wandered further afield would probably tend
to vary along slightly different limes; but perhaps I have
not properly caught your idea. The case of aleippus
would be a great deal more difficult to explain satisfactor-
ily, seeing that it occurs also at Aden; and Butler says
that examples sent from such places as Monbuttu, Wade-
lai, ete, by Emin Pasha, showed every gradation from
chrysippus through aleippoides to alcippus; further, if I
remember rightly, you wrote me that an example I sent
you from the Tugela had the white developed as strongly
as in any West Coast specimen, and Burn said they were
by no means uncommon there.”
[PAS G. Butler records (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1896, p. 243)
Captain Nurse’s statement that in Somaliland he bred
all four forms of chrysippus from quite similar larvee.”
G. AK. M,, 1902.]
“ Salisbury, June 26, 1900.—Referring to the question
of Limnas klugii, although I fully appreciate the value of
your arguments, yet [ must confess that when looking at
the matter from the point of view of an opponent of
mimicry, it seems at least open to criticism. The difficulty
seems to lie in the fact that the same coloration would
thus have to be regarded as both protective and warning.
Now you have said that in desert regions insects would be
more liable to attack owing to the paucity of insect life,
and I should be glad to know whether you have any
special reasons for adopting this view, as I have no ex-
perience of what the conditions of life really are in such
localities. But don’t you think that it is more likely that
the struggle for existence would be principally against
climatic conditions and not so much a competition with
other organisms, and that thus probably insects would
have a better proportionate chance of finding a living than
would the vertebrates as compared with more fertile
regions? If this were so it would follow that insects
would be comparatively freer from attack in desert regions,
and this would attord us another explanation of the Alugi
phenomenon. We might presume that the less conspicuous
klugit colouring was the more ancestral (as seems not
unlikely), but that in the more fertile regions where
The bionomics of South African Insects. 479
insectivorous vertebrates and invertebrates are so much
more plentiful, this coloration was not sufficiently striking
to guard it from the tasting experiments of these enemies,
and thus the white bar would be gradually developed.
The typical form would therefore supplant A/ugii in all
places where there was greater need of more efficient
warning colouring, and the latter form would only survive
in those tracts where only a limited number of insectivorous
enemies could exist. Such an explanation would further
throw some light on the additional development of white
in the hind-wing of aleippus in the prolific West Coast belt,
where the increased number of vertebrate enemies re-
quiring to learn by experience renders an additional con-
spicuousness advantageous. It seems to me that if such
an explanation could be maintained it would he more
consistent with our general views; but of course the
matter hinges on the conditions of life in desert tracts,
which is merely an assumption on my part.”
“ Salisbury, Sept. 21, 1900.—I was much interested in
your remarks on the subject of A/ugii, and I quite agree
that now that you have shown that my premise as to the
conditions of life in desert countries is erroneous my con-
tention falis to the ground. I should like to know how
the range of the enaria form of misippus falls in with your
proposition, and also whether you find the variety of Acrawa
encedon without the white bar to follow the same range as
klugu. I have found this variety [daira] extremely rare
in 8. Africa, but a correspondent wrote me from Beira the
other day that it was not uncommon there and promised
to send me specimens.”
“ Estcourt, Natal ; Oct. 15, 1896.—I had thought Acrva
encedon might be mimetic, but it must be a case of con-
vergence—the type towards Limnas chrysippus and the
variety /ycia towards esebria. That this latter is the case
I am led to believe by the fact that in Mashonaland only
the type-form occurs and there esebria is also absent,
whereas along the South-east Coast where the latter is
plentiful, /ycia occurs, and when I met with it in Durban
I was struck with its resemblance on the wing to the
whiter specimens of esebria, though this is not so apparent
in the cabinet.”
“Malvern, Natal; Feb. 21, 1897.—The case of 4.
misippus is however more puzzling than the Huralias
which mimic Amauris. The inaria form of the female is
480 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
often cited as a mimic of Z. chrysippus, var. klugit. Now
this is by far the commoner form of the female msippus in
S. Africa, whereas Alugit appears to be extremely rare, in
fact the single specimen recorded by Trimen is the only
one I know of. How then can it be said to be mimicked
by inaria? Again, misippus is recorded in several places
in South America, where I believe chrysippus does not
occur. It seems to require further investigation.”
“Umkomaas Mouth, Natal; Sept. 3, 1897.—I certainly
think that I have more frequently seen /Hypolimnas
misippus (female) in company with LZ. chrysippus than
with its own male. The latter is fond of haunting the
tops of kopjes in company with various species of Precis
(which always occur in such localities), but I have never
seen the female do so, neither does chrysippus.”
The range of the forms of encedon corresponds remark-
ably well with the forms of chrysippus. Myr. Marshall
states above that the klwgii-like form daira is extremely
rare in the south where //ugii is absent. Passing north-
ward on the east side of the continent it gradually in-
creases in proportionate numbers till it preponderates over
encedon where klugii preponderates over chrysippus. On
the West Coast all forms seem to occur, but recently the
white-hind-winged alcippina (Plate XV, fig. 7) has been
found there in greater numbers than elsewhere. (Auri-
villius, Rhopalocera Ethiopica, Stockholm, 1898, pp. 533,
534; Poulton, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond., 113th Session, p. 6,
Report of Meeting Dec. 20, 1900, where however the name
encedon 1s erroneously printed unicolor.) ‘The distribution
of the Lycienid mimic corresponds equally well, marshalli
with chrysippus in the south (Mashonaland), doher tyt with
the predominant //wgii in British East Africa. HH. misippus
2 shows upon the whole an almost complete lack of corre-
spondence, for ivaria is common nearly everywhere, while
klugw is confined to the range deseribed on p.476. In British
Kast Africa, however, misippus ° corresponds well with the
two forms of its model ; ; while on the west, where alcippus
is the only form, the want of geographical coincidence is
most striking, for the znaria form is relatively abundant,
while neither in it nor in the type-form, so far as I am
aware, is there any special tendency towards the develop-
ment of white in the hind-wings. It is a striking fact
that the Acreime mimic should exhibit so close a co-
incidence with the geographical range of its Danaine
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 481
model, while the Nymphaline mimic shows such a marked
want of .correspondence. The comparison may help
naturalists to realize the great importance of Miillerian
mimicry and the searching selective process which has
brought it about.
I have for many years attributed this want of corre-
spondence between the commonest mimic of chrysippus
and its model, to the wide-ranging powers of the former
butterfly and its great tendency to wander, combined with
some special protection which there is reason to believe it
possesses, rendering its resemblance synaposematic rather
than pseudaposematic. There are in the Hope Depart-
ment three females (two of them inarza) and two males of
FH, misippus captured out of a swarm through which the
ship Winefred passed in May 1893, when she was on the
Atlantic over 500 miles from land (Ent. Record., vol. xii,
No. 11, p. 315). The Miillerian resemblance of masippus 2
to chrysippus was suggested by the present writer at the
meeting of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science in 1897 (see vol. xlvi, p. 242, where arguments
in support of this conclusion may be found). Extracts
on this subject from Mr. Marshall’s letters are printed
below :—
“ Malvern, Natal; Oct. 7, 1897.—I fear I cannot at
present accept your suggestion that Hypolimnas misippus
is itself protected. I may be wrong, but in these matters
I depend more than anything on the habits and actions of
the insects as I have seen them when undisturbed and
when frightened. There is to my mind a radical difference
between mimics and their models (as opposed to convergent
forms) which is often very difficult to define. There is
also a structural difference which appeals to me, so that I
believe I could almost tell one from the other with my
eyes shut merely by the feel of it in the net. To give an
instance: when on a short holiday trip to the rich Mazoe
Valley in December 1894, I starved out on Christmas Day
with the set purpose of catching something “good” to
commemorate the occasion. While strolling along the
narrow belt of thick bush which there fringes the river, I
saw flying leisurely in front of me what I took to be a
very small and brightly-coloured specimen of Limnas
chrysippus, 1 coveted it, and afew seconds later it was
in my net, through the folds of which I could but indis-
tinctly see it, so that I was still deceived. But no sooner
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902:—PaRT Ill (NOV.) 32
482 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
had my finger and thumb met across its thorax than my
heart beat high with that keen excitement that every
ardent entomologist feels when he has found some un-
expected treasure—for I knew I had got a new mimic of
chrysippus! A short inspection showed it to be a new
Lyceenid—a Mimacrea (since named JT. marshalli, Trimen).
On the other hand, when I caught my first specimen of
Aletis here in Malvern in March 1893, I remember it
puzzled me much, for I felt sure it was not a mimic of
chrysippus, and yet I could not understand the reason of
the colouring, for I was then unaware of Miiller’s theory.
“To return to misippus, although I admit it is a some-
what difficult case, yet the fact that it has elected to mimic
what I take to be the hardiest and best-protected butterfly
in Africa, combined with the general adaptability to varying
conditions which one would expect it to share with its
nearest allies the Junonias, must I fancy go a long way
towards explaining its wide range and comparatively large
numbers. There is another factor that must not be over-
looked, and that is that through a considerable portion of
its range in South-east Africa at all events it is the only
butterfly which shows mimicry of chrysippus. This is
particularly noticeable on the rolling grass veldt of the
inland plateaux where chrysippus is particularly abundant.
“T think your idea as to the latter insect having originated
in Africa is excellent and in every way most probable.”
“Salisbury, March 6-10, 1898.—'The facts that you
mention with regard to Hypolimnas are certainly very
curious, and would seem to be only explicable by presuming
the species you mention to be protected. But in the case
of Hypolimnas misippus, after reviewing the general habits
and attitude of the female, I cannot bring myself to believe
that it is anything but a true Batesian mimic. Might it
not be a similar case to that of the genus Papilio,in which
we have the distinctly protected and distasteful P. coon
and at the same time the clearly mimetic P. cenea?”
D. A Study of Mimetic Forms may enable us to reconstruct
the Lost Stages throwgh which the Older Model has
passed,
If klugii has been derived from chrysippus we should
expect to find traces of the markings of the latter upon
the wings of the former. And as a matter of fact faint
The Bionomics of South African Insects, 483
indications of the white sub-apical bar of chrysippus can
be detected in klugii, especially at the points on the costa
and the hind margin which the two ends of the bar would
have reached. Very faint traces of the course of the bar
between these two points can be made out in certain
individuals (Plate XV, fig. 1), while occasionally they are
very distinct, especially upon the under-side (Plate XV,
fig. la). Looking at these two figures, and comparing
them with Figs. 1 and la on Plate XIV, it is impossible
to resist the conclusion that we see before us the vestiges
of a fading character and not the rudiments of a developing
one. It is interesting to note that one of the slightly
intermediate varieties of klugii here represented (viz. Fig. 1,
Plate XV) was an individual captured by Mr. and Mrs,
Hinde at Machakos Road, and that three or four others of
the same set showed similar tendencies. It may be that
the unfavourable conditions (see pp. 473, 474), although
unable to change one form into another, nevertheless
administered a shock which caused a slight reversion
towards the ancestral type in some individuals.
The three great mimics of both forms of chrysippus, the
female of the Nymphaline, Hypolimnas misippus with its
inaria form mimicking klugii; the Acreine, A. encedon *
with its kluwgii-like form daira; the Lycenid Mimacrea
marshalli with what I believe to be merely its k/ugii-like
form dohertyi, all these show precisely the same thing as
their model only in an exaggerated form, because the
mimic follows its model and therefore still exhibits stages
which the latter has left behind. Comparing the upper-
and under-side of the chrysippus-like Lycenid on Plate
XIV (Figs. 2 and 2a) with those of the klugii-like form
on Plate XV (Figs. 2 and 2a), there can be no doubt
that the latter developed from the former. The white
bar of marshalli (Plate XIV) can still be distinctly
traced in doherty: (Plate XV), not indeed as a white
bar but as a very faint paling of the ground-colour
over a sub-apical area, the outline of which exactly
* The first recognition of the mimicry of chrysippus by encedon,
and indeed of the existence of Miillerian mimicry in the Ethiopian
Region, was first brought forward at the meeting of the British
Association at Toronto in 1897 (Report, p. 689). Aurivillius (Rhop.
Eth. 1898, p. 533) states that the resemblance had not been previously
noticed. The account given by Aurivillius is however far more com-
plete than that in the brief abstract here referred to, and is also
accompanied by illustrations.
484 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
corresponds to the bar itself. The comparison to a pseudo-
morph suggests itself; the bar is indeed absent but its
shape is there. The case of the Acreine mimic is still
clearer, Figs. 3 and 38¢ on Plate XIV bearing the same
relationship as that above described in marshalli-dohertyi,
to Figs. 3 and 8a on Plate XV. The same “pseudo-
morph” of the white bar can be seen in the latter, while
in Figs. 4, 5, and 6, on Plate XV, some by no means un-
common intermediate varieties between encedon and daira
are represented. Fig. 7 shows the form aleippina which
resembles alcippus, the white-hind-winged chrysippus.
When a geologist finds a recognizable fragment of one
rock included in a stratum of another, he is usually safe in
inferring that the latter is the younger. With equal
confidence the zoologist may conclude that the mimicking
species is younger than the species it mimics. The latter
must have been in existence before the former attained a
resemblance to it. From this point of view the comparison
between chrysippus-klugii and their mimics is of intense
interest. Chrysippus and klugii are now well defined the
one from the other, and it is probably impossible or at
least’ extremely difficult to get a series of intermediate
forms between them. If we had not the mimics we might
well believe that klugii arose ready-made from chrysippus
by a process of discontinuous or transilient evolution.
But two of the younger mimics are very common and
widespread, and both misippus-inaria and encedon-daira
present us with abundant varieties showing every grade
of transition from the one form to the other. Of the
Lyceenid less can be said. It is still extremely rare (see
pp. 472, 473) and at present only known in two widely-
separated areas. But even in it the gap marshalli-dohertyi
has been shown above to be much less wide than that of
chrysippus-klugii. Weare led to believe from this com-
parison that in some earlier age the two forms of the
Danaine model existed in the stage now reached by their
commonest mimics, and, like these, were connected by a
series of abundant intermediate varieties which have since
been obliterated by selection.
E. Amauris echeria-like Group: Marked Secondary Resem-
blances between the Forms mimicking echeria.
This species of Amauris, with its very characteristic
rectangular buff patch on the hind-wing and buff or white-
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 485
spotted fore-wing, is the dominant Danaine of South
Africa, and extends in considerable abundance right up
the east and east central parts of the continent well into
British East Africa. It 1s a centre of convergence for
several Nymphaline and Paupilionine in the same district.
An interesting group, captured by Mr. Marshall at
Malvern, on March 25, 1897, consists of the following
species :—
Amauris echeria, var. allimaculata 2.
2 Huralia mime &.
Papilio cenea 9, cenea-form, with white spots on fore-
wing, like the var. albimaculata of A. echeria.
Papilio leonidas, var. brasidas.
The last-named Papilio is a somewhat outlying member
of the group, being separated from the others by the
patch on the hind-wing, which is white with a faint
greenish tinge, instead of buff. The general arrangement
of the light markings on the black ground is however
similar, and Mr. Trimen states that “it was in the
habit of settling precisely in the way affected by the
Amauris, viz, on a projecting leaf or twig, with the wings
closed and hanging downward, and in this exposed position
remaining motionless for a considerable time” (“South
African Butterflies,” vol. 111, 1889, p. 216). In two points,
viz. size, and contour of the wings, it is more like the
Danaine model than any of the other above-mentioned
species.
The most interesting point about the group as a whole
is, however, the undoubted secondary resemblance between
the species which primarily resemble the Amauris. The
secondary resemblance is, moreover, even stronger between
P. cenea and the Huralia than between either of these and
P. brasidas, that is to say, the species exhibiting a closer
primary mimicry also exhibit a closer secondary mimicry.
This fact suggests that the secondary resemblance is of
permanent value and not a mere phase which will ulti-
mately be lost in the primary resemblance. Mr. Marshall
informs me that these secondary mimetic resemblances are
still more marked upon the wing, so that a naturalist may
often be sure that he sees before him a mimic of echeria
or of a black-and-white Amauris, but cannot in any way
distinguish the mimic itself as Papilio, Pseudacrva, Hypo-
limnas, ete.
456 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
The points in which the mimics of A. echeria converge
together and diverge from their primary model are as
follows :—
(1) Size: They are much larger than their primary
model. #rasidas is in this respect intermediate.
(2) Scalloped outline of hind-wing; feebly marked
in brasidas. Slight imdications of scalloping are
intensified in echeria by the fringe bemg marked
by two white spots in each of the shallow concavities.
This is only distinct in some individuals, appar-
ently chiefly from the northern part of the range.
The marked concavities of the mimics are also
intensified by whiteness.
(3) Elongated oval shape of largest spot in fore-wing,
viz. the spot below the cell, while that of the
model is nearly circular. The long axis of the
oval spot furthermore assumes the same direction
in each of the three species, while that of echeria
is entirely difterent.
(4) The much greater prominence in all three mimics
of the sub-marginal row of white spots on the
upper-side of both wings.
(5) Strongly-marked black internervular rays pass
inwards from the margin of the hind-wing of
Huralia and invade the periphery of the ochreous
patch, uniting with the black veins to make up
a pattern of radiating dark lines. The radiate
appearance of the under-side is even more promin-
ent than that of the upper-side. Papilio cenea ¢
is very similar, except that the upper surface
exhibits only faint indications of the character
(which however is strongly marked in the hippo-
coon form resembling Amauwris dominicanus).*
Some of these differences between mimics as a whole
* In this respect, viz. the prominent development of internervular
rays on both surfaces of the hind-wing, the hippocoon form of the
Western P. merope presents a far closer resemblance to its co-mimic
Ewralia anthedon than to the primary model Amauris niavius, and
similarly the hippocoon form of the Southern and Eastern cenea to
Ewralia wahlbergi than to Amauris dominicanus. Not only is there
the conspicuous radiate appearance wanting in the Danaine model,
but the white centre of the upper surface of the wings deepens
gradually at its margin into black in both Papilio and Nymphalid,
while the margin of the corresponding white area in the Danaine
exhibits an extremely sharp and abrupt transition into black.
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 487
and their primary model are less pronounced in the
northern part of the range, in British East Africa, where
the Amauwris is often larger and commonly possesses far
more distinct sub-marginal spots on the upper-side. It is
interesting to compare other mimics of echeria with the
members of the group captured by Mr. Marshall at
Malvern on March 25, 1897.
The female of Pseudacrva tarquinia is a poorer mimic
of echeria than Luralia mima and Papilio cenea §, although
upon the wing the resemblance is doubtless strong. In size
it closely approaches the model: it has a slightly-scalloped
border, and an irregular oval spot with a direction similar
to that of the other mimics; the marginal spots are small
as in the southern echeria. On the under-side of the
hind-wing is a basal brown patch with conspicuous round
black spots as in many Planemas. In the development of
internervular black stripes invading the squarish ochreous
patch on the hind-wing it resembles Huralia and diverges
from the Danaine model.
The female of Papilio jacksoni, in the shape and direction
of the spot below the cell on the upper-side of the fore-
wing, far more closely resembles echerta than any other
mimic I have seen. On the other hand, the hind-wing is
deeply scalloped, the effect being much intensified by
white-margined concavities, the sub-marginal spots are
as a whole larger than those of any other mimic, while
the under-surface of the hind-wing exhibits very little
approach towards the Amauris, retaining the basal, black-
spotted brown triangle of the male, that well-known
synaposeme and pseudaposeme of many Ethiopian
Papilios, Planemas, Acreeas, Elymnias, Pseudacrzas, ete.,
unknown in the Ethiopian Danaine. Thus, in addition
to its primary mimicry of echeria, var. albimaculata,
jacksoni manifests secondary mimetic resemblance to the
former group of Rhopalocera, especially the Planemas, and
also an approach to other mimics of echeria in its con-
spicuous sub-marginal spots and deeply-scalloped border.
The general effect of the spotting of the fore-wing ts also
more like that of P. cenea, and even of Huralia mima,
than its primary model.
The female of the south-eastern Papilio echerioides is
very similar to that of jacksoni, but the spot below the
cell of the fore-wing is oval and in shape and direction
more nearly resembles that of Papileo cenea.
488 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
BF. The Origin of the black-marked, golden-brown Triangle
at the base of the Hind-Wing wnder-side in many
Ethiopian Butterflies.
Mr. Roland Trimen, F’.R.S., considers that the black-
marked, triangular, golden-brown basal patch on the under-
side of the hind-wing of the female P. cynorta which
mimics Planema gea, and P. echerioides [and we may now
add P. jacksoni| “ points to the inference that mimicry of
the Planema group was in both these Papiliones the
earlier tendency, and has only more recently been diverted
in the direction of Amauris in the case of the Southern
species”; for “this character is in the ¢s of cynorta and
echerioides even more developed than in the 9s, and is in
direct mimicry of the Planema” (“South African Butter-
flies,” vol. iii, 1889, p. 258). But if in the female of
cynorta, which is admitted to be an excellent Planema
mimic, this very character is reduced, how can it be
believed that its greater development in the male is a case
of direct Planema mimicry, seeing that in every other
respect this sex, if a mimic at all, is a most imperfect one ?
A comparison of the Papilios and Planemas with the
most remarkable development of this warning character at
the base of the under-side of the hind-wing renders it
probable that in this respect the latter have acted as
Miillerian mimics rather than models. The character is
far more highly developed and specialized in a section of
Ethiopian Papilios than in any of the Planemas: it also
appears in forms which are unknown, and accompanied by
other warning characters which are also unknown in the
Planemas; it reaches its highest development in species
which do not mimic Planemas. It is also probable that
the conspicuous, sharply-outlined white band of the male
echerivides, eynorta, ete., nearly alike on both upper- and
under-sides, is a warning character peculiar to this group
of tailless Ethiopian Papilios. In the most strongly-
marked species, with sexes nearly alike (zenobia, cypreofila,
etc.), the outer margin of the band on the fore-wing 1s
coarsely serrated in a very characteristic manner on both
surfaces. Furthermore (in cyprvofila, gallienus, ete.), another
warning character of great interest is added in the row
of large conspicuous marginal white spots on both surfaces
of the hind-wing and smaller ones on the fore-wing. In
S .
this respect this group of Puapilios presents an exact
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 489
negative of the positive form of synaposeme character-
istic of the Pierme genus Mylothris. Thus very striking
warning characters are peculiar to this section of Papilios,
the fifth or Zenobia Group of Aurivillius; and, further-
more, the character we are specially considering, the black-
marked basal patch of the under-side of the hind-wing,
assumes a form which is unknown in Planema, being tra-
versed by blackened veins and broader black internervular
lines. In the species of Papilio last mentioned there are no
spots upon the brown triangle, only these strongly-marked
radiating lines. In zenolia and still more in the male
cynorta a few spots are added by modification of some of
the other markings, and it is probable that this slight
change is a late diaposematic response to Planema, made
after the latter had gained the golden-brown triangle in
Miillerian mimicry of these dominant Papilios.
Another important point is the fact that the golden-
brown triangle is /argev in the females than the males of
eyprxofila and zenobia which do not mimic Planemas,
smaller, as has already been pointed out, in the females of
the species which strongly exhibit this Miillerian approach
to either Planema or Amauris,
It must also be remembered that Papilios may be
excessively unpalatable to insect-eating animals as a
whole. Thus Mr. Frank Finn concludes that P. a7risto-
lochivw is more distasteful to birds than Danainew, Acrea
viole, and Delias eucharis (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., Ixvu,
pt. u, 1897, p. 614).
The facts and arguments set forth above render it
probable (1) that the golden-brown triangular patch first
arose in the Zenobia Group of Ethiopian Papilios; (2) that
it was later reproduced on a smaller scale by the Acrzeine
genus Planema, the Acreine round black spots contrasting
with the ground-colour in place of the radiating black lines
of the Papilio; (3) that, later still, other widely-separated
genera reproduced the character in the form it had as-
sumed in Planema, e. g. Pseudacrexa, Hlymnias, ete., while a
reciprocal (diaposematic) tendency (see p. 426) to approach
the Planema form is seen in certain species of the Zenobia
Group of Papilios. Several species of the group have
females mimicking Acrzeines or Danaines. In the three
of these which were examined the males exhibited the
above-described diaposematic tendency, while the females
possessed a greatly-reduced but otherwise similar triangular
patch.
490 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
Hence this characteristic widespread Ethiopian synapo-
seme and pseudaposeme has probably originated in a
diaposematic fusion of the triangular golden- -brown patch
of the Zenobia Group of Papilios with the scattered
circular black spots which are characteristic of Ethiopian
Acreas. I have made much use of Aurivillius’ admirable
“ Rhopalocera Ethiopica” in this section which is devoted to
the discussion of an under-side synaposeme, although the
distinguished author himself maintains that mimetic
resemblance is almost confined to the upper-side of butter-
flies’ wings—a very strange conclusion (loc. cit., p. 585).
G. Compound Group containing Representatives of all the
three previously described. Species probably entering
two Groups.
The groups described above fly together, and thus repre-
sent in a compound group the chief types of butterfly color-
ation which a young insect-eating animal of South and
Eastern Africa requires to learn, by a trial of one or more
representatives. The following members of the three
groups were captured by Mr. D. Chaplin at Berea, a
suburb of Durban, on April 5, 1896, and are now in the
Hope Department.
BLACK-AND-WHITE GROUP. Echeria-LiKE GROUP.
Amauris ochlea, Amauris echeria, var. alli-
Planema aganice &. maculata.
Huralia mima.
Chrysippus-LIKE GROUP.
Limnas chrysippus &.
2 Hypolimnas misippus f, 2. type-form.
2 Acrea petrea fF 9.
2 Acreva encedon, type-form and var. Lycia.
That the same species may produce two or more forms
entering as many groups is well known, but, as a rule,
such polymorphism i is confined to the female sex. In the
polymorphism of Acrea encedon, however (see. pp. 483,
484), we have a case in which both sexes are present in
the various forms, and although the relative numbers of
the forms are very different and certain of them may
perhaps be absent from a district, 1 know of no case in
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 491
which one alone is found in ary part of the total range of
the species. Hence the polymorphism, although partially a
distributional phenomenon, is not entirely so. On the
other hand, I know of no example among the Lepidoptera
in which a species is at the same season divided into two
sub-equal sections throughout its range, each containing
both males and females, and each section mimicking
a very different model. Among Diptera, the Kuropean
Volucella bombylans and its form mystacea supply good
examples; and now Mr. Marshall has collected evidence
which makes it in the highest degree probable that the
Lepidoptera are not without such cases. He brings
convincing support for the belief that Huralia wahlbergi
and #. mima are the two forms of a single species. It is
greatly to be hoped that Mr. Marshall may be as success-
ful in establishing this interesting and unique case, as he
has been in the marvellous seasonal transformation of
Precis, His evidence is set forth in the following quota-
tions from his letters :—
“Umkomaas Mouth, Natal; Sept. 3, 1897.—In my own
mind I am pretty well convinced that Huralia mima and
wahlbergi ave one and the same species which has developed
two mimetic forms as in Papilio cenea, but that in this case
' both sexes are concerned. My reasons for so thinking are
that they have been taken im coitu several times, “that
specimens occur presenting intermediate coloration, and
also that the two forms are always found together whenever
they are met with in any number. I have not often been
fortunate enough to see these congregations, but I re-
member seeing some thirty or forty specimens, comprising
about equal numbers of each form, collected together on
the side of a steep shady kraantz along the Palmiet River.
Mr. A. D. Miller, who has collected for many years in
Durban, tells me this is by no means uncommon, and
that they congregate particularly in the afternoon when
going to roost. Mr. C. N. Barker tells me that some years
ago he came across a large number of both forms on a
large tree on which they had evidently bred, for many of
them had only just emerged, and some had not their
wings fully developed. This shows that they are also
associated in their earlier stages.”
About the time when this passage was written Mr.
Marshall presented to the Hope Department a set of
eight individuals of these Euralias, viz. four of £. mima (2 8,
4.92, Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
22), and four of #. wahlbergi (3 f, 19), which he had ecap-
tured on the Umbilo River, near Durban, Natal, on June
28, 1897. His account of the habits of this little com-
pany is given below.
“Malvern, Natal; Oct. 7, 1897.—The specimens of
Huralia mima and wahlhergi were captured going to roost
together on a small clump of ferns under a steep kraantz
between 3 and 4 p.m. Although disturbed a good many
times in my efforts to catch them, they always returned
after some minutes. There were two others which were
too tattered to keep, and two more that I failed to catch.”
If Mr. Marshall’s conclusion be established, it follows
that the corresponding and closely-allied mimetic West
African forms Huralia anthedon and EF. dubia, connected
like wahlhergi and mima by intermediate varieties, are
similarly the dimorphic forms of a single species.
H. Groups of Synaposematic Acrevas captured at the same
Place and Time.
Professor Meldola first suggested the use of Fritz
Miiller’s principle to explain “the prevalence of one type
of marking and colouring throughout immense numbers
of species in protected groups, such as the tawny species
of Danais, the barred Heliconias, the blue-black Huplaas,
and the fulvous Acrvas” (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 5, vol. x, 1882, p. 425), As an example of Miillerian
mimicry in the last-named group, I was anxious to obtain
convergent species captured in one place and at one time.
Mr. Marshall very kindly obtained two such groups for
me. The first was captured by him on Dec. 31, 1898,
at Salisbury, and contains the following species :—
6 Acrvxa doubledayi, var. axina, 4 $2 9 (f Fig. 1, 2
Fig. 2, Plate XVI).
4 Acreva caldarena, 3 f 1 3 (f Fig. 3, 2 Fig. 4, Plate
XVI).
4 Acrva nohara, var. halal, 2 § 2 9 (¢ Fig. 5, 2
Fig. 6, Plate XVI).
2 Acrvxa violarum, var. asema, 2 2 (Fig. 9, Plate
XVI).
2 Acrxa rahira, 1319 (¢ Fig. 7, 2 Fig. 8, Plate
XVI).
All these species are of approximately the same size
and shape of wing, colour, and pattern, rahira being furthest
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 493
removed from the average appearance of the group, while
caldarena is an outlying member in one respect only, viz.
the pronounced apical black patch on the fore-wing. The
brightly-coloured males and the brightest of the ‘females
of all these species would closely resemble each other on
the wing, including the male of violarwm, which was not
captured on that particular day; and similarly a uniform
effect would be produced by the darker females. The
under-sides of all species except rahira are superficially
alike. The strong superficial resemblance is well shown
in Figs. 1 to 9 on Plate XVI.
A second group was captured at Salisbury on Jan. 7,
1899, and contains the two following species :—
2 Acrwa anemosa f 2 (2 in-Plate XVI, fig. 10).
Zz, nopalica 2 (Plate XVI, fig. 11).
These large Acrieas are obviously very different in
the details of coloration, but the positions m which the
black marking of the upper surface are massed on the
fulvous ground-colour are almost exactly the same, the
only marked difference being the presence of numerous
black spots in the first- named species which are almost
absent in the second. Mr. Trimen speaks of anemosa as
“in habit and general colouring very near natalica” (Loe.
cit., vol. 1, p. 156). The under-sides are far less alike, but
there can be no doubt about synaposematic convergence
having occurred. It is probable that the approach has
been chiefly, perhaps entirely, on the side of natalica,
which has adjusted markings of a type usual among
Ethiopian Acrwinw in such a manner as to produce super-
ficial similarity to anemosa, an Acrwa in which a very
remarkable and unusual appearance is the warning sign
of exceptional defence against insect-eating animals (see
p. 413).
Mr. Marshall informs me that the two species are very
similar upon the wing, and that the resemblance is much
closer in the case of the female natalica than the male,
thus following the rule in mimicry, and confirming still
further the opinion expressed above that the approach
has been from the side of natalica.
I. Mimetie Species of South African Lycenide and Hesperidx
captured with their Models.
Exclusive of Mimacrea marshalls and its form dohertyt
4.94 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
which were discussed in relation to their models chrysippus
and klugit, the groups containing Lycenide or Hesperidx
are considered below.
A group of the smaller Acrzeas with a single mimetic
Lycznid was captured at Salisbury on Sept. 28, 1900.
It contains the following species :—
2 Acrexa violarum, var. asema &.
1 ,, doubledayi, var. axina &.
1, timduna ff.
1 Catochrysops mashuna f (figure of 9 on Plate XIV,
fig. 5).
A. induna falls into the first-mentioned group of small
Acrieas, resembling ca/darena in the possession of a black
apical patch to the fore-wing. The strong development of
black spots upon an ochreous ground on the under-side of
the Lyczenid is doubtless mimetic in the position of rest,
especially when in the company of Acraas or in places
where they are likely to be found. Mr. Marshall informed
Mr. Trimen “that on October 20, 1894, he saw two of this
Lycxna sleeping on the end of a stem ‘of dry grass among
a number of Acrwa nohara and A. caldarena, and was
struck with the general similarity of their under-side to
that of the Acrzeas; he also noticed that in the attitude
of repose the fore-wings of the Lycwna were well depressed
between the hind-wings, giving the insect the elongate
outline of an Acreva” (Ti rans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1898, p. 6).
a Trimen also suggests that the heavy black spotting of
L. (C) gigantea and L. (C) perpulchra (Trim.) [ = peculiaris,
Roo is of the same significance, although the ground-
colour is not Acrwa-like in these species.
A paragraph from one of Mr. Marshall’s letters is quoted
below.
“ Umkomaas Mouth, Natal; Sept. 3, 1897.—The under-
side of the Acrwa-like Lyexnid L. mashuna is ochreous
yellow with large black spots, but I did not realize its
resemblance to an Acrva until I saw them roosting to-
gether. ‘The mimicry, however, is in a very incipient stage,
for the yellow under-side fades somewhat rapidly, thus
much lessening the resemblance ; and, as it does not occur
in its near allies LZ. hypolewca and the fine L. gigantea, it
is clearly a recently-acquired character.”
In another group captured at Umtali, 3700 feet, in
December 1900, the Acrieas are only represented by asingle
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 495
species, and that not specially suitable as a model for the
other members. The great interest of the assemblage is the
presence of a rare Hesperid, A. ¢ettensis, im which black
spots and a pale pinkish tinge on the under-side of the
hind-wings appear to indicate strongly-marked mimicry
of Acrzeas on a line along which the above-named Lyceenids
have advanced to a greater distance. In another respect,
however, viz. the strongly-marked black-and-white margin
of the hind-wing under-side, the Hesperid is a much closer
mimic of a general Acrva type. Mr. Trimen also speaks
of the spotting and tinting of the under-side of both wings
of this species as very peculiar and strongly recalling the
aspect of some of the smaller Acrzas (Joc, cit., vol. iii, p.
338).
ae received from Mr. Marshall the following refer-
ences to the two Hesperids in the list of species making
up this group :—
“ Salisbury, Jan. 11, 1901.—I have recently obtained at
Umtali another Hesperid, the very rare Abantis tettensis,
showing strong Acrzeoid coloration on the under-side,
which I wili send you together with a Kedestes, which is of
interest as it shows the incipient stages of such mimicry.”
“ Salisbury, Sept. 27, 1901—I have never seen Abantis
tettensis with its wings closed over its back ; all that I have
captured rested with wings expanded horizontally. Indeed
I cannot at the moment recollect ever seeing any Abantis
settle with vertical wings. I think it is highly probable
that tettensis would sleep in that position, but under the
circumstances I should not like to assume it as a fact
without actually seeing it.”
The group is as follows :—
3 Acrea encedon, type-form.
2 Catochrysops peculiaris (Plate XIV, fig. 4).
2 Abantis tettensis Cw3 uml ss 14) GE
1 Kedestes macomo, var. (_,, ee Hi 2i)s
In the latter Hesperid the brilliant ochreous under-side
affords an effective background for the small but distinct
black spots on the under surface of both wings. The
general effect is somewhat Acrva-like, but the tint of the
under-side of most smaller Acrzeas is pinkish when they are
fresh.
A more perfect Hesperid mimic is seen in the rare
Baoris netopha, of which a female (Fig. 13, Plate X VI) was
496 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
captured by Mr. Marshall at Salisbury on April 6, 1898,
together with a male of Acrwa doubledayi, var. axina
(Fig. 12, Plate XVI), which is one of the many smaller
Acreas, to which it bears a somewhat generalized resem-
blance on the under-side of its wings in the natural posi-
tion of rest, which is nearly but not quite represented in
Fig. 13 (see the description of the Plate). Mr. Marshall
has sent the following account of the attitude :—
“Salisbury, Feb. 12,1899.—The baoris netopha rest with
closed wings, and the fore-wings pressed well within the
hind-wings so as to hide the white spots; they then look
much more Acrwa-like.”
The curious reticulate under surface of the hind wings
of the isolated and remarkable Hesperid Cyclopides willemt
is mimetic of the probably distasteful Alena nyassx, which
possesses a somewhat similar but much coarser reticulation.
Mr. Marshall states that the resemblance is much enhanced
in the resting attitude of both species by the concealment
of the fore-wings, with the exception of the apex, within
the hind. Both species frequent the same localities, and
both rest upon grass-stems. One of each species was
captured at Salisbury on Feb. 23, 1901, and another similar
pair on March 3, 1901.
In thus bringing together Mr. Marshall’s examples of
mimicry in Hesperidw, it is appropriate to include the
following interesting case of mimicry on the part of a
Hesperid for a Danaine larva.
“Salisbury, March 10, 1898.—The larva of the large
‘skipper’ Rhopalocampta forestan possesses a colouring
wonderfully similar to that of L. chrysippus, though it lacks
the filaments. I only know the larvee of three other
species of Hesperidw and they are all green; moreover,
they form shelters for themselves, and never come out to
feed except after dusk; whereas, although forestan also
forms a shelter, yet it frequently comes out and feeds in
broad daylight, when it is a very conspicuous object.”
The upper-side of Alena nyasse appears to fit in with
the strong combination of black-and-white Ethiopian
butterflies belonging to the Danaine and Acrxine and
their Batesian and Miillerian mimics. Among the smaller
of the latter Neptis agatha is probably to be placed, and
this species is on the wing with the much smaller Lycznid.
Thus Mr. Marshall has sent to the Hope Department
specimens of the Neptis captured at Salisbury on March
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 497
19 and May 1, 1898, and of the Alena taken on March 20
and April 3 of the same year.
It occurred to me that Castalius calice might also belong
to the same group, but Mr. Marshall points out, in the
passage quoted below, that its habits do not support
this view.
“ Salisbury, Jan. 8, 1899.—I should very much doubt
whether Castalius calice 1s convergent with or even a
mimic of Alana nyusse. Their habits and stations are
very different, and moreover C. calice (of which I believe
C. melena will prove to be the summer form) is common
in Natal and the Transvaal, where A. nyasse does not
oceur. I should not regard C. calice as an unpalatable
species, and its colouring is by no means conspicuous owing
to its small size: it is an active little insect resembling
T. plinius, Lycenesthes, and other arboreal Lycenide in its
habits. In the intense light and shade of this climate its
black-and-white markings are rather protective as it rests
onthe shiny leaves of its food-plant (Zizyphus), just as are
the brilliant white under-sides of some Jolat. The con-
vergence you suggest between A. nyassxv and Neptis agatha
and Nyctemera leuconoé is highly probable, but Amauwris
and the black-and-white Acreas are all absent from the
Mashona plateau, being all coast or low-veldt forms.
Alena, Pentila, and perhaps Delonewra, are in my opinion
the only unpalatable South African Lycwnidx, and the
latter is more likely to be a mimic of some day-flying
moth. Catochrysops mashuwna used to be very abundant
here, but only occurring in September and October. I only
saw two or three this season and always when I had no
net.”
Three specimens of another interesting and probably dis-
tasteful species of the same Lycenid genus Alena amazoula
captured on the same day, Sept. 26, 1897, as the conspicu-
ous day-flying and probably unpalatable geometrid moth
Petovia dichroaria were presented by Mr. Marshall to the
Hope Department. Mr. Marshall had taken the group in
the same locality at Malvern, Natal, and, as the passage
from his letter quoted on p. 498 indicates, he believes that
the resemblance is synaposematic. In the cabinet the
likeness is stronger on the under than upon the upper
surface, but is probably strongest of all upon the wing.
Alena amazoula is a Lyceenid of great interest, probably
exhibiting a generalized Miillerian resemblance to the
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART UI. (NOV.) 33
498 ; Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
Acrzas. Although unlike any single species of Acrwxa, the
likeness to this group and unlikeness to the Lycenidx was
sufficient to deceive Boisduval and at first Roland Trimen
(Rhop. Afr. Austr., 1862-66, p. 111). In the Hope Col-
lection also I found it had been placed among the Acrzeas
by Professor Westwood. Its undoubted Lycenid affinities
were finally established by Roland Trimen (“South African
Butterflies,” vol. ii, 1887, p. 222).
The above-mentioned errors as to the affinity of this
aberrant Lyczenid certainly support the opinion that it
bears a general resemblance to the Acrvinw. It would be
interesting to know its resting habits. With the under-
side exposed and the long narrow wings it would probably
bear some general likeness to a very small Acrea. Mr.
Marshall wrote concerning it as follows :—
“ Umkomaas Mouth, Natal ; Sept. 3, 1897.—Alxna ama-
zoula is certainly a protected species, but I do not think it
is in any way convergent towards the Acrzeas, for it is in no
way suggestive of them on the wing, being by no means
conspicuous, but rather difficult to follow. Its length of
wing has been attributed to relationship with Acrxa, but
this seems open to doubt. I should prefer to consider it
as a parallel development to Acrwva, though it is worth
noting that the allied genus Lachnocnema has also some-
what elongate wings.”
“ Malvern, Oct. 7, 1897.—The day-flying moths [Petovia
dichroaria| captured on the same day as Alwna amazoula
can, I think, be well regarded as convergent in coloration.”
J. Mimicry in Lycxenide and to a less extent in Hesperide
a Character of the Ethiopian Region. Possible Inter-
pretation.
The instances of mimicry in South African Lycwnida
recorded here, and the much larger number known in
other parts of the region, especially the tropical West
Coast, led me to inquire how the total number of species
of this family compared with that of other parts of the
world. My friend Mr. Hamilton Druce kindly made an
approximate calculation of the number of described species
in the two other great tropical south-extending land
masses. From Australia, the Malay Archipelago, and the
continental portion of the Oriental Region, over 1000
species have been described. From the Neotropical Region
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 499
about 700 species of Zhecla have been described. In Auri-
villius’ catalogue of Ethiopian Rhopalocera only 582 species
are recognized. * The predominance of Lyczenid mimicry in
this latter Region is therefore in no way connected with
richness in the number of species. The chief reason is
certainly the existence in the Region of the sub-family
Liptenine, with nearly all its species mimetic. In addition
to the general Acreeine appearance of Alena amazoula, the
Neptis-like A. nyasse and the chrysippus-klugii-like Mim-
acrea marshalli-dohertyi, there is represented in the Hope
Collection mimetic resemblance to Zerias or other small
Pierines on the part of Larinopoda lircea, L. tera, Liptena
libyssa, and L. undularis ; to Mylothris by Pentila abraxas,
P. phidia, and Citrinophila erastus ; to chrysippus and the
chrysippus-like Huphedre and Aletis by Telipna bimacu-
lata and 7. sanguinea ; to a general Acreeine type by two
or three species of Penti/a. Many other cases of mimicry
are known in the sub-family, especially towards models of the
genera Planema and Acreva (see Aurivillius, loc. cit., p. 530).
But this remarkable group does not by any means exhaust
the Ethiopian Lyczenid mimics, for many species of the
Lycenine mimic Acreas, Terias or other small Pierines
and Mylothris. The general Acreeine mimicry of species of
Catochrysops has already been described and _ illustrated.
Furthermore, Aurivillius considers that there is a certain
amount of mimetic approach between species of Liptenine
and Lycening in which the former probably always act as
models.
It is very difficult to understand this predominance of
Lyczenid mimicry in the Ethiopian Region, and I can only
suggest the possibility that the number of feasible models
of moderate and small size furnished by the abundant
Acreinz of Africa may furnish an explanation. In such
cases as Catochrysops peculiaris and mashuna we see at
once how naturally and easily the Lycznid under-side
adapts itself to the characteristic appearance of the Acrva
type, especially when it is further assisted by similar habits.
And this suggests another equally important principle
which has doubtless been fertile in bringing about Lyceenid
mimicry, viz. the habits of the models being such as to
bring them within the range of the forms which were to
mimic them. ‘The numerous low-flying and low-settling
Acreas, resting at night on grass-stems, have precisely the
mode of life which is well known to be characteristic of
500 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
such a large number of Lycwnide. The Liptenine are
probably a specially-protected group, and the rarity of
many of the species may be only apparent, and due to
their (Miillerian) mimicry of extremely common forms for
which they are constantly mistaken by naturalists.
In other parts of the world Lycenide which are evidently
specially protected and extremely conspicuous are well
known, such as TZalicada of the Oriental Region and
Eumexus of the Neotropical. These genera do not enter
into synaposematic association with the best-defended
butterflies of their localities, but each adopts an aposematic
appearance peculiar to itself. It is probable that in the
Neotropical Region, where mimicry is more striking and
more fully exemplified than in any other part of the world,
the habits of the Theclas are the chief obstacle to their use
of this means of protection. For models of all sizes abound
in this part of the world. On the other hand, in the
tropical East it may be the want of a sufficient number of
models of an appropriate size and habits which has acted as
the barrier.
The explanation which has here been thrown out as a
suggestion may also enable us to understand the cases of
mimicry in Ethiopian Hesperidx, a family in which such
resemblances are rare. Here, however, the facts may be
paralleled in the Neotropical Region where there are a
few mimetic “skippers.” Mimicry in this group and the
want of it in the Lycanide# may follow from the difference
between the habits and stations of the tropical American
Hesperids and Theclas.
K. Mimicry in the Nymphaline Batesian or Miillerian ?
I have had much controversy with my friend Mr.
Marshall over this difficult and interesting problem, and I
propose to bring forward a résumé of the arguments which
seem to support the latter interpretation as opposed to
the former, and then to quote his weighty objections and
the interesting observations of the habits of mimetic
species and genera which he has made.
1. It is of interest although probably not of extreme
importance to reflect that all the great groups of un-
palatable, conspicuous, and ‘much-mimicked butterflies
belong to the Nymphalide—the Ithomiune, Danaine,
Heliconine, and Acrxinx, and that the two latter are so
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 501
closely related to the Nymphaline that it is difficult to
draw a line between them. The argument is not of much
weight, because the intensely procryptic habits and colours
of many Nymphaline genera have certainly been brought
about by selection due to the great keenness and suc-
cess of insect-eating animals in their pursuit. I have
however suggested and brought evidence in support of the
view that some of the procryptic Nymphaline species are
to a certain extent unpalatable (see p, 442).
2. Mimicry in the Nymphalinew does not appear in
isolated forms but in all or nearly all the species of a
genus. Such mimetic genera are usually very large,
dominant, and wide-spread. The species themselves are
also often wide-spreading, and may have an enormous range
far exceeding that of the model (Hypolimnas misippus).
Allowing for the fact that the mimetic species resemble
the commonest types in the world, and so are lable to
escape notice, it is probable that they are rich in indi-
viduals. In many instances we know that this is so,
The more we investigate it the more does Rhopaloceran
mimicry seem to be associated with dominant genera and
species, rather than the feeble and hard-pressed forms
which H. W. Bates presupposed in his well-known theory.
3. The dominant tendency towards mimetic resem-
blance in any genus cannot be explained by hereditary
transmission of the mimetic form of a single parent species,
or from the tendency of closely-related species to vary along
nearly the same lines, because the species of a mimetic
genus, as a matter of fact, mimic in many different direc-
tions. Thus Psewdacrea resembles Acrxa, Planema,
Amauris, and Limnas chrysippus; while Hypolimnas,
including Hwralia, is even more protean.
4. The non-mimetic species of a mimetic genus are
often markedly conspicuous, exhibiting what has all the
appearance of an aposematic pattern peculiar to them-
selves ({ypolimnas, Pseudacrea). This is also frequently
true of the non-mimetic males of a species with mimetic
females (Hypolimnas). Such aposematic patterns are
especially displayed on the under-side, where procryptic
colours are developed in other butterflies.
5. The converse of the last argument is also true, viz.
some of the species in a genus, which is as a whole
imarkedly conspicuous and itself mimicked, are often
mimetic of quite other groups. Many instances of Veptis
at
02 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
have been given on pp. 467, 468, and mimetic species are
also well known in /imenitis, Cethosia, ete.
6. The non-mimetic species of mimetic genera are
sometimes mimicked; e.g. the mimicry of the nerina
form of female Hypolimnas bolina by a rare Danaine in
Celebes, etc. The resemblance of the upper-side of cer-
tain species of Protogoniomorpha to some of the larger
species of Hypolimnas may be another instance of the
same tendency.
7. The fact that mimetic species resembling some
primary model nevertheless in certain respects resemble
each other rather than the model. This deuterosynapo-
sematic resemblance, as it may be called, is a very wide-
spread phenomenon, and several striking instances of it are
discussed in the present memoir (see pp. 470, 471, 485-7).
It will also be shown to occur in Coleoptera (pp. 513-515).
I have given merely an outline of the chief evidence
which has induced me to believe that the mimetic
Nymphaline genera are to some extent specially pro-
tected, and thus have developed a beneficial synaposematic
association with far better protected forms belonging to
other sub-families.
This evidence has been sought and obtained under the
euidance of the principles discovered by Dr. F. A. Dixey
and ably presented by him in 1894-97 (Brit. Assoc.
Reports, 1894, pp. 692, 693; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1804, p- 208; 1896, p. 65; 897, p. Sif) Enese
memoirs mark one of the few important advances made
in our attempt to understand the complex and diffi-
cult phenomena of mimicry. I will quote one preg-
nant paragraph, which it will be seen contains the
essence of what I have here described as primary and
secondary mimicry (see pp. 513-515, also the above para-
graph 7). “ Every conspicuous and distasteful form is a
centre of attraction for other forms, whether edible or
inedible; but in the former case (Batesian mimicry) the
mimetic attraction is limited in operation, and acts only
in one direction, influencing nothing but the mimic;
while in the latter case (Miillerian mimicry) the mimetic
attraction is unlimited and mutual, acting reciprocally in
both directions, and influencing each member of the group”
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1897, pp. 324, 325).
Mr. Marshall’s valuable notes on the habits of Nymphaline
mimics and his discussion of the conclusions described
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 503
above, are contained in the following quotations from his
letters.
“ Malvern, Natal; Feb.21,1897.—As regards the Euralias
my experience of them is somewhat limited, but from what
I have seen of them I fecl pretty sure that their coloration
is due to mimicry and not to convergence. Their range
seems in all cases to agree with that of the Amauris they
resemble. In Durban A. ochlea is by far the scarcest of
the three, and its mimics Z. deceptor and Pseudacreva ex-
pansa are also very rare ; further up the Kast Coast, how-
ever (Delagoa Bay and Beira), och/ea becomes one of the
commonest of the genus, and the two other species are
hkewise much more numerous. At this place, it is true,
Huralia wahlbergi is certainly more plentiful than A,
dominicanus, but they are both uncommon, and all the
specimens we see are practically visitors from the thick
bush along the immediate coastline. (This is six miles
inland.) ”
* x % # %
“YT may mention that in the last few years Mr. Ball has
caught two Huwralia wahlbergi [in the Karkloof Forest
twenty miles N. of Maritzburg], but has never seen
Amauris dominicanus,”
“ Umkomaas Mouth, Natal ; Sept. 3,1897.—With regard
to the Euralia, ete., | must admit that I have never been
fully convinced by the contention that in Batesiau mimicry
the mimetic species must of necessity be a feeble one and
very fewin numbers. It seems to me that it would be quite
reasonable to suppose that such a mimic might well equal
or even exceed in numbers the protected species, though
this would of course depend entirely upon the degree of
inedibility of the latter. For example, in the case of
Huraha mima and Amauris echeria (probably the best-
protected butterfly here), supposing they occur in equal
numbers in a given area, and that certain birds by chancing
to catch three or four of the former in succession were
induced to prey upon butterflies with that coloration,
then, from a mathematical standpoint, every alternate
specimen caught by any bird would be A. echeria. Now
I think we are quite safe in assuming that the fact that
every other butterfly caught had a nauseating taste
and smell would be far and away more likely to create
a strong and lasting impression upon a bird’s mind
than the fact that every second one proved to be edible,
504 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
and would be quite sufficient to deter the bird from
attempting to eat butterflies of that colour. This is from
a mathematical point of view solely, but, from what I
know of these two forms in life, I believe that presuming
them to occur in equal numbers, a larger proportion of
echeria would actually be captured, for mima is a much
more shy insect, and although it has the same slow sailing
flight (when undisturbed) it does not keep on the wing
nearly as long as echeria ; moreover, it is much more wary
and always on the alert for danger, going off at a smart
pace when frightened, and not returning to the same spot
as echeria frequently does after being struck at; altogether
it is a much more difficult insect to capture. Indeed I
do not see why the mimic should not even somewhat sur-
pass the mimicked species in numbers, without upsetting
their relations to one another, provided the taste of the
latter be sufficiently unpleasant, and particularly if the
flavour be of a lasting nature.”
“ Malvern, May 14, 1897.—I feel quite satisfied that
Pseudacrea trimenit is a mimetic and not a_ protected
species. In spite of its larger size it looks wonderfully
like Acrva acara on the wing, and the first few examples
I caught completely took me in. Their flight is like that
of all Pseudacrewas and Euralias—slow and sailing—so
long as they are not disturbed ; but if struck at and missed
they are off like a shot and do not often give one a second
chance. At this particular spot (Malvern) they are a good
deal commoner than A. acara, which is only a rare visitor.
The latter is however common on the immediate coast,
where P. trimenii is I am told pretty plentiful in good
seasons.”
“ Salisbury, Jan. 12, 1901.—I quite agree with you that
the resembiance between the under-sides of Delias pandemia
and Isharta pandemia is the most remarkable case yet
brought forward, and one cannot but marvel how such
exact similarity can have been arrived at. Although I
should certainly incline to the belief that the mimicry is
Miillerian, judging by the congeners of both forms, yet its
very exactitude seems to be a ° difficulty, for although one
can readily understand how in an edible and “much-
persecuted species the resemblance might be brought up
to so high a grade, yet it is hard to understand how this
could be effected in a species which is comparatively
immune from attack. For it seems to be an inevitable
The Bionomices of South African Insects. 505
deduction from the theory of mimicry that a high grade
of resemblance must imply excessive persecution, either
now or within recent times, unless we are prepared to
admit some other convergent force.”
“ Salisbury, Sept. 27, 1901.—With regard to Miillerian
mimicry I quite agree that the slow flight and the bright
colours of protected forms would lay them open to much
experimental tasting from inexperienced birds; but the
extreme toughness of their integuments (for example in
the Acreas) and their great vitality seem to have been
specially developed to minimize thisdanger. And whereas
the Batesian mimic, if thus experimented with, would
promptly be eaten, a Miillerian butterfly would run a
very good chance of surviving its injuries and propagating
its kind. Do not suppose that I in any way disbelieve in
the action of Miillerian mimicry, for I certataly think it
must be a very strong factor. But this point seems to me
to be a real difficulty, and I should hke to be able to
answer it satisfactorily if it were brought up by an
opponent.”
L. Miscellaneous Observations on Mimiery in South
African Rhopalocera. (G. A. K. M.)
a, Nymphaline.
“ Malvern, Natal; Feb. 21, 1897.—I do not remember
ever having scen it suggested that the female of the hand-
Some Charaxes xiphares mimics A. echeria, but I have
little doubt that such is the case. It is a fairly common
species at the Karkloof, but difficult to catch, and I only
took one. I believe there are more instances of mimicry
in this genus, e.g. achemenes and guderiana, of which the
females are very scarce (though the male of the former is
one of the commonest Charazes in Mashonaland) and very
ditferently coloured from the males, being remarkably
lke the common widespread C. saturnus. Again, some
years ago I pointed out to Trimen the strong resemblance
of the female of C. whyter to Neptis agatha on the wing.
I hope to be able to prove before long that Neptis is a
distasteful genus (by the way, is Limenitis edible ?), as its
appearauce and habits certainly point that way.”
B. Prerine.
“ Estcourt, Natal ;, Oct. 15, 1896.—In Durban Mylothris
506 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
agathina was fairly abundant, and I was interested to
notice the very close resemblance between it and Lelenois
thysa, though, as is the case with most mimics, the latter
has a much quicker flight when disturbed. B. thysa, so
far as my experience goes, is confined to the warm coast
belt, whereas JZ. agathina is common everywhere through-
out South-east Africa.”
“ Malvern, March 12, 1897.—It is curious to note that
although Nepheronia aryia was common at the Karkloof,
I never saw a single specimen of Mylothris agathina. My.
Ball has in his collection a very fine variety of the female
of the former, which clearly mimics Mylothris trimenia, the
upper-side of the hind-wings being lemon-yellow, and the
red mark on the under-side of the fore-wings absent. This
: the only one I have seen, although I took one or two
females showing an approach towards it, one of which I
send you.’
“Umkomaas Mouth, Natal ; Sept. 3, 1897.—I am afraid
I can hardly bring myself yet to believe in Dixey’s theory
that the Pierine are for the most part protected. As
regards our South African species, the only ones which I
feel confident are protected are Mylothris agathina,
ruppellii, and trimenia, and Pontia hellica, For the
remainder I think we must find some other cause to
account for their numbers and wide range. In Zerias the
larva possesses wonderfully assimilative colouring, and is ex-
tremely difficult to detect on the food-plant, and so far as the
experience of Hutchinson and myself goes with 7. brigitta
we have never yet observed a single case of parasitism.
The protective coloration and comparative freedom from
parasites of the larva, and the protective seasonal colouring
of the imago, would no doubt go a long way to explain
their number, though I fancy there must be some other
factor.”
“ Salisbury, May 1, 1899.—Query : are the black bands
in the females of Teracolus Poet in mimicry of the
common and widespread species, Herpxnia eriphia#” *
y. Papilionine.
“ Salisbury, Dec. 26, 1897.—Papilio brasidas I consider
* Dr. F, A. Dixey informs me that Professor Westwood probably
suspected a relationship between the markings of H. er iphia and
T’. eris, for he had removed a specimen of the former species from
the others, and placed it next to a dry form ofthe Teracolus,
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 507
to be merely a local race of P. leonidas, as every one must
do who has seen a long series of the two forms. I have
found typical Jeonidas pretty plentifully in the low veldt
of Mashonaland (Mazoe and Umfuli Rivers) and I also saw
it at Delagoa Bay. I have always been struck with its
marked difference in habit from the Southern brasidas.
Its flight is strong and rapid, and it always goes straight
ahead like P. poiicenes and P. antheus, which it somewhat
resembles on the wing in spite of its very different shape.
Brasidas, on the other hand, has a slow sailing flight, going
backwards and forwards over the same ground and often
frequenting one spot for days. Now there is absolutely
nothing suggestive of protection in the flight of leonidas,
none of that slow sailing movement to show off its coloration
which is so characteristic of the protected Danainx and
Acrvinx. Moreover, there is no Danaine occurring south
of the Zambesi which is anything like it at all, and this
is very significant. I cannot therefore resist the conclu-
sion that in this country leonidas is one of those un-
protected species which has succeeded in the struggle for
existence by its strong rapid flight, and perhaps by pro-
tection in the larval stage like P.demodocus and P. corinneus,
whereas in Natal it has found it advantageous, owing to
the abundance of Amauris echeria, to adapt its coloration
in mimicry of that species by the reduction in size and
number of the spots in the fore-wing and the toning down
of the colour from glaucous green to greenish-white,
accompanied by the marked change in its mode of flight.
It does not seem to me that convergence would explain
the facts, for if /eonidas is itself protected it should exhibit
throughout its range that slow flight which is the ‘hall
mark’ of protection, which it certainly does not in
Mashonaland. I believe in Central Africa it is said to
mimic 7’. petiverana, and it would be most interesting to
find out whether it has there assumed the Danaine flight.”
“ Malvern, Feb. 21, 1897.—I have been collecting in the
Karkloof Forest some twenty miles north of Maritzburg for
the last three weeks. The only Amawris occurring there
is echerta, which is very common, though not this year,
which is a curiously abnormal one, and as usual the
typical female of Papilio eenea 1s common, the dominicanus-
like form occurring only very rarely. But last year, so my
host Mr. Jas. Ball informs me, the latter was very
abundant—quite as common as the typical one, and he
508 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
caught a long series of them. It seems clear they were
not immigrants from Durban, but what caused their
appearance in such unusual numbers it is difficult to
understand. I may mention that in the last few years
Mr. Ball has caught two £. wahlbergi but has never seen
dominicanus. While there, I saw six females of LP. cenea,
two of each of the three forms.”
31. WARNING COLOURS AND MIMICRY (ALMOST WHOLLY
MULLERIAN) IN SouTH AFRICAN COLEOPTERA.
(G-AAOKOM; HBP)
[In the groups described below, Coleoptera play a
dominant part, either making up the whole or, except in
the case of the Mutilloid group, acting as models for other
insects. In this one exception the chief interest centres
in the Coleoptera, and therefore the group is included
here. A certain number of mimetic Coleoptera will be
mentioned elsewhere in other groups which have collected
round various types of Hymenopterous models.
In the present section the extraordinary predominance
of Miillerian associations in South African Coleoptera stands
out as the most prominent conclusion.—K. B. P.]
A. Peculiar Warning Patterns and Directive Marks in
Carabide and Cicindelide. (KE. B. P., G. A. K. M.)
Some of the warning patterns of the large Carabidex of
the genus Anthia are very remarkable and effective, and
their development and relationship in the different species
extremely interesting.
Six illustrative examples are figured on Plate XVII.
In Fig. 21 we see the ancestral appearance, the uniform
black of so many large Carabids, in Anthia massilicata.
Mr. Marshall’s account of the habits of the South African
members of the genus, printed on page 510, shows that
such a beetle is highly conspicuous. It is no doubt an
advantage, however, to gain easily-recognizable distinctive
marks on the black ground of the exposed dorsal surface,
and we find that the species of Anthia do, as a rule, possess
two or more white patches upon some part of this area.
The pair of elongated thoracic white patches, in A. petersi
(Fig. 22), are borne upon the sides of athorax which is very
like that of massilicata, while in A. thoracica (Fig. 23) this
part of the body is greatly widened and the white patches
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 509
become a broad oval in shape. A pair of white spots (as
well as a white line towards the outer border of the
posterior half of the elytra) has also arisen on the anterior
part of the elytra in A. omoplata, var. mellyi (Fig. 26), and
it is of deep interest to note that these spots at a little
distance or when the insect is moving would resemble the
entirely different thoracic spots of thoracica far more closely
than these latter resemble the entirely homologous spots
of peterst. The comparison of Fig. 23 with 22 and then
with 26 will bear out this conclusion. Perhaps one reason
for the development of the remarkable structures in which
the spots are situated in ¢horacica (they are placed in the
coneavities of special lateral outgrowths of the thorax)
may be in order to favour the synaposematic approach to
an arrangement like that of medlyi; for by this means it
is possible for the spots to attain approximately the same
size and shape, and at the same time to retain an interval
between them which corresponds to that obtaining in the
very different position upon the elytra. The concavities
exist however in a much smaller form in A. mazillosa, and
the white markings in them are inconspicuous.
In A. nimrod from West Africa (Fig. 25) we see a further
development of the me/lyi pattern in the appearance of
another pair of spots on the posterior region of the elytra,
while in A. sex-guttata, from India (Fig. 24), this appear-
ance is combined with the two spots of thoracica, thus
building up a warning pattern of remarkable simplicity
and effectiveness, being an almost exact negative of the
six of dominoes. The success of the aposeme is much
enhanced by the approximate equality of the shorter
intervals between the spots of each pair, and the longer
ones between the spots of one pair and the corresponding
spots of the next. The great breadth of the thorax
permits this symmetry in one direction without the
development of outgrowths like those of thoracica, while
symmetry in the other direction has been rendered possible
because the middle pair of spots occupies a more posterior
position on the elytra than does the corresponding pair of
nimrod or mellyi. It will be seen by a glance at Figs. 23 to
25 that the addition of the spots of Fig. 23 to the thorax
of Fig. 25 would produce a very inferior warning pattern
as compared with that of sev-guttata (Fig. 24).
Mr. Marshall gives the following account (1902) of the
habits of these formidable beetles -—
510 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
“The warning character of the large spots and stripes
of the Anthias (Plate XVII, figs. 22-26) is well borne out
by the appearance of these insects in their natural haunts.
They are purely terrestrial in their habits, and prefer open,
treeless country, where owing to their large size and
striking coloration they are very conspicuous objects.
When alarmed they adopt a very characteristic warning
attitude, raising themselves high on their legs, walking in
a quick jerky manner and often twisting sharply from side
to side; but, as in the case of other aposematic insects,
when they find these demonstrations are of no avail they
endeavour to make good their escape and are then capable
of running at a very fair pace. Their acid secretion is
very powerful, and causes a strong stinging sensation when
it touches the skin of the face or the more tender parts of
the hands, and as it can be projected to a distance of some
four or five feet, the insect would have to be captured with
considerable caution even by an enemy which might be
aware of its powers. The liquid is always ejected upwards,
and the insects seem capable of controlling its direction
to a limited extent. A very similar warning attitude is
observable in the huge Cicindelids of the genus Mantichora,
at least I have seen it in JZ. herculeana. The habits of
this insect are very similar to those of Anthia, but it cannot
project its protective secretion, which merely exudes when
it is handled; the liquid also is not acid as in Anthia, but
possesses a strong smell.”
Mr. Marshall brings forward the very probable hypothesis
that the posterior white spot or spots of the small and
medium-sized Carabidx are directive. The fact that they
form an important element in the Mutilloid appearance of
these Coleoptera is no objection whatever to this hypo-
thesis, which is explained in detail below ; for it is probable
that the posterior white spots of the female J/utillide may
have a similar function, directing attention to the sting.
Mr. Marshall states (1902) that the abdomen is the most
conspicuous part of a Mutillid (see p. 512).
“Among the diurnal Carabide in South Africa the
frequent occurrence of a conspicuous white spot at the
apex of the elytra is very noticeable, and there is good
ground for believing that this spot is of a directive
character. Unlike such insects as Cantharide, Lycide, etc.,
the Carabide do not appear to possess any general dis-
tastefulness, but depend for protection solely upon their
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 511
power of squirting a strongly acid liquid from behind. In
the case of the largest species, such as Anthia, the great
strength and large quantity of this liquid render it a very
efficient protection; but in the smaller species my experi-
ments and observations lead me to suppose that this is not
the case, but that the utility of the secretion lies rather in
the fact that it enables the insects momentarily to dis-
concert their enemies, and this, owing to their great
activity, gives them an opportunity to escape. Under
these circumstances it is evidently of importance that an
attack from an enemy should be directed to the anal
portion of the body in order to ensure its receiving the
discharge. The anal white patch is especially noticeable
in such genera as Polyhirma (semisutwrata, bennettw [see
Appendix, pp. 547, 548], notatia, rutata, macilenta, ete.)
and Piezia (marshalli and mashuna); it also occurs in the
Cicindelid Myrmecoptera polyhirnoides which consorts with
many of the above species. It is probable that the two
white or yellow spots which are found in so many Cara-
bide and Cicindelide (see Plate XVII, figs. 7-11, 14-19)
towards the apex of the elytra have also a_ similar
significance, that of the Crcindelide being of course
mimetic (of Mutidlide and Carabide).”
B. Mutilloid Coleoptera: Cleride, Carabide, and Cicindelide :
Primary and Secondary Synaposematie and Pseudapose-
matic Associations, (EK. B. P.)
¢
When forwarding the following mimics of Mutillidz,
Mr. Marshall also sent a record of habits :-—
“ Salisbury, Jan. 8, 1899.—The Mutilloid type is not
uncommon among Carabidx, Hccoptoptera cupricollis being
a beautiful instance of mimicry. But the markings are
most developed among the Cleridx, of which I have no
less than twelve species all exhibiting the Mutilloid
marking more or less distinctly; I expect they will be
found to be parasitic on Mutillide. I have also caught a
little spider which is an excellent Mutilloid mimic.”
This species of Mutilloid spider and another sent later
have been described by the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge,
F.R.S., as Prosthesima albomaculata and Titus lugens. (Proe.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 11, figs. 2, 3, Plate V.)
“Salisbury, Feb. 12, 1899—The Mutilloid group is
interesting though not so satisfactory from a cabinet point
512 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
of view, the resemblance being much less marked than in
the field, except perhaps Lecoptoptera which is a splendid
case, and it has caused me to hesitate more than once
before venturing to handle it. At the present time I
would not venture to express an opinion as to the use or
significance of the colours in this group. The Mutillide
of course are armed with a powerful sting, which however
they are slow to use, and besides they are very hard; the
red prothorax is by no means conspicuous when they are
running on the ground, the abdomen being the part that
catches the eye, ‘and when hard pressed this is elevated in
the air evidently as a warning. I have noticed that it is
very difficult to distinguish the pattern while the insect is
running, the general impression being merely that of a
black body with white spots. The same applies to the
Cicindelide and Carabidx, which are all fast ranners and
most of them very difficult to distinguish inter se in the
field at first sight. The exact resemblance of Graphipterus
antiokanus to Piezia selousi is marred by the shrinkage in
the former of the pygidium, which bears two white patches.
Atractonota, despite its markings, very much resembles
one of our larger black ants, especially i in its manner of
running. A good many other species (especially of Cleridx)
might also be included in the group.’
The Mutilloid group of Coleoptera from Salisbury may
be arranged together with their models as follows, the
plan being that adopted in Plate XVII, figs. 1- 12 and
14-19 :—
MUTILLID.E.
$$
Mutila | M. M. M. | M. M.
purpurata | tettensis cepheus leucopyga? sycorax herrida |
| 9 2 a g 9
Fig. 1. | Fig. 2. Fig. 3. | Fig. Fig. 5. Fig. 6.
| (Noy. ‘s03— | (Nov. 1898—
| Jan. 1899). | “Jan. 1899).
|
CARABID.E. CLERID&.
|
—_—— A |
Atractonota | Atractonota | Polyhirma | Polyhirma | Eccoptoptera | Graptoclerus, |
mulsanti mulsanti enigma enigma cupricollis | sp.
Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10 Fig. 11. Fig. 12.
(Nov. 1898—
Jun. 1899).
CARABID.E. CICINDELID.E.
ee —ES a |
Graphipterus | Piezia | Polyhirma |Myrmecoptera| Myrmecoptera Myrmecoptera | |
antiokanus selousi bilunata, Boh.| marshalli | invicta | bilunata |
Fig. 14 | Fig.15. | — Fig. 16. | Fig. 17. Fig. 18. | Fig. 19.
(Nov. 1898— | | (Nov. 1898—
Jan. 1899). | | Jan. 1899).
The Bionomics of South African Insects, 513
All were captured at Salisbury, in Nov. 1898, with the
exception of those specially noted as taken between Nov.
1898 and Jan. 1899.
Other species are not included in the Plate for want of
space. Thus Piezia marshalli has a single median white
spot, of which half is on one elytron and half on the other,
in place of the posterior well-separated pair of spots on
P. selowsi ; and there are other species, outlyimg members
of the group under discussion, in which the Mutilloid
appearance becomes less marked, while in Polyhirina sema-
suturata it fades away altogether, although this intensely
black beetle, with its white dorsal line anteriorly and white
patch posteriorly, seems to be very conspicuous. The
appearance of the group and the relation to the outlying
species suggest a strong and very complex Miillerian
association. The large Caralide of the genus Anthia
are either entirely black or possess a peculiar synapo-
sematic appearance, described on pp. 508-510, and figured
on Plate XVII, figs. 22 to 26. The smaller Caralidz,
depending upon a less development of the same defence
—the power of discharging a strong acid secretion—
have gained an appearance, due, hke that common in
Anthia, to white markings on a black ground, but arranged
so as to suggest more or less strongly the likeness of a
Mutilia. Ina single species, as Mr. Marshall points out,
the resemblance is extraordinarily exact (Plate XVII,
fig. 11). This may be on account of habits and a mode
of life which render the lkeness especially beneficial.
The smallest Carabide, the Atractonota and Polyhirma
enigma (Plate XVII, figs. 7-10), in shape resemble large
ants, and Mr. Marshall states above that the movements of
the former aid in producing this effect. On the other
hand, their white spots appear to be certainly Mutilloid or
perhaps rather to resemble the Mutilloid white spots of
the other unant-like Carabide. Nothing is more char-
acteristic of a Miillerian (synaposematic) group than the
complexity of likeness which is thus revealed, and yet in
the light of the great hypothesis which we owe to Fritz
Miiller it is not difficult to understand the general principles
which account for its existence.
The Caralidx are a powerful, specially defended group,
and it is of advantage to be recognized as belonging to
the group, even though it is no doubt of still greater
advantage to be mistaken, as may happen at a distance,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART II. (NOV.) 34
514 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
or on a superficial view, or during rapid movement, for
the still more formidable J/utillide and ants. Hence,
although the smaller species of this group resemble the
latter, and the larger the former, markings are neverthe-
less retained which serve to connect these Coleoptera
together, and enable the experience gained in an attack
on one of them to be of service in preventing the waste of
life in many other species. For the same reason we can
understand another curious inter-relationship, viz. that
there is a superficial resemblance between different genera
of Carabide and between Cicindelide and Caralide.
Running through, but not concealing the resemblance to
the Hymenoptera, is a resemblance between the Cole-
opterous mimics themselves. ‘Thus there is the likeness
described by Mr. Marshall on p. 512, between Graphipterus
antiokanus and Piezia selousi (compare Plate XVII, figs.
14 and 15), while the remarkable likeness of the Cicin-
delide to the Carabide will be at once appreciated when
Figs. 17, 18 and 19 are compared with 15 and 16. The
same explanation is doubtless valid. The Cicindelide are
less powerful than the Carabidx, but many of them emit
a peculiar scent, and the genus TZvicondyla is closely
mimicked in Borneo by the Locustid Condylodera tricondy-
loides, We can well understand that it is to the advan-
tage of Cicindelide to be one with another and more
powerful set of aa even though it may be a
further and probably greater advantage to resemble the
Mutilliidy, a resemblance which is also involved in the
appearance they have gained. If this explanation be
sound we shall expect also to find examples of the same
kind of likeness between Cicindelide and Caralide which
do not resemble these Hymenoptera. Plate XVII shows
that this is undoubtedly a fact, for the all-black Polyhirma
boucardi (Fig. 13) is seen to be strongly resembled by a
Cicindelid, IMyrmecoptera polyhirmoides, var. mashuna
(Fig. 20), belonging to the same genus as the three white-
imarked species figured in the same Plate.
The Cleride everywhere tend to resemble J/utillide,
but they also resemble Cantharidw, and more rarely
Lycide and even Coccinellide, while one genus is beauti-
fully mimicked by a Longicorn in Borneo. The first-
mentioned likeness is probably a marked example of
synaposematic colouring, and I should expect that the
character of the original structure and warning pattern,
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 515
rather than the parasitism which Mr. Marshall suggests,
rendered resemblance to Jutillide above all other
specially-detended insects particularly feasible for these
Coleoptera. A good example of such mimicry is seen in
Plate XVII, fig. 12, representing Graptoclerus, sp.
I believe that the principles discovered by F. A. Dixey,
which are here employed to explain the curiously complex
inter-relationships of Mr. Marshall’s Mutilloid group, will
hereafter be found to have an important bearing upon
many superficial resemblances of mimicry and common
warning colours in all countries, and in many orders of
insects and probably other animals.
The double (or treble, etc.) resemblances which may be
perceived one underlying the other in the appearance of
a single form may be conveniently spoken of as Primary,
Secondary, Tertiary, etc., Common Warning Cvlours (Proto-,
Deutero-, Tritosynaposematic Resemblance), or as Prim-
ary, Secondary, Tertiary, etc., Mimicry (Proto-, Deutero-,
Tritopseudaposematic Resemblance). Thus the resem-
blance of the Atractonota to an ant, or of Myrmecoptera to
a Mutillid is Protosyuaposematic, while their resemblance
to the Carabid genera Polyhirma, Piezia, ete., is deutero-
synaposematic. On the other hand, the resemblance of
the black Myrmecoptera to Polyhirma boucardi is proto-
synaposematic, or rather, synaposematic, since there
appears to be no other underlying or overlying resemblance
in this case.
Many examples of this kind will be found in the section
on Mimicry in Lepidoptera; see especially pp. 470, 471,
485-487.
I must here again refer to Dr. F. A. Dixey’s important
memoirs, alluded to in greater detail on p. 502, as contain-
ing the first account and interpretation of the extremely
complex inter-relationships which may exist in Miillerian
associations. he principles which he laid down are here
found to supply the interpretation of many puzzling and
subtle relationships, not only among Lepidoptera, but
also in other Orders in which the phenomena of mimicry,
warning colours, ete., have been far less fully investigated,
OC. Lycidx as Models for other Coleoptera and Insects of
many Orders, (G. A. K. M.)
[The splendid and complex convergent group, repre-
sented on Plate XVIII, figs, 1-52, is by far the most
516 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
complete illustration hitherto known of the power of
mimicry to attract forms of all kinds irrespective of
affinity. It is of the deepest interest to observe that the
association is almost entirely Miillerian (synaposematic).
The following passages are quoted from letters written by
Mr. Marshall about the time when the first consignments
were sent; but the group became very much larger when
the additions of later consignments were included.—
fi;,.B. Pa
Salisbury, Jan. 8,1899.—The two most prominent types
of colour among mimetic Coleoptera are what I call the
Lycoid and Mutilloid types. Of the former I have put
aside for you a series comprising fifteen species, including
several species of Lycus, three species of Longicorns, a
Reduviid bug, a fly, a wasp, an Arctiid moth, a Jylabris, a
Hyperacantha, ete., and I shall be able to add more in all
probability.
The Lycoid Arctiid moth is a day-flyer, but the deceptive
resemblance is not good on the wing, being best shown
when the moth sits, as is its wont, on the ends of grass-
stems, etc., after the manner of a Lycus; it is perhaps
even more like Prionocerus dimidiatus, a Lycoid unpalat-
able Malacoderm which has a similar habit.
Salisbury, Feb. 12, 1899.—The six species of Lycus, the
Prionocerus, Diacantha, Zonitis, Mylabris, and Eletica, I
proved by experiment to be distasteful to baboons and a
kestrel. The Zygznid I presume to be so likewise, as it
emits a strong smell; the Zelephorus will also probably
prove to be unpalatable. The four species of wasps have
all got very effective stings; thus the only unprotected
insects are the fly, which is an admirable mimic of one of
the wasps, and the three Longicorns, though I am not quite
certain about Philagethes. As to the Reduvius I do not
know what to say, there are certainly some very remarkable
cases of mimicry in this family. % * = *
In flight the Zygenid [Newrosymploca, Fig. 52] is aided by
its very brilliant hind-wings, and the Hymenoptera have a
flight very different from, and far swifter than, that of
Lycus.
[A complete list of the species arranged in their respec-
tive families is given below. Large as the group is it
could certainly be made much larger, especially if the
whole of South Africa were put under contribution. Thus
an obvious addition to the Longicorn mimies 1s Dyenmo-
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 517
nus apicalis, which Mr. Marshall has not yet taken in
Mashonaland.—E. B. P.]
Group wirn Lycorp Markrnes (Plate X VIII, figs. 1-52).
| Copridez
Malacodernvata
Melyridx
CoLEOPTERA
Phytophaga
Lagriidx
Cantharidx
Longicornia
Braconidz
Hymenoprera / Pompilide
Crabronidz
Larride
Eumenidx
( Pyrrhocoride
| JY eLAL,
Eee ane ee ee
| Reduviide
i Arctiidx
LEPIDOPTER
- \ Zygxviuidx
DIPTERA Asilidx
Aphodius holubi (fig. 18).
Lycus (Merolycus) rostratus (figs. 1, 2).
Lycus (Acantholycus) constrictus (fig. 8).
Lycus ampliatus (figs. 4, 5).
Lycus (Lopholyeus) zonatus (fig. 6).
Lycus (Lopholycus) haagi (figs. 7, 8).
Lycus (Chlamidolycus) subtrabeatus
(figs. 9, 10).
Lycocerus mimicus (figs. 11, 12).
Prionocerus dimidiatus (fig. 13).
[Pescilomorphe fasciaticollis (fig. 14) ;
Diacantha conifera (figs. 16, 17).
| Peploptera zambesiana (fig. 15).
Eutrapela sp. (fig. 19).
fEletica rufa (figs. 20, 21); Mylabris
\_ palliata (fig. 22) ; Zonitis sp. (fig. 23).
Amphidesmus analis (fig. 25); Phila-
| gathes letus (figs. 26, 27).
Nitocris sp. (fig. 28); N. similis (fig.
| 30); N. ?nigricornis (fig. 29).
Blepisanis haroldi (fig. 24).
Phanomeris sp. (figs. 44, 45) ; Iphiau-
( lax bicolor (fig. 46) ; Bracon luctuo-
| sus (fig. 47) ; Bracon ?luctuosus (fig.
48).
{Pempius morosus (fig. 36) ; P. capensis
(fig. 87); P. diversus (fig. 38); P.
| vindex (fig. 39).
Cerceris orientalis, var. (fig. 40).
Notogonia creesus (fig. 41).
f Rhynchium radiale (fig. 42) ; R. rubens
\ (fig. 43).
Serinetha mutilata (fig. 33).
Lygus fureatus (fig. 34) ; Oncopeltus
{ famelicus, var. jucundus (fig. 35).
Vitumnus miniatus (fig. 82); V. cin-
nabarinus (fig. 31).
Ilema elegans (fig. 50).
yNeurosymploca ochreipennis (fig. 52) ;
\ Zygenid (genus *) (fig. 51).
~ Xiphocerus cruciger (fig. 49).
In the above group the beetles of the genus Lycus un-
doubtedly constitute the
dominant factor towards which
the other insects have converged with more or less exact-
ness. The members of this genus are very numerous
throughout S.E. Africa both in species and in individuals.
They are most conspicuous insects, and the majority of
them occur on flowers, though a few species are more often
518 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
very sluggish and have a slow heavy flight; when handled
they usually emit from their limbs a very strong-smelling
white liquid, and they frequently feign death. The
Melyrid Prionocerus has somewhat similar characteristics,
but is found only feeding on grass seeds. Among the
Phytophaga it is possible that the Peecilomorpha is a
Batesian mimic, for the species of this genus are nearly all
more or less scarce, and moreover one marked mimetic
tendencies in very different directions. The Diacantha, to
which D. dimidiata might also have been added, is a very
plentiful insect with a nauseous smell; it causes much
damage to garden plants such as cucumbers and pumpkins.
The Peploptera is likewise abundant, frequenting acacias.
All the species of Lagriadze and Cantharide mentioned
are flower-feeders, and are certainly protected by distasteful
qualities. The significance of the colouring in the Longi-
corns is still a matter of doubt, as I have obtained no
experimental evidence with regard to them; probably
most of them are pseudaposematic, but Philagathes may
be a Miillerian mimic. Of the Hymenoptera the quick-
flying Notogonia is the only scarce species with us; the
other Aculeates all visit flowers more or less commonly.
The Braconids are slow and very conspicuous fliers, being
evidently protected by their very strong smell. The
species of Hemiptera also occur commonly on low plants
and bushes; the position of the Reduviids is not quite
certain, as experimental proofs are lacking. The Asilid fly
appears to be a very rare species and is doubtless a Batesian
mimic.
to be found on the heads of grasses. In habits they are
D. Miillerian (Synaposematic) Groups in South African
Coleoptera. (G. A. K. M.)
a, Cantharid Group (Represented on Plate XIX).
Mylabris dicincta (fig. 1); M. tettensis
(figs. 2-3); M. tricolor (fig. 4); M.
. oske oculata (figs. 5, 6, 13); M. holose-
halal li SS RE (fig. 9); Actenodia chrysomelina
(figs. 7, 8, 11); Deeatoma lunata
(figs. 10, 12).
Cymatura bifasciata (fig. 14) ; Cerople-
COLEOPTERA
Longicornia - sis caffer (fig. 15); Anubis mellyi
(fig. 16).
Phytophaga ‘Clythra wahlbergi (fig. 20).
HEMIPTERA Lygeide Oncopeltus famelicus (fig. 17).
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 519
The same species is sometimes repeated two or even
three times in the Plate in order to show common varia-
tions in the pattern.
All the species of Cantharidz in this group are abundant
in Salisbury, some of them occurring in such numbers as
to form a serious pest in the local flower-gardens. All
those mentioned feed on flowers exclusively, except d/.
holosericea which seems to be more attached to grasses.
In every case they emit a quantity of vesicating yellow
juice from the antenne and joints of the legs when
handled, and also eject a liquid from their mouths; their
flight is heavy and noisy, and they are most conspicuous
insects in every way. Ceroplesis caffer is probably the
commonest Longicorn in South Africa, attacking dead
wood of almost any description, but particularly frequent-
ing acacias. It has a slow conspicuous flight, and has been
proved by experiment to possess distasteful qualities,
though I have not noticed that it gives off any smell.
The Longicorn Cymatura bifasciata is specially attached
to a species of Lantana, which grows to a fair-sized bush,
and the insects occasionally may be found on it in some
numbers, It is certainly a Miillerian mimic, as it has a
strong smell, is very sluggish, and feigns death persistently
when captured. It was refused with evident dislike
by baboons. Anubis mellyz does not occur at Salisbury,
but is fairly common at Umtali, further east, where it
frequents the flowers of low plants. It is a brightly-
coloured insect, and emits the strong characteristic smell
of the diurnal Cerambycide.
B. Intermediate Group connecting the Cantharid and
Coccinelloid Groups (Represented on Plate XIX).
Cantharidx Actenodia chrysomelina (figs. 7, 8, 11).
Melitonoma sp. nov. (fig. 18) ; M. trun-
catifrons (fig. 19); M. litigiosa (fig.
21); M. epistomalis (fig. 23); Anti-
COLEOPTERA Phytophaga pus rufus (figs. 22, 25) ; Clythra lac-
ordairei (fig. 24) ; Aulacophora festiva
(fig. 26); Cryptocephalus 5-plagiatus
(fig. 27) ; C. varioplagiatus (fig. 28) ;
Syagrus marshalli (fig. 29).
This group merges very gradually into the Mylabroid
group on one hand, especially in those species where the
rows of spots coalesce into transverse bands, and at the
520 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
other end of the series it converges to the Coccinelloid type,
particularly in the Cryptocephali, The association is prob-
ably of a purely Miillerian character so far as the species
mentioned are concerned. They all have very similar
habits, occurring on low plants and flowers, and making no
attempt at concealment. A. festiva is much more plen-
tiful than the others, and is probably the dominant member
of the group.
y. Coccinelloid Growp (Represented on Plate XIX).
fEpilachna dregei (figs. 40, 41); Chilo-
COLEOPTERA Yoccinellidx :
. Coerunciiis \. menes lunata (fig. 42).
HLEMIPTERA Pentatomidx Steganocerus multipunctatus (fig. 39).
I have frequently found all these three species occurring
together on the flowers of a Lantana, and as they are all
common, conspicuous, and strong-smelling insects, the
group is undoubtedly synaposematice.
6. Group of small pale yellow and red Phytophaga with
their Melyrid and Curculionid Mimics. (EK. B. P.)
With respect to a series of nine small brightly-coloured
Coleoptera of about the same size (with the exception of
Vrodactylus,? sp. 2, which is conspicuously smaller than any
of the others), Mr. Marshall wrote that he should be unwill-
ing to hazard an opinion. It appears tolerably clear how-
ever that they form a beautiful Miillerian group, including
perhaps a single Batesian mimic. All were captured at
Salisbury, and, with the two exceptions noted below, in
January 1899. The species are arranged below as they
are on Plate XIX, where each is represented twice the
natural size.
PHYTOPHAGA.
Platyxantha Gynandrophthalma Monolepta
bicincta posticalis vineta
fig. 30. [or closely allied, M. [or closely allied, M.
Jacoby | Jacoby]
(Feb. 1899) fig. 32.
fig, 31.
Crioceris Paralepta Asbecesta
coronata, Baly ornata ornata
(=balyi, Harold) fig. 34. fig. 35.
fig. 33.
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 521
MELYRID. CURCULIONID&.
Urodactylus, sp. 3 Urodactylus, sp. @ Apoderus
ig. 36. fig. 37. gentilis
(Nov. 1898)
fig. 38.
The group consists of pale yellow insects with bright
red anterior section, made up by thorax and head, of which
the eyes only are black in some of the species, although in
others black markings extend over a variable proportion
of the cephalic surface. The elytra are crossed trans-
versely by a black band at the base, and another at the
junction of the third and posterior fourth of their length.
In some species the anterior band, in others the posterior
is reduced to two more or less widely-separated spots or
patches. In the species of Crioceris, the anterior band 1s
represented by four small black spots, two on each elytron,
In the Urodactyli, the posterior band is represented by a
semi-circular black mark with the concavity directed
posteriorly on each elytron.
In spite of the variation in detail the species would
produce the ‘same effect at a little distance, and there can
be no. doubt about the interpretation of the whole as a
synaposematic combination with the Curculio as a doubt-
ful pseudaposematic member. Mr, Marshall states that
there are many other species of about the same size
which adopt the same warning pattern, including at least
four additional species of Melyride.
Certain members of this group are very abundant and
conspicuous in the spring months upon the Mosasa-tree
(Brachystegia sp.).
E. Comparison between certain Coleopterous Groups in Borneo
and South Africa, with respect to Mimicry, Common
Warning Colours, etc. (G. A. K. M.)
[The following interesting comparison between the
phenomena of mimicry and common warning colours in
certain Coleopterous groups in Borneo and South Africa
respectively, was made upon the receipt of a set of photo-
graphs of the material of Mr. Shelford’s paper now being
published by the Zoological Society.—E. B. P.]
Salisbury, Jan. 11, 1901.—I should be interested to
know whether Shelford has proved the Anthribidx to be
29 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
ors
distasteful; from my knowledge of our fairly numerous
South African species I should be much inclined to doubt
it, as their colouring appears to be, without exception,
protective, generally resembling bark or lichen; and
although there are somewhat similar ly-coloured Longicorns
which frequent such surroundings, | should certainly class
their colours as syncryptic. A somewhat similar criticism
suggests itself with regard to the Brenthide, although I
feel diftident in stating it, as the family is so very limited
here. I know of only four species in Salisbury, all of
which are sub-cortical and nocturnal in their habits, of
comparatively rare occurrence, and of dull colouring. ‘On
the other hand, I have observed that the great majority of
our smaller Lamiids adopt the forward position of the
antenne, which I have always regarded as procryptic,
as there can be no doubt that it renders them much less
conspicuous than if the antennz were held out at an
angle to the twig on which the insect sits. The procryptic
nature of the position is well illustrated in the small and
very elongate Longicorns Hyllisia and Hippopsicon, of
which we have a few species, all of which frequent grass-
stems in marshy places; they also have the elytra bifur-
cated, and this seems to be a common occurrence in all
very elongate beetles. The Endomychid groups are
very interesting. Unfortunately this family is extremely
poorly represented here—only some three or four species,
though the Erotylide are fairly numerous. In this latter
the pattern with four yellow or reddish blotches on a
black ground occurs also with us, and the insects are
probably distasteful, judging by the extremely pungent
smell emitted by the large Hneaustes. Curiously enough,
just after getting your photographs I found under bark a
large Endomychid (new to me) of this pattern, and with
it occurred an admirable mimic, a Carabid Thyreopterus
flavosignatus (De}.). There is another Carabid Arsinoé
Jraterna (Pér.), also sub-cortical, which mimics it closely,
but unfortunately I bave no specimens now; I caught only
two here six years ago.
F, Note on Rhynchophora with Procryptic Colouring as
Models for Mimicry. (KE. B. P.)
Dr. A. R. Wallace has always thought that the extreme
hardness of the mimicked Cureulionide and Anthrilide
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 523
is the character which protects them (“Essays on Natural
Selection,” 1875, p. 94). In answer to a letter in which
I drew his attention to Mr. Marshall’s record of a large
Curculio found in the crop of a guinea-fowl (see p. 350), he
wrote, Feb. 5, 1901, “The large Malayan Anthribide are
intensely hard. The guinea-fowl proves nothing, as these
beetles are almost all arboreal, and their chief enemies are
smaller birds. Their protective colours may save them
from the larger insectivorous birds, their hardness from
the smaller.” The mimicry of Malayan Curculionidae,
Anthribide, and Brenthide by Longicorns cannot be
doubted. The cases are too numerous and the details of
the resemblance too precise to admit of any other explana-
tion. In South Africa, on the other hand, Mr. Marshall
shows that only the first group is mimicked, and of this
he has sent me a very beautiful example. Experiments
are greatly wanted, especially in Borneo, where all three
groups abound. In addition to their hardness Mr. Shel-
ford shows that the larger Bornean Cureulios are defended
by their great strength; they can even cause intense pain
to man by clasping the fingers with their legs and digging
the proboscis into the flesh. Such defences as hardness
and strength depend for their success on the size of
enemies; for even hardness could not avail against an
enemy large enough to swallow the beetle whole, so that
it could be ground down in the gizzard, or the interior
slowly extracted by digestive fluids gaining access by the
joints and other apertures. Defence by a sting, a nauseous
taste or smell, or unwholesome qualities, is effective against
enemies of all sizes and all degrees of strength, although fail-
ing against occasional specially-adapted foes. It is possible
that these considerations may enable us to understand why
it is that certain Rhynchophora are remarkable among Cole-
optera for combining a cryptic colouring with sufficient
immunity to render them feasible models for mimicry.
The ordinary methods of active defence among verte-
brates—the power of biting or pecking, of kicking or
tearing with hoofs or claws—together with the passive
resistance of a spiny or hard external covering, are
almost invariably associated with cryptic colouring and
modes of life favouring concealment. The probable ex-
planation is that all such methods of defence must fail before
large and important classes of still stronger enemies or
foes with cunning sufficient to circumvent the passive
524 Mr. G. A. K, Marshall on
defence. Such enemies are numerous enough and
deadly enough to make the increased danger of a con-
spicuous appearance far greater than any advantage
gained by the warning off of smaller and weaker animals.
Such a defence as that of the skunk, on the other hand,
appeals to enemies of many classes, and is quite inde-
pendent of strength or size. Here and there special
animals, probably powerful birds with deficient sense of
smell, can endure the defensive odour, and to these the
skunk would be an easy prey; but on the whole the
increased danger of a conspicuous appearance and slow
movements is far more than compensated by the warning
off of an immense number of would-be enemies. Cases
like that of the skunk are very common among insects,
while those of active defence are very rare. Even the
passive defence of a spiny or hairy covering is very
different from that ordinarily adopted among vertebrates,
because in the insect the hairs and spines are themselves
a cause of unpalatability, and often of intense irritation, so
that they tend to be associated with an aposematic
appearance. It is, however, probable that the intensely
hard Rhynchophora with a cryptic appearance, and especi-
ally the largest and most powerful Cuwrculionidx, are
strictly comparable with the large number of vertebrates
which also unite the methods of concealment with very
efficient modes of active or passive resistance. Certain of
the largest Curculionide possessing red marks on a black
eround appear to possess an aposematic appearance, and
these may be distasteful, although the conspicuous appear-
ance may only indicate an excessive hardness and thick-
ness of chitin which, coupled with the great size, may be
a most efficient defence against a majority of enemies.
Mr. Marshall tells me that the largest South African
Curculios of the genus Brachycerus, such as B. apterus,
are purely terrestrial, move slowly, and freely expose
themselves, like our European distasteful species of
Phytophagous 7%marcha. Under these circumstances the
intense black ground-colour and red spots of b. apterus
must render it remarkably conspicuous, and it would be
of great interest to ascertain, by a number of experiments
on many insect-eaters, whether so pronounced an aposeme
may indicate hardness alone or harduess combined with
some other special protection.
The small size of the Brenthidx renders it improbable
The Bionomics of South African Insects, 525
that hardness alone can be sufficient protection to the
mimicked species, such as the Bornean Diurus furcillatus,
and we are led to suspect the existence of unpalatability.
In the cabinet the specimens seem to be markedly cryptic,
but Mr. Shelford assures me that they are very commonly
found on flowers, where their dull dark colours would
be most conspicuous. Above all things experiments with
insect-eating animals are greatly needed to throw light on
this most puzzling and exceptional occurrence, viz. the
existence of large numbers of models for mimicry among
Rhynchophora with an apparent, and certainly in many
cases an actual cryptic appearance.
32. ComMMON WARNING COLOURS IN SOUTH AFRICAN
HYMENOPTERA AND THE MIMICRY OF THEM BY
INSECTS OF OTHER ORDERS. (G. A. K. M.)
A. Group with Black Bodies and Dark Blue Wings, chiefly
Fossores.
Apidx { Xylocopa hottentota (fig. 18); X. cari-
(Pl. XX1I) nata (fig. 19).
Eumenidzx. { Eumenes tinctor (figs. 14, 15); E. dys-
(Pl. XXI) chera (figs. 16, 17).
Sphex bohemani (figs. 1, 2); 8. eyani-
ventris (fig. 3).
S. pelopeiformis (figs. 4, 5); S. xantho-
cerus (fig. 6).
Sphegidx S. umbrosus (fig. 7) ; Sceliphron chaly-
(Pl. XXI) beeum (fig. 8).
Tachytes natalensis (figs. 9, 10) ; Ammo-
phila ludovicus (figs. 11, 12).
A. beniniensis (fig. 13).
Salius atropos (fig. 14) ; S. vindex (fig.
15).
Pompilidex S. dedjax (fig. 16); S. regina (fig. 17) ;
HYMENOPTERA
(PI. XX) | S. obscurus (fig. 18).
Elis lachesis (fig. 3); E. fasciatipennis
(figs. 4, 5).
Scolia alaris (figs. 6, 7, 8); S. fraterna
(figs. 9, 10).
8. cyanea (figs. 11, 12); S. affinis (fig.
13\eo.
Tiphiide. Tiphia rugosa (Pl. XX, fig. 2).
Mutillidee Mutilla atropos (Pl. XX, fig. 1).
Pompilus sepulchralis (fig. 19); P. frus-
tratus (fig. 20).
Scoliadx |
(PEE XCX)
Z
526 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
CoLEOPTERA coriacea (fig. 24).
(Pl. XX1) Cantharide \ E. ccelestina (fig. 25); Lytta meesta
(fig. 27).
Asilidx Laparus sp. (fig. 20); L. ? tabidus (fig.
(Pl. XXI) PAR e
Treverde Bombylidx ixoprosopa nmbrosa (Pl. XX, fig. 22).
Tabanidex Tabanus ? biguttatus (Pl. XX, fig. 24).
Tachinidx Orectocera (Paraphania) diabolus (PI.
XX, figs. 21, 23).
f Reduvius sp. (fig. 26) ; Harpactor tristis
HEMIPTERA R Are
‘ # teduviide. \ fic. 27
(fig. 27).
t=)
(Pl. XX)
LEPIDOPTERA Zygenidx Tascia homochroa (Pl. XX, fig. 25).
Cetontide Trymodera aterrima (fig. 22).
( Epicauta pectoralis (fig. 23); E. sub-
f
\
Among the Mashonaland Hymenoptera the most
dominant and conspicuous group is certainly that which
comprises the species having a generally black coloration
with more or less metallic purple wings; for not only is
the number of component species a large one, but the
individuals are likewise very numerous, since the group
contains many of our commonest large Aculeates, such as
Eumenes tinetor, Salius vindex, Scolia cyanea, etc. All of
the species of this large group, which are figured in Piates
XX and XXI, commonly visit flowers, and owing to the
numbers in which they often occur, and their close inter-
resemblance, it is very difficult for one who is not an expert
to distinguish the species without examining them in the
net. The Scolias are the heaviest and slowest flying species
of the group, though the largest Pompilids run them close
in this respect, being very conspicuous both on the wing and
when settled, and it seems probable that these two types
constitute the nucleus of the mimetic group towards which
the other genera have converged. Moreover, several of
the large species of Salius (Mygnimia) advertise their
offensive qualities by their loud, rattling flight, which can
be heard at a considerable distance. This is specially
noticeable in S. vindex, which sounds as though it were
going by clockwork, the noise often attracting one’s atten-
tion when the insect is flying high above the trees.
Among the other species the Hwmenes also fly somewhat
leisurely, and are not readily disturbed when feeding.
But the species of Sphex and Tachytes are very active,
restless insects with a swift, dodging flight. Of the Cole-
optera coming into this group, 7’rymodera aterrima is the
only flower-feeding species, occurring chiefly on Protea, the
flowers of which are much frequented by Hymenoptera,
The Lionomics of South African Insects, 527
Lytta moesta and all the species of Hpicauta are purely
terrestrial in their habits, all being very common insects
and evidently protected by their vesicating properties.
The blue-winged Pompilids when running on the ground
bear a distinct general resemblance to these insects. Of
the five species of dark-winged flies, Hxzoprosopa wmbrosa
is the only one which visits flowers, and this has a rapid
flight. The two Lapari and Orectocera (Paraphania)
diabolus are to be found settling conspicuously on low
plants, and have a comparatively slow flight. Zabanus
biguttatus is a rapid flier, with the usual habits of the
genus. The Zygeuid moth, Zasera homochroa, is a very
common species; it 1s occasionally seen on flowers, but
is more frequently observed settling in a conspicuous
manner on shrubs and plants. It is very sluggish in
habits and emits a strong-smelling liquid when crushed.
B. Minicry of Diploptera by Fossores and Insects of other
Orders) (Ci Bae)
The dominant members of the group described above
are evidently the Fossores, the Diploptera and Antho-
phila being represented by only two species each.
It is therefore somewhat surprising to note that in one
of the Scolias (Figs. 6, 7, 8, Plate XX), evident mimicry of
Diploptera has been brought about in a very interesting
way. The outer parts of both wings, except the costal
area of the fore-wing, have become extremely transparent
and invisible, possessing a peculiarly illusive quality pro-
bably due to approximation of the refractive index to that
of air. The effect is that both in flight (Figs. 6, 8) and
at rest (Fig. 7) the resemblance to the much narrower
wings of Diploptera is most striking. The resting resem-
blance is peculiarly interesting, for the dark areas of the
wings exactly resemble the narrow longitudinally-folded
organs of the Diploptera, as may be seen by comparing
Fig. 7 on Plate XX with 17 on Plate XXI, or 11 and 13
on Plate XXII, while the transparent portions of the Scolia,
although in two layers (compare Figs. 1, 4, 10, etc., on
Plate XX), are not seen. The transparency is well shown
in Fig. 8, Plate XX, where the dark apex of the wing of
Soolia fraterna was made to underlie the transparent part of
that of Scolia alaris, when the photograph was taken for
the preparation of the plate, The underlying wing loses
528 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
neither its sharpness of outline nor, in a print prepared
from the negative, any of the detail of the surface. A
tendency in the same direction is manifest in Elis fasci-
atipennis (Fig. 5), but it is hardly noticeable in the repre-
sentation of the resting position in Fig. 4. Mr. Marshall
informs me that the Diplopterous appearance of Scolia
alaris is very marked during life, both at rest and in
flight.
It is interesting to inquire for the possible reason of
this mimicry. Fabre (“Insect Life,” translation, London,
1901, pp. 99, 100) states that the Fossores, using their
sting for hunting and providing food for the larvze, are
much less prone to employ it in defence than the
Diploptera, in which it has this latter meaning alone, and
not only so, but when used it is far less painful in the
former than the latter. The Pompilide, he considers,
produce the most painful effect, but far less than those
which follow from the sting of a bee. On the other hand,
my assistant, Mr. A. H. Hamm, who has had great experi-
ence of our British Aculeates, and always takes them out
of the net with his fingers, thus gaining very exceptional
knowledge of their relative powers in this respect, does
not altogether share Fabre’s opinion. He states that
while the common wasp, and of course the hornet, for his
experience includes even this insect, produce more pain
than any other British Aculeate (I leave the hive-bee out
of account), many of the Fossores produce more pain and
use their sting more readily than other Aculeates. At the
same time Mr. Hamm’s treatment is one that the mildest
Aculeate may be expected to resent if its stig can pierce the
skin of the fingers, and the question is rather whether the
Diploptera are “not recognized as more formidable than the
Fossores by the natural enemies of insects. It is very
probable that this is the case, the combined attack made
upon enemies incautiously disturbing a society being
one element in producing an increased respect for single
individuals of the same kind or with the same general
appearance.
When an illustration of Scolia alaris was shown to the
Entomological Society on March 5, 1902, and this interpret-
ation suggested, Colonel Yerbury and Mr. Verrall pointed
out, at the close of the meeting, that similar opacity of the
costal area of the wing and transparency in other parts was
characteristic of many Diptera mimetic of Hymenoptera,
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 529
and might have a similar meaning. Mr. A. J. Chitty
also suggested that the same interpretation applies to the
Sesiid moth shown on Plate XXII, figs. 15, 16. In this
latter case the shape of the opaque area would present
during flight a very close approximation to the outline of
the narrow fore-wing and small hind-wing of the Diploptera,
many of which are figured on the same plate as the Sesiid
(compare Figs. 7, 8, 10, 12, etc., with Fig. 16).
It seems probable that the case of Scolia alaris will
throw much light on the manner in which the mimicry
of Aculeates is brought about in insects of many orders.
C. Group with Black Bodies and Yellow Tails, chiefly
Diploptera (Represented on Plate XXII).
HYMENOPTERA. LEPIDOPTERA.
Scoliadx. EHumenide. Sesiadx.
Scolia erythropyga (figs. Rhynchium synagro- Trochilium sp. (figs.
WEA ides (fig. 6). iNs35, al(3)))
Pompilidex. Synagris abyssinica
Salius tamisieri (figs. 3,4). (fig. 7). DIPTERA.
», spectrum (fig. 5). Synagris mirabilis (fig. Bombylius sp. nov.
8). (fig. 17).
Synagris emarginata Silvius pertusus (fig.
(figs. 9, 13). 18).
Synagris analis (figs.
10, 11).
Synagris xanthura (fig.
12).
Eumenes — dyschera
(fig. 14).
All the Hymenoptera in this group are common insects
occurring in some numbers on suitable flowers. Their
metallic blue wings and yellow tails make them very notice-
able objects, and their flight is leisurely. Of the Zrochiliwm
only two specimens were taken—both of them on the wing,
when the resemblance to a large Synagris was most remark-
able, being much heightened by the transparent edging of
the hind-wing, which is thus made to appear of about the
same size and shape as that of the wasp. Of the two
Diptera, one, the Bombylius, is very common, especially
about flowers; the other, Silvius pertusus, is apparently
scarce. There is not sufficient evidence to judge on their
true relation to the group. .
[The conspicuous yellow apex of the abdomen probably
acts as an easily seen directive mark indicating the sting.
Compare pages 510 to 512—E. B. P.]
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART III. (NOV.) 35
530 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
D. Group with Dark Bodies, Central White Patch and
fted-Brown Tails: Megachile the Models (Represented
on Plate XXI).
HYMENOPTERA, DIPTERA.
Megachile chrysorrheea (fig. 29). Laphria nr. flavipes (fig. 31).
nasalis (fig. 28
Coelioxys pusilla (fig. 30).
je
The Megachile bees mentioned above are both common,
not only visiting flowers, but also, during the drier months,
occurring in some numbers on damp sand or mud near
water. The parasitic Celiowys may be seen with them in
both stations, but is a much scarcer insect. The Asilid is
also an uncommon species, having the usual habits of its
congeners and settling about on low plants.
E. Group with Black Thorax and Yellow Abdomen:
all Hymenoptera (Represented on Plate XXIII),
Tenthredinide Athalia bicolor (fig. 11).
Chalcidide Chalcis bicolor (fig. 10).
Scoliadx Elis aureola (fig. 1).
ee ae f Philanthus fuscipennis (fig. 2); P. diadema (figs. 3, 4) ;
eee \. P. bucephalus (fig. 5). i
Eumenidxe Rhynchium radiale (fig. 6); R. rubens (figs. 7, 8).
Andrenidx Sphecodes rufiventris (fig. 9).
This is a beautifully compact and uniform little group,
and is specially interesting owing to its comprising species
of no less than six families of Hymenoptera, which exhibit
great differences in their food and general habits—especi-
ally in their earlier stages. Yet the imagines may be
frequently observed all flying together about the same
patch of flowers, and the uniformity of their coloration is
then very striking. All the species are common and
efficiently protected, so that the association is probably
Miillerian.
F. Group with Black Bodies, Blue Wings, and Yellow
or Red Thorax (Represented on Plate XXIII).
Xylocopa lateritia (fig. 12); X. flavo-
rufa (fig. 138).
| Xylocopa olivacea (fig. 16) ; X. modesta
{pide 4 (fig. 17).
Podalirius acraénsis (fig. 14); Antho-
phora ? basalis (fig. 15).
Scoliadx Elis celebs (fig. 18).
LEPIDOPTERA Sesiade Melittia sp. (fig. 19).
HYMENOPTERA ;
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 531
This group forms another interesting illustration of the
way in which the larger mimetic groups tend to merge
one into the other. Such species as the Podalirins and
AX, olivacea in which the anterior yellow is largely de-
veloped clearly belong to the outlying portions of the
Lycoid group (Plate XVIII), whereas Hlis cxlels has more
affinity with the succeeding group; and this latter again
merges away into the great black group with blue wings
(Plates XX and XXI). The two largest Xylocopas CY.
lateritia and X. flavorufa) only belong to the outskirts of
the association, as the red of the thorax is in them of a
much darker tint and does not show up well in the Plate.
All the Hymenoptera of the group are found plentifully
on flowers; but as regards the Jelittva, the specimen
figured is, I believe, the only one known.
G. Group with Black Bodies, Blue Wings, and Red or
Yellow Heads (Represented on Plate XXIII).
Pompilus marshalli (fig. 20); P. dichrous
(figs. 21, 22); P. anticus (fig. 24).
Pompilus lascivus (fig. 28); Salius ta-
misieri (fig. 25).
HRENOEERIEA [ Pompilide
Sphegidx Tachysphex fluctuatus (fig. 26).
COLEOPTERA Longicornia Jonthodes sculptilis (fig. 28).
DIPTERA Bromophila caffra (fig. 27).
Converging towards these but with black wings instead
of blue are the Braconid Jphiaulax ruber (Fig. 31) and
the Cantharid Hletica rufa, var. (Fig. 29).
This is only a subdivision of the group of black-bodied
and blue-winged ivsects. The Hymenoptera have all
much the same habits as the species contained in that
group, though they are mostly of much smaller size. The
Longicorn Jonthodes bears a very good general resemblance
to the blue-winged, yellow-legged Salius dedjax, owing to
its blue elytra and yellow legs; it is not a particularly
common species, being diurnal and arboreal in its habits.
It possesses a strong scent-like smell, and the mimicry is
probably Miillerian. The Bromophila fly is very plentiful ;
it is the most sluggish fly known to me, and settles about
on trees and bushes in a very conspicuous manner. It
ejects a yellow liquid from the mouth when handled, and
was refused when offered to my baboons and Cercopithecus
monkey.
532 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
H. Group with Black and Yellow-Banded Bodies: all
Hymenoptera (Represented on Plate X XIII).
Scoliade. Pompilidex. Ichneumonide.
Myzine capitata Pompilus festivus Metopius discolor
(fig. 35). (fig. 34). (fig. 36).
In Europe, owing to the predominance of the genus
Vespa, black and yellow bands constitute a very dominant
type of coloration among the Hymenoptera; but in
Mashonaland (where Vespa is entirely absent) this pattern
is of comparatively rare occurrence, and, except in the case
of one large Scolia and some Bembex, is confined to small
insects. The two Aculeates in the above group are
common frequenters of flowers, and to them might have
been added several small species of His, etc. ; the Ichneu-
mon is common in woods.
I. Group with Dark Wings and Black-and-Yellow Legs:
Ichneumonid Models (Represented on Plate XXIII).
HYMENOPTERA. JOLEOPTERA. HEMIPTERA,
Ichneumonidez. Longicornia. Redurviide.
Osprynchotus flavipes Litopus dispar Pirates wneicollis
(fig. 32). (fig. 30). (fig. 33).
The Litopus is evidently one of the protected Ceram-
bycids, as shown by its diurnal habits, blue elytra, brightly-
banded legs, and strong smell. The Pirates, with its dark
wings and black-and-yellow legs, shows a distinct approxi-
mation to the former insect, which is probably of
Miillerian nature, as it is capable of emitting a strong
and unpleasant smell, can pierce very effectively with its
strong rostrum, and has the power of stridulation. Ospryn-
chotus is also a conspicuous and very common insect. In
South Africa it seems to be principally parasitic upon
Pelopeus spirifer, and it is a curious thing that although
these two insects are so very different in coloration (except
the hind-legs), yet there is an undoubted similarity
between them when seen together on the wing.
J. Black and Yellow-Barred Braconid Group and Mimics
(Represented on Plate XVIII).
{ Braconidx Phanomeris dubius (fig. 59).
HYMENOPTERA \ Ichneumonide — Pimpla tuberata (figs. 60, 61).
HeEMIPTERA Reduviide Callilestes stigmatellus (fig. 62).
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 533
This is a beautiful little group, presenting very striking
resemblances. The Phanomeris is doubtless the chief
model, being a common species with a strong smell and a
slow, conspicuous flight. The colouring of the Pimpla is
probably Miillerian, while that of the Reduviid is certainly
Batesian. ‘he latter is evidently a very scarce insect, the
only example which I have met with having been captured
accidentally in mistake for the Braconid, to which it bears
a wonderful resemblance on the wing.
K. Black and Red Braconid Group and Mimics (Repre-
sented on Plate XVIII).
ae SO Wet f Bracon coccineum (figs. 53, 54); Iphiau-
HYMENOPTERA Bracomde \. lax pictus (fig. 55); ie flacrator (fig. 56).
COLEOPTERA Longicornia Oberea scutellaris (fig. 57).
HEMIPTERA Reduviidx Callilestes bicolor (fig. 58).
In this group the pattern is certainly set by the
Braconide, which are common, conspicuous, slow-flying
insects, protected by their strong smell. The Reduviid is
an admirable mimic of them (Batesian, as I believe) both
at rest and on the wing; it is a scarce species, and
frequents the same stations as the Braconids. The Longi-
corn agrees also in the latter respect, but its exact relation-
ship to,the group is doubtful; normally it is not a very
common species in Salisbury, but in one or two seasons it
has appeared quite plentifully, settling on low plants on
wooded kopjes.
L. Diptera Mimicking Single Species of Hymenoptera rather
than the General Type of a Group.
a, Asilid Fly Mimicking Xylocopid Bee (Represented on
Plate XXII).
HYMENOPTERA. DIPTERA.
Xylocopa flavorufa (fig. 19). Hyperechia marshalli (fig. 20).
[With reference to these insects Mr. Marshall wrote :]
Salisbury, Feb. 12, 1899.—I was immensely delighted on
catching the large Asilid fly, and I have been delaying the
534 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
box on purpose to include the large Vylocopa bee which it
mimics so admirably; but though usually they are common
enough I have not seen a single example for the last three
weeks. The fly completely deceived me when on the
wing, but I happened to notice it settle on the trunk of a
tree, and it struck me there was something curious about
the way it alighted for a Aylocopa. It is the only
example I have seen.
Salisbury, April, 25, 1899.—I have already got a couple
of the Xylocopas for you, and I have seen another
specimen of the Laphria that mimics them, but unfortun-
ately failed to catch it.
B. Syrphid Fly Mimicking a Wasp (Represented on
Plate XXIII).
HYMENOPTERA. DIPTERA.
Polistes marginalis (fig. 40). Ceria gambiana (fig. 41).
This is an excellent and typical case of Batesian
mimicry. The wasp is a very common species, building
a small hanging nest on bushes or grass-stems. Like most
of its congeners it is a somewhat sluggish insect, and in-
stead of flying away when approached, adopts a bold and
defiant attitude, stinging sharply when disturbed. It
visits flowers freely, and may there be seen in company
with the Oeria, which resembles it so closely (especially
on the wing) that I have been deceived by it over and
over again.
y. Bee-like Group (Represented on Plate XXIII).
HYMENOPTERA. DIPTERA.
Apidex. Syrphide. Asilide.
Megachile apiformis Eumerus, sp. nov. ? L.axenecera mollis
(fiz. 37). (fig. 38). (tig. 39).
The resemblance of the two flies to the Megachile
is very marked in the field, especially in the case of the
Laxenecera ; although the plate does not do justice to the
Humerus. I have on several occasions seen all three
species flying together in the vicinity of flowers.
Or
os
On
The Bionomics of South African Insects.
M. Group of Ant-like Insects captured together (Repre-
sented 14 times the natural size on Plate XIX).
Camponotus sericeus (fig. 54); C.
HYMENOPTERA Formicidx cosmicus (figs. 55, 56); C. sp.
(Gg. 53).
HEMIPTERA Pyrrhocoride Megapetus atratus (figs. 57, 58).
ORTHOPTERA Locustidxs Myrmeconhana ? fallax (fig. 59).
The above insects were all caught on the same day
(Feb. 17, 1901) on a single plant—a small bushy vetch.
The Pyrrhocorid habitually frequents this plant, being
fond of sucking the young pods; the ants are more or
less ubiquitous, but are principally attracted to this vetch
by the juice which exudes from the injuries made by the
bug; the Myrmecophana, which is apparently a very rare
insect, was probably only a chance visitor. The latter, in
spite of its long antenne, bears a very strong resem-
blance to an ant, and might very readily be passed over
for one of these insects; it 1s probably a Batesian mimic.
The bug is not nearly so ant-like in its mature form
(which is shown in Plate XTX) as in its earlier stages, at
which period the similarity is most striking both in shape
and movements. ‘The insect is a comparatively common
one, and the mimicry has probably a Millerian character.
[The following extracts from letters refer to this in-
teresting group. Mr. Ma!colm Burr, to whom I have
shown the Locustid, thinks that it may be the same
species as MZ. fallax, inasmuch as the habits of the latter
are not certainly known, and the green marking which
obliterates the unant-like parts of the body-form had
faled to a pale yellowish tint much like that of the
corresponding parts of the specimen described by Brunner
von Wattenwyl (verhandl. d. K. K. Zool.-botan. Ges. in
Wien, Bd. xxxiu, 1883, Pl. XV, figs. la and 1).—E. B. P.]
Salisbury, April 25, 1899.—The Locustid ant-mimicker
Myrmecophana occurs both here (Mashonaland) and in
Natal, though very rarely, but it is perhaps a different
species from JM. fallax. It does not live on the ground
but on low plants, which are also frequented by the ant it
mimics, and the light parts are pale green; we have also
a bug which mimics the same ant.
Salisbury, April 19, 1901.—I expect you will be glad to
have an example of Myrmecophana, it makes a grand
series with the ants and bugs; the two latter can often be
536 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
found together on a certain vetch, but it was a bit of luck
getting the Locustid there too.
33. MIMETIC RESEMBLANCE OF MANTISPIDZ TO HyMEN-
OPTERA. (E. B. P.)
Prof. W. M. Wheeler, of the University of Texas, was,
so far as I am aware, the first to observe the mimicry of
Hymenoptera by Mantispidx. “While studying the prairie
insect fauna of south-eastern Nebraska early in the
summer of 1888,” he observed that Mantispa brunnea
(Say.) closely resembled Polistes variatus (Cress), resting
half-concealed lke the wasp “on the petioles in the
terminal leaf-clusters of the golden rods.” He was at
first quite deceived, and took care to avoid being stung.
“The colouring of the Polistes is carefully copied ; the body
is banded with yellow, brown, and black, the wings are
smoky brown, and the legs yellow. While lying in wait
the Mantispx closely appose their large raptorial fore-legs
to the lateral faces of the prothorax, which, when these
appendages are extended, is so narrow as to resemble but
slightly the wasp’s thorax. The wings are carried in the
same manner by both insects. Several times during the
course of a week I found these two insects . . . resting
in the same position, both intent upon the slaughter of
the many insects ... which swarmed about the rank
vegetation’ (Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Wisconsin, U.S.A.,
April 1889, p. 217). Professor Wheeler considers it to
be an example of protective mimicry.
Mr. R. Shelford has recently observed that at least four
species of Mantispa from Borneo and Singapore are beauti-
fully mimetic of Ichneumons, Bracons, or Aculeates. His
observations are now being published by the Zoological
Society. I sent a photograph of some of his examples to
Mr. Marshall, who replied with the observation printed
below. These interesting records constitute, so far as I
am aware, a distinct addition to the list of insect mimics
of the Hymenoptera. Mr. McLachlan, whom I have con-
sulted, writes that he cannot find anything further recorded
about such resemblance on the part of Mantispide. There
can be little doubt, after these observations from three such
widely-different regions, that mimicry of the Hymenoptera
will prove to be prevalent in the group. Mr. Shelford and
The Bionomics of South African Insects. 537
Mr. Marshall both call attention to the cause which has
doubtless prevented the fact from being generally recog-
nized at an earlier date, viz. the changes which take place
in dried specimens of Mantispa. On this account, and
because of the important part played by movement, the
appreciation of the mimetic resemblance required the
study of the living insect.
_ “Salisbury, Sept. 21, 1900.—The large South African
Mantispa grandis is an excellent mimic, on the wing, of the
Belenogaster wasps. I caught one at Malvern, on my way
home in 1896, which I gave to McLachlan. This insect
completely took me in; it flew out of a loquat-tree which
I was beating, and I at once took to my heels thinking I
had struck a nest of these vicious wasps. Fortunately I
kept an eye on the insect, and, as it seemed to be a species
of Belenogaster new to me, I followed it up and caught it,
when to my surprise and delight it proved to be only a
Mantispa. Unfortunately in a dried specimen the resem-
blance is much spoilt by the shrivelling and discoloration
of the abdomen.”
34, CONVERGENT GROUPS OF SouTH AFRICAN HeEmI-
PTERA (G. A. K. M.)
A. Black and Red Lygeoid Growp (Represented on
Plate XIX).
ie rire Lygeus rivularis (fig. 44); L. elegans (fig. 46); L. crudelis
gee { (fig. 47) ; Graphostethus servus (fig. 45).
Teduviide Reduvius sp. (fig. 43).
In this group I consider that the Lygwids form a
Miillerian association, of which the Reduvius is probably a
Batesian mimic. The former insects are very abundant,
occurrmg on many different plants, but the Zygexi are
especially fund of the balloon-like seed-vessels of Gompho-
carpus. The Reduvius inhabits much the same stations,
though I have never seen it (to my remembrance) actually
in company with the Lygeeids, and it is a decidedly rarer
insect.
538 Mos Ai agshaletenn
B. Group of Yellow Hemiptera with Black Apex and one
or two Black Bars (Represented on Piate XIX).
At Malvern, Natal.
Pirie ocoride. Reduviide.
Dysdereus nigrofasciatus Phonoctonus nigrofasciatus
(fig. 49). (fig. 48).
At Salisbury, Mashonaland.
Pyrrhocoridx. Reduviide.
Dysdereus superstitiosus (fig. 50). Phonoctonus formosus (fig. 52).
An intermedius (fig. 51).
The significance of the mimicry in this group has not
yet been tested by experiment, and the exact relationship
of the Reduviids to the common and undoubtedly distaste-
ful Dysderci is not quite clear. Dr. Dimock Brown, who
observed Phonoctonus in company with myself at Malvern,
suggested that its colouring may be pseudepisematic, and
that it may feed upon the Dysdercus which it mimics so
marvellously well. Personally I incline rather to the
belief that both this species and the northern P. formosus
are Batesian mimics. Both species occur but rarely (in-
deed, of the latter, I know only two specimens), they
do not possess the strong smell which characterizes
some of the Reduviids, and their jointed rostrum is a
very inefficient weapon for protective purposes. I am
not aware that they have been observed feeding on Dys-
derci or even in company with them (cf. G. Breddin,
Zeitsch. f. Naturw. 1896, pp. 36-38).
{Breddin considers the resemblance of the Reduviid to
be a case of aggressive (pseudepisematic) mimicry, «as
he thinks with Dr. Dimock Brown it would prey on the
Dysdercus, 1 believe that all such groups in the Hemiptera
are synaposematic.—K. B. P.]
35. MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS ON SOUTH AFRICAN
Insects. (G. A. K. M.)
A. Note on the Courtship of Limnas chrysippus.
Salisbury, June 26, 1900.—In some old notes I find
the following observation on the courtship of chrysippus.
When first observed the female was settled on the
The Bionomics of South African Insects, 539
ground and was sharply fluttering her wings to keep off
the male which was hovering above her. Whenever she
rested for a moment with open wings the male would
drop down on her, trying to settle on the costa of her fore-
wing in such a position that the badge on his hind-wing
came directly down on her head ; and while hovering over
her, his position was usually at right angles to hers, which
renders it probable that the badge is some sort of scent-
gland used for attractive purposes. The female however
kept on fluttering pretty incessantly, and the male kept
bumping down on her. Then another male came round
and the first one went off and had a skirmish with him
and drove him away. The female then took flight, the
male usually keeping above her and trying to beat her
down to the ground again. The female, on settling,
renewed her defensive fluttering, and the male, apparently
getting tired, flew off. The whole observation occupied
five minutes. I never saw any use made by the male of
his curious terminal tufts,
B. The possible meaning of the Sac of Female
ACrRIN&.
Malvern, May 14, 1897.—The species in which the sac
is best developed are Acrva neobule and A. horta, With
regard to the use of the organ, I remember making some
observations at Salisbury in 1894 on A. caldarena and
A. nohara-halali while ovipositing, and I then came to
the conclusion that the sac was of no use during laying,
being apparently rather an obstruction than otherwise. I
therefore rather incline to your second suggestion, that it
is probably to prevent copulation a second time. This
view moreover seems to be borne out by what I have
noticed in the courtship of the insects. So far as I have
at present observed, Acrzeas appear to be the only butter-
flies which indulge in the system of ‘‘ marriage by capture.”
In such of the Vymphaline as I have watched, the males
have in no case attempted to seize the females, which,
when anxious to escape their addresses, did so either by
dodging among the vegetation or soaring. The females of
some Pierinx (notably Belenors, Pinacopter yx) have a very
noticeable method of refusing the males; they settle with
wings outspread but with fore-wings directed backwards
so as almost to cover the hind-wings, and the abdomen is
540 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on
raised in the air. This position is probably to prevent the
male running along the side, for copulation is effected
from the side. It might however be done in order to
allow the male to see by her abdomen that she was gravid,
for I have a case in my note-book (P. pigea) in which the
male ran up and felt the abdomen with his palpi and then
flew off. In the Acreeas however I have observed several
cases of copulation taking place in 4. petrewa and A. horta,
and in all of them the male seized the female on the wing,
grasping her with his intermediate legs about the thorax
or base of the fore-wings, and they would fall struggling to
the ground, where coition would take place. If this is
the normal method of copulation, and unfortunately my
observations have been too few to enable me to feel sure
of it, then any organ which would protect the female from
the attentions of an unlimited number of males would not
only be useful but absolutely necessary.
Malvern, July 15, 1897.—The other day I saw a pair
of Acrwa encedon struggling together on the ground, the
male clasping the female round the thorax from below.
Unluckily a second or two after I noticed them they
separated, so that I had not time to see whether it was
really the sac which prevented coition. However I caught
the female and found she had the sac fully developed and
hard. Fr
C. A Rhodesian Muscid Fly Parasitic on Man.
[Mr. E. E. Austen informs me that the fly sent by
Mr. Marshall belongs to the J/uwscidw, and is certainly a
near ally of the genus Lengalia. A closely similar or
possibly identical species with precisely similar habits
occurs on the West Coast of Africa. Mr, Austen’s observ-
ations upon this latter entirely confirm Mr. Marshall's
conclusions as to the method by which the larva enters
the skin. Mr. Austen proposes to publish a full description
of the species—E. B. P.]
Salisbury, April 19, 1901.—I should be glad to know
the name of the parasitic fly I send. It has been a great
scourge this year in Salisbury, especially among young
babies, the maggots forming a painful boil-like swelling
under the skin, One baby had no less than sixty maggots
extracted from it, and there have been several cases in
which they have had a dozen or more,
The Bionomies of South African Insects. 54]
Salisbury, Sept. 27, 1901.—The fly which lays eggs in
man is very common here, but I have no specimens by
me; I will catch you a series as soon as they appear
again. The one I sent you was a male, the female is
very much larger. Iam much puzzled to understand how
the larva obtains an entrance into the skin. It certainly
cannot be through the stomach as in the case of some
other bots. I fancy the egg or living larva must be laid
on the clothing, and the latter being very minute might
wander about and eventually enter the skin through a
pore without being felt. The position of the bots in many
cases renders it impossible for the egg to have been placed
under the skin by the mother.
APP RNP
Description of a new species of Hyperechia, Schin.
(Family Astnip&), from Mashonaland. By ERNEST
K. AUSTEN.
HYPERECHIA, Schiner:
Verhandlungen der kaiserlich- koniglichen zoologisch-
botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, xvi. Band, p. 673
(1866).
Hyperechia marshalli, sp. nov. (Pl. XXII, f. 20.)
6. Length 28 millim.
Black, abdomen steely ; cheeks, posterior margin of thorax in front
of scutellum, outer side of front tibix, wnder side of thorax between
bases of legs and in front of front coxx, and outer side of middle
Jemora, except apical fourth, clothed with orange-rufous * hair: fringe
on posterior margin of thorax very conspicuous, and more ferruginous t
than orange-rufous.
Front and face clothed with ochraceous hair ; mysfax ochraceous
above and black below, with two or three black hairs in the middle
* Ridgway, “A Nomenclature of Colors” (Boston ; Little, Brown
and Coy., 1886), Pl. IV, 13.
+ Ridgway, op. cit., Pl. IV, 10.
542 Appendix.
line above. Tips of front femora on outside clothed with orange-
rufous hair; a large tuft of similar hair on the pleura below the
humeral angles. Thorax duller than abdomen, and, except on
posterior margin and also in front, where there is some ochraceous
pile, clothed with very short black hair. Leys thickly fringed with
black hair, except where otherwise stated. Wings of the usual
blackish-brown tint, with a slightly purplish sheen, which, however,
is not so conspicuous as in the case of H. xylocopiformis, Walker.
Salisbury, Mashonaland ; Feb. 1899 (G. A. K. Marshall) :
one specimen. ‘Type in the Hope Museum, Oxford,
I have much pleasure in associating this fine new
species with the name of its discoverer.
It may be of interest to note that the genus Hyperechia
occurs in the Oriental as well as in the Ethiopian Region :
Hyperechia (Laphria) xylocopiformis, Walk., the type of
the genus, was described from a specimen from Madras,
while /Z. fera, v. d. Wulp, occurs in Borneo.
Descriptions of new species of South African Rhynchota.
By W. L. Distant.
Family PYRRHOCORID.
Megapetus, gen. nov.
Head elongately subquadrate, narrowed in front of insertion of
antennie, apex truncately rounded, outer margins of eyes not so wide
as posterior angles of pronotum, antennee four-jointed, simple, second
and third joints subequal in length, each shorter than first, fourth much
the longest ; pronotum with the lateral margins convex, narrowed
anteriorly to base of head, lateral angles spinously produced, posterior
margin truneate ; hemelytra rudimentary ; scutellum triangular ;
abdomen inflated ; rostrum reaching the intermediate cox, basal
joint very robust, subequal to or very slightly shorter than second
joint ; legs simple, posterior legs much the longest, posterior femora
obsoletely spinous before apex.
Allied to Myrmoplasta, Gerst.
Megapetus atratus, sp. nov. (Pl. XIX, f. 57-58 x 14.)
Black ; antenne pale fuscous, basal half of first joint greyish,
fourth joint dark fuscous ; head anteriorly somewhat longly greyishly
pilose ; in ¢, base of abdomen black with a small whitish spot near
each anterior lateral angle, in Q base of abdomen brownish ;
Appendix. 543
posterior pronotal angles distinctly spinously produced, the spines
directed a little backwardly ; the upper surface is very finely and
somewhat sparingly pilose ; base of anterior tarsi pale fuscous ; in ?
the intermediate tibiz somewhat brownish.
Long. 8 millim. ; exp. pronot. angl. 2} millim.
Hab. MASHONALAND ; Salisbury (@. 4A. K. Marshall).
Type in the Hope Museum, Oxford, and in Coll. Distant.
Dysdercus intermedius, sp. nov. (Pl. XIX, f. 51.)
Above pale ochraceous ; head, anterior area and lateral margins of
pronotum, basal area of lateral pronotal margins, scutellum, body
beneath rostrum, and legs reddish-ochraceous or pale sanguineous ;
antenna, discal narrow transverse fascia to corlum, membrane, tibia,
tarsi, and anterior margins of sternal and abdominal segments, black ;
anterior margin of pronotum broadly, posterior margin narrowly,
anterior and posterior margins of prosternum, lateral and posterior
margins of pro- and mesosterna, lateral and posterior margins of
abdominal segments and the cox, pale Iuteous; anterior femora
spined beneath at apex; second joint of antenne slightly shorter
than the first the base of which is reddish.
Long. 16 to 21 millim.
Hab. GERMAN Easr ArFrica (Capt. Atkinson—Brit.
Mus.). MASHONALAND; Salisbury (G. A. A. Marshall).
Type, from German East Africa, in the British Museum.
Specimens: from Mashonaland in the Hope Museum,
Oxford, and in Coll. Distant.
Intermediate between D. superstitiosus, Fabr., and D.
cardinalis, Gerst. From the first it differs by the absence
of the black fascia to the posterior margin of the pronotum
and the transverse fascia to the corium; from D. cardinalis
it differs by the black tibize and tarsi.
Family REDUVIIDA.
Phonoctonus formosus, sp. nov. (Pl. XIX, f. 52.)
Pale luteous ; head, anterior lobe of pronotum, rostrum, anterior
and intermediate femora, base of posterior femora, and coxx
sanguineous ; antenne, scutellum (excluding apex), an indistinct
transverse fascia to corium at and somewhat confused with base of
membrane, tibiz and tarsi, posterior femora, central area of inter-
mediate femora, membrane, and apex of rostrum black ; sternum
544, Appendix.
piceous, lateral and posterior segmental margins, luteous ; abdomen
beneath luteous, lateral and posterior segmental margins, sanguine-
ous, apex fuscous.
Anterior lobe of pronotum posteriorly suleate, posterior lobe
entire, the last with its anterior lateral margins narrowly black ;
body beneath, sparingly and finely pilose.
Long. 19 millim.
Hab, ANGOLA (Brit. Mus.). MASHONALAND; Salisbury
(G. A. K. Marshall),
Type, from Angola, in the British Museum.
Specimens from Mashonaland in the Hope Museum,
Oxford.
Callilestes stigmatellus, sp. nov. (Pl. XVIII, f. 62.)
Ochraceous ; anterior lobe of pronotum, lateral margins of pro-
and mesosterna, the metasternum, and abdomen beneath reddish-
ochraceous ; antenna, apex of head, eyes, and a transverse fascia
between eyes, a postmedian transverse fascia and the apical angles to
corium, membrane, tarsi, and posterior tibize black ; bases of posterior
tibie, basal angle and a central spot to membrane, ochraceous,
Anterior and posterior pronotal lobes with a distinct central
suleation, scutellum with a strong, circular, basal foveate impres-
sion; posterior lobe of pronotum, scutellum and corium thickly
and finely punctate ; femora moderately nodulose and with the tibia
distinctly pilose ; hemelytra extending considerably beyond the apex
of the abdomen.
Long. incl. membr. 14 millim.
Hab. MASHONALAND; Salisbury (4G. A. AK. Marshall).
Type in the Hope Museum, Oxford.
Descriptions of new species of South African Hymenoptera.
By CoLoneL C. T. BINGHAM.
Chaleis bicolor, sp. nov. (Pl. XXIII, f. 10.)
¢. Head, thorax, the cox and trochanters of the anterior, and
intermediate, and the upper side of the coxe, the trochanters, tibie
and tarsi of the posterior legs black, the femora and tibie of the
anterior and intermediate legs, the front of the posterior coxe, the
posterior femora and the abdomen orange-yellow, the apex of the
mandibles castaneous, the tibial calearia of the hind-legs yellow.
Appendix, 545
Head and thorax coarsely closely punctured, cribrate, the wide deep
antennal groove on the face, and the mesopleure transversely striate,
the scutellum broad and convex above, posteriorly bidentate, the
postscutellum and median segment shining, the latter areolated and
bearing a strong tooth on each side ; legs finely punctured opaque,
abdomen smooth and shining. The sides of the broad vertical
furrow on the front of the head, the cheeks and the metapleure
covered densely with long white hairs, the legs and the rest of the
head and thorax with sparse shining white pubescence, Wings dark
fuscous with a purple iridescence in certain lights,
Length § 9m.m.; exp. 17 m.m.
Hab.Salisbury,5000 feet, MASHONALAND, SOUTH AFRICA,
Bears a superficial resemblance to C. semirufa, Walker,
from the Oriental Region, but in sculpture and in the
distribution of colour widely different.
Type in the Hope Museum, Oxford. .
Iphiaulax ruber, sp. nov. (PI. XXIII, f. 31.)
?. Red, the front below the antenne, the head above, the cheeks,
except a narrow line behind the eyes, the antenna, the apex of the
mandibles and the claws black ; wings fusco-violaceous, the basal
three-fourths of the stigma and two obscure spots beneath it on the
fore-wing reddish hyaline. Head smooth and shining, a semicircular
transverse depression in front of the ocelli. Thorax glabrous, shining ;
mesonotum gibbous, the parapsidal grooves indistinct ; the scutellum
triangular somewhat laterally compressed, the postscutellum trans-
verse ; the median segment elongate obliquely sloping to the apex
not areolated, the pear-shaped stigmata placed in a depression on
each side. Head, thorax and legs covered with a fine, short, erect,
brownish pubescence. Abdomen somewhat elliptical, as long as the
head and thorax united ; basal segment with a raised longitudinal
rectangular centre portion smooth and shining, the lateral margins
foveate and bounded by a carina, the apex of the raised part depressed,
longitudinally striate and margined by a transverse broad carina;
2nd segment with a medial subtriangular plate smooth and
shining from which coarse divergent striw radiate in the deep
depressions on each side, these depressions bounded laterally and
posteriorly by raised carine ; remaining segments coarsely punctured,
rugose, the sutures between the segments 2-5, and oblique lateral
crooves on segments 3-5 crenulate.
Length 2 to apex of abdomen 20; of ovipositor 22 m.m. ; exp.
38 m.m.
TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1902,—PART UI. (NOV.) 36
546 Appendix.
Hab. Salisbury, 5000 feet, MASHONALAND (G@. A. K.
Marshall).
Type in the Hope Museum, Oxford.
Phanomeris dubius, sp. nov. (Pl. XVIII, f. 59.)
©. Reddish-yellow, the apex of the mandibles, the eyes, the
antenne, a triangular spot enclosing the ocelli, and the ovipositor
black, the posterior tibia: shaded with fuscous black ; wings hyaline
yellow shaded as follows, fore-wing the stigma jet black, a spot at the
apex of the median cell, spreading across the nervure into the Ist
discoidal cell, a spot at the base of the 2nd discoidal cell, a bar
interrupted below crossing the dise of the wing below the stigma,
and the apical margin of the wing fuscous ; hind-wing, a spot beyond
the transverse nervure closing the median cell, and the apical margin
of the wing broadly, fuscous, Head cubical, the front above the
antenne, the vertex, occiput and cheeks smooth and shining, head
in front below the antenne closely and somewhat coarsely punctured
rugose. Thorax not broader than the head coarsely but sparingly
punctured, the mesonotum gibbous, the parapsidal grooves deep, the
scutellum compressed smooth, legs moderately long with the femora
and tibiw incrassate ; median segment finely and closely punctured
rounded above, and bearing a delicate median longitudinal carina.
Abdomen longer than the head and thorax united, elongate oval, the
basal two segments finely striate above, the disc of the 2nd segment
raised, the raised portion semicircular, the depression on either side
of the raised portion above smooth, the suturiform articulation
distinct, crenate, the apical segments smooth and shining with
transverse impressions at their bases, these latter crenulate. Ovi-
positor longer than the head and body, the sheath densely pubescent.
Length 9, to apex of abdomen 17 m.m. ; ovipositor 26 m.m. ;
exp. 82 m.m.
Hab. Salisbury, 5000 feet, MASHONALAND, SOUTH AFRICA
(G. A. K. Marshall).
It is with much doubt that I record this species under
Forster's genus Phanomeris. It has the appearance of a
Vipio, but there are no tufts of hair at the base of the
clypeus, the submedian cell in the fore-wing is longer than
the median cell, and in the hind-wing the submedian cell
is about equal to half the length of the median cell.
Type in the Hope Museum, Oxford.
Appendix. 547
Pompilus marshalli, sp. nov. (Pl. XXIII, f. 20.)
?. Resembles P. collaris, Saussure, from Madagascar, but the thorax
is comparatively longer, the scutellum not so raised and prominent,
and the median segment is almost cylindrical very convex above,
roughly transversely striate, and posteriorly truncate but not concave.
In P. collaris the median segment is smooth almost flat above, while
the posterior face is concave with the sides distinctly produced
backwards.
Black with a beautiful purplish bloom on the abdomen above ;
the head with the mandibles and the scape of the antenne, the pro-
notum, the tibiz and tarsi of the anterior, and the tibiaw and base of
the first joint of the tarsi of the intermediate and _ posterior legs red ;
wings fusco-violaceous the posterior scarcely lighter in colour than
the anterior wings. In P. collaris the fore-wing is markedly darker
than the hind-wing. Abdomen massive as long as the head and
thorax united. Base of the 2nd ventral segment with a distinct
transverse groove; pygidial area densely pubescent.
Length 2 20; exp, 28 m.m.
Hab. Salisbury, 5000 feet, MASHONALAND (G. A. XK.
Marshal/).
This: species belongs to Kohl’s ferreola group of
Pompilus.
Type in the Hope Museum, Oxford.
Description of a new species of Carabidee from South
Africa. By Guy A. K. MARSHALL.
Polyhirma bennettii, Mshl., sp. nov.
Long. 15 m.m. Length of elytra 8 m.m.; width at base 1-75
before middle 3, at apex 1°75 m.m.
Body depressed and very elongate. Colour black with a broad
line of thin greyish pubescence from labrum to basal part of elytra ;
the fovee of the elytra filled with ferruginous pubescence, and at the
apex an elongate sutural white patch.
Head broadly depressed in middle, indistinctly punctured and
with a short central carina just behind the labrum, which is bare
and impunctate; eyes prominent; the band of pubescence very
broad in front, narrow posteriorly. Antenne strongly compressed,
black ; the three basal joints shiny and with sparse white pubescence
548 Appendix.
exteriorly ; the remaining points appear dull owing to their being
strongly aciculate, except for a narrow smooth central line. Pro-
thorax elongate, broadest at apex, sides subparallel nearly to middle
and thence strongly narrowed to base. A broad central furrow
throughout, containing the pubescent stripe, and a deep short stria
on either side of it at base ; punctuation strong, close and even. In
the basal portion the lateral part of the thorax is produced so as to
extend a good deal beyond the dorsal edge from which it is separated
by a very deep incision. The mesonotum is broadly exposed and
bears a part of the central pubescent stripe. Hlytra very narrow and
clongate, searcely broader than the head at their widest part, which
is before middle. Sides distinctly rounded, apex broadly truncate.
Dorsal surface very much flattened, with six sharp, narrow carine
(the sutural one not reaching the base) and a very short apical one
between the 5th and 6th ; all the carine disappear before reaching
the apex; the 6th carine form the dorsal edges of the elytra, the
portions between them and the true edges being folded over under-
neath so as to form false epipleura. The spaces between the carine
are occupied by large reticulate fovex, filled with ferruginous
pubescence, which are largest near the suture and diminish in size
laterally. The basal sutural stripe is short, being about as long as
the apical white patch ; the latter is narrow and elongate, bifid
posteriorly and reaches the extreme apex. Legs black with fine
white pubescence ; the posterior pairs of femora are more strongly
compressed than in any other species of the genus.
This remarkable species was discovered at Somerset
West, Cape Colony, in January 1900, by Mr. E. N. Bennett,
M.A., Fellow of Hertford College, Oxford, to whom I have
dedicated it. Its depressed and narrow form is more
suggestive of a subcortical insect than of a terrestrial
Polyhirma, and the folding under of the elytral mar-
gins is a unique character in the genus. The species
to which it is most nearly allied is P. macilenta, OL,
from which it may at once be distinguished by its very
different facies; and it also differs in the following
points: (1) the cost of the elytra are extended further
towards the apex (as in P. semisuturata, Chd.); (2)
the coste are sharper and straight, not undulating ; (3)
the prothorax is not nearly so heart-shaped, owing to
the sides not being rounded in front. The last two points,
as well as the shortness of the basal stripe on the elytra,
distinguish it from semisuturata.
The type is in the Hope Museum, Oxford.
Appendix, 549
Description of a new species of TELEPHORIDE from
Mashonaland. By J. BouRGEOIs.
Lycocerus minucus, sp. nov. (Pl. XVIII, f. 11 f¢, f. 12 2.)
Oblongus, subparallelus, niger, pubescens ; capite prothoraceque
dense punctulatis, nitidiusculis, hoe antice leviter reflexo-marginato,
ad latera incrassato et vage rufo-limbato ; elytris opacis, tomentosis,
ruguloso-punctatis, flavo-testaceis, apice nigris, costis duabus obsoletis
singulatim notatis; corpore subtus nitidiusculo, nigro, abdomine
lateraliter flavo-marginato ; unguiculis simplicibus, rufis.
¢. Prothorace subelongato, antice rotundato, lateribus parallelis,
subrectis, haud marginatis, disco longitudinaliter sulcato ; abdominis
segmento ultimo bivalvato, valva inferiori cupuliformi.
?. Prothorace transverso, antice arcuato, lateribus minus parallelis,
anguste submarginatis, sulco dorsali obsoleto; abdominis segmento
ultimo integro, semilunato.
Long. 9-11 mill.
Hab. MASHONALAND; Salisbury (G@. A. K. Marshall).
Sex ee p) fe)
Type in Hope Museum, Oxford.
C’est la premiere espece africaine connue du genre
Lycocerus, Gorham (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 108).
De méme que ses congéneres asiatiques, dont elle différe
surtout par la coloration, elle présente une certaine analo-
gie de facies avec les Lycides du groupe des Calochromides.
Chez le fle prothorax est plus etroit et plus allongé que
chez la 9. En outre, dans l’exemplaire que j’ai sous les
yeux, le pronotum présente, de chaque cdté du milieu et
contre le liseré roussatre qui existe dans les deux sexes, une
autre petite tache rousse qui manque dans la ?. Mais je
ne saurais dire si cette particularité de coloration est
constante.
550 Explanation of Plates.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
INJURIES TO WINGS OF SouTH AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.
Injuries inflicted at the apex or hind margin of one or both fore-
wings, or near the overlap of fore- and hind-wings, or at two or more
points in the total wing margin.
All the figures are about # of the natural size.
All the specimens were captured, on the dates mentioned, at
Salisbury, Mashonaland, 5000 feet, by Guy A. K. Marshall.
Fic. 1. Limnas chrysippus 2, Sept. 22,1900. Very rarely settles
on the ground, so that the attacks of lizards are not likely
to be common.
2. Parosmodes icteria, March 9, 1898. Found in the bush and
woodland districts, settling on flowers. Probably injured
when flying, as it rests with its wings closed.
3. Junonia cebrene $, Feb. 15, 1899. Settles on the ground,
injuries were very probably inflicted by a lizard.
4, Acrea anemosa ce March 11, 1899. Flies high for an
Acrexa, and never settles on ground : feeds on tree flowers,
and usually at some height. The injury was probably
caused by a bird.
5. L. chrysippus 2, March 11, 1898.
6. Catochrysops mashuma ¢ , Sept. 29,1900. Flies very rapidly,
settles on low flowers and the ground, rests at night on
grass-stems, The injury was probably caused by a
lizard.
A. anemosa 92, Jan. 2, 1899.
8. Teracolus omphale ¢, March 31, 1901. Flies rapidly,
settles on low flowers and ground, so that lizards are
probable enemies, but the narrow symmetrical notch
rather suggests a bird’s beak.
9. Atella phalantha 4g, March 22,1899. Flies rapidly, settling
on bushes and flowers and not on the ground, Birds are
the probable enemies,
10. L. chrysippus 2, July 14, 1901.
ll. L. chrysippus 2, Jan. 2, 1898. The evidence of erumpling,
the scratching of the surface, as well as the extensive
injuries point to the probable attack of a mantis.
12. A. phalantha Q, March 5, 1899. Tips of both fore-wings
snipped off, probably by a bird.
-I
Fic. 13.
14.
15,
16.
Li.
18.
19).
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Explanation of Plates. 551
A. nohara, form halali, March 9, 1898. Flies low and
settles on low flowers and the ground. A lizard is a
probable enemy except that the injury is unilateral and
the insect closes its wings in all but the short rests, when
it opens and shuts them.
Catopsilia florella 9, Dec. 18, 1898. Flies very rapidly,
rests on trees under leaves, visits flowers and bushes. It
only settles on the ground to drink in damp places. It
is unlikely to be attacked by a lizard, and the character of
the injury probably indicates a bird.
Precis sesamus 2, April 8, 1991. Probably injured by a
bird: the notch is too narrow for a lizard. The specimen
was evidently freshly emerged.
Terias brigitta 2, December 18, 1898. Flies slowly and
settles on the ground and low flowers. Probably attacked
by lizard.
C. florella ¢, Jan. 21,1899. The injury strongly suggests
the beak of a bird. Both wings are symmetrically
snipped.
C. florella g, Jan. 14, 1899. The habits imply that birds
are the usual enemies.
P. sesamus $, April 8, 1901. The shape of the tear is
such as might have been made by a lizard, and the habits
of the butterfly render it quite probable that the injury
was thus caused. A very fresh specimen.
_Psewdonympha extensa g, Jan. 2, 1899, A woodland
species with feeble flight, settling on low flowers and the
ground, It was very probably attacked by a lizard,
Terias brigitta g, March 9, 1898. Similar to description
of Fig. 16.
Belenois severina g, Jan. 25, 1899. Flight like that of
Teracolus omphale, see Fig. 8 description. Attack of
lizard probable.
Precis archesia ¢, April 8, 1901. The character of the
injury suggests the attack of a bird. Very fresh
specimen.
Precis antilope, form simia 9, Dee. 31, 1898. <All Precis
in woodland and open country settle frequently on rocks
and ground. The injury probably caused by a lizard.
B. severina 9, Feb. 1, 1899. Probably injured by a lizard.
552 Explanation of Plates.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
INJURIES TO HIND-WINGS OF MASHONALAND AND HOLARCTICG
BurrERFLIEs.
Injuries inflicted at the anal angle or hind margin of one or both
hind-wings, suggesting that the insect was being pursued or, if
settled, approached from behind.
All the figures are 2 of the natural size.
All the specimens not otherwise described were captured on the
dates mentioned by Guy A. K. Marshall at Salisbury, Mashonaland,
5000 feet.
Fig. 1. Limnas chrysippus 9, July 14, 1901.
2. Atella phalantha 9, Jan. 18, 1899.
3. Hypolimnas misippus 9, April 10, 1898. Flies like its
model chrysippus until disturbed, when it is swift. Settles
on low flowers. Lizards probable enemies. Very fresh
specimen.
4. A. phalantha g, March 26, 1899, Character of injury
strongly suggests a bird’s beak.
A, phalantha 2, Dee. 1900.
6. Byblia achelota g, Feb. 25, 1899. The species of Byblia—
on
.
occasionally on the ground, they resi af mht om ur
stems. Lizards are probable enemies, but the charaet
of the injury rather suggests a bind.
Acrea rahira 9, Dec. 31, 1898. Marsh insects, setting on
flowers in low marshy places w uzards are not
often seen, hence birds are more probable enemies. Mr.
Marshall noted concerning the specimen here represented,
when it was in the fresh state, “judging from the state
of the abdomen this insect had been caught and rejected,
presumably by a bird.”
8. Nyctemera leuconoé, April 8, 1901. Never settles on ground.
It almost invariably covers its hind-wings direetly it
settles, assuming a A shape, although it occasionally
walks a short distance with its wings erect. The injury
was almost certainly inflicted during flight by a bird.
9. Pyrameis cardui, var. 9, Jan. 1900. Often settles on
ground. Lizards probable enemies.
10. Byblia ilithyia ¢, Jan. 27, 1899.
ll. B. ilithyia g, Feb. 1, 1899.
I
EGeal
—
>
ws
SE
28.
29.
30.
bo
Explanation of Plates. 553
B. acheloia 3, Feb. 22, 1899.
Cyclopides willemi ¢, March 1, 1899. A woodland insect
settling on flowers and never on ground. Rests at night
on grass-stems. Probably attacked on the wing, as the
injury is unilateral and the butterfly closes its wings
when settled.
Psewdonympha vigilans &, March 17, 1901. A rock butter-
fly, lizards the probable enemies.
Junonia cebrene ¢, Jan. 14, 1899.
¥ a, beieba ls, 1609:
C. willemt g, March 11, 1899. If this butterfly was
attacked, a bird is the probable enemy.
Herpxnia eriphia 9, March 9, 1898. Flies slowly and
rather low, settling on flowers and the ground like a
Teracolus. Lizards the probable enemies.
Mylothris riippelii $, Feb. 1900. Slow flapping flight,
settling on flowers and twigs of bushes in exposed
positions. The wings are generally open during a short
rest. The hind-wing was probably shorn through by a
bird.
Terias senegalensis g, Jan. 21, 1899.
T. reqularis 9, May 24, 1901.
Belenois severina 9, Jan. 25, 1899.
5 oF 6, Feb.-15, 1899.
Catopsilia florella ¢, Dee. 18, 1898.
Teracolus achine ¢, April 16, 1899.
Argynnis cybele, Aug. 2,1897. Captured by E. B. Poulton,
near North Lake, Hartland, Wis. U.S.A. <A flower-
haunting fritillary very probably injured by a bird.
B. severina 6, Feb. 15, 1899.
Epinephele janira 2, Aug. 15, 1900. Captured by A. H.
Hamm, near Dawlish, 8. Devon. Both hind-wings
probably shorn through by a bird ; lizards are not im-
portant eneinies in this country. The straight line of the
injury also suggests a bird’s beak.
Melanargia galathea, July 21, 1898. Captured by E. B.
Poulton on the Stalden Rd., near Visp, Valais, about
2300 feet. The injury might well be by a lizard, but in
Europe they are not nearly such important enemies as
they become further south.
Lycena icarus, July 26,1898. Captured by E. B. Poulton
at Creux de Genthod, N.W. shore of the Lake of Geneva,
1230 feet. The character of the injury clearly suggests a
bird.
554 Explanation of Plates.
Fig. 31. Vanessa atalanta ¢, Aug. 23, 1897. Captured by F. A.
Dixey at Morthoe, N. Devon. The injury can hardly
have been produced otherwise than by a bird snipping a
notch in all four wings when they come together in the
attitude of repose as shown in the figure.
32. Epinephele lycaon, July 22, 1898. Captured by E. B.
Poulton between Visp and Stalden, Valais, about 2450
feet. The same conclusion as in the description of
Fig. 29.
33. Vanessa atalanta ¢, Sept. 23,1901. Captured by A. H.
Hamm in the University Parks, Oxford. The character
of the injury implies an attack by a bird, probably made
in one of the short rests when the insect assumed the
attitude shown in the figure.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.
INJURIES TO DIRECTIVE MARKS AND STRUCTURES ON THE WINGS
OF SoutH AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.
Injuries inflicted in the neighbourhood of special marks or
structures near the anal angle of hind-wing or apex of the fore-wing.
All the figures are about 3 of the natural size.
All the specimens not otherwise described were captured, on the
dates mentioned, at Salisbury, Mashonaland, 5000 feet, by Guy
A. K. Marshall.
Fie. 1. Precis antilope ¢, May 19, 1898. Rests on leaves of low
herbage and rarely on the ground, Birds are the most
likely enemies, and the specimen was probably at rest
when both “tails” were shorn off.
2. Precis cuama 9, May 1900. Same habit and conclusions
as in the last figure.
3. NSpindasis natalensis, June 13, 1900. Captured by
Champion B. Russell near Eshowe, Zululand. Flight
very rapid, settles on outer leaves of trees and never
on ground, Almost certainly injured by a bird.
4. Precis archesia @, March 9, 1901. This unilateral injury
was probably inflicted on the wing.
d. Charaxes guderiana ¢, Dec. 31, 1898. All Charaxes here
represented fly and settle like S. natalensis. Birds by
Fia. 6.
10.
IER
20.
21.
Explanation of Plates. 555
far the most probable enemies unless there is evidence of
the attacks of a mantis (possible but not likely in the
example represented in this figure).
Tarucus plinius ¢, March 11, 1899. Flies at medium pace,
settles on bushes and low trees, birds the probable
enemies. The injury moreover suggests a bird.
Hypolycena philippus ¢, March 11, 1899. Habits and
conclusions as in the last figure. These two Lycenids
and many other butterflies will settle on the ground in
damp spots to drink, but Mr. Marshall has not seen
lizards in such places.
Papilio demodocus ¢, March 2,1901. Flies rapidly, settling
on flowering bushes ; probable enemies mantides or birds ;
lizards improbable. Character of injury suggests posterior
part of both hind-wings shorn off while at rest by a
bird.
P. demodocus @, Jan. 24, 1901. Same conclusion as in
last figure.
Charaxes achemenes 2, March 6, 1898. See description of
Fig. 5.
Catochrysops parsimon @, Jan. 25, 1899. Very rapid
flight, settling on ground and low veldt flowers and at
night resting on grass-stems. Lizards probable enemies,
but the character of the injury suggests a bird.
Axiocerces harpax g, March 3, 1899. Habits and con-
clusions as in Figs. 6 and 7.
Charaxes satarnus $, March 6, 1898.
5 - » March 12, 1898.
OC. guderiana 9, March 6, 1898. In this and the two
preceding figures, see description of Fig. 5.
Uranothauma poggei g, Jan. 1901. A woodland species
flying at medium pace and settling on low flowers. Birds
probable enemies.
T. plinius 9, March 11, 1899. Injury suggests bird.
Probably seized on the wing.
Axiocerces amanga ¢, Dec. 27, 1900. Habits and con-
clusions as in Figs.6 and 7, Probably seized at rest with
wings closed.
H. philippus g, March 11, 1899. Injury suggests bird,
Probably attacked at rest.
C. saturnus g, Jan. 2, 1899. Symmetry of injury suggests
conclusions as in Figs. 8 and 9.
Teracolus achine g, April 9, 1899.
‘ eg, | pea B99;
556 Explanation of Plates.
Fic. 23. Teracolus achine 2, March 11, 1899. In this and the two
preceding figures the unilateral injury suggests an attack
on the wing.
24. Pyrameis cardui g¢, Dee. 31, 1898.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.
SEASONAL PHASES OF BUTTERFLIES OF THE GENUS PRECIS.
Representation of parent and offspring in Precis sesamus and P.
antilope.
Demonstration of the seasonal phases of South African. Butterflies
of the genus Precis. _
All the figures are about 8, of the natural size.
All the specimens represented were captured or bred by Guy A.
K. Marshall.
Fia. 1. Precis sesamus, form natalensis 9, Salisbury, 5000 feet,
captured Feb. 27, 1898, after it had laid three egys.
Parent of butterflies represented in Figs. la and 1b.
lu. Precis sesamus ¢, offspring No.1 of butterfly represented in
Fig. 1. Ege laid Feb. 27, hatched March 5, larva pupated
March 31, imago emerged April 15.
1b. Precis sesamus, form natalensis 2 , offspring No. 2 of butter-
fly represented in Fig. 1. Egg laid Feb, 27, hatched
March 5, larva pupated April 5, imago emerged April 20.
A distinctly dark individual showing some slight tend-
ency towards sesamus, especially in the width of the
black margin of the hind-wings and the size of the blue
spots in this margin.
These two offspring show the overlap of summer and
winter phases remarkably well. The summer form,
Fig. 1b, even appeared a few days later in the beginning
of winter than the winter form, Fig. la. At the same
time the former is unusually dark.
2. Precis sesamus, form natalensis 9, Salisbury, 5000 feet,
captured March 6, 1898, after it had laid one egg. Parent
of butterfly represented in Fig. 2a.
2a. Precis sesamus 8, offspring of butterfly represented in Fig. 2.
Evg laid March 6, hatched March 12, larva pupated
April 7, imago emerged April 30, The last part of larval
Explanation of Plates. 557
life and the first part of pupal were passed in a damp jar
(March 30 to April 5), The imago is nevertheless a
characteristic example of the dry phase.
Fic. 3. Precis antilope 2, form simia, Salisbury, 5000 feet, captured
Feb. 23, 1992, after it had laid eleven eggs. Parent of
butterflies represented in Figs 3a and 3b, The under-
side is shown on Plate XIII, fig. 4.
3a. Precis antilope 2, offspring No. 1 of butterfly represented in
Fig. 3. Egg laid Feb. 23, hatched March 1, larva pupated
April 10, imago emerged April 27. The under-side is
shown on Plate XIII, fig. 4a.
3b. Precis antilope g, offspring No. 2 of butterfly represented
in Fig. 3. Eye laid Feb. 23, hatched March 1, larva
pupated April 14, imago emerged April 29. The under-
side is shown on Plate XIJI, fig. 40.
4. Precis archesia 9 , captured Oct.7, 1897, at Malvern, 800 feet,
near Durban, Natal. This insect was in coitw with the
form represented in Fig. 5.
5. Precis archesia 6, a form varying somewhat distinctly in
the direction of the wet phase (pelasgis), captured in coitu
with the insect represented in Fig. 4. The tendency
towards pelasyis is better shown upon the under-side,
Plate XIII, fig. &.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.
SEASONAL PHASES OF BUTTERFLIES OF THE GENUS PRECIS.
Under-sides of seasonal phases of Precis sesamus, P. antilope, and
P. archesia, including those of P. antilope and its two offspring
shown on Plate XII.
All the figures are about .°, of the natural size.
All the specimens not otherwise described were captured by Guy
A. K. Marshall.
Fie. 1. Precis sesamus, form natalensis 2, under-side of wings ;
Salisbury, 5000 feet, captured Feb. 20, 1898. Comparing
this with Figs. 1, 1b, and 2 on Plate XII, it is seen that
the under-side, although very similar to the upper, is even
more conspicuous than it. The difference is brought
about by the pale spots on the black basal patch of the
558 Explanation of Plates,
hind-wings and the more distinct white markings in the
black marginal band, on the under-side; also by the
paler tint of the ground-colour, making a stronger
contrast with the black markings.
Fic. 2. Precis sesamus § , under-side of wings; Salisbury, 5000 feet,
captured April 2, 1898. Even in the absence of colour
the astounding difference between this and the wet-season
phase (see Fig. 1) is clearly shown.
3. Precis sesamus, form natalensis ¢, strongly tending towards
the dry phase, under-side of wings; Machakos, British
East Africa, captured June 6, 1900, by Mr. and Mrs. 8.
L. Hinde. This beautiful variety stands well on the wet,
or red, side of intermediate.
4. Precis antilope, form simia 2, under-side of wings ; Salis-
bury, Feb. 23, 1902. Parent of butterflies represented in
Figs. 4a and 4b. This figure shows the under-side of the
specimen represented in Fig. 3, Plate XII. It is seen
that the under-side is much more conspicuous than the
upper in the points mentioned above in the description
of P. sesamus, form natalensis (Fig. 1) ; especially in the
far greater contrast between the lighter ground-colour
and the black markings and in the amount of white in
the black border.
4a. Precis antilope ?, under-side of wings. Offspring No. 1 of
butterfly represented in Fig. 4. This figure shows the
under-side of the butterfly represented in Fig. 3a, Plate
XII. The difference between the under-side in offspring
and parent is as astonishing as in the two phases of
sesamus, While the difference in shape of the wings is
even more remarkable.
4b. Precis antilope ¢, under-side of wings. Offspring No. 2 of
butterfly represented in Fig. 4. This figure shows the
under-side of the butterfly represented in Fig. 3b, Plate
XII. The great difference in the character of the under-
side in the two offspring (compare this figure with the
preceding) is well shown, although both represent dead
leaves equally well.
5. Precis archesia, form pelasgis ¢, under-side of wings ; Salis-
bury, 5000 feet, captured Dee. 11, 1897. The figure
shows well that the difference between the two phases of
this species is far more important upon the under- than
the upper-side. It is also seen that the pale, conspicuous,
sharply-outlined, black-spotted band of the wet phase
represents the intensely cryptic mid-rib-like streak of the
Explanation of Plates. 559
dry phase (compare this figure with Figs. 6, 7, and the
somewhat intermediate Fig. 8).
Fic.6. Precis archesia ¢, under-side of wings; Salisbury, 5000
feet, captured April 30, 1899. The mottled browns and
greys of the under-side are very markedly different from
the uniform dark brown of the wet phase. Great varia-
tion in these mottled tints occurs in different individuals,
harmonizing with the varied appearance of rocks, being
at the same time dead-leaf-like.
7. Precis archesia?, under-side of wings; Berea, near Durban,
Natal, captured April 5, 1896, by Mr. D, Chaplin. In
this variety of archesia the ground-colour is comparatively
unmottled, and to this extent transitional towards the
pelasgis form. This difference upon the under-side corre-
sponds with a slight approach in the same direction on
the upper-side, where the deep red-brown band is broader
and more continuous than is usual in typical archesia.
8. Precis archesia ¢, under-side of wings ; variety distinctly
transitional towards the pelasgis (wet) phase ; Malvern,
800 feet, near Durban, Natal. This specimen was cap-
tured in coitu with a 2 of typical pelasgis, Oct. 7, 1897.
The intermediate character is seen in the conspicuous
broad light band as well as in the unmottled ground-
colour. Comparing this with Figs. 5 and 6, it is seen that
in spite of this distinct tendency towards pelasgis, the speci-
men represented in Fig. 8 is still well on the archesia side of
intermediate, and would doubtless be well concealed with
its wings closed. The character of the surface of both
wings outside the broad band is especially unlike pelasgis,
as is the gradual transition of the outer border of the
band itself into the ground-colour. The upper-side of
the specimen here represented is shown on Plate XII,
fig. 5, and that of the 2 pelasgis with which it was in
coitu on Plate XII, fig. 4.
Explanation of Plates,
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.
Mimicry IN MASHONALAND BUTTERFLIES.
Acreine and Lycéenid mimics of Limnas chrysippus. Incipient
mimicry of Acraas by Lycenidx and Hesperide.
All the figures are about ,; of the natural size.
All the specimens figured on this plate were captured by Guy A,
K. Marshall in Mashonaland.
Gaal:
la.
ro
3a.
Limnas chrysippus 9, April 9, 1899. Captured together
with the specimens represented in Figs. la, 2, and 2a at
Salisbury (5000 feet). The specimen is rather small ;
the ground-colour is of the dark-brown shade char-
acteristic of the Ethiopian Region,
L. chrysippus, wnder-side ¢. The peculiar shade of
the apex of the fore-wing beyond the sub-apical white bar
much resembles the ground-colour of the hind-wing, but
is distinguished from it by a faint greenish-orange tinge.
It is seen to be mimicked in the under-side of Mimacraa
marshalli (Fig. 2a), and less perfectly in that of Acraa
encedon (Fig. 3a).
Mimacrea marshalli ¢. A beautiful mimic of chrusippus
(compare Fig. 1). The shape of the sub-apical white bar
however more strongly suggests that of Acraa encedon
(Fig. 3).
. M. marshalli, under-side ¢. The spots at the base
of the hind-wing as well as the shape of the sub-apical
bar suggest encedon rather than chrysippus (compare
Fig. 3a), although the mimicry of the latter is strong
and evident.
Acrexa encedon ¢, Dec. 1900. Captured together with the
specimens represented in Figs. 3a, 4, 6, and 7 at Umtali
(3700 feet). This, the typical form of the species, is seen
to be synaposematie with chrysippus.
A. encedon, under-side ¢. The under-side is seen to be
synaposematic as well as the upper.
Catochrysops peculiaris, under-side ¢. The figure well
shows incipient mimicry of the black-spotted under-side
of an Acrea,
C. mashiuna, under-side 2, Nov. 7, 1897. Captured
at the Umcheki River (4200 feet). The resemblance
to an Acrea is closer in this species than in the
Kxplanation of Plates. 561
last, because of the pale tawny ground-colour of the
under-side.
Fia. 6. Abantis tettensis, under-side. The under-side of the hind-
wings shows strong mimicry of an Acreoid type.
7. Kedestes macomo, var., under-side. The under-side generally
shows the incipient mimicry of an Acrmoid type.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.
British East AFRICAN Burrerriures Mimickina lL. CHRYSIPPUS.
Acreine and Lyczenid mimics of Limnas chrysippus form klugit in
British East Africa, Varieties of Acrea encedon chiefly transitional
towards the form daira.
All the figures are about 3%, of the natural size.
Fie. 1. Limnas chrysippus, form klugii ¢, May 22, 1900. Captured
by Mr. and Mrs. 8. L. Hinde, at Machakos Road, British
East Africa (about 5400 feet). Very faint traces of the
sub-apical white band of chrysippus can be detected.
la. L. chrysippus, form kluwgii, under-side 9, Oct., Nov. 1900.
Collected by W. Doherty on the Kikuyu Escarpment,
British East Africa (6500 to 9000 feet). Distinct traces
of the sub-apical white band of chrysippus can be seen.
Compare Fig. la, Plate XIV.
2. Mimacrexa dohertyi 9, Oct., Nov. 1900. Collected in the
same locality as Fig. la, by W. Doherty. The position
and outline of the costal part of the sub-apical white bar
of M. marshalli can be distinctly traced in the contour of
the black markings, although the bar itself is only very
faintly paler than the fulvous ground-colour of the wing.
Compare Fig. 2, Plate XIV.
2a. M. dohertyi, under-side ¢, Oct., Nov. 1900. Collected in
the same locality as Fig. la, by W. Doherty. Traces of
. position of white bar as in upper-side ; compare Fig 2a,
Plate XIV. The black spots on the under-side of the
under-wing resemble Acrexa encedon (Fig. 3a) rather than
the Danaine model of both insects (Fig. 1a).
3. Acrea encedon, form daira ¢, June 6, 1900. Captured by
Mr. and Mrs. S. L. Hinde, at Machakos, British East
Africa (about 5400 feet). Faint traces of the sub-apical
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART III. (NOV.) 37
562 Keplanation of Plates.
white bar of fore-wing although the black ground-colour
of the apex is almost absent. Compare Figs. 4-7 and
Fig. 3, Plate XIV.
Fia. 3a. A. encedon, form daira, under-side ¢, Oct., Nov. 1900.
Collected in the same locality as Fig. la, by W. Doherty.
The under-side shows the same faint traces of tle sub-
apical white bar as the upper-side. Compare Fig. 3,
4. A. encedon, form daira @, Jan. 28, 1909. Captured by
Mr. and Mrs. 8. L. Hinde at Kitui, British East Africa
(about 4000 feet). The sub-apical bar is rather more
distinct and the surrounding ground-colour rather darker
than in Fig. 3.
5. A. encedon, intermediate between form daira and encedon
d, May 18, 1900. Captured by Mrs. Leakey at Ndeje,
Bulemezi, near Mengo, Uganda. In this interesting
variety the sub-apical bar is very clearly defined by the
greatly increased darkness of the adjacent ground-coilour,
and thus becomes very distinct, although it is itself of a
darker shade than any of the specimens represented in
the three previous figures (3, 3a, and 4),
6, A. encedon tending towards the form daira in the darkness
of the sub-apical bar, and towards the form aleippina in
the whiteness of the inner part of the hind-wing ¢, May
19, 1900. Captured by Mrs. Leakey in the locality
described in Fig. 5. The apex of the fore-wing would be
that of typical encedon but for the darkness of the bar,
It is noteworthy that the costal spot of the bar is much
lighter than any of the other four component spots. On
the under-side of this specimen the bar is much lighter,
although not so white as in typical encedon.
7. A.encedon, form alcippina ¢, Feb. 27 to March 2, 1900.
Captured by Mrs. Leakey in the locality described in
Fig. 5. With white, conspicuous hind-wings this variety
closely resembles the form alcippus of Limnas chrysippus.
The fore-wings are as in typical encedon except that they
are somewhat darker than usual, suggesting, in the inner
contour of the black patch, an approach towards the form
lycia.
Hxplanation of Plates. 563
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.
ComMoN WARNING CoLourRS oF MASHONALAND ACRAINE
BUTTERFLIES, ETC.
All the figures are about 4% of the natural size,
All the specimens represented on this Plate were captured by Guy
A. K. Marshall at Salisbury, Mashonaland, 5000 feet.
Fic. 1
10,
WW
12.
13.
4.
5.
6
2
3
is
8
9
Ss
. .
Acrexa doubledayi, form axina g, Dec. 31, 1898.
” ” ” ” 2 ” ” ”
» caldarena g, Dec. 31, 1898,
” ; ” 2 ” ” ”
» nohara, form halali $, Dee. 31, 1898.
” ” ” ” ? ” ” ”
» rahira g, Dec. 31, 1898.
” ” z ” ” ”
» violarwm, form asema 2, Dee. 31, 1898.
The above five species were therefore captured on the same
day in the same place together with other examples of
all species except rahira, as described on p. 492. The
group is a beautiful example of synaposematic (Miillerian)
resemblance between the species of a specially-protected
group inhabiting the same locality.
A, anemosa @ , Jan. 7, 1899.
A. natalica,? ,, 3
A male of anemosa and a second female of natalica were
captured on the same day. Another beautiful example
of synaposematic resemblance between two fine species.
A. doubledayi, form axina ¢, April 6, 1898.
Baoris netopha 9, April 6, 1898.
The Hesperid at rest with its wings closed is a mimic of the
smaller Acras such as that shown in Fig. 12. There
are several white spots on both upper- and under-side of
the fore-wing of the skipper, but these are concealed by
the hind-wing in the position of rest with the fore-wings
pressed well back between the hind. In the specimen
figured the fore-wings are not quite sufficiently far back, so
that the border of the dark shade which should be entirely
concealed is exposed together with a part of the most
anteriorly-placed white spot.
Explanation of Plates.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.
MIMICRY AND WARNING CoLOURS IN COLEOPTERA.
Mutilloid Coleoptera: Cleridx, Carabide and Cicindelide. Warning
patterns in the Carabid genus Anthia.
All the figures are about
° of the natural size.
10
All the specimens, not otherwise described, were captured at the
times mentioned, at Salisbury, Mashonaland, 5000 feet, by Guy A. K.
Marshall.
Fig. 1.
Mutilla purpurata 3, Nov. 1898.
o tettensis 2 a Ps
” cepheus 2 ” ”
>A leucopyga? 2 ,, e
5) sycorax Q 3 5
53 horrida & Be , to Jan. 1899.
Atractonota mulsanti —,, 5 Mimic of ant.
” ” ” ” ” ”
Polyhirma xnigma x > as » and yet
Mutilloid also.
Polyhirma xnigma - » to Jan. 1899. Mimic of
large ant, and yet Mutilloid also.
Eccoptoptera cupricollis, Nov. 1898. A very perfect mimic
of a Mutilla.
Graptoclerus sp., Nov. 1898. Mutilloid mimie.
Polyhirma boucardi, Noy. 1898 to Jan. 1899.
Graplipterus antiokanus, Nov. 1898 to Jan, 1899. Resembles
the much larger Fig. 15, and, like it, Mutilloid.
Piexia selousi, Nov. 1898.
Polyhirma bilunata, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899. This and the
last species, when running, bear a general resemblance
to Mutillids,
Myrmecoptera marshalli, Noy. 1898.
. anvicta -
bilunata ,, a This and the two
previous species are mimics of Figs. 15, 16, ete.
Myrmecoptera polyhirmoides, var. mashuna, Noy. 1898 to
Jan. 1899. A mimic of Fig. 13.
Anthia massilicata, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899.
»» _petersi ” ” ” ”
» thoracica “5 = 3 59
Explanation of Plates. 565
Fic, 24. Anthia sexquttata 9. Collected by Maj.-Gen. Hearsey,
India.
25. Anthia nimrod 2. West Africa.
26. 5 omoplata, var. mellyi, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.
Mimicry IN MASHONALAND INSECTS.
Mashonaland insects of many Orders with Lycoid pattern and
colouring: small groups probably mimetic of Ichneumonids.
All the figures are of the natural size.
All the specimens were captured by Guy A. K. Marshall, at the
times mentioned, and unless otherwise described, at Salisbury,
Mashonaland, 5000 feet.
Figs. 1 to 52 show a large and complex group, including species
of the genus Lycws and insects of various Orders and numerous
families mimetic of, or converging towards, the orange and black
coloration of this abundant and distasteful genus.
Fie. 1. Lycus (Merolycus) rostratus g, Jan. 1899.
2. ” ” ” 2 ” ”
3. 5 (Acantholycus) constrictus g, Jan. 1899.
ampliatus ¢, June 1900.
53 55 ?, Jan. 1899.
(Lopholycus) zonatus 2, Jan. 1899.
» (Lopholycus) haagi 6 ,, -
” ” ” ” ”
» (Chlamydolycus) subtrabeatus g, Jan. 1899.
10. ” Mw” ” g ” ”?
11. Lycocerus mimicus ¢, Nov. 1899.
12. és 53 9, Jan. 1899.
13. Prionocerus dimidiatus, Jan. 1899.
14. Pecilomorpha fasciaticollis, Nov. 1900.
15. Peploptera zambesiana, Jan. 1899.
16. Diacantha conifera 9, Nov. 1898.
ie Fo rr dg, Jan. 1899.
18. Aphodius holubi, Feb. 1899.
19. Hutrapela sp., Dec. 1901. Mt. Chirinda, Gazaland.
20. Fletica rufa g, Nov. 1898.
5 a Jan. 1899.
22. Mylabris palliata = A
566
Fie. 23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
t
yt
~
or ¢
On
ve
on
S
~t
Explanation of Plates,
.
Zonitis sp. Jan. 1899.
Blepisanis haroldi __,, s
Amphidesmus analis ,, 5
Philagathes letus 2 ,, =
Be » @, Jan. 1902.
Nitocris sp., Feb. 1900.
5 nigricornis ? Dee. 1897.
- similis, Jan. 1901.
Vitumnus scenicus, var. cinnabarinus, Stal., Jan. 1899.
- 5, miniatus, Stal., Dec. 1900.
Serinetha mutilata, April 1909.
Lygeus furcatus % 9
Oncopeltus famelicus, var. jucundus, Sept. 1900.
Pompilus morosus 9, Jan. 1909.
Asclepiad pollen masses are seen on the fore tarsi of both
sides,
Pompilus capensis 2, Jan. 1899.
- diversus Q yy %
», vendex, April 1900.
Cerceris orientalis, var. 2, Jan. 1899.
Notogonia cresus 9, April 1900.
thynchium radiale Q, Jan, 1899.
Pe rubens 9, Jan. 1900.
Phanomeris sp.? 9, Jan. 1901.
ss dy Feb. 1900.
Iphiaulax bicolor 2, Sept. 1900.
Bracon luctwosus 2, Aug. 1900.
s Vuctuosus ¢&, Jan. 1902.
NXiphocerus cruciger, Jan. 1899.
Tlema elegans, April 1900.
Zygenid (gen. indet.). Mt. Chirinda, 4500 feet, Mashona-
land, Dee. 1901.
Newrosymploca ochreipennis, April 1900.
Figs. 53 to 58 show the mimicry of three convergent and
common Braconids by a Reduviid and a Longicorn.
Bracon coceineum 9, Aug. 1900.
c 53 dg, Nov. 1900.
Iphiaulax pictus 9, Aug. 1900.
- flagrator 2, Jan. 1899.
Oberea seutellaris, Jan. 1899,
Callilestes bicolor ,,
The remaining figures exhibit a beautiful case of mimicry
by a Reduviid of Synaposematic conspicuously marked
parasitic Hymenoptera.
99
Explanation of Plates. 567
Fie.59. Phanomeris dubius 9, Nov. 1900.
60. Pimpla tuberata ¢, April 1900.
61. ‘s 55 ©, Nov. 1900.
62, Callilestes stigmatellus, Nov. 1900.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.
MULLERIAN Mimicry IN GRoUPS oF SoutH AFRICAN COoLEoP-
TERA AND HEMIPTERA, ETC.
Figs, 30 to 38 twice the natural size; Figs. 53 to 59 one and a half
times natural size ; all other figures of the natural size.
All the specimens, except that shown in Fig. 16, were captured by
Guy A. K. Marshall, and all, unless otherwise stated, are from
Salisbury, Mashonaland, 5000 feet.
Figs. 1 to 16 represent a powerful group of Cantharide and the
insects convergent towards them, and having conspicuous cream,
orange or red bands on a black ground. The group gradually merges
into that shown in Figs. 17 to 29, in which the ground-colour is
orange or yellow with black bands, sometimes broken up into spots.
Fia. 1. Mylabris dicincta, Dec. 1898.
2: 35 tettensis, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899.
3. i‘ » Dee. 1898.
4. 9 tricolor, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899.
5. 1H oculata ‘i 5 -
6. 45 9 Dec. 1898.
7. Actenodia chrysomelina, Dec. 1898.
8. < Nov. 1898.
o Mylabré is holosericea, Dec. 1898.
10. Decatoma lunata, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899.
11. Actenodia chrysomelina, Dec. 1900.
* 12. Decatoma lunata, var., Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899.
13. Mylabris oculata _,, *
14. Cymatura bifasciata, Dee. 1898.
15. Ceroplesis caffer, Dec. 1898.
16. Anubis mellyi, Colenso, Natal.
17. Oncopeltus famelicus, Sept. 1900.
18. Melitonoma n. sp., Dec. 1898.
19. - truncatifrons, Oct. 1901.
20. Clythra wahlbergi, Dec. 1898.
21, Melitonoma litigiosa, Jan. 1901.
568
Fia. 22.
Way
24,
30.
31.
32.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
Explanation of Plates,
Antipus rufus 9, Oct. 1901.
Melitonoma epistomalis, Oct. 1901.
Clythra lacordairei, Oct. 1901.
Antipus rufus 2, Feb. 1899.
Aulacophora festiva, Oct. 1901.
Cryptocephalus quinqueplagiatus, Dec. 1900.
5 varioplagiatus, Oct. 1901.
Syagrus marshalli, Sept. 1900.
Figs. 30 to 38 show a very well-defined group of small
Coleoptera in which the head and thorax are bright red
and elytra creamy-white with transverse black bands or
spots.
Platyxantha bicineta, x 2, Jan. 1899.
Gynandrophthalma posticalis ?, x 2, Feb. 1899.
Monolepta vincta?, x 2, Jan. 1899.
Crioceris coronata ,, i i
Paralepta ornata =. a 5
Asbecesta ,, “ 5
Urodactylus sp. g 5, es ,
” 9 4 ” ” 9)
Apoderus gentilis ,, Noy. 1898.
Figs. 39 to 42 show a convergent group of an Hemipteron
and two Coccinellids with the characteristic red or yellow
and black spotted coloration of the latter family.
Steganocerus multipunctatus, Feb, 1899.
Epilachna dregei, Nov. 1898.
es + Feb. 1899.
Chilomenes lunata, Feb. 1899.
Figs. 43 to 47 represent a convergent group of red and black
coloured Hemiptera—a Reduviid mimicking Lygzeids.
Redwvius sp., Jan. 1900.
Ingeus rivularis, Nov. 1899.
Graphostethus servus, Feb. 1900.
Lygeus elegans, Feb. 1900.
oi crudelis, Jan. 1900.
Another Hemipterous group showing Reduviids mimicking
Pyrrhocorids is shown in Figs. 48 to 52.
Phonoctonus nigro-fasciatus, Oct. 1897, Malvern, near Dur-
ban, Natal.
Dysdercus nigro-fasciatus, Oct. 1897, Malvern, near Durban,
Natal.
Dysdercus superstitiosus, April 1900.
55 intermedius, Feb. 1900.
Phonoctonus formosus, Feb, 1900.
Explanation of Plates. 569
The remaining figures represent a group containing a
Locustid and an Hemipteron mimetic of ants.
Fie. 53. Camponotus sp.? % x 14, Feb. 17, 1901.
54, % sericeus, % x 14, Feb. 17, 1901.
55. ee cosmicus, § min. x 14, Feb. 17, 1901.
56. ” ” i) maj. ” ” ”
57. Megapetus atratus, x 14, Feb. 17, 1901.
58.
” b)
” ’ ” ”
59. Myrmecophana ? fallax, x 13, Feb. 17, 1901.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.
GROUP OF BLACK, DARK-WINGED MASHONALAND ACULEATES AND
THEIR Mimics.
First Parr oF GRovp.
The Acnleates with one exception all Fossores.
All the figures are about + of the natural size.
All the specimens were captured by Guy A. K. Marshall, at
Salisbury, Mashonaland, 5000 feet.
Fie. 1. Mutilla atropos g, Nov. 1899.
2. Tiphia rugosa 9, Feb. 1899.
3. lis lachesis 2, April 1900.
4. ,, fasciatipennis 2, April 1900.
5. ” ” 2, Reb. ”
6. Scolia alaris g, April 1900.
ile , san Gg oer >
8. ” ” g ’ April ”
9. 5 fraterna g, Jan. ,,
10. ” ” g, April ”
i » cyanea g,Jan. ,,
12, ,, ” ¢, Mar. ,,
13. » afinis g,June ,,
14. Salius atropos 2, Mar. ,,
15. » vindex 2, Nov. 1899.
16. » dedjax g, Feb. 1899 to Jan. 1900.
Tis » regina 6, Feb. 1899.
18. » obscurus 2, Dec. 1899.
19. Pompilus sepulchralis 9, April 1900.
Bi frustratus 2, Nov. 1899.
to
S
570
Pies 2.
22.
GROUP OF BLACK, DARK-WINGED MASHONALAND ACULEATES
Explanation of Plates.
Orectocera (Paraphania) diabolus, Feb. 1900.
Exoprosopa umbrosa, Feb. 1900.
Orectocera (Paraphania) diabolus, Jan. 1900.
Tabanus, very near biguttatus, Dec. 1900.
Tascia homochroa, Dee. 1900.
Reduvius, sp., April 1900.
Harpactor tristis, April 1900.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.
CHIEFLY FossORES, AND THEIR MIMICS, ETC.
SEconp Parr oF GROUP, CHIEFLY FossoREs.
All the figures are about 4 of the natural size.
All the specimens were captured by Guy A. K. Marshall, at Salis-
bury, Mashonaland, 5000 feet.
Fic.
o
1b
2.
3.
4,
3
6.
Sphex bohemani 9, Dec. 1899.
. a 6, Jan. 1900,
cyaniventris g, Nov. 1899.
pelopeiformis g, Jan. 1900.
” ” 2 ) June ”
mass is seen on distal end of the left anterior leg.
Sphex wmbrosus 2, May 1900.
Sceliphron chalybeum ¢, Feb. 1900.
Tachytes natalensis ¢, Jan. 1900.
ss > 2, Dec. 1899.
Ammophila ludovicus 9, Feb. 1899 to Jan. 1900.
piad pollen-masses are thickly crowded on the tarsi of the
two anterior pairs of legs.
Ammophila ludovicus ¢, June 1900.
a3 beniniensis, 9, Jan. 1900.
Eumenes tinctor ¢, Dee. 1899.
” ” g “} ” ”
dyschera ¢, Feb. 1900.
“5; + 2, Nov. 1899.
Xylocopa hottentotta 9, Jan. 1900.
carinata 2, Feb. 1899 to Jan. 1900,
”
”
xanthocerus 9, Dec. 1899. An Asclepiad pollen-
Explanation of Plates. 571
Fig.20. Laparus sp. , Jan. 1900.
21. - ? tabidus, Feb. 1900.
22. Trymodera aterrima, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899.
23. Epicauta pectoralis, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899.
24, > subcoriacea ,, % 3 3
25. % celestina, Feb. 1900.
26. a 5 or subcoriacea, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899.
27. Lytta moesta, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899.
The following figures represent a beautiful little group
of species of Megachile and their mimics.
28. Megachile nasalis 2, Nov. 1899.
29. a chrysorrhea 2, Jan. 1900.
30. Celioxys pusilla ¢, Dec. 1899. Probably parasitic on one
of the two former species.
31. Laphria sp., near flavipes, Feb. 1900.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.
GROUP OF YELLOW-TAILED, BLACK MASHONALAND ACULEATES,
ALMOST ENTIRELY DIPLOPTERA, AND THEIR Mimics. A XyYLO-
COPID AND ITs ASILID MImiIc.
All the figures are about + of the natural size.
All the specimens were captured by Guy A. K. Marshall, and all,
except those otherwise described, are from Salisbury, Mashonaland,
5000 feet.
Fie. 1. Scolia erythropyga g, Dec. 1899.
22. 9 5 Q?, April 1900.
3. Salius tamisieri ¢, Mar. 1900.
4. * “ ¢, Nov. 1899.
5. » spectrum g, Jan. 1900.
6. Rhynchiwm synagroides g, Feb. 1900.
7. Synagris abyssinica, var. 2, Umtali, 3700 feet, Dec. 1900.
8. ms mirabilis 9, April 1899.
9. * emarginata 2, Mar. 1900.
10. 3 analis 9, Umtali, 3700 feet, Dec. 1900,
Lk: 9 3 Os Wee: 1899:
12 9 xanthura 2, Jan. 1900.
13. 3 emarginata ¢, April 1900.
Oe
20.
Explanation of Plates.
Ewmenes dyschera &, Jan, 1900.
Trochilium sp. , Umtali, 3700 feet, Dec. 1900.
” 7 ” ” 9”
Bombylius sp. nov., Feb. 1900.
Silvius pertusus, Nov. 1898.
The two remaining figures illustrate the mimicry of a large
Asilid fly for a common type of African Xylocopid bee.
Xylocopa flavo-rufa 2, Oct. 1899.
Hyperechia marshalli ¢, Feb. 1899. Mimie of the above.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.
MASHONALAND ACULEATES AND THEIR MIMICcs.
All the figures are about 9, of the natural size.
All the specimens were captured by Guy A. K. Marshall at Salis-
bury, Mashonaland, 5000 feet.
Figs. 1 to 11 are a group of small insects with black head and
thorax and yellow or fulvous abdomen.
Fia. 1.
13.
15.
Elis aureola 2, April 1900.
Philanthus fuscipennis 2, Feb. 1900.
95 diadema 2, Oct. 1899.
* 3, Jan. 1900.
cs bucephalus ¢, Feb. 1900.
Rhynchium radiale 9, Jan. 1899.
rubens, var. 9, Jan. 1899.
3 » var. 9, Feb. 1900.
Sphecodes rufiventris 9, April 1899.
Chalcis bicolor ¢, April 1900.
Athalia bicolor, Jan. 1900.
The two following figures represent outlying members of
the group represented in Figs. 14 to 19, the colour of the
head and thorax being of a darker tint.
Xylocopa lateritia 9, Jan. 1900.
» flavo-rufa 9, Oct. 1899.
Figs. 14 to 19 are black, dark-winged insects with yellowish
head and thorax.
Podalirius acratnsis 9, May 1899.
Anthophora basalis? 2, Oct. 1899.
Xylocopa olivacea 9, June 1900,
”
oS modesta 2 ,, ae
Fia. 18.
19.
39.
37.
40.
41.
Explanation of Plates. 573
Elis cxlebs 9, Dee. 16,11900.
Melittia sp. 3 » Mimic of the above.
Figs. 20 to 29 and 31 are insects with dark-blue or blackish
wings and yellow heads. Where the anterior yellow is
most developed (as in Fig. 25) the group merges into the
preceding one; where it is least, the convergence is
towards the blue-winged group shown on Plates XX
and XXI.
Pompilus marshalli 2 , Oct. 1899.
és dichrous &, Jan. 1900.
‘ » ~—- Qs Oct. 1899.
Fs lascivus 9, June 1900.
= anticus 2, Jan, 1900.
Salius tamisiert 9, Feb. 1899.
Tachysphex fluctuatus 9, June 1900.
Bromophila caffra, Dec. 1899.
Jonthodes sculptilis, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899.
Eletica rufa g, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899.
Figs. 30, 32, and 33 are blue- or black-winged insects with
yellow-banded legs which are very conspicuous during
flight.
Litopus dispar, Feb. 1899.
Iphiaulax ruber 2, Oct. 1900.
Osprynchotus flavipes 2, Jan. 1900.
Pirates xneicollis, Dec. 1900.
Figs. 34 to 36 are black insects with narrow yellow bands
and clear wings.
Pomptlus festivus 9, Jan. 1899.
Myzine capitata ¢ - ra
Metopius discolor ¢ ,, sd
Two flies with their model a Megachile bee.
Megachile apiformis g, Jan. 1899.
Eumerus sp. nov. ? 33 Ee
Laxenecera mollis, Mar. 1900.
The following figures represent a Syrphid fly which closely
mimics a common social wasp.
Polistes marginalis 2, Dec. 1898.
Ceria gambiana eee
Or
“1
a
ENED IX
TO THE PRECEDING PAPER.
MAMMALIA.
Cebus, sp., 406
Cercopithecus callitrichus, F, Cuv., 406
pygerythrus, F. Cuv., 379,
386, 387, 402, 531
Crossarchus fasciatus, Desm., 378
Herpestes galera, Erxl. (mungoose), 376,
378
Papio porcarius, Bodd, (baboon), 346,
380-91, 397, 398
AVES.
Aquila wahlbergi, Sund., 352
Artamus fuscus, Vieill., 360
Asio capensis, Sm., 378
Astur polyzonoides, Sin., 352
Asturinula monogrammica, Tem., 349,
352
Bradyornis mariquensis, Sm., 351, 357
Bubo maculosus, Vieill., 350, 352
Buchanga assimilis, Sharpe, 351, 357,
358, 378
Bucorax caffer, Verr., 346, 347, 378 «
Buteo jakal, Daud., 352
Campothera bennetti, Sm., 351
Caprimulgus rufigena, Sm., 351
Carpococcyx radiatus, Tem., 406
Cerchneis amurensis, Rad., 350, 351
naumanni, Fleisch , 340-47,
350
rupicoloides, Sm., 340-42,
345-47, 350, 352, 378
Ciconia abdimii, Licht., 350
Circaétus pectoralis, Sm., 352
Coceystes caffer, Licht., 357
< glandarius, L., 351
Coracias caudata, L., 349, 351, 356
garrula, L., 349
olivaceiceps, Sharpe, 349, 352
», spatulata, Trim., 349, 354
Cosmetorius vexillarius, Gould., 378
Crateropus kirkii, Sharpe, 351
Crecopsis egregia, Pet., 351
Cuculus gularis, Steph., 349
Dicrurus ater, Herm. (king-crow), 359,
362, 363
Eurystomus afer, Lath., 354
%?
9
9?
9?
Falco subbuteo, L., 349, 351, 357, 378
Fringillaria tahapisi, Sm., 351
Gallinula chloropus, L., 378
Geocichla litsitsirupa, Sm., 351
tlaucidium perlatum, Vieill., 352
Graucalus pectoralis, Jard., 351
Halcyon chelicutensis, Stanl., 357
,, pallidiventris, Cab., 351
Herodias tucidus, Raf., 350, 378
Irrisor erythrorrhynchus, Lath., 349,
351, 352, 378
Laniarius guttatus, Hart, 351
Lophoceros leucumelas, Licht., 351
Macronyx capensis, L., 349, 351, 352
Melicrax polyzonus, Riipp., 352
Melittophagus pusillus, P. Miill., 349
Merops apiaster, L., 354
natalensis, Reichenb., 349, 350,
>
5dd2
» philippinus, L., 360, 363
», swinhoei, Hume, 361
Microhierax cerulescens, Lh. (M. eutol-
mus, Hodgs. ), 363-65
iy Sringillarius, Drap., 364
Monticola angolensis, Sousa, 351
Nettapus auritus, Bodd., 378
Numida coronata, G. R. Gray, 350
Oriolus larvatus, Licht., 352
», notatus, Pet., 351
Pachyprora molitor, H. and K., 357
Pratincola torquata, L., 351, 358
Prionops talacoma, Sm., 351
Rhinopomastus cyanomelas, Vieill., 351,
352, 378
Saxicola pileata, Gmel., 351, 378
Terpsiphone perspicillata, Swains., 354,
357
Thamnolea cinnamomeiventris, Lafr.,
B51
Turdus libonyanus, Sm., 352
Turtur capicola, Sund., 378
Upupa africana, Bech., 351
Zosterops, sp., 407
REPTILIA.
Amphibolurus, sp., 407
Bitis avietans, L., 397
Index.
Cistudo ewropea, Schn., 407
Coluber xsculapii, Host, 407
Lacerta muralis, Laur., 407
viridis, Laur., 399, 407
407
99
ZONUIUS, SP.,
AMPHIBIA.
Triton alpestris, Laur., 408
punctatus, Daud., 407
be)
PISCES.
Chetodon plebeius, Gmel., 375
ARACHNIDA.
Agelena labyrinthica, L., 326, 327, 408 |
Amaurobius ferox, Walck., 326, 408
Epeira diadema, L., 325, 327, 408
Gasteracantha ornata, Thor., 384
Lycosa, sp., 325, 326
Nephila, sp., 325
Nephilengys malabarensis, Walck., 319
Prosthesimaalbomaculata,O. P.Cambr.,
‘ay
Solpuga marshalli, Poe., 350,
Tegenaria domestica, W alck. rs
408
Titus lugens, O. P. Cambr., 511
Thomisus, sp., 328
355
BIN, B27/, |
INSECTA.
RHOPALOCERA.
TIthomiine.
Melinzxa, sp., 468
Danaine.
Amauris dominicanus, Trim., 486, 503,
507, 508
echeria, Boisd.
Offered to Mantide and
spiders, 297, 298, 318,
321, 323, 324
Effect upon human taste,
414
As model for mimicry,
469, 484-87, 503-5, 507
echeria, var. albimaciulata,
Butl., 485, 487, 490
niavius, L., 486
» ochlea, Boisd., 466, 490, 503
Crastia core, Cr., 360
Hamadryas, sp., 467, 468
99
Salatura, sp.,
Limnas bataviana, Moore, 474
5T
3)
Limnas chrysippus,
Offered to Mantide, 298, 300,
301, 306, 311-18, 315, 317
Offered to spiders, 319, 320,
323
Insect foes of larve and
imagines, 329, 338
Offered to captive
341-48
Probably injured by wild
birds, 366, 367
birds,
Offered to mungoose and
baboons, 3877, 380, 382,
388
Etfect upon human taste,
413, 414
As model for mimicry, etc.,
468-84, 490, 494, 496,
499, 501
Courtship of, 538, 539
chrysippus, var. alctippoides,
Moore, 468, 470, 473, 474,
477, 478
chrysippus, var. eee Crs
474, 476, 478-80, 484
chrysippus, var. dor ippus,
Klug, 473, 474
chrysippus, var. klugti, Butl.,
442, 470, 473-80, 482-84,
494, 499
476
Tirumala limniace, Cr., 332
petiverana., Doubl. Hew.,507
2?
Satyrine.
Cenonympha panyphilus, L., 440
Epinephele janira, L., 372
aa lycaon, Kihn., 554
E. tithonus, L., 372
Melanarge galathea, L., 553
Melanitis leda, L., 416.
zitenius, Hbst.,
M yeatesis perseus, ce 365
safitza, Hew., 302, 313
551
553
363
te]
eee eatensar, Butl.,
vigilans, Trim.,
Satyr U8 ’ semele, L., 372
EHlymniine.
Elymivias, sp., 489
Nymphaline.
Anxa, sp., 373
Argyinnis cybele, F., 553
Atella phalantha, Dr.,
357, 367, 384
340, 343, 344,
576
Athyma, sp., 468
Byblia goctzius-acheloia,
379
5, twlithyia, Dr., 337, 340, 342-45,
377, 380-85, 388
Cethosia, sp., 502
Charaxes achwemenes, Feld., 505
athamas, Dr., 362
» guderiana, Dew., 505
5 psaphon, Westw., 360
saturnus, Butl., 505
», schreibert, Godt., 365
Wallg., 322,
o°?
5 varanes, Cr., 299, 375
», whytet, Butl., 505
aiphares, Cr, ” 505
Clyrestis thyodamas, Boisd., 362
Euphedra, sp., 499
Euralia anthedon, Doubl., 486, 492
», deceptor, Trim., 503
», dubia, Beauv., 492
» mina, Trim., 485, 487, 490-
92, 508, 504
», wahlbergi, Wallgr.,
492, 503, 508
Eurytela hiarbas, Dr., 299, 300, 320
Hamanumida dedalus, ¥., 311, 343
FHuypolimnas bolina, L., 502
var. nerina, F., 502
“ misippus, L.
Offered to insect-eaters,
299-301, 3138, 347,
348, 384, 385
Mimetic resemblance of,
468, 470, 479-84,
490, 501
PP misippus, var. inaria, L.,
384, 468, 470, 477,
479-81, 483, 484
Junonia cebrene, Trim., 310, 311, 340,
342-44, 357, 380
,, ¢clelia, Cr., 300, 301, 348
», hierta, F., 336
», orithyia, L., 365
Neptidopsis, sp., 468
Neptis agatha, Cr.
Offered to insect-eaters, 299,
300, 302, 313, 382, 384,
386, 388
As Miillerian mimie, ete., 466,
467, 496, 497, 505
», imitans, Obthr., 468
», lactaria, Butl., 467
,, venilia, Cr., 467
Precis actia, Dist., 416, 423
, antilope, Feisth. (= simia,
Wallg.), 379, 414, 416, 418-
21, 423, 424, 427-81, 438,
456, 458
486, 491,
Index.
Precis archesia, Cr. (= pelasgis, Godt. \
Offered to insect-eaters, 340,
341, 344, 379, 384
Seasonal phases of, 415, 416,
418-20, 428, 424, 427-29,
431, 438, 450, 453-55, 458
», artaxia, Hew. (= nachligalii,
Dew. Yi 416, 422, 423, 430,
439-41, 455, 456, 457
a5 ceryne,Boisd.( = tuluoa, Wallgr.),
416, 424, 425, 430, 435
;, cuama, Hew., 418-20
,, elgiva, Hew., 333, 421, 423
», natalica, Feld., 421, 423
5, octavia, Cr. (= amestris,
415, 452
sesamus, Trim.
Staud. )
Offered to Mantide and
spiders, 311, 321
Offered to kestrels, 340-43
Offered to captive mam-
mals, 377, 379, 880, 382-
85, 387-89
Seasonal phases of, 415-31,
435-39, 443-53, 455, 456,
458
Gregarious instinct of, 460,
462
», btriment, Butl., 419
», tugela, Trim., 416, 421, 423
Protogonius, sp., 373
Protogoniomorpha, sp., 502
Pseudacrexa expansa, Butl., 503
vA tarquinia, Trim., 487
* trimenii, Butl., 504
Symphedra dirtea, F., 365
Vanessa atalanta, L., 368
ce cardwi, L., 3800, 311,
380
», 0, L., 442, 452, 460, 461
PA kaschmirensis, Kolb., 359
»» polychloros, li, 461
Ipye;})
(= natalensis,
377,
39 urticw, L., 331, 442, 452, 461
Heliconineg.
Heliconius eucrate, Hiibn., 366
Be sp., 468
Acreing,
Acrea acara, Hew.,
504
», admatha, Hew., 330
;, a@nacreon, Trim., 337, 413
5, anemosa, Hew., 324, 342, 382,
388, 413, 433, 493
,, @atlolmis, Westw., 433
418, 438, 434,
Index.
Acrexa bonasia, F., 328
9
be)
a?
a9
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902
cabira, Hopff.
Offered to insect-eaters, 299,
301, 302, 308, 313, 314,
316, 324, 348
Ichneumonid parasites of,
337
Effect upon human taste,
413
Summer and winter forms
compared, 433
caldarena, Hew.
Otfered to Mantide, 308-11,
314, 315, 319
Attacked by Asilid, 333
Offered to kestrels, 340, 342-
44
Offered to mammals, 376,
377, 379, 382, 388
As member of Miillerian
group and as model, 492-
94
Observations on sac of ? ,539
doubledayi, Guér., 468, 469
- >» var. axina,
Westw.
Offered to Mantide, 311, 312,
315
Offered to kestrels, 340, 344
Offered to mammals, 376,377,
380, 382, 383, 388
Summer and winter
compared, 433, 434
As member of Miillerian
group and as model, 492,
491, 496
encedon, L.
Offered to Mantide, 299, 300,
302, 303, 305-8, 3138, 314,
316
Offered to hornbill, 347
Effect upon human taste, 413
Summer and winter forms
compared, 433
As Miillerian mimic and as
model, 468-72, 479, 480,
483, 484, 490, 495
Courtship of, 540
encedon, var. aleippina, Aur.,
480, 484
encedon, var. daira, Godm.,
Salv., 479, 480, 483, 484
encedon, var. lycta, F., 413, 479,
490
horia, L.
Offered to Mantide and
spiders, 297, 298, 313, 316,
318, 320-24
forms
aA
Acrxa horta, L.
99
”)
9
Dipterous parasites of, 337
Effect upon human senses,
414
Summer and winter forms of,
compared, 433
Observations on sac of ? and
courtship, 539, 540
induna, Trim., 308, 314, 315,
494
natalica, Boisd., 300, 309, 313-
15, 339, 384, 413, 493
neobule, Doubl., 306-8,
315, 330, 483, 539
nohara, Boisd., 324, 413, 494
iS var. halali, Mshl.
Offered to Mantide, 308-10,
314, 315
Offered to kestrels, 340, 342,
344
Offered to mammals, 379,
380, 382, 384, 388
Summer and winter forms of,
compared, 433, 434
As member of Miillerian
group, 492
Observations on sac of ? , 539
petra, Boisd.
Offered to insect-eaters, 299,
313, 347, 348
Rarity in Natal in 1897, 325
Summer and winter forms of,
compared, 433-35
As Miillerian mimic,
490
Courtship of, 540
rahira, Boisd., 341, 344, 383,
388, 492, 493
serena, F., var. buxtoni, Hew.
Offered to Mantidee, 299, 300,
302, 3038, 305, 307, 313,
314, 316
Offered to spiders, 321-24
Offered to hornbill, 347
Effect upon human taste,
413
Summer and winter forms of,
compared, 433
As Miillerian mimic, 468-70
violxw, F., 316, 489
violarum, Boisd., 321, 324
> var. «asema,
"Hew., 433, 434, 492-94
314,
470,
Actinote thalia, L., 366
Pardopsis punctatissina, Boisd., 305,
307, 308, 314, 315
Planema aganice,
Hew., 324, 348,
413, 466, 490
-—PART III.
(NOV.) 38
578
Planema esebria, Hew.
Offered to
322, 348
Effect upon human taste,
413
As Miillerian mimic and
as model, 466, 468-70,
472, 479
gea, F., 488
insect-eaters,
”
Lycxenide.
Alxna amazoula, Boisd.,
15, 414, 497-99
», nyasse, Hew., 496, 497, 499
Axiocerces amanga, Westw., 555
harpax, F., 311, 341
Castalius calice, Hopff., 497
5 melxviut, Trim. , 497
Catochrysops contracta, Butl., 335
gigantea, Trim., 494
hypoleuca, Butl., 494
mashuna, Trim., 494, 497,
499
osiris, Hopff., 310
parsimon, F., 555
peculiaris, Rghfy.,
495, 499
Citrinophila erastus, Hew.,
Deloneura, sp., 497
Deudorix antalus, Hopff., 374
Durbania, sp., 324
Bumeus, sp., 500
Hypolycena philippus, F., 555
Lolaus, sp., 497
Lachnocnema, sp., 498
Lampides betica, L., 333
Larinopoda lirexa, Hew., 499
tera, Hew., 499
Liptena libyssa, Hew., "499
» wndularis, Hew., 499
Lycena icarus, Rott., 553
Lycenesthes, sp., 497
Mimacrxa dohertyi, Roths., 480, 483,
484, 493, 499
ns marshalli, Trim., 470-72,
480, 482-84, 493, 499
Myrina ficedula, Trim., 310, 375
Pentila abraxas, Doubl., 499
phidia, Hew., 499
tropicalis, Boisd.,
348
Spindasis natalensis, Doubl.,
Talicada, sp., 500
Tarucus plinius, L., 357, 358, 497
Telipna bimaculata, Plotz, 499
sanguinea, Plotz, 499
Teriomima, sp., 324, 472
Thecla iarbas, ¥., 374
300, 319,
494,
499
a?
a 299, 300,
310, 374
Index.
Thecla W-album, Knoch, 374
Uranothauma poggei, Dew., 555
Zeritis taikosama, Trim., 339
Zizxra gaika, Trim., 333
Pierine.
Belenois gidica, Godt., 435
», mesentina, Cr.
Offered to Mantide, 311
Eaten by wild Mantis and
spider, 316, 328
Offered to mammals, 376,
381, 385, 386, 389
Discussion of mode of pro-
tection, 435
5 severina, Cr.
Offered to Mantide, 298,
305, 310, 311, 313, 314
Offered to kestrel, 342
Offered to mammals, 376,
380-82, 384, 386
Effect upon human taste,
415
Discussion of mode of pro-
tection, 435
- thysa, Hoptt., 435, 506
Catophaga, sp., 360
Catopsilia florella, F., 311, 341, 357,
380, 383
Colias edusa, Li., 366
», electra, L., 382
Delias eucharis, Dr., 316, 489
5, pandemia, Wallace, 504
», descombesi, Boisd., 316
Evonia cleodora, Hiibn., 357
Hebomoia, sp., 862
Herpenia eriphia, Godt.,
388, 460, 506
Mylothris agathina, Cr.
Offered to Mantidz, 300
,, mammals, 376,
377, 382, 384, 386, 388
Effect. on human taste,
385, 386,
414
Specially protected and
mimicked, 506
riippelli, Koch, 506
a trimenia, Butl., 506
Nepheronia argia, ¥., 321, 506
Pieris brassice, L., 338
» Tape, L., 464
Pinacopteryx pigea, Boisd., 539, 540
Pontia hellica, L., 321, 339, 438, 506
Prioneris, sp. 362
Synchloé glauconome, Klug., 333
Teracolus achiné, Cr., 304, 305, 314,
344, 380, 382, 386, 388
39
Index.
Teracolus cris, Klug., 460, 506
omphale, Godt., 308, 313,
370, 376, 386
phleqyas, Butl., 386
i vt, Swinb., 328
Lerias brigitta, Cr.
Offered to Mantide
spiders, 303, 310, 321
Offered to lizard, 339
», kestrel, 341, 342
», Mammals, 376,
377, 383
Cryptic larva of, 506
hecabe, L., 362
regularis, Butl., 553
senegalensis, Boisd., 310, 376,
377, 386
a9
”
and
?
”
be)
3?
9
Papilionine.
Papilio antheus, Cr., 507
arcturus, Westw., 359
aristolochix, F., 489
caunus, Westw., 365
cenea, Stoll, 469, 482, 485-87,
491, 507, 508
cenea, var. hippocoon, F., 486
constantinus, Ward, 324
2» coon, F., 482
corinneus, Bert., 342, 344, 346,
358, 380, 385, 388, 507
cynorta, F., 488, 489
cyprxofila, Butl., 488, 489
demodocus, Esp.
Offered to Mantide and
spiders, 298-301, 313, 320,
321
Discussion of results, 324, 325
Offered to captive birds, 341,
345, 348
Eaten by wild cuckoo, 357
Injuries probably caused by
birds, 373
Protection of larva of, 507
echertoides, Trim., 487, 488
, erithonius, Cr., 362, 365
euphranor, Trim., 320, 324
gallienus, Dist., 488
jacksoni, K. M. Sharpe, 487, 488
leonidas, F., 507
leonidas-brasidas, Feld., 300,
301, 320, 348, 485, 486, 506,
507
lyxus, Doubl., 320, 247, 348
macareus, Godt., 362
merope, Cr., 486
var. hippocoon, F., 486,
note
nomius, Ksp., 360
39
579
Papilio ophidicephalus, Obthr., 320,
324
policenes, Cr., 507
polyctor, Boisd., 359
sarpedon, L., 362, 364
xenocles, Doubl., 362
zenobia, F., 488, 489
Hesperidx.
Abantis tettensis, Hopff., 495
Laoris netopha, Hew., 495, 496
Cyclopides willemi, Wallgr., 496
Hasora alexis, F., 316
Hesperia spio, L., 310
Kedestes macomo, Trim., 495
Parosmodes icteria, Mab., 310
Khopalocampta forestan, Cr., 348, 376,
377, 380, 385, 388,
496
pisistratus, F., 385,
388
39
Sarangesa eliminata, Holl., 357, 422
HETEROCERA.
Abraxas grossulariata, L., 825-27, 330,
338, 405-11
Acherontia atropos, L., 401, 402, 404
Aletis, sp., 482, 499
Alypia octomaculata, F., 411
Callioratis bellatrix, Dalm., 359
Cherocampa elpenor, L., 399, 401
“5 osirts, Dalm., 397
Cirina similis, Dist., 350
Diacrisia maculosa, Cr., 358
Lgybolis vaillantina, Stoll, 300, 315,
316
Euchelia jacobex, V.., 338, 407, 410
Halia wavaria, L., 325
Halias prasinana, L., 404
Hybernia aurantiaria, Esper., 465
35 defoliaria, Clerck, 465
Llema elegans, Butl., 517
Lsbarta pandemia, Roths., 504
Melittia, sp., 530, 531
Neurosymploca ochreipennis,
Bil), ils
Nyctemera leuconoé, Hopff., 370, 466,
468, 497
Pericopis, sp. 468
Petovia dichroaria, H. 8., 497, 498
Porthesia auriflua, F., 338
Protoparce convolwuli, L., 380, 388
Pscudaphelia apollinaris, Boisd., 350
Pseudohazis, sp., 411
Tascia homochrou, Holl., 526, 527
Trochilium, sp., 529
Zygenid ( *# gen. et sp.), 517
Butl.,
580
COLEOPTERA.
Cicindclide.
Mantichora herculeana, Klug., 510
Myrmecoptera bilwnata, Dohrn., 512
invicta, Pér., 512
marshalli, Pér., 512
polyhirmoides, Bates, 511
a var, mash-
una, Peér., 514, 515
Tricondyla, sp., 514
”
”
29
9
Carabidez.
Anthia massilicata, Guer., 383, 392,
508
mazxillosa, Fab., 509
nimrod, Ol., 509
omoplata, Lequ., var. mellyi,
Bréme, 509
pachyoma, Chd., 349
petersi, Klug., 508, 509
serguttata, F., 509
thoracica, F., 380,
508, 509
Arsinoé fraterna, Pér., 522
Atractonota mulsanti, Perr., 512, 513,
515
Carabus auratus, L., 330, 408
Chlenius cylindricollis, Dej., 382, 390
383, 392,
Eccoptoptera cupricollis, Chd., 511,
512
Graphipterus antiokanus, Pér., 512,
514
bilineatus, Boh., 343
lineolatus, Boh., 343
mashunus, Pér., 880,
390
tibialis, Chd., 380, 390
; wahlbergi, Boh., 343
Piexia marshalli, Péx., 350, 380, 390,
511, 513
mashuna, Pér., 511
selousi, Pér., 342, 380,
390, 512-14
Polyhirma xnigma, Dohrn., 3438, 380,
388, 390, 512, 513
bennettii, Mshl., 511, 547
bilunata, Boh., 512
boucardi, Chd., 380, 390,
”?
381,
Led
be)
514, 515
- mactlenta, Ol., 511, 548
A notata, Perr., 511
rutata, Pér., 511
i semisuturata, Chd., 350,
380, 390, 511, 513, 548
Scarites, sp., 350, 353
Thyreoplerus flavosignatus, Dej., !
Index.
Cetontide.
| Clinteria infuscata, G. and P., 343,
| 347, 380, 391
Celorrhina loricata, Jans., 381, 391
| Nyassinius lugubris, Westw., 349
Oxythyrea dysenterica, Boh., 381, 391
Pachnoda flaviventris, G. and P., 380,
391
as rufa, de G., 380, 391
Protxtia amakosa, Boh., 380, 381, 391
» mandarinea, Web., 335
Trymodera aterrima, Gerst., 526
Copride.
Aphodius holubi, Dohrn., 517
Gymnopleurus fastiditus, Har., 349
smaragdinus, Fahr.,
380, 392
Oniticellus militaris, Castn., 380, 392
Onitis alexis, Klug., 331, 343, 346, 349,
380, 381, 392
5, emnuus, F., 380, 391
Onthophagus gazella, ¥., 344, 347, 351,
380, 392
”
mS sp., 349
Scarabeus femoralis, Kirby, 395
Buprestidx.
Agrilus, sp., 349
Amblysterna vittipennis,
346, 379
Anthaxia, sp., 349
Boh., 342,
Buprestis flavomaculata, F., 335
Psiloptera chalcophoroides, Pér., 350,
379, 380, 390
7 valens, Pér., MS., 340
Sphenoptera disjuncta, Boh., 349
Sternocera funebris, Boh., 380, 390
Malacodermata.
Lycocerus mimicus, Bourg., 517, 549
Lycus ampliatus, F., 344, 380, 517
constrictus, Fahr., 344, 380, 517
haagi, Bourg., 517
rostratus, L., 340, 344, 380, 517
subtrabeatus, Bourg., 380, 517
zonatus, Fahr., 517
”
”
99
”
”)
Cantharide.
Actenodia chrysomelina, Erichs., 518,
519
Decatoma lunata, Pall., 380, 391, 518
Eletica rufa, F., 344, 347, 380, 391,
516, 517, 531
| Epicauta celestina, Haag., 526, 527
pectoralis, Gerst., 526, 527
>
subcoriacea, Makl., 526, 527
9
Index.
Lytta mesta, Pér., 526, 527
Mylabris dicincta, Bert., 382, 391, 518
holosericea,, Klug,, 343, 347,
518, 519
oculata, Thunb.,
518
palliata, Mars.,
380, 391, 517
tettensis, Gerst.,
391, 518
tricolor, Gerst., 518
”
349, 352,
344,
380,
Zonitis, sp., 344, 347, 380, 391, 516,
517
Tenebrionidx.
Anomalipus plebeius, Pér,, 343, 346,
380, 381, 391
Dichtha inflata, Gerst., 342, 346, 379
Eutrapela, sp., 517
Hoplonyx, sp., 349
Lagria, sp., 334, 342, 347
Micrantereus carinatus, Pér., 380, 391
Praogena festiva, Mik1., 380, 392
3 splendens, Makl., 379
Psammodes scabratus, Gerst., 350, 382,
ventricosus, Fahr., 350
Zophosis, sp., 351
Longicornia,
Amphidesmus analis, O1., 517
Anubis mellyi, White, 518, 519
Blepisanis haroldi, Fahr., 340, 345,
383, 388, 391, 517
Ceroplesis caffer, Vhunh., 518, 519
fallax, Pér., 342, 346, 381,
389, 392
Cymatura bifasciata, Gerst., 518, 519
Daphisia, sp., 395
Dyenmonus apicalis, Fahr., 616, 517
Hesperophanes amicus, White, 350
Hippopsicon, sp., 522
Hyllisia, sp., 522
Jonthodes sculptilis, White, 531
Litopus dispar, Thouis., 532
Nitocris ¢nigricornis, OL, Gil
a similis, Gah., 517
” Sp., 517
Oberea scutellaris, Gerst., 583
Phantasis gigantea, Guér., 350
Phailagathes lxtus, Thoms. ., 516-18
)
Tragiscoschema wahlbergi, Fahr., 382,
391
Rhynchophora,
Alcides hemopterus, Boh., 351
Apoderus gentilis, Pér., 521
581
Brachycerus apterus, L,, 524
Pe brevicostatus, Fahr., 380,
382, 390
Cleonus, sp., 349
Diurus furcillatus, Gyl., 525
Eremnus, sp., 344, 346, 349
Hipporrhinus bohemanii, Fahr.,
Oosomus, sp., 844, 346, 351
Polycleis decorus, Pér., 351
equestris, Boh., var., 380, 390
8 longicornis, Fahr., 380, 390
Sympieziorrhynchus, sp., 349
350
9
Phytophaga.
Antipus rufus, de G., 519
Asbecesta ornata, Jac., 520
Aspidomorpha punctata, F., 351, 352
Aulacophora festiva, Gerst., 519, 520
Clythra lacordairet, Jac., 519
wahlbergi, Lac., 342, 381, 391,
518
Crioceris coronata, Baly, 520, 521
Cryptocephalus quinqueplagiatus, Jac.,
519, 520
varioplagiatus,
519, 520
Diacantha conifera, Fairm., 344, 347,
380, 391, 516-18
Gynandrophthalma
520
Macrocoma aureovillosa, Marsh, 350,
352
Malacosoma discoidalis, Jac., 380, 391
Melitonoma epistomalis, Lac., 519
litigiosa, Lac., 519
truncatifrons, Lac., 519
sp. nov., 519
Monolepta tvineta, Gerst. , 520
Paralepta ornata, Tac, , 520
Peploptera anchoralis, Jac., 380, 389,
391
cambesiana, Pér.,
Sil, alg, Bills)
Plagiodera thoracica, F., 380, 391
Flatypria mashuna, Pér., 349, 352
Platyxantha bicincta, Jac., 520
9
” Jac.,
tposticalis, Lef.,
be)
+)
380, 389,
bey
Peeilomorpha fasciaticollis, Jac., 517,
518
Syagrus marshalli, Jac., 519
», pwneticollis, Lef., 349, 252
Timarcha, sp., 524
Other families.
Adoretus flaveolus, Gerst., 380, 390
Allochotes, sp., 394
Anomala, sp., 349, 380, 390
582
Chilomenes linata, F., 380, 891, 520
Clerus, sp., 344, 347
Corymbites virens, Schr., 331
Dytiscus dimidiatus, Berg., 330
> marginatus [marginalis], L.,
330
Encaustes, sp., 522
Epilachna dregei, Muls., 342, 347,
380, 381, 391, 520
Graptocler us, sp. , 512, 515
Feteron yohus licas, Klug.,
Hister caffer, Erichs., 331
Hydaticus, sp., 350
Lenvidia, sp., 395
Lucanus cervus, L., 403
Pentodon nireus, Burm., 349
Prionocerus dimidiatus, Gerst.,
344, 345, 347, 380, 391, 516-18
Trochalus, sp.,351
Vrodactylus, sp., 520, 521
350
341,
HYMENOPTERA.
Ammophila beniniensis, P, de B., 525
hirsuta, Kirby, 464
ludovicus, Sm., 525
530
9?
”
Anthophora ? basalis, Sm.,
Apis florea, F., 335
Athalia bicolor, Sauss., 530
Belenogaster, sp., 477, 537
Bembex, sp., 532
Bracon coceineum, Brul., 533
luctuosus, Brul., 517
>, tluctwosus, Brul., 517
Camponotus cosmicus, Sm. , 535
rr sericeus, F., 585
Carebara, sp., 350
Cerceris orientalis, Sm. var., 517
Chaleis albicrus, Klug., 338, note
bicolor, Bing., 530, 544
cuplea, Hope, 338, note
», semtrufa, Walk., 545
Celiorys pusilla, Gerst, 530
Elis awreola, Klug., 530
», ¢celebs, Sich., 530, 531
», Jasciatipennis, Sm., 525, 528
,, lachesis, Sauss., 525
Eumenes dyschera, Sauss.,
>
>)
9?
525, 529
a tinctor, Sauss., 525 , 926
Hatlictus, sp., 334
Ichneumon, sp., 338
Iphiaulax bicolor, Brul., 517
flagrator, Gerst., 533
pictus, Brul., 533
ruber, Bing. - "531, 545
Megachile apiformis, Sm., 534
chrysorrhea, Gerst., 530
nasalis, Sm., 5380
”?
+P)
2)
a9
Index.
Melipona apicalis, Sm., 334, 336
Metopius discolor, Tosq., 532
Microgaster, sp., 338
Mutilla atropos, Sm., 525
cepheus, Sm., 512
horrida, Sm., 512
2 lewcopyga, Klug., 512
purpurata, Sm., 512
sycoraz, Sm., 512
tettensis, Gerst., 512
Myzine capitata, Sm., 532
Notogonia cresus, Sm., Dilfer allies
Osprynchotus flavipes, Bral., 532
Pelopeus spirifex, F., 532
Phanomeris dubius, Bing., 582, 533,
546
sp., 517
Philanthus bucephalus, Sm., 530
diadema, F., 530
5 fuscipennis, Guér., 530
Pimpla tuberata, Tosq., 532, 533
Podalirius acraénsis, F., 580, 531
| Polistes gallica, L., 335
marginalis, F., 534
» variatus, Cress., 536
Pompilus anticus, Kiug., 531
capensis, Dahl., 517
collaris, Sauss., 547
dichrous, Brul., 531
diversus, Dahl., 517
festivus, Klug., 532
Srustratus, Sm., 525
2
bP)
9
”
29
29
”
+e]
9?
i5 lascivus, Cam., 531
4 marshalli, Bing., 531, 547
7. morosus, Sm., 517
5 sepulchralis, Sm., 525
vindex, Sm., 517
Rh ynehiwm radiale, Sauss., 517, 530
| on rubens, Sauss., 517, 530
5 synagroides, Sauss., 529
Salius atropos, Sm., 525
dedjax, Guér., 525, 531
obscurus, Sm., 525
regina, Sauss., 525
lien spectrum, Sm., 529
| ,. tamisieri, Guér., 529,
| ,, vindex, Sm., 525, 526
| Seeliphron chalybeum, Sm., 525
Scolia affinis, Guér., 525
”
99
”
531
)
alaris, Sauss., 525, 527-29
cyanea, Lepel., 525, 526
erythropyga, Burm., 529
» Jraterna, Sm., 525, 527
| Sphecodes rufiventris, Sm., 530
| Sphea bohemani, Dahl., 525
cyaniventris, Guér., 525
pelopetformis, Dahl., 525
umbrosus, Christ., 525
9)
2?
|
|
| .
|
9
”
”?
Index. 583
Sphex xanthocerus, Ill., 525
Synagris abyssinica, Guér., 529
nH analis, Sauss., 529
if emarginata, Sauss., 529
3 mirabilis, Guér., 529
" aanthura, Sauss., 529
Tachysphex fluctuatus, Gerst., 531
Tuchytes natalensis, Sauss.,.525, 526
Tiphia rugosa, Sm., 525
Vespa maculata, L., 411
Vipio, sp., 546
Xylocopa carinata, Sauss., 525
», jflavorufa, de G., 530, 531,
533, 534
» hottentota, Sm., 525
» lateritia; Sm., 530, 531
», modesta, Sm., 530
» olivacea, F., 530, 531
HETEROPTERA.
Anoplocnemis curvipes, F., 845, 346,
382, 383, 413
Callilestes bicolor, Dist., 533
a stigmatellus, Dist., 582, 544
Cyclopetia, sp. [Cyclopelta], 317
Dysdercus cardinalis, Gerst., 543
intermedius, Dist., 538,
By nigrofasciatus, St&l, 538
an superstitiosus, F., 538, 543
Graphostethus servus, F., 537
Harpactor tristis, Stal, 526
Lygeus crudelis, F., 537
», elegans, Wolff, 537
Surcatus, ¥., 517
», rivularis, Germ., 537
Megapetus atratus, Dist., 5385, 542
Myrmoplasta, sp., 542
Oncopeltus famelicus, F., 518
var. jucundus,
543
”
2)
”
Dall., 517
Petascelis remipes, Sign., 356, 882
Phonoctonus formosus, Dist. F 538, 543
59 nig igrofasciatus, Stal, 538
Physomerus, sp., 317
Pirates xneicollis, Schaum., 532
Reduvius, sp., 526, 537
Serinetha mutillata, Gerst., 517
Steganocerus multipunctatus, Thb., 520
Vitumnus cinnabarinus, Stal, 517
on miniatus, Stil, 517
HOMOPTERA,
Pyrops, sp., 349
Tibicen nubifurca, Walk., 332
ORTHOPTERA RAPTORIA.
Creobotra urbana, F., 316
Gongylus gongyloides, L., 316, 325
Hierodula bipapilla, Seryv., 317
Idolum diabolicuwm, Sauss., 317
Phyllocrania insignis, Westw., 304, 314
Polyspilota caffra, Westw., 298, 304,
306, 313, 314
Pseudocreobotra wahlbergt, Stal,
3, 306, 313, 314, 399
Sphodromantis lineola, Burm. 308, 310,
314, 315
301-
ORTHOPTERA SALTATORIA,
Clonia wahlbergi, Stal, 349
Condylodera tricondyloides, Westw.,
514
Myrmecophana ? fallax, Brun., 5385
Phymateus morbillosus, L., 349, 353,
356, 377
Podisma frigida, Boh., 335
DIPTERA.
Alcimus ? stenurus, Lw., 333
Apoclea femoralis, Wied., 333
Bengalia, sp., 540
Bombylius, sp. nov., 529
Bromophila caffra, Macq., 531
Ceria gambiana, Saund., 534
Chrysops cxecutiens, L., 333
Damalina, sp., 334
Dasypogon diadema, ¥., 334-36
Dioctria atricapilla, Mg., 333
» @landica, L., 332
» Tufipes, de G., 333
Epitriptus arthriticus, Zlr., 335
Humerus, sp., 332
», nov.?, 534
Eutolmus ? apicatus, Lw., 334
Exoprosopa wmbrosa, Lw., 526, 527
Exorista vulgaris, F\n., 338
Hyperechia marshalli, Aust., 533, 541
ne fera, v.d. Wulp, 542
50 xylocopiformis, Walk.,
Laparus aes Lw., 526, 527
, 526, 527
Laphria nr. flavipes, Wied.,
pA gibbosa, L., 335
Laxenecera, sp., 835
= mollis, Lw., 534
Lophonotus ?swillus, F., 333
Lucilia, sp., 317
Machimus atricapillus, F\n., 333
Matra, sp., 332
584
Microstylum apicale, Wied., 332
dux, Wied., 335
Musca, sp., 317
Mydea, sp., 334
Neoitamus cyanurus, Lw., 333
» griseus, Wied., 335
», tlongistylus, Wied., 335
Orectocera — (Paraphania)
Wied., 526, 527
Philodicus gracilis, v. d. W., 333
Philodicus? sp., 832
Proagonistes % preceps, Walk., 334
Promachus xqualis, Lw., 334
», *% flavibarbis, Macq., 334
re maculatus, F., 332
es sokotrx, Ric., MS., 334
», ?vagator, Wied., 334
Sarcophaga, sp., 334
diabolus, |
Index.
Yeleropogon ambryon, Walk., 332
Silvius pertusus, Lw., 529
Spilomyia fusca, Lw., 411
Labanus biguttatus, Wied., 526, 527
Volucella bombylans, L., 491
an An var. mystacea
L., 491
Niphocerus cruciger, Lw., 517
NEUROPTERA.
Bracythemis contaminata, F., 332
Mantispa brunnea, Say., 536
5 grandis, Evichs., 537
| Rhyothemis phyllis, Sulz., 334
Trithemis arteriosa, Burm., 333
», ? dorsalis, Ramb., 334
——
or
(oe)
Or
—
XVIII. New and little known species of Drepanulide,
Epiplemide, Microniidee and Geometridee in the
National Collection. By COLONEL CHARLES
SWINHOE, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., ete.
[Read April 16th, 1902.]
AT the request of the authorities of the British Museum
I undertook Jast winter, when living in London, to work
out the unnamed species of the Eastern and Australian
Drepanulidz, Epiplemidze, Microniidee and Geometridee in
the National Collection, and this paper is the result.
At Sir George Hampson’s request the Hon. Walter
Rothschild kindly sent to the British Museum, for com-
parison, all Mr. Warren’s types, and Professor Poulton was
good enough to lend the Walkerian types in the Oxford
University Museum.
Out of the many hundreds of Warren’s types I have
made notes of a few the names of which must fall; and
have given lists of those not in the British Museum, to
show the blanks that want filling up in the National
Collection. The species not mentioned in this paper were
found in the Collection and named.
The resemblance in pattern and coloration of many
species, widely differing from each other structurally, is
very noticeable in the Geometridae, especially amongst the
Sterrhids (Acidalids), and this family is well worth the
careful study of any Biologist interested in the convergence
of superficial characters. To instance a few:
Eugnesia correspondens, Warr., Nov. Zool. iv, p. 77, 1s
exactly like Synegia camptogrammaria, Guen., but the
former has simple antenne in the male, whereas in the
latter they are bi-pectinate with short stiff bristles.
Pisoraca sordidata, Warr., |. ¢., 11, p. 376 ; Xenoprora
parallela, Warr., iv, p. 195, and Perixera grisea, Warr., V1,
p. 336, are all of one pattern and colour, but differ greatly
in structure.
Brachycola paucinotata, Warr., viii, p. 22, resembles very
closely Perixera absconditaria, Walker, but can at once be
differentiated by the structure of the legs.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART III. (NOV.)
586 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Plocucha irregularis, Warr., ii, p. 377, 1s like Anisodes
pallida, Moore, but has a costal fold in the fore-wings.
Amongst the Boarmids,
Pseudalcis catoriata, Warr., iv, p. 97,is almost identical
with Boarmia trispinaria, Walker, but vein 11 of fore-wing
arises out of 12 and the antennze are plumose.
Semiothisa fusca, Warr. 1, p. 412, and Xenoneura
tephrinata, Warr., p. 414, are almost exactly alike, but the
former has simple antennz in both sexes, and the male of
the latter has the antennz pectinated.
Family DREPANULID.
Genus Mimozerues, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 190 (1901).
MIMOZETHES ARGENTILINEARIA.
Decetia argentilinearia, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix,
p- 183 (1897).
Euchera (?) nana, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 15 (1897).
Mimozethes nana, Warr., |. c., vii, p 191.
Type, Japan in B. M.
Type (nana), Japan in coll. Rothschild.
Genus CALLIDREPANA, Feld., Sitz. Akad. Weis. Wien,
xii, p. 30 (1861).
Damna, Walker, xxvi, 1570 (1862).
Ausaris, Walker, xxvi, 1632.
Ticilia, Walker, xxxui, 394 (1865).
Drepanulides, Motsch., Bull. Mose., xxxix, p. 193 (1866).
CALLIDREPANA GELIDATA.
Danna gelidata, Walker, xxvi, 1570.
Tictlia argentilinea, Walker, xxxui, 394.
Callidrepana argentifera, Druce, P. Z. 8., 1888, p. 574, pl.
295 f. os
Platypteryx argentilinea, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxxu, p. 8,
pl. 1, f. 2 (1888).
Ausaris splendens, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 195 (1897).
_Type 2, Sarawak in O. M.
Types (argentilinea $ 2), Singapore in O. M.
Types (argentifera 2), Guadaleanar Isl. in coll. Druce.
Types (P. argentilinea ¢ 2), Java in coll. Snellen.
Type (splendens 3), Tawaya, north of Palos Bay, Celebes,
in coll. Rothschild.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 587
SEWA ORBIFERATA.
Abraxas orbiferata, Walker, xxiv, 1126 (1862).
Sewa orbiferata, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, App. p.
591 (1900).
Argyris insignata, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 645.
Platypteryx cilicoides, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxxu, p. 9,
pl. 1, f. 3 (1888).
Type, Sarawak in O. M.
Type (insignata), Bengal in coll. Russell.*
Type (cilecoides), Java in coll. Snellen.
It is also from W. China and from Bhutan in the B. M.
TELDENIA VESTIGIATA.
Corycia vestigiata, Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi, p. 222
(1880).
Teldenia alba, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, ii, p. 120, pl. 124, f. 1,
la (1882).
Teldenra fulvilunata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 18 (1897).
Type, Darjiling in B. M.
Type (alba), Ceylon in B. M.
Type (fulvilunata f), Celebes in coll. Rothschild,
Fulvilunata is a very well marked example.
Genus Zustpava, Walker, xxvi, 1637 (1862).
Hmodesa, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., p. 255 (1888).
Pseudemodesa, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 314 (1899).
ZUSIDAVA TORTRICARIA.
ZLusidava tortricaria, Walker, xxvi, 1637.
a ms Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 591
(1900).
Himodesa sinuosa, Moore, |. c., p. 256, pl. 8, f. 18.
Hmpsn., Moths, Ind., iv, App., p. 475
(1896).
Pseudemodesa fuscidisea, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 191
(1901).
Type, Sarawak, Borneo, in O. M.
Type (sinwosa), Khasia Hills in coll. Staudinger.
Type (fuscidisca), Mysol in coll. Rothschild.
” ”)
* This collection appears to be lost.
588 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
PROBLEPSIDIS EXCISA.
Drepana excisa, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 338 (1892).
Problepsidis carneotincta, Warr., Nov. Zool., vii, p. 191
(1901).
Type, Naga Hills in coll. Elwes.
Type (carneotincta $), Sarawak in coll. Rothschild.
I have it also from the Khasia Hills.
TRIDREPANA QUADRIPUNCTATA.
Drepana quadripunctata, Walker, Journ, Linn. Soe., vi, p.
175 (1862).
Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i
p- 241 (1892).
Tridrepana diluta, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 18 (1897).
Tridrepana subobliqua, Warr., l. ¢.
Type, Sarawak in O. M.
Type (diluta), Khasia Hills in coll. Rothschild.
Type (suwbobliqua), Java in ditto.
” ” ,
There are in the B. M. examples from the Khasia Hills,
Sikkim, Singapore, and Borneo.
TRIDREPANA FULVATA.
Drepana fulvata, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xix, p. 19, pl. 2,
f, 10 (1876).
Drepana albonotata, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 83 (1879).
54 Hmpsn., Moths, 1, p. 34) (1892).
Callidrepana ochrea, Butl., Ill. Het., vi, p. 17, pl. 105, f. 10
(1886).
Callidrepana lunulata, Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xix, p.
224 (1887).
Type, Java in coll. Snellen.
Type (albonotata f), Mount Parisnath, Behar, in coll.
Staudinger.
Type (ochrea #), Darjiling in B. M.
Type (lunulata 2), Alu, Solomon Isls., in B. M.
CoBANILLA BERENICA.
Dyepana berenica, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xii, p. 258
(1893),
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 589
Cobanilla hepaticata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 13 (1897).
Cobanilla cardinalis, Warr., |. ¢.
Type, Singapore in B, M.
Types (hepaticata and cardinalis), Penangah in coll.
Rothschild.
Cardinalis is merely a reddish form of this species ; it
also occurs in Singapore.
DRAPETODES MIMULARIA.
Drapetodes mimularia, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxxiii, p. 11,
pl. 1, f. 4, 4a (1888).
Drapetodes lunulata, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 336 (1896).
Type, Java in coll. Snellen.
Type (dunulata 2), Java in coll. Rothschild.
DRAPETODES MAGNIFICA, nov.
@. Ochreous brown, thorax banded with pale ochreous, also first
two segments of abdomen; both wings banded and marked with pale
ochreous, in the fore-wings there is a streak near the base and
another at the apex as if portions of one band; there is also a broad
band from the hinder margin a little beyond the middle, to the outer
margin above the middle; on the hind-wings there is a sub-basal
band from the abdominal margin, short, and with a white band on
its inner edge, and a broad diseal band which is below the apex, and
at the anal angle touches the outer margin; all these bands are
longitudinally streaked with bright orange lunular lines close to-
gether ; there is also a brown spot at the end of each cell, a dark
brown marginal line and brown cilia; on the underside the wings
and body are of a uniform pale greyish-white, nearly pure white.
Expanse of wings 1;%5 inches.
Hab. SINGAPORE.
DRAPETODES OBLIQUIFASCIATA, nov.
¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen white and ochreous ; wings white
with pinkish ochreous broad stripes, that on costa edged inwardly, the
other two edged on both sides with chestnut-red lines ; the first
band is along the costa of fore-wings, the second from the abdominal
margin of hind-wings close to the base, to the outer margin of fore-
wings above the middle ; the third runs across the centre of hind-
wings, from the abdominal margin below the middle to the costa
before the apex; all these stripes are parallel to each other and are
590 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
perfectly straight and even, the second stripe has two white spots at
its extremity on the outer margin of the wing and a more or less
distinguishable white band running inside it ; the third stripe has
amore distinct white band which is dentate and edged on its lower
side with brown ; outer margin of both wings with a band coloured
like the stripes edged inwardly with a crenelate chestnut-red band.
Expanse of wings 17'y inches.
Hab. Puto Laur (Doherty).
STREPTOPTERAS CRENELATA, nov.
¢. Differs from S. luteata, Hampsn.,* in the fore-wing having no
white mark at apex ; hind-wing with the outer margin strongly
crenelate and produced to a point at vein 6, and to two points close
together at the production of the wing below the middle of the
margin ; the double postmedial line with yellow spots on its outer
edge, especially towards abdominal margin, the outer area rufous
without the numerous crenelate lines, the submarginal dentate line
with dark marks on it throughout.
Expanse of wings 1;%5 inches.
Hab. Puto Laur (Doherty).
Genus EcroTHyRis, nov.
Palpi upturned cylindrical, the 2nd joint reaching vertex of head,
the 3rd obtuse, proboscis present, antennze laminate ; mid tibize with
one pair of spurs, hind tibize with two pairs, the inner medial short ;
fore-wing with the costa slightly exeised beyond middle, the apex
rounded, the outer margin slightly excised towards hinder angle,
veins 4 and 5 from angle of cell, 6 from middle of areole, which is
formed by 10 strongly anastomosing with 8 and 9; 11 from end of
areole; hind-wing with the frenulum present, the outer margin
strongly crenelate and produced to longer points at veins 3, 4, and 6.
ECTOTHYRIS TRIFENESTRATA, nov.
¢ 2. Ochreous suffused with rufous, anal tuft grey, fore-wing with
double rufous antemedial line angled below costa, and with traces of
two lines beyond it; costal area streaked with ochreous, two dark
postmedial costal“marks, three hyaline patches beyond lower angle
of cell, with dark speck on the veins between them, and bounded by
an oblique ochreous postmedial line; an indistinct minutely dentate
ochreous submarginal line ; hind-wing with oblique dark ante-
* Trans. Ent. Soc, 1895, p. 289.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 591
medial line, three hyaline patches beyond lower angle of cell, a dark-
edged ochreous postmedial line, a dentate ochreous submarginal line ;
the female greyer than the male in coloration.
Expanse of wings | inch,
Hab, Puto Laut (Doherty).
GOGANA PLACIDA, nov.
?. Of a uniform pinkish-grey, frons brown, pectus white, both
wings with very indistinct, outwardly-curved, crenelated grey lines,
ante and postmedial ; fore-wings with two black dots at the end of the
cell ; hind-wings with three; underside paler, shining, dots as above.
Expanse of wings 1,4, inches.
Hab. SANDAKAN, Borneo (W. B. Pryer).
Genus TrRoToTHYRIS, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 19 (1897).
' AMETROPTILA, Warr., l. c., viii, p. 190 (1901).
TROTOTHYRIS FRAGILIS, nov.
¢. Dark shining grey, head whitish between the antenne ; very
uniform in colour, there is a red-brown streak at the end of cell of
fore-wings, and some very minute silvery speckles along the costa,
in the cell and interspace below the sub-costal vein, and along the
outer margin ; these speckles can only be seen in certain lights, when
they are conspicuous, the marginal borders of both wings are dark
and the cilia shining yellow; on the underside the wings are paler,
the mark at the end of the cell is yellowish-white, the sex mark on
fore-wings is surrounded. with yellowish-white, and the body and
legs are of the same colour,
Expanse of wings ,°, inch.
Hab. Puto Laut, Borneo (Doherty).
ORETA LOOCHOOANA, nov,
¢. Antennz laminate as in O. calceolaria, Butl., from Japan, but
the outer margin of fore-wings is evenly rounded below the incurve
under the apex and is not produced in the middle as in that species,
the colour is somewhat similar but duller ; antenne ochreous grey,
head, body, and fore-wings dull red-brown strongly tinged with
ochreous; frons, head, body below and legs bright crimson, thorax in
front greyish-white, fore-wings with yellow suffusion on the basal and
outer portions, beyond the double line with yellow centre, which
runs straight from hinder margin beyond the middle to the apex, a
blackish mark on middle of costa, one at one-fourth from apex,
592 Colonel C: Swinhoe on
another near apex, and two on hinder margin close to the angle :
hind-wings yellow, the basal half red-brown strongly tinged with
yellow, and a patch of that colour at the apex ; some brown points
in the dise ; underside yellow, the red-brown portions replaced by
crimson, and a black discal band on fore-wings, which is continued
half-way down the middle of the hind-wings.
Expanse of wings 14 inches.
Hub. Loocuoo (H. Pryer).
ORETA RUBROMARGINATA, nov.
Q?. Frons crimson, thorax and fore-wings yellow, outer margin
somewhat produced at vein 4; a broad marginal chestnut-red band ;
hind-wings yellow in the interior part, the chestnut-red marginal
band very deep, occupying nearly one-third of the wings, and there
is a large chestnut-red patch with four or five angulated productions
in the middle of the wing ; abdomen chestnut-red, tip yellowish ;
underside bright yellow, the band on fore-wings pinkish in the
upper half, blackish in the lower half ; hind-wings with some black
specks in the disc, no band ; body and legs ochreous, fore-legs
streaked with crimson.
Expanse of wings 14 inches.
Hab. BORNEO.
PHALACRA TENERA, nov.
9. Ochreous grey ; uniform in coloration, abdomen with grey
segmental lines, wings crossed by many sinuous and more or less
erenelated grey lines, two in the middle the most prominent, fore-
wings with a black mark on the costa before the apex, and a black
line on the apical margin, which is continued along the outer margin,
there is a blackish streak on hinder margin before the angle, many
grey specks and points in both wings, and some prominent lines near
outer margin of hind-wings which darken the outer half of the wing
and contain a submarginal whitish band ; underside grey with a
brown discal band across both wings.
Expanse of wings ,°; inch.
Hab. Puto Laut, Borneo (Doherty).
PHALACRA KERARA, Nov.
@. With the ground colour of a uniform ochreous grey, body
darker grey, wings with a minute blackish dot at the end of each
cell, fore-wings with a rather broad brownish median band, a discal
line of blackish lunules; the space to the outer margin brownish,
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 593
containing a pale sinuous submarginal line, hind-wings with the
diseal line of blackish lunules faintly indicated, and the space beyond
brown with submarginal pale sinuous line as in fore-wings ; underside
dull ochreous grey, with a darker grey, thin discal band across both
wings.
Expanse of wings 1,3, inches,
Hab. PuLo Laut, Borneo (Doherty).
The fore-wing is somewhat deeply excavated at -the
hinder angle, the hind-wing has the centre of the outer
border produced, with an excavation below the production.
Not in B. M.
Euchera absentimacula, Warr., Nov. Zool.,
li, p. 3387 . : : . : : Java.
Fergusson Isl.
Fergusson Isl.
Teldenia nigrinotata, Warr., l. c., p. 2
73
Drepana flezimargo, ee 1. c.; p. 272
* sera, Watr.,l. ¢: ; 3 Fergusson Isl.
Tridrepana arpentiners iga, Want ike a 339 N. Borneo.
Drapetodes interlineata, Warr., 1 ¢., p. 336 Java.
Oreta fuscimargo, Warr., l. ¢., p. 338 ; Queensland.
» (!) setntillans, Warr., l.c., p.273 . Fergusson Isl.
Cobanilla fulvata, Warr., l.¢.,v, p. 423. Key Isl.
- jaspideu, Warr., 1. ¢., ili, p. 335. Cedar Bay.
Cyclura excisa, Warr., 1. c., iv, p. 14 . Penangah, N.E. Borneo.
Family EPIPLEMIDAL.
PARADECETIA VICINA, nov.
¢ ¢@. Of a pale creamy mouse colour, with a violaceous tinge, very
uniform in the five males and two females under examination; a
white dot at end of cell, a crimson line quite straight from before
middle of abdominal margin of hind-wings to apex of fore-wings as
in P. albistellaria, Walker, from India, four red dots on dise of hind-
wing in place of the white spots of that species and red cilia to botk
wings ; underside yellowish.
Expanse of wings 13 inches.
Hab. Ta-tsten-Lu; CHAna YANG; West China.
PARADECETIA MYRA, nov.
d 2. Ochreous brown, wings thickly irrorated with very minute
brown atoms, a white dot at the end of each cell, a brown straight
line from before middle of abdominal margin to apex as in the pre-
ceding species ; on the hind-wings the space from the line to the
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART III. (NOV.) 39
594 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
outer margin dark brown, with four white dots in the disc, as in
P. albistellaria : underside pale ochreous with brown striations,
Expanse of wings 14 inches.
Hab. Movuptn and OMEISHAN, West China.
The markings in these two forms are very similar to
those in P. allistellaria, Walker; the latter is a very com-
mon species in the Khasia Hills, and I have a long series
in my own collection. They are wonderfully uniform in
colour and correspond exactly with the type. and with
an example from Nepal in this museum, and the three
forms seem to me to be quite distinct from each other.
DECETIA DICHROMATA.
Decetia dichromata, Walker, xx, 232 (1860).
BA Pe Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., il, p.
218, pl. 5, f. 1 (1900).
Decetia insignis, Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xx, p. 242
(1887).
Type, Mysol in O. M.
Type (insignis), Alu in B, M.
EPIPLEMA CONFLICTARIA.
Evosia conflictaria, Walker, xxi, 851 (1861).
Erosia exprimataria, Walker, xxiii, 851.
Erosia difinaria, Walker, xxii, 852.
Erosia secutaria, Walker, xxxv, 1648 (1866).
Krosia plicata, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xx, p. 44, pl. 3, f. 23
(1876).
Dirades parvula, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, iii, p. 402, pl. 186,
f 5 (1887).
Dirades lilacina, Moore, 1. c., f. 4.
Epiplema lacteata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 272 (1896).
Epiplema perpolita, Warr., |. ¢., p. 349.
Type g, Ceram in B. M.
Type 2, Sarawak, Borneo, in O, M., as also are the types
(exprimataria and diffinaria).
Type (secutaria), Sumatra in O. M.
Type (plicata), Java in coll. Snellen.
Types (parvula and lilacina), Ceylon in B. M.
Type (lacteata ), Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild.
Type (perpolita 2), Banda in ditto.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 595
EPILEMA CARMONA, nov.
?. Brown tinged with pink ; fore-wings with an inner somewhat
sinuous outwardly curved thin dark brown band, a postmedian
nearly upright similar band, with a small inward angle near the
hinder margin ; a marginal similar band and grey cilia; hind-wings
with an indistinct inner band acutely angled outwardly in its
middle, a discal similar band with a pale outer edge, marginal band
and cilia as on fore-wings.
Fore-wings with a double excavation between apex and centre of
outer margin ; hind-wings with two tails as in the common Asiatic
species H. moza, Butler.
Expanse of wings 1,3; inches.
Hab. Kapaur, N. Guinea (Doherty).
EPIPLEMA CRETOSA, nov.
¢ 2. Palpi brown, last two joints with white tips, head and frons
white, wings chalky white, markings red, a line between the eyes in
front of the base of the antenne, some red marks behind the white
collar, fore-wings speckled with red, and with two spots, ante and
post-medial, some striations over most of the wing, chiefly on the
upper portions, a subapical band of four dots, very faintly indicated
on some specimens ; hind-wings with some faint red markings on
outer margin and some pale red striations inside the wings, and a
small dark red streak near base of upper tail; underside white,
fore-wings with the upper two-thirds suffused with brown.
Expanse of wings jj inch.
Hab, Fst, four examples.
Belongs to the nivosaria group.
EPIPLEMA LABECULA, nov.
gd. Antennx bi-pectinated for two-thirds its length ; fore-wings
somewhat excavated from apex to centre of outer margin, and the
hind-wings excavated at anal angle and not tailed ; general colora-
tion a uniform pinkish-grey, irrorated with minute brown atoms,
some of which are thickened on the fore-wings to an indistinct patch
towards base, a small one on the upper disc and another small one on
the costa above it ; hind-wings with the outer half brownish, caused
by the density of the irrorations, a brown discal outwardly rounded
thin band, costa of fore-wings marked with brown, cilia of both
wings dark brown.
Expanse of wings 75 inch.
Hab. Puto Laut (Doherty):
596 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
EPIPLEMA SUFFUSCA, nov.
9. Antenne pale ochreous-grey, frons black, with a pale spot in
the centre, body and both wings of uniform dull brown colour, there
is a faint trace of a discal darker brown band on the hind-wings,
and a black inner margin to the pale pinkish outer marginal line ;
on the underside the colour is paler, and all the margins pale
pinkish, legs nearly white.
Expanse of wings ? inch.
Hab. Frerausson Isu. (Meek).
The outer margin of fore-wings is somewhat incurved
between apex and centre, and the hind-wings have two
very short tails.
EPIPLEMA AMGNA, nov.
9. White with chocolate-brown markings, fore-wings with the
costa mottled, a mark like two short lines at end of cell, a discal
duplex outwardly curved band, a spot on costa before apex, one in
middle of outer margin and one at hinder angle ; three little spots
on margin from apex to the centre spot ; hind-wings with a spot at
end of cell; a duplex discal band apparently acutely angled out-
wardly below, but the lower part of the band is obscured by some
blackish suffusion near anal angle connecting two black spots, one
above the angle and the other on base of lower tail ; underside pure
white.
Expanse of wings # inch.
Hab. Kapaur, N. Guinea (Doherty).
Belongs to the L. conflictaria, Walker, group.
EPIPLEMA FUCINA, noy.
gf. Outer margin rounded, hind-wings with two tails; of a uniform
purplish-brown, tinged with pink, fore-wings with the costa mottled
with pink and with brown, inner band obsolescent ; outer band
blackish with pale pinkish outer edging ; curving outwards from
eosta at one-third from apex to the middle of the disc, and again
from hinder margin near the angle for a short distance erect, these
two parts of this band are apparently joined together, but by so
indistinet a line as to be hardly visible ; a pale pinkish line out-
wardly edged with black close to the outer margin ; hind-wings
with a largish black spot at end of cell, a discal outwardly curved,
somewhat sinuous white line edged inwardly with black, a marginal
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 597
black line, ochreous cilia, and a black spot at base of the lower
tail, this spot is crossed by a white mark ; underside fore-wing grey,
hind-wings pure white without markings.
Expanse of wings ; inch.
Hab. Puto Laut (Doherty).
Genus CHUNDANA, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc, vi, p. 116
(1862).
PARADIRADES, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 353 (1896).
CHUNDANA LUGUBRIS.
Chundana lugubris, Walker, |. ¢., p. 117.
Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 105,
pl. a, £ 20) (1892).
Paradirades farinosa, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 12 (1899).
Type, Sarawak in O. M.
Types (farinosa f ?), St. Aignan in coll. Rothschild.
CHUNDANA ASSIMILIS.
Paradirades assimilis, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 353 (1896).
Paradirades maculata, Warr., |. ¢., iv, p. 205 (1897).
Type g¢, Cedar Bay in coll. Rothschild.
Type (maculata f ), Bali in ditto.
Warren also reports assimilis as from Humboldt Bay.
Genus CH&TOCERAS, Warr., Nov. Zool., iti, p. 344 (1596).
Chetoceras simplex, Warr., l. c.
Hversmannia diversipennis, Warr., |. c., p. 350.
Types, Amboina in coll. Rothschild.
The type of simplex is a male, of diversipeniis there are
both sexes, all collected by Doherty in Amboina in
February 1892; the species is not represented in the B. M.
collection.
DIRADES MUTANS.
Hrosia mutans, Butl. Ann. Mag. N.H. (5), xix, p. 434
(1887).
Dirades lewcocera, Hmpsn., Il. Hett., viii, p. 102, pl. 150,
fla. G89).
Divades annulifer, Warr., Nov. Zool., iti, p.2 274 (1896).
598 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Dirades seminigra, Warr., }.¢., p. 203 (1897).
Epiplema rhombifera, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 203 (1897).
Type, Alu in B. M.
Type (leweocera), Nilgiri Hills in B. M.
Type (annulifer f), Kariwini, Trobriand Isl., in coll.
Rothschild.
Type (seminigra § ), Cedar Bay in ditto.
Type (rhombifera § ), Oinainisa, Dutch Timor, in ditto.
GATHYNIA CESENA, nov.
6. Purplish-brown tinged with pink ; fore-wings with the upper
part darkest, with a discal blackish line outwardly edged with white,
curving outwards slightly, and with a slight indentation in its
middle; hind-wings with a large white costal patch and a discal line
similar to that on the fore-wings, the white patch with its lower
edge evenly curved except where the line runs through it, where it
is slightly toothed down the line ; black dots on outer margin of
both wings; underside fore-wings paler, hind-wings white, no
markings.
Expanse of wings ,j; inch.
Hab. Puto Laut (Doherty).
GATHYNIA CYTHERA, noy.
¢. Frons chocolate-brown, top of head white, thorax purple-
brown, abdomen pinkish-grey, basal portion brownish ; fore-wings
pale pinkish-greyish-brown, thickly irrorated with very minute
blackish-brown atoms, the central half of the wing darkest ; indica-
tions of two transverse brown bands rather close together ante and
post-medial ; pale pinkish dots on outer margin ; hind-wings with a
large white costal patch, straight cut at its outer end, the lower part
of it with a white streak to the outer margin, the upper two-thirds
of the rest of the wings is blackish, the abdominal region whitish
tinged with pink ; underside fore-wings pale pinkish-grey ; hind-
wings white.
Expanse of wings 45 inch.
Hab, Fist, five male examples.
Not in B. M.
Epiplema denigrata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p.
276 f ; : : ; Kiriwini.
i, grisea, Warr., lic. . : : : Kiriwini.
” particolor, Warr., l.¢., p. 277 . 5 Fergusson Isl.
“5 sordula, Warr., l.c., p. 278 . i Fergusson Isl,
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 599
Epiplema wndilata, Warr., lee. . : : . Fergusson Isl.
- ambusta, Warr., l.¢., p. 347. f : Banda.
i curvilinea, Warr., 1. c., p. 348. 3 , Amboina.
94 nana, Warr.,l.c. . E ; i . Tenimber Isl.
“f oculifera, Warr., 1. c., p. 349. : : Dili Timor,
5 inangulata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 350 : ; Batchian.
. exsia, Warr., ].c., iv, p. 252 . : ; Manilla.
zs nivipuncta, Warr., lc. . ; : : Manilla,
am * paradeicta, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 26 : : S. Celebes.
rs amygqdalipenivis, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 201. : Apia Upola.
5 discata, Warr., l.c., p.202 . : é S. Celebes.
a lugens, Warr., a Ge : ; : Apia Upola.
nictitans, Warr., 1. c., p. 203. : . Padang Rengas.
Ghestopige horrida, Warr., 1.¢., ili, p.345 . : Mackay.
Dysrohombia longipennis, Warr., I¢:, p. 347. . : Cedar Bay.
Dirades exungulata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 200. : N. Borneo.
» pygmeata, Warr.,1.c.,p.201 . 5 ; Lombok.
» acutilinea, Warr., ].¢., p. 384 . : : Penang.
» latibrunnea, Warr., l.c., ili, p. 345. : Lifu.
Diradopsis perfallax, Warr., l.c., ¥,p. 425. ; Key Isl.
Paradirades fulvilunuta, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 230. ; Kapaur.
Platerosia rotundipennis, Warr., |. ¢., p. 280 . . Fergusson Isl.
Monobolodes subfalcata, Warr., 1. ¢., v, p. 2380 4 Dawson.
Lobogethes interrupta, Warr., l. c., ili, p. 352 . . N. Queensland.
Macrostylodes deformis, Warr., 1. c. : : . Humboldt Bay.
Gathynia vinosa, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 351 , 4 ; Dili Timor.
3 divaricata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 26. ; Bonthain.
» vignata, Warr., lc. p. 204 . : : Bali.
5 despecta, Warr., |. c., v, p. 229. ‘ : Dawson.
Family MICRONIID.
URAPTEROIDES ANERCES.
Strophidia anerces, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 201.
Micronia nemea, Druce, P. Z.8., 1888, p. 227, pl. 13, fig. 9.
Type, Fiji in coll. Meyrick.
Type (nemea), Fiji in coll. Druce.
URAPTEROIDES LATIMARGINATA.
¢. Pure white, top of head brown, fore-wings with a broad
costal pale brown band, thickly marked with dark brown striations,
* Epiplema parucinotata on type label, name subsequently altered,
but the type label has not been altered.
600 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
both wings with outer marginal similarly coloured bands, not
striated, the band is broad above, broader than the costal band,
slightly narrowing hindward, the usual two black spots at the tail
where the margin is white: underside same as upperside, but all the
bands paler and without striations, fore-legs brown in front.
Expanse of wings 2,°5 inches.
Hab. KAISER WILHELM’S LAND.
Differs from UV. caudiferaria, Boisd. = maundata, Walker,
in having the band on the hind-wing marginal and not
submarginal.
STESICHORA BASIGUTTARIA.
Micronia basiguttaria, Walker, xxxv, 1641 (1866).
Stesichora basiguttaria, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., ii,
p. 224 (1900).
Stesichora inqumata, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 192
(1901).
Type, Mysol in O. M.
Type (inquinata), Mysol in coll. Rothschild.
STESICHORA PIERIDARIA.
Micronia pieridaria, Guen., Phal., ii, 30, 940 (1857).
Stesichora preridaria, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 24 (1897).
Stesichora quadristrigata, Warr., ].¢., iii, p. 274 (1896).
Micronia notabilis, Pag., Abh. Ges. Zool., p. 127, pl. 2, fig.
33 (1900).
Guenée’s type had no locality.
Type (quadristrigata 2), Ferzusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild.
Type (notabilis), N. Guinea in coll. Pagenstecher,
STESICHORA PUELLARIA.
Micronia puellaria, Walker, xxxv, 1641 (1866).
Micronia titania, Kirsch., Mitth. Dresd., p. 134, pl. 7, fig.
11 (1877).
Stesichora spheristis, Meyrick, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W.,
1886, p. 247.
Stesichora nivea, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 24 (189-4).
Stesichora obsolescens, Warr., |. c., p. 384.
Stesichora unipuncta, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 9 (1899).
Stesichora multiguttata, Warr., l. c., vill, p. 21 (1901).
New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 601
Type, N. Guinea in O. M.
Type (titania), N. Guinea in Mus. Dresden.
Type (sphwristis), Fly River, N. Guinea, in Melbourne
Mus.
Type (nivea), Ke’ Isl. in coll. Rothschild.
Type (obsolescens $ 9), from Woodlark Isl. and Egum
Isl. in ditto.
Type (wnipuncta), Goodenough Isl. in ditto.
Type (multiguttata), Aru in ditto.
The number of spots on the margin is the character
on which these types are based, but it is not a specific
character, hardly any two specimens having the same
number.
Family BOARMIID/.
Subfamily OURAPTERYVGIN 4.
OURAPTERYX CRETEA, nov.
?. Of a chalky white colour; fore-wings with a creamy grey
streak across end of cell, and internal and external transverse thick
lines of the same colour, much as in subpunctaria, Leech, and similaria,
Leech ; hind-wings with a short medial transverse creamy grey line
as in similaria, two spots one above and the other below the base
of the tail, the upper one pink, inwardly ringed with black, the
lower one a black dot: both wings with ochreous grey cilia and
submarginal fascia formed of pale grey striations; on the hind-wings
this fascia is further away from the margin than it is in similaria,
Expanse of wings 1,7 inches.
Hab. OJIGOKU, Japan, four examples, all females.
THINOPTERYX DELECTANS.
Thinopteryx delectans, Butler, Il. Het., u, p. 45, pl. 35,
fig. 2 (1878).
Thinopteryx marginata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 43 (1899).
Type, Yokohama in B. M.
Type (marginata f ), China in coll. Rothschild.
The type of marginata is smaller than delectans, The
size seems to vary much, but otherwise the two forms are
identical.
602 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Not in B. M.
Ouwrapteryx incaudata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p.75 . Kina Balu.
” modesta, Warr., l.c.,p. 127 ~. : ‘ Java.
Urapteryx fulvinervis, Warr., 1. c., i, p. 399 ; : Padang.
Subfamily PLU TODIN.
BAPTA PURA, nov.
2. Palpi chestnut-red, frons ochreous, head, body and all the
wings pure white, without any visible markings; in some lights
there is a shadowy mark at the end of the cell of the fore-wings, and
inner and outer transverse lines, and a central line in hind-wings,
but these markings are very shadowy and not to be depended on.
Expanse of wings 1y5 inches.
Hab. SUMATRA.
The outer margins of both wings are rounded as in
B, brunneiceps, Warren.
BApTa ALBIPUNCTA, nov.
¢. Fore-wings white sprinkled with grey scales, a dark grey cell
spot and traces of an inner line on inner margin ; an oblique diffuse
somewhat dentate line of grey scales from below apex to two-thirds
of inner margin, and a broad submarginal band of grey scales: apex
with a velvety black dash, costa ochraceous ; extreme outer margin
clear white, fringe silvery grey, with the base yellowish, and a fine
orange line round apex ; hind-wings with curved postmedian grey
line : face and palpi brown ; vertex, thorax and abdomen white.
Expanse of wings 7% inch.
Hab. Hatpaw, Burma (de Nicéville).
Allied to B. nigripunctaria, Leech, from China, the only
other Bapta which has a black spot at apex of fore-wing.
BAPTA MYTYLATA.
Corycia mytilata, Guen., Phal., 1, 58, 991 (1857).
‘ubera margarita, Moore, P. Z.8., 1867, p. 647.
Corycia alba, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 261 (1888).
Bapta griseola, Warr., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 386.
Bapta distans, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 404 (1894).
Guenée’s type came from N. India.
Types (margarita and alba), Bengal and Darjiling in
coll. Staudinger.
Type (griseola), Darjiling in coll. Elwes.
Type (distans §.), Japan in coll. Rothschild.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 603
Distans is in the B. M. from Omeishan and other places
in Central and Western China, and also from Japan, and
I cannot see what there is to distinguish it from the
Indian form.
BAPTA TRISERIATA, nov.
@. Silvery white, wings sparsely irrorated with very minute
brown atoms ; a black dot at the end of each cell; both wings with
diseal and submarginal parallel grey bands more or less dentated,
and grey cilia; fore-wings with a central band from the cell dot to
the hinder margin ; underside pure white, no markings, cilia grey.
Expanse of wings 1,45 inches.
Hab. Av, Solomon Islands.
This is an MS. name of Mr. Warren’s, but I cannot find
any reference.
DEILINIA PUNCTATA.
Deilinia (2) punctata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 405 (1894).
Bapta candidaria, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix, p. 198
(1897).
Type ¢, Japan in coll. Rothschild.
Type (candidaria), Oiwake, Japan, in B. M.
AUZEODES CHALYBEATA.
Decetia chalybeata, Walker, xxxv, 1558 (1866).
Auzeodes nigroseriata, Warr., P. Z.S., 1893, p. 405.
# if Hmpsn., Moths, India, iui, p. 151
(1895).
Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 255 (1897).
Auxeodes uniforms, Warr., i ¢., Vil, p. 300 @r90T):
Type, Sumatra in O, M.
Type (nigroseriata f ), E. Pegu in coll. Elwes.
Type (nigroseriata 2 ), Selangore in coll. Rothschild.
Type (wniformis ), Sarawak in ditto.
I have seen a good many: there are hardly two alike.
APLOCHLORA VIVILACA.
Lodis viviluca, Walker, xxii, 544 (1861).
Aplochlora subflava, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 392 (1896).
Type, Ceylon in B. M.
Type (subflava 2), Humboldt Bay in coll. Rothschild.
604 - Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Subflava is faded in colour, and though thus differing
from fresh examples, it very closely resembles Walker's
old type specimen, which is also much faded ; it is in the
B. M. from Burma, Bombay, Ceylon and Bal.
MICRONISSA TRISTIS, nov.
dé. Of a uniform dull pale ochreous, fore-wings with apparently
seven and hind-wings with five indistinct slightly darker ochreons,
very sinuous and irregular transverse thin bands ; antenne serrate,
hind-wings rounded.
Expanse of wings 1,3; inches.
Hab. Taraut (Doherty).
PLUTODES SIGNIFERA.
Plutodes signifera, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 296 (1896).
Types $, Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild.
The sexes in this genus as a rule do not differ, but the
sexes in Warren’s signifera are very unlike each other, and
I do not believe they belong to one and the same species.
This is not in the B. M.
PERATOPHYGA FLAVOMACULATA, Nov.
Q?. Fore-wings with the basal patch brown, its outer edge project-
ing outwards in the middle, containing at base of costa two confluent
rounded yellowish spots, followed by a third; marginal third
purplish-brown, its inner edge projecting inwards at the middle and
again squarely on submedian fold ; submarginal line waved, pale,
very faint ; central fascia between the dark basal and marginal
areas pale yellow flushed with deeper yellow, containing a curved
row of dark spots on the veins, and with both edges lustrous white ;
a fine dark marginal line, interrupted by orange dots at the vein
ends; cilia purplish, darker on basal half, which is chequered
opposite the veins with yellow. Hind-wings similar, but basal
patch without yellow spots. Underside with the brown darker and
the yellow paler and purer. Vertex, collar, shoulders, and second
segment of abdomen yellow; face, patagia, thorax and rest of
abdomen brown ; antenne annulated dark and light.
Expanse of wings 3’5 inch.
Hab. PuLto Laut one example, BoRNEO one example.
About half the size of P. trigonata, Walker.
New and litile known species of Drepanulide, etc. 605
LOMOGRAPHA HYRIARIA, nov.
Heterostegane hyriaria, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 406 (1894).
Stegania wtrroraria, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix,
p. 203 (1897).
Type, Japan in coll. Rothschild.
Type (vrroraria), Kiushiu, Corea, in B. M.
There are also examples from N.E. China.
LOMOGRAPHA TENEBROSA, nov.
@. Dull pale ochreous grey tinged with brown, head and collar
dark brown, fore-wings with the costa brown, both wings with a
small brown ringlet at end of each cell, and broad pale red-brown
outer marginal band, this band contains a discal dull black fine line,
which is duplex on the fore-wings, and is connected with the
marginal line above and below the middle, by obscure brownish
bands, marginal black lunules on both wings; the underside is pale
ochreous grey, with broad purplish-brown marginal bands and brown
cell spots.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Hab. SINGAPORE (7. N. Ridley).
PARASYNEGIA PURPURASCENS.
Parasynegia purpurascens, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 410
(1894).
Synegia rosearia, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix, p. 204
(USOT):
Type ¢, Ichang in coll. Rothschild.
Type (rosearia), Ichang in B. M.
PARASYNEGIA DIFFUSARIA.
Anisodes diffusaria, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 641.
Anisodes punctifera, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi, p. 220
(1880).
Parasynegia parumnotata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 342
(1899).
Type, Bengal in B. M.
Type (punctifera), Darjilimg in B. M.
Type (yarumnotata 2), Lawas in coll. Rothschild.
I can see no specific difference.
PARASYNEGIA SUFFUSA.
Parasynegia suffusa, Warr., P. Z.8., 1898, p. 414,
606 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Synegia gopterana, Swinh., Trans, Ent. Soc., 1894, p. 206.
Parasynegia borbachodes, Warr., Nov. Zool. ii, p. 393
(1896).
Type, Naga Hills in coll. Elwes.
Type (gopterana), Khasia Hills in B. M.
Type (borbachodes 2), W. Java in coll. Rothschild,
I cannot separate these. Sir George Hampson puts
them under his erythra from the Nilgiri Hills, but in this
arrangement I do not agree.
SYNEGIA CAMPTOGRAMMARIA.
420, 691
Anisodes camptogrammaria, Guen., Phal., 1
(1857).
Anisodes imitaria, Walker, xxi1, 648 (1861).
Anisodes (?) obrimaria, Walker, xxu, 644.
Syntaracta emula, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1, p. 408 (1894).
Syntaracta obscura, Warr., 1. ¢.
Syntaracta varians, Warr., |. ¢., p. 409.
Syntaracta maculosata, Warr., |. c., 111, p. 129 (1896).
P]
Guenée’s type came from Sarawak.
Types (imitaria and obrimaria), Ceylon in B. M.
Types (wmula f 2), Ceylon in coll. Rothschild.
Types (obscura f ), Nilgiri Hills in ditto.
Type (varians 2), Gunong Ijan in ditto.
Types (maculosata $ 2), Khasia Hills in ditto.
It is also in the B. M. from Sarawak and from several
parts of India.
SYNEGIA LINEATA.
Syntaracta varians ab lineata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 409
(1896).
Type 2, Gunong Tjan in coll. Rothschild.
? fun)
I believe this to be a good species and not an aberration :
it is not inthe B.M. Syntaracta ocellata, Warr., |. ¢., p.
408, is very close to some Nilgiri examples of campto
grammaria in the B.M., but I have only been able to
examine the female type.
EUGNESIA SANGUINATA.
Bugnesia sanguinata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 78 (1897).
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 607
Bugnesia fasciata, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 43 (1899).
Type ¢, Roon Isl., Dutch N. Guinea, in coll. Rothschild.
Type (fasciata 2), St. Aignan in ditto.
I think these must be sexes of the same specics.
BORBACHA EUCHRYSA.
Onychodes euchrysa, Lower, Tr. Roy. Soc., S. Austral., xviul,
p. 82 (1894).
Borbaca pardaria ab parviscripta, Warr., Nov. Zool., in,
pp. 130 and 296 (1896).
Type, Queensland in coll. Lower.
Type (parviscripta), Java in coll. Rothschild.
A good species, and very widely spread, Java, Fergusson
Is]., Trobriand Isl., and Australia.
Not in B. M.
Auzeodes rufa, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 255 Penang.
Tasta chalybeata, Warr., 1. c., p. 76 . : S. Celebes.
Platycerota crinita, Warr., l. ¢c., p. 120... Luzon.
Leucetera subfuscata, Warr., 1.c., vi, p. 342 Bouru.
Peratostega coctata, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 80 . Pulo Bai, N.E. Borneo.
Pristosteqania bilineata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 81. Borneo.
Scardamia fasciata, Warr., 1. ¢., 111, p. 296. Fergusson Isl.
Parasynegia nigrifasciata, Warr.,1. ¢.,p. 393 S. Java.
55 nigrifrons, Warr., 1. c., p. 239 . Bonthain, Celebes.
Heterostegane gammata, Warr., 1. ¢., vill, p.
197 : : : : Sarawak.
95 semifasciata, Warr., 1. ¢., vii,
p- lll ; : : : ; Pouru.
Eugnesia intensa, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 396. S. Celebes.
Borbaca lineata, Warr., 1. c., lii, p. 392 5 W. Java.
Yashmakia veneris, Warr., 1. ¢., viii, p. 197. Sarawak.
Plectoneura albida, Warr., 1. c., 111, p. 390 . Bt. N. Guinea.
Subfamily HNNOMINA.
HYPOCHROSIS OCELLATA.
Patruissa sternarva ab ocellata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 448
(1894).
Type 2, Padang in coll. Rothschild.
Appears to me to be a good species and not an aberration;
not in B. M.
608 < Colonel C. Swinhoe on
HyYPocHROSIS ALBODECORATA, nov.
¢. Head and body brown, fore-wings white, costa sttiated with
brown and some striations near the base and along the hinder margin,
a large brown costal patch beyond the middle excavated hindwards,
its outer corner joined to the broad brown marginal band, leaving a
white spot below the costa near apex. Hind-wings bright ochreous,
abdominal border broadly brownish ; underside uniformly bright
ochreous, the costal spots and upper part of marginal border
indicated through the wing.
Expanse of wings 1,°; inches.
Hab. BORNEO.
PRIONIA. SEMIFULVA.
ELurymene semifulva, Pag. J. B., Nass. Ver., xxxix, p. 153
(1886).
Prionia obliquilineata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ui, p. 153 (1895) ;
nec P. Z. 8., 1893, p. 409.
Type, N. Guinea in coll. Pagenstecher.
Type (obliquilineata 2), N. Guinea in coll. Rothschild.
PRIONIA MEDIUSTA.
Prionia obliquilineata ab mediusta, Warr., Nov. Zool., v,
p. 431 (1898).
Type, Key Isl. in coll. Rothschild.
Undoubtedly a good form and not an aberration.
PRIONIA PALLIDA.
Zomia pallida, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1877, p. 622.
Zomia tnnotata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 402 (1897).
Type, Andamans in B. M.
Types (innotata $2), Penang in coll. Rothschild.
There are also examples in the B, M. from Java and
Sumbawa; they are not distinguishable from the Andaman
examples.
PRIONIA SPURCA, nov.
2. Body and wings violet-grey tinged slightly with ochreous, and
densely irrorated with minute brown atoms, fore-wings with two
large chestnut-brown spots on the costa medial and subapical: hind-
wings with the costal third*bright ochreous, a thick chestnut-brown
straight line from the anal angle to vein 4, the line outwardly
New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 609
margined with pale ochreous white, cilia of both wings grey ;
underside uniform ochreous.
Expanse of wings 1,%; inches.
Hab. SANDAKAN, N. E. Borneo (W. B. Pryer).
EURYTAPHRIA CHLOROCHROA.
Deilinia chlorochroa, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1897, p. 78.
Eurytaphria minorata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 255 (1897).
Type, Pulo Laut in coll. Elwes.
Types (minorata f $), Bali in coll. Rothschild.
CoRYMICA SPECULARIA.
Caprilia specularia, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 649, pl. 33,
feel.
Thiopsyche pryeri, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), 1, p. 893
(1878).
Corymica vitrigera, Butler, Ill, Het., vii, p. 101, pl. 135,
f. 14 (1889).
Corymica exiguinota, Hmpsn., Ill. Het., viii, p. 114, pl. 151,
f, 12 (1891).
Corymica oblongimaculata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 305
(1896).
Type, Assam in B, M.
Type (pryert), Yokohama in B. M.
Type (vitrigera), Dharmsala in B, M.
Type (eviguinota), Nileiri Hills in B. M.
Type (oblongimaculata ¢), Fergusson Isl. in coll,
Rothschild.
HYPOSIDRA PICARIA.
Lagyra picaria, Walker, xxxv, 1541 (1866).
Hyposidra cxsia, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 257 (1897).
Hyposidra ruptifascia, Warr., |. ¢., viii, p. 201 (1901).
Type, Java in B. M.
Type (cxsia ¢), Penang in coll. Rothschild.
Type (ruptifascia 2), Borneo in ditto.
I do not see how these can be separated. All these black
and white Hyposidras are more or less variable ; it is in the
O. M. from both Java and Borneo, and there is a male
from Sumatra in the B, M. identical with Warren’s female.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PaRT Il. (NOv.) 40
610 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
HYPOSIDRA ALBIFURCATA.
Hyposidra albifurcata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 119 (1897).
Hyposidra lactemaculata, Warr., l.c., v, p. 254 (1898).
Type ¢, Bongao in coll. Rothschild.
Type (lactemaculata ¢), Mindoro in ditto.
Apparently one and the same species; not in the B, M.
HYPOSIDRA FLACCIDA.
Lagyra flaccida, Lower, Pr. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2), viii
(1894).
Hyposidra schistacea, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 305 (1896).
Type, N.S. Wales in coll. Lower.
Types (schistacea $ 2), Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild.
Probably only a form of the very variable /Z, talaca,
Walker.
HYPOSIDRA INCOMPTARIA.
Lagyra incomptaria, Walker, xxxv, 1539 (1866).
Lagyra corticata, Walker, xxxv, 1540.
Hyposidra variabilis, Warr., Nov. Zool., ili, p. 306 (1896).
ab pallida, Warr., 1. ¢.
ab nubilosa, Warr., |. c.
ab tetraspila, Warr., l.c., p. 416.
ab innotata, Warr., l.c., p. 417.
ab siccifolia, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 119 (1897).
ab pallidiplaga, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 357.
Hyposidra maculipennis, Warr., l.c., 11, p. 416.
Hyposidra prunicolar, Warr., 1. c., iv, p. 119.
Type 3, Aru in O. M.
Type (corticata $), Tondano in O. M.
Types (variabilis, pallida, and nubilosa), Fergusson Isl.;
(tetraspila,innotata, and prunicolar) New Guinea, (siccifolia)
Cedar Bay, (pallidiplaga) South Kast Isl., (maculipennis ?)
Solomons, all in coll. Rothschild.
Hardly two specimens of this very variable species are
ever alike, and consequently there might be no limit to
synonyms if all aberrations are to be named.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 611
HYPOSIDRA INGRATA.
Hyposidra leucomela ab ingrata, Warr, Nov. Zool., vii,
p- 116 (1900).
Type ?, Basilan in coll. Rothschild.
I believe this to be a good species and not an aberration
of Walker’s lewcomela;* it lacks the white basal band
to the hind-wings, which is a prominent character in
Walker’s species, Walker’s type is also a female; it is
equal to Felder’s leptosoma from Luzon, which is a male.
PETELIA VEXILLARIA.
Pachydia vexillaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 138, 1147 (1857).
Pachydia capitata, Walker, xxii, 109 (1861).
Alana rubiginata, Walker, xxxv, 1568 (1866).
Tacparia (?) morosa, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1881, p. 403.
Petelia furva, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 398 (1897).
Guenée’s type came from Borneo.
Type (capitata 2), India, should be in O. M.; but is lost.
Type (rubiginata), India in O. M.
Type (morosa), Japan in B. M.
Type (furva $ ), Celebes in coll. Rothschild.
It is very difficult from the description to identify
Guenée’s vexillaria: Sir George Hampson identified it
as Deilinia riobearia (Moths, ili, p. 217). I identified it
as Petelia larentiata (Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., ii, p. 252), but
Dr. Frederick Moore had the advantage of examining
Guenée’s type, and there is an example of this species in
the B. M. marked by Moore as same as Guenée’s type
of vexillaria.
PETELIA CIRCULARIA, nov.
?. Creamy grey tinged with pink, with brown-pink markings, a
band on thorax in front, the basal half brown, and the basal half of
abdomen with broad segmental bands ; fore-wings with two bands of
square spots at the base, the one near costal margin divided into two,
a thin band (almost a line) from costa beyond the middle to hinder
margin, where it is indented and is close to the inner lower end of a
very large ring, which extends from hinder margin at the angle to
near apex and is quite round, has a broad rim of brown-pink contain-
ing a pink line; near the apex there are two brown marks joined to
* xxxv, 1877 (1866).
612 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
the ring. Hind-wings with the base brown-pink, limited by a small
white sinuous streak, the brown base extending narrowly along costa,
outer margin of fore-wings with brown lunules, of hind-wings with
a brown line: underside pinkish-grey with broad marginal grey
bands.
Expanse of wings 1,%; inches.
Hab, SANDAKAN, Borneo (Creagh coll.).
HYPERYTHRA LUTEA.
Phalena (Geometra) lutea, Crum., Pap. Exot., iv, pl. 370,
f. C.D. (1782).
Hyperythra simplex, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 60 (1899).
Type (simplex $), Sula Besi in coll. Rothschild.
One of the many named forms of lutea.
HYPERYTHRA RUBRICATA.
Hyperythra lutea rubricata, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 35
(1898).
Type ¢, Geraldton in coll. Rothschild.
I believe this to be a perfectly good form or species ; it
is in the B. M., from Claremont Isl, Queensland; lutea
does not appear to occur in Australia.
FASCELLINA SUBSIGNATA.
Fascellina subsignata, Warr., P. Z. 8., 18938, p. 399.
Fascellina curtaca, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xii,
p. 220 (1893).
Fascellina inconspicua, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1, p. 446 (1894).
Type, Sikhim in coll. Elwes.
Type (cwrtaca), Khasia Hills in B. M.
Type (énconspicua f), Padang in coll. Rothschild.
I have it also from Penang.
FASCELLINA CLAUSARIA.
Fascellina clausaria, Walker, xxxv, 1556 (1866).
Monosca subnotata, Walker, Char. Undescr, Lep. Het., p. 29
(1869).
Fascellina deflavata, Warr., Noy. Zool., iv, p. 256 (1897).
Type 9, Sumatra in O. M.
Type (subnotata §), without locality in coll. Norris.
Type (deflavata 2), Selangore in coll. Rothschild.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete.
ZETHENIA CONTIGUARIA.
613
Zethenia contiguaria, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix,
p. 223 (1897).
Zethenia obscura, Warr., Nov Zool., vi, p. 66 (1899).
Type, W. China in B. M.
Types (obscura $ 2), Formosa in coll. Rothschild.
Not in B. M.
Capasa viridifascia, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii,
pallor. : ; A
Omiza columbaris, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 417
» subawrantiaca, Warr., |. c., p. 418
», chlorophora, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 120
» lubricata, Warr., l.c., vi, p. 65
Polyacme dentata, Warr., 1. ¢., 1, p. 418
Zomia purpurascens, Warr., |. c., 1, p. 450
Prionia fulvifusa, Warr., 1. ¢., vill, p. 36
», hematopis, Warr, |. c., v, p. 255
» rufipennis, Warr., 1.c., v, p. 255
Casbia scurdamiata, Warr., l.c., p. 431 .
» anomalata, Warr., |. ¢., vi, p. 353.
Parametrodes aurantiacata, Warr., |. ¢., p. 854
Ewrytaphria Vilacina, Warr., 1. ¢., vili, p. 36.
Ainsographe dissimilis, Warr., 1. c, iv, p. 254,
pled, fads Qe F :
Xylinophylla ochrea, Warr., 1. ¢., v, p. 480
Heterodisca scardamiata, Warr., 1. ¢., li, p. 415
Azelinopsis externa, Warr., 1. c., 11, p. 144
Corymica flavimaculata g (nec ¢), Warr.,
1]; ¢.,-vi,.p. 63 :
Hyposidra nigricosta, Warr., 1. c., iii, p. 416.
nivitacta, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 257
e unimacula, Warr., lL. c., p. 258
ronophaga albipuncta, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 857.
a subpulchra, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 400
Mimomiza anmuata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 358
Petelia (?) inconspicua, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 400.
Petrodava sordida, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 413
» (2) nigripuncta, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 111
Fascellina papuensis, Warr., 1. ¢., v, p. 37
3 albidiscata, Warr., 1. c., i, p. 446
Osteodes semicolor, Warr., l. ¢., ii, p. 133
Metoxydia delineata, Warr., 1. ¢., i, p. 442
”
Humboldt Bay.
Java.
Dili.
Wetter.
S. Flores.
Lifu.
Engano.
Borneo.
Bouru.
Sibutu.
Key.
Woodlark Isl.
Sud Est Isl.
Borneo.
Mackay.
Key.
Humboldt Bay.
Mackay.
Penang.
Batchian.
Bonthain.
Palawan.
Ron. Isl.
Mackay.
S. Flores.
Geraldton.
Humboldt Bay.
Australia.
German N. Guinea.
Padang.
Loochoo Isl.
Gunong ITjan.
614 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Heteromiza wnilinea, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 256,
pl. 4, f. 18 : ; S. Celebes.
Erynnis deminvuta, Warr., 1. ¢., i, p. 442. : Padang.
Callerynnis clathrata, Warr., l.c., ii, p. 139. Padang.
Hygrochroa punctifera, Warr., l.¢., i, p. 444 . No locality.
a versicolor, Warr., l.c.,1, p. 444 . Padang.
Mesaster albidiscata, Warr., l.c., i, p. 145. Padang.
Corotia (?) ambigua, Warr., l.c., v, p. 253. Penang.
Zancloptera subusta, Warr., l.¢., vii, p. 87. Nias.
(Enochlora imperialis, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 345 . Cedar Bay.
Subfamily MACARIIN A,
LUXIARIA ACUTARIA,
Boarmia acutaria, Snellen, Tijd. v Ent., xx, p. 75, pl. 6, f.
1, 21877),
Luxiaria calida, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 410 (1896).
Type, Sumatra in coll. Snellen.
Type (calida $), Java in coll. Rothschild.
I believe this is only a form of the very variable
LL. contigaria, Walk.
NADAGARODES INEXACTATA.
Acidalia inevactata, Walker, xxiii, 770 (1861).
Nadagarodes inexactata, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., u1,
p. 265 (1900).
Lu«iaria (2) straminea, Warr., Nov. Zool. iii, p. 8303 (1896).
Nadagarodes straminea, Warr., l.c., p. 411.
Luaxiaria punctata, Warr., l.c., p. 411.
Luxiaria ditrota, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1897, p. 76.
Type ?, Sarawak in‘O. M.
Types (straminea $ 2), Amboina and Fergusson Isl. in
coll. Rothschild.
Type (punctata §), Java in ditto.
Type (ditrota 2), Sambawa in coll. Elwes.
EUIPPE UNDULATARIA.
Numeria undulataria, Pag., J. B. Nass. Ver., 1886, p. 160,
pl L021.
Ewippe phalarota, Swinh. (nec Meyrick), Cat. Het. Mus.
Oxon., ll, p. 266 (1892).
Luxiaria fictarta, Walker, MS. in Mus, Oxon.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 615
Sarawak (f. Shelford), Perak, Singapore.
In O. M. from Sarawak and Singapore.
It is allied to phalarota, Meyrick (which is also in the
B. M.), but is quite distinct.
EUIPPE SUBNUBILA, nov.
gd. The ground colour is ochreous white, but the body and wings
are so thickly covered with greyish-brown irrorations as to give that
colour the general appearance, these irrorations are in parts packed
together, forming transverse bands ; the fore-wings have an inner
line well rounded outwardly before reaching the costa, a middle line,
a discal indistinct line, apparently outwardly angled below the
costa, a rather broad indistinct discal band, a black spot in the upper
disc towards apex, a submarginal sinuous whitish line and ochreous
cilia, marginal black lunules, costa with some black and some
ochreous spots towards apex ; hind-wings with an antemedial straight
line, a double diseal band, margined inwardly by an ochreous sinuous
line and outwardly by a submarginal sinuous white line, with a
white space between the bands, cilia ochreous, outer margin highly
crenelate with black minute points ; on the underside the irrorations
are very marked and the discal bands dark and distinct.
Expanse of wings 1,2, inches.
Hab. Kapaur, N. Guinea (Doherty).
MACARIA ELEONORATA.
Macaria eleonorata, Guen., Phal., 1, 89, 1062 (1857).
Macaria nora, Walker, xxiii, 934 (1861).
Macaria neonora, Walker, xxii, 934.
Gubaria amplata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 410 (1896).
Gubaria niveostriga, Warr., l. ¢.
Gubaria fluidata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 108 (1897).
Gubaria biflava, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 35 (1900).
Guenée’s type came from Java.
Type (nora), N. India in B. M.
Type (neonora), Philippines in B. M.
Types (amplata $2), Dili and Oinainisa in coll,
Rothschild.
Type (niveostriga g), Dili in ditto.
Type (fluidata 2), Penang in ditto,
Type (biflava f), Great Banda in ditto.
All forms of one species, not always local forms. I have
received nearly all the forms from Assam; it is in the
616 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
O. M. from Timor and the Celebes, and I have it also from
Jelebu and Padang.
MACARIA VASUDEVA.
Macaria vasudeva, Walker, xxiii, 930 (1861).
Macaria hebesata, Walker, xxiii, 931.
Macaria sinicaria, Walker, xxvi, 1650 (1862).
Macaria breviusculata, Walker, xxvi, 1650.
Macaria proditaria, Brem., Lep. Ost.-Sib., p. 81, pl. 7, f. 7
(1864).
Macaria vivida, Walker, xxxv, 1657 (1866).
Macaria maligna, Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), 1, p. 405
(1878).
Azata flexilinea, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 251 (1897).
Type, Ceylon in B. M.
Type (hebesata), N. India in B. M.
Types (sinicaria and Lreviusculata), China in B. M.
Type (vivida), Flores in O. M.
Type (maligna), Yokohama in B. M.
Type (flevilinea 2), W. China in coll. Rothschild.
A variable and widely-spread species. Warren’s flexilinea
is similar to Walker’s sinicaria.
MACARIA AVITUSARIA.
Kvarza avitusaria, Walker, xx, 274 (1860).
Lvarzia odataria, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1890, p. 209,
ph. 2,f. 17;
Type, Sarawak in O. M.
Type (edataria), Shillong in B. M.
After examining a long series of these forms I feel they
cannot be separated.
MACARIA LAUTUSARIA, nov.
¢d. Uniform violaceous brown, wings striated with blackish-brown,
transverse lines dark red-brown, Ist antemedial outwardly curved
below the costa, 2nd discal slightly sinuated on hind-wings, 3rd
discal on fore-wings running parallel to 2nd, submarginal on hind-
wings running nearly even with the outer margin, marginal line
black, cilia black, edged inwardly and outwardly with ochreous,
and with black outward knobs ; costa of fore-wings with ochreous
and black spots towards apex ;
sparsely with brown, lines and cilia more or less as above.
Expanse of wings 1,3; inches.
Hab, SUMATRA (de Nicéville); PENANG (S. S, Flower).
underside orange ochreous, striated
New and little known species of Drepanulidx, etc. 617
SEMIOTHISA ISOSPILA.
Macaria isospila, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1889, p.
501.
Semiothisa albidulata, Warr. Nov. Zool., v, p. 252 (1898).
Type, New Guinea in coll. Meyrick.
Type (albidulata $), Sumba in coll. Rothschild.
TEPHRINA DISPUTARIA.
Eubolia (2) disputaria, Guen., Phal., ii, 489, 1710 (1857).
Diastiatis disputaria, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1,
p. 272 (1900).
Tephrina subocellata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 413 (1896).
Guenée’s type came from Egypt.
Type (subocellata ¢), Sheik Othman, near Aden, in coll.
Rothschild.
This species is very widely distributed. It seems every-
where to be very common, and is always more or less
variable. It has been described by Walker under five
different names and by others under seven, and Butler
described it from Aden as suhlimbata in P. Z. 8., 1884,
p- 502.
Genus TepRHINopsis, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 412 (1896).
TEPHRINOPSIS FRUGALIATA.
Macaria frugaliata, Guen., Phal., 1, 78, 1031 (1857).
Macaria peremptaria, Walker, xxii, 929 (1861).
Macaria cacavena, Walker, xxiii, 930.
Aspilates parallelaria, Walker, xxv, 1680 (1862).
Tephrinopsis lineata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 356 (1899).
Guenée’s type came from Central India.
Type (peremptaria), S. India in B, M.
Types (cacavena and parallelaria), Ceylon in B. M.
Type (lineata ), Penang in coll. Rothschild.
Lineata is identical with Walker’s type of peremptaria.
TEPHRINOPSIS GRATIOSA, nov.
d. Head and body white, thorax irrorated with brown atoms and
with a brown band at its base, abdomen with pale ochreous brown
618 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
bands ; wings with the base white, irrorated with brown atoms, fore-
wings with a brown outwardly-curved band before the middle, both
wings with a brown medial straight band, then a white band, then
a broad brown band, inwardly lined with black, outwardly with
white, a marginal brown band and white cilia with brown patches
on the fore-wings ; underside ochreous white with broad medial and
discal orange-brown bands.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Hab. RocKHAMPTON, Queensland.
Can be distinguished from 7’. perviaria, Led., by its inner
curved band of fore- wings and its well- defined discal band
on both wings.
Not in B. M.
* Nadagarodes flavipectus, Warr., Nov. Zool.,
vi, p. 59 : . : Solomons.
Nadagara irretructa, rege L Ae 356 ‘ : Solomons.
Calletera sordida, Warr., 1. ¢., il. p. 303. ; Fergusson Isl.
Loxographe fulva, Warr., 1. ¢., v, p. 252. : Brisbane.
Gubaria albimedia, Warr., 1. ¢., 1ii, p. 409 . ; S. Java.
5 tricolorata, Warr., l. c. ii, p. 134 . - Engano.
Peridela triumbrata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 111 : Penang.
Gonodela perconfusa, Warr., 1. ¢., ili, p. 409. Dili.
Acadra ancillata, Warr., 1. c., vi, p.57 . - . Goodenough Isl.
3) bessellata, Warr: lc... : : , Dorey.
Azata tenwilinea, Warr., 1. c. vii, p. 115. ; Penang.
» mutabilis, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 104 ; ; Penang.
» variegata, Warr., |. c¢., ili, p. 302 : ; Fergusson Isl.
»» funebris, Warr., l.c., vi, p. 354 ; : Milne Bay.
» luteiceps, Warr., 1. c., iv, p. 251 ; . Tawaya, Celebes.
Evarzia deformis, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 408. : Batchian.
» tripunctata, Warr., |. ¢., vi, p. 355 , S. Flores.
Orthotmeta dentata, Warr., 1. ¢., ili, p. 304 : Fergusson Isl.
Semiothisa angustimargo, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 411. Timor.
9 subcastanea, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 412 : Java.
Fidonia albigrisea, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 407 . : W. Java.
5, strigosata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 100 . : Luzon.
Thamnonoma insularis, Warr., 1. ¢., ili, p. 1138 . Lifu.
Tephrinopsis congener, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 413. Luzon.
= munda, Warr., l.c., iii, p. 412 Sumba.
* Bulonga on type label,
New and little known species of Drepanulidex, etc. 619
Subfamily BOARMIIN_,
AMRAICA SEMIFUSCA.
Amraica recursaria ab semifusca, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi,
p. 348 (1899).
Type 2, Dammer Isl. in coll. Rothschild.
I think when the male is obtained, this will be found to
be a good form and not an aberration: it is not in the
BM.
BLEPHAROCTENUCHA ALBESCENS.
Blepharoctenucha albescens, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 400
(1896).
Types $ 2, marked Java merid. 1500-1891 (H. Fruh-
storfer) in coll. Rothschild.
These are South American insects with wrong locality
labels on them. There is a female in the B. M. registered
San Pedro, Honduras (Fruhstorfer), which is probably the
correct locality; they have not the appearance of Eastern
insects.
CUSIALA DECURSARIA.
Boarmia decursaria, Walker, xxi, 384 (1860).
Cusiala decursarva, Swinh, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., ii, p. 277,
pl. 5, f. 3 (1900).
Lulotrichia buzwrata, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1, p. 429 (1894),
Cusiala semiumbrata, Warr., |. ¢., 11, p. 298 (1896).
Cusiala semiallida, Warr., 1. c., p. 401.
Type $, Sarawak in O. M.
Type (buzurata ¢ ), Oinainisa in coll. Rothschild.
Type (semiwmbrata f ), Fergusson Isl. in ditto.
Type (semialbida f ), Batchian, ditto,
There is a nice series in the B, M., some nearly white
and free of markings as in buwzwrata, and others more or less
covered with black markings ; it shows great variation.
BUZURA INSULARIS.
Llepharoctenia insularis, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 428 (1894).
Buzura nephelistis, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1897, p. 77.
620 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Buzura atomaria, Warr. 1. ¢., iv, p. 244 (1897).
Type 2, Nias in coll. Rothschild.
Type (nephelistis f ), Talaut in B. M.
Type (atomaria f ), Tawaya, Celebes, in coll. Rothschild.
The last two, both males, are identical, and there cannot
be any doubt that insularis is the female of the same
thing.
Genus ZyGocTenta, Warr., Nov. Zool., 11, p. 128 (1895).
ZYGOCTENIA SINGULARIS, nov.
¢. Antenne with bristles and cilia on one side to three-fourths its
length, and closely packed pile-like short bristles on the other,
otherwise neuration, ete.,as in Amblychia, Antenne blackish-brown,
head, body, and wings red-brown irrorated with black atoms, some
black marks on costa of fore-wings, a black dot at the end of each
cell in both wings, an interior line outwardly curved on fore-wings,
a discal outwardly curved similar blackish line across both wings,
this line being marked with black points making it look dentated
outwards ; and on this line in the lower dise is a smudge-like mark
of white ; marginal line blackish-brown, cilia grey.
Expanse of wings 24 inches.
Hab. FeErcusson Ist. (A. S. Meek), two examples.
It has a most marvellous resemblance to Gyadroma
testacearia, Moore, from India, in shape, colour, markings
and general appearance; but its different antennae and
rounded form of the hind-wings mark its distinctiveness.
ELPHOS HYMENARIA.
Elphos hymenaria, Guen., Phal., 1, p. 285, pl. 16, f. 4 (1857).
Elphos albifascia, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1, p. 430 (1894).
Elphos masta, Warr., 1. ¢.
Elphos procellosa, Warr., |. ¢., p. 431.
Guenée’s type came from Central India,
Type (albifascia $), Gunong Ijan in coll. Rothschild.
Type (mesta f ), Gunong jan in ditto.
Type (procellosa 3), Assam in ditto.
All varieties which occur everywhere.
New and little known species of Drepanulidx, etc. 621
Genus PARADROMULIA, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 300 (1896).
PARADROMULIA AMBIGUA.
Paradromulia ambigua, Warr., l.c., p. 801.
A ab maculata, Warr., |. ¢.
- ab rufigrisea, Warr., |. ¢.
Eetropis nigrocellata, Warr., |. ¢., vi, p. 54 (1899).
Types ¢ @ and aberrations, Fergusson Isl. in coll.
Rothschild.
Type (nigrocellata 2 ), Suer Mefor in ditto.
Not in B. M.
Genus VISITARA, nov.
Antenne of male with long cilia, all but a small portion broken
off, of female quite simple, costa of fore-wings slightly arched, apex
not acute, outer margin nearly straight, hinder margin of male
slightly rounded, of female straight, hind-wings with the outer
margin produced intoa short tail at vein 6, otherwise rounded, anal
angle acute, hind-wings with veins 3 and 7 commencing at some
little distance before the lower and upper angles of the cell.
VISITARA BRUNNEIPLAGA, nov.
¢ ¢. Pale grey-pink, head and thorax dark brown-pink, abdomen
pink-grey ; fore-wings with a dark brown-pink patch occupying the
basal third and limited by a duplex darker band, which is twice
angled outwardly, the patch and band sprinkled with blue iridescent
speckles ; an erect duplex discal brown-pink band, with an inner
pale line with blue speckles and brown marginal line ; hind-wings
also with a brown marginal line and a broad greyish-brown discal
suffused band, which narrows to the abdominal margin, a black spot
at the end of each cell of both wings ; underside ochreous yellow, a
black dot at the end of each cell, a broad black discal band across
both wings, terminating abruptly at vein 6 on fore-wings and
narrowing on hind-wings to the anal angle.
Expanse of wings 1,%; inches.
Hab. & SumatTRA, 2? SANDAKAN, Borneo.
ECTROPIS DECURSARIA.
Tephrina decursaria, Walker, xxvi, 1659 (1862).
Eetropis decursaria, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., ii, p. 287,
pl. v, f. 21 (1900).
Ectropis petras, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1897, p. 75.
Type, Sarawak, Borneo, in O. M.
Type (petras), Pulo Laut, Borneo, in B, M.
622 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
ECTROPIS SEMIPARATA.
Acidalia semiparata, Walker, xxii, 764 (1861).
Acidalia illepidaria, Walker, xxiii, 765.
Diplurodes indentata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 193 (1897).
Myrioblephara pustulata, Warr., 1. ¢., vu, p. 114 (1900).
Type, Sarawak, in O. M.
Type (allepidar ‘ia), ditto.
Type (indentata f ), Penangah in coll. Rothschild,
Type (pustulata f ), Penang i in ditto.
ETROPIS FRACTARIA.
Tephrosia fractaria, Guen., Phal., i, 270-424 (1857).
Hypochroma dissentanea, Walker, xxi, 442 (1860).
Hypochroma dissonata, Walker, xxi, 443.
Tephrosia seitiferata, Walker, Char. Undescr. Lep. Het.,
77 (1869).
Tephrosia fulgurigera, Walker, 1. ¢.
Boarmia nigraria, Feld., Reise Nov., pl. 126, f. 1 (1874).
Guenée’s type came from Australia.
Type (dissentanea), Tasmania in B. M.
Type (dissonata), Australia in B, M.
Types (scitiferata 9 and fulgurigera 2), Australia in
Melbourne Mus.
Type (nigraria), Sydney in coll. Rothschild.
Walker’s description clearly shows that the two types in
Mus. Melbourne are merely varietal females of this variable
species.
ECTROPIS TERRESTRIS, nov.
dé ?. Head, body, and wings ochreous grey, the ground colour is
really white, densely packed with very minute ochreous brown
irrorations ; frons white, abdomen with a brown band on second
segment ; fore-wings with an interior outwardly curved blackish
line, a medial similar line ; hind-wings with a discal line, all these
lines with black dentate like points, both wings with sinuous white
line and black marginal spots, a brownish indistinct patch in the
middle of the disc of fore-wings; underside uniform grey, no
markings.
Expanse of wings ¢ 14%, 2 2 inches.
Hab. Honea Kone. Three pairs.
New and little known species of Drepanulidx, etc. 623
Genus CARECOMOTIS, Warr., Nov. Zool., ini, p. 402 (1896).
CARECOMOTIS PUPILLATA.
Boarmia pupillata, Walker, xxi, 491 (1860).
Opthalmodes pupillata, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., u,
p. 285, pl. 5, f. 2 (1900).
Carecomotis perfumosa, Warr., |. c.
Type, Sarawak, Borneo, in O. M.
Types (perfumosa f 2 ), Cedar Bay in coll. Rothschild.
Not in B.M.
ECTROPIDIA EXPRIMATA.
Acidalia exprimata, Walker, xxii, 764 (1861).
Ketropidia exprimata, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p.
288, pl. 5, f. 11 (1900).
Eetropidia fimbripedata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vu, p. 114
(1900).
Type, Sarawak in O. M.
Type (fimbripedata f ), Gunong Tan in coll. Rothschild.
ASCOTIS SELENARIA.
Geometra selenaria, Schitf., Wien. Verz., 101, 7 (1776).
Ascotis sordida, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 435 (1894).
Type (sordida), Corea in coll. Rothschild.
One of the innumerable forms of the widely distributed
selenaria.
BOARMIA ACACTARIA.
Boarmia acaciaria, Boisd., Faun, Ent. Madag. Lep., p. 116,
pl. 16, f. 4 (1834).
Boarnia alienaria, Walker, xxi, 370 (1860).
Boarmia processaria, Walker, xxi, 372.
Boarmia gelidaria, Walker, xxvi, 1537 (1862).
Boarmia illustrarva, Walker, xxvi, 1539.
Boarmia concentraria, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xix, p. 40, pl.
3, 1,20) (1877).
Chogada fraterna, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 245 (1888).
Opthalmodes minutaria, Leech, Entom. Suppl. p. 43 (1891).
Boisduval’s type came from Madagascar.
Type (altenaria), Silhet in O. M.
Type ( processaria), Maulmein in B, M.
Type (gelideria), Canara in B. M.
Type (illustraria), Moreton Bay in B, M.
624 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Type (concentraria), Sumatra in coll. Snellen.
Type (f/raterna), Darjiling in coll. Staudinger.
Type (minutaria), Loochoo in B, M.
BOARMIA INFLEXARIA.
Boarmia inflecaria, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxi, p. 72, pl.
8, f. 5 (1881).
Boarmia epistictis, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1889, p. 499.
Boarmia repetita, Butl, Ann, Mag. N. H. (5), x, p. 231
(1882).
Chogada epistictis ab fasciata, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 299
(1896).
= ab semialba, Warr., 1. ¢.
fe ab rufigrisea, Warr., 1. ¢.
. ab suffusa, Warr., 1. ¢.
55 ab flavifasciata, Warr., l.c., vi, p.52(1899),
Type, Celebes in coll. Snellen.
Type (epistictis), N. Guinea in coll. Meyrick.
Type (repetita), Duke of York Island in B. M.
Types (fasciata ¢, rufigrisea 2, suffusa 2), Kiriwini,
Trobriand Isl., in coll. Rothschild.
Type (semialba ¢ ), Fergusson Isl. in ditto.
Type (flavifasciata 2), St. Aignan in ditto.
BOARMIA COMPACTARIA.
boarmia compactaria, Walker, xxvi, 1538 (1862).
Chogata vittata, Warr., Nov. Zool., p. 349 (1899).
Type, Penang in B. M.
Type (vittata 2), Rossell Isl. in coll. Rothschild.
A very variable insect; there are also examples in the
B. M. from Sandakan and Ceylon, in the O. M. from Singa-
pur, and in my own coll. from Perak and from Aberdeen,
Andaman Isls., collected by Wimberly,
BOARMIA INVENUSTARIA.
Amphidasys invenustaria, Leech, Entom, Suppl, p. 43
(1891).
Alcis molata, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 82 (1901).
Type, Japan in B, M.
Type (molata $), Yokohama in coll. Rothschild.
Warren’s type is only a small example of Leech’s species ;
some of Leech’s series now in the B. M. are identical,
New and little known species of Drepanulidx, etc. 625
BoOARMIA DISPLICENS.
Loarmia displicens, Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), 1, p. 395
(1878).
Aleis faustinata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 246 (1897).
Type, Yokohama in B. M.
Type (faustinata ), W. China in coll. Rothschild.
BOARMIA DEFINITA.
Boarmia definita, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1881, p. 407.
Aleis nigrifumata, Warr., Novy. Zool., viii, p. 199 (1901).
Type, Japan in B, M.
Type (nigrifumata § ), Nippon in coll. Rothschild.
BOARMIA INOFFENSA, nov.
3 @. Top of head pinkish-grey, body brown, wings with ground
colour pinkish-grey, much suffused with brown in parts, leaving
a patch on costa, another on outer margin, and the greater part
of the lower interior of the fore-wings pinkish-grey, and of the
hind-wing only a small part here and there, a lunular mark at the
end of each cell, fore-wings with ante and post medial outwardly
curved sinuous lines, pale with brown margins ; hind-wings with a
similar discal line, both wings with a submarginal line; outer
margin with black spots; underside white with a very large black
patch at end of cell of fore-wings and a black spot on the hind-
wings, both wings with very broad black marginal band containing
a white spot on each margin below the middle.
Expanse of wings 1,5 inches.
Hab. JAVA.
It is allied to B. compactaria, Walker, and stands in the
B. M.as B. inoffensa, Warr., but I can find no reference.
BoARMIA DELIKA, nov.
¢. Antenne, palpi, head, and body blackish-brown, a grey stripe
on the thorax in front ; fore-wings chocolate-red, hind-wings choco-
late-brown, smeared in parts with violaceous white, on the fore-
wings it gives the appearance of a whitish surface with chocolate
bands and spots, many spots on the costa of various sizes, three very
irregular macular bands interior, central and discal, some of the
spots in the discal band joined to similar spots on the outer margin,
the discal band includes a brown line ; almost the entire space on
the hinder margin chocolate-red. Hind-wings with the base
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.— PART IN. (Nov.) 41
626 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
violaceous white as is also the lower third, these spaces are traversed
by irregular brown lines and markings, the central space, right
across the wing to the apex dark brown ; underside dull grey, costa
of fore-wings with ochreous spots, both wings with four central
bands close together.
Expanse of wings 1,4, inches.
Hab. SANDAKAN, N.E. Borneo (W. B. Pryer).
BoOARMIA LECTONIA, nov.
é 2. Greyish-white, densely irrorated with minute brewn atoms,
frons white with a brown spot, abdomen with dorsal brown spots in
pairs on each segment ; fore-wings with an interior outwardly curved
brown line, the space inside it dark, a medial brown line, a duplex
discal ecrenelated line ; hind-wings with an interior line and a
duplex middle line ; all the lines on fore-wings commencing with
brown patches on the costa; both wings with submarginal white
erenelated line, the space to the margin dark, with black marginal
points, a black dot at end of each cell ; underside grey, palpi below
and pectus white, cell dots, ante and post-medial lines, an ochreous
apical patch and ochreous cilia with brown patches.
Expanse of wings ¢ 14, 2 1,3, inches.
Hab. JAPAN, one male and three females.
BoARMIA COSTARIA.
Boarmia costaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 242, 361 (1857).
Serraca spissata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 56 (1899).
Guenée’s type came from Sarawak.
Type (spissata 2), Nias in coll. Rothschild.
Spissata is merely a melanistic form of costaria.
ABACISCUS PANNOSARIA.
Cleora pannosaria, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 629.
Diplurodes contacta, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 53 (1899).
Type, Bengal in col]. Russell.
Type (contacta 2), Arjuno, Java, in coll. Rothschild.
I can see no difference, pannosaria is not uncommon 1n
Assam.
Genus SYMMETROCTENA, Warr., Nov. Zool., 11, p. 127 (1895),
Lirocya, Warr., |. c., v, p. 249 (1898).
SYMMETROCTENA EXPRIMATARIA.
Larentia exprimataria, Walker, xxvi, 1704 (1862),
Iipogya exprimataria, Warr,, l. ¢.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 627
Symmetroctena fumosa, Warr., |. c., u, p. 128.
Type, without locality in B. M.
Type (fumosa f ), Queensland in coll. Rothschild.
In the B. M. this is under Genus Smyriodes, but aplec-
taria, Guen. the type species, is something quite
different. Meyrick put it in the Genus Selidosena =
Boarmia, but as Warren points out it has no fovea,
Genus SyssreMA, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 57 (1599).
SYSSTEMA MICRODOXA.
Diastictis microdoxa, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1897, p. 75.
Sysstemia farinosa, Warr., |. c., p. 353.
Type, Pulo Laut in B. M.
Type (farinosa $), Ron Isl. in coll. Rothschild.
XENOSINA EREMIAS.
Selidosema eremias, Meyrick, Pr. Linn. Soc., N.S.W. (2),
vi, p. 600 (1891).
Xenosina detrita, Warr., Nov. Zool., vii, p. 115 (1900).
Type, New South Wales in Sydney Mus.
Type (detrita f), Strathfield, New South Wales, in coll.
Rothschild.
PHELOTIS EXCURSARIA.
Tephrosia excursaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 267, 416 (1857).
Tephrosia phibalapteraria, Guen., |. c., 268, 417.
Hemerophila vestita, Walker, xxi, 322 (1860).
Boarmia attributa, Walker, xxi, 390.
Tephrosia subtinctaria, Walker, xxi, 415.
Boarmia decertaria, Walker, xxi, 391.
Hubyja turpis, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 49 (1899).
Guenée’s types came from Australia.
Type (vesteta), Tasmania in B. M.
Types (attributa and decertaria), Sydney in B. M.
Type (subtinctaria), Australia in B. M.
Type (turpis 2 ), 8. Flores in coll. Rothschild.
Genus ANTICYPELLA, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1892,
p. 108.
ANTICYPELLA DIFFUSARIA.
Medasina diffusaria, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix,
p.-432 (April 1897).
628 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Nychiodes gigantaria, Staud., Iris, x, p. 48, pl. 1, f 32
(1897).
Anticypella gigantaria, Meyrick, 1. ¢.
Type, Central China in B. M.
Type (gigantaria), Amur in coll, Staudinger.
Staudinger wrote the description of his species in 1891
and printed the name in his lists, but his paper was not
published until late in 1897.
PARATHEMIS CANESCARIA.
Boarmia canescaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 249, 880 (1857).
Parathenis irvrorata, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 250 (1898).
Parathemis violescens, Warr., |. c.
Guenée’s type came from New Holland.
Types (irrorata 2 and violescens f 9), Dawson, Queens-
land, in coll. Rothschild.
It is also from Queensland in the B. M.; the species
is variable, irrorate and violescens are merely ordinary
varietal forms.
DULIOPHYLE MAJUSCULARIA.
Boarmia majuscularia, Leech, Ann. Mag., N. H. (6), xix,
p. 420 (1897). :
Duliophyle agitata ab diluta, Warr., Nov. Zool., vii, p. 113
(1900).
Type, Japan in B. M.
Type (diluta 2), Japan in coll. Rothschild.
PROTEOSTRENIA OCCULTA.
Proteostrenia lida ab occulta, Warr., Nov. Zool., vii, p. 200
(1901).
Type 2, Nippon in coll. Rothschild.
I believe this to be a good form and not an aberration ;
it is not in the B. M.
LAOPHILA FOKIA, nov.
49. Dark grey, densely irrorated with minute brown atoms,
colour uniform ; wings with a black dot at the end of each cell and
dark grey transverse lines, all more or less slightly sinuous and
slightly curving outward ; fore-wings with the 1st at one-fourth, 2nd
in the middle, well curved round the cell dot, this line runs across
New and little known species of Drepanulidx, etc. 629
the hind-wings at one-third, both wings with discal line containing
minute black points, and between this and the margin are two or
three indistinct lines, all the lines more apparent in the female than
in the male, marginal points black and very minute ; underside
paler without irrorations, the discal lines only indicated.
Expanse of wings ,%, inch.
Hab. 8.E. AUSTRALA (Raynor coll.).
LAOPHILIA MODESTA, nov.
¢. Dark grey, with a slight ochreous tinge ; wings with a black
dot at the end of each cell, fore-wings with an indistinct interior
grey line, both wings with two discal lines rather close together,
wider apart on the hind than on the fore-wings, the inner of these
two lines slightly sinuous, the outer somewhat dentated, a sub-
marginal similar line, the margin itself darker than the rest of the
wings ; underside paler, the hinder marginal space of fore-wings and
the inner portions of the hind-wings nearly white, a discal row of
minute grey points, cilia dark and glazed.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Hab. S.E. AUSTRALIA (Raynor coll.).
CHLENIAS BANKSIARIA.
Chlenias banksiaria, Le Guillon, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 257.
e Guen., Phal., 11, p. 239 (1857).
Chlenias acutaria, Guen., le, pl. ‘14, tech:
Chlenias indecisata, Walker, XXIV, 1153 (1862).
Asteroscopus nodosus, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p.
289, pl. 8, f. 13 (1892).
Le Guillon’s type came from New Holland.
Guence’s type came from Tasmania.
Type (indecisata), Australia in B. M.
Type (nodosus), Van Diemen’s Land in O. M.
Genus FisErA, Walker, xxi, 291 (1860).
CriomacHa, Meyrick, Pr. Linn. Soe, N. 8. W.,
(2) vi, p. 659 (2891).
FISERA PERPLEXATA.
Fisera peplexata, Walker, xxi, 292.
Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon,, ii, p. 275,
“pl. Gy f. 3 (1900),
630
Feld.,
Chlenias belideana,
(1874).
Criomacha belideana, Meyrick, 1. c.
Type, Tasmania in O. M.
Colonel C. Swinhoe ov
Reise Nov. Lep., pl. 124, f. 9
Type (belideana), Australia in coll. Rothschild.
Not in B. M.
Eubyjodonta concinna, ae Nov. Zool.,
vi, p. 50. . .
Cusiala fessa, Warr., ]. ¢. iil, p. 401
5, malescripta (= bistonaria, Walk.),*
Warr., l.c., iv, p: 90 :
Blepharoctenia perclara, Warr., vi, p. 49.
Buzwra pura, Warr., 1. ¢., 1, p. 429.
Muidana pallidiplaga, Warr., 1.c., vi, p.351
5 ab fumipicta, Warr., lc. .
Elphos subrubida, Warr., 1. ¢., 11, p. 300
Paradromulia anomala, Warr., 1. ¢., 1v, p.
34. : . ‘ , 5 ;
Scotopteryx lignicolor, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 90
Catascia prlverulenta, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 250
Opthalmodes ruficornis, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 249.
Ectropis prepicta, Warr., 1. ¢., Vili, p. 33
» vrufibrunnia, Warr., l.¢., vi, p. 350
» macariata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 248
» nigrocellata, Warr., 1. c., vi, p. 54 .
+ ,, hypochromaria, Warr., l.c¢., p. 350
Gusterocoma subfasciata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 351
Racotis boarmiaria Sie pe Warr.,
Pe 1V,ip. 98
Miivicblénhare picta, Warr., 1.'¢., 1, p: 404
Cleora trisinuata, Warr., l.¢., v, p. 248
Alcis (?) paucisignata, Warr., l.c., vi, p. 348
Chogada lacteata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 247
” a biscae Dice: Vil, Sp
12 :
Cubtin rayiplada: Warr., ie €:, V1, PB: 348
Microtome trigonata, Warr., ibe C., p. 352
t Tephrina (2) convergens, Warr., |. c., p. 61
Pachyplocia griseata, Warr., 1. ¢., 1, p. 404
Polycrasta ocellata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 302
Nias.
Adonara.
Kalao.
Formosa.
S. Celebes.
Sud Est Isl.
Rossell Isl.
Fergusson Isl.
N. Guinea.
Lawas, N. Borneo.
b]
Taganat Isl.
Tawaya and Dongola.
Yokohama.
Mackay.
Cedar Bay.
Ron Isl.
Milne Bay
Penang.
N. Guinea.
Java.
N. Guinea.
Junong Tjan.
N. Britain.
Geraldton.
Strattfield, N.S. W.
Rossel] Isl.
W. China.
Cedar Bay.
Kiriwini.
* See Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon.,
+ Gusterocoma on type label.
ii, p. 277 (1900).
{ Paratephra on type label.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 631.
Arctoscelia onusta, Warr., l.¢., iv, p. 102 . Luzon.
i ab miteta, Warm lec: Luzon.
Scio apts lithina, Warr.,1¢., p.99 . - Mackay.
Ps semifuscia, Wart, 1 es : ; Humboldt Bay.
Ateloptila confusa, Warr., l.c., vii, p. 112 . Cedar Bay.
Pecilalsis indigna, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 352. Penang.
55 subtincta, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 96 . Luzon.
Pseudocoremia flava, Warr., 1. ¢., ili, p. 406 N. Zealand.
Polylophodes triangularis, Warr., 1. ¢. 3 Java.
~Pseudaleis catoriata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv., p. 97. Pulo Laut.
Mnesigea sinuata, Warr., l.c., p. 95. . Parkside, S. Australia.
Deinotrichia dentigerata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p.53 Penang.
Deileptenia maculata, Warr., l.c., p.52 . Penang.
Darisa differens, Warr, l.c., iv, p. 398 . Omeishan.
» (2) marmorata, Warr., l.c., vi, p.\ Brown River, Bt. N.
349 : : ; Phe! Guinea,
Lassaba indentata, W: arr 1 ¢., 11, p. 403 . Java.
» subdecorata, Warr. l.¢., iv, p: 398 . Omeishan,
Subfamily ABRANINA,
ABRAXAS GROSSULATARIA.
Phalena-geometra grossulataria, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 2, 867,
242 (1759).
Abraxas cuneifera, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1, p. 125 (1895).
Warren’s type is without locality, but it is probably from
Japan. It is merely a sport of the common European
Abraxas; there are examples exactly like it from England
ex coll. neces in the B. M., and also one from Berns it 1s
a common insect in Japan.
ABRAXAS LABRARIA.
Abraxas labraria, Guen., Phal., 11, 208, 1155 (1857).
Abraxas circumducta, Walker, xxxv, 1669 (1866).
Abraxas discata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 86 (1897).
Guenée’s type had no locality.
Type (circwmducta), Java in B. M.
Types (discata $ 2), Pulo Laut in coll. Rothschild.
ABRAXAS BACCATA.
Abraxas baccata, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 30 (1898).
Abraxas confluentaria, Warr., |. c.
632 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Abraxas granulifera, Warr., |. c.
Type 2,Sambalun, Lombok, in coll. Rothschild.
Type (confluentaria $), Arjuno, Java, in ditto.
The two last are undoubtedly one and the same species,
and I cannot see how the first can be separated from them ;
there are two in the B.M. from Arjuno, identical with
granulifera, and another differing from all three.
ABRAXAS NEBULARIA.
Abraxas picaria var. nebularia, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H.
(6), xix, p. 447 (April 1897).
Abraxas semiturpis, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 396 (August
1897).
Type, Ta-tsien-lu, W. China, in B. M.
Type (semiturpis $), Omeishan, W. China, in coll.
Rothschild.
A variable form, but quite distinct from picaria, Moore,
from India.
ABRAXAS TRISERIARIA.
Abraxas triseriaria, Herr-Schaff., Samml. Ausser. Schmett,
f. 322 (1850).
Potera marginata, Moore, P. Z. §., 1878, p. 852, pl. 53,
io:
Potera intervacuata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ii, p. 396 (1896).
Herrich-Schiiffer’s type came from Java.
Type (marginata), Moolai in Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Type (intervacuata f), Mt. Mulu, N. Borneo, in coll.
Rothschild,
There are eleven examples from Burma, Java, and
Sumatra, all varying a little.
CISTIDIA CHINENSIS, nov.
g ¢. Antenne black, head and body dark orange ochreous,
thorax suffused with black, leaving merely the fore part ochreous,
abdomen with large segmental bands above, below, and at the sides.
but disconnected from each other; wings black with dull white
squarish spots ; fore-wings with a large one below the origin of vein
2, one alittle smaller at the end of the cell, with two white streaks on
the costa above it, an outwardly curved row of discal spots, some short
New and little known species of Drepanulidz, etc. 633
streaks and marks near the base : hind-wings with a long spot filling
the greater part of the middle of the cell, and sub-basal streak below
it, a spot beyond it outside the cell, and an outwardly curved row of
discal spots ; in some examples there are little black dots inside the
white spots.
Expanse of wings 24 inches.
Hab. OMEISHAN, Moupin, W. China.
There are four pairs in the B.M. all identical. Mr.
Leech, in Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix, p. 459 (1897), calls
this insect Vithora indrasana, Moore, of the form nigripars,
Swinh. Sir George Hampson (Moths, India, in, p. 311)
says “the markings are very variable,” referring to indra-
sana, but Sir George had not enough material to work on.
I believe this insect and nigripars and indrasana to be all
good and constant forms. The females are always very
similar to the males, but sometimes with more white, not
less as Hampson says; there is a male of indrasana from
Sikhim now in the B. M.
GENUSA BIGUTTA.
Genusa bigutta, Walker, iv, 818 (1855).
Genusa (?) destituta, Walker, xxxu, 341 (1865).
Genusa simplex, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 88 (1897).
Type, N. India in B. M.
Type (destituta), Cambodia, Siam, in O. M.
Type (simplex), Bongao in coll. Rothschild.
There are only indications of the usual spots in simplex,
but the spots are a very uncertain character in this species.
Genus Cypra, Boisd., Voy. de Astrolabe, p. 201 (1832).
CozistRA, Walker, xxx1i, 342 (1865).
CyPRA DELICATULA.
Cypra delicatula, Boisd., |. c., pl. 1, f. 3.
Cozistra delicatula, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 201
(1892).
Cozistra subnudata, Walker, xxxii, 342.
Cozistra membranacea, Feld., Reise Nov., pl. 104, f. 5
(1874).
Boisduval’s type came from New Guinea.
Type (subnudata), Batchian in O. M.
Type (membranacea), Amboina in coll. Rothschild.
634 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Has heretofore been placed in the Lymantriide. I
submitted a male to Mr. Meyrick for examination, and he
says the insect is a peculiar and much specialised form,
but he is clearly of opinion that it is a Boarmid; it has an
exceptionally developed fovea near base of hinder margin.
TIGRIDOPTERA MACULOSA.
Arycanda maculosa, Walker, vil, 1775 (1856).
Arycanda absorpta, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 82 (1897).
Type 2, Sumatra in B. M.
Type (absorpta 2), Lawas, N. Borneo, in coll. Rothschild.
TIGRIDOPTERA DECORATA, nov.
dé 9. Antenne, head, thorax, first two segments of the abdomen
and both wings of a uniform pale slaty blue, remainder of the abdo-
men dark chrome yellow, wings with black spots and bands, a large
round spot at the end of each cell, fore-wings with some black marks
on the costa near the base, a short basal streak, a band from hinder
margin near base to the costa before middle, a band from centre of
hinder margin to the cell spot, two discal, the inner one macular
towards costa, the outer one macular throughout hind-wings, with a
basal band corresponding to the first band on fore-wings, also ante and
postmedian bands, the latter with a line running close to its outer
side, a macular discal band corresponding to the outer discal band of
the fore-wings, and both wings with large spots close to the outer
margin; the thorax has three transverse bands and the abdomen one
on its first segment : the underside is pale slaty blue, the wings with
large cell spots and broad marginal borders, the legs and body are of
the same colour, the abdomen being more than half covered, the
slaty colour ending in a black patch.
Expanse of wings ¢ 14, 9 ae inches,
Hab. MILNE Bay (A. S. Meek). Nearest to 7. flewilinea,
Warr.
CRASPEDOSIS ARUENSIS.
Craspedosis ernestina, var. aruensis, Pag. J. B. Nass. Ver.,
1886, p. 164.
Craspedosis schistacina, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 399 (1896).
Craspedosis leucosticta, sub- sp. candidior, Warr,, |. ¢., v1, p. 47
(1899),
Type, Aru in coll. Pagenstecher.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 635
Type (schistacina f), New Guinea in coll. Rothschild.
Types (candidior § 2), S. Aignan in ditto.
There are seven examples from Aru and N, Guinea in
the B. M., all varying a little one from the other.
CRASPEDOSIS DELICATA, nov.
¢. Head, thorax and first two segments of abdomen slaty black,
the centre of the thorax paler, the rest of the abdomen orange-colour,
fore-wing with the interior black, the base, costal and outer portions
dark slaty colour, a pale streak from the base, a pale streaky patch
in the dise from costa beyond the middle containing a thin white
streak, a pale discal band from the hinder margin near the angle, to
near apex, limiting the black interior space ; hind-wings with the
base black, a large white spot or patch on abdominal margin before
middle and narrowing upwards and extending to the top of the cell,
followed by aslaty blue band then a discal black band, a submarginal
slaty blue band and a marginal black band.
Expanse of wings 1,'5 inches.
Hab. Rosse Ist., Louisiade (4. S. Meck).
Allied to C. aruensis, Pag.
POGONOPYGIA NIGRALBATA.
Pogonopygia nigralbata, Warr., Nov. Zool.,i, p. 681 (1894).
Pogonopygia nigralbata, sub-sp. attenuata, Warr., |. ¢., iv,
p. 240 (1897).
‘Type, Khasia Hills in coll. Rothschild.
Type (attenuata 2), Selangore in ditto.
Attenuata seems to me to be merely a faded specimen
of nigralbata, of which there are examples from the
Khasia Hills in the B. M.
BRACCA LUCIDA, nov.
g @. Palpi, head, thorax, and fore-wings purple-brown, three
white spots on the thorax in front, fore-wings with an ochreous yellow
streak along the centre of the hinder margin, a small white sub-basal
spot, a slightly larger white spot in the middle of the cell, a large
oval spot across the disc, much larger in the female than in the male,
a pale irregular submarginal band with a white spot above, and
another below its middle, in the female the upper white spot has
a black dot on a pale ground joined to it on its side, and the lower
spot has some black dots below it: hind-wings and abdomen bright
636 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
ochreous yellow, a broad discal black band, disjointed opposite the
cell, a submarginal row of black spots in each interspace, except in
the interspace above vein 3.
Expanse of wings ¢ 14, 9 2 inches.
Hab. Rossevy Isu., Louisiade (A. S. Week).
Differs from £. bajularia, Clerck, from Amboina in the
prominent white spots on the thorax and the broken thin
band of the hind-wings: nearest to B. (Celerena) ribbet,
Pag., J. B. Nass. Ver., xxxix, p. 164.
BuRSADA XANTHOMELAS.
Ciimene aanthomelas, Boisd., Voy de l’Astrolabe, p. 202,
pl. 3, f. 10 (1832).
Bursada quadripartita, Walker, xxi, p. 190 (1864).
Bursada percurrens, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 32 (1901).
Boisduval’s type came from New Ireland.
Type (quadripartita), Aru in O, M.
Type (pereurrens 2 ), Teoor in coll. Rothschild.
Local forms differing very slightly from each other.
BURSADA SALAMANDRA.
Bursada salamandra, Wirsch., Mith. Zool. Mus. Dresden,
E877, p: 133; pk 7, £9:
Bursada pyrifera, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 398 (1896).
Type, New Guinea in Mus. Dresden.
Types (pyrifera f 2), Korrido, Dutch New Guinea, in
coll. Rothschild.
BURSADA MACULIFERA.
Bursada maculifera, Feld., Reise Nov., pl. 130, f. 12
(1874).
Bursada adaucta, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 240 (1897).
Type, Moluccas in coll. Rothschild.
Type (adaucta f ), Siao Isl., north of Celebes, in ditto.
I have not seen Felder’s type, but Warren’s specimen is
exactly like Felder’s figure.
BURSADA OBSOLETA.
Bursada invadens ab obsoleta, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 45
(1899).
New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 637
Type, St. Aignan in coll. Rothschild.
A good form and not ap aberration.
BURSADA INTERRUPTATA.
Bursada invadens ab interruptata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi,
p. 4 (1899).
Type, St. Aignan in coll. Rothschild.
A good form, I believe, and not an aberration.
BURSADA PLACENS.
Bursada placens, Pag., J. B. Nass. Ver., 1886, p. 60.
Bursada trispilata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 84 (1897).
Type, N. Guinea in coll. Pagenstecher.
Type (érispilata), N. Guinea in coll. Rothschild. Not
pie, 132) Me
BURSADA COLENDA, nov.
?. Antennz, head, body, and fore-wings deep black, fore-wings
with the spots orange-ochreous, a small one near the base, connected
by a sub-costal streak, with a larger oval-shaped sub-costal spot before
the middle, a large oval upper discal spot quite three times as large
as the second spot : hind-wings orange-ochreous with a broad black
band on all the margins, deepest on the costa, with an inner projec-
tion or bend above the anal angle, narrow in the abdominal margin
and attenuated towards base.
Expanse of wings 1 inches.
Hab. FErRGusSON Isu. (4. S. Meek).
BURSADA SUSPENSA, nov.
2. Head, body, legs, and wings deep black, fore-wings with an
ochreous-orange spot in the upper disc, square cut near the costa,
with even sides, and rounded at its lower end; hind-wings with a
broad ochreous-orange streak from the base occupying the greater
portion of the middle of the wing, straight on its upper edge, slightly
angled and then rounded at its extremity in the disc, slightly angled
again on its lower side.
Expanse of wings 1,4 Inches.
Hab. Kapaur, N. Guinea (Doherty).
638 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
It is closely allied to B. intercisa, Walker, which is in
the B. M., from the same locality.
BURSADA CURZOLA, nov.
¢d. Frons, top of head and body bright orange-ochreous, thorax
with a large black spot in its middle, a thin black band at its base,
abdomen with thin black bands on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments,
the 6th and 7th segments black, two black spots on the ochreous tip ;
wings black, with large orange-ochreous spots, much asin maculifera,
Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 130, f. 12, but the yellow spots are larger,
making the black bands between them much narrower, and the
yellow spot in the centre of the hind-wings is not divided from
the spot at the anal angle by a black band, but is one large space
occupying the whole central space of the wing.
Expanse of wings 1,°; inches.
Hab. TALAutT (Doherty).
Not in B. M.
Abraxas concinna, Warr., Nov. Zool., i,
p. 421 . : : : : Thibet.
a incolorata, Warr., l.c., p. 419 . Java.
8 invasata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 87 . Kina Balu.
- moniliata, Warr., lc. . : S. Celebes.
- nigriclathrata, Warr., l.c., iil,
p- 394 . . : : : Java.
ms unisinuata, Warr., l.e., p. 130. Java.
33 comminuta, Warr. l.c., vi,
p. 346 . : : : . S. Flores.
e extralineata, Warr., loc. . : Bouru.
7 sesquilineata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 847 Bouru.
Potera albiquadrata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 89 Batchian,
» flavimacula, Warr., 1. ¢., 11, p. 395 Cedar Bay.
Omophyseta albiplaga, Warr., 1. ¢., 1, p. 415 S. Celebes.
*Arycanda discata, Warr., |. ¢., iv, p. 83 . Natuna Isl.
* rs omissa, Warr., l.c. . , . Sarawak.
a evanescens, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 44 Sula Mangoli.
Bordeta longimacula, Warr., 1. c. iv, p. 83 Sattelberg, German N.
Guinea,
Craspedosis semiplaga, Warr., l.c., 111,
pozor : : : : Fergusson Isl.
* Panxthia on type labels.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 639
Craspedosis uniplaga, Warr., |. c.
% funebris, Warr., 1. c.
4. (2) bicolorata, Warr., l.c., p. 398 .
= leucosticta, Warr., 1. c.
- ovalis, Warr., l. c., p. 399
: senilugens, Warr., lic. .
7 undulosa, Warr., 1. c., i, p. 411
ne albigutta, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 241
. galathea, Warr., 1. ¢., v, p. 33 .
ss niveosignata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi
Deel e : : :
* sibilla, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 345
A xanthosoma, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 346
*Stenocharta picaria, Warr., |. ¢., iv,
’
p. 397
Xanthomima seminigra, Warr., l.c., p. 86
5 disrupta, Warr., 1.¢., vi, p. 48
es biquadrata, Warr., 1. ¢.,
jos GH G : : 5
Bociraza latiflava, Warr., 1. ¢., 111, p. 356 .
9 > var. restricta, Warr.,
l.c., vi, p. 324
5 reversa, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 28
Bracca flavitenia, Warr., l.c., vi, p. 44 .
Bursada bistrigata, Warr., 1. c., iii, p. 396
4 hyaloplaga, Warr.,l.c¢., p. 397 .
oppositata, Warr., l. ¢.
si septemnotata, Warr., 1. c¢., iv,
p. 84. . : :
5 flavannulata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi,
p. 343 . :
ne rotundimacula, Warr., l.¢., iv,
p. 241, pl. 5, f. 26
A albicolor, Warr., l.c., v, p. 32
rf obnubilata, Warr., l.c., p. 246 .
5 ne ab. invena, Warr.,
l.c., vi, p. 343
- atribasalis, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 45
3 interspilata, Warr., l.c.
a unifascia, Warr., 1. c., p. 46
Bursadopsis basalis, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 344 .
a preflavata, Warr., lc. .
Fergusson Isl.
Fergusson Isl.
Ampboina.
Cedar Bay.
Humboldt Bay.
Humboldt Bay.
S. Celebes.
Etna Bay.
N. Guinea.
Ron Isl.
Halmahera.
Bouru.
N. Guinea,
Kei Tocal.
Alu, Shortland Isl.
Little Key.
Milne Bay.
Milne Bay.
Obi.
Sula Mangoli.
Tenimber.
Humboldt Bay.
Humboldt Bay.
Kina Balu.
Milne Bay.
Luzon.
N. Guinea.
Bouru.,
Bouru.
Pulo Bisa, north of Obi.
St. Aignan.
Woodlark Isl.
Obi.
Sud Est Isl.
* Craspedosis 6n type label.
640 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Family MONOCTENIID.
MONOCTENIA VINARIA.
Enochroma vinaria, Guen., Phal., i, p. 185, pl. 7, f. 2
(1857).
Enochroma pallida, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 231 (1898).
Guenée’s type came from Australia.
Type (pallida), Dawson, Queensland, in coll. Rothschild.
Pallida isa pale form of this species; there are examples
in three or four different shades of colour in the B. M.
from the same locality.
SARCINODES SUBFULVIDA.
Sareinodes subfulvida, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 280 (1896).
Sarcinodes compacta, Warr., |. ¢., p. 355.
Type @, Kiriwini in coll. Rothschild.
Type (compacta ¢), Amboina in ditto.
Compacta is merely a small form of swhfulvida.
EPIDESMA UNILINEA, nov.
3d. Pectinations of antennx black, shaft of antennz, hind part of
thorax, abdomen and ground colour of both wings pinkish-grey :
head, fore part of thorax and costal space of fore-wings brown, the
colour diffusing inwardly for a little ; a black point at end of each
cell, a red straight line from middle of abdominal margin of hind-
wings to the apex of fore-wings, the inner part of the wing on fore-
wings being pale, on the hind-wings the whole inner space is white
irrorated with grey, on both wings the whole space outside the line
is dark reddish-grey, caused by the density of the red irrorations,
marginal points black: underside whitish irrorated with red, a
black streak at apex of fore-wings, a dentated brown line running
on the outer side of the straight line on hind-wings and some sub-
marginal brown marks, pectus body and legs white.
Expanse of wing, 14 inches,
Hab, 'TASMANIA (J. J. Walker), two examples.
These specimens are labelled Hong Kong, but this is
evidently an error. Mr. Walker brought most of bis speci-
mens from China, but some of them were from Tasmania
and the genus /pidesma is essentially Australian.
ee ee ee
New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 641
NEARCHA CARONIA, nov.
d ?. Grey irrorated with minute black atoms, palpi black above,
white beneath, frons dark brown, top of head whitish ; an ocelloid
dark grey spot at the end of each cell, fore-wing with the interior
line and exterior band dark grey, the former composed of two dots
quite close together on hinder angle one-third from base, with a
small dot above it, the discal band is narrow and runs across both
wings and is slightly sinuous and more or less diffused inwards, and
contains some spots on its outer margin ; the outer margin of both
wings is broadly rather darker than the otherwise uniform colour
of the wings, the margin has black points, the cilia is concolorous.
Expanse of wings 1); inches.
Hab. Port DARWIN.
Tt is nearest to WN. benecristata, Warr., Nov. Zool., 11,
p. 88, from Thursday Island in B. M., but the discal band
of fore-wings is more erect and lacks the thick black
streak, on the hind-wings the band is discal not medial.
TAXEOTIS INCONCISATA.
Panagra inconcisata, Walker, xxiii, 1008 (1861).
Taxeotis delogramma, Meyrick, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W.,
1890, p. 1146.
Taxeotis semifusca, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 324 (1899).
Type, Australia in B. M.
Type (delogramma), Queensland in Mus. Melbourne.
Type (semifusca ), Queensland in coll. Rothschild.
A very variable insect: Meyrick says abundant every-
where in Australia.
ADEIXIS INOSTENTATA.
Panagra inostentata, Walker, xxiii, 1012 (1861).
Adeixis insignata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 27 (1897).
Type, Moreton Bay in B. M.
Types (insignata f 9), Parkside in coll. Rothschild.
In Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1890, p. 1214, Meyrick
says inostentata is a Noctuid: but this is a mistake, and
the note Mr. Meyrick carried with him to Australia must
have got mixed, because the type of inostentata is in the
B. M. and is a true Monoctenid.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART III. (NOV.) 42
642 Colonel C. Swinhoe ov
Not in B. M.
Onycodes rubra, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 27 . ‘ Queensland.
(Enochroma simplex, Warr., 1. c., iv, p. 206 . F Roebourne .
= decolorata, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 554 ; Cedar Bay.
$3 leucospila, Warr., l. ¢., v, p. 230 . : Dawson,
Sarcinodes punctata, Warr., l.¢., 1, p. 367. ; S.E. Borneo.
Zeuctophlebia rufipalpis, Warr., l.c., iii, p. 355 Queensland.
Callipotnia multicolor, Warr., 1.¢., vi, p. 323 : Dorey.
Physetostege miranda, Warr., l.c., Wi, p. 99. . Humboldt Bay.
Family ORTHOSTIXID.
CELERENA NIGRIPALPIS, nov.
?. Bright chrome yellow, last two joints of the palpi black ; fore-
wings with the basal half of the costa greyish-purple, ending in a
streak downwards to the middle of the interno-median interspace
and elbowed outwards within the cell; both wings with a broad
greyish-purple border, inwardly margined by a thin purple band.
Expanse of wings 25 inches.
Hab. Puto Laut, Borneo (Doherty).
Akin to Celerena signata, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 231,
from the Battak Mountains, Sumatra, differing chiefly in
the shape and extent of the central streak of the fore-
wings; looks like C. divisa, Walker, but can at once be
differentiated by its black palpi.
BYTHARIA MARGINATA.
Bytharia marginata, Walker, xxxi, 195 (1864).
Panethia atrimargo, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 298 (1896).
Xanthomima atrimargo, Warr., 1. c., iv, p. 86 (1897).
Bytharia latimargo, Warr., 1. ¢., v, p. 10 (1898).
Type, Batchian 2 in O. M.
Type (atrimargo § ), Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild.
Type (latimargo $), Etna Bay, Dutch N. Guinea, in
ditto.
Bytharia marginata was wrongly identified in the B. M.,
the species from Sumatra which I have described as
wniformis and which is very distinct having been mistaken
for it.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 643
BYTHARIA LUCIDA.
Bytharia lucida, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 14 (1899).
Longipalpa circumdata, Pag., in Chun’s Zoologica, 12-29,
p. 143 (1900).
Type, N. Hanover in coll. Rothschild.
Type (circumdata), Kinigunang (N. Hanover) in coll.
Pagenstecher.
Not in B. M.
BYTHARIA UNIFORMIS, nov.
g. Antennz black, frons and palpi yellow, top of head slaty
mouse colour, body and wings of a uniform pale yellow, costa of
fore-wings and outer margin of both wings with pale slaty mouse-
coloured bands, much the same colour as the bands of Celerena
divisa, Walker, from India: the band is about one-fifth of an inch
broad on the outer margin, very uniform throughout, slightly wavy
on its interior margin, slightly narrower on the costa, turning round
below the apex where it is a trifle broader: the underside is like
the upperside except that the costal band narrows much towards
the base : legs yellow.
Expanse of wings 1,9; inches.
Hab. Sumatra, four examples.
There is also an example without locality and another
marked Java, both received from the E.IL.C. Mus., but I
doubt the Java locality.
EUMELIA FLAVATA.
Humelia flavata, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, ii, p. 440, pl. 198,
if SAssy):
HLumelia aurigenaria, Warr. Nov. Zool., vi, p. 15 (1899).
Type, Ceylon in B. M.
Type (aurigenaria § ), Lombok in coll. Rothschild.
Not distinguishable one from the other,
EUMELIA GEMINA.
Humelia gemina, Kirsch, Mitth. Dresden Mus., p. 188,
pl. 7, f. 13 (1878).
Humelia craspedias, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886, p.
156.
Type, N. Guinea in Dresden Mus:
Type (craspedias), N. Guinea in B. M.
644 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Genus HOLOSTIXA, nov.
Antenne simple, nearly as long as the costa of fore-wings, palpi
upturned reaching vertex of head, second joint hairy, third smooth,
nearly as long as second ; abdomen slender as long as the hind-wings,
legs long, fore-tibize covered with double plumes of closely packed
hair, hind-tibiz with very long hairs, fore-wings with the costa
nearly straight, outer margin in the male produced into an angle
at vein 5, then very oblique, making the hinder margin not more
than two-thirds the length of the costa: hind-wings with the costa
folded inwards and distorted a little beyond the middle, the fold con-
taining long cilia causing the apex to be very acute and pointed,
outer margin slightly rounded ; in the female the outer margin is
slightly rounded on both wings, the margin not being produced at
vein 5 and the costa of the hind-wings is not distorted : fore-wings
with vein 3 some distance before lower angle, 4 from the angle, 5
from a little above centre, 7, 8 and 9 stalked from before upper
angle ; hind-wing with vein 3 from before upper angle, 5 from just
above middle, bent in the middle in the male, 6 and 7 from before
upper angle, veins 7 and 8 terminating in the fold.
HOLOSTIXA MANCA, nov.
¢@. Milky white, fore-wings with the costa rather broadly
greyish ochreous, and with a greyish ochreous inner band curving
outwardly, from the hinder margin near the base, to the costa near
the middle, both wings with a black spot at the end of each cell,
a broad greyish ochreous nearly straight band from the abdominal
margin one-fourth from anal angle, to the costa of fore-wings one-
fifth from apex, a similar but thinner marginal band ; cilia white
and glazed ; the long hairs on the hind-tibize of the male ochreous.
Expanse of wings ¢ 1,45, 2 lis inches.
Hab. BARAM, Borneo; MATANG, Borneo.
Genus ASPILONAXA, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 386 (1897).
ASPILONAXA OBLIQUARIA.
Naxa obliquaria, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix,
p. 546 (1897).
Aspilonaxa lineata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 387.
Type, Omeishan in B. M.
Type (lineata 2), Omeishan in coll. Rothschild.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 645
RAMBARA SAPONARIA.
Zanelopteryx saponaria, Guen., Phal., 11, 16, 915 (1857).
Acidalia (?) zanclopterata, Walker, XXvi, 1609 (1862).
Zanclopteryx fragilis, Butler, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 687.
Guenée’s type came from Ceylon.
Type (zanclopterata), Sarawak in O. M.
Type (fragilis), Formosa in B. M.
OZOLA MACARIATA.
Zarmigethusa macariata, Walker, xxvi, 1637 (1862).
Macaria elongaria, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxiv, p. 86, pl.
1054 3:(18s1).
Ozola indefensa, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 16 (1899).
Type, Ceram in B. M.
Type (elongaria), Celebes in coll. Snellen.
Type (indefensa $), Dorey in coll. Rothschild.
OZOLA EXIGUA, nov.
¢ 2. Ochreous grey irrorated with red-brown atoms, fore-wings
with an ante-medial outwardly rounded red-brown fine line, a
discal line, inclining outwardly and straight to vein 4, then bent
inwards and straight to near middle of hinder margin, then down
to the margin and carried across the hind-wings, sloping inwards
to the abdominal margin before the middle ; through this line runs
another similarly coloured line, it is quite snes on the fore-wings,
but separates from the other line on the hind-wings and ends on the
abdominal margin beyond the middle, a brown patch below apex
of fore-wings and at apex of hind-wings.
Expanse of wings 1 inch,
Hab. CLAREMONT ISL., five males and two females.
Warren in Nov. Zool., vi, p. 17, says with reference to
his Ozola indefensa that there are examples of it in the
B.M. from Claremont Isl., but this is wrong. Warren’s
indefensa cannot be separated from the variable 0.
macarvata, Walker, whereas this imsect is smaller and
differently marked ; there is hardly any concavity below
apex of fore-wing and the hind- wing is rounded,
646 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Not in B. M.
Celerena cana, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii
p. 281 - : : : Fergusson Isl.
triflava, Warr., l.¢., p. 356 . Biak.
55 signata, Warr., l. ¢., v, p. 231 N.E. Sumatra.
» ° aurata, Warr., l.c., vi, p.325 Rossell Isl.
5 exacta, Warr., 1. ¢. ; ' Solomons.
ss mitis, Warr., 1. c. F : Sud Est Isl,
Acratosema subflavata, Warr., 1. ¢., v,
p. 227 ; ; ; ; 3alabac.
Evmelea albimacula, Warr., 1. ¢., iv,
p. 29. : : - ; Obi.
“e unilineata, Warr., le, iv,
Piper i. a. : : N. Borneo.
4 degener, var. umbrata, W arr.,
lie; i, po B56 : : Lifu.
ns preusta, Warr., 1. ¢., ili, p.
308 . : : 3 Batchian.
Heteralax aspersa, Warr., Cr Geet, ae
369. : Padang.
Derxena discata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 206 Etna Bay.
Rambara colorata, Warr., ie Loi ee
359 . : : ; : Tenimber.
Noreia albifimbria, are) ergy ap:
206. : . Tawaya, north of Palos Bay.
Ozola sinwata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 937 : Sumba.
Sebastosema bubonaria, ear. Ny Beer
p. 100 ree Japan.
Desmobathra plana, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 380 Lifu.
Family LARENTIID.
DOcIRAVA PUDICATA.
Anuaitis pudicata, Guen., Phal., u, 497, 1722 (1857).
Aspilates waria, Walker, xxvi, 1681 (1862).
Anuaitis vastata, Walker, xxxv, 1700 (1866).
Docirava afinis, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1, p. 398 (1894).
Guenée’s type came from India.
nes (wvaria and vastata), Darjiling in B. M.
Type (afinis), Chang Yang in coll. Rothschild.
There are examples” in the B. M. from Sikhim identical
with afinis,
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 647
HYPENORHYNCHUS PALLIDA.
Tosaura (2) pallida, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 380 (1894).
Cidaria fasciaria, Leech, Ann. Mag, N. H. (6), xix, p. 650
(1897).
Type ¢ , Japan in coll. Rothschild.
Type (/asciaria), Omeishan, W. China, in B. M,
COLLIX HYPOSPILATA.
Collix hypospilata, Guen., Phal., 11, 358, 1481 (1857).
Colliz subligata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ii, p. 385 (1896).
Guenée’s type came from Ceylon.
Type (subligata 2 ), Lifu in coll, Rothschild.
There is an example in the B, M. from Ceylon exactly
like Warren’s type.
CIDARIA RUBICUNDA, nov.
@. Head and body reddish-brown, fore-wings ruddy cream
colour with two broad reddish-brown bands, the first basal, the
second medial, its inner margin angled below the middle, its outer
margin angled above the middle, all the margins whitish, a brown
apical streak with a whitish spot above it and two whitish spots
below it, followed by three brown spots with white centres, the whole
forming a submarginal band; hind-wings dull dark red with
ochreous costal space ; underside pale ochreous tinged with red, fore-
wings with the central band pale red-brown ; hind-wings with a
middle sinuous brown line, edged on its outer side by white spots,
both wings with submarginal red-brown band, with a double row of
whitish spots on the margin.
Expanse of wings 4° inch.
Hab. MATANG, Borneo, 3600 feet.
EPIRRHOE OCHRACEARIA.
Cidaria ochracearia, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix, p. 643
(June 1897). :
Huphia propinqua, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 234 (August
1897).
Type, Ta-tsien-lu in B, M.
Type (propingua f), Pu-tsu-fu in coll. Rothschild.
648 Colonel C. Swinhoe ov
EPIRRHOE BERTHA, nov.
¢ 9. Palpi, head and body dark grey-brown speckled with
whitish, fore-wings grey irrorated, with brown atoms, giving it a
steely brown look ; a black dot at the end of cell, and transverse
chestnut bands; Ist basal, 2nd antemedial even and outwardly
curved, between these two bands are indications of another band ;
3rd postmedial, broadest with irregular sides; 4th submarginal
attenuated hindwards, all the bands with white edges, marginal
lunules black; hind-wings dark grey with indications of four
transverse thin grey bands, marginal line brown, cilia of both wings
brown and white in patches and interlined with brown.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Hab. Hopart (J. J. Walker), five examples.
Allied to 4. scotodes, Turner.
EPIRRHOE MARENS, nov.
¢. Head, thorax and fore-wings greyish-brown tinged with olive,
collar whitish, abdomen and hind-wings greyish-white unmarked ;
fore-wings with five indistinct crenelated transverse lines, sub-basal,
antemedial and medial all indistinct ; postmedial, curving inwards
below the middle then straight down to hinder margin, and sub-
marginal both distinct ; marginal line on both wings brown, cilia
grey with small white patches.
Expanse of wings 1,4, inches,
Hab. Mr. Kostnsko, N.S. Wales.
POLYPHASIA CEPRONA, nov.
9. Head, thorax and fore-wings brown-pink ; fore-wings with
three brown ringlets on the costa, a pale pink inner nearly erect
band, a discal similarly coloured band from costa at one-third from
apex to near outer margin at the middle, where there is a small
elongate white spot with a black spot in it, then bending inwards to
hinder margin one-third from the angle, marginal line black, cilia
brown with white basal line and white patches ; hind-wings white,
slightly tinged with pink, cilia concolorous, with brown patches ;
underside, fore-wings brown with a suffused whitish discal band,
outwardly angled in the middle, hind-wings same as above.
Expanse of wings 1,3; inches.
Hab. SUMATRA.
Near P. cuneifera, Warr,, Nov. Zool., v, p, 29, from Java,
lew and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 649
OCHYRIA DISPAR.
Ochyria dispar, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 72 (1897).
Epirrhoé crepuscularia, Warr., |. c., p. 234.
Types $ ¢, N. Luzon, in coll. Rothschild.
Type (crepuscularia 2), Mindoro in ditto.
XANTHORHOK SEMISIGNATA.
Larentia semisignata, Walker, xxiv, 1200 (1862).
Larentia punctilineata, Walker, xxiv, 1202.
Cidaria dissociata, Walker, xxvi, 1734 (1862).
Cidaria similisata, Walker, xxvi, 1735.
Larentia corcularia, Guen., Ent. Mo. Mag., v, p. 61 (1868).
Xanthorhoé farinata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 388 (1896).
Type, N. Zealand in B. M.
Types (punctilineata, dissociata and similisata), N.
Zealand in B. M.
Type (corewlaria), N. Zealand in coll. Oberthur.
Type (farinata $), N. Zealand in coll. Rothschild.
DASYURIS TRIDENTA, nov.
?. Head, thorax and fore-wings pinkish-grey ; fore-wings with
four chestnut-brown elongated marks along the costa, the first two
sub-basal and antemedial, with two corresponding brown marks
below them, the next two medial and discal, are broad and separated
by the subcostal pinkish vein from the broad bands of which they
form parts, the medial band is excavated on its inner side, contains a
black spot at end of cell, and is margined with white on each side, the
discal band forms three large teeth or spear-shaped marks, the upper
one subapical and blunt, the other two pointing close to the margin
with their bases joined together, and there are some small spear-
shaped brown marks on the margin with the points running in on
the veins, abdomen and hind-wings dark grey and unmarked.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Hab, GERALDTON, W. Australia.
GANDARITIS REDUPLICATA.
Gandaritis reduplicata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 235 (1897).
Gandaritis flavata, var. sinicaria, Leech, Ann. Mag. N.H.
(6), xix, p. 677 (1897).
Type 2, Omeishan in coll. Rothschild.
Types (sinicaria § 2), Moupin in B, M,
650 Colonel C. Swinhoe on”
A perfectly good form, quite distinct from flavata, Moore,
from India, which is not in the B. M. J, however, have
flavata in my own collection from the Khasia Hills; it has
no markings on the hind-wings and is well figured by
Hampson at p. 385, vol. 11, Moths of India.
POMASIA CONFERTA, Nov.
¢ 9. Pinkish ochreous, frons head and thorax with olive-brown
bands and spots ; abdomen with broad brown segmental bands ; fore-
wings densely packed with six olive-brown bands, all the bands
except the one on the outer margin intersected by ochreous lines, all
more or less sinuous, the two in the dise more or less outwardly
dentated : hind-wings with four bands, the third intersected by a
yellow line, the fourth with a row of spots on its outer edge, no
marginal band, the bands on the hind-wings much more pronounced
in the female than in the male.
Expanse of wings 8; inch.
Hab, Puto Laur (Doherty).
Allied to P. vernacularia, Guen.
GYMNOSCELIS SUBTRISTIGERA.
Eupithecia subtristigera, Walker, xxxv, 1679 (1866).
Gymnoscelis peranyusta, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 229
(1897).
Type, Sarawak in O. M.
Type (perangusta $), Kuching, Borneo, in coll. Roths-
child.
GYMNOSCELiS BIANGULATA, nov.
?. Head, body and wings of a uniform pale dull ochreous grey
tinged with pink ; fore-wings with a brown spot at the end of the
cell, some brown irrorations on both wings, a brown diseal line
angled outwardly twice before the middle on the forewings, again
angled below the costa on the hind-wings, otherwise nearly straight ;
there are also some brownish longitudinal streaks, and brown
marginal suffusion, and a whitish submarginal line slightly sinuous
on fore-wings, crenelated on hind-wings.
Expanse of wings 75 inch,
Hab. SAMBAWA (Doherty).
New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 651
GYMNOSCELIS CONCINNA, nov.
Q. Palpi whitish spotted with black, head, body and wings with
the ground colour white, but closely striated and banded with grey,
the markings being very evenly disposed ; the fore-wings have also
three black bands, Ist from costa before middle abruptly bending
inwards on to the hinder margin, and then sub-basally across the
hind-wings, the 2nd is beyond the middle running slightly outwards
to the centre forming an outer angle, then continued in ‘a row of
spots to the hinder margin at the middle, and then across the centre
of the hind-wing in a line with two dentations, the 3rd commences
near apex in a patch, the continuation on fore-wing poorly indicated,
but continued on hind-wing as a well-formed submarginal band ;
the outer margin of both wings with large blackish-brown spots.
Expanse of wings ? inch,
Hab. TONGA, two examples.
GYMNOSCELIS MINUTISSIMA, nov.
dé 2. Frons and top of head white, body and wings pale ochreous
grey tinged with pink ; abdomen with pale segmental bands, wings
irrorated with very minute grey atoms, fore-wings with a grey
mark at the end of cell, a grey line beyond the middle which is
curved outwards below the costa and then straight to the middle of
the abdominal margin of the hind-wings, all the outer space on both
wings is dark grey caused by what appear to be several grey lines
elosely packed together, except at the anal angle of hind-wings, where
there is a large ochreous white space ; there are some small grey
patches or spots on the outer margin, cilia pale grey with dark grey
patches and with a pinkish-white basal line.
Expanse of wings 4 inch.
Hab. SAMBAWA (Doherty).
MARIABA MEDIOPLAGA, nov.
6. Antenne palpi and frons ochreous, head, thorax, abdomen and
forewings ochreous, very thickly irrorated with brown atoms, these
irrorations form broad brown bands on the fore-wings, ante-medial,
discal and marginal, and there is a large white space in the middle,
extending in the form of a band from tie hinder angle to the middle
of the wing and then for a short space elbowed inwards ; cilia
ochreous, hind-wings ochreous, with a grey double line on the outer
margin, which is almost straight, slightly concave, and the wing is
produced toa point at the anal angle ; underside ochreous, fore- wings
652 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
with a black spot at the end of the cell, followed by a short blackish
band and then three other bands, the last on the margin ; hind-wings
with a central band.
Expanse of wings 45; inch.
Hab. BORNEO.
CHLOROCLYSTIS ROTUNDARIA, noy.
@. Frons white, body olive-green, wings dull pale green, a few
deep black irrorations scattered all over all the wings, fore-wings
with the costa marked with black, brown, and ochreous, along its
whole length, apparently indications of transverse bands, but the
inner ones are obsolete ; there is a black broad band from the costa
immediately before the middle and another just beyond the middle,
both attenuated hindwards, nearly obsolete before reaching the hinder
margin, there is also a black line between them, a broad black sub-
apical band, also attenuated hindwards, its outer edge formed by a
white crenelated submarginal line; hind-wings with three black bands,
corresponding to the three on the fore-wings, the two first more or
less macular, the other submarginal, commencing with a black streak
from the costa, outwardly edged by the crenelated white submarginal
line, cilia of both wings grey, with ochreous basal spots which
interrupt the black marginal line.
Expanse of wings 7; inch.
Hab. MILNE Bay (A. S. Meek).
CHLOROCLYSTIS SPECIOSA, nov.
Q?. Pale pinkish grey, thorax with blackish-brown markings,
abdomen with blackish-brown bands on the 2nd, 5th, 6th, and 7th
segments ; fore-wings with a large brown lunular mark at the end
of the cell; some brown costal marks, a brown submarginal line
even with the margin, on which there is a brown band, and brown
cilia with ochreous spots ; hind-wings with four brown lines close
together in the middle, and two large brown patches on the margin,
one apical and the other at the anal angle, with indications of lines
between them, cilia brown.
Expanse of wings 4’, inch.
Hab. Kapaur, N. Guinea (Doherty).
MICRODES ARCUATA, nov.
é 2. Frons and top of head nearly white in the male, otherwise
the head, thorax and fore-wings are grey, there are three indistinet
transverse grey bands, the indications of which are visible on the
costa, Ist basal, 2nd antemedial, 8rd medial, the rest of the wing is
New and little known species of Drepanulidx, etc. 653
marked with white on the veins and has two discal rows of black
points, a submarginal row of white marks and white marginal dots
interrupting the brown marginal line ; hind-wings white without
markings.
Expanse of wings g #8, @ 1 inch.
Hab. 8.E. AUSTRALIA (Raynor coll.).
Allied to MZ. villosata, Guen.=miliaria, Walker, the
costa of fore-wings being similarly arched, but the mark-
ings are much more obscure and the large embossed black
spot on the hind-wings of the male is wanting.
PHTHONOLOBA IMBECILLA, nov.
4. Head, thorax and fore-wings dull greenish-grey, fore-wings
with two black streaks on the costa, traversed by seven erect but
somewhat sinuous dull green bands, the 8rd a mere line, the 4th
including a ringlet of dull green, the 5th duplex with two or three
outward angles, the 6th composed of spear-shaped marks, the 7th
marginal, hind-wings dark grey without markings ; abdomen grey
with pale segmental thin bands; underside uniform dark grey
without any markings.
Expanse of wings 1,3, inches.
Hab. Kapaur, N. Guinea (Doherty).
Allied to P. melanocera, Hmpsn., from the Nilgiris.
SAURIS HIRUDINATA.
Collix hirudinata, Guen., Phal., 1, 362, 1486 (1857).
Sauris remodesaria, Walker, xxiv, 1253 (1862).
Remodes elaica, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 193.
ftemodes triseriata, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, iii, p. 485, pl. 1,
f. 4 (1887).
Remodes interruptata, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 270 (1888).
ftemodes cinerosa, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1, p. 397 (1894).
Remodes angulosa, Warr., |. ¢., 111, p. 382 (1896).
Remodes cirrhigera, Warr., |. ¢., iv, p. 395 (1897).
Guenée’s type came from Ceylon.
Type (remodesaria), Ceylon in B. M.
Type (edaica), Fiji in coll. Meyrick.
Type (¢riseriata), Ceylon in B. M.
Type (interruptata), Darjiling in coll. Staudinger.
Type (cinerosa), Nilgiri Hills, in coll. Rothschild.
Type (angulosa ¢), Amboina in ditto.
Types (cirrhigera § 2), Woodlark Isl. in ditto.
654 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
This variable species is in the B. M. from India, Ceylon,
Burma, Sumatra, Fiji, Java, and Australia; Warren’s
cirvhigera is identical with Meyrick’s elazea.
SAURIS INFIRMA, nov.
?. Frons red-brown, top of head white, thorax and fore-wings
greenish-grey, abdomen and hind-wings grey ; fore-wings with black
streaks along the sub-costal vein, from the base to the middle, nine
black marks along the costa, indicating nine transverse black sinuous
lines ; 1st sub-basal and erect, 2nd obsolescent, 3rd outwardly in-
clined, 4th obsolescent, 5th and 6th close together and erect, 7th
obsolescent, 8th submarginal, duplex in parts and with some small
black blotches on it, 9th marginal incomplete, black points on the
margin and white interlined cilia; hind-wings without markings ;
underside ochreous grey without any markings.
Expanse of wings | inch.
Hab, Puto Laur (Doherty).
Fore-wings shorter and comparatively broader than is
usual in the genus.
SAURIS NUSTA, nov.
¢. Head, thorax and fore-wings olive-green ; hind-wings blackish-
grey, abdomen ochreous grey ; fore-wings with four black transverse
bands, lst band composed of five elongated spots, a spot close to the
base on its inner side, the 2nd of three dots on subcostal vein a streak
below them and a dot near hinder margin, 3rd of three dots on the
same vein, under them a broad band narrowing hindwards and inter-
sected by two crenelated pale lines, 4th of one subcostal spot near
apex, two above the middle, and one near the end of the 3rd band
close to the hinder margin, marginal spots deep black, cilia pale
green, whitish in parts ; hind-wings without markings ; underside
dark grey, without markings.
Expanse ot wings 1,‘5 inches.
Hab. MILNE Bay (A. S, Meek).
A well-marked insect.
ESCHATARCHIA LINEATA.
Eschatarchia lineata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 395 (1894).
Hydrelia angularia, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xx, p. 82
(1897).
Type g, Japan in coll. Rothschild.
Type (angularia), Japan in B, M.
New and little known species of Drepanulidex, ete. 655
HYDRELIA IMPLETARIA.
Acidalia impletaria, Walker, xxxv, 1631 (1866).
Hydrelia pallidula, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 383 (1896).
Hydrelia subrosea, Warr., |. ¢., 1v, p. 226 (1897).
Type, Mysol in O. M.
Type (pallidula 2), 5. Java, in coll, Rothschild.
Type (subrosea f ), Bali in ditto.
HYDRELIA SANGUINIPLAGA, nov.
¢. Frons white, head and thorax orange-red, abdomen brown,
wings white, semi-diaphanous ; an orange-red patch at base of fore-
wings and a very broad similarly coloured patch at apex ; it occupies
the outer third of the costa, narrows downwards and ends in a brown
streak in the upper disc, with a brown submarginal spot opposite the
streak, and a thin brown line from the middle of the streak, to near
the hinder margin one-fourth from the angle ; a brown dot at the
end of each cell in both wings ; also a few red minute irrorations ;
two brown spots at anal angle of hind-wing, outer margin somewhat
produced into a short tail at vein four.
Expanse of wings 1,3; inches.
Hab, Be toe FANG, W. China.
Not in B. M.
Goniopteroloba conjuncta, Warr., Nov.
Zool.,iv, p. 230. : Mindoro.
fuscata, Ware, l, pl. 5,8 Mindoro.
Carige cise Warr., |. ¢., vi, p. 338 3 Japan.
» combinata, Wart., LC eos : S. Flores.
Triphosa moniliferaria ab a ae
l.c., p. 42 : ‘ Ta-tsien-lu,
Gtesiscalpe (2) legals, Wane Cor rary 63 384 Lifu.
Collix multifiliata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 385 : Cedar Bay.
Ochyria minuta, Warr., 1. ¢., oe p- 41 - Morobo, Bt. N. Guinea.
Propithex alternata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 42 : Ron Isl.
Gonantielea multistriata, bas Lees rit
p- 386. ‘ W. Java.
Xanthorhoé Rene. Wee es hyp: 74 Luzon,
8 ab ruptifascia, Tifa ia c. : Luzon.
x ab nigrimedia,* Warr., lc. . Luzon.
3 everetti, Warr., l.c., 5 : Bonthain.
Perizoma verticata, Warr., l. ¢., viii, p. 29 . W. China.
* Looks like a distinct species.
656 Colonel C. Swinhoe
Chloroplintha velutina, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 69
Macrwia crassitibia, Warr., 1. ¢., vill,
p. 21 : - : - - :
Giymnoscelis grisea, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 299 :
- coquina, Warr., l.¢., p. 69 :
~ pallidirufa, Warr., 1. c., 70 ;
Chloroclystis semivinosa, Warr., 1. ¢., 11,
p. 389. é .
ss fragilis, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 38.
3 infuscata, Warr.,l.c. . :
a minima, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 227
Rhinoprora reqularis, Warr., mT Cole vagy oe Ue (8
. variospila, Warr., 1. ¢. 4
of viridata, Warr., |. ¢. : :
Gymnodisca rubrifusa, Warr., 1.¢., p. 109.
€ viridescens, Warr., l.c., p. 110.
Megutheca purpurea, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 230
Prorocorys gemmata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 39.
oa aa fedatipennis, ery Ker
viii, p. < : ;
Episteria a Warr., i ¢.. Vip. 36 4
Opistheploce rufula, Weare, l.c., p. 340 :
- cinerea, Warr., l.c., ili, p. 392 .
Tympanota erecta, Warr., |, c., li, p. 108.
Holorista margini punctata, Warr., |. ¢., vi,
p. 339 =: F : : : : :
Holorista usta, Warr., l.¢., 11, p. 106. ‘
Sauris vitidula, Warr., 1. ¢. ; - ;
Remodes contorta, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 232.
5 pallidiplaga, Warr., ie ¢. : :
» () denigrata, Warr., l.c., p.66 .
» (2) rubripiaga, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 37
» lobata, Warr., 1. c., i, p. 107 :
Coptogonia turpipennis, Warr., 1.c., iii,
p- 381 : : : ;
ss lucens, Warr., l. c., vi, p.. 35.
Steirophora * aurantisquama, Warr., 1.¢.,
iv; p67), & . : ;
a5 punctatissima, Warr., 1. ¢. :
Helminthoceras sinwaticornis, Warr., l.c.,
ili, p. 381 : : : ‘ , :
Cleptocosmia mutabilis, Warr., 1.¢., p. 383
On
Bonthain.
Dammer.
Fergusson Isl.
Cedar Bay.
Bonthain.
EK. Java.
St. Aignan.
Baram.
Geraldton.
Gunong Ijan.
Gunong Ijan.
]jan.
Tjan.
Tjan.
Penang.
runong
Gunong
aN
Gunong
Tugela, Solomons,
J Padang Rengas,
ee Pehinwale
S. Flores.
Milne Bay.
Batchian.
Kina Balu.
Negros Philippines.
Gunong ITjan.
Milne Bay.
Penang.
EK. Java.
Perak.
Obi.
Padang.
Batchian.
Woodlark.
Java.
Bonthain.
Humboldt Bay.
Cedar Bay
* On the type label Tympanistes awrantisquama,
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 657
Synneurodes brevipalpis, Warr., l.c., vi,
p. 37 ‘ : . : : 8. Flores.
Camptogramma squaneda Warr, 1 ¢,
p.e4k. -. : : Australia.
Bardanes flavata, Ware. vie cs luk p: 382 : W. Java.
» Wigricosta, Warr, ie ; Humboldt Bay.
Psilocambogia semirubra, W arr., 1]; ¢.5.p: 384 Humboldt Bay.
is wundulosaria, Wier, I. e3, iv,
p- 227 : 3 , Amboina.
Pseudasthena sordida, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 223 : Oinainisa,
Chirysolene* dilucida, Warr., l.¢., p.49 — . Sarawak,
Family STERRHID.
CRASPEDIA CRETATA.
Craspedia eretata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vu, p. 104 (1900).
Craspedia wndilinea, Warr., l.c., p. 105.
Type g, Sula Mangoli in coll. Rothschild.
Type (wndilinea f ), Lifu in ditto.
I can see no specific difference ; it is not im the B, M.
CRASPEDIA ADEPTARIA.
Acidalia adeptaria, Walker, xxii, 753 (1861).
Craspedia (?) eximia, Warr, Nov. Zool. v, p. 18 (1898)
(note).
Type, Ceylon in B. M.
Type (eaimia f ), Sumba in coll, Rothschild.
CRASPEDIA STRIGILARIA.
Geometra strigilaria, Hiibn., Geom., fig. 109 (1803).
Acidalia subcandidata, Walker, xxvi, 1607 (1862).
Craspedia imbella, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 22 (1901).
Hiibner’s type was European.
Type (swbeandidata), Shanghai in B. M.
Type (imbella & ), Japan in coll. Rothschild.
CRASPEDIA MISERA.
Acidalia misera, Walker, xxxv, 1630 (1866).
Craspedia subtincta, Warren, Nov. Zool., ui. p. 372 (1896).
Type, Flores in O. M.
* On the type label Anthyria dilucida.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART III. (NOV.) 43
658 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Types (subtincta f Y), Tenimber Isl. in coll,
Rothschild.
The Walkerian type is much faded, but the markings
are identical.
CRASPEDIA SYBILLARIA, nov.
g 9. Grey, the ground colour being white covered with very
minute grey irrorations, frons black, space between the antenne
white, abdomen with pale segmental bands, wings with a black spot
at the end of each cell, fore-wings with an interior line, both wings
with medial and discal lines, all the lines grey, sinuous and in-
distinct, outer marginal space darker grey, containing a submarginal
rather prominent whitish sinuous band, marginal lunules black, cilia
ochreous grey.
Expanse of wings 75 inch,
Hab. CHANG (Mrs. Pratt coll.).
CRASPEDIA SUFFIDARIA, nov.
¢. Pure chalky white, bands and markings pinkish-grey, fore-
wings with an antemedial line very indistinct, a medial line across
both wings, bent in on to the costa of fore-wings, a discal crenelated
line curved in to the costa of fore-wings, blackish on the costa and
in two little lunular marks in the upper dise, the whole outer space
on both wings filled in by two bands of spots or patches, marginal
lunular line black, cilia with a grey basal line and in two equal parts,
the outer part glistening, a black dot at the end of all the wings ;
underside pure white, fore-wings suffused with ochreous grey with
the discal line only apparent.
Expanse of wings ;°5 inch.
Hab. Baut, Low Country (Doherty).
STERRHA FRANCONIARIA, nov.
¢. Bright pinkish-orange, uniform in colour, frons black, wings
with a black dot at the end of each cell, fore-wings with four
black marks on the costa, from which four sinuous bands run to the
hinder margin, antemedial, medial, discal and submarginal, the first
two and last two rather close together, hind-wings with an ante-
medial band, then three bands close together from middle to margin,
all the bands formed by black irrorations, underside pale pinkish-
grey without markings.
Expanse of wings 35 inch.
Hab, SuHEeRLock River, W. Australia (Clement).
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 659
STERRHA IOPARIA, nov.
¢. Of a uniform pale greyish-pink, densely irrorated with very
minute brown atoms, a lunular brown mark at the end of each cell,
two brown linear marks, antemedial with a dot above it indicating a
band, and the other below the cell lunule, indicating a medial band ;
hind-wings with some brown marks indicating a medial band, both
wings with two indistinct sinuous lines, discal and submarginal and
rather close together, marginal lunules black ; underside nearly
white with a fine discal and sinuous grey line across both wings.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Hab, SHERLOCK River, W. Australia (Clement).
Genus PrycHopopa, Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust., ii,
p. 305 (1829).
JANARDA, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 265 (1888).
XENOCENTRIS, Meyr‘ck, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1889, p.
ASA,
PTYCHOPODA RHIPIDURA.
Xenocentris rhipidura, Meyrick, |. ¢.
Ptychopoda (?) sericeipennis, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 294
(1896).
Ptychopoda subrubellata, Warr., |.c., vi, p. 338 (1899).
Type, Port Moresby, N. Guinea, in coll. Meyrick.
Type (sericeipennis 2 ), Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild.
Type (subrubellata f ), N. Guinea in ditto.
PTYCHOPODA CHOTARIA.
Idea chotaria, Swinh., P.Z.8., 1885, p. 858, pl. 57, f. 14.
Hois lineata, Hmpsn., Ill. Het., ix, p. 149, pl. 169, f. 10
(1893).
Ptychopoda pallidivestis, Warr., Nov. Zool., ui, p. 378
(1896).
Type, Poona in B, M.
Type (lineata), Ceylon in B. M.
Type (pallidivestis $), EK. Java in coll. Rothschild.
PryCHOPODA ACTIOSARIA.
Acidalia actiosaria, Walker, xxii, 750 (1861).
Acidalia renunciata, Walker, xxiii, 763 (1861).
Acidalia profanaria, Walker, xxxv, 1628 (1866).
660 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Acidalia inficita, Walker, xxxv, 1630.
Type, Ceylon in B. M.
Type (renunciata), Sarawak in O. M.
Type (profanaria), South India in B. M.
Type (inficita), Flores in O. M.
Genus PrycHopHyLe, Warr., Nov. Zool., 11, p. 293 (1896).
CHRYSOLENE, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 49 (1897).
Hyria, Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust., ii, p. 292
(1829 przeocc.).
PTYCHOPHYLE NOTATA.
Ptychophyle notata, Warr., l.c., 11. p. 294.
Chrysolene insolita, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 331 (1899).
Type 4, Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild.
Type (asolita ¢), Milne Bay in ditto.
PTYCHOPHYLE TRISTICULA.
Asthena tristicula, Swinh., P. Z.8., 1885, p. 859, pl. 56,
Ae
Ptychophyle tristicula ab fasciata, Warr., Noy. Zool., vi,
p. 33 (1899).
Ptychophyle lxta, Warr., 1. c. p. 337.
Type, Bombay in B..M.
Type (fasciata 2 ), Goodenough Isl. in coll. Rothschild,
Type (deta g ), Tambora in ditto.
EMMILTIS PINGUIS, nov.
¢@. Of a uniform dark grey, abdomen with very thin seg-
mental pale lines ; fore-wings with a black spot at the end of the
cell, an antemedial outwardly curved and sinuated black erect
line, a: discal sinuous black line from hinder margin near the
angle to the costa, one-fifth from apex ; on the inner side of this
line is a broad whitish band, on the outer side the wing is
blackish-brown, on the hind wings there is a broad pale discal band,
with a blackish indistinct line on each side of it, and the outer
margin blackish-brown as in the fore-wings ; the underside is paler
with most of the markings as above: the female is paler than the
male.
Expanse of wings ¢ +s, 2 5 inch.
Hab. Formosa ~ (Moore coll.), Cuusan 2 (J. W.
Walker).
There are also two males from Chekiang and Tonkin.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 661
CHRYSOCRASPEDA LUNULATA, nov.
&¢. Frons pure white, head, body and wings of a uniform chest-
nut-red, indications of a pale discal outwardly curved line across both
wings, marginal border of both wings bright ochreous, with the
chestnut-red part angled into the yellow, in the centre of the border
of both wings, hind-wings with a large pure white lunule at the end
of the cell, cilia of both wings bright ochreous yellow ; underside
body and legs nearly white, wings as above, but pale and dully
coloured.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Hab. SANDAKAN, Borneo.
Of the colour of C. auwricincta, Hampson, from South
India, and much resembling that species, but it can at
once be separated by its white frons and the white
lunules on the hind-wings.
CHRYSOCRASPEDA SANGUINIPUNCTA, Nov.
Q. Head and body crimson, wings bright yellow, fore-wings with
costa broadly crimson, caused by crimson irrorations, a few irrorations
in the centre of the wing, a ringlet at the end of the cell, thickened
iyrorations at the base and along the hinder margin, two crimson
macular bands discal and submarginal, the largest spot being in the
centre of the discal band ; hind-wings with a band of spots joined
together along the abdominal margin, broadest at the anal angle,
almost joining a very broad patch of crimson with a yellow centre
at the apex ; marginal points of both wings erimson, cilia yellow.
Expanse of wings 3%; inch.
Hab. Kucuinc, Borneo.
CHRYSOCRASPEDA MEDIOPLAGA, Nov.
Q. Head and body pinkish-orange, the ground colour of the wings
bright yellow, thickly irrorated with scarlet-orange atoms, on all
the wings except on the costa of fore-wings ; a medial patch which
touches the costal band, is excavated outwards above and fines down
towards hinder margin and an apical large patch on the outer
margin, and on the hind-wing a large basal space, these are all
smooth, not irrorated and are of a pinkish-grey colour; the cilia of
both wings is yellow, and in the middle of the cilia of the hind-
wings is a scarlet-orange spot, there is also a yellow space above
medial patch on fore-wings ; on the underside the fore-wings are
662 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
dull pale pink, with the base and hinder margin yellow, and a
yellow patch at end of cell ; the hind-wings are yellow, with the
basal third, costal space and outer margin dull pale pink.
Expanse of wings | inch.
Hab. Puto Laut, Borneo (Doherty).
CHRYSOCRASPEDA GALINARIA, Nov.
2. Head and body chocolate, collar and a band on thorax in front
yellowish-white and some marks of that colour on head and thorax ;
fore-wings yellowish-white at base and broadly along costa and apex,
the rest of the wing dull chocolate colour, as is also the whole of the
hind-wings ; on the fore-wings there is a very large brown lunule
at the end of the cell and a brown line from it to middle of hinder
margin, a pale discal sinuous band, with a brown line running through
it, separating the chocolate portion of the wing into two broad bands ;
hind-wings with an antemedial brown sinuous line, a postmedial
sinuous pale band, with a brown line running through it ; marginal
lunules on both wings brown ; underside fore-wings pale rosy-grey,
with the cell lunule, and a broad brownish diseal band ; hind-wings
nearly white, also with a discal brownish band, but nearer the
margin.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Hab. Kapaur, New Guinea (Doherty).
CHRYSOCRASPEDA COMPTARIA, nov.
¢@. Head and body chocolate brown, wings rosy, both wings
uniform in shade of colour, a chocolate brown band from base of
fore-wings runs below the costa, bends round below the apex, is
rounded sub-marginally to near the hinder angle, and is continued
as a discal band across the hind-wings, the apex and outer margin of
fore-wings and the entire outer marginal space of hind-wings is
yellow, spotted with chestnut-brown ; cilia rosy-grey; underside,
rosy slate colour with the outer margin broadly yellowish-white.
Expanse of wings ,§; inch.
Hab. SINGAPORE (HH, N. Ridley).
ANISEPHYRA ALBANNULARIA.
Thalassodes albannularia, Walker, xxii, 554 (1861).
Epione (2) invexata, Walker, xxvi, 1497 (1862).
Epkyra monochromata, Walker, xxvi, 1754.
Ephyra quieta, Swinhoe, P. Z.S., 1885, p, 856, pl. 56, f. 1.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 663
Ephyra maculifascia, Hampson, Ill. Het., viii, p. 111, pl. 151,
Pe O(1SO):
Anisephyra incorrupta, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 370 (1896).
Anisephyra aurata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 47 (1897).
Type, Ceylon in coll, Layard.*
Type (invexata), India in O. M.
Type (monochromata), India in B. M.
Type (quieta), Poona in B, M.
Type (maculifascia), Nilgiri Hills in B. M.
Type (tacorrupta), Dili Timor in coll. Rothschild.
Type (aurata f), Kalao in ditto.
It is also from Java in the B. M.
PERIXERA OBRINARIA.
Ephyra obrinaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 414, 675 (1857).
Anisodes obliviaria, Walker, xxu, 643 (1861).
Acidalia contrariata, Walker, xxii, 770 (1861).
Anisodes similaria, Walker, xxvi, 1582 (1862).
Anisodes caligata, Walker, xxvi, 1584.
Anisodes suspicaria, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxiv, p. 80, pl.
8, f£. 6 (1881).
Perixera (?) rubrisecta, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 476 (1898).
Guenée’s type came from Ceylon.
Types (obliviara and caligata), Ceylon in B. M.
Type (contrariata), Sarawak in O. M.
Type (similaria), Maulmein in B. M.
Type (suspicaria), Makassar Celebes in coll. Snellen.
Type (rubrisecta 2), Key Isl. im coll. Rothschild.
PERIXERA HOMOSTOLA.
Perixera homostola, Meyrick, Trans. Kat. Soc., 1897, p. 72.
Brachycola (?) inornata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 216 (1897),
Type, Talaut in B. M.
Type (inornata 2), Panda in coll. Rothschild.
PERIXERA AMPLIGUTTA.
Perixera pallida ab ampligutta, Warr., Nov. Zool., ii, p. 376
(1896).
Types ¢ 2, Cedar Bay in coll. Rothschild.
Is I believe a good form and not an aberration ; is not
in the B, M.
* This collection appears to be lost,
664 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
PISORACA MONETARIA.
Anisodes monetaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 418, 683 (1857).
Perixera (2) pleniluna, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 394 (1897).
Guenée’s type came from Borneo.
Type (pleniluna 2), Penang in coll. Rothschild.
Genus EmmesurA, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 20 (1898).
EMMESURA ILLEPIDARIA.
Anisodes illepidaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 421, 693 (1857).
Anisodes (?) semicompleta, Walker, xxii, 651 (1861).
Anisodes immemoraria, Walker, xxxv, 1618 (1866).
Ainsodes strictaria, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxiv, p. 81,
pl. 8, £..7 (188F).
Anisodes pallida, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, iui, p. 445, pl. 201,
f. 11 (1887).
Guenée’s type, a female, came from Sarawak.
Type (semicompleta $ ), Sarawak, should be in O. M. but
is lost.
Type (immemoraria f ), Java in B. M.
Type (strictaria &), Celebes in coll. Snellen.
Type (pallida 2), Ceylon in B. M.
Anisodes contracta, Walker, xxvi, 1585, the type of which,
a female from Sarawak, is in the O. M., I put as a synonym
to Anisodes decretaria, Walker, in Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 11,
p. 368, but it is more probably a female of ilepidaria.
ANISODES OCHRARIA, nov.
6 ¢. Ochreous fawn colour very uniform in shade, irrorated by
dark ochreous atoms, frons white, an ochreous ringlet at the end of
each cell, three transverse dark ochreous lines antemedial, medial,
and discal, slightly curving outwards all more or less crenelated, the
discal line in parts dentated with black dots on the points, a marginal
band of a similar nature, all these lines and bands very indistinet in
some of the specimens, marginal dots black and the ochreous cilia
with some basal black points, underside pale ochreous grey, the
inner part of fore-wings suffused with red, an ochreous red crenelated
discal line across both wings and black marginal dots.
Expanse of wings 1,'; inches.
Hab, SINGAPORE (/, N. Ridley), one male and two
females,
New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 665
ANISODES GAETA, nov.
gd. Dark ochreous fawn colour, very uniform in shade, densely
irrorated with red atoms making it much darker and brighter than
ochracea ; frons white, costa of fore-wings dark brown, a large brown
ring at the end of cell of hind-wings filled in with shining white ;
both wings crossed by four indistinct ochreous red sinuous lines,
antemedial, medial, discal and submarginal, the discal line dentated
in parts with red points, marginal points brown very minute, cilia
ochreous grey ; underside ochreous white, lines and cell spot fairly
distinct and pinkish in colour.
Expanse of wings 14 inches,
Hab. Paku, Borneo,
Allied to A. ochracea, but I think distinct.
GNAMPTOLOMA VIRIDARIA. nov.
d. Dark sap green, with some white atoms here and there, a
small red ringlet with white centre at the end of each cell, a faint
indication of the usual transverse line from costa near apex of fore-
wings to the middle of the abdominal margin of hind-wings, cilia
ochreous grey ; underside ochreous grey covered with green striations,
a green discal line and green marginal line; both wings with the
outer margin produced at vein 4, the excavation below the apex of
fore-wings very slight.
Expanse of wings 1; inches.
Hab. Batt Low Country (Doherty), two examples.
PROBLEPSIS DELPHIARIA.
Argyris delphiaria, Guen., Phal., 11, 14, 911 (1857).
Problepsis vulgaris, Butler, Ill. Het., viii, p. 43, pl. 125,
f. 2 (1889).
Problepsis auriculifera, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 59 (1897).
Guenée’s type came from Central India.
Type (vulgaris), Kangra in B. M.
Types (auriculifera § 2), Singapore in coll. Rothschild.
Not in B. M.
Craspedia spilodorsata, Warr., Nov. Zool, ii, p. 93 Timor.
¥ xquidistans, Warr., |. c., iii, p. 371 : Timor,
. nigristellata, Warr., 1. ¢. : F : Batchian.
a subdecorata, Warr., l. c. . ; : ; N. Borneo.
5 subtincta, Warr., l¢., p. 372 . : , Tenimber.
iy discata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 218 F ‘ Kiriwini.
666 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Craspedia pallidilinea, Warr., l.¢., p. 218
* densicornis, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 392
Py dohertyi, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 393
3 colorifica, Warr., |. ¢., v, p. 17
if coundularia, Warr., l.c., p. 18
Fs fumigrisea, Warr., lic. .
53 pallidiceps, Warr., l.c., p. 19 .
ss parumnotata, Warr., 1. ¢. :
45 albilarvata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 31
e ocellata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 383
zs nigrocellata, Warr., 1], ¢., p. 332
2 spissitarsata, Warr., l.c., p. 333
*s rufimixtaria, Warr., 1. ¢., vil, p. 104
i ignobilis, Warr., ].c., vili, p.22 . .
- parallelaria, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 23
Bi erwrata, Warr., 1. c., p. 191
- exangulata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 332 .
Sterrha (?) baptata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 224
Ptychopoda rubellata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 338 .
» (2) sericetpennis, Warr., 1. ¢., il, p. 294
- deflavata, Warr., l.c., p. 378
uf pallidivestis, Warr., 1. e.
<5 nigranalis, Warr., l. c. : F
¥, squamipunctata, Warr., 1. ¢., vii, p. 109
= robusta, Warr., l.c¢., p. 108 .
a sextineta, Warr., 1. ¢. 5
Bs angustipennis, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 223
. carneola, Warr., lic. .
a carnipes, Warr., l.¢., p. 224
: pilosata, Warr., l.c., v, p. 21
és sublactifera, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 337
a scintillans, Warr., ]. c., v, p. 243
if lauta, Warr., 1. ¢., vill, p. 25
Iemipogon simplex, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 334
T ~ + 7
- nanata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 54
PBA eerie be 55
- velutina, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 55
Leptomeris alboverticata, Warr., ].c., ii, p. 96
» (2) uniformis, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 373 .
Kois fucosa, Warr., l.c., vii, p. 106 .
» glabripennis, Warr., l.c.. . ¥
» Jerriinea, Warr., lc. . :
5 carneofasciata, Warr., l.c., p. 105 .
5 (2) perspersata, Warr., 1. c., iv, p. 220
Chrysolene flavipuncta, Warr,, 1. ¢., vi, p. 831
Java.
Sumba,
S. Celebes.
Bali.
Sumba.
Sumba.
Lombok.
Arjuno, Java.
Keeling.
Tambora.
Dammer.
Luebo Raja.
Tenimber Isl.
Japan.
N. China.
N. Guinea.
Milne Bay.
Apia.
Milne Bay.
Fergusson Isl.
Tenimber Isl.
E. Java.
Wetter.
Java.
Negros.
Penang.
Cedar Bay.
Labuan.
Cedar Bay.
Cedar Bay.
Rossell Isl.
Dawson.
Japan.
Sud Est Isl.
Tenimber Isl.
Batchian.
Timor.
Mackay.
Sea Hill.
Java.
Dawson.
Java.
Oinainisa.
Philippines,
New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 667
Chrysolene cruoraria, Warr., 1.¢., iv, p. 49. ; Cedar Bay.
Ptychophyle inornata, Warr., 1. ¢., ii, p. 377 2 Tenimber Isl.
“4 lineata, Warr., l.c., p. 378 . ‘ 5 Dil.
ni ephyrata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 60 . : Tenimber Isl.
» (2) pulverulenta, Warr., lc. . : ‘ Perak.
Chrysocraspeda aurimargo, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 216 : Cedar Bay.
‘i croceomarginata, Warr., 1. ¢., iii,
p. 370 : , . : : Java.
mA imundata, Warr., 1. c., v, p. 238 . Bt. N. Guinea.
‘ concentrica, Warr., ].¢., vi, p. 30. . St. Aignan.
5 regalis, Warr., l.c. . : : : St. Aignan.
Perixera flavirubra, Warr., l.c., li, p. 375. : Cedar Bay.
PUTueiusta, Natt. 1ie.avT Da dos. : : St. Aignan.
“grisea, Warr., l_¢.; p. 336 : : . Ke’ Isl.
PY transversata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 58 . ; Cedar Bay.
» subsimilis, Warr., l.c., p. 394 . ; : S. Celebes.
a cheracead, Wart.» oe: va ps 20" 2 : : Woodlark.
» ©) flavirubra, Warr., l.c., li, p. 375. ; Cedar Bay.
mn) ujeurcata, Wart, lic, . : ; . Bt. N. Guinea.
>» wroseofusa, Warr., l.c.,p.376 . : : Mt. Mulu.
» miutipwnctata, Warr., l.c., vi, p. 336. N. Guinea.
5 confiuscripta, Warr., 1.c., ili, p. 374 . Tenimber.
» sub-sp. rubripuncta, Warr., l. ¢., iv, p. 394 S. Celebes.
» ()) radiata, Warr., l.c., p. 221 -. : : Indrulaman.
Conchocometa sabulosa, Warr., l.c., 11, p. 91. : Palawan,
Pachythalia rotundata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 221 ; Penang.
Stiborostoma griseata, Warr., 1. ¢., ili, p. 380 . : Cedar Bay.
Pisoraca perumbrata, Warr., l.c., 1, p. 97. : S. Celebes,
55 sordidata, Warr., 1.c., iii, p. 376. : N. Guinea.
“3 punctata, Warr., |. ¢., iv, p. 222 ‘ : Geraldton.
* compacta, Warr., 1. ¢., v, p. 426 ; 3 Key Isl.
Xenoprora purallela, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 226. 3 Lifu.
Brachycola niveopuncta, Warr., 1l.c,p.48 . : Cedar Bay.
» (!) minorata, Warr., lc. . ; : : Teninber Isl.
5: decolorata, Warr.,l.c.,p.215 . . Lifu.
) flavareata, Warr., l.c. . ‘ ; Penang.
3 paucinotata, Warr., 1. ¢., vili, p. 22 : S. Celebes.
Plocucha cristata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 335 : : Solomons.
a) eirreguianis, Wart. licsitbpaoit pe . Humboldt Bay.
Dizuga sordida, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 334. 5 : Rossell Isl.
Organopoda olivescens, Warr., l.¢., iii, p. 874 : Cedar Bay.
é. subbrunnea, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 393. S. Celebes.
Mnesithetis ochrea, Warr., 1. c. ‘ : : : Woodlark Isl.
as inobtrusa, Warr., lc. . : ; : S. Celebes,
668 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Traminda submarginata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 34
Symmacra inconspicua, Warr., 1, ¢., p. 338
Erythrolophus bipwnctatus, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 334
Rhodostrophia inornata, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 379
Antitrigodes parvimacula, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 298
Problepsis hemicyclata, Warr., l.¢., iv, p. 59 .
= nugaritata, Warr., 1. ¢., li, p. 377 .
= argentea, Warr., 1. ¢., vil, p. 107
5s craspediata, Warr., 1. c., iv, p. 222
Problepsiodes argentisquama, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 337
Somatina rufifascia, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 379
ms maculata, Warr., l. ¢., v, p. 244
ra sordida, Warr., 1. ¢.
5 ossicolor, Warr., 1. ¢.
Somatinopsis nigridiscata, Warr., 1.¢., ii, p. 379
Nobilia nebulosa, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 58 .
Family GEOMETRIDA.
PSEUDOTERPNA PSEUDOTERPNARIA.
Hypochroma pseudoterpnaria, Guen., Phal., i,
(1857).
Hypochroma pryeri, Butler, Ann. Mag. N.
p. 398 (1878).
Tambora.
Milne Bay.
Milne Bay.
Java.
Kiriwini,
Kei Tocal.
Brisbane.
Dammer.
N. Guinea.
Penang.
Cedar Bay.
Coomoo.
Dawson.
Sumba.
Java.
Amboina.
276, 436
H. (5), i,
Pingasa javensis, Warr., Noy. Zool., i, p. 383 (1894).
Guenée’s type came from North China.
Type (pryert), Japan in B, M.
Type (savensis), Java in coll. Rothschild.
I cannot see any difference between them.
PSEUDOTERPNA DETERIORATA.
Hypochroma deteriorata, Walker, xxi, 441 (1860).
Hypochroma (2) horridata, Walker, xxvi, 1544 (1862).
Pscudoterpna horridata, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1i,
p. 385, pl. 6, f. 3 (1900).
Boarmia nigraria, Feld., Reise Nov., pl. 126, f. 1 (1874).
Type, Australia in B. M.
Type (horridata 2), Sydney in O. M.
Type (nigraria), Sydney in coll. Rothschild.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 669
The type specimen of horridata by itself looks very
distinct, but from the examination of the fine series in
the B. M. I am convinced it is only an extremely whitish
form of deteriorata.
PSEUDOTERPNA QUADRILINEA.
Hypochroma quadrilinea, Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland,
1892, p. 80.
Actenochroma ochrea, Warr., Nov. Zool., in, p. 360 (1896).
Hypochroma ochrea, Warr., |. ¢., iv, p. 207 (1897).
Type, Brisbane in coll. Lucas.
Type (ochrea 2), Queensland in coll. Rothschild.
PSEUDOTERPNA SATURATARIA.
Hypochroma saturataria, Walker, xxxv, 1593 (1866).
Pseudoterpna saturataria, Swinh,, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., ui,
p. 384, pl. 5, f. 6 (1900).
Hypochroma perfulvata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 826 (1899).
Type, Mysol in O. M.
Type (perfulvata), Milne Bay in coll. Rothschild.
DINDICA POLYPHANARIA,.
Hypochroma polyphenaria, Guen., Phal., 280, 446 (1857).
Hypochroma basiflavata, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 248 (1888).
Dindica marginata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 382 (1894).
Guenée’s type came from India.
Type (basiflavata), Bengal in B. M.
Type (marginata), 8. Celebes in coll. Rothschild.
There are in the B.M. and in my own collection
specimens from Assam absolutely identical with Warren’s
type, which is merely a common aberration of the species.
ACTENOCHROMA PRASINA.
Actenochroma (2) prasina, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 282
(1896).
Actenochroma ab suffusa, Warr., l.c., p. 283.
Actenochroma discolor, Warr., |. c., p. 359.
Types ¢ 2 (also the aberration), Fergusson Isl. in coll.
Rothschild.
Type (discolor), Korrido in ditto.
670 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
CHLORODONTOPERA SUAVIS, nov.
3 @. Pale grass green, the female more yellowish and paler than
the male ; a chestnut-red spot at the end of the cell on each wing,
two transverse grey lines on both wings; the first indistinct, one
fourth from base, outwardly rounded, the other discal, very sinuous,
nearly erect on fore-wings, outwardly curved on hind-wings ; costa of
fore-wings chestnut-red dotted with white, outer marginal line of
both wings chestnut-red with ochreous grey cilia ; underside paler
markings as above.
Expanse of wings ¢ 1, 2 1,5 inches.
Hab, TENG YENK, Yunnan (H. &. Hobson), 4 f,1 2;
Wa-SHAN (Pratt), GENSAN (Pryer), 3 J, 1 9.
The Corean examples have turned into a dirty yellow
colour but are otherwise identical with those from Yunnan.
AGATHIA PISINA.
Agathia pisina, Butler, Ann. Mag. N.H. (5), xx, p. 248
(1887).
Agathia subcarnea, Warr., Nov. Zool. iii, p. 285 (1896).
Type ¢, Alu in B.M.
Types (subcarnea S 2), Kiriwini in coll. Rothschild.
AGATHIA VENERANDA, nov.
¢. Head, fore-part of thorax and wings bright emerald-green,
the rest of thorax and abdomen of a beautiful purplish-plush colour,
fore-wings with the costa purplish-grey, both wings with a basal band
aud an outer-marginal broad band, purplish-plush colour variegated
into many shades, the margins nearly as pale as the costa ; on the
fore-wings this band occupies one-third of the wing on the costa, and
contains a large oval emerald-green subapical spot ; the inner margin
is nearly erect and has a thick dark brown line, and the band
narrows to one-fifth from the hinder angle, on the hind-wings the
width of the band is more even and it occupies about one-third of the
wing and turns up acutely on to the abdominal margin and then
narrowly to the base of the wing ; there is a large oval emerald-green
spot running on the outer margin, from below the apex nearly to the
tail, which is biack; and the thick brown line which inwardly
margins the band is outwardly highly dentate ; on the underside the
wings are nearly white, no basal band, the outer band purple-pink with
no inner marginal thick line and with the green spots nearly white.
Expanse of wings 1,‘5 inches.
Hab. Kapaur, N. Guinea (Doherty).
Nearest to A. hilavata, Guen.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 671
ULIOCNEMIS CASSIDARIA.
Phorodesma cassidaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 370, 589 (1857).
Comibena biplagiata, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i, p. 435
(1887).
Uliocnemis elegans, Warr., Nov. Aool., vi, p. 28 (1899).
Guencée’s type came from Central India.
Type (biplagiata), Ceylon in B. M.
Type (elegans), St. Aignan in coll. Rothschild.
HEMITHEA ORNATA.
Hemithea ornata, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 366 (1896).
Hemithea bella, Warr., 1. c., v, p. 284 (1898).
Type, Adonara in coll. Rothschild.
Type (bella), S. Flores in ditto.
I can see no difference : not in B. M.
HEMITHEA INSULARIA.
Hemithca insularia, Guen., Phal., 1, 385, 616 (1857).
é _ Swinh. (nec Hampson), Cat. Het.
Mus. Oxon., ii, p. 392 (1900).
Lodis wuka, Pag., J. B, Nass. Ver., xxxix, p. 153 (1886).
Nemoria iosoma, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1889, p. 495.
Hemithea pretifimbria, Warr. Nov. Zool. iii, p. 290
(1896),
Guenée’s type came from Borneo.
Type (wuka), Ké Island in coll, Pagenstecher.
Type (cosoma), Port Moresby in coll. Meyrick.
Type (pretifimbria), Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild.
HEMITHEA VACUA, nov.
dé ¢. Dull dark ochreous, probably green when freshly emerged,
a small whitish space on the head between the antenne, a whitish
fairly large but obscure spot at the end of each cell; the outer
marginal line slightly darker than the uniform coloration of the
wings: no other markings whatsoever either above or below;
antenne of male ciliated.
Expanse of wings ¢ 1, ¢ 1,5 inches.
Hab, JAPAN (Pryer).
672 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
METALLOCHLORA MILITARIS.
Todis militaris, Lucas, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1891, p.
295.
_ Warr., Nov. Zool. v, p. 432 (1898).
Metallochlora dotata, Warr, l.c., ii, p. 367 (1896).
Metallochlora flavifimbria, Warr,, re
Type, Brisbane in coll. Lucas.
Types (dotata S 2), Queensland in coll. Rothschild.
Type (flavifimbria $), Cairns in ditto.
Not in B. M.
LOPHOCRITA UNDIFERA.
Thalera undifera, Walker, xxii, 601 (1861).
Lophocrita undifera, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., ii, p.
393, pl. 6, f. 10 (1900).
Hemithea subflavida, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 290 (1896).
Hemithea (sub-sp.) reducta, Warr., l.c., 1, p. 367.
Type, Sarawak in O. M.
Type (subflavida f), Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild.
Types (reducta $ 9), Humboldt Bay in ditto.
PROBOLOSCELES MARIA.
Iodis marix, Lucas, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1888, p.
1266.
Probolosceles albijunctata, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 15 (1898).
Probolosceles connecta, Warr., 1. c.
Type, New South Wales in coll. Lucas.
Types (albipunctata f $), Brisbane in coll. Rothschild.
Type (connecta ¢), Dawson, Queensland in ditto.
The last two only vary in the size of the spots: the
species is not in the B.M.
Genus ComosToLopDEs, Warr., Nov. Zool., ii, p. 308
(1896).
COMOSTOLODES INDUCTARIA.
Comibena inductaria, Guen., Phal., i, 370, 588 (1857).
Comostolodes inductaria, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 22 (1899).
Eucrostis smaragdus, Hmpsn., Ill. Het., viii, p. 110, pl.
151, f. 15 (1891).
New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 673
Comostolodes consobrina, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 210
(1897).
Guenée’s type came from Sarawak.
Type (smaragdus), Nilgiri Hills in B. M.
Types (consobrina $ 9), Cedar Bay in coll. Rothschild.
Warren’s note in Nov. Zool., vi, p. 22, seems to be
unanswerable ; it is a pity we cannot get Guenée’s types for
examination, and if ever they do come to London I imagine
they will upset several species, because I feel certain many
of them have not been properly identified. I cannot see
any difference between smaragdus and consobrina.
Genus THALASSODES, Guen., Phal., 1, p. 359 (1857).
PRASINOSIMA, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 44 (1897).
THALASSODES RUFITINCTA.
Prasinosima rufitincta, Warr., |. c.
Thalassodes flavicosta, Warr., |. ¢., p. 214.
Types f 2, Lifu, in coll. Rothschild.
Type (flavicosta ¢), Port Darwin in ditto.
I can see no difference, except that the hind-wings of
Jlavicosta are slightly inclined to be angled in the middle of
outer margin, and this is not perceptible in rufitincta, but
is commonly so in this Genus.
THALASSODES CURIOSA, nov.
dg. Frons and space between antennez white, antenne grey, body
and wings dark green, of a darker and duller colour than is usual
in the genus, fore-wings with the costal line ochreous grey, both
wings with very indistinct transverse more or less dentate bands,
interior and exterior very difficult to follow, the interior band appears
to be erect, the exterior band is very dentate, outwardly on fore-
wings and on the hind-wings forms an acute angle towards the outer
margin below the middle, and then runs into the abdominal margin
a third from the anal angle ; on the underside the palpi, body and
legs are white, the wings pale greenish-grey, costa of fore-wings
ochreous ; otherwise unmarked.
Expanse of wings 14 inches.
Hab. PENANG (8S. S. Flower).
It somewhat resembles 7. satwrata, Snellen, from
Celebes, Tijd. v. Ent., xxiv, p. 77, pl. 8, f. 3 (1881).
TRANS, ENT: SOC: LOND. 1902.—PART HI. (NOV.) 44
674 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
CENOSPILA FLAVIFUSCATA,
Thalera flavifuscata, Walker, xxii, 596 (1861).
Enospila flavifuscata, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., ii, p.
400 (1900).
Cnospila flavilinea, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 212 (1897).
Gelasma (2) perlineata, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 380 (1899).
Type, Ceylon in B. M.
Type (flavilinea 2), Cedar Bay in coll. Rothschild.
Type (perlineata 2 ), Tugela, Solomon Isls., in ditto.
I can see no specific difference between these types.
CENOSPILA STRIX.
Racheospila strix, Butl., Ill. Het., vii, p. 105, pl. 136, f. 8
(1889).
Enospila stellata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 292 (1896).
Type, Dharmsala in B. M.
Type (stellata), Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild.
Though the two localities are very far apart, I cannot
distinguish any specific difference between the two type
specimens,
GELASMA FLAGELLARIA.
Hemithea flagellaria, Pouj., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1895, p.
310, pl. 6, f. 8.
Gelasma albistrigata, Warr., Nov. Zool., 11, p. 89 (1895).
Type, Moupin in coll. Poujard.
Type (albistvigata), Japan in coll. Rothschild.
GELASMA OPALARIA.
Lodis opalaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 357, 558 (1857).
Thalassodes opalaria, Ampsn., Moths, 1, p. 509 (1895).
Thalera subtractata, Walker, xxvi, 1753 (1862).
Lodis spumifera, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 235 (1898).
Guencée’s type came from Central India.
Type (subtractata), Maulmein in B. M.
Type (spumifera f), Penang in coll. Rothschild.
The type specimens of the last two are identical.
GELASMA AMBIGUA.
Thalassodes ambigua, Butl., Ill. Het., ii, p. 49, pl. 36, f. 6
(1878).
New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 675
Lodis dentifascia, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 212 (1897).
Type, Japanin B. M.
Type (dentifascia), Japan in coll. Rothschild.
GELASMA RUFIMARGO,
Chloromachia divapala var. rufimargo, Warr., Nov. Zool.,
iv, p. 209 (1897).
Type, Penangah in coll. Rothschild.
This looks to me like a good species and not a variety.
ORNITHOSPILA RUBRITINCTA.
Chrysochloroma suballida ab rubritincta, Warr., Nov. Zool.,
ili, p. 364 (1896).
Type, Humboldt Bay in coll. Rothschild.
In my opinion, a good species and quite distinct from
the Australian form subalbida. Not in B. M.
BERTA DISCOLOR.
Berta (?) discolor, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1, p. 889 (1894).
Berta olivescens, Warr., |. ¢., ii1., p. 287 (1896).
Type ¢, Padang in coll. Rothschild.
Type (olwvescens ¢ ), Fergusson Isl. in ditto.
Not in B. M.
Hypochroma subrubescens, Warr., Nov.
Zool., iii, p. 102
3 subornata, Warr., 1. c., p. 360.
5 vividicoma, Warr., l.c., vi, p.18
55 multicolor, Warr., l.¢., p. 17 .
Pingasa angulifera, Warr., J. ¢., iii, p. 283.
» cinerea, Warr., 1. c., 1, p. 382
a atriscripta, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 19
Actenochroma langwida, Warr., l.c., Vv, p. 232
- unicolor, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 17
+5 cxsia, Warr., l.c., iii, p. 282
Pe Jlavibasis, Warr., l.c., i, p.
381 :
Terpna crassistriga, Warr., l.c., iii, p. 861 .
» vruficoloraria, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 32.
5 tenwilinea, Warr., l.c., vi, p. 19
Euxenu insulata, Warr., 1.¢., iv, p. 39.
Mackay.
Cedar Bay.
Solomons.
St. Aignan.
Fergusson Isl.
Australia,
Goodenough Isl.
N. Guinea.
Mt. Dulit.
Fergusson Isl.
Java.
Natuna Isl.
Kina Balu.
Tambora.
Luzon.
676 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
Chlorodontopera albigutta, ea Lie, a.
p. 387. : é 2 Padang.
Chloromachia (?) pallida, W aI: 2. C3 <Va,
p. 329 °. : Milne Bay.
Episothalma Nhat Wi arr., i Cpe 399 Milne Bay.
Halterophora bicolor, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 290 Fergusson Isl.
3 fulgurata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 39 Moroka, Bt. N, Guinea.
Agathia cinerea, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 284 . Fergusson Isl.
™ succedanea, Warr., 1.c., iv, p. 888 . Kina Balu.
ee kuhni, Warr., 1. c., v, p. 425 . . Key Isl.
exquisita, Warr., l.c., vi, p.20 . Obi.
» punctata, Warr., 1. c., p. 327 : Dammer.
an disconnecta, Warr., |. ¢., ili, p. 362 Cairns.
5 rubilineata, Warr., 1. ¢. , N. Borneo.
Aygathiopsis basipuncta, Warr., 1.c., iii, p. 285 Fergusson Isl.
Uliocnemis pulchella, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 28. Ron. Isl.
+ woodfordi, Warr., l.c., p.2) . Solomons.
Chlorostrota discata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 889 Kina Balu.
Chrysomphe venusta, Warr., lc. iii, p. 365 Cedar Bay,
Hemithea hk ae Lice:
367. : Oinainisa,
* Diplodesma hee W arr., asi C315 389, Sandakan.
Tanaorhinus wripuncta, W BET. slr Cot Vis ip.
331 . : : : : F é : Milne Ray.
Mixochlora alternata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 42 Luzon.
Euchloris (2) viridifrons, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 389 Amu Darja.
Anisogamia subliturata, Warr., l.c., vi, p.
327 : : : Milne Bay.
= absowa, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 287. Kiriwini.
f dentata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 34 . Cedar Bay.
» albimacula, Warr., l.c., p. 33. Mackay.
» t curviguttu, Warr., l.c., p.34 . Mackay.
» t muscosa, Warr, 1c, p.Sp \: Fergusson Isl.
a "a albilauta, Warr., l.c., p. 33. N. Guinea,
S Fe nigrimaculuta, Warr., l.c., p.
35 —Ci«s : : : N. Guinea.
Chlorochroma (?) marginata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi,
D2 5 ; : : : : Little Kei.
* Holophanes on type label.
+ Hemalolepis on type labels and on the muscosa type label is N.
Guinea.
t Chloroteras on type label.
§ Chrysochloroma on type label.
New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 677
Helicopage velata,Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 390
Probolosceles pallidicincta, Warr., |.c., p. 213
* Cosmogonia decorata, Warr., l.c., iil, p.
369. : : : : : ; 5
Metallochlora meeki, Warr., 1. ¢., ili, p. 291
lineata, Warr., 1. ¢.
ternilinea, Was IS ¢.)p: 368
sanguinipuncta, Warr., l.c.,
V, p. 425 : :
proximata, Warr., l.¢., vi, p.
26
Thalassodes gigas, Warr., 2 Chap: 28
albifusa, Ware, L¢:, 1; p. 293
viridicaput, Warr., l.c., iv, p.
Si : : :
Prasinocyma absimilis, Warr., l.c., vill, p.
193
(Enospila Tecamibacatet, Wares r CrsaValn Ds 97
5 (2) simplex, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 3380
Colutoceras diluta, Warr., 1. ¢., ii, p. 88
Pyrrhorachis cornuta, Warr., 1. ¢., ii, p. 292
Oxychora tenuis, Warr., |. ¢., v, p. 236
Cenochlora felix, Warr., l.c., p. 12
Agraptochlora marginata, begs Ie; :15, ps
390 , é
Gelasma sublustris, Wares L Cea, ip: 24
unicolor, Warr., i €
» *eynthia, Warr., l.c., p. 23.
Crysochloroma meeki, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 288
- electrica, Warr., ]. ¢., p. 363 .
Todis micra, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 212
viridaurea, Walk., 1. ¢., vi, p. 25
”
bb)
”
+P]
”
Woodlark Is].
Java.
Cedar Bay.
Fergusson Isl.
Kiriwini.
Milne Bay.
Kei.
Solomons.
Solomons.
Fergusson Isl.
S. Celebes.
Etna Bay.
Solomons.
Java.
Japan.
Fergusson Isl.
Bouru.
Dawson.
Japan.
Ron. Isl.
S. Flores.
Woodford Isl.
Fergusson Isl.
Humboldt Bay.
Bali.
Ron. Isl.
* Thalerura on type labels.
NovEMBER 17, 1902.
( 679 )
XIX. On asymmetry in the Males of Hemarine and other
ae By THomAs ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D.,
[Read May 7th, 1902.]
PLatEes XXIV. and XXV.
A wANT of bilateral symmetry in insects has been re-
corded of a great many different species and groups, in
many different orders. In the Lepidoptera, however, the
recorded instances are few, practically the only well-known
instance is in the genus Zhanaos of Hesperid butterflies ;
I am indebted to Dr. Sharp for references to instances
occurring also in Butalide, Pterophoride, and Psychide,
recorded in a paper by Poljanec in Arb. Tust., Wien, xii,
1901, pp. 155—196, and he informs me that minor in-
stances affect certain WVoctwide.
In the Sphinges it affects the whole family, probably
affects every species, though there are certainly a good
many in which, if present, it is reduced to so evanescent a
degree that I have not detected it.
When asymmetry occurs in insects, it affects the sexual
appendages in a great majority of recorded instances, this is
so in all the cases of Lepidoptera I have just referred to,
and is also the case in the Sphinges.
Gosse in his paper in the Linnean Trans., mentions that
the Adeagus of Papilio mennon is curved towards the
right side, and he implies vaguely a similar condition in
one or two other species.
Except in the Hemarids, the asymmetry in Sphinges
affects only the ewdwagus in any species I have examined,
and does so in many curious forms. In the Hemarines
(clearwings) it has gone further and affects the harpes, the
valves, and even the tegumen.
My object in this paper is merely to call attention to the
facts from a morphological point of view, without attempt-
ing any systematic applications, beyond stating my belief
that a classification and revision of the Sphinges on the
characters of the male genitalia alone would give us
better results than any we now have, and that these azygos
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART Iv. (DEC.) 45
680 Dr. T. A. Chapman on Asymmetry in
developments would no doubt prove to afford an important
part of the data.
Why asymmetry of the central organ should be so
common in the group and not have passed to the other
parts except in the one minor subfamily of /emarine I do
not know, it is not impossible that it has in fact done
so, in cases of which I have no knowledge.
Icannot help thinking that in the LEPIDOPTERA asyin-
metry of the wdeagus is probably really very much more
frequent than we imagine. Unless exceedingly pro-
nounced, the two commonest ways of mounting the
appendages for examination would probably lead to its
being entirely overlooked. One is to mount the parts on
a glass slide, the other to separate the parts and mount
each separately on a card or mica slip. In either of these
ways the precise orientation of the #dwagus would be very
likely, if not certain, to be lost, and the opening really
existing on the right side of the tube would be believed to
be below, and any azygos appendage of the left side would
be assumed to be dorsal (or possibly ventral). The
Sphinges are so large that there is no difficulty in preserv-
ing the specimens in their natural positions (approxi-
mately), and examining them so. Even in Papilio, how-
ever, in which Gosse apparently followed this plan, he
appears to have met with some unilateral deviations, which
he explained away as merely apparent and probably due
to rotation of the tube on its axis.
In the Hemarine, where the asymmetry affects the
valves, and more especially their inner spines (harpes), the
nature of the asymmetry is different from that obtaining
in the genus Zhanaos. In the first place Scudder makes
no mention of the xdwagus, which one assumes therefore
to be symmetrical. The remarkable differences in the
valves of the two sides, strike one as being complementary.
The work to be done on either side is precisely the same
as that on the other, and neither valve is definitely larger
or smaller, more twisted one way or other, than the other
one. The object would appear to be, not only to do its
own work better, but to assist the valve of the other side
in doing the same, just as in the much simpler apparatus of
a catch forceps, the teeth on the two sides differ, not to
perform different functions, but really identical functions
more efficiently.
In Hemuaris, the two sides differ by actual diminution
The Males of Hemarine and other Sphinges. 681
of size and complexity affecting one side without very
great change in the other; and in addition to this the
diminishing side appears to retain or increase its range of
movement, the larger side, by comparison at any rate,
losing it. The arrangements would seem to imply that in
pairing, approach is made laterally and not vertically, and
that to admit of this occurring more readily one side
becomes smaller and more movable.
A similar change, apparently for a similar reason, is, I
believe, not infrequent in COLEOPTERA, perhaps it is only
ignorance that leads us to believe it rare in Lepidoptera.
Since it is, I think I may say, the rule, in Lepidoptera for
the insects to approach each other laterally, although the
mobility of the abdominal segments prevents this affecting
the actual pairing organs. It is, also, probable that the
approach is as often made from one side as from the other,
but on this poimt I have neither made nor heard of
any observations, beyond knowing that I have often, but
in what species I do not remember, seen the male endeavour-
ing to reach the female, first from one side, then from the
other, perhaps several times, before succeeding in his
endeavours.
Still less can I guess as to the conditions obtaining in this
aspect, in the nearly allied family of the Zrichoptera, in
which Mr. McLachlan records some striking instances of
asymmetry in the whole genus Glossosoma (Kuropean
Trichoptera, p. 468), as well as in Letodes interrupta (p. 340)
and Leptocerus inaequalis (First additional supplement, p.
34), in all cases with figures.
To give any general description of the asymmetry of
the xdeeagus as it occurs throughout the whole family
of Sphingides is practically impossible, so many different
forms does it assume.
Itis reduced to vanishing point in A. convolvuli, IL. atropos,
Sp.ligustri,and Ambulyz rostralis, where the tube is cylindri-
cal and the opening terminal. In Mimas tiliv and A. popult
it appears to be actually or very nearly symmetrical, but
there is a great difference in the armature of great spines
on the eversible membrane (true penis), between the two
sides. In Sm. ocellatus there is a great bluntly-pointed
projection on the left margin of the terminal opening. It
is rather rare to have this eversible membrane in evidence, so
that its peculiarities remain easily unobserved, but except in
some Amorphids I have not observed it armed in any way,
682 Dr. T. A. Chapman on Asymmetry in
In Macroglossa the tube is very short and wide ; besides
less easily described irregularities, it carries a curved spine,
arising on the right side and curving over the dorsum,
parallel to the margin. Lhopalopsyche and Rhodosoma are
not very dissimilar, Hnyo, Sataspes, and Aellopus incline
rather to follow the pattern of Hemaris, in which the
ewdaayus is extremely slender and rather long, and has a
spine, continuing the line of the tube from its left margin, ,
so that the tube appears to taper to a point and to have
the opening on the right side, just where the tapering com-
mences. The difficulty of grounding ideas of relationship
on similarity of these structures is illustrated by the very
similar structure in Sphina pinastri, where the tube is long
and very slender and ends in a similar point to that in
Hemaris, it is however on the right side and has two
subsidiary processes beside or opposite to it.
In Deilephila (Euphorbiw, galii, lineata) there is a
curious valvular arrangement, in connection with a strong
armed ridge running down the right margin.
In the genus Hemaris the slenderness of the edeagus
makes it easy to overlook its asymmetrical character, but
here the harpes and valves have become involved.
In Sphinges (broadly) the valves are wide and large and
free from any special developments, basally and ventrally
however there are, when present, the harpes, consisting on
each valve of a rather swollen base which carries a process,
that lies just within the margin of the valve, sometimes a
thick baton, a short or a very long slender hook more or
less curved, etc. ; and nearer the centre of the valve another
usually conical process or spine. The latter is very usually
absent, it is apparently, hardly, if at all, represented in
Hemaris. It possesses, however, the first process as a
straight baton somewhat bulbous at the end, or at least one
supposes the original Hemaris with the parts symmetrical
did so. The first step in asymmetry is for this process to
disappear on the left side, it tended next to disappear on
the right also, but meantime the left valve became emargin-
ate, and so in Hemaris there are varying degrees of loss of
the batons and emargination of the valves, always far
advanced on the left side.
In Cephonodes, the batons are entirely gone, and a great
emargination of the left valve occurs. In the Indian Hylas
the two cusps at the margins of the left valve are much alike
in structure. An apparently identical insect, from I
The Males of Hemarine and other Sphinges. 683
imagine Africa, has the upper cusp with somewhat reduced
neck and rounded spinous head.
To return to Hemaris,in Bombyliformis (tityus, scabiosa)
the emargination of the valve requires careful comparison
with the opposite valve in order to feel sure of it, the baton
of the harpe is well developed on the right side, repre-
sented by the minute elevation on the other. Croatica,
which looks as if closely allied to Fuciformis, has the
appendages very nearly identical with those of Bombyli-
formis. In Fuciformis, the baton of the left harpe is a
slight projection, the right one is very small, but apparently
of the same structure as in Bombyliformis.
In Zhysbe, the form of the right baton differs a little
from that of Bombyliformis but it is fully as large, whilst
the left one is represented by a very small thimble-shaped
process. The emargination of the left valve is marked.
H. diffinis again has a somewhat different form of baton,
but the left is of exceedingly reduced proportions, although
the valves seem to be symmetrical. There is some indica-
tion of the tegumen being twisted; this is very marked in
Cephonodes, where even its base on one side differs from
the other.
In Cephonodes hylas (India), the wdawagus is very loug
and very slender, the terminal spine has all the appear-
ance of being a continuation of the shaft gradually
diminishing to a point, with the opening a short way
from the extremity and on the right side. The right
clasp is large, salver-shaped, somewhat imperfectly articu-
lated at the base, so that its range of movement is very
restricted. The left clasp is much smaller, in form as if it
had had the same outline as the right, but had had a
large terminal dise excised, leaving an upper, narrower
longer, and lower shorter and broader cusp. It is shorter
than the right,as about 3—5, if its emarginate outline allows
a length to be given it. The arrangement of bristles, etc.,
differs from that on the right side. It is much more
movable on its articulation than the right one. The
articulation seems incomplete in all these Hemarids, 7. e.
the connecting, articulating membrane is not mere mem-
brane, but is fairly chitinized, and does not, for instance,
tear readily for disarticulation. The great gap in the left
clasp is clearly homologous to the emargination in that of
Hemaris. This is on the lower margin in Hemaris, but
the portion below it has here become more extended,
O84 Dr. T. A. Chapman on Asymmetry in
that above (the main part of the valve in Hemavis) so
diminished that the emargination is now terminal and not
ventral.
The tegumen is also affected, its right swollen base is
much larger than the left (as seen from above), largely
owing to its being horizontal in position and that on the
left more vertical, but there is an actual difference ; beyond
this is a laterally flattened shaft, which twists, so as to
throw the upper edge of the end right over to the left
side, and so the descending hook-like process below this
bends over very much to the right. There is no subanal
process.
In Hemaris the tegumen seems to be unaffected.
Hemaris bombyliformis (scabiose, tityus)—The differ-
ences between the two sides here are marked, and affect
several portions of the appendages. The vdwagus,
which is here extremely long and extremely slender,
perhaps 6 m.m. in length, if separated, has the hook
or flange developed into a straight spine nearly ‘7 m.m.
in length, and looking like a Gonaeiion of the shaft
of the wdewaqgus. It does, however, bend a little upwards
and to the left, so that the opening faces a little to the
right and downwards.
“There is a membranous (double) sheath to the vdeagus,
which has much the same size and aspect as the sheath
in some others (Proserpina, Idricus, Sataspes, etc.) ; it seems
larger and fuller on the right side, but in soft parts
softened, one cannot depend much on this being the
natural aspect.
The double upper piece (tegumen) seems to be quite
symmetrical, but the side pieces (valve and harpe) are
quite different on the two sides, at least the lower spinous
portion (harpe) is so, very markedly. When the valves
are separated, the most ventral portion of each, where they
meet in the middle line, presents an inflated, ovoid piece,
a piece of about 1 m.m. in length. On the left side this
piece carries at its summit a series of dark, short, spine-
like bristles, on the right side it is produced into a eylin-
drical process a full m.m. long, and ending in a rounded
slightly bulbous end, clothed with similar bristles to those
sessilely placed on the other side. It is not very clear
whether there is any sort of articulation between this
(harpe ?) and the long spatula-like valve proper. The left
valve may be described as being deeply notched opposite
The Males of Hemarine and other Sphinges, 685
the wanting process of the harpe, but perhaps more
correctly as having a short expansion below this quite at
its base.
The wxdwagus itself when extended is directed some-
what to the right side ; so that we have in a plane, pass-
ing from below upwards, from the right side to the left
and obliquely, so that it would in front be to the left, firstly,
the long harpe of the right side, then the longest portion
of the sheath, then the opening of the wdwagus, and then
the shaft of the e2dwagus, with the terminal spine directed
straight backwards, the oblique position of the vdwagus
just equalling the bend at the orifice made by the
spine.
Hemaris croatica has the edaagus almost identical with
that described under bombyliformis. The lower (harpe)
portion of the valve carries, as in bombyliformis, only on
the right side a long process with round curved shaft and
bulbous extremity, represented on the left side by only a
few bristles; the large flat portion of valve has on the left
side a deep sinuation or notch, opposite the place where
the lower piece is, on this side, wanting.
H. diffinis—Of two prepared specimens of this, the
tegumen in both is twisted to the left. I have not noticed
this definitely elsewhere. I am not prepared, however, to
feel sure that the appearance is not artificial, due to the
greater mobility of one clasp, twisting the basal ring, when
both are forced equally apart. The opening of the sheath
is definitely on the left, 2. ¢. its prolonged apex is to the
right. The #deagus is very like that of the other
Hemarids, slender, with opening to right and a point
beyond directed to the left; this point is very little, if
anything, beyond the prolonged opening of the #dwagus.
The basal bulla of the clasp is more specialized, having a
very definite process near its distal extremity, projecting
inwards, rounded and very finely spiculated. On the right
side is the usual prolongation, rather longer than usual
and much more slender; on the left side it is represented
by an extremely short rounded process. Both these pro-
cesses are united basally to the flat portion of the valve,
as does not occur in the other species examined, and the
valves themselves are broad without emargination, and
not very definitely asymmetrical in any way, except in
the union with the harpe processes.
In Fuciformis the asymmetry would almost escape
686 Dr. T. A. Chapman on Asymmetry in
notice unless looked for. There is a well-developed sym-
metrical sheath, the xwdwagus itself is very long and very
slender, as in bombyliformis, but though the opening is to
the right side the process beyond it is short and blunt, at
least viewed laterally, viewed dorsally it seems very sharp ; ;
in reality, it is merely the lip of the terminal opening,
prolonged on the left side. The ventral basal intlations
of the valves are much the same on both sides; the left
one terminates in a rather sharp angle, with some bristles,
the right im a process like that of lombyliformis and
eroatica, but by comparison ridiculously minute, so as to
be easily overlooked. The flat portion of the valve is
deeply emarginate on both sides, so as to present a lon
slender strip, with a basal projection (the piece below the
emargination) on the ventral side. This basal projection
is much narrower on the left side.
HT, thysbe has a sheath symmetrical and even more fully
develgped than in fuciformis. The exdeagus is a little
more robust, has the opening to right side and a spine
coutinued a little beyond it, with a little flexure to the
left. The basal bulla of the clasps is larger on the right
side, and has the terminal process on that side well de-
veloped, much for size as in bombyliformis, but straighter,
with a more slender shaft and more globular head, armed
with quite long bristles on its dorsal side. On the left
side, the smaller bulla terminates in a short thimble-shaped
process, not tas long as that on the other side; it carries
a few bristles. On the right side the flat process of the
valve diminishes in width from about its middle. On the
left side, it begins to diminish close to the base, and the
valve is very narrow about 2 from the base and gets a
little broader again at the end,
I may note here that I call the lateral movable pieces
valves or clasps. The flat expanded portion I so describe,
or call it valve simply. The knobs, hooks, spines, ete.,
often double, that le within this, basally and ventrally,
but always firmly soldered to it, so that they move
together, I call the harpe. The upper piece, with a single
or double spine above and another below the anus, I call
the tegumen. The central tubular piece of chitin I call
the edwagus, reserving the name of penis for the eversible
membrane at the summit of this. There is often a mem-
branous, or even more or less chitinous sheath at the base
of the wdwagus ; I call this the sheath. There have been
The Males of Hemarine and other Sphinges. 687
so many synonyms for all these parts that this explanation
is probably desirable.
None of the following have any detected asymmetry
except in the xdwagus.
The asymmetry of the 2dwagus seems to be so universal
in Sphinges that only a few, as examples of different mani-
festations of the tendency, can be given. They are not
always referrible to any fundamental type.
Aellopus fadus.—There is no recognizable difference on
the two sides, except in the wdwagus, which is long and
slender, and has the opening to the right side, and beyond
it, springing from the left side, is a long hair-like style, of
about 2 m.m. in length.
Sataspes infernalis—No very distinct unilateral vari-
ation is detected; the wdwagus is slender and delicate,
and has no spines, etc., but it is not quite positively sym-
metrical; the whole of the appendages are of a very
different type to any other species examined. ‘The dorsal
process of the tegumen consists of two widely-separated
downward-directed hooks.
Rhodosoma triopus.—Very robust, especially the tegu-
men; the only unilateral structure is the termination of
the edeagus. The exdewagus is short and very thick,
about 3°5 m.m. long and 0°7 wide; an extremely strong
spine arises on the left side, and bending down at once,
curves round beneath and close to the lower margin of the
chitinous aperture of the edwagus, its sharp apex reaching
as far to the right side as that margin of the tube of the
wvdaagus.
S. stellatarum.—The wxdwagus is very robust, the open-
ing to the left. The right side carries a narrow longitudinal
dark chitinous plate, with two rows of hooks directed back-
wards, this plate basally fades into the general tube
structure, apically it projects beyond the tube in a thickened
knob, with an angular end, and giving off on its dorsal
margin a large scimitar-like spine or process that curves
round the dorsal margin of the tube, and has a row of
strong spines along its outer or upper edge. Within the
tube are seen two long slender spatula-like pieces, which
have probably something to do with the protrasion of the
eversible membrane (the true penis?). I see these in this
species, they probably exist in all in some form; the
thickness of the wdwagus makes them more obvious here.
Macroglossa belis has the edewagus very thick and with
688 Dr. T. A. Chapman on Asymmetry in
the terminal spine starting dorsally, and curving round its
dorsal margin to the left side.
Macroglossa bengalensis has a thick wdeagus with the
right margin swollen and armed with spines. This species
has two definite spines to harpe (like some Sphinges).
Rhopalopsyche nycteris has a very thick #xdeagus, with
chitinous slips included, it has a thickened margin dorsally
and to the right, ending on the left in a hook following
the margin of the terminal opening, with its sharp apex
below the left margin, the distal margin of this hook or
spine is armed by a row of sharp points.
In Pterogon proserpina the parts seem to be quite
symmetrical except that the #wdwagus, which is a chitinous
tube, exposed for about 1 m.m. of its length, and about
25 m.m. its diameter, is slightly expanded terminally, and
appears to be longer on the left side, and to have a slightly
projecting flanged margin at this side of the extremity.
This flange is in fact a flange for about half its length, but
its lower extremity is free, and terminates in a fine point.
This free extremity, however, has the same curve as the
portion attached to the margin of the tube, and is close
to the portion of the margin of the tube to which it
corresponds. The other extremity curving round the
dorsal margin, curves in a basal direction, and so fades
away on the right side of the tube.
Enyo lugubris—The xdeagus is a rather long tube,
with delicate transparent walls, and has a spine of stronger,
darker tissue, in line with it projecting from left aspect of
dorsum beyond left side of opening (like a bayonet on a
gun-barrel). The length of this fine spine is nearly 1 m.m.
There is no other appreciable asymmetry.
Deidamia inseripta.—The only lateral equality is in the
wdaagus, which is about 3 m.m. long and ‘55 thick, at the
extremity, a thick hook arises on the left side, and curves
round the upper margin of the termina! opening, almost
indeed partially over it, and terminates in a fine poimt on
the right side. Comparing this with A. ¢riopus, one queries
whether a half rotation of the organ has not been made in
one or other specimen in preparation. I describe what is
before me; another preparation must be made.
Ph, lineata.—The xdewagus here is wide and _ short.
The appearances might be produced, if first the tube were
perfectly cylindrical, with a terminal opening continued
ventrally by a longitudinal slit, then let the two sides of
The Males of Hemarine and other Sphinges. 689
the opening be pressed together, the left side yielding
most; let the right side be a little longer than the left,
and margined by a thick chitinous ridge, beginning by a
thicker portion at the extreme dorsum, where the left
side is hinged to it and is capable of moving to and fro,
forming a lid or door; the chitinous margin gets narrower
as it approaches the lower angle, ending in a point, its
outer edge carrying a row of strong sharp spines. The
appearance of this ridge is almost identical with the spine
in stellatarwm, but there it is free, here it is attached to
the edge throughout its length.
Ce. euphorbie.—The structure of the wdwagus is very
similar to that in lineata. The extremity is laterally
compressed, and rounded from above downwards, the right
side is firm, the left forms a valve or flap capable of closing
against and within the right, or opening out. At the
upper and lower angles are small soft processes. The right
side has a thick chitinous margin, with hooks almost hidden
along its basal margin, and smaller than those in lineata ;
except for its recalling lineata, it would not, as lineata does,
suggest the considerably different structure of stedlatarwm.
Ce, galii.imthe xdeagus has a delicate cylindrical tube,
the angular termination is dorsal, and on the right (45°) it
terminates in an angular margin like an arrow-head, added
to it, 7.e. at its central protruding angle it is a narrow
piece, clearly marked off from (and raised above) the tube
behind it, and continues so to each lateral point, these are
nearly but not quite the same as each other, the lower
(right one) running more directly basally, each carries
several minute spines at its proximal end.
Theretra lucas has the right side below strongly
chitinized, towards the extremity of the edwagus, above
this, quite to the right side it is produced to a blunt point,
longer than a similar process on the left side, from
practically the extremity of this a short spine is directed
upwards and a little to the left along the upper part of the
left margin ; its length is about ‘4 m.m.
H. celerio. The xdwagus is a slender tube about
‘3 m.m. in diameter, regular and cylindrical, on the right
side somewhat dorsally is at the extremity a thickened
darker chitinous piece produced to a point. One would
say this was a symmetrical dorsal structure, and that the
tube was turned round, dorsum to the right, 45°, were it
not that there runs down from either side the apex outside
690 Dr. T. A. Chapman on Asymmetry in
a ridge with fine serrations. On the upper dorsal margin
this tidge is practically along the margin, on the lower
(right) margin it is unarmed along the margin, but serrate
where it runs almost directly forwards, along and parallel
to the axis of the tube.
Eu, elpenor.—Symmetrical except the edewagus, which has
a ridge starting at the extremity dorsally, and passing
obliquel y forwards and to the left, and carrying a row of
hooks or spines directed forwards (backwards if one calls
the direction of the end of the penis forwards). The
edeagus is comparatively short and thick.
Eu. porcellus.—So far as asymmetry is concerned, the
description of elpenor might be accurately applied to
porcellus. There is some variation in individuals as to the
oblique ridge. It is sometimes much less pronounced than
in others. The genitalia are very much alike in these
two species in all respects.
D. idricus.—There projects from the edwagus, close to its
extremity and on the right side, but close to the ventral
aspect, a short hook, that projects downwards and curves
to the left.
Nephele viridescens.—The prolonged and_ thickened
margin of the wdwagus is here on the left side, but it is
prolonged over the dorsum so that its very thickened end
is nearly 60° to the right of the medio-dorsum, the thinned
termination below to the left, almost reaches the ventral
aspect. The margin of this flange has a series of rather
long, very appressed spines. The thickened (right) end of
the ridge projects some distance beyond the rest of the
tube, and carries a short corkscrew-like spine, which is
directed as it curls first distally then dorsally and finally
to the right.
Dilophonota ello— 4deagus rather long and slender,
terminating in an oblique opening, giving a . sharp apex to
right side. The lower margin of the opening has from this
apex a ridge carrying a few shar p spines, the upper margin,
from the apical point, runs more directly forwards in line
with the tube, and carries a much greater number of very
closely-packed smaller spines. The general scheme very
similar to Celerio.
Acosmeryx anceus.—Margin longest right upper corner
A serrated flange runs down from this on lower (right)
margin, and from the side of the extremity there is a spine
directed to the left across the upper margin about ‘5 m.m.
The Males of Hemarine and other Sphinges. 691
in length, the ridge running back dorsally does not appear
to carry any spines.
Acosmeryx cinerea.—The parts are almost quite sym-
metrical. The opening of the edwagus is terminal, and the
right side seems rather more solid and armed by fine teeth,
not clearly seen on other side.
Sphing pinastri.—The xdeagus here is extremely long
and slender, and terminates by slightly curving to the left.
The right side is produced into a long process, of which
about 1 m.m. is free, and nearly twice such a length runs
back along the tube as a dark chitinous thickening. The
tube is rather swollen along this portion. Apparently from
the opposite side of the opening, but really, I believe, as
part of the eversible membrane, that happens to be here
displayed are two shorter more delicate processes that are
placed against this longer process, one on either side of it.
These two are not quite identical.
Ag. convolvuli.—The asymmetry, if present, is inappre-
ciable.
M. tuie—No asymmetry detected.
M. atropos.—Apparently quite symmetrical.
Sphinx ligustri.—There is practically no asymmetry.
The prolonged triangular apex appears to be dorsal and
without differentiation on its two margins.
Ambulyx rostralis—The asymmetry here is reduced toa
slight appearance, of the wdwagus being rotated a little,
and some doubtful microscopic details. It is difficult to
. Say positively that there is or is not asymmetry.
Amorpha populi—The asymmetry here affects certain
rather numerous very long thick spines on the eversible
membrane at the opening of the wdawagus, these are more
numerous, stronger, and distributed more distally on the
left than on the right side.
Smerinthus ocellatus.—The eversible membrane here is
armed with numerous spines as in Sm. populi, they are
smaller and more curved than in populi. Their asym-
metrical arrangement is quite subsidiary to the very
marked structure of the termination of the edwagus, which
has an extraordinarily strong thick process on the left side,
directed outwards, and ending in a rather sharp spine,
curved so that the point is directed dorsally. The opening
is thus thrown over to the left side.
This paper ought to include a reference to some facts
recorded by Professor Poulton, as to asymmetry in the
692 Dr. T. A. Chapman on Asymmetry in the Males, ete.
male appendages, in his classical papers on the Morphology
of Lepidopterous pupze, in the Linnean Transactions for
1890 (Vol. V., Zool.), and especially those concerning
Hemaris fuciformis on pp. 200, 206 and Plate XX, fig. 26.
I have examined male pupze of Hemaris fuciformis, H.,
tityus and HZ. croatica as well as of Cephonodes kingii, and
all the specimens agree very closely with Professor
Poulton’s figure. All show the twisting of the two
tubercles, so that that on the left side is more to the
front and if anything larger and more prominent than
that on the right, and have the furrow obliquely placed
so that its anterior end points to the right, instead of
directly forwards. They also show, as in Professor
Poulton’s figure, the posterior margin of the eighth
segment, sinuated, opposite the advanced tubercle on the
left side. He also figures less obvious asymmetry in Ce,
euphorlixe and A. popult.
In Arge, where he also detects pupal asymmetry, the
structures render it very difficult in the imago to say
whether there is any rotation of the @dwagus or not.
These pupal facts render it probable that the asymmetry
of the #deagus is at first (at least in some cases) really
a twisting or rotation, and not, as it obviously is later
in most cases, a difference in structure on the two sides.
Professor Poulton’s caution, in noting the asymmetry
in 7. fuciformis as that “of the individual represented,”
and so avoiding a generalization for which he had not
apparently the materials, is scientifically perfect. His
surmise that the asymmetry may be an irregularity
following from the extremely ancestral character of the
organs does not seem to be borne out, the pupal asymmetry
being almost certainly secondary to comparatively recently
acquired imaginal asymmetry.
Fies. 1-5.
. Seen from left side, x 8 diam. Shows relative size and form
Fies. 1-4.
ics 1:
Fics. 10-11
. Avdeagus ,,
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.
Appendages of Cephonodes hylas, L. (India).
of left and of right clasps.
. Same from right side showing right clasp, x 8 diam.
. Extremity of wdeagus showing spine beyond opening, x
140 diam.
. Lateral and dorsal views of tegumen to show twist, x 9
diams.
. Left clasp of Ceph. hylas? (Africa?) showing somewhat
different form, x 12 diam.
Torn end at separation, shows want of definite articulation.
. Left clasp of Ceph. kingii, Macl., from within, x 7 diam.
° Right ” ie ? ”? I)
9, Aideagus of ” » >
29
3 », x 36 diam.
The wdwagus is shorter, more robust, and with the opening
much further from the extremity than in Ceph. hylas, 0°7
m.m. instead of 0°3. In this, in the form of clasps, and
in the trifling, if any, asymmetry in the tegumen, Ceph.
kingii is much nearer to Hemaris than it is to Ceph. hylas.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.
Appendages of Hemaris fuciformis, L. (lonicerx, Zell.).
Clasps expanded and seen from below (valves foreshortened),
x 10 diam.
. Left clasp seen from within, x 10 diam.
0 9 29
, below, x12 ,,
At ,, 2 little from the left, showing that opening
is really terminal, and that the apparent point is really
the thin margin of opening.
. Appendages of H. tityus, L. (scabios#, Zell.).
. Clasps seen from below (less separated than fuciformis in
Fig. 1, their general relation to each other is the same
in both species), x 9.
. Left clasp seen from within, x 11 diam.
. Right 29 ” oe)
Right a) 29 ”?
J
8. ddewagus and bases of clasps from below, the point here is
a true point 0°7 m.m. beyond the opening, x 15 diam.
Tegumen, lateral view, x 15. No asymmetry.
. Edeagus of Macroglossa stellatarum, L.
Fic. 10. Shows hook which passes across dorsum to left side. The
ey
figure accurately follows preparation pressed on glass slide,
in which the hook has been forced from its somewhat
close apposition to the margin of the tube, x 15.
11, The same to show eversible membrane extended with its two
apparently asymmetrical chitinous filaments attached,
x 12. This figure is rather from above, than a lateral
view. Fig. 10 rather from below, but both are from
flattened speeimens,
( 695 )
XX. The Protective Resemblance to flowers borne by an
African Homopterous Insect, Flata nigrocincta,
Walker. By StpNEy LANGFoRD HINDE. Com-
municated by Prof. Epwarp B. Poutrton, M.A.,
D.Sc., F.R.S.
[Read June 4th, 1902.]
PLATES XXVI AND XXVII.
THE “cluster of insects grouped to resemble a flower
spike” which forms the frontispiece of Professor J. W.
Gregory’s “ Great Rift Valley ” (London, 1896) has attracted
much attention and interest, as well as a certain amount
of criticism. As I have had many opportunities of seeing
the insect, and still oftener its larvee, in the wild state, in
British East Africa, and have drawings of both in situ
made upon the spot by my wife, 1t seems desirable to
publish the evidence.
Professor Gregory’s plate was apparently drawn in
England from his description and the dried specimens.
In the insects grouped on the vertical stem the green
individuals occupying the uppermost position (Fig. 1) are
represented as considerably smaller than the red ones
below, like the unopened green buds towards the top of a
flowering spike as compared with the expanded blossoms
below. On the other hand, the separate representations
of the green (Fig. 3) and red forms (Fig. 2) of the insect,
as well as the description on pages 273-275 of the work,
indicate that there is no difference in size between the two.
My own experience entirely confirms this latter conclusion,
and there is no doubt that the impression conveyed by
Fig. 1 is in this respect erroneous. Furthermore, the
uniform deep pink colour of the exposed parts of the
insects represented in Figs. 1 and 2 of the frontispiece is
incorrect. The colours of the red forms of the living insect
are as shown on the accompanying Plate XXVI, being of a
bright orange-red anteriorly passing into a reddish-orange
over the remainder of the surface exposed in the attitude
of rest.
Furthermore, I have never seen the insects grouped
according to their colours, but invariably mixed; I have
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.— PART Iv, (DEc.) 46
696 Mr.S. L. Hinde on the Protective Resemblance to
never seen the larvee and imagines on the same stem or
even together on the same tree or bush. I have never
seen the imagines on vertical stems, but always on those
which are actually or approximately horizontal.
It does not by any means follow that Professor Gregory
was mistaken in his impressions, but it is certain that
conditions other than those which he records are common.
The discrepancy is not, however, to be explained by the
hypothesis that I have been observing one species and
Professor Gregory another. My material has been com-
pared with that of Professor Gregory in the british Museum
of Natural History by Professor Poulton, and he states
both sets of specimens certainly belong to the same
species, viz. a form slightly different from Flata nigro-
eincta (Walker), but evidently closely allied and perhaps
specifically identical with it.
One criticism of Professor Gregory’s plate and description
we cannot sustain. I understand that the experienced
African naturalist, Mr. W. L. Distant, holds that the
position shown in Professor Gregory’s Fig. 1 was merely
due to the heavy ae which is stated to have occurred at
the time (oc. cit., p..273), the insects having crept up the
vertical stem to as great a height as possible in order to
escape the wet. Mr. Distant accordingly believes that
their grouping is unconnected with any protective re-
semblance to an inflorescence. My wife and I, on the
other hand, recognize a strong superficial likeness between
the mixed groups of insects and the flowers and buds of a
leguminous plant with which we are perfectly familiar.
We have mistaken the groups of insects for the flowers,
and conversely the flowers for the insects. We unfortun-
ately omitted to bring a piece of the plant to England in
order that it may be identified, but this omission can easily
be rectified on our return to East Africa.
Although, as I have said, we have never seen the
imagines on vertical stems, the groups of larve were
generally, although not always, in this position, as may be
seen on Plate XX VII, reproduced about two-thirds of the
natural size from a drawing made and finished upon the
spot by Mrs. Hinde (Jan. 20, 1901). The locality was
an island in the Athi River near the “ Falls,” about twenty-
three miles from Kitui Station. ‘There were dozens of
groups on the shrubs and small trees under the shade of
large trees on the island, and the group painted—a small
Flowers borne by an African Homopterous Insect. 697
one—was that which was most convenient in position,
about four feet from the ground. The long wax filaments
so easily break that it was impossible to obtain satisfactory
results by painting the captured larve.
The drawing of the imagines was made Jan. 23, 1901,
at Kitui Station, from a branch of a bush which was
covered with groups and single insects, although im both
larvee and imagines these latter are rare as compared with
groups. The bush, which was small, was about fifteen feet
high and ten feet in diameter.
When disturbed the imagines fly and the larve hop a
short distance in any direction, but they soon begin to
collect in groups again: the larvae will have reformed into
small groups in half-an-hour. The larvae are often seen
on rotten wood and dead leaves, but this is probably after
they have been disturbed. Frequently too, I have seen
the waxy secretion left adhermg to branches where they
have been. The larvae seem to prefer a moist atmosphere
and shade, although I have seen them in the broadest
sunshine at Kibwezi, the locality where the insects were
seen by Professor Gregory. The imagines I have observed
in numbers on three or four occasions and in single groups
several times. The groups of larvee are usually about three
or four inches in length, but I have seen a group as much
as two feet long.
The larvee towards the growing end of a branch are the
smallest of the group (see Plate XXVII), and Professor
Poulton suggests that this observation may perhaps
reconcile Professor Gregory’s account with ours. Professor
Gregory, indeed, considers that the eggs of the Flata are
laid from below upwards so that the insects towards the
top of the stem would be the younger, and he thinks
possibly immature (/oc. cit., p. 275). But the difference in
colour cannot be due to immaturity, for we have found old,
worn specimens of the green form. The first to emerge of
any group may, however, be green, and those that emerge
later red; and Professor Gregory may have come across
undisturbed groups which therefore were green above and
red below. Our groups, on the other hand, may have
reassembled, and thus have lost the arrangement which it
is possible they may have possessed on emergence from
the pupal state. Specimens of larve and imagines
captured at the time when the sketches were made were
sent by us to the Hope Collection at Oxford.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI.
ProrectivE RESEMBLANCE TO FLOWERS OF British East AFRICAN
FLatTa NIGROCINCTA (WALK.).
About 2 of the natural size,
The sketch was made by Mrs. S. L. Hinde at Kitui on Jan. 23,
1901, and represents an actual group painted in situ. A red and a
green form of imago are shown separately with their wings expanded.
The Plate is a three-colour reproduction of the original painting.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII.
Larv& or British East ArrtcAN FLATA NiIGROcINCTA (WALK.).
About % of the natural size.
The plate is a half-tone reproduction of Mrs, S, L. Hinde’s original
sketch made from the larvie in the natural position, on an island in
the Athi River near Kitui, on January 20, 1901. The two larve
which are figured separately from the group were sketched in order
to show the curiously different curves of the waxy filaments in two
individuals.
( 699 )
XXII. Descriptions of some Ants from the Rocky Mountains
of Canada (Alberta and British Columbia). Col-
lected by Epwarp Wuymper. By Professor
AvuGuSTE ForeL, M.D., Hon. F.E.S.
[Read October Ist, 1902.]
1. Myrmica rubra, L., subsp. brevinodis, Emery, var.
PRigiada, DM. Var, <O'.
The head longitudinally rugose, also at the sides, and nearly
without transversal reticulations (in the typical brevinodis, the sides
of the head are more reticulated), The abdomen highly polished,
with only a few scattered erect hairs (more hairy and with slight,
scattered puncture in the typical brevinodis). The whole body less
hairy than in the typical brevinodis. Red; the abdomen and the
upper side of the head brown. In all other parts like the typical
form of the subspecies.
Ice River Valley, British Columbia, 5000 feet.
2. Formica integra, Nyl., 3. Ice River Valley, British
Columbia, 5000 feet. Very typical.
3. Formica fusca, L., var. subaenescens, Emery, 3. Mount
Goodsir, British Columbia, 7000 feet. Very typical.
4. Formica fusca, L., var. neorufibarbis, Emery, % 2.
Vermilion Valley, Province d’Alberta, 6100 feet ; Yoho
Valley, 4600 feet; Ice River Valley, 5000 feet ; British
Columbia. Typical.
5. Camponotus herculeanus, L., var, Whymperi, n. var. 9 &.
Very like the typical form of Europe, but the tibiae and
scapi abundantly covered with short, obliquely erected
(half applied) hairs. In the typical form only a scattered
and quite applied pubescence. The sculpture perhaps a
little more strong, and the colour a little more dark than
in the typical hercwleanus. Professor Emery has already
pointed out the stronger sculpture in speaking of the
American herculeanus. Specimens of Hill City, South
Dacotah, and of Northfield, are identical with those of
British Columbia, and, I believe, that all American
herculeanus belong to the var. Whymper.
Ice River Valley, 4800—5000 feet; Banff, Province
d’Alberta, 4500 feet (the 2).
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.— PART IV. (DEC.)
700 ~=Prof. A. Forel’s Descriptions of some Ants, ete.
N.B.—The description of Myrm. sabuleti, var. lobifrons,
Pergande, of Alaska, is so insufficient that it is not possible
to ascertain this form. But the scapus of the var. frigida
of brevinodis is very gradually curved at the base (more
broken in JZ, sabuleti).
XXII. “On the Tracheal System of Simulium.’ By
THOMAS HAROLD Taytor, M.A., communicated
by Prof. Louis Compton M1att, F.R.S.
[Read October 1st, 1902.]
THE tracheal system of the larva of Simulium (fig. 1) con-
sists of a pair of longitudinal trunks running from the
thorax to the posterior end of the abdomen. The two
trunks are connected by dorsal commissures (fig. 1, d). Of
these, there are three in the thorax, one between the pro-
and mesothorax, one in the mesothorax, and one in the
metathorax. ‘There is also a dorsal commissure in the
tracheal system of the head. Anteriorly the trunk ends
abruptly between the pro- and mesothorax. Posteriorly
it ends in the 8th abdominal segment, where it divides
into a dorsal and a ventral branch. From each junction
between two segments the tracheal trunk passes sharply
downwards and then gradually rises to the junction next
behind (see fig. 1). Near the lowest point of the curve
arises the branch which supplies the segment (fig. 1, 7).
These segmental branches are present in the metathorax
and each of the seven following segments. Each passes
ventrally from its point of origin and divides into a
descending and an ascending branch, At, or near the
point of division there arises a fine branch, the initial
thread, which runs towards the skin and ends in aspiracle.
The last initial thread arises direct from the longitudinal
trunk, and not from the segmental branch (fig. 1, ¢). The
initial threads are solid and devoid of spiral marking.
Between the pro- and mesothorax, the longitudinal trunk
gives off a slender branch which passes dorsally as the
anterior dorsal commissure already mentioned. The trunk
then bends sharply downwards, and after a short course
divides into two branches which supply the head, pro- and
mesothorax. At this point arises an initial thread, which
is connected with the anterior thoracic spiracle. That part
of the descending trachea from which the branches arise,
and to which the initial thread is attached, may, from its
ultimate fate, be conveniently described as the spiracle-
chamber (see fig. 2). The corresponding part of the ventral
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART Iv. (DEC.)
lod
‘
bo
l\
Mr. T. H. Taylor on
mre. 1,
The head bears
At the opposite end of the body are
owing tracheal system.
ratory papille.
iS.
x 24,
nulium-larya, sl
Side view of Sir
the eye-spots, ant
seen the sucker a
id fringe
nal resp
al trunk ; v, ve
itral segmental branch of 6th abdominal
neso- and metathoracie spiracle-chamber ;
eS
ssure between 1
issures ; e, last spiracle with the initial thread leading
it, Ut, longitudi
segment; c, comm
d, d, dorsal com
from it.
branch in the metathorax
may be similarly named.
The position of the an-
terior thoracic spiracle is
somewhat difficult to
determine, but can be
inferred from the follow-
ing considerations. In
old larve the developing
pupal gill obscures the
junction between the pro-
and mesothorax. In larvae
in which the rudiment
of the gill is beginning
to develop a_ vertical
muscle marking the in-
tersegmental junction can
be readily made out (fig.
2, vm). The spiracle is
situated posterior to the
muscle, and is therefore
mesothoracie in position.
Of the two branches
which are given off from
the spiracle - chamber
one is anterior and the
other posterior. Each
again forks into a dorsal
and a ventral branch.
The dorsal member of
the posterior — branch
unites with the succeed-
ing metathoracic seg-
mental branch (fig. 1, ¢).
Each member of the
anterior branch again
divides, so that there are
four tracheze passing for-
wards, which may _ be
numbered from above
downwards the Ist, 2nd,
3rd and 4th. .The 4th
supples the prothorax
and its foot, the other
The Tracheal System of Simulium. 703
three the head. The Ist unites with the corresponding
trachea of the other side by the head-commissure already
mentioned. The 2nd and 8rd branches of the same side are
connected together in the head by a short vertical trachea.
rachese and nerve-cord ‘are
The initial threads from
and mesothorax; jf, prothoracie foot; ap, ap,
Fia.
fs
(oOo.
x
The mesothoracic, metathoracie and Ist abdominal spiracles are seen.
Thorax of Simulium-larva as a transparent object in side view. The muscles, tr
shown.
vm, vertical muscle marking junction between pro-
the spiracles proceed to the spiracle-c! ambers.
apodemes marking junctions of segments
The tracheal system is renewed at each moult, the old
one being cast with the skin. While the new trachez are
developing, they enclose the old ones. It is evident that
the new initial threads, which eventually become solid, must
at this time be hollow, As the larva gradually disengages
704 Mr. 'T. H. Taylor on
the old cuticle from its body, the tracheze, which are
attached to it by means of initial threads are at the same
time withdrawn through the new spiracles. To permit
of this separation of the old tracheal system from the
body, the tracheal trunks break across at certain points,
which have a segmental arrangement. These tracheal
junctions occur immediately posterior to the origin
of the ventral segmental branches. At this point the
spiral thickening of the intima is wanting. Junctions
also occur on the transverse commissures. Two thick-
ened annuli of chitin in the centre of the commissure
replace the spiral intima, and the commissure snaps across
between them. The withdrawal of the old trachez through
the narrow opening afforded by the spiracle no doubt
serves to squeeze the air from the old trachez into the
new ones. Some air is, however, left sticking to the old
collapsed trachez, as an examination of cast larval skins
readily shows.
The spiracles are simple oval thickenings of the cuticle,
and conspicuous from their black colour. The two thoracic
and seven abdominal spiracles can be readily seen on the
surface of the body with a low power. The mesothoracic
spiracle is the largest of the series; the collapsed tracheze
which are pulled out through this spiracle from the head
and thorax are much more numerous than those which
are withdrawn from any of the other spiracles.
The tracheal system of the pupa (fig. 3) is modelled on
that of the larva. The longitudinal trunks are connected by
three transverse commissures in the thorax (fig. 3, @). Each
trunk gives off in the abdominal segments 1—7 a ventral
segmental branch, which divides into an ascending and a
descending trachea. At their point of separation a slender
initial thread passes to the anterior margin of the segment
near which the spiracle is situated. The initial threads,
like those of the larva, are solid and devoid of spiral
markings. The spiracles are simply depressions of the
skin. The spiracle of the first abdominal segment 1s
concealed beneath the wing-sheath.
In the thorax the two pairs of spiracles have doubtless
the same position as they have in the larva, but proof is
difficult to obtain. The metathoracic spiracle is concealed
beneath the wing-sheath. It is a wide, funnel-shaped
depression of the cuticle, and is connected with the spiracle-
chamber by means of a short thick initial thread. The
The Tracheal System of Simatium.
705
spiracle-chamber is connected with the longitudinal trunk
by means of a short segmental branch, and the following
branches lead from it: (1) a longitudinal commissure with
the mesothoracic
spiracle - chamber
(fig. 3, ¢); about
the middle of its
course it gives off a
trachea which runs
in the sheath of
the mesothoracic
leg ; (2) an ascend-
ing trachea which
divides into a brush
of tracheole ; (3) a
descending trachea
which forks; (4) a
trachea to the
sheath of the meta-
thoracic leg.
The mesothoracic
spiracle can be
found most readily
when the larval
skin is being dis-
engaged from the
bedy of the young
pupa. The old
trachez of the head
and part of the
thorax are then
withdrawn through
the spiracle in
question. It is
situated a short
distance behind the
base of the gill.
It becomes closed
when the tracheze
are cast and the
initial thread be-
Fie. 3.
Pupa of Simulium in side view, the tracheal system being seen through the body-wall.
abdominal spiracles with their initial threads are shown in black. The filaments of the gill are cut short.
The meso- and metathoracie and
x24.
lt, [t, longitudinal trunk; c, commissure between meso- and metathoracic spiracle-chamber ; d, d, dorsal commissures 3 e2,
tracheal extension.
comes solid. The spiracle-chamber gives off several tracheal
trunks. Of these the longitudinal trunk and the commissure
with the metathoracic spiracle-chamber have been already
706 Mr. T. H. Taylor on
mentioned. Of the remaining three branches, two have the
same relations as the corresponding trachez in the larva.
One supplies the sheath of the prothoracic leg; the other
the head and fore part of the thorax. This last trachea
divides into four branches which may be numbered as in
the larva. The Ist is connected by acommissure with the
corresponding trachea of the other side. The 2nd and
3rd branches of the same side are connected together as
in the larva. The last trunk leading from the spiracle-
chamber is met with in the pupa for the first time. It
runs dorsalwards, and after a short course divides into an
anterior and a posterior branch. Each of these breaks up
into a copious brush of fine tracheolee which supply the
dorsal region of the thorax. From the posterior branch a
slender trachea descends to supply the wing-sheath. The
spiracle-chamber is put into communication with the pupal
gill by means of a stout tracheal trunk which may be
called the tracheal extension (fig. 3, ex).
The pupal gills of Simulium have been described by
Vogler and others. They are paired, and carried on the
fore part of the thorax. Each gill consists of a stem
(fig. 3) which is short and thick, and of two (S, latipes) or
four (S. reptans) branches, each of which divides into two
long slender filaments. The stem projects forwards, and
the filaments of each side lie nearly in one vertical plane.
The filaments are transversely wrinkled, and taper gradu-
ally to a point. When viewed by reflected light under a
low power of the microscope, the gill has a silvery
appearance, but appears quite black and opaque when
seen by transmitted light. After the gill is treated
with caustic potash, transparent patches appear upon
the filaments when viewed by transmitted hght. These
gradually enlarge and coalesce until the whole gill
becomes transparent. The appearance of the gill is now
dull by reflected light, and transparent by transmitted
light. A similar result follows on the treatment of
the gill with strong alcohol. By thus treating the gill
with potash and with alcohol we learn that the filament
is hollow, and that the wall is composed of a_ thick
chitinous cuticle which resists potash solution. The
chitinous cuticle is composed of two layers, a thin super-
ficial and a thick deep stratum (figs. 4 and 5, ss, ds). ‘The
deep stratum is apparently quite homogeneous; it is very
refractive, and stains readily with eosin and other dyes.
The Tracheal System of Simulium. 707
Separating the superficial from the deep stratum is a space
about as wide as the deep stratum. This space is filled
with air. It is to the presence of air in the chitinous
ms
Fic. 4.
Tracheal extension and base of pupal gill. The gill-base is shown in vertical sect’on
the tracheal extension in surface view from the inner side. x 75.
zx, communication between gill and tracheal extension ; f/f, chitinous fibrillz; ds,
deep stratum of wall of gill; ss, superficial do.; ex, tracheal extension; ims, meso-
thoracic spiracle, with initial thread leading from the spiracle to the spiracle-chamber.
The line a@ b indicates the plane of the transverse section (fig. 5).
wall that the silvery appearance of the gill when viewed
by reflected light is due. Traversing this air-containing
space and connecting the superficial with the deep stratum,
are numerous delicate fibrille (figs. 4 and 5,7). These
fibrillee are simple at their deep ends, but tend to branch
as they pass towards the superficial layer. They resist the
action of hot caustic potash, and are probably chitinous
like the rest of the wall. When the surface of a cleared
filament is viewed by transmitted light, the points
where the fibrilla meet the superficial layer appear as
bright dots which
simulate pores. No
apertures, however,
occur in the wall of
the gill.
The gill - stem
differs from the rest
of the gill in the
arrangement of its
chitinous layers.
Four external sur-
faces may be distin-
guished : an upper,
vw
a lower, one turned Tae
towards the Axis _ Transverse section of pupal gill, while still within the
larval skin. x 300.
of the body, and vw, compact ventral wall; ss, superficial stratum ; ds,
deep stratum; ep, epi i < ranche itinous
another turned SO ae um; ep, epithelium; 7, branched chitinous
708 Mr. T. H. Taylor on
away from it. It is only on the upper wall of the gill-stem
that the air-containing space is well developed. On the
other surfaces the thin superficial layer becomes closely
adherent to the deep layer, and the wall is rendered com-
pact. As we approach the base of the gill-stem the
contained air-space enlarges and the fibrille lengthen.
This thickening of the dorsal wall of the gill-stem takes
place at the expense of the internal cavity, which is con-
sequently much reduced and perhaps quite obliterated.
At the place of insertion of the gill the fibrilla become
fewer and farther apart, and finally disappear altogether.
The air-containing space is now practically a tube excavated
in the thickness of the cuticle of the dorsal wall of the gill.
The air-tube now leaves the gill, and enters the cavity
of the thorax, in which it lies free. After a short course
it ends abruptly by opening into a tracheal trunk (fig. 4,
w). This tracheal trunk is the tracheal extension already
mentioned. By means of this air-tube there is direct
continuity between the air in the gill and the air in the
tracheal system. Each gill has its own tracheal extension,
by which it communicates with the mesothoracic spiracle-
chamber of its own side. The tracheal extension (fig.
4, ez) is a wide tube lying near the wall of the thorax.
The communication between the tracheal extension and
the air-tube from the gill is not easily demonstrated, but
its existence may be inferred from the following experi-
ment. If a living pupa with entire gills be placed in
strong alcohol, the air is rapidly driven out of the filaments,
which consequently lose their silvery appearance. On
replacing the alcohol with water, air soon reappears. The
only possible source for the air is the tracheal extension.
If the air be first removed from the tracheal extension,
the filaments permanently lose their silvery appearance
after the air has once been driven out by alcohol.
At the posterior end the extension is connected with the
spiracle-chamber. At this point the chitinous intima loses
its retiform thickening, and is developed into fibrille,
which are similar to those that traverse the air-containing
space in the gill. A perforated diaphragm is thus formed,
which reduces the opening of the tracheal extension to a
series of extremely minute apertures. No account of the
meaning of this structure can be given.
From the preceding description it will be seen that
the cavity of the gill is shut off from the cavity of
The Tracheal System of Simuliwm. 709
the body. Repeated examination of sections taken in
various planes through the gill-base seems to make this
point certain. It is also noticeable in these sections that
the underlying epithelium is absent. In the developing
gill in the larva, and for some time after pupation, the
epithelium is present. It disappears eventually, and in
preparations of old filaments presents a disorganised
appearance. In an old pupa the filaments are frequently
broken across, and it is not uncommon to find that foreign
bodies, e.g. diatoms, have entered the cavity of the gill
through the accidental opening. From these observations
it seems likely that the interchange of gases between the
gill and the surrounding water is carried on without the
intervention of a cellular epithelium.
The respiratory organs of the pupa of Simulium have
often been described as tracheal gills. Trachez, however,
are quite absent, and Vogler (No. 6, p. 33) has therefore
suggested the name ¢ube-gills (Réhrenkiemen) for these
structures. The filaments are certainly tubular; since,
however, air does not occur within the cavity, but is
confined to spaces excavated in the cuticular wall, it
seems more appropriate to describe them as cuticular
gills,
De Meijere (Nos. 1 and 2) has recently published
accounts of the compound spiracles of Dipterous larvee and
pup. According to these observations, the original
spiracle becomes closed, and the trachea leading from it to
the adjacent tracheal trunk collapses and forms a solid cord.
The closed spiracle De Meijere names the outer stigmatic
scar (diussere Stigmennarbe); the solid cord, the scar cord
(Narbenstrang), and the place where it joins the tracheal
trunk the inner stigmatic scar (innere Stigmennarbe). ‘The
new larval or pupal spiracle arises as an outgrowth
from the adjacent trachea close to the inner stigmatic scar.
The outgrowth grows towards, and comes in contact with
the skin. It becomes hollow, and contains a special
chamber, the chitinous wall of which shows a retiform
thickening, and is often clothed with a felt of hairs. This
chamber De Mejjere names the felted chamber (Filzkammer).
At the place where the felted chamber becomes attached
to the skin, the external cuticle shows thin spots which
are named pits (Zipfel), from their resemblance to the thin
places in the walls of plant-cells. From the presence of
these pits, the secondary spiracle is named a pitted stigma
710 Mr. T. H. Taylor on
(Tiipfelstigma). Inthe simplest case the stigmatic area
on which the pits are grouped is flush with the cuticle.
Generally, however, the pits are carried on one or more
special budlike projections (A”nospen) of the skin which
contain prolongations of the felted chamber. In other
cases the base of the pitted stigma is produced into a horn
(Prothorakalhorn) which contains a continuation of the
felted chamber, and carries the pitted stigma with its buds
at the end. The distal portion of the felted chamber
lying within the horn De Meijere distinguishes as the
felted chamber of the horn (Hornfilzkammer) and the
proximal part within the body as the Narbenfilzkammer.
A further complication is brought about by the formation
of a second pitted stigma on the felted chamber proximal
to the original one. The original stigma may then be
distinguished as the distal, and the second as the proximal
pitted stigma. The old spiracle, now closed, and the
adjacent new one together constitute what De Meijere
calls the compound spiracle. 'The respiratory organ on
each side of the thorax of Dipterous pupee he regards as
a prothoracic pitted stigma, differing from the similar
organs of the larva and of the abdomen of the pupa
only in its greater size. In rare cases the pitted stigma
is absent and the respiratory function is performed by
secondary structures (Chironomus).
From this account it will be seen that the gill-apparatus
of the pupa of Simulium resembles the compound stigma
of De Meijere in the following particulars: (1) The
outer and inner stigmatic scars are connected by a solid
cord (Narbenstrang, De Meijere; initial thread, Maall).
(2) From that part of the tracheal trunk lying proximal
to the inner stigmatic scar (spiracle-chamber of the present
paper) a trachea with retiform markings (Narbenfilzkammer,
De Meijere ; tracheal extension, Miall) passes to the respir-
atory organ (Prothorakalhorn, De Meijere; tracheal gill of
many writers; tube-gill, Vogler; cuticular gill of the
present paper).
On the other hand the gill-apparatus of the Simulium-
pupa differs from the compound stigma of De Meijere in
the following respects: (1) The felted chamber of the
horn is absent. (2) Stigma-pits and buds are absent.
(3) The connection of the gill with the tracheal extension
is made by means of a hollow cuticular ingrowth. From
these observations there seems no reason to regard the
The Tracheal System of Simuliwm. (gal
cuticular gill of the pupa of Simulium as a pitted
stigma.
The development of the pupal gill begins in the young
larva about the same time as that of the imaginal rudi-
ments. It is noteworthy that this early origin of the gills
in Simulium is not paralleled in Chironomus, where Miall
and Hammond (No. 4, p. 124) find that “the dorsal pro-
thoracic rudiments, from which the pupal tracheal gills of
Chironomus proceed, are the last to be developed,” and
that it “is not till the larva is almost full-grown, and long
after the other thoracic appendages are visible, that they
appear.” In the case of Simulium, the pupal gill and the
imaginal rudiments make their appearance together. Of
these, the dorsal prothoracic rudiment arises as an in-
vagination of the epidermis, which takes place at the
hinder end of the prothorax, immediately in front of the
mesothoracic spiracle. The invagination gives rise to a
shallow depression, lying at the side of the prothorax,
whose wall becomes the sheath of the developing gill. The
sheath, as seen from the outside, is semicircular in outline,
with a straight and a curved margin. The straight margin
runs obliquely upwards and forwards from the mesothoracic
spiracle, and the rounded margin lies towards the anterior
side. The wall bends sharply inwards along the straight
edge, and is formed of a thickened epidermis. At its dorsal
end an outgrowth of the thickened epidermis develops,
and projects forwards and downwards into the cavity of the
sheath as the rudiment of the gill. It soon divides more
than once, and the branches become coiled up within the
sheath. ‘The gill-rudiment is hollow, and the cavity is
continuous with the cavity of the body.
Dorsal to the gill-base and immediately behind the
sheath a second invagination of the epidermis gives rise to
a groove leading from the gill-base to the mesothoracic
spiracle. The groove closes to form a tube (the tracheal
extension), one end of which becomes continuous with the
epithelium of the spiracle-chamber; the other ends blindly
immediately below the gill-base. The epithelium of the
tube secretes an intima on its free surface, which shows a
retiform thickening. A thickening of the epithelium of
the gill-base, which almost obliterates the cavity, grows
inwards to meet the tracheal extension. The chitinous
wall of the gill then becomes differentiated. The superficial
layer with the fibrille forms first, and the homogeneous
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1902.—ParRT Iv. (DEC.) 47
712 Mr. T. H. Taylor on
deep layer later. As the cuticular wall develops it assumes
a dark colour, which makes the gill a conspicuous object
on the side of the thorax.
6.
x 36.
Fia.
; se, mesothoracic spiracle-chamber; sc’, metathoracic do; sp,
Bisection of Simulium-fly showing tracheal¥system.
lt, lt, longitudinal trunk ; d, d, dorsal commissures
spiracle of 3rd abdominal segment.
When the larva is full-grown it weaves around its body
a case, and then turns into a pupa. In S. /atipes the whole
The Tracheal System of Simulium. 713
operation lasts about an hour, and requires considerable
exertion, the larva bending its body in all directions as it
pays out the silken thread. When the case is nearly
‘completed, the larva pauses for a moment. The pupal
extension suddenly fills with air, and becomes a conspicuous
object on the side of the thorax. While the larva is putting
the finishing touches to the pupal case, the air slowly creeps
into the gill-base and along the filaments, which are still
coiled up beneath the larval skin. It is an interesting
spectacle to see the extension suddenly flash into view,
and to watch the silvering of the filaments. When all is
ready, the larval skin cracks, and the filaments, now filled
with air, uncoil and project freely into the water flowing
ast.
: The tracheal system of the fly (fig. 6) shows the same
general arrangement as that of the pupa. The longitudinal
trunks are connected by commissures, and the same
branches with some additions are found as in the pupa.
In the abdomen the posterior half of the longitudinal trunk
and its ventral segmental branches give off many small
tracheze, which are unrepresented either in the pupa or
larva. The tracheal extension of the pupa is unrepresented
in the fly. The brushes of tracheole in the thorax of the
pupa are replaced by vesicular trachezw, and there is a
general tendency, especially in the thorax, for the trachee
to become dilated. In the abdomen open spiracles are
present in segments 3—7 inclusive. Each consists of a
small chamber with thickened chitinous walls of a dark
colour, opening to the exterior, and also communicating by
a short side-branch with the ventral segmental trachea.
Spiracles have not been found in the first two segments of
the abdomen. That they are present in some form may
be inferred from the fact that in the pupa the tracheal
remnants of these segments are withdrawn, and _ left
attached to the cast skin when the fly has emerged. The
thorax of the fly is provided with two pairs of spiracles, an
anterior and a posterior. The position of these is not
readily determined. It might be supposed that it would
be safe to conclude that the homologous spiracle of the
larva ought to afford an indication of the position of a
spiracle in the fly. And if it could be shown that the
generating epithelium was identical in the two spiracles,
such evidence would carry weight. In the case of the
anterior thoracic spiracles of Simulium, however, such an
714 Mr. 'T. H. Taylor on
identity cannot be demonstrated. The reverse seems to be
inferred from the following considerations. In the larva
the mesothoracic spiracle is connected with the spiracle-
chamber by an initial thread. In the pupa the same
arrangement is found, and in addition a tracheal extension
connects the spiracle-chamber with the gill. In the fly it
might have been supposed that the same arrangement as
in the pupa would hold with these differences: (1) the
tracheal extension would end blindly at the surface of the
body in a scar marking the former insertion of the cast gill ;
Fic. 7.
Thorax of Simulium-fly in side view. The pro- and metathorax with their append-
ages are dotted. x 45.
s, mesothoracie spiracle; s’, metathoracic do.; ap, apodeme marking junction of
pro- and mesothorax.
(2) the spiracle would be open, and in communication with
the spiracle-chamber by a hollow initial tube. The actual
arrangement is, however, quite different. The epithelium
of the initial thread and of the tracheal extension becomes
flattened out, and takes part in the formation of the body-
wall. The spiracle-chamber thus comes to lie close to the
external surface, aud the apertures of the initial thread
aud the extension coalesce to form the functional spiracle
of the fly. The anterior thoracic spiracle of the fly is thus
The Tracheal System of Simulium. 715
a new formation, and does not correspond to the meso-
thoracic spiracle of the larva or of the pupa. The inquiry
as to its position must therefore be made from data
furnished by the fly itself.
Immediately in front of the anterior thoracic spiracle of
the fly a well-marked apodeme (fig. 7, ap), or thickening
of the cuticle, runs obliquely backwards to the mid-ventral
line, where it unites with a similar thickening on the other
side. The fore leg of the fly
is inserted on the body in
front of this apodeme, and
muscles from the leg are
attached to it. As the apodeme
approaches the midventral
line, it bears the antefurca,
which, wherever it occurs,
marks the junction of the
pro- and mesothorax. The
anterior spiracle of the thorax
hes close behind the apodeme
which carries the antefurca,
and is therefore mesothoracic
in position.
The posterior thoracic
spiracle is formed out of the e
: : Vertical section of metathorax of fly.
metathoracic spiracle-chamber — x 50.
of the pupa. It lies ventral _,,*/islere: 5 spimcle with muscos,
to the haltere; immediately
in front of it a deep suture occurs in the body-wall, which
indicates the division between the meso- and metathorax.
Further proof that this spiracle is metathoracic in position
is afforded by sections. In fig. 8, which is constructed
from sagittal sections, the muscles of the spiracle are seen
arising from the same apodemes as the muscles of the
haltere.
I desire to gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to
Professor Miall for proposing the subject of this paper, and
for much help and kind interest during its preparation.
Fie. 8.
716 References.
REFERENCES.
1. De Meters, J. C. H.: Ueber zusammengesetzte Stigmen bei
Dipterenlarven, nebst einem Beitrag zur Metamorphose von
Hydromyza livens. Tijdschr, Entom., XX XVIII.
. DE Meters, J. C. H.: Ueber die Prothorakalstigmen der Dip-
terenpuppen. Zool, Jahrb., Vol. XV., pt. IV., plates 32—35,
1902, p. 623.
3. Metnert, Fr.: Die eucephale Myggelarver, Vidensk, Selsk.,
6 R., IIL, 4, 1886.
4, Mraun, L. C., and A. R. Hammonp: The Structure and Life-
history of the Harlequin-fly (Chironomus). Oxford, 1900.
5, Vocier, C. H.: Die Tracheenkiemen der Simulienpuppen.
Mitth. Schweiz. entomol. Ges., VII., 1887.
6. VocLER, C. H.: Beitriige zur Metamorphose der Teichomyza
fusca. Illustr. Z. Entomol, V., 1900, p. 1.
bo
Can tales")
XXIII. On Heterogynis paradoxa, Rmbr., an instance of
variation by segregation. By THoMAS ALGERNON
CHAPMAN, M.D.
[Read October 1st, 1902. ]
PLATE XXVIII.
SOME years ago I had an opportunity of studying
Fleterogynis penella, and reported some of my observations
to this Society (Trans. 1898). I had then no knowledge
whatever of H. paradoxa, nor any particular hope of ever
acquiring any. It was therefore with some pleasure that
I came across the species this sammer in sufficient numbers
to enable me to become familiar with it in several aspects,
and some of these seem to be of sufficient interest to be
worth reporting.
The two species of Heterogynis are very much alike, so
much so, that to question whether they are really distinct
is by no means an irrational attitude. In all those points
which makes the genus so interesting they seem to be
identical, such as the curious specialization of the female
pupa-case; the organic attachment to, and continuity of,
the female moth with the pupa-case at the pots where
the true legs should exist, this attachment being the only
trace of appendages the female moth has; her exact agree-
ment in colouring with that she possessed in the larval
state, differing in appearance from the larva only in being
smooth and glistening, instead of dull and possessed of
tubercles and fine hairs. They are the same also in the
way in which the female moth emerges from her cocoon,
and rests on the opened top of the pupa-case which
partially protrudes from the cocoon, in pairing lasting only
for some thirty seconds, and the moth retreating thereafter
in five or six minutes into her pupa-case, and in this
falling back into the cocoon. If the moth has been out of
her pupa for some time, she takes a somewhat longer time
to make her retreat. In both species the young larvee
when hatched eat up the remains of the parent moth, and
then are possessed by an intense desire to wander. They
then feed for a time, and hibernate by spinning a small
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART IV. (DEC.)
718 Dr. T. A. Chapman on
cocoon in some crevice of the food-plant or elsewhere.
H. paradoxa does this, I find, in the second instar; Mr.
Fletcher found H. penella did so in the third. Whether
there is here a real specific distinction I cannot say, or
whether there may be an error of observation on my part
or on Mr. Fletcher’s. The newly-hatched larva of penella
is certainly much smaller than that of paradowa.
On all these points and some others my observation of
H. paradoxa yielded nothing that I had not already noticed
in the case of /7. penella, and of these I do not propose to
go into any further details.
The circumstance round which most of my interest in
HT, paradoxa gathered, was in there being no less than
three forms or races of the species met with in the small
district in Spain we examined.
Bejar, which Mr. Champion and I made our _head-
quarters this summer for three weeks, is in a granite
region, and is some 3300 feet above the sea. Above it
the Sierra de Bejar rises to a height of nearly 8000 feet,
and snow lay there in quantity up to the end of July, and
does so in places I believe throughout the year. Brooms
of half-a-dozen species are a very special feature of the
vegetation here. Genista florida very much beautified the
undergrowth in the neighbourhood of Bejar, but not going
higher than 4000 feet at the outside. On the Sierra,
Cytisus purgans begins about 5000 feet and goes up to
nearly the top of the Sierra; it does not thrive or flower
freely at its lower levels, but at about 6000 feet we found
it forming dense masses of bloom covering thousands of
acres, and most plants were not simply sheets of bloom
but solid masses. Mr. Champion found, I think, that
with the beetles, it was an exceedingly marked feature of
the fauna that everything lived on the broom; this fact
was not perhaps quite so striking in the Lepidoptera, but
it was very marked. At any rate these brooms it was
that made J/eterogynis paradoxa one of the notable
Lepidoptera of the region.
The first evening of our arrival at Bejar, viz. June 26th,
I met with . paradoxa, it was then fully out, and occurred
close to Bejar at an elevation of about 3500 feet. The
males were most easily found by looking over the plants
of Genista florida, on the more elevated and separate twigs
of which they were at rest, with their wings in some
degree curled round the twig. If disturbed slightly, they
Heterogunis paradoxa. 719
flew to a neighbouring twig, crawled up it, and settled
down in the same way, but if really frightened, they would
soar for a minute or two, and if there was any wind were
liable to be carried right away. Only one or two were
seen, early in the day, that were flyig, without having
apparently been disturbed. I took some more the follow-
ing day, but a few days after had difficulty in finding one
or two; it was in fact practically over, although a larva or
two (ichneumoned ?) could still be seen. Its period of
flight is therefore (in a late season) from about June
20th—80th. To avoid circumlocution I propose to call
this form of H. paradoxa—var. Bejarensis.
On July 3rd, on the Sierra de Bejar, above Candelario,
at a height of perhaps 5000 feet, I took several larvae of a
Heterogynis on Cytisus purgans, which grew from about
that elevation up to fully 6500 or thereabouts—a species
that clothed large areas of the Sierra, and made a mass of
most splendid bloom at about 6000 feet, but below was
already out of flower and had apparently bloomed there
but sparsely. I took two or three more larve later. On
July 12th these larve produced two @ imagines. So on
the 16th I visited the locality to see if I could not capture
some males. Sembling was of no avail, but I succeeded
in capturing two or three dozen specimens. Only one or
two of these were taken by observing them at rest, nearly
all being disturbed by walking through and beating the
brogm bushes. The proportion of worn specimens showed
they were a day or two past their best. This variety I
call Candelarie.
Later still, July 18th, at Piedrahita, some twenty-five
or thirty miles from Bejar, and on an outlying ridge of the
Sierra de Gredos, separated from the Bejar range by a
rather wide valley, I met with a third form of Heterogynis.
It was then only just coming out at its lowest levels, at its
highest, 600 to 1000 feet higher up, only larve were to
be seen. This form (Piedrahita) is therefore at least ten
days later than Candelariv in the date of its appearance.
The chief interest attached to these three groups or
colonies of H. paradoxa occurring within a limited region
at successive dates, les in the circumstance that each
colony presented very definite characters by which it was
distinguishable from the others.
Each group is thus probably entitled to a separate name
on its merits; for convenience in speaking of them, how-
720 Dr. T. A. Chapman on
ever, it is almost a necessity, and so I have called them
respectively var. Bejarensis, from Bejar on Genista florida,
var. Candelarivw, from the Sierra above Candelario on
Cytisus purgans, and var. Piedrahite, from the Sierra
above Piedrahita, also on Cytisus purgans.
In average size bejarensis resembles the other two forms,
viz. about 25 m.m., but ranges from 20 m.m. to 29 m.m.,
having a larger proportion of large and small specimens, is
in fact more variable in this respect. The colour is a pale,
diaphanous Indian-ink tint.
The larva is very similar to a medium-tinted one of 7.
penella in colouring, but like the other two forms, and
unlike penella, it is fairly constant in colouring, no speci-
men ranging far from the average, whilst penel/a had no
definite type, and specimens varied much in the pro-
portions of yellow and black markings, some even being
almost entirely black, others nearly without black mark-
ings. Bejarensis has a dorsal black line, or rather stripe,
the subdorsal yellow band has two dark spots on each
segment. ‘The next dark band is well pronounced, and is
connected by dark markings with the narrow dark line
below, that runs along the spiracles; below this is an
uninterrupted yellow band, and below this a dark band
well defined above, below irregular, and more or less
reaching to the prolegs.
The cocoon is dark-coloured, the male pinkish-orange
(penella, lemon-yellow), the female deep orange almost red.
‘he female cocoon is of very large size compared with that
of penella. The female cocoon is placed conspicuously on
the food-plant, sometimes on a separate projecting twig
such as the male imago selects as a resting-place. The
male cocoon, on the other hand, is usually well hidden, so
much so that I only succeeded in finding one containing
a living pupa, and only perhaps half-a-dozen altogether
hidden away under stones, etc., all, perhaps, but the one
living one, being remains from previous years.
The food plant was a broom Genista florida rather
abundant close to Bejar, where it made a handsome show,
but of which we saw little elsewhere. Amongst it grew
another broom which was very close to, if not identical
with common English broom. It occurred on this also,
but very sparingly as though able to live on it when the
larva had wandered on to it and had no choice, but neither
liking nor thriving on it. It did not occur on other
Heterogynis paradoxa. 721
brooms also growing close by, nor on any other plant,
differing therein from penella, which prefers common
English broom, has no objection to almost any leguminous
plant, and is even almost omnivorous.
The form candelarix appearing a full fortnight later
than bejarensis, was a trifle smaller than that variety, and
had not so great a range in size, varying from 22—26 m.m.
in expanse, and averaging 24 m.m. The colour was
distinctly lighter, a smoky-brown rather than a translucent
black. Their habit of resting so as to be unseen, con-
trasted strongly with that of bejarensis and of piedrahite ;
the food-plant is the same as that of piedrahitz, and
though it does not afford such spray-like branches to rest
on as the G. florida does, piedrahite always rested in the
same manner as lejarensis. It is to be noticed that
candelarivx thus hides itself as an imago, as well as a
pupa; and so far as my observation went, as a larva also,
as [ found very few of these, but this might be due to my
being too late for them. As compared with piedrahite on
the same food-plant, it is to be observed that candelariz,
as an imago to be stirred up out of its food-plant, but not
to be seen at rest, was, on a certain small area of a few
hundred acres, very much more abundant than either of
the other varieties in a similar space, but outside this
small area it was not seen at all, although its food-plant
extended a thousand or two feet higher up in the greatest
profusion, aswell as over other ground at the same level ;
whilst piedrahite occurred wherever the food-plant
grew, over a large area extending both vertically and
horizontally.
One is inclined to suggest that the bright lemon-yellow
of the larva of var. candelariv is correlated with the
denser yellow masses of the flower of its food-plant, and
that we saw nothing of it higher up where the broom was
in flower, because it was so well hidden. This may very
well be so, and it may have little bearing on the point
that piedrahite on the same food-plant was not at all
so hidden in any stage, nor was the larva modified in
colouring like that of candelariz.
The larva is quite yellow, the black-green markings
being much reduced, only about a dozen larvee were taken,
but were all constant in this coloration. The 2 moths
bred from them agreed with them exactly in coloration
as is the case in all specimens of the genus. This pale
722 Dr. T. A. Chapman on
larva is similar to the very palest that occur in H. penella,
in which the larva varies much in coloration. It con-
trasts strongly with the much darker and unvarying larva
of bejarensis, and with the palest forms of the dark, but less
constant larva of piedrahitx. The dorsal line is extremely
slender, the subdorsal yellow is very wide, the subdorsal
and spiracular black lines are slight and hardly connected
together at all. The yellow is bright lemon colour, with
no greenish suffusion from intrusions of dark spots from
the black. The male moth is, as I have already referred to,
more retiring in its resting habits than bejarensis. The
pupa is, however, much more retiring. The number of
males taken showed that the species must be at least
quite as abundant as bejarensis is, yet only three or four
(all injured) female cocoons were seen, and only one male
one.
Piedrahitz is larger than the other forms, chiefly by
being of a more uniform size, and with few small and no
very small specimens, ranging from 24—26 m.m., and
averaging over 25 m.m. in expanse. It has not the pale
colouring they have, but it is a comparatively dense black.
The food- -plant is apparently the same as that of candelarie.
The larva is close to that of bejarensis in colouring, it
varies more than they do, some specimens being almost
identical with those of byarensis, but none at all so pale as
candelarivx. 'The male imago has precisely the same
habits as that of bejarensis, but in the matter of pupation
it is closer to penella than to either of the other forms, ?
cocoons being abundant and male cocoons tolerably
numerous, but less so than females (the reverse of penel/a).
I had about eight ¢ moths from collected cocoons, but
the great mass of those I collected produced ichneumons.
The healthy male larva therefore hides his cocoon more
frequently than not, but does not invariably do so.
At Piedrahita I frequently met with larvae spinning
their cocoons, and found they did so in a very interesting
manner, in those cases in which the cocoon was spun not
between twigs but on the side of one. Having covered
the twig sufficiently with silk, the larva, by successive series
of fine “loops of silk, constructs a lace-like veil on either
side of the twig, and when these have attained sufficient
dimensions draws them together over its back. The
process is precisely the same as that adopted by Nola in
spinning its cocoon, though Wola uses films of bark
Heterogynis paradoxa. 723
fastened together edgewise of which to make the two
veils, whilst Heterogynis uses only loops of silk.
Difference between the vars. of H. paradoxa, Rmbr.
Penella. Bejarensis. Candelariz. Piedrahitx.
Time of June 20-30 July 12-20 July 18-28
appearance and later
Size of § (40 specimens) (45 specimens) (76 specimens)
20-21m.m.
20-29 m.m.
very variable,
average 25 in.m.
22-26 m.m.
not much
variation,
average 24 m.m.
24-26 m.m.
very uniforin,
full 25 m.m.
Very dark Colour of ¢ rather dark pale very dark
|
Very Larva, rather dark, very pale, pale and dark,
variable colour i.e. green-black ¢.e. green-black none as pale as
marking strong, marking nearly Candelarizx,
very uniform evanescent, variable
very uniform
|
Often Cocoon @ conspicuous hidden conspicuous
hidden (abundant) (found two (abundant)
destroyed ones)
conspicuous Cocoon ¢ hidden hidden conspicuous
(found one) (found) but usually (95
p-c¢.) parasitised
a majority of
healthy ones
probably hidden
(bred 8 moths)
These three races of H. paradoxa appear to be as
definitely distinct from each other, both as larva. >upa
and imago, either in colour or habit or both, as if they
were distinct species. Still I find it quite impossible to
regard them as more than local races. Where I find
something to learn from them is in considering how such
definite races preserve their distinctness, although they
are one species and live within a few miles of each other.
In the cases of the vars. corydonius and hispana of
LIycxna corydon, 1 was able to understand how one of these,
hispana, was suitable to a limestone country, and cory-
donius to other conditions, but what I could not and do
not at present understand, is how they keep distinct living
on adjacent and practically sometimes on the same ground.
In the case of H. paradoxa, I can get a little nearer
724 Dr. T. A. Chapman on
comprehending how the three forms preserve their distinct-
ness. It is, in fact, simply a case of segregation. Both
species of Heterogynis are limited in their powers of
dispersal by the female laying her eggs in her cocoon.
All travelling from one area to another must be done by
the larva. They are here in quite the same conditions as
other species with apterous females. In most species with
apterous females dispersal by larval migration is facilitated
by a certain amount of polyphagous - disposition on the
part of the larva, this is certainly the case in Orgyia and
in many Psy chids, Even so, however, dispersal must be
a slow process, and so far as such dispersal is concerned,
it is quite conceivable that there might easily be enough
separation of portions of the species even in continuous
areas, to permit of distinct races arising. A further check
to this, however, results from the male moth being usually
very active and capable of flying considerable distances.
Crossing thus readily takes place between colonies at
considerable distances and imposes a serious impediment
to any distinctive variation between them. In most years,
a majority of adjacent colonies would thus be crossed with
each other, and the result at the end of a few years would
be that all colonies within a large area would be crossed
with each other mediately if not immediately
Considering the rather wide area of the range of H.
penella, it probably, like so many other insects, has local
races and varieties. But in the smaller regions within
which I knew it, ranging from an elevation of 2000 feet
at Digne to 8000 at Lauteret, and from Grenoble nearly to
the Mediterranean, I am aware of the existence of no local
variation at all comparable to that of H. paradoxa which
I am describing. The almost polyphagous larva renders
it capable of traversing, ce of course, practically the
whole of this area, and the male is I think more adventur-
ous than that of HZ. paradowa.
H. paradoxva is very differently conditioned ; the larva
is confined to a few food-plants. It is not like penedla,
polyphagous under some circumstances, nor even like it
pleased with almost any leguminous plant. It must have
broom, and not any broom. Out of six or seven plants
that I called broom, Cytisus or Genista, and several other
plants of the same and allied genera, it would eat only
three, and one of these only as a substitute. There are
possibly other brooms growing elsewhere in Spain that
Heterogynis paradoxa. 125
please it, and it may even be variable in this point as in
others, but it 1s unquestionable that at all its habitats
where I met with it, each habitat was definitely and
(to the larva of H. paradoxa) impassably ‘circumscribed,
by the limits of growth of its food-plants.
Crossing by migration of the male probably occurs, but
it must be rarely. The male flies weakly, and never
voluntarily undertakes a migratory excursion, but such
must sometimes result from being caught by the wind.
The two races Lejarensis and Candelariw live very
close together, not more than three miles as the crow flies,
but bejarensis is some 1500 feet lower than candelaria,
and ona 8.E. instead of a north exposure ; the consequence
is that its flight 1s over before candelariz# comes out, so
that the chances of any accidental crossing are much
diminished if not entirely destroyed.
Piedrahitx is separated by a wide valley from the two
Bejar colonies, and curiously enough is even later in
appearing than candelariz, for no reason that I could
observe, since it is at a level as low, possibly lower. At
any rate any crossing with the Bejar forms must be all but
impossible.
The segregation of these three forms from each other is,
at any rate, if not complete, so nearly so as to make the
differences between them easily accounted for by variation
not swamped by crossing. There can be little doubt that
the differences represent something that is or has been
beneficial to each race, but here a longer study of the
conditions affecting each colony would be necessary, even
to plausible guessmg. Why should Candelariz hide itself
so much more carefully than the others, as it does at all
stages ; as a result it appears to thrive at the one spot
where I found it, but also as evidence that it has powerful
enemies, it seems very restricted in habitat, whilst the
other two forms are co-extensive with their food-plants.
If there is anything in the suggestion that the larval
colour is protective amongst the flowers of its food-plant,
it is another item showing the need of protection in this
form, since the flowers of the food-plant are nearly
identical in colour in all cases, but with Candelarizw the
flowers of C. purgans are denser than in G. florida and
unmixed with leaves, but then per contra I only found the
insect where the plant did not bloom freely.
The only other case in Lepidoptera where I have found
726 Dr. T. A. Chapman on
definite races due apparently to segregation from the
females being apterous, is in the case of Luffia ferchaultella.
As this species has no males, the segregation is of course
even more stringent, and we find here that different races
differ to the extent of having different numbers of joints
in their tarsi (Tutts. Brit. Lep. Vol. II, Ent. Rec. Vol.
XIIT.).
Seeing that these three forms of H. paradoxa occur
within a few miles of each other, and that the species
occur over a very large area, how large I don’t know, as I
do not know precisely its range, but certainly I imagine
several hundred miles across, there must be room for
many other distinct races of the species, and the question
may easily be asked whether such variations may not
bridge over the difference between H. paradoxa and H.
penella. Very possibly they may. It is not much use
speculating, what is wanted is more knowledge of the
colonies that probably exist in the northern half of Spain.
Rambur named a third species, from the neighbourhood of
Barcelona, but from very inadequate material. Kirby
accepts this as a good species, all other authorities have
treated it as merely paradoxa.
In the meantime the differences between penella and
paradoxa are as definite as any usually considered sufficient
to discriminate species. I have no hesitation in regarding
them, as I know them, as abundantly distinct, even after
making every allowance for the tendency of many species
in Spain to be larger and paler than their northern
representatives.
It may be useful to give a few notes on the differences
between the species.
The newly-hatched larve present very important differ-
ences that have perhaps more specific value than any
others.
The plate on the first thoracic segment has a dark mark
of much the same form in both, but in penella it is darker
shading on the plate, without very definite form, but
shading off into the colourless part of the plate, while in
paradoxa it is so definitely outlined that one takes it to be
the actual plate of this peculiar form.
Penella has the usual tubercles with finely spiculated
hairs, and the general surface of the skin is finely spicu-
lated. Paradoxa has in addition a number of peculiar
tubercles of which no trace exists in penella, these carry
Heterogynis paradoxa. 727
no hairs, and are something very different from the true
tubercles, yet when only slightly magnified they look just
like them and are somewhat mystifying. The ordinary
tubercle has a rather dark ring surrounding the base of
the hair, and these special tubercles have also a dark ring
of just the same size, and perhaps a little darker tint.
This dark ring crowns a short conical column, and has
about 10 to 12 sharp points round its margin. Without
being at all like, they suggest the special tubercles of
Limacodids. They are disposed one on either side of
each of the dorsal tubercles, so that tubercles I and III
with their eight attendant tubercles form a transverse row
of 12 nearly equidistant points, whilst in the case of II
the attendant tubercles are a little posterior to tubercles
II, and so do not quite fall into a row with them.
There is a further very marked distinction between the
two species, penella having only 7 crochets to the prolegs,
whilst paradoxa has 11.
Paradoxa is larger than penella, and hibernates in second
instar, penella in third.
In the full-grown larve, not having them side by side
for comparison I may easily be at fault, but think there
is no other difference than that of size.
The cocoons differ much in size and also in colour, that
of penella being a pale lemon-yellow, of paradora a deep
reddish-orange.
The male imagines are well defined by Rambur, Bruand,
and others, in their descriptions of the species. Penella
is smaller, darker, and much more densely scaled than
paradoza. This is especially noticeable in the body
sealing. Paradoxa looks very thin and slight, and gives
very much the same impression of being without scales on
the thorax, whether they be absent or whether the some-
what evanescent and sparse clothing is still present, the
abdomen is but little better furnished, whereas penella
looks a solid, robust little fellow entirely in consequence
of his thick fleece.
Penella has a more robust-looking antenna, with longer
pectinations. The length of the pectinations persists till
towards the end of the antenna, whilst in paradova, the
shortening begins comparatively near the base. On both
36 pairs of pectinations may be counted; these are almost
quite constant in paradoxa, but often vary to 32 in penella.
The anterior tibial spurs in penella arise near the middle
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PAaRT Iv. (DEC.) 48
728 Dr. T. A. Chapman on
of the tibia, in paradoxa about 2 from the proximal end,
the longer spur (penella) being, as it so frequently is,
correlated with the most plamose antenna.
I have not seen it noted that each antennal joint carries
two pairs of the pectinations, so that there is only half the
number of antennal joints that there at first seems to be,
2 basal and 18 (not 36) with plumules=20 varying in
penella to 19 and 18.
The parasites of 7. paradoxa are very destructive to it.
My notes might refer to two sets of parasites, one of
bejarensis, the other of picdrahitz. I believe they would be
more correctly interpreted as referring to gs and Qs, but
the latter view would have to be modified by a strong
suspicion I have, that what appear to be male cocoons
are really merely the cocoons of larve that are to grow
no larger, because they are parasitised, and so spin a small
cocoon that one takes for that of a male larva, whereas it
may be really a female whose growth is checked by the
parasite.
However this may be, I collected many ¢ cocoons of
H. bejavensis, and from them bred many Tachinid diptera
of a smallish species (Llepharidea (Ceratochxtu) previa,
B. B.); one specimen of a larger species was also bred from
a Piedrahita 2 (the same species also emerged from Orgyia
aurolimbata), also many Chalcids. No “ale bejarensis
having been collected, no parasites were bred from them.
Many male, or apparently male cocoons were collected
at Piedrahita, of which some 95 per cent. produced
ichneumons. These were of two species. One spins an
oval cocoon within that of the /Zeterogynis, after emerging
from the larva of its host, and produces Casinaria orbitalis,
Gra. In the case of the other, the HMeterogynis either
changes to pupa or appears to die asa larva, in both cases
Pimpla scanica, Vill., emerges, by cutting out a lid in the
dead skin of its host. In two instances at least a Pimpla
scanica emerged from a cocoon of the Casinaria. As
hyperparasitism is not recorded for Pimpla (I believe), and
as the present species is a simple direct parasite on the
Heterogynis, the lhyperparasitism must here be an accident ;
the larva of P. scanica, finding its host occupied also by a
larva of Casinaria orbitalis, solved the awkward situation
by entering the body of its fellow-guest, as it must have
been within the Casinaria when that spun its cocoon.
Such at least is a possible explanation, though it involves
Heterogynis paradoxa, 729
a rather improbable attribution of instinct to the Pimpla
larva. Another explanation offers itself. The Heterogynis
larva must be not unfrequently stung by both parasites as
they are so common; what will happen in thiscase? Since
no larva produced two parasites (we may assume that each
species only stings a larva once, recognizing and avoiding
one already stung by its own species), either they grow
part passu, and both perish for want of pabulum, or one
destroys the other; if it does this by treating the other as
part of its host’s tissues and devouring it, we have again
no outward indication that two parasites were at any time
present. But suppose the Casinaria larva already well
grown at the time the Pimpla stings its victim, then
using its piercing ovipositor, it, quite by accident, as it
were, pierces also and lays her egg in the Casinaria. larva,
the result would be what I observed, the Casinaria would
be so far ahead of the Pimpla as to make its cocoon. The
condition would be one of ordinary hyperparasitism so far
as procedure goes, but as regards intention and instinct
would be purely accidental. It presents, however, no
matter how we explain it, a very interesting accident as
affording material which might be elaborated by natural
selection into true hyperparasitism.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII.
Larva of Heterogynis paradoxa, Kamb. (First stage.)
Fig. 1. Dorsal view x 20, showing tubercles and pseudo-tubercles,
Fig. 2. Portion of same x 250. Below 1 is a tubercle ; below 2 and
3, its two attendant pseudo-tubercles,
DrcremBeEr 30, 1902
THE
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON
For THE YEAR 1902.
February 5th, 1902.
The Rev. Canon Fowter, M.A., F.L.S., President, in
the Chair.
Nomination of Vice-Presidents.
The President announced that he had appointed Mr.
FREDERICK DuCangE Gopman, D.C.L., F.B.S., Professor
Epwarp B. Pouuton, M.A., D.Se, F.R.S., and Dr. Davin
SHarp, M.A., F.R.S., F.LS8., as Vice-Presidents for the
Session 1902—19083.
Election of a Fellow.
Dr. Norman Joy, of Bradfield, near Reading, was elected a,
Fellow of the Society.
Exhibitions.
Professor E. B. Pouuron exhibited with a lantern a series
of slides prepared by Mr. Sanger-Shepherd for Professor
Meldola, from specimens in the Hope Department of the Oxford
University Museum. He pointed out that the Sanger-
Shepherd three-colour process enabled us to preserve a per-
manent record of mimetic and synaposematic groups, of which
the components have been brought together from all parts of
a vast collection, such as those exhibited to the Entomological
Society, by Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford, on May 5, 1897, and
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 1. 1902. A
( 2 9
described in the Proceedings for that year (p. xxi). These
specimens had been selected with great expenditure of time
and pains by Mr. Blandford and the late Mr. Osbert Salvin,
but the groups were now broken up, and the specimens
restored to their places in the systematic series.
The first slide represented a large group of butterflies from
British Guiana, showing the strong development of black
pigment in the hindwings of many /eliconine and Ithomiine,
as well as in a species of Lycorea (Danainx), Stalachtis
(Erycinide), and Dismorphia (Pierine). The number of
individuals was probably as great as in any of the groups
shown by Mr. Blandford, and yet each was reproduced with
sufficient distinctness on the lJantern-slide, to bear magni-
fication for purposes of demonstration on the screen.
The insects were arranged on a background of grey paper in
order to be photographed. The most convenient arrangement
consists of a series of corked boards about 1 ft. x 1 ft. 3 in.
in area, sliding in grooves in a case, so that they cannot be
displaced in any position. The setting should of course be
flat, and the specimens as far as possible at one height.
The slides represented (1) groups of Limenitis (Basilarchia)
archippus, taken at the same time and place with its model
Anosia plexippus, in various localities in Canada and the
United States ; (2) Chalcosid moths from Borneo with their
Pierine and LEupleine models; (3) Xylocopid bees from
Borneo and Mashonaland, with their dipterous mimics belong-
ing to the genus //yperechia ; (4) A large composite group,
captured by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, at Salisbury, Mashona-
land, in which numerous species of Coleoptera of various
families, of Aculeate Hymenoptera, of Hemiptera, two species
of Lepidoptera, and one of Diptera, all possessed Lycoid
colours, and a Lycoid pattern, the models consisting of several
species of Lycidx, from the same locality. Nearly the whole
of these species appeared to be pseudaposematic, the only
probable mimics in the Batesian sense being the fly, and one
or two Longicorns; (5) A group of European Vanesside,
compared with (6) a group of five species, and (7) a pair of
species of Acraxine, captured by Mr. Marshall on the veldt
at Salisbury in a single cay, showed the striking resemblance
(ails 4)
which is so common between sets of species of a specially
defended group inhabiting the same district; (8) A group
from North Kanara, obtained by Mr. Keatinge, showing
Papilionine and Nymphaline, resembling the local Lupleine,
and also the close superficial resemblance between the different
genera of the latter, recalling the synaposematic Acreine of
slides (6) and (7); finally slides (9) to (12), illustrating
injuries to the wings of butterflies, probably caused by the
attack of enemies, especially birds. All the specimens had
been captured by Mr. Marshall at Salisbury. A large number
of the injuries were inflicted at the apex of the forewing, in
the very place where a bright mark or white band tends so
frequently to be developed ; in a far larger number the injury
had been inflicted at the anal angle of the hindwing, on one
or both sides, in the latter case the two notches or tears
fitting together when the wings were closed in the attitude
of rest. This also is a spot at which special structures and
markings tend to develop—the prolonged angles of some
species, the numerous tails of Charaxes, the single tails of
Papilio, Protogonius, Anza, and especially the Lycenide, in
which special eye-like marks and special movements tend
still further to direct attention to the spot, and divert attack
from the more vital parts. Comparatively few of Mr. Marshall’s
specimens had been injured at any other point of the wing
contour.
A discussion on the subject followed, in which Colonel
Swinuog, Mr. F. Merririevp, Dr. Coapman, Mr. C. O. WaTeEr-
HousE, the Rev. F. D. Moricr, and Colonel YErsury took
part, Mr. VerRALL observing that in the case of Diptera they
mimicked other groups rather than were mimicked by them,
while there were even cases in which flies fed on dragon-flies,
and not vice ver'sa, aS was usual.
With regard to the protective value of the scent-glands
present in groups allied to the Chalcostinx, and conspicuous
also in Anthrocera, Mr. J. W. Turr said it was possible that
they might have something to do with edibility or otherwise
of the species. The glands, though better developed in the
male, existed also in thefemale. Professor MeLpoua, however,
supposed them to be characters of sexual attraction, as laid
(av)
down by Fritz Miiller, and therefore not affecting the question
of distastefulness.
Mr. C.G. Barrett exhibited a series of the perfect insect of
Glottula fusca, Hpsn., together with ears of maize (locally
called mealies), showing the damage done by the well-grown
larva of the species, which lives in the first place in the stem,
eating the pith from the ground, and afterwards attacking the
cobs, and eating from the inside into the bases of the unripe
grains which then change colour and shrivel up. He also
exhibited: Gynaniza maia, 6, Walk., and a drawing of the
larva; Vudaurelia menippe, 3, Feld.,and drawing of the larva;
Bombycomorpha bifascia, Hpsn., circlet of eggs, cocoons and
figure of the larva; Phissana flava, Feld., food, cocoon and figure
of the larva; Gonometa postica, d and 2, Walk., cocoon (poison-
ous),and g and 9 figures of the larva; Henucha smilax, g and 2,
Feld., pupa, cocoon, figures of the larva, and an enlarged segment
to show markings ; J/etarctia rufescens, Walk., and figure of
the larva; Txniopyga sylvana, Walk., and figures of the larva ;
igema ornata, Walk., and figures of the larva—all the fore-
going specimens and figures being received from Miss Frances
Barrett, Buntingville, Transkei, South Africa.
Mr. W. L. Distant exhibited two specimens of Coleoptera
which he had received alive from the Transvaal—one Anthia
thoracica, Thunb., which had since died, the other Brachycerus
granosus, Gyll., still living. These insects had been sent him
by Mr. Robert Service, of Dumfries, on the 9th December last,
who wrote: ‘‘ I received a small packet of ‘odds and ends’ from
my friend Sergt. Peter Dunn, of the volunteer company of
the Scottish Borderers, which regiment was in the vicinity of
Krugersdorp with Lord Methuen when Dunn wrote. Several
of the beetles showed signs of life, so I took them into the
greenhouse, bathed them in the hot-water tank, and then put
them in a suitable case. Three of them came round nicely,
and were soon as lively as possible ; one escaped, the other two
I now send you. The Anthia is inordinately fond of small
earth-worms, the other I have not seen eat anything, but it
may have fed on some of the green things supplied. The
night that these prisoners of war travelled from Scotland to
my home was a frosty one, and the Anthia never recovered
Coe)
from its effects and died soon afterwards. The Brachycerus
has now been in the concentration camp of my greenhouse for
about two months; has apparently eaten nothing during that
time ; has periods of apparent lifelessness, and subsequent fits of
great activity, as was seen at the British Museum yesterday.”
Mr. Distant remarked that the genus Anthia extends to the
Southern Palearctic region, and there seems little doubt that
these species could be easily acclimatized there. All they
require at home is the run of a good palm or orchid-house,
but whether they would be a horticultural blessing is of
course doubtful.
Mr. R, Apkin exhibited a series of Acidalia aversata. The
parent moth (a banded female, the male parent not being
known) was taken at Lewisham in June 1900. Of the result-
ing larvee about one half fed-up rapidly, and produced imagines
in the autumn of the same year—a very unusual circumstance
in the habits of the species; the remainder hybernated and
produced imagines in June of the following year, thus occupy-
ing the normal time in completing their metamorphoses. The
proportion of individuals following the female parent in the
two portions of the brood was almost equal, the percentages
being approximately 53 banded in the autumnal emergence as
against 58 in the spring, but in point of sex the disparity was
great, over 65°/ of the autumn moths being males as against
fully 72°/ females in the spring portion.
Mr. G. C. Cuampton exhibited long series of Leptura
stragulata, Germ., and Strangalia pubescens, Fabr., from the
pine-forests of Aragon and Castile, showing the great variation
in colour of the two species in these districts, whereas the
allied forms occurring in the same places, viz., Z. rubra, Linn.,
L. distigna, Charp., L. unipunctata, Fabr., and L. sanguinolenta,
Linn., were perfectly constant; also Dermestes aurichalceus,
Kiist., which he and Dr. Chapman had found everywhere in
abundance in the old nests of the processionary-moth (7hau-
matopew pitocampa, Schill.) on the pines in these forests.
Dr. T. A. CHapman exhibited in illustration of his paper
living larvee of Hypotia corticalis, Schiff, as well as preserved
larvee, pupa-cases, imagines, and prepared wings to show the
neuration of that species.
Papers.
Dr. T. A. Caapman, F.Z.S., read a paper, “ On a new sub-
family of Pyralide.”
Mr. Epwarp Meyrick, B.A., F.Z.S., communicated ‘ De-
scriptions of new Australasian Lepidoptera.”
Mr. W. F. Kirsy, F.L.S., communicated a “ Report on a
Collection of African Locustide, chiefly from the Transvaal,
made by Mr. W. L. Distant.”
March 5th, 1902.
The Rev. Canon Fowrrr, M.A., F.L.S., President, in the
Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Dr. B. Dovetas Macponatp, M.D., of Malsette, Rhodesia,
8. Africa ; and Mr. Artaur M. Montcomery, of the Grove,
Ealing, W., were elected Fellows of the Society.
Exhibitions.
Mr. L. B. Prour exhibited on behalf of Mr. J. P. Mutch,
of Hornsey Road, London, N., a specimen of (a) Vanessa
(Lugonia) polychloros, L.,a ¢ bred by Mr. H. Baker from a
pupa from Stowmarket, Suffolk, the ground-colour of which
was much darkened and the black markings somewhat en-
larged, etc. ; suggesting perhaps the influence of cold at the
time of pupation (compare 7. Ent. Soc., 1894, p. 431, ete.).
He also exhibited an aberrant specimen of (b) Chrysophanus
phleas, L., captured in the Isle of Wight, in August, 1901,
much suffused with dark colour, especially at the outer
margin and on the hindwings, only a very small patch of the
red colour remaining at the inner angle of the latter; also
a perfectly-halved gynandromorphous example of (c) Agrotis
puta, Hb., the right side ¢, the left side 9 ,taken in August,
1901, in the Isle of Wight. He also showed a specimen of
(qd) Noctua sobrina, Gn., an aberrant specimen with white
antenne and a somewhat hoary appearance on the forewings,
taken in East Aberdeenshire, in August, 1900.
Mr. A. Bacor exhibited a series of JJalacosoma castrensis
Cia”)
and a series of JM. newstria for comparison with a hybrid
brood, resulting from a pairing between a male neustria and
a female castrensis. Only a portion of the batch of from 200
to 300 ova that the female laid hatched. Of the ova that did
not hatch, some were found to contain fully-developed, but
dead larva, while in other instances the eggs were quite empty.
Continuing, Mr. Bacot said :—‘ The young larve were healthy
and did not differ perceptibly from a brood of young castrensis,
except in regard to their rapidity of growth. FHither just
before or just after their second moult the brood divided into
two portions ; one of which grew rapidly and the other very
slowly, so that it became necessary to separate them for con-
venience of feeding. The ‘forwards’ were very healthy—I
do not remember a single death—and they fed up at an unpre-
cedented rate, producing the female specimens exhibited.
The ‘laggards’ fed slowly, were unhealthy, and weakly, the
total number of emergencies being seven out of some thirty
that spun up; these were all males, and, judging by the size of
the larve, the remainder of the ‘laggards’ that did not
emerge were of this sex. The last of the females that
emerged was three weeks ahead of the first male, and most
unfortunately before any males of either of the parent species,
so that the fertility of the hybrid females could not be tested.
Their bodies apparently contain few, if any, ova. I have every
reason to believe, however, that I obtained pairings between
the hybrid males and females of castrensis, in addition to
fresh pairings between males of neustria and females of
castrensis, and therefore have hopes of continuing the experi-
ment next summer.”
Mr. J. W. Tutt said this was the first time any exhibition
of experiments of the kind had been made before the Society
by British investigators, though Mr. Merrifield had shown a
number of crosses bred® by Herr Standfuss. In this case the
colouring of the ? hybrids, departing from the usual colour
of the @s of the parent species, appeared to approach more
nearly in tint to the 9s of the closely-allied Alpine species
Malacosoma alpicola, and it would be interesting to discover
whether this peculiarity of colour in the hybrid 9s really
marked a tendency to revert to a more primitive 9 type of
(© * Wall 94)
coloration—such, for example, as that exhibited by 2? WM.
alpicola. The sexes, as exhibited, were very clearly distinguish-
able, and there was not much tendency to gynandromorphism,
though of sixty or seventy specimens almost every @ showed
some signs of ¢@ coloration.
A discussion of the relative preponderance of the sexes
in gynandromorphous forms followed, in which Canon Fowter,
Colonel Swinuor, and the Rev. F. D. Morice joined.
Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited a pair of Stephanocrates dohertyi,
Jord.,a Goliath beetle discovered by the late W. Doherty in
the highlands of British East Africa.
Dr. T. A. CHApman exhibited cocoons of a Zimacodid moth
from La Plata, with empty pupa-cases of a dipterous parasite
of the genus Systropus, obtained from Herr Heyne, who
unfortunately had no imagines either of the moth or fly.
Dr. CHAPMAN said :—‘‘ Herr Heyne was under the impression
the pupa-cases were those of the Limacodid moth. I mention
this, not as a reflection on Herr Heyne, who would no doubt
have recognized what they were, had he really examined them,
but as showing what a close resemblance there is between
the two pupa-cases ; I have placed with them some genuine
Limacodid cases, with their cocoons, to illustrate this. The
resemblance is, however, not merely of appearance, but
functional also, The moth-pupa, 7.e. the moth itself inside
the pupa-case, almost certainly by inflating itself with air, to
secure greater size and a stiffened epiderm as a basis of muscu-
lar action, exerts an end-to-end pressure within the cocoon,
and so forces off a lid. This lid is not prepared by the larva,
in any special sense ; the cocoon is brittle, and the form of the
cocoon makes this lid the easiest line of fracture under the
forces exerted. This is seen to be the case by the fracture
being somewhat irregular, and different in each cocoon, and
may be proved experimentally, as I will immediately mention.
The fracture is also determined at the precise line in which it
occurs, and the forces acting upon the cocoon are intensified
at one point, so as more easily to start the fracture, by the
sharp beak (or ‘cocoon-opener’) with which the pupa is
armed, This beak acts, not by cutting, but by bringing the
strain on the cocoon to a more definite form at one point.
Ca)
The experiments I refer to are simply this: if a sound
cocoon be taken, and with say the point of a penknife, an
attempt be made to remove such a lid, a fracture starts at the
spot where the penknife is applied, and a lid at once breaks
off. This lid is very similar to the one the moth makes, but
is less symmetrical, and may be considerably larger or smaller
than that is, and always starts at the point where pressure is
applied by the sharp implement. It is therefore similar to the
lid the moth makes, but not the same lid, and shows that
such a lid occurs wherever the forces applied determine, and
not along a specially-prepared line. The experiment is, indeed,
even more conclusive than this. It is not always easy to say
of a sound cocoon, which end is which, and if the wrong end
be attacked, a lid is removed just as correctly as at the right
one. It is here that the beak or ‘cocoon-opener’ is useful
as determining that the fracture shall be at the right end,
making the lid split off here, under much less pressure than
would be efficient without it, and leaving no chance for fracture
to occur at the wrong end where pressure is equally distributed.
The Systropus breaks off a similar lid, no doubt by similar
end-to-end pressure to that exerted by the moth, Diptera
having highly developed the habit of inflating themselves with
air, at emergence from the pupa. This pupa also has a beak
very like that of the Limacodid, but even stronger and
sharper. I have put in the box a Bombyliid pupa-case from
West Africa. It is very like that of some British forms. The
head-armature is not a ‘cocoon-opener,’ but an excavating or
navvying machine, for use in burrowing a way out of loose
soil, such as that in which solitary bees’ nests are found. The
pupa of an African species of practically the same habits as this
South American one is described and figured in Prof. West-
wood’s monograph of the genus Systropus in our Transactions
for 1876.”
Mr. J. E. Cottry, in further illustration of Dr. Chapman’s
remarks, exhibited specimens of: (a) Systropus, sp.? from
Buenos Ayres, parasitic on a Bombycid Lepidopteron (Lima-
codes’). This he said was possibly the same as Dr. Chapman
would have reared from his cocoons. The species was
apparently undescribed, but most allied to 8. brasiliensis, Meg.
Ce)
As Prof. Westwood noticed in 1876, the insect is a very slender
one to inhabit so stout a pupa-case. (0) Systropus, sp.? A
large handsome undescribed species from Bigot’s Collection.
Papers, ete., read.
Prof, E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., gave an account of a paper
by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, entitled “Five years’ (1897—-
1901) Observations and Experiments on the Bionomies of
South African insects, dealing especially with Warning Colours
and Mimiecry, with Appendices containing descriptions of new
species by Colonel C. T. Bingham and Mr. W. L. Distant.”
The paper not only contained Mr. Marshall’s account of his
researches, but the unrecorded notes of many other naturalists
bearing on the same subjects, together with numerous quota-
tions from Mr. Marshall’s letters to Prof. Poulton and the
full description of a large number of specimens illustrating
insect bionomics sent by him tothe Hope Collection at Oxford.
These latter will be permanently retained in the bionomic
section of the collection, where they can be studied by any
naturalist visiting Oxford. Perhaps the most important part
of the memoir consists of a full description of the long series
of observations and experiments, conducted, with great care,
upon South African insect-eating animals. The insect enemies
made use of were spiders, J/antidx, lizards, frogs, kestrels,
the Ground Horn-bill, the Mongoose, and the Baboon, Exact
observations of birds in the wild state capturing butterflies
are also added, together with a statement of the insects, etc.,
found in the digestive canal of birds, and numerous specimens
of butterflies which, from the character of the injuries received,
appear to have been attacked by enemies. The experiments
on the MJantide are of the highest importance, several genera
being made use of, and the researches continued for many
weeks or even months in the case of certain species. These
predaceous insects freely devoured such forms as Mylothris and
often even Limnas chrysippus, while the Acrxinx were evi-
dently distasteful to them. Some of the series of experiments
rendered it probable that Acreinx are poisonous, or at least
unwholesome food to the Mantidx. The experiments on
Gh: aes)
kestrels and baboons were also very numerous and important.
As regards the Lepidoptera the support afforded to the theories
of warning colours and mimicry was very striking. Another
feature was the great use made of Coleoptera and the strong
witness to the distastefulness of the conspicuous groups such
as the Lycidx, Melyridx, Cantharidx, etc. As a result of
these experiments and the work of other naturalists, the
attempt is made to draw up a list of the Coleopterous groups
which correspond to the Rhopalocerous Ithominx, Danaine,
Heliconine and Acrxinx. The chief of these are the con-
spicuous, convergent, frequently mimicked and presumably
distasteful Erotylidx, Endomychide, Malacodermidx, Melyridz,
Coccinellidxe, Cantharidx, and Chrysomelide.
The memoir also contains the evidence produced by Mr.
Marshall in refutation of Haase’s conclusion that conspicuous
specially defended butterflies are not attacked by insect
parasites. The conclusion of Profs. Plateau and Wheeler
that human experience of the taste of insects affords trust-
worthy evidence of their effect upon the senses of insectivorous
animals is examined in the light of Mr. Marshall’s experiments
and found to be unsound.
The remarkable mimicry of Cureculios with a cryptic
colouring by Longicorns is discussed, and the conclusion reached
that the defence provided by such a quality as hardness does not
appeal like distastefulness to many classes of enemies irrespec-
tive of size, and that the concealment afforded by protective
resemblance is necessary against the considerable number of
foes which are strong enough or large enough to attack
successfully.
The mimetic resemblance of Mantispide to Hymenoptera,
already recognized in North America (Wheeler) and Borneo
(Shelford), is further illustrated by a fine example from South
Africa. The use of insect stridulation as a means of warning
or intimidation is discussed. The experimental evidence of the
value of the terrifying markings and attitudes of Charocampa
larvee is strengthened by the remarkable impression produced
by an African species upon a pair of baboons. As bearing on
this section it is shown that Cherocampa elpenor is still an
object of superstitious dread in Ireland. The shorter notes
(. seit, )
deal with such subjects as “The courtship of Limnas chrysip-
pus,” ‘“‘The meaning of the sac of female Acrainex,” ‘A
Rhodesian muscid fly parasitic on man,” “ Evidence of terror
caused by the squeak of A. atropos,” ete.
The material described in the paper illustrates many varied
aspects of mimicry, warning colours, and common warning
colours from the points of view provided by several very
diverse orders of insects. The most striking contribution to
the subject is probably the remarkable group of synaposematic
insects with a Lycoid colouring (already described on p. ii),
and the varied assemblages which are made up by Hymenoptera
Aculeata with well-marked types of colouring, each being
attended by insects of other orders, many of which are un-
doubtedly Miillerian components, while others may be Batesian,
although the latter interpretation can only be accepted as
probable in a very small proportion of the examples. Among
these groups perhaps the most important consists of insects
which are entirely black with iridescent blue-black wings.
No less than twenty-eight convergent species of Aculeates form
the centre of an assemblage, round the periphery of which are
scattered Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera (Cantharidx), with
a single Zygenid moth. In another group of almost equal
importance the colouring is similar to the last, except that
the posterior end of the abdomen is bright yellow or orange.
In another the whole abdomen is yellow, and the wings trans-
parent: another is similar to the first described Aculeate-centred
group, except that the head is red : another differs in having a
yellowish head, thorax, etc. Not only the Aculeates but
other specially protected South African insects sent by Mr.
Marshall form beautiful synaposematic groups, sometimes in-
cluded within the limits of a single order, sometimes attracting
insects of other orders. Thus one group of conspicuous little
beetles consisted of six species of Phytophaga, belonging to
six genera, at least one Melyrid, anda Curculionid. The black-
and-orange banded Cantharid type comprise many species,
and a few different genera of these Coleoptera, together with
two Longicorns, two Phytophagous beetles and a Hemipteron,
make up a strong and characteristically marked combination.
The Hemiptera form well-marked and apparently self-contained
( xiii)
groups, one with a conspicuous pattern of black and red with
a black membrane, or a white membrane through which
the black body is more or less clearly seen; another pale
yellow with black transverse bars. The first of these groups
is composed of Lygeid and Reduviid species, the second of
Pyrrhocorid and Reduviid. To return to the Aculeate-centred
groups, the Mutillide are resembled by Carabide and
Cicindelide, and yet there is also a secondary resemblance
between these two latter, which becomes primary in the case
of species which do not resemble the Mutillide. In other
cases small slender Carabidx of the genus Atractonota primarily
resemble ants in movement and appearance, and yet secondarily
resemble other species of Carabidx in the markings by which
these latter resemble the J/utillide. These complex inter-
relationships suggest proto-, deutero-, and perhaps trito-
synaposematic resemblances for the Miillerian associations,
proto-, deutero-, and perhaps, tritopseudaposematic resem-
blances for the Batesian.
Another important group has for its centre three species
of ants, resembled by a Pyrrhocorid bug of a new genus,
Megaupetus, described by Mr. Distant in his Appendix, and a
little Locustid of the genus Myrmecophana, with the parts of
the body which would interfere with the likeness to an ant
obliterated, upon the plant on which the insect occurs, by
their green colour. Examples of all these were taken on one
plant in a single day.
Nearly all groups here shortly described were illustrated by
photographs projected on the screen. A brief account of
some of the chief results of Mr, Marshall’s work was read
before Section D of the British Association at Bradford (1900),
and published in abstract in The Report (p. 793).
The number of new facts is so large, the experiments so
numerous and complete, and the range of observation ex-
tended over so many orders in addition to the usually-studied
Lepidoptera, that this memoir places South Africa in the
first rank as the country from which the chief evidence in
support of existing theories of Mimicry, Warning Colours, etc.,
has been supplied.
A discussion ensued in which Mr. F. Merrifield, Dr. F. A.
(° eauv})
Dixey, Prof. Hudson Beare, Colonel Yerbury, Mr, J. W. Tutt,
and Prof. Poulton took part.
Mr. Matcotm Burr, B.A., F.L.S. contributed “A mono-
graph of the genus Acrida, with notes of some allied genera,
and descriptions of new species.”
Dr. D. SHarp, F.R.S., communicated three papers by Mr.
R. C. L. Perkins, respectively entitled :
(a) ‘‘ Notes on Hawaiian Wasps, with descriptions of new
species” ;
(6) “ Four new species and a new genus of parasitic Hymenop-
tera (Ichneumonidx) from the Hawaiian Islands ;” and
(c) “On the generic characters of Hawaiian Crabronide ;
four new genera characterized.”
March 19th, 1902.
Mr. Freprerick DuCaneE Gopman, D.C.L., F.R.S., Vice-
President, in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. Benatan W. ApKIN, of Brandon House, Morden Hill,
Lewisham ; Mr. E. D. Bostock, of Texall Lodge, Stafford ;
Mr. Husert Epetsrein, of the Elms, Forty Hill, Enfield,
Middlesex ; Capt. Freprrick W. Hurron, F.R.S., of the
Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand; Myr.
FREDERICK WILLIAM LampBart SLADEN, of Ripple Court,
Ringwould, Dover; and Mr. Gerarp Orpy Storer, of Wes-
trop House, Highworth, Wiltshire, were elected Fellows of
the Society.
Exhibitions.
Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a number of insects from
British Guiana, many of them taken by himself, illustrative
of Miillerian mimicry. An extensive series of Heliconine
dark hind-winged species, was made up of Melinxa mneme,
WM. crameri, and M. 1? n. sp., WMechanitis doryssus, Lycorea ater-
gatis, vars., and feliconinus vetustus. Another particularly
interesting group consisted of Lauro partita, a Hypsid moth,
Ithomia zarepha, an Ithomine butterfly, and Stalactis evelina,
( xv)
an Erycinid butterfly, the last mimicking the Ithomine, and the
Hypsid moth sharing the dangers by mimicking the Ithomine.
Mr. DuCane GopMAN remarked. that in these regions many
different forms of the same butterfly would often occur
within a radius of fifty miles, showing a wide range of
variation.
Professor E. B, Poutton exhibited cocoons of Malacosoma
neustria collected by Mr. Hamm in 1900, spun upon black-
currant and apple-trees in his garden at Oxford. All of them
had been attacked by birds through the leaf, this being the
thinnest part of the cocoon, and the pupa thus more easily
abstracted. With regard to the resting habit of Hybernia
leucophearia he said that Mr. Hamm had observed that this
moth usually rested with its body in a horizontal position.
In this way the light and dark markings of the wings appeared
vertical, fitting in with the shadows of the natural cracks and
crevices of the oak bark.
Dr. LonestTarFe said that all the specimens he had observed
on green stems affected a similar position, and that he had only
found one on a birch-tree. Mr. M. Jacopy said that he never
found the species on oak at all, but on palings, also in the
same position, which facts Professor Pounron said tended to
show that the protective instinct of the species was retained
in such localities.
Mr. G. T. Porrirr exhibited two bred black Larentia multi-
strigaria from Huddersfield, and said that the dark form was
rapidly increasing in Yorkshire. Of those already emerged and
reared from the same brood, three were normal and two dark.
Papers, ete.
Dr. Frepertck A, Drxny, M.A., M.D., read a paper, illus-
trated by lantern slides, entitled :—“ Notes on some cases
of Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies, with an account of
Experiments made by Mr. Guy A. K. Marsnatt, F.Z.S.”
He said that he had long since formed the opinion that
Catopsilia crocale, Cram., was specifically identical with C.
pomona, Fabr., and had suspected that the differences between
them might prove to be seasonal in character. The belief in
their specific identity was held by Piepers and by de Nicéville,
( xy 3)
neither of whom, however, thought that the dimorphism thus
shown had any relation to the seasons. On the other hand,
Batchelor had found that in Queensland the two correspond-
ing forms were associated with the summer and autumn
season respectively. Similarly, Catopsilia gnoma, Fabr., could
not be separated specifically from C. pyranthe, Linn. In this
case de Nicéville not only held the view of their specific
identity, but also allowed that for part of their range C.
pyranthe was associated with the wet season, and C’. gnoma
with the dry. This raised a presumption in favour of the
accuracy of Batchelor’s observation with reference to C.
pomona, An objection that had been brought on the score
of the different habits of C. pomona and C. crocale could not
be taken as valid, for analogous differences of habit existed
in the case of Precis sesamus and P. octavia-natalensis, which
had been absolutely proved to be the same species. Alto-
gether, though the direct proof which would be afforded by
breeding one form from the other was still lacking, the evidence
as to the respective specific identity of these forms of Catopsilia
was very strong, and the presumption as to at any rate some
correspondence with seasonal conditions was hardly less so.
On taking a wide view of the question, it became evident
that many forms, either known or reasonably supposed to
be “seasonal,” varied considerably in their relations with
meteorological conditions. It was not unusual, in some
localities, for the so-called ‘‘ wet” and “dry” forms to be on
the wing together in good condition. Examples of this were
numerous in the genera TZeracolus and Terias. This was no
doubt due, in some cases, to a mere “ overlapping” at the
change of seasons, but there were well-attested instances of
the simultaneous occurrence of diverse “seasonal” forms
during the entire period of flight of the species. On the
whole it seemed that in many moist districts, such as the
equatorial region of West Africa, the ‘“ wet-season” forms
preponderated ; while such forms were rare in some dry
districts such as Scinde. But in other dry spots, like Aden
and Karachi, there was much evidence to show that all the
seasonal forms of certain species occurred together. A well-
marked alternation of forms did not take place unless there
Cavill»)
was a well-marked alternation of seasons, and not always
even then. These facts suggested questions which could only
be answered after the collection of further data. Meanwhile,
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall had done much to extend our know-
ledge of the subject by his recent observations and experi-
ments carried on in South Africa. Besides the case of the
production of TZeracolus auxo from eggs laid by 7’ topha,
which had been already announced by Mr. Trimen, he had by
actual breeding experiments raised the question of the identity
of other pairs of named forms from the region of conjecture
to that of positive proof. This statement was illustrated by
the exhibition of one of the specimens of 7. auxo above
referred to; and of parent individuals of Teracolus achine,
T’. omphale, Terias senegalensis, Byblia vulgaris, and B. ilithyia,
accompanied in each case by their offspring, which belonged
respectively to the forms TZeracolus antevippe, T. theogone,
Terias xthiopica, Byblia gétziws, and B. simplex (African
form). Mr. Marshall had also succeeded in proving the
sensitiveness of certain forms in the pupal state to artificial
conditions of humidity and temperature. Heat unaccom-
panied by moisture had caused in Byblia ilithyia, Pinacopteryx
prgea, and to a less extent in Crenis boisduvalii, an approach
to the ‘‘dry-season” coloration ; while in the presence of
moisture in addition to heat, the “ winter brood” of Teracolus
achine, T.. omphale, and T. phlegyas showed a tendency to
revert to the garb of the rains. Moisture without heat
produced a slight determination towards the rainy season
form in Crenis boisduvalii, and a more decided one in Pina-
copteryx pigea. These effects, though unmistakable, were far
less striking than those obtained with Kuropean species by
artificial conditions of temperature in the hands of Merrifield
and Standfuss.
In the discussion which followed Colonel Yerxury said that
a temporary rainfall in a dry season in dry places had a
marvellous effect in producing intermediate and wet-season
forms.
Mr. F. Merririecp said he thought it highly credit-
able to Mr. Marshall that, situated where he was, he had
been able to obtain such valuable scientific results. It was
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Ir. 1902. B
( xvii )
very desirable that further experiments of an exhaustive
character should be tried on the relation of moisture and
dryness, carefully dissociated from temperature, to dimorphism.
Though the dimorphism in the South African species of Precis
—to take a striking example—was quite as great as the
seasonal dimorphism of the well-known Araschnia levana, the
two different forms of it did not appear so exclusively asso-
ciated with the different seasons as was the case with the
latter species, the two forms of the Precis being so frequently
found together. Perhaps this was because the two seasons—
the wet and the dry—were not usually in tropical and sub-
tropical countries so sharply differentiated from each other
as were the winter and summer seasons in the temperate
regions, As regards Dr. Dixey’s paper, he thought it an
extremely valuable one in bringing up to date the existing
knowledge on the subject, in giving the reasons for the con-
clusions he had arrived at with sufficient fulness to enable
others to appreciate them, and in summing up these conclu-
sions so that they might remain in the memory and form so
conveniently the groundwork for the further investigation of
this and allied questions.
Professor E. B. Pounron expressed his opinion that by
breeding species through, Mr. Marshall had proved that one
form gives rise directly to the other; the pairing of the two
forms being a biological test of very considerable value.
Colonel SwinHok, Dr. Jornpan and Mr. F. DuCANE GopMAN
also joined in the discussion.
Professor E. B. Poutron, F.R.S., read a paper on “ Mimicry
illustrated by the Sanger-Shepherd three-colour process,”
supplementary to his paper read at the last meeting of the
Society.
April 16th, 1902.
The Rev. Canon Fowter, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., President, in
the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. James Rotanp Cuarnuey, of Howick House, Howick,
near Preston, Lancs., and Mr. A. T. Gr~uanpers, of Park
Cottage, Alnwick, were elected Fellows of the Society.
(i 2 xx.) )
Exhibitions.
Mr. O. E, Janson exhibited specimens of both sexes of
Ornithoptera victorix from Ysabel, Solomon Islands, recently
taken by Mr. Albert Meek, and remarked on the variation in
the colour and markings in the males.
Mr. H. W. SuepHearp-W Atwyn exhibited a series of Huchelia
jacobxx taken by him at Winchester in July 1889. Among
the specimens exhibited were one ¢ of normal size with very
pale coloration: one ¢ in which all the crimson was replaced
by lemon-yellow, without a trace of pink: and one ¢ of normal
size but rather paler than the type common to the district.
Mr. WittovuecHsy GARDNER exhibited Celioxys mandibu-
laris, Nyl., from the Cheshire coast, a species new to Britain ;
and Osmia xanthomelana, 3 and 9, and Osmia parietina, Curt.,
dé and ¢ from North Wales.
Mr. A. J. Cuirry exhibited a specimen of Aglais urticx
taken at sallow on March 28th, having a large portion of the
hind wings cut off so that when folded they were symmetrical
in outline. From their appearance he concluded they had
been bitten off by some animal, probably during hybernation.
Dr. T. A. Carman called attention to the remarkable
bilateral asymmetry in the male appendages of the Hemarid
Sphinx, Cephonodus hylas, Linn. He said that bilateral asym-
metry in insects was sufficiently rare to make it always notable.
In the male apophyses of Lepidoptera he had only been able
to find records in the case of the Hesperid genus Thanaos,
to which Scudder and Burgess first called attention—though it
seems highly probable that the facts can hardly have been
unobserved in so common a species as_C’. hylas. In Hylas the
right clasp is larger, rounded, but very imperfectly articulated
to the base, so as to be capable of very little movement, other-
wise, and compared with other Hemarid genitalia, one would
call this the normal clasp. The left clasp looks at first as
though it had been the same as the right, but had met with
some accident that had removed a large terminal disc, leaving
two lateral cusps. It is shorter than the right as about
3 to 5, and the arrangement of bristles and spines is quite
different to that on the right, if it is indeed possible to
( xx )
compare these very different forms. It is much more movable
than the right clasp. The arrangement suggests that it is
intended to facilitate a lateral, instead of a medial approach
in the capture of the female. The upper appendage or tegu-
men is also twisted, so as no doubt to correspond with the
obliqueness of the whole appendage, as most definitely seen in
the clasps. Dr. CHapman also exhibited specimens of the
several parts removed from the insect, as well as sketches of
the clasps and tegumen.
Mr. C. P. Picker exhibited specimens of Hybernia leuco-
phearia taken during March at Chingford, Highgate, and
Finchley, including the ordinary mottled, the black and white
banded, and six very deep chocolate-coloured forms, one
unicolourous, He also showed series of Phigalia pedaria,
Anisopteryx xscularia, and Nyssia hispidaria from the north
Metropolitan district.
Mr. H. J. Turner on behalf of Mr. W. West, of Greenwich,
exhibited male and female specimens of Stictocoris flaveola,
Bohm., a species new to the British fauna, found amongst long
grass in damp places at Lee, Kidbrook, and Shooter’s Hill, and
identified by Mr. Jas. Edwards and Dr. Sahlberg. The species
is described by Mr. Edwards in the January number of the
E. M. M., vol. xiii, pp. 5-6. He also exhibited several specimens
of Typhlocyba candidula, Kir., a species first discovered by
Mr. West at Lewisham and Blackheath on Populus alba, and
remarked that it was interesting to find two quite new species
occurring in the district so well worked by Douglas and others
in years past.
Papers.
Dr. D. Sarr, F.R.S., communicated a Paper by Miss
Auice L, Emsieton, B.Sc., “On the Economic importance of
the Parasites of Coccide.”
Colonel CHARLES SwinHor, M.A., F.L.S., read a Paper
entitled ‘Eastern and Australian Drepanulide, Epiplemidee,
Microniide and Geometride in the British Museum
Collection.”
Mr. Wiuiam F. Kirpy, F.L.S., contributed a Paper entitled
** Additional Notes on Mr. Distant’s Collection of African
Locustide.”
(sex)
May 7th, 1902.
The Rev. Canon Fowter, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., President,
in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. Cartes R. CuHicnsstrr, B.A., M.B., L.R.C.P., of
Bathurst, Gambia, West Africa, and Clonmore, co. Cork, and
Mr. J. H. Lewis, of Ophir, Otago, New Zealand, were elected
Fellows of the Society.
Exhibitions.
Mr. H. W. SsepHearp-Wauwyn exhibited a gynandro-
morphous specimen of Huchloé cardamines, taken near Win-
chester in 1899. The left wings were those of a normal
male, the right those of a normal female, with the exception of
a splash of orange pigment on the underside of the primary.
Mr. H. Goss exhibited two male specimens of Saturnia
carpint from Essex, bred on whitethorn, and three males of
the same species caught in Surrey by the aid of bred virgin
females. He remarked that as a rule bred specimens were
smaller than caught ones, but the bred Essex specimens
were much larger than those captured in Surrey. The Essex
specimens were light in colour, while the Surrey specimens
were not only much smaller in size, but very dark, probably
because their larve had fed upon Lrica or Calluna.
Colonel C. SwiNHOE announced the emergence of Cossus
ligniperda in the Zoological Society’s Gardens from a pupa
received in a piece of wood from South Africa, and said
that it was remarkable that the species should have been
introduced there, and then brought back to Great Britain.
Professor E. B. Pourron, F.R.S., exhibited two Hupleine
captured in Fiji by Professor Gilson, and presented by him to
the Hope Department. The species, which belonged to the
different genera NVipara and Deragena, bore the closest super-
ficial resemblance to each other, affording an interesting
example of Miillerian or Synaposematic likeness. He pointed
out that the resemblance depended largely upon the lengthen-
ing inwards of a single conspicuous spot in an outer series, so
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., III. 1902. , C
( xxii)
that it approximated towards the position of a single equally
conspicuous spot in an inner series of the other species.
Professor Pouttron also exhibited several specimens of
Smerinthus popult which had been exposed during the pupal
stage to the intense heat of July 1900. In consequence of
this “forcing” the moths emerged towards the end of that
month, and were markedly different in colour from the
normal, being much paler in tint with less distinct markings,
and the red of the hind-wivgs of a very different shade.
They were also smaller, but this effect may have followed
from the larve having been brought up under artificial con-
ditions in the Oxford Museum. ‘The moths were derived
from the eggs of a single female which was brought to the
Hope Department early in June 1900, so that all the im-
mature stages had been completed and the final form attained
in considerably under two months.
The Rey. A. E. Earon exhibited drawings illustrating the
wing of Pampterinus latipennis, Etn. MS., a remarkable
Dipterous fly of the Family Psychodide, from New Guinea,
in the collection of the Hungarian National Museum, Buda-
pest. This wing is oblong-ovate in form an1 of extraordinary
breadth, being considerably dilated in the areas posterior to
the postical vein, and still more so in the marginal area, which
is the broadest of all. The submarginal area at the costa is
slightly wider than the full span of the radial fork, and each
of them is wider than any of the remaining areas that have
not been mentioned above. The short mediastinal vein near
its ending in the subcosta is joined by a perpendicular cross-
vein to the subcosta, where the wing (deeply concave there-
abouts) is crossed by a crease. The axils of the radial and
pobrachial forks are nearer to the cross-veins than in Pericoma
fusca (sketches exhibited), the type of species to which the
New Guinea fly nas most affinity. Both surfaces of the wing
are clothed with minute truncate obovate-cuneate imbricated
seales inserted in the membrane, as well as in the veins.
Papers, ete.
Professor Lewis Compron Mriatr, F.R.S., contributed a
paper entitled, ‘On a new cricket of aquatic habits found in
Fiji by Professor Gusrave GiLson.”
( xxii )
Mr. R. McLacutan said that this was not the first time an
Orthopteron of aquatic habits had been noticed. Mr, Pascoe
had brought back one such insect from the Amazons, which
leaped on the leaves of aquatic plants, and there was a recent
record of another species with kindred habits being found in
Java.
Prof. E. B, Pountton remarked that Prof. Miall was
interested in insects which skate upon the water, but there
were also some Orthoptera which were aquatic in another
sense. Mr. Annandale had brought back from the Malay
region an aquatic insect of this order (a blatta) which was far
too heavy to skim upon the surface.
The Presipenr added that there were some Coleoptera
which, although non-aquatic, were so specialized as to be able
to use their limbs in a similar manner to water-beetles.
Dr. T. A. CHapman, M.D., F.Z.S., communicated a paper
on ‘* Asymmetry in the Males of Hemarine and other
Sphinges.”
Mr. E. Meyrick, B.A., F.Z.S., communicated a paper on
“‘ Lepidoptera from the Chatham Islands.”
June 4th, 1902.
The Rev. Canon Fowter, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., President, in
the Chair.
Election of a Fellow.
Mr. Srantey W. Kenwp, of 80, Oxford Gardens, Notting Hill,
W., was elected a Fellow of the Society.
Kahibitions.
Mr, H. W. SuepHEArp-Watwyn exhibited a recently emerged
male specimen of Lampides bxticus taken at Winchester in
September 1899, and two varieties of Lycxna icarus. Mr.
Rowtanp-Brown said that the insect was reported to have
been generally common that year in the Channel Islands, but
that those observed and taken were almost entirely confined to
the male sex.
Mr. C, P. Prckerr exhibited one asymmetrical male and two
\. pe
females of Dilina tilix, and a series of the same insect
showing great variation of colour and marking, bred during
May 1902.
My. F. Merririeip showed enlarged photographs of Jarvie of
Hygrochroa syringaria. ‘The larva is usually represented in
an attitude.in which it is practically never seen, crawling in
an elongated form with its pair of long fleshy dorsal tubercles
conspicuously projecting. But its habit is not to crawl except
in the dark, when it cannot be seen. All day it clings to the
edge of a leaf or to a twig in the singular attitude photo-
graphed, and is then about as unlike a caterpillar good for
a bird to eat as anything can well be, presenting a quad-
rangular form, something like a square hassock, with tassels
at the corners and in one or two other places; the body is
bent so as to form four right angles, the head and the anal
segments forming two of the tassels, and the rest of the body
forming a square from which the pair of long tubercles projects
at one corner, the other dorsal tubercles making other pro-
jections. Usually the parts of the body are so closely
appressed that no daylight is visible between them, even
when seen broadside against the light, which can rarely
happen in nature. Usually it also gives its body a twist,
presenting the fantastic forms shown in two of the illustra-
tions. It is then like a curled-up tip or end of a leaf
damaged by frost or in some other way. The resting attitude,
unlike that of the Selenias, is practically the same in all stages
of growth, and at all ages it is especially addicted to hanging
down a few inches suspended by a silken thread, still pre-
serving the hunched-up quadrangular form. Compared with the
very dissimilar but equally misleading attitudes of other larvee
such as the rigid Amphidasis betularia or the thorn-like Selenia
—it seems an interesting illustration of the very different
forms of disguise by which the result of escape from danger is
attained. Mr. Merrirretp also showed photographs of the
dark brown bronzy pupa of this species, in its hammock of
open network of silk, very slight but exceedingly strong, from
the bottom of which the larval skin is projected, not shortened
and compressed, but pushed through the network, and hanging
down like a long tail, so as apparently to attain the same end
( 2au )
as in the larval stages, the disguising of its real nature; it
looks very unlike an ordinary pupa.
Professor E. B. Poutron, F.R.8., exhibited a lantern slide
showing the perfect protective resemblance of Hybernia
leucophexria to the oak trunk upon which it rested.
Mr. A. Bacor exhibited hybrid larve resulting from a pair-
ing between a male Malacosoma neustria and a female J.
castrensis, also larve of M/. neustria and reputed larvee of I.
JSranconica for comparison. He said that this year’s brood of
hybrid larvee had separated into two batches, the “ Forwards”
being now nearly full fed, and from one and a half to two and
a half inches in length. The “ Laggards” were not yet half-
grown, being only half to three-quarters of an inch long, in
this respect exactly following last year’s brood resulting from
a similar cross, in which case the ‘‘ Forwards” produced only
female specimens, while the “ Laggards” produced only males.
Papers, ete.
Mr. H. J. Exwes, F.R.S., read a paper on “The Butterflies
of Chile,” and exhibited a selection of the specimens he had
taken during December, January and February in that country.
He pointed out that the number of species of butterflies found
in Chile was extremely small considering the large area, varied
physical and meteorological conditions, and rich flora of the
country. He accounted for this by the fact that the climate
and condition of the land areas bordering Chile had prevented
the immigration of neotropical species from the north. He
described briefly the great difference in the rainfall of the
country south of Conception, which causes South Chile to
be almost entirely a forest country, whilst Central and North
Chile is so arid that cultivation is carried on almost entirely
by irrigation. The endemic species of Satyride and Hesperide
constituted about two-thirds of the whole butterfly fauna,
Nymphalide and Lycnide being very few in numbers. Some
butterflies of Holarctic types, such as Colias vautieri, had an
extremely wide range and extended with little variation right
down to the Straits of Magellan. Among the most remarkable
species which he showed was the unique Satyrid, Argyrophorus
argenteus, the upper side of which is of a brilliant metallic
%
(| xxvi ) P
silver colour, nothing similar existing in the whole family.
This flies on open grassy hillsides, whilst in the forests close
by, a Hesperid, Cyclopides puelmx, has its wings on the under-
side entirely of a metallic golden colour, this also being unique
among the Hesperide. It seemed impossible to account for
such remarkable cases of coloration by any theory of protective
colouring. No natural frontier appeared to exist between
Chile and Argentina, and nearly all the mountain species
occurred on both sides of the political frontier, there being
little difference between the alpine and the low country
species.
The PresmpENtT remarked that the Chilean Coleoptera
generally resembled those of the Holarctic region. Mr.
Rotanp TrIMEN, F.R.S., said that in the eastern hemisphere
the west sides of the great continents stretching south
were poor in their faunaand flora. For instance, this was the
case in South Africa on the west, and in South Australia it
was even more remarkably so than in Chile. In South Africa
this was attributed to the cold antarctic currents that sweep
up to the north along the coast.
“Mr. 8. L. Hinpe read a paper, illustrated by lantern slides,
upon “The Protective Resemblance to flowers borne by an
African Homopterous insect, Mata wigrocinctu, Walker.”
He said that ‘‘the cluster of insects grouped to resemble a
flower spike,” which forms the frontispiece of Professor J. W.
Gregory’s ‘Great Rift Valley,” had attracted some criticism,
and that as he was familiar with the insect figured, and with
its larva, in a wild state, it seemed desirable to publish the
evidence. In the plate the insects are collected on the vertical
stem, the green individuals uppermost considerably smaller
than the red beneath, like the unopened green buds towards
the top of a flowering spike as compared with the expanded
blossoms below. The separate representations of the green and
red forms, however, indicate no difference in size, and experi-
ence confirms this conclusion, so that the impression conveyed
by the frontispiece plate is erroneous. After further noting
that the uniform deep pink colour of the exposed parts of the
insects figured was also incorrect, Mr. Hinpr remarked that
he had never seen the insects grouped according to their colours,
( xxv )
but invariably mixed, that he had never found larve and
imagines on the same stem or even together on the same tree
or bush, nor did the imagines affect vertical stems, but always
those actually or approximately horizontal. It does not by
any means follow that Professor Gregory was mistaken in his
impressions, but it is certain that conditions are common other
than those recorded by him. On comparison of material with
Professor Gregory’s in the British Museum of Natural History,
Professor Poulton had come to the conclusion that both sets of
specimens certainly belong to the same species, viz. a form
slightly different from Flata nigrocincta, Walker, but evidently
closely allied and perhaps specifically identical with it. Con-
tinuing, Mr. Hrnbe said that, “when disturbed the imagines
fly, and the larve hop, a short distance in any direction, but
soon collect into groups again. The larye toward the end of
a growing branch are the smallest, and this arrangement may
possibly reconcile Professor Gregory’s account with ours.”
Professor E. B. Pounron suggested that if the larve at the
top of the stem were younger, and those lower down older,
it was conceivable that the mature forms varied in colour
accordingly. Mr. Guy Marsuati said that a unicolorous
species of Flata occurred in Mashonaland, which congregates
on vertical stems and exudes a large amount of wax. He was
not able to distinguish the larval from the pupal form. Sir
GrorGE Hampson said the insects figured were orange when
first brought home, and that the pink-winged imago was
an error of the colourist. Mr. CoLtBran WatnwRIGHT re-
marked that in the case of British Homopterous insects
the imagines very rarely faced different ways on the stem,
while the heads of the larvee were always in one direction.
October Ist, 1902.
The Rev. Canon Fowrer, M.A,, D.Sc., F.L.S., President,
in the Chair.
Exhibitions.
Mr. H.St. J. DonisrHorre exhibited specimens of Diboliu
cynoglossi, a beetle which has not been recorded as British
since 1866.
(( xxyvurt)
Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited a fine hermaphrodite specimen ot
Argynnis paphia taken in the New Forest by Mr. Herbert
Charles on July 28th, and recorded in The Entomologist ;
also a melanie specimen of Papilio demoleus from Ceylon in
which all the usual marginal and submarginal yellow markings
were absent and the discal markings much obscured; on the
underside the yellow markings were entirely wanting.
Mr. C. P. Pickerr exhibited a ¢ Callimorpha dominula
with the hind-wings suffused with black, and an extra black
spot in the centre, the white spot on the fore-wings being
absent; and a very large 2 of the same species, bred from
larve found at Walmer at the end of March; also three
aberrant specimens of Agrotis fimbria bred from larve taken
at Wood Street during the same month.
Mr, C. O. WatrRHousE exhibited specimens of a wasp,
Zethus chalybeus, and a neuropteron, Mantispa semihyalina,
received with a collection of Hymenoptera from Rio Janeiro
suggesting a curious case of mimicry.
Mr. F. B. Jennings exhibited specimens of Hister merdarius
from Broxbourne, Herts, part of a large colony of this usually
scarce species found with Hister 12-striatus and other beetles
inhabiting a heap of a chemical substance, probably gas-lime,
in which also many larvee, presumably of Hister merdarius, and
burrows were observed. ‘The soil was warm and moist, and
this, and the presence of a quantity of vegetable refuse thrown
on the heap, was no doubt the attraction to the Histers to
settle there.
Mr. A, J. Currry exhibited a portion of the nest of Vespa
vulgaris containing a specimen of Metoecus paradoxus, which
had died just before emerging from the cell in which it had
grown. He pointed out that the insect kept its thorax at the
orifice of the cell, the head being tucked in, and that the
thorax was coloured yellow at the sides and black down the
middle, somewhat resembling the face of Vespa vulgaris.
A discussion followed, in which Professor Poutron, Mr.
WarerHouse, Dr. Coapman, and Mr, Currry took part.
Mr. H. Rowianp-Brown exhibited on behalf of Mr. G. F.
Leien of Durban,a 2 and ¢ specimen of a rare Noctuid,
Musgravia leighi, Hampson, discovered by him in Natal, and
( xxix )
read the following remarks upon the life-history of the species,
communicated by the captor :—
“The eggs are laid by the female on the twigs of a mistletoe
that grows upon various trees at Durban, and are brown in
colour and nearly round ; the larvee emerge, about twenty-one
or twenty-four days afterwards, and feed gregariously, by night
only, upon the underside of the thick leaves. In the very young
stage they congregate together round the twigs during the
day ; they are nearly black in colour, slightly hairy, and with
the heads black. After the first moult, which takes place in
about five or six days, they are dark brown in colour, slightly
hairy, and at night very active indeed, and measure slightly
under half-an-inch. They still, however, feed in company upon
the underside of the leaves only. (I may mention that the
leaves of their food are very thick and hard.) About five
days later they cast their skins for the second time, when
they are about five-eighths of an inch in length, and vary in
colour a good deal, some being nearly black, some dark brown,
others light brown, and in some cases nearly grey in colour,
and variegated down the back very similar in this respect to
our Catacola promissa ; the head is black with a number of
small hairs upon it, the legs black and claspers brown, or
sometimes grey ; they are slightly humped on the last segment,
and the hind claspers are larger than the others ; during the
day they congregate upon the branches and trunk of the tree
upon which their food grows, lying perfectly still against
the bark, always choosing the bark that most resembles their
colour, and even although as many as twenty-five to thirty are
in a patch, they are very difficult to find. They go up after dark
to their food, which they now eat right through, but still feeding
in company, seven or eight on every leaf, of which nothing is
left except the small thick stem, After the next moult they are
about one inch to oneand a quarter inches in length, and differ
very little in appearance from that of their previous stage except
that the second and third segments are much larger than
the others, and the hump on the last segment too; they are now
beautifully variegated down the back, and the underside
between the claspers is yellow and sometimes white in colour
with black spots; they are most active by night and eat
(“tex )
very quickly, making up for their long fast by day. They
can sometimes be found during the day right down close
to the ground upon the bark, or in any large crevice in the
trunk of the tree often twenty to forty feet from their food.
It was whilst sugaring some two years ago that I first found
these larve, and they were then crawling up the tree from
the ground. I could have taken forty or fifty if I liked, but not
knowing they were rare at the time, I only took thirteen, from
which I reared nine moths. After their next moult they are
about one and a half inches in length, and feed up very quickly
indeed, returning each day to almost the same position upon the
trunk of the tree; the head is black with white or grey mark-
ings, the second, third and fourth segments are larger than the
others, and the last segment very humped ; they are beautifully
variegated down the back with grey, yellow, red-brown, and
often—if there is much lichen upon the trunk of the trees—
suffused with green; from the head to the hind claspers
above the legs and claspers are long tufts of hairs light and
dark brown in colour, the hind claspers are much larger than the
others, and they sprawl out a long way behind. The underside
is now generally yellow with black spots, sometimes being grey
or white. When full fed they are about two and a quarter
inches in length, and they go up at night and spin a loose
cocoon, white in colour, in the leaves, and change to light grey
pup, covered with black-brown hairs, very similar to Liparis
monacha, emerging about ten days afterwards. The male
is much smaller than the female, and both are nearly black in
colour. Owing to the food-plant being uncommon the moth
is certainly rare, and I have never taken or found the same in
a wild state, nor has any one else I know done so. Yet it is
undoubtedly double-brooded, as I have reared a good number
from ova obtained from a pairing of moths bred from larvee
found in November 1901. The moths emerged in December, the
first coming out curiously enough on Christmas Day, and those
I bred from the pairing then obtained came out in March 1902.
I did not, however, get a pairing on this latter occasion, although
I sacrificed two females and five males to do so, I have searched
this food upon every occasion when met with this year, but
have not again found the larvee. This mistletoe, however, is
(xxx! *)
the food-plant of the butterfly Mylothris agathina, and curiously
enough the larve of this in habits exactly resemble those of
Musgravia leighi, congregating together upon the trunks of
the trees by day and feeding by night.”
Mr. Srantey W. Kemp exhibited two additions to the
British list of Coleoptera, Bembidium argenteolum, from
Lough Neagh, Armagh, and Lemos‘enus complanatus from
the neighbourhood of Dublin, taken in June 1902.
Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited examples of Heliconius lindigii,
Heliconius antiochus, and Morpho achilles from British Guiana
with notches taken out of the hind-wings, presumably by
birds, to illustrate that these distasteful or warning-coloured
species are subject to attack, thus helping to show that ex-
perimental tasting as propounded by the Miillerian theory
of mimicry does exist and go on.
Papers, etc.
Professor L. C. Mratt, F.R.S., communicated a Paper by
Mr. T. H. Taytor, M.A., entitled ‘‘The Tracheal System of
Simulium.” -
Professor Auguste Foret, M.D., communicated a Paper
entitled ‘ Descriptions of some Ants from the Rocky Moun-
tains of Canada (Alberta and British Columbia) collected
by Epwarp WuHymeer.”
Dr. T. A. Coapman, M.D., F.Z.S., read a Paper entitled
“On Heterogynis paradoxa.”
October 15th, 1902.
Professor Epwarp B. Poutron, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., Vice-
President, in the Chair.
Exhibitions.
Mr. A. J. Currry showed an entirely black specimen of
Metoecus paradoxus as tending to disprove the mimicry suggested
by him at the meeting on the Ist October. Dr. CuapMan said
that in his experience one out of every six specimens of this
species was black. Mr. DonistHorps stated that out of about
one hundred specimens he had never caught or bred a black
Metoecus.
(- gn’)
Mr. E. P. Picker exhibited an aberration of the female of
Argynnis aglaia, aberrations of Hpinephele jurtina, a series of
fresh Melanargia galathea taken at the end of August, aberra-
tions of Zygexna filipendulx and a long series of Lycena corydon
taken near Folkestone and Dover in August last, including four
males of the last-named species, with the black band on the
edge of the fore-wings much deeper than usual; also twelve
dwarf male specimens of this species, four dwarf females, and
many other aberrant forms.
Mr. Goss said that this dwarf form of Z. corydon occurred
constantly, according to Mr. Sydney Webb, in one valley
about two miles east of Dover, but he was unaware of its
regular occurrence elsewhere in this country. He remarked
that a dwarf form of Z. arion occurred in nearly all the
localities where the type was found, both in Gloucestershire
and Cornwall. Professor Pounron, Dr. CHApMAN, and Mr.
Storer also remarked on this dwarf form of ZL. corydon.
Dr. CHapMAN exhibited a Hybocampa sent to him from
Queensland by Mr. F. P. Dodd under the name of Notodonta
dryinopa, Lower. It was remarkably similar in appearance,
structure, and habits to Hybocampa milhausert (see Lnto-
mologist, 1889, and p. 43 of 1902). He stated that the pupa
with a similar spine to that of H. mi/hauseri does not cut
out a regular oval lid from the cocoon like that species, but by
a stabbing process pierces it with a number of holes, so that
a piece is more easily pushed off. The cocoon being covered
with bits of bark, stone, etc., a cutting process would be im-
possible, whereas the cocoon of H. milhauseri was of pure
gum-like silk. He pointed out that the larva much resembled
that of HZ. milhauseri, but the hinder segments were more
like those of Stawropus fagi. He also exhibited living eggs,
larvee, and imagines of Ovrina tristis, var. smaragdina, from
Pino, Lago Maggiore. The beetles which were still living
were taken on May 30th, and had laid many eggs. Dr.
CuaprmMAN said that the embryo, ready to hatch, might be
seen within some of the. eggs, and its hatching spines
observed,
Mr. Storer exhibited a specimen of Lycxena hylas, caught
at Dover on the 7th September last. ’
wes
a
(xceenin< 3)
Papers read.
Mr. Martin Jacospy read a Paper entitled ‘A further
Contribution to our Knowledge of African Phytophagous
Coleoptera.”
Mr. Matcotm Borr read the following communication from
HorratH Dr. Cart BrRuNNER VoN WatTTENWYL, entitled
“ Observations sur le nom générique Acrida.”
** Dans le ‘Monograph of the genus Acrida’ (Trans. ent. soc.
Lond. 1902, p. 166), un mémoire éminant et par cela classique,
Mr. Maleolm Burr dit ‘Brunner refuses to accept the name
Acrida,” Je tiens & motiver ce refus. Il est vrai que Linné
s’est servi le premier du nom générique ‘ Gryllus’ (Acrida) pour
classer le ‘nasutus’ et quelques autres espéces (Mus. Lud. Ulr.
p. 118, 1764) sans définition precise du genre. Cette défini-
tion, telle qu’est admise aujourd’hui, fut établie par Fabricius
(Ent. system. IT, p. 26, 1793) sous le nom de 7Zruaxalis (recte
Tryxalis).
“Stal, quia rétabli le nom donné par son illustre compatriote,
a confondu les regles qui doivent ¢tre appliquées pour les noms
des espéces avec celles qui gouvernent les noms des genres.
“Tespece est une entité naturelle et il est juste que le
premier nom que l’on emploie pour la désigner, lui reste
inhérent pour toujours.
‘Par contre le classement de cette entité dans les genres est
une action arbitraire des savants et dépend de considérations
suggérées par l'étude, la comparaison et le caprice des auteurs.
Aussi nous voyons que dans la suite de l’avancement de la
litérature la meme espéce passe dans bien des genres divers.
“Le nom ‘ 7ryxalis’ a servi pendant prés dun siécle pour
désigner un genre bien établi et je considére son changement
comme un caprice non motivé et donnant lieu a des confusions,
Notre écriture sainte nous a transmis ce nom et j’y attache ma
foi.”
November 5th, i902.
The Rev. Canon Fowier, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., President,
in the Chair,
PROC. ENT, SOC, LOND., Iv. 1902. D
( samery ~:)
Election of Fellows.
Lieutenant T. Detves Brouveuron, R.K., of Alderney ,Channel
Islands; Mr. ArrHur PzrcivaL BuxuuEr, of Wellington, New
Zealand, and of the Inner Temple, E.C. ; the Rev. Canon C. T.
Crurrwewt, M.A., of Ewelme Rectory, Oxfordshire ; Mr. R. 8.
Ho eg, of the Rectory, North Tawton, Devon ; and Mr. W. E.
SHarp, of Ledsham, Shakespeare Road, Hanwell, W., were
elected Fellows of the Society.
Proposed alterations of Bye Laws.
The Secrerary informed the Meeting that a request for
certain alterations in the Bye Laws, signed as required by
Chapter 21 thereof, having been received by the Council,
Mr. Arthur J. Chitty had drafted the necessary amendments.
Mr. Cuirry then read the proposed amendments and explained
the course to be taken to carry them into effect.
Vrhibitions.
Mr. H. J. Exwes, F.R.S., exhibited, on behalf of Mrs. Mary
pg LA Brcue NicHott, a collection of Butterflies made by her
in February, March, and April, 1902, in Southern Algeria ;
also a collection of Butterflies afterwards made by her in the
Picos de Europa in Spain; the latter collection comprised
about 85 species and was made in 25 days. Mr. Etwss re-
marked that these collections contained several interesting
species of Krebia, Lycsxena, and other genera, and included
three species, from Algeria, not at present represented in the
British Museum Collection.
The Butterflies taken by Mrs. Nicwotnt in the Picos de
Europa included the following :—Parnassius apollo, Aporia
crategi, Pieris brassice, P. nai var. napex, P. rape,
Leptidia sinapis, Colias edusa, C. hyale, C. phicomone,
Gonepteryx rhamni, G. cleopatra (Atlantic watershed), Pyra-
meis atalanta, P. cardui, Vanessa to, V. urtice, Melitxa
aurinia, M. phoebe, M. didyma, M. athalia, Aphantopus hyper-
anthus, EH. jurtina, EF. tithonus, Canonympha leander, C.
(sexe 9)
arcania, C’. pamphilus, C’. dorus, Laeosopis roboris, Thecla ilicis,
T. spini, Chrysophanus virgaurex, C. phleas, C. hippothoé, C.
gordius, C. dorilis, Lampides telicanus, L. beticus, Lycena
argiades, L.argus, L. bellargus, L. astrarche, L. corydon, L. hylas,
L. icarus, L. orbitulus var. pyrenaica, L. minimus, Cyaniris
argiolus, M. parthenie var. varia, M. aurelia, Argynnis pales, A.
hecate, A. lathonia, A. dia, A. daphne, A. aglaia, A. adippe vay.
cleodoxa, A, paphia, Melunargia galathea, Erebia epiphron vay.
pyrenaica, EH. stygne, EL. evias, BE. gorge, EL. lefebvret var. astur,
Ei. tyndarus, E. ewryale, Satyrus alcyone, S.: semele, Pararge
egeria, P. mera, P. megxra, Hesperia carthami, H. serratule,
H. sao, H. sylvanus, H. thaumas, H. actxon, and Thanaos
tages.
Dr. T. A. Coapman exhibited, and made remarks on, two
Butterflies taken last July at Bejar,in West Central Spain, both
notable as being very decidedly larger than any forms of the
same species recorded from any other locality. Hestated that
one of them belonged to a form of Lycxna argus (the L. xgon
of the British list). They were taken about one and a half
miles east or south-east of Bejar on July 9th and following
days. In size they average about 33:0 m.m. ¢ ¢ and 32:0m.m.
2? ¢.. Some large specimens are 35 m.m. Two dwarf speci-
mens (the smallest out of 100 taken) being 26 m.m. and 29
m.m. respectively. These compare with specimens from
Tragacete last year 30 m.m., Carinthia 29, Locarno 25, a dwarf
from Pontresina 18 m.m. (specimens exhibited, as well as of
L. argyrognomon for comparison).
The expanses given by various authors are—
Lang ‘9 to 1-1 inches = 22*26 mm
Kane rot. 10) "4. =) 22-25.
Barrett 1, 14°, = 25-31 mm
Meyrick 25-30 m.m.
Ruhl 23-28 m.m.,
This form may be called var. bejarensis characterised by its
large size 33-35 m.m., by the definiteness of the black spots on
the hind margin, often surrounded with a whitish suffusion,
by the broadening of the black nerve rays towards the dark
border.
The 2 usually has the orange marks upper side right round
( =xxvi 4)
all wings. And their horse-shoe form on the hind wings is
often completed into a circle by a white or bluish line. In
some specimens they are reduced to one or two on the hind
wing only. The blue of hind wing of dis often restricted as
in typical argus, but oftener advances up to vein 7. The var.
hypochiona is perhaps the nearest to this form. It goes a
good way to bridging over the differences between argus,
lycidas and zephyrus, and in some degree argyrognomon
(argus, Esp.) also. It resembles the latter in the extension of
the blue of the hind wing of the dand in the completed ocelli
of the 9 hind wing ; but the colour of the underside and of the
fringes of the ? are characteristic of argus, apart from the wide
border and other obvious characters. The other butterfly is
a form of Erebia stygne. This differs from the type chiefly
in size, having an expanse of 51 mm. ¢ and 55 mm.?,
comparable with rather large specimens (exhibited) from the
Alps measuring 44 ¢ and 459, and the measurements given
by Ruhl 38-42 m.m., Kane 1:25-1:60 in. = 31-40 mm,
Lang 1-20-1°60 in. =30-40 mm. They are characterised by
having the “rusty band” very large, bright and well defined.
The males usually have four, often five spots on upper wings,
and the females almost always five pupilled spots, but occa-
sionally with a sixth. The underside of the hind wing of the
males is very deep black, and of both sexes the ground colour
is black, and the broad rusty band extends a good deal nearer
the base than in typical stygne. Stygne is a wide-spread
species, but I do not know that it has previously been
recorded from Spain. The var. pyrenaica seems to hail from
the French slope of*the Pyrenees, and is a variety with the
rusty bands and eyespots reduced, instead of increased as
in the form before us. I propose to name this form var.
bejarensis from its habitat, the Sierra de Bejar, where it flies
on a slope amidst Cytisus pergans, at a height of about 5000
to 5500 feet, during the first half of July. This might easily
have been described as a distinct species, in the good old
times, when the wing markings so protean in this genus were
relied on. The less variable ¢ appendages, however, show it
to be really stygne. Staudinger’s last edition by the way still
sticks to these good old ideas and makes /efebvrei a var. of
( XXxxvii )
melas, and places the species before us a long way from
goante, its nearest ally, because it used on the ground of size
to be placed with @me and medusa close after the grass
Erebias. The large size of var. bejarensis may assist to remove
it from this position. The ¢clasp as compared with Swiss
stygne is 26 m.m. long as compared with 2°3 m.m., the
increased length being chiefly in the shaft, and the marginal
spines or styles somewhat less depressed.
Mr. R. Sour exhibited four specimens of a large form of
Cupido minima (Lycena minimus) from Cumberland, sent to
the Natural History Museum by Mr. Mousley of Buxton.
Except that they are slightly smaller in expanse they approach
very closely to var. alsoides, Gerhard, as represented by a series
of Swiss examples in the Museum collection, among which are
specimens named by Zeller. He said that it might be re-
membered that Myr. B. Piffard, of Brockenhurst, Hants,
recently presented two examples of the alsoides form of
C. minima to the Museum collection of British lepidoptera.
Those specimens, which were stated to have been captured on
the coast near Lymington, are rather larger than the Cumber-
land specimens now exhibited and agree in size with most of
the alsoides in the Museum series. He also exhibited on
behalf of Mr. J. H. Fowler, of Ringwood, Hants, a series of
Lithosia deplana, Esp., from the New Forest, showing interest-
ing variations in both sexes, but more especially in the females.
Two of the latter agree with Hiibner’s ochreola ; three others
have the fore wings orange-buff, and the hind wings pale
buff slightly tinged with fuscous; these specimens except for
their larger size and broader wings might easily be confused
with Z. sororcula, Hufn. A sixth specimen represents a
connecting link between the two extreme forms. It was
stated that Mr. Eustace R. Bankes had recently recorded
somewhat similar aberrations of Z. deplana from the Isle of
Purbeck, and that Mr. Fowler had not observed either var.
ochreola or the orange-buff form prior to 1901. Mr. SourH
also exhibited examples of a local race of Zonosoma (Kphyra)
pendularva occurring in N. Staffordshire, taken by Mr. F. C.
Woodforde, of Market Drayton, and stated that the name
subroseata had been proposed for this form. He also exhibited
( ‘xxxvili )
a dark aberration of Pyralis Uienigialis, Zell., taken in a
village about 12 miles N.E. of Oxford, Aug. 22, 1902, by Mr.
Theodore H. Robinson, of Boscombe, Hants. It was stated
that in 1879 and 1880 the species occurred at Stoney
Stratford, Bucks.
Mr. Hamitron Druce exhibited a specimen of Limenitis
populi, L., caught whilst being chased by a small bird in July
1901, near Riga, Russia ; also a specimen of Sesamia nonagriotdes,
Lefeb., bred from a larva found feeding in the interior of a
banana.
Mr. J. H. Carpenter exhibited a gynandromorphous speci-
men of Lycena icarus, having the coloration of the male on
the left side and that of the female on the right side, captured
on Ranmore Common, Surrey, in June last; also several
aberrations of this species from Ranmore Common and the Isle
of Wight. He alsoshowed specimens of Vanessa antiopa, bred
from German larvie, including a remarkable aberration in
which the usual blue spots on the upper wings were entirely
absent.
Mr. H. Sr. J. Dontstnorre exhibited a foreign specimen of
Quedius suturalis, lent him by Mr. Keys of Plymouth, and a
British specimen taken by himself at Gravesend in 1891; also
for comparison a specimen of Quedius obliteratus taken at
Plymouth. He said that most of the specimens of, so called,
Quedius sutuwralis in British collections were really Q.
obliteratus.
Mr. C. P. Pickerr exhibited a remarkable series of Angerona
prunaria, the result of four years’ inter-breeding between dark
males from Raindean Wood, near Folkestone, and light-coloured
females from Epping Forest; also unicolorous light orange
yellow males, light yellow females, dark orange males sprinkled
with black, and other unusual aberrations.
Professor E. B. Pouuron, F.R.S., exhibited a series of lantern
slides prepared from negatives taken by his assistant Mr. A. H.
Hamm, of the Hope Department, and Mr. Alfred Robinson, of
the Oxford University Museum. The slides represented a series
of the larve and imagines of British moths photographed under
natural conditions. Mr. Hamm’s photographs of moths clearly
showed the attitude of the insect in relation to the background
( ‘Gemmine 1)
which it had selected. Some of the species were shown upon their
normal background of the bark of various kinds of trees, others
upon lichen-covered stone walls. Mr. Robinson’s photographs
similarly represented the larvee of species of British moths
in their natural attitudes upon the food-plants.
Professor Poutton also showed a representation of the pupa
of Limenitis populi prepared from Portschinski’s figure and
description, and explained the highly ingenious hypothesis by
which the appearances are accounted for by the Russian natural-
ist. The dorsal hump so well known in pupe of this genus takes
in L. populi the form of a hemispherical translucent drop-like
convexity which was mistaken for a drop of honey by Port-
schinski’s friends. This he believes represents a drop of
blood which has been forced out of the pupa as the result of an
injury caused by some enemy. The adjacent part of the pupa
is laterally compressed and marked with lines which suggest
that the chitinous cuticle is transversed by cracks, while the
contour of the segments in immediate proximity to the
convexity is such as to convey the impression that they have
yielded to the pressure which caused the blood to escape.
Below the point of apparent injury the pupa is covered with
a varnish-like coating which makes it appear wet, while above
the coating is wanting and it appears to be dry. The pupa is
fixed to the upper surface of one of the outer leaves of the
poplar so as to be very conspicuous, while the leaf is attached
to the branch by silken threads, so that it could not fall
even if its stalk were to become detached. The Russian
naturalist found that the pupa was refused by turkeys, and
he believes that it is distasteful and that its warning (apose-
matic) characters take the remarkable form of an apparent
injury, which suggests that it has been attacked and abandoned
as unpalatable by some earlier enemy.
Papers.
Mr, C. O. WaTERHOUSE communicated a Paper by Mr. L. R.
Crawsuay entitled “ On the Life History of Drilus flavescens,
Rossi.”
November 19th, 1902.
The Rev. Canon Fowtrr, M.A., D.Se., F.L.S., President, in
the Chair.
Election of w Fellow.
Mr. KE. M. Cuerseman, of 63 Railway Street, Durban, Natal,
was elected a Fellow of the Society.
Proposed alterations of Bye Laws.
The proposed alterations of the Bye Laws were read a
N)
second time and some discussion followed.
Exhibitions.
Dr. Suarp, F.R.S., exhibited the egg-cases made by a beetle
of the genus Aspidomorpha (A. puncticosta) and stated that
they had been sent to him by Mr. F. Muir, of Durban, Natal,
where the beetle and the egg-cases arecommon. He said that
Mr. Muir had observed the manner in which the case is formed,
and hoped shortly to present a paper to the Society describing
this, and the anatomical structures involved.
Dr. Norman H. Joy exhibited a well-marked aberration of a
female Lycena icarus striped black on the underside in the
place of the usual ocellations ; an androgynous specimen of the
same species; an aberration of a male Lycena bellargus,
also striped on the underside; a specimen of Lycena
(Everes) argiades taken in 1885 near Bournemouth ; and speci-
mens of Apatura iris from the neighbourhood of Reading,
captured in 1901. With regard to the latter species he said
that with Mr. Lee he took altogether fourteen specimens, all
males, eleven of them from the three top branches on the
north side of a beech tree. No females were seen ; in fact it
appeared to be the throne of the ruling “ Emperor” of the
wood. Whenever another iris came by, the one on the
“throne” attacked it, and after a fight in which one would
eventually pursue the other out of sight, the conqueror would
return to the perch. If this was captured the next 7is coming
( *xhi- D
along would take possession of the throne and so on ; so that
five were taken in one afternoon off the same tree. When on
the throne they were extraordinarily confident, as more than
once the chosen branch was struck hard without disturbing
them. Yet if one happened to settle on a lower branch the
slightest movement even of the hand frightened it away at
once.
Mr. Ciaupre Mortery exhibited the specimen of Deastictus
vulneratus, Sturm., first recorded in Great Britain in the
current number of the Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, and
a rare blue form of Phratora vitelline, taken on low herbs,
from Tuddenham Fen, Suffolk.
Mr. G. C. CHamprton exhibited specimens of MNanophyges
durieuri, Lucas, a beetle from Central Spain, with drawings of
the larva, pupa and perfect insect.
Professor E. B. Poutron, F.R.S., stated that Mr. A. H.
Church, M.A., of Jesus College, Oxford, had observed the
larvee of a species of Cucullia (probably C’. verbasct), feeding
upon Buddleia globosa which was growing against a wall in
the Oxford Botanical Gardens. Mr. Church had sent shoots
of the same plant to a friend at Warwick, and these when
grown ina similar position in his garden, were all attacked
by the same species during the past summer (1902). There
were three of these plants growing about ten yards apart, each
about five feet high, surrounded by roses, and very incon-
spicuous. It is possible that the eggs are laid upon the
Buddleia because of the very rough general resemblance in
certain respects between its leaves and those of Verbascum,
in the same manner, as the speaker suggested in 1887, that
the common food-plants of Smerinthus ocellata, viz. apple aud
sallow, may be explained by the parent moth having mis-
taken the one for the other (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1887, p.
314). In Section 11 of the memoir cited it is shown that many
young larvee, on emergence from the egg, are able to feed
upon strange species of plants, which, later they would refuse,
if they had become specialized to one of the recognized food-
plants.
Mr. R. McLacunan, F.R.S., said that no doubt the first
food-plant of the young larva was an important factor.
( xlii )
Mamestra persicarix, a pest in his garden at Lewisham, as a
rule attacked first and most Anemone japonica. He had this
year offered them fern and elder (which is reputed a favourite
food), but the larvee which had been found upon the anemone
refused to touch either of the plants.
Mr. H. Goss stated that in August 1898 and 1899, he
collected numbers of the larvie of Charocampa elpenor feeding
on Impatiens fulva, a North American species of Balsam which
has become naturalized in abundance on the Weybridge Canal,
and on some parts of the Thames. When the Balsam was
exhausted he supplied the larvae with the usual food-plant of
the species, the Common Willow Herb (Zpilobiwm hirsutum)
because it was easily obtainable close at hand. He also
offered the larvee Fuchsia, Galium mollugo and G. aparine.
The larvee refused to eat any of these plants, and nearly three
dozen died of starvation before a fresh supply of the Balsam
could be obtained from Byfleet or Weybridge.
Professor Pounton expressed his opinion that unusual food-
plants must be commonly begun from the egg, and as a
further example quoted from Trans. Ent. Soc., 1887, p. 313,
the case of Phalera bucephala, which, found half grown upon
hazel, refused to touch elm and Salix triandra, there being
with this as with other species evidently some sort of gastric
association between the larva and its food-plant.
Professor E. B. Poutron, read the following communica-
tion from Mr. G. F. Leigh, of Durban, Natal.
“JT have perused with great interest the abstract of the
paper read by you entitled ‘Five Years’ (1897-1901) Obser-
vations and Experiments on the Bionomics of South African
Insects,’ etc., in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society
of London for this year, and as I see no special mention of
one great enemy to insects here, perhaps it may be of interest
to give you particulars of the same. I refer to the ordinary
and very common grey South African rat, which is one of the
most dreadful pests to breeders of butterflies and moths that
I know of. These rats seem to be particularly fond of almost
any pup, and I have had thick wooden boxes containing
pupe eaten right through, and the contents all devoured.
They are especially fond of Chwrocampa eson and C. nerit.
(| xliii )
Even more remarkable than their keenness in hunting pupze
is the way in which they capture moths on the wing whilst
feeding. Over the verandah of my previous residence here IL
had a large honeysuckle upon the blossoms of which a great
number of Sphingide used to feed. Whilst I have been
watching them just at dusk all of a sudden I have heard a
rush, and down came a rat from the roof right on to the
plant, and more often than not the moth selected for attack
was captured, usually followed by a fight amongst the rats
over the prize.
“The moths I have seen caught in this way are Sphinx
convolvuli, Nephele variegata, Cherocampa eson and C. celerio,
The first-named is the most successful in escaping, owing
to the long proboscis which compels it to hover at some
distance from the blossom. V. variegata is probably the
swiftest flier, but is more conspieuous owing to its dark
colour.
‘“‘ Bats are also very destructive of South African insect-life.
I have often seen them swoop down and take’ both moths and
beetles on the wing. Charaxes ethalion also has a terrible
enemy in the larval state in the shape of a small Mantis
larva. This butterfly instead of being rather rare would be
one of our commonest species, as the ova and young larvee
can be found by hundreds in April on certain small trees.
After leaving them to grow in the natural state upon their
food-plant, I was surprised in the season of 1901 to find only
single larvee here and there where there had been great num-
bers of both ova and young larvee. This season I determined
to find out the reason, and marked down several young trees
with hundreds of eggs upon them. After they had hatched
I watched every day and found them getting less and less
numerous, so I paid a visit by night with a lantern and then
found the cause. On all the trees were several larve of a
Mantis eating the young C. ethalion larve for all they were
worth. This winter I have planted small trees in my garden,
and hope to breed C.. ethalion next year by protecting it in
‘sleeves... I may also mention that C. ethalion is badly
ichneumoned in the ova state.”
(s xltv)
December 3rd, 1902.
The Rev. Canon Fowter, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.8., President,
in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. Puiuie J. BarrAup, Bushey Heath, Herts., Mr. WILLIAM
E. Burier, Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading, and Dr.
Matcoum Cameron, R.N., a.m.s. Harrier, Mediterranean Station,
were elected Fellows of the Society.
Proposed alterations of Bye Laws.
The proposed alterations of the Bye Laws were read a third
time.
Exhibitions.
Mr. H. W. Anprews exhibited a male specimen of T'herio-
plectes luridus, from Chattenden, July 1902. Females of
this species have been taken by Colonel Yerbury, as reported
in the Proceedings (1900, p. xiv), at Nethy Bridge, N.B.,
but there appears to be no record of the capture of the male.
He also exhibited a male Platychirus sticticus, and a female
Microdon devius from Eltham, and Shoreham (Kent), re-
spectively, and three small dark examples of Syrphus balteatus,
taken near Brockenhurst, where the form was not uncommon,
in October 1902.
Mr. M. Burr exhibited two species of Phylliwm from Ceylon,
sent by Mr. Green, P. bioculatum, Gray (= erurifolium, Hann.,
and scythe, Gray), which produces flanged ova, and is the
commoner of the two, and P. athanysus, Westw., a scarce
species with a less ornate ovum. Both specimens were very
fresh adult females.
Mr. R. Apxkin exhibited a hybrid Selenia bilunaria x S.
tetralunaria, together with spring and summer examples of
both species for comparison. From a pairing which took place
between a wild ¢ bilunaria and a 2 tetralunaria reared in
captivity, about sixty ova were obtained, about half of which
hatched. The larve appeared to be sickly, and in the result
only three imagines were reared, all males, which emerged
(A xivirs)
between July 30th and August 2nd. The hybrid presented
some of the markings of each of its parents, the cresentic
blotch at the apex of the fore-wings, and the band on the
hind-wings closely following tetralunaria, but no trace of the
dark spot usually so distinct on each of the wings of that
species, especially in the summer emergence, was visible, while
the ‘second line”’ of the fore-wings closely followed bilunaria.
In colour it more nearly resembled that of the summer brood
of tetralunaria.
Mr. A. J. Cuirry exhibited a number of insects, taken,
between September 22nd and October 7th last, from a decayed
fence or hedge made of different kinds of wood, with the bark
left on. The uprights of the hedge were chiefly of birch. The
exhibit comprised about a hundred species, of which seventy-
nine or eighty were Coleoptera. Four species of beetles, viz.
two species of Pogonocherus, the scarce Microcephalus albinus,
and the extremely rare Tropideres niveirostiis, mimicked
the surroundings of lichen-covered bark, and one, <Acadles
turbatus, resembled buds. Of the rest, there were five species
of Dromius, Anisorya fuscula, Il., Orchesia minor, Clinocara
tetramera, Thoms., and Tetratoma ancora.
A discussion followed, in which the President, Professor
E. B. Pounron, and others took part.
The meeting was then adjourned, and subsequently resolved
itself into a Special General Meeting in accordance with the
terms of the notice given under Chap. xviii. § 1, of the Bye
Laws.
Special General Meeting.
A written notice to alter and amend certain of the Bye
Laws of the Society, signed by Canon W. W. Fowter, Mr. H.
Goss, Professor KE. B. Pounron, Colonel C. Swrnnor, Mr. A. J.
Cuitry, Mr. G. C. Caampton, and Mr. H. Rowianp-Browy,
having been received, and read at the three preceding
meetings, Professor R. Mertpona, seconded by Mr. A. J.
CuITry, proposed that the Bye Laws be altered and amended
accordingly.
The proposed amendments to Chap. iii. (Zanagement), Cha
iv, (Officers), Chap. vii. § 1 (Vice-Presidents), Chap. xiv. §§ 3,
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1902. E
p.
4
(? xiyis> J
(Withdrawal and Removal of Fellows), Chap. xv. § 2 (Privileges
of Fellows), and Chap. xix. §§ 1, 2 (Annual Meeting), were
then agreed to and adopted by resolutions as follows :—
Cuar. LIL. Management.
The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Council
consisting of the Officers of the Society hereinafter mentioned
—other than the three Vice-Presidents—and of twelve
ordinary Members to be chosen annually from among the
Fellows. No Fellow shall be eligible as an ordinary Mem-
ber of the Council for more than three years successively.
Five shall be a quorum,
Cuap. IV. Officers.
‘The Officers of the Society shall consist of a President, three
Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, two Secretaries, and a Librarian.
The Officers shall be chosen annually. No Fellow shall be
eligible as President or be nominated as Vice-President for
more than two years successively.
Cuap. VII. Vice-Presidents. Section 1.
1. The Vice-Presidents shall be nominated by the President
from amongst the Members of the Council. Such nomination
shall be declared at the Ordinary Meeting next after the
Election of the President in every year.
Cuar. XIV. Withdrawal and Removal of Fellows. Sections
3 and 4,
3. In the month of November in each year the Council
shall cause to be suspended in the library of the Society a
list of the Fellows who owe more than two annual Contribu-
tions. If the Contribution due from any Fellow named in
the said list shall not have been paid within three months
after the first suspension of the list the Council may remove
such Fellow from the Society, but notwithstanding such
removal any Fellow removed shall continue liable to pay, and
may be sued for the recovery of any money due from him to
the Society. The Council may remit wholly or in part the
entrance fee payable by any former Fellow rejoining the
Society.
(Ce salvaa" 2)
Cuar. XV. Privileges of Fellows. Section 2.,
2. A Fellow shall not be eligible to any Office in the
Society or to the Council unless he shall have paid his annual
Contribution for the year previous to that in which the
Election takes place.
Cuap. XIX. Annual Meeting.
1. The Annual Meeting of the Society shall be held on the
third Wednesday in January.
2. The objects of the Meeting shall be to receive from the
Council and hear read their Annual Report on the general
concerns of the Society, and to elect the Council and Officers
for the ensuing year.
Amendments to the proposed amendment of Chap. xix. § 3
moved respectively by Mr. W. J. Kays, seconded by Mr. J. W.
Turr; by Mr. C. J. Gawan, seconded by Mr. G. H. VERRALL ;
and by Mr. A. Bacot, seconded by Mr. L. B. Prout, were
negatived, and the original amendment agreed to and adopted
by resolution as follows :—
3. The Council for the time being shall annually cause to
be prepared a list which shall contain the names of such
Fellows, being eligible, as they shall recommend to fill the
Offices of President, Treasurer, Secretaries and Librarian for
the year ensuing; and also the names of such Fellows as
they shall recommend to be re-elected and of other Fellows
to be elected into the Council. The list shall include the
names of not less than twelve Fellows recommended as
ordinary members of the Council.
The amendment to § 4 was proposed as follows :—
4, Copies of such list shall before the 20th of December be
transmitted to every Fellow whose last-known residence shall
be in the United Kingdom, and who shall have paid his
subscription for the current year.
Mr. J. W. Turt, seconded by Mr, H. Rownanp-Brown, moved
to strike out the words, ‘‘ Copies of such list,” at the commence-
ment of Chap. xix. § 4 as amended, and substitute the following
words :—
“The list prepared by the Council shall be read at the
Ordinary Meeting next but one before the Annual Meeting.
( xlvii )
At the Ordinary Meeting preceding the Annual Meeting, the
names of other candidates to fill any of the offices, or to serve
as Members of the Council (each proposed and supported by at
least four properly qualified Fellows of the Society) shall be
received. Nominations by post made by four properly
qualified Fellows, and received prior to this meeting, shall
also be accepted. These shall be added to the Council’s list,
and copies of the complete list... .”
This amendment was carried on a show of hands, and the
amendment, as amended, was carried.
The proposed amendment to Chap. xix. § 5 was then agreed
to and adopted by resolution as follows :—
5. The Election shall be by ballot at the Annual Meeting,
and copies of the final list shall be used as ballot papers.
The President shall appoint two or more Scrutineers from
the Fellows present not being Members of the Council to
superintend the ballots and report the results to the Meeting.
The Secretaries, assisted by the Treasurer, shall prepare a
list of the Fellows entitled to vote, and each Fellow voting
shall give his name to the Scrutineers to be marked on
the said list, and shall then put his ballot paper into the
respective receptacles to be provided for such occasion.
The amendment to § 6 was proposed as follows :—
6, A Fellow voting may strike out any name or names
printed on the said list and insert in writing the name of
any Fellow or Fellows in the place of the name or names
struck out, and the Scrutineers shall record the votes accord-
ingly, but any ballot paper which shall contain a less or
greater number of names for any Office or position than the
number to be elected to such Office or position shall be wholly
void and be rejected by the Scrutineers. No ballot shall be
taken unless nine or more Fellows shall be present.
On the motion of Mr. A. J. Cuirry, seconded by Mr. J. W.
Turr, it was resolved to omit from the proposed amendment
to Chap. xix. § 6, line 2, the words, ‘‘and insert in writing the
name of any Fellow or Fellows in the place of the name
or names struck out,” and the words, “less or,” line 5, and
the amendment to Chap. xix. § 6 as amended was then agreed
to and adopted by resolution.
@ exlixe)
The proposed amendments to Chap. xix. S§ 7, 8 were then
adopted by resolution as follows :—
7. If from any cause any Election which ought to take
place at the Annual Meeting shall not take place, then such
Election shall be adjourned until the next convenient day, of
which notice shall be given in like manner as is directed for
the Annual Meeting.
8. The forms given in the Schedule shall be used, with
such variations as may be considered by the Council necessary
or desirable.
The form of Schedule and Instructions on the following
page (/) was then adopted by resolution on the proposal of
Mr. A. J. Currry, seconded by Mr. H. Rowianp-Brown, such
Schedule embodying an amendment, proposed by Mr. W. F.
BLANDFoRD, seconded by Mr. J. W. Turv, and carried.
On the motion of the President, seconded by Mr. H.
Row Lanp-Brown, it was further resolved that so much of the
unamended Bye Laws as govern the election of the Council
and Fellows should remain in foree over the ensuing election
for 1903.
The Ordinary Meeting was then resumed, and Mr. I. Goss,
one of the Secretaries, brought up the names of those
Fellows recommended by the Council for election into the
Council for 1903.
On the motion of the President, seconded by Mr. H.
Goss, the following Fellows were appointed Auditors for
the current year: on the Council, Mr. R. Apxin, Mr. G. C.
Cuampion, and Mr. H. Rownann-Brown ; not on the Council,
Colonel Yrrsury, Mr. A. H. Jones, and Mr. R. W. Lioyp.
Cy)
THE SCHEDULE REFERRED TO IN CHAPTER XIX.
Balloting List for the Election of Officers and Council.
Office. | List.
| President. ZL A.
|
|
| Treasurer. W. D.
Secretaries. | 'T. G.
Librarian. N. M.
Council. i Aaa:
We Ne
Woe
Instructions.
In using the above list as a ballot paper a Fellow voting
may strike out any name or names printed therein, but any
ballot paper which when placed in the receptacle shall contain
a greater number of names for any Office or Position than the
number to be elected to such Office or Position shall be wholly
void and rejected by the Scrutineers.
ANON UP AGS ME ES TNT.
January 21st, 1903.
The Rev. Canon Fowter, M.A., D.Se., F.L.S., President,
in the Chair.
Mr. Atsert Huau Jones, one of the Auditors, read the
Treasurer’s Balance Sheet, showing a balance of £26 10s. 7d.
in the Society’s favour.
Mr. Heresert Goss, one of the Secretaries, read the
following
Report of the Council.
During the Session 1902-1903 three Fellows have died,
viz. Professor Dr, Carlos Berg, Director del Museo Nacional,
Buenos Ayres, Mr. John William May, of Earl’s Court, and
Mr. Charles Marcus Wakefield, F.L.8., of Uxbridge.
Hight Fellows have resigned, eleven Fellows have been
removed from the list for non-payment of their subscriptions,
and twenty-three new Fellows have been elected. The num-
ber of Fellows who have died is far below the average,
but the number who have resigned, or have been removed
for non-payment of subscriptions is above the average ; whilst
the number of new Fellows elected is six less than last year,
The Council hope that continued efforts will be made to
increase the number of Fellows and to maintain the splendid
progress made by the Society in recent years.
At present the Society consists of twelve Honorary Fellows
and four hundred and sixty Life and Subscribing Fellows.
making a total of four hundred and seventy-two, which, not-
withstanding the losses by death, resignation and removal,
is an increase by one on last year’s list, and represents a
membership greater than in any previous year of the Society’s
existence since its foundation, seventy years ago !
The Transactions for the year 1902 form a volume of 729
pages, containing twenty-three Memoirs, contributed by the
following authors: Mr. Malcolm Burr, Mr. George C. Cham-
pion, Dr. Thomas Algernon Chapman, M.D. (three papers),
(er
Mr. William L. Distant, Dr. Frederick Augustus Dixey, M.D.,
Mr. Horace St. John K. Donisthorpe, Miss Alice Embleton,
B.Se., Professor Auguste Forel, M.D., Mr. Sidney L. Hinde,
Mr. W. F. Kirby (two papers), Mr. George W. Kirkaldy,
Mr. Arthur M. Lea, Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, Mr. Edward
Meyrick (two papers), Professor Louis C. Miall, F.R.S., and
Professor Gustave Gilson, Mr. Robert C. L. Perkins (three
papers), Mr. Thomas H. Taylor, and Colonel Charles Swinhoe.
Of these twenty-three papers two relate to Coleoptera,
two to Hemiptera, four to Hymenoptera, seven to Lepidoptera,
and four to Orthoptera. In addition there are four papers
which are not confined to the descriptions of, or references
to, any one order of insects, viz. Firstly, Mr. Champion’s
paper which, besides giving an account of an excursion to
Central Spain, which he made in company with Dr. Chapman
in July 1901, contains lists of, and notes on, the Coleoptera
and Hemiptera-HHeteroptera collected by them. Secondly, Mr.
Guy A. K. Marshall’s paper on “ Five Years’ Observations
and Experiments on the Bionomies of South African Insects,
chiefly directed to the Investigation of Mimicry and Warning
Colours, with a discussion of the results suggested by them,
by Professor Poulton, F.R.S., and an Appendix containing
descriptions of new species of Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenop-
tera, and Coleoptera by Mr. E. E. Austen, Mr. W. L. Distant,
Colonel C. Bingham, Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, and Mons. Jules
Bourgeois.” Thirdly, Mr. Hinde’s paper on “ The Protective
Resemblance to Flowers borne by an African Homopterous
Insect,” communicated by Professor Poulton; and Fourthly,
Mr. Taylor’s interesting anatomical paper communicated by
Professor Miall, F.R.S., “On the Tracheal System of.
Simulium.”
Although the papers on Lepidoptera and Coleoptera are not
so numerous as usual, it is satisfactory to have published so
many papers dealing with Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemip-
tera, Diptera, and general subjects of interest to Biologists.
The Memoirs above referred to are illustrated by twenty-
eight plates, of which five are coloured. In no _ previous
year of the Society’s existence has so large a volume of
Transactions been issued with such a number of plates. Half
@ Hi)
the cost of Plates VII. and VIII. has been defrayed by
Profession Miall, F.R.S., half the cost of Plates [X., X., XI.,
SR OEE XSI xX Vay XEN I VES EVEL oe Oe
XXI., XXII. and XXIIT. has been contributed by Professor
Poulton, F.R.S., who has also paid the entire cost of Plates
XXVI.and XX VIT., while Mr. G.W. Palmer, M.P., contributed
£30 towards the expense of printing Mr. Marshall’s Paper.
The interest shown by the Fellows during the past year
by their exhibitions and discussions, has enabled the Secre-
taries to largely increase the reports of the Proceedings,
which compare very favourably with those for 1901, or indeed
for any previous year of the Society’s existence, as they already
extend to about fifty pages.
The Council formerly consisted of thirteen Fellows; in
1897 this number was raised to fifteen, and under the
amended Bye Laws the number has been raised to seventeen,
thus affording, as the Society adds to its numbers, a pro-
portionate increase in the representation of the Fellows on
the Council.
It is hoped that this addition to the numbers of the
Council will not diminish its executive capacity and powers
of administration, but rather that such increase may justify
Solomon’s words, “ Where no counsel is the people fall ; but
in the multitude of counsellors there is safety.”
During the past year nineteen Volumes—in addition to
Periodicals, Pamphlets and Reprints—have been added to
the Society’s Library. That the Library is valued and used
by the Fellows is proved by the fact—according to the
Resident Librarian’s Report-—that two hundred and fifty-four
volumes have been borrowed during the year.
The Treasurer reports that after carrying forward to 1903
the sum of £9 9s. Od. received for subscriptions in advance
there remained at the end of 1902 a cash balance of £26 10s. 7d.
in favour of the Society. Private generosity has enabled us
to publish an annual volume of Transactions which in bulk
is very far in excess of that for any former year, and to still
have a moderate balance—compared with last year—in hand
from current receipts. The general financial position of the
Society remains perfectly sound and continues to improve.
(ote)
Latterly each year has surpassed its predecessors in the
amount obtained for current subscriptions ; this was strongly
accentuated in 1902. The amount received for subscriptions
in arrear much exceeded expectations. To these two facts
(in addition to the donations) is mainly due the balance in
hand just alluded so. No Life Composition has been received
in 1902, and the investments remain as before. The item
of Expenditure under the heading ‘Rent and Office Ex-
penses,” always large, is in 1902 exceedingly so, amounting
to nearly £200. It may be well, therefore, to explain that the
cost of distributing the Transactions forms part of this item,
and accounted for about £55, partly consequent on the
increased size of the volume; Rent and Salary absorb £105 ;
the comparatively small sum remaining includes the expenses
for tea after the meetings.
In conclusion the Council have to congratulate the Fellows
on the increasing prosperity of the Society.
ENTOMOLOGICAL Soctrery,
11, CHanpos STREET, CAVENDISH Square, W.
21st January, 1903,
The Secretaries not having received any notice proposing
to substitute other names for those contained in the list
prepared by the Council, the following Fellows constitute the
Council for 1903—1904: Colonel Charles T. Bingham, F°.Z.S.;
Maleolm Burr, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S8.; George C. Champion,
K.Z.S.; Dr. Thomas A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S. ; Arthur John
Chitty, M.A.; Hamilton H. C. J. Druce, F.Z.S.; The Rev.
Canon Fowler, M.A., D.Se., F.L.S.; Herbert Goss, F.L.S.,
F.G.S. ; Robert McLachlan, F.R.S., F.L.S.; Professor Raphael
Meldola, F.R.S., F.C.S.; Professor Louis Compton Miall, F.R.S.;
The Rev. Francis D. Morice, M.A.; Professor Edward B,
Poulton, M.A., D.Se., F.R.S., F.L.S. ; Henry Rowland-Brown,
M.A.; Dr. David Sharp, M.A.. F.RS., F.LS.; Colonel
Charles Swinhoe, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S8.; Colonel John W.
Yerbury, R.A., F.Z.S.
The following are the Officers elected : President, Professor
Edward B, Poulton; Treasurer, Robert McLachlan ; Seere-
Colv ®
taries, Herbert Goss, Henry Rowland-Brown ; Librarian,
George C. Champion.
The Balance Sheet and Report having been unanimously
adopted, Canon Fowler, the President, delivered his Address.
A vote of thanks to the President for his Address, and for his
services as President during the past year, was moved by Pro-
fessor Poulton, F.R.S., seconded by Professor Meldola, F.R.S.,
and carried. The President replied. A vote of thanks to the
Officers was moved by Professor Meldola, and seconded by
Mr. Charles O. Waterhouse and carried. Mr. McLachlan,
Mr. Goss, and Mr. Rowland-Brown replied.
(. Iv)
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Balance Sheet for the Year 1902,
REcEIPTs. | PAYMENTS.
Sis cle = hE
Balance in hand, 1st Jan., Printing Transactions, etc. 293 9 1
1902 See tease ccteieeen DO Lom a elates.sete: Scpl aee ese Lola OO
Subseriptions for 1902 ... 368 11 0 Rent and Office Ex-
Page Ua ono Gey aoe cil al) 00) PENSES S25 eau eee eco Loe ao
Admission Fees... ... 44 2 0 | Booksand Binding... ... 3213 4
Donations... ... ... ... 78 12 ‘0 Subscriptions in advance,
ad
Sales of Transactions, ete. 6 9 per contra, carried to
Interest on Investments :— | 1903 aa Coe Sao) oe GE)
Consols ... ... £1813 4 | Balance... en) -eetee On Oman
Westwood Bequest6 15 1 |
——25 8 5)
Subscriptions in advance 9 9 O
£691 15 3 | £691 15 3
ASSETS.
Subscriptions in arrear considered good (say) ee dl (0)
Investments :-—
Cost) of 6734 1283 Vids Consols) 2.5 sen ene cen wee oO nO
Cost of £239 12s. 4d. Birmingham 3 per cent.... ... 250 0 0
Balance Invhande 2:2 .ss- 0 ese) PeceMneccs cee <o menos Meee oO
NO ASCERTAINED LIABILITIES.
ROBERT McLACHLAN,
Treasurer.
Audited and found correct.
A. Hueu Jones.
H. Row tanp-Brown.
R. Wy tie Lioyp.
14th January, 1903.
( ili)
THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.
GENTLEMEN,
At the beginning of my last address I was able to
say, without fear of contradiction, that the report of the
Council was the most satisfactory that had ever been pre-
sented to the Society : I can now, however, say that the report
for this year is even better: in spite of losses our numbers
are somewhat greater than they were this time last year, and
never before in our seventy year's’ existence as a Society has
such a volume of Transactions been published, containing as
it does some 800 pages and no less than twenty-eight plates.
Notwithstanding our large expenditure we have still a fair
balance in hand: our thanks for these results are due to our
energetic Treasurer, Secretaries, and Librarian: all these
officers give up a very large proportion of their spare time
to further the interests of the Society, and I should like to
see the question of a paid Assistant-Secretary seriously brought
forward. After much deliberation on the part of the Council,
certain changes in the Bye-laws have recently been submitted
to the Society, and adopted with a few alterations ; it is hoped
that the amended Bye-laws will meet with the general approval
of the Fellows. I should also like to call attention to certain
improvements in the index which have been introduced by the
Secretaries.
If we glance at the Transactions and Proceedings of the
Society, it is evident that much more good work is being
done at other orders beside the Lepidoptera, than used to
be the case some few years ago—but we still want many
more students of the Diptera. <A special feature of our Trans-
actions for the past year is the multiplication of papers on
Life History and Bionomics: this is a great improvement
upon the times when I as Secretary used to draw up the
( lviii )
index, and found it to consist as a rule of long lists of newly-
described Lepidoptera, with, occasionally, a certain amount of
Hymenoptera and Coleoptera thrown in. The present general
interest in most of the less worked orders augurs well for the
future of Entomology in this country.
Our obituary is again a small one.
Proressor CArLos Berea joined the Society in 1886: he
was Director of the National Museum at Buenos Ayres: at
first he held a subordinate position, but in 1892 he succeeded
Burmeister as Director. His studies embraced nearly the
whole of the Insecta, and he has given us much that is
interesting concerning the entomology of Patagonia, Chili,
Tierra del Fuego, etc.: he was a native of the Russian Baltic
Provinces, and was formerly Librarian at Riga.
Mr. Jonn Epwarp FL iercuer joined the Society in 1865
and resigned his membership in 1901: he was a strong
example of the amount of valuable knowledge of nature that
can be amassed by a self-taught working man: he was born
near Worcester, and lived in or near that city for the whole
of his life, following the occupation of a working glover: his
additions to the British lists were very numerous, and there
is searcely an order in which he did not make discoveries :
one of his chief characteristics was the accuracy of his deter-
minations: his local collections are very full, and we are glad
to hear that they are likely to be acquired by his native city,
to which they will be of the greatest value.
Mr. Cuartes Marcus WAKEFIELD was the only son of Mr.
D. Bell Wakefield, Judge of the Supreme Court in New
Zealand: he was educated in England, and afterwards held
an official appointment in New Zealand, but retired owing
to bad health, and came back to England, where he bought
an estate at Uxbridge, at which place he lived until his
death : in New Zealand he collected a large number of insects,
which were worked out by specialists, to whom he liberally
presented them: he was elected a Fellow of the Society in
1876.
Mr. Jonny Witttam May was one of the oldest members of
the Society, having been elected in 1860: he chiefly studied
Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, and in the latter order he had
(ibe)
a considerable collection of British parasitic forms of his own
taking: for some years he was Consul-General for the
Netherlands (in which post he succeeded his father), and he
was a Knight of the Netherlands Lion. Though practically
unknown to the present generation of entomologists he used
to be a constant attendant at the meetings of the Society, and
he was a member of the Council in 1885 and 1884.
Among foreign entomologists not members of the Society
the following deserve mention :—
Dr. Joseru KRIECHBAUMER was appointed Assistant in the
Zoological State Museum in Munich as far back as 1859, and
in 1898 he became Second Curator: he wrote to a certain
extent on Coleoptera and Diptera, but it was on Hymenoptera
that he was looked up to as an authority, and he was especially
attached to the Zchnewmonide.
Mr. Homer FRANKLIN Bassert was born at Florida (Mass.)
in 1826: after filling various positions he was appointed
Librarian to the Bronson Library in Waterbury (Conn.), a
post which he held until 1901. He did much good work at
the Cynipide and other gall-flies.
Dr. Pierre JuLes Tosquinet was President of the Entomo-
logical Society of Belgium: it was apparently late in life
when he seriously took up entomology: he devoted himself
to the parasitic Hymenoptera, especially Ichnewmonide, and
acquired a wide knowledge of the group, but he did not
publish much: he was a man of considerable importance in
Belgium, having been Military Inspector-General for Health,
and being at the time of his death President of the Central
State Commission for Vaccination: he was an officer of the
order of Leopold, and held the Civil Cross of the first class
and the Military Cross.
Proressor ApDOLFO TarGiont-TozzeTt1 was director of the
department of invertebrate Zoology in the Museum at
Florence: as an entomologist he published several papers on
Orthoptera and much useful information on Aphides, Coccide,
etc.: he also took an active part in the Italian Phylloxera
commission. He was one of the founders of the Societa
Entomologica Italiana, and many of his pages were published
in its Bulletino: the Society still exists, and, although it has
( lx )
never been prominent, it has nevertheless done good work
in keeping alive an interest in entomology (especially of a
local nature) in Ltaly,
In my last address I endeavoured to discuss the question
of Cryptic Coloration and Mimicry particularly as affecting
the Coleoptera: very little had previously been written with
regard to this branch of the subject, the researches having
been chiefly confined to the Lepidoptera; as regards this
order the chief argument which had been put forward against
the theories of Wallace, Bates, Poulton and others, was that
the evidence of systematic attacks by birds and other animals
upon Lepidoptera was scanty and untrustworthy. I therefore
thought it best to treat at some length of the proofs that
Coleoptera formed a large part of the food of many birds, and
especially of certain birds of prey which might hardly have
been expected to devour them, and further that certain
species were readily eaten, others less readily, while some
appeared to be entirely rejected: the natural inference to be
drawn from this was that if the Coleoptera were devoured the
Lepidoptera were also systematically eaten, but that their
remains were, from the nature of the case, not detected like
those of the chitinous-winged Coleoptera: since my address
was published Mr. Guy Marshall and Professor Poulton have
published their classical paper in our Transactions, which
almost renders it unnecessary to produce any further evidence.
I may, however, be allowed to mention a few further facts
with regard to Coleoptera eaten by birds which have come
under my notice during the past year. M1. William Evans, of
Edinburgh, who has devoted a great deal of time and trouble
to this subject, has kindly sent me observations on the follow-
ing birds :—Kestrel, Bittern, Water Rail, Dotterel, Curlew,
Sanderling, Green Sandpiper, Turnstone, Dunlin, Redwing,
and Starling: the casting of a Kestrel from near Kirknewton,
Midlothian, contained remnants of the following beetles :—
Carabus catenulatus, Pterostichus niger and P. strenwus,
Anchomenus albipes, Silpha atrata and Cryptohypnus riparius:
in the stomachs of the other birds examined were found
specimens of Carabide, Dytiscidx, Hydrophilide, Staphylinide,
@ lx)
ITeteroceridx, Byrrhidxe, Elateride and Curculionide, but not
a single specimen of either Coccinellide or Telephoridx. In
the table of the food of a number of rapacious birds which I
gave last year I mentioned that out of seventy Long-eared Owls
(Asio otus, L.) the pellet of one shewed remains of a small
bird and of the remainder the remains of mice and shrews,
and I further added that this species is also recorded as
feeding on large moths and beetles. Mr. Newstead I find
has recorded the fact that he found a number of pellets
ejected by this owl, quite twenty-five per cent. of which
consisted of the remains of large dung-beetles belonging to
the genus eotrupes, some pellets being entirely made up of
these and grass : rooks too are partial to these large Scarabzeide ;
the rook is an omnivorous feeder, and is a very useful bird
as long as it is able to procure wire-worms, caterpillars, such
as those of Agrotis segetwm, etc., for its young, but it is also
very partial to fruit, and will also eat eggs or even destroy
young birds at times: rooks and carrion crows have been
known to carry off a crop of pears, and I know from experi-
ence that they will entirely strip a cherry-tree before the
fruit is nearly ripe. The shrikes or butcher-birds are fond
of the large burying beetles, Vecrophorus humator and N.
mortuorum, and blackbirds and thrushes do good service in
destroying species of Otiorrhynchus and Sitones, which are
often serious pests to gardeners and farmers.
Tn the paper on “The Bionomics of South African Insects ”
which I have already alluded to, Mr. Marshall records a
number of experiments which he made with a kestrel
(Cerchneis naumannt), which ate specimens of inconspicuously
coloured Curculionidx, and also certain Carabidxe belonging
to the genus Graphipterus if offered head first: if offered tail
first they were rejected from fear of the acid discharge so
characteristic of this family: species of JLycus, Clerus,
Epilachna, and Mylabris were also rejected, but, somewhat
curiously, a Clythra with strong Coccinellid odour was eaten
by the bird after some hesitation : a considerable list is given
of species refused, but, according to Mr, Marshall’s observa-
tions, they were refused “usually after tasting”: it must
indeed be taken into consideration, that the kestrel was a
PROC, ENT. SOC, LOND., v. 1902. F
( Isii )
young bird, and therefore, as Professor Poulton remarks, it
is probable that it had never before had experience of many
of the species, but the facts seem at first sight to somewhat
discount the value of the synaposematie colouring which was
characteristic of all or nearly all the rejected insects. At the
same time, it must be allowed that in a long list of birds
whose stomachs were examined by Mr. Marshall, there is
almost a complete absence of all the aposematic groups,
except in the case of two or three species which were also
found to eat Reduviid or Pentatomid bugs, or distasteful
moths, thus showing that their food was distinctly abnormal :
this proves conclusively that, in the case of old birds at all
events, the synaposematic colouring is of the greatest import-
ance, unless we adopt the untenable hypothesis that the
tasting process is continued through life, and that no remains
are found because the distasteful insects are invariably
rejected.
In my former address I mentioned ten methods in which
the Coleoptera are protected: on further consideration, how-
ever, I quite agree with Professor Poulton in thinking that
some of these are included under or connoted by others,
and that therefore the number should be reduced to five, as
follows :—
1. The assimilation of colour or form to environment, in-
cluding resemblance to droppings of birds and suchlike
substances: we have no right to speak of these as more than
cryptic, for we can form no idea as to their being unpleasant
or otherwise to insectivorous animals or birds.
2. The possession of a very hard integument: it must be
noted in this connection that the beetles with a very hard
integument are usually cryptic, especially the genera of South
African Curculionidee (Brachycerus, etc.), which I have before
referred to: moreover the Curculionide have peculiarly strong
and wiry legs, and the large species could probably cause
considerable inconvenience and pain by means of the legs and
snout if they fastened on anything that attacked them: any
collector of Coleoptera must have noticed this in a small way
in the case of our common Otiorrhynchide. In connection
with this subject I was very much interested in the account
( Ixiii_)
given by Mr. Marshall of the behaviour of a kestrel (Cerchneis
rupicoloides) when given a large Buprestid beetle (Psiloptera
valens): the bird took it with apparent pleasure and en-
deavoured to hold it with its foot and eat it, but after a peck
or two it slipped from its grasp: the experiment was repeated
several times with the same result: the torpedo-like shape
and hard and slippery integument appear to prevent the
destruction of the insect by any bird which cannot swallow
it entire: baboons, however, readily ate all species of
Psiloptera.
3. Aposematic or warning coloration, including warning
attitudes and warning sounds: moreover, as it is plain from
what has been already said, that all species with warning
colours are largely tasted by young birds, at all events before
being avoided, there must always be some unpleasant odours or
juices present in all aposematically-coloured insects which are
not mimicking species : without these warning colours would
have no significance, for all insects possessing them, instead
of having been supported and increased by natural selection,
would have been promptly and rapidly eliminated.
I have before said that we know nothing of the tastes of
the lower animals ; scents suchas those of Aromia and Calli-
chroma which are agreeable to us, may be nauseous or even
harmful to insect-eaters ; as bearing upon this it is worthy of
mention that Mr. Shelford has noticed that certain of the
Callichromine are the only representatives of the Longicorns of
Borneo, with the exception of the Clytinew, which are mimicked
by other distantly-related Longicorns. Mimicry of this sort
appears invariably to prove distastefulness on the part of the
mimicked species.
Again, warning attitudes have usually some effective means
of defence to back them up; thus the larva of the Puss Moth
can eject strong formic acid, and Ocypus olens can inflict a
severe bite if its terrifying attitude is disregarded : occasion-
ally, however, an insect appears to depend entirely upon its
appearance, as in the case of larvee which resemble snakes, and
in such cases there is really no need for ulterior means of
defence ; Mr. Marshall has procured most striking evidence
as to the alarm shown by baboons on being offered the larva
( lziy |)
of Cherocampa osiris (which in general colouring is like
the common puff-adder), and it is plain that such resem-
blances, coupled as they are usually with warning attitudes
(as in Charocampa elpenor), are of the greatest service
in protecting many insects from attack and consequent
destruction.
The warning attitudes of certain Coleoptera are well known:
they are perhaps most common among the Carabide : the
genus Anthia has a peculiar warning attitude, but I am
doubtful whether the white spots on certain of the species are
aposematic, as Professor Poulton thinks, nor do I think with
him that the spots at the apex of the elytra in various
Carabidee are directive ; in speaking of the anal secretion which
is common to so many of the Carabidee, Mr, Marshall says (7. ¢.
p- 511) that in the smaller species “ the utility of the secretion
lies in the fact that it enables the insects momentarily to
disconcert their enemies, and this, owing to their great activity,
gives them an opportunity to escape. Under the circumstances
it is evidently of importance that an attack from an enemy
should be directed to the anal portion of the body in order to
ensure its receiving the discharge.” ‘The beetles, however, are
not distasteful as a whole, and, in such a case, it does not
appear to be of much advantage to warn an enemy towards
the tail only ; a few specimens might escape, but the majority
would be eaten after a few experiments: perhaps these
patches are recognition markings, but it is possible that
they are of no significance, for they are very far from being
universal: they are absent or not present in any marked
degree, for instance, among the Brachinide, in which family
we might expect them, on Professor Poulton’s theory, to
be especially conspicuous. Large eye-spots are found in
certain Klateridwe, but I have considered these as presenting
a cryptic appearance, and I believe that the light spots
at the sides and apex of the elytra of various beetles,
which touch the margin, are really eryptic rather than
aposematic, for they break up the outline of the insect, and
the combination of the black or brown and white renders
the insect more or less inconspicuous, on the same prin-
ciple that a zebra, or a duck on the surface of the water,
(sly 2)
is eryptically protected by its coloration. This is, I think,
certainly the case with many Cicindelidze, whose apical
spots Professor Poulton regards as due to their mimicry of
Carabidee.
With regard to warning sounds the whole question of the
stridulating organs of insects is a most interesting one,
whether we consider the physiological structure of these organs
(a study which appeals strongly to many entomologists),
or whether we consider their object and purpose: of course
the sounds are often sexual, but in certain cases they
appear to be true warning sounds. The evidence of Mr.
Marshall on this point is very valuable, for he was enabled
to prove that both a kestrel and a baboon showed evident
alarm at the stridulation of a Longicorn (Ceroplesis fallax) :
in many instances the stridulation is backed up by an
unpleasant and probably noxious odour.
4, The imitation of a distasteful insect by a tasteful one
whether belonging to the same or a different order: Bates,
in his original paper, says that ‘‘ mimetic analogies are not
confined to the Lepidoptera: most orders of insects supply
them: but they are displayed only by certain families,” and
he goes on to speak of Diptera and Hymenoptera and certain
Clearwing moths (Zrochiliwm) as mimicking bees, wasps, etc. ;
furthermore he uses the resemblance of a moth to a wasp as
the analogy by which to understand the resemblance of a
Leptalis to a Heliconine, and he even speaks of mimicry as
“the deceptive resemblance of species to some other definite
object, including ordinary cryptic resemblances.” Batesian
mimicry, therefore, as Professor Poulton has pointed out to
me, has not been extended, but restricted for the sake of
convenience.
5. In treating of the question of Synaposematic or Common
Warning Coloration in my last address I expressed a hope
that I might be able to deal with it at greater length ona
future occasion: but this is practically rendered unnecessary,
at any rate for the present, as the subject has been so fully dis-
cussed and so well illustrated in Mr, Marshall’s paper. Nothing
that can be said in proof of the theory can be more convincing
than the plates (Trans. Ent. Soe., 1902, Part ILI, pl. xviii and xix)
( Ixvi_ )
illustrating the Lycoid and Cantharoid groups respectively :
the observations which remain to be made with regard to
the general subject are inexhaustible, but it appears plain
that the chief families of Coleoptera which enter into
synaposematic combinations are the following, and I should
be inclined to group them in the following order of im-
portance :—1. Malacodermidee, Melyride and Cantharide.
2. Coccinellide, 3. Erotylide, Endomychide and Chrysome-
lide. 4. Cleridee, Certain other families, such as the
Pyrochroide and Lagriide, might perhaps be added.
It is probable also that among the Longicorns, members
which imitate species of all the families above mentioned, as
well as many others, there are a considerable number of dis-
tasteful species, and that in this respect they resemble the
Papilionidee among the Lepidoptera.
Perhaps one of the most striking of the many instances
of synaposematic coloration is found in the assumption of a
simple yet peculiar banding or marking by insects of different
orders (or widely differing insects of the same order) in a
particular country or district. Thus we have yellow Australian
species of Diptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera with a very
marked broad black band round the abdomen, and so very
closely resembling each other, while in Africa we get sets of
dark-winged insects of all orders, or groups of Hymenoptera,
with the apex of the abdomen broadly yellow, which are
mostly synaposematic.
In all the groups it cannot be too strongly insisted upon
that the general appearance of the insects when on the
Wing, or in motion of any sort, must always be taken into
consideration. Many insects which are totally different when
at rest are very hard to distinguish when flying, and it is
during movement that protection is most needed: there can
be no better proof that the resemblance between Clytus
arietis and a wasp is a real and significant one than the
fact that the beetle bears out its wasp-like resemblance
in its movements. ‘To those who do not take conditions of
flight into consideration, Mr, Marshall’s plates (Trans. Ent.
Soc., Part III, pl. xxi to xxiii), representing the dark-winged
Mashonaland Aculeates and their mimics, and other South
(Su ibavilion,)
African Aculeates and their mimics, convey many mistaken
impressions.
It seemed to me that, at the risk of some repetition, it
might be of some advantage to bring before the Society these
somewhat amended views on the question of Cryptic Coloration
and Mimicry in the Coleoptera : I do not go as far in the whole
matter as many do; there are certain naturalists whose
theories, ingenious though they may be, are so fantastic that
they tend to bring discredit on the whole question in the eyes
of those who are inclined to reserve their judgment and to
view the general subject with suspicion: one of the chief
of these is M. Portschinski, whose papers on “Coloration
marquante et Taches ocellées’”’ even Professor Poulton
characterises as ‘‘remarkable and highly imaginative.” It was
M. Portschinski who called attention to the fancied resem-
blance of the chrysalis of Limenitis populi to a chrysalis which
has been pecked by a bird, and is therefore passed over ; this
appeared to be rather far-fetched, but is as nothing to his belief
that “in the sounds made by certain irritated Mantides, as
they display the spots on their raptorial legs, he hears a re-
presentation of the rushing sound of a warning liquid
forced through a fine aperture:” at the same time, it will be
interesting to be able to refer to the detailed account of the
works of this well-known Russian entomologist which Pro-
fessor Poulton promises to give on a future occasion.
The theory of Cryptic Coloration and Mimicry as a whole
seems to be so well substantiated by an ever-increasing host
of indisputable facts that it is hardly necessary to consider at
length objections to it as a whole, although over-refinement in
individual cases is most strongly to be deprecated. At the
same time, I should like to speak briefly on one or two points
put forward by Mr. Bateson, a well-known opponent of the
theory of Colour-adaptation to Environment, in his well-
known book, Materials for the Study of Variation.* After
pointing out that, as Darwin and others have often shown,
the characters which vividly differentiate species are not, as
a rule, capital facts in the constitution of vital organs, but
rather details which seem useless and trivial, such as patterns
* Introduction, page xi.
( Ixviii_ )
of scales, sculpture, etc., he proceeds as follows :—‘ These
differences are often complex and are strikingly con-
stant, but their utility is in almost every case problematical.
For example, many suggestions have been made as to the
benefits which edible moths may derive from their protective
coloration, and as to the reasons why unpalatable butterflies
in general are brightly coloured ; but as to the particular
benefit which one dull moth enjoys as the result of its own
particular pattern of dulness as compared with the closely
similar pattern of the next species, no suggestion is made.
Nevertheless these are exactly the real difficulties that beset
the utilitarian view of the building-up of species. We knew
all along that species are approximately adapted to their
circumstances: but the difficulty is that wherever the differ-
ences in adaptation seem to us to be approximate, the differences
between the structures of species are frequently precise.
In the early days of the theory of Natural Selection it was
hoped that with searching the direct utility of such small
differences would be found, but time has been running on and
the hope is unfulfilled.” At first sight there seems to be
something in these objections, but, in the first place, our know-
ledge of details is necessarily very small and cannot be
worked out in fifty or perhaps five hundred years with regard
to individual species. In the second place, we may with reason
say that we have very much advanced in such knowledge ;
to refer to Mr. Bateson’s own example, Lepidopterists will
tell us that the pattern of one dull moth may be of the
greatest advantage to it in comparison with the closely similar
pattern of the next species, if its habits, the trees it rests on,
etc., are all taken into consideration. In the third place, the
very dissimilarity of individual examples of one cryptically-
coloured species (e.g. the underside of Hallima inachis) is of
itself a help to, as well as a proof of, adaptation to environ-
ment: in the case of cryptically-coloured moths or beetles too
much uniformity would evidently be a positive disadvantage
in the race for life.
Moreover, the general facts of Miillerian or synaposematic
mimicry afford a clear proof that it is only an approximate
adaptation as regards certain external details which is neces-
( Ixix )
/
sary for the preservation of vast numbers of species belonging
to different orders, the structural differences between which
are of course precise. And here we may perhaps pass on to
the consideration of quite a different subject, which is sug-
gested to us by the mention of the precision of these structural
differences ; how did they arise? how were they established ?
and, above all, how were they differentiated to preciseness at
such early geological periods? With regard to the first origin
of the Insecta we know absolutely nothing : it has been the
custom for some time to pre-suppose that they originated in
some single form such as Campodea, which, according to
Haeckel, should be looked for above the Silurian rocks, but this
is pure hypothesis, and has not a single fact in the geological
record to support it: “the Silurian cockroach,” as Mr. Goss,
who has done so much good work on the subject, says,
“though differing in detail from any existing or extinct form,
is, in its imago state, as far removed from the hypothetical
ancestral form, as any existing representative of the class.
Of course it does not follow that an ancestral form may not
be discovered, and Packard considers that the larval cockroach
bears a strong resemblance to Lepisma (a genus of Thysanuwra),
and therefore the Orthoptera are descended from Thysanura,
which latter order comprised the lost type, from which the
Insecta, in the main, drew their origin.” *
The earliest known insects belong to the Orthoptera,
Newroptera, and Hemiptera, and to an extinct Neuropteroid
order, Palxodictyoptera: the types were strongly differentiated
even in the earliest times, but the structure appears to have
been more homogeneous in some respects. Sir John Lubbock
(now Lord Avebury), writing in 1876 on some of the early
insects, says that, although in some respects less specialised
than existing forms, they “are as truly and as well charac-
terised insects as any now existing; nor are we acquainted
with any earlier forms which in any way tend to bridge over
the gap between them and the lower groups.” This is pre-
eminently true of the Coleoptera, which from the time of
their first appearance in geological strata have practically
* © On some recently discovered Insecta from Carboniferous and Silurian
Rocks,” by Herbert Goss, 1885.
(a bere)
undergone no change: it is true that the time at which the
Order first appeared is somewhat doubtful, but it is almost
certain that it did not exist during the Paleozoic period.*
Mr. Goss is of opinion that it appeared towards the end of
this period, and records two species of Coleoptera from the
Carboniferous, viz. Curculioides ansticti, Buckland, from the
Ironstone of Coalbrook-dale, Shropshire, and 7vrowxites germar't,
Goldenburg, from the Coal Measures of Saarbriick: the latter
fossil, however, is an obscure object, and as Brongniart has
suggested that it-may be the fruit of some plant, it is clear
that it is, in all probability, not a beetle at all: and with
regard to the former Dr. Buckland appears to have described
two insects from Coalbrook-dale as belonging to Cuwrculioides,
under the name of C. anstichti and C. prestwichii : as, however,
Dr. Woodward has decided that C. prestwichii should be referred
to the Arachnida, it is evident that the genus is very doubt-
fully Coleopterous at all. Apart from these records, five
remains of beetles are said to have been furnished by the
Silesian culm (Carboniferous), one being the elytron of a
Carabid or Tenebrionid, and borings have been found in Coal
Measures which are similar to those made by Scolytide. This
is all the evidence that I have been able to find for the
existence of Coleoptera during the Paleozoic period ; it will
be seen that it is very fragmentary and unsatisfactory, and, in
the present state of our knowledge, we are not justified in
placing the first appearance of the order before the Mesozoic
period: three species only (and one larva, according to
Scudder) have been recorded from the Triassic rocks, but in
the Jurassic period (Lias and Oolite) beetles are abundant,
and are far more numerous than the insects belonging to any
other order: most of the chief families now existing are
represented and fully differentiated, and the genera and even
the species in many cases are almost identical with those now
living: with regard to the first origin of the Coleoptera we
cannot, of course, speculate with any show of reason. Scudder
believes that the ancestors of the order were wood-boring
* It must always be remembered that the hard and practically indestrue-
tible integument of the Coleoptera is of itself a strong proof that members of
the order did not exist in any rocks or strata in which they are not found:
we cannot say the same of the much more delicately formed Lepidoptera.
( See, )
Palxodictyoptera, which gradually assumed hard elytra: but
we have absolutely nothing in the geological record to support
this, nor are there any species which can be considered
transitional between this and other orders: all we know is
that the Coleoptera not only appeared, but appeared in vast
numbers and as highly differentiated as at the present time
during the age of the great Saurian reptiles, before the great
mass of our existing genera, and even families, of fish and
reptiles had come into existence.* It is this persistence of type
among the Insecta, coupled with the enormous differentiation of
species and varieties, that is so striking : with regard to the per-
sistence of type the explanation is to be found, perhaps, in the
fact that the various orders became adapted at an early
period to their special modes of life, and that therefore there
has been, in the main, no need for any structural alteration,
although external differences are still being brought about,
partly by discontinuous variation, and partly by natural
selection. I know that many people are entirely at variance
with any theory of discontinuous variation, but I think that
both in Coleoptera and Lepidoptera we come across sports
which have, apparently, more or less suddenly broken off from
the type and are, practically, new species. The variety of
species, of course, in both Lepidoptera and Coleoptera is
infinite. In a letter I received recently from Dr. A. R.
Wallace, after speaking of the enormous differentiation of
families, genera, and species, the majority of which are quite
well defined, he proceeds as follows :—“ Again, the enormous
variety of species in many of the genera, varying every 100
miles or so in the monotonous Amazon plain, in every valley
of the Andes, and in every island of the Malay Archipelago,
shows how variable and adaptable they are under the slightest
diversity of conditions. Taking all these facts into consider-
ation, and always remembering the tremendous severity of the
weeding-out process, so that of the hundreds of larvee and
imagos produced by one female butterfly, moth or beetle, only
two on the average survive to breed and replace the two
parents, and there seems to be no difficulty whatever in the
* «The Geographical Distribution of Animals,” A. R. Wallace, vol. i,
p. 176, 1876.
( Ixxii_ )
slow and continuous production of every kind of protective
resemblance, including mimicry.”
In the face of the facts before us this is an explanation that
is far more likely to commend itself, than to say with Mr.
Bateson,* that ‘it would be simpler to regard the constancy
of the tints of the several species and the rarity of the inter-
mediate varieties as a direct manifestation of the chemical
stability or instability of the colouring matters, rather than
as the conscquences of environmental selection for some
special fitness as to whose nature we can make no guess.” To
any one who has at all studied the subject such an explanation
seems quite untenable ; at the same time, it must be allowed
that the intermediate varieties are not only rarely found, but
are often absent altogether. It must be admitted that they
may have been present and are now extinct, but there seems to
be no primd facie reason why discontinuous variation may not,
at any rate, have been an appreciable factor in the production
of species.
It is impossible to trace in any way the gradual development
of the Coleoptera ; and it is quite impossible to state which
was the earliest family. Some writers have believed the
Rhynchophora to be the most archaic form of the order: Dr.
Leconte, for instance, is of opinion that “the Rhynchophora,
being the lowest type of the Coleoptera, are therefore geo-
logically the oldest”: + judging, however, from the analogy
of the lattidx, I should be inclined to look for the earliest
of the Coleoptera among the less strongly developed genera of
the Heteromera, or perhaps among the Malacodermide. We
have no guide whatever as to the order in which the majority
of the families appeared, for in the Rheetic series and the Lias
we find the following fully differentiated :—Carabidx, Hydro-
philide, Gyrinide, Scarabeide, Nitidulide, Peltide, Crypto-
phagide, Lathridiide, Mycetophagide, Byrrhide, Aphodiide,
Buprestide, Elateride, Lampyridx, Telephoridx, Cistelidex,
Curculionide, and Chrysomelide.
We have before briefly called attention to the fact that the
two groups in which mimicking species are most often found
* J. ¢., Introduction, p. 23.
| ‘*Rhynchophora of America, North of Mexico,” Introduction, p. vii.
(Tec)
are the Longicornia and the Heteromera: the Longicornia are
a well-marked group, and as they appear to have been some of
the latest of the Coleoptera, it is not perhaps surprising that
they imitated more ancient groups; but the Heteromera, or
some of them, appeared at a very early date, and such an
explanation will not hold in their case. It is, however, very
probable that the Heteromera do not form a unit at all. The
chief character by which the members of the group are dis-
tinguished, and from which it takes its name, is the fact that
the anterior and intermediate tarsi are 5-jointed and the
posterior tarsi 4-jointed ; there are, however, many instances
of heteromerous beetles in other large series, as, for instance,
Anisotoma, Acritus, the male of Rhizophagus, ete., so that the
character by no means holds good in all cases, and there is
no other upon which the groups can be strictly defined. The
Tenebrionidx, Lagriide and Cistelidxe, with their closed coxal
cavities, may perhaps be considered a natural group, but it
is obvious that several of the other Heteromerous families
have very little, if any, connection with one another, and
might, with better reason, be assigned to other groups, of
which they are now, perhaps, merely considered the mimics.
T must now bring this address to a close : the more we study
the questions involved in the general subject which we have
been discussing, the more, I think, does it seem possible that
several causes may have been at work to produce the evident
results. There is no reason why the explanation should be the
same in all cases: doubtless there are many undesigned coinci-
dences in nature, and continuous and discontinuous variation
may both be working out similar ends: there is much to be
said for the gradual influence of what Dr. Dixey calls “ mimetic
attraction,’ * and, more than many think, for sudden changes
without intermediate links. The geological record is admittedly
very imperfect : in fact, we have hardly done more than scratch
upon its surface; but the seemingly abrupt appearance of
the many elaborately perfected families of Coleoptera, with-
out any transitional forms, appears at present to be an
inexplicable problem.
J cannot conclude without saying how much pleasure it
* Trans. Ent. Soc. 1896, I. 65 ; 1897, III. 317.
( lxxiv )
gives me to feel that I shall be succeeded in the chair by my
old and valued friend and colleague, Professor Poulton, whose
work I have so often alluded to, and who has done so much in
so many ways for the study of Entomology. I know that he
will not agree with me in all that I have just said, but I, for
one, shall look forward to his Presidential Addresses, in the
hope that he may clear up many doubtful points. I feel sure that
you could not choose a better man to preside over the interests
of the Society and to uphold it in its present flourishing
condition,
( -sxy )
GHNERAL INDEX.
The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ‘Transactions’; the Roman
numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings,
The President’s Address is not separately indexed.
Page Page
GENERAL SUBJECTS............. [xxv HIYMENOPTERA......-.0.0.--0+0- Ixxxv
COLEOPTERA: sksteesssceseacekee, DSKVIl LEPIDOPTERA coc.c0.0c-0scese ee IXxxvii
DIPTERA age Woisierani INHUROPTER AGH e-0 seen) eesen CVA
ELE MELPTERAcest seater cesareeeste Ixxxiii | ORTHOPTERA .................. CVi
——__—_—_—____
GENERAL SUBJECTS.
Aglais urtice, specimen showing symmetrical mutilation of, exhibited, xix.
Algeria, butterflies from Southern, exhibited, xxxiv.
Alteration of the Bye Laws, xlv.
Annual Meeting, li.
Apatura iris, observations on habits of, xl.
Aquatic Orthoptera discussed, xxiii.
Asymmetry in male appendages of Cephonodus hylas, observations on, xix.
Balance Sheet, lvi.
Bejar, butterflies from, exhibited and discussed, xxxv.
Bionomics of South African insects (Mr. G.Marshall), five years’ observations
and experiments on the, explained and comme ted upon, x.
British Guiana, butterflies from, exhibite 1], xv.
Chile, butterflies from, exhibited, xxv.
Coleoptera, live, from the Transvaal exhibited, iv.
Cossus, note on emergence of a specimen from 8. Africa, xxi.
Enemies of lepidopterous insects in 8. Africa, xlii.
Flata nigrocincta, lantern slides showing protective resemblance of, exhibited,
XXvl.
Heterocera, British, photographs of larvze and imagines of, exhibited, xxxvili.
Homoptera, position of imagines of, on the stem, discussed, xxvi, xxvii.
Hybernia leucophxaria, resting habit of, discussed, xv.
Hybrids of Malacosoma neustria and M, castrensis, exhibited and discussed,
Vii, XXV,
( Isa)
Hygvrochroa syringavia, photographs of larva and pupa of, exhibited and
discussed, xxiv.
Hypotia corticalis, preserved larve of, exhibited, v.
Larve, unusual foodplants of, discussed, xli.
Limacodid moth, cocoons of, from La Plata, exhibited and discussed, viii.
Limenttis populi, representation of pupa of, exhibited and discussed, xxxix.
Malacosoma neustria, cocoons of, exhibited and discussed, xv.
Mimetie and synaposematic groups exhibited, i.
Musgravia leigh, life history of, communicated, xxviii.
Picos de Europa, butterflies from the, exhibited, xxxiv.
President’s Address, lvii.
Rats, destructive to South African Lepidoptera, xliii.
Sanger-Shepherd, three-colour process lantern slides exhibited, i.
Scent-glands in Chalcostinw and Anthrocera discussed, iii.
Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies discussed, and lantern slides illustrative
of, exhibited, xv, xviii.
Smerinthus populi, effects of heat upon pupee of, xxii,
South African Insects, index to the Bionomics of, 574
Systrophus, pupa-cases of a species of, exhibited and discussed, viii.
( Ixxvii )
SPECIAL INDEX.
Lepidoptera arranged by Species,
Other orders arranged by Genera.
COLEOPTERA
ACALLES turbatus, xlv
Acinopus, 117, 119, 120
an picipes, 122
Acmeodera, 118, 121
ss bipunctata, 124
teniata, 124
Actenodia chrysomelina, 518, 519
Acylophorus, 117
Ae glabricollis, 123
Adimonia tanaceti, 120, 127
Adoretus flaveolus, 380, 390
Agabus bipustulatus, 122
chalconotus, 122
», didymus, 122
», guttatus, 122
Agapanthia, sp., 126
Agrilus, sp., 124, 349
Akis sansi, 117, 124
pe S Dene kad:
Allochotes, sp., 394
Amara acuminata, 122
», equestris, var, zabroides, 122
Amblysterna vittipennis, 342, 346, 379
Ammeecius, spp., 123
Amphidesmus analis, 517
Anaspis, sp., 125
Ancyrophorus, 118
aureus, 123
Anisodactylus binotatus, 122
Anisoplia beetica, 123
Anisoxya fuscula, xlv
Anomala, sp., 349, 380, 590
Anomalipus plebeius, 343, 346, 380,
381, 391
Anoxia villosa, 123
Anthaxia, 116, 118
cichorii, 124
- confusa, 124
PROC, ENT, SOC, LOND., v. 1902.
29
+)
Anthaxia crcesus, 124
Pe hypomelena, 124
. quadripunctata, 124
ed bs 2?
Anthia, iv, v
sp.,
849
» Massilicata, 383, 392, 508
» Mavxillosa, 509
»» himrod, 509
», omoplata, 509
», pachyoma, 349
» petersi, 508, 509
» Sexguttata, 509
thoracica, 380, 383
509, iv
Anthicus aubei, 124
a instabilis, 124
es rodriguezi, 124
#3 tristis, 124
Antipus rufus, 519
Anubis mellyi, 518, 519
, 392, 508,
Aphodius carpetanus, 118, 123
6 holubi, 517
aE rufipes, 123
Apion atomarium, 125
», cyanescens, 125
», wenckeri, 125
Apthonia lerigata, 127
Aptinus displosor, 120, 122
Aristus, 117, 119
Aromia eapito, 122
,, ¢clypeatus, 122
», moschata, var. thoracica, 126
Arsinoe fraterna, 522
Asbecesta ornata, 520
Asida, 119
9, Spp., 124
Aspidomorpha punctata, 351, 352
puncticosta, xi
Atractonota mulsanti, 512, 513,
Attagenus piceus, 123
G
Attagenus trifasciatus, 125
Attalus, sp., 124
Aulacophora festiva, 519, 520
Auletobius pubescens, 125
Aulonogyrus striatus, 122
Balaninus ochreatus, 125
Baris nitens, 125
Jembidium, 118, 120
argenteolum, xxxi
_ ibericum, 122
ag punctulatum, 122
‘ stomoides, 122
bf
Blaps, 117
sh ealetsey
Bledius, sp., 123
Blemus, 118
Ixxyili_ )
Ghryssass 118
viridissima, 120, 125
| Chrysobothrys solieri, 115, 124
| (: hrysomela, 120
a americana,
e. analis, 127
beetica, 127
heemoptera, 127
menthastri, 127
| Chrysomelidee, xi
Cicindela campestris, 121
46 flexuosa, 121
_Cionus longicollis, 125
| Clerus, sp., 344, 347
Clinocara tetramera, xlv
| Clinteria infuseata, 343,
127
be)
9
347, 380, 391
Blepisanis haroldi, 340, 345, 388, 388, | Clytanthus, 120
319, 517 +5 ruficornis, 118, 126
Brachycerus, v | 6 verbasci, 126
gvanosus, iv | Clythra, 120
Bi achyderes, 721 se lacordairei, 519
PP sp. ?, 125 » leviuscula, 127
suturalis, 125 » longipes, 23
Brachy tarsus, 126 », quadri-punctata, 11-23
Brachytemnus porcatus, 125 3 quadri-signata, 21
Bubalocephalus rotundicollis, 125 w ahlbergi, 342, 381, 391, 518
Bubas, 118 | Coccinella doublieri, 123
» bubalus, 123 | P japonica, 229
Buprestis flavomaculata, 124, 335 ie 14-pustulata, 128
55 octoguttata, 120, 124 | Coccinellide, xi
3 octomaculata, 115 | Coelorrhina loricata, 381, 391
- rustica, 124 | Colpotus similaris, 124
sanguinea, 124 oe 118
Cantharid: we, >, lunaris, 123
Carabus, 119 \c Joptocephala, 120
a auratus, 330, 408 secopolina, 127
7 latus, 121 amen 118
Fr melancholicus, 119, 121 3 spp., 124
rugosus, 119, 121 Corticeus pini, 124
Cardiophorus - rufipes, 124 Corymbites latus, 124
Cassida equestris, 127 virens, 331
Cathormiocerus lapidicola, 125 Criocephalus, 118, 121
As sp. n. ?, 125 re rusticus, 126
Cerocoma, 118 Crioceris asparagi, 126
e miihlfeldi, 116, 125 | ne coronata, 520, 521
Ceroplesis caffer, 518, 519 | - 12-punctata, 126
me fallax, 342, 346, 381, 389, a merdigera, 127
392 K ‘ryptocephalus, 14, U9, 215) 225 eon
Cetonia aurata, 123 | 118, 120, 127
», Oblonga, 123 | ne bimaculatus, 127
Cetoniide, 116
Ceuthorrhynchus echii, 125
ferrucatus, 125
Chasmatopter us Villosulus, 123
Chilomenes lunata, 380, 391, 520
Chlienius cylindricollis, 382, 390
as martinezi, 119, 122
43 nigricornis, 122
erassus, 127
imperialis, 127
a mori, 127
Be pini, 118, 127
pygmieus, 127
quinque-plagiatus, 519, |
?
sexmaculatus, 127
(Teer 7)
Cryptocephalus, sp. ? 127
varioplagiatus,
520
violaceus, 127
Cryptohypnus, 118
= dermestoides, 124
Crypturgus, sp., 126
Cymatura bifasciata, 518, 519
Cymindis, 119
519,
= miliaris, 122
spp., 12 22
Cyrtonus, 119, 120
“4 cupreovirens, 127
i deuticulatus, 127
Daphisia, sp., 395
Dasytes, 124
Decatoma lunata, 380, 391, 518
Dermestes aurichalceus, v,
123, v
Deronectes, 117
ee bicostatus, 122
a opatrinus, 122
Diacantha conifera, 344,
391, 516-18
Diastictus vulneratus, xli
Dictha inflata, 312, 346, 379
Diurus furcillatus, 525
Dolichosoma, 124
Donacia consimilis, 126
as linearis, 126
347, 380,
$5 sp., 126
Dorcadion, 119
ee ep..3s
Dromius, xlv
Dyenmonus apicalis, 516, 517
Dytiscus dimidiatus, 350
ss marginalis, 122, 330
Ebeus, 124
Eccoptoptera cupricollis, 511, 512
Elater preeustus, 124
Eletiea rufa, 344, 347,
517, 531
Elmis, 117, 120
Emenadia prieusta, 125
Emus hirtus, 118, 123
Encaustes, sp., 522
Endomychide, xi
Epicauta ccelestina, 526, 527
a pectoralis, 526, 527
vs subcoriacea, 526, 527
Epilachna dregei, 542, 347, 380, 581,
391, 520
Eremnus, sp., 344, 346, 349
Erotylide, xi
Eryx ater, 124
Hutrapela, Span ould
Falagria thoracica, 125
Formicomus pedestris, 124
380, 391, 516,
118,
Galeatus maculatus, 120
Galerucella luteola, 117, 127
Galerucide, 118
Geotrunes levigatus, 123
Graphipterus antiokanus, 512, 514
ee bilineatus, 343
- lineolatus, 343
5 mashunus, 380, 390
ue tibialis, 880, 390
wahlbergi, 343
Graptoc lerus, sp., 512; 515
Gymnopleurus fastiditus, 349
sh flagellatus, 123
smaragdinus, 380, 392
G ynandrophthalma posticalis, 5 520
Gyrinus, 117
* urinator,
Haltica, 117, 127
Haploenemus, 118, 126
Harpalus, 119, 120
122
ey zabroides, 122
Heliopathes, 117, 119
53 montivagus, 124
Henicopus, 126
Hesperophanes amicus, 350
Heteronychus licas, 350
Hippopsicon, sp., 522
Hipporrhinus bohemani, 350
Hispa atra, 127
oy cestacea, 1205 I
Hister eaffer, 331
», 12-striatus, xxviii
», IMmerdarius, xxviii
»» Ssinuatus, 1123
Hoplia farinosa, 123
», philanthus, 123
Hoplonyx, sp., 349
Hydaticus, sp., 350
Hydrena, 120, 122
Hydrocyphon australis, 118, 124
Hydroporus halensis, 122
Hylastes palliatus, 118, 126
Hyllisia, sp., 522
Hylotrupes bajulus, 115, 126
Hypera hispanica, 125
a Spe eb:
Hyper, 119
Hyperaspis reppensis, 123
Hypophlwus, 118
Ischnopoda umbratica, 123
Jonthodes sculptilis, 531
Lachniea, 120
3 sexpunctata, 127
vicina, 127
Lemostenus complanatus, xxxi
27
| Lagria hirta, 124
a) lata, 124
»» Sp., 834, 342, 347
lx
(
Larinus, 116
Lasioderma leve, 124
Lebia, 118
crux-minor, 120, 121
var. nigripes, 122
eyanocephala, 121, 122
eyathigera, 121, 122
rufipes, 122
tureica, 122
Lema melanopa, 126
5, puncticollis, 126
Lemidia, sp., 895
Leptura ‘designata, 118
distigma, 118, 126, v
livida, 126
rubra, 126, v
sanguinolenta, 118, v
stragulata, 118, 121, 126, v
= var. nigrina, 126
unipunctata, 116, 118, 126, v
Litopus dispar, 532
Lixus, 116
eribricollis, 125
», turbatus, 125
Lucanus cervus, 403
Luperus, sp. ? 127
Lycocerus mimicus, 517, 549
Lycus ampliatus, 344, 380, 517
constrictus, 344, 380, 517
haagi, 517
rostratus, 340, 344, 380, 517
subtrabeatus, 380, 517
zonatus, 517
Lytta meesta, 526, 527
Macrocoma aureovillosa, 350,
Magdalis, 118, 120, 121
frontalis, 115
i memnonia, 115
Malachius, 118, 120, 124
Malacodermata, 115
Malacodermidx, xi
Malacosoma discoidalis, 380, 391
lusitanicum, 127
Malthodes, 124
Mantichora herculeana, 510
Melanotus tenebrosus, 115, 124
Melitonoma epistomalis, 519
litigiosa, 519
truncatifrons, 519
sp. n., 519
Meloé ‘majalis, 118, 125
Melyride, xi
Menephilus, 118
cylindricus, 124
Metcecus paradoxus, xxviil, xxxi
Micrantereus carinatus, 380, 391
Microcephalus albinus, xlv
Microzoum tibiale, 124
+)
?
9?
9
9
”
”
99
29
9)
be)
be)
?
”
xe.)
Monohammus _gallo-provincialis,
118, 126
| Monolepta erythrocephala, 127
? vincta, 520
Mordella, 118
’aculeata, 125
apicata, sp. n., 7
australis, 4
baldiensis, 4
brevis, sp. n., 6
cuneata, sp. n.,
fasciata, 125
graphiptera, 4
inornata, sp. 0.,
limbata, 3
9-maculata, 8
obsoleta, sp. n., 5
8-maculata, 3
i8-maculata, 3
simillima, sp. n., 5
v-aureum, sp. n., 4
verticordicy, sp. ne, 7
Mordellidz,
Mordelistens concolor, sp. n., 9
spp., 125
6
7
be)
re)
2?
99
Mycterus, 118
<3 curculionoides, 125
Mylabris dicincta, 382, 391, 518
holosericea, 843, 347, 515, 519
oculata, 349, 352, 518
palliata, 344, 347, 380,
517
tettensis, 380, 382, 391, 518
tricolor, 518
Myrmecoptera bilunata, 512
invicta, 512
marshalli, 512
polyhirmoides, 511
+ var,
| shuna, 514, 515
| Mysia oblongoguttata, 123
| Nanophyes duricui, xli
Nitocris nigricornis, 517
sa esimilasy Dlg
i See spe iotd
| Notoxus, 117
monoceros, 124
A. trifasciatus, 124
Nyassinius lugubris, 349
Oberea erythrocephala, 126
5, scutellaris, 533
Ocalea, 118
asa esp. leo
Octhhebius, 117, 118, 122
| Ocypus eupreus, 123
: eyaneus, 125
(Edemera, 118
'GEdemera flavipes, 125
3)
+
391,
99
2)
- ma-
”
( Txxxi- )
(Edemera simplex, 125
sp. ?125
Omophlus ruficollis, 116, 124
Omophron, 117
a limbatus, 122
Oniticellus militaris, 380, 392
Onitis alexis, 331, 348, 346, 349,
381, 392
>, Innuus, 380, 391
Onthophagus schreberi, 123
55 gazella, 344, 347, 351,
380, 592
ri sp., 349
Oosomus, sp., 344, 346, 351
Ophonus, 117, 120
azureus, 122
cordatus, 122
< diffinis, 122
rotundatus, ee
sabulicola, 122
Orchesia minor, xlv
Orectochilus, 118
33 villosus, 122
Orphilus niger, 123
Orthomus hispanus, 122
Otiorrhynchus
sp. 7 125
Oxythyrea dysenterica, 381, 391
“ stictica, 123
Pachnoda flaviventris, 380, 391
>, rufa, 380, 391
Pachybrachys, spp., 127
Pachyta quadrimaculata, 127
Pederus, 117, 118, 120
33 gemellus, 123
Paralepta omata, 520
Parnus, 117, 120
>, nitidulus, 123
Paromalus, 118
flavicornis, 123
Pentaphyllus chrysomeloides, 124
Pentaria badia, 125
ss defarguesi (= oberthuri), 125
Pentodon niveus, 349
Peploptera anchoralis, 380, 389, 391
zambesiana, 380, 389, 391,
380,
bed
3
9)
517, 518
Percus, sp. ? 122
Perileptus areolatus, 122
Phantasis gigantea, 350
Philagathes letus, 516-18
Phratora vitelline, xli
Phytodecta wegrota, 127
Piezia marshalli, 350, 380, 390, 511,
513
s, mashuna, 511
Piezia selousi, 342, 380, 381, 390, 512-
514
Pissodes, 120
bs pini, 125
Pityogenes bidentatus, 126
Placusa, 118
fe Spe23
Plagiodera, 117
ee thoracica, 380, 391
.5 versicolora, 126
Platyderus montanellus, TA
Platynus parumpunctatus, 12:
3 sexpunctatus, 122
=a viridicupreus, 122
Platypria mashuna, 349, 352
Platysoma, 118
oblongum, 123
Platyxantha bicincta, 520
Plegaderus, 118
3 sanatus, 123
Peecilomorpha fasciaticollis, 517, 518
Peecilonota
i rutilans, 124
er sp. ? 124
Peecilus crenulatus, 122
Pogonocherus, xlv
Polycleis decorus, 351
35 equestris, 380, 390
- longicornis, 380, 390
Polyhirma wnigma, 3438, 380, 388, 390,
512, 513
i bennettii, 511, 547
* bilunata, 512
cs boucardi, 380, 890, 514, 515
ap macilenta, 511, 548
5 notata, 511
AA rutata, 511
ye semisuturata, 350, 380, 390,
511, 513, 548
Potaminus, 117, 120
a substriatus, 122
Praogena festiva, 380, 392
=n splendens, 379
Prionocerus dimidiatus, 341, 344, 345,
347, 380, 391, 516-18
Prionus coriarius, 126
Pronomiea rostrata, 123
Protetia amakosa, 380, 381, 391
. mandarinea, 335
Psammodes scabratus, 350, 382, 391
3 ventricosus, 350
Psiloptera chalecophoroides, 350, 379,
380, 390
», valens, 340
Psilothrix, 124
Purpuricenus budensis, 116, 126
Quedius obliteratus, xxxvili
», suturalis, xxxvill
Rhagonycha melanura, 124
Rhamphus flavicornis, 125
(. izxxu )
>
Rhizotrogus pineticola, 123
es pini, 123
=i pygialis, 116,123
- rufescens, 123
- solstitialis, 123
tornosi, 123
R hynchites auratus, 125
ce ruleocephalus, 125
Rhy tirrhinus vaiabilis, 125
Searabieus femoralis, 395
Scarites, sp., 350, 353
Scopwus, 118
56 spp., 125
Seraptia dubia, 124
Scythropus, 118, 120
squamosus, 125
Sermyla halensis, 127
Silaria brunnipes, 125
», trifasciata, 125
PR (20 UE) ICP 45)
Spermophagus cardui, 126
Sphenoptera disjuncta, 349
Spondylis, 118, 120
a buprestoides, 115, 117, 126
Staphylinus stercorarius, 123
Stenolophus teutonus, 122
Stenosis, sp. ? 124
Stenus ater, 123
n bipunctatus, 123
om ee
» guttula,
spp. ? 13
Stephanoerates dohertyi, viii
Sternocera funebris, 380, 390
Steropus, 117, 120
5 insidiator, 119, 122
i spp. ? 122
Strangalia bifaseiata, 126
Ar maculata, 126
<5 pubescens, v, 118, 121, 12
Stylosomus, sp., 127
Subcoccinella 24- -punctata, 12
Syagrus marshalli, 519
» puneticollis, 349, 352
Sympieziorrhynchus, sp., 349
Synuchus nivalis, 122
ane 120
‘Tachyta nana, 118, 12
Tachyusa, 117
is balteata, 125
*, coarctata, 123
Temnochila, 118
me coerulea, 123
Tentyria, 116
9 spp., 124
Tetratoma aneora, xlv
Throscus, 124
Thylacites chaleogrammus, 116, 125
| Thylacites guinardi, 120, 125
Thyreopterus flav osignatus, 522
Timarcha, 119, 120
mn hispanica, 127
sp., 524
| Tituboea biguttata, 127
| Tomicus, 118
rs laricis, 126
aS sexdentatus, 126
'Tomoxia maculicollis, sp. n., 8
_Tragiscoschema wahlbergi, 382, 391
| Trichodes, 116, 120
xe apiarius, 124
| Pr leucopsideus, 124
| a octopunctatus, 124
Tricondyla, sp., 514
| Trigonorhinus areolatus (Brachytarsus
pardalis), 116, 126
| Trochalus, sp., 351
| Tropideres niveirostris, xlv
Trox, sp, 123
Trymodera aterrima, 526
Urodactylus, sp., 520, 521
Zabrus, 119
| Zonabris, 118, 120
| .y quadripunctata, 125
ae variabilis, 125
Zonitis, 118, 120
a mutica, 125
», — preusta, 125
» quadripunctata, var, korbi, 125
» Sp., 125, 344, 347, 380, 391,
516, 517
Zophosis, sp., 351
DIPTERA.
| Alcimus? stenurus, 333
| Apoclea femoralis, 333
| Bengalia, sp., 540
Bombylius, sp. n., 529
Bromophila caffra, 531
Ceria gambiana, 534
| Chironomus, 710, 716
| Chrysops cweutiens, 333
| Damalina, sp., 334
| Dasypogon diadema, 334-36
Dioctria atricapilla, 333
5, @landica, 332
» Yufipes, 333
Epitriptus arthriticus, 335
| Eumerus, sp. n., ? 534
Ber ap. ee
| Hyperechia, ii
ts fera, 542
ns marshalli, 533, 541
(@Slixxeanit))
Hyperechia, xylocopiformis, 542
Laparus ? tabidus, 526, 527
»» Sp., 526, 527
Laphria flavipes, 550
», gibbosa, 335
Laxenecera, sp., 335
5 mollis, 534
Lophonotus ? suillus, 353
Lucilia, sp., 317
Machimus atricapillus, 355
Maira, sp., 352
Microdon devius, xliv
Microstylum apicale, 332
¥ dux, 335
Musca, sp., 317
Mydeea, sp., 334
Neoitamus cyanurus, 335
? griseus, 335
ne ? longistylus, 335
Orectocera (Paraphania) diabolus, 526—
27
Pampterinus latipennis, xxii
Pericoma fusea, xxii
Philodicus gracilis, 333
30 tsp., 332
Platychirus sticticus, xliv
Proagonistes ? preceps, 334
Promachus wequalis, 334
? flavibarbis, 334
maculatus, 332
sokotre, 334
rt ? vagator, 334
Psychodide, xxii
Sarcophaga, sp., 334
Scleropogon ambryon, 332
Silvius pertusus, 529
Simulium latipes, 706, 712
5S reptans, 706
Spilomyia fusca, 411
Syrphus balteatus, xliv
Systropus, ix
brasiliensis, 1x
i 2 sp., 1X, xX
Tabanus biguttatus, 526, 527
Teichomyza fusca, 716
Therioplectes luridus, xliv
Volucella bombylans, 491
var.
9
2?
39
be)
23
53 5 Inystacea,
491
Xiphocerus eruciger, 517
HEMIPTERA.
“Acalypta, 120
ts platychila, 128
Adelphocoris seticornis, 129
Alia acuminata, 128
Agramma, 120
Alydus calearatus, 128
Ancyrosoma albolineatum, 127
Anoplocnemis curvipes, 345, 346, 382,
383, 413
Aphanus ibericus, 128
quadratus, 128
ais saturnius, 128
Aspidiotus perniciosus, 220,
Atractotomus, 262
Austromiris, gen. n., 267
viridissimus, sp. n., 245,
be)
9229
aa
””
| 267
Beosus maritimus, 128
Berta lankanus, 249
Berytus signoreti, 128
Bothriomiris, gen. n., 270
5 marmoratus, sp. n., 243,
b]
1 eral
Brachycoleus triangularis, 129
| Brachypelta aterrima, 127
Bryocoris, 243
| Callilestes bicolor, 533
55 stigmatellus, 532, 544
Calocoris, 269
93 sulphureus, 129
|Camptobrochys, 259
| Camptopus lateralis, 128
Campyloneura, 247
| Capsus coccineus, 252
| discoidalis, 254
|
fasciatus, 264
,, lineifer, 253
lueidus, 253
scutellaris, 129
| simulans, 271
| ,, stramineus, 257
vicarius, 269
,, Xanthophilus, 264
_ Carpocoris varius, 128
| Catoplatus carthusianus, 128
_Centrocoris spiniger, 128
Cheilocapsus, gen. n., 259
flavomarginatus, sp. I,
Lue
2)
244, 259
| Chionaspis aspidistre, 223
| Collaria oleosus, 245, 266
Coranus subapterus, 128
| Coreus hirticornis, 128
| Corizus crassicornis, 128
parumpunetatus, 128
» subrufus, 128
Cyclopetia, sp., 317
Cymus, sp., 128
Cyphostethus tristriatus, 128
Dichrooseytus, 255
Diocoris, gen. n., 246
29
|
( ‘xxiv ~))
Diocoris agelastus, sp. n., 244, 246
Disphinctus anadyomene, sp. n., 244,
264
55 sumatrator, sp.n., 244, 264
Dolycoris baecarum, 128
Dyroderes umbraculatus, 128
Dysdercus cardinalis, 543
intermedius, 538, 543
nigrofasciatus, 538
ae superstitiosus, 538, 543
Eblis, gen. n., 256
9
”
»» amasis, sp. n., 244, 256,
Eioneus bilineatus, 245, 266
Emblethis, sp., 128
Eurybrochis, gen. n., 259
zanna, sp. n., 245, 260
Euryeyrtus, 255
Eurydema fedceune 128
Ap oleraceum, 128
Eurygaster maroccana, 127
+ nigrocucullata, 127
Eurymiris, gen. n., 266
of eurynome, sp. n., 245, 266
Eurystylus costalis, 244, 262
Flata nigrocincta, 695, xxvi, xxvii
Galeatus maculatus, 120, 128
Geocoris grylloides, 128
Gerris najas, 128
,, thoracicus, 128
Globiceps flavomaculatus, 129
Gonocerus juniperi, 128
Graphosoma lineatum, 127
Graphostethus servus, 537
Harpactor erythropus, 128
iracundus, 128
sanguineus, 128
ee tristis, 526
Hebrus pusillus, 128
Hekista, gen. n., 248
- laudator, sp. n., 244, 248
Heliopeltis bergrothii, 265
insularis, sp. n., 244, 265
”
9
99
- waterhousei, sp. n., 244, 265
Hesperolabops, gen. n. 249
7 gelastops, sp. n., 245,
250
Heterogaster urtice, 128
Holcogaster fibulata, 128
Hyalopeplus, 259
A lineifer, 253
Kangra, gen. n., 256
» dudgeoni, sp. n., 244, 256
Korasiocapsus, gen. n., 260
A pylaon, sp. n., 244,
Kosmiomiris, gen. n., 253
rubroornatus, sp. n.,
261
244,
be)
253
Labops, 249
| Lemocoris, 246
Lecaneum hemisphaericum, 222, 224
227
|
| - viride, 221
| Liocoris tripustulatus, 129
_Lomatopleura cesar, 252
me hesperus, nom, n., 252
Lopus sulcatus, 129
| Lygeeus erudelis, 537
elegans, 537
dr)
» equestris, 128
», fureatus, 517
pandurus, 128
rivularis, 537
saxatilis, 128
Ly aidia, 259
Lygus approximatus, 263
», osiris,-sp. n., 244, 262
Macroplax fasciata, 128
Malacopeplus, gen. n., 254
discoidalis, 244, 24
266, 267
cxlestialium, sp. n.,
266
i ruficornis, 266
Megalomerium meridionale,
| Megapetus, xiii.
atratus, 535, 542
Microplax albofasciata, 128
Mimocoris coarctatus, 129
Miridius pallidus, 129
Miris, 269
| Monalonion atratum, 264
dissimulatum, 264
megiston, sp. n., 245, 5
3)
9
?
Megalocerea,
244
+B]
128
pilosipes, sp. n., 245, 264
xanthophilus, 264
Monanthia echii, 128
Monosteira unicostata, 128
Myrmoplasta, sp., 542
_ Nabis ferus, 128
_ Nasocoris, sp. n., 129
Neides tipularius, 128
Neocoris nigritulus, 129
Neofurius affinis, 250, 251
amethystus, 250
a aurora, sp. n., 245, 250
Nesidiocoris, gen. n., 247
- volucer, sp.
247
Neurocolpus nubilus, 252
_ Odontoscelis dorsalis, 127
| AS fuliginosa, 127
Odontotarsus grammicus, 127
| Olympiocapsus, gen. n., 255
celestialium,
29
n., 244
‘3 sp.
| 244, 255
Oncopeltus famelicus, 518
(
Oncopeltus famelicus, var. jucun
517
Orectoderus amcenus, 248
6 obliquus, 249
Orthotylus eurynome, sp. n., 245
Pachypterna, 254
Pachyxyphus cisareus, 129
Peribalus sphacelatus, 128
Petascelis remipes, 356, 382
Phonoctonus formosus, 538,
nigrofasciatus,
Phy lomorpha laciniata, 128
Phyllontocheila auriculata,
Phymata, 120
25 crassipes, 128
Physomerus, sp., 317
Phytocoris, spp., 129
Piezostethus, 120
cursitans, 120, 129
25 ? sp. n., 120, 128
Pilophorus cinnamopterus, 129
Pirates wneicollis, 532
Platyngomiris, gen. n., 258
coreoides, sp. n.,
128
”
99
244, 258
Platyplax salvie, 128
Proboscidocoris fuliginosus,
seti, sp. 0.
Pulvinaria camellicola, 226
Pyrops, sp., 349
Pyrrhocoris aegyptius, 128
Re apterus, 128
Reduviolus, 268
Reduvius De cuae , 128
sp., 526, 537
251
berta, 245,
insignis, 252
luteigera, 251
scutata, 245, 251
simulacrum, 245,
Rhaphigaster nebulosa, 12
Rhinomiris, gen. n., 268
5 vicarius, 245, 269
Saturniomiris, gen. n., 268
; tristis, 245, 268
Sciocoris, sp., 128
Fe umbrinus, 128
Sehirus dubius, 127
», morio, 127
Serenthia lta, 128
Serinetha mutillata, 517
Sphinctothorax montandoni, sp. n.,
Stagonomus italicus, 128
Staria lunata, 129
Steganocerus multipunctatus, 520
Stenocephalus agilis, 128
sp albipes, 128
261
, 244,
99
Resthenia,
952
av
251
Ixxxv )
dus,
248
| Chelodynerus (gen. noy.) chelifer,
' Coccophagus, sp., 229
Stethoconus, 265
Stictocoris flaveola, x
Strongylocoris niger, 129
Stygnocoris fuligineus, 128
Sysinus floridulus, 250
Systellonotus palpator, sp. n., 247
Teratocoris, 266
Therapha hyoscyami, 128
Tibicen nubifurea, 332
Tinginotum, gen. n., 263
javanum, sp. n., 244, 263
Typhlocyba candidula, xx
Umslopogas, gen. n., 254
nigroquadristriatus,sp. le,
XX
bP} S
244, 254
Velia currens, 128
Vit ] b y 517
Vitumnus cinnabarinus, 517
miniatus, 517
gen. n., 269
rubrovariegata,
93
Zanessa,
3D Sp.
269
Zicrona ccerulea, 128
Zulaimena, gen. n., 256
hathor, sp. n., 244, 256
HYMENOPTERA
Abanchogastra, gen. n., 141
debilis, sp. n., 141
99
Ammophila beniniensis, 525
hirsuta, 464
ludovicus, 525
Anthophora ? basalis, 530
Aphelinus fuscipennis, 222
Aphycus lecanii, 221
Apis florea, 335
Arrhenophagus chionaspidis, 221
Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, 225
Athalia bicolor, 530
Banchogastra, 141
Belonogaster, ©p.,
Bembex, sp., 532
Blastothrix sericea, 221
99
| Bracon coceineus, 533
luctuosus, 517
», ?luctuosus, 517
Camponotus cosmicus, 535
herculeanus, 699
sericeus, 585
Carebara, sp., 350
Cerceris orientalis, v
Chaleidide, 221
Chalcis albicrus, 338
bicolor, 530, 544
cuprea, 338
semirufa, 545
be)
>)
var., 517
9
bP)
99
36
€ ils}
Ceclioxys mandibularis, xix
* pusilla, 530
Comys albitarsis, 223
;, bicolor, 223
», infelix, sp. n., 223, 224
Crabro abnormis, 146
5, curtipes, 147
., tumidoventris, 147
unicolor, 148
Mee 145
C rabronidee, 45
Klis aureola, a
,, exlebs, 530, 531
., fasciatipennis, 525, 528
., lachesis, 525
Eneyrtine, 221
Enecyrtus bogoriensis, 221
ie infidus, 221
Enicospilus dimidiatus, sp. n., 143
dispilus, sp. n., 143
», var., pallipes, 143 |
kaale, 142
mauicola, 143
molokaiensis, 143
semirufus, sp. n.,
Eumenes dyschera, 525, 529
tricolor, 525, 526
39
99
142
9?
Formica fusea, var.,
var., subacnescens, 699
bh) - 9
5 integra, 699
a rufa, 12513; Lops sos.
99
22, 2
Halictus, sp., 334
Hylocrabro, gen. n., 145, 147
Ichneumon, sp., 338
Iphiaulax bicolor, 517
flagrator, 533
pictus, 533
a ruber, 531, 545
Megachile apiformis, 53:
chrysorrheea, 530
a nasalis, 530
Melanocrabro, 147
Melipona apicalis, 334, 336
Metopius discolor, 532
Microgaster, sp., 388
Microterys chalcostomus,
flavus, 221
”)
9
7)
221
be)
si aia Sie 221
“6 sylvius, 221
Mutilla atropos, 525
cepheus, 512
horrida, 512
», # leucopyga, 512
purpurata, 512
ks syeorax, 512
penne 12
Mutillidie, x
neorufibarbis, 699
_ Myrmic arubra, subsp., br var.
fricida, 1 var. n., 699
sabuleti, ih
9
My zine capitata, 532
Nesocrabro, 145, 146
Notogonia creesus, 517, 518
Odynerus axestes, 133
cooki, 134, 137
ay erypterythrus, sp.n., 133, 139
3 cyanopteryx, 132, 158
eyphotes, 135, 136, 137
cypris, sp. n., 132, 188
99
r. lobifrons, 700
”
| A dromedarius, 134, 136
| es dyserythrias, 133
| a egens, 152
i erythrognathus, 135, 136
| 5 erythrostactes, 140
| 9 eutretus, sp. n., 132, 138
| . frater, 1382
| a heterochromus, 132, 138
AD hiloensis, 135, 137
55 holomelas, sp. n., 182, 138
“4 infaustus, 132
| - konanus, 185, 137
bg melanognathus, 134, 137
~ mesospilus, sp. n., 135, 136,
140 ;
re newelli, sp. n., 184, 187
.. higripennis, 131
obscure-punctatus, 133, 139
orbus, 135, 1386
5, peles, 137
| = rubropustulatus, 133, 139
| Es scoriaceus, 1384, 137
| ne smithii, 139
| an sociabilis, 134, 137
| ~ venator, 134, 136
|
“a vuleanus, 135, 137
Oreocrabro, gen. n., 146
Osmia parietina, xix
_., xanthomelana, xix
Ospry nehotus flavi ipes, 532
Pelopeus spirifex, 532
Phanomeris dubius, 532, 533,
sp., 517
Philanthus bucephalus, 530
diadema, 530
fuscipennis, 530
Pimpla tuberata, 532, 533
Podalirius acraénsis, 530, 531
| I *olistes gallica, 335
| a marginalis,
| » variatus, 536
| Pompilus anticus, 531
ioe capensis, 517
» collaris, 547
dichrous, 531
oA6
9
554
br)
Pompilus diversus, 517
festivus, 532
re frustratus, 525
x lascivus, 531
a marshalli, 531, 547
so morosus, 517
3 sepulchralis, 525
vindex, 517
Pscudopterocheilus pterocheiloides, 136
Rhychium radiale, 517, 530
rubens, 517, 530
a synagroides, 529
Salius atropos, 525
Pp dedjax 525,551
) obscurus; 525
», Tegina, 525
», Spectrum, 529
;, tamisieri, 529, 531
vindex, 525, 526
Sceliphron chalybwum, 525
Scolia affinis, 525
a3), @laris, 525, 527-9
> cyanea, 525, 526
» erythropyga, 529
») itaterna, 525, 527
Signiphora flavopalliata, 221
Solenius, 145
Sphecodes rufiventris, 530
Sphex bohemani, 525
on cyaniventris, 3)
,, pelopeiformis,
;, umbrosus, 525
», Xanthocerus, 525
Synagtris abyssinica, 529
‘ analis, 529
525
525
pe emarginata, 529
a mirabilis, 529
r xanthura, 529
Tachysphex fluctuatus, 551
Tachytes natalensis, 52a.
Tiphia rugosa, 525
Vespa maculata, 411
» vulgaris, xxviii
Vipio, sp., 546
Xenocrabro, gen. nov.,
56 affinis, 145
of monticola, 145
Xylocopa carinata, 525
526
145
» flavorufa, 530, 531, 533, 534
», hottentota, 525
», _ lateritia, 530, 531
» modesta, 530
olivacea, 530,
Xylocopidz, il.
Zethus chalybeus, xxviii
53
(
Ixxxvli_)
LEPIDOPTERA.
ABACISCUS, 626
Abantis, 495
Abraxas, 587
abraxas, 499
Abraxine, 631
absconditaria, 585
absimilis, 677
absona, 676
absorpta, 655
absorpta, 634
acaciaria, 623
Acadra, 618
acara, 415, 504
acaste, 197
achzemenes, 505
acheloia, 201
Acherontia,
achilles, xxxi
achine, 209, xvil,
382, 386, 388
Acidalia, v
Acidalia,
660, 663
Acosmeryx, 691
Acrea, 201,
Acratosema, 646
Abraxas, 325, 330,
614, 622,
338, 405
absentimacula, 595
401, 404
304, 314, 344,
623, 645, 655, 659,
297, 540
Actenochroma, 675
Actenochroma, 669
actia, 416, 423
Actinote, 366
actiosaria, 659
acutaria, 169
acutaria, 614
acutilinea, 599
adaucta, 636
Adeixis, 641
adeptaria, 657
admatha, 330
Aellopus, 682, 687
ellora, 29
wluropsis, 32
wmula, 606
wolodes, 278
equidistans, 665
wscularia, xx
wethiopica,
affinis, 646
agatha, 299, 302,
388, 466, 496,
Agathia, 670, 676
agathina, 300, 376, 382,
414, 506
Agathinopsis, 676
agitata, 628
215, xvii
313, 382, 384, 386,
505
384, 386, 388,
aglaia, Xxxli
Aglais, xix
Agraptochlora, 677
Agrotis, vi, XXviii
Alena, 300, 310, 315, 414, 497
Alana, 611
alba, 587, 602
albannularia, 662
albescens, 619
albicolor, 639
albida, 607
albidiscata, 613, 614
albidulata, 617
albifascia, 620
albifimbria, 646
albifureata, 610
albifusa, 677
albigrisea, 618
albigutta, 639, 676
albijunctata, 672
albilanta, 676
albilavata, 666
albimacula, 646, 676
albimaculata, 487, 488, 490
albimedia, 618
albiplaga, 638
albipuncta, 602, 613
albiquadrata, 638
albistellaria, 594
albistrigata, 674
albodecorata, 608
albonotata, 588
alboverticata, 666
alcippoides, 468, 478
alcippus, 474, 480, 484
Alcis, 624, 625
Alcis, 630
Aletis, 482, 499
alexis, 316
alienaria, 623
allopis, 45
alopecodes, 35
alpicola, vil
alternata, 655, 676
Alypia, 411
amanga, 555
Amauris, 297-508
amazoula, 300, 310, 315, 414, 497
ambigua, 614, 621, 674
Ambulyx, 681, 691
ambusta, 599
amestris, 415
Ametroptila, 591
amcena, 596
Amorpha, 681, 691
Amphidasis, xxiv
Amphidasis, 624
amplata, 615
(
Ixxxvill_ )
ampligutta, 663
Amraica, 619
| aiygdalipennis, 599
anacreon, 208, 337, 415
Ana, lii, 373
Anaitis, 646
/anceus, 691
ancillata, 618
andrias, 27
anemosa, 324, 342, 382, 388, 41:
493
| anerces, 599
angularia, 654
angulifera, 675
angulosa, 653
angustimargo, 618
| angustipennis, 666
| Anisephyra, 662
Anisodes, 604, 606, 663, 664
Anisodes, 664, 665
Anisogamia, 676
Anisographe, 613
Anisoptiryx, xx
anne, 201
annulata, 613
annulifer, 597
anomalata, 613
antalus, 374
_antevippe, 210, xvii
anthedon, 486, 442-502
/antheus, 507
_Anthrocera, iil
| Anthyria, 657
| Anticypella, 627, 628
_antilope, 379-458
antiphus, xxxi
Antitrigodes, 668
Aplochlora, 603
apollinaria, 350
Araschnia, xviii, 200
archesia, 209, 340-458
archippus, ii
Arctoscelia, 631
arcturus, 359
arcuata, 652
arge, 692
argentea, 668
argenteus, XXV
argentifera, 586
argentilinea, 586
argentilinearia, 586
argentisquama, 668
argentistriga, 593
argia, 321, 506
|
Argynnis, xxviii, xxxil, 553
| Argyris, 587, 665
| Argyrophorus, xxv
arion, Xxxii
>
Vv
’
433,
(Fbeexix )
aristolochia, 489
artaxia, 416-57
atuensis, 634, 635
Arycanda, 634
Arycanda, 638
Ascotis, 628
asema, 433, 494
aspersa, 646
Aspilates, 617, 646
Aspilonaxa, 644
assimilis, 597
Asteroscopus, 629
Asthena, 660
asthenopa, 40
atalanta, 368
Atella, 340-84
Ateloptila, 631
atergatis, Xiv
athamas, 362
Athyma, 468
atolmis, 433
atomaria, 620
atribasalis, 639
atrimargo, 642
atriscripta, 675
atropos, 401, 404, 681, xii
attenuata, 635
atiributa, 627
aurantiacata, 613
aurantiaria, 465
aurantisquama, 656
aurata, 663
aurata, 646
auriculifera, 665
auriflua, 338
aurigenaria, 643
aurimargo, 667
Ausaris, 586
auxo, xvii, 200
Auzeodes, 603, 607
aversata, V
avitusaria, 616
axina, 311, 315, 340, 344, 376, 380,
382, 388, 433, 491, 496
Axiocerces, 311, 341, 555
Azata, 616
Azata, 618
Azelinopsis, 613
baccata, 631
bajularia, 636
banksiaria, 629
Baoris, 495
Bapta, 602
Bapta, 603
baptata, 666
Bardanes, 675
basalis, 639
basiflavata, 669
| basiguttaria, 600
Basilarehia, 11
basipuncta, 676
bataviana, 474
Belenois, 198, 298, 305, 310, 313, 316,
328, 342, 376, 380, 384, 389, 413,
435, 506
belideana, 630
belis, 687
bella, 671
bellatrix, 359
bengalensis, 688
berenica, 588
Berta, 675
bertha, 648
betularia, xxiv
biangulata, 650
bicolorata, 639
bicolor, 676
bifascia, iv
biflava, 615
bigutta, 633
bilineata, 607
bimaculata, 499
biplagiata, 679
bipunctatus, 668
biquadrata, 639
bistonaria, 630
bistrigata, 639
blepharias, 46
Blepharoctenia, 619
Blepharoctenia, 630
Blepharoctenucha, 619
Boarmia, 619, 668
Boarmia, 586, 614, 622, 623, 624, 625,
626
Boarmiidie, 601
Bociraza, 639
Boarmiine, 619
boarmiaria, 630
beetica, 333
boisduvali, 206, xvii
| bolina, 502
Bombycomorpha, iv
bombyliformis, 683
bonasia, 328
Borbacha, 607
borbachodes, 606
Bordeta, 638
Borkhausenia, 279
hoydi, 204
Bracea, 635, 639
Brachycola, 663
Brachycola, 585, 667
brasidas, 300, 320, 348, 485, 506
brassice, 338
breviusculata, 616
brevipalpis, 657
brigitta, 208, 303, 310, 321,
376, 383, 506
bromias, 273
brunneiplaga, 621
bubonaria, 646
Bursadopsis, 639
butteri, 216
35
( xe
9, 341,
Py
buxtoni, 203, 299, 302, 305, 307, 313,
316, 321, 347, 413, 433, 468
juzura, 619, 620, 630
buzuwrata, 619
syblia, 197, 32 2, 379, 388, xvii
Bytharia, 642, 643
Cabera, 602
cabira, 205, 299, 301, 308, 313, 316,
324, 387, 348,
cacavend, 617
Cacaecia, 279
cesia, 609
cresia, 599, 675
caldarena, 308, 314,
376, = 382, 388, 492,
calice, 497
Calicha, 613
caligata, 663
Callerynnis, 614
callida, 614
Callidrepana, 588
Callidrepana, 586
Callidryas, 197
Callimorpha, xxviii
Callioratis, 359
Callipotnia, 642
Callitera, 618
Camptogramma, 637
camptogramma, 606
camptogrammaria, 585
cana, 646
candidaria, 603
candidior, 634
eandiferaria, 600
canescaria, 628
cannus, 365
Capasa, 615
capitata, 611
Caprilia, 609
caprona, 648
Caradrinidw, 25,
cardamines, xXi
eardinalis, 589
eardui, 300, 311,
Carecomotis, 623
carige, 655
carmona, 595
carneofasciata, 666
carneola, 666
carneotincta,
carnipes, 666
418, 433
319, 333
539
380
377,
Ags
ac
’
340, 342,
)
| caronia, 641
Casbia, 613
cassidaria, 671
Castalius, 497
castrensis, Vi,
catilla, 190
Catochrysop, 335
Catophaga, 360
eatopsilia, 189
Catopsilia, 311,
xvi
catoriata, 586, 631
cebrene, 310, 340, 342,
cecena, 598
celerena, 642, 646
celerio, 689
cenea, "469, 482, 485,
| Cenochlora, 677
centroneura, 275
Cephnodes, 682, xix
ceryne, 416, 422, 430, 439, 455, 457
cesamus, 192
Cethosia, 502
Cheerocampa, 397, 399-401, xi
Cheetoceras, 597
Chetopyga, 599
chalybeata, 603, 607
Chaograptis, 42
charactis, 46
Charaxes, 229-505, iii
| chinensis, 632
Chlenias, 629
Chlenias, 630
Chlormachia, 675
Chlormachia, 676
chlorochroa, 609
Chlorochroma, 676
Chloroclystis, 652, 656
chlorodes, 44
Chlorodontopera, 670, 676
chlorophora, 613
| Chloroplintha, 656
| Chlorostrota, 676
Chloroterras, 676
| Chogada, 623, 624
_chogada, 630
' chotaria, 659
chryseis, 194
chrysippus, 198, 298-549, x
Chrysochloroma, 675
Chrysochloroma, 676, 677
Chrysocraspeda, 661, 663,
Chrysolene, 660
Chrysolene, 657, 666, 667
Chrysophamus, vi
Chundana, 597
Cidaria, 647, 649
Cidaria, 647
XXV
orn
357 2
341, 380, 383,
>
380
BY
vol,
191, 507
667
(> =xc1 2)
cilicoides, 587 contrariata, 665
cinerea, 656, 675, 676, 691 convergens, 630
tnerosa, 653 convolvuli, 380, 388, 681, 691
circularia, 611 coon, 482
circumdata, 643 Coptogonia, 656
circumducta, 631 corcularia, 649
Cirina, 350 core, 360
cirrhigera, 653 corinneus, 342, 344, 346, 358, 380
Cistidia, 632 385, 388, 507
Citrinophila, 499 cornuta, 677
Claptocosmia, 656 Corotia, 614
elathrata, 614 eorrespondens, 585
clausaria, 612 corticalis, 50, v
celelia, 300, 348 corticata, 610
cleodora, 357 Corycia, 602
Cleora, 630 corydon, xxxil
Cobanilla, 589, 595 =. Corymica, 609, 613
coctata, 607 Cosmogonia, 677
ccelestis, 197 Cossus, Xx1
Ceenocalpe, 655 costaria, 626
Ccenonympha, 440 coundularia, 666
colenda, 637 Coristra, 633
Colias, 366, 382, xxv Crambide, 276
colligata, 656 Crambus, 276
Oollix, 653 Craspedia, 657, 665, 666
collix, 647, 655 craspedias, 643
colorata, 646 craspediata, 668
colorifica, 666 Craspedosis, 634, 635, 638, 639
columbaris, 613 erassistriga, 675
Colutoceras, 677 erassitibia, 656
combinata, 655 Crastia, 360 c
Comibena, 671, 672 crenelata, 590
comminata, 638 Crenis, 206, xvii
Comostolodes, 672 erepuscularis, 6419
compacta, 640 cretacea, 667
compacta, 667 eretata, 657
compactaria, 624 eretea, 601
composita, 274 eretosa, 595
Comptaria, 662 erinita, 607
concentraria, 623 Criomache, 629, 65
concentrica, 667 cristata, 667
Conchocometa, 667 croatica, 683, 692
conecinna, 630,638, 651 crocale, xvi, 189
conferta, 650 croceomarginata, 667
confiniscripta, 667 cruoraria, 667
contlictaria, 594 crurata, 666
confluentaria, 631 Crypsiprora, 29
confusa, 631 crystallites, 48
congener, 618 erystallodes, 42
conias, 41 Climene, 636
conjuncta, 655 cuama, 418
connecta, 672 cuneifera, 651
consobrina, 672 cunifera, 648
constantinus, 324 curiosa, 673
contacta, 626 curtaca, 612
contiguaria, 613 curvigutta, 676
contorta, 656 curvilinea, 599
contracta, 335 curzola, 638
Cusiala, 619, 630
cybele, 553
Cyclopides, 496, xxvi
Cyclura, 593
cynorta, 488
Cypra, 633
eypreofila, 488
Cyrestis, 362
eythera, 598
dedalus, 311, 343
daira, 195, 479-83
Damna, 586
Darisa, 631
Dasyuris, 649
deceptor, 503
decertaria, 627
Decetia, 594
Decetia, 603
decolorata, 642, 667
decorata, 684, 677
definita, 625
deflavata, 612, 666
defoliaria, 465
deformis, 599, 618
degener, 646
Deidamia, 688
Deilephila, 682
Deileptenia, 631
Deilinea, 603
Deilinea, 609
Deinotrichia, 631
delectans, 601
Delias, 316, 489, 504
delicata, 635
delicatula, 633
delineata, 613, 618
delita, 625
delogramma, 641
Deloneura, 497
delphiaria, 665
deminuta, 614
demodocus, 298, 301, 313, 320,
341, 345, 348, 357, 373, 507
demoleus, xxviii
demonias, 39
denigrata, 598, 656
densicornis, 666
dentata, 613, 618, 676
dentifascia, 675
dentigerata, 631
depleta, 655
Deragena, xxi
Derxena, 646
descombesi, 316
Desmobathra, 646
despecta, 599
destituta, 638
deteriorata, 668
(
2
xciy)
4,
detrita, 627
Deudorix, 374
Diacrisia, 358
Diastictis, 617, 627
dichroaria, 497
dichromata, 594
differens, 631
difficilis, 198
diffinaria, 594
diffinis, 683
diffusaria, 627, 605
Dilinia, xxi
Dilophonota, 690
dilucida, 657
diluta, 588, 628
diluta, 677
Dindica, 669
Diplodesma, 676
Diplurodes, 622-26
Dirades, 597, 598, 599
Dirades, 594
Diradiopsis, 599
dirtea, 365
discata, 599, 638-46, 665, 676
discata, 631
discolor, 675
disconnecta, 676
Dismorphia, i
dispar, 649
(lisplicens, 625
disputaria, 617
disrupta, 639
dissentanea, 622
dissimilis, 613
dissociata, 655
dissoctata, 649
dissonata, 622
distans, 602
ditrota, 614
| divapala, 675
divaricata, 599
| diversipennis, 597
| divisa, 642
Dizuga, 667
Docirava, 646
dohertyi, 480, 483, 493, 499, 666
dominicanus, 486, 503
dominula, xxviii
dorippus, 473
dorysseus, xiv
dotata, 672
doubledayi, 468
Drapetodes, 589, 593
Drepana, 588
Drepana, 593
| Drepanulide, 586
dryinopa, Xxxii
dubia, 492
Duliophyle, 628
Durbania, 324
Dysrohombria, 599
Earias, 44
Ectropidia, 623
Ketropis, 621, 622
Eetropis, 621
edusa, 361
Egybolis, 300, 315
elaica, 653
electra, 382
electrica, 677
elegans, 517
elegans, 671
eleonorata, 615
elgiva, 333, 399, 401, 421, 422, 423
eliminata, 357
ello, 690
elongaria, 645
elpenor, 690
Elphos, 620, 630
Emmesura, 664
Emmiltis, 660
Emodesa, 587
encedon, 299, 302, 305, 313 316,
413, 433, 468, 479, 483, 490,
504
Ennominw, 607
Enyo, 682, 688
eodora, 26
Kois, 666
Eois, 659
Ephyra, 652, 563
ephyrata, 667
Epidesma, 640
Epinephile, xxxii, 372
Epione, 662
Epiplema, 594, 598, 599
Epiplema, 598
Epiplemidie, 593
Epirrhoé, 647, 648
Epirrhoé, 649
Episothalma, 676
Episteria, 656
episticlis, 624
Eporectis, 30
erastus, 499
erecta, 656
eremias, 627
criphia, 385, 388, 160, 506
cris, 460, 506
erithonius, 362, 365
ernestina, 634
Kronia, 357
Hrosia, 594
Erynnis, 614
erythrias, 34
Erythrolophus, 668
347,
495,
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Vv. 1902.
xciii_ )
Kschatarchia, 654
esebria, 322, 348, 413, 46
479
Essonistis, 36
ethelella, 279
Eublemma, 32
EBubolia, 617
Eubyja, 627
Eubyjodonta, 630
eucharis, 318,
489°
6, 4
Euchelia, xix, 338, 407, 410
Euchera, 586,
Euchloé, xxi
Euchloris, 676
euchrysa, 607
Eucrostis, 672
Eugnesia, 585, 606, 607
Eugonia, vi
Kuippe, 614, 6
Eumieus, 500
Eumelia, 643
593
15
Eupheedra, 499
Huphia, 647
euphorbie, 682,
689
euphranor, 320, 324
Hupithecia, 650
eupompe, 196
Euralia, 486-5
08
Eurymenc, 608
Eurytaphria, 609, 613
Eurytela, 299,
Kuxena, 675
evagore, 195
520
evanescens, 638
Rvarzia, 616
Evarzia, 618
evelina, xiv
everetti, 655
Eversmannia,
exangulata, 599, 666
excessana, 279
excisa, 588, 593
excursaria, 627
exigua, 645
597
2
exiguinota, 609
extmia, 657
expansa, 505
exprimata, 623
exprimataria, 626
exprimatar ti,
exquisita, 676
extensa, 051
externa, 615
extralineata,
fadus, 687
fagi, Xxxil
falcatalis, 278
Sarinata, 649
594
638
Y
6
8
Fy 472,
(
Jarinosa, 597, 627
Fascellina, 612, 613
Jasctaria, 647
Susciata, 607, 624, 640
fasciata, 607
Jaustinata, 625
felix, 677
ferrilinea, 666
fessa, 630
ficedula, 810, 375
Jictaria, 614
Fidonia, 618
filipendule, xxxii
fimbria, xxviii
Jimbripedata, 623
Fisera, 629
flaccida, 610
flagellaria, 674
flava, iv, 631
flavannulata, 639
flavareata, 667
flavata, 643, 657
Jlavata, 649
flavibasis, 675
Hlavicosta, 673
Navifasciata, 624
Havifimbria, 672
flavifuscata, 674
lavilinea, 674
Havimacula, 638
flavimaculata, 613
flavipectus, 618
flavipuncta, 666
flavirubra, 667
flavitenia, 639
flavomaculata, 604
Slexilinea, 616
fleximargo, 5 3
florella, 311, 341, 357, 380, 383
Jiwidata, 615
feedatipennis, 656
fokia, 628
forestan, 348, 376, 380, 385, 388, 493
Fractaria, 622
Jragilis, 645
fragilis, 591, 656
franconiaria, 658
franconica, xxv
Jraterna, 623
frugaliata, 617
fuciformis, 683, 685, 686
fucina, 596
fucosa, 666
fulgurata, 676
Sulgurigera, 622
fulva, 618
fulvata, 588, 593
fulvifusa, 613
xciv )
fulvinata, 587, 599
| fulvinervis, 602
fumigrisea, 666
fumipicta, 630
Junosa, 627
funebris, 618, 639
fureata, 667
Jurva, 611
fusea, iv, 586
fuseata, 655
Suscidisca, 587
fuscimargo, 593
geta, 665
gaika, 333
galathea, 553, 639, xxxii
galii, 682, 689
galinaria, 662
gallienus, 488
gammata, 607
Gasterocoma, 630
Gathynia, 598, 599
Gaudaritis, 649
gea, 488
Gelasma, 674
Gelasma, 674, 675, 677
gelidaria, 623
gelidata, 586
gemina, 643
gemmata, 656
Genusa, 633
Geometra, 628
Geometrine, 668
gidica, 435
gigantaria, 628
gigantea, 494
gigas, 677
glabripennis, 666
glauconome, 333
Glossoma, 681
| Glottula, iv
Gnamptoloma, 665
gnoma, 191, xvi
geetzius, 204, 322,
| Gogana, 591
Gonanticlea, 655
Goniopteroloba, 655
Gonodela, 618
Gonometa, iv
Gonophaga, 613
gonopterana, 606
Grammodes, 28
granulif~era, 632
gratiosa, 617
grisea, 585, 598, 656, 667
griseata, 630, 667
griscola, 602
grossulariata,
631
379, Xvil
330, 338,
ODF
325,
405,
Gubaria, 615
Gubaria, 618
guderiana, 505
Gyadroma, 620
Gymnodisea, 656
Gymnoscilis, 650, 651, 656
Gynaniza, iv
hematopis, 613
halali, 308, 314, 340, 342, 344, 379,
382, 388, 4383, 492, 539
Halia, 325
Halias, 404
halimede
Halterophora, 676
Hamadryas, 467
Hamanumida, 311
hapale, 215
Haplopseustis, 34
harpax, 311, 341
Hasora, 316
hebesata, 616
Hebomoia, 362
hecabe, 198, 362
Heliconuis, xiv, xxxi
Helicopage, 677
Heliothis, 26
hellica, 321, 339, 433, 506
Helminthoceras, 656
Hemalolepis, 676
Hemarine, 679, xxiii
Hemaris, 682
Hemerophila, 627
hemicyclata, 668
hemiplaca, 32 °
Hemipogon, 666
Hemithea, 674
Hemithea, 671, 672, 676
Henucha, iv
hepaticata, 589
hereodes, 29
Hesperia, 310
Heteralax, 646
Heterodisea, 613
Heteromiza, 614
Heteronota, 47
Heterostegane, 607
hiarbas, 299, 320
hierta, 336
hilarata, 670
hippocoon, 486
hirudinata, 655
hispidaria, xx
holochrysa, 35
Holophanes, 676
Holorista, 656
Holosticta, 644
homalocyma, 274
homochroa, 526
(oxen) |)
homostola, 663
hoplitis, 28
horistes, 276
horrida, 599
horridata, 668
horta, 297, 313, 316, 318, 3
414, 433, 539
hyaloplaga, 639
Hybernia, xv, xx, xxv, 465
Hybocampa, xxxii
Hydrelia, 654
Hydrelia, 655
Hydriomenide, 274
Hygrochroa, 614, xxiv
hylas, xix, xxxii, 21, 68
| hymenaria, 620
Hypenodes, 40
Hypenorhynchus, 647
Hyperythra, 612
Hypochroma, 675
Hypochroma, 622, 668, 669
hypochromaria, 630
Hypochrosis, 607, 608
hypoleuca, 494
Hypolimnas, 299-502
Hypolyeena, 555
Hyposidra, 609, 610, 611, 615
hypospilata, 647
Hypothripa, 47
Hypotia, v
Hypotia, 50
Hypotiane, 50
Hyria, 660
hyriaria, 605
larbas, 374
icarus, 553
icterica, 310
Idea, 659
idricus, 684, 690
ignobilis, 666
ilea, 194
Ilema, 517
ilithyia, 197, 337, 340, 342,
388, xvii
illepidaria, 664
illepidaria, 622
illustraria, 623
imbecilla, 653
imbella, 657
imitans, 468
imitaria, 606
immenoraria, 664
imperalis, 614
impletaria, 655
inequalis, 681
inangulata, 599
inaria, 884-484
incandata, 602
< aor
20, 337,
377, 380,
incolorata, 638
inconcisata, 641
tnconspicicua, 612
inconspicicua, 613, 668
incorrupta, 663
incorruptaria, 610
indecisata, 629
indefensa, 645
indentata, 622
indentata, 63
indigna, 631
indrasana, 633
inductaria, 672
induna, 808, 314, 194
inexactata, 614
inferna, 654
infernalis, 687
inficita, 660
infuscata, 656
ingrata, 611
innotata, 608, 610
inobtusa, 667
inoffensa, 625
tnornata, 66
inornata, 667, 668
inostentata, 641
tnquinata, 600
inscripta, 688
insignata, 587, 641
insignis, 594
insolita, 660
insularia, 671
insularis, 618, 619
insulata, 675
intensa, 607
interlineata, 593
interrupta, 599, 637, 681
interruptata, 653
interspilata, 639
intervacuata, 632
inundata, 667
invadens, 636, 637
invasata, 638
invena, 639
invenustaria, 624
invexata, 662
io, 442, 452, 460
Lodis, 603, 671, 672, 674
Iodis, 677
lolaus, 497
ioparia, 659
iorrhoa, 27
tosoma, 671
iothicta, 34
irregularis, 586, 667
irretracta, 618
trroraria, 605
trrorata, 628
(
xcv1_ )
Isbarta, 594
isopila, 617
Ithomia, xiv
LIulotrichia, 619
jacksoni, 487
| Jacobeeee, xix, 338,
Janarda, 659
| Janira, 3/2
| jaspidea, 593
| javensis, 668
Junonia, 301, 380
jurtina, xxxii
| kashmirensis, 359
| Kedestes, 495
keishkamma, 200
| kerara, 592
| kingii, 692
| klugi, 442-499
kuhni, 676
labecula, 595
labraria, 631
Lachneeniema, 198
lactaria, 467
lacteata, 630
Jacteata, 594
_lactemaculata, 610
lexta, 660
Lagyra, 609, 610
Lampides, 333
languida, 675
Laophila, 628, 629
Larentia, 649, xv
Larentia, 626
larentiata, 611
Larentiidie, 646
Larinopoda, 499
Lassaba, 631
latiflava, 639
latimargo, 642
Lauron, xiv
latebrunnea, 599
latimarginata, 599
lauta, 666
lautusaria, 616
lectoni, 626
leda, 195, 416
legalis, 655
leighi, xxviii, xxxi
leonidas, 507
Leptocerus, 681
leptogramma, 36
Leptomeris, 666
leptophiea, 277
Letodes, 681
Leucania, 273
Leucetera, 607
leucocera, 597
leucodesma, 32
407, 410
Ge xcwio)
leucomela, 611
leuconoé, 370, 466, 468, 497
leucophearia, xxv
leucophearia, xv, xx
leucospilota, 642
leucosticta, 63
leucosticta, 639
levana, 200, xviii
libyssa, 499
lida, 628
lignata, 599
ligniperda, xxi
ligustri, 681, 691
lilacina, 613
lilacina, 594
Limenitis, ii
Limnas, 474, x
limniace, 332
limonia, 44
lindigii, xxxi
lineata, 606, 607, 644, 654, 667, 677,
682, 688
lineata, 617, 659
Liptena, 499
liresea, 499
lithina, 63]
lobata, 656
Lobogethes, 599
Lomographa, 604
longimacula, 638
Longipalpa, 643
longipennis, 599
loochooana, 591
Lophocrita, 672
Loxographe, 618
lubricata, 613
lueasii, 689
luceno, 656
lucida, 6385-643
lucifimbriata, 677
lugens, 599
lugubris, 597, 688
Junulata, 588, 589
lunulata, 661
lutea, 612
luteiceps, 618
Luxiaria, 514
lyeus, 320, 347
Lyciena, 553, xxxi
Lycienesthes, 497
lycaon, 554
lycia, 413, 479, 490
Lycorea, li, xiv
macareus, 362
Macaria, 617, 645
Macaria, 615, 616
macariata, 630, 645
Macariine, 614
macomo, 465
Macroglossa, 682, 687
Macrostylodes, 599
Macrulia, 656
maculata, 631, 668
maculata, 597, 621
nuiculifascia, 663
maculifera, 636
maculipeniis, 610
maculosa, 358, 634
maculosata, 606
mierens, 648
magnifica, 589
maia, 1V
| Maidana, 630
majuscularia, 628
Malacosoma, vi, XV, XXV
malescripta, 630
maligna, 616
manea, 644
margarita, 602
marginata, 601, 632, 669
marginata, 642, 671, 677
marginipuncetata, 656
Mariabra, 651
marie, 672
marmarina, 276
marmaropa, 53
marmorata, 631
marshalli, 470, 480, 482, 493, 499
mashuna, 494, 497, 499
Mecyna, 276
Medasina, 627
medioplaga, 651, 661
mediusta, 608
meeki, 677
Megatheca, 656
melena, 497
Melanargia, xxxii, 553
Melanchra, 273
Melanitis, 195, 363, 416, xiv
melanocera, 653
Melina, 468, xiv
Melitta, 530
membranacea, 633
memnon, 679
menippe, iv
Meranda, 34
merope, 486
Mesaster, 614
mesentina, 311, 316, 328, 376, 381, 385,
389, 435
Metallochlora, 672, 677
Metarctia, iv
Metopiora, 25
Metoxydia, 618
micra, 677
micreola, 36
Micrwschus, 81
micrastis, 43
Microdes, 652
microdoxa, 627
Micronia, 599, 600
Microniidw, 599
Micronissa, 604
micropa, 41
Microtome, 630
milhauseri, xxxil
militaris, 672
mima, 485, 487, 490, 503
Mimacriea, 470, 480,
499
Mimas, 681
Mimomiza, 613
Mimozethes, 586
mimularia, 589
minax, 42
minima, 656
mninorata, 667
minuta, 655
minutaria, 655
minutissima, 651
miranda, 642
misera, 657
misippus, 299, 501-
Mixochlora, 676
mnene, Xiv
Mnesigea, 631
Mnesitheus, 67
modesta, 602, 629
muesta, 620
molata, 624
monetaria, 664
moniliata, 638
moniliferaria, 655
Monobolodes, 599
monochromata, 662
Monoctenia, 640
Monocteniidae, 640
Monopis, 279
Monosca, 612
morosd, 611
Morpho, xxxi
multicolor, 642, 675
multifiliata, 655
multiguttata, 600
multipunctata, 667
multistriata, 655
multistrigaria, xv
munda, 618
muscosa, 676
Musgravia, xxviii, xxxi
mutabilis, 618, 656
mutans, 597, 600
mutata, 631
Mycalesis, 302, 313, 365
Xeviil |»)
i Mylothris, 300, 376, 382, 384, 386, 388,
414, 506, xxxi
mylothris, x
myra, 593
Myrina, 310, 375
Myrioblephara, 622, 630
_nachtigalii, 416
Nadagarodes, 614, 618
nahara, 324, 416, 494
‘nana, 586
nana, 599
nanata, 666
natalensis, 192, 310, 374, xvi
natalensis, 311
natalica, 300, 309, 313, 339, 384, 413,
421, 423, 493
Nazwa, 644
| Nearcha, 641
nebularia, 632
nebulosa, 668
nemea, 599
Nemoria, 671
| neobule, 306, 314, 330, 433, 539
| neonora, 615
| Nephele, 690
| nephelistis, 619
Nepheronia, 321, 506
Neptidopsis, 468
Neptis, 299, 505
nerina, 502
netopha, 495
neurias, 26
Neurosymploca, 516
neustria, vil, XV, XXV
niavius, -486
nictitans, 599
nigralbata, 635
nigranalis, 666
nigraria, 668
nigraria, 622
nigriclathrata, 638
nigricosta, 613, 657
nigridiscata, 668
nigrifasciata, 607
nigrifrons, 607
nigrifumata, 625
nigrimaculata, 676
nigrimedia, 655
nigrinotata, 593
nigripalpis, 642
/nigripars, 633
| nigripuncta, 615
| nigristellata, 665
nigrocellata, 621
nigrocellata, 630, 666
nigroseriata, 603
Nipura, xxi
nitidula, 656
nived, 600
niveopuncta, 667
niveosignata, 639
niveostriga, 615
nivipunctata, 599
nivitacta, 613
Nobilia, 668
Noctua, vi
nodosus, 629
nomius, 360
nora, 615
Noreia, 646
notabilis, 600
notata, 360
Notodonta, xxxii
nouna, 195
nubilosa, 610
Nudaurelia, iv
nugaritata, 668
Numeria, 614
nusta, 654
nyasse, 496, 499
Nychiodes, 628
Nyctemera, 370, 466, 468, 497
nycteris, 688
nymphodora, 33
Nyssia, xx
obliquaria, 644
obliquifasciata, 589
obliquilineata, 608
obliviaria, 663
oblongimaculata, 609
obnubilata, 639
obrinaria, 663
obrinaria, 606
obscura, 606, 613
obsolescens, 600
obsoleta, 636
occulta, 628
ocellata, 606, 607, 630, 666
ocellatus, 681, 691
ochlea, 466, 490, 503
ochracearia, 647
ochraria, 664
ochrea, 613, 667
ochrea, 588, 669
ochreipennis, 516
ochthias, 48
Ochyria, 655
octavia, 192, 415, 452, xvi
octomaculata, 411
oculifera, 599
odataria, 616
Qicophora, 279
(Ecophoride, 279
(Enochlora, 614
(Enochroma, 692
Bnochroma, 640
CLK)
|
|
|
|
\
|
|
!
\
|
!
Cnospila 674, 677
olivata, 676
olivescens, 667, 675
ombrodes, 275
omissa, 638
Omiza, 613
ommatopsis, 35
omopsis, 31
omphale, 209, 303, 318, 370, 376, 386,
Xvil
onusta, 631
Onychodes, 607
Onychodes, 642
Ophidicephalus, 320, 524
Ophiodesma, 30
Opistheplace, 656
| opposita, 639
Opthalmodes, 623
opularia, 674
orbiferata, 587
Oreta, 591, 592
Organopoda, 667
orithyia, 365
ornata, iv, 671
| Ornithoptera, xix
| Ornithospila, 675
| Orthostyxidie, 642
Orthotmeta, 618
oruza, 36
| osiris, 310, 397
ossicolor, 668
| osteodes, 613
Ourapterygin, 601
Ourapteryx, 601, 602
ovalis, 639
Oxychora, 677
Ozarba, 35
Ozola, 645, 646
Pachydia, 611
Pachyplocia, 630
Pachythalia, 667
Precilalsis, 631
pallene, 212
pallida, 610, 640, 664
pallida, 608, 647, 663
pallidata, 676
pallidiceps, 666
pallidicineta, 677
pallidilinea, 666
pallidiplaga, 610
pallidiplaga, 630, 656
pallidirufa, 656
pallidisestis, 659
pallidivestis, 666
pallidula, 655
pamnosaria, 626
pamphilus, 440
Panzxthia, 642
Pa
nag
camden 641
pant] See 504
Pa neropa 94
ser ee
pati eeyii perimbr
apilio, iii a Peteli brata, 667
pa Faobhs pic ia. 6 » 667
a ae tae 'etelia, 611, 6
> 1S1S 1 {
Parad ge 613 ii, 298, 508 P iverana Dk
par. ecetia = , 508 etovia vad. 507
paradeictin, 593 petri a, 497
arad la, 599 wa, 299
Parad iraties. 490. 540 31
Sees 597 Pe 313, 325
> n , 09 petr 5 oe
P: ades. 5¢ / ras. 6 5 347
‘aradron 8, 5HO9 Patrod 621 5) 347, 433
parallela ae 621 Pr aees 613 vy 470,
yar’ 85 an ey : :
pavalelain, 6 667 ahalwne 599,
ar 17 ry XS €
P: ametr , 617, 666 phalar a, 340-38
ar. ‘ode “ a 66 ) arot 384
asyn e S, 613 Ph (, 61
Par. egia, 6 3 eloti 4
P: atephra , 605, 606 phena is, 627
ea Pr a ean eater
rdari 62 hid apten
1 oe tia ) . ¢ Bn)
Pardo me 607 | ee ee ta, 627°
Peed, 305, 3 als : =
S 9) a one é ae
parsi modes, 31 307, 3 philipp » XX
Sim 5 8310 >t 14 | pl a ns. B55
partic on, 555 pees 4 555
ee 598 necana a
ae a he ee
parun iy, l 8, vi
paru nnotata pices
par mnotat U 605 horod pas 198. 38
rvim a, 666 PI esma » 386 Lone
pe acl 6 uth aa > XV
parvise ula, 66 Ppl enoloha: 71 ii
pare scripta, 6 e hysetost at, 653
pau ular 594 07 picaria steae, ee
cino : : a, 609, 6 9
pauci otata. 5 jE eta, 630 , 632
ae te paee picti ; , 639
paucisi ata. 585 ictifimbri ¢
Slo1 , 585, 667 | pierid Z ia. 67
aan 630 04 Pic ‘ aria Aaa
peda “ 1S, 494. Hae TiS, 351 )
pela a ats XX 5) 499 | pigia, sae 464
pe sgia, 340 pilosata 5, 539
ee ae ‘pilosata, 666 xvii
entil a, 39 hee acopte
pera : a, 299 "9 pinastri eryx, 205
rangustay | 300, 348 | Pingasa, eee
t
erat a, 68 , 048, 4¢ lappy gasa, 67 , 691 9, xvii
Pe x ophyg SO ’ 199 | ingas 9 675 ii
ratoste sa, 604 ping Stl, 668
perclar ega, 607 Pi gus 660
per ara, 63 ( | Pirati » 660
reonfu is | pisi sca, 42
perc isa. 618 isina 6 2
; Urre , 618 pisis , 670
perei ns, 6 | sistrat
enupla “3 36 icon atus. 385
perfal ria, 6 x soraca 2 85. 38
9 a lax eos) 17 plae a, BS 2 888
perfulvati 599 lpia ens, hee 664. 66
per | : > 0 7
perfinost 669 east 59 : 7
eric aie) 623 } a, 6
Perens 468 | eae
Peri lela, 615 . 472 Meee 39
P, xera. rapt Plat , 479, fee 348
eA. ? 585 ie. erosi 88 4 8 {
Pe ees nee 663. 667 | Platye sia, 599 , 490 , 413, 466
vizonia Ae eet Boeke 607 }, 468
perle W11a, 655 Pl ypter A, 07 ;
Lede 63 iP atyptilia, 586, 587
per] ee er lecton ia, 278 , 587
2 1eNE 7S i4 | lei eura Ss
perpol if uta, 629 ee lone, 197 607
ferent it, 594 |p Sanit
PUS, 365 plexip ) 664
lita et ii
| plini , ond
| Pl lius, 357
ocue IDI, 4 ~
) ich: ‘)
Plusia a 586 ;
adv, 28 , 667
persp
spersate
a, 666
he
Plutodes, 60
» 604
Plutodine, 602
poggei, 558
Pogonopygia, 635
policenes, 507
Polyacme, 613
polychlora, 461
polyehloros, vi
Polycrasta, 630
polyetor, 359
Polylophodes, 631
polyphienaria, 669
Pomasia, 650
pomona, 189, xvi
Pontia, 321, 339, 433, 506
populi, 681, 691, xxii
porcellus, 690
porphyritica, 40
Porthesia, 338
postica, iv
Potera, 633
Potera, 638
preeflavata, 639
prepicta, 630
preusta, 646
pete 669
rasinocyma, 677
prasinoscia, 37
Prasinosima, 673
Precis, 192, 311, 460, xvi, xviii
Prioneris, 362
Prionia, 608, 613
Prionophora, 44
Pristostegania, 607
Problepsidis, 558, 586
Problepsiodes, 668
Problepsis, 665, 668
Probolosceles, 627, 672
procellosa, 620
processaria, 623
proditaria, 616
profania, 689
propingua, 647
Propithex, 655
propria, 273
Prorocorys, 656
proserpina, 684, 688
Proteostrenia, 628
Protogoniomorpha, 502
Protogonius, 373, ii
protomedia, 197
Protoparce, 380-38 3
protractus, 197
proximata, 677
prunicolor, 610
pryert, 609, 668
psaphon, 360
Pseudacreea, 487, 503
pseudalcis, 631
ci
)
Pseudaphelia, 350
Pseudasthena, 657
Pseudemodes, 587
Pseudohazis, 411
Pseudonympha, 551, 553
| pseudospretella, 279
Pseudoterpna, 668
pseudoterpnaria, 668
Psilocambogia, 657
| Pterogon, 668
Pterophoridie, 278
Ptychophyle, 660, 667
Ptychopoda, 659, 666
pudicata, 646
puellaria, 600
puellaris, 197
pulchella, 676
| pulverentula, 667
punctata, 603, 642, 667, 676
punctatisima, 305, 307, 314, 322,
656
punetifera, 605
punctifera, 614
punctilineata, 649
| pupillata, 623
pura, 602, 630
purpurascens, 605, 615
purpurea, 656
| pustulata, 622
puta, vi
pygmeata, 599
pyranthe, 190, xvi
Pyraustidee, 276
pyrifera, 636
pyrrhantha, 31
Pyrrhorachis, 677
quadrilineata, 669
quadripartita, 636
quadripunctata, 588, 676
quadristrigata, 600
| guieta, 662
Racheospila, 674
Racotis, 630
radiata, 667
rahira, 341, 344, 388, 388, 499
Rambara, 645, 646
ramosellus, 276
rape, 464
recursaria, 619
reducta, 672
reduplicata, 649
regalis, 667
regularis, 652
Remodes, 653
Remodes, 658
remodesaria, 653
renunciata, 659
repetita, 621
restrieta, 639
reversa, 639
thinoprora, 656
rhipidura, 659
rhodinastis, 44
Rhodosoma, 682, 684
Rhodostrophia, 668
rhombifera, 598
thopalocampta, 348,
388, 496
Rhopalopsyche, 682
Rhynchina, 41
ribbei, 636
Rigena, iv
riobearia, 611
robusta, 666
rosearia, 605
rosearia, 274
roseofusa, 667
rostralis, 681, 691
rotundaria, 652
rotundata, 667
rotundimacula, 639
rotundipennis, 599
rubellata, 666
rubicunda, 647
rubiginata, 611
rubilineata, 676
rubra, 642
rubricata, 612
rubrifusa, 656
rubriplaga, 656
rubripuncta, 667
rubrisecta, 665
rubritineta, 675
rubromarginata, 592
rufa, 607
rufaria, 630
rufescens, iv
rufibrunnea, 630
ruficoloraria, 675
rufifasia, 668
rufigrisea, 621, 624
rufimargo 675
rufimixtaria, 666
rufipalpis, 642
rufipennis, 613
rufiplaga, 630
rufitineta, 673
rufula, 656
rupelli, 506
ruptifascia, 609, 655
sabulosa, 667
safitza, 302, 313
salamandra, 636
Salatura, 476
Sandava, 37
sanguinata, 25, 606
9
»
‘
a
0
’
380,
9Or
Dt oy
cl
i)
| sanguinea, 499
sanguiniplaga, 655
sanguinipuncta, 661, 677
saponaria, 645
Sarangesa, 35, 422
Sarecinodes, 640, 642
Sarpedon, 362, 364
Sarrothripas, 48
| Sarrothripidie, 44
Sataspes, 682, 684, 685
| saturata, 673
saturataria, 669
saturnus, 505
Satyrus, 372
Sauris, 653, 654, 656
scabiosa, 683
scardamia, 607
| Scardamiata, 607
| schistacea, 610, 634
schriberi, 365
| scintillans, 593, 666
Scioglyptis, 631
scitiferata, 622
Scoparia, 277
-scotodes, 648
Sebastosema, 646
secutaria, 594
| selenaria, 623
| Selidosemine, 275
| senegalensis,
Selenia, 200
selenitis, 43
Selidosema, 275
Selidosema, 627
semele, 372
semialba, 624
semialbida, 619
semicolor, 613
semicompleta, 664
semifascia, 619, 631
semifasciata, 609
semifulva, 613
semifusca, 641
semilugens, 639
seminigra, 598, 639
Semiothisa, 617, 618
semiparata, 622
semiplaga, 638
semirubra, 657
semisignata, 649
semiturpis, 632
| semiumbrata, 619
semivinosa, 656
xvil, 215, 310;
386
septemnotata, 659
sera, 593
serena, 203
sericeipennis, 666
sericeipennis, 659
Serraca, 626
sesamus, 209, 311-462, xvi
sesquilineata, 638
severina, 198, 298, 305, 310, 313,
376, 380, 384, 386, 413, 435
Sewa, 587
sextincta, 666
sibilla, 639
siccifolia, 610
signata, 642, 646
signifera, 604
similaria, 663
similis, 350
similisignata, 649
simplex, 197, 597, 612, 633, 642,
677, xvii
Simplicia, 43
singularis, 620
sinicaria, 616
sinicaria, 649
sinuata, 631, 646
sinuaticornis, 656
sinuosa, 587
smaragdus, 672
Smerynthus, 681, 691, xxii
smilax, iv
sobrina, vi
Somatina, 668
Somatinopsis, 668
Sophta, 31
sordida, 623
(
342,
666,
sordida, 598, 613, 618, 657, 667, 668
sordidata, 585-667
speciosa, 652
specularia, 609
sphexristis, 600
Sphinx, 682, 691
spilodorsata, 665
spilotis, 38
Spindasis, 310, 374
spio, 310
spissata, 626
spissitarsata, 666
splendens, 586
spumifera, 674
spurca, 608
squamipunetata, 666
squamulata, 657
Stalachtis, ii
Stalactis, xiv
Stauropus, xxxil
Stegania, 604
Steirophora, 656
stellarum, 687
stellata, 674
Stenocharta, 639
sternaria, 607
|
cil)
Sterrha, 658, 659, 666
Sterrhid, 657
Stesichora, 600
Stiborostoma, 667
| straminea, 614
Streptopteras, 590
strictaria, 664
strigilaria, 657
strigosata, 618
| strix, 674
| Strophidia, 599
suavis, 70
subalbida, 675
subaurantiaca, 613
subaurata, 676
subbrunea, 667
subcandidata, 657
subcarnea, 670
subcastanea, 657
subdecorata, 631, 665
subducta, 275
subfaleata, 599
subfasciata, 607, 630
subflava, 603
subflavata, 646, 672
subfulvida, 640
sublactifera, 666
subligata, 647
sublimbata, 617
subliturata, 676
sublustris, 677
submarginata, 668
subnotata, 612
subnubila, 615
subnudata, 633
suboblique, 588
subocellata, 617
subornata, 675
subpulchra, 615
subrosea, 655
subrubellata, 659
subrubescens, 675
subsignatata, 612
subsimilis, 667
subtineta, 631, 665
subtincta, 657
subtinctaria, 627
subtractata, 674
subtristigera, 650
subusta, 614
suecedanea, 676
suffidaria, 658
suffusa, 624, 669
suffusa, 605
suffusea, 596
suspensata, 637
suspicaria, 663
sybillaria, 658
(
sylvana, iv
Symmacra, 668
Symmetroctena, 626, 627
Sympheedra, 365
Synchloe, 333
Synegia, 605, 606
Synegia, 585, 606
Synneurodes, 657
Syntaracta, 606
syringaria, xxiv
Systema, 627
Tacparia, 611
Teemopyga, av
taikosama, 339
Talicada, 500
Tanaorhinus, 676
taphreuta, a
taptiella, 27
Tascia, 396. a
Tasta, 607
Taxeotis, 641
Teldenia, 587, 593
Telipna, 499
tenebrosa, 605
tenera, 592
tenuilinea,
tenuis, 676
Tephrina, 617, ¢
Tephrina, 617, ¢
tephrinata, 586
Tephrinopsis, 617, 618
Tephroclystia, 656
Tephrosia, 622, 627
Tera, 499
618, 675
0
eS
oO
624
civ )
| Theretra, 689
Thinopteryx, 601
Thiopsyche, 609
thyas, 435, 506
Thyas, 29
| thyodamas, 362
thysbe, 683, 686
Ticilia, 586
| Tigridoptera, 634
| tilie, 681, 691, xxiv
Timorodes, 46
| Tinea, 279
Tineidse, 279
Tirumala, 33
titania, 618
tithonus, 372
tityus, 683
| topha, 200, xvii
torquinia, 487
tortricaria, 587
Tortricide, 279
Tosaura, 647
Traminda, 668
transversata, 667
triangularis, 631
Trichophaga, 279
Trichoptera, 681
trichroma, 26
| tricolorata, 618
| tridentata, 649 (is wrongly put as
tridenta)
Tridrepana, 593
588,
trifenestrata, 59 0
| triflava, 646
Teracolus, xvi, 195, 308, 313, 328, 344, | trigonata, 601, 630
370, 376, 380, 382, 386, 388, 460, | Trigonistis, 39
506 trimeni, 419
Terias, 196, ae 310, $21, 339, 341, | trimenia, 506
553, 362, , 383, B86, 506, xvi trimenii, 504
Teriomima, 3 oa 472 | triopus, 687, 688
terminilinea, 677
Terpna, 675
terranea, 279
terrestris, 622
tessellata, 618
testacearia, 620
tetralunaria, 200
tetraspila, 610
tettensis, 495
Thalassodes, 662, 674
Thalassodes, 673, 677
Thalera, 672, 674
Thalerura, 677
thalia, 366
Thamnosoma, 618
Thanaos, 679
Thecla, 374
theogone, 212, xvii
Triphasa, 655
_tripunctata, 618
triseriata, 603,
triseriata, 653
| trisinuata, 630
trisptlata, 637
trispinaria, 586
tristicula, 660
tristis, 604
, triumbrata, 618
Trochilium, ae
tropicalis, 299, 3
| Trotothyris, 501.
' tugela, 416, 421,
turpipennis, 656
turpis, 627
Tympanota, 656
Uliocnemis, 671,
632
425
676
umbrata, 646
undifera, 672
undilinea, 657
undularis, 499
undulata, 599
undulataria, 614
undulosa, 639
undulosaria, 657
unicolor, 675, 677
unifascia, 639
wuniforinis, 603 :
uniformis, 642, 643, 666
unilinea, 614, 640
unilineata, 646
unimacula, 613
uniplaga, 639
unipuncta, 676
unipuncta, 600
unisinuata, 638
Uranothauma, 555
Urapteroides, 599
Urapteryx, 602
urtice, 331, 442, 452, 461, xix
usta, 656
wvaria, 646
vacua, 671
vaillantina, 300-315
vallata, 47
Vanessa, vi, 300, 461
varanes, 299, 375
variabilis, 610
varians, 603
variegata, 618
variospila, 656
vastata, 646
vasudeva, 616
vautieri, xxv
velata, 677
velutina, 656, 666
veneranda, 670
veneris, 607
venilia, 467
venusta, 667, 676
versicolor, 614
verticata, 655
vestalis, 197
vestigiata, 587
vestita, 627
vetustus, xiv
vexillaria, 611
vi, 328
vicina, 593
victorie, xix
vigilans, 553
villosata, 653
vinaria, 640
vinosa, 599
viola, 205, 316, 489
(
Cyn)
}
violarum, 321, 324
violescens, 628
viridaria, 665
viridata, 656
viridaurea, 677
viridescens, 656, 690
viridicaput, 677
viridicoma, 675
viridifascia, 613
viridifrons, 676
Visitara, 621
Vithora, 633
vitrigera, 609
vittata, 624
vivida, 616
vivilaca, 603
vulgaris, 513, xvill
vulgaris, 665
W-album, 374
wahlbergi, 486, 491, 503, 508
wavaria, 325
whytei, 505
willemi, 496
woodfordi, 676
wuka, 671
xanthomelas, 636
NXanuthomima, 642
Xanthorhoéa, 274, 649, 665
xanthosoma, 639
Xenocentris, 659
xenocles, 362
Xenoprora, 667
xiphares, 505
Xylinophylla, 613
xylistis, 37
Yashmakia, 607
yerburyi, 195
Zancloptera, 614
zanclopterata, 645
Zanclopteryx, 645
zarepha, xiv
Zarmigethusa, 645
zenobia, 488
Zeritis, 339
Zethenia, 613
Zeuctophlebia, 642
zitenius, 363
Zizera, 333
zomia, 608
Zomia, 613
Zusidava, 587
| Zygwena, XXxi
(
NEUROPTERA.
Brachythemis contaminata, 332
Mantispa brunnea, 536
» grandis, 537
»» Semihyalina, xxviii
Mantispidee, 536, xi
Rhyothemis phyllis, 33
Trithemis arteriosa, 333
6 ? dorsalis, 334
ORTHOPTERA.
Abisares, 104
5 viridipennis, 104
Achurum, 178
ss acridodes, 179
are sumichrasti, 178
Acrida, 61, 149, 155, 231, xiv, xxxiii
» acuminata, 63, 162
»» aspersata, sp. n., 63
., brevicollis, sp. n., 170
:. brunneriana, 158
>» Carinulata, 163
>» crocea, 160
5, ensis, 161
», fuseo-fasciata, 175
» gigantia, 62, 231
», intercalata, sp. n., 162
5» liberta, sp. n., 160
3. «ugubris, isp.n.,, 170
», Madecassa, 64, 187
»» nasuta, 164, 187
+ propinqua, sp. n., 171
>, Yrendalli, 62
:» Yufescens, 64, 167
»> sanguinea, 159
», serrata, 176
», somalia, sp. n., 177
.» — st&li, 169
»» subtilis, sp. n., 171
», sulphuripennis, 64, 168
,, thrymmatoptera, 171
fa ee Gal Bly
», Variabilis, 172, 187
Acridoderes, 238
A crassus, 238
ne punctatus, sp. n., 239
Acrotylus, 76, 238
a annulatus, 235
femoralis, sp. n., 233
a flavescens, 236
ms furcifer, 23
ee gillette, sp. n., 237
ap patruelis, 235
i saltator, sp. n., 236
ap zonatus, sp. n., 234
Gvi )
Acrydiidee, 57
Acrydiine, 58
Acrydium condylops, 58
re distanti, sp. n., 59
ae latipes, 58
Adephagus, 90
ae cristatus, 90
Amusurgus, 284
Aiyceus, 65, 185
o achromopterus, 186
ss rhodiopterus, 65
3 xanthopterus, 186
Anthermus, 101
a5 granosus, 101
Atractomorpha, 81
ap aurivillii, 81
Atractomorphine, 81
Batrachotettix, 76
oF scutellaris, 77
Blatta, xxiii
Calamus, 184
es linearis, 184
Calliptamine, 109, 240
Calliptamus, 109, 240
Ag antennatus, sp. n., 109
. minor, 240
an semiroseus, 240
tibialis, 110, 241
Caloptenopsis, 111
-; fratercula, sp. n., 111
>> uniformis, sp. n., 112
Catantopine, 105, 238
Catantops, 105, 239
= capicola, 106
3 decorata, 106, 239
i melanosticta, 106
ne urania, sp. n., 107
ai vittata, sp. n., 106
Charilaus, 89
= carinatus, 89
Chortoicetes, 69, 282
as interruptus, sp. n., 232
Fr minusculus, 70
) plena, 70
5 prasina, 69, 232
Chrotogonine, 77
Chrotogonus, 77
916 angustipennis, sp. n.
77
* capitatus, sp. n., 78
ts carinatus, sp. n., 80
3 distanti, sp. n., 78
aN johnstoni, sp. n., 81
4 meridionalis, 78
a rendalli, sp. n., 79
6 rotundatus, sp. n., 80
Cladonotine, 57
Clonia wahlbergi, 349
Condylodera tricoudyloides, 514
Coptacra, 238
*e paupercula, 238
Cosmorhyssa, 70
ee fasciata, 70
=F suleata, 71
Creobotra urbana, 316
Cyrtacanthacridie, 100,
Cyrtacanthacrinw, 102,
Cyrtacanthacris, 102 288
a distanti, Sphil.,
oF fascifera, 103
56 rubella, 102
septemfasciata, 103
subsellata, 103
tartarica, 102
variegata, 102,
Cyrtoxiphus, 284
Cystoccelia, 60
inanis, 60
Diablepia, ¢ a ioe 68
mS viridis, sp. 1., 69
Dictyophorine, 85
Dictyophorus, 88
a ater, 89
olivaceus, 89
105
28
238
29
Duronia, 66
stenoptera, 66
a tricarinata, 67
Epacromia, 231
a thalassina,
Epamontor, g. n., 87
antennalis, sp. n., |
Eremobiide, 76
Euprepocneminw, 113
Euprepocnemis ornatipes, 114
puleripes, 114
Eupropacris, 105
genuale, 105
Euryphymus, 109, 240
erythropus, 109, 240
vylderi, 240
Euthymiine, 100
””
232
oo
+B)
Gastrimargus, 71, 233
x acutanculus, 72
5 dohrnianus, 73
marmoratus, 71
vitripennis, 233
Gelastorrhinus, 180
albolineatus, 18:
2)
)
a
29
‘ edax, 181
5 esox, sp. n., 185
s lucius, sp. n., 182
selache, sp. n., 182
Gongylus g gougyloides, 316, 325
Gony acantha, “101
ensator,
101
101
Gony acathine,
evil
‘Humbe
Mesambriina,
)
Gryllid, 281
Gryllotalpide, 283
Gryllus [Acrida], xxxiii
Gymnobothrus, 69
RS linea alba, 69
Heteracris, 113
bettoni, 114
- cognata, 113
Heteropternis, 75, 233
“6 vittata, sp. N., 75
Hierodula Seen 317
Hoplolopha, 99
horrida, 90
lineata, 99
reflexa, 99
+)
be)
9
a9
5, 233
ra tenuicornis, 235
Hyalopteryx exaggeratus, sp. n., 183
Hydropedeticus vitiensis, sp. n.,
284
Idolum diabolicum, 317
Lentula, 100
as obtusifrons, 100
Locusta, 74
danica, 74
migratorioides,
0 pardalina, 74
Locustide, 70, 233
Mantide, x
9
” 75
| Mastacidie, 61
Maura, 85
atriceps, sp. n., 86
bolivari, sp. n., 87
flavomaculata, sp. n., 86
rubroornata, 86
101
”
2)
29
233,
Mesopine, 101
Mesops, 101
- laticornis, 101
Monachidiine, 104
Myrmecophana, sp., xiii
? fallax, 535
Ochrophlebia, 82
ligneola, 82
(Edalaleus, 7 73
aavae. 73
| Or thochtha, 67
3 dasycnemis, 67
Oxya, 100
» viridivittata, 100
Oxyine, 100
Pamphagidv, 90
Pamphagodinw, 89
Paracinema, 67
ae tricolor, 67
Paratettix, 59
carinata, sp, n., 59
scaber, 59
9
3°
( eviii )
Phieoba, 65, 231
os basalis, 65
ee interlineata, 66, 231
Phyllium athanysus, xliv
ne bioculatum, xliv
Phyllocrania insignis, 304, 314
Phymateus, 83
aegrotus, 84
39
» leprosus, $3
morbillosus, 84, 349, 353,
356, 377
oF papillosus, 84
Phymatine, 82
Plagiotriptus, 61
5 hippiseus, 61
Pneumoridix, 60
Pnorisa, 67, 231
capensis, 68
4 squalus, 68, 231
Podisma frigidum, 335
Polyspilota caffra, 298, 304, 306, 313,
314
Porthetis, 98
carinata, 99
A consobrina, 99
Pseudocreobotra wahlbergi, 501-3, 306,
318, 314, 399
Pseudonemobius pictus, 283
Pycnodictya, 76
e obscura, 76
Pyrgomorpha granulata, 82
Pyrgomorphide, 77
Pyrgomorphine, 82
Scelymena, 283
Sphodromantis lineola, 308, 310, 314,
315 ;
Stenocrobylus, 108, 240
99
9
Stenocrobylus (?) trifasciatus, sp. n.,
108, 240
(?) whytei, sp. n., 108
Taphronota, 85
eallipareus, 85
- stali, 85
Tettigidie, 283
Tmetonota, 76
5 abrupta, 76
Trachytettix, 57
A bufo, 58
Tridactylus, 283
Trigonidide, 283
Tryxalide, 61, 23
Tryxalis [Truxalis], 64, xxxiii
Tryxalis nasuta, 64, 187
serrata, 65
|
| 99
3)
Xiphicera, 90
5 angolensis, 94
| . bradyana, 98
oe brevis, 97
| 56 cinerascens, 94
*~ compressa, sp. 1., 96
Py cucullata, 92
nf distanti, 95
ss eblis, sp. n., 93
ensicornis, 92
granulosa, sp. n., 97
99
an nasuta, 92
- obsoleta, sp. n., 97
i paupercula, sp. n., 95
ms picta, 96
Re rendalli, sp. n., 98
Zonocerus, 82
33 elegans, 83
| a sanguinolentus, 83
OF
Frepruary 27, 1903.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.1902. PLT.
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Austrahan & Tasmanian Mordelhde .
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Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond .1902.PL1.
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Australian & Tasmanian Mordelhde .
Trans Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902 PtH.
Horace Knight del.ad nat. West Newman chromo
The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata.
Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., rooz. PL. IV.
r
Hic. 53,
Dixey. André & Sleigh, Limited.
All the figures ave about 2 of the natural size.
Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies.
Trans.Ent. Soe Lond .1902.PU.V.
ee aes Mintern Bros.Chromo.
R.E.-Mintern. hth.
Species of Capsidez.
Trans Ent.Soc Lond .1902,PU.VI.
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Species of Capsida.
Trans Ent. Soc, Lord .1902.Pt VI.
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Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., tg02. PL. 1X.
G. A. K. Marshall. André & Sleigh, Limited.
All the figures ave about 2 of the natural size.
Injuries to Wings of South African Butterflies.
wn
toy"
Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., rg02. PL. X.
G. A. K. Marshall. André & Sleigh, Limited.
All the figures are about 2 of the natural size.
Injuries to anal angle and hind margin of hind wing® of
South African and Holarctic Butterflies.
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Trans, Lint, Soc., Lond., roo2, PL. X\.
G. A. K. Marshall. André & Sleigh, Linuted.
All the figures ave about # of the natural size.
Injuries to directive marks and structures on wings of
South African Butterflies.
Timans Hints SoG.) Lond. 1902. ee Sale
A.
K.
Marshall, André & Sleigh, Limited.
®
All the figures ave about ran of the natural size.
Seasonal Phases of South African Butterflies of
the Genus Prctis. Parents and Offspring.
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Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 7902. PL. XIII.
G. A. K. Marshall. André & Sleigh, Limited.
All the figures are about 9, of the natural size.
Under sides of Seasonal Phases of South African Butterflies
of the Genus Precis.
Pils IHW
Trans, Ent. Soc., Lond., 1902.
“pay ‘Ys1a1S D gApur
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Pike OCW
Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1902.
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Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1902.
Pit Wile
André & Sleigh, Limited.
Marshall.
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All the figures are about
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Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., rgo2. PL. XVII.
G. A. K. Marshall. André & Sleigh, Limited.
All the figures ave about <5 of the natural size.
Warning patterns and Mimicry of Mutillidz in Carabide,
and Cicindelide, &c.
Zrans. Ent. Soc., Lond., rgoz. PL. XVIII.
; G. A. K. Marshall. André & Sleigh, Limited.
All the figures are of the natural size.
Mashonaland Insects of many Orders with Lycoid pattern
and colouring, &c.
Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., rgo2. Pt. XIX.
G. A. K. Marshall. André & Sleigh, Limited.
Figs. 30-38 ave twice the natural size.
Figs. 53-59 ave 14 times the natural size.
All other figures are the natural size.
Mullerian Mimicry in South African Beetles, &c.
=a, A ee eee ee > Cees . ry — a “) =) y=
Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., rg02. Pr. XX.
G, A. K. Marshall. Andvé & Sleigh, Limited.
All the figures ave about t of the natural size.
Group of black, dark-winged, Mashonaland Aculeates and
their Mimics. First part of Group.
a a 2 oh“ Ee ee
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Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., r902. PL. XX1.
G, A. K. Marshall. André & Sleigh, Limited.
All the figures ave about £ of the natural size,
Group of black, dark-winged Mashonaland Aculeates and their
Mimics. Second part of Group.
.
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a
4
Pigs Saul,
Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1902.
G. A. K. Marshall. André & Sleigh, Limited.
All the figures are about 4 of the natural size.
Group of yellow-tailed, black, South African Aculeates and
their mimics.
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Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., rg02. PL. XXIII.
G. A. K. Marshall. André & Sleigh, Limited.
= Qg PS s
All the figures are about #5 of the natural size.
South African Aculeates and their Mimics.
Trans.Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902 PI XXIV.
E.C Knight del. West,.Newman lith.
Asymmetrical appendages of Cephonodes.
Trans Ent. SocLond. 1902PUXXV.
E.C.Knight del. West,Newman lith.
Asymmetrical appendages of Hemaris & Macroglossa.
Soc., Lond. rgo2. PL. XXVI.
Trans, Ent.
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H. Hinde André & Sleigh, Limited.
About 2 of the natural size.
Larve ot British East African Flata. Athi River,
Jan. 20, Igo1.
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